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### Act I In 1927, Gleb Vaganov, a general for the Bolsheviks, who now controls Russia, announces to the gloomy Russians that the now\-poor Saint Petersburg has been renamed [Leningrad](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia "Saint Petersburg, Russia"), and he promises a bright and peaceful future. The Russians protest this change, but are then uplifted by a rumor that Anastasia may have survived and escaped the royal family's execution. Two wanted con men, the handsome young Dmitry and an ex\-member of the Imperial Court, Vlad Popov, hear the rumors and brainstorm "the biggest con in history": they will groom a naive girl to become Anastasia in order to extract money from the Dowager Empress ("A Rumor in St. Petersburg"). Dmitri and Vlad hold unsuccessful auditions for the scheme at the theater in the abandoned [Yusupov Palace](/wiki/Moika_Palace "Moika Palace"). Just as they are about to give up hope of finding a suitable impostor, a street sweeper named Anya walks in to ask Dmitry about paperwork to get tickets for Paris. Dmitry and Vlad become fascinated as Anya explains that she doesn't remember who she is due to her [amnesia](/wiki/Amnesia "Amnesia") and has very few memories of her past ("In My Dreams"). Amazed by her memory loss and resemblance to Anastasia, they select Anya as their impostor. At the capital, government workers sort through rumors and reports for any that require further action. Three bitter actresses report Anya, Dmitry, and Vlad's plot to Gleb, but he dismisses them and files a case for Anya ("The Rumors Never End"). Back at the palace, Vlad and Dmitry groom a feisty Anya to become Anastasia through history, dining, and dancing lessons ("Learn to Do It"). Gleb orders Anya's arrest, and she is brought to his office in the [Nevsky Prospect](/wiki/Nevsky_Prospect "Nevsky Prospect"). The general interrogates the girl and warns her about the consequences of pretending to be Anastasia. He tries to convince her that Anastasia is really dead. He reveals that his father was one of the soldiers who shot the Romanovs and, as a boy, Gleb heard the gunshots and the family's screams. However, Gleb notices that Anya has the "Romanov eyes" and realizes that Anya could indeed be Anastasia. As he harbors feelings for her, he lets her off with a warning ("The Neva Flows"). Anya reunites with Dmitry and they are teased and attacked by his old con partners, whom they must fight off ("The Neva Flows Reprise"). Impressed by Anya's fighting skills, Dmitry opens up to her for the first time and tells her about his childhood in the streets of St. Petersburg and how he had to take care of himself as an orphan ("My Petersburg"). Dmitry begins to trust her enough to show her a music box that he's failed to open, unaware it is the memento that it had been given to Anastasia by the Dowager Empress. Anya easily winds and opens the box and begins to vaguely remember her past, including an imperial ball many years earlier ("Once Upon a December"). After this episode, Anya is more resolute than ever in her desire to get to Paris, but Dmitry tells her that they don't have enough money to buy the train tickets. Then she gives him her most prized possession, a diamond that was found sewn to her dress when she was discovered years earlier ("A Secret She Kept"). At the [train station](/wiki/Finland_Station "Finland Station"), Count Ipolitov recognizes Anya as Anastasia and kisses her hand. As they board the train to Paris, Count Ipolitov leads everyone in a prayer of farewell to Russia ("Stay, I Pray You"). During the train ride, Anya, Dmitry, and Vlad reflect on what they hope to accomplish in Paris: Anya hoping to discover that she is actually Anastasia, Dmitry's desire for the money, and Vlad hoping to win back Countess Lily Malevsky\-Malevitch ("Sophie" in the [1997 animated film](/wiki/Anastasia_%281997_film%29 "Anastasia (1997 film)")), the Dowager Empress's lady\-in\-waiting with whom he had an affair ("We'll Go From There"). Count Ipolitov is fatally shot by the police for illegally boarding the train. The police officers then go after Anya, Dmitry, and Vlad since they are wanted criminals in Russia, but they all jump off the train, narrowly avoiding capture. As they travel across Russia by foot, Gleb receives orders to follow Anya and kill her if she is the real Anastasia ("Traveling Sequence"). Gleb agrees to the task, but he realizes that he is in love with Anya and questions his heart ("Still"). Anya, Vlad, and Dmitry finally arrive in France, and as they travel to Paris, Anya summons the courage to continue on with the hope that she will finally discover who she is ("Journey to the Past").
[ "### Act I", "In 1927, Gleb Vaganov, a general for the Bolsheviks, who now controls Russia, announces to the gloomy Russians that the now\\-poor Saint Petersburg has been renamed [Leningrad](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia \"Saint Petersburg, Russia\"), and he promises a bright and peaceful future. The Russians protest this change, but are then uplifted by a rumor that Anastasia may have survived and escaped the royal family's execution. Two wanted con men, the handsome young Dmitry and an ex\\-member of the Imperial Court, Vlad Popov, hear the rumors and brainstorm \"the biggest con in history\": they will groom a naive girl to become Anastasia in order to extract money from the Dowager Empress (\"A Rumor in St. Petersburg\").", "Dmitri and Vlad hold unsuccessful auditions for the scheme at the theater in the abandoned [Yusupov Palace](/wiki/Moika_Palace \"Moika Palace\"). Just as they are about to give up hope of finding a suitable impostor, a street sweeper named Anya walks in to ask Dmitry about paperwork to get tickets for Paris. Dmitry and Vlad become fascinated as Anya explains that she doesn't remember who she is due to her [amnesia](/wiki/Amnesia \"Amnesia\") and has very few memories of her past (\"In My Dreams\"). Amazed by her memory loss and resemblance to Anastasia, they select Anya as their impostor.", "At the capital, government workers sort through rumors and reports for any that require further action. Three bitter actresses report Anya, Dmitry, and Vlad's plot to Gleb, but he dismisses them and files a case for Anya (\"The Rumors Never End\"). Back at the palace, Vlad and Dmitry groom a feisty Anya to become Anastasia through history, dining, and dancing lessons (\"Learn to Do It\").", "Gleb orders Anya's arrest, and she is brought to his office in the [Nevsky Prospect](/wiki/Nevsky_Prospect \"Nevsky Prospect\"). The general interrogates the girl and warns her about the consequences of pretending to be Anastasia. He tries to convince her that Anastasia is really dead. He reveals that his father was one of the soldiers who shot the Romanovs and, as a boy, Gleb heard the gunshots and the family's screams. However, Gleb notices that Anya has the \"Romanov eyes\" and realizes that Anya could indeed be Anastasia. As he harbors feelings for her, he lets her off with a warning (\"The Neva Flows\").", "Anya reunites with Dmitry and they are teased and attacked by his old con partners, whom they must fight off (\"The Neva Flows Reprise\"). Impressed by Anya's fighting skills, Dmitry opens up to her for the first time and tells her about his childhood in the streets of St. Petersburg and how he had to take care of himself as an orphan (\"My Petersburg\"). Dmitry begins to trust her enough to show her a music box that he's failed to open, unaware it is the memento that it had been given to Anastasia by the Dowager Empress. Anya easily winds and opens the box and begins to vaguely remember her past, including an imperial ball many years earlier (\"Once Upon a December\"). After this episode, Anya is more resolute than ever in her desire to get to Paris, but Dmitry tells her that they don't have enough money to buy the train tickets. Then she gives him her most prized possession, a diamond that was found sewn to her dress when she was discovered years earlier (\"A Secret She Kept\").", "At the [train station](/wiki/Finland_Station \"Finland Station\"), Count Ipolitov recognizes Anya as Anastasia and kisses her hand. As they board the train to Paris, Count Ipolitov leads everyone in a prayer of farewell to Russia (\"Stay, I Pray You\"). During the train ride, Anya, Dmitry, and Vlad reflect on what they hope to accomplish in Paris: Anya hoping to discover that she is actually Anastasia, Dmitry's desire for the money, and Vlad hoping to win back Countess Lily Malevsky\\-Malevitch (\"Sophie\" in the [1997 animated film](/wiki/Anastasia_%281997_film%29 \"Anastasia (1997 film)\")), the Dowager Empress's lady\\-in\\-waiting with whom he had an affair (\"We'll Go From There\"). Count Ipolitov is fatally shot by the police for illegally boarding the train. The police officers then go after Anya, Dmitry, and Vlad since they are wanted criminals in Russia, but they all jump off the train, narrowly avoiding capture.", "As they travel across Russia by foot, Gleb receives orders to follow Anya and kill her if she is the real Anastasia (\"Traveling Sequence\"). Gleb agrees to the task, but he realizes that he is in love with Anya and questions his heart (\"Still\"). Anya, Vlad, and Dmitry finally arrive in France, and as they travel to Paris, Anya summons the courage to continue on with the hope that she will finally discover who she is (\"Journey to the Past\").", "" ]
### Act II Anya, Vlad, and Dmitry arrive in Paris and are swept up by the sights and sounds of the city ("Paris Holds the Key (to Your Heart)"). When Vlad and Dmitry go off on their own, Anya visits the [Pont Alexandre III](/wiki/Pont_Alexandre_III "Pont Alexandre III") bridge, named after Anastasia's grandfather, and she feels a strong connection to it ("Crossing a Bridge"). Now a bitter, elderly woman, Dowager Empress Marie Feodorovna reads the letters from various women claiming to be Anastasia and, heartbroken, gives up hope of finding Anastasia ("Close the Door"). As Gleb arrives in Paris, Lily parties at the Neva Club, where rich and noble Russians exiles reminisce about the old Russia ("Land of Yesterday"). Lily is reunited with Vlad, with whom she is angry for stealing her jewelry when they were lovers. The two rekindle their scandalous romance and Vlad convinces her to let Anya meet the Dowager Empress at the ballet the next week ("The Countess and the Common Man"). However, Vlad accidentally drops the ballet tickets and Gleb, overhearing their plans, picks up their tickets ("Land of Yesterday Reprise"). At the hotel, Anya has a nightmare about the execution of the Romanovs ("A Nightmare"). Dmitry comforts her and recounts a story of how he bowed to Anastasia at a parade as a young boy. Anya vividly remembers this, and the two realize that Anya is indeed the Grand Duchess Anastasia ("In a Crowd of Thousands"). At the ballet, Vlad suspects that Anya and Dmitry are falling in love and is heartbroken on their behalf that the two can never be together ("Meant to Be"). During the performance of *[Swan Lake](/wiki/Swan_Lake "Swan Lake")*, Anya sees the Dowager Empress and remembers her. The Dowager Empress also sees Anya and recognizes her, but clings to denial. Dmitry and Gleb (who is conflicted about whether or not to shoot Anya) reflect on their romantic feelings ("Quartet at the Ballet"). After the ballet, Lily also recognizes Anya as Anastasia and immediately takes her to the Dowager Empress. Dmitry is anxious about the meeting and realizes that he is in love with Anya, but knows he must let her go to her family ("Everything to Win"). Anya leaves the meeting enraged, having learned from the Dowager Empress that Vlad and Dmitry intended to use her in their scheme for money. As she storms off, Dmitry waits for the Dowager Empress. Marie coldly dismisses him, but Dmitry disrespectfully stops her. He begs her to see Anya, but she refuses again. Back at the hotel, Anya begins to pack, but she is interrupted by the Dowager Empress who, impressed by Dmitry's courage, has come to give her an opportunity. Anya is shocked by the Dowager Empress's cruelty, asserting that she isn't the nana that Anya remembered. The Dowager Empress angrily questions Anya about her past and the Romanov family, but Anya compels her to reflect on the person she has become over last two decades. Anya suddenly remembers the night that the Dowager Empress left her for Paris. When Anya produces the music box and sings the lullaby, the Dowager Empress finally realizes that Anya really is Anastasia and the two embrace, now reunited after twenty years ("Once Upon a December Reprise"). A press conference is held the next morning, where Vlad and Lily try to fend off the hungry reporters ("The Press Conference"). Before appearing in public, the Dowager Empress tells Anya that Dmitry did not take the reward after all and reveals her respect for him. Anya expresses misgivings about her future life as a princess and the Dowager Empress insists that no matter what she chooses, they'll always be together. Anya runs off to think; she realizes that she is in love with Dmitry, and decides that she must go after him ("Everything to Win Reprise"). As she turns to leave, Anya sees that Gleb has slipped in and locked them in the room. She realizes why he is there and Gleb says that he must kill her to complete his father's mission. Anya now clearly remembers the day her family was killed and, without fear, taunts him to kill her so that she can be with her family. Overcome with emotion and not willing to bear the shame of his father, Gleb is unable to kill Anya ("Still/The Neva Flows Reprise"). Anya comforts Gleb and they call a truce. Vlad, Lily, and the palace staff search for Anya and the Dowager Empress is joyful, knowing that Anya is now where she belongs. She and Gleb announce to their people that the rumors of Anastasia will now cease; the reward for finding her will be donated to charity. Anya discovers Dmitry at Pont Alexandre III, where they embrace. The couple leaves Paris as the spirits of the Romanovs celebrate the life that Anya and Dmitry will have together ("Finale").
[ "### Act II", "Anya, Vlad, and Dmitry arrive in Paris and are swept up by the sights and sounds of the city (\"Paris Holds the Key (to Your Heart)\"). When Vlad and Dmitry go off on their own, Anya visits the [Pont Alexandre III](/wiki/Pont_Alexandre_III \"Pont Alexandre III\") bridge, named after Anastasia's grandfather, and she feels a strong connection to it (\"Crossing a Bridge\").", "Now a bitter, elderly woman, Dowager Empress Marie Feodorovna reads the letters from various women claiming to be Anastasia and, heartbroken, gives up hope of finding Anastasia (\"Close the Door\"). As Gleb arrives in Paris, Lily parties at the Neva Club, where rich and noble Russians exiles reminisce about the old Russia (\"Land of Yesterday\"). Lily is reunited with Vlad, with whom she is angry for stealing her jewelry when they were lovers. The two rekindle their scandalous romance and Vlad convinces her to let Anya meet the Dowager Empress at the ballet the next week (\"The Countess and the Common Man\"). However, Vlad accidentally drops the ballet tickets and Gleb, overhearing their plans, picks up their tickets (\"Land of Yesterday Reprise\").", "At the hotel, Anya has a nightmare about the execution of the Romanovs (\"A Nightmare\"). Dmitry comforts her and recounts a story of how he bowed to Anastasia at a parade as a young boy. Anya vividly remembers this, and the two realize that Anya is indeed the Grand Duchess Anastasia (\"In a Crowd of Thousands\").", "At the ballet, Vlad suspects that Anya and Dmitry are falling in love and is heartbroken on their behalf that the two can never be together (\"Meant to Be\"). During the performance of *[Swan Lake](/wiki/Swan_Lake \"Swan Lake\")*, Anya sees the Dowager Empress and remembers her. The Dowager Empress also sees Anya and recognizes her, but clings to denial. Dmitry and Gleb (who is conflicted about whether or not to shoot Anya) reflect on their romantic feelings (\"Quartet at the Ballet\").", "After the ballet, Lily also recognizes Anya as Anastasia and immediately takes her to the Dowager Empress. Dmitry is anxious about the meeting and realizes that he is in love with Anya, but knows he must let her go to her family (\"Everything to Win\"). Anya leaves the meeting enraged, having learned from the Dowager Empress that Vlad and Dmitry intended to use her in their scheme for money. As she storms off, Dmitry waits for the Dowager Empress. Marie coldly dismisses him, but Dmitry disrespectfully stops her. He begs her to see Anya, but she refuses again.", "Back at the hotel, Anya begins to pack, but she is interrupted by the Dowager Empress who, impressed by Dmitry's courage, has come to give her an opportunity. Anya is shocked by the Dowager Empress's cruelty, asserting that she isn't the nana that Anya remembered. The Dowager Empress angrily questions Anya about her past and the Romanov family, but Anya compels her to reflect on the person she has become over last two decades. Anya suddenly remembers the night that the Dowager Empress left her for Paris. When Anya produces the music box and sings the lullaby, the Dowager Empress finally realizes that Anya really is Anastasia and the two embrace, now reunited after twenty years (\"Once Upon a December Reprise\").", "A press conference is held the next morning, where Vlad and Lily try to fend off the hungry reporters (\"The Press Conference\"). Before appearing in public, the Dowager Empress tells Anya that Dmitry did not take the reward after all and reveals her respect for him. Anya expresses misgivings about her future life as a princess and the Dowager Empress insists that no matter what she chooses, they'll always be together. Anya runs off to think; she realizes that she is in love with Dmitry, and decides that she must go after him (\"Everything to Win Reprise\"). As she turns to leave, Anya sees that Gleb has slipped in and locked them in the room. She realizes why he is there and Gleb says that he must kill her to complete his father's mission. Anya now clearly remembers the day her family was killed and, without fear, taunts him to kill her so that she can be with her family. Overcome with emotion and not willing to bear the shame of his father, Gleb is unable to kill Anya (\"Still/The Neva Flows Reprise\"). Anya comforts Gleb and they call a truce.", "Vlad, Lily, and the palace staff search for Anya and the Dowager Empress is joyful, knowing that Anya is now where she belongs. She and Gleb announce to their people that the rumors of Anastasia will now cease; the reward for finding her will be donated to charity. Anya discovers Dmitry at Pont Alexandre III, where they embrace. The couple leaves Paris as the spirits of the Romanovs celebrate the life that Anya and Dmitry will have together (\"Finale\").", "" ]
Academic career --------------- Mazrui began his academic career at [Makerere University](/wiki/Makerere_University "Makerere University") in Uganda, where he had dreamed of attending since he was a child. At Makerere, Mazrui served as a professor of political science, and began drawing his international acclaim. Mazrui felt that his years at Makerere were some of the most important and productive of his life. He told his biographer that 1967, when he published three books, was the year that he had made his declaration to the academic world "that I planned to be prolific – for better or for worse!" During his time at Makerere, Mazrui also directed the World Order Models Project in the Department of Political Science, a project which brought together political scientists from across the world to discuss what an international route to lasting peace might be.Correspondence with Hasu Patel, Conference Organiser, of conference on *Africa in World Affairs in the Next Thirty Years*, December 1969\. Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 7, Bentley Library. Mazrui reflected that he felt forced to leave the University of Makerere.Letter from Ali Mazrui to Merrick Posnansky. Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 7, Bentley Library. His departure was likely the result of his desire to remain a neutral academic in the face of pressures to attach his growing prestige as a political thinker to one of the regional factions. His first solicitation was from [John Okello](/wiki/John_Okello "John Okello"), the leader of the Zanzibar Revolution, who came to Mazrui's house in 1968 to urge Mazrui to join his cause. Okello originally tried to convince Mazrui to become an advisor to him and then simply tried to enlist Mazrui's assistance in writing a constitution for Zanzibar. Mazrui told Okello that, while he was inclined to sympathize with the cause, it would be a violation of the moral duty of a professor and an academic to join with a political agenda. This incident shows the level of international prestige that Mazrui had already accumulated. Okello had sought him out specifically because he knew and valued Ali's reputation as an anti\-imperialist intellectual.Report to the Principal, Makerere University, 6 November 1968\. Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 8, Bentley Library. Mazrui was later approached by Idi Amin who was the president of Uganda at the end of Mazrui's time at Makerere. Amin, according to Mazrui, wanted Mazrui to become his special adviser. Mazrui declined this invitation, for fear that it would be unsafe, and by doing so lost his political standing in Uganda. This would be what Mazrui ultimately felt forced him to leave the University of Makerere.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/05/movies/looking\-at\-africa\-through\-an\-african\-s\-eyes.html\|title\=Looking at Africa Through an African's Eyes\|first\=Herbert\|last\=Mitgang\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=5 October 1986}} Mazrui often said that he would like to return to Uganda, but cited his strained relationship with the Ugandan government, as well as the unfriendliness of the Ugandan people towards a Kenyan political scientist as the factors keeping him away.Ali Mazrui correspondence with Ann Gourlay, Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 7, Bentley Library. In 1974, Mazrui was hired as a professor of political science at the [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan "University of Michigan"). During his time at Michigan, Mazrui also held a professorship at the [University of Jos](/wiki/University_of_Jos "University of Jos") in Nigeria. He held that spending time teaching and being part of the discourse in Africa was important to not losing his understanding of the African perspective. From 1978 until 1981 Mazrui served as the Director of the Center for Afro\-American and African Studies (CAAS) at the University of Michigan. While he had a relatively quiet tenure in the chair, his presence there was important for a couple reasons. First, it was a central view of Mazrui's that the African American and the African connection had to be strengthened. He believed the way to better Africa was to educate African Americans in global politics and to strengthen their connection with Africa, all things that could be under the purview of CAAS. However he also seemed to doubt the ability of a program like CAAS to accomplish anything. During his earlier years at U of M he criticized such programs saying that, in response to black activism, "some universities just established a black\-studies program with a kind of political cynicism which I found rather difficult to admire, to say the very least."Interview with Ali Mazrui, "Race Relations in the United States". Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 7, Bentley Library. Mazrui taught at the University of Michigan until 1989, when he took a two\-year leave of absence to accept the Albert Schweitzer professorship at [SUNY Binghamton](/wiki/SUNY_Binghamton "SUNY Binghamton"). Mazrui's departure from U of M was no less eventful than his departure from Makerere. Mazrui announced his resignation from the University of Michigan on 29 May 1991\. Leading up to this point, there had been a highly publicized bidding war between U of M and SUNY. Reportedly, SUNY offered Mazrui a $500,000 package which included a $105,000 salary (as compared to his $71,500 salary at U of M) as well as the funds for three professors of Mazrui's choosing, three graduate assistants, a secretary, and travel expenses.Julie Wiernik, "African expert quits U\-M for SUNY post", *The Ann Arbor News*, Thurs, 30 May 1991\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library. The University of Michigan reportedly matched this offer, but Mazrui decided it was too little too late. He stated that he was unconvinced by U of M's commitment to the study of political science in the third world. Both governor [Mario Cuomo](/wiki/Mario_Cuomo "Mario Cuomo") from New York and Governor [James Blanchard](/wiki/James_Blanchard "James Blanchard") from Michigan gave Mazrui personal calls to convince him to choose the university in their states. The whole affair sparked questions about the commodification as well as the celebrity of university professors.Connie Leslie, "Let's Buy a Physicist or Two", *Newsweek*, 12 February 1990\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library. His departure also caused a conversation about racial diversity at the University of Michigan; a conversation he had not been a huge part of for the fifteen years while he was on the U of M campus. In spite of the University of Michigan's efforts to retain Ali Mazrui, [James Duderstadt](/wiki/James_Duderstadt "James Duderstadt"), the president of the university at the time, came under heavy fire for not being proactive enough in the retention of an esteemed Black professor. Mazrui had been hired in 1974, while the university was under heavy criticism, especially from the second [Black Action Movement](/wiki/Black_Action_Movement "Black Action Movement"), for not keeping its promises for diversity in the student body and among the faculty. In contrast, Duderstadt argued that, by 1989, the University was doing a much better job of diversifying. They had added 45 minority faculty that year, 13 more than the year before and the College of Literature, Science and the Arts had seen "skyrocketing minority recruitment.""LS\&A’s skyrocketing minority recruitment", *Ann Arbor Observer*, September 1989\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library. Even still there was a worry that the university was focusing only on recruiting minorities, and not on making them stick around.Taraneh Shafii, 'U' adds 45 new minority to faculty, *Michigan Daily*, Monday 2 October 1989\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library.Joe Stroud, "U\-M can make fitting pledge to pluralism", *Detroit News*, 5/14/89\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library.Karen Grassmuck, "U\-M accused of dawdling on diversity", *The Ann Arbor News*, Friday 15 September 1989\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library.
[ "Academic career\n---------------", "Mazrui began his academic career at [Makerere University](/wiki/Makerere_University \"Makerere University\") in Uganda, where he had dreamed of attending since he was a child. At Makerere, Mazrui served as a professor of political science, and began drawing his international acclaim. Mazrui felt that his years at Makerere were some of the most important and productive of his life. He told his biographer that 1967, when he published three books, was the year that he had made his declaration to the academic world \"that I planned to be prolific – for better or for worse!\" During his time at Makerere, Mazrui also directed the World Order Models Project in the Department of Political Science, a project which brought together political scientists from across the world to discuss what an international route to lasting peace might be.Correspondence with Hasu Patel, Conference Organiser, of conference on *Africa in World Affairs in the Next Thirty Years*, December 1969\\. Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 7, Bentley Library.", "Mazrui reflected that he felt forced to leave the University of Makerere.Letter from Ali Mazrui to Merrick Posnansky. Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 7, Bentley Library. His departure was likely the result of his desire to remain a neutral academic in the face of pressures to attach his growing prestige as a political thinker to one of the regional factions. \nHis first solicitation was from [John Okello](/wiki/John_Okello \"John Okello\"), the leader of the Zanzibar Revolution, who came to Mazrui's house in 1968 to urge Mazrui to join his cause. Okello originally tried to convince Mazrui to become an advisor to him and then simply tried to enlist Mazrui's assistance in writing a constitution for Zanzibar. Mazrui told Okello that, while he was inclined to sympathize with the cause, it would be a violation of the moral duty of a professor and an academic to join with a political agenda. This incident shows the level of international prestige that Mazrui had already accumulated. Okello had sought him out specifically because he knew and valued Ali's reputation as an anti\\-imperialist intellectual.Report to the Principal, Makerere University, 6 November 1968\\. Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 8, Bentley Library.", "Mazrui was later approached by Idi Amin who was the president of Uganda at the end of Mazrui's time at Makerere. Amin, according to Mazrui, wanted Mazrui to become his special adviser. Mazrui declined this invitation, for fear that it would be unsafe, and by doing so lost his political standing in Uganda. This would be what Mazrui ultimately felt forced him to leave the University of Makerere.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/05/movies/looking\\-at\\-africa\\-through\\-an\\-african\\-s\\-eyes.html\\|title\\=Looking at Africa Through an African's Eyes\\|first\\=Herbert\\|last\\=Mitgang\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=5 October 1986}} Mazrui often said that he would like to return to Uganda, but cited his strained relationship with the Ugandan government, as well as the unfriendliness of the Ugandan people towards a Kenyan political scientist as the factors keeping him away.Ali Mazrui correspondence with Ann Gourlay, Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 7, Bentley Library.", "In 1974, Mazrui was hired as a professor of political science at the [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan \"University of Michigan\"). During his time at Michigan, Mazrui also held a professorship at the [University of Jos](/wiki/University_of_Jos \"University of Jos\") in Nigeria. He held that spending time teaching and being part of the discourse in Africa was important to not losing his understanding of the African perspective.\nFrom 1978 until 1981 Mazrui served as the Director of the Center for Afro\\-American and African Studies (CAAS) at the University of Michigan. While he had a relatively quiet tenure in the chair, his presence there was important for a couple reasons. First, it was a central view of Mazrui's that the African American and the African connection had to be strengthened. He believed the way to better Africa was to educate African Americans in global politics and to strengthen their connection with Africa, all things that could be under the purview of CAAS. However he also seemed to doubt the ability of a program like CAAS to accomplish anything. During his earlier years at U of M he criticized such programs saying that, in response to black activism, \"some universities just established a black\\-studies program with a kind of political cynicism which I found rather difficult to admire, to say the very least.\"Interview with Ali Mazrui, \"Race Relations in the United States\". Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 7, Bentley Library.", "Mazrui taught at the University of Michigan until 1989, when he took a two\\-year leave of absence to accept the Albert Schweitzer professorship at [SUNY Binghamton](/wiki/SUNY_Binghamton \"SUNY Binghamton\"). Mazrui's departure from U of M was no less eventful than his departure from Makerere. Mazrui announced his resignation from the University of Michigan on 29 May 1991\\. Leading up to this point, there had been a highly publicized bidding war between U of M and SUNY. Reportedly, SUNY offered Mazrui a $500,000 package which included a $105,000 salary (as compared to his $71,500 salary at U of M) as well as the funds for three professors of Mazrui's choosing, three graduate assistants, a secretary, and travel expenses.Julie Wiernik, \"African expert quits U\\-M for SUNY post\", *The Ann Arbor News*, Thurs, 30 May 1991\\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library. The University of Michigan reportedly matched this offer, but Mazrui decided it was too little too late. He stated that he was unconvinced by U of M's commitment to the study of political science in the third world. Both governor [Mario Cuomo](/wiki/Mario_Cuomo \"Mario Cuomo\") from New York and Governor [James Blanchard](/wiki/James_Blanchard \"James Blanchard\") from Michigan gave Mazrui personal calls to convince him to choose the university in their states. The whole affair sparked questions about the commodification as well as the celebrity of university professors.Connie Leslie, \"Let's Buy a Physicist or Two\", *Newsweek*, 12 February 1990\\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library.", "His departure also caused a conversation about racial diversity at the University of Michigan; a conversation he had not been a huge part of for the fifteen years while he was on the U of M campus. In spite of the University of Michigan's efforts to retain Ali Mazrui, [James Duderstadt](/wiki/James_Duderstadt \"James Duderstadt\"), the president of the university at the time, came under heavy fire for not being proactive enough in the retention of an esteemed Black professor. Mazrui had been hired in 1974, while the university was under heavy criticism, especially from the second [Black Action Movement](/wiki/Black_Action_Movement \"Black Action Movement\"), for not keeping its promises for diversity in the student body and among the faculty. In contrast, Duderstadt argued that, by 1989, the University was doing a much better job of diversifying. They had added 45 minority faculty that year, 13 more than the year before and the College of Literature, Science and the Arts had seen \"skyrocketing minority recruitment.\"\"LS\\&A’s skyrocketing minority recruitment\", *Ann Arbor Observer*, September 1989\\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library. Even still there was a worry that the university was focusing only on recruiting minorities, and not on making them stick around.Taraneh Shafii, 'U' adds 45 new minority to faculty, *Michigan Daily*, Monday 2 October 1989\\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library.Joe Stroud, \"U\\-M can make fitting pledge to pluralism\", *Detroit News*, 5/14/89\\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library.Karen Grassmuck, \"U\\-M accused of dawdling on diversity\", *The Ann Arbor News*, Friday 15 September 1989\\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library.", "" ]
Controversy ----------- *The Africans* was a controversial series for some. In the UK, where it aired on the BBC, it slid more or less under the radar. In the United States, however, where it aired on some PBS channels, *The Africans* drew a great amount of scrutiny for being allegedly anti\-western. According to critics, *The Africans* blames too many of Africa's problems on the negative influences of Europe and America, and the loudest criticisms came for the portrayal of [Muammar Gaddafi](/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi "Muammar Gaddafi") as a virtuous leader. The loudest critic of the documentary series was [Lynne Cheney](/wiki/Lynne_Cheney "Lynne Cheney"), who was at the time the chairperson of the [National Endowment for the Humanities](/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities "National Endowment for the Humanities") (NEH). The endowment had put $600,000 toward the funding of *The Africans* and Cheney felt that Mazrui had not held to the conditions on which the endowment had granted the funding. Cheney said that she was promised a variety of interviews presenting different sides of the story, and was outraged when there were no such interviews in the show. Cheney demanded that the NEH name and logo be removed from the credits. She also had the words "A Commentary" added to the American version of the series, alongside Mazrui's credits. In defense of the series and its alleged bias, Mazrui made the statement: "I was invited by PBS and the BBC to tell the American and British people about the African people, a view from the inside. I am surprised, then, that people are disappointed not to get an American view. An effort was made to be fair but not to sound attractive to Americans." Ward Chamberlain, the president of series co\-producer [WETA](/wiki/WETA-TV "WETA-TV"), also stepped in to publicly defend the series and Mazrui by saying that, in a fair telling of history, the western world should not be expected to come out looking good from the African perspective.Deborah Gilbert, *The University Record*, 13 October 1986\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library.Irvin Molotsky, "U.S. Aide Assails TV Series on Africa", *The New York Times*, 5 September 1986\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library. ### Other academic controversies His experience as a controversial figure was different in the two continents. While he was surrounded by controversy at U of M (he has been accused of being anti\-Semitic, anti\-American, and generally radical) he wrote to his African colleagues saying that the debate had remained remarkably civil and academic.Ali Mazrui letter to George Mendenhall, 4 December 1984\. Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 9, Bentley Library On the other hand, in Jos, things got so heated that the university faculty once put out a flyer threatening to punish anti\-Mazrui libel "in the pugilist style". Ironically, the libeler was a socialist accusing Mazrui of being overly imperialist for participating in western dialogues.Pamphlet by Raphaels Donjur, Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 9, Bentley Library. #### Israel\-Palestine Probably the most fire Mazrui came under during his tenure at the University of Michigan was in response to his views on the [Israel\-Palestine conflict](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict "Israeli–Palestinian conflict"). Mazrui was an outspoken supporter of Palestine and, more than that, an outspoken critic of the state of Israel. Mazrui made the argument that Israel and the Zionist movement behaved in an imperialist fashion and that they used their biblical beliefs and the events of the holocaust for political gain. He went so far as to call the Israeli government "fascist" in its behavior.Marc Brennan, *Michigan Daily*, Opinion Piece. 26 September 1988\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library. This sparked controversy.Mark Weisbrot, *The Michigan Daily*, 23 September 1988\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library. The large Jewish population at the University of Michigan was highly critical of these remarks, accusing him of [anti\-Semitism](/wiki/Antisemitism "Antisemitism"). In the campus newspaper, *The Michigan Daily*, there was a prolonged back\-and\-forth in 1988\. One student wrote: "Mazrui is completely ignorant regarding Jewish faith and history. To compare Israel to Nazi Germany is the ultimate racial slur … To digress from politics to anti\-Semitic tones only fuels the fire of hatred." On the other hand, in a joint letter to the *Michigan Daily*, members of the Palestine Solidarity Committee wrote: "A recent letter has accused Dr. Ali Mazrui and his supporters of anti\-Semitism… we categorically reject this vicious slander.""Judaism is not Zionism", Dallas Kenny, Chuck Abookire, Nuha Khoury, et al. (as members of the Palestine Solidarity Committee), letter to the *Daily*, 18 October 1988\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library. Mazrui, in his own defense, stated unequivocally that he was anti\-Zionist, but that that was a fundamentally different thing from anti\-Semitism. He admitted to having problems with the Israeli government and the Zionist movement, but said that he held these views independent of any views about the Jewish people as an ethnicity.Victoria Bauer, "A struggle for common ground", *Michigan Daily* Weekend Magazine, 17 March 1989\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library. #### Nuclear proliferation Throughout his career Mazrui held the controversial position that the only way to prevent a [nuclear holocaust](/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust "Nuclear holocaust") was to arm the "Third World" (Africa in particular) with nuclear weapons. This was a view spotlighted in *The Africans*. Speaking largely with a mind to cold war international politics, Mazrui argued that the world needed more than two sides holding nuclear arms. By virtue of the continent's central location and relative non\-alignment, he argued that Africa would be the perfect keeper of the peace between the East and the West. Furthermore, as long as the third world did not have nuclear capabilities, it would continue to be marginalized on the global stage.{{Cite web\|url\=http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rmhttp/radio4/transcripts/1979\_reith6\.pdf\|first\=Ali\|last\= Mazrui\|work\= Reith Lectures 1979: The African Condition \|title\= Lecture 6: In Search of Pax Africana \|date\= 12 December 1979}} This view encountered heavy criticism from those who believed that the more countries with nuclear capabilities, and the more unstable those countries are politically, the greater the risk of some leader or military organization launching nuclear missiles.Oyvind Osterun, Article in *Dagbladet*, 4 August 1981\. Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 9, Bentley Library.
[ "Controversy\n-----------", "*The Africans* was a controversial series for some. In the UK, where it aired on the BBC, it slid more or less under the radar. In the United States, however, where it aired on some PBS channels, *The Africans* drew a great amount of scrutiny for being allegedly anti\\-western. According to critics, *The Africans* blames too many of Africa's problems on the negative influences of Europe and America, and the loudest criticisms came for the portrayal of [Muammar Gaddafi](/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi \"Muammar Gaddafi\") as a virtuous leader.", "The loudest critic of the documentary series was [Lynne Cheney](/wiki/Lynne_Cheney \"Lynne Cheney\"), who was at the time the chairperson of the [National Endowment for the Humanities](/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities \"National Endowment for the Humanities\") (NEH). The endowment had put $600,000 toward the funding of *The Africans* and Cheney felt that Mazrui had not held to the conditions on which the endowment had granted the funding. Cheney said that she was promised a variety of interviews presenting different sides of the story, and was outraged when there were no such interviews in the show. Cheney demanded that the NEH name and logo be removed from the credits. She also had the words \"A Commentary\" added to the American version of the series, alongside Mazrui's credits.", "In defense of the series and its alleged bias, Mazrui made the statement: \"I was invited by PBS and the BBC to tell the American and British people about the African people, a view from the inside. I am surprised, then, that people are disappointed not to get an American view. An effort was made to be fair but not to sound attractive to Americans.\" Ward Chamberlain, the president of series co\\-producer [WETA](/wiki/WETA-TV \"WETA-TV\"), also stepped in to publicly defend the series and Mazrui by saying that, in a fair telling of history, the western world should not be expected to come out looking good from the African perspective.Deborah Gilbert, *The University Record*, 13 October 1986\\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library.Irvin Molotsky, \"U.S. Aide Assails TV Series on Africa\", *The New York Times*, 5 September 1986\\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library.", "### Other academic controversies", "His experience as a controversial figure was different in the two continents. While he was surrounded by controversy at U of M (he has been accused of being anti\\-Semitic, anti\\-American, and generally radical) he wrote to his African colleagues saying that the debate had remained remarkably civil and academic.Ali Mazrui letter to George Mendenhall, 4 December 1984\\. Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 9, Bentley Library On the other hand, in Jos, things got so heated that the university faculty once put out a flyer threatening to punish anti\\-Mazrui libel \"in the pugilist style\". Ironically, the libeler was a socialist accusing Mazrui of being overly imperialist for participating in western dialogues.Pamphlet by Raphaels Donjur, Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 9, Bentley Library.", "#### Israel\\-Palestine", "Probably the most fire Mazrui came under during his tenure at the University of Michigan was in response to his views on the [Israel\\-Palestine conflict](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict \"Israeli–Palestinian conflict\"). Mazrui was an outspoken supporter of Palestine and, more than that, an outspoken critic of the state of Israel. Mazrui made the argument that Israel and the Zionist movement behaved in an imperialist fashion and that they used their biblical beliefs and the events of the holocaust for political gain. He went so far as to call the Israeli government \"fascist\" in its behavior.Marc Brennan, *Michigan Daily*, Opinion Piece. 26 September 1988\\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library. This sparked controversy.Mark Weisbrot, *The Michigan Daily*, 23 September 1988\\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library. The large Jewish population at the University of Michigan was highly critical of these remarks, accusing him of [anti\\-Semitism](/wiki/Antisemitism \"Antisemitism\"). In the campus newspaper, *The Michigan Daily*, there was a prolonged back\\-and\\-forth in 1988\\. One student wrote: \"Mazrui is completely ignorant regarding Jewish faith and history. To compare Israel to Nazi Germany is the ultimate racial slur … To digress from politics to anti\\-Semitic tones only fuels the fire of hatred.\"", "On the other hand, in a joint letter to the *Michigan Daily*, members of the Palestine Solidarity Committee wrote: \"A recent letter has accused Dr. Ali Mazrui and his supporters of anti\\-Semitism… we categorically reject this vicious slander.\"\"Judaism is not Zionism\", Dallas Kenny, Chuck Abookire, Nuha Khoury, et al. (as members of the Palestine Solidarity Committee), letter to the *Daily*, 18 October 1988\\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library. Mazrui, in his own defense, stated unequivocally that he was anti\\-Zionist, but that that was a fundamentally different thing from anti\\-Semitism. He admitted to having problems with the Israeli government and the Zionist movement, but said that he held these views independent of any views about the Jewish people as an ethnicity.Victoria Bauer, \"A struggle for common ground\", *Michigan Daily* Weekend Magazine, 17 March 1989\\. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library.", "#### Nuclear proliferation", "Throughout his career Mazrui held the controversial position that the only way to prevent a [nuclear holocaust](/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust \"Nuclear holocaust\") was to arm the \"Third World\" (Africa in particular) with nuclear weapons. This was a view spotlighted in *The Africans*. Speaking largely with a mind to cold war international politics, Mazrui argued that the world needed more than two sides holding nuclear arms. By virtue of the continent's central location and relative non\\-alignment, he argued that Africa would be the perfect keeper of the peace between the East and the West. Furthermore, as long as the third world did not have nuclear capabilities, it would continue to be marginalized on the global stage.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rmhttp/radio4/transcripts/1979\\_reith6\\.pdf\\|first\\=Ali\\|last\\= Mazrui\\|work\\= Reith Lectures 1979: The African Condition \\|title\\= Lecture 6: In Search of Pax Africana \\|date\\= 12 December 1979}} This view encountered heavy criticism from those who believed that the more countries with nuclear capabilities, and the more unstable those countries are politically, the greater the risk of some leader or military organization launching nuclear missiles.Oyvind Osterun, Article in *Dagbladet*, 4 August 1981\\. Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 9, Bentley Library.", "" ]
Writings and controversies -------------------------- Besides many articles and reviews that have appeared in scholarly journals, Gundry has published major scholarly commentaries on the [Gospel of Mark](/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark "Gospel of Mark") and the [Gospel of Matthew](/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew "Gospel of Matthew"). The one on Matthew caused a controversy that led to his resignation from the [Evangelical Theological Society](/wiki/Evangelical_Theological_Society "Evangelical Theological Society") (ETS) at that society’s request in 1983\. Voters favoring the request reckoned that the commentary was at odds with the society’s affirmation of scriptural inerrancy. Using [redaction criticism](/wiki/Redaction_criticism "Redaction criticism"), Gundry argued that Matthew tailored the story of Jesus, sometimes unhistorically, to meet the needs of the Gospel’s intended audience. Especially troubling to many in the ETS was Gundry’s contention that Matthew made unhistorical, theologically motivated revisions of the infancy story in [Matthew](/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew "Gospel of Matthew"). Earlier, Gundry had been asked to furnish a commentary on Matthew in the *Expositor’s Bible Commentary* (EBC), a major evangelical series of commentaries published over the course of a decade or more in the 1970s and 1980s, as each section was completed. When he submitted his proposed commentary to [Frank Gaebelein](/wiki/Frank_Gaebelein "Frank Gaebelein"), general editor of the series, Gaebelein pronounced the commentary acceptable; but the subeditors [Merrill C. Tenney](/wiki/Merrill_C._Tenney "Merrill C. Tenney") and [James M. Boice](/wiki/James_Montgomery_Boice "James Montgomery Boice") objected to its use of redaction criticism. Gaebelein pronounced acceptable Gundry’s successive revised versions as well; but Tenney and Boice objected again, to both of them, so that [D. A. Carson](/wiki/D._A._Carson "D. A. Carson") of Trinity Evangelical Divinity School was assigned to write on Matthew. This assignment caused a delay of several years in the publication of the EBC’s volume on the Synoptic Gospels. Meanwhile, Eerdmans Publishing Company brought out a longer, more technical version of Gundry’s work. According to Gundry, his work does not call into question the inerrancy of the Gospel of Matthew. He argues, to the contrary, that inerrancy must be considered in the twin lights of authorial intent and acceptable literary standards of the author’s time and place, and that Matthew intentionally and acceptably "treats us to history mixed with elements that cannot be called historical in a modern sense."{{cite book \|first\=Robert Horton \|last\=Gundry \|title\=Matthew, a commentary on his literary and theological art \|publisher\=\[\[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] \|location\=\[\[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] \|year\=1982 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/matthewcommentar00gund\_1/page/623 623] \|isbn\=0\-8028\-3549\-X \|url\=https://archive.org/details/matthewcommentar00gund\_1/page/623 }} To be called inerrant, then, Matthew’s Gospel need not be measured against standards of modern historical writing. By contrast, says Gundry, "Luke states a historical purpose along lines that run closer to modern history writing ..."{{cite book \|first\=Robert Horton \|last\=Gundry \|title\=Matthew, a commentary on his literary and theological art \|publisher\=\[\[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] \|location\=\[\[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] \|year\=1982 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/matthewcommentar00gund\_1/page/628 628] \|isbn\=0\-8028\-3549\-X \|url\=https://archive.org/details/matthewcommentar00gund\_1/page/628 }} These views were supported by a significant portion of the ETS; and after looking into the matter, the society’s executive committee cleared Gundry. But a campaign against him, spearheaded by [Norman Geisler](/wiki/Norman_Geisler "Norman Geisler"), resulted in the request that he resign.{{cite journal \|first\=Leslie R. \|last\=Keylock \|date\=November 2003 \|title\=CT Classic: Evangelical Scholars Remove Robert Gundry for His Views on Matthew \|journal\=\[\[Christianity Today]] \|volume\=47 \|url\=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2003/novemberweb\-only/11\-17\-42\.0\.html \|access\-date\=2009\-02\-04 \|orig\-year\=1984\-02\-03}} Against his critics, Gundry has contended that he treats biblical wording more seriously than they do when they construct strained harmonizations to maintain historicity at every point. Outside certain quarters of the ETS, his work is generally considered a model of conservative evangelicalism. Gundry’s other published books include *The Use of the Old Testament in St. Matthew’s Gospel* (based on his doctoral dissertation), *Sōma in Biblical Theology* (arguing for a physical meaning of “body,” even in figurative usage), and *The Old Is Better* (containing new and revised essays on various topics). His two books *The Church and the Tribulation* and *First the Antichrist* undermine the popular view that Christians will be “raptured” out of the world prior to a coming tribulation (see [Second Coming](/wiki/Second_Coming "Second Coming")).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.raptureready.com/who/Robert\_Gundry.html \|first\=Tommy \|last\=Ice \|author\-link\=Thomas Ice \|title\=Dr. Robert H. Gundry \|work\=Who's Who of Prophecy \|access\-date\=2009\-02\-04 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531231031/http://www.raptureready.com/who/Robert\_Gundry.html \|archive\-date\=2009\-05\-31 }} Yet another book, *Jesus the Word according to John the Sectarian*, argues that American evangelicalism needs to return, *mutatis mutandis*, to the enlightened fundamentalism of the early 20th century, as distinct from the obscurantist fundamentalism of the mid\-20th century.{{cite book \|last\=Gundry \|first\=Robert Horton \|title\=Jesus the Word According to John the Sectarian: A Paleofundamentalist Manifesto for Contemporary Evangelicalism, Especially Its Elites, in North America (Google eBook) \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=pqNa5lNhAncC\&q\=our\+circumstances\&pg\=PA93 \|year\=2002 \|publisher\=\[\[Eerdmans Publishing]] \|isbn\=9780802849809 \|page\=93}} In 2000 Gundry presented the essence of *Jesus the Word* at the 30th annual lecture of the Institute for Biblical Research. *Extracurriculars: Teaching Christianly Outside Class* contains talks delivered on various occasions at Westmont College, and the title *Peter: False Disciple and Apostate according to Saint Matthew* is self\-explanatory. Gundry's latest book, *Re\-Views by an Evangelical Biblical Critic*, gathers lightly edited, previously published review essays of books and films dealing in biblical text and translation, higher critical issues, literary portraits of Jesus, the relation between the Bible and tradition, and biographical portrayals of people associated with Scripture and its interpretation. Gundry's textbook, *A Survey of the New Testament*, has been translated from English into Portuguese, Serbo\-Croatian, Korean, Russian, and Turkish and produced as an eighteen\-lesson DVD course in English. His *Commentary on the New Testament* includes his own, literal translation of the entire New Testament and verse\-by\-verse explanations of its original meaning and contains many independent judgments not found elsewhere in either scholarly or popular literature.
[ "Writings and controversies\n--------------------------", "Besides many articles and reviews that have appeared in scholarly journals, Gundry has published major scholarly commentaries on the [Gospel of Mark](/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark \"Gospel of Mark\") and the [Gospel of Matthew](/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew \"Gospel of Matthew\"). The one on Matthew caused a controversy that led to his resignation from the [Evangelical Theological Society](/wiki/Evangelical_Theological_Society \"Evangelical Theological Society\") (ETS) at that society’s request in 1983\\. Voters favoring the request reckoned that the commentary was at odds with the society’s affirmation of scriptural inerrancy. Using [redaction criticism](/wiki/Redaction_criticism \"Redaction criticism\"), Gundry argued that Matthew tailored the story of Jesus, sometimes unhistorically, to meet the needs of the Gospel’s intended audience. Especially troubling to many in the ETS was Gundry’s contention that Matthew made unhistorical, theologically motivated revisions of the infancy story in [Matthew](/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew \"Gospel of Matthew\").", "Earlier, Gundry had been asked to furnish a commentary on Matthew in the *Expositor’s Bible Commentary* (EBC), a major evangelical series of commentaries published over the course of a decade or more in the 1970s and 1980s, as each section was completed. When he submitted his proposed commentary to [Frank Gaebelein](/wiki/Frank_Gaebelein \"Frank Gaebelein\"), general editor of the series, Gaebelein pronounced the commentary acceptable; but the subeditors [Merrill C. Tenney](/wiki/Merrill_C._Tenney \"Merrill C. Tenney\") and [James M. Boice](/wiki/James_Montgomery_Boice \"James Montgomery Boice\") objected to its use of redaction criticism. Gaebelein pronounced acceptable Gundry’s successive revised versions as well; but Tenney and Boice objected again, to both of them, so that [D. A. Carson](/wiki/D._A._Carson \"D. A. Carson\") of Trinity Evangelical Divinity School was assigned to write on Matthew. This assignment caused a delay of several years in the publication of the EBC’s volume on the Synoptic Gospels. Meanwhile, Eerdmans Publishing Company brought out a longer, more technical version of Gundry’s work.", "According to Gundry, his work does not call into question the inerrancy of the Gospel of Matthew. He argues, to the contrary, that inerrancy must be considered in the twin lights of authorial intent and acceptable literary standards of the author’s time and place, and that Matthew intentionally and acceptably \"treats us to history mixed with elements that cannot be called historical in a modern sense.\"{{cite book \\|first\\=Robert Horton \\|last\\=Gundry \\|title\\=Matthew, a commentary on his literary and theological art \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] \\|year\\=1982 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/matthewcommentar00gund\\_1/page/623 623] \\|isbn\\=0\\-8028\\-3549\\-X \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/matthewcommentar00gund\\_1/page/623 }} To be called inerrant, then, Matthew’s Gospel need not be measured against standards of modern historical writing. By contrast, says Gundry, \"Luke states a historical purpose along lines that run closer to modern history writing ...\"{{cite book \\|first\\=Robert Horton \\|last\\=Gundry \\|title\\=Matthew, a commentary on his literary and theological art \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] \\|year\\=1982 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/matthewcommentar00gund\\_1/page/628 628] \\|isbn\\=0\\-8028\\-3549\\-X \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/matthewcommentar00gund\\_1/page/628 }} These views were supported by a significant portion of the ETS; and after looking into the matter, the society’s executive committee cleared Gundry. But a campaign against him, spearheaded by [Norman Geisler](/wiki/Norman_Geisler \"Norman Geisler\"), resulted in the request that he resign.{{cite journal \\|first\\=Leslie R. \\|last\\=Keylock \\|date\\=November 2003 \\|title\\=CT Classic: Evangelical Scholars Remove Robert Gundry for His Views on Matthew \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Christianity Today]] \\|volume\\=47 \\|url\\=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2003/novemberweb\\-only/11\\-17\\-42\\.0\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-02\\-04 \\|orig\\-year\\=1984\\-02\\-03}} Against his critics, Gundry has contended that he treats biblical wording more seriously than they do when they construct strained harmonizations to maintain historicity at every point. Outside certain quarters of the ETS, his work is generally considered a model of conservative evangelicalism.", "Gundry’s other published books include *The Use of the Old Testament in St. Matthew’s Gospel* (based on his doctoral dissertation), *Sōma in Biblical Theology* (arguing for a physical meaning of “body,” even in figurative usage), and *The Old Is Better* (containing new and revised essays on various topics). His two books *The Church and the Tribulation* and *First the Antichrist* undermine the popular view that Christians will be “raptured” out of the world prior to a coming tribulation (see [Second Coming](/wiki/Second_Coming \"Second Coming\")).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.raptureready.com/who/Robert\\_Gundry.html \\|first\\=Tommy \\|last\\=Ice \\|author\\-link\\=Thomas Ice \\|title\\=Dr. Robert H. Gundry \\|work\\=Who's Who of Prophecy \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-02\\-04 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531231031/http://www.raptureready.com/who/Robert\\_Gundry.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-31 }}", "Yet another book, *Jesus the Word according to John the Sectarian*, argues that American evangelicalism needs to return, *mutatis mutandis*, to the enlightened fundamentalism of the early 20th century, as distinct from the obscurantist fundamentalism of the mid\\-20th century.{{cite book \\|last\\=Gundry \\|first\\=Robert Horton \\|title\\=Jesus the Word According to John the Sectarian: A Paleofundamentalist Manifesto for Contemporary Evangelicalism, Especially Its Elites, in North America (Google eBook) \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=pqNa5lNhAncC\\&q\\=our\\+circumstances\\&pg\\=PA93 \\|year\\=2002 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Eerdmans Publishing]] \\|isbn\\=9780802849809 \\|page\\=93}} In 2000 Gundry presented the essence of *Jesus the Word* at the 30th annual lecture of the Institute for Biblical Research.", "*Extracurriculars: Teaching Christianly Outside Class* contains talks delivered on various occasions at Westmont College, and the title *Peter: False Disciple and Apostate according to Saint Matthew* is self\\-explanatory. Gundry's latest book, *Re\\-Views by an Evangelical Biblical Critic*, gathers lightly edited, previously published review essays of books and films dealing in biblical text and translation, higher critical issues, literary portraits of Jesus, the relation between the Bible and tradition, and biographical portrayals of people associated with Scripture and its interpretation.", "Gundry's textbook, *A Survey of the New Testament*, has been translated from English into Portuguese, Serbo\\-Croatian, Korean, Russian, and Turkish and produced as an eighteen\\-lesson DVD course in English. His *Commentary on the New Testament* includes his own, literal translation of the entire New Testament and verse\\-by\\-verse explanations of its original meaning and contains many independent judgments not found elsewhere in either scholarly or popular literature.", "" ]
Life ---- Herta Leilia Laipaik (from 1943 Herta L. Rumma, from 1955 Herta L. Kornev) was born on 29 January 1921 in [Valga County](/wiki/Valga_County "Valga County"), Southern Estonia. She went to school at Tõrva Elementary and High Schools (1928–1940\) and later continued her education at the [University of Tartu](/wiki/University_of_Tartu "University of Tartu"), Faculty of Medicine (1940–1943\). As the Russian and German armies took turns invading Estonia during WW II, it became clear that Herta could not graduate college. Although she did not earn a doctoral diploma, the medical training that she had received allowed her to work as a nurse and support her family; her father had been killed by the Russian army. In 1940s Herta Laipaik started her literary career, writing articles and short stories for several large Estonian newspapers ("[Postimees](/wiki/Postimees "Postimees")," "Eesti Sõna," "[Õhtuleht](/wiki/%C3%95htuleht "Õhtuleht")"). In September 1944, Dr. Endel Rumma, Herta's first husband, fled from Estonia to Sweden to escape the Russian occupation. Herta, who was with child at that time, didn't want to risk that dangerous journey and stayed in Estonia. That ended their unhappy marriage. In March 1945, their daughter Katrin was born. In 1949 Herta's partner and future husband Dr. Nikolai Kornev was deported to [Siberia](/wiki/Siberia "Siberia"), [Krasnoyarsk Krai](/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Krai "Krasnoyarsk Krai"). Herta voluntarily followed him to Siberia with her daughter Katrin a year later. From 1950 to 1953 she worked at a hospital in [Razdolnoye](/wiki/Razdolnoye%2C_Mazanovsky_District%2C_Amur_Oblast "Razdolnoye, Mazanovsky District, Amur Oblast") village, Russia. After [Stalin's](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin "Joseph Stalin") death in 1953, the Soviets allowed the deported prisoners to return to their homelands, and the family returned to Estonia. They settled in a small town [Karksi\-Nuia](/wiki/Karksi-Nuia "Karksi-Nuia"), where Dr. Kornev worked as a family doctor and Herta Laipaik wrote articles and stories for local newspapers, at the same time raising their second daughter Riina, who was born in 1958\. In 1964, the family moved to [Tallinn](/wiki/Tallinn "Tallinn"), the capital of Estonia, where Herta Laipaik continued to write short stories, radio plays and children's literature. She worked her day jobs at the [National Library of Estonia](/wiki/National_Library_of_Estonia "National Library of Estonia") and later at the [Estonian Theatre and Music Museum](/wiki/Estonian_Theatre_and_Music_Museum "Estonian Theatre and Music Museum") as a librarian, until she became a professional writer in 1977\.
[ "Life\n----", "Herta Leilia Laipaik (from 1943 Herta L. Rumma, from 1955 Herta L. Kornev) was born on 29 January 1921 in [Valga County](/wiki/Valga_County \"Valga County\"), Southern Estonia. She went to school at Tõrva Elementary and High Schools (1928–1940\\) and later continued her education at the [University of Tartu](/wiki/University_of_Tartu \"University of Tartu\"), Faculty of Medicine (1940–1943\\).", "As the Russian and German armies took turns invading Estonia during WW II, it became clear that Herta could not graduate college. Although she did not earn a doctoral diploma, the medical training that she had received allowed her to work as a nurse and support her family; her father had been killed by the Russian army.", "In 1940s Herta Laipaik started her literary career, writing articles and short stories for several large Estonian newspapers (\"[Postimees](/wiki/Postimees \"Postimees\"),\" \"Eesti Sõna,\" \"[Õhtuleht](/wiki/%C3%95htuleht \"Õhtuleht\")\").", "In September 1944, Dr. Endel Rumma, Herta's first husband, fled from Estonia to Sweden to escape the Russian occupation. Herta, who was with child at that time, didn't want to risk that dangerous journey and stayed in Estonia. That ended their unhappy marriage. In March 1945, their daughter Katrin was born.", "In 1949 Herta's partner and future husband Dr. Nikolai Kornev was deported to [Siberia](/wiki/Siberia \"Siberia\"), [Krasnoyarsk Krai](/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Krai \"Krasnoyarsk Krai\"). Herta voluntarily followed him to Siberia with her daughter Katrin a year later. From 1950 to 1953 she worked at a hospital in [Razdolnoye](/wiki/Razdolnoye%2C_Mazanovsky_District%2C_Amur_Oblast \"Razdolnoye, Mazanovsky District, Amur Oblast\") village, Russia.", "After [Stalin's](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin \"Joseph Stalin\") death in 1953, the Soviets allowed the deported prisoners to return to their homelands, and the family returned to Estonia. They settled in a small town [Karksi\\-Nuia](/wiki/Karksi-Nuia \"Karksi-Nuia\"), where Dr. Kornev worked as a family doctor and Herta Laipaik wrote articles and stories for local newspapers, at the same time raising their second daughter Riina, who was born in 1958\\.", "In 1964, the family moved to [Tallinn](/wiki/Tallinn \"Tallinn\"), the capital of Estonia, where Herta Laipaik continued to write short stories, radio plays and children's literature. She worked her day jobs at the [National Library of Estonia](/wiki/National_Library_of_Estonia \"National Library of Estonia\") and later at the [Estonian Theatre and Music Museum](/wiki/Estonian_Theatre_and_Music_Museum \"Estonian Theatre and Music Museum\") as a librarian, until she became a professional writer in 1977\\.", "" ]
Work ---- During her long literary career Herta Laipaik wrote books in many different genres: fantasy, including folk horror, detectives, short stories, plays, etc. From her earlier work, the short stories *Maid Kärt* (*Teenijatüdruk Kärt*, 1944\), *Gloria Dei* (1966\) and *The Slave Rock* (*Orjakivi*, 1966\) stand out. But Laipaik won the true affection of readers with her Siberia themed stories.{{Cite web\|last\=Sven Vabar\|title\=Estonian Writers' Online Dictionary. Herta Laipaik.\|url\=https://sisu.ut.ee/ewod/l/laipaik}} These were written with historical precision,{{Cite book\|last\=Oskar Kruus, Heino Puhvel\|title\=Eesti kirjanike leksikon\|year\=2000}} often depicting the life of Estonian deportees in Siberia after World War II, e.g., the novels *With Silver Star in the Taiga* (*Hõbetähega taigas*, 1958\), *By the Angara River. Anno 1950* (*Angaraa ääres. Anno 1950*, 1992\), and the collection of short stories *A Solitary Boat on the Yenisey River* (*Üksik paat Jenisseil*, 1966\). Descriptions of these dark days show that the author had no illusions about human depravity. However, the common theme of these stories is a belief in human goodness, inner freedom and search for understanding each other. In 1977 Herta Laipaik published a collection of detective stories *Ghost in the Music Room. Dr. Vallak's Riddle* (*Kummitus muusikatoas. Doktor Vallaku mõistatus).* This book is considered to belong to the classics of Estonian detective stories,{{Cite web\|title\=Herta Laipaik – tüdruk Hummuli mägedelt\|url\=https://leht.postimees.ee/7167652/herta\-laipaik\-tudruk\-hummuli\-magedelt}} and the author was sometimes referred to as the Estonian Agatha Christie. Herta Laipaik's most popular books are collections of legend\-like stories *The Curly Birch* (*Maarjakask*, 1983\), *Raining Evil* (*Kurjasadu*, 1987\) and *The Gravedigger's Stories* (*Hauakaevaja lood*, 1991\) written in an ethno\-horror genre, where the author used snippets of the folk heritage from South Estonia. The characters of these stories are ghost\-like creatures from the dark side, people of mystical origin and supernatural powers, ghosts, and witches. Andrus Org writes: "Estonian horror fiction does encapsulate both the techniques from Anglo\-American genre horror (Barker, Vangonen) and the impulses from the local folk tradition ([Ansomardi](/wiki/Ansomardi "Ansomardi"), Jaik, **Laipaik**, Orlau, Reinaus, Kivirüüt, etc.). However, horror fiction is practically a non\-existent genre in the Soviet era because it is considered to be ... ideologically foreign (Laipaik being an exception in the genre of ethno\-horror fiction)".{{Cite web\|last\=Andrus Org\|date\=\|title\=Eesti ulmekirjanduse žanrid ja nende poeetika. 2017\|url\=https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/55882/org\_andrus.pdf?sequence\=5\&isAllowed\=y}} The books *The Curly Birch* and *Raining Evil* place Laipaik to the top of Estonian ethno\-horror genre. Another author, Estonian fantastic fiction specialist and a creator of several anthologies Raul Sulbi considers Laipaik to be the founder of ethno\-horror in Estonia.{{Cite web\|last\=Raul Sulbi\|date\=\|title\=Kui pika varju heidab Herta Laipaik?\|url\=https://www.looming.ee/artiklid/kui\-pika\-varju\-heidab\-herta\-laipaik/\|website\=Looming, 2016}} These stories, written in an old Estonian regional language, depicting ancient Estonian traditions and beliefs, are still captivating the minds and hearts of the readers today. Years 1980 to 2000 were the most productive in Herta Laipaik's literary career. In addition to the above\-mentioned books, she wrote the novels *Fear* (*Pelg*, 1993\), *Dog\-Faced Monster* (*Koerakoonlane*, 1993\), *Pearls Die Slowly* (*Pärlid surevad pikkamisi*, 1993\), *The Path of a Black Opal* (*Musta Opaali Rada*, 1996\), *Jester of his Own House* (*Oma koja narr*, 1998\) and *An Ode to a Sequin Evening Gown* (*Ood litrilisele õhtukleidile*, 1999\). Herta Laipaik's last book was a memoir from World War II, *Wind Chimes* (*Tuulekellad*, 2000\), for what she was given a prestigious [Tammsaare Novel Award](/wiki/Tammsaare_romaaniauhind "Tammsaare romaaniauhind"). That book was translated to English (translator Virve Martin) and published in 2006\. In 2001 Herta Laipaik was awarded with the [Order of the White Star](/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Star "Order of the White Star"), V Class, in recognition of her lifework.
[ "Work\n----", "During her long literary career Herta Laipaik wrote books in many different genres: fantasy, including folk horror, detectives, short stories, plays, etc.", "From her earlier work, the short stories *Maid Kärt* (*Teenijatüdruk Kärt*, 1944\\), *Gloria Dei* (1966\\) and *The Slave Rock* (*Orjakivi*, 1966\\) stand out. But Laipaik won the true affection of readers with her Siberia themed stories.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Sven Vabar\\|title\\=Estonian Writers' Online Dictionary. Herta Laipaik.\\|url\\=https://sisu.ut.ee/ewod/l/laipaik}} These were written with historical precision,{{Cite book\\|last\\=Oskar Kruus, Heino Puhvel\\|title\\=Eesti kirjanike leksikon\\|year\\=2000}} often depicting the life of Estonian deportees in Siberia after World War II, e.g., the novels *With Silver Star in the Taiga* (*Hõbetähega taigas*, 1958\\), *By the Angara River. Anno 1950* (*Angaraa ääres. Anno 1950*, 1992\\), and the collection of short stories *A Solitary Boat on the Yenisey River* (*Üksik paat Jenisseil*, 1966\\). Descriptions of these dark days show that the author had no illusions about human depravity. However, the common theme of these stories is a belief in human goodness, inner freedom and search for understanding each other.", "In 1977 Herta Laipaik published a collection of detective stories *Ghost in the Music Room. Dr. Vallak's Riddle* (*Kummitus muusikatoas. Doktor Vallaku mõistatus).* This book is considered to belong to the classics of Estonian detective stories,{{Cite web\\|title\\=Herta Laipaik – tüdruk Hummuli mägedelt\\|url\\=https://leht.postimees.ee/7167652/herta\\-laipaik\\-tudruk\\-hummuli\\-magedelt}} and the author was sometimes referred to as the Estonian Agatha Christie.", "Herta Laipaik's most popular books are collections of legend\\-like stories *The Curly Birch* (*Maarjakask*, 1983\\), *Raining Evil* (*Kurjasadu*, 1987\\) and *The Gravedigger's Stories* (*Hauakaevaja lood*, 1991\\) written in an ethno\\-horror genre, where the author used snippets of the folk heritage from South Estonia. The characters of these stories are ghost\\-like creatures from the dark side, people of mystical origin and supernatural powers, ghosts, and witches.", "Andrus Org writes: \"Estonian horror fiction does encapsulate both the techniques from Anglo\\-American genre horror (Barker, Vangonen) and the impulses from the local folk tradition ([Ansomardi](/wiki/Ansomardi \"Ansomardi\"), Jaik, **Laipaik**, Orlau, Reinaus, Kivirüüt, etc.). However, horror fiction is practically a non\\-existent genre in the Soviet era because it is considered to be ... ideologically foreign (Laipaik being an exception in the genre of ethno\\-horror fiction)\".{{Cite web\\|last\\=Andrus Org\\|date\\=\\|title\\=Eesti ulmekirjanduse žanrid ja nende poeetika. 2017\\|url\\=https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/55882/org\\_andrus.pdf?sequence\\=5\\&isAllowed\\=y}} The books *The Curly Birch* and *Raining Evil* place Laipaik to the top of Estonian ethno\\-horror genre.", "Another author, Estonian fantastic fiction specialist and a creator of several anthologies Raul Sulbi considers Laipaik to be the founder of ethno\\-horror in Estonia.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Raul Sulbi\\|date\\=\\|title\\=Kui pika varju heidab Herta Laipaik?\\|url\\=https://www.looming.ee/artiklid/kui\\-pika\\-varju\\-heidab\\-herta\\-laipaik/\\|website\\=Looming, 2016}} These stories, written in an old Estonian regional language, depicting ancient Estonian traditions and beliefs, are still captivating the minds and hearts of the readers today.", "Years 1980 to 2000 were the most productive in Herta Laipaik's literary career. In addition to the above\\-mentioned books, she wrote the novels *Fear* (*Pelg*, 1993\\), *Dog\\-Faced Monster* (*Koerakoonlane*, 1993\\), *Pearls Die Slowly* (*Pärlid surevad pikkamisi*, 1993\\), *The Path of a Black Opal* (*Musta Opaali Rada*, 1996\\), *Jester of his Own House* (*Oma koja narr*, 1998\\) and *An Ode to a Sequin Evening Gown* (*Ood litrilisele õhtukleidile*, 1999\\).", "Herta Laipaik's last book was a memoir from World War II, *Wind Chimes* (*Tuulekellad*, 2000\\), for what she was given a prestigious [Tammsaare Novel Award](/wiki/Tammsaare_romaaniauhind \"Tammsaare romaaniauhind\").", "That book was translated to English (translator Virve Martin) and published in 2006\\.", "In 2001 Herta Laipaik was awarded with the [Order of the White Star](/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Star \"Order of the White Star\"), V Class, in recognition of her lifework.", "" ]
Births ------ January * **18** – [Håkon Banken](/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_Banken "Håkon Banken"), singer (died [2018](/wiki/2018_in_Norwegian_music "2018 in Norwegian music")){{cite news \| title\=Håkon Banken er død \| work\=Østlendingen \| page\=11 \| date\=19 March 2018 \| last\=Krokstrand \| first\=Mats \| language\=no}} February March * **18** – [Åse Kleveland](/wiki/%C3%85se_Kleveland "Åse Kleveland"), singer, guitarist, and politician. * **21** – [Åge Aleksandersen](/wiki/%C3%85ge_Aleksandersen "Åge Aleksandersen"), singer, songwriter and guitarist. April * **2** – [Per Husby](/wiki/Per_Husby "Per Husby"), jazz pianist, composer, and orchestra leader. May * **13** – [Philip Kruse](/wiki/Philip_Kruse "Philip Kruse"), trumpeter, orchestra leader, composer, music arranger, music producer, and text writer. * **25** – [Iver Kleive](/wiki/Iver_Kleive "Iver Kleive"), composer and organist. June * **20** – [Harald Halvorsen](/wiki/Harald_Halvorsen_%28musician%29 "Harald Halvorsen (musician)"), jazz trombonist. August * **3** – [Torgeir Rebolledo Pedersen](/wiki/Torgeir_Rebolledo_Pedersen "Torgeir Rebolledo Pedersen"), architect, poet and playwright. * **12** – [Alex Naumik](/wiki/Alex_Naumik "Alex Naumik"), Lithuanian\-born artist, songwriter and record producer (died [2013](/wiki/2013_in_Norwegian_music "2013 in Norwegian music")).{{cite news \| url\=http://www.vg.no/rampelys/artikkel.php?artid\=10135414 \| title\=Alexandra "Alex" Sandøy er død \| first\=Jennifer \| last\=Braathen \| language\=Norwegian \| publisher\=\[\[Verdens Gang]] \| date\=2013\-09\-19 \| accessdate\=2016\-04\-25}} September * **2** – [Knut Borge](/wiki/Knut_Borge "Knut Borge"), journalist, entertainer, and jazz enthusiast (died [2017](/wiki/2017_in_Norwegian_music "2017 in Norwegian music")).{{cite web \| url\=https://www.nrk.no/kultur/kollegaer\-sorger\-over\-knut\-borge\_\-\_\-en\-vegg\-har\-falt\-ut\-1\.13468283 \| title\=Kollegaer sørger over Knut Borge: – En vegg har falt ut \| first\=Hanna Huglen \| last\=Revheim \| language\=no \| publisher\=\[\[NRK]] \| date\=2017\-04\-09 \| accessdate\=2017\-04\-25}} * **25** – [Olav Berg](/wiki/Olav_Berg "Olav Berg"), composer. * **30** – [Lars Klevstrand](/wiki/Lars_Klevstrand "Lars Klevstrand"), singer, guitarist, composer and actor. October * **18** – [Lasse Thoresen](/wiki/Lasse_Thoresen "Lasse Thoresen"), composer. December * **14** – [Inger Lise Rypdal](/wiki/Inger_Lise_Rypdal "Inger Lise Rypdal"), singer and actress.
[ "Births\n------", "January\n* **18** – [Håkon Banken](/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_Banken \"Håkon Banken\"), singer (died [2018](/wiki/2018_in_Norwegian_music \"2018 in Norwegian music\")){{cite news \\| title\\=Håkon Banken er død \\| work\\=Østlendingen \\| page\\=11 \\| date\\=19 March 2018 \\| last\\=Krokstrand \\| first\\=Mats \\| language\\=no}}", "February\n March\n* **18** – [Åse Kleveland](/wiki/%C3%85se_Kleveland \"Åse Kleveland\"), singer, guitarist, and politician.\n* **21** – [Åge Aleksandersen](/wiki/%C3%85ge_Aleksandersen \"Åge Aleksandersen\"), singer, songwriter and guitarist.", "April\n* **2** – [Per Husby](/wiki/Per_Husby \"Per Husby\"), jazz pianist, composer, and orchestra leader.", "May\n* **13** – [Philip Kruse](/wiki/Philip_Kruse \"Philip Kruse\"), trumpeter, orchestra leader, composer, music arranger, music producer, and text writer.\n* **25** – [Iver Kleive](/wiki/Iver_Kleive \"Iver Kleive\"), composer and organist.", "June\n* **20** – [Harald Halvorsen](/wiki/Harald_Halvorsen_%28musician%29 \"Harald Halvorsen (musician)\"), jazz trombonist.", "August\n* **3** – [Torgeir Rebolledo Pedersen](/wiki/Torgeir_Rebolledo_Pedersen \"Torgeir Rebolledo Pedersen\"), architect, poet and playwright.\n* **12** – [Alex Naumik](/wiki/Alex_Naumik \"Alex Naumik\"), Lithuanian\\-born artist, songwriter and record producer (died [2013](/wiki/2013_in_Norwegian_music \"2013 in Norwegian music\")).{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.vg.no/rampelys/artikkel.php?artid\\=10135414 \\| title\\=Alexandra \"Alex\" Sandøy er død \\| first\\=Jennifer \\| last\\=Braathen \\| language\\=Norwegian \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Verdens Gang]] \\| date\\=2013\\-09\\-19 \\| accessdate\\=2016\\-04\\-25}}", "September\n* **2** – [Knut Borge](/wiki/Knut_Borge \"Knut Borge\"), journalist, entertainer, and jazz enthusiast (died [2017](/wiki/2017_in_Norwegian_music \"2017 in Norwegian music\")).{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.nrk.no/kultur/kollegaer\\-sorger\\-over\\-knut\\-borge\\_\\-\\_\\-en\\-vegg\\-har\\-falt\\-ut\\-1\\.13468283 \\| title\\=Kollegaer sørger over Knut Borge: – En vegg har falt ut \\| first\\=Hanna Huglen \\| last\\=Revheim \\| language\\=no \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[NRK]] \\| date\\=2017\\-04\\-09 \\| accessdate\\=2017\\-04\\-25}}\n* **25** – [Olav Berg](/wiki/Olav_Berg \"Olav Berg\"), composer.\n* **30** – [Lars Klevstrand](/wiki/Lars_Klevstrand \"Lars Klevstrand\"), singer, guitarist, composer and actor.", "October\n* **18** – [Lasse Thoresen](/wiki/Lasse_Thoresen \"Lasse Thoresen\"), composer.", "December\n* **14** – [Inger Lise Rypdal](/wiki/Inger_Lise_Rypdal \"Inger Lise Rypdal\"), singer and actress." ]
Coaching career --------------- In 1991, after he retired, he was started a new career, as manager. After three years of preparation, he started as assistant manager at the first team of Rapid Bucharest. After that was followed a long period when he was assistant manager at the first team, manager at the second team, manager on the club academy or even director of the club. In March 2008, after the resignation of [Mircea Rednic](/wiki/Mircea_Rednic "Mircea Rednic"), Rada took for the very first time the post of principal manager. He survived in that position 9 rounds, until the end of the season, when he was replaced with [Jose Peseiro](/wiki/Jose_Peseiro "Jose Peseiro"). The next season, he started as principal manager on the [FC Rapid II București](/wiki/FC_Rapid_II_Bucure%C8%99ti "FC Rapid II București"), in the third division. In January 2009, after an unsatisfying first part of the season for the first team, Rada was recalled to the first team. He managed the club together with [Adrian Iencsi](/wiki/Adrian_Iencsi "Adrian Iencsi") (which is assistant manager and player in the same time) and Grigore Sichitiu (technical director). After 15 years on 18 April 2009 has quit Rapid Bucharest after Wednesday's 2–4 defeat against Dinamo Bucharest in the Romanian Cup quarter finals. His place was taken by the former assistant coach Adrian Iencsi.[Coach Of Rapid Bucharest Football Club Resigns](http://m.mediafax.ro/engleza/coach-of-rapid-bucharest-football-club-resigns.html?6966;4221958){{dead link\|date\=June 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} In October 2012, Rada was reinstalled as the head coach of Rapid.[Mulţumim, Ioan Ovidiu Sabău! Marian Rada, noul antrenor al Rapidului](http://www.fcrapid.ro/stire.php?id=14043) {{webarchive\|url\=https://archive.today/20130416113056/http://www.fcrapid.ro/stire.php?id\=14043 \|date\=16 April 2013 }} He was sacked at the end of the season. In September 2014, Rada took again the control of Rapid. His contract was ended by mutual agreement in December 2014\.
[ "Coaching career\n---------------", "In 1991, after he retired, he was started a new career, as manager. After three years of preparation, he started as assistant manager at the first team of Rapid Bucharest. After that was followed a long period when he was assistant manager at the first team, manager at the second team, manager on the club academy or even director of the club.", "In March 2008, after the resignation of [Mircea Rednic](/wiki/Mircea_Rednic \"Mircea Rednic\"), Rada took for the very first time the post of principal manager. He survived in that position 9 rounds, until the end of the season, when he was replaced with [Jose Peseiro](/wiki/Jose_Peseiro \"Jose Peseiro\"). The next season, he started as principal manager on the [FC Rapid II București](/wiki/FC_Rapid_II_Bucure%C8%99ti \"FC Rapid II București\"), in the third division.", "In January 2009, after an unsatisfying first part of the season for the first team, Rada was recalled to the first team. He managed the club together with [Adrian Iencsi](/wiki/Adrian_Iencsi \"Adrian Iencsi\") (which is assistant manager and player in the same time) and Grigore Sichitiu (technical director).", "After 15 years on 18 April 2009 has quit Rapid Bucharest after Wednesday's 2–4 defeat against Dinamo Bucharest in the Romanian Cup quarter finals. His place was taken by the former assistant coach Adrian Iencsi.[Coach Of Rapid Bucharest Football Club Resigns](http://m.mediafax.ro/engleza/coach-of-rapid-bucharest-football-club-resigns.html?6966;4221958){{dead link\\|date\\=June 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "In October 2012, Rada was reinstalled as the head coach of Rapid.[Mulţumim, Ioan Ovidiu Sabău! Marian Rada, noul antrenor al Rapidului](http://www.fcrapid.ro/stire.php?id=14043) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://archive.today/20130416113056/http://www.fcrapid.ro/stire.php?id\\=14043 \\|date\\=16 April 2013 }} He was sacked at the end of the season.", "In September 2014, Rada took again the control of Rapid. His contract was ended by mutual agreement in December 2014\\.", "" ]
Description ----------- ### Gaddi artworks The [fresco](/wiki/Fresco "Fresco") cycle represents the *Stories of the Virgin*. In this work, Gaddi showed his mastership of [Giotto](/wiki/Giotto "Giotto")'s style, with a narrative disposition of the characters in the scenes, which are more crowded than his master's. He also continued to experiment with the use of [geometrical perspective](/wiki/Geometrical_perspective "Geometrical perspective") in the architectural background, obtaining illusionistic effects in details such as the oblique staircase in the *Presentation at the Temple*. The two niches with still lifes in the basement are perhaps inspired by Giotto's ones in the [Scrovegni Chapel](/wiki/Scrovegni_Chapel "Scrovegni Chapel"). The delicate and soft features are characteristic of Gaddi's late style. The adoption of night light in the *Annunciation to the Shepherds* is nearly unique in the mid\-14th century painting of central Italy. Gaddi also designed the stained glasses, with four prophets on the exterior, and perhaps had a hand in the altarpiece also: this, dating to c. 1328, has the signature *Opus Magistri Jocti*, but the style shows the hands of assistants, including Gaddi himself. It is an elaborate [polyptych](/wiki/Polyptych "Polyptych"), depicting the *Coronation of the Virgin* surrounded by a crowded *Glory of Angels and Saints*. The cusp of the altarpiece is now at the [San Diego Museum of Art](/wiki/San_Diego_Museum_of_Art "San Diego Museum of Art") of [San Diego, California](/wiki/San_Diego%2C_California "San Diego, California"), [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"). The original frame was replaced by a new one during the 15th century. ### Other artworks Other artworks in the chapel include, on the right wall, a *[Madonna of the Cintola](/wiki/Girdle_of_Thomas "Girdle of Thomas")* by [Sebastiano Mainardi](/wiki/Sebastiano_Mainardi "Sebastiano Mainardi"). The Baroncelli Polyptych, painted by [Giotto di Bondone](/wiki/Giotto "Giotto") c.1334, is in the chapel. The Baroncelli family owned the tomb on the external wall, which was designed by [Giovanni di Balduccio](/wiki/Giovanni_di_Balduccio "Giovanni di Balduccio") in 1327\. He also sculpted the statuettes of the Archangel Gabriel and the Annunciation on the arcade's pillars. The "Madonna with Child" sculpture inside the chapel was created by [Vincenzo Danti](/wiki/Vincenzo_Danti "Vincenzo Danti") in 1568\. Taddeo Gaddi, Stories of the Virgin, c1330, Baroncelli chapel, Santa Croce, Florence.jpg\|''Stories of the Virgin'' (north wall) Taddeo Gaddi, Visitation, c1330, Baroncelli chapel, Santa Croce, Florence.jpg\|''Visitation'' (north wall) Taddeo Gaddi, Presentation of Mary, detail, c1330, Baroncelli chapel, Santa Croce, Florence.jpg\|''Presentation of Mary'', detail (north wall) Gaddi Taddeo Announcement.jpg\|''Annunciation to the Shepherds'' (east wall) Taddeo Gaddi, Adoration of the Magi, c1330, Baroncelli chapel, Santa Croce, Florence.jpg\|''Adoration of the Magi'' (east wall) Taddeo Gaddi, David, c1330, Baroncelli chapel, Santa Croce, Florence.jpg\|''David (with the Head of Goliath)'' (east wall column) Taddeo Gaddi, fresco decoration, c1330, Baroncelli chapel, Santa Croce, Florence.jpg\|Fresco decoration beneath the narrative cycle (north wall) Taddeo Gaddi, fresco remains (1328\-38\) lefthand of Baroncelli chapel, Santa Croce, Florence.jpg\|Fresco remains by Taddeo Gaddi on the left\-hand side of the chapel, superimposed by the \[\[Giorgio Vasari]]'s \[\[High Renaissance]] architecture The central part of the stained glass by Taddeo Gaddi in Baroncelli Chapel. Basilica Santa Croce in Florence, Italy.jpg\|Two Prophets in the centre of the stained glass window designed by Taddeo Gaddi Cappella baroncelli, ext 01, monum. di giovanni di balducci 1327\.JPG\|The Baroncelli family tomb
[ "Description\n-----------", "### Gaddi artworks", "The [fresco](/wiki/Fresco \"Fresco\") cycle represents the *Stories of the Virgin*. In this work, Gaddi showed his mastership of [Giotto](/wiki/Giotto \"Giotto\")'s style, with a narrative disposition of the characters in the scenes, which are more crowded than his master's. He also continued to experiment with the use of [geometrical perspective](/wiki/Geometrical_perspective \"Geometrical perspective\") in the architectural background, obtaining illusionistic effects in details such as the oblique staircase in the *Presentation at the Temple*.", "The two niches with still lifes in the basement are perhaps inspired by Giotto's ones in the [Scrovegni Chapel](/wiki/Scrovegni_Chapel \"Scrovegni Chapel\").", "The delicate and soft features are characteristic of Gaddi's late style. The adoption of night light in the *Annunciation to the Shepherds* is nearly unique in the mid\\-14th century painting of central Italy.", "Gaddi also designed the stained glasses, with four prophets on the exterior, and perhaps had a hand in the altarpiece also: this, dating to c. 1328, has the signature *Opus Magistri Jocti*, but the style shows the hands of assistants, including Gaddi himself. It is an elaborate [polyptych](/wiki/Polyptych \"Polyptych\"), depicting the *Coronation of the Virgin* surrounded by a crowded *Glory of Angels and Saints*. The cusp of the altarpiece is now at the [San Diego Museum of Art](/wiki/San_Diego_Museum_of_Art \"San Diego Museum of Art\") of [San Diego, California](/wiki/San_Diego%2C_California \"San Diego, California\"), [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"). The original frame was replaced by a new one during the 15th century.", "### Other artworks", "Other artworks in the chapel include, on the right wall, a *[Madonna of the Cintola](/wiki/Girdle_of_Thomas \"Girdle of Thomas\")* by [Sebastiano Mainardi](/wiki/Sebastiano_Mainardi \"Sebastiano Mainardi\").", "The Baroncelli Polyptych, painted by [Giotto di Bondone](/wiki/Giotto \"Giotto\") c.1334, is in the chapel.", "The Baroncelli family owned the tomb on the external wall, which was designed by [Giovanni di Balduccio](/wiki/Giovanni_di_Balduccio \"Giovanni di Balduccio\") in 1327\\. He also sculpted the statuettes of the Archangel Gabriel and the Annunciation on the arcade's pillars.", "The \"Madonna with Child\" sculpture inside the chapel was created by [Vincenzo Danti](/wiki/Vincenzo_Danti \"Vincenzo Danti\") in 1568\\.", "", "Taddeo Gaddi, Stories of the Virgin, c1330, Baroncelli chapel, Santa Croce, Florence.jpg\\|''Stories of the Virgin'' (north wall)\nTaddeo Gaddi, Visitation, c1330, Baroncelli chapel, Santa Croce, Florence.jpg\\|''Visitation'' (north wall)\nTaddeo Gaddi, Presentation of Mary, detail, c1330, Baroncelli chapel, Santa Croce, Florence.jpg\\|''Presentation of Mary'', detail (north wall)\nGaddi Taddeo Announcement.jpg\\|''Annunciation to the Shepherds'' (east wall)\nTaddeo Gaddi, Adoration of the Magi, c1330, Baroncelli chapel, Santa Croce, Florence.jpg\\|''Adoration of the Magi'' (east wall)\nTaddeo Gaddi, David, c1330, Baroncelli chapel, Santa Croce, Florence.jpg\\|''David (with the Head of Goliath)'' (east wall column)\nTaddeo Gaddi, fresco decoration, c1330, Baroncelli chapel, Santa Croce, Florence.jpg\\|Fresco decoration beneath the narrative cycle (north wall)\nTaddeo Gaddi, fresco remains (1328\\-38\\) lefthand of Baroncelli chapel, Santa Croce, Florence.jpg\\|Fresco remains by Taddeo Gaddi on the left\\-hand side of the chapel, superimposed by the \\[\\[Giorgio Vasari]]'s \\[\\[High Renaissance]] architecture\nThe central part of the stained glass by Taddeo Gaddi in Baroncelli Chapel. Basilica Santa Croce in Florence, Italy.jpg\\|Two Prophets in the centre of the stained glass window designed by Taddeo Gaddi\nCappella baroncelli, ext 01, monum. di giovanni di balducci 1327\\.JPG\\|The Baroncelli family tomb", "", "" ]
History ------- {{More citations needed\|section\|date\=April 2020}} Since the [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") [Willys MB](/wiki/Willys_MB "Willys MB") reconnaissance truck was used for mass\-deployment and became known as the "jeep", the United States military had continued to rely heavily on jeeps as general utility vehicles and as a mass\-transport for soldiers in small groups. Although the [U.S. Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army") had let [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") redesign the jeep from the ground up during the 1950s, and the resulting [M151 jeep](/wiki/M151_%C2%BC-ton_4%C3%974_utility_truck "M151 ¼-ton 4×4 utility truck") incorporated significant innovations, it firmly adhered to the original concept: a very compact, light enough to manhandle, low profile vehicle, with a folding windshield, that a layman could barely distinguish from the preceding [Willys jeeps](/wiki/Willys_MB "Willys MB"). The jeeps were shorter than a [Volkswagen Beetle](/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle "Volkswagen Beetle") and weighed just over one metric ton, seating three to four, with an {{convert\|800\|lb\|kg\|abbr\=on}} payload. During and after the war, the very light, {{frac\|1\|4}}\-ton jeeps were complemented by the {{frac\|3\|4}}\-ton [Dodge WC](/wiki/Dodge_WC_series "Dodge WC series") and Korean War [Dodge M37](/wiki/Dodge_M37 "Dodge M37") models.{{cn\|date\=April 2024}} By the mid\-1960s, the U.S. military felt a need to reevaluate their aging light vehicle fleet.{{cite web \|url\= http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military\-history/the\-u\-s\-armys\-humvee/ \|title\=The U.S. Army's Humvee \|last\=Mroz \|first\=Albert \|date\=16 June 2016 \|website\= Warfare History Network \|publisher\=Sovereign Media \|access\-date\=2018\-06\-18 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20180618203631/http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military\-history/the\-u\-s\-armys\-humvee/ \|archive\-date\=18 June 2018 \|url\-status\=live}} From the mid\-1960s, the U.S. Army had tried to modernize, through replacing the larger, purpose\-built [Dodge M37s](/wiki/Dodge_M37 "Dodge M37") by militarized, "commercial off the shelf" (COTS) 4×4 trucks — initially the [M715 Jeep trucks](/wiki/Kaiser_Jeep_M715 "Kaiser Jeep M715"), succeeded in the later 1970s by several ["CUCV" adapted commercial pickup](/wiki/Commercial_Utility_Cargo_Vehicle "Commercial Utility Cargo Vehicle") series, but these did not satisfy newer requirements either. What was wanted was a truly versatile light military truck, that could replace multiple outdated vehicles. When becoming aware of the U.S. Army's desire for a versatile new light weapons carrier/reconnaissance vehicle, as early as 1969 [FMC Corporation](/wiki/FMC_Corporation%23FMC "FMC Corporation#FMC") started development on their [XR311 prototype](/wiki/FMC_XR311 "FMC XR311") and offered it for testing in 1970\. At least a dozen of these were built for testing under the *High Mobility Combat Vehicle*, or HMCV program, initially much more as an enhanced capability successor to the M151 jeep, than as a general\-purpose vehicle.{{cn\|date\=April 2024}} [thumb\|left\|Humvee interior](/wiki/File:Humvee_wnetrze.jpg "Humvee wnetrze.jpg") The HMMWV program had its origins in the Combat Support Vehicle (CSV) program.{{sfn\|Zaloga\|2006\|loc\=HMMWV Origins}} The XM966 CSV was a proposed platform for the TOW missile launcher.{{sfn\|Foss\|1979\|p\=265}} Congress ended the program in 1977 due to the relatively small requirement of 3,800 vehicles. Adjusting to Congress's expectations, the Army increased the scale of the program, then called the XM966 High Mobility Weapons Carrier (CSVP), to replace multiple other trucks.{{sfn\|Foss\|1981\|p\=266}} Congress, interested in a larger joint services truck program, removed the CSVP from the 1979 budget. The Army restructured the program, which was then called **High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle**.{{sfn\|Zaloga\|2006\|loc\=HMMWV Origins}} In 1979, the U.S. Army released draft specifications for the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), which was to replace all U.S. Army tactical vehicles in the 1/4\-ton to 5/4\-ton range,{{sfn\|Zaloga\|2006\|loc\=HMMWV Origins}}[HMMWV Background](http://www.amgeneral.com/vehicles/hmmwv/background.php) amgeneral.com. Retrieved on 2015\-01\-27 {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118121050/http://www.amgeneral.com/vehicles/hmmwv/background.php \|date\=18 January 2016}} As well as select vehicles in the [U.S. Marine Corps](/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps "U.S. Marine Corps") and [U.S. Air Force](/wiki/U.S._Air_Force "U.S. Air Force").{{sfn\|Foss\|1983\|p\=440}} Namely these were the M151 quarter\-ton jeeps, [M561 Gama Goats](/wiki/Gama_Goat "Gama Goat"), and the CUCVs, as one uniform "jack\-of\-all\-trades" light tactical vehicle series, to better perform the roles of the impractically mixed fleet of outdated existing vehicles.{{cite web \|first1\=Grant \|last1\=Turnbull \|url\=http://www.army\-technology.com/features/featureend\-of\-an\-icon\-the\-rise\-and\-fall\-of\-the\-humvee\-4381884/ \|title\=End of an icon: the rise and fall of the Humvee \|website\=army\-technology.com \|date\=2014\-09\-30 \|access\-date\=2015\-01\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030021334/http://www.army\-technology.com/features/featureend\-of\-an\-icon\-the\-rise\-and\-fall\-of\-the\-humvee\-4381884/ \|archive\-date\=30 October 2014 \|url\-status\=live}}{{Unreliable source?\|reason\=domain on WP:BLACKLIST\|date\=June 2016}} The specifications called for a diesel engine,{{sfn\|Foss\|1981\|p\=660}} excellent on and [off\-road](/wiki/Off-roading "Off-roading") performance, the ability to carry a large payload, and improved survivability against indirect fire.Pat Ware [The changing role of the Humvee](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/10696138/The-changing-role-of-the-Humvee.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125334/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking\-man/10696138/The\-changing\-role\-of\-the\-Humvee.html \|date\=22 January 2018}}. *Telegraph*, 2014\-03\-14\. Retrieved 2015\-01\-27 Compared to the jeep, it was larger and had a much wider track, with a {{convert\|16\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} ground clearance, double that of most [sport\-utility vehicles](/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle "Sport utility vehicle"). The new truck was to climb a 60 percent incline and traverse a 40 percent slope and ford {{convert\|5\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}} of water{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.msn.com/en\-us/autos/marketplace\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227091909/http://editorial.autos.msn.com/article.aspx?cp\-documentid\=435127\|url\-status\=dead\|title\=Used cars and new cars for sale – Microsoft Start Autos\|archive\-date\=27 February 2014\|website\=MSN}} and electronics waterproofed to drive through {{convert\|2\.5\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}} of water were specified. The radiator was to be mounted high, sloping over the engine on a forward\-hinged hood.{{cn\|date\=April 2024}} Out of 61 companies that showed interest in the contract, five companies submitted proposals before the deadline in April 1981\.{{sfn\|Foss\|1983\|p\=440}} In July 1981, the Army awarded contracts to three companies—[AM General](/wiki/AM_General "AM General"), [Chrysler Corporation](/wiki/Chrysler%23Chrysler_Defense "Chrysler#Chrysler Defense"), and [Teledyne Continental](/wiki/Teledyne_Continental "Teledyne Continental")—to build eleven HMMWV prototypes each.{{sfn\|Foss\|1983\|p\=440}} The vehicles (six weapon carriers and five utility vehicles) were delivered by May 1982\.{{sfn\|Foss\|1984\|p\=449}} The Teledyne HMMWV was based on the rear\-engined XR311 Cheetah. Chrysler's HMMWV was based on the Expanded Mobility Truck. Chrysler Defense was sold mid\-competition to [General Dynamics Land Systems](/wiki/General_Dynamics_Land_Systems "General Dynamics Land Systems"). The AM General HMMWV was developed as a private venture to meet the HMMWV requirement. The first prototype (a weapons carrier variant) was completed in August 1980 and sent to the Nevada Automotive Test Center for testing.{{sfn\|Foss\|1984\|p\=449}} AM General nicknamed the prototypes it delivered for the Army competition "Hummer," which AM General had the foresight to trademark.{{sfn\|Zaloga\|2006\|loc\=HMMWV Origins}} The vehicles underwent testing at [Aberdeen Proving Ground](/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground "Aberdeen Proving Ground"), Maryland and [Yuma, Arizona](/wiki/Yuma%2C_Arizona "Yuma, Arizona").{{sfn\|Zaloga\|2006\|loc\=HMMWV Origins}} The vehicles were subjected to over 600,000 miles in trials which included off\-road courses in desert and arctic conditions.{{cn\|date\=April 2024}} On March 22, 1983, AM General was awarded the contract.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.history.com/this\-day\-in\-history/the\-origins\-of\-the\-hummer\|title\=The origins of the Hummer\|website\=HISTORY.com\|date\=November 13, 2009\|access\-date\=November 13, 2009}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.wearethemighty.com/articles/today\-in\-military\-history\-origins\-of\-the\-humvee/\|title\=Today in military history: Origins of the Humvee\|website\=We Are The Mighty\|date\=March 19, 2023\|access\-date\=March 19, 2023}} The vehicle's durability and light weight were factors that led to its selection.{{sfn\|Zaloga\|2006\|loc\=HMMWV Origins}} AM General was awarded an initial contract for 2,334 vehicles, the first batch of a five\-year contract that would see 55,000 vehicles delivered to the U.S. military, including 39,000 vehicles for the Army.{{sfn\|Foss\|1984\|p\=449}} 72,000 vehicles had been delivered to the U.S. and foreign customers by the Persian Gulf War of 1991, and 100,000 had been delivered by the Humvee's 10th anniversary in 1995\. [Ft. Lewis](/wiki/Fort_Lewis_%28Washington%29 "Fort Lewis (Washington)"), Washington, and the 2nd Battalion, 47th Infantry, [9th Infantry Division](/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "9th Infantry Division (United States)") was the testing unit to employ HMMWV in the new concept of a motorized division. [Yakima Training Center](/wiki/Yakima_Training_Center "Yakima Training Center"), Washington, was the main testing grounds for HMMWVs from 1985 through December 1991, when the motorized concept was abandoned and the division inactivated.{{cn\|date\=April 2024}} In June 1983, a Pentagon report noted the vehicle's "very low" reliability, averaging 370 miles between failures.{{cite news \|title\=Army's Replacement for Jeep Failing Pentagon Battle Tests \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/05/us/army\-s\-replacement\-for\-jeep\-failing\-pentagon\-battle\-tests.html?searchResultPosition\=27 \|access\-date\=20 April 2024 \|work\=The New York Times \|agency\=Reuters \|date\=5 June 1983 \|archive\-date\=20 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420230724/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/05/us/army\-s\-replacement\-for\-jeep\-failing\-pentagon\-battle\-tests.html?searchResultPosition\=27 \|url\-status\=live }} In August 1989, AM General was awarded a $1 billion contract from the Army to produce 33,000 HMMWVs.{{cite news \|title\=Company News; AM General Vehicle Contract \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/23/business/company\-news\-am\-general\-awarded\-army\-vehicle\-contract.html?searchResultPosition\=38 \|access\-date\=20 April 2024 \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=23 August 1989 \|archive\-date\=20 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420230723/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/23/business/company\-news\-am\-general\-awarded\-army\-vehicle\-contract.html?searchResultPosition\=38 \|url\-status\=live }} ### Use in combat HMMWVs first saw combat in [Operation Just Cause](/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama "United States invasion of Panama"), the U.S. invasion of Panama in 1989\. The HMMWV was designed primarily for personnel and light cargo transport behind front lines, not as a frontline fighting vehicle. Like the previous jeep, the basic first\-generation HMMWV has no armor (though armament carriers and hard\-shell ambulances did have modest ballistic protection){{sfn\|Zaloga\|2006\|loc\=First\-Generation HMMWV}} or protection against [chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear threats](/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction "Weapon of mass destruction"). Nevertheless, losses were relatively low in [conventional operations](/wiki/Conventional_warfare "Conventional warfare"), such as the [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War"). Vehicles and crews suffered considerable damage and losses during the [Battle of Mogadishu](/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_%281993%29 "Battle of Mogadishu (1993)") in 1993 because of the nature of urban engagement. However, the chassis survivability allowed the majority of those crews to return to safety, though the HMMWV was never designed to offer protection against intense small arms fire, much less [machine guns](/wiki/Machine_gun "Machine gun") and [rocket\-propelled grenades](/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade "Rocket-propelled grenade"). With the rise of [asymmetric warfare](/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare "Asymmetric warfare") and [low\-intensity conflicts](/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict "Low-intensity conflict"), the HMMWV was pressed into service in urban combat roles for which it was not originally intended.[HMMWV](http://www.museum-mm.org/high-mobility-multipurpose-wheeled-vehicle-hmmwv/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306035417/http://www.museum\-mm.org/high\-mobility\-multipurpose\-wheeled\-vehicle\-hmmwv/ \|date\=6 March 2017}} museum\-mm.org After [Operation Restore Hope](/wiki/Unified_Task_Force "Unified Task Force") in Somalia, the military recognized a need for a more protected HMMWV. AM General developed the M1114, an armored HMMWV to withstand small arms fire. The M1114 has been in production since 1996, seeing limited use in the [Balkans](/wiki/Balkans "Balkans") before deployment to the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East"). This design is superior to the M998 with a larger, more powerful [turbocharged](/wiki/Turbocharger "Turbocharger") engine, [air conditioning](/wiki/Air_conditioning "Air conditioning"), and a strengthened [suspension](/wiki/Car_suspension "Car suspension") system. More importantly, it boasts a fully [armored](/wiki/Vehicle_armour "Vehicle armour") passenger area protected by hardened steel and [bullet\-resistant glass](/wiki/Bulletproof_glass "Bulletproof glass"). With the increase in direct attacks and asymmetric warfare in [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War"), AM General diverted the majority of its manufacturing power to producing these vehicles.{{cn\|date\=April 2024}} Humvees were sent into [Afghanistan](/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_%282001%E2%80%932014%29 "War in Afghanistan (2001–2014)") following the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks"), where they proved invaluable during initial operations. In the early years before [IEDs](/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device "Improvised explosive device") became prevalent, the vehicle was liked by troops for its ability to access rough, mountainous terrain. Some soldiers would remove features from Humvees, including what little armor it had and sometimes even entire doors, to make them lighter and more maneuverable for off\-road conditions and to increase visibility. With the onset of the Iraq War, Humvees proved very vulnerable to IEDs; in the first four months of 2006, 67 U.S. troops died in Humvees. To increase protection, the U.S. military hastily added armor kits to the vehicles. Although this somewhat improved survivability, bolting on armor made the Humvee an "ungainly beast", increasing weight and putting a strain on the chassis, which led to unreliability. Armored doors that weighed hundreds of pounds were difficult for troops to open, and the newly armored turret made Humvees top\-heavy and increased the danger of [rollovers](/wiki/Vehicle_rollover "Vehicle rollover"). The [U.S. Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps") decided to start replacing Humvees in combat with Mine\-Resistant, Ambush\-Protected ([MRAP](/wiki/MRAP "MRAP")) vehicles in 2007, and the U.S. Army stated that the vehicle was "no longer feasible for combat" in 2012\. However, Humvees have also been used by [Taliban](/wiki/Taliban "Taliban") insurgents for [suicide bombings](/wiki/Car_bomb "Car bomb") against the [Afghan National Security Forces](/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces "Afghan National Security Forces") in the country.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia\_pacific/official\-suicide\-bomber\-in\-eastern\-afghanistan\-kills\-5/2020/05/18/a7a9d542\-98c1\-11ea\-ad79\-eef7cd734641\_story.html \|title\=Taliban suicide bomber kills 9 troops in eastern Afghanistan \|date\=May 18, 2020 \|via\= washingtonpost.com/ \|access\-date\=25 June 2020 \|archive\-date\=23 May 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523172225/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia\_pacific/official\-suicide\-bomber\-in\-eastern\-afghanistan\-kills\-5/2020/05/18/a7a9d542\-98c1\-11ea\-ad79\-eef7cd734641\_story.html \|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020\-05/18/c\_139066055\.htm \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520104753/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020\-05/18/c\_139066055\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=20 May 2020 \|title\=At least 7 killed in Taliban attack in Afghanistan's Ghazni\|date\=May 18, 2020 \|via\= xinhuanet.com}}{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/05/18/world/asia/ap\-as\-afghanistan.html \|title\=Official: Suicide Bomber in Eastern Afghanistan Kills 5 \|date\=May 18, 2020 \|via\= nytimes.com}} The HMMWV has become the vehicular backbone of U.S. forces around the world. Over 10,000 HMMWVs were employed by coalition forces during the Iraq War.{{cite web \|last1\=Warner \|first1\=Fara \|author\-link\=Fara Warner \|title\=Army Stepping Up Its Humvee Orders For Troops in Iraq \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/25/business/army\-stepping\-up\-its\-humvee\-orders\-for\-troops\-in\-iraq.html \|website\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=18 January 2019 \|date\=25 December 2003 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121643/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/25/business/army\-stepping\-up\-its\-humvee\-orders\-for\-troops\-in\-iraq.html \|archive\-date\=19 January 2019 \|url\-status\=live}} The Humvee has been described as a vehicle with "the right capability for its era": designed to provide payload mobility in protected (safe) areas. However, deploying the vehicle to conflict zones where it was exposed to a full spectrum of threat which it was neither designed to operate, or be survivable in, led to adding protection at the cost of mobility and payload. On 22 April 2022, [Pentagon](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense "United States Department of Defense") [Press Secretary](/wiki/Press_Secretary "Press Secretary") John F. Kirby described a package of military equipment being transported to [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") to assist in its war with Russia, including "100 armored Humvee vehicles".{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.defense.gov/News/News\-Stories/Article/Article/2998981/howitzers\-helicopters\-humvees\-headed\-to\-ukraine/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2FNews%2FNews\-Stories%2FArticle%2FArticle%2F2998981%2Fhowitzers\-helicopters\-humvees\-headed\-to\-ukraine%2F\|title\=Howitzers, Helicopters, Humvees Headed to Ukraine\|website\=U.S. Department of Defense}} An additional 50 were promised on 19 August 2022, and were delivered at an unknown date.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3134457/775\-million\-in\-additional\-security\-assistance\-for\-ukraine/ \|title\=$775 Million in Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine \|access\-date\=28 September 2022 \|archive\-date\=21 August 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821115628/https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3134457/775\-million\-in\-additional\-security\-assistance\-for\-ukraine/ \|url\-status\=live }} A number of Humvees were used in the assault on the Russian [oblast](/wiki/Oblast "Oblast") of [Belgorod](/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast "Belgorod Oblast") on 22 May 2023\. Ukraine first received Humvees from the U.S. in 2001, and they were used by them in peacekeeping operations in Kosovo that same year.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a43993683/raid\-in\-russia\-belgorod\-leaves\-behind\-american\-humvees\-mraps/\|title\=A Raid in Russia's Belgorod Left Behind a Trail of American Humvees\|date\=25 May 2023\|website\=Popular Mechanics\|access\-date\=23 June 2023\|archive\-date\=23 June 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623190349/https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a43993683/raid\-in\-russia\-belgorod\-leaves\-behind\-american\-humvees\-mraps/\|url\-status\=live}} ### Modifications [thumb\|right\|A [U.S. Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps") M1123 HMMWV in 2004, equipped with a bolt\-on MAK armor kit.](/wiki/File:Marine_humvee_with_bolt-on_armor_x2.jpg "Marine humvee with bolt-on armor x2.jpg") In December 2004, Secretary of Defense [Donald Rumsfeld](/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld "Donald Rumsfeld") came under criticism from U.S. troops and their families for not providing better\-equipped HMMWVs.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6694474 \|title\=NBC: Boost for armored Humvee output – Conflict in Iraq \|publisher\=NBC News \|date\=2004\-12\-10 \|access\-date\=2013\-11\-16 \|archive\-date\=21 February 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221211845/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6694474 \|url\-status\=live }} Rumsfeld pointed out that, before the war, armor kits were produced only in small numbers per year. As the role of American forces in Iraq changed from fighting the [Iraqi Army](/wiki/Iraqi_Army "Iraqi Army") to suppressing the insurgency, more armor kits were being manufactured, though perhaps not as fast as production facilities were capable. Even more advanced kits were also being developed. While these kits are much more effective against all types of attacks, they weigh from {{convert\|1500\|to\|2200\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} and have some of the same drawbacks as the improvised armor.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.defense\-update.com/products/h/humvee\-ogara.htm \|title\=Up\-Armored Humvee M1114 \|publisher\=Defense\-update.com \|date\=2006\-07\-26 \|access\-date\=2010\-11\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428211510/http://www.defense\-update.com/products/h/humvee\-ogara.htm \|archive\-date\=28 April 2018 \|url\-status\=dead}} Unlike similar\-sized civilian cargo and tow trucks, which typically have dual rear wheels to reduce sway, the HMMWV has single rear wheels because of its independent rear suspension coupled with the body design. Most up\-armored HMMWVs hold up well against lateral attacks when the blast is distributed in all different directions but offer little protection from a mine blast below the truck, such as buried IEDs and [land mines](/wiki/Land_mine "Land mine"). [Explosively formed penetrators](/wiki/Explosively_formed_penetrator "Explosively formed penetrator") (EFPs) can also defeat the armor kits, causing casualties. [thumb\|left\|At the [Bridgeport, California](/wiki/Bridgeport%2C_California "Bridgeport, California") Mountain Warfare Training Center in March 1997, a test HMMWV drives through the snow, equipped with [Mattracks](/wiki/Mattracks "Mattracks") treads.](/wiki/File:Humvee_equipped_with_four_snow_treads.jpg "Humvee equipped with four snow treads.jpg") The armor kits fielded include the [Armor Survivability Kit](/wiki/Armor_Survivability_Kit "Armor Survivability Kit") (ASK), [FRAG 5](/wiki/M1114_HMMWV_Interim_Fragment_%28Frag%29_Kit_5 "M1114 HMMWV Interim Fragment (Frag) Kit 5"), [FRAG 6](/wiki/Frag_Kit_6 "Frag Kit 6"), as well as upgrade kits to the [M1151](/wiki/M1151 "M1151").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.defense\-update.com/features/du\-3\-04/up\-armored\-humvee.htm \|title\=Up\-Armored HUVMEE (UAH) \|publisher\=Defense\-update.com \|access\-date\=2010\-11\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107142718/http://www.defense\-update.com/features/du\-3\-04/up\-armored\-humvee.htm \|archive\-date\=7 November 2006 \|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/5958m\-contract\-for\-m1151\-hummers\-uparmor\-price\-limits\-02488/ \|title\=$595\.8M Contract for M1151 Hummers \& Up\-Armor Price Limits \|publisher\=Defense Industry Daily \|date\=2006\-08\-02 \|access\-date\=2010\-11\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828234555/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/5958m\-contract\-for\-m1151\-hummers\-uparmor\-price\-limits\-02488/ \|archive\-date\=28 August 2007 \|url\-status\=live}} The ASK was the first fielded in October 2003, adding about {{convert\|1000\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=2}} to the weight of the vehicle.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.defense\-update.com/products/a/ask.htm \|title\=Armor Survivability Kit (ASK) for soft vehicles \|publisher\=Defense\-update.com \|date\=2006\-07\-26 \|access\-date\=2010\-11\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407214858/http://www.defense\-update.com/products/a/ask.htm \|archive\-date\=7 April 2018 \|url\-status\=dead}} [Armor Holdings](/wiki/Armor_Holdings "Armor Holdings") fielded an even lighter kit, adding only {{convert\|750\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=2}} to the vehicle's weight.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.defense\-update.com/products/h/humvee\-kit\-battelle.htm \|title\=HMMWV Armor Kit – Battelle \|publisher\=Defense\-update.com \|date\=2005\-10\-25 \|access\-date\=2010\-11\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324142855/http://www.defense\-update.com/products/h/humvee\-kit\-battelle.htm \|archive\-date\=24 March 2018 \|url\-status\=dead}} The Marine Armor Kit (MAK), fielded in January 2005, offers more protection than the M1114 but also increases weight.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2023}} The FRAG 5 offered even more protection but was still inadequate to stop EFP attacks.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2007/02/11/AR2007021101345\.html \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|title\=Thousands of Army Humvees Lack Armor Upgrade \|date\=2007\-02\-12 \|access\-date\=2010\-05\-04 \|archive\-date\=12 October 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012123109/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2007/02/11/AR2007021101345\.html \|url\-status\=live}} The FRAG 6 kit is designed to do just that, however its increased protection adds over {{convert\|1,000\|lb\|abbr\=on}} the vehicle over the FRAG 5 kit, and the width is increased by {{convert\|2\|ft\|cm\|sigfig\=2}}. The doors may also require a mechanical assist device to open and close.{{cite web \|title\=Humvee May Get Armor, Performance Boost \|publisher\=Military.com \|date\=2007\-08\-17 \|first\=Christian \|last\=Lowe \|url\=http://www.military.com/NewsContent/0,13319,146187,00\.html?wh\=wh \|access\-date\=2010\-11\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819111517/http://www.military.com/NewsContent/0,13319,146187,00\.html?wh\=wh \|archive\-date\=19 August 2007 \|url\-status\=live}} [thumb\|right\|A HMMWV equipped with [SLAMRAAM](/wiki/SLAMRAAM "SLAMRAAM") [surface\-to\-air missiles](/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile "Surface-to-air missile"), on display at the [Paris Air Show](/wiki/Paris_Air_Show "Paris Air Show") in June 2007\.](/wiki/File:SAM-HMMWV.jpg "SAM-HMMWV.jpg") Another drawback of the up\-armored HMMWVs occurs during an accident or attack, when the heavily armored doors tend to jam shut, trapping the troops inside.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/field\-lifesaver\-10th\-mountain\-division\-invents\-the\-rat\-claw\-02969/ \|title\=Field Life\-saver: 10th Mountain Division Invents "The Rat Claw" \|publisher\=Defense Industry Daily \|date\=2007\-01\-19 \|access\-date\=2010\-11\-27 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-date\=27 September 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004527/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/field\-lifesaver\-10th\-mountain\-division\-invents\-the\-rat\-claw\-02969/}} As a result, the U.S. Army [Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center](/wiki/United_States_Army_Aviation_and_Missile_Center "United States Army Aviation and Missile Center") developed the Humvee Crew Extraction D\-ring in 2006\. The D\-ring hooks on the door of the HMMWV so that another vehicle can rip the door off with a tow strap, chain, or cable to free the troops inside.{{Cite journal\|date\=September 2007\|title\=Acquisition \& Logistics Excellence\|journal\=Defense AT\&L\|volume\=36 \|issue\=5\|page\=65 \|url\=http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA482552 \|via\=Defense Technical Information Center}}{{dead link\|date\=June 2022\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.military.com/NewsContent/0,13319,135017,00\.html \|title\=Humvee Doors Trap Troops \|publisher\=Military.com \|date\=2007\-05\-08 \|agency\=UPI \|access\-date\=2010\-11\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510020918/http://www.military.com/NewsContent/0,13319,135017,00\.html \|archive\-date\=10 May 2007 \|url\-status\=live}} The D\-ring was later recognized as one of the top 10 greatest Army inventions of 2006\.{{Cite news\|title\=Army Recognizes Greatest Inventions for 2006 \|url\=https://www.army.mil/article/3629/army\_recognizes\_greatest\_inventions\_for\_2006\|last\=Leipold\|first\=J.D. \|date\=15 June 2007\|work\=U.S. Army \|access\-date\=27 August 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712005407/https://www.army.mil/article/3629/army\_recognizes\_greatest\_inventions\_for\_2006\|archive\-date\=12 July 2018\|url\-status\=live}} In addition, Vehicle Emergency Escape (VEE) windows, developed by [BAE Systems](/wiki/BAE_Systems "BAE Systems"), were fielded for use on the M1114 up\-armored HMMWV, with 1,000 kits ordered.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/bae\-invents\-vee\-quick\-escape\-bulletproof\-windows\-03711/ \|title\=BAE Invents VEE Quick\-Escape Bulletproof Windows \|publisher\=Defense Industry Daily \|date\=2010\-10\-05 \|access\-date\=2010\-11\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910135327/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/bae\-invents\-vee\-quick\-escape\-bulletproof\-windows\-03711/ \|archive\-date\=10 September 2007 \|url\-status\=live}} [thumb\|left\|Soldiers of 3rd BCT/ 25th ID, use an M153 CROWS atop an M1115A1 HMMWV at the Battle Area Complex, Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, 2017\.](/wiki/File:Crows-M153CommonRemotelyOperatedWeaponStationOnHumvee.jpg "Crows-M153CommonRemotelyOperatedWeaponStationOnHumvee.jpg") The soldier manning the exposed [crew\-served weapon](/wiki/Crew-served_weapon "Crew-served weapon") on top of the vehicle is extremely vulnerable. In response, many HMMWVs have been fitted with basic gun shields or [turrets](/wiki/Gun_turret "Gun turret"), as was the case with [M113](/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier "M113 armored personnel carrier") APCs after they were first deployed in Vietnam. The U.S. military is currently evaluating a new form of protection, developed by BAE Systems as well as systems designed by the Army, which are already in theater.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/now\-thats\-a\-gunshield\-the\-chavis\-turret\-03171/ \|title\=Now That's a Gunshield: The Chavis Turret \|publisher\=Defense Industry Daily \|date\=2007\-03\-27 \|access\-date\=2010\-11\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826200748/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/now\-thats\-a\-gunshield\-the\-chavis\-turret\-03171/ \|archive\-date\=26 August 2007 \|url\-status\=live}} The new gunner's seat is protected by {{convert\|1\.5\|to\|2\|ft\|cm\|sigfig\=2}} high steel plates with bulletproof glass windows. Additionally, some HMMWVs have been fitted with a remotely operated [CROWS](/wiki/CROWS "CROWS") weapon station, which slaves the machine gun to controls in the back seat so it can be fired without exposing the crew. The [Boomerang](/wiki/Boomerang_%28countermeasure%29 "Boomerang (countermeasure)") anti\-[sniper](/wiki/Sniper "Sniper") system was also fielded by some HMMWVs in Iraq to immediately give troops the location of insurgents firing on them. Another weakness for the HMMWV has proven to be its size, which limited its deployment in Afghanistan because it is too wide for the smallest roads and too large for many forms of air transport compared to jeeps or Land Rover\-sized vehicles (which are, respectively, 24 and 15 inches narrower). This size also limits the ability of the vehicle to be manhandled out of situations. ### Alternatives The Army purchased a purpose\-built armored car, the [M1117 Armored Security Vehicle](/wiki/M1117_Armored_Security_Vehicle "M1117 Armored Security Vehicle") also known as an armored personnel carrying vehicle (APC), in limited numbers for use by the [United States Army Military Police Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Police_Corps "United States Army Military Police Corps"). In 2007, the Marine Corps announced an intention to replace all HMMWVs in Iraq with [MRAPs](/wiki/MRAP "MRAP") because of high loss rates and issued contracts for the purchase of several thousand of these vehicles, which include the International [MaxxPro](/wiki/MaxxPro "MaxxPro"), the [BAE OMC](/wiki/Land_Systems_OMC "Land Systems OMC") [RG\-31](/wiki/RG-31 "RG-31"), the BAE [RG\-33](/wiki/RG-33 "RG-33") and [Caiman](/wiki/BAE_Caiman "BAE Caiman"), and the [Force Protection](/wiki/Force_Protection_Inc "Force Protection Inc") [Cougar](/wiki/Cougar_%28MRAP%29 "Cougar (MRAP)"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/03/mrap\-advance\-purchase\-2\-oshkosh\-pvi\-gd/index.php \|title\=MRAP Advance Purchase \#2: Oshkosh, PVI \& GD \|publisher\=Defenseindustrydaily.com \|date\=2007\-03\-06 \|access\-date\=2010\-11\-27 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601044231/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/03/mrap\-advance\-purchase\-2\-oshkosh\-pvi\-gd/index.php \|archive\-date\=1 June 2007}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/02/mrap\-survivable\-rides\-start\-rolling/index.php \|title\=MRAP: Survivable Rides, Start Rolling \|publisher\=Defenseindustrydaily.com \|date\=2007\-02\-26 \|access\-date\=2010\-11\-27 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620083420/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/02/mrap\-survivable\-rides\-start\-rolling/index.php\#more \|archive\-date\=20 June 2007}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/cougar\-armored\-trucks\-to\-stalk\-mines\-on\-the\-battlefield\-updated\-0532/ \|title\=Cougar Armored Trucks to Stalk Mines on the Battlefield \|publisher\=Defenseindustrydaily.com \|date\=2010\-10\-03 \|access\-date\=2010\-11\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709225915/https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/cougar\-armored\-trucks\-to\-stalk\-mines\-on\-the\-battlefield\-updated\-0532/ \|archive\-date\=9 July 2015 \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.marcorsyscom.usmc.mil/sites/story/fullstory.asp \|title\=Marine Corps Announces Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicle Contracts \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504124110/http://www.marcorsyscom.usmc.mil/sites/story/fullstory.asp \|archive\-date\=4 May 2007}}{{cite web \|title\=Dingo – All Protected Vehicle (APV) \|url\=http://www.defense\-update.com/products/d/dingo\-kmw.htm \|publisher\=Defense\-update.com \|access\-date\=2008\-08\-05 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513164756/http://www.defense\-update.com/products/d/dingo\-kmw.htm \|archive\-date\=13 May 2008 \|url\-status\=dead}} which were deployed primarily for mine clearing duties. Heavier models of [infantry mobility vehicles](/wiki/Infantry_mobility_vehicle "Infantry mobility vehicle") (IMV) can also be used for patrol vehicles.{{cite news\|title\=Dutch Spend EUR 25M on Bushmaster IMVs for Afghan Mission (updated) \|url\=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2006/08/dutch\-spend\-eur\-25m\-on\-bushmaster\-imvs\-for\-afghan\-mission\-updated/index.php \|publisher\=Defense Industry Daily \|date\=2006\-08\-07 \|access\-date\=2007\-01\-12 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201171328/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2006/08/dutch\-spend\-eur\-25m\-on\-bushmaster\-imvs\-for\-afghan\-mission\-updated/index.php \|archive\-date\=1 December 2006}} The MaxxPro Line has been shown to have the highest rate of vehicle rollover accidents because of its very high [center of gravity](/wiki/Center_of_mass "Center of mass") and immense weight. ### Replacement and future {{Main\|Humvee replacement process\|Joint Light Tactical Vehicle program}} The Humvee replacement process undertaken by the U.S. military focused on interim replacement with [MRAPs](/wiki/MRAP "MRAP") and long\-term replacement with the [Joint Light Tactical Vehicle](/wiki/Joint_Light_Tactical_Vehicle "Joint Light Tactical Vehicle") (JLTV). The HMMWV has evolved several times since its introduction and was used in tactical roles for which it was never originally intended. The military pursued several initiatives to replace it, both in the short and long terms. The short\-term replacement efforts utilized [commercial off\-the\-shelf](/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf "Commercial off-the-shelf") vehicles as part of the Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) program. These vehicles were procured to replace Humvees in combat theaters. The long\-term replacement for the Humvee is the JLTV which is designed from the ground up. The [Future Tactical Truck System](/wiki/Future_Tactical_Truck_System "Future Tactical Truck System") (FTTS) program was initiated to analyze potential requirements for a Humvee replacement. Various prototype vehicles such as the [MillenWorks Light Utility Vehicle](/wiki/MillenWorks_Light_Utility_Vehicle "MillenWorks Light Utility Vehicle"), and the [ULTRA AP](/wiki/ULTRA_AP "ULTRA AP") have been constructed as part of these efforts. The JLTV contract was awarded to Oshkosh in August 2015\.{{cite web\|publisher\= Breaking Defense\|url\= http://breakingdefense.com/2015/08/oshkosh\-beats\-lockheed\-am\-general\-for\-historic\-jltv\-win/\|title\= Oshkosh Beats Lockheed, AM General For Historic JLTV Win\|date\= 26 August 2015\|access\-date\= 26 August 2015\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150826062149/http://breakingdefense.com/2015/08/oshkosh\-beats\-lockheed\-am\-general\-for\-historic\-jltv\-win/\|archive\-date\= 26 August 2015\|url\-status\= live}} The U.S. Marine Corps issued a [request for proposals](/wiki/Request_for_proposal "Request for proposal") in 2013 for its Humvee sustainment modification initiative to upgrade 6,700 expanded capacity vehicles (ECVs). The Marines plan to field the JLTV but do not have enough funding to completely replace all Humvees, so they decided to continue sustaining their fleet. Key areas of improvement include upgrades to the suspension to reduce the amount of force transferred to the chassis, upgrading the engine and transmission for better fuel efficiency, enhancements to the cooling system to prevent overheating, a central tire inflation system to improve off\-road mobility and ride quality, and increased underbody survivability. Testing of upgraded Humvees was to occur in 2014, with production and installation occurring from 2015 through 2018\. Older A2 series Humvees make up half the current fleet, and 4,000 are to be disposed of through [foreign military sales](/wiki/Foreign_Military_Sales "Foreign Military Sales") and transfers. By 2017, the Marines' light tactical vehicle fleet is to consist of 3,500 A2 series Humvees, 9,500 ECV Humvees, and 5,000 JLTVs, with 18,000 vehicles in total. Humvees in service with the Marine Corps will be upgraded through 2030\.[Marine Humvee Upgrade Seen as Inevitable](http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2013/February/Pages/MarineHumveeUpgradeSeenasInevitable.aspx) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903231929/http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2013/February/Pages/MarineHumveeUpgradeSeenasInevitable.aspx \|date\=3 September 2015}} – Nationaldefensemagazine.org, February 2013 The Marines shelved the Humvee modernization effort in March 2015 because of budget cuts.[Marines Shelve Humvee Upgrades Due to Budget Cuts](http://www.dodbuzz.com/2015/03/20/marines-shelve-humvee-upgrades-due-to-budget-cuts/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324225435/http://www.dodbuzz.com/2015/03/20/marines\-shelve\-humvee\-upgrades\-due\-to\-budget\-cuts/ \|date\=24 March 2015}} – DoDBuzz.com, 20 March 2015 Several companies are offering modifications to maintain the remaining U.S. military Humvee fleets. Oshkosh Corporation is offering Humvee upgrades to the Marine Corps in addition to its JLTV offering, which are modular and scalable to provide varying levels of capabilities at a range of prices that can be provided individually or as complete packages. Their approach is centered around the [TAK\-4](/wiki/Oshkosh_TAK-4_Independent_Suspension_System "Oshkosh TAK-4 Independent Suspension System") independent suspension system, which delivers greater offroad profile capability, improved ride quality, an increase in maximum speed, greater whole\-vehicle durability, and restored payload capacity and ground clearance.[Oshkosh Defense Answers USMCs' Light Vehicle Needs](http://www.asdnews.com/news-51262/Oshkosh_Defense_Answers_USMCs__Light_Vehicle_Needs.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927072109/http://www.asdnews.com/news\-51262/Oshkosh\_Defense\_Answers\_USMCs\_\_Light\_Vehicle\_Needs.htm \|date\=27 September 2013}} – ASDnews.com, 2013\-09\-24 [Northrop Grumman](/wiki/Northrop_Grumman "Northrop Grumman") developed a new chassis and powertrain for the Humvee that would combine the mobility and payload capabilities of original vehicle variants while maintaining the protection levels of up\-armored versions. The cost to upgrade one Humvee with Northrop Grumman's features is $145,000\.[Northrop Grumman Pitching New Humvee Chassis to Army](https://web.archive.org/web/20160205135716/http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/blog/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx?ID=1633) – Nationaldefensemagazine.org, 2014\-10\-07Richard Sisk [Northrop Offers Back\-to\-the\-Future Upgrade to Humvee Fleet](http://www.military.com/daily-news/2014/10/14/northrop-offers-back-to-the-future-upgrade-to-humvee-fleet.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029152822/http://www.military.com/daily\-news/2014/10/14/northrop\-offers\-back\-to\-the\-future\-upgrade\-to\-humvee\-fleet.html \|date\=29 October 2014}} – Military.com, 2014\-10\-14 [Textron](/wiki/Textron "Textron") has offered another Humvee upgrade option called the Survivable Combat Tactical Vehicle (SCTV) that restores mobility and survivability over armored Humvee levels. Although the SCTV costs more at $200,000 per vehicle, the company claims it can restore the Humvee for operational use, combining Humvee\-level mobility and transportability with MRAP\-level underbody protection as a transitional solution until the JLTV is introduced in significant numbers.[Textron offers armoured HMMWV solution](http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/landwarfareintl/ausa2014-textron-offers-armoured-hmmwv-solution/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016010056/http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/landwarfareintl/ausa2014\-textron\-offers\-armoured\-hmmwv\-solution/ \|date\=16 October 2014}} – Shephardmedia.com, 2014\-10\-15[Textron Land Systems presented Survivable Combat Tactical Vehicle System at AUSA 2014](http://www.armyrecognition.com/ausa_2014_show_daily_news_coverage_report/textron_land_systems_presented_survivable_combat_tactical_vehicle_system_at_ausa_2014.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101033612/http://www.armyrecognition.com/ausa\_2014\_show\_daily\_news\_coverage\_report/textron\_land\_systems\_presented\_survivable\_combat\_tactical\_vehicle\_system\_at\_ausa\_2014\.html \|date\=1 January 2016}} – Armyrecognition.com, 21 October 2014 One suggested future role for the Humvee is as an autonomous [unmanned ground vehicle](/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle "Unmanned ground vehicle") (UGV). If converted to a UGV, the vehicle could serve as a mobile scout vehicle with armor features removed to enhance mobility and terrain accessibility, since there would be no occupants needing protection. Because there will still be tens of thousands of Humvees in the U.S. inventory after the JLTV enters service, it could be a low\-cost way to build an unmanned combat vehicle fleet. Autonomy features would allow the Humvees to drive themselves and one soldier to control a "swarm" of several vehicles. Although the Army plans to buy 49,100 JLTVs and the Marine Corps 5,500, they are not a one\-for\-one replacement for the Humvee, and both services will still be left operating large fleets. For the Marines, 69 JLTVs will replace the 74 Humvees in all active infantry battalions to cover its expeditionary forces. The Marine JLTV order is planned to be completed by 2022, leaving the remainder of the Corps' 13,000\-strong Humvee force scattered around support organizations while soft\-skinned Humvees will provide support behind the forward\-deployed [Marine Expeditionary Unit](/wiki/Marine_Expeditionary_Unit "Marine Expeditionary Unit"). The Army does not plan to replace Humvees in the [Army National Guard](/wiki/Army_National_Guard "Army National Guard") and is considering options on how many of its 120,000 vehicles will be replaced, sustained, or modernized. Even if half of the force is replaced by JLTVs, the entire planned order will not be complete until 2040\. If upgrades are chosen for the remaining Humvees, the cost would likely have to not exceed $100,000 per vehicle.[Oshkosh Awaits Protests After JLTV Win](http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/land/vehicles/2015/08/29/oshkosh-awaits-protests-jltv-win/71325838/) – Defensenews.com, 29 August 2015 The Humvee is expected to remain in U.S. military service until at least 2050\.[AM General Secures Six\-Year, $428\.3 Million Contract To Provide The Army With M997A3 HMMWV Configured Ambulances](http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/am-general-secures-six-year-4283-million-contract-to-provide-the-army-with-m997a3-hmmwv-configured-ambulances-300139298.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205135716/http://www.prnewswire.com/news\-releases/am\-general\-secures\-six\-year\-4283\-million\-contract\-to\-provide\-the\-army\-with\-m997a3\-hmmwv\-configured\-ambulances\-300139298\.html \|date\=5 February 2016}} – PRNewswiew.com, 8 September 2015 Ambulance variants of the Humvee will especially remain in active use, as the JLTV could not be modified to serve as one due to weight issues.[Pentagon Selects 1st Army, Marine Units to Receive JLTV](http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/06/14/pentagon-selects-1st-army-marine-units-receive-jltv.html?ESRC=todayinmil.sm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618210639/http://www.military.com/daily\-news/2017/06/14/pentagon\-selects\-1st\-army\-marine\-units\-receive\-jltv.html?ESRC\=todayinmil.sm \|date\=18 June 2017}} – Military.com, 14 June 2017
[ "History\n-------", "{{More citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=April 2020}}\nSince the [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") [Willys MB](/wiki/Willys_MB \"Willys MB\") reconnaissance truck was used for mass\\-deployment and became known as the \"jeep\", the United States military had continued to rely heavily on jeeps as general utility vehicles and as a mass\\-transport for soldiers in small groups. Although the [U.S. Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\") had let [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") redesign the jeep from the ground up during the 1950s, and the resulting [M151 jeep](/wiki/M151_%C2%BC-ton_4%C3%974_utility_truck \"M151 ¼-ton 4×4 utility truck\") incorporated significant innovations, it firmly adhered to the original concept: a very compact, light enough to manhandle, low profile vehicle, with a folding windshield, that a layman could barely distinguish from the preceding [Willys jeeps](/wiki/Willys_MB \"Willys MB\"). The jeeps were shorter than a [Volkswagen Beetle](/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle \"Volkswagen Beetle\") and weighed just over one metric ton, seating three to four, with an {{convert\\|800\\|lb\\|kg\\|abbr\\=on}} payload. During and after the war, the very light, {{frac\\|1\\|4}}\\-ton jeeps were complemented by the {{frac\\|3\\|4}}\\-ton [Dodge WC](/wiki/Dodge_WC_series \"Dodge WC series\") and Korean War [Dodge M37](/wiki/Dodge_M37 \"Dodge M37\") models.{{cn\\|date\\=April 2024}}", "By the mid\\-1960s, the U.S. military felt a need to reevaluate their aging light vehicle fleet.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military\\-history/the\\-u\\-s\\-armys\\-humvee/ \\|title\\=The U.S. Army's Humvee \\|last\\=Mroz \\|first\\=Albert \\|date\\=16 June 2016 \\|website\\= Warfare History Network \\|publisher\\=Sovereign Media \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-18 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20180618203631/http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military\\-history/the\\-u\\-s\\-armys\\-humvee/ \\|archive\\-date\\=18 June 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} From the mid\\-1960s, the U.S. Army had tried to modernize, through replacing the larger, purpose\\-built [Dodge M37s](/wiki/Dodge_M37 \"Dodge M37\") by militarized, \"commercial off the shelf\" (COTS) 4×4 trucks — initially the [M715 Jeep trucks](/wiki/Kaiser_Jeep_M715 \"Kaiser Jeep M715\"), succeeded in the later 1970s by several [\"CUCV\" adapted commercial pickup](/wiki/Commercial_Utility_Cargo_Vehicle \"Commercial Utility Cargo Vehicle\") series, but these did not satisfy newer requirements either. What was wanted was a truly versatile light military truck, that could replace multiple outdated vehicles. When becoming aware of the U.S. Army's desire for a versatile new light weapons carrier/reconnaissance vehicle, as early as 1969 [FMC Corporation](/wiki/FMC_Corporation%23FMC \"FMC Corporation#FMC\") started development on their [XR311 prototype](/wiki/FMC_XR311 \"FMC XR311\") and offered it for testing in 1970\\. At least a dozen of these were built for testing under the *High Mobility Combat Vehicle*, or HMCV program, initially much more as an enhanced capability successor to the M151 jeep, than as a general\\-purpose vehicle.{{cn\\|date\\=April 2024}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|Humvee interior](/wiki/File:Humvee_wnetrze.jpg \"Humvee wnetrze.jpg\")\nThe HMMWV program had its origins in the Combat Support Vehicle (CSV) program.{{sfn\\|Zaloga\\|2006\\|loc\\=HMMWV Origins}} The XM966 CSV was a proposed platform for the TOW missile launcher.{{sfn\\|Foss\\|1979\\|p\\=265}} Congress ended the program in 1977 due to the relatively small requirement of 3,800 vehicles. Adjusting to Congress's expectations, the Army increased the scale of the program, then called the XM966 High Mobility Weapons Carrier (CSVP), to replace multiple other trucks.{{sfn\\|Foss\\|1981\\|p\\=266}} Congress, interested in a larger joint services truck program, removed the CSVP from the 1979 budget. The Army restructured the program, which was then called **High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle**.{{sfn\\|Zaloga\\|2006\\|loc\\=HMMWV Origins}}", "In 1979, the U.S. Army released draft specifications for the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), which was to replace all U.S. Army tactical vehicles in the 1/4\\-ton to 5/4\\-ton range,{{sfn\\|Zaloga\\|2006\\|loc\\=HMMWV Origins}}[HMMWV Background](http://www.amgeneral.com/vehicles/hmmwv/background.php) amgeneral.com. Retrieved on 2015\\-01\\-27 {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118121050/http://www.amgeneral.com/vehicles/hmmwv/background.php \\|date\\=18 January 2016}} As well as select vehicles in the [U.S. Marine Corps](/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps \"U.S. Marine Corps\") and [U.S. Air Force](/wiki/U.S._Air_Force \"U.S. Air Force\").{{sfn\\|Foss\\|1983\\|p\\=440}} Namely these were the M151 quarter\\-ton jeeps, [M561 Gama Goats](/wiki/Gama_Goat \"Gama Goat\"), and the CUCVs, as one uniform \"jack\\-of\\-all\\-trades\" light tactical vehicle series, to better perform the roles of the impractically mixed fleet of outdated existing vehicles.{{cite web \\|first1\\=Grant \\|last1\\=Turnbull \\|url\\=http://www.army\\-technology.com/features/featureend\\-of\\-an\\-icon\\-the\\-rise\\-and\\-fall\\-of\\-the\\-humvee\\-4381884/ \\|title\\=End of an icon: the rise and fall of the Humvee \\|website\\=army\\-technology.com \\|date\\=2014\\-09\\-30 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-01\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030021334/http://www.army\\-technology.com/features/featureend\\-of\\-an\\-icon\\-the\\-rise\\-and\\-fall\\-of\\-the\\-humvee\\-4381884/ \\|archive\\-date\\=30 October 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Unreliable source?\\|reason\\=domain on WP:BLACKLIST\\|date\\=June 2016}} The specifications called for a diesel engine,{{sfn\\|Foss\\|1981\\|p\\=660}} excellent on and [off\\-road](/wiki/Off-roading \"Off-roading\") performance, the ability to carry a large payload, and improved survivability against indirect fire.Pat Ware [The changing role of the Humvee](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/10696138/The-changing-role-of-the-Humvee.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125334/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking\\-man/10696138/The\\-changing\\-role\\-of\\-the\\-Humvee.html \\|date\\=22 January 2018}}. *Telegraph*, 2014\\-03\\-14\\. Retrieved 2015\\-01\\-27 Compared to the jeep, it was larger and had a much wider track, with a {{convert\\|16\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} ground clearance, double that of most [sport\\-utility vehicles](/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle \"Sport utility vehicle\"). The new truck was to climb a 60 percent incline and traverse a 40 percent slope and ford {{convert\\|5\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}} of water{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.msn.com/en\\-us/autos/marketplace\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227091909/http://editorial.autos.msn.com/article.aspx?cp\\-documentid\\=435127\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=Used cars and new cars for sale – Microsoft Start Autos\\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2014\\|website\\=MSN}} and electronics waterproofed to drive through {{convert\\|2\\.5\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}} of water were specified. The radiator was to be mounted high, sloping over the engine on a forward\\-hinged hood.{{cn\\|date\\=April 2024}}", "Out of 61 companies that showed interest in the contract, five companies submitted proposals before the deadline in April 1981\\.{{sfn\\|Foss\\|1983\\|p\\=440}} In July 1981, the Army awarded contracts to three companies—[AM General](/wiki/AM_General \"AM General\"), [Chrysler Corporation](/wiki/Chrysler%23Chrysler_Defense \"Chrysler#Chrysler Defense\"), and [Teledyne Continental](/wiki/Teledyne_Continental \"Teledyne Continental\")—to build eleven HMMWV prototypes each.{{sfn\\|Foss\\|1983\\|p\\=440}} The vehicles (six weapon carriers and five utility vehicles) were delivered by May 1982\\.{{sfn\\|Foss\\|1984\\|p\\=449}}", "The Teledyne HMMWV was based on the rear\\-engined XR311 Cheetah. Chrysler's HMMWV was based on the Expanded Mobility Truck. Chrysler Defense was sold mid\\-competition to [General Dynamics Land Systems](/wiki/General_Dynamics_Land_Systems \"General Dynamics Land Systems\"). The AM General HMMWV was developed as a private venture to meet the HMMWV requirement. The first prototype (a weapons carrier variant) was completed in August 1980 and sent to the Nevada Automotive Test Center for testing.{{sfn\\|Foss\\|1984\\|p\\=449}} AM General nicknamed the prototypes it delivered for the Army competition \"Hummer,\" which AM General had the foresight to trademark.{{sfn\\|Zaloga\\|2006\\|loc\\=HMMWV Origins}}", "The vehicles underwent testing at [Aberdeen Proving Ground](/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground \"Aberdeen Proving Ground\"), Maryland and [Yuma, Arizona](/wiki/Yuma%2C_Arizona \"Yuma, Arizona\").{{sfn\\|Zaloga\\|2006\\|loc\\=HMMWV Origins}} The vehicles were subjected to over 600,000 miles in trials which included off\\-road courses in desert and arctic conditions.{{cn\\|date\\=April 2024}} On March 22, 1983, AM General was awarded the contract.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.history.com/this\\-day\\-in\\-history/the\\-origins\\-of\\-the\\-hummer\\|title\\=The origins of the Hummer\\|website\\=HISTORY.com\\|date\\=November 13, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2009}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wearethemighty.com/articles/today\\-in\\-military\\-history\\-origins\\-of\\-the\\-humvee/\\|title\\=Today in military history: Origins of the Humvee\\|website\\=We Are The Mighty\\|date\\=March 19, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2023}} The vehicle's durability and light weight were factors that led to its selection.{{sfn\\|Zaloga\\|2006\\|loc\\=HMMWV Origins}} AM General was awarded an initial contract for 2,334 vehicles, the first batch of a five\\-year contract that would see 55,000 vehicles delivered to the U.S. military, including 39,000 vehicles for the Army.{{sfn\\|Foss\\|1984\\|p\\=449}} 72,000 vehicles had been delivered to the U.S. and foreign customers by the Persian Gulf War of 1991, and 100,000 had been delivered by the Humvee's 10th anniversary in 1995\\. [Ft. Lewis](/wiki/Fort_Lewis_%28Washington%29 \"Fort Lewis (Washington)\"), Washington, and the 2nd Battalion, 47th Infantry, [9th Infantry Division](/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"9th Infantry Division (United States)\") was the testing unit to employ HMMWV in the new concept of a motorized division. [Yakima Training Center](/wiki/Yakima_Training_Center \"Yakima Training Center\"), Washington, was the main testing grounds for HMMWVs from 1985 through December 1991, when the motorized concept was abandoned and the division inactivated.{{cn\\|date\\=April 2024}}", "In June 1983, a Pentagon report noted the vehicle's \"very low\" reliability, averaging 370 miles between failures.{{cite news \\|title\\=Army's Replacement for Jeep Failing Pentagon Battle Tests \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/05/us/army\\-s\\-replacement\\-for\\-jeep\\-failing\\-pentagon\\-battle\\-tests.html?searchResultPosition\\=27 \\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2024 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|agency\\=Reuters \\|date\\=5 June 1983 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420230724/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/05/us/army\\-s\\-replacement\\-for\\-jeep\\-failing\\-pentagon\\-battle\\-tests.html?searchResultPosition\\=27 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In August 1989, AM General was awarded a $1 billion contract from the Army to produce 33,000 HMMWVs.{{cite news \\|title\\=Company News; AM General Vehicle Contract \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/23/business/company\\-news\\-am\\-general\\-awarded\\-army\\-vehicle\\-contract.html?searchResultPosition\\=38 \\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2024 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=23 August 1989 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420230723/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/23/business/company\\-news\\-am\\-general\\-awarded\\-army\\-vehicle\\-contract.html?searchResultPosition\\=38 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Use in combat", "HMMWVs first saw combat in [Operation Just Cause](/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama \"United States invasion of Panama\"), the U.S. invasion of Panama in 1989\\. The HMMWV was designed primarily for personnel and light cargo transport behind front lines, not as a frontline fighting vehicle. Like the previous jeep, the basic first\\-generation HMMWV has no armor (though armament carriers and hard\\-shell ambulances did have modest ballistic protection){{sfn\\|Zaloga\\|2006\\|loc\\=First\\-Generation HMMWV}} or protection against [chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear threats](/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction \"Weapon of mass destruction\"). Nevertheless, losses were relatively low in [conventional operations](/wiki/Conventional_warfare \"Conventional warfare\"), such as the [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War \"Gulf War\"). Vehicles and crews suffered considerable damage and losses during the [Battle of Mogadishu](/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_%281993%29 \"Battle of Mogadishu (1993)\") in 1993 because of the nature of urban engagement. However, the chassis survivability allowed the majority of those crews to return to safety, though the HMMWV was never designed to offer protection against intense small arms fire, much less [machine guns](/wiki/Machine_gun \"Machine gun\") and [rocket\\-propelled grenades](/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade \"Rocket-propelled grenade\"). With the rise of [asymmetric warfare](/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare \"Asymmetric warfare\") and [low\\-intensity conflicts](/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict \"Low-intensity conflict\"), the HMMWV was pressed into service in urban combat roles for which it was not originally intended.[HMMWV](http://www.museum-mm.org/high-mobility-multipurpose-wheeled-vehicle-hmmwv/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306035417/http://www.museum\\-mm.org/high\\-mobility\\-multipurpose\\-wheeled\\-vehicle\\-hmmwv/ \\|date\\=6 March 2017}} museum\\-mm.org", "After [Operation Restore Hope](/wiki/Unified_Task_Force \"Unified Task Force\") in Somalia, the military recognized a need for a more protected HMMWV. AM General developed the M1114, an armored HMMWV to withstand small arms fire. The M1114 has been in production since 1996, seeing limited use in the [Balkans](/wiki/Balkans \"Balkans\") before deployment to the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\"). This design is superior to the M998 with a larger, more powerful [turbocharged](/wiki/Turbocharger \"Turbocharger\") engine, [air conditioning](/wiki/Air_conditioning \"Air conditioning\"), and a strengthened [suspension](/wiki/Car_suspension \"Car suspension\") system. More importantly, it boasts a fully [armored](/wiki/Vehicle_armour \"Vehicle armour\") passenger area protected by hardened steel and [bullet\\-resistant glass](/wiki/Bulletproof_glass \"Bulletproof glass\"). With the increase in direct attacks and asymmetric warfare in [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq_War \"Iraq War\"), AM General diverted the majority of its manufacturing power to producing these vehicles.{{cn\\|date\\=April 2024}}", "Humvees were sent into [Afghanistan](/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_%282001%E2%80%932014%29 \"War in Afghanistan (2001–2014)\") following the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\"), where they proved invaluable during initial operations. In the early years before [IEDs](/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device \"Improvised explosive device\") became prevalent, the vehicle was liked by troops for its ability to access rough, mountainous terrain. Some soldiers would remove features from Humvees, including what little armor it had and sometimes even entire doors, to make them lighter and more maneuverable for off\\-road conditions and to increase visibility. With the onset of the Iraq War, Humvees proved very vulnerable to IEDs; in the first four months of 2006, 67 U.S. troops died in Humvees. To increase protection, the U.S. military hastily added armor kits to the vehicles. Although this somewhat improved survivability, bolting on armor made the Humvee an \"ungainly beast\", increasing weight and putting a strain on the chassis, which led to unreliability. Armored doors that weighed hundreds of pounds were difficult for troops to open, and the newly armored turret made Humvees top\\-heavy and increased the danger of [rollovers](/wiki/Vehicle_rollover \"Vehicle rollover\"). The [U.S. Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\") decided to start replacing Humvees in combat with Mine\\-Resistant, Ambush\\-Protected ([MRAP](/wiki/MRAP \"MRAP\")) vehicles in 2007, and the U.S. Army stated that the vehicle was \"no longer feasible for combat\" in 2012\\. However, Humvees have also been used by [Taliban](/wiki/Taliban \"Taliban\") insurgents for [suicide bombings](/wiki/Car_bomb \"Car bomb\") against the [Afghan National Security Forces](/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces \"Afghan National Security Forces\") in the country.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia\\_pacific/official\\-suicide\\-bomber\\-in\\-eastern\\-afghanistan\\-kills\\-5/2020/05/18/a7a9d542\\-98c1\\-11ea\\-ad79\\-eef7cd734641\\_story.html \\|title\\=Taliban suicide bomber kills 9 troops in eastern Afghanistan \\|date\\=May 18, 2020 \\|via\\= washingtonpost.com/ \\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 May 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523172225/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia\\_pacific/official\\-suicide\\-bomber\\-in\\-eastern\\-afghanistan\\-kills\\-5/2020/05/18/a7a9d542\\-98c1\\-11ea\\-ad79\\-eef7cd734641\\_story.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020\\-05/18/c\\_139066055\\.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520104753/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020\\-05/18/c\\_139066055\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=20 May 2020 \\|title\\=At least 7 killed in Taliban attack in Afghanistan's Ghazni\\|date\\=May 18, 2020 \\|via\\= xinhuanet.com}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/05/18/world/asia/ap\\-as\\-afghanistan.html \\|title\\=Official: Suicide Bomber in Eastern Afghanistan Kills 5 \\|date\\=May 18, 2020 \\|via\\= nytimes.com}}", "The HMMWV has become the vehicular backbone of U.S. forces around the world. Over 10,000 HMMWVs were employed by coalition forces during the Iraq War.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Warner \\|first1\\=Fara \\|author\\-link\\=Fara Warner \\|title\\=Army Stepping Up Its Humvee Orders For Troops in Iraq \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/25/business/army\\-stepping\\-up\\-its\\-humvee\\-orders\\-for\\-troops\\-in\\-iraq.html \\|website\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2019 \\|date\\=25 December 2003 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121643/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/25/business/army\\-stepping\\-up\\-its\\-humvee\\-orders\\-for\\-troops\\-in\\-iraq.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 January 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Humvee has been described as a vehicle with \"the right capability for its era\": designed to provide payload mobility in protected (safe) areas. However, deploying the vehicle to conflict zones where it was exposed to a full spectrum of threat which it was neither designed to operate, or be survivable in, led to adding protection at the cost of mobility and payload.", "On 22 April 2022, [Pentagon](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense \"United States Department of Defense\") [Press Secretary](/wiki/Press_Secretary \"Press Secretary\") John F. Kirby described a package of military equipment being transported to [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\") to assist in its war with Russia, including \"100 armored Humvee vehicles\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.defense.gov/News/News\\-Stories/Article/Article/2998981/howitzers\\-helicopters\\-humvees\\-headed\\-to\\-ukraine/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2FNews%2FNews\\-Stories%2FArticle%2FArticle%2F2998981%2Fhowitzers\\-helicopters\\-humvees\\-headed\\-to\\-ukraine%2F\\|title\\=Howitzers, Helicopters, Humvees Headed to Ukraine\\|website\\=U.S. Department of Defense}} An additional 50 were promised on 19 August 2022, and were delivered at an unknown date.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3134457/775\\-million\\-in\\-additional\\-security\\-assistance\\-for\\-ukraine/ \\|title\\=$775 Million in Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine \\|access\\-date\\=28 September 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 August 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821115628/https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3134457/775\\-million\\-in\\-additional\\-security\\-assistance\\-for\\-ukraine/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} A number of Humvees were used in the assault on the Russian [oblast](/wiki/Oblast \"Oblast\") of [Belgorod](/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast \"Belgorod Oblast\") on 22 May 2023\\. Ukraine first received Humvees from the U.S. in 2001, and they were used by them in peacekeeping operations in Kosovo that same year.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a43993683/raid\\-in\\-russia\\-belgorod\\-leaves\\-behind\\-american\\-humvees\\-mraps/\\|title\\=A Raid in Russia's Belgorod Left Behind a Trail of American Humvees\\|date\\=25 May 2023\\|website\\=Popular Mechanics\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=23 June 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623190349/https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a43993683/raid\\-in\\-russia\\-belgorod\\-leaves\\-behind\\-american\\-humvees\\-mraps/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Modifications", "[thumb\\|right\\|A [U.S. Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\") M1123 HMMWV in 2004, equipped with a bolt\\-on MAK armor kit.](/wiki/File:Marine_humvee_with_bolt-on_armor_x2.jpg \"Marine humvee with bolt-on armor x2.jpg\")", "In December 2004, Secretary of Defense [Donald Rumsfeld](/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld \"Donald Rumsfeld\") came under criticism from U.S. troops and their families for not providing better\\-equipped HMMWVs.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6694474 \\|title\\=NBC: Boost for armored Humvee output – Conflict in Iraq \\|publisher\\=NBC News \\|date\\=2004\\-12\\-10 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-11\\-16 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 February 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221211845/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6694474 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Rumsfeld pointed out that, before the war, armor kits were produced only in small numbers per year. As the role of American forces in Iraq changed from fighting the [Iraqi Army](/wiki/Iraqi_Army \"Iraqi Army\") to suppressing the insurgency, more armor kits were being manufactured, though perhaps not as fast as production facilities were capable. Even more advanced kits were also being developed. While these kits are much more effective against all types of attacks, they weigh from {{convert\\|1500\\|to\\|2200\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} and have some of the same drawbacks as the improvised armor.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.defense\\-update.com/products/h/humvee\\-ogara.htm \\|title\\=Up\\-Armored Humvee M1114 \\|publisher\\=Defense\\-update.com \\|date\\=2006\\-07\\-26 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428211510/http://www.defense\\-update.com/products/h/humvee\\-ogara.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Unlike similar\\-sized civilian cargo and tow trucks, which typically have dual rear wheels to reduce sway, the HMMWV has single rear wheels because of its independent rear suspension coupled with the body design.", "Most up\\-armored HMMWVs hold up well against lateral attacks when the blast is distributed in all different directions but offer little protection from a mine blast below the truck, such as buried IEDs and [land mines](/wiki/Land_mine \"Land mine\"). [Explosively formed penetrators](/wiki/Explosively_formed_penetrator \"Explosively formed penetrator\") (EFPs) can also defeat the armor kits, causing casualties.", "[thumb\\|left\\|At the [Bridgeport, California](/wiki/Bridgeport%2C_California \"Bridgeport, California\") Mountain Warfare Training Center in March 1997, a test HMMWV drives through the snow, equipped with [Mattracks](/wiki/Mattracks \"Mattracks\") treads.](/wiki/File:Humvee_equipped_with_four_snow_treads.jpg \"Humvee equipped with four snow treads.jpg\")\nThe armor kits fielded include the [Armor Survivability Kit](/wiki/Armor_Survivability_Kit \"Armor Survivability Kit\") (ASK), [FRAG 5](/wiki/M1114_HMMWV_Interim_Fragment_%28Frag%29_Kit_5 \"M1114 HMMWV Interim Fragment (Frag) Kit 5\"), [FRAG 6](/wiki/Frag_Kit_6 \"Frag Kit 6\"), as well as upgrade kits to the [M1151](/wiki/M1151 \"M1151\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.defense\\-update.com/features/du\\-3\\-04/up\\-armored\\-humvee.htm \\|title\\=Up\\-Armored HUVMEE (UAH) \\|publisher\\=Defense\\-update.com \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107142718/http://www.defense\\-update.com/features/du\\-3\\-04/up\\-armored\\-humvee.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=7 November 2006 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/5958m\\-contract\\-for\\-m1151\\-hummers\\-uparmor\\-price\\-limits\\-02488/ \\|title\\=$595\\.8M Contract for M1151 Hummers \\& Up\\-Armor Price Limits \\|publisher\\=Defense Industry Daily \\|date\\=2006\\-08\\-02 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828234555/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/5958m\\-contract\\-for\\-m1151\\-hummers\\-uparmor\\-price\\-limits\\-02488/ \\|archive\\-date\\=28 August 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The ASK was the first fielded in October 2003, adding about {{convert\\|1000\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=2}} to the weight of the vehicle.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.defense\\-update.com/products/a/ask.htm \\|title\\=Armor Survivability Kit (ASK) for soft vehicles \\|publisher\\=Defense\\-update.com \\|date\\=2006\\-07\\-26 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407214858/http://www.defense\\-update.com/products/a/ask.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=7 April 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} [Armor Holdings](/wiki/Armor_Holdings \"Armor Holdings\") fielded an even lighter kit, adding only {{convert\\|750\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=2}} to the vehicle's weight.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.defense\\-update.com/products/h/humvee\\-kit\\-battelle.htm \\|title\\=HMMWV Armor Kit – Battelle \\|publisher\\=Defense\\-update.com \\|date\\=2005\\-10\\-25 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324142855/http://www.defense\\-update.com/products/h/humvee\\-kit\\-battelle.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=24 March 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The Marine Armor Kit (MAK), fielded in January 2005, offers more protection than the M1114 but also increases weight.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2023}} The FRAG 5 offered even more protection but was still inadequate to stop EFP attacks.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2007/02/11/AR2007021101345\\.html \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|title\\=Thousands of Army Humvees Lack Armor Upgrade \\|date\\=2007\\-02\\-12 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-05\\-04 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 October 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012123109/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2007/02/11/AR2007021101345\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The FRAG 6 kit is designed to do just that, however its increased protection adds over {{convert\\|1,000\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} the vehicle over the FRAG 5 kit, and the width is increased by {{convert\\|2\\|ft\\|cm\\|sigfig\\=2}}. The doors may also require a mechanical assist device to open and close.{{cite web \\|title\\=Humvee May Get Armor, Performance Boost \\|publisher\\=Military.com \\|date\\=2007\\-08\\-17 \\|first\\=Christian \\|last\\=Lowe \\|url\\=http://www.military.com/NewsContent/0,13319,146187,00\\.html?wh\\=wh \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819111517/http://www.military.com/NewsContent/0,13319,146187,00\\.html?wh\\=wh \\|archive\\-date\\=19 August 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "[thumb\\|right\\|A HMMWV equipped with [SLAMRAAM](/wiki/SLAMRAAM \"SLAMRAAM\") [surface\\-to\\-air missiles](/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile \"Surface-to-air missile\"), on display at the [Paris Air Show](/wiki/Paris_Air_Show \"Paris Air Show\") in June 2007\\.](/wiki/File:SAM-HMMWV.jpg \"SAM-HMMWV.jpg\")\nAnother drawback of the up\\-armored HMMWVs occurs during an accident or attack, when the heavily armored doors tend to jam shut, trapping the troops inside.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/field\\-lifesaver\\-10th\\-mountain\\-division\\-invents\\-the\\-rat\\-claw\\-02969/ \\|title\\=Field Life\\-saver: 10th Mountain Division Invents \"The Rat Claw\" \\|publisher\\=Defense Industry Daily \\|date\\=2007\\-01\\-19 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-27 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004527/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/field\\-lifesaver\\-10th\\-mountain\\-division\\-invents\\-the\\-rat\\-claw\\-02969/}} As a result, the U.S. Army [Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center](/wiki/United_States_Army_Aviation_and_Missile_Center \"United States Army Aviation and Missile Center\") developed the Humvee Crew Extraction D\\-ring in 2006\\. The D\\-ring hooks on the door of the HMMWV so that another vehicle can rip the door off with a tow strap, chain, or cable to free the troops inside.{{Cite journal\\|date\\=September 2007\\|title\\=Acquisition \\& Logistics Excellence\\|journal\\=Defense AT\\&L\\|volume\\=36 \\|issue\\=5\\|page\\=65 \\|url\\=http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA482552 \\|via\\=Defense Technical Information Center}}{{dead link\\|date\\=June 2022\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.military.com/NewsContent/0,13319,135017,00\\.html \\|title\\=Humvee Doors Trap Troops \\|publisher\\=Military.com \\|date\\=2007\\-05\\-08 \\|agency\\=UPI \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510020918/http://www.military.com/NewsContent/0,13319,135017,00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The D\\-ring was later recognized as one of the top 10 greatest Army inventions of 2006\\.{{Cite news\\|title\\=Army Recognizes Greatest Inventions for 2006 \\|url\\=https://www.army.mil/article/3629/army\\_recognizes\\_greatest\\_inventions\\_for\\_2006\\|last\\=Leipold\\|first\\=J.D. \\|date\\=15 June 2007\\|work\\=U.S. Army \\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712005407/https://www.army.mil/article/3629/army\\_recognizes\\_greatest\\_inventions\\_for\\_2006\\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In addition, Vehicle Emergency Escape (VEE) windows, developed by [BAE Systems](/wiki/BAE_Systems \"BAE Systems\"), were fielded for use on the M1114 up\\-armored HMMWV, with 1,000 kits ordered.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/bae\\-invents\\-vee\\-quick\\-escape\\-bulletproof\\-windows\\-03711/ \\|title\\=BAE Invents VEE Quick\\-Escape Bulletproof Windows \\|publisher\\=Defense Industry Daily \\|date\\=2010\\-10\\-05 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910135327/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/bae\\-invents\\-vee\\-quick\\-escape\\-bulletproof\\-windows\\-03711/ \\|archive\\-date\\=10 September 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|Soldiers of 3rd BCT/ 25th ID, use an M153 CROWS atop an M1115A1 HMMWV at the Battle Area Complex, Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, 2017\\.](/wiki/File:Crows-M153CommonRemotelyOperatedWeaponStationOnHumvee.jpg \"Crows-M153CommonRemotelyOperatedWeaponStationOnHumvee.jpg\")\nThe soldier manning the exposed [crew\\-served weapon](/wiki/Crew-served_weapon \"Crew-served weapon\") on top of the vehicle is extremely vulnerable. In response, many HMMWVs have been fitted with basic gun shields or [turrets](/wiki/Gun_turret \"Gun turret\"), as was the case with [M113](/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier \"M113 armored personnel carrier\") APCs after they were first deployed in Vietnam. The U.S. military is currently evaluating a new form of protection, developed by BAE Systems as well as systems designed by the Army, which are already in theater.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/now\\-thats\\-a\\-gunshield\\-the\\-chavis\\-turret\\-03171/ \\|title\\=Now That's a Gunshield: The Chavis Turret \\|publisher\\=Defense Industry Daily \\|date\\=2007\\-03\\-27 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826200748/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/now\\-thats\\-a\\-gunshield\\-the\\-chavis\\-turret\\-03171/ \\|archive\\-date\\=26 August 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The new gunner's seat is protected by {{convert\\|1\\.5\\|to\\|2\\|ft\\|cm\\|sigfig\\=2}} high steel plates with bulletproof glass windows. Additionally, some HMMWVs have been fitted with a remotely operated [CROWS](/wiki/CROWS \"CROWS\") weapon station, which slaves the machine gun to controls in the back seat so it can be fired without exposing the crew. The [Boomerang](/wiki/Boomerang_%28countermeasure%29 \"Boomerang (countermeasure)\") anti\\-[sniper](/wiki/Sniper \"Sniper\") system was also fielded by some HMMWVs in Iraq to immediately give troops the location of insurgents firing on them.", "Another weakness for the HMMWV has proven to be its size, which limited its deployment in Afghanistan because it is too wide for the smallest roads and too large for many forms of air transport compared to jeeps or Land Rover\\-sized vehicles (which are, respectively, 24 and 15 inches narrower). This size also limits the ability of the vehicle to be manhandled out of situations.", "### Alternatives", "The Army purchased a purpose\\-built armored car, the [M1117 Armored Security Vehicle](/wiki/M1117_Armored_Security_Vehicle \"M1117 Armored Security Vehicle\") also known as an armored personnel carrying vehicle (APC), in limited numbers for use by the [United States Army Military Police Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Police_Corps \"United States Army Military Police Corps\"). In 2007, the Marine Corps announced an intention to replace all HMMWVs in Iraq with [MRAPs](/wiki/MRAP \"MRAP\") because of high loss rates and issued contracts for the purchase of several thousand of these vehicles, which include the International [MaxxPro](/wiki/MaxxPro \"MaxxPro\"), the [BAE OMC](/wiki/Land_Systems_OMC \"Land Systems OMC\") [RG\\-31](/wiki/RG-31 \"RG-31\"), the BAE [RG\\-33](/wiki/RG-33 \"RG-33\") and [Caiman](/wiki/BAE_Caiman \"BAE Caiman\"), and the [Force Protection](/wiki/Force_Protection_Inc \"Force Protection Inc\") [Cougar](/wiki/Cougar_%28MRAP%29 \"Cougar (MRAP)\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/03/mrap\\-advance\\-purchase\\-2\\-oshkosh\\-pvi\\-gd/index.php \\|title\\=MRAP Advance Purchase \\#2: Oshkosh, PVI \\& GD \\|publisher\\=Defenseindustrydaily.com \\|date\\=2007\\-03\\-06 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-27 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601044231/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/03/mrap\\-advance\\-purchase\\-2\\-oshkosh\\-pvi\\-gd/index.php \\|archive\\-date\\=1 June 2007}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/02/mrap\\-survivable\\-rides\\-start\\-rolling/index.php \\|title\\=MRAP: Survivable Rides, Start Rolling \\|publisher\\=Defenseindustrydaily.com \\|date\\=2007\\-02\\-26 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-27 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620083420/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/02/mrap\\-survivable\\-rides\\-start\\-rolling/index.php\\#more \\|archive\\-date\\=20 June 2007}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/cougar\\-armored\\-trucks\\-to\\-stalk\\-mines\\-on\\-the\\-battlefield\\-updated\\-0532/ \\|title\\=Cougar Armored Trucks to Stalk Mines on the Battlefield \\|publisher\\=Defenseindustrydaily.com \\|date\\=2010\\-10\\-03 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709225915/https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/cougar\\-armored\\-trucks\\-to\\-stalk\\-mines\\-on\\-the\\-battlefield\\-updated\\-0532/ \\|archive\\-date\\=9 July 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.marcorsyscom.usmc.mil/sites/story/fullstory.asp \\|title\\=Marine Corps Announces Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicle Contracts \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504124110/http://www.marcorsyscom.usmc.mil/sites/story/fullstory.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=4 May 2007}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Dingo – All Protected Vehicle (APV) \\|url\\=http://www.defense\\-update.com/products/d/dingo\\-kmw.htm \\|publisher\\=Defense\\-update.com \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-08\\-05 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513164756/http://www.defense\\-update.com/products/d/dingo\\-kmw.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=13 May 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} which were deployed primarily for mine clearing duties. Heavier models of [infantry mobility vehicles](/wiki/Infantry_mobility_vehicle \"Infantry mobility vehicle\") (IMV) can also be used for patrol vehicles.{{cite news\\|title\\=Dutch Spend EUR 25M on Bushmaster IMVs for Afghan Mission (updated) \\|url\\=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2006/08/dutch\\-spend\\-eur\\-25m\\-on\\-bushmaster\\-imvs\\-for\\-afghan\\-mission\\-updated/index.php \\|publisher\\=Defense Industry Daily \\|date\\=2006\\-08\\-07 \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-01\\-12 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201171328/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2006/08/dutch\\-spend\\-eur\\-25m\\-on\\-bushmaster\\-imvs\\-for\\-afghan\\-mission\\-updated/index.php \\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2006}} The MaxxPro Line has been shown to have the highest rate of vehicle rollover accidents because of its very high [center of gravity](/wiki/Center_of_mass \"Center of mass\") and immense weight.", "### Replacement and future", "{{Main\\|Humvee replacement process\\|Joint Light Tactical Vehicle program}}", "The Humvee replacement process undertaken by the U.S. military focused on interim replacement with [MRAPs](/wiki/MRAP \"MRAP\") and long\\-term replacement with the [Joint Light Tactical Vehicle](/wiki/Joint_Light_Tactical_Vehicle \"Joint Light Tactical Vehicle\") (JLTV). The HMMWV has evolved several times since its introduction and was used in tactical roles for which it was never originally intended. The military pursued several initiatives to replace it, both in the short and long terms. The short\\-term replacement efforts utilized [commercial off\\-the\\-shelf](/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf \"Commercial off-the-shelf\") vehicles as part of the Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) program. These vehicles were procured to replace Humvees in combat theaters. The long\\-term replacement for the Humvee is the JLTV which is designed from the ground up. The [Future Tactical Truck System](/wiki/Future_Tactical_Truck_System \"Future Tactical Truck System\") (FTTS) program was initiated to analyze potential requirements for a Humvee replacement. Various prototype vehicles such as the [MillenWorks Light Utility Vehicle](/wiki/MillenWorks_Light_Utility_Vehicle \"MillenWorks Light Utility Vehicle\"), and the [ULTRA AP](/wiki/ULTRA_AP \"ULTRA AP\") have been constructed as part of these efforts. The JLTV contract was awarded to Oshkosh in August 2015\\.{{cite web\\|publisher\\= Breaking Defense\\|url\\= http://breakingdefense.com/2015/08/oshkosh\\-beats\\-lockheed\\-am\\-general\\-for\\-historic\\-jltv\\-win/\\|title\\= Oshkosh Beats Lockheed, AM General For Historic JLTV Win\\|date\\= 26 August 2015\\|access\\-date\\= 26 August 2015\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150826062149/http://breakingdefense.com/2015/08/oshkosh\\-beats\\-lockheed\\-am\\-general\\-for\\-historic\\-jltv\\-win/\\|archive\\-date\\= 26 August 2015\\|url\\-status\\= live}}", "The U.S. Marine Corps issued a [request for proposals](/wiki/Request_for_proposal \"Request for proposal\") in 2013 for its Humvee sustainment modification initiative to upgrade 6,700 expanded capacity vehicles (ECVs). The Marines plan to field the JLTV but do not have enough funding to completely replace all Humvees, so they decided to continue sustaining their fleet. Key areas of improvement include upgrades to the suspension to reduce the amount of force transferred to the chassis, upgrading the engine and transmission for better fuel efficiency, enhancements to the cooling system to prevent overheating, a central tire inflation system to improve off\\-road mobility and ride quality, and increased underbody survivability. Testing of upgraded Humvees was to occur in 2014, with production and installation occurring from 2015 through 2018\\. Older A2 series Humvees make up half the current fleet, and 4,000 are to be disposed of through [foreign military sales](/wiki/Foreign_Military_Sales \"Foreign Military Sales\") and transfers. By 2017, the Marines' light tactical vehicle fleet is to consist of 3,500 A2 series Humvees, 9,500 ECV Humvees, and 5,000 JLTVs, with 18,000 vehicles in total. Humvees in service with the Marine Corps will be upgraded through 2030\\.[Marine Humvee Upgrade Seen as Inevitable](http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2013/February/Pages/MarineHumveeUpgradeSeenasInevitable.aspx) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903231929/http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2013/February/Pages/MarineHumveeUpgradeSeenasInevitable.aspx \\|date\\=3 September 2015}} – Nationaldefensemagazine.org, February 2013 The Marines shelved the Humvee modernization effort in March 2015 because of budget cuts.[Marines Shelve Humvee Upgrades Due to Budget Cuts](http://www.dodbuzz.com/2015/03/20/marines-shelve-humvee-upgrades-due-to-budget-cuts/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324225435/http://www.dodbuzz.com/2015/03/20/marines\\-shelve\\-humvee\\-upgrades\\-due\\-to\\-budget\\-cuts/ \\|date\\=24 March 2015}} – DoDBuzz.com, 20 March 2015", "Several companies are offering modifications to maintain the remaining U.S. military Humvee fleets. Oshkosh Corporation is offering Humvee upgrades to the Marine Corps in addition to its JLTV offering, which are modular and scalable to provide varying levels of capabilities at a range of prices that can be provided individually or as complete packages. Their approach is centered around the [TAK\\-4](/wiki/Oshkosh_TAK-4_Independent_Suspension_System \"Oshkosh TAK-4 Independent Suspension System\") independent suspension system, which delivers greater offroad profile capability, improved ride quality, an increase in maximum speed, greater whole\\-vehicle durability, and restored payload capacity and ground clearance.[Oshkosh Defense Answers USMCs' Light Vehicle Needs](http://www.asdnews.com/news-51262/Oshkosh_Defense_Answers_USMCs__Light_Vehicle_Needs.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927072109/http://www.asdnews.com/news\\-51262/Oshkosh\\_Defense\\_Answers\\_USMCs\\_\\_Light\\_Vehicle\\_Needs.htm \\|date\\=27 September 2013}} – ASDnews.com, 2013\\-09\\-24 [Northrop Grumman](/wiki/Northrop_Grumman \"Northrop Grumman\") developed a new chassis and powertrain for the Humvee that would combine the mobility and payload capabilities of original vehicle variants while maintaining the protection levels of up\\-armored versions. The cost to upgrade one Humvee with Northrop Grumman's features is $145,000\\.[Northrop Grumman Pitching New Humvee Chassis to Army](https://web.archive.org/web/20160205135716/http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/blog/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx?ID=1633) – Nationaldefensemagazine.org, 2014\\-10\\-07Richard Sisk [Northrop Offers Back\\-to\\-the\\-Future Upgrade to Humvee Fleet](http://www.military.com/daily-news/2014/10/14/northrop-offers-back-to-the-future-upgrade-to-humvee-fleet.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029152822/http://www.military.com/daily\\-news/2014/10/14/northrop\\-offers\\-back\\-to\\-the\\-future\\-upgrade\\-to\\-humvee\\-fleet.html \\|date\\=29 October 2014}} – Military.com, 2014\\-10\\-14 [Textron](/wiki/Textron \"Textron\") has offered another Humvee upgrade option called the Survivable Combat Tactical Vehicle (SCTV) that restores mobility and survivability over armored Humvee levels. Although the SCTV costs more at $200,000 per vehicle, the company claims it can restore the Humvee for operational use, combining Humvee\\-level mobility and transportability with MRAP\\-level underbody protection as a transitional solution until the JLTV is introduced in significant numbers.[Textron offers armoured HMMWV solution](http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/landwarfareintl/ausa2014-textron-offers-armoured-hmmwv-solution/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016010056/http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/landwarfareintl/ausa2014\\-textron\\-offers\\-armoured\\-hmmwv\\-solution/ \\|date\\=16 October 2014}} – Shephardmedia.com, 2014\\-10\\-15[Textron Land Systems presented Survivable Combat Tactical Vehicle System at AUSA 2014](http://www.armyrecognition.com/ausa_2014_show_daily_news_coverage_report/textron_land_systems_presented_survivable_combat_tactical_vehicle_system_at_ausa_2014.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101033612/http://www.armyrecognition.com/ausa\\_2014\\_show\\_daily\\_news\\_coverage\\_report/textron\\_land\\_systems\\_presented\\_survivable\\_combat\\_tactical\\_vehicle\\_system\\_at\\_ausa\\_2014\\.html \\|date\\=1 January 2016}} – Armyrecognition.com, 21 October 2014", "One suggested future role for the Humvee is as an autonomous [unmanned ground vehicle](/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle \"Unmanned ground vehicle\") (UGV). If converted to a UGV, the vehicle could serve as a mobile scout vehicle with armor features removed to enhance mobility and terrain accessibility, since there would be no occupants needing protection. Because there will still be tens of thousands of Humvees in the U.S. inventory after the JLTV enters service, it could be a low\\-cost way to build an unmanned combat vehicle fleet. Autonomy features would allow the Humvees to drive themselves and one soldier to control a \"swarm\" of several vehicles.", "Although the Army plans to buy 49,100 JLTVs and the Marine Corps 5,500, they are not a one\\-for\\-one replacement for the Humvee, and both services will still be left operating large fleets. For the Marines, 69 JLTVs will replace the 74 Humvees in all active infantry battalions to cover its expeditionary forces. The Marine JLTV order is planned to be completed by 2022, leaving the remainder of the Corps' 13,000\\-strong Humvee force scattered around support organizations while soft\\-skinned Humvees will provide support behind the forward\\-deployed [Marine Expeditionary Unit](/wiki/Marine_Expeditionary_Unit \"Marine Expeditionary Unit\"). The Army does not plan to replace Humvees in the [Army National Guard](/wiki/Army_National_Guard \"Army National Guard\") and is considering options on how many of its 120,000 vehicles will be replaced, sustained, or modernized. Even if half of the force is replaced by JLTVs, the entire planned order will not be complete until 2040\\. If upgrades are chosen for the remaining Humvees, the cost would likely have to not exceed $100,000 per vehicle.[Oshkosh Awaits Protests After JLTV Win](http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/land/vehicles/2015/08/29/oshkosh-awaits-protests-jltv-win/71325838/) – Defensenews.com, 29 August 2015 The Humvee is expected to remain in U.S. military service until at least 2050\\.[AM General Secures Six\\-Year, $428\\.3 Million Contract To Provide The Army With M997A3 HMMWV Configured Ambulances](http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/am-general-secures-six-year-4283-million-contract-to-provide-the-army-with-m997a3-hmmwv-configured-ambulances-300139298.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205135716/http://www.prnewswire.com/news\\-releases/am\\-general\\-secures\\-six\\-year\\-4283\\-million\\-contract\\-to\\-provide\\-the\\-army\\-with\\-m997a3\\-hmmwv\\-configured\\-ambulances\\-300139298\\.html \\|date\\=5 February 2016}} – PRNewswiew.com, 8 September 2015 Ambulance variants of the Humvee will especially remain in active use, as the JLTV could not be modified to serve as one due to weight issues.[Pentagon Selects 1st Army, Marine Units to Receive JLTV](http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/06/14/pentagon-selects-1st-army-marine-units-receive-jltv.html?ESRC=todayinmil.sm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618210639/http://www.military.com/daily\\-news/2017/06/14/pentagon\\-selects\\-1st\\-army\\-marine\\-units\\-receive\\-jltv.html?ESRC\\=todayinmil.sm \\|date\\=18 June 2017}} – Military.com, 14 June 2017", "" ]
Operational history ------------------- The first Laté 298s entered service in October 1938 with the *Escadrilles* (squadrons) of the *Aéronautique Navale*, the French Navy air force. Some were based in naval bases, and others on the [seaplane tender](/wiki/Seaplane_tender "Seaplane tender") *[Commandant Teste](/wiki/Commandant_Teste "Commandant Teste")*. At the outbreak of the war four squadrons flew with this aircraft, and by May 1940, when the German offensive in the west began, 81 aircraft equipped six squadrons. The Laté 298s first saw action during the [Battle of France](/wiki/Battle_of_France "Battle of France") in 1940\. They were used at first for maritime patrol and anti\-submarine duties, but did not meet any German ships. Later, as the [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht") drove through France, they were used to harass and interdict armoured columns. Despite not having been designed for this role, they suffered fewer losses than units equipped with other types. After the [armistice of June 1940](/wiki/Armistice_with_France_%28Second_Compi%C3%A8gne%29 "Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)"), the French Navy under the [Vichy regime](/wiki/Vichy_France "Vichy France") was allowed to retain some Laté 298 units, and captured aircraft were used by the [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe "Luftwaffe"). After [Operation Torch](/wiki/Operation_Torch "Operation Torch"), French units in [Africa](/wiki/Africa "Africa") sided with the Allies. In this guise, the Laté 298 was used for [Coastal Command](/wiki/RAF_Coastal_Command "RAF Coastal Command") missions in North Africa, in cooperation with [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force") [Wellingtons](/wiki/Vickers_Wellington "Vickers Wellington"). The Laté 298's final combat missions were flown during the liberation of France, where they were used to attack German shipping operating from [strongholds](/wiki/Atlantic_Wall "Atlantic Wall") on the Atlantic coast. The last Laté 298s were retired from active service in 1946, but continued to serve as trainers until 1950\. No Laté 298 aircraft survived after 1950\.
[ "Operational history\n-------------------", "The first Laté 298s entered service in October 1938 with the *Escadrilles* (squadrons) of the *Aéronautique Navale*, the French Navy air force. Some were based in naval bases, and others on the [seaplane tender](/wiki/Seaplane_tender \"Seaplane tender\") *[Commandant Teste](/wiki/Commandant_Teste \"Commandant Teste\")*. At the outbreak of the war four squadrons flew with this aircraft, and by May 1940, when the German offensive in the west began, 81 aircraft equipped six squadrons.", "The Laté 298s first saw action during the [Battle of France](/wiki/Battle_of_France \"Battle of France\") in 1940\\. They were used at first for maritime patrol and anti\\-submarine duties, but did not meet any German ships. Later, as the [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\") drove through France, they were used to harass and interdict armoured columns. Despite not having been designed for this role, they suffered fewer losses than units equipped with other types.", "After the [armistice of June 1940](/wiki/Armistice_with_France_%28Second_Compi%C3%A8gne%29 \"Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)\"), the French Navy under the [Vichy regime](/wiki/Vichy_France \"Vichy France\") was allowed to retain some Laté 298 units, and captured aircraft were used by the [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe \"Luftwaffe\").", "After [Operation Torch](/wiki/Operation_Torch \"Operation Torch\"), French units in [Africa](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\") sided with the Allies. In this guise, the Laté 298 was used for [Coastal Command](/wiki/RAF_Coastal_Command \"RAF Coastal Command\") missions in North Africa, in cooperation with [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\") [Wellingtons](/wiki/Vickers_Wellington \"Vickers Wellington\").", "The Laté 298's final combat missions were flown during the liberation of France, where they were used to attack German shipping operating from [strongholds](/wiki/Atlantic_Wall \"Atlantic Wall\") on the Atlantic coast.", "The last Laté 298s were retired from active service in 1946, but continued to serve as trainers until 1950\\.", "No Laté 298 aircraft survived after 1950\\.", "" ]
Biography --------- John Charles Thomas was born on September 6, 1891, in [Meyersdale, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Meyersdale%2C_Pennsylvania "Meyersdale, Pennsylvania").Some sources use September 6, 1889\. He was the son of a [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist "Methodist") minister of [Welsh](/wiki/Wales "Wales") descent while his mother, of [German](/wiki/Germany "Germany") immigrant stock, had been an amateur singer. After studying initially for a medical career, Thomas won a scholarship to the [Peabody Institute](/wiki/Peabody_Institute "Peabody Institute") in [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore "Baltimore") in 1910\. He remained there for two years, receiving vocal tuition from Adelin Fermin. In 1912, Thomas left the Peabody and toured briefly with a musical troupe. He then went to live in [Manhattan, New York City](/wiki/Manhattan%2C_New_York_City "Manhattan, New York City"), where he performed with a [Gilbert and Sullivan](/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan "Gilbert and Sullivan") operetta company before being contracted by the [Shubert brothers](/wiki/Shubert_brothers "Shubert brothers") to perform in the show *The Peasant Girl*, which opened in March 1913\. For the next nine years, he starred in a series of hit [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre "Broadway theatre") musicals including *Her Soldier Boy*, *[Maytime](/wiki/Maytime_%28musical%29 "Maytime (musical)")*, *[Naughty Marietta](/wiki/Naughty_Marietta_%28operetta%29 "Naughty Marietta (operetta)")*, and *Apple Blossoms* (with [Fred](/wiki/Fred_Astaire "Fred Astaire") and [Adele Astaire](/wiki/Adele_Astaire "Adele Astaire")). ### Operatic, recital and radio career [thumb\|Thomas in costume, 1922\|alt\=\|left](/wiki/File:John_Charles_Thomas_cph.3b08092.jpg "John Charles Thomas cph.3b08092.jpg") Thomas sang in a concert performance of [Rimsky\-Korsakov](/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov "Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov")'s opera *[Sadko](/wiki/Sadko_%28opera%29 "Sadko (opera)")* at Manhattan's [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall "Carnegie Hall") in December 1924\. His debut in a fully staged opera occurred in March 1925, as Amonasro in a production of [Verdi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi "Giuseppe Verdi")'s *[Aida](/wiki/Aida "Aida")*, presented by the semi\-professional [Washington National Opera](/wiki/Washington_National_Opera_%281919%E2%80%931936%29 "Washington National Opera (1919–1936)").McPherson, Jim, "Mr. Meek Goes to Washington: The Story of the Small\-Potatoes Canadian Baritone Who Founded America's 'National' Opera", *The Opera Quarterly*, volume 20, no. 2, Spring 2004 Thomas was earning a great deal of money singing on Broadway but he wanted to gain more experience in opera. During the 1922\-28 period, he spent part of each year in [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe"), polishing his singing technique and appearing under contract at [La Monnaie](/wiki/La_Monnaie "La Monnaie") opera house in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels "Brussels") for the seasons of 1925\-27\. He would return to La Monnaie for 25 more performances in 1928, eight in 1930 and four in 1931\. Even more importantly, he appeared with the famous [Russian](/wiki/Russia "Russia") [bass](/wiki/Bass_%28voice_type%29 "Bass (voice type)") [Feodor Chaliapin](/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin "Feodor Chaliapin") in productions of *[Faust](/wiki/Faust_%28opera%29 "Faust (opera)")* at the [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House "Royal Opera House"), [Covent Garden](/wiki/Covent_Garden "Covent Garden"), [London](/wiki/London "London"), in July 1928\. He continued to give recitals in the United States during this period and, in 1923, acted in a silent film, *[Under the Red Robe](/wiki/Under_the_Red_Robe_%281923_film%29 "Under the Red Robe (1923 film)")*, directed by [Alan Crosland](/wiki/Alan_Crosland "Alan Crosland"). He made recordings, too, for the [Vocalion](/wiki/Vocalion "Vocalion") label (1920–24\) and [Brunswick Records](/wiki/Brunswick_Records "Brunswick Records") (1924–29\), before signing with [RCA Victor](/wiki/RCA_Victor "RCA Victor") in 1931\. Thomas also became a pioneer of radio broadcasts, in both New York and [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida"). From 1929\-32 he was a member of the [Philadelphia Grand Opera Company](/wiki/Philadelphia_Grand_Opera_Company "Philadelphia Grand Opera Company"), and in 1930 made one appearance with the [Philadelphia Civic Opera Company](/wiki/Philadelphia_Civic_Opera_Company "Philadelphia Civic Opera Company"). He accepted engagements with the Washington National, [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"), [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") and [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia") opera companies, and in 1934, to satisfy a public demand, he was signed by the [Metropolitan Opera](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera "Metropolitan Opera") in New York City. He would remain at the Met until 1943, performing opposite such stars as the [soprano](/wiki/Soprano "Soprano") [Rosa Ponselle](/wiki/Rosa_Ponselle "Rosa Ponselle"). In the tough [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") years of the 1930s, he established himself as one of the most sought\-after singers in America, with both a classical\-music following and a considerable popular audience. His concerts normally offered selections from both repertoires: classical and operatic to begin, and American art songs and humorous "character" songs to close. He also appeared regularly on commercial radio programs. These included *[Five\-Star Theater](/wiki/Five-Star_Theater "Five-Star Theater")* (in 1932\-33 with the Joseph Bonime Orchestra), the Vince Radio Program (1934–36\), the Ford, General Motors and [The Magic Key of RCA](/wiki/The_Magic_Key_of_RCA "The Magic Key of RCA") shows (1937–40\) and the Coca\-Cola show (1940–41\). In 1938, he helped [Edwin Lester](/wiki/Edwin_Lester "Edwin Lester") launch the [Los Angeles Civic Light Opera](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Civic_Light_Opera "Los Angeles Civic Light Opera"), appearing in the company's very first production in *Blossom Time*. This work was derived from a [Viennese](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") operetta *[Das Dreimäderlhaus](/wiki/Das_Dreim%C3%A4derlhaus "Das Dreimäderlhaus")*, with music arranged from that of Schubert and adapted for American audiences by [Dorothy Donnelly](/wiki/Dorothy_Donnelly "Dorothy Donnelly") and [Sigmund Romberg](/wiki/Sigmund_Romberg "Sigmund Romberg"). Thomas sang regularly in operettas with the LACLO until 1942, starring in productions of *[The Gypsy Baron](/wiki/The_Gypsy_Baron "The Gypsy Baron")*, *[H.M.S. Pinafore](/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore "H.M.S. Pinafore")*, *[The Chocolate Soldier](/wiki/The_Chocolate_Soldier "The Chocolate Soldier")* and *[Music in the Air](/wiki/Music_in_the_Air "Music in the Air")*. The [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War") made concert touring inconvenient, and very high taxes made it non\-remunerative. Thomas was duly engaged to star on the Westinghouse Radio Program in 1943\-46, accompanied by the [Victor Young](/wiki/Victor_Young "Victor Young") Orchestra. He probably reached his widest audience during this period, although his practice of performing songs exclusively in [English](/wiki/English_language "English language") has perhaps left him less well\-remembered by today's musical "purists" than he should be. Nevertheless, many songs tailored for him to sing have gone on to become standards, such as the version of "[The Lord's Prayer](/wiki/The_Lord%27s_Prayer_%28Albert_Hay_Malotte_song%29 "The Lord's Prayer (Albert Hay Malotte song)")" by [Albert Hay Malotte](/wiki/Albert_Hay_Malotte "Albert Hay Malotte") and the arrangement of "[Home on the Range](/wiki/Home_on_the_Range "Home on the Range")" by [David W. Guion](/wiki/David_W._Guion "David W. Guion"). Thomas was among the founders of the [Music Academy of the West](/wiki/Music_Academy_of_the_West "Music Academy of the West") summer conservatory in 1947\.{{cite web\|last1\=Greenberg\|first1\=Robert\|title\=Music History Monday: Lotte Lehmann\|url\=https://robertgreenbergmusic.com/music\-history\-monday\-lotte\-lehmann/\|website\=robertgreenbergmusic.com\|accessdate\=7 February 2020\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207093617/https://robertgreenbergmusic.com/music\-history\-monday\-lotte\-lehmann/\|archivedate\=7 February 2020\|language\=en\-US\|date\=26 August 2019}} From 1947 to 1948, Thomas undertook a long and demanding tour of [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia") and [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"), where he played to crowded theatres. He retired bit by bit from the concert stage after 1950, and settled in [Apple Valley, California](/wiki/Apple_Valley%2C_California "Apple Valley, California"), in 1955 with his wife Dorothy. ### Death He died there in December 1960 from cancer. Owing to his high\-spending lifestyle, the fortune that he had earned through singing was largely dissipated at the time of his death. His home in Apple Valley has been designated as one of the town's historic sites.
[ "Biography\n---------", "John Charles Thomas was born on September 6, 1891, in [Meyersdale, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Meyersdale%2C_Pennsylvania \"Meyersdale, Pennsylvania\").Some sources use September 6, 1889\\. He was the son of a [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist \"Methodist\") minister of [Welsh](/wiki/Wales \"Wales\") descent while his mother, of [German](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") immigrant stock, had been an amateur singer. After studying initially for a medical career, Thomas won a scholarship to the [Peabody Institute](/wiki/Peabody_Institute \"Peabody Institute\") in [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore \"Baltimore\") in 1910\\. He remained there for two years, receiving vocal tuition from Adelin Fermin.", "In 1912, Thomas left the Peabody and toured briefly with a musical troupe. He then went to live in [Manhattan, New York City](/wiki/Manhattan%2C_New_York_City \"Manhattan, New York City\"), where he performed with a [Gilbert and Sullivan](/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan \"Gilbert and Sullivan\") operetta company before being contracted by the [Shubert brothers](/wiki/Shubert_brothers \"Shubert brothers\") to perform in the show *The Peasant Girl*, which opened in March 1913\\. For the next nine years, he starred in a series of hit [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\") musicals including *Her Soldier Boy*, *[Maytime](/wiki/Maytime_%28musical%29 \"Maytime (musical)\")*, *[Naughty Marietta](/wiki/Naughty_Marietta_%28operetta%29 \"Naughty Marietta (operetta)\")*, and *Apple Blossoms* (with [Fred](/wiki/Fred_Astaire \"Fred Astaire\") and [Adele Astaire](/wiki/Adele_Astaire \"Adele Astaire\")).", "### Operatic, recital and radio career", "[thumb\\|Thomas in costume, 1922\\|alt\\=\\|left](/wiki/File:John_Charles_Thomas_cph.3b08092.jpg \"John Charles Thomas cph.3b08092.jpg\")\nThomas sang in a concert performance of [Rimsky\\-Korsakov](/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov \"Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov\")'s opera *[Sadko](/wiki/Sadko_%28opera%29 \"Sadko (opera)\")* at Manhattan's [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall \"Carnegie Hall\") in December 1924\\. His debut in a fully staged opera occurred in March 1925, as Amonasro in a production of [Verdi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi \"Giuseppe Verdi\")'s *[Aida](/wiki/Aida \"Aida\")*, presented by the semi\\-professional [Washington National Opera](/wiki/Washington_National_Opera_%281919%E2%80%931936%29 \"Washington National Opera (1919–1936)\").McPherson, Jim, \"Mr. Meek Goes to Washington: The Story of the Small\\-Potatoes Canadian Baritone Who Founded America's 'National' Opera\", *The Opera Quarterly*, volume 20, no. 2, Spring 2004", "Thomas was earning a great deal of money singing on Broadway but he wanted to gain more experience in opera. During the 1922\\-28 period, he spent part of each year in [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\"), polishing his singing technique and appearing under contract at [La Monnaie](/wiki/La_Monnaie \"La Monnaie\") opera house in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\") for the seasons of 1925\\-27\\. He would return to La Monnaie for 25 more performances in 1928, eight in 1930 and four in 1931\\. Even more importantly, he appeared with the famous [Russian](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") [bass](/wiki/Bass_%28voice_type%29 \"Bass (voice type)\") [Feodor Chaliapin](/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin \"Feodor Chaliapin\") in productions of *[Faust](/wiki/Faust_%28opera%29 \"Faust (opera)\")* at the [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House \"Royal Opera House\"), [Covent Garden](/wiki/Covent_Garden \"Covent Garden\"), [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), in July 1928\\.", "He continued to give recitals in the United States during this period and, in 1923, acted in a silent film, *[Under the Red Robe](/wiki/Under_the_Red_Robe_%281923_film%29 \"Under the Red Robe (1923 film)\")*, directed by [Alan Crosland](/wiki/Alan_Crosland \"Alan Crosland\"). He made recordings, too, for the [Vocalion](/wiki/Vocalion \"Vocalion\") label (1920–24\\) and [Brunswick Records](/wiki/Brunswick_Records \"Brunswick Records\") (1924–29\\), before signing with [RCA Victor](/wiki/RCA_Victor \"RCA Victor\") in 1931\\. Thomas also became a pioneer of radio broadcasts, in both New York and [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\"). From 1929\\-32 he was a member of the [Philadelphia Grand Opera Company](/wiki/Philadelphia_Grand_Opera_Company \"Philadelphia Grand Opera Company\"), and in 1930 made one appearance with the [Philadelphia Civic Opera Company](/wiki/Philadelphia_Civic_Opera_Company \"Philadelphia Civic Opera Company\").", "He accepted engagements with the Washington National, [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"), [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") and [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") opera companies, and in 1934, to satisfy a public demand, he was signed by the [Metropolitan Opera](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera \"Metropolitan Opera\") in New York City. He would remain at the Met until 1943, performing opposite such stars as the [soprano](/wiki/Soprano \"Soprano\") [Rosa Ponselle](/wiki/Rosa_Ponselle \"Rosa Ponselle\").", "In the tough [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\") years of the 1930s, he established himself as one of the most sought\\-after singers in America, with both a classical\\-music following and a considerable popular audience. His concerts normally offered selections from both repertoires: classical and operatic to begin, and American art songs and humorous \"character\" songs to close. He also appeared regularly on commercial radio programs. These included *[Five\\-Star Theater](/wiki/Five-Star_Theater \"Five-Star Theater\")* (in 1932\\-33 with the Joseph Bonime Orchestra), the Vince Radio Program (1934–36\\), the Ford, General Motors and [The Magic Key of RCA](/wiki/The_Magic_Key_of_RCA \"The Magic Key of RCA\") shows (1937–40\\) and the Coca\\-Cola show (1940–41\\).", "In 1938, he helped [Edwin Lester](/wiki/Edwin_Lester \"Edwin Lester\") launch the [Los Angeles Civic Light Opera](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Civic_Light_Opera \"Los Angeles Civic Light Opera\"), appearing in the company's very first production in *Blossom Time*. This work was derived from a [Viennese](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") operetta *[Das Dreimäderlhaus](/wiki/Das_Dreim%C3%A4derlhaus \"Das Dreimäderlhaus\")*, with music arranged from that of Schubert and adapted for American audiences by [Dorothy Donnelly](/wiki/Dorothy_Donnelly \"Dorothy Donnelly\") and [Sigmund Romberg](/wiki/Sigmund_Romberg \"Sigmund Romberg\"). Thomas sang regularly in operettas with the LACLO until 1942, starring in productions of *[The Gypsy Baron](/wiki/The_Gypsy_Baron \"The Gypsy Baron\")*, *[H.M.S. Pinafore](/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore \"H.M.S. Pinafore\")*, *[The Chocolate Soldier](/wiki/The_Chocolate_Soldier \"The Chocolate Soldier\")* and *[Music in the Air](/wiki/Music_in_the_Air \"Music in the Air\")*.", "The [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\") made concert touring inconvenient, and very high taxes made it non\\-remunerative. Thomas was duly engaged to star on the Westinghouse Radio Program in 1943\\-46, accompanied by the [Victor Young](/wiki/Victor_Young \"Victor Young\") Orchestra. He probably reached his widest audience during this period, although his practice of performing songs exclusively in [English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") has perhaps left him less well\\-remembered by today's musical \"purists\" than he should be. Nevertheless, many songs tailored for him to sing have gone on to become standards, such as the version of \"[The Lord's Prayer](/wiki/The_Lord%27s_Prayer_%28Albert_Hay_Malotte_song%29 \"The Lord's Prayer (Albert Hay Malotte song)\")\" by [Albert Hay Malotte](/wiki/Albert_Hay_Malotte \"Albert Hay Malotte\") and the arrangement of \"[Home on the Range](/wiki/Home_on_the_Range \"Home on the Range\")\" by [David W. Guion](/wiki/David_W._Guion \"David W. Guion\").", "Thomas was among the founders of the [Music Academy of the West](/wiki/Music_Academy_of_the_West \"Music Academy of the West\") summer conservatory in 1947\\.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Greenberg\\|first1\\=Robert\\|title\\=Music History Monday: Lotte Lehmann\\|url\\=https://robertgreenbergmusic.com/music\\-history\\-monday\\-lotte\\-lehmann/\\|website\\=robertgreenbergmusic.com\\|accessdate\\=7 February 2020\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207093617/https://robertgreenbergmusic.com/music\\-history\\-monday\\-lotte\\-lehmann/\\|archivedate\\=7 February 2020\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|date\\=26 August 2019}}", "From 1947 to 1948, Thomas undertook a long and demanding tour of [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") and [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"), where he played to crowded theatres. He retired bit by bit from the concert stage after 1950, and settled in [Apple Valley, California](/wiki/Apple_Valley%2C_California \"Apple Valley, California\"), in 1955 with his wife Dorothy.", "### Death", "He died there in December 1960 from cancer. Owing to his high\\-spending lifestyle, the fortune that he had earned through singing was largely dissipated at the time of his death.", "His home in Apple Valley has been designated as one of the town's historic sites.", "" ]
### Operatic, recital and radio career [thumb\|Thomas in costume, 1922\|alt\=\|left](/wiki/File:John_Charles_Thomas_cph.3b08092.jpg "John Charles Thomas cph.3b08092.jpg") Thomas sang in a concert performance of [Rimsky\-Korsakov](/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov "Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov")'s opera *[Sadko](/wiki/Sadko_%28opera%29 "Sadko (opera)")* at Manhattan's [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall "Carnegie Hall") in December 1924\. His debut in a fully staged opera occurred in March 1925, as Amonasro in a production of [Verdi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi "Giuseppe Verdi")'s *[Aida](/wiki/Aida "Aida")*, presented by the semi\-professional [Washington National Opera](/wiki/Washington_National_Opera_%281919%E2%80%931936%29 "Washington National Opera (1919–1936)").McPherson, Jim, "Mr. Meek Goes to Washington: The Story of the Small\-Potatoes Canadian Baritone Who Founded America's 'National' Opera", *The Opera Quarterly*, volume 20, no. 2, Spring 2004 Thomas was earning a great deal of money singing on Broadway but he wanted to gain more experience in opera. During the 1922\-28 period, he spent part of each year in [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe"), polishing his singing technique and appearing under contract at [La Monnaie](/wiki/La_Monnaie "La Monnaie") opera house in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels "Brussels") for the seasons of 1925\-27\. He would return to La Monnaie for 25 more performances in 1928, eight in 1930 and four in 1931\. Even more importantly, he appeared with the famous [Russian](/wiki/Russia "Russia") [bass](/wiki/Bass_%28voice_type%29 "Bass (voice type)") [Feodor Chaliapin](/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin "Feodor Chaliapin") in productions of *[Faust](/wiki/Faust_%28opera%29 "Faust (opera)")* at the [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House "Royal Opera House"), [Covent Garden](/wiki/Covent_Garden "Covent Garden"), [London](/wiki/London "London"), in July 1928\. He continued to give recitals in the United States during this period and, in 1923, acted in a silent film, *[Under the Red Robe](/wiki/Under_the_Red_Robe_%281923_film%29 "Under the Red Robe (1923 film)")*, directed by [Alan Crosland](/wiki/Alan_Crosland "Alan Crosland"). He made recordings, too, for the [Vocalion](/wiki/Vocalion "Vocalion") label (1920–24\) and [Brunswick Records](/wiki/Brunswick_Records "Brunswick Records") (1924–29\), before signing with [RCA Victor](/wiki/RCA_Victor "RCA Victor") in 1931\. Thomas also became a pioneer of radio broadcasts, in both New York and [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida"). From 1929\-32 he was a member of the [Philadelphia Grand Opera Company](/wiki/Philadelphia_Grand_Opera_Company "Philadelphia Grand Opera Company"), and in 1930 made one appearance with the [Philadelphia Civic Opera Company](/wiki/Philadelphia_Civic_Opera_Company "Philadelphia Civic Opera Company"). He accepted engagements with the Washington National, [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"), [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") and [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia") opera companies, and in 1934, to satisfy a public demand, he was signed by the [Metropolitan Opera](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera "Metropolitan Opera") in New York City. He would remain at the Met until 1943, performing opposite such stars as the [soprano](/wiki/Soprano "Soprano") [Rosa Ponselle](/wiki/Rosa_Ponselle "Rosa Ponselle"). In the tough [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") years of the 1930s, he established himself as one of the most sought\-after singers in America, with both a classical\-music following and a considerable popular audience. His concerts normally offered selections from both repertoires: classical and operatic to begin, and American art songs and humorous "character" songs to close. He also appeared regularly on commercial radio programs. These included *[Five\-Star Theater](/wiki/Five-Star_Theater "Five-Star Theater")* (in 1932\-33 with the Joseph Bonime Orchestra), the Vince Radio Program (1934–36\), the Ford, General Motors and [The Magic Key of RCA](/wiki/The_Magic_Key_of_RCA "The Magic Key of RCA") shows (1937–40\) and the Coca\-Cola show (1940–41\). In 1938, he helped [Edwin Lester](/wiki/Edwin_Lester "Edwin Lester") launch the [Los Angeles Civic Light Opera](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Civic_Light_Opera "Los Angeles Civic Light Opera"), appearing in the company's very first production in *Blossom Time*. This work was derived from a [Viennese](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") operetta *[Das Dreimäderlhaus](/wiki/Das_Dreim%C3%A4derlhaus "Das Dreimäderlhaus")*, with music arranged from that of Schubert and adapted for American audiences by [Dorothy Donnelly](/wiki/Dorothy_Donnelly "Dorothy Donnelly") and [Sigmund Romberg](/wiki/Sigmund_Romberg "Sigmund Romberg"). Thomas sang regularly in operettas with the LACLO until 1942, starring in productions of *[The Gypsy Baron](/wiki/The_Gypsy_Baron "The Gypsy Baron")*, *[H.M.S. Pinafore](/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore "H.M.S. Pinafore")*, *[The Chocolate Soldier](/wiki/The_Chocolate_Soldier "The Chocolate Soldier")* and *[Music in the Air](/wiki/Music_in_the_Air "Music in the Air")*. The [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War") made concert touring inconvenient, and very high taxes made it non\-remunerative. Thomas was duly engaged to star on the Westinghouse Radio Program in 1943\-46, accompanied by the [Victor Young](/wiki/Victor_Young "Victor Young") Orchestra. He probably reached his widest audience during this period, although his practice of performing songs exclusively in [English](/wiki/English_language "English language") has perhaps left him less well\-remembered by today's musical "purists" than he should be. Nevertheless, many songs tailored for him to sing have gone on to become standards, such as the version of "[The Lord's Prayer](/wiki/The_Lord%27s_Prayer_%28Albert_Hay_Malotte_song%29 "The Lord's Prayer (Albert Hay Malotte song)")" by [Albert Hay Malotte](/wiki/Albert_Hay_Malotte "Albert Hay Malotte") and the arrangement of "[Home on the Range](/wiki/Home_on_the_Range "Home on the Range")" by [David W. Guion](/wiki/David_W._Guion "David W. Guion"). Thomas was among the founders of the [Music Academy of the West](/wiki/Music_Academy_of_the_West "Music Academy of the West") summer conservatory in 1947\.{{cite web\|last1\=Greenberg\|first1\=Robert\|title\=Music History Monday: Lotte Lehmann\|url\=https://robertgreenbergmusic.com/music\-history\-monday\-lotte\-lehmann/\|website\=robertgreenbergmusic.com\|accessdate\=7 February 2020\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207093617/https://robertgreenbergmusic.com/music\-history\-monday\-lotte\-lehmann/\|archivedate\=7 February 2020\|language\=en\-US\|date\=26 August 2019}} From 1947 to 1948, Thomas undertook a long and demanding tour of [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia") and [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"), where he played to crowded theatres. He retired bit by bit from the concert stage after 1950, and settled in [Apple Valley, California](/wiki/Apple_Valley%2C_California "Apple Valley, California"), in 1955 with his wife Dorothy.
[ "### Operatic, recital and radio career", "[thumb\\|Thomas in costume, 1922\\|alt\\=\\|left](/wiki/File:John_Charles_Thomas_cph.3b08092.jpg \"John Charles Thomas cph.3b08092.jpg\")\nThomas sang in a concert performance of [Rimsky\\-Korsakov](/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov \"Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov\")'s opera *[Sadko](/wiki/Sadko_%28opera%29 \"Sadko (opera)\")* at Manhattan's [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall \"Carnegie Hall\") in December 1924\\. His debut in a fully staged opera occurred in March 1925, as Amonasro in a production of [Verdi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi \"Giuseppe Verdi\")'s *[Aida](/wiki/Aida \"Aida\")*, presented by the semi\\-professional [Washington National Opera](/wiki/Washington_National_Opera_%281919%E2%80%931936%29 \"Washington National Opera (1919–1936)\").McPherson, Jim, \"Mr. Meek Goes to Washington: The Story of the Small\\-Potatoes Canadian Baritone Who Founded America's 'National' Opera\", *The Opera Quarterly*, volume 20, no. 2, Spring 2004", "Thomas was earning a great deal of money singing on Broadway but he wanted to gain more experience in opera. During the 1922\\-28 period, he spent part of each year in [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\"), polishing his singing technique and appearing under contract at [La Monnaie](/wiki/La_Monnaie \"La Monnaie\") opera house in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\") for the seasons of 1925\\-27\\. He would return to La Monnaie for 25 more performances in 1928, eight in 1930 and four in 1931\\. Even more importantly, he appeared with the famous [Russian](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") [bass](/wiki/Bass_%28voice_type%29 \"Bass (voice type)\") [Feodor Chaliapin](/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin \"Feodor Chaliapin\") in productions of *[Faust](/wiki/Faust_%28opera%29 \"Faust (opera)\")* at the [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House \"Royal Opera House\"), [Covent Garden](/wiki/Covent_Garden \"Covent Garden\"), [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), in July 1928\\.", "He continued to give recitals in the United States during this period and, in 1923, acted in a silent film, *[Under the Red Robe](/wiki/Under_the_Red_Robe_%281923_film%29 \"Under the Red Robe (1923 film)\")*, directed by [Alan Crosland](/wiki/Alan_Crosland \"Alan Crosland\"). He made recordings, too, for the [Vocalion](/wiki/Vocalion \"Vocalion\") label (1920–24\\) and [Brunswick Records](/wiki/Brunswick_Records \"Brunswick Records\") (1924–29\\), before signing with [RCA Victor](/wiki/RCA_Victor \"RCA Victor\") in 1931\\. Thomas also became a pioneer of radio broadcasts, in both New York and [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\"). From 1929\\-32 he was a member of the [Philadelphia Grand Opera Company](/wiki/Philadelphia_Grand_Opera_Company \"Philadelphia Grand Opera Company\"), and in 1930 made one appearance with the [Philadelphia Civic Opera Company](/wiki/Philadelphia_Civic_Opera_Company \"Philadelphia Civic Opera Company\").", "He accepted engagements with the Washington National, [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"), [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") and [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") opera companies, and in 1934, to satisfy a public demand, he was signed by the [Metropolitan Opera](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera \"Metropolitan Opera\") in New York City. He would remain at the Met until 1943, performing opposite such stars as the [soprano](/wiki/Soprano \"Soprano\") [Rosa Ponselle](/wiki/Rosa_Ponselle \"Rosa Ponselle\").", "In the tough [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\") years of the 1930s, he established himself as one of the most sought\\-after singers in America, with both a classical\\-music following and a considerable popular audience. His concerts normally offered selections from both repertoires: classical and operatic to begin, and American art songs and humorous \"character\" songs to close. He also appeared regularly on commercial radio programs. These included *[Five\\-Star Theater](/wiki/Five-Star_Theater \"Five-Star Theater\")* (in 1932\\-33 with the Joseph Bonime Orchestra), the Vince Radio Program (1934–36\\), the Ford, General Motors and [The Magic Key of RCA](/wiki/The_Magic_Key_of_RCA \"The Magic Key of RCA\") shows (1937–40\\) and the Coca\\-Cola show (1940–41\\).", "In 1938, he helped [Edwin Lester](/wiki/Edwin_Lester \"Edwin Lester\") launch the [Los Angeles Civic Light Opera](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Civic_Light_Opera \"Los Angeles Civic Light Opera\"), appearing in the company's very first production in *Blossom Time*. This work was derived from a [Viennese](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") operetta *[Das Dreimäderlhaus](/wiki/Das_Dreim%C3%A4derlhaus \"Das Dreimäderlhaus\")*, with music arranged from that of Schubert and adapted for American audiences by [Dorothy Donnelly](/wiki/Dorothy_Donnelly \"Dorothy Donnelly\") and [Sigmund Romberg](/wiki/Sigmund_Romberg \"Sigmund Romberg\"). Thomas sang regularly in operettas with the LACLO until 1942, starring in productions of *[The Gypsy Baron](/wiki/The_Gypsy_Baron \"The Gypsy Baron\")*, *[H.M.S. Pinafore](/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore \"H.M.S. Pinafore\")*, *[The Chocolate Soldier](/wiki/The_Chocolate_Soldier \"The Chocolate Soldier\")* and *[Music in the Air](/wiki/Music_in_the_Air \"Music in the Air\")*.", "The [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\") made concert touring inconvenient, and very high taxes made it non\\-remunerative. Thomas was duly engaged to star on the Westinghouse Radio Program in 1943\\-46, accompanied by the [Victor Young](/wiki/Victor_Young \"Victor Young\") Orchestra. He probably reached his widest audience during this period, although his practice of performing songs exclusively in [English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") has perhaps left him less well\\-remembered by today's musical \"purists\" than he should be. Nevertheless, many songs tailored for him to sing have gone on to become standards, such as the version of \"[The Lord's Prayer](/wiki/The_Lord%27s_Prayer_%28Albert_Hay_Malotte_song%29 \"The Lord's Prayer (Albert Hay Malotte song)\")\" by [Albert Hay Malotte](/wiki/Albert_Hay_Malotte \"Albert Hay Malotte\") and the arrangement of \"[Home on the Range](/wiki/Home_on_the_Range \"Home on the Range\")\" by [David W. Guion](/wiki/David_W._Guion \"David W. Guion\").", "Thomas was among the founders of the [Music Academy of the West](/wiki/Music_Academy_of_the_West \"Music Academy of the West\") summer conservatory in 1947\\.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Greenberg\\|first1\\=Robert\\|title\\=Music History Monday: Lotte Lehmann\\|url\\=https://robertgreenbergmusic.com/music\\-history\\-monday\\-lotte\\-lehmann/\\|website\\=robertgreenbergmusic.com\\|accessdate\\=7 February 2020\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207093617/https://robertgreenbergmusic.com/music\\-history\\-monday\\-lotte\\-lehmann/\\|archivedate\\=7 February 2020\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|date\\=26 August 2019}}", "From 1947 to 1948, Thomas undertook a long and demanding tour of [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") and [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"), where he played to crowded theatres. He retired bit by bit from the concert stage after 1950, and settled in [Apple Valley, California](/wiki/Apple_Valley%2C_California \"Apple Valley, California\"), in 1955 with his wife Dorothy.", "" ]
Membership ---------- The First Presidency is composed of the President of the Church and his counselors. Historically, and as mandated by church scripture, the First Presidency has been composed of the president and two counselors, but circumstances have occasionally required additional counselors (for example, [David O. McKay](/wiki/David_O._McKay "David O. McKay") had five during the final years of his presidency, and at one point, [Brigham Young](/wiki/Brigham_Young "Brigham Young") had eight). Counselors must be [high priests](/wiki/High_priest_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 "High priest (Latter Day Saints)") and are usually chosen from among the members of the [Quorum of the Twelve Apostles](/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_%28LDS_Church%29 "Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)"), but there have been a number of exceptions of members of the church's [Presiding Bishopric](/wiki/Presiding_Bishop_%28LDS_Church%29 "Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)") or the church at large being called to be counselors. Any [high priest](/wiki/High_priest_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 "High priest (Latter Day Saints)") of the church is eligible to be called as a counselor in the First Presidency. There have also been a few cases of counselors being ordained to the priesthood office of [apostle](/wiki/Apostle_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 "Apostle (Latter Day Saints)") and becoming members of the Quorum of the Twelve after they had already been [set apart](/wiki/Setting_apart "Setting apart") as counselors in the First Presidency, such as [J. Reuben Clark](/wiki/J._Reuben_Clark "J. Reuben Clark"). There have been other cases where counselors have been ordained to the office of apostle but not set apart as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, such as [Alvin R. Dyer](/wiki/Alvin_R._Dyer "Alvin R. Dyer"). Other counselors in the First Presidency were never ordained to the office of apostle, such as [Charles W. Nibley](/wiki/Charles_W._Nibley "Charles W. Nibley") and [John R. Winder](/wiki/John_R._Winder "John R. Winder"). Whether or not a counselor is an apostle, all members of the First Presidency are [sustained](/wiki/Common_consent_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 "Common consent (Latter Day Saints)") by the church as [prophets, seers, and revelators](/wiki/Prophets%2C_seers%2C_and_revelators "Prophets, seers, and revelators"). Counselors are formally designated as "First Counselor in the First Presidency" and "Second Counselor in the First Presidency". Additional counselors have been designated in different ways, including "Third Counselor in the First Presidency" (such as [Hugh B. Brown](/wiki/Hugh_B._Brown "Hugh B. Brown")), "Assistant Counselor to the President" (such as [John Willard Young](/wiki/John_Willard_Young "John Willard Young")), and simply "Counselor in the First Presidency" (such as [Thorpe B. Isaacson](/wiki/Thorpe_B._Isaacson "Thorpe B. Isaacson")). Counselors serve in the First Presidency until their own deaths, until the death of the church president who called them, or until they are released by the church president. The death of a church president dissolves the First Presidency, and leaves the [President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles](/wiki/President_of_the_Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_%28LDS_Church%29 "President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)") as the senior leader of the church. The death or release of a counselor does not dissolve the First Presidency. Often, the surviving counselors of the late president will be called as counselors in the new First Presidency, and a notably\-infirm counselor may revert to his place among the Twelve Apostles, with a healthier man called as counselor in his place. On the death or release of a first counselor, the second counselor usually succeeds, and a new second counselor is named. Although that is fairly common, there are no hard and fast rules about such practices, and each president is free to choose the counselors he prefers. ### Title of members Like the church president and [President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles](/wiki/President_of_the_Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_%28LDS_Church%29 "President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)"), counselors in the First Presidency are given the honorific title of "[President](/wiki/President_%28LDS_Church_honorific%29 "President (LDS Church honorific)")". ### Removal A member could be removed by the current president at any time or if [disciplined](/wiki/Disciplinary_council "Disciplinary council") by the [Common Council of the Church](/wiki/Common_Council_of_the_Church "Common Council of the Church"), although both actions are rare and removal for discipline has not happened since the early days of the church.
[ "Membership\n----------", "The First Presidency is composed of the President of the Church and his counselors. Historically, and as mandated by church scripture, the First Presidency has been composed of the president and two counselors, but circumstances have occasionally required additional counselors (for example, [David O. McKay](/wiki/David_O._McKay \"David O. McKay\") had five during the final years of his presidency, and at one point, [Brigham Young](/wiki/Brigham_Young \"Brigham Young\") had eight).", "Counselors must be [high priests](/wiki/High_priest_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 \"High priest (Latter Day Saints)\") and are usually chosen from among the members of the [Quorum of the Twelve Apostles](/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_%28LDS_Church%29 \"Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)\"), but there have been a number of exceptions of members of the church's [Presiding Bishopric](/wiki/Presiding_Bishop_%28LDS_Church%29 \"Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)\") or the church at large being called to be counselors. Any [high priest](/wiki/High_priest_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 \"High priest (Latter Day Saints)\") of the church is eligible to be called as a counselor in the First Presidency. There have also been a few cases of counselors being ordained to the priesthood office of [apostle](/wiki/Apostle_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 \"Apostle (Latter Day Saints)\") and becoming members of the Quorum of the Twelve after they had already been [set apart](/wiki/Setting_apart \"Setting apart\") as counselors in the First Presidency, such as [J. Reuben Clark](/wiki/J._Reuben_Clark \"J. Reuben Clark\"). There have been other cases where counselors have been ordained to the office of apostle but not set apart as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, such as [Alvin R. Dyer](/wiki/Alvin_R._Dyer \"Alvin R. Dyer\"). Other counselors in the First Presidency were never ordained to the office of apostle, such as [Charles W. Nibley](/wiki/Charles_W._Nibley \"Charles W. Nibley\") and [John R. Winder](/wiki/John_R._Winder \"John R. Winder\"). Whether or not a counselor is an apostle, all members of the First Presidency are [sustained](/wiki/Common_consent_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 \"Common consent (Latter Day Saints)\") by the church as [prophets, seers, and revelators](/wiki/Prophets%2C_seers%2C_and_revelators \"Prophets, seers, and revelators\").", "Counselors are formally designated as \"First Counselor in the First Presidency\" and \"Second Counselor in the First Presidency\". Additional counselors have been designated in different ways, including \"Third Counselor in the First Presidency\" (such as [Hugh B. Brown](/wiki/Hugh_B._Brown \"Hugh B. Brown\")), \"Assistant Counselor to the President\" (such as [John Willard Young](/wiki/John_Willard_Young \"John Willard Young\")), and simply \"Counselor in the First Presidency\" (such as [Thorpe B. Isaacson](/wiki/Thorpe_B._Isaacson \"Thorpe B. Isaacson\")).", "Counselors serve in the First Presidency until their own deaths, until the death of the church president who called them, or until they are released by the church president. The death of a church president dissolves the First Presidency, and leaves the [President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles](/wiki/President_of_the_Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_%28LDS_Church%29 \"President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)\") as the senior leader of the church. The death or release of a counselor does not dissolve the First Presidency.", "Often, the surviving counselors of the late president will be called as counselors in the new First Presidency, and a notably\\-infirm counselor may revert to his place among the Twelve Apostles, with a healthier man called as counselor in his place. On the death or release of a first counselor, the second counselor usually succeeds, and a new second counselor is named. Although that is fairly common, there are no hard and fast rules about such practices, and each president is free to choose the counselors he prefers.", "### Title of members", "Like the church president and [President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles](/wiki/President_of_the_Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_%28LDS_Church%29 \"President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)\"), counselors in the First Presidency are given the honorific title of \"[President](/wiki/President_%28LDS_Church_honorific%29 \"President (LDS Church honorific)\")\".", "### Removal", "A member could be removed by the current president at any time or if [disciplined](/wiki/Disciplinary_council \"Disciplinary council\") by the [Common Council of the Church](/wiki/Common_Council_of_the_Church \"Common Council of the Church\"), although both actions are rare and removal for discipline has not happened since the early days of the church.", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- ### San Diego Padres The [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres "San Diego Padres") selected Bass in the fifth round of the [2008 Major League Baseball draft](/wiki/2008_Major_League_Baseball_draft "2008 Major League Baseball draft").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wsuathletics.com/news/2008/6/5/060508aab\_96\.aspx?path\=baseball\|title\=Wayne State University\|date\=June 5, 2008 \|access\-date\=November 16, 2015}} He worked as a starting pitcher for the Single\-A [Fort Wayne TinCaps](/wiki/Fort_Wayne_TinCaps "Fort Wayne TinCaps") and Advanced\-A [Lake Elsinore Storm](/wiki/Lake_Elsinore_Storm "Lake Elsinore Storm") in 2009, and again for Lake Elsinore in 2010\. He began 2011 with the Double\-A [San Antonio Missions](/wiki/San_Antonio_Missions "San Antonio Missions"), and although he made a single start for the Triple\-A [Tucson Padres](/wiki/Tucson_Padres "Tucson Padres") in May, he was promoted to the big leagues from Double\-A in June. Bass made his major league debut on June 13, 2011,{{cite web\|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/gameday/index.jsp?gid\=2011\_06\_13\_sdnmlb\_colmlb\_1\&mode\=preview\&c\_id\=mlb\&partnerId\=rss\_mlb\|title\=MLB.com Gameday\|work\=mlb.com\|access\-date\=November 16, 2015}} pitching a five\-inning start and earning his first major league win. He struck out [Seth Smith](/wiki/Seth_Smith "Seth Smith") for his first Major League strikeout. He was optioned back to San Antonio the next day, but was recalled again in late June.{{cite web\|title\=Padres call up Anthony Bass again\|url\=http://padres.scout.com/2/1082493\.html\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130411184449/http://padres.scout.com/2/1082493\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=April 11, 2013\|publisher\=MadFriars.com\|access\-date\=February 10, 2013\|date\=June 26, 2011}} Bass stayed with the big league club for the remainder of the year, pitching out of the bullpen until making two more starts in late September. He finished 2011 with a 1\.68 ERA in 48{{frac\|1\|3}} innings and 24 strike\-outs versus 21 walks. [thumb\|left\|Bass with the Padres (2011\)](/wiki/File:Anthony_Bass_on_July_15%2C_2011.jpg "Anthony Bass on July 15, 2011.jpg") Bass started 2012 in the Padres bullpen, but was added to the starting rotation on April 12 when [Dustin Moseley](/wiki/Dustin_Moseley "Dustin Moseley") injured his shoulder.{{cite web\|last\=Brock\|first\=Corey\|title\=Moseley's shoulder has extensive damage\|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20120410\&content\_id\=28344836\&notebook\_id\=28347384\&c\_id\=sd\|work\=MLB.com\|access\-date\=February 10, 2013\|date\=April 10, 2012}} Bass made 14 starts for the club until he went on the disabled list in June with shoulder inflammation.{{cite news\|last\=Center\|first\=Bill\|title\=Bass latest injured Padre\|url\=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/jun/21/tp\-bass\-latest\-injured\-padre/\|access\-date\=February 10, 2013\|newspaper\=The San Diego Union\-Tribune\|date\=June 21, 2012}} He rejoined the club in September, working out of the bullpen after making three rehab starts with Tucson. Bass finished 2012 with a 2–8 record and a 4\.73 ERA in 97 innings, with 80 strike\-outs against 39 walks. ### Houston Astros On December 11, 2013, Bass, along with a player to be named later or cash considerations, was traded to the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros") for a player to be named later or cash considerations.{{cite web\|url\=http://hardballtalk.nbcsports.com/2013/12/11/astros\-acquire\-anthony\-bass\-from\-padres/\|title\=Astros acquire Anthony Bass from Padres\|work\=HardballTalk\|date\=December 11, 2013\|access\-date\=November 16, 2015}} The Astros sent [Patrick Schuster](/wiki/Patrick_Schuster "Patrick Schuster") to the Padres the next day.{{cite web\|url\=http://sandiego.padres.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20131212\&content\_id\=64623128\&vkey\=pr\_sd\&c\_id\=sd\|title\=Padres acquire LHP Schuster from Astros\|work\=San Diego Padres\|access\-date\=November 16, 2015}}{{dead link\|date\=October 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} Bass spent the 2014 season split between the Astros and the team's Class AAA affiliate, the [Oklahoma City RedHawks](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_RedHawks "Oklahoma City RedHawks"). He appeared in 21 major league games and earned two saves. He was outrighted off the Astros roster on November 20, 2014\.{{cite web\|title\=Astros add Torreyes, Velasquez to 40\-man roster\|url\=http://m.astros.mlb.com/news/article/102022430/astros\-add\-torreyes\-velasquez\-to\-40\-man\-roster\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202013836/http://m.astros.mlb.com/news/article/102022430/astros\-add\-torreyes\-velasquez\-to\-40\-man\-roster\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=December 2, 2014\|work\=\[\[MLB.com]]\|access\-date\=November 20, 2014\|date\=November 20, 2014}} On December 6, Bass elected free agency. ### Texas Rangers Bass signed a minor league deal with the [Texas Rangers](/wiki/Texas_Rangers_%28baseball%29 "Texas Rangers (baseball)") on December 11, 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.baseballamerica.com/minors/minor\-league\-transactions\-dec\-6\-12\-2/\|title\=Minor League Transactions: Dec. 6\-12\|work\=BaseballAmerica.com\|access\-date\=November 16, 2015}} Bass split time between the Triple–A [Round Rock Express](/wiki/Round_Rock_Express "Round Rock Express") and the Majors, used mainly as a reliever. In 33 games for the Rangers, he compiled a 4\.50 ERA in 64 innings. ### Hokkaido Nippon\-Ham Fighters After the 2015 season, the Rangers traded Bass and [Leonys Martín](/wiki/Leonys_Mart%C3%ADn "Leonys Martín") to the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners "Seattle Mariners") for [Tom Wilhelmsen](/wiki/Tom_Wilhelmsen_%28baseball%29 "Tom Wilhelmsen (baseball)"), [James Jones](/wiki/James_Jones_%28baseball%29 "James Jones (baseball)"), and a [player to be named later](/wiki/Player_to_be_named_later "Player to be named later") ([Patrick Kivlehan](/wiki/Patrick_Kivlehan "Patrick Kivlehan")).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dallasnews.com/sports/texas\-rangers/headlines/20151116\-rangers\-ship\-leonys\-martin\-to\-mariners\-for\-rhp\-tom\-wilhelmsen\-in\-5\-player\-deal.ece\|title\=Rangers ship Leonys Martin to Mariners for RHP Tom Wilhelmsen in 5\-player deal\|work\=dallasnews.com\|access\-date\=November 16, 2015}} Bass was released by the Mariners on January 7, 2016, and signed with the [Hokkaido Nippon\-Ham Fighters](/wiki/Hokkaido_Nippon-Ham_Fighters "Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters") on January 8\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2016/01/08/baseball/japanese\-baseball/fighters\-sign\-right\-hander\-bass/\#.VpFiX\_mLTIU\|title\=Fighters sign right\-hander Bass\|work\=TheJapanTimes\|access\-date\=January 10, 2016\|date\=January 8, 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fighters.co.jp/news/detail/5920\.html\|title\=アンソニー・バース投手と契約合意(Japanese)\|work\=HokkaidoNipponHamFighters\|access\-date\=January 10, 2016\|date\=January 8, 2016}} On March 30, 2016, Bass made his NPB debut. Bass earned three wins during the [2016 Japan Series](/wiki/2016_Japan_Series "2016 Japan Series") to lead the Fighters to victory in the championship series, including the fourth win for the team to clinch the team's fifth championship.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2016/10/26/baseball/japanese\-baseball/otani\-delivers\-game\-winning\-single\-10th\-fighters\-prevail\-game\-3/\|title\=Otani delivers game\-winning single in 10th as Fighters prevail in Game 3\|first\=Jason\|last\=Coskrey\|work\=The Japan Times\|date\=October 26, 2016\|access\-date\=October 26, 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2016/10/27/baseball/japanese\-baseball/late\-game\-heroics\-propel\-fighters\-brink\-japan\-series\-title/\|title\=Late\-game heroics propel Fighters to brink of Japan Series title: Haruki Nishikawa slugs game\-winning grand slam in ninth inning\|first\=Jason\|last\=Coskrey\|work\=The Japan Times\|date\=October 27, 2016\|access\-date\=October 27, 2016}} ### Second stint with Rangers Bass signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers in February 2017\.{{cite web\|author\=AP Published 1:44 p.m. ET February 11, 2017 \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2017/02/11/rangers\-sign\-rhp\-anthony\-bass\-to\-minor\-league\-deal/97790460/ \|title\=Rangers sign RHP Anthony Bass to minor league deal \|publisher\=Usatoday.com \|date\=February 11, 2017 \|access\-date\=August 5, 2018}} ### Chicago Cubs On December 20, 2017, Bass signed a minor league contract with the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs "Chicago Cubs").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2017/12/minor\-mlb\-transactions\-122217\-2\.html\|title\=Minor MLB Transactions: 12/22/17\|last\=Adams\|first\=Steve\|work\=mlbtraderumors.com\|date\=December 22, 2017\|access\-date\=December 22, 2017}} Bass was called up to the majors by the Cubs on June 11, 2018, after compiling a 2\.28 ERA across 23\.2 innings with the Triple\-A [Iowa Cubs](/wiki/Iowa_Cubs "Iowa Cubs").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2018/06/cubs\-select\-anthony\-bass.html\|title\=Cubs Select Anthony Bass\|last\=Adams\|first\=Steve\|work\=mlbtraderumors.com\|date\=June 11, 2018\|access\-date\=June 11, 2018}} Bass immediately saw action as he pitched the final inning of a 7\-2 11 inning victory over the Milwaukee Brewers.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/cubs\-back\-in\-1st\-place\-beat\-brewers\-7\-2\-in\-11\-innings\-485229031\.html\|title\=Cubs Back in 1st Place, Beat Brewers 7\-2 in 11 Innings\|work\=NBC Chicago\|access\-date\=June 12, 2018\|language\=en}} He was outrighted to AAA on August 12, 2018, and elected free agency on October 11\. ### Cincinnati Reds On December 30, 2018, Bass signed a minor league contract with the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds "Cincinnati Reds").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2018/12/reds\-sign\-anthony\-bass.html\|title\=Reds Sign Anthony Bass\|last\=Todd\|first\=Jeff\|work\=mlbtraderumors.com\|date\=December 31, 2018\|access\-date\=January 1, 2019}} He was released on March 25, 2019\. Bass re\-signed to another minor league contract on March 28, 2019\. He opened the 2019 season with the [Louisville Bats](/wiki/Louisville_Bats "Louisville Bats"). On May 21, he was released by the Reds after exercising an opt\-out clause in his contract.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/anthony\-bass\-let\-go\-by\-cincinnati/\|title\= Anthony Bass: Let go by Cincinnati \|work\=CBS Sports\|author\=RotoWire Staff\|date\=May 21, 2019\|access\-date\=May 21, 2019}} ### Seattle Mariners On May 21, 2019, Bass signed a major league contract with the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners "Seattle Mariners").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/mariners/mariners\-make\-slew\-of\-roster\-moves\-including\-placing\-dee\-gordon\-and\-ryon\-healy\-on\-injured\-list/\|title\=Mariners make slew of roster moves including placing Dee Gordon and Ryon Healy on injured list\|work\=Seattle Times\|author\=Ryan Divish\|date\=May 21, 2019\|access\-date\=May 21, 2019}} ### Toronto Blue Jays On October 29, 2019, the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays "Toronto Blue Jays") claimed Bass off waivers from the [Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners "Seattle Mariners").{{Cite web\|title\=Blue Jays claim reliever Anthony Bass off waivers\|url\=https://jaysjournal.com/2019/10/30/blue\-jays\-claim\-reliever\-anthony\-bass\-off\-waivers/\|date\=2019\-10\-30\|website\=Jays Journal\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-09}} He signed a one\-year contract worth $1\.5 million with the team on December 3, 2019, in order to avoid arbitration.{{Cite web\|title\=Blue Jays sign pitcher Anthony Bass to one\-year deal, avoid arbitration \- Sportsnet.ca\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/baseball/mlb/blue\-jays\-sign\-pitcher\-anthony\-bass\-one\-year\-deal\-avoid\-arbitration/\|website\=www.sportsnet.ca\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-09}} On July 24, 2020, Bass made his Blue Jays debut. With the [2020 Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/2020_Toronto_Blue_Jays_season "2020 Toronto Blue Jays season"), Bass appeared in 26 games, compiling a 2–3 record with 3\.51 ERA and 21 strikeouts in 25\.2 innings pitched.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/player/anthony\-bass\-542914\|title \= Anthony Bass Stats, Fantasy \& News\|website \= \[\[MLB.com]]}} ### Miami Marlins On January 22, 2021, Bass signed a 2\-year, $5MM deal with the [Miami Marlins](/wiki/Miami_Marlins "Miami Marlins") that included a team option in 2023\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.thescore.com/mlb/news/2097365\|title \= Report: Marlins agree to 2\-year deal with Anthony Bass\| date\=January 22, 2021 }} In April 2021, Bass was the pitcher during an extremely rare walk\-off [hit by pitch](/wiki/Hit_by_pitch "Hit by pitch") to lose a game against the [New York Mets](/wiki/2021_New_York_Mets_season "2021 New York Mets season"). With the bases loaded and the score tied in the bottom of the ninth inning, batter [Michael Conforto](/wiki/Michael_Conforto "Michael Conforto")'s elbow was grazed by Bass's pitch, albeit on a clear strike where camera footage seemed to show Conforto recklessly extending his elbow into the pitch. The HBP call was controversial, with umpire [Ron Kulpa](/wiki/Ron_Kulpa "Ron Kulpa") saying after the game he felt his own call was in error after reviewing the footage, and Conforto should have been charged with a strike due to an insufficient attempt to avoid Bass's pitch.[New York Mets get walk\-off win vs. Miami Marlins on Michael Conforto's controversial hit by pitch](https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/31217636/new-york-mets-get-walk-win-vs-miami-marlins-michael-conforto-controversial-hbp) ### Toronto Blue Jays (second stint) On August 2, 2022, Bass was traded back to the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays "Toronto Blue Jays") alongside [Brampton](/wiki/Brampton "Brampton") native [Zach Pop](/wiki/Zach_Pop "Zach Pop") and a [player to be named later](/wiki/Player_to_be_named_later "Player to be named later") (later named Edward Duran on August 31\){{Cite web\|title\=Blue Jays acquire catcher Edward Duran to complete Bass trade with Marlins\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/mlb/blue\-jays\-acquire\-catcher\-edward\-duran\-to\-complete\-bass\-trade\-with\-marlins/sn\-amp/\|access\-date\=June 14, 2023\|website\=sportsnet.ca\|language\=en}} in exchange for prospect [Jordan Groshans](/wiki/Jordan_Groshans "Jordan Groshans").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/blue\-jays\-anthony\-bass\-zach\-pop\-trade\|first\=Keegan\|last\=Matheson\|title\=Blue Jays fortify bullpen with Bass, Pop from Marlins\|website\=MLB.com}} In 28 games out of the [bullpen](/wiki/Bullpen "Bullpen") down the stretch, he pitched to a 1\.75 ERA with 28 strikeouts in {{fraction\|25\|2\|3}} innings of work.{{Cite web\|title\=Anthony Bass Needs to Turn Things Around in Toronto\|url\=https://www.justbaseball.com/mlb/anthony\-bass\-needs\-to\-turn\-things\-around\-in\-toronto/\|date\=2023\-06\-09\|website\=justbaseball.com\|language\=en}} On November 8, the Blue Jays exercised a $3 million option on Bass for the 2023 season.{{Cite web\|title\=Blue Jays exercise $3M option on reliever Anthony Bass\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\_/id/34995152/blue\-jays\-exercise\-3m\-option\-reliever\-anthony\-bass?platform\=amp\|access\-date\=June 30, 2023\|website\=espn.com\| date\=November 10, 2022 \|language\=en}} Bass made 22 appearances for Toronto in 2023, posting a 4\.95 ERA with 19 strikeouts in 20\.0 innings pitched. On June 9, 2023, he was [designated for assignment](/wiki/Designated_for_assignment "Designated for assignment") following [Mitch White](/wiki/Mitch_White_%28baseball%29 "Mitch White (baseball)")'s activation from the injured list.{{cite news \|title\=Blue Jays DFA Anthony Bass before Pride Weekend celebration \|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\_/id/37826591/blue\-jays\-dfa\-anthony\-bass\-pride\-weekend\-celebration \|access\-date\=June 10, 2023 \|agency\=Associated Press \|work\=ESPN.com \|date\=June 9, 2023}} He was released by the Blue Jays on June 15\.{{Cite web\|title\=Anthony Bass: Becomes free agent\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/anthony\-bass\-becomes\-free\-agent/amp/\|access\-date\=June 15, 2023\|website\=cbssports.com\|language\=en}}
[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "### San Diego Padres", "The [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres \"San Diego Padres\") selected Bass in the fifth round of the [2008 Major League Baseball draft](/wiki/2008_Major_League_Baseball_draft \"2008 Major League Baseball draft\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wsuathletics.com/news/2008/6/5/060508aab\\_96\\.aspx?path\\=baseball\\|title\\=Wayne State University\\|date\\=June 5, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=November 16, 2015}} He worked as a starting pitcher for the Single\\-A [Fort Wayne TinCaps](/wiki/Fort_Wayne_TinCaps \"Fort Wayne TinCaps\") and Advanced\\-A [Lake Elsinore Storm](/wiki/Lake_Elsinore_Storm \"Lake Elsinore Storm\") in 2009, and again for Lake Elsinore in 2010\\. He began 2011 with the Double\\-A [San Antonio Missions](/wiki/San_Antonio_Missions \"San Antonio Missions\"), and although he made a single start for the Triple\\-A [Tucson Padres](/wiki/Tucson_Padres \"Tucson Padres\") in May, he was promoted to the big leagues from Double\\-A in June.", "Bass made his major league debut on June 13, 2011,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/gameday/index.jsp?gid\\=2011\\_06\\_13\\_sdnmlb\\_colmlb\\_1\\&mode\\=preview\\&c\\_id\\=mlb\\&partnerId\\=rss\\_mlb\\|title\\=MLB.com Gameday\\|work\\=mlb.com\\|access\\-date\\=November 16, 2015}} pitching a five\\-inning start and earning his first major league win. He struck out [Seth Smith](/wiki/Seth_Smith \"Seth Smith\") for his first Major League strikeout. He was optioned back to San Antonio the next day, but was recalled again in late June.{{cite web\\|title\\=Padres call up Anthony Bass again\\|url\\=http://padres.scout.com/2/1082493\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130411184449/http://padres.scout.com/2/1082493\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=April 11, 2013\\|publisher\\=MadFriars.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 10, 2013\\|date\\=June 26, 2011}} Bass stayed with the big league club for the remainder of the year, pitching out of the bullpen until making two more starts in late September. He finished 2011 with a 1\\.68 ERA in 48{{frac\\|1\\|3}} innings and 24 strike\\-outs versus 21 walks.", "[thumb\\|left\\|Bass with the Padres (2011\\)](/wiki/File:Anthony_Bass_on_July_15%2C_2011.jpg \"Anthony Bass on July 15, 2011.jpg\")\nBass started 2012 in the Padres bullpen, but was added to the starting rotation on April 12 when [Dustin Moseley](/wiki/Dustin_Moseley \"Dustin Moseley\") injured his shoulder.{{cite web\\|last\\=Brock\\|first\\=Corey\\|title\\=Moseley's shoulder has extensive damage\\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20120410\\&content\\_id\\=28344836\\&notebook\\_id\\=28347384\\&c\\_id\\=sd\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 10, 2013\\|date\\=April 10, 2012}} Bass made 14 starts for the club until he went on the disabled list in June with shoulder inflammation.{{cite news\\|last\\=Center\\|first\\=Bill\\|title\\=Bass latest injured Padre\\|url\\=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/jun/21/tp\\-bass\\-latest\\-injured\\-padre/\\|access\\-date\\=February 10, 2013\\|newspaper\\=The San Diego Union\\-Tribune\\|date\\=June 21, 2012}} He rejoined the club in September, working out of the bullpen after making three rehab starts with Tucson. Bass finished 2012 with a 2–8 record and a 4\\.73 ERA in 97 innings, with 80 strike\\-outs against 39 walks.", "### Houston Astros", "On December 11, 2013, Bass, along with a player to be named later or cash considerations, was traded to the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\") for a player to be named later or cash considerations.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://hardballtalk.nbcsports.com/2013/12/11/astros\\-acquire\\-anthony\\-bass\\-from\\-padres/\\|title\\=Astros acquire Anthony Bass from Padres\\|work\\=HardballTalk\\|date\\=December 11, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=November 16, 2015}} The Astros sent [Patrick Schuster](/wiki/Patrick_Schuster \"Patrick Schuster\") to the Padres the next day.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://sandiego.padres.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20131212\\&content\\_id\\=64623128\\&vkey\\=pr\\_sd\\&c\\_id\\=sd\\|title\\=Padres acquire LHP Schuster from Astros\\|work\\=San Diego Padres\\|access\\-date\\=November 16, 2015}}{{dead link\\|date\\=October 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} Bass spent the 2014 season split between the Astros and the team's Class AAA affiliate, the [Oklahoma City RedHawks](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_RedHawks \"Oklahoma City RedHawks\"). He appeared in 21 major league games and earned two saves. He was outrighted off the Astros roster on November 20, 2014\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Astros add Torreyes, Velasquez to 40\\-man roster\\|url\\=http://m.astros.mlb.com/news/article/102022430/astros\\-add\\-torreyes\\-velasquez\\-to\\-40\\-man\\-roster\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202013836/http://m.astros.mlb.com/news/article/102022430/astros\\-add\\-torreyes\\-velasquez\\-to\\-40\\-man\\-roster\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=December 2, 2014\\|work\\=\\[\\[MLB.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=November 20, 2014\\|date\\=November 20, 2014}} On December 6, Bass elected free agency.", "### Texas Rangers", "Bass signed a minor league deal with the [Texas Rangers](/wiki/Texas_Rangers_%28baseball%29 \"Texas Rangers (baseball)\") on December 11, 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.baseballamerica.com/minors/minor\\-league\\-transactions\\-dec\\-6\\-12\\-2/\\|title\\=Minor League Transactions: Dec. 6\\-12\\|work\\=BaseballAmerica.com\\|access\\-date\\=November 16, 2015}} Bass split time between the Triple–A [Round Rock Express](/wiki/Round_Rock_Express \"Round Rock Express\") and the Majors, used mainly as a reliever. In 33 games for the Rangers, he compiled a 4\\.50 ERA in 64 innings.", "### Hokkaido Nippon\\-Ham Fighters", "After the 2015 season, the Rangers traded Bass and [Leonys Martín](/wiki/Leonys_Mart%C3%ADn \"Leonys Martín\") to the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners \"Seattle Mariners\") for [Tom Wilhelmsen](/wiki/Tom_Wilhelmsen_%28baseball%29 \"Tom Wilhelmsen (baseball)\"), [James Jones](/wiki/James_Jones_%28baseball%29 \"James Jones (baseball)\"), and a [player to be named later](/wiki/Player_to_be_named_later \"Player to be named later\") ([Patrick Kivlehan](/wiki/Patrick_Kivlehan \"Patrick Kivlehan\")).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dallasnews.com/sports/texas\\-rangers/headlines/20151116\\-rangers\\-ship\\-leonys\\-martin\\-to\\-mariners\\-for\\-rhp\\-tom\\-wilhelmsen\\-in\\-5\\-player\\-deal.ece\\|title\\=Rangers ship Leonys Martin to Mariners for RHP Tom Wilhelmsen in 5\\-player deal\\|work\\=dallasnews.com\\|access\\-date\\=November 16, 2015}} Bass was released by the Mariners on January 7, 2016, and signed with the [Hokkaido Nippon\\-Ham Fighters](/wiki/Hokkaido_Nippon-Ham_Fighters \"Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters\") on January 8\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2016/01/08/baseball/japanese\\-baseball/fighters\\-sign\\-right\\-hander\\-bass/\\#.VpFiX\\_mLTIU\\|title\\=Fighters sign right\\-hander Bass\\|work\\=TheJapanTimes\\|access\\-date\\=January 10, 2016\\|date\\=January 8, 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fighters.co.jp/news/detail/5920\\.html\\|title\\=アンソニー・バース投手と契約合意(Japanese)\\|work\\=HokkaidoNipponHamFighters\\|access\\-date\\=January 10, 2016\\|date\\=January 8, 2016}}", "On March 30, 2016, Bass made his NPB debut. Bass earned three wins during the [2016 Japan Series](/wiki/2016_Japan_Series \"2016 Japan Series\") to lead the Fighters to victory in the championship series, including the fourth win for the team to clinch the team's fifth championship.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2016/10/26/baseball/japanese\\-baseball/otani\\-delivers\\-game\\-winning\\-single\\-10th\\-fighters\\-prevail\\-game\\-3/\\|title\\=Otani delivers game\\-winning single in 10th as Fighters prevail in Game 3\\|first\\=Jason\\|last\\=Coskrey\\|work\\=The Japan Times\\|date\\=October 26, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=October 26, 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2016/10/27/baseball/japanese\\-baseball/late\\-game\\-heroics\\-propel\\-fighters\\-brink\\-japan\\-series\\-title/\\|title\\=Late\\-game heroics propel Fighters to brink of Japan Series title: Haruki Nishikawa slugs game\\-winning grand slam in ninth inning\\|first\\=Jason\\|last\\=Coskrey\\|work\\=The Japan Times\\|date\\=October 27, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=October 27, 2016}}", "### Second stint with Rangers", "Bass signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers in February 2017\\.{{cite web\\|author\\=AP Published 1:44 p.m. ET February 11, 2017 \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2017/02/11/rangers\\-sign\\-rhp\\-anthony\\-bass\\-to\\-minor\\-league\\-deal/97790460/ \\|title\\=Rangers sign RHP Anthony Bass to minor league deal \\|publisher\\=Usatoday.com \\|date\\=February 11, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=August 5, 2018}}", "### Chicago Cubs", "On December 20, 2017, Bass signed a minor league contract with the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2017/12/minor\\-mlb\\-transactions\\-122217\\-2\\.html\\|title\\=Minor MLB Transactions: 12/22/17\\|last\\=Adams\\|first\\=Steve\\|work\\=mlbtraderumors.com\\|date\\=December 22, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=December 22, 2017}}\nBass was called up to the majors by the Cubs on June 11, 2018, after compiling a 2\\.28 ERA across 23\\.2 innings with the Triple\\-A [Iowa Cubs](/wiki/Iowa_Cubs \"Iowa Cubs\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2018/06/cubs\\-select\\-anthony\\-bass.html\\|title\\=Cubs Select Anthony Bass\\|last\\=Adams\\|first\\=Steve\\|work\\=mlbtraderumors.com\\|date\\=June 11, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2018}} Bass immediately saw action as he pitched the final inning of a 7\\-2 11 inning victory over the Milwaukee Brewers.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/cubs\\-back\\-in\\-1st\\-place\\-beat\\-brewers\\-7\\-2\\-in\\-11\\-innings\\-485229031\\.html\\|title\\=Cubs Back in 1st Place, Beat Brewers 7\\-2 in 11 Innings\\|work\\=NBC Chicago\\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2018\\|language\\=en}} He was outrighted to AAA on August 12, 2018, and elected free agency on October 11\\.", "### Cincinnati Reds", "On December 30, 2018, Bass signed a minor league contract with the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds \"Cincinnati Reds\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2018/12/reds\\-sign\\-anthony\\-bass.html\\|title\\=Reds Sign Anthony Bass\\|last\\=Todd\\|first\\=Jeff\\|work\\=mlbtraderumors.com\\|date\\=December 31, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2019}} He was released on March 25, 2019\\. Bass re\\-signed to another minor league contract on March 28, 2019\\. He opened the 2019 season with the [Louisville Bats](/wiki/Louisville_Bats \"Louisville Bats\"). On May 21, he was released by the Reds after exercising an opt\\-out clause in his contract.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/anthony\\-bass\\-let\\-go\\-by\\-cincinnati/\\|title\\= Anthony Bass: Let go by Cincinnati \\|work\\=CBS Sports\\|author\\=RotoWire Staff\\|date\\=May 21, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2019}}", "### Seattle Mariners", "On May 21, 2019, Bass signed a major league contract with the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners \"Seattle Mariners\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/mariners/mariners\\-make\\-slew\\-of\\-roster\\-moves\\-including\\-placing\\-dee\\-gordon\\-and\\-ryon\\-healy\\-on\\-injured\\-list/\\|title\\=Mariners make slew of roster moves including placing Dee Gordon and Ryon Healy on injured list\\|work\\=Seattle Times\\|author\\=Ryan Divish\\|date\\=May 21, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2019}}", "### Toronto Blue Jays", "On October 29, 2019, the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays \"Toronto Blue Jays\") claimed Bass off waivers from the [Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners \"Seattle Mariners\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=Blue Jays claim reliever Anthony Bass off waivers\\|url\\=https://jaysjournal.com/2019/10/30/blue\\-jays\\-claim\\-reliever\\-anthony\\-bass\\-off\\-waivers/\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-30\\|website\\=Jays Journal\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-09}} He signed a one\\-year contract worth $1\\.5 million with the team on December 3, 2019, in order to avoid arbitration.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Blue Jays sign pitcher Anthony Bass to one\\-year deal, avoid arbitration \\- Sportsnet.ca\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/baseball/mlb/blue\\-jays\\-sign\\-pitcher\\-anthony\\-bass\\-one\\-year\\-deal\\-avoid\\-arbitration/\\|website\\=www.sportsnet.ca\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-09}}", "On July 24, 2020, Bass made his Blue Jays debut. With the [2020 Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/2020_Toronto_Blue_Jays_season \"2020 Toronto Blue Jays season\"), Bass appeared in 26 games, compiling a 2–3 record with 3\\.51 ERA and 21 strikeouts in 25\\.2 innings pitched.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/player/anthony\\-bass\\-542914\\|title \\= Anthony Bass Stats, Fantasy \\& News\\|website \\= \\[\\[MLB.com]]}}", "### Miami Marlins", "On January 22, 2021, Bass signed a 2\\-year, $5MM deal with the [Miami Marlins](/wiki/Miami_Marlins \"Miami Marlins\") that included a team option in 2023\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thescore.com/mlb/news/2097365\\|title \\= Report: Marlins agree to 2\\-year deal with Anthony Bass\\| date\\=January 22, 2021 }} In April 2021, Bass was the pitcher during an extremely rare walk\\-off [hit by pitch](/wiki/Hit_by_pitch \"Hit by pitch\") to lose a game against the [New York Mets](/wiki/2021_New_York_Mets_season \"2021 New York Mets season\"). With the bases loaded and the score tied in the bottom of the ninth inning, batter [Michael Conforto](/wiki/Michael_Conforto \"Michael Conforto\")'s elbow was grazed by Bass's pitch, albeit on a clear strike where camera footage seemed to show Conforto recklessly extending his elbow into the pitch. The HBP call was controversial, with umpire [Ron Kulpa](/wiki/Ron_Kulpa \"Ron Kulpa\") saying after the game he felt his own call was in error after reviewing the footage, and Conforto should have been charged with a strike due to an insufficient attempt to avoid Bass's pitch.[New York Mets get walk\\-off win vs. Miami Marlins on Michael Conforto's controversial hit by pitch](https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/31217636/new-york-mets-get-walk-win-vs-miami-marlins-michael-conforto-controversial-hbp)", "### Toronto Blue Jays (second stint)", "On August 2, 2022, Bass was traded back to the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays \"Toronto Blue Jays\") alongside [Brampton](/wiki/Brampton \"Brampton\") native [Zach Pop](/wiki/Zach_Pop \"Zach Pop\") and a [player to be named later](/wiki/Player_to_be_named_later \"Player to be named later\") (later named Edward Duran on August 31\\){{Cite web\\|title\\=Blue Jays acquire catcher Edward Duran to complete Bass trade with Marlins\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/mlb/blue\\-jays\\-acquire\\-catcher\\-edward\\-duran\\-to\\-complete\\-bass\\-trade\\-with\\-marlins/sn\\-amp/\\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2023\\|website\\=sportsnet.ca\\|language\\=en}} in exchange for prospect [Jordan Groshans](/wiki/Jordan_Groshans \"Jordan Groshans\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/blue\\-jays\\-anthony\\-bass\\-zach\\-pop\\-trade\\|first\\=Keegan\\|last\\=Matheson\\|title\\=Blue Jays fortify bullpen with Bass, Pop from Marlins\\|website\\=MLB.com}} In 28 games out of the [bullpen](/wiki/Bullpen \"Bullpen\") down the stretch, he pitched to a 1\\.75 ERA with 28 strikeouts in {{fraction\\|25\\|2\\|3}} innings of work.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Anthony Bass Needs to Turn Things Around in Toronto\\|url\\=https://www.justbaseball.com/mlb/anthony\\-bass\\-needs\\-to\\-turn\\-things\\-around\\-in\\-toronto/\\|date\\=2023\\-06\\-09\\|website\\=justbaseball.com\\|language\\=en}} On November 8, the Blue Jays exercised a $3 million option on Bass for the 2023 season.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Blue Jays exercise $3M option on reliever Anthony Bass\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\\_/id/34995152/blue\\-jays\\-exercise\\-3m\\-option\\-reliever\\-anthony\\-bass?platform\\=amp\\|access\\-date\\=June 30, 2023\\|website\\=espn.com\\| date\\=November 10, 2022 \\|language\\=en}}", "Bass made 22 appearances for Toronto in 2023, posting a 4\\.95 ERA with 19 strikeouts in 20\\.0 innings pitched. On June 9, 2023, he was [designated for assignment](/wiki/Designated_for_assignment \"Designated for assignment\") following [Mitch White](/wiki/Mitch_White_%28baseball%29 \"Mitch White (baseball)\")'s activation from the injured list.{{cite news \\|title\\=Blue Jays DFA Anthony Bass before Pride Weekend celebration \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\\_/id/37826591/blue\\-jays\\-dfa\\-anthony\\-bass\\-pride\\-weekend\\-celebration \\|access\\-date\\=June 10, 2023 \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|work\\=ESPN.com \\|date\\=June 9, 2023}} He was released by the Blue Jays on June 15\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Anthony Bass: Becomes free agent\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/anthony\\-bass\\-becomes\\-free\\-agent/amp/\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2023\\|website\\=cbssports.com\\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
Departments ----------- The Military Advocate General consists of the following bodies: ### International Law Department Head of the service, [Aluf](/wiki/Aluf "Aluf") [Yifat Tomer\-Yerushalmi](/wiki/Yifat_Tomer-Yerushalmi "Yifat Tomer-Yerushalmi");{{cite web\|url\= https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog\_entry/idf\-names\-its\-second\-ever\-female\-major\-general/\| website\=timesofisrael.com\|access\-date\=14 July 2021\|title\=IDF names its second\-ever female major general\|first\=Judah Ari \|last\=Gross\|date\=14 July 2021}} a member of the [General Staff](/wiki/Israeli_General_Staff "Israeli General Staff"), but not professionally subordinate to the [Chief of Staff](/wiki/Ramatkal "Ramatkal"). ### Legal Advice and Legislate Affairs Department Coordinates and directs the CMAG Command; serves as [acting](/wiki/Acting_%28law%29 "Acting (law)") CMAG during the Chief's absence. ### Military Prosecution Headed by the Chief Military Prosecutor, they are responsible for criminal prosecution. The Chief Military Prosecutor has exclusive authority to submit appeals to the [Military Court of Appeals](/wiki/Israeli_Military_Court_of_Appeals "Israeli Military Court of Appeals") over rulings rendered by the District Military Tribunals. The Military Prosecution is responsible for upholding the rule of law in the IDF by enforcing the law against IDF soldiers that have committed offences under the jurisdiction of the military justice system. Additionally, the Military Prosecution is responsible for prosecuting residents of Judea and Samaria that have violated the law and are under the jurisdiction of the Military Courts. Officers in the Military Prosecution handle cases that concern offences that have occurred within the military context or have a military service nexus. In addition, they also handle cases concerning crimes that are unique to the military legal system, such as absenteeism. ### Military Defense Responsible for defending soldiers and officers before the military tribunals, during appeals to the Military Court of Appeals, and providing representation and legal advice to members of the military while they undergo an investigation. The Military Defense specializes in the defense of soldiers in military\-criminal law, and consists of dozens of enlisted defense lawyers working in each district of the Military Courts, as well as numerous lawyers serving in reserve duty. The military defenders handle thousands of cases annually dealing with a variety of offences in the military justice system, and assist soldiers and commanders throughout legal and related proceedings. Through individual cases as well as the advancement of different initiatives, the Military Defense assists soldiers under investigation and under trial, furthers the rights of soldiers, and contributes to the pursuit of justice. This is all done unwaveringly, independently and tirelessly. ### Legal Supervision and Doctrine Branch Composed of three departments: *The [Administrative Justice](/wiki/Administrative_law "Administrative law") Dept.* oversees administrative conduct and provides legal advice on areas related to administrative law. *The [Amnesty](/wiki/Amnesty "Amnesty") Dept.* centralizes amnesty appeals to the [President](/wiki/President_of_Israel "President of Israel"), provides legal opinion to the Chief of Staff as an authority confirming verdicts and sentences (including their reductions), provides legal advice to the committee for erasing the criminal records of soldiers prior to their recruitment, handles prisoner releases in the framework of peace agreements, and treats appeals to the [Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel "Supreme Court of Israel"). *The [Supervisory](/wiki/Supervisor "Supervisor") Dept.* attends to criticisms of MAG bodies, and coordinates its activities with investigatory entities outside the IDF. ### Department of the Legal Advisor to the Region of Judea and Samaria The legal advisor in the [Israeli\-occupied West Bank](/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank "Israeli occupation of the West Bank"), referred to as the Israeli district name of Judea and Samaria Area, is charged with providing legal advice regarding military activities and military administration to the military commander of the West Bank and to the head of the civil administration. In that role, the division has a difficult task in balancing security interests with humanitarian concerns and plays an active role in settling disputes between Israelis and Palestinians. The division provides legal advice on various aspects of security measures, planning and zoning, land registration, economic activity, municipal governance, etc. The division plays a major part in the financial war against terrorist organizations in both seizing terror\-related funds and the tracking and arresting of individuals involved in those activities. The division plays a central role in planning the route, determining passage arrangements, as well as petitions to the High Court of Justice and compensation issues relating to the Security Barrier. ### School of Military Law The School of Military Law is responsible for providing training in the IDF on matters of military law and for the professional development of those serving in the MAG Corps. The School of Military Law trains and accredits IDF officers to conduct disciplinary proceedings, and supervises disciplinary proceedings in the IDF. The School of Military Law coordinates the process for requests by soldiers for pardons or sentence reduction. The legal training provided by the School of Military Law to IDF commanders and soldiers include in\-depth studies of military law, analysis of real events and lessons\-learned, practical workshops, the use of advanced training methods and conducting certification courses. The primary topics covered in these trainings are the areas of international law relevant to IDF activity and other legal issues relating to IDF activities, such as command responsibility. The School of Military Law also operates the Military Training and Exercise Administration, the purpose of which is to challenge IDF commanders with the legal aspects of operational scenarios during trainings and exercises that take place in the IDF. The School of Military Law is responsible for training and accrediting officers and soldiers in the MAG Corps, upon their arrival to the unit and throughout their service. For decades, the School of Military Law has run the Legal Officer Training Course, which constitutes the MAG Corps' accreditation course and is the flagship course for MAG Corps officers. This course is the bridge between legal studies in university and the military context, and prepares dozens of new officers annually for the challenges they will face in their new roles as they join the ranks of the MAG Corps. The School of Military Law provides advanced command and management courses for officers, a course for soldiers serving as legal assistants, and more. The School of Military Law runs continued legal education courses, professional seminars and conferences. The School of Military Law responsibility extends to training and accrediting officers to be able to adjudicate disciplinary hearings for soldiers ("disciplinary officers"). The School of Military Law trains all officers in the IDF to become "disciplinary officers", and conducts specialized training for senior officers and officers who are appointed to adjudicate special offences. The School of Military Law provides ongoing instruction and advice to commanders and soldiers with respect to disciplinary proceedings, among others, through a designated call center. The School of Military Law provides regular advice to commanders regarding their authorities and particular disciplinary proceedings. The School of Military Law provides information to soldiers regarding their rights and provides them with the option to ask questions regarding their particular disciplinary proceedings. The School of Military Law coordinates the supervision of disciplinary proceedings in the IDF on behalf of the Deputy Military Advocate General. The School of Military Law assists the Deputy Military Advocate General in examining claims by soldiers with respect to the standard of the disciplinary proceedings conducted against them, and to deal with cases that require intervention, including invalidating proceedings or ordering a new hearing. This is all done in accordance with the authority conferred to the Deputy Military Advocate General pursuant to Military Justice Law. The School of Military Law arranges filing requests for pardons or sentence mitigation by soldiers to the President of the State of Israel. In this context, the School of Military Law handles such requests by soldiers convicted in the Military Courts, and assists a committee headed by the Chief Education Officer, which considers requests to expunge the criminal records of soldiers who were convicted prior to his or her enlistment in the IDF. The School of Military Law operates the Secretariat of the Military Committee for Sentencing Review. This committee, headed by a military judge, is authorized to reduce a soldier's prison sentence, as per considerations provided in the law, which include the soldier's behavior during his or her term in prison, the chances for the soldier's rehabilitation, as well as other unique military considerations.{{cite web\|url \=https://www.idf.il/en/minisites/military\-advocate\-generals\-corps/school\-of\-military\-law/ \| access\-date \=12 May 2019\|title\=School of Military Law}}
[ "Departments\n-----------", "The Military Advocate General consists of the following bodies:", "### International Law Department", "Head of the service, [Aluf](/wiki/Aluf \"Aluf\") [Yifat Tomer\\-Yerushalmi](/wiki/Yifat_Tomer-Yerushalmi \"Yifat Tomer-Yerushalmi\");{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog\\_entry/idf\\-names\\-its\\-second\\-ever\\-female\\-major\\-general/\\| website\\=timesofisrael.com\\|access\\-date\\=14 July 2021\\|title\\=IDF names its second\\-ever female major general\\|first\\=Judah Ari \\|last\\=Gross\\|date\\=14 July 2021}} a member of the [General Staff](/wiki/Israeli_General_Staff \"Israeli General Staff\"), but not professionally subordinate to the [Chief of Staff](/wiki/Ramatkal \"Ramatkal\").", "### Legal Advice and Legislate Affairs Department", "Coordinates and directs the CMAG Command; serves as [acting](/wiki/Acting_%28law%29 \"Acting (law)\") CMAG during the Chief's absence.", "### Military Prosecution", "Headed by the Chief Military Prosecutor, they are responsible for criminal prosecution. The Chief Military Prosecutor has exclusive authority to submit appeals to the [Military Court of Appeals](/wiki/Israeli_Military_Court_of_Appeals \"Israeli Military Court of Appeals\") over rulings rendered by the District Military Tribunals.", "The Military Prosecution is responsible for upholding the rule of law in the IDF by enforcing the law against IDF soldiers that have committed offences under the jurisdiction of the military justice system. Additionally, the Military Prosecution is responsible for prosecuting residents of Judea and Samaria that have violated the law and are under the jurisdiction of the Military Courts.", "Officers in the Military Prosecution handle cases that concern offences that have occurred within the military context or have a military service nexus. In addition, they also handle cases concerning crimes that are unique to the military legal system, such as absenteeism.", "### Military Defense", "Responsible for defending soldiers and officers before the military tribunals, during appeals to the Military Court of Appeals, and providing representation and legal advice to members of the military while they undergo an investigation.", "The Military Defense specializes in the defense of soldiers in military\\-criminal law, and consists of dozens of enlisted defense lawyers working in each district of the Military Courts, as well as numerous lawyers serving in reserve duty. The military defenders handle thousands of cases annually dealing with a variety of offences in the military justice system, and assist soldiers and commanders throughout legal and related proceedings.", "Through individual cases as well as the advancement of different initiatives, the Military Defense assists soldiers under investigation and under trial, furthers the rights of soldiers, and contributes to the pursuit of justice. This is all done unwaveringly, independently and tirelessly.", "### Legal Supervision and Doctrine Branch", "Composed of three departments: *The [Administrative Justice](/wiki/Administrative_law \"Administrative law\") Dept.* oversees administrative conduct and provides legal advice on areas related to administrative law. *The [Amnesty](/wiki/Amnesty \"Amnesty\") Dept.* centralizes amnesty appeals to the [President](/wiki/President_of_Israel \"President of Israel\"), provides legal opinion to the Chief of Staff as an authority confirming verdicts and sentences (including their reductions), provides legal advice to the committee for erasing the criminal records of soldiers prior to their recruitment, handles prisoner releases in the framework of peace agreements, and treats appeals to the [Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel \"Supreme Court of Israel\"). *The [Supervisory](/wiki/Supervisor \"Supervisor\") Dept.* attends to criticisms of MAG bodies, and coordinates its activities with investigatory entities outside the IDF.", "### Department of the Legal Advisor to the Region of Judea and Samaria", "The legal advisor in the [Israeli\\-occupied West Bank](/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank \"Israeli occupation of the West Bank\"), referred to as the Israeli district name of Judea and Samaria Area, is charged with providing legal advice regarding military activities and military administration to the military commander of the West Bank and to the head of the civil administration. In that role, the division has a difficult task in balancing security interests with humanitarian concerns and plays an active role in settling disputes between Israelis and Palestinians.", "The division provides legal advice on various aspects of security measures, planning and zoning, land registration, economic activity, municipal governance, etc. The division plays a major part in the financial war against terrorist organizations in both seizing terror\\-related funds and the tracking and arresting of individuals involved in those activities. The division plays a central role in planning the route, determining passage arrangements, as well as petitions to the High Court of Justice and compensation issues relating to the Security Barrier.", "### School of Military Law", "The School of Military Law is responsible for providing training in the IDF on matters of military law and for the professional development of those serving in the MAG Corps. The School of Military Law trains and accredits IDF officers to conduct disciplinary proceedings, and supervises disciplinary proceedings in the IDF. The School of Military Law coordinates the process for requests by soldiers for pardons or sentence reduction.", "The legal training provided by the School of Military Law to IDF commanders and soldiers include in\\-depth studies of military law, analysis of real events and lessons\\-learned, practical workshops, the use of advanced training methods and conducting certification courses. The primary topics covered in these trainings are the areas of international law relevant to IDF activity and other legal issues relating to IDF activities, such as command responsibility. The School of Military Law also operates the Military Training and Exercise Administration, the purpose of which is to challenge IDF commanders with the legal aspects of operational scenarios during trainings and exercises that take place in the IDF.", "The School of Military Law is responsible for training and accrediting officers and soldiers in the MAG Corps, upon their arrival to the unit and throughout their service. For decades, the School of Military Law has run the Legal Officer Training Course, which constitutes the MAG Corps' accreditation course and is the flagship course for MAG Corps officers. This course is the bridge between legal studies in university and the military context, and prepares dozens of new officers annually for the challenges they will face in their new roles as they join the ranks of the MAG Corps. The School of Military Law provides advanced command and management courses for officers, a course for soldiers serving as legal assistants, and more. The School of Military Law runs continued legal education courses, professional seminars and conferences.", "The School of Military Law responsibility extends to training and accrediting officers to be able to adjudicate disciplinary hearings for soldiers (\"disciplinary officers\"). The School of Military Law trains all officers in the IDF to become \"disciplinary officers\", and conducts specialized training for senior officers and officers who are appointed to adjudicate special offences.", "The School of Military Law provides ongoing instruction and advice to commanders and soldiers with respect to disciplinary proceedings, among others, through a designated call center. The School of Military Law provides regular advice to commanders regarding their authorities and particular disciplinary proceedings. The School of Military Law provides information to soldiers regarding their rights and provides them with the option to ask questions regarding their particular disciplinary proceedings.", "The School of Military Law coordinates the supervision of disciplinary proceedings in the IDF on behalf of the Deputy Military Advocate General. The School of Military Law assists the Deputy Military Advocate General in examining claims by soldiers with respect to the standard of the disciplinary proceedings conducted against them, and to deal with cases that require intervention, including invalidating proceedings or ordering a new hearing. This is all done in accordance with the authority conferred to the Deputy Military Advocate General pursuant to Military Justice Law.", "The School of Military Law arranges filing requests for pardons or sentence mitigation by soldiers to the President of the State of Israel. In this context, the School of Military Law handles such requests by soldiers convicted in the Military Courts, and assists a committee headed by the Chief Education Officer, which considers requests to expunge the criminal records of soldiers who were convicted prior to his or her enlistment in the IDF.", "The School of Military Law operates the Secretariat of the Military Committee for Sentencing Review. This committee, headed by a military judge, is authorized to reduce a soldier's prison sentence, as per considerations provided in the law, which include the soldier's behavior during his or her term in prison, the chances for the soldier's rehabilitation, as well as other unique military considerations.{{cite web\\|url \\=https://www.idf.il/en/minisites/military\\-advocate\\-generals\\-corps/school\\-of\\-military\\-law/ \\| access\\-date \\=12 May 2019\\|title\\=School of Military Law}}", "" ]
### School of Military Law The School of Military Law is responsible for providing training in the IDF on matters of military law and for the professional development of those serving in the MAG Corps. The School of Military Law trains and accredits IDF officers to conduct disciplinary proceedings, and supervises disciplinary proceedings in the IDF. The School of Military Law coordinates the process for requests by soldiers for pardons or sentence reduction. The legal training provided by the School of Military Law to IDF commanders and soldiers include in\-depth studies of military law, analysis of real events and lessons\-learned, practical workshops, the use of advanced training methods and conducting certification courses. The primary topics covered in these trainings are the areas of international law relevant to IDF activity and other legal issues relating to IDF activities, such as command responsibility. The School of Military Law also operates the Military Training and Exercise Administration, the purpose of which is to challenge IDF commanders with the legal aspects of operational scenarios during trainings and exercises that take place in the IDF. The School of Military Law is responsible for training and accrediting officers and soldiers in the MAG Corps, upon their arrival to the unit and throughout their service. For decades, the School of Military Law has run the Legal Officer Training Course, which constitutes the MAG Corps' accreditation course and is the flagship course for MAG Corps officers. This course is the bridge between legal studies in university and the military context, and prepares dozens of new officers annually for the challenges they will face in their new roles as they join the ranks of the MAG Corps. The School of Military Law provides advanced command and management courses for officers, a course for soldiers serving as legal assistants, and more. The School of Military Law runs continued legal education courses, professional seminars and conferences. The School of Military Law responsibility extends to training and accrediting officers to be able to adjudicate disciplinary hearings for soldiers ("disciplinary officers"). The School of Military Law trains all officers in the IDF to become "disciplinary officers", and conducts specialized training for senior officers and officers who are appointed to adjudicate special offences. The School of Military Law provides ongoing instruction and advice to commanders and soldiers with respect to disciplinary proceedings, among others, through a designated call center. The School of Military Law provides regular advice to commanders regarding their authorities and particular disciplinary proceedings. The School of Military Law provides information to soldiers regarding their rights and provides them with the option to ask questions regarding their particular disciplinary proceedings. The School of Military Law coordinates the supervision of disciplinary proceedings in the IDF on behalf of the Deputy Military Advocate General. The School of Military Law assists the Deputy Military Advocate General in examining claims by soldiers with respect to the standard of the disciplinary proceedings conducted against them, and to deal with cases that require intervention, including invalidating proceedings or ordering a new hearing. This is all done in accordance with the authority conferred to the Deputy Military Advocate General pursuant to Military Justice Law. The School of Military Law arranges filing requests for pardons or sentence mitigation by soldiers to the President of the State of Israel. In this context, the School of Military Law handles such requests by soldiers convicted in the Military Courts, and assists a committee headed by the Chief Education Officer, which considers requests to expunge the criminal records of soldiers who were convicted prior to his or her enlistment in the IDF. The School of Military Law operates the Secretariat of the Military Committee for Sentencing Review. This committee, headed by a military judge, is authorized to reduce a soldier's prison sentence, as per considerations provided in the law, which include the soldier's behavior during his or her term in prison, the chances for the soldier's rehabilitation, as well as other unique military considerations.{{cite web\|url \=https://www.idf.il/en/minisites/military\-advocate\-generals\-corps/school\-of\-military\-law/ \| access\-date \=12 May 2019\|title\=School of Military Law}}
[ "### School of Military Law", "The School of Military Law is responsible for providing training in the IDF on matters of military law and for the professional development of those serving in the MAG Corps. The School of Military Law trains and accredits IDF officers to conduct disciplinary proceedings, and supervises disciplinary proceedings in the IDF. The School of Military Law coordinates the process for requests by soldiers for pardons or sentence reduction.", "The legal training provided by the School of Military Law to IDF commanders and soldiers include in\\-depth studies of military law, analysis of real events and lessons\\-learned, practical workshops, the use of advanced training methods and conducting certification courses. The primary topics covered in these trainings are the areas of international law relevant to IDF activity and other legal issues relating to IDF activities, such as command responsibility. The School of Military Law also operates the Military Training and Exercise Administration, the purpose of which is to challenge IDF commanders with the legal aspects of operational scenarios during trainings and exercises that take place in the IDF.", "The School of Military Law is responsible for training and accrediting officers and soldiers in the MAG Corps, upon their arrival to the unit and throughout their service. For decades, the School of Military Law has run the Legal Officer Training Course, which constitutes the MAG Corps' accreditation course and is the flagship course for MAG Corps officers. This course is the bridge between legal studies in university and the military context, and prepares dozens of new officers annually for the challenges they will face in their new roles as they join the ranks of the MAG Corps. The School of Military Law provides advanced command and management courses for officers, a course for soldiers serving as legal assistants, and more. The School of Military Law runs continued legal education courses, professional seminars and conferences.", "The School of Military Law responsibility extends to training and accrediting officers to be able to adjudicate disciplinary hearings for soldiers (\"disciplinary officers\"). The School of Military Law trains all officers in the IDF to become \"disciplinary officers\", and conducts specialized training for senior officers and officers who are appointed to adjudicate special offences.", "The School of Military Law provides ongoing instruction and advice to commanders and soldiers with respect to disciplinary proceedings, among others, through a designated call center. The School of Military Law provides regular advice to commanders regarding their authorities and particular disciplinary proceedings. The School of Military Law provides information to soldiers regarding their rights and provides them with the option to ask questions regarding their particular disciplinary proceedings.", "The School of Military Law coordinates the supervision of disciplinary proceedings in the IDF on behalf of the Deputy Military Advocate General. The School of Military Law assists the Deputy Military Advocate General in examining claims by soldiers with respect to the standard of the disciplinary proceedings conducted against them, and to deal with cases that require intervention, including invalidating proceedings or ordering a new hearing. This is all done in accordance with the authority conferred to the Deputy Military Advocate General pursuant to Military Justice Law.", "The School of Military Law arranges filing requests for pardons or sentence mitigation by soldiers to the President of the State of Israel. In this context, the School of Military Law handles such requests by soldiers convicted in the Military Courts, and assists a committee headed by the Chief Education Officer, which considers requests to expunge the criminal records of soldiers who were convicted prior to his or her enlistment in the IDF.", "The School of Military Law operates the Secretariat of the Military Committee for Sentencing Review. This committee, headed by a military judge, is authorized to reduce a soldier's prison sentence, as per considerations provided in the law, which include the soldier's behavior during his or her term in prison, the chances for the soldier's rehabilitation, as well as other unique military considerations.{{cite web\\|url \\=https://www.idf.il/en/minisites/military\\-advocate\\-generals\\-corps/school\\-of\\-military\\-law/ \\| access\\-date \\=12 May 2019\\|title\\=School of Military Law}}", "" ]
Venues ------ The main municipality area turns into the historical town of Mathura Nagari, river Jeera turns into Yamuna, Ambapaali village (now a ward \- part of Bargarh municipality) becomes Gopapura. A Pond by the side of Jeera river in Ambapali becomes the Kalindi Lake of the mythology. Since 2005, Nishamani School Ground has been used as the Rangamahal \- Cultural stage of the festival. There are many other towns/ villages of western Odisha, where this drama enactment is done in recent years, following the success and popularity of the Bargarh stage. The notable places are village Chicholi of Ambabhona block is considered to be the second most famous in that area, apart from this Thuaapaali, Remanda are also notable. ### Mathura Two stages in the town. The daily vegetable market inside the heart of the town becomes the main stage of the festival. Second stage is set up in Nishamani High School field near Kalimandir. A temporary stage is built up using bamboo, cloth and other decorating materials. The cement concrete roof of market shops around works as main platform. Whereas in Nishamani field, there is ample space in the ground to enjoy the show. Cultural troops, perform there in presence of King Kansa, invited guests and eager audience ranging from children to old people. There is the historical place of starting point, at the rear area of the daily market, where the holy mast is erected a few days before the actual festival begins. Historically this place has been used by "**Sanchaar**" dance {{Cite web \| url\=http://www.orissasangeetnatak.org/folkart.html \|title \= Welcome to Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi}} form performers. It is a declining and going extinct form of dance. Only handful old performers of this dance form are left, who still come every year to perform. This dance goes on throughout the night to keep the visitors of the villages engaged with entertainment, question answers. ### Gopapura Nearby village Ambapaali is rendered as Gopapura, during the festival. Villagers paint their houses to the themes of the mythology, hand drawings on walls showing various stories of Krishna. Wall writing of poetic stanzas are quite common on almost all walls of the village. ### Yamuna River Jeera river, flowing on West side to the main town, is transformed into river Yamuna for these 10 days. The river is used in the drama in 3 days of the play \- 1. When Krishna is born and Vasudeva goes to leave Krishna, his son at king Nanda's place, for the safety from the killer hands of Kansa 2. During Raas Leela of Krishna with Gopis along the banks of the river (Gopapura \- Ambapaali) 3. When minister Akrura goes and brings Krishna Balaram Brother duos to show them Dhanu jatra at Mathura (Bargarh) city. ### Ashramas Gobindpaali:
[ "Venues\n------", "The main municipality area turns into the historical town of Mathura Nagari, river Jeera turns into Yamuna, Ambapaali village (now a ward \\- part of Bargarh municipality) becomes Gopapura. A Pond by the side of Jeera river in Ambapali becomes the Kalindi Lake of the mythology. Since 2005, Nishamani School Ground has been used as the Rangamahal \\- Cultural stage of the festival.", "There are many other towns/ villages of western Odisha, where this drama enactment is done in recent years, following the success and popularity of the Bargarh stage. The notable places are village Chicholi of Ambabhona block is considered to be the second most famous in that area, apart from this Thuaapaali, Remanda are also notable.", "### Mathura", "Two stages in the town. The daily vegetable market inside the heart of the town becomes the main stage of the festival. Second stage is set up in Nishamani High School field near Kalimandir. A temporary stage is built up using bamboo, cloth and other decorating materials. The cement concrete roof of market shops around works as main platform. Whereas in Nishamani field, there is ample space in the ground to enjoy the show. Cultural troops, perform there in presence of King Kansa, invited guests and eager audience ranging from children to old people.", "There is the historical place of starting point, at the rear area of the daily market, where the holy mast is erected a few days before the actual festival begins. Historically this place has been used by \"**Sanchaar**\" dance {{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.orissasangeetnatak.org/folkart.html \\|title \\= Welcome to Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi}} form performers. It is a declining and going extinct form of dance. Only handful old performers of this dance form are left, who still come every year to perform. This dance goes on throughout the night to keep the visitors of the villages engaged with entertainment, question answers.", "### Gopapura", "Nearby village Ambapaali is rendered as Gopapura, during the festival. Villagers paint their houses to the themes of the mythology, hand drawings on walls showing various stories of Krishna. Wall writing of poetic stanzas are quite common on almost all walls of the village.", "### Yamuna River", "Jeera river, flowing on West side to the main town, is transformed into river Yamuna for these 10 days. The river is used in the drama in 3 days of the play \\-", "1. When Krishna is born and Vasudeva goes to leave Krishna, his son at king Nanda's place, for the safety from the killer hands of Kansa\n2. During Raas Leela of Krishna with Gopis along the banks of the river (Gopapura \\- Ambapaali)\n3. When minister Akrura goes and brings Krishna Balaram Brother duos to show them Dhanu jatra at Mathura (Bargarh) city.", "### Ashramas", "Gobindpaali:", "" ]
Transparency in palettes ------------------------ {{see also\|Transparency (graphic)}} A single palette entry in an [indexed color](/wiki/Indexed_color "Indexed color") image can be designated as a *transparent* color, in order to perform a simple [video overlay](/wiki/Video_overlay "Video overlay"): superimposing a given image over a background in such way that some part of the overlapped image obscures the background and the remaining not. Superimposing film/TV titles and credits is a typical application of video overlay. In the image to be superimposed (indexed color is assumed), a given palette entry plays the role of the transparent color. Usually the index number 0, but other may be chosen if the overlay is performed by [software](/wiki/Software "Software"). At design time, the transparent color palette entry is assigned to an arbitrary (usually distinctive) color. In the example below, a typical arrow [pointer](/wiki/Pointer_%28computing_WIMP%29 "Pointer (computing WIMP)") for a [pointing device](/wiki/Pointing_device "Pointing device") is designed over an orange background, so here the orange areas denoted the transparent areas (left). At [runtime](/wiki/Runtime_%28program_lifecycle_phase%29 "Runtime (program lifecycle phase)"), the overlapped image is placed anywhere over the background image, and it is blended in such way that if the pixel color index is the transparent color, the background pixel is kept, otherwise it is replaced. This technique is used for pointers, in typical 2\-D videogames for characters, bullets and so on (the [sprites](/wiki/Sprite_%28computer_graphics%29 "Sprite (computer graphics)")), video titling and other image mixing applications. Some early computers, as [Commodore 64](/wiki/Commodore_64 "Commodore 64"), [MSX](/wiki/MSX "MSX") and [Amiga](/wiki/Amiga "Amiga") supports sprites and/or [full screen video overlay](/wiki/Genlock "Genlock") by hardware. In these cases, the transparent palette entry number is defined by the hardware, and it used to be the number 0\. Some indexed color [image file formats](/wiki/Comparison_of_graphics_file_formats "Comparison of graphics file formats") as [GIF](/wiki/GIF "GIF") natively support the designation of a given palette entry as *transparent*, freely selectable among any of the palette entries used for a given image. The [BMP file format](/wiki/BMP_file_format "BMP file format") reserves space for Alpha channel values in its Color Table,[MSDN. "RGBQUAD Color Table Entry"](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd162938%28VS.85%29.aspx) however currently this space is not being used to hold any translucency data and is set to zero. By contrast, PNG supports alpha channels in palette entries, enabling semi\-transparency in paletted images. When dealing with [truecolor](/wiki/24-bit_color "24-bit color") images, some video mixing equipment can employ the RGB triplet (0,0,0\) (no red, no green, no blue: the darkest shade of black, sometimes referred as *superblack* in this context) as the transparent color. At design time, it is replaced by the so\-called [magic pink](/wiki/Magic_pink "Magic pink"). The same way, typical [desktop publishing](/wiki/Desktop_publishing "Desktop publishing") software can assume pure white, RGB triplet (255,255,255\) from photos and illustrations to be excluded in order to let the text paragraphs *to invade* the image's [bounding box](/wiki/Minimum_bounding_box "Minimum bounding box") for irregular text arrangement around the image's subjects. [2\-D painting programs](/wiki/2D_computer_graphics "2D computer graphics"), like [Microsoft Paint](/wiki/Microsoft_Paint "Microsoft Paint") and [Deluxe Paint](/wiki/Deluxe_Paint "Deluxe Paint"), can employ the user designated *background color* as the transparent color when performing [cut, copy, and paste](/wiki/Cut%2C_copy%2C_and_paste "Cut, copy, and paste") operations. Although related (due to they are used for the same purposes), [image bit masks](/wiki/Image_mask "Image mask") and [alpha channels](/wiki/Alpha_channel "Alpha channel") are techniques which do not involve the use of palettes nor transparent color at all, but off\-image added extra binary data layers.
[ "Transparency in palettes\n------------------------", "{{see also\\|Transparency (graphic)}}", "A single palette entry in an [indexed color](/wiki/Indexed_color \"Indexed color\") image can be designated as a *transparent* color, in order to perform a simple [video overlay](/wiki/Video_overlay \"Video overlay\"): superimposing a given image over a background in such way that some part of the overlapped image obscures the background and the remaining not. Superimposing film/TV titles and credits is a typical application of video overlay.", "In the image to be superimposed (indexed color is assumed), a given palette entry plays the role of the transparent color. Usually the index number 0, but other may be chosen if the overlay is performed by [software](/wiki/Software \"Software\"). At design time, the transparent color palette entry is assigned to an arbitrary (usually distinctive) color. In the example below, a typical arrow [pointer](/wiki/Pointer_%28computing_WIMP%29 \"Pointer (computing WIMP)\") for a [pointing device](/wiki/Pointing_device \"Pointing device\") is designed over an orange background, so here the orange areas denoted the transparent areas (left). At [runtime](/wiki/Runtime_%28program_lifecycle_phase%29 \"Runtime (program lifecycle phase)\"), the overlapped image is placed anywhere over the background image, and it is blended in such way that if the pixel color index is the transparent color, the background pixel is kept, otherwise it is replaced.", "This technique is used for pointers, in typical 2\\-D videogames for characters, bullets and so on (the [sprites](/wiki/Sprite_%28computer_graphics%29 \"Sprite (computer graphics)\")), video titling and other image mixing applications.", "Some early computers, as [Commodore 64](/wiki/Commodore_64 \"Commodore 64\"), [MSX](/wiki/MSX \"MSX\") and [Amiga](/wiki/Amiga \"Amiga\") supports sprites and/or [full screen video overlay](/wiki/Genlock \"Genlock\") by hardware. In these cases, the transparent palette entry number is defined by the hardware, and it used to be the number 0\\.", "Some indexed color [image file formats](/wiki/Comparison_of_graphics_file_formats \"Comparison of graphics file formats\") as [GIF](/wiki/GIF \"GIF\") natively support the designation of a given palette entry as *transparent*, freely selectable among any of the palette entries used for a given image. \n \nThe [BMP file format](/wiki/BMP_file_format \"BMP file format\") reserves space for Alpha channel values in its Color Table,[MSDN. \"RGBQUAD Color Table Entry\"](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd162938%28VS.85%29.aspx) however currently this space is not being used to hold any translucency data and is set to zero. By contrast, PNG supports alpha channels in palette entries, enabling semi\\-transparency in paletted images.", "When dealing with [truecolor](/wiki/24-bit_color \"24-bit color\") images, some video mixing equipment can employ the RGB triplet (0,0,0\\) (no red, no green, no blue: the darkest shade of black, sometimes referred as *superblack* in this context) as the transparent color. At design time, it is replaced by the so\\-called [magic pink](/wiki/Magic_pink \"Magic pink\"). The same way, typical [desktop publishing](/wiki/Desktop_publishing \"Desktop publishing\") software can assume pure white, RGB triplet (255,255,255\\) from photos and illustrations to be excluded in order to let the text paragraphs *to invade* the image's [bounding box](/wiki/Minimum_bounding_box \"Minimum bounding box\") for irregular text arrangement around the image's subjects.", "[2\\-D painting programs](/wiki/2D_computer_graphics \"2D computer graphics\"), like [Microsoft Paint](/wiki/Microsoft_Paint \"Microsoft Paint\") and [Deluxe Paint](/wiki/Deluxe_Paint \"Deluxe Paint\"), can employ the user designated *background color* as the transparent color when performing [cut, copy, and paste](/wiki/Cut%2C_copy%2C_and_paste \"Cut, copy, and paste\") operations.", "Although related (due to they are used for the same purposes), [image bit masks](/wiki/Image_mask \"Image mask\") and [alpha channels](/wiki/Alpha_channel \"Alpha channel\") are techniques which do not involve the use of palettes nor transparent color at all, but off\\-image added extra binary data layers.", "" ]
Software palettes ----------------- {{see also\|List of software palettes}} ### Microsoft Windows [Microsoft Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows") applications manage the palette of 4\-bit or 8\-bit indexed color display devices through specialized functions of the [Win32 API](/wiki/Win32_API "Win32 API"). The applicability of palettes in [Highcolor](/wiki/Highcolor "Highcolor") and [Truecolor](/wiki/24-bit_color "24-bit color") display modes becomes questionable. These APIs deals with the so\-called "system palette" and with many "logical palettes". The "system palette" is a copy in [RAM](/wiki/Random-access_memory "Random-access memory") of the color display's hardware registers, primarily a physical palette, and it is a unique, shared common resource of the system. At boot, it is loaded with the [default system palette](/wiki/List_of_software_palettes%23Microsoft_Windows_and_IBM_OS/2_default_16-color_palette "List of software palettes#Microsoft Windows and IBM OS/2 default 16-color palette") (mainly a "master palette" which works well enough with most programs). When a given application intends to output colorized graphics and/or images, it can set their own "logical palette", that is, its own private selection of colors (up to 256\). It is supposed that every graphic element that the application tries to show on screen employs the colors of its logical palette. Every program can manage freely one or more logical palettes without further expected interference (in advance). Before the output is effectively made, the program must *realize* its logical palette: The system tries to match the "logical" colors with "physical" ones. If an intended color is already present in the system palette, the system internally maps the logical to the system palette indexes (because they rarely coincide). If the intended color is not present yet, the system applies an internal algorithm to discard the least\-used color in the system palette (generally, one used by another window in the background) and substitutes it with the new color. Due to there being limited room for colors in the system palette, the algorithm also tries to remap similar colors together and will always avoid creating redundant colors. The final result depends on how many applications are trying to show their colors on screen at the same time. The foreground window is always favored, so background windows may behave in different ways: from become corrupted to quickly redraw themselves. When the system palette changes, the system triggers a specific [event](/wiki/Event-driven_programming "Event-driven programming") to inform every application. When received, a window can quickly redraw itself using a single Win32 API function. But this must be done explicitly in the program code; hence the fact that many programs fail to handle this event, and their windows will become corrupt in this situation. An application can force the system palette to be loaded with specific colors (even in a specific order), "tricking" the system by telling it they are color entries intended for animation (quick color changes of the colors in the physical palette at specific entries). The system will then assume that those hardware palette entries no longer are free for its palette color management algorithm. The final result depends on the skills of the color\-forcing program and the behavior of the other programs (although this problem is the same as in the regular case), and that of the operating system itself.
[ "Software palettes\n-----------------", "{{see also\\|List of software palettes}}\n### Microsoft Windows", "[Microsoft Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows \"Microsoft Windows\") applications manage the palette of 4\\-bit or 8\\-bit indexed color display devices through specialized functions of the [Win32 API](/wiki/Win32_API \"Win32 API\"). The applicability of palettes in [Highcolor](/wiki/Highcolor \"Highcolor\") and [Truecolor](/wiki/24-bit_color \"24-bit color\") display modes becomes questionable. These APIs deals with the so\\-called \"system palette\" and with many \"logical palettes\".", "The \"system palette\" is a copy in [RAM](/wiki/Random-access_memory \"Random-access memory\") of the color display's hardware registers, primarily a physical palette, and it is a unique, shared common resource of the system. At boot, it is loaded with the [default system palette](/wiki/List_of_software_palettes%23Microsoft_Windows_and_IBM_OS/2_default_16-color_palette \"List of software palettes#Microsoft Windows and IBM OS/2 default 16-color palette\") (mainly a \"master palette\" which works well enough with most programs).", "When a given application intends to output colorized graphics and/or images, it can set their own \"logical palette\", that is, its own private selection of colors (up to 256\\). It is supposed that every graphic element that the application tries to show on screen employs the colors of its logical palette. Every program can manage freely one or more logical palettes without further expected interference (in advance).", "Before the output is effectively made, the program must *realize* its logical palette: The system tries to match the \"logical\" colors with \"physical\" ones. If an intended color is already present in the system palette, the system internally maps the logical to the system palette indexes (because they rarely coincide). If the intended color is not present yet, the system applies an internal algorithm to discard the least\\-used color in the system palette (generally, one used by another window in the background) and substitutes it with the new color. Due to there being limited room for colors in the system palette, the algorithm also tries to remap similar colors together and will always avoid creating redundant colors.", "The final result depends on how many applications are trying to show their colors on screen at the same time. The foreground window is always favored, so background windows may behave in different ways: from become corrupted to quickly redraw themselves. When the system palette changes, the system triggers a specific [event](/wiki/Event-driven_programming \"Event-driven programming\") to inform every application. When received, a window can quickly redraw itself using a single Win32 API function. But this must be done explicitly in the program code; hence the fact that many programs fail to handle this event, and their windows will become corrupt in this situation.", "An application can force the system palette to be loaded with specific colors (even in a specific order), \"tricking\" the system by telling it they are color entries intended for animation (quick color changes of the colors in the physical palette at specific entries). The system will then assume that those hardware palette entries no longer are free for its palette color management algorithm. The final result depends on the skills of the color\\-forcing program and the behavior of the other programs (although this problem is the same as in the regular case), and that of the operating system itself.", "" ]
### Microsoft Windows [Microsoft Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows") applications manage the palette of 4\-bit or 8\-bit indexed color display devices through specialized functions of the [Win32 API](/wiki/Win32_API "Win32 API"). The applicability of palettes in [Highcolor](/wiki/Highcolor "Highcolor") and [Truecolor](/wiki/24-bit_color "24-bit color") display modes becomes questionable. These APIs deals with the so\-called "system palette" and with many "logical palettes". The "system palette" is a copy in [RAM](/wiki/Random-access_memory "Random-access memory") of the color display's hardware registers, primarily a physical palette, and it is a unique, shared common resource of the system. At boot, it is loaded with the [default system palette](/wiki/List_of_software_palettes%23Microsoft_Windows_and_IBM_OS/2_default_16-color_palette "List of software palettes#Microsoft Windows and IBM OS/2 default 16-color palette") (mainly a "master palette" which works well enough with most programs). When a given application intends to output colorized graphics and/or images, it can set their own "logical palette", that is, its own private selection of colors (up to 256\). It is supposed that every graphic element that the application tries to show on screen employs the colors of its logical palette. Every program can manage freely one or more logical palettes without further expected interference (in advance). Before the output is effectively made, the program must *realize* its logical palette: The system tries to match the "logical" colors with "physical" ones. If an intended color is already present in the system palette, the system internally maps the logical to the system palette indexes (because they rarely coincide). If the intended color is not present yet, the system applies an internal algorithm to discard the least\-used color in the system palette (generally, one used by another window in the background) and substitutes it with the new color. Due to there being limited room for colors in the system palette, the algorithm also tries to remap similar colors together and will always avoid creating redundant colors. The final result depends on how many applications are trying to show their colors on screen at the same time. The foreground window is always favored, so background windows may behave in different ways: from become corrupted to quickly redraw themselves. When the system palette changes, the system triggers a specific [event](/wiki/Event-driven_programming "Event-driven programming") to inform every application. When received, a window can quickly redraw itself using a single Win32 API function. But this must be done explicitly in the program code; hence the fact that many programs fail to handle this event, and their windows will become corrupt in this situation. An application can force the system palette to be loaded with specific colors (even in a specific order), "tricking" the system by telling it they are color entries intended for animation (quick color changes of the colors in the physical palette at specific entries). The system will then assume that those hardware palette entries no longer are free for its palette color management algorithm. The final result depends on the skills of the color\-forcing program and the behavior of the other programs (although this problem is the same as in the regular case), and that of the operating system itself.
[ "### Microsoft Windows", "[Microsoft Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows \"Microsoft Windows\") applications manage the palette of 4\\-bit or 8\\-bit indexed color display devices through specialized functions of the [Win32 API](/wiki/Win32_API \"Win32 API\"). The applicability of palettes in [Highcolor](/wiki/Highcolor \"Highcolor\") and [Truecolor](/wiki/24-bit_color \"24-bit color\") display modes becomes questionable. These APIs deals with the so\\-called \"system palette\" and with many \"logical palettes\".", "The \"system palette\" is a copy in [RAM](/wiki/Random-access_memory \"Random-access memory\") of the color display's hardware registers, primarily a physical palette, and it is a unique, shared common resource of the system. At boot, it is loaded with the [default system palette](/wiki/List_of_software_palettes%23Microsoft_Windows_and_IBM_OS/2_default_16-color_palette \"List of software palettes#Microsoft Windows and IBM OS/2 default 16-color palette\") (mainly a \"master palette\" which works well enough with most programs).", "When a given application intends to output colorized graphics and/or images, it can set their own \"logical palette\", that is, its own private selection of colors (up to 256\\). It is supposed that every graphic element that the application tries to show on screen employs the colors of its logical palette. Every program can manage freely one or more logical palettes without further expected interference (in advance).", "Before the output is effectively made, the program must *realize* its logical palette: The system tries to match the \"logical\" colors with \"physical\" ones. If an intended color is already present in the system palette, the system internally maps the logical to the system palette indexes (because they rarely coincide). If the intended color is not present yet, the system applies an internal algorithm to discard the least\\-used color in the system palette (generally, one used by another window in the background) and substitutes it with the new color. Due to there being limited room for colors in the system palette, the algorithm also tries to remap similar colors together and will always avoid creating redundant colors.", "The final result depends on how many applications are trying to show their colors on screen at the same time. The foreground window is always favored, so background windows may behave in different ways: from become corrupted to quickly redraw themselves. When the system palette changes, the system triggers a specific [event](/wiki/Event-driven_programming \"Event-driven programming\") to inform every application. When received, a window can quickly redraw itself using a single Win32 API function. But this must be done explicitly in the program code; hence the fact that many programs fail to handle this event, and their windows will become corrupt in this situation.", "An application can force the system palette to be loaded with specific colors (even in a specific order), \"tricking\" the system by telling it they are color entries intended for animation (quick color changes of the colors in the physical palette at specific entries). The system will then assume that those hardware palette entries no longer are free for its palette color management algorithm. The final result depends on the skills of the color\\-forcing program and the behavior of the other programs (although this problem is the same as in the regular case), and that of the operating system itself.", "" ]
Laboratory setup ---------------- Fractional distillation in a laboratory makes use of common [laboratory glassware](/wiki/Laboratory_glassware "Laboratory glassware") and apparatuses, typically including a [Bunsen burner](/wiki/Bunsen_burner "Bunsen burner"), a [round\-bottomed flask](/wiki/Round-bottomed_flask "Round-bottomed flask") and a [condenser](/wiki/Condenser_%28heat_transfer%29 "Condenser (heat transfer)"), as well as the single\-purpose [fractionating column](/wiki/Fractionating_column "Fractionating column"). [thumb\|upright\=1\.25\|Fractional distillation](/wiki/Image:Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatus.svg "Fractional distillation lab apparatus.svg") As an example, consider the distillation of a mixture of water and [ethanol](/wiki/Ethanol "Ethanol"). Ethanol boils at {{convert\|78\.4\|C}} while water boils at {{convert\|100\|C}}. So, by heating the mixture, the most volatile component (ethanol) will concentrate to a greater degree in the vapor leaving the liquid. Some mixtures form [azeotropes](/wiki/Azeotrope "Azeotrope"), where the mixture boils at a lower temperature than either component. In this example, a mixture of {{percentage\|96\|100}} ethanol and {{percentage\|4\|100}} water boils at {{convert\|78\.2\|°C}}; the mixture is more [volatile](/wiki/Volatility_%28chemistry%29 "Volatility (chemistry)") than pure ethanol. For this reason, ethanol cannot be completely purified by direct fractional distillation of ethanol–water mixtures. The apparatus is assembled as in the diagram. (The diagram represents a batch apparatus as opposed to a continuous apparatus.) The mixture is put into the round\-bottomed flask along with a few [anti\-bumping granules](/wiki/Boiling_chip "Boiling chip") (or a Teflon\-coated magnetic stirrer bar if using [magnetic stirring](/wiki/Magnetic_stirrer "Magnetic stirrer")), and the fractionating column is fitted into the top. The fractional distillation column is set up with the heat source at the bottom of the still pot. As the distance from the still pot increases, a temperature gradient is formed in the column; it is coolest at the top and hottest at the bottom. As the mixed vapor ascends the temperature gradient, some of the vapor condenses and vaporizes along the [temperature gradient](/wiki/Temperature_gradient "Temperature gradient"). Each time the vapor condenses and vaporizes, the composition of the more volatile component in the vapor increases. This distills the vapor along the length of the column, and eventually, the vapor is composed solely of the more volatile component (or an azeotrope). The vapor [condenses](/wiki/Condensation "Condensation") on the glass platforms, known as [trays](/wiki/Theoretical_tray "Theoretical tray"), inside the column, and runs back down into the liquid below, [refluxing](/wiki/Reflux "Reflux") distillate. The efficiency in terms of the amount of heating and time required to get fractionation can be improved by insulating the outside of the column in an insulator such as wool, aluminum foil, or preferably a vacuum jacket. The hottest tray is at the bottom and the coolest is at the top. At steady\-state conditions, the vapor and liquid on each tray are at *[equilibrium](/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibrium "Vapor–liquid equilibrium")*. The most volatile component of the mixture exits as a [gas](/wiki/Gas "Gas") at the top of the column. The vapor at the top of the column then passes into the condenser, which cools it down until it liquefies. The separation is more pure with the addition of more trays (to a practical limitation of heat, flow, etc.) Initially, the condensate will be close to the azeotropic composition, but when much of the ethanol has been drawn off, the condensate becomes gradually richer in water.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2013}} The process continues until all the ethanol boils out of the mixture. This point can be recognized by the sharp rise in temperature shown on the [thermometer](/wiki/Thermometer "Thermometer"). The above explanation reflects the theoretical way fractionation works. Normal laboratory fractionation columns will be simple glass tubes (often vacuum\-jacketed, and sometimes internally [silvered](/wiki/Silvering "Silvering")) filled with a packing, often small glass helices of {{convert\|4\|to\|7\|mm}} diameter. Such a column can be calibrated by the distillation of a known mixture system to quantify the column in terms of number of theoretical trays. To improve fractionation the apparatus is set up to return condensate to the column by the use of some sort of reflux splitter (reflux wire, gago, Magnetic swinging bucket, etc.) – a typical careful fractionation would employ a reflux ratio of around 4:1 (4 parts returned condensate to 1 part condensate take off). In laboratory distillation, several types of condensers are commonly found. The [Liebig condenser](/wiki/Liebig_condenser "Liebig condenser") is simply a straight tube within a [water jacket](/wiki/Water_jacket "Water jacket") and is the simplest (and relatively least expensive) form of condenser. The [Graham condenser](/wiki/Graham_condenser "Graham condenser") is a spiral tube within a water jacket, and the [Allihn condenser](/wiki/Allihn_condenser "Allihn condenser") has a series of large and small constrictions on the inside tube, each increasing the surface area upon which the vapor constituents may condense. Alternate set\-ups may use a multi\-outlet distillation receiver flask (referred to as a "cow" or "pig") to connect three or four receiving [flasks](/wiki/Laboratory_flask "Laboratory flask") to the condenser. By turning the cow or pig, the distillates can be channeled into any chosen receiver. Because the receiver does not have to be removed and replaced during the distillation process, this type of apparatus is useful when distilling under an inert atmosphere for [air\-sensitive](/wiki/Air-sensitive "Air-sensitive") chemicals or at reduced pressure. A [Perkin triangle](/wiki/Perkin_triangle "Perkin triangle") is an alternative apparatus often used in these situations because it allows isolation of the receiver from the rest of the system, but does require removing and reattaching a single receiver for each fraction. [Vacuum distillation](/wiki/Vacuum_distillation "Vacuum distillation") systems operate at reduced pressure, thereby lowering the boiling points of the materials. [Anti\-bumping granules](/wiki/Boiling_chip "Boiling chip"), however, become ineffective at reduced pressures.
[ "Laboratory setup\n----------------", "Fractional distillation in a laboratory makes use of common [laboratory glassware](/wiki/Laboratory_glassware \"Laboratory glassware\") and apparatuses, typically including a [Bunsen burner](/wiki/Bunsen_burner \"Bunsen burner\"), a [round\\-bottomed flask](/wiki/Round-bottomed_flask \"Round-bottomed flask\") and a [condenser](/wiki/Condenser_%28heat_transfer%29 \"Condenser (heat transfer)\"), as well as the single\\-purpose [fractionating column](/wiki/Fractionating_column \"Fractionating column\").", "[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.25\\|Fractional distillation](/wiki/Image:Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatus.svg \"Fractional distillation lab apparatus.svg\")", "As an example, consider the distillation of a mixture of water and [ethanol](/wiki/Ethanol \"Ethanol\"). Ethanol boils at {{convert\\|78\\.4\\|C}} while water boils at {{convert\\|100\\|C}}. So, by heating the mixture, the most volatile component (ethanol) will concentrate to a greater degree in the vapor leaving the liquid. Some mixtures form [azeotropes](/wiki/Azeotrope \"Azeotrope\"), where the mixture boils at a lower temperature than either component. In this example, a mixture of {{percentage\\|96\\|100}} ethanol and {{percentage\\|4\\|100}} water boils at {{convert\\|78\\.2\\|°C}}; the mixture is more [volatile](/wiki/Volatility_%28chemistry%29 \"Volatility (chemistry)\") than pure ethanol. For this reason, ethanol cannot be completely purified by direct fractional distillation of ethanol–water mixtures.", "The apparatus is assembled as in the diagram. (The diagram represents a batch apparatus as opposed to a continuous apparatus.) The mixture is put into the round\\-bottomed flask along with a few [anti\\-bumping granules](/wiki/Boiling_chip \"Boiling chip\") (or a Teflon\\-coated magnetic stirrer bar if using [magnetic stirring](/wiki/Magnetic_stirrer \"Magnetic stirrer\")), and the fractionating column is fitted into the top. The fractional distillation column is set up with the heat source at the bottom of the still pot. As the distance from the still pot increases, a temperature gradient is formed in the column; it is coolest at the top and hottest at the bottom. As the mixed vapor ascends the temperature gradient, some of the vapor condenses and vaporizes along the [temperature gradient](/wiki/Temperature_gradient \"Temperature gradient\"). Each time the vapor condenses and vaporizes, the composition of the more volatile component in the vapor increases. This distills the vapor along the length of the column, and eventually, the vapor is composed solely of the more volatile component (or an azeotrope). The vapor [condenses](/wiki/Condensation \"Condensation\") on the glass platforms, known as [trays](/wiki/Theoretical_tray \"Theoretical tray\"), inside the column, and runs back down into the liquid below, [refluxing](/wiki/Reflux \"Reflux\") distillate. The efficiency in terms of the amount of heating and time required to get fractionation can be improved by insulating the outside of the column in an insulator such as wool, aluminum foil, or preferably a vacuum jacket. The hottest tray is at the bottom and the coolest is at the top. At steady\\-state conditions, the vapor and liquid on each tray are at *[equilibrium](/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibrium \"Vapor–liquid equilibrium\")*. The most volatile component of the mixture exits as a [gas](/wiki/Gas \"Gas\") at the top of the column. The vapor at the top of the column then passes into the condenser, which cools it down until it liquefies. The separation is more pure with the addition of more trays (to a practical limitation of heat, flow, etc.) Initially, the condensate will be close to the azeotropic composition, but when much of the ethanol has been drawn off, the condensate becomes gradually richer in water.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2013}} The process continues until all the ethanol boils out of the mixture. This point can be recognized by the sharp rise in temperature shown on the [thermometer](/wiki/Thermometer \"Thermometer\").", "The above explanation reflects the theoretical way fractionation works. Normal laboratory fractionation columns will be simple glass tubes (often vacuum\\-jacketed, and sometimes internally [silvered](/wiki/Silvering \"Silvering\")) filled with a packing, often small glass helices of {{convert\\|4\\|to\\|7\\|mm}} diameter. Such a column can be calibrated by the distillation of a known mixture system to quantify the column in terms of number of theoretical trays. To improve fractionation the apparatus is set up to return condensate to the column by the use of some sort of reflux splitter (reflux wire, gago, Magnetic swinging bucket, etc.) – a typical careful fractionation would employ a reflux ratio of around 4:1 (4 parts returned condensate to 1 part condensate take off).", "In laboratory distillation, several types of condensers are commonly found. The [Liebig condenser](/wiki/Liebig_condenser \"Liebig condenser\") is simply a straight tube within a [water jacket](/wiki/Water_jacket \"Water jacket\") and is the simplest (and relatively least expensive) form of condenser. The [Graham condenser](/wiki/Graham_condenser \"Graham condenser\") is a spiral tube within a water jacket, and the [Allihn condenser](/wiki/Allihn_condenser \"Allihn condenser\") has a series of large and small constrictions on the inside tube, each increasing the surface area upon which the vapor constituents may condense.", "Alternate set\\-ups may use a multi\\-outlet distillation receiver flask (referred to as a \"cow\" or \"pig\") to connect three or four receiving [flasks](/wiki/Laboratory_flask \"Laboratory flask\") to the condenser. By turning the cow or pig, the distillates can be channeled into any chosen receiver. Because the receiver does not have to be removed and replaced during the distillation process, this type of apparatus is useful when distilling under an inert atmosphere for [air\\-sensitive](/wiki/Air-sensitive \"Air-sensitive\") chemicals or at reduced pressure. A [Perkin triangle](/wiki/Perkin_triangle \"Perkin triangle\") is an alternative apparatus often used in these situations because it allows isolation of the receiver from the rest of the system, but does require removing and reattaching a single receiver for each fraction.", "[Vacuum distillation](/wiki/Vacuum_distillation \"Vacuum distillation\") systems operate at reduced pressure, thereby lowering the boiling points of the materials. [Anti\\-bumping granules](/wiki/Boiling_chip \"Boiling chip\"), however, become ineffective at reduced pressures.", "" ]
Industrial distillation ----------------------- [upright\=0\.9\|thumb\|Typical industrial fractional distillation columns](/wiki/Image:Colonne_distillazione.jpg "Colonne distillazione.jpg") Fractional distillation is the most common form of separation technology used in [petroleum refineries](/wiki/Oil_refinery "Oil refinery"), [petrochemical](/wiki/Petrochemical "Petrochemical") and [chemical plants](/wiki/Chemical_plant "Chemical plant"), [natural gas processing](/wiki/Natural_gas_processing "Natural gas processing") and [cryogenic air separation](/wiki/Air_separation "Air separation") plants.{{cite book\|author\=Kister, Henry Z.\|title\= \[\[Distillation Design]]\|edition\=1st\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1992\|isbn\=0\-07\-034909\-6}}{{cite book\|author1\=Perry, Robert H. \|author2\=Green, Don W.\|title\=\[\[Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook]]\|edition\=6th\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1984\|isbn\=0\-07\-049479\-7}} In most cases, the distillation is operated at a [continuous](/wiki/Continuous_distillation "Continuous distillation") [steady state](/wiki/Steady_state "Steady state"). New feed is always being added to the distillation column and products are always being removed. Unless the process is disturbed due to changes in feed, heat, ambient temperature, or condensing, the amount of feed being added and the amount of product being removed are normally equal. This is known as continuous, steady\-state fractional distillation. Industrial distillation is typically performed in large, vertical cylindrical columns known as "distillation or fractionation towers" or "distillation columns" with diameters ranging from about {{convert\|0\.65\|to\|6\|m\|ft\|0\|sp\=us}} and heights ranging from about {{convert\|6\|to\|60\|m\|sp\=us}} or more. The distillation towers have liquid outlets at intervals up the column which allow for the withdrawal of different fractions or products having different [boiling points](/wiki/Boiling_points "Boiling points") or boiling ranges. By increasing the temperature of the product inside the columns, the different products are separated. The "lightest" products (those with the lowest boiling point) exit from the top of the columns and the "heaviest" products (those with the highest boiling point) exit from the bottom of the column. For example, fractional distillation is used in [oil refineries](/wiki/Oil_refinery "Oil refinery") to separate [crude oil](/wiki/Crude_oil "Crude oil") into useful substances (or fractions) having different [hydrocarbons](/wiki/Hydrocarbons "Hydrocarbons") of different boiling points. The crude oil fractions with higher boiling points: * have more [carbon atoms](/wiki/Carbon_atom "Carbon atom") * have higher [molecular weights](/wiki/Molecular_weight "Molecular weight") * are less branched\-chain [alkanes](/wiki/Alkane "Alkane") * are darker in color * are more [viscous](/wiki/Viscosity "Viscosity") * are more difficult to ignite and to [burn](/wiki/Combustion "Combustion") [thumb\|right\|217px\|Diagram of a typical industrial distillation tower](/wiki/File:Continuous_Binary_Fractional_Distillation.PNG "Continuous Binary Fractional Distillation.PNG") Large\-scale industrial towers use [reflux](/wiki/Reflux "Reflux") to achieve a more complete separation of products.{{Cite web\|title\=Reflux drum\|url\=https://www.alutal.com.br/en/industrias\-e\-aplicacoes/quimica/cilindro\-de\-refluxo\|access\-date\=2020\-09\-18\|website\=Alutal\|language\=en}} Reflux refers to the portion of the condensed overhead liquid product from a distillation or fractionation tower that is returned to the upper part of the tower as shown in the schematic diagram of a typical, large\-scale industrial [distillation](/wiki/Distillation "Distillation") tower. Inside the tower, the reflux liquid flowing downwards provides the cooling needed to condense the vapors flowing upwards, thereby increasing the effectiveness of the distillation tower. The more reflux is provided for a given number of [theoretical plates](/wiki/Theoretical_plate "Theoretical plate"), the better the tower's separation of lower boiling materials from higher boiling materials. Alternatively, the more reflux provided for a given desired separation, the fewer theoretical plates are required. [thumb\|left\|upright\=1\.1\|[Crude oil](/wiki/Crude_oil "Crude oil") is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. The fractions at the top of the [fractionating column](/wiki/Fractionating_column "Fractionating column") have lower [boiling points](/wiki/Boiling_point "Boiling point") than the fractions at the bottom. All of the fractions are processed further in other refining units.](/wiki/Image:Crude_Oil_Distillation.png "Crude Oil Distillation.png") Fractional distillation is also used in air separation, producing [liquid oxygen](/wiki/Liquid_oxygen "Liquid oxygen"), [liquid nitrogen](/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen "Liquid nitrogen"), and highly concentrated [argon](/wiki/Argon "Argon"). Distillation of [chlorosilanes](/wiki/Chlorosilane "Chlorosilane") also enable the production of high\-purity [silicon](/wiki/Silicon "Silicon") for use as a [semiconductor](/wiki/Semiconductor "Semiconductor"). In industrial uses, sometimes a packing material is used in the column instead of trays, especially when low\-pressure drops across the column are required, as when operating under vacuum. This packing material can either be random dumped packing ({{convert\|1\|\-\|3\|in\|abbr\=on}} wide) such as [Raschig rings](/wiki/Raschig_ring "Raschig ring") or [structured sheet metal](/wiki/Structured_packing "Structured packing"). Typical manufacturers are Koch, Sulzer, and other companies. Liquids tend to wet the surface of the packing and the vapors pass across this wetted surface, where [mass transfer](/wiki/Mass_transfer "Mass transfer") takes place. Unlike conventional tray distillation in which every tray represents a separate point of [vapor liquid equilibrium](/wiki/Vapor_liquid_equilibrium "Vapor liquid equilibrium") the vapor\-liquid equilibrium curve in a packed column is continuous. However, when modeling packed columns it is useful to compute several ["theoretical plates"](/wiki/Theoretical_plate "Theoretical plate") to denote the separation efficiency of the packed column concerning more traditional trays. Differently shaped packings have different surface areas and [porosity](/wiki/Porosity "Porosity"). Both of these factors affect packing performance. ### Design of industrial distillation columns [thumb\|upright\=1\.1\|Chemical engineering schematic of typical bubble\-cap trays in a distillation tower](/wiki/Image:Tray_Distillation_Tower.PNG "Tray Distillation Tower.PNG") Design and operation of a distillation column depends on the feed and desired products. Given a simple, binary component feed, analytical methods such as the [McCabe–Thiele method](/wiki/McCabe%E2%80%93Thiele_method "McCabe–Thiele method"){{cite journal \| last \= Beychok \| first \= Milton \| title \= Algebraic Solution of McCabe\-Thiele Diagram \| journal \= Chemical Engineering Progress \| date \= May 1951 }}{{cite book\|author1\=Seader, J. D. \|author2\=Henley, Ernest J.\|title\=Separation Process Principles\|publisher\=Wiley\| location\=New York\|year\=1998\|isbn\=0\-471\-58626\-9}} or the [Fenske equation](/wiki/Fenske_equation "Fenske equation") can be used. For a multi\-component feed, [simulation](/wiki/Simulation "Simulation") models are used both for design and operation. Moreover, the efficiencies of the vapor\-liquid contact devices (referred to as *plates* or *trays*) used in distillation columns are typically lower than that of a theoretical {{percentage\|100\|100}} efficient [equilibrium stage](/wiki/Equilibrium_stage "Equilibrium stage"). Hence, a distillation column needs more plates than the number of theoretical vapor\-liquid equilibrium stages. Reflux refers to the portion of the condensed overhead product that is returned to the tower. The reflux flowing downwards provides the cooling required for condensing the vapors flowing upwards. The reflux ratio, which is the ratio of the (internal) reflux to the overhead product, is conversely related to the theoretical number of stages required for efficient separation of the distillation products. Fractional distillation towers or columns are designed to achieve the required separation efficiently. The design of fractionation columns is normally made in two steps; a process design, followed by a mechanical design. The purpose of the process design is to calculate the number of required theoretical stages and stream flows including the reflux ratio, heat reflux, and other heat duties. The purpose of the mechanical design, on the other hand, is to select the tower internals, column diameter, and height. In most cases, the mechanical design of fractionation towers is not straightforward. For the efficient selection of tower internals and the accurate calculation of column height and diameter, many factors must be taken into account. Some of the factors involved in design calculations include feed load size and properties and the type of distillation column used. The two major types of distillation columns used are tray and packing columns. Packing columns are normally used for smaller towers and loads that are corrosive or temperature\-sensitive or for vacuum service where pressure drop is important. Tray columns, on the other hand, are used for larger columns with high liquid loads. They first appeared on the scene in the 1820s. In most oil refinery operations, tray columns are mainly used for the separation of petroleum fractions at different stages of oil refining. In the oil refining industry, the design and operation of fractionation towers is still largely accomplished on an empirical basis. The calculations involved in the design of petroleum fractionation columns require in the usual practice the use of numerable charts, tables, and complex empirical equations. In recent years, however, a considerable amount of work has been done to develop efficient and reliable computer\-aided design procedures for fractional distillation.{{cite book \|last\=Ibrahim \|first\=Hassan Al\-Haj \|editor\-last\=Bennett \|editor\-first\=Kelly \|title\=Matlab: Applications for the Practical Engineer \|publisher\=Sciyo \|date\=2014 \|pages\=139–171 \|chapter\=Chapter 5 \|isbn\= 978\-953\-51\-1719\-3}}
[ "Industrial distillation\n-----------------------", "[upright\\=0\\.9\\|thumb\\|Typical industrial fractional distillation columns](/wiki/Image:Colonne_distillazione.jpg \"Colonne distillazione.jpg\")\nFractional distillation is the most common form of separation technology used in [petroleum refineries](/wiki/Oil_refinery \"Oil refinery\"), [petrochemical](/wiki/Petrochemical \"Petrochemical\") and [chemical plants](/wiki/Chemical_plant \"Chemical plant\"), [natural gas processing](/wiki/Natural_gas_processing \"Natural gas processing\") and [cryogenic air separation](/wiki/Air_separation \"Air separation\") plants.{{cite book\\|author\\=Kister, Henry Z.\\|title\\= \\[\\[Distillation Design]]\\|edition\\=1st\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1992\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-034909\\-6}}{{cite book\\|author1\\=Perry, Robert H. \\|author2\\=Green, Don W.\\|title\\=\\[\\[Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook]]\\|edition\\=6th\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1984\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-049479\\-7}} In most cases, the distillation is operated at a [continuous](/wiki/Continuous_distillation \"Continuous distillation\") [steady state](/wiki/Steady_state \"Steady state\"). New feed is always being added to the distillation column and products are always being removed. Unless the process is disturbed due to changes in feed, heat, ambient temperature, or condensing, the amount of feed being added and the amount of product being removed are normally equal. This is known as continuous, steady\\-state fractional distillation.", "Industrial distillation is typically performed in large, vertical cylindrical columns known as \"distillation or fractionation towers\" or \"distillation columns\" with diameters ranging from about {{convert\\|0\\.65\\|to\\|6\\|m\\|ft\\|0\\|sp\\=us}} and heights ranging from about {{convert\\|6\\|to\\|60\\|m\\|sp\\=us}} or more. The distillation towers have liquid outlets at intervals up the column which allow for the withdrawal of different fractions or products having different [boiling points](/wiki/Boiling_points \"Boiling points\") or boiling ranges. By increasing the temperature of the product inside the columns, the different products are separated. The \"lightest\" products (those with the lowest boiling point) exit from the top of the columns and the \"heaviest\" products (those with the highest boiling point) exit from the bottom of the column.", "For example, fractional distillation is used in [oil refineries](/wiki/Oil_refinery \"Oil refinery\") to separate [crude oil](/wiki/Crude_oil \"Crude oil\") into useful substances (or fractions) having different [hydrocarbons](/wiki/Hydrocarbons \"Hydrocarbons\") of different boiling points. The crude oil fractions with higher boiling points:", "* have more [carbon atoms](/wiki/Carbon_atom \"Carbon atom\")\n* have higher [molecular weights](/wiki/Molecular_weight \"Molecular weight\")\n* are less branched\\-chain [alkanes](/wiki/Alkane \"Alkane\")\n* are darker in color\n* are more [viscous](/wiki/Viscosity \"Viscosity\")\n* are more difficult to ignite and to [burn](/wiki/Combustion \"Combustion\")", "[thumb\\|right\\|217px\\|Diagram of a typical industrial distillation tower](/wiki/File:Continuous_Binary_Fractional_Distillation.PNG \"Continuous Binary Fractional Distillation.PNG\")\nLarge\\-scale industrial towers use [reflux](/wiki/Reflux \"Reflux\") to achieve a more complete separation of products.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Reflux drum\\|url\\=https://www.alutal.com.br/en/industrias\\-e\\-aplicacoes/quimica/cilindro\\-de\\-refluxo\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-18\\|website\\=Alutal\\|language\\=en}} Reflux refers to the portion of the condensed overhead liquid product from a distillation or fractionation tower that is returned to the upper part of the tower as shown in the schematic diagram of a typical, large\\-scale industrial [distillation](/wiki/Distillation \"Distillation\") tower. Inside the tower, the reflux liquid flowing downwards provides the cooling needed to condense the vapors flowing upwards, thereby increasing the effectiveness of the distillation tower. The more reflux is provided for a given number of [theoretical plates](/wiki/Theoretical_plate \"Theoretical plate\"), the better the tower's separation of lower boiling materials from higher boiling materials. Alternatively, the more reflux provided for a given desired separation, the fewer theoretical plates are required.", "[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=1\\.1\\|[Crude oil](/wiki/Crude_oil \"Crude oil\") is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. The fractions at the top of the [fractionating column](/wiki/Fractionating_column \"Fractionating column\") have lower [boiling points](/wiki/Boiling_point \"Boiling point\") than the fractions at the bottom. All of the fractions are processed further in other refining units.](/wiki/Image:Crude_Oil_Distillation.png \"Crude Oil Distillation.png\")\nFractional distillation is also used in air separation, producing [liquid oxygen](/wiki/Liquid_oxygen \"Liquid oxygen\"), [liquid nitrogen](/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen \"Liquid nitrogen\"), and highly concentrated [argon](/wiki/Argon \"Argon\"). Distillation of [chlorosilanes](/wiki/Chlorosilane \"Chlorosilane\") also enable the production of high\\-purity [silicon](/wiki/Silicon \"Silicon\") for use as a [semiconductor](/wiki/Semiconductor \"Semiconductor\").", "In industrial uses, sometimes a packing material is used in the column instead of trays, especially when low\\-pressure drops across the column are required, as when operating under vacuum. This packing material can either be random dumped packing ({{convert\\|1\\|\\-\\|3\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} wide) such as [Raschig rings](/wiki/Raschig_ring \"Raschig ring\") or [structured sheet metal](/wiki/Structured_packing \"Structured packing\"). Typical manufacturers are Koch, Sulzer, and other companies. Liquids tend to wet the surface of the packing and the vapors pass across this wetted surface, where [mass transfer](/wiki/Mass_transfer \"Mass transfer\") takes place. Unlike conventional tray distillation in which every tray represents a separate point of [vapor liquid equilibrium](/wiki/Vapor_liquid_equilibrium \"Vapor liquid equilibrium\") the vapor\\-liquid equilibrium curve in a packed column is continuous. However, when modeling packed columns it is useful to compute several [\"theoretical plates\"](/wiki/Theoretical_plate \"Theoretical plate\") to denote the separation efficiency of the packed column concerning more traditional trays. Differently shaped packings have different surface areas and [porosity](/wiki/Porosity \"Porosity\"). Both of these factors affect packing performance.", "### Design of industrial distillation columns", "[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.1\\|Chemical engineering schematic of typical bubble\\-cap trays in a distillation tower](/wiki/Image:Tray_Distillation_Tower.PNG \"Tray Distillation Tower.PNG\")\nDesign and operation of a distillation column depends on the feed and desired products. Given a simple, binary component feed, analytical methods such as the [McCabe–Thiele method](/wiki/McCabe%E2%80%93Thiele_method \"McCabe–Thiele method\"){{cite journal \\| last \\= Beychok \\| first \\= Milton \\| title \\= Algebraic Solution of McCabe\\-Thiele Diagram \\| journal \\= Chemical Engineering Progress \\| date \\= May 1951 }}{{cite book\\|author1\\=Seader, J. D. \\|author2\\=Henley, Ernest J.\\|title\\=Separation Process Principles\\|publisher\\=Wiley\\| location\\=New York\\|year\\=1998\\|isbn\\=0\\-471\\-58626\\-9}} or the [Fenske equation](/wiki/Fenske_equation \"Fenske equation\") can be used. For a multi\\-component feed, [simulation](/wiki/Simulation \"Simulation\") models are used both for design and operation.", "Moreover, the efficiencies of the vapor\\-liquid contact devices (referred to as *plates* or *trays*) used in distillation columns are typically lower than that of a theoretical {{percentage\\|100\\|100}} efficient [equilibrium stage](/wiki/Equilibrium_stage \"Equilibrium stage\"). Hence, a distillation column needs more plates than the number of theoretical vapor\\-liquid equilibrium stages.", "Reflux refers to the portion of the condensed overhead product that is returned to the tower. The reflux flowing downwards provides the cooling required for condensing the vapors flowing upwards. The reflux ratio, which is the ratio of the (internal) reflux to the overhead product, is conversely related to the theoretical number of stages required for efficient separation of the distillation products.\nFractional distillation towers or columns are designed to achieve the required separation efficiently. The design of fractionation columns is normally made in two steps; a process design, followed by a mechanical design. The purpose of the process design is to calculate the number of required theoretical stages and stream flows including the reflux ratio, heat reflux, and other heat duties. The purpose of the mechanical design, on the other hand, is to select the tower internals, column diameter, and height. In most cases, the mechanical design of fractionation towers is not straightforward. For the efficient selection of tower internals and the accurate calculation of column height and diameter, many factors must be taken into account. Some of the factors involved in design calculations include feed load size and properties and the type of distillation column used.", "The two major types of distillation columns used are tray and packing columns. Packing columns are normally used for smaller towers and loads that are corrosive or temperature\\-sensitive or for vacuum service where pressure drop is important. Tray columns, on the other hand, are used for larger columns with high liquid loads. They first appeared on the scene in the 1820s. In most oil refinery operations, tray columns are mainly used for the separation of petroleum fractions at different stages of oil refining.", "In the oil refining industry, the design and operation of fractionation towers is still largely accomplished on an empirical basis. The calculations involved in the design of petroleum fractionation columns require in the usual practice the use of numerable charts, tables, and complex empirical equations. In recent years, however, a considerable amount of work has been done to develop efficient and reliable computer\\-aided design procedures for fractional distillation.{{cite book \\|last\\=Ibrahim \\|first\\=Hassan Al\\-Haj \\|editor\\-last\\=Bennett \\|editor\\-first\\=Kelly \\|title\\=Matlab: Applications for the Practical Engineer \\|publisher\\=Sciyo \\|date\\=2014 \\|pages\\=139–171 \\|chapter\\=Chapter 5 \\|isbn\\= 978\\-953\\-51\\-1719\\-3}}", "" ]
Role in the "Singing Revolution" -------------------------------- Helsinki\-86 was an important early actor during the "[Singing Revolution](/wiki/Singing_Revolution "Singing Revolution")" in Latvia, during which the country regained its independence from the USSR. By the beginning of 1988, there were nearly twenty members of Helsinki\-86\. The most prominent among them, aside from the founding members were Rolands Silaraups, [Konstantins Pupurs](/wiki/Konstantins_Pupurs "Konstantins Pupurs"), Juris Vidiņš, Juris Ziemelis, Alfreds Zariņš, Heino Lāma, and Edmunds Cirvelis. By mid\-1988, some of the most active members had been expelled from the USSR by the Soviet authorities. On June 14, 1987, the group organised the first peaceful anti\-Communist demonstration with a customary placing of flowers at the base of the [Freedom Monument](/wiki/Freedom_Monument "Freedom Monument") ({{lang\-lv\|Brīvības piemineklis}}) in the Latvian capital, [Riga](/wiki/Riga "Riga"). This event marked a turning point the rebirth of national courage and self\-confidence in Latvia. On August 23, 1987, the group organized a protest demonstration against the [Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact](/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact"), which among numerous other historical events resulted in the [Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940](/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940 "Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940"), during the administration of Latvian President and Prime Minister [Kārlis Ulmanis](/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Ulmanis "Kārlis Ulmanis"). Historically, on November 18, 1987, Latvian Independence Day was celebrated for the first time since 1940\. On March 25, 1988 the group called for the Latvian people to gather by the Freedom Monument in Riga to commemorate the victims of Soviet terror. On that particular day, it became evident that the pro\-independence leadership began a gradual transition of influence from Helsinki\-86 to moderate [Latvian Communists](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Latvia "Communist Party of Latvia") and nationally prominent figures, who openly invited Latvian citizens for the first time to come *en masse* to a different Riga location: the [Cemetery of Fallen Soldiers](/wiki/Brothers%27_Cemetery_%28Riga%29 "Brothers' Cemetery (Riga)"). On June 14, 1988, for the first time since the Soviet occupation, the group openly carried the [Latvian national flag](/wiki/Flag_of_Latvia "Flag of Latvia") through the streets of Riga.
[ "Role in the \"Singing Revolution\"\n--------------------------------", "Helsinki\\-86 was an important early actor during the \"[Singing Revolution](/wiki/Singing_Revolution \"Singing Revolution\")\" in Latvia, during which the country regained its independence from the USSR.", "By the beginning of 1988, there were nearly twenty members of Helsinki\\-86\\. The most prominent among them, aside from the founding members were Rolands Silaraups, [Konstantins Pupurs](/wiki/Konstantins_Pupurs \"Konstantins Pupurs\"), Juris Vidiņš, Juris Ziemelis, Alfreds Zariņš, Heino Lāma, and Edmunds Cirvelis. By mid\\-1988, some of the most active members had been expelled from the USSR by the Soviet authorities.", "On June 14, 1987, the group organised the first peaceful anti\\-Communist demonstration with a customary placing of flowers at the base of the [Freedom Monument](/wiki/Freedom_Monument \"Freedom Monument\") ({{lang\\-lv\\|Brīvības piemineklis}}) in the Latvian capital, [Riga](/wiki/Riga \"Riga\"). This event marked a turning point the rebirth of national courage and self\\-confidence in Latvia.", "On August 23, 1987, the group organized a protest demonstration against the [Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact](/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact \"Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact\"), which among numerous other historical events resulted in the [Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940](/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940 \"Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940\"), during the administration of Latvian President and Prime Minister [Kārlis Ulmanis](/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Ulmanis \"Kārlis Ulmanis\"). Historically, on November 18, 1987, Latvian Independence Day was celebrated for the first time since 1940\\.", "On March 25, 1988 the group called for the Latvian people to gather by the Freedom Monument in Riga to commemorate the victims of Soviet terror. On that particular day, it became evident that the pro\\-independence leadership began a gradual transition of influence from Helsinki\\-86 to moderate [Latvian Communists](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Latvia \"Communist Party of Latvia\") and nationally prominent figures, who openly invited Latvian citizens for the first time to come *en masse* to a different Riga location: the [Cemetery of Fallen Soldiers](/wiki/Brothers%27_Cemetery_%28Riga%29 \"Brothers' Cemetery (Riga)\").", "On June 14, 1988, for the first time since the Soviet occupation, the group openly carried the [Latvian national flag](/wiki/Flag_of_Latvia \"Flag of Latvia\") through the streets of Riga.", "" ]
History ------- ### Sydney Water Board Credit Union In 1959 The Sydney Water Board Officers Credit Union was founded. At the formation meeting on 5 August 1959, 63 employees became the first members of Sydney Water Board Credit Union Co\-op. Membership was originally restricted to permanent employees in the Metropolitan Water, Sewerage \& Drainage Board's (predecessor of [Sydney Water](/wiki/Sydney_Water "Sydney Water")) head office. Loans were limited to £300 ($600 at the 1966 conversion rate). By the end of its first financial year the credit union had 331 members and £15,565 ($31,130\) in assets.[Community First Credit Union](http://www.mycuhistory.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=850&Itemid=885), myCU History. In 1961 the loan limit was raised to £750 ($1,500\). By the end of the 61\-62 financial year, there were 1,052 members with assets of £127,429 ($254,858\). In 1964 the credit union became automated with the purchase of its first NCR National Accounting Machine to maintain members' accounts. In 1967 the Board approved a change of name to the Sydney Water Board Employees Credit Union. 1968 saw the Credit Union purchase a new, four\-storey head office – 'Co\-operation House' at 125 Bathurst St, Sydney, for the sum of $250,000\. In 1972 Full computerisation of the member accounts and transactions were completed. In 1973 through to 1976 Ongoing expansion during this period lead to offices being opened in Wollongong, Miranda, Penrith and Liverpool. Membership was opened beyond the original base of Water Board employees, to include the Board's contractors and manufacturers. The credit union merged with the employee credit unions of TAA (Trans Australia Airlines), Glass Containers and Sterlec. ### SWB Family Credit Union The TAA connection also provided the credit union's first non\-Water Board and female director, Margaret Slater. In 1974, in line with the changing membership profile, the name of the credit union was changed to SWB Family Credit Union Ltd. In 1978 the credit union became the 12th largest in Australia, with 16,420 members and assets of $14,039,267\. In 1981 SWB Family Credit Union merged with Martin Wells Credit Union. In 1981 the credit union moved into most of Penrith as a credit union for all residents, not just employees with payroll deductions. This was followed in 1983 by a similar expansion in Liverpool, and in 1984 to the Shire of Hornsby. New offices were also opened in Campbelltown, North Ryde and Dee Why. ### SWB Community Credit Union The transformation from a work\-based credit union to a more community\-based one prompted another name change, to S.W.B. Community Credit Union Ltd. In 1983 the Rediteller ATM network was launched and all members were issued with Redicards, for use in some 500 ATMs nationwide. In 1984, the Credit Union Visa Card gave members debit\-card access to their funds almost anywhere in the world. At this time there was also a merger with AMOCO Employees Credit Union. Membership grew to 21,941, with deposits of $28,585,671 and total assets of $31,756,576\. In 1986 the Credit Union merged with Wool Broker and Trustees Staff Credit Union. In 1989 the credit union had 31,355 members with total assets of $75,615,583\. It granted loans worth $35,530,000 in that year. The Bathurst Street building was sold and head office was relocated to Auburn.[Swb Credit Union Building For Sale](http://www.bathurstmotel.com.au/bathurst-motel-articles/1988/12/6/swb-credit-union-building-for-sale/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304102812/http://www.bathurstmotel.com.au/bathurst\-motel\-articles/1988/12/6/swb\-credit\-union\-building\-for\-sale/ \|date\=4 March 2015 }} Bathurst Motel. 1988 In 1990 there was another local merger this time with Muniff Credit Union. ### Community First Credit Union In 1993 members resolved to change the name of the credit union from SWB Community Credit Union Ltd to Community First Credit Union. Membership eligibility was expanded to include everybody in the Greater Sydney area. By 1999 membership exceeded 57,000, with deposits of $210 million and loans worth $199 million and another merger this time with Manchester Unity Credit Union Ltd. In 2000 there was a merger with Grand United Credit Union. In 2001 an internet banking facility was introduced in September giving members 24/7 access to their accounts. Assets exceeded $300 million for the first time. In 2002 Community First Credit Union launched an online brand Easy Street Financial Services, providing members nationwide with a high interest online savings account. The credit union also became sponsors of the Sheppard Centre, providing support for deaf children and their families. In 2006 Community First Credit Union merged with Dana Employees Credit Union. A brand make\-over also occurs, with new logo and corporate colours. On 12 May 2006, the Chief Executive Officer, Paul Johnson, together with John Tancevski, the Chief Executive Officer of Community First Credit Union announced the intention for the two organisations to merge. Its head office is located at [Auburn](/wiki/Auburn%2C_New_South_Wales "Auburn, New South Wales"). The merger, subject to [Australian Prudential Regulation Authority](/wiki/Australian_Prudential_Regulation_Authority "Australian Prudential Regulation Authority") approvals will be voted on at the Annual General Meetings of both Credit Unions in October, with the merge to take effect on 1 November 2006\. The merged entity would be called Community First Credit Union having its head office at [Auburn](/wiki/Auburn%2C_New_South_Wales "Auburn, New South Wales") and a regional office at Gorokan. In 2008 Community First Credit Union merged with the Croatian Community Credit Union and Hibernian Credit Union – adding 2,000 new members. ### Elcom Credit Union merger Elcom Credit Union was a community\-based [credit union](/wiki/Credit_union "Credit union") in [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia") that was formed in 1966 at Newvale Colleries Doyalson as *Newstan Colliery Employees Credit Union*. The name was changed to Elcom Credit Union following the acquisition on Newvale Colleries by Elcom Colleries during the 1970s. Elcom Credit Union operated from its head office at Elcom Colleries at Doyalson. Until 1983 the only way for members to access their funds was by cheque delivered by a courier. At this stage Elcom had 3125 members nearly $6,000,000 in assets. In 1983 a Special General Meeting was held where it was decided that membership would be open to the community at large thus becoming a community based credit union rather than an industrial credit union. Subsequently, five branches were opened at Toukley, Toronto, Morisset, Swansea and Wyong. In May 1987, Elcom held a Special General Meeting where it was decided that the credit union be merged with The Lakes Power Station Employees Credit Union. Prior to the merge, Elcom had 6,492 members and more than $15,000,000 in assets. The merge resulted in new branches at Eraring Power Station, Vales Point Power Station, Gorokan and The Entrance as well as agencies at Liddell State Mine and Belmont Sportsmans Club and a larger branch presence at Munmorah Power Station. Earlier in the year Elcom had moved its head office from Doyalson to Morisset following changes at Munmorah Power Station. Following the merger, it was relocated to the Lakes' head office at Gorokan. The branch there was closed in 1998, but continued operating as Head Office until October 2006\. New branches were opened at Erina (1991\), Woy Woy (1993\), Lake Haven (1994\) and Glendale (1996\). The agencies were closed (1988\), as were the branches at The Entrance (1989\) and the power stations (1992\). Wyong branch was moved to Tuggerah in 1994 to coincide with the opening of Westfield Shoppingtown. As well as this Elcom broadened its product range to include products such as insurance, cheque books, ATM access and travellers cheques. First Choice Travel was a venture by Elcom Credit Union with Holiday Coast Credit Union that began in December 1999 with the opening of Garden City (now [Westfield Kotara](/wiki/Westfield_Kotara "Westfield Kotara")) branch and has since been incorporated into several branches as well as at [Port Macquarie](/wiki/Port_Macquarie "Port Macquarie"). Elcom Credit Union's two\-thirds share of First Choice Travel was sold in December 2005 to Hunter Travel Group but continues to be associated with the Credit Union. During March 2005 Elcom Credit Union adopted a new logo and uniform with new branch signage also being put into place. It officially ceased trading as a deposit\-taking institution on 31 October 2006 when it merged with Community First Credit Union.[Community First Credit Union acquires Elcom Credit Union Ltd](http://www.alacrastore.com/storecontent/Thomson_M&A/Community_First_Credit_Union_acquires_Elcom_Credit_Union_Ltd-1896762040) Thomson Financial Mergers \& Acquisitions. 2 November 2006 At the time of merging Elcom had seven branches, 50 staff, 22,000 members and assets of $143,000,000\.Paul Johnson has been Chief Executive Officer since 2003 . ### Northern Beaches Credit Union merger On 1 December 2015, the Northern Beaches Credit Union merged with Community First Credit union. ### Cape Credit Union merger On Sep 2018, the Cape Credit Union merged with Community First Credit union. ### Community First Bank In 2022, Community First Credit Union commenced the transition to become Community First Bank. Community First won the right to call themselves a bank following their successful trademark dispute with Bendigo and Adelaide Bank in 2021\. They successfully fought for the right of customer\-owned mutuals to call themselves 'community banks', and in winning the dispute, they commenced the process to begin referring to their brand as 'Community First Bank'.
[ "History\n-------", "### Sydney Water Board Credit Union", "In 1959 The Sydney Water Board Officers Credit Union was founded. At the formation meeting on 5 August 1959, 63 employees became the first members of Sydney Water Board Credit Union Co\\-op. Membership was originally restricted to permanent employees in the Metropolitan Water, Sewerage \\& Drainage Board's (predecessor of [Sydney Water](/wiki/Sydney_Water \"Sydney Water\")) head office. Loans were limited to £300 ($600 at the 1966 conversion rate). By the end of its first financial year the credit union had 331 members and £15,565 ($31,130\\) in assets.[Community First Credit Union](http://www.mycuhistory.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=850&Itemid=885), myCU History.", "In 1961 the loan limit was raised to £750 ($1,500\\). By the end of the 61\\-62 financial year, there were 1,052 members with assets of £127,429 ($254,858\\). In 1964 the credit union became automated with the purchase of its first NCR National Accounting Machine to maintain members' accounts. In 1967 the Board approved a change of name to the Sydney Water Board Employees Credit Union. 1968 saw the Credit Union purchase a new, four\\-storey head office – 'Co\\-operation House' at 125 Bathurst St, Sydney, for the sum of $250,000\\. In 1972 Full computerisation of the member accounts and transactions were completed. In 1973 through to 1976 Ongoing expansion during this period lead to offices being opened in Wollongong, Miranda, Penrith and Liverpool. Membership was opened beyond the original base of Water Board employees, to include the Board's contractors and manufacturers. The credit union merged with the employee credit unions of TAA (Trans Australia Airlines), Glass Containers and Sterlec.", "### SWB Family Credit Union", "The TAA connection also provided the credit union's first non\\-Water Board and female director, Margaret Slater. In 1974, in line with the changing membership profile, the name of the credit union was changed to SWB Family Credit Union Ltd. In 1978 the credit union became the 12th largest in Australia, with 16,420 members and assets of $14,039,267\\. In 1981 SWB Family Credit Union merged with Martin Wells Credit Union. In 1981 the credit union moved into most of Penrith as a credit union for all residents, not just employees with payroll deductions. This was followed in 1983 by a similar expansion in Liverpool, and in 1984 to the Shire of Hornsby. New offices were also opened in Campbelltown, North Ryde and Dee Why.", "### SWB Community Credit Union", "The transformation from a work\\-based credit union to a more community\\-based one prompted another name change, to S.W.B. Community Credit Union Ltd. In 1983 the Rediteller ATM network was launched and all members were issued with Redicards, for use in some 500 ATMs nationwide. In 1984, the Credit Union Visa Card gave members debit\\-card access to their funds almost anywhere in the world. At this time there was also a merger with AMOCO Employees Credit Union. Membership grew to 21,941, with deposits of $28,585,671 and total assets of $31,756,576\\. In 1986 the Credit Union merged with Wool Broker and Trustees Staff Credit Union. In 1989 the credit union had 31,355 members with total assets of $75,615,583\\. It granted loans worth $35,530,000 in that year. The Bathurst Street building was sold and head office was relocated to Auburn.[Swb Credit Union Building For Sale](http://www.bathurstmotel.com.au/bathurst-motel-articles/1988/12/6/swb-credit-union-building-for-sale/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304102812/http://www.bathurstmotel.com.au/bathurst\\-motel\\-articles/1988/12/6/swb\\-credit\\-union\\-building\\-for\\-sale/ \\|date\\=4 March 2015 }} Bathurst Motel. 1988 In 1990 there was another local merger this time with Muniff Credit Union.", "### Community First Credit Union", "In 1993 members resolved to change the name of the credit union from SWB Community Credit Union Ltd to Community First Credit Union. Membership eligibility was expanded to include everybody in the Greater Sydney area. By 1999 membership exceeded 57,000, with deposits of $210 million and loans worth $199 million and another merger this time with Manchester Unity Credit Union Ltd. In 2000 there was a merger with Grand United Credit Union. In 2001 an internet banking facility was introduced in September giving members 24/7 access to their accounts. Assets exceeded $300 million for the first time.", "In 2002 Community First Credit Union launched an online brand Easy Street Financial Services, providing members nationwide with a high interest online savings account. The credit union also became sponsors of the Sheppard Centre, providing support for deaf children and their families. In 2006 Community First Credit Union merged with Dana Employees Credit Union. A brand make\\-over also occurs, with new logo and corporate colours.", "On 12 May 2006, the Chief Executive Officer, Paul Johnson, together with John Tancevski, the Chief Executive Officer of Community First Credit Union announced the intention for the two organisations to merge. Its head office is located at [Auburn](/wiki/Auburn%2C_New_South_Wales \"Auburn, New South Wales\"). The merger, subject to [Australian Prudential Regulation Authority](/wiki/Australian_Prudential_Regulation_Authority \"Australian Prudential Regulation Authority\") approvals will be voted on at the Annual General Meetings of both Credit Unions in October, with the merge to take effect on 1 November 2006\\. The merged entity would be called Community First Credit Union having its head office at [Auburn](/wiki/Auburn%2C_New_South_Wales \"Auburn, New South Wales\") and a regional office at Gorokan.", "In 2008 Community First Credit Union merged with the Croatian Community Credit Union and Hibernian Credit Union – adding 2,000 new members.", "### Elcom Credit Union merger", "Elcom Credit Union was a community\\-based [credit union](/wiki/Credit_union \"Credit union\") in [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") that was formed in 1966 at Newvale Colleries Doyalson as *Newstan Colliery Employees Credit Union*. The name was changed to Elcom Credit Union following the acquisition on Newvale Colleries by Elcom Colleries during the 1970s.", "Elcom Credit Union operated from its head office at Elcom Colleries at Doyalson. Until 1983 the only way for members to access their funds was by cheque delivered by a courier. At this stage Elcom had 3125 members nearly $6,000,000 in assets. In 1983 a Special General Meeting was held where it was decided that membership would be open to the community at large thus becoming a community based credit union rather than an industrial credit union. Subsequently, five branches were opened at Toukley, Toronto, Morisset, Swansea and Wyong.", "In May 1987, Elcom held a Special General Meeting where it was decided that the credit union be merged with The Lakes Power Station Employees Credit Union. Prior to the merge, Elcom had 6,492 members and more than $15,000,000 in assets. The merge resulted in new branches at Eraring Power Station, Vales Point Power Station, Gorokan and The Entrance as well as agencies at Liddell State Mine and Belmont Sportsmans Club and a larger branch presence at Munmorah Power Station. Earlier in the year Elcom had moved its head office from Doyalson to Morisset following changes at Munmorah Power Station. Following the merger, it was relocated to the Lakes' head office at Gorokan. The branch there was closed in 1998, but continued operating as Head Office until October 2006\\.", "New branches were opened at Erina (1991\\), Woy Woy (1993\\), Lake Haven (1994\\) and Glendale (1996\\). The agencies were closed (1988\\), as were the branches at The Entrance (1989\\) and the power stations (1992\\). Wyong branch was moved to Tuggerah in 1994 to coincide with the opening of Westfield Shoppingtown. As well as this Elcom broadened its product range to include products such as insurance, cheque books, ATM access and travellers cheques.", "First Choice Travel was a venture by Elcom Credit Union with Holiday Coast Credit Union that began in December 1999 with the opening of Garden City (now [Westfield Kotara](/wiki/Westfield_Kotara \"Westfield Kotara\")) branch and has since been incorporated into several branches as well as at [Port Macquarie](/wiki/Port_Macquarie \"Port Macquarie\"). Elcom Credit Union's two\\-thirds share of First Choice Travel was sold in December 2005 to Hunter Travel Group but continues to be associated with the Credit Union.", "During March 2005 Elcom Credit Union adopted a new logo and uniform with new branch signage also being put into place.", "It officially ceased trading as a deposit\\-taking institution on 31 October 2006 when it merged with Community First Credit Union.[Community First Credit Union acquires Elcom Credit Union Ltd](http://www.alacrastore.com/storecontent/Thomson_M&A/Community_First_Credit_Union_acquires_Elcom_Credit_Union_Ltd-1896762040) Thomson Financial Mergers \\& Acquisitions. 2 November 2006 At the time of merging Elcom had seven branches, 50 staff, 22,000 members and assets of $143,000,000\\.Paul Johnson has been Chief Executive Officer since 2003 .", "### Northern Beaches Credit Union merger", "On 1 December 2015, the Northern Beaches Credit Union merged with Community First Credit union.", "### Cape Credit Union merger", "On Sep 2018, the Cape Credit Union merged with Community First Credit union.", "### Community First Bank", "In 2022, Community First Credit Union commenced the transition to become Community First Bank. Community First won the right to call themselves a bank following their successful trademark dispute with Bendigo and Adelaide Bank in 2021\\. They successfully fought for the right of customer\\-owned mutuals to call themselves 'community banks', and in winning the dispute, they commenced the process to begin referring to their brand as 'Community First Bank'.", "" ]
### Elcom Credit Union merger Elcom Credit Union was a community\-based [credit union](/wiki/Credit_union "Credit union") in [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia") that was formed in 1966 at Newvale Colleries Doyalson as *Newstan Colliery Employees Credit Union*. The name was changed to Elcom Credit Union following the acquisition on Newvale Colleries by Elcom Colleries during the 1970s. Elcom Credit Union operated from its head office at Elcom Colleries at Doyalson. Until 1983 the only way for members to access their funds was by cheque delivered by a courier. At this stage Elcom had 3125 members nearly $6,000,000 in assets. In 1983 a Special General Meeting was held where it was decided that membership would be open to the community at large thus becoming a community based credit union rather than an industrial credit union. Subsequently, five branches were opened at Toukley, Toronto, Morisset, Swansea and Wyong. In May 1987, Elcom held a Special General Meeting where it was decided that the credit union be merged with The Lakes Power Station Employees Credit Union. Prior to the merge, Elcom had 6,492 members and more than $15,000,000 in assets. The merge resulted in new branches at Eraring Power Station, Vales Point Power Station, Gorokan and The Entrance as well as agencies at Liddell State Mine and Belmont Sportsmans Club and a larger branch presence at Munmorah Power Station. Earlier in the year Elcom had moved its head office from Doyalson to Morisset following changes at Munmorah Power Station. Following the merger, it was relocated to the Lakes' head office at Gorokan. The branch there was closed in 1998, but continued operating as Head Office until October 2006\. New branches were opened at Erina (1991\), Woy Woy (1993\), Lake Haven (1994\) and Glendale (1996\). The agencies were closed (1988\), as were the branches at The Entrance (1989\) and the power stations (1992\). Wyong branch was moved to Tuggerah in 1994 to coincide with the opening of Westfield Shoppingtown. As well as this Elcom broadened its product range to include products such as insurance, cheque books, ATM access and travellers cheques. First Choice Travel was a venture by Elcom Credit Union with Holiday Coast Credit Union that began in December 1999 with the opening of Garden City (now [Westfield Kotara](/wiki/Westfield_Kotara "Westfield Kotara")) branch and has since been incorporated into several branches as well as at [Port Macquarie](/wiki/Port_Macquarie "Port Macquarie"). Elcom Credit Union's two\-thirds share of First Choice Travel was sold in December 2005 to Hunter Travel Group but continues to be associated with the Credit Union. During March 2005 Elcom Credit Union adopted a new logo and uniform with new branch signage also being put into place. It officially ceased trading as a deposit\-taking institution on 31 October 2006 when it merged with Community First Credit Union.[Community First Credit Union acquires Elcom Credit Union Ltd](http://www.alacrastore.com/storecontent/Thomson_M&A/Community_First_Credit_Union_acquires_Elcom_Credit_Union_Ltd-1896762040) Thomson Financial Mergers \& Acquisitions. 2 November 2006 At the time of merging Elcom had seven branches, 50 staff, 22,000 members and assets of $143,000,000\.Paul Johnson has been Chief Executive Officer since 2003 .
[ "### Elcom Credit Union merger", "Elcom Credit Union was a community\\-based [credit union](/wiki/Credit_union \"Credit union\") in [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") that was formed in 1966 at Newvale Colleries Doyalson as *Newstan Colliery Employees Credit Union*. The name was changed to Elcom Credit Union following the acquisition on Newvale Colleries by Elcom Colleries during the 1970s.", "Elcom Credit Union operated from its head office at Elcom Colleries at Doyalson. Until 1983 the only way for members to access their funds was by cheque delivered by a courier. At this stage Elcom had 3125 members nearly $6,000,000 in assets. In 1983 a Special General Meeting was held where it was decided that membership would be open to the community at large thus becoming a community based credit union rather than an industrial credit union. Subsequently, five branches were opened at Toukley, Toronto, Morisset, Swansea and Wyong.", "In May 1987, Elcom held a Special General Meeting where it was decided that the credit union be merged with The Lakes Power Station Employees Credit Union. Prior to the merge, Elcom had 6,492 members and more than $15,000,000 in assets. The merge resulted in new branches at Eraring Power Station, Vales Point Power Station, Gorokan and The Entrance as well as agencies at Liddell State Mine and Belmont Sportsmans Club and a larger branch presence at Munmorah Power Station. Earlier in the year Elcom had moved its head office from Doyalson to Morisset following changes at Munmorah Power Station. Following the merger, it was relocated to the Lakes' head office at Gorokan. The branch there was closed in 1998, but continued operating as Head Office until October 2006\\.", "New branches were opened at Erina (1991\\), Woy Woy (1993\\), Lake Haven (1994\\) and Glendale (1996\\). The agencies were closed (1988\\), as were the branches at The Entrance (1989\\) and the power stations (1992\\). Wyong branch was moved to Tuggerah in 1994 to coincide with the opening of Westfield Shoppingtown. As well as this Elcom broadened its product range to include products such as insurance, cheque books, ATM access and travellers cheques.", "First Choice Travel was a venture by Elcom Credit Union with Holiday Coast Credit Union that began in December 1999 with the opening of Garden City (now [Westfield Kotara](/wiki/Westfield_Kotara \"Westfield Kotara\")) branch and has since been incorporated into several branches as well as at [Port Macquarie](/wiki/Port_Macquarie \"Port Macquarie\"). Elcom Credit Union's two\\-thirds share of First Choice Travel was sold in December 2005 to Hunter Travel Group but continues to be associated with the Credit Union.", "During March 2005 Elcom Credit Union adopted a new logo and uniform with new branch signage also being put into place.", "It officially ceased trading as a deposit\\-taking institution on 31 October 2006 when it merged with Community First Credit Union.[Community First Credit Union acquires Elcom Credit Union Ltd](http://www.alacrastore.com/storecontent/Thomson_M&A/Community_First_Credit_Union_acquires_Elcom_Credit_Union_Ltd-1896762040) Thomson Financial Mergers \\& Acquisitions. 2 November 2006 At the time of merging Elcom had seven branches, 50 staff, 22,000 members and assets of $143,000,000\\.Paul Johnson has been Chief Executive Officer since 2003 .", "" ]
History ------- The Beretta ARX160 was launched in 2008 as a commercial weapon system and was developed for the Italian Armed Forces as part of the layered *Soldato Futuro* (*Future Soldier*) program. The current program aims to replace the older [Beretta AR70/90](/wiki/Beretta_AR70/90 "Beretta AR70/90") as the standard [assault rifle](/wiki/Assault_rifle "Assault rifle") for the Italian Armed Forces. The project started as an evolution of the Beretta AR 70/90 and Beretta SC 70/90 and was initially presented as a simple update of the construction materials and addition of small changes to the Beretta AR 70/90\. Later a more elaborate prototype was then introduced, which introduced a stock that was not foldable but adjustable in length and the cocking lever in the upper front position, a feature however not comfortable during use. Subsequent developments led to the definitive version of the ARX160, which is currently in production and has supplanted all the three versions its predecessor, the AR 70/90\. The Italian Army ordered a first batch of 800 weapons in 2008 for field trials in Afghanistan, which was followed by orders for 11,500 units in 2010 and 10,000 in 2012\. Between 2008 and 2014, there were around 30,000 ARX160 SFs that are chambered in 5\.56×45mm NATO cartridge that have been supplied to the Italian Army, Italian Navy, Italian Air Force and Italian Special Forces. In 2012, Beretta introduced the [7\.62×39mm](/wiki/7.62%C3%9739mm "7.62×39mm") configuration of the ARX160,{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2012/06/18/beretta\-arx160\-in\-7\-62x39mm/\|title\=Beretta ARX160 in 7\.62×39mm – The Firearm Blog\|date\=2012\-06\-18\|work\=The Firearm Blog\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-08\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620073720/http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2012/06/18/beretta\-arx160\-in\-7\-62x39mm/\|archive\-date\=2017\-06\-20\|url\-status\=live}} and on the same year Beretta also introduced the ARX160 A2 which is currently in use with the Italian Army and Special Forces. In 2013, Beretta introduced the ARX160 A3, which features improvements to its original design. The improvements includes a redesigned handguard with an improved heat ventilation and an extended Picatinny rail on its bottom, and an improved pistol grip design.{{Cite news \|date\=2013\-09\-12 \|title\=Beretta ARX\-160A3: The Infantry Automatic Rifle Model – The Firearm Blog \|work\=The Firearm Blog \|url\=http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2013/09/12/beretta\-arx\-160a3\-infantry\-automatic\-rifle\-model/ \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=2017\-06\-15 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615202155/http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2013/09/12/beretta\-arx\-160a3\-infantry\-automatic\-rifle\-model \|archive\-date\=2017\-06\-15}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2013/09/10/exclusive\-beretta\-arx\-160a3/\|title\=Exclusive: First Look At The New Beretta ARX\-160A3 – The Firearm Blog\|date\=2013\-09\-10\|work\=The Firearm Blog\|access\-date\=2017\-06\-29\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625063246/http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2013/09/10/exclusive\-beretta\-arx\-160a3/\|archive\-date\=2017\-06\-25\|url\-status\=live}} In 2014, the Italian Ministry of Defence allocated US$2\.7 million to Beretta for the development of the ARX200 battle rifle. Also, the Italian Armed Forces has announced a possible requirement for 1,170 rifles chambered in 7\.62×51mm NATO cartridge.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2015/09/16/the\-new\-beretta\-arx\-200\-7\-62mm\-designated\-marksmen\-rifle/\|title\=The NEW Beretta ARX 200 7\.62mm Designated Marksmen Rifle – The Firearm Blog\|date\=2015\-09\-16\|work\=The Firearm Blog\|access\-date\=2017\-03\-26\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502072211/http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2015/09/16/the\-new\-beretta\-arx\-200\-7\-62mm\-designated\-marksmen\-rifle\|archive\-date\=2017\-05\-02\|url\-status\=live}} In late 2015, the Beretta ARX200 battle rifle was introduced and is being supplied to the Italian Army. It is a distant derivative of the ARX160 modular assault rifle. It has passed the following military and environmental tests; cold and hot temperature, temperature and humidity, ice, salt fog, heavy rain, salt water, sand and dust, mud, unlubricated, double feeding proof, and barrel obstruction proof.[Beretta Displays New CSASS in 7\.62mm](http://kitup.military.com/2016/09/beretta-shows-off-new-csass-7-62mm.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002010624/http://kitup.military.com/2016/09/beretta\-shows\-off\-new\-csass\-7\-62mm.html \|date\=2016\-10\-02 }} – Kitup.Military.com, 29 September 2016 ### Foreign interest [left\|thumb\|Italian [Lagunari](/wiki/Lagunari "Lagunari") reconnaissance soldier with the ARX160 SF\|alt\=](/wiki/File:Exercise_TRIDENT_JUNCTURE_%2822804826445%29.jpg "Exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE (22804826445).jpg") The Beretta ARX160 was one of the five Phase II contenders in the United States Army [Individual Carbine](/wiki/Individual_Carbine "Individual Carbine") competition to replace the [M4 carbine](/wiki/M4_carbine "M4 carbine").[The Army’s Next Generation Carbine](http://cheaperthandirt.com/blog/?tag=individual-carbine#) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213024408/http://cheaperthandirt.com/blog/?tag\=individual\-carbine \|date\=2013\-12\-13 }} – Cheaperthandirt.com, May 19, 2012 The Individual Carbine competition was cancelled before a winning weapon was chosen.[Army Kills Competition to Replace M4](http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/06/13/army-kills-competition-to-replace-m4.html?ESRC=sm_todayinmil.nl) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922093821/http://www.military.com/daily\-news/2013/06/13/army\-kills\-competition\-to\-replace\-m4\.html?ESRC\=sm\_todayinmil.nl \|date\=2013\-09\-22 }} – Military.com, 13 June 2013 In February 2013, the [Argentine Army](/wiki/Argentine_Army "Argentine Army") received an ARX160 rifle and GLX160 grenade launcher for evaluation for their special forces.[Argentinean Special Forces Evaluating Beretta ARX 160](http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2013/02/06/argentinean-special-forces-evaluating-beretta-arx-160/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816135822/https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2013/02/06/argentinean\-special\-forces\-evaluating\-beretta\-arx\-160/ \|date\=2018\-08\-16 }} – Thefirearmblog.com, February 6, 2013 In December 2016, state\-owned Argentine arms manufacturer [Fabricaciones Militares](/wiki/Fabricaciones_Militares "Fabricaciones Militares") signed a deal with Beretta to produce the ARX200 under license.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.infodefensa.com/latam/2016/12/13/noticia\-fabricaciones\-militares\-argentina\-fabricara\-armamento\-italiano\-licencia.html \|title\=Fabricaciones Militares de Argentina producirá pistolas y fusiles Beretta – Noticias Infodefensa América \|date\=13 December 2016 \|access\-date\=2016\-12\-26 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215042225/http://www.infodefensa.com/latam/2016/12/13/noticia\-fabricaciones\-militares\-argentina\-fabricara\-armamento\-italiano\-licencia.html \|archive\-date\=2017\-12\-15 \|url\-status\=live }} No news of the arrangement have surfaced since then. It is unknown if the agreement has been cancelled, though likely. The [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army "Indian Army") tested the ARX160 as a replacement for the [INSAS rifle](/wiki/INSAS_rifle "INSAS rifle").[India to put assault rifle contenders through winter trials](http://www.janes.com/article/25697/india-to-put-assault-rifle-contenders-through-winter-trials) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728035836/http://www.janes.com/article/25697/india\-to\-put\-assault\-rifle\-contenders\-through\-winter\-trials \|date\=2014\-07\-28 }} – Janes.com, 4 August 2013 The tender was retracted in June 2015\.{{cite news\|url\=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/army\-tender\-cancelled\-multi\-caliber\-assault\-rifles/1/448193\.html\|title\=Army scraps the world's largest assault rifle tender\|date\=1 July 2015\|work\=\[\[India Today]]\|access\-date\=1 July 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709033839/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/army\-tender\-cancelled\-multi\-caliber\-assault\-rifles/1/448193\.html\|archive\-date\=9 July 2015\|url\-status\=live}} The ARX160 A3 was one of the 5 finalists of the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army "French Army") tender to replace the [FAMAS](/wiki/FAMAS "FAMAS"), eventually won by the German\-made [HK416](/wiki/HK_416 "HK 416").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.all4shooters.com/en/specials/trade\-shows\-2015/IWA\-2015/enforcetac/Beretta\-ARX\-160\-A3\-assault\-rifle/\|title\=BDT ARX\-160: next French service rifle? – Beretta\|website\=all4shooters.com (EN)\|access\-date\=2017\-06\-19\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728140149/https://www.all4shooters.com/en/specials/trade\-shows\-2015/IWA\-2015/enforcetac/Beretta\-ARX\-160\-A3\-assault\-rifle/\|archive\-date\=2017\-07\-28\|url\-status\=live}} In January 2019, the [Romanian Armed Forces](/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces "Romanian Armed Forces") have chosen the ARX160 A3 to replace the old [PM Md.1963](/wiki/Pistol_Mitralier%C4%83_model_1963/1965 "Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965") (7,62 x 39 mm) and [PM Md.1986](/wiki/Pu%C8%99c%C4%83_Automat%C4%83_model_1986 "Pușcă Automată model 1986") (5,45 x 39 mm) of the Romanian Land Forces. Production was expected to start in autumn 2019 at Uzina Plopeni of [ROMARM](/wiki/ROMARM "ROMARM").{{cite web \|title\=Beretta ARX 160 A3 a fost testata de Armata Romana \|url\=https://www.rumaniamilitary.ro/beretta\-arx\-160\-a3\-a\-fost\-testata\-de\-armata\-romana/amp \|website\=Romania Military \|access\-date\=3 April 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204539/https://www.rumaniamilitary.ro/beretta\-arx\-160\-a3\-a\-fost\-testata\-de\-armata\-romana/amp \|archive\-date\=3 April 2019 \|language\=ro \|date\=30 May 2019 \|url\-status\=live \|df\=dmy\-all }}{{cite web \|last1\=Bozinovski \|first1\=Igor \|title\=Romania to produce Beretta ARX160 rifles \|url\=https://www.janes.com/article/87645/romania\-to\-produce\-beretta\-arx160\-rifles \|website\=Jane's 360 \|access\-date\=3 April 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204538/https://www.janes.com/article/87645/romania\-to\-produce\-beretta\-arx160\-rifles \|archive\-date\=3 April 2019 \|location\=Skopje \|date\=3 April 2019 \|url\-status\=live \|df\=dmy\-all }} As the project failed to materialize at Plopeni, it was moved to the [Cugir Arms Factory](/wiki/Cugir_Arms_Factory "Cugir Arms Factory") in 2023\.{{cite web \|title\=Arma de asalt si pistol Beretta, fabricate la uzina de armament din Cugir. Cand va fi pusa in practica tehnologia NATO\|url\=https://adevarul.ro/stiri\-locale/alba\-iulia/arma\-de\-asalt\-si\-pistol\-beretta\-fabricate\-la\-2327680\.html\|language\=ro\|work\=Adevărul\|date\=29 December 2023}} The factory could start its operations on the Beretta project at the end of August 2024\.{{cite web\|url\=https://agerpres.ro/english/2024/04/12/beretta\-project\-could\-start\-operations\-at\-end\-august\-at\-cugir\-mechanical\-plant\-\-1280181\|title\=Beretta project could start operations at end\-August, at Cugir Mechanical Plant\|author\=Marinela Brumar\|work\=Agerpres\|date\=12 April 2024}}
[ "History\n-------", "The Beretta ARX160 was launched in 2008 as a commercial weapon system and was developed for the Italian Armed Forces as part of the layered *Soldato Futuro* (*Future Soldier*) program. The current program aims to replace the older [Beretta AR70/90](/wiki/Beretta_AR70/90 \"Beretta AR70/90\") as the standard [assault rifle](/wiki/Assault_rifle \"Assault rifle\") for the Italian Armed Forces.", "The project started as an evolution of the Beretta AR 70/90 and Beretta SC 70/90 and was initially presented as a simple update of the construction materials and addition of small changes to the Beretta AR 70/90\\. Later a more elaborate prototype was then introduced, which introduced a stock that was not foldable but adjustable in length and the cocking lever in the upper front position, a feature however not comfortable during use. Subsequent developments led to the definitive version of the ARX160, which is currently in production and has supplanted all the three versions its predecessor, the AR 70/90\\.", "The Italian Army ordered a first batch of 800 weapons in 2008 for field trials in Afghanistan, which was followed by orders for 11,500 units in 2010 and 10,000 in 2012\\. Between 2008 and 2014, there were around 30,000 ARX160 SFs that are chambered in 5\\.56×45mm NATO cartridge that have been supplied to the Italian Army, Italian Navy, Italian Air Force and Italian Special Forces.", "In 2012, Beretta introduced the [7\\.62×39mm](/wiki/7.62%C3%9739mm \"7.62×39mm\") configuration of the ARX160,{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2012/06/18/beretta\\-arx160\\-in\\-7\\-62x39mm/\\|title\\=Beretta ARX160 in 7\\.62×39mm – The Firearm Blog\\|date\\=2012\\-06\\-18\\|work\\=The Firearm Blog\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-08\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620073720/http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2012/06/18/beretta\\-arx160\\-in\\-7\\-62x39mm/\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-20\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and on the same year Beretta also introduced the ARX160 A2 which is currently in use with the Italian Army and Special Forces.", "In 2013, Beretta introduced the ARX160 A3, which features improvements to its original design. The improvements includes a redesigned handguard with an improved heat ventilation and an extended Picatinny rail on its bottom, and an improved pistol grip design.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2013\\-09\\-12 \\|title\\=Beretta ARX\\-160A3: The Infantry Automatic Rifle Model – The Firearm Blog \\|work\\=The Firearm Blog \\|url\\=http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2013/09/12/beretta\\-arx\\-160a3\\-infantry\\-automatic\\-rifle\\-model/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-15 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615202155/http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2013/09/12/beretta\\-arx\\-160a3\\-infantry\\-automatic\\-rifle\\-model \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-15}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2013/09/10/exclusive\\-beretta\\-arx\\-160a3/\\|title\\=Exclusive: First Look At The New Beretta ARX\\-160A3 – The Firearm Blog\\|date\\=2013\\-09\\-10\\|work\\=The Firearm Blog\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-29\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625063246/http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2013/09/10/exclusive\\-beretta\\-arx\\-160a3/\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-25\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 2014, the Italian Ministry of Defence allocated US$2\\.7 million to Beretta for the development of the ARX200 battle rifle. Also, the Italian Armed Forces has announced a possible requirement for 1,170 rifles chambered in 7\\.62×51mm NATO cartridge.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2015/09/16/the\\-new\\-beretta\\-arx\\-200\\-7\\-62mm\\-designated\\-marksmen\\-rifle/\\|title\\=The NEW Beretta ARX 200 7\\.62mm Designated Marksmen Rifle – The Firearm Blog\\|date\\=2015\\-09\\-16\\|work\\=The Firearm Blog\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-03\\-26\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502072211/http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2015/09/16/the\\-new\\-beretta\\-arx\\-200\\-7\\-62mm\\-designated\\-marksmen\\-rifle\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-05\\-02\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In late 2015, the Beretta ARX200 battle rifle was introduced and is being supplied to the Italian Army. It is a distant derivative of the ARX160 modular assault rifle. It has passed the following military and environmental tests; cold and hot temperature, temperature and humidity, ice, salt fog, heavy rain, salt water, sand and dust, mud, unlubricated, double feeding proof, and barrel obstruction proof.[Beretta Displays New CSASS in 7\\.62mm](http://kitup.military.com/2016/09/beretta-shows-off-new-csass-7-62mm.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002010624/http://kitup.military.com/2016/09/beretta\\-shows\\-off\\-new\\-csass\\-7\\-62mm.html \\|date\\=2016\\-10\\-02 }} – Kitup.Military.com, 29 September 2016", "### Foreign interest", "[left\\|thumb\\|Italian [Lagunari](/wiki/Lagunari \"Lagunari\") reconnaissance soldier with the ARX160 SF\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:Exercise_TRIDENT_JUNCTURE_%2822804826445%29.jpg \"Exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE (22804826445).jpg\")", "The Beretta ARX160 was one of the five Phase II contenders in the United States Army [Individual Carbine](/wiki/Individual_Carbine \"Individual Carbine\") competition to replace the [M4 carbine](/wiki/M4_carbine \"M4 carbine\").[The Army’s Next Generation Carbine](http://cheaperthandirt.com/blog/?tag=individual-carbine#) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213024408/http://cheaperthandirt.com/blog/?tag\\=individual\\-carbine \\|date\\=2013\\-12\\-13 }} – Cheaperthandirt.com, May 19, 2012 The Individual Carbine competition was cancelled before a winning weapon was chosen.[Army Kills Competition to Replace M4](http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/06/13/army-kills-competition-to-replace-m4.html?ESRC=sm_todayinmil.nl) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922093821/http://www.military.com/daily\\-news/2013/06/13/army\\-kills\\-competition\\-to\\-replace\\-m4\\.html?ESRC\\=sm\\_todayinmil.nl \\|date\\=2013\\-09\\-22 }} – Military.com, 13 June 2013", "In February 2013, the [Argentine Army](/wiki/Argentine_Army \"Argentine Army\") received an ARX160 rifle and GLX160 grenade launcher for evaluation for their special forces.[Argentinean Special Forces Evaluating Beretta ARX 160](http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2013/02/06/argentinean-special-forces-evaluating-beretta-arx-160/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816135822/https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2013/02/06/argentinean\\-special\\-forces\\-evaluating\\-beretta\\-arx\\-160/ \\|date\\=2018\\-08\\-16 }} – Thefirearmblog.com, February 6, 2013 In December 2016, state\\-owned Argentine arms manufacturer [Fabricaciones Militares](/wiki/Fabricaciones_Militares \"Fabricaciones Militares\") signed a deal with Beretta to produce the ARX200 under license.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.infodefensa.com/latam/2016/12/13/noticia\\-fabricaciones\\-militares\\-argentina\\-fabricara\\-armamento\\-italiano\\-licencia.html \\|title\\=Fabricaciones Militares de Argentina producirá pistolas y fusiles Beretta – Noticias Infodefensa América \\|date\\=13 December 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-12\\-26 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215042225/http://www.infodefensa.com/latam/2016/12/13/noticia\\-fabricaciones\\-militares\\-argentina\\-fabricara\\-armamento\\-italiano\\-licencia.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-15 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} No news of the arrangement have surfaced since then. It is unknown if the agreement has been cancelled, though likely.", "The [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army \"Indian Army\") tested the ARX160 as a replacement for the [INSAS rifle](/wiki/INSAS_rifle \"INSAS rifle\").[India to put assault rifle contenders through winter trials](http://www.janes.com/article/25697/india-to-put-assault-rifle-contenders-through-winter-trials) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728035836/http://www.janes.com/article/25697/india\\-to\\-put\\-assault\\-rifle\\-contenders\\-through\\-winter\\-trials \\|date\\=2014\\-07\\-28 }} – Janes.com, 4 August 2013 The tender was retracted in June 2015\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/army\\-tender\\-cancelled\\-multi\\-caliber\\-assault\\-rifles/1/448193\\.html\\|title\\=Army scraps the world's largest assault rifle tender\\|date\\=1 July 2015\\|work\\=\\[\\[India Today]]\\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709033839/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/army\\-tender\\-cancelled\\-multi\\-caliber\\-assault\\-rifles/1/448193\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=9 July 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "The ARX160 A3 was one of the 5 finalists of the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army \"French Army\") tender to replace the [FAMAS](/wiki/FAMAS \"FAMAS\"), eventually won by the German\\-made [HK416](/wiki/HK_416 \"HK 416\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.all4shooters.com/en/specials/trade\\-shows\\-2015/IWA\\-2015/enforcetac/Beretta\\-ARX\\-160\\-A3\\-assault\\-rifle/\\|title\\=BDT ARX\\-160: next French service rifle? – Beretta\\|website\\=all4shooters.com (EN)\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-19\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728140149/https://www.all4shooters.com/en/specials/trade\\-shows\\-2015/IWA\\-2015/enforcetac/Beretta\\-ARX\\-160\\-A3\\-assault\\-rifle/\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-28\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In January 2019, the [Romanian Armed Forces](/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces \"Romanian Armed Forces\") have chosen the ARX160 A3 to replace the old [PM Md.1963](/wiki/Pistol_Mitralier%C4%83_model_1963/1965 \"Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965\") (7,62 x 39 mm) and [PM Md.1986](/wiki/Pu%C8%99c%C4%83_Automat%C4%83_model_1986 \"Pușcă Automată model 1986\") (5,45 x 39 mm) of the Romanian Land Forces. Production was expected to start in autumn 2019 at Uzina Plopeni of [ROMARM](/wiki/ROMARM \"ROMARM\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Beretta ARX 160 A3 a fost testata de Armata Romana \\|url\\=https://www.rumaniamilitary.ro/beretta\\-arx\\-160\\-a3\\-a\\-fost\\-testata\\-de\\-armata\\-romana/amp \\|website\\=Romania Military \\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204539/https://www.rumaniamilitary.ro/beretta\\-arx\\-160\\-a3\\-a\\-fost\\-testata\\-de\\-armata\\-romana/amp \\|archive\\-date\\=3 April 2019 \\|language\\=ro \\|date\\=30 May 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Bozinovski \\|first1\\=Igor \\|title\\=Romania to produce Beretta ARX160 rifles \\|url\\=https://www.janes.com/article/87645/romania\\-to\\-produce\\-beretta\\-arx160\\-rifles \\|website\\=Jane's 360 \\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204538/https://www.janes.com/article/87645/romania\\-to\\-produce\\-beretta\\-arx160\\-rifles \\|archive\\-date\\=3 April 2019 \\|location\\=Skopje \\|date\\=3 April 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} As the project failed to materialize at Plopeni, it was moved to the [Cugir Arms Factory](/wiki/Cugir_Arms_Factory \"Cugir Arms Factory\") in 2023\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Arma de asalt si pistol Beretta, fabricate la uzina de armament din Cugir. Cand va fi pusa in practica tehnologia NATO\\|url\\=https://adevarul.ro/stiri\\-locale/alba\\-iulia/arma\\-de\\-asalt\\-si\\-pistol\\-beretta\\-fabricate\\-la\\-2327680\\.html\\|language\\=ro\\|work\\=Adevărul\\|date\\=29 December 2023}} The factory could start its operations on the Beretta project at the end of August 2024\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://agerpres.ro/english/2024/04/12/beretta\\-project\\-could\\-start\\-operations\\-at\\-end\\-august\\-at\\-cugir\\-mechanical\\-plant\\-\\-1280181\\|title\\=Beretta project could start operations at end\\-August, at Cugir Mechanical Plant\\|author\\=Marinela Brumar\\|work\\=Agerpres\\|date\\=12 April 2024}}", "" ]
Design ------ [thumb\|Albanian special forces in Afghanistan 2013 with the ARX160 SF\|alt\=](/wiki/File:Albanian_special_operations_forces%2C_provide_security_as_Afghan_Border_Police_%28ABP%29_break_ground_on_a_new_checkpoint_in_the_district_of_Spin_Boldak%2C_Kandahar_province%2C_Afghanistan%2C_March_25%2C_2013_130325-A-MX357-127.jpg "Albanian special operations forces, provide security as Afghan Border Police (ABP) break ground on a new checkpoint in the district of Spin Boldak, Kandahar province, Afghanistan, March 25, 2013 130325-A-MX357-127.jpg") The Beretta ARX160 departs from the previously issued AR70/90 on several points. It is composed of an upper and lower receiver, both manufactured mostly from polymer, and operates through a [short\-stroke piston](/wiki/Gas-operated_reloading%23Short-stroke_fixed "Gas-operated reloading#Short-stroke fixed") system. It is chambered in either [5\.56×45mm NATO](/wiki/5.56%C3%9745mm_NATO "5.56×45mm NATO") or [7\.62×39mm](/wiki/7.62%C3%9739mm "7.62×39mm") cartridge. Feeding is through [STANAG magazines](/wiki/STANAG_magazine "STANAG magazine") for the 5\.56×45mm NATO configuration and [AK\-47](/wiki/AK-47 "AK-47") or [AKM](/wiki/AKM "AKM") magazines for the 7\.62×39mm configuration. Other calibres, including [5\.45×39mm](/wiki/5.45%C3%9739mm "5.45×39mm") and [6\.8mm Remington SPC](/wiki/6.8mm_Remington_SPC "6.8mm Remington SPC") were planned. It features an ambidextrous safety, magazine release (right side, left side, and "AK style" paddle), bolt release and charging handle. The rifle is equipped with [Picatinny rails](/wiki/Picatinny_rail "Picatinny rail") and a foldable telescopic stock. The rifle also possesses the ability to change which side spent casings are ejected, as well as a quick\-change barrel which can be removed and replaced in seconds without any tools. The lightweight barrel is chrome lined and manufactured by the hammer forging process at the Beretta factory in Gardone Val Trompia, Lombardy. Barrel lengths for this rifle are 16 in (40\.6 cm) for its standard barrel, and a 12 in (30\.48 cm) barrel for special operators. The flash hider has 5 radial cuts and 4 smaller cuts to control muzzle climb in automatic firing. Barrels have a 1:7 twist to fire NATO standard ball and tracer rounds. The non\-free\-floated barrel is easily removed simply by pulling on slide levers and pulling it out. The bayonet lug, designed by Beretta in association with Extrema Ratio for the Extrema Ratio Fulcrum E.I. bayonet is positioned above the barrel rather than underneath it.[Italy’s Next Generation Rifle: The ARX 160](http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=441) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212075503/http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p\=441 \|date\=2013\-12\-12 }} – SAdefensejournal.com, 19 August 2011 However, on the ARX160 A3 the bayonet lug is repositioned under the barrel and it ditches the proprietary bayonet lug design meant for mounting the Extrema Ratio Fulcrum E.I. bayonet for a redesigned bayonet lug that is compatible with the M9 bayonet. On the ARX160 A3 issued to the Italian army the Extrema Ratio Fulcrum E.I. bayonet has been replaced by FKMD Oplita bayonet.{{cite web \|title\=Beretta ARX160 A3 With FKMD Oplita bayonet \|url\=https://www.berettadefensetechnologies.com/sites/default/files/styles/product\_large\_horizontal\_zoom/public/content/products/arx\-canna\-media002\.png?itok\=Wj8mk078 \|website\=Beretta Defense Technologies \|access\-date\=8 July 2021}} The newly designed bayonet lug on the ARX160 A3 is also compatible with the existing Extrema Ratio Fulcrum Ranger bayonets that have always been the standard\-issue bayonets of the Alpine Paratroopers. Thus it negates the need to switch over to the Extrema Ratio Fulcrum E.I. bayonets. The ARX160 operating system is unique in that the piston moves almost {{convert\|2\|in\|mm\|1\|abbr\=on}}, while other systems move fractions of an inch. The piston follows the bolt carrier almost all the way rearward, resulting in low gas pressure levels and a less sudden and more constant push on the carrier group. It has the ability to eject the empty shells out of either in the right side or left side for ambidextrous operation. The bolt has seven lugs and an extractor on the left and right, with no ejector. The extractors are spring\-loaded and which way cases are ejected is selected by pressing a case through a small hole located past the port. It is small and optimised for the tip of a bullet to fit. The ejection port is open on both sides and directs shells at a 45\-degree angle from the barrel. The cocking lever is on the bolt carrier and can be positioned on either side by pulling it out, swinging it through the ejection port, and pushing it in to secure it in place. It features a standard back\-up iron sights that are made of the same polymer as the weapon's receiver. The front sight post is adjustable for windage and elevation and the rear peep sight has six positions to fire in increments from 100 to 600 meters. The primary optical sight is the [Aimpoint](/wiki/Aimpoint_AB "Aimpoint AB") ACIES, a domestic version of the [Aimpoint CompM2](/wiki/Aimpoint_CompM2 "Aimpoint CompM2"). [Telescopic sights](/wiki/Telescopic_sight "Telescopic sight"), [night vision systems](/wiki/Night_vision_device "Night vision device"), [vertical forward grips](/wiki/Vertical_forward_grip "Vertical forward grip"), and other accessories will be available through the Soldato Futuro program.
[ "Design\n------", "[thumb\\|Albanian special forces in Afghanistan 2013 with the ARX160 SF\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:Albanian_special_operations_forces%2C_provide_security_as_Afghan_Border_Police_%28ABP%29_break_ground_on_a_new_checkpoint_in_the_district_of_Spin_Boldak%2C_Kandahar_province%2C_Afghanistan%2C_March_25%2C_2013_130325-A-MX357-127.jpg \"Albanian special operations forces, provide security as Afghan Border Police (ABP) break ground on a new checkpoint in the district of Spin Boldak, Kandahar province, Afghanistan, March 25, 2013 130325-A-MX357-127.jpg\")", "The Beretta ARX160 departs from the previously issued AR70/90 on several points. It is composed of an upper and lower receiver, both manufactured mostly from polymer, and operates through a [short\\-stroke piston](/wiki/Gas-operated_reloading%23Short-stroke_fixed \"Gas-operated reloading#Short-stroke fixed\") system. It is chambered in either [5\\.56×45mm NATO](/wiki/5.56%C3%9745mm_NATO \"5.56×45mm NATO\") or [7\\.62×39mm](/wiki/7.62%C3%9739mm \"7.62×39mm\") cartridge. Feeding is through [STANAG magazines](/wiki/STANAG_magazine \"STANAG magazine\") for the 5\\.56×45mm NATO configuration and [AK\\-47](/wiki/AK-47 \"AK-47\") or [AKM](/wiki/AKM \"AKM\") magazines for the 7\\.62×39mm configuration. Other calibres, including [5\\.45×39mm](/wiki/5.45%C3%9739mm \"5.45×39mm\") and [6\\.8mm Remington SPC](/wiki/6.8mm_Remington_SPC \"6.8mm Remington SPC\") were planned.", "It features an ambidextrous safety, magazine release (right side, left side, and \"AK style\" paddle), bolt release and charging handle. The rifle is equipped with [Picatinny rails](/wiki/Picatinny_rail \"Picatinny rail\") and a foldable telescopic stock. The rifle also possesses the ability to change which side spent casings are ejected, as well as a quick\\-change barrel which can be removed and replaced in seconds without any tools.", "The lightweight barrel is chrome lined and manufactured by the hammer forging process at the Beretta factory in Gardone Val Trompia, Lombardy. Barrel lengths for this rifle are 16 in (40\\.6 cm) for its standard barrel, and a 12 in (30\\.48 cm) barrel for special operators. The flash hider has 5 radial cuts and 4 smaller cuts to control muzzle climb in automatic firing. Barrels have a 1:7 twist to fire NATO standard ball and tracer rounds. The non\\-free\\-floated barrel is easily removed simply by pulling on slide levers and pulling it out. The bayonet lug, designed by Beretta in association with Extrema Ratio for the Extrema Ratio Fulcrum E.I. bayonet is positioned above the barrel rather than underneath it.[Italy’s Next Generation Rifle: The ARX 160](http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=441) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212075503/http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p\\=441 \\|date\\=2013\\-12\\-12 }} – SAdefensejournal.com, 19 August 2011", "However, on the ARX160 A3 the bayonet lug is repositioned under the barrel and it ditches the proprietary bayonet lug design meant for mounting the Extrema Ratio Fulcrum E.I. bayonet for a redesigned bayonet lug that is compatible with the M9 bayonet. On the ARX160 A3 issued to the Italian army the Extrema Ratio Fulcrum E.I. bayonet has been replaced by FKMD Oplita bayonet.{{cite web \\|title\\=Beretta ARX160 A3 With FKMD Oplita bayonet \\|url\\=https://www.berettadefensetechnologies.com/sites/default/files/styles/product\\_large\\_horizontal\\_zoom/public/content/products/arx\\-canna\\-media002\\.png?itok\\=Wj8mk078 \\|website\\=Beretta Defense Technologies \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2021}} The newly designed bayonet lug on the ARX160 A3 is also compatible with the existing Extrema Ratio Fulcrum Ranger bayonets that have always been the standard\\-issue bayonets of the Alpine Paratroopers. Thus it negates the need to switch over to the Extrema Ratio Fulcrum E.I. bayonets.", "The ARX160 operating system is unique in that the piston moves almost {{convert\\|2\\|in\\|mm\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}}, while other systems move fractions of an inch. The piston follows the bolt carrier almost all the way rearward, resulting in low gas pressure levels and a less sudden and more constant push on the carrier group.", "It has the ability to eject the empty shells out of either in the right side or left side for ambidextrous operation. The bolt has seven lugs and an extractor on the left and right, with no ejector. The extractors are spring\\-loaded and which way cases are ejected is selected by pressing a case through a small hole located past the port. It is small and optimised for the tip of a bullet to fit. The ejection port is open on both sides and directs shells at a 45\\-degree angle from the barrel. The cocking lever is on the bolt carrier and can be positioned on either side by pulling it out, swinging it through the ejection port, and pushing it in to secure it in place.", "It features a standard back\\-up iron sights that are made of the same polymer as the weapon's receiver. The front sight post is adjustable for windage and elevation and the rear peep sight has six positions to fire in increments from 100 to 600 meters. The primary optical sight is the [Aimpoint](/wiki/Aimpoint_AB \"Aimpoint AB\") ACIES, a domestic version of the [Aimpoint CompM2](/wiki/Aimpoint_CompM2 \"Aimpoint CompM2\"). [Telescopic sights](/wiki/Telescopic_sight \"Telescopic sight\"), [night vision systems](/wiki/Night_vision_device \"Night vision device\"), [vertical forward grips](/wiki/Vertical_forward_grip \"Vertical forward grip\"), and other accessories will be available through the Soldato Futuro program.", "" ]
Scientific activities --------------------- Ogtay Samadov entered post\-graduate course in the Institute of Radiation Problems in 1980\. He defended thesis on “Study of dielectric and pyroelectric properties of [phase transitions](/wiki/Phase_transition "Phase transition") in spontaneously polarized crystals” in 1988 and got a degree of PhD in physics and mathematics. Then, Samadov's further scientific activity was dedicated to the study of physical properties of relaxor ferroelectrics formed on the basis of TlInS2 and TlGaSe2 crystals and great practically important scientific results were obtained in this field. In 2006, he defended his doctoral dissertation on this subject. Superconductive compounds were obtained in Samadov's researches and superconductive temperature of these compounds was defined. The influence of radiation on superconductive temperature and special resistance was studied. Nanodomain relaxor state was studied by dielectric and electric measurements of irradiated, alloyed and intercalated semiconductor ferroelectrics. Samadov is the author of the first studies on the field of radiation physics and technology of ferroelectrics, conducted in Azerbaijan. The main researches in the field of the radiation influence on phase transitions in spontaneously polarized crystals with oxygen\-octahedral structure were conducted by him. Scientist began his scientific researches with the study of the influence of electric and magnetic fields on structural phase transitions in different ferro and antiferroelectrics. He is the author of more than 200 articles on radiation material sciences in journals including *Ferroelectrics*, {{transliteration\|ru\|Fizika tverdogo tela}}, *Physica Status Solidi*, *International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Nano technology* and others. He was elected a corresponding member of [Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences "Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences") in 2001\.{{Cite web \|title\=Salakhov Mustafa Sattar oglu \|url\=https://science.gov.az/en/forms/chlenyikorrespondentyi/144 \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-26 \|website\=science.gov.az}} [thumb\|318x318px\|Ogtay Samadov and laboratory employees in the research process](/wiki/File:Oqtay_%C6%8Fbil_o%C4%9Flu_S%C9%99m%C9%99dov_.jpg "Oqtay Əbil oğlu Səmədov .jpg") In 2013, Samadov got “professor” scientific name by the decision of [Higher Attestation Commission](/wiki/Higher_Attestation_Commission "Higher Attestation Commission") under President of Azerbaijan. In 2014, he was selected as a head of laboratory of the Radiation Physics of Disordered Solids in the Institute of Radiation Problems of [Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences "Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences"); in 2015, he was director of the same Institute. He organized expeditions to reveal distribution of radioactive isotopes and heavy metals in frontline, transboundary waters and sediments in order to ensure nuclear and radiation safety of the country and obtained results were presented to the state authorities. In order to prevent nuclear and radioactive materials smuggling and trafficking and nuclear terrorism in nuclear security and radiation safety of Azerbaijan, installation of special monitoring equipments and their maintenance in operating state in border crossing points, staff training courses for border and customs agency employees have been implemented out by the Institute of Radiation Problems with the support of the [National Nuclear Security Administration](/wiki/National_Nuclear_Security_Administration "National Nuclear Security Administration") within the [U.S. Department of Energy](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy "United States Department of Energy"). Development of new detectors for detecting the ionizing rays and expansion of radiation instrument making based on them in our country have been carried out. O. Samadov is the head of the National INIS ([International Nuclear Information System](/wiki/International_Nuclear_Information_System "International Nuclear Information System")) Centre of Azerbaijan of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).He has been the winner of several projects of Science Development Fund under the president of Azerbaijan Republic, Science and Technology Center in Ukraine and these projects have been completed successfully. He has been selected a member of Organizing Committee of “Nuclear Sciences and Technologies” International Scientific Forum to be held in Almaty, Kazakhstan in September 2017\. Has been elected as a corresponding member of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences on May 2, 2017\. O. Samadov has been engaged in studying the influence of external factors on phase transitions of ferroelectric and antiferroelectric and summarizing the achieved results, established the regularities for the first and second phase transitions in spontaneously polarized crystals for the first time. By injecting impurities with various ionic radius to TlİnS2 and TlGaSe2crystals, he has studied their dielectric, pyroelectric, electric properties and influence of γ\-rays on these properties. He has shown that when alloying TlİnS2 crystal with Yan\-Teylor atoms, the obtained compounds show the properties characteristic for relaxor ferroelectrics. Studying the dielectric and electric relaxation, impedance spectrum, the scientist has observed superionic conductivity in TlGaTe2, TlİnTe2 and TlInSe2crystalsfor the first time.
[ "Scientific activities\n---------------------", "Ogtay Samadov entered post\\-graduate course in the Institute of Radiation Problems in 1980\\. He defended thesis on “Study of dielectric and pyroelectric properties of [phase transitions](/wiki/Phase_transition \"Phase transition\") in spontaneously polarized crystals” in 1988 and got a degree of PhD in physics and mathematics.", "Then, Samadov's further scientific activity was dedicated to the study of physical properties of relaxor ferroelectrics formed on the basis of TlInS2 and TlGaSe2 crystals and great practically important scientific results were obtained in this field. In 2006, he defended his doctoral dissertation on this subject. Superconductive compounds were obtained in Samadov's researches and superconductive temperature of these compounds was defined. The influence of radiation on superconductive temperature and special resistance was studied. Nanodomain relaxor state was studied by dielectric and electric measurements of irradiated, alloyed and intercalated semiconductor ferroelectrics.", "Samadov is the author of the first studies on the field of radiation physics and technology of ferroelectrics, conducted in Azerbaijan. The main researches in the field of the radiation influence on phase transitions in spontaneously polarized crystals with oxygen\\-octahedral structure were conducted by him.", "Scientist began his scientific researches with the study of the influence of electric and magnetic fields on structural phase transitions in different ferro and antiferroelectrics.", "He is the author of more than 200 articles on radiation material sciences in journals including *Ferroelectrics*, {{transliteration\\|ru\\|Fizika tverdogo tela}}, *Physica Status Solidi*, *International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Nano technology* and others. He was elected a corresponding member of [Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences \"Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences\") in 2001\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Salakhov Mustafa Sattar oglu \\|url\\=https://science.gov.az/en/forms/chlenyikorrespondentyi/144 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-26 \\|website\\=science.gov.az}}", "[thumb\\|318x318px\\|Ogtay Samadov and laboratory employees in the research process](/wiki/File:Oqtay_%C6%8Fbil_o%C4%9Flu_S%C9%99m%C9%99dov_.jpg \"Oqtay Əbil oğlu Səmədov .jpg\")\nIn 2013, Samadov got “professor” scientific name by the decision of [Higher Attestation Commission](/wiki/Higher_Attestation_Commission \"Higher Attestation Commission\") under President of Azerbaijan. In 2014, he was selected as a head of laboratory of the Radiation Physics of Disordered Solids in the Institute of Radiation Problems of [Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences \"Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences\"); in 2015, he was director of the same Institute. He organized expeditions to reveal distribution of radioactive isotopes and heavy metals in frontline, transboundary waters and sediments in order to ensure nuclear and radiation safety of the country and obtained results were presented to the state authorities. In order to prevent nuclear and radioactive materials smuggling and trafficking and nuclear terrorism in nuclear security and radiation safety of Azerbaijan, installation of special monitoring equipments and their maintenance in operating state in border crossing points, staff training courses for border and customs agency employees have been implemented out by the Institute of Radiation Problems with the support of the [National Nuclear Security Administration](/wiki/National_Nuclear_Security_Administration \"National Nuclear Security Administration\") within the [U.S. Department of Energy](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy \"United States Department of Energy\"). Development of new detectors for detecting the ionizing rays and expansion of radiation instrument making based on them in our country have been carried out.", "O. Samadov is the head of the National INIS ([International Nuclear Information System](/wiki/International_Nuclear_Information_System \"International Nuclear Information System\")) Centre of Azerbaijan of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).He has been the winner of several projects of Science Development Fund under the president of Azerbaijan Republic, Science and Technology Center in Ukraine and these projects have been completed successfully. He has been selected a member of Organizing Committee of “Nuclear Sciences and Technologies” International Scientific Forum to be held in Almaty, Kazakhstan in September 2017\\. Has been elected as a corresponding member of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences on May 2, 2017\\.", "O. Samadov has been engaged in studying the influence of external factors on phase transitions of ferroelectric and antiferroelectric and summarizing the achieved results, established the regularities for the first and second phase transitions in spontaneously polarized crystals for the first time. By injecting impurities with various ionic radius to TlİnS2 and TlGaSe2crystals, he has studied their dielectric, pyroelectric, electric properties and influence of γ\\-rays on these properties. He has shown that when alloying TlİnS2 crystal with Yan\\-Teylor atoms, the obtained compounds show the properties characteristic for relaxor ferroelectrics.", "Studying the dielectric and electric relaxation, impedance spectrum, the scientist has observed superionic conductivity in TlGaTe2, TlİnTe2 and TlInSe2crystalsfor the first time.", "" ]
History ------- The date of the first meeting between the two clubs is a matter of debate. The final of the [1902 Copa de la Coronación](/wiki/1902_Copa_de_la_Coronaci%C3%B3n "1902 Copa de la Coronación") was played between Barcelona and [Club Biscaya](/wiki/Bizcaya_%28football_team%29 "Bizcaya (football team)") (a combined team of Athletic Club and [Bilbao FC](/wiki/Bilbao_FC "Bilbao FC"), which merged the following year); Biscaya won the match 2–1\. Athletic regard themselves as the successor to the Biscaya team and the Copa Coronación as the first edition of the Copa del Rey, including it with later wins in their official honours.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.athletic\-club.eus/en/honours.html\|title\=Honours; Mens Team; Cup\|publisher\=Athletic Bilbao\|access\-date\=16 June 2018\|archive\-date\=15 April 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415202145/https://www.athletic\-club.eus/en\|url\-status\=dead}} However, the [Spanish Federation](/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Football_Federation "Royal Spanish Football Federation") gives 1903 as the commencement date for the Copa del Rey, disregarding the previous year's tournament in its records, so it has never been fully established if they regard Biscaya and Athletic as the same club or not. Barcelona's team in the final also included players from [Hispania AC](/wiki/Football_in_Catalonia%23Earliest_Clubs "Football in Catalonia#Earliest Clubs"), meaning theirs was also something of a combined force rather than a single club entity.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cihefe.es/cuadernosdefutbol/2009/11/la\-copa\-de\-1902/\|title\=Cuadernos de Fútbol: La Copa de 1902\|trans\-title\=Football Notebooks: The 1902 Cup\|publisher\=\[\[:es:Centro de Investigaciones de Historia y Estadística del Fútbol Español\|CIHEFE]]\|language\=es\|date\=17 October 2009\|access\-date\=16 June 2018\|archive\-date\=22 March 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322180110/http://www.cihefe.es/cuadernosdefutbol/2009/11/la\-copa\-de\-1902/\|url\-status\=dead}} Athletic and Barcelona were both successful in the early years of the national cup: between 1903 and 1920, the Basques won seven *Copas* and the Catalans three (including wins for both in the [1910 edition](/wiki/1910_Copa_del_Rey "1910 Copa del Rey") where two competitions were held, both considered official retrospectively), but they did not face each other at any stage of the tournament until their first undisputed meeting in the [1920 Final](/wiki/1920_Copa_del_Rey_Final "1920 Copa del Rey Final") held in [Gijón](/wiki/Gij%C3%B3n "Gijón"), which Barcelona won 2–0\.{{cite web\|author\=Javier Giraldo\|url\=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/barca\-athletic\-momentos\-cumbre\-rivalidad\-barca\-\-\-athletic\-los\-momentos\-cumbre\-de\-una\-rivalidad\-centenaria\-11485846\|title\=Barça \- Athletic: los momentos cumbre de una rivalidad centenaria\|trans\-title\=Barça \- Athletic: the peak moments of a century\-old rivalry\|language\=es\|work\=Sport\|date\=30 January 2021\|access\-date\=5 September 2023}} In the following edition, Barcelona withdrew in protest after the federation changed the venue of [the final](/wiki/1921_Copa_del_Rey_Final "1921 Copa del Rey Final") to Bilbao, and it was the 'home' club who eventually took the trophy.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/spancup1921\.html\|title\=Spain \- Cup 1921 \|author\=José Vicente Tejedor \|date\=12 February 2001\|website\=\[\[RSSSF]]\|access\-date\=10 October 2018}} Regional qualifying leagues were introduced, and Athletic became the dominant club in the [Biscay Championship](/wiki/Biscay_Championship "Biscay Championship") (from 1913\) while Barça were the strongest in the [Catalan football championship](/wiki/Catalan_football_championship "Catalan football championship") (its earliest version was held in 1901\). In that period, the two clubs introduced measures which led to them becoming important symbols of their respective homelands,{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2017/oct/02/barcelona\-in\-strange\-and\-symbolic\-eye\-of\-a\-storm\-over\-catalonia\|title\=Barcelona in the strange and symbolic eye of a storm over Catalonia \|newspaper\=The Guardian\|date\=2 October 2017\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/basque\-bone\-why\-athletic\-bilbao\-vs\-real\-sociedad\-more\-game?page\=0%2C3\|title\=Basque to the bone? Why Athletic Bilbao vs Real Sociedad is more than a game\|work\=FourFourTwo\|date\=1 November 2006\|access\-date\=16 June 2018\|archive\-date\=26 August 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826213754/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/basque\-bone\-why\-athletic\-bilbao\-vs\-real\-sociedad\-more\-game?page\=0,3\|url\-status\=dead}} Athletic implementing a [policy of using only local players](/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao_signing_policy "Athletic Bilbao signing policy") in response to being criticised by opponents for selecting too many foreigners,{{cite news\|author\=Neil Stacey \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/copa90/2016/jan/15/athletic\-club\-bilbao\-loyalty\-spain\-liga\-basque \|title\=This is Athletic Bilbao: the club whose loyalty to local talent is not negotiable \|work\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|date\=15 January 2016 \|access\-date\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=http://inbedwithmaradona.com/retro/2012/7/4/the\-history\-of\-athletic\-bilbao\-1898\-1936\.html\|title\=The history of Athletic Bilbao 1898\-1936\|last\=Radnedge\|first\=Keir\|publisher\=\[\[World Soccer (magazine)\|World Soccer]]\|via\=In Bed With Maradona\|date\=1 August 1977\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} and Barça adopting [Catalan](/wiki/Catalan_language "Catalan language") as their official language. In that era, matches were played by representative teams from each of the regional leagues, including several fixtures between [Catalonia](/wiki/Catalonia_national_football_team "Catalonia national football team") and the [Basque Country](/wiki/Basque_Country_national_football_team "Basque Country national football team"). ### La Liga beginnings and Franco era The teams did not meet again prior to the establishment in 1929 of a national professional league championship, [La Liga](/wiki/La_Liga "La Liga"), which would see them face off regularly and become rivals for the title: Barcelona won the [first edition](/wiki/1929_La_Liga "1929 La Liga") but failed to make much impact thereafter, suffering the humiliation of a 12–1 defeat at the hands of Athletic Bilbao in 1931 ([Bata](/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Sauto_Arana "Agustín Sauto Arana") scoring seven in what still ranks as the biggest win in the history of the competition){{cite web\|url\=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundodeporte/2010/09/25/futbol/1285423275\.html\|title\=Aquel 12\-1 de Mr. Pentland\|trans\-title\=That 12\-1 of Mr. Pentland\|language\=es\|work\=\[\[El Mundo (Spain)\|El Mundo]]\|date\=25 September 2010\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first\-team/news/2013\-2014/nine\-great\-games\-in\-bilbao\|title\=Nine great games in Bilbao \|publisher\=FC Barcelona\|date\=29 November 2013\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} and also losing the [1932 Copa del Rey Final](/wiki/1932_Copa_del_Rey_Final "1932 Copa del Rey Final") to the *Lions*.{{Cite web \|url\=https://athletic.elcorreo.com/final\-copa\-rey\-2015/noticias/201505/16/quinto\-bombin\-20150515150048\.html \|title\=El quinto bombín \|trans\-title\=The fifth bowler hat \|language\=es \|work\=\[\[El Correo]] \|date\=16 May 2015 \|access\-date\=4 November 2018 \|archive\-date\=5 November 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105015034/https://athletic.elcorreo.com/final\-copa\-rey\-2015/noticias/201505/16/quinto\-bombin\-20150515150048\.html \|url\-status\=dead }} Athletic were champions [four times in the following seven seasons](/wiki/List_of_Spanish_football_champions "List of Spanish football champions") up to the outbreak of the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War "Spanish Civil War") in 1936\. [thumb\|[László Kubala](/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Kubala "László Kubala") had such an impact on Barcelona that his statue now stands outside the club's stadium](/wiki/File:Ladislau_Kubala_Stecz_%288440191577%29.jpg "Ladislau Kubala Stecz (8440191577).jpg") In broad terms, Catalonia and most parts of the Basque Country fought on the losing [Republican](/wiki/Republican_faction_%28Spanish_Civil_War%29 "Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)") side in the conflict, and the victorious [Nationalist regime](/wiki/Nationalist_faction_%28Spanish_Civil_War%29 "Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)") soon introduced measures against regional languages and cultures.{{cite news\|last\=\[\[Phil Ball (writer)\|Ball]] \| first\=Phil \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/apr/21/championsleague.sport \|title\=Mucho morbo: The ancient rivalry of Barcelona and Real Madrid \|work\=The Guardian \|date\= 21 April 2002 \|access\-date\=16 June 2018 \| location\=London}} In 1941, football teams with 'foreign names' and symbols were required to amend them to a Spanish equivalent,{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=CRkIAcCB\_0EC\&dq\=franco\+atletico\+name\+1975\&pg\=PA103\|title\=The World's Game: A History of Soccer\|last\=Murray\|first\=William J.\|isbn\=9780252067181\|year\=1998\|publisher\=\[\[University of Illinois Press]]}}{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=2WA1DwAAQBAJ\&dq\=franco\+athletic\+bilbao\+name\&pg\=PT78\|title\=Sport and National Identities: Globalization and Conflict\|last1\=Dolan\|first1\=Paddy\|last2\=Connolly\|first2\=John\|isbn\=9781315519111\|year\=2017\|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]]}} thus *Club de Fútbol Barcelona* and *Atlético de Bilbao* became the official titles of the historic clubs and the Catalan flag was replaced with the Spanish on Barcelona's crest (the short\-lived [Republic](/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic "Second Spanish Republic") had done the same with Royalist symbols in the previous decade, altering the names of clubs such as [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF "Real Madrid CF") and [Real Sociedad](/wiki/Real_Sociedad "Real Sociedad") and removing crowns from their crests). This oppressive [centralist](/wiki/Centralist "Centralist") atmosphere in society contributed to the clubs becoming even more important to the local populations, the stadium being one of the few places where they could speak their language and express themselves freely. In this regard, the clubs had much in common and meetings between them were akin to an international fixture, with the regional representative teams also having been disbanded. In the domestic league, the performances of Barcelona and Athletic were comparable until the 1960s, with the Basques winning only two titles during the period from 1939 to 1960 compared to seven for the Catalans, but both finishing near the top of the table most years. Athletic won seven cups to Barcelona's six, although the finals between them in [1942](/wiki/1942_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo_Final "1942 Copa del Generalísimo Final") and [1953](/wiki/1953_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo_Final "1953 Copa del Generalísimo Final") both went the way of the *Blaugrana*. The Barça coach in the latter match, [Ferdinand Daučík](/wiki/Ferdinand_Dau%C4%8D%C3%ADk "Ferdinand Daučík"), soon took over at Athletic, and won trophies with both clubs. Daučík had moved to Spain at the same time as his son\-in\-law and the club's star of the period, the Hungarian [László Kubala](/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Kubala "László Kubala"), who was the first of several foreign imports to make an impact (although the vast majority of players would remain Spanish until much later), winning the league several times plus two [Inter\-Cities Fairs Cups](/wiki/Inter-Cities_Fairs_Cup "Inter-Cities Fairs Cup") and a [Latin Cup](/wiki/Latin_Cup "Latin Cup"), and enduring a narrow defeat in the [1961 European Cup Final](/wiki/1961_European_Cup_Final "1961 European Cup Final"); he suffered a serious knee injury inflicted by Athletic's [Eneko Arieta](/wiki/Eneko_Arieta "Eneko Arieta") in 1954\. During his stay, the club also opened their massive ambitious [Camp Nou](/wiki/Camp_Nou "Camp Nou") stadium,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fcbarcelona.es/club/noticias/2015\-2016/24\-de\-septiembre\-de\-1957\-inauguracion\-del\-camp\-nou \|title\=24 de septiembre de 1957: Inauguración del Camp Nou\|trans\-title\=24 September 1957: Inauguration of Camp Nou \|publisher\=FC Barcelona \|language\=es\|date\=24 September 2015 \|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} the cost of which would weaken the club economically for many years.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/facilities/card/camp\-nou\-the\-history \|title\=Camp Nou: the history\|publisher\=FC Barcelona \|access\-date\=9 November 2018}} Real Madrid had moved to [a larger ground](/wiki/Santiago_Bernab%C3%A9u_Stadium "Santiago Bernabéu Stadium") a few years earlier, and they too signed talent from Eastern Europe and South America as well as from around Spain which propelled them to further domestic and continental success, with the positive international exposure pleasing the regime.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/franco\-real\-madrid\-and\-spanish\-football\-s\-eternal\-power\-struggle\-1\-2564913\|last\=Fitzpatrick\|first\=Richard \|title\=Franco, Real Madrid and Spanish football's eternal power struggle\|work\=\[\[The Scotsman]]\|date\=7 October 2012\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} Athletic had a talented forward line in that era, spearheaded by prolific striker [Zarra](/wiki/Telmo_Zarra "Telmo Zarra"){{cite news\|url\=http://athletic.elcorreo.com/leyendas/zarra.html\|title\=Leyendas del Athletic Club de Bilbao: Zarra\|trans\-title\=Legends of the Athletic Club of Bilbao: Zarra\|language\=es\|newspaper\=\[\[El Correo]]\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} who set [multiple goalscoring records](/wiki/Football_records_in_Spain%23Goalscoring "Football records in Spain#Goalscoring"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.sport\-english.com/en/news/barca/lionel\-messi\-breaks\-another\-telmo\-zarra\-record\-with\-depor\-strike\-5520655\|title\=Lionel Messi breaks another Telmo Zarra record with Depor strike\|work\=\[\[Sport (Spanish newspaper)\|Sport]]\|date\=7 September 2017\|access\-date\=16 June 2018\|archive\-date\=16 June 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616153712/https://www.sport\-english.com/en/news/barca/lionel\-messi\-breaks\-another\-telmo\-zarra\-record\-with\-depor\-strike\-5520655\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=https://en.as.com/en/2018/04/21/football/1524329831\_825016\.html\|title\=Messi equals Zarra's 68\-year\-old Copa del Rey final record\|work\=\[\[Diario AS]]\|date\=21 April 2018\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} including most goals in a season, most overall league goals,{{cite web\|url\=http://en.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/371595\.html\|title\=Messi breaks La Liga goalscoring record \|publisher\=\[\[ESPN]]\|date\=22 November 2014\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} most hat\-tricks,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.marca.com/en/2015/03/08/en/football/barcelona/1425843601\.html\|title\=Messi becomes player with most hat tricks of all time in Spanish football\|work\=\[\[Marca (newspaper)\|Marca]]\|date\=3 August 2015\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} most goals by an opposition player against Real Madrid,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2017/08/13/5990cb5c46163f60698b4598\.html\|title\=Messi overtakes Zarra as Real Madrid's worst nightmare\|work\=Marca\|date\=13 August 2017\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} and most goals in the Athletic vs Barcelona fixture.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j9913\.html?rival\=1\|title\=Matches of Zarra: Pedro Telmo Zarraonandia Montoya vs Barcelona\|website\=BDfutbol\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} However, just prior to the introduction of regular continental competitions, he and his peers passed their peak, and from that time on the club were unable to consistently compete with their old foes for honours. They continued to use only Basque players, and chose to redevelop their [San Mamés stadium](/wiki/San_Mam%C3%A9s_Stadium_%281913%29 "San Mamés Stadium (1913)") rather than constructing a replacement, with much of the funding sourced from the transfer of their defender [Jesús Garay](/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Garay "Jesús Garay") to Barcelona in 1960\.{{cite news\|url\=http://athletic.elcorreo.com/leyendas/garay.html\|title\=Leyendas del Athletic Club de Bilbao:Garay\|trans\-title\=Legends of the Athletic Club of Bilbao: Garay\|language\=es\|newspaper\=\[\[El Correo]]\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} ### 1977 UEFA Cup tie [thumb\|Athletic eliminated Barcelona and [Johan Cruyff](/wiki/Johan_Cruyff "Johan Cruyff") during their [1976–77 UEFA Cup](/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_UEFA_Cup "1976–77 UEFA Cup") run](/wiki/File:AZ67_tegen_Barcelona_%28UEFA-cup%29_1-1%2C_elftal_Barcelona_en_Cruijff_en_Van_Hanegem_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-3987.jpg "AZ67 tegen Barcelona (UEFA-cup) 1-1, elftal Barcelona en Cruijff en Van Hanegem , Bestanddeelnr 929-3987.jpg") Athletic and Barcelona both took part in the [1976–77 UEFA Cup](/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_UEFA_Cup "1976–77 UEFA Cup") having won only one league title between them in almost two decades (Barça in [1974](/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_La_Liga "1973–74 La Liga")), and both eager for glory in Europe. They were drawn together in the quarter\-finals; it was the first time Athletic had played another Spanish team in a continental tournament. The two clubs had already played both league fixtures that season, the Catalans winning 3–1 in Bilbao and the Basques claiming a 2–0 victory at the [Camp Nou](/wiki/Camp_Nou "Camp Nou") ten days before their UEFA Cup tie.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/e1\.html?cat\=\-\&temp\=1976\-77\&rival\=6\&cas\=0\&for\=0\|title\=Barcelona matches (vs Athletic Club, season 1976\-77\)\|publisher\=BDFutbol\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} The tie was played in an unusually friendly atmosphere due to the similar regional identity of the two clubs, whose supporters were excited by the prospect of a [brighter future](/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy "Spanish transition to democracy") for their respective territories after the death of dictator [General Franco](/wiki/General_Franco "General Franco") and the weakening of [his regime](/wiki/Francoist_Spain "Francoist Spain"). By that point, the clubs' original names and identity were restored. {{cite web\|url\=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first\-team/news/2012\-2013/fc\-barcelona\-history\-at\-athletic\-s\-san\-mames\|title\=FC Barcelona history at Athletic's San Mamés\|publisher\=\[\[FC Barcelona]]\|date\=25 April 2013\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} In the tie, Athletic held on for a 2–1 lead at San Mamés and led by the same scoreline by half time in the second leg thanks to a brace of away goals from [Javier Irureta](/wiki/Javier_Irureta "Javier Irureta"), requiring Barça to score three more times in the last 45 minutes. They could only manage one, through [Johan Cruyff](/wiki/Johan_Cruyff "Johan Cruyff") (their biggest foreign star of the era), so the *Lions* qualified for the penultimate stage of a European tournament for the first time.{{cite news\|url\=http://athletic.elcorreo.com/noticias/2009\-09\-21/orgullo\-20090921\.html\|title\=El año del orgullo (El Athletic en Copa de Ferias y UEFA, pt VII)\|trans\-title\=The year of pride (Athletic in the Fairs Cup and UEFA Cup, part VII)\|newspaper\=El Correo\|language\=es\|date\=21 September 2009\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/20170110/413228781504/el\-athletic\-quiere\-repetir\-la\-gesta\-europea\-de\-1977\-ante\-el\-barca\-de\-cruyff.html\|title\=El Athletic quiere repetir la gesta europea de 1977 ante el Barça de Cruyff\|trans\-title\=Athletic wants to repeat the European feat of 1977 against Cruyff's Barça \|language\=es\|newspaper\=Mundo Deportivo\|date\=10 January 2017\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}}{{cite news\|url\=https://as.com/futbol/2016/02/26/uefa/1456494444\_591162\.html\|title\=Eliminatorias UEFA: el Athletic ya ganó al Barça en la 76\-77\|trans\-title\=UEFA qualifying: Athletic already won against Barça in 76\-77\|language\=es\|newspaper\=Diario AS\|date\=26 February 2016\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} They reached the final, but lost to [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.futbolprimera.es/2012/03/31/el\-athletic\-de\-las\-dos\-finales\-1977\|title\=El Athletic de la dos finales (1977\)\|trans\-title\=Athletic in two finals (1977\)\|language\=es\|publisher\=FutbolPrimera\|date\=31 March 2012\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} ### Violence in 1983–84 [thumb\|[Diego Maradona](/wiki/Diego_Maradona "Diego Maradona") (right), during his time at Barcelona](/wiki/File:Maradona_kempes_spain.jpg "Maradona kempes spain.jpg") #### Background By the early 1980s, Barcelona were becoming desperate for major success. They had still not won La Liga since 1974,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/thirty\-years\-how\-el\-tel\-tamed\-orwellian\-beast\-barcelona\-and\-won\-la\-liga\|title\=Thirty years on, how El Tel tamed the Orwellian beast of Barcelona and won La Liga\|work\=\[\[FourFourTwo]]\|date\=20 May 2014\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} and in addition to Real Madrid and [Atlético Madrid](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid "Atlético Madrid") who usually had talented squads, Real Sociedad from the Basque city of [San Sebastián](/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n "San Sebastián") had assembled a strong team composed entirely of local homegrown talent, who finished above Barça in [1979](/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_La_Liga "1978–79 La Liga") and continued to improve, being runners\-up the following year before winning back\-to\-back titles in [1981](/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_La_Liga "1980–81 La Liga") and [1982](/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_La_Liga "1981–82 La Liga"), overtaking Barcelona in the closing stages of the latter campaign.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/t/t1981\-82\.html\|title\=Season 1981\-82 First Division (table, results and progress chart)\|website\=BDfutbol\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} The Catalans hired famous coaches [Helenio Herrera](/wiki/Helenio_Herrera "Helenio Herrera") and [Udo Lattek](/wiki/Udo_Lattek "Udo Lattek"), but were left unsatisfied even with Copa victories in [1978](/wiki/1978_Copa_del_Rey_Final "1978 Copa del Rey Final") and [1981](/wiki/1981_Copa_del_Rey_Final "1981 Copa del Rey Final") (after overcoming Athletic in the semi\-finals){{cite web\|url\=http://hemeroteca\-paginas.mundodeportivo.com./EMD01/HEM/1981/06/14/MD19810614\-004\.pdf\|title\=El soberbio marcaje de Manolo a Dani due clave\|trans\-title\=The superb marking on Dani by Manolo was key\|language\=es\|newspaper\=\[\[Mundo Deportivo]]\|date\=14 June 1981\|access\-date\=15 July 2018}} followed by [UEFA Cup Winners' Cups](/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup "UEFA Cup Winners' Cup") in [1979](/wiki/1979_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup_Final "1979 European Cup Winners' Cup Final") and [1982](/wiki/1982_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup_Final "1982 European Cup Winners' Cup Final"). They had paid a world record transfer fee to bring Argentina star [Diego Maradona](/wiki/Diego_Maradona "Diego Maradona") to the club, followed in 1983 by his compatriot and mentor [César Luis Menotti](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Luis_Menotti "César Luis Menotti") as head coach.{{cite web\|url\=https://beyondthelastman.com/2012/11/01/bilbao\-v\-barcelona\-the\-bitterest\-rivalry/\|title\=Bilbao v Barcelona 1984: the bitterest rivalry\|website\=Beyond the last man\|author\=Craig McCracken\|date\=1 November 2012\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} However, besides Real Sociedad (who were weakened when midfielder [Perico Alonso](/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Alonso "Miguel Ángel Alonso") moved to Barça after their second title), it was also a strong period for Athletic Bilbao, who developed a group of talented but highly aggressive and physical players under coach [Javier Clemente](/wiki/Javier_Clemente "Javier Clemente"). Athletic took the title in [1983](/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_La_Liga "1982–83 La Liga") (their first championship for 27 years){{cite news\|url\=http://www.eldiario.es/canariasahora/deportes/Clemente\-anos\-despues\_0\_221878224\.html\|title\=Clemente, 25 años después\|trans\-title\=Clemente, 25 years later\|publisher\=\[\[eldiario.es\|El Diario (Canarias Ahora)]]\|language\=es\|date\=15 September 2008\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} just ahead of Real Madrid,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/t/t1982\-83\.html\|title\=Season 1982\-83 First Division (table, results and progress chart)\|website\=BDfutbol\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=http://footballrepublik.com/la\-liga\-seasons\-athletic\-bilbao\-conquer\-spain\-198283/\|title\=La Liga seasons: Athletic Bilbao's Basque Glory – 1982/83\|work\=Football Republik\|date\=24 August 2013\|access\-date\=16 June 2018\|archive\-date\=29 January 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129193014/http://footballrepublik.com/la\-liga\-seasons\-athletic\-bilbao\-conquer\-spain\-198283/\|url\-status\=dead}} while Barcelona defeated their biggest rivals from the capital in the [cup final](/wiki/1983_Copa_del_Rey_Final "1983 Copa del Rey Final"). It was clear that the following season could be a close affair between the three clubs, with the added elements of a clash in style and personality between Menotti and Clemente, who were not afraid of expressing their opinions to the press,{{cite news\|url\=http://elpais.com/diario/1988/01/03/deportes/568162807\_850215\.html\|title\=La guerra dialéctica Clemente\-Menotti pone tension en el Español\-Atlético de Madrid\|trans\-title\=Clemente\-Menotti war of words tenses Español\-Atlético de Madrid up\|newspaper\=El País\|language\=es\|date\=3 January 1988\|access\-date\=3 May 2019}} and the pervading feeling in Barcelona that their 1982 title bid had been ruined by a serious knee injury to influential midfielder [Bernd Schuster](/wiki/Bernd_Schuster "Bernd Schuster") sustained in a challenge from Athletic defender [Andoni Goikoetxea](/wiki/Andoni_Goikoetxea_Olaskoaga "Andoni Goikoetxea Olaskoaga").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.espn.com.mx/noticias/nota?s\=esp\&id\=1909591\&type\=story\|title\=Encendió la rivalidad Athletic\-Barça\|trans\-title\=It sparked the Athletic\-Barça rivalry\|language\=es\|publisher\=\[\[ESPN]]\|date\=24 September 2013\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} Barcelona too had a reputation for 'hard' play which at times could descend into outright violence, and the club had received fines from [UEFA](/wiki/UEFA "UEFA") for their conduct in recent European matches including the [1982 European Super Cup](/wiki/1982_European_Super_Cup "1982 European Super Cup").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/jan/22/golden\-goal\-ken\-mcnaught\-for\-aston\-villa\-v\-barcelona\-1983\-super\-cup\|title\=Golden Goal: Ken McNaught for Aston Villa v Barcelona (1982 Super Cup) \|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|author\=Paul Doyle\|date\= 22 January 2016 \|access\-date\=8 December 2018}} #### Maradona and Goiko [thumb\|left\|[Javier Clemente](/wiki/Javier_Clemente "Javier Clemente") put together an Athletic side who were noted for their aggressive style](/wiki/File:Javier_Clemente.jpg "Javier Clemente.jpg") The season would be remembered for two of the most notorious incidents in Spanish football history, amidst a backdrop of serious tension in society, much of it due to terrorism committed by Basque separatists [ETA](/wiki/ETA_%28separatist_group%29 "ETA (separatist group)"). The league schedule paired Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao at Camp Nou in the fourth round of fixtures in September 1983, and the home side were two goals ahead by the interval; early in the second half, Goikoetxea was angered by a hard tackle from Schuster, prompting Maradona to suggest that he calm down,{{cite news\|url\=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/fussball\-historie\-wie\-holz\-das\-bricht\-1\.686363\|title\=Wie Holz, das bricht\|trans\-title\=Like wood, it breaks\|newspaper\=\[\[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]\|last1\=Cáceres\|first1\=Javier\|language\=de\|date\=17 May 2010\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} but a short time later, Maradona dribbled into space in midfield and was tackled crudely from behind by Goikoetxea, who appeared to make little attempt to play the ball and snapped Maradona's ankle.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2008/dec/05/joy\-of\-six\-scott\-murray\|title\=The Joy of Six: hot football funks\|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=5 December 2008\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} Despite the recklessness of the challenge, Goikoetxea was only cautioned. Barcelona went on to win 4–0, but lost Maradona until January 1984\. The Athletic bus was stoned as it left the city. Goikoetxea, from then on frequently referred to as the *Butcher of Bilbao* after the incident became widely publicised, was given an 18\-match ban, soon reduced to nine then six, meaning he returned in November, and his importance to the team was underlined by the fact those were the only league matches he missed all season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j2676\.html?temp\=1983\-84\|title\=Matches of Andoni Goikoetxea in Season 1983\-84\|website\=BDfutbol\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} Neither player took part in either leg of the autumn [1983 Supercopa de España](/wiki/1983_Supercopa_de_Espa%C3%B1a "1983 Supercopa de España") between the sides, won 3–2 by Barcelona on aggregate, but both were back in place for the league game at San Mamés in late January, in which Maradona, still recovering from the injury, scored both his team's goals in their 2–1 victory. However, points dropped by the Catalans in other matches meant they were never able to pull ahead of Real Madrid or Athletic,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/t/t1983\-84\.html\|title\=Season 1983\-84 First Division (table, results and progress chart)\|website\=BDfutbol\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} and in one of the tightest finishes in the competition's history, the Basques retained the title by dint of a superior head\-to\-head record over the *Merengues*, with both a point ahead of Barcelona in the final table, leading their followers to ponder how many they might have collected with Maradona available and fully fit; they would have only required one point to overtake Athletic on head\-to\-head having beaten them twice. #### Cup final A week later, the [1984 Copa del Rey Final](/wiki/1984_Copa_del_Rey_Final "1984 Copa del Rey Final") brought Athletic and Barcelona together at the [Santiago Bernabéu Stadium](/wiki/Santiago_Bernab%C3%A9u_Stadium "Santiago Bernabéu Stadium") for their fifth meeting of the campaign. In a predictably physical game, Athletic won 1–0 through [Endika](/wiki/Endika_Guarrotxena "Endika Guarrotxena") to clinch the [double](/wiki/Double_%28association_football%29 "Double (association football)") for the first time since 1956\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.abc.es/20120524/deportes\-futbol/abci\-final\-athletic\-barcelona\-1984\-201205241339\.html\|title\=Athletic\-Barça 1984, la final de los palos\|trans\-title\=Athletic\-Barça 1984, the sticks final\|language\=es\|newspaper\=\[\[ABC (newspaper)\|ABC]]\|date\=25 May 2012\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} Upon the final whistle, Maradona (who had been insulted by Clemente in the build\-up and was fouled repeatedly during the match, particularly by his marker [Iñigo Liceranzu](/wiki/I%C3%B1igo_Liceranzu "Iñigo Liceranzu")){{cite web\|url\=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/blog/espn\-fc\-united/68/post/3059866/real\-madrid\-napoli\-diego\-maradona\-returns\-to\-the\-bernabeu\-a\-place\-of\-thrilling\-and\-painful\-memories\|title\=Maradona returns to the Bernabeu, a place of thrilling and painful memories\|publisher\=\[\[ESPN]]\|date\=13 February 2017\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} was goaded by [Miguel Sola](/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Sola "Miguel Ángel Sola") and reacted by launching a flying kick. Several players from both teams waded in, including Goikoetxea as well as [Migueli](/wiki/Migueli "Migueli"), [Miguel de Andrés](/wiki/Miguel_de_Andr%C3%A9s "Miguel de Andrés"), [Patxi Salinas](/wiki/Patxi_Salinas "Patxi Salinas"), [Paco Clos](/wiki/Paco_Clos "Paco Clos") and others, and a chaotic brawl ensued.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.goal.com/en\-india/slideshow/3517/4/title/top\-10\-copa\-del\-rey\-finals\|title\=1984: Athletic Bilbao 1\-0 Barcelona\|website\=\[\[Goal (website)\|Goal]]\|date\=17 May 2013\|access\-date\=16 June 2018\|archive\-date\=15 January 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115124749/http://www.goal.com/en\-india/slideshow/3517/4/title/top\-10\-copa\-del\-rey\-finals\|url\-status\=dead}} All the aforementioned were sanctioned,{{cite news\|url\=http://elpais.com/diario/1999/11/27/deportes/943657208\_850215\.html\|title\=El tercer mayor castigo\|trans\-title\=The third biggest punishment\|newspaper\=El País\|language\=es\|date\=27 November 1999\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} further verbal insults were exchanged by both camps, and Maradona never played for the club again, transferring to [Napoli](/wiki/SSC_Napoli "SSC Napoli") for another world record fee. #### Aftermath The following campaign brought change for both clubs. At that time, the Supercopa was given automatically to any 'double' winners (rather than meeting the cup runners\-up again, as was the case in later eras), thus Athletic were given the 1984 honour and another potentially hostile clash between the sides early in the season was avoided. Barcelona, having replaced Maradona and Menotti with Scottish striker [Steve Archibald](/wiki/Steve_Archibald "Steve Archibald") and English manager [Terry Venables](/wiki/Terry_Venables "Terry Venables"), finally won the [league title](/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_La_Liga "1984–85 La Liga"). Athletic reached the [cup final](/wiki/1985_Copa_del_Rey_Final "1985 Copa del Rey Final") again but lost to Atlético Madrid, and they would not reach another for a generation as a gradual decline set in. The [1986 Copa semi\-finals](/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Copa_del_Rey%23Semi-finals "1985–86 Copa del Rey#Semi-finals") again saw Athletic and Barcelona drawn together, and the second leg at San Mamés (won 2–1 by Barcelona) saw incidents of objects being thrown by the crowd, a pitch invasion and insults made to the referee by Bilbao staff members, resulting in their stadium being closed for the next fixture, the first time this had occurred;{{cite news\|url\=https://elpais.com/diario/1986/04/11/deportes/513554411\_850215\.html\|title\=El Comité de Competición sanciona a Dani y De Andrés y clausura el campo del Athlétic por un partido\|trans\-title\=The Competition Committee sanctions Dani and De Andrés and closes the Athlétic ground for one match \|language\=es\|newspaper\=\[\[El País]]\|date\=11 April 1986\|access\-date\=15 July 2018 \|last1\=Paradinas \|first1\=Juan José }} however, the hostile environment and disorder resulted largely from anger at the decisions and behaviour of the officials (who appeared to miss a foul during a Barça goal and failed to award a penalty to the home side){{cite web\|url\=http://hemeroteca\-paginas.mundodeportivo.com./EMD01/HEM/1986/04/10/MD19860410\-003\.pdf\|title\=1\-2: Del infierno a la final\|trans\-title\=1\-2: From hell to the final\|language\=es\|newspaper\=\[\[Mundo Deportivo]]\|date\=10 April 1986\|access\-date\=14 July 2018}} rather than hostility towards the opposition. A month later, Barcelona made it to the [1986 European Cup Final](/wiki/1986_European_Cup_Final "1986 European Cup Final") held on Spanish soil, but unexpectedly lost to [Steaua București](/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti "FC Steaua București"). They had just confirmed the signing of Athletic's goalkeeper [Andoni Zubizarreta](/wiki/Andoni_Zubizarreta "Andoni Zubizarreta"){{cite news\|url\=https://elpais.com/diario/1986/05/03/deportes/515455211\_850215\.html\|title\=El Barcelona ficha a Zubizarreta por 150 millones\|trans\-title\=Barcelona sign Zubizarreta for 150 million\|newspaper\=\[\[El País]]\|language\=es\|date\=3 May 1986\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} who would be an important figure in the years to come. Thereafter, both clubs suffered as Real Madrid, led by '[La Quinta del Buitre](/wiki/La_Quinta_del_Buitre "La Quinta del Buitre")', won five championships in a row.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.marca.com/en/football/real\-madrid/2017/05/22/5922e820ca4741256a8b462d.html\|title\=The Real Madrid of La Quinta\|work\=Marca\|date\=22 May 2017\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} ### 1990s By the 1990s, the clubs were no longer competing at the same level of performance. Under Johan Cruyff as coach, Barcelona introduced innovative methods to be used at all levels of the club, which would still be in effect decades later.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/mar/24/johan\-cruyff\-barcelona\-legacy \|author\=\[\[Sid Lowe\|Lowe, Sid]] \|title\=Barcelona were transformed by Johan Cruyff not once but twice, and for ever \|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=24 March 2016 \|access\-date\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/history/card/johan\-cruyff\-1988\-96 \|title\=FC Barcelona: Johan Cruyff (1988–96\) \|publisher\= FC Barcelona \|access\-date\=16 June 2018 }} In addition to four successive league titles, they won another Cup Winners' Cup in [1989](/wiki/1989_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup_Final "1989 European Cup Winners' Cup Final") then finally achieved their aim of winning the European Cup in [1992](/wiki/1992_European_Cup_Final "1992 European Cup Final") (defeating [Sampdoria](/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria "U.C. Sampdoria") on both occasions); the *Dream Team* built by Cruyff included several Basques, such as [Valverde](/wiki/Ernesto_Valverde "Ernesto Valverde") (whose next move was to Bilbao and later coached both clubs),{{cite web\|url\=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/barcelona\-have\-named\-ernesto\-valverde\-as\-their\-new\-head\-coach\-but\-who\-is\-he\-791664\.html\|title\=Barcelona have named Ernesto Valverde as their new head coach ... but who is he?\|work\=\[\[Irish Examiner]]\|date\=29 May 2017\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} the former Athletic players [Alexanko](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Alexanko "José Ramón Alexanko"), Zubizarreta and [Julio Salinas](/wiki/Julio_Salinas "Julio Salinas"), and a winger known as [Andoni Goikoetxea](/wiki/Ion_Andoni_Goikoetxea "Ion Andoni Goikoetxea") (a different man from the defender who had injured Maradona). Athletic, who finished above Barcelona only once following their double win – in [1988](/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_La_Liga "1987–88 La Liga") – continued to produce some good players, with [Julen Guerrero](/wiki/Julen_Guerrero "Julen Guerrero") considered the best of the era,{{cite news\|url\=http://athletic.elcorreo.com/leyendas/guerrero.html\|title\=Leyendas del Athletic Club de Bilbao:Guerrero\|trans\-title\=Legends of the Athletic Club of Bilbao: Guerrero\|language\=es\|newspaper\=\[\[El Correo]]\|access\-date\=16 June 2018\|archive\-date\=22 June 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622091342/http://athletic.elcorreo.com/leyendas/guerrero.html\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first\-team/news/2015\-2016/former\-athletic\-legend\-julen\-guerrero\-warns\-athletic\-will\-be\-no\-pushovers\|title\=Former Athletic legend Julen Guerrero warns Basques will be no pushovers \|publisher\=FC Barcelona\|date\=26 January 2016\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} but usually had to content themselves with finishing mid\-table. In 1991, a Barcelona team containing six Basque players defeated Javier Clemente's Athletic 6–0 in Bilbao, though it was one of the foreign stars who made the difference: Bulgarian [Hristo Stoichkov](/wiki/Hristo_Stoichkov "Hristo Stoichkov") scored four.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vavel.com/es/futbol/2016/08/28/fc\-barcelona/687867\-aquel\-0\-6\-en\-san\-mames\-el\-partido\-de\-stoichkov.html\|title\=Aquel 0\-6 en San Mamés, el partido de Stoichkov \|language\=es\|trans\-title\=That 0\-6 in San Mamés, Stoichkov's match\|publisher\=Vavel \|date\=28 August 2016\|access\-date\=3 May 2019}} Following the 1996 [Bosman ruling](/wiki/Bosman_ruling "Bosman ruling"), the gap widened further; with no limitations on signing players from the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"), clubs such as Barcelona could and did bring in the best talent from across the continent{{cite web\|url\=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundodeporte/2010/09/25/futbol/1285423275\.html\|title\=Bosman, el jugador mediocre que cambió el fútbol moderno\|trans\-title\=Bosman, the mediocre player who changed modern football\|language\=es\|work\=\[\[ABC (newspaper)\|ABC]]\|date\=14 December 2015\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} – their [squad in 1999, their centenary season](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_FC_Barcelona_season "1998–99 FC Barcelona season") included eight [Dutch internationals](/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team "Netherlands national football team") as well as three Brazilians, an Argentine, a Portuguese and five who had represented [Spain](/wiki/Spain_national_football_team "Spain national football team"). Both clubs competed in the [1998–99 UEFA Champions League group stage](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_UEFA_Champions_League_group_stage "1998–99 UEFA Champions League group stage") after [the previous domestic league](/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_La_Liga "1997–98 La Liga") was won by Barça with Athletic runners\-up (in their centenary year), marking their best finish since 1984 which they have not matched since as the league took on an increasingly international profile, becoming the [strongest in Europe](/wiki/UEFA_coefficient%23Top_leagues_by_period "UEFA coefficient#Top leagues by period") by the end of the turn of the millennium. ### 21st century Entering the 21st century, Athletic endured some [struggles with relegation](/wiki/History_of_Athletic_Bilbao%23The_%22black_biennium%22 "History of Athletic Bilbao#The ") while Barcelona also had a [relatively disappointing period](/wiki/History_of_FC_Barcelona%23The_Gaspart_Era_%282000%E2%80%932003%29 "History of FC Barcelona#The Gaspart Era (2000–2003)") but then recovered and continued to grow increasingly more [rich](/wiki/Forbes%27_list_of_the_most_valuable_football_clubs "Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs"), [popular](/wiki/Supporters_of_FC_Barcelona "Supporters of FC Barcelona") and [successful](/wiki/International_Federation_of_Football_History_%26_Statistics%23Club_World_Ranking "International Federation of Football History & Statistics#Club World Ranking"),{{cite web\|title \= World Football: The 11 Most Successful European Clubs in History \| website \= \[\[Bleacher Report]] \| url \= http://bleacherreport.com/articles/510011\-world\-football\-the\-11\-most\-successful\-european\-clubs\-in\-history/page/12 \| access\-date \=16 June 2018}} attracting several of the world's top players and drawing among the biggest crowds in Europe to their stadium.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.european\-football\-statistics.co.uk/attn.htm\|title\=Attendances (Filter: Europe)\|website\=European Football Statistics\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47929074\|title\=Celtic \& Rangers among top 20 most watched clubs\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=16 April 2019\|access\-date\=17 April 2019}} Under [Frank Rijkaard](/wiki/Frank_Rijkaard "Frank Rijkaard"), Barcelona won the Champions League in [2006](/wiki/2006_UEFA_Champions_League_Final "2006 UEFA Champions League Final") while also developing a highly talented group from their Cruyff\-inspired [youth system](/wiki/La_Masia "La Masia") who would lead them to even greater success including three more continental titles, led by forward [Lionel Messi](/wiki/Lionel_Messi "Lionel Messi"), who [broke virtually all](/wiki/Football_records_in_Spain%23Goalscoring "Football records in Spain#Goalscoring") of Zarra's longstanding records. At international level, the revived [Basque](/wiki/Basque_Country_national_football_team "Basque Country national football team") and [Catalan](/wiki/Catalonia_national_football_team "Catalonia national football team") representative teams (described as [State of Origin](/wiki/State_of_Origin "State of Origin") squads){{cite web\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/spain/10541466/Catalonia\-and\-Basque\-Country\-reignite\-call\-for\-independent\-national\-football\-identities.html\|title\=Catalonia and Basque Country reignite call for independent national football identities\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=30 December 2013\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} met four times between 2006 and 2015, with several Barcelona and Athletic players involved each time.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.eff\-fvf.eus/pub/verFichaPartido.asp?idioma\=ca\&idPartido\=146\|title\=Catalunya 2–2 Euskadi\|language\=es\|publisher\=\[\[Basque Football Federation]]\|date\=8 October 2006\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.eff\-fvf.eus/pub/verFichaPartido.asp?idioma\=ca\&idPartido\=149\|title\=Euskal Herria 1–1 Catalunya \|language\=es\|publisher\=\[\[Basque Football Federation]]\|date\=29 December 2007\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/20141228/futbol/1\-1\-euskadi\-y\-catalunya\-empatan\-a\-goles\-en\-el\-partido\-del\-centenario\_54422189959\.html\|title\=1–1: Euskadi y Catalunya empatan a goles en el partido del Centenario\|trans\-title\=1–1: Basque Country and Catalonia draw in the Centenary match\|language\=es\|work\=\[\[Mundo Deportivo]]\|date\=29 December 2014\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=https://as.com/futbol/2015/12/26/mas\_futbol/1451170418\_459821\.html\|title\=Aduriz da un nueva victoria de Euskadi ante Cataluña\|trans\-title\=Aduriz gives a new victory for the Basques against Catalonia\|language\=es\|work\=\[\[Diario AS]]\|date\=27 December 2015\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} [thumb\|left\|A scene from the [2009 Supercopa de España](/wiki/2009_Supercopa_de_Espa%C3%B1a "2009 Supercopa de España") at [Camp Nou](/wiki/Camp_Nou "Camp Nou")](/wiki/File:Supercopa2009.JPG "Supercopa2009.JPG") Among the many *Blaugrana* successes were three fairly comfortable Copa del Rey final wins over Athletic Bilbao: [2009 (4–1 in Valencia)](/wiki/2009_Copa_del_Rey_Final "2009 Copa del Rey Final"), [2012 (3–0 in Madrid)](/wiki/2012_Copa_del_Rey_Final "2012 Copa del Rey Final"), and [2015 (3–1 in Barcelona)](/wiki/2015_Copa_del_Rey_Final "2015 Copa del Rey Final").{{cite web\|author\=Carlos Ruiz\|url\=https://www.lavanguardia.com/deportes/fc\-barcelona/20210417/6645652/barcelona\-athletic\-final\-copa\-del\-rey\-rivalidad\-supercopa.html\|title\=Barça \- Athletic, una rivalidad al alza\|trans\-title\=Barça \- Athletic, a rivalry on the rise\|language\=es\|work\=La Vanguardia\|date\=17 April 2021\|access\-date\=5 September 2023}} All the finals included the pre\-match Spanish national anthem being booed and whistled by both sets of supporters,{{cite news \|url\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2009/0514/breaking66\.html \|title\=Spain sacks TV head after anthem booed \|agency\=Reuters \|date\=15 May 2009 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]] \|access\-date\=16 June 2018 \|archive\-date\=21 October 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021030001/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2009/0514/breaking66\.html \|url\-status\=dead }} which eventually drew fines for the clubs from the Spanish Sports Council in 2015\.{{cite news\|last1\=García\|first1\=Adriana\|title\=Barcelona, Athletic and RFEF face fines over Copa del Rey final\|url\=http://www.espnfc.co.uk/spanish\-copa\-del\-rey/story/2539164/barcelona\-and\-athletic\-and\-rfef\-face\-fines\-over\-copa\-del\-rey\|publisher\=ESPN\|date\=28 July 2015\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} During the post\-match celebrations in both 2009 and 2012, Barça captains [Carles Puyol](/wiki/Carles_Puyol "Carles Puyol") and [Xavi](/wiki/Xavi_%28footballer%2C_born_1980%29 "Xavi (footballer, born 1980)") endeared themselves to the Athletic fans by parading the [Ikurriña](/wiki/Ikurri%C3%B1a "Ikurriña") (Basque flag) alongside their Catalan [Senyera](/wiki/Senyera "Senyera"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.furialiga.fr/2018/05/05/carles\-puyol\-likurina\-fair\-play\-lors\-finales\-contre\-lathletic/\|title\=Carles Puyol, l'Ikuriña et son fair\-play lors des finales contre l'Athletic\|trans\-title\=Carles Puyol, Ikurriña and his fair play in the finals against Athletic\|language\=fr\|website\=Furia Liga\|date\=8 May 2018\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.marca.com/albumes/2012/05/22/barcelona\_athletic\_copa\_2012/index\_7\.html\|title\=Máxima deportividad\|trans\-title\=Maximum sportsmanship\|language\=es\|work\=Marca\|date\=22 May 2012\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} (in contrast to [Andrés Iniesta](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Iniesta "Andrés Iniesta") who was unpopular due to accusations of exaggerating a foul leading to a red card in a league match), while another connection between the squads in 2012 was the admiration openly expressed by Barcelona coach [Pep Guardiola](/wiki/Pep_Guardiola "Pep Guardiola") for the tactical methods of [Marcelo Bielsa](/wiki/Marcelo_Bielsa "Marcelo Bielsa"), his counterpart at Athletic Bilbao.{{cite web\|title\=Athletic Bilbao make a splash to peg back Barcelona in thriller \|url\=https://amp.theguardian.com/football/blog/2011/nov/07/athletic\-bilbao\-barcelona \|work\=The Guardian\|date\=7 November 2011\|access\-date\=26 September 2018}} However, some of that goodwill was eroded in 2015 when [Neymar](/wiki/Neymar "Neymar") indulged in ['showboating'](/wiki/Showboat%23%22Showboat%22_as_a_verb "Showboat#") in the closing stages of the match including flicking the ball over his opponent's head, which enraged the Athletic players as they considered it to be [unsportsmanlike conduct](/wiki/Unsportsmanlike_conduct "Unsportsmanlike conduct").{{cite news\|title\=Iraola: Neymar 'rainbow' unsporting\|url\=http://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/iraola\-neymar\-rainbow\-unsporting\|publisher\=Four Four Two\|date\=31 May 2015\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} [thumb\|[Lionel Messi](/wiki/Lionel_Messi "Lionel Messi") is the fixture's all\-time top goalscorer, among his many other records](/wiki/File:Leo_Messi_v_Almeria_020314_%28extra_crop%29.jpg "Leo Messi v Almeria 020314 (extra crop).jpg") Due to Barcelona also winning the league title in [2009](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_La_Liga "2008–09 La Liga") and [2015](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_La_Liga "2014–15 La Liga") (as well as the Champions League in both those years to achieve [trebles](/wiki/Treble_%28association_football%29 "Treble (association football)")),{{cite news\|last1\=Saffer\|first1\=Paul\|title\=Barcelona break new ground with second treble\|url\=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid\=2251733\.html\|publisher\=\[\[UEFA]]\|date\=16 June 2018}} the subsequent Supercopa finals were also played between the sides; in the first, it was another straightforward win for the *Blaugrana* [(5–1 on aggregate)](/wiki/2009_Supercopa_de_Espa%C3%B1a "2009 Supercopa de España"), but Athletic surprised many with a 4–0 home win in the first leg of the latter tie, eventually securing [a 5–1 victory of their own](/wiki/2015_Supercopa_de_Espa%C3%B1a "2015 Supercopa de España"). It was their first trophy of any kind since 1984, having endured a painful defeat to Atlético Madrid in the [2012 UEFA Europa League Final](/wiki/2012_UEFA_Europa_League_Final "2012 UEFA Europa League Final") in addition to the losses to Barcelona, and so was celebrated with great enthusiasm by the supporters who crowded the streets of Bilbao city centre in their thousands for an [open top bus](/wiki/Open_top_bus "Open top bus") parade normally reserved for much greater triumphs.{{cite web\|url\=https://as.com/diarioas/2015/08/18/english/1439912810\_356545\.html\|title\=Athletic set off to parade the Cup on the streets of Bilbao\|language\=es\|work\=\[\[Diario AS]]\|date\=18 August 2015\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}}{{Dead link\|date\=September 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Messi was a scorer in each of those five finals,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753\.html?rival\=6\|title\=Matches of Messi: Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini vs Athletic Club\|website\=BDfutbol\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} with his first in the 2015 Copa del Rey considered one of the best ever in the competition.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/may/30/athletic\-bilbao\-barcelona\-copa\-del\-rey\-final\-match\-report\|title\=Lionel Messi double gives Barcelona Cup final win over Athletic Bilbao \|work\=\[\[The Observer]]\|date\=30 May 2015\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} Combined with another three two\-legged cup ties – all won by Barcelona – it was one of Europe's most\-played fixtures in the decade with 33 individual matches played between 2008–09 and 2017–18\. They met in the cup once again in 2020, this time in a single match quarter\-final in Bilbao after the Copa del Rey format was changed. The adjustment produced an atypical result as Athletic won 1–0, with Barcelona having no opportunity to overturn this deficit at home as in previous years. [Barcelona crisis grows as Athletic Bilbao knock them out of Copa del Rey](https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/feb/06/barcelona-crisis-grows-athletic-bilbao-copa-del-rey), The Guardian, 6 February 2020 The league results demonstrated a consistently wide gulf between the two clubs, with Athletic collecting no points at all from visits to the Camp Nou between 2004 and September 2018, when they finally secured a draw,{{cite web\|url\=https://en.as.com/en/2018/09/29/football/1538226302\_842592\.html?omnil\=resrelrecomv\&omnaut\=1\|title\=Barcelona 1\-1 Athletic Bilbao: LaLiga gameweek 7 match report\|author\=Robbie Dunne\|work\=Diario AS\|date\=29 September 2018\|access\-date\=29 September 2018}} and only winning twice at San Mamés in the same period.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first\-team/news/2016\-2017/fc\-barcelona\-s\-fine\-record\-away\-to\-athletic\-bilbao\|title\=FC Barcelona's fine record away to Athletic Bilbao \|publisher\=FC Barcelona\|date\=23 August 2016\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} A 0–0 draw in February 2019 ended a sequence of 45 league matches since November 1996 with at least one goal being scored in the fixture.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/e1\.html?cat\=1a\&temp\=\&rival\=6\&pgep\=\|title\=FC Barcelona: Matches (filters: vs Athletic Bilbao, First Division)\|website\=BDfutbol\|access\-date\=28 May 2021}} In 2017, Barcelona chose to appoint Ernesto Valverde as manager after four years in charge of Athletic Bilbao, despite his inability to arrest the poor sequence against the *Blaugrana*; he was sacked in January 2020 due to a poor run of results,{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/51099632\|title\=Barcelona sack Ernesto Valverde and appoint Quique Setien\|website\=BBC Sport\|date\=13 January 2020\|access\-date\=28 May 2021}} which included a 1–0 defeat in Bilbao on the opening day of the [2019–20 La Liga](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_La_Liga "2019–20 La Liga") season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/aug/16/athletic\-bilbao\-barcelona\-match\-report\|title\=Aritz Aduriz's late acrobatics for Athletic Bilbao stun Barcelona\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=16 August 2019\|access\-date\=16 August 2019}} As mentioned above, Athletic also eliminated Barcelona from that season's Copa del Rey by the same scoreline, and the following year (by which time neither the winning coach in that tie [Gaizka Garitano](/wiki/Gaizka_Garitano "Gaizka Garitano") nor his defeated counterpart [Quique Setién](/wiki/Quique_Seti%C3%A9n "Quique Setién") were in the dugout, replaced by [Marcelino](/wiki/Marcelino_Garc%C3%ADa_Toral "Marcelino García Toral") and [Ronald Koeman](/wiki/Ronald_Koeman "Ronald Koeman") respectively) they met in both the [2021 Supercopa de España Final](/wiki/2021_Supercopa_de_Espa%C3%B1a_Final "2021 Supercopa de España Final"), won by Athletic after extra time (at the end of which Messi was sent off for violent conduct for the first red card of his club career),{{cite news\|url\=https://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/barcelona\-vs\-athletic/cronica/2021/01/17/6004bcd422601d7c438b4632\.html\|title\=Williams sinks Barcelona and Athletic claim the Supercopa\|newspaper\=Marca\|first\=Arch\|last\=Bell\|date\=17 January 2021\|access\-date\=4 April 2021}} and then in the [2021 Copa del Rey Final](/wiki/2021_Copa_del_Rey_Final "2021 Copa del Rey Final"), won 4–0 by Barcelona in a dominant performance from the outset, Messi scoring twice.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/apr/17/messi\-stars\-as\-barcelona\-thrash\-athletic\-bilbao\-to\-lift\-copa\-del\-rey \|title\=Messi stars as Barcelona thrash Athletic Bilbao to lift Copa del Rey\|first\=Sid\|last\=Lowe\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=17 April 2021\|access\-date\=19 April 2021}} By the start of the 2021–22 season the Argentinian had left Barça amid a financial crisis{{cite web \|url\=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11833/12397423/lionel\-messi\-gone\-over\-1bn\-in\-debt\-how\-do\-barcelona\-turn\-around\-their\-year\-of\-crisis \|title\=Lionel Messi gone, over £1bn in debt \- how do Barcelona turn around their year of crisis?\|work\=Sky Sports\|author\=Ron Walker\|date\= 24 September 2021\|access\-date\=21 January 2022}} and when the teams were drawn together in the Copa del Rey once again in January 2022, it was Athletic who eliminated the holders to progress.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.espn.com/soccer/report?gameId\=627144 \|title\=Athletic Bilbao oust holders Barcelona from Copa del Rey in extra\-time thriller\|agency\=Reuters\|via\=ESPN\|date\=20 January 2022\|access\-date\=21 January 2022}} Another cup tie in 2024 produced the same outcome, with Athletic's three victories the only occasions that Barcelona had been eliminated prior to the semi\-final stage of the competition since [2010](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Copa_del_Rey "2009–10 Copa del Rey").{{cite web \|url\=https://en.as.com/soccer/athletic\-club\-vs\-barcelona\-live\-online\-scores\-stats\-and\-updates\-copa\-del\-rey\-202324\-n/ \|title\=Athletic Club \- Barcelona summary: score, goals, highlights, Copa del Rey 2023/24\|website\=Diario AS \|date\=24 January 2024\|access\-date\=31 January 2024}} ### Off\-field events of 2017 In October 2017, a [referendum](/wiki/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum "2017 Catalan independence referendum") was held in Catalonia on the subject of [the region becoming independent from Spain](/wiki/Catalan_independence "Catalan independence"), which the organisers claimed had resulted in the majority voting for independence; the process was declared illegal by the Spanish state both before and after it was held, with widespread disorder on polling day including violence by security forces against civilians in the city of Barcelona;{{cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia\-referendum\-firefighters\-spanish\-police\-beaten\-attacked\-independence\-human\-shield\-barcelona\-a7976766\.html\|title\=Catalonia referendum: Firefighters attacked by Spanish police as they form human shield to protect voters\|author\=Richard A L Williams\|agency\=Independent.Co.Uk\|date\=1 October 2017\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/10/spain\-excessive\-use\-of\-force\-by\-national\-police\-and\-civil\-guard\-in\-catalonia/\|title\=Spain: Excessive use of force by National Police and Civil Guard in Catalonia\|agency\=Amnesty International\|date\=3 October 2017\|access\-date\=10 October 2017}} in the midst of this, FC Barcelona took the decision to close their stadium for a league fixture scheduled for the same day after a request to postpone it was rejected by the [LFP](/wiki/Liga_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Profesional "Liga de Fútbol Profesional") – the match against [Las Palmas](/wiki/UD_Las_Palmas "UD Las Palmas") was played [behind closed doors](/wiki/Behind_closed_doors_%28sport%29 "Behind closed doors (sport)").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/catalan\-referendum\-election\-police\-fc\-barcelona\-gerard\-pique\-las\-palmas\-a7978236\.html\|title\=Club president reveals why Barcelona played behind closed doors over postponing the game\|date\=2 October 2017\|work\=\[\[The Independent]]\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2017/10/01/barcelona\-vs\-las\-palmas\-goes\-ahead\-behind\-closed\-doors\-amid/\|title\=Barcelona beat Las Palmas behind closed doors amid Catalan referendum clashes\|last\=Sport\|first\=Telegraph\|date\=1 October 2017\|work\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]]\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} Many of Barcelona's supporters within Catalonia, and several members of the club's hierarchy,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.goal.com/en\-gb/news/catalan\-independence\-how\-barcelona\-la\-liga\-affected\-spain/1icqc7ydhk7wl1qhlhm7m4v6ez\|title\=Catalan independence: How Barcelona and La Liga would be affected by Spain split\|website\=\[\[Goal (website)\|Goal]]\|date\=27 October 2017 \|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} are in favour of the region becoming independent from Spain,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-europe\-41346846\|title\=Where would FC Barcelona be in an independent Catalonia?\|work\=\[\[BBC News]]\|publisher\=\[\[BBC]]\|date\=23 September 2017\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} with banners and other slogans to this effect frequently seen at matches. Their visit to Bilbao at the end of that month was one of the few occasions when they were not met with open hostility from opposition fans for their perceived role as the club of the independence movement.{{cite web\|url\=https://amp.marca.com/futbol/barcelona/2017/10/28/59f3d34422601d4f1d8b45e9\.html\|title\=El Barça visita un 'campo amigo'\|trans\-title\=Barça visit a 'friendly field'\|language\=es\|work\=Marca\|date\=28 October 2017\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} Were Catalonia to gain independence, the consequence for its clubs could be expulsion from the Spanish system, as stated on more than one occasion by the league's president [Javier Tebas](/wiki/Javier_Tebas "Javier Tebas"),{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/nov/10/barcelona\-espanyol\-catalonia\-independence\|title\=Where will Barcelona and Espanyol play if Catalonia gets independence? \|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=10 November 2014\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}}{{cite news\| url\= http://www.barcablaugranes.com/2016/3/1/11138978/la\-liga\-president\-javier\-tebas\-clubs\-of\-an\-independent\-catalonia\| title\= La Liga President Javier Tebas: "Clubs of independent Catalonia cannot play in the league"\| last\=Mazariegos \| first\=Luiz\| work\=\[\[SB Nation]]\| date\=1 March 2016\| access\-date\=16 June 2018}} potentially leading to Barcelona and Espanyol competing in a 'Catalan League' alongside very small clubs from the current [third](/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B "Segunda División B") and [fourth](/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n "Tercera División") Spanish tiers. [FIFA](/wiki/FIFA "FIFA") did not comment on the "potential future scenario".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2017/09/29/59ce8888ca47410f2a8b465c.html\|title\=Tensions over Catalan independence spill onto football pitch\|work\=\[\[Marca (newspaper)\|Marca]]\|date\=29 September 2017\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} Similarly, [Basque independence](/wiki/Basque_nationalism "Basque nationalism") is an issue which continues to occupy the political scene in that region,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-europe\-44431122\|title\=Spain's Basques form human chain calling for independence vote\|work\=\[\[BBC News]]\|publisher\=\[\[BBC]]\|date\=10 June 2018\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} with nationalist parties consistently receiving high percentages in elections. As with Barcelona, independence is a concept which is favoured by many of the Athletic Bilbao supporters in a wider context, but its implementation could result in their club being the largest in a hypothetical 'Basque League' with only a small number of professional teams, as well as bringing to an end their proud record of longevity competing in the Spanish league. For Athletic, however, the more conventional danger of relegation (which has not concerned Barcelona for many years) could end that sequence sooner. The club's poor performance in the [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_La_Liga "2017–18 La Liga") and [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_La_Liga "2018–19 La Liga") seasons{{cite news \|url\=https://elpais.com/deportes/2018/11/06/actualidad/1541532008\_175271\.html\|title\=El fantasma del bienio negro ronda San Mamés\|trans\-title\=The ghost of the black biennium around San Mamés\|newspaper\=\[\[El País]]\|language\=es\|date\=7 November 2018\|access\-date\=24 February 2019 \|last1\=Rivas\|first1\=Jon}} recalled more serious concerns over losing their league place a decade earlier.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/dec/04/europeanfootball.sport1\|title\=Are Bilbao about to bow out? \|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=4 December 2006\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} Due to so few eligible players being available under the limitations of their policy, they cannot simply buy their way out of trouble in a bad run of form.{{cite web\|author\=Pete Jenson \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news\-and\-comment/pete\-jenson\-athletic\-bilbao\-s\-locals\-only\-transfer\-policy\-shows\-success\-does\-not\-need\-to\-be\-bought\-9692663\.html \|title\=Pete Jenson: Athletic Bilbao's locals\-only transfer policy shows success does not need to be bought \|work\=\[\[The Independent]] \|date\=26 August 2014 \|access\-date\=16 June 2018}} Previous surveys of supporters indicated the vast majority would rather see the team relegated than abandon their self\-imposed restrictions on players.{{cite web\|url\=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1940809\-athletic\-bilbao\-vs\-real\-madrid\-a\-tale\-of\-two\-transfer\-policies\|title\=Athletic Bilbao vs. Real Madrid: A Tale of 2 Transfer Policies \|website\=Bleacher Report\|date\=31 January 2014\|access\-date\=16 June 2018}}
[ "History\n-------", "The date of the first meeting between the two clubs is a matter of debate. The final of the [1902 Copa de la Coronación](/wiki/1902_Copa_de_la_Coronaci%C3%B3n \"1902 Copa de la Coronación\") was played between Barcelona and [Club Biscaya](/wiki/Bizcaya_%28football_team%29 \"Bizcaya (football team)\") (a combined team of Athletic Club and [Bilbao FC](/wiki/Bilbao_FC \"Bilbao FC\"), which merged the following year); Biscaya won the match 2–1\\. Athletic regard themselves as the successor to the Biscaya team and the Copa Coronación as the first edition of the Copa del Rey, including it with later wins in their official honours.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.athletic\\-club.eus/en/honours.html\\|title\\=Honours; Mens Team; Cup\\|publisher\\=Athletic Bilbao\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=15 April 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415202145/https://www.athletic\\-club.eus/en\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} However, the [Spanish Federation](/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Football_Federation \"Royal Spanish Football Federation\") gives 1903 as the commencement date for the Copa del Rey, disregarding the previous year's tournament in its records, so it has never been fully established if they regard Biscaya and Athletic as the same club or not. Barcelona's team in the final also included players from [Hispania AC](/wiki/Football_in_Catalonia%23Earliest_Clubs \"Football in Catalonia#Earliest Clubs\"), meaning theirs was also something of a combined force rather than a single club entity.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cihefe.es/cuadernosdefutbol/2009/11/la\\-copa\\-de\\-1902/\\|title\\=Cuadernos de Fútbol: La Copa de 1902\\|trans\\-title\\=Football Notebooks: The 1902 Cup\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[:es:Centro de Investigaciones de Historia y Estadística del Fútbol Español\\|CIHEFE]]\\|language\\=es\\|date\\=17 October 2009\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=22 March 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322180110/http://www.cihefe.es/cuadernosdefutbol/2009/11/la\\-copa\\-de\\-1902/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Athletic and Barcelona were both successful in the early years of the national cup: between 1903 and 1920, the Basques won seven *Copas* and the Catalans three (including wins for both in the [1910 edition](/wiki/1910_Copa_del_Rey \"1910 Copa del Rey\") where two competitions were held, both considered official retrospectively), but they did not face each other at any stage of the tournament until their first undisputed meeting in the [1920 Final](/wiki/1920_Copa_del_Rey_Final \"1920 Copa del Rey Final\") held in [Gijón](/wiki/Gij%C3%B3n \"Gijón\"), which Barcelona won 2–0\\.{{cite web\\|author\\=Javier Giraldo\\|url\\=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/barca\\-athletic\\-momentos\\-cumbre\\-rivalidad\\-barca\\-\\-\\-athletic\\-los\\-momentos\\-cumbre\\-de\\-una\\-rivalidad\\-centenaria\\-11485846\\|title\\=Barça \\- Athletic: los momentos cumbre de una rivalidad centenaria\\|trans\\-title\\=Barça \\- Athletic: the peak moments of a century\\-old rivalry\\|language\\=es\\|work\\=Sport\\|date\\=30 January 2021\\|access\\-date\\=5 September 2023}} In the following edition, Barcelona withdrew in protest after the federation changed the venue of [the final](/wiki/1921_Copa_del_Rey_Final \"1921 Copa del Rey Final\") to Bilbao, and it was the 'home' club who eventually took the trophy.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/spancup1921\\.html\\|title\\=Spain \\- Cup 1921 \\|author\\=José Vicente Tejedor \\|date\\=12 February 2001\\|website\\=\\[\\[RSSSF]]\\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2018}}", "Regional qualifying leagues were introduced, and Athletic became the dominant club in the [Biscay Championship](/wiki/Biscay_Championship \"Biscay Championship\") (from 1913\\) while Barça were the strongest in the [Catalan football championship](/wiki/Catalan_football_championship \"Catalan football championship\") (its earliest version was held in 1901\\). In that period, the two clubs introduced measures which led to them becoming important symbols of their respective homelands,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2017/oct/02/barcelona\\-in\\-strange\\-and\\-symbolic\\-eye\\-of\\-a\\-storm\\-over\\-catalonia\\|title\\=Barcelona in the strange and symbolic eye of a storm over Catalonia \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=2 October 2017\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/basque\\-bone\\-why\\-athletic\\-bilbao\\-vs\\-real\\-sociedad\\-more\\-game?page\\=0%2C3\\|title\\=Basque to the bone? Why Athletic Bilbao vs Real Sociedad is more than a game\\|work\\=FourFourTwo\\|date\\=1 November 2006\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=26 August 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826213754/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/basque\\-bone\\-why\\-athletic\\-bilbao\\-vs\\-real\\-sociedad\\-more\\-game?page\\=0,3\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Athletic implementing a [policy of using only local players](/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao_signing_policy \"Athletic Bilbao signing policy\") in response to being criticised by opponents for selecting too many foreigners,{{cite news\\|author\\=Neil Stacey \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/copa90/2016/jan/15/athletic\\-club\\-bilbao\\-loyalty\\-spain\\-liga\\-basque \\|title\\=This is Athletic Bilbao: the club whose loyalty to local talent is not negotiable \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|date\\=15 January 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://inbedwithmaradona.com/retro/2012/7/4/the\\-history\\-of\\-athletic\\-bilbao\\-1898\\-1936\\.html\\|title\\=The history of Athletic Bilbao 1898\\-1936\\|last\\=Radnedge\\|first\\=Keir\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Soccer (magazine)\\|World Soccer]]\\|via\\=In Bed With Maradona\\|date\\=1 August 1977\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} and Barça adopting [Catalan](/wiki/Catalan_language \"Catalan language\") as their official language. In that era, matches were played by representative teams from each of the regional leagues, including several fixtures between [Catalonia](/wiki/Catalonia_national_football_team \"Catalonia national football team\") and the [Basque Country](/wiki/Basque_Country_national_football_team \"Basque Country national football team\").", "### La Liga beginnings and Franco era", "The teams did not meet again prior to the establishment in 1929 of a national professional league championship, [La Liga](/wiki/La_Liga \"La Liga\"), which would see them face off regularly and become rivals for the title: Barcelona won the [first edition](/wiki/1929_La_Liga \"1929 La Liga\") but failed to make much impact thereafter, suffering the humiliation of a 12–1 defeat at the hands of Athletic Bilbao in 1931 ([Bata](/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Sauto_Arana \"Agustín Sauto Arana\") scoring seven in what still ranks as the biggest win in the history of the competition){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundodeporte/2010/09/25/futbol/1285423275\\.html\\|title\\=Aquel 12\\-1 de Mr. Pentland\\|trans\\-title\\=That 12\\-1 of Mr. Pentland\\|language\\=es\\|work\\=\\[\\[El Mundo (Spain)\\|El Mundo]]\\|date\\=25 September 2010\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first\\-team/news/2013\\-2014/nine\\-great\\-games\\-in\\-bilbao\\|title\\=Nine great games in Bilbao \\|publisher\\=FC Barcelona\\|date\\=29 November 2013\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} and also losing the [1932 Copa del Rey Final](/wiki/1932_Copa_del_Rey_Final \"1932 Copa del Rey Final\") to the *Lions*.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://athletic.elcorreo.com/final\\-copa\\-rey\\-2015/noticias/201505/16/quinto\\-bombin\\-20150515150048\\.html \\|title\\=El quinto bombín \\|trans\\-title\\=The fifth bowler hat \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=\\[\\[El Correo]] \\|date\\=16 May 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=4 November 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 November 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105015034/https://athletic.elcorreo.com/final\\-copa\\-rey\\-2015/noticias/201505/16/quinto\\-bombin\\-20150515150048\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Athletic were champions [four times in the following seven seasons](/wiki/List_of_Spanish_football_champions \"List of Spanish football champions\") up to the outbreak of the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\") in 1936\\.", "[thumb\\|[László Kubala](/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Kubala \"László Kubala\") had such an impact on Barcelona that his statue now stands outside the club's stadium](/wiki/File:Ladislau_Kubala_Stecz_%288440191577%29.jpg \"Ladislau Kubala Stecz (8440191577).jpg\")\nIn broad terms, Catalonia and most parts of the Basque Country fought on the losing [Republican](/wiki/Republican_faction_%28Spanish_Civil_War%29 \"Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)\") side in the conflict, and the victorious [Nationalist regime](/wiki/Nationalist_faction_%28Spanish_Civil_War%29 \"Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)\") soon introduced measures against regional languages and cultures.{{cite news\\|last\\=\\[\\[Phil Ball (writer)\\|Ball]] \\| first\\=Phil \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/apr/21/championsleague.sport \\|title\\=Mucho morbo: The ancient rivalry of Barcelona and Real Madrid \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|date\\= 21 April 2002 \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018 \\| location\\=London}} In 1941, football teams with 'foreign names' and symbols were required to amend them to a Spanish equivalent,{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=CRkIAcCB\\_0EC\\&dq\\=franco\\+atletico\\+name\\+1975\\&pg\\=PA103\\|title\\=The World's Game: A History of Soccer\\|last\\=Murray\\|first\\=William J.\\|isbn\\=9780252067181\\|year\\=1998\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of Illinois Press]]}}{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=2WA1DwAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=franco\\+athletic\\+bilbao\\+name\\&pg\\=PT78\\|title\\=Sport and National Identities: Globalization and Conflict\\|last1\\=Dolan\\|first1\\=Paddy\\|last2\\=Connolly\\|first2\\=John\\|isbn\\=9781315519111\\|year\\=2017\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]]}} thus *Club de Fútbol Barcelona* and *Atlético de Bilbao* became the official titles of the historic clubs and the Catalan flag was replaced with the Spanish on Barcelona's crest (the short\\-lived [Republic](/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic \"Second Spanish Republic\") had done the same with Royalist symbols in the previous decade, altering the names of clubs such as [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF \"Real Madrid CF\") and [Real Sociedad](/wiki/Real_Sociedad \"Real Sociedad\") and removing crowns from their crests). This oppressive [centralist](/wiki/Centralist \"Centralist\") atmosphere in society contributed to the clubs becoming even more important to the local populations, the stadium being one of the few places where they could speak their language and express themselves freely. In this regard, the clubs had much in common and meetings between them were akin to an international fixture, with the regional representative teams also having been disbanded.", "In the domestic league, the performances of Barcelona and Athletic were comparable until the 1960s, with the Basques winning only two titles during the period from 1939 to 1960 compared to seven for the Catalans, but both finishing near the top of the table most years. Athletic won seven cups to Barcelona's six, although the finals between them in [1942](/wiki/1942_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo_Final \"1942 Copa del Generalísimo Final\") and [1953](/wiki/1953_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo_Final \"1953 Copa del Generalísimo Final\") both went the way of the *Blaugrana*. The Barça coach in the latter match, [Ferdinand Daučík](/wiki/Ferdinand_Dau%C4%8D%C3%ADk \"Ferdinand Daučík\"), soon took over at Athletic, and won trophies with both clubs.", "Daučík had moved to Spain at the same time as his son\\-in\\-law and the club's star of the period, the Hungarian [László Kubala](/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Kubala \"László Kubala\"), who was the first of several foreign imports to make an impact (although the vast majority of players would remain Spanish until much later), winning the league several times plus two [Inter\\-Cities Fairs Cups](/wiki/Inter-Cities_Fairs_Cup \"Inter-Cities Fairs Cup\") and a [Latin Cup](/wiki/Latin_Cup \"Latin Cup\"), and enduring a narrow defeat in the [1961 European Cup Final](/wiki/1961_European_Cup_Final \"1961 European Cup Final\"); he suffered a serious knee injury inflicted by Athletic's [Eneko Arieta](/wiki/Eneko_Arieta \"Eneko Arieta\") in 1954\\. During his stay, the club also opened their massive ambitious [Camp Nou](/wiki/Camp_Nou \"Camp Nou\") stadium,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fcbarcelona.es/club/noticias/2015\\-2016/24\\-de\\-septiembre\\-de\\-1957\\-inauguracion\\-del\\-camp\\-nou \\|title\\=24 de septiembre de 1957: Inauguración del Camp Nou\\|trans\\-title\\=24 September 1957: Inauguration of Camp Nou \\|publisher\\=FC Barcelona \\|language\\=es\\|date\\=24 September 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} the cost of which would weaken the club economically for many years.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/facilities/card/camp\\-nou\\-the\\-history \\|title\\=Camp Nou: the history\\|publisher\\=FC Barcelona \\|access\\-date\\=9 November 2018}} Real Madrid had moved to [a larger ground](/wiki/Santiago_Bernab%C3%A9u_Stadium \"Santiago Bernabéu Stadium\") a few years earlier, and they too signed talent from Eastern Europe and South America as well as from around Spain which propelled them to further domestic and continental success, with the positive international exposure pleasing the regime.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/franco\\-real\\-madrid\\-and\\-spanish\\-football\\-s\\-eternal\\-power\\-struggle\\-1\\-2564913\\|last\\=Fitzpatrick\\|first\\=Richard \\|title\\=Franco, Real Madrid and Spanish football's eternal power struggle\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Scotsman]]\\|date\\=7 October 2012\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}", "Athletic had a talented forward line in that era, spearheaded by prolific striker [Zarra](/wiki/Telmo_Zarra \"Telmo Zarra\"){{cite news\\|url\\=http://athletic.elcorreo.com/leyendas/zarra.html\\|title\\=Leyendas del Athletic Club de Bilbao: Zarra\\|trans\\-title\\=Legends of the Athletic Club of Bilbao: Zarra\\|language\\=es\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Correo]]\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} who set [multiple goalscoring records](/wiki/Football_records_in_Spain%23Goalscoring \"Football records in Spain#Goalscoring\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sport\\-english.com/en/news/barca/lionel\\-messi\\-breaks\\-another\\-telmo\\-zarra\\-record\\-with\\-depor\\-strike\\-5520655\\|title\\=Lionel Messi breaks another Telmo Zarra record with Depor strike\\|work\\=\\[\\[Sport (Spanish newspaper)\\|Sport]]\\|date\\=7 September 2017\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616153712/https://www.sport\\-english.com/en/news/barca/lionel\\-messi\\-breaks\\-another\\-telmo\\-zarra\\-record\\-with\\-depor\\-strike\\-5520655\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://en.as.com/en/2018/04/21/football/1524329831\\_825016\\.html\\|title\\=Messi equals Zarra's 68\\-year\\-old Copa del Rey final record\\|work\\=\\[\\[Diario AS]]\\|date\\=21 April 2018\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} including most goals in a season, most overall league goals,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://en.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/371595\\.html\\|title\\=Messi breaks La Liga goalscoring record \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|date\\=22 November 2014\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} most hat\\-tricks,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.marca.com/en/2015/03/08/en/football/barcelona/1425843601\\.html\\|title\\=Messi becomes player with most hat tricks of all time in Spanish football\\|work\\=\\[\\[Marca (newspaper)\\|Marca]]\\|date\\=3 August 2015\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} most goals by an opposition player against Real Madrid,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2017/08/13/5990cb5c46163f60698b4598\\.html\\|title\\=Messi overtakes Zarra as Real Madrid's worst nightmare\\|work\\=Marca\\|date\\=13 August 2017\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} and most goals in the Athletic vs Barcelona fixture.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j9913\\.html?rival\\=1\\|title\\=Matches of Zarra: Pedro Telmo Zarraonandia Montoya vs Barcelona\\|website\\=BDfutbol\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} However, just prior to the introduction of regular continental competitions, he and his peers passed their peak, and from that time on the club were unable to consistently compete with their old foes for honours. They continued to use only Basque players, and chose to redevelop their [San Mamés stadium](/wiki/San_Mam%C3%A9s_Stadium_%281913%29 \"San Mamés Stadium (1913)\") rather than constructing a replacement, with much of the funding sourced from the transfer of their defender [Jesús Garay](/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Garay \"Jesús Garay\") to Barcelona in 1960\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://athletic.elcorreo.com/leyendas/garay.html\\|title\\=Leyendas del Athletic Club de Bilbao:Garay\\|trans\\-title\\=Legends of the Athletic Club of Bilbao: Garay\\|language\\=es\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Correo]]\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}", "### 1977 UEFA Cup tie", "[thumb\\|Athletic eliminated Barcelona and [Johan Cruyff](/wiki/Johan_Cruyff \"Johan Cruyff\") during their [1976–77 UEFA Cup](/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_UEFA_Cup \"1976–77 UEFA Cup\") run](/wiki/File:AZ67_tegen_Barcelona_%28UEFA-cup%29_1-1%2C_elftal_Barcelona_en_Cruijff_en_Van_Hanegem_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-3987.jpg \"AZ67 tegen Barcelona (UEFA-cup) 1-1, elftal Barcelona en Cruijff en Van Hanegem , Bestanddeelnr 929-3987.jpg\")\nAthletic and Barcelona both took part in the [1976–77 UEFA Cup](/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_UEFA_Cup \"1976–77 UEFA Cup\") having won only one league title between them in almost two decades (Barça in [1974](/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_La_Liga \"1973–74 La Liga\")), and both eager for glory in Europe. They were drawn together in the quarter\\-finals; it was the first time Athletic had played another Spanish team in a continental tournament. The two clubs had already played both league fixtures that season, the Catalans winning 3–1 in Bilbao and the Basques claiming a 2–0 victory at the [Camp Nou](/wiki/Camp_Nou \"Camp Nou\") ten days before their UEFA Cup tie.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/e1\\.html?cat\\=\\-\\&temp\\=1976\\-77\\&rival\\=6\\&cas\\=0\\&for\\=0\\|title\\=Barcelona matches (vs Athletic Club, season 1976\\-77\\)\\|publisher\\=BDFutbol\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} The tie was played in an unusually friendly atmosphere due to the similar regional identity of the two clubs, whose supporters were excited by the prospect of a [brighter future](/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy \"Spanish transition to democracy\") for their respective territories after the death of dictator [General Franco](/wiki/General_Franco \"General Franco\") and the weakening of [his regime](/wiki/Francoist_Spain \"Francoist Spain\"). By that point, the clubs' original names and identity were restored.\n{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first\\-team/news/2012\\-2013/fc\\-barcelona\\-history\\-at\\-athletic\\-s\\-san\\-mames\\|title\\=FC Barcelona history at Athletic's San Mamés\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[FC Barcelona]]\\|date\\=25 April 2013\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}", "In the tie, Athletic held on for a 2–1 lead at San Mamés and led by the same scoreline by half time in the second leg thanks to a brace of away goals from [Javier Irureta](/wiki/Javier_Irureta \"Javier Irureta\"), requiring Barça to score three more times in the last 45 minutes. They could only manage one, through [Johan Cruyff](/wiki/Johan_Cruyff \"Johan Cruyff\") (their biggest foreign star of the era), so the *Lions* qualified for the penultimate stage of a European tournament for the first time.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://athletic.elcorreo.com/noticias/2009\\-09\\-21/orgullo\\-20090921\\.html\\|title\\=El año del orgullo (El Athletic en Copa de Ferias y UEFA, pt VII)\\|trans\\-title\\=The year of pride (Athletic in the Fairs Cup and UEFA Cup, part VII)\\|newspaper\\=El Correo\\|language\\=es\\|date\\=21 September 2009\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/20170110/413228781504/el\\-athletic\\-quiere\\-repetir\\-la\\-gesta\\-europea\\-de\\-1977\\-ante\\-el\\-barca\\-de\\-cruyff.html\\|title\\=El Athletic quiere repetir la gesta europea de 1977 ante el Barça de Cruyff\\|trans\\-title\\=Athletic wants to repeat the European feat of 1977 against Cruyff's Barça \\|language\\=es\\|newspaper\\=Mundo Deportivo\\|date\\=10 January 2017\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://as.com/futbol/2016/02/26/uefa/1456494444\\_591162\\.html\\|title\\=Eliminatorias UEFA: el Athletic ya ganó al Barça en la 76\\-77\\|trans\\-title\\=UEFA qualifying: Athletic already won against Barça in 76\\-77\\|language\\=es\\|newspaper\\=Diario AS\\|date\\=26 February 2016\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} They reached the final, but lost to [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.futbolprimera.es/2012/03/31/el\\-athletic\\-de\\-las\\-dos\\-finales\\-1977\\|title\\=El Athletic de la dos finales (1977\\)\\|trans\\-title\\=Athletic in two finals (1977\\)\\|language\\=es\\|publisher\\=FutbolPrimera\\|date\\=31 March 2012\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}", "### Violence in 1983–84", "[thumb\\|[Diego Maradona](/wiki/Diego_Maradona \"Diego Maradona\") (right), during his time at Barcelona](/wiki/File:Maradona_kempes_spain.jpg \"Maradona kempes spain.jpg\")", "#### Background", "By the early 1980s, Barcelona were becoming desperate for major success. They had still not won La Liga since 1974,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/thirty\\-years\\-how\\-el\\-tel\\-tamed\\-orwellian\\-beast\\-barcelona\\-and\\-won\\-la\\-liga\\|title\\=Thirty years on, how El Tel tamed the Orwellian beast of Barcelona and won La Liga\\|work\\=\\[\\[FourFourTwo]]\\|date\\=20 May 2014\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} and in addition to Real Madrid and [Atlético Madrid](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid \"Atlético Madrid\") who usually had talented squads, Real Sociedad from the Basque city of [San Sebastián](/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n \"San Sebastián\") had assembled a strong team composed entirely of local homegrown talent, who finished above Barça in [1979](/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_La_Liga \"1978–79 La Liga\") and continued to improve, being runners\\-up the following year before winning back\\-to\\-back titles in [1981](/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_La_Liga \"1980–81 La Liga\") and [1982](/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_La_Liga \"1981–82 La Liga\"), overtaking Barcelona in the closing stages of the latter campaign.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/t/t1981\\-82\\.html\\|title\\=Season 1981\\-82 First Division (table, results and progress chart)\\|website\\=BDfutbol\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} The Catalans hired famous coaches [Helenio Herrera](/wiki/Helenio_Herrera \"Helenio Herrera\") and [Udo Lattek](/wiki/Udo_Lattek \"Udo Lattek\"), but were left unsatisfied even with Copa victories in [1978](/wiki/1978_Copa_del_Rey_Final \"1978 Copa del Rey Final\") and [1981](/wiki/1981_Copa_del_Rey_Final \"1981 Copa del Rey Final\") (after overcoming Athletic in the semi\\-finals){{cite web\\|url\\=http://hemeroteca\\-paginas.mundodeportivo.com./EMD01/HEM/1981/06/14/MD19810614\\-004\\.pdf\\|title\\=El soberbio marcaje de Manolo a Dani due clave\\|trans\\-title\\=The superb marking on Dani by Manolo was key\\|language\\=es\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Mundo Deportivo]]\\|date\\=14 June 1981\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2018}} followed by [UEFA Cup Winners' Cups](/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup \"UEFA Cup Winners' Cup\") in [1979](/wiki/1979_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup_Final \"1979 European Cup Winners' Cup Final\") and [1982](/wiki/1982_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup_Final \"1982 European Cup Winners' Cup Final\"). They had paid a world record transfer fee to bring Argentina star [Diego Maradona](/wiki/Diego_Maradona \"Diego Maradona\") to the club, followed in 1983 by his compatriot and mentor [César Luis Menotti](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Luis_Menotti \"César Luis Menotti\") as head coach.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://beyondthelastman.com/2012/11/01/bilbao\\-v\\-barcelona\\-the\\-bitterest\\-rivalry/\\|title\\=Bilbao v Barcelona 1984: the bitterest rivalry\\|website\\=Beyond the last man\\|author\\=Craig McCracken\\|date\\=1 November 2012\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}", "However, besides Real Sociedad (who were weakened when midfielder [Perico Alonso](/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Alonso \"Miguel Ángel Alonso\") moved to Barça after their second title), it was also a strong period for Athletic Bilbao, who developed a group of talented but highly aggressive and physical players under coach [Javier Clemente](/wiki/Javier_Clemente \"Javier Clemente\"). Athletic took the title in [1983](/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_La_Liga \"1982–83 La Liga\") (their first championship for 27 years){{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.eldiario.es/canariasahora/deportes/Clemente\\-anos\\-despues\\_0\\_221878224\\.html\\|title\\=Clemente, 25 años después\\|trans\\-title\\=Clemente, 25 years later\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[eldiario.es\\|El Diario (Canarias Ahora)]]\\|language\\=es\\|date\\=15 September 2008\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} just ahead of Real Madrid,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/t/t1982\\-83\\.html\\|title\\=Season 1982\\-83 First Division (table, results and progress chart)\\|website\\=BDfutbol\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://footballrepublik.com/la\\-liga\\-seasons\\-athletic\\-bilbao\\-conquer\\-spain\\-198283/\\|title\\=La Liga seasons: Athletic Bilbao's Basque Glory – 1982/83\\|work\\=Football Republik\\|date\\=24 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=29 January 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129193014/http://footballrepublik.com/la\\-liga\\-seasons\\-athletic\\-bilbao\\-conquer\\-spain\\-198283/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} while Barcelona defeated their biggest rivals from the capital in the [cup final](/wiki/1983_Copa_del_Rey_Final \"1983 Copa del Rey Final\"). It was clear that the following season could be a close affair between the three clubs, with the added elements of a clash in style and personality between Menotti and Clemente, who were not afraid of expressing their opinions to the press,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://elpais.com/diario/1988/01/03/deportes/568162807\\_850215\\.html\\|title\\=La guerra dialéctica Clemente\\-Menotti pone tension en el Español\\-Atlético de Madrid\\|trans\\-title\\=Clemente\\-Menotti war of words tenses Español\\-Atlético de Madrid up\\|newspaper\\=El País\\|language\\=es\\|date\\=3 January 1988\\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2019}} and the pervading feeling in Barcelona that their 1982 title bid had been ruined by a serious knee injury to influential midfielder [Bernd Schuster](/wiki/Bernd_Schuster \"Bernd Schuster\") sustained in a challenge from Athletic defender [Andoni Goikoetxea](/wiki/Andoni_Goikoetxea_Olaskoaga \"Andoni Goikoetxea Olaskoaga\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espn.com.mx/noticias/nota?s\\=esp\\&id\\=1909591\\&type\\=story\\|title\\=Encendió la rivalidad Athletic\\-Barça\\|trans\\-title\\=It sparked the Athletic\\-Barça rivalry\\|language\\=es\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|date\\=24 September 2013\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} Barcelona too had a reputation for 'hard' play which at times could descend into outright violence, and the club had received fines from [UEFA](/wiki/UEFA \"UEFA\") for their conduct in recent European matches including the [1982 European Super Cup](/wiki/1982_European_Super_Cup \"1982 European Super Cup\").{{cite web \n\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/jan/22/golden\\-goal\\-ken\\-mcnaught\\-for\\-aston\\-villa\\-v\\-barcelona\\-1983\\-super\\-cup\\|title\\=Golden Goal: Ken McNaught for Aston Villa v Barcelona (1982 Super Cup) \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|author\\=Paul Doyle\\|date\\= 22 January 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2018}}", "#### Maradona and Goiko", "[thumb\\|left\\|[Javier Clemente](/wiki/Javier_Clemente \"Javier Clemente\") put together an Athletic side who were noted for their aggressive style](/wiki/File:Javier_Clemente.jpg \"Javier Clemente.jpg\")\nThe season would be remembered for two of the most notorious incidents in Spanish football history, amidst a backdrop of serious tension in society, much of it due to terrorism committed by Basque separatists [ETA](/wiki/ETA_%28separatist_group%29 \"ETA (separatist group)\"). The league schedule paired Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao at Camp Nou in the fourth round of fixtures in September 1983, and the home side were two goals ahead by the interval; early in the second half, Goikoetxea was angered by a hard tackle from Schuster, prompting Maradona to suggest that he calm down,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/fussball\\-historie\\-wie\\-holz\\-das\\-bricht\\-1\\.686363\\|title\\=Wie Holz, das bricht\\|trans\\-title\\=Like wood, it breaks\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]\\|last1\\=Cáceres\\|first1\\=Javier\\|language\\=de\\|date\\=17 May 2010\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} but a short time later, Maradona dribbled into space in midfield and was tackled crudely from behind by Goikoetxea, who appeared to make little attempt to play the ball and snapped Maradona's ankle.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2008/dec/05/joy\\-of\\-six\\-scott\\-murray\\|title\\=The Joy of Six: hot football funks\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=5 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} Despite the recklessness of the challenge, Goikoetxea was only cautioned. Barcelona went on to win 4–0, but lost Maradona until January 1984\\. The Athletic bus was stoned as it left the city. Goikoetxea, from then on frequently referred to as the *Butcher of Bilbao* after the incident became widely publicised, was given an 18\\-match ban, soon reduced to nine then six, meaning he returned in November, and his importance to the team was underlined by the fact those were the only league matches he missed all season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j2676\\.html?temp\\=1983\\-84\\|title\\=Matches of Andoni Goikoetxea in Season 1983\\-84\\|website\\=BDfutbol\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}", "Neither player took part in either leg of the autumn [1983 Supercopa de España](/wiki/1983_Supercopa_de_Espa%C3%B1a \"1983 Supercopa de España\") between the sides, won 3–2 by Barcelona on aggregate, but both were back in place for the league game at San Mamés in late January, in which Maradona, still recovering from the injury, scored both his team's goals in their 2–1 victory. However, points dropped by the Catalans in other matches meant they were never able to pull ahead of Real Madrid or Athletic,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/t/t1983\\-84\\.html\\|title\\=Season 1983\\-84 First Division (table, results and progress chart)\\|website\\=BDfutbol\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} and in one of the tightest finishes in the competition's history, the Basques retained the title by dint of a superior head\\-to\\-head record over the *Merengues*, with both a point ahead of Barcelona in the final table, leading their followers to ponder how many they might have collected with Maradona available and fully fit; they would have only required one point to overtake Athletic on head\\-to\\-head having beaten them twice.", "#### Cup final", "A week later, the [1984 Copa del Rey Final](/wiki/1984_Copa_del_Rey_Final \"1984 Copa del Rey Final\") brought Athletic and Barcelona together at the [Santiago Bernabéu Stadium](/wiki/Santiago_Bernab%C3%A9u_Stadium \"Santiago Bernabéu Stadium\") for their fifth meeting of the campaign. In a predictably physical game, Athletic won 1–0 through [Endika](/wiki/Endika_Guarrotxena \"Endika Guarrotxena\") to clinch the [double](/wiki/Double_%28association_football%29 \"Double (association football)\") for the first time since 1956\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.abc.es/20120524/deportes\\-futbol/abci\\-final\\-athletic\\-barcelona\\-1984\\-201205241339\\.html\\|title\\=Athletic\\-Barça 1984, la final de los palos\\|trans\\-title\\=Athletic\\-Barça 1984, the sticks final\\|language\\=es\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[ABC (newspaper)\\|ABC]]\\|date\\=25 May 2012\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} Upon the final whistle, Maradona (who had been insulted by Clemente in the build\\-up and was fouled repeatedly during the match, particularly by his marker [Iñigo Liceranzu](/wiki/I%C3%B1igo_Liceranzu \"Iñigo Liceranzu\")){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/blog/espn\\-fc\\-united/68/post/3059866/real\\-madrid\\-napoli\\-diego\\-maradona\\-returns\\-to\\-the\\-bernabeu\\-a\\-place\\-of\\-thrilling\\-and\\-painful\\-memories\\|title\\=Maradona returns to the Bernabeu, a place of thrilling and painful memories\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|date\\=13 February 2017\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} was goaded by [Miguel Sola](/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Sola \"Miguel Ángel Sola\") and reacted by launching a flying kick. Several players from both teams waded in, including Goikoetxea as well as [Migueli](/wiki/Migueli \"Migueli\"), [Miguel de Andrés](/wiki/Miguel_de_Andr%C3%A9s \"Miguel de Andrés\"), [Patxi Salinas](/wiki/Patxi_Salinas \"Patxi Salinas\"), [Paco Clos](/wiki/Paco_Clos \"Paco Clos\") and others, and a chaotic brawl ensued.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.goal.com/en\\-india/slideshow/3517/4/title/top\\-10\\-copa\\-del\\-rey\\-finals\\|title\\=1984: Athletic Bilbao 1\\-0 Barcelona\\|website\\=\\[\\[Goal (website)\\|Goal]]\\|date\\=17 May 2013\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=15 January 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115124749/http://www.goal.com/en\\-india/slideshow/3517/4/title/top\\-10\\-copa\\-del\\-rey\\-finals\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} All the aforementioned were sanctioned,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://elpais.com/diario/1999/11/27/deportes/943657208\\_850215\\.html\\|title\\=El tercer mayor castigo\\|trans\\-title\\=The third biggest punishment\\|newspaper\\=El País\\|language\\=es\\|date\\=27 November 1999\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} further verbal insults were exchanged by both camps, and Maradona never played for the club again, transferring to [Napoli](/wiki/SSC_Napoli \"SSC Napoli\") for another world record fee.", "#### Aftermath", "The following campaign brought change for both clubs. At that time, the Supercopa was given automatically to any 'double' winners (rather than meeting the cup runners\\-up again, as was the case in later eras), thus Athletic were given the 1984 honour and another potentially hostile clash between the sides early in the season was avoided. Barcelona, having replaced Maradona and Menotti with Scottish striker [Steve Archibald](/wiki/Steve_Archibald \"Steve Archibald\") and English manager [Terry Venables](/wiki/Terry_Venables \"Terry Venables\"), finally won the [league title](/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_La_Liga \"1984–85 La Liga\"). Athletic reached the [cup final](/wiki/1985_Copa_del_Rey_Final \"1985 Copa del Rey Final\") again but lost to Atlético Madrid, and they would not reach another for a generation as a gradual decline set in.", "The [1986 Copa semi\\-finals](/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Copa_del_Rey%23Semi-finals \"1985–86 Copa del Rey#Semi-finals\") again saw Athletic and Barcelona drawn together, and the second leg at San Mamés (won 2–1 by Barcelona) saw incidents of objects being thrown by the crowd, a pitch invasion and insults made to the referee by Bilbao staff members, resulting in their stadium being closed for the next fixture, the first time this had occurred;{{cite news\\|url\\=https://elpais.com/diario/1986/04/11/deportes/513554411\\_850215\\.html\\|title\\=El Comité de Competición sanciona a Dani y De Andrés y clausura el campo del Athlétic por un partido\\|trans\\-title\\=The Competition Committee sanctions Dani and De Andrés and closes the Athlétic ground for one match \\|language\\=es\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El País]]\\|date\\=11 April 1986\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2018 \\|last1\\=Paradinas \\|first1\\=Juan José }} however, the hostile environment and disorder resulted largely from anger at the decisions and behaviour of the officials (who appeared to miss a foul during a Barça goal and failed to award a penalty to the home side){{cite web\\|url\\=http://hemeroteca\\-paginas.mundodeportivo.com./EMD01/HEM/1986/04/10/MD19860410\\-003\\.pdf\\|title\\=1\\-2: Del infierno a la final\\|trans\\-title\\=1\\-2: From hell to the final\\|language\\=es\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Mundo Deportivo]]\\|date\\=10 April 1986\\|access\\-date\\=14 July 2018}} rather than hostility towards the opposition.", "A month later, Barcelona made it to the [1986 European Cup Final](/wiki/1986_European_Cup_Final \"1986 European Cup Final\") held on Spanish soil, but unexpectedly lost to [Steaua București](/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti \"FC Steaua București\"). They had just confirmed the signing of Athletic's goalkeeper [Andoni Zubizarreta](/wiki/Andoni_Zubizarreta \"Andoni Zubizarreta\"){{cite news\\|url\\=https://elpais.com/diario/1986/05/03/deportes/515455211\\_850215\\.html\\|title\\=El Barcelona ficha a Zubizarreta por 150 millones\\|trans\\-title\\=Barcelona sign Zubizarreta for 150 million\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El País]]\\|language\\=es\\|date\\=3 May 1986\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} who would be an important figure in the years to come. Thereafter, both clubs suffered as Real Madrid, led by '[La Quinta del Buitre](/wiki/La_Quinta_del_Buitre \"La Quinta del Buitre\")', won five championships in a row.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.marca.com/en/football/real\\-madrid/2017/05/22/5922e820ca4741256a8b462d.html\\|title\\=The Real Madrid of La Quinta\\|work\\=Marca\\|date\\=22 May 2017\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}", "### 1990s", "By the 1990s, the clubs were no longer competing at the same level of performance. Under Johan Cruyff as coach, Barcelona introduced innovative methods to be used at all levels of the club, which would still be in effect decades later.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/mar/24/johan\\-cruyff\\-barcelona\\-legacy \\|author\\=\\[\\[Sid Lowe\\|Lowe, Sid]] \\|title\\=Barcelona were transformed by Johan Cruyff not once but twice, and for ever \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=24 March 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/history/card/johan\\-cruyff\\-1988\\-96 \\|title\\=FC Barcelona: Johan Cruyff (1988–96\\) \\|publisher\\= FC Barcelona \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018 }} In addition to four successive league titles, they won another Cup Winners' Cup in [1989](/wiki/1989_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup_Final \"1989 European Cup Winners' Cup Final\") then finally achieved their aim of winning the European Cup in [1992](/wiki/1992_European_Cup_Final \"1992 European Cup Final\") (defeating [Sampdoria](/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria \"U.C. Sampdoria\") on both occasions); the *Dream Team* built by Cruyff included several Basques, such as [Valverde](/wiki/Ernesto_Valverde \"Ernesto Valverde\") (whose next move was to Bilbao and later coached both clubs),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/barcelona\\-have\\-named\\-ernesto\\-valverde\\-as\\-their\\-new\\-head\\-coach\\-but\\-who\\-is\\-he\\-791664\\.html\\|title\\=Barcelona have named Ernesto Valverde as their new head coach ... but who is he?\\|work\\=\\[\\[Irish Examiner]]\\|date\\=29 May 2017\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} the former Athletic players [Alexanko](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Alexanko \"José Ramón Alexanko\"), Zubizarreta and [Julio Salinas](/wiki/Julio_Salinas \"Julio Salinas\"), and a winger known as [Andoni Goikoetxea](/wiki/Ion_Andoni_Goikoetxea \"Ion Andoni Goikoetxea\") (a different man from the defender who had injured Maradona). Athletic, who finished above Barcelona only once following their double win – in [1988](/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_La_Liga \"1987–88 La Liga\") – continued to produce some good players, with [Julen Guerrero](/wiki/Julen_Guerrero \"Julen Guerrero\") considered the best of the era,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://athletic.elcorreo.com/leyendas/guerrero.html\\|title\\=Leyendas del Athletic Club de Bilbao:Guerrero\\|trans\\-title\\=Legends of the Athletic Club of Bilbao: Guerrero\\|language\\=es\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El Correo]]\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=22 June 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622091342/http://athletic.elcorreo.com/leyendas/guerrero.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first\\-team/news/2015\\-2016/former\\-athletic\\-legend\\-julen\\-guerrero\\-warns\\-athletic\\-will\\-be\\-no\\-pushovers\\|title\\=Former Athletic legend Julen Guerrero warns Basques will be no pushovers \\|publisher\\=FC Barcelona\\|date\\=26 January 2016\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} but usually had to content themselves with finishing mid\\-table. In 1991, a Barcelona team containing six Basque players defeated Javier Clemente's Athletic 6–0 in Bilbao, though it was one of the foreign stars who made the difference: Bulgarian [Hristo Stoichkov](/wiki/Hristo_Stoichkov \"Hristo Stoichkov\") scored four.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vavel.com/es/futbol/2016/08/28/fc\\-barcelona/687867\\-aquel\\-0\\-6\\-en\\-san\\-mames\\-el\\-partido\\-de\\-stoichkov.html\\|title\\=Aquel 0\\-6 en San Mamés, el partido de Stoichkov \\|language\\=es\\|trans\\-title\\=That 0\\-6 in San Mamés, Stoichkov's match\\|publisher\\=Vavel \\|date\\=28 August 2016\\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2019}}", "Following the 1996 [Bosman ruling](/wiki/Bosman_ruling \"Bosman ruling\"), the gap widened further; with no limitations on signing players from the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"), clubs such as Barcelona could and did bring in the best talent from across the continent{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundodeporte/2010/09/25/futbol/1285423275\\.html\\|title\\=Bosman, el jugador mediocre que cambió el fútbol moderno\\|trans\\-title\\=Bosman, the mediocre player who changed modern football\\|language\\=es\\|work\\=\\[\\[ABC (newspaper)\\|ABC]]\\|date\\=14 December 2015\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} – their [squad in 1999, their centenary season](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_FC_Barcelona_season \"1998–99 FC Barcelona season\") included eight [Dutch internationals](/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team \"Netherlands national football team\") as well as three Brazilians, an Argentine, a Portuguese and five who had represented [Spain](/wiki/Spain_national_football_team \"Spain national football team\"). Both clubs competed in the [1998–99 UEFA Champions League group stage](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_UEFA_Champions_League_group_stage \"1998–99 UEFA Champions League group stage\") after [the previous domestic league](/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_La_Liga \"1997–98 La Liga\") was won by Barça with Athletic runners\\-up (in their centenary year), marking their best finish since 1984 which they have not matched since as the league took on an increasingly international profile, becoming the [strongest in Europe](/wiki/UEFA_coefficient%23Top_leagues_by_period \"UEFA coefficient#Top leagues by period\") by the end of the turn of the millennium.", "### 21st century", "Entering the 21st century, Athletic endured some [struggles with relegation](/wiki/History_of_Athletic_Bilbao%23The_%22black_biennium%22 \"History of Athletic Bilbao#The \") while Barcelona also had a [relatively disappointing period](/wiki/History_of_FC_Barcelona%23The_Gaspart_Era_%282000%E2%80%932003%29 \"History of FC Barcelona#The Gaspart Era (2000–2003)\") but then recovered and continued to grow increasingly more [rich](/wiki/Forbes%27_list_of_the_most_valuable_football_clubs \"Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs\"), [popular](/wiki/Supporters_of_FC_Barcelona \"Supporters of FC Barcelona\") and [successful](/wiki/International_Federation_of_Football_History_%26_Statistics%23Club_World_Ranking \"International Federation of Football History & Statistics#Club World Ranking\"),{{cite web\\|title \\= World Football: The 11 Most Successful European Clubs in History \\| website \\= \\[\\[Bleacher Report]] \\| url \\= http://bleacherreport.com/articles/510011\\-world\\-football\\-the\\-11\\-most\\-successful\\-european\\-clubs\\-in\\-history/page/12 \\| access\\-date \\=16 June 2018}} attracting several of the world's top players and drawing among the biggest crowds in Europe to their stadium.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.european\\-football\\-statistics.co.uk/attn.htm\\|title\\=Attendances (Filter: Europe)\\|website\\=European Football Statistics\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47929074\\|title\\=Celtic \\& Rangers among top 20 most watched clubs\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=16 April 2019\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2019}} Under [Frank Rijkaard](/wiki/Frank_Rijkaard \"Frank Rijkaard\"), Barcelona won the Champions League in [2006](/wiki/2006_UEFA_Champions_League_Final \"2006 UEFA Champions League Final\") while also developing a highly talented group from their Cruyff\\-inspired [youth system](/wiki/La_Masia \"La Masia\") who would lead them to even greater success including three more continental titles, led by forward [Lionel Messi](/wiki/Lionel_Messi \"Lionel Messi\"), who [broke virtually all](/wiki/Football_records_in_Spain%23Goalscoring \"Football records in Spain#Goalscoring\") of Zarra's longstanding records. At international level, the revived [Basque](/wiki/Basque_Country_national_football_team \"Basque Country national football team\") and [Catalan](/wiki/Catalonia_national_football_team \"Catalonia national football team\") representative teams (described as [State of Origin](/wiki/State_of_Origin \"State of Origin\") squads){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/spain/10541466/Catalonia\\-and\\-Basque\\-Country\\-reignite\\-call\\-for\\-independent\\-national\\-football\\-identities.html\\|title\\=Catalonia and Basque Country reignite call for independent national football identities\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=30 December 2013\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} met four times between 2006 and 2015, with several Barcelona and Athletic players involved each time.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eff\\-fvf.eus/pub/verFichaPartido.asp?idioma\\=ca\\&idPartido\\=146\\|title\\=Catalunya 2–2 Euskadi\\|language\\=es\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Basque Football Federation]]\\|date\\=8 October 2006\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eff\\-fvf.eus/pub/verFichaPartido.asp?idioma\\=ca\\&idPartido\\=149\\|title\\=Euskal Herria 1–1 Catalunya \\|language\\=es\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Basque Football Federation]]\\|date\\=29 December 2007\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/20141228/futbol/1\\-1\\-euskadi\\-y\\-catalunya\\-empatan\\-a\\-goles\\-en\\-el\\-partido\\-del\\-centenario\\_54422189959\\.html\\|title\\=1–1: Euskadi y Catalunya empatan a goles en el partido del Centenario\\|trans\\-title\\=1–1: Basque Country and Catalonia draw in the Centenary match\\|language\\=es\\|work\\=\\[\\[Mundo Deportivo]]\\|date\\=29 December 2014\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://as.com/futbol/2015/12/26/mas\\_futbol/1451170418\\_459821\\.html\\|title\\=Aduriz da un nueva victoria de Euskadi ante Cataluña\\|trans\\-title\\=Aduriz gives a new victory for the Basques against Catalonia\\|language\\=es\\|work\\=\\[\\[Diario AS]]\\|date\\=27 December 2015\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|A scene from the [2009 Supercopa de España](/wiki/2009_Supercopa_de_Espa%C3%B1a \"2009 Supercopa de España\") at [Camp Nou](/wiki/Camp_Nou \"Camp Nou\")](/wiki/File:Supercopa2009.JPG \"Supercopa2009.JPG\")\nAmong the many *Blaugrana* successes were three fairly comfortable Copa del Rey final wins over Athletic Bilbao: [2009 (4–1 in Valencia)](/wiki/2009_Copa_del_Rey_Final \"2009 Copa del Rey Final\"), [2012 (3–0 in Madrid)](/wiki/2012_Copa_del_Rey_Final \"2012 Copa del Rey Final\"), and [2015 (3–1 in Barcelona)](/wiki/2015_Copa_del_Rey_Final \"2015 Copa del Rey Final\").{{cite web\\|author\\=Carlos Ruiz\\|url\\=https://www.lavanguardia.com/deportes/fc\\-barcelona/20210417/6645652/barcelona\\-athletic\\-final\\-copa\\-del\\-rey\\-rivalidad\\-supercopa.html\\|title\\=Barça \\- Athletic, una rivalidad al alza\\|trans\\-title\\=Barça \\- Athletic, a rivalry on the rise\\|language\\=es\\|work\\=La Vanguardia\\|date\\=17 April 2021\\|access\\-date\\=5 September 2023}} All the finals included the pre\\-match Spanish national anthem being booed and whistled by both sets of supporters,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2009/0514/breaking66\\.html \\|title\\=Spain sacks TV head after anthem booed \\|agency\\=Reuters \\|date\\=15 May 2009 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 October 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021030001/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2009/0514/breaking66\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} which eventually drew fines for the clubs from the Spanish Sports Council in 2015\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=García\\|first1\\=Adriana\\|title\\=Barcelona, Athletic and RFEF face fines over Copa del Rey final\\|url\\=http://www.espnfc.co.uk/spanish\\-copa\\-del\\-rey/story/2539164/barcelona\\-and\\-athletic\\-and\\-rfef\\-face\\-fines\\-over\\-copa\\-del\\-rey\\|publisher\\=ESPN\\|date\\=28 July 2015\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} During the post\\-match celebrations in both 2009 and 2012, Barça captains [Carles Puyol](/wiki/Carles_Puyol \"Carles Puyol\") and [Xavi](/wiki/Xavi_%28footballer%2C_born_1980%29 \"Xavi (footballer, born 1980)\") endeared themselves to the Athletic fans by parading the [Ikurriña](/wiki/Ikurri%C3%B1a \"Ikurriña\") (Basque flag) alongside their Catalan [Senyera](/wiki/Senyera \"Senyera\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.furialiga.fr/2018/05/05/carles\\-puyol\\-likurina\\-fair\\-play\\-lors\\-finales\\-contre\\-lathletic/\\|title\\=Carles Puyol, l'Ikuriña et son fair\\-play lors des finales contre l'Athletic\\|trans\\-title\\=Carles Puyol, Ikurriña and his fair play in the finals against Athletic\\|language\\=fr\\|website\\=Furia Liga\\|date\\=8 May 2018\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.marca.com/albumes/2012/05/22/barcelona\\_athletic\\_copa\\_2012/index\\_7\\.html\\|title\\=Máxima deportividad\\|trans\\-title\\=Maximum sportsmanship\\|language\\=es\\|work\\=Marca\\|date\\=22 May 2012\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} (in contrast to [Andrés Iniesta](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Iniesta \"Andrés Iniesta\") who was unpopular due to accusations of exaggerating a foul leading to a red card in a league match), while another connection between the squads in 2012 was the admiration openly expressed by Barcelona coach [Pep Guardiola](/wiki/Pep_Guardiola \"Pep Guardiola\") for the tactical methods of [Marcelo Bielsa](/wiki/Marcelo_Bielsa \"Marcelo Bielsa\"), his counterpart at Athletic Bilbao.{{cite web\\|title\\=Athletic Bilbao make a splash to peg back Barcelona in thriller \\|url\\=https://amp.theguardian.com/football/blog/2011/nov/07/athletic\\-bilbao\\-barcelona \\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=7 November 2011\\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2018}} However, some of that goodwill was eroded in 2015 when [Neymar](/wiki/Neymar \"Neymar\") indulged in ['showboating'](/wiki/Showboat%23%22Showboat%22_as_a_verb \"Showboat#\") in the closing stages of the match including flicking the ball over his opponent's head, which enraged the Athletic players as they considered it to be [unsportsmanlike conduct](/wiki/Unsportsmanlike_conduct \"Unsportsmanlike conduct\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Iraola: Neymar 'rainbow' unsporting\\|url\\=http://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/iraola\\-neymar\\-rainbow\\-unsporting\\|publisher\\=Four Four Two\\|date\\=31 May 2015\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}", "[thumb\\|[Lionel Messi](/wiki/Lionel_Messi \"Lionel Messi\") is the fixture's all\\-time top goalscorer, among his many other records](/wiki/File:Leo_Messi_v_Almeria_020314_%28extra_crop%29.jpg \"Leo Messi v Almeria 020314 (extra crop).jpg\")\nDue to Barcelona also winning the league title in [2009](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_La_Liga \"2008–09 La Liga\") and [2015](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_La_Liga \"2014–15 La Liga\") (as well as the Champions League in both those years to achieve [trebles](/wiki/Treble_%28association_football%29 \"Treble (association football)\")),{{cite news\\|last1\\=Saffer\\|first1\\=Paul\\|title\\=Barcelona break new ground with second treble\\|url\\=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid\\=2251733\\.html\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[UEFA]]\\|date\\=16 June 2018}} the subsequent Supercopa finals were also played between the sides; in the first, it was another straightforward win for the *Blaugrana* [(5–1 on aggregate)](/wiki/2009_Supercopa_de_Espa%C3%B1a \"2009 Supercopa de España\"), but Athletic surprised many with a 4–0 home win in the first leg of the latter tie, eventually securing [a 5–1 victory of their own](/wiki/2015_Supercopa_de_Espa%C3%B1a \"2015 Supercopa de España\"). It was their first trophy of any kind since 1984, having endured a painful defeat to Atlético Madrid in the [2012 UEFA Europa League Final](/wiki/2012_UEFA_Europa_League_Final \"2012 UEFA Europa League Final\") in addition to the losses to Barcelona, and so was celebrated with great enthusiasm by the supporters who crowded the streets of Bilbao city centre in their thousands for an [open top bus](/wiki/Open_top_bus \"Open top bus\") parade normally reserved for much greater triumphs.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://as.com/diarioas/2015/08/18/english/1439912810\\_356545\\.html\\|title\\=Athletic set off to parade the Cup on the streets of Bilbao\\|language\\=es\\|work\\=\\[\\[Diario AS]]\\|date\\=18 August 2015\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=September 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "Messi was a scorer in each of those five finals,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753\\.html?rival\\=6\\|title\\=Matches of Messi: Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini vs Athletic Club\\|website\\=BDfutbol\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} with his first in the 2015 Copa del Rey considered one of the best ever in the competition.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/may/30/athletic\\-bilbao\\-barcelona\\-copa\\-del\\-rey\\-final\\-match\\-report\\|title\\=Lionel Messi double gives Barcelona Cup final win over Athletic Bilbao \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Observer]]\\|date\\=30 May 2015\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} Combined with another three two\\-legged cup ties – all won by Barcelona – it was one of Europe's most\\-played fixtures in the decade with 33 individual matches played between 2008–09 and 2017–18\\. They met in the cup once again in 2020, this time in a single match quarter\\-final in Bilbao after the Copa del Rey format was changed. The adjustment produced an atypical result as Athletic won 1–0, with Barcelona having no opportunity to overturn this deficit at home as in previous years. [Barcelona crisis grows as Athletic Bilbao knock them out of Copa del Rey](https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/feb/06/barcelona-crisis-grows-athletic-bilbao-copa-del-rey), The Guardian, 6 February 2020", "The league results demonstrated a consistently wide gulf between the two clubs, with Athletic collecting no points at all from visits to the Camp Nou between 2004 and September 2018, when they finally secured a draw,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://en.as.com/en/2018/09/29/football/1538226302\\_842592\\.html?omnil\\=resrelrecomv\\&omnaut\\=1\\|title\\=Barcelona 1\\-1 Athletic Bilbao: LaLiga gameweek 7 match report\\|author\\=Robbie Dunne\\|work\\=Diario AS\\|date\\=29 September 2018\\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2018}} and only winning twice at San Mamés in the same period.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first\\-team/news/2016\\-2017/fc\\-barcelona\\-s\\-fine\\-record\\-away\\-to\\-athletic\\-bilbao\\|title\\=FC Barcelona's fine record away to Athletic Bilbao \\|publisher\\=FC Barcelona\\|date\\=23 August 2016\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} A 0–0 draw in February 2019 ended a sequence of 45 league matches since November 1996 with at least one goal being scored in the fixture.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/e1\\.html?cat\\=1a\\&temp\\=\\&rival\\=6\\&pgep\\=\\|title\\=FC Barcelona: Matches (filters: vs Athletic Bilbao, First Division)\\|website\\=BDfutbol\\|access\\-date\\=28 May 2021}}", "In 2017, Barcelona chose to appoint Ernesto Valverde as manager after four years in charge of Athletic Bilbao, despite his inability to arrest the poor sequence against the *Blaugrana*; he was sacked in January 2020 due to a poor run of results,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/51099632\\|title\\=Barcelona sack Ernesto Valverde and appoint Quique Setien\\|website\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=13 January 2020\\|access\\-date\\=28 May 2021}} which included a 1–0 defeat in Bilbao on the opening day of the [2019–20 La Liga](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_La_Liga \"2019–20 La Liga\") season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/aug/16/athletic\\-bilbao\\-barcelona\\-match\\-report\\|title\\=Aritz Aduriz's late acrobatics for Athletic Bilbao stun Barcelona\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=16 August 2019\\|access\\-date\\=16 August 2019}} As mentioned above, Athletic also eliminated Barcelona from that season's Copa del Rey by the same scoreline, and the following year (by which time neither the winning coach in that tie [Gaizka Garitano](/wiki/Gaizka_Garitano \"Gaizka Garitano\") nor his defeated counterpart [Quique Setién](/wiki/Quique_Seti%C3%A9n \"Quique Setién\") were in the dugout, replaced by [Marcelino](/wiki/Marcelino_Garc%C3%ADa_Toral \"Marcelino García Toral\") and [Ronald Koeman](/wiki/Ronald_Koeman \"Ronald Koeman\") respectively) they met in both the [2021 Supercopa de España Final](/wiki/2021_Supercopa_de_Espa%C3%B1a_Final \"2021 Supercopa de España Final\"), won by Athletic after extra time (at the end of which Messi was sent off for violent conduct for the first red card of his club career),{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/barcelona\\-vs\\-athletic/cronica/2021/01/17/6004bcd422601d7c438b4632\\.html\\|title\\=Williams sinks Barcelona and Athletic claim the Supercopa\\|newspaper\\=Marca\\|first\\=Arch\\|last\\=Bell\\|date\\=17 January 2021\\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2021}} and then in the [2021 Copa del Rey Final](/wiki/2021_Copa_del_Rey_Final \"2021 Copa del Rey Final\"), won 4–0 by Barcelona in a dominant performance from the outset, Messi scoring twice.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/apr/17/messi\\-stars\\-as\\-barcelona\\-thrash\\-athletic\\-bilbao\\-to\\-lift\\-copa\\-del\\-rey \\|title\\=Messi stars as Barcelona thrash Athletic Bilbao to lift Copa del Rey\\|first\\=Sid\\|last\\=Lowe\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=17 April 2021\\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2021}} By the start of the 2021–22 season the Argentinian had left Barça amid a financial crisis{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11833/12397423/lionel\\-messi\\-gone\\-over\\-1bn\\-in\\-debt\\-how\\-do\\-barcelona\\-turn\\-around\\-their\\-year\\-of\\-crisis \\|title\\=Lionel Messi gone, over £1bn in debt \\- how do Barcelona turn around their year of crisis?\\|work\\=Sky Sports\\|author\\=Ron Walker\\|date\\= 24 September 2021\\|access\\-date\\=21 January 2022}} and when the teams were drawn together in the Copa del Rey once again in January 2022, it was Athletic who eliminated the holders to progress.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/soccer/report?gameId\\=627144 \\|title\\=Athletic Bilbao oust holders Barcelona from Copa del Rey in extra\\-time thriller\\|agency\\=Reuters\\|via\\=ESPN\\|date\\=20 January 2022\\|access\\-date\\=21 January 2022}} Another cup tie in 2024 produced the same outcome, with Athletic's three victories the only occasions that Barcelona had been eliminated prior to the semi\\-final stage of the competition since [2010](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Copa_del_Rey \"2009–10 Copa del Rey\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://en.as.com/soccer/athletic\\-club\\-vs\\-barcelona\\-live\\-online\\-scores\\-stats\\-and\\-updates\\-copa\\-del\\-rey\\-202324\\-n/ \\|title\\=Athletic Club \\- Barcelona summary: score, goals, highlights, Copa del Rey 2023/24\\|website\\=Diario AS \\|date\\=24 January 2024\\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2024}}", "### Off\\-field events of 2017", "In October 2017, a [referendum](/wiki/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum \"2017 Catalan independence referendum\") was held in Catalonia on the subject of [the region becoming independent from Spain](/wiki/Catalan_independence \"Catalan independence\"), which the organisers claimed had resulted in the majority voting for independence; the process was declared illegal by the Spanish state both before and after it was held, with widespread disorder on polling day including violence by security forces against civilians in the city of Barcelona;{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia\\-referendum\\-firefighters\\-spanish\\-police\\-beaten\\-attacked\\-independence\\-human\\-shield\\-barcelona\\-a7976766\\.html\\|title\\=Catalonia referendum: Firefighters attacked by Spanish police as they form human shield to protect voters\\|author\\=Richard A L Williams\\|agency\\=Independent.Co.Uk\\|date\\=1 October 2017\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/10/spain\\-excessive\\-use\\-of\\-force\\-by\\-national\\-police\\-and\\-civil\\-guard\\-in\\-catalonia/\\|title\\=Spain: Excessive use of force by National Police and Civil Guard in Catalonia\\|agency\\=Amnesty International\\|date\\=3 October 2017\\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2017}} in the midst of this, FC Barcelona took the decision to close their stadium for a league fixture scheduled for the same day after a request to postpone it was rejected by the [LFP](/wiki/Liga_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Profesional \"Liga de Fútbol Profesional\") – the match against [Las Palmas](/wiki/UD_Las_Palmas \"UD Las Palmas\") was played [behind closed doors](/wiki/Behind_closed_doors_%28sport%29 \"Behind closed doors (sport)\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/catalan\\-referendum\\-election\\-police\\-fc\\-barcelona\\-gerard\\-pique\\-las\\-palmas\\-a7978236\\.html\\|title\\=Club president reveals why Barcelona played behind closed doors over postponing the game\\|date\\=2 October 2017\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2017/10/01/barcelona\\-vs\\-las\\-palmas\\-goes\\-ahead\\-behind\\-closed\\-doors\\-amid/\\|title\\=Barcelona beat Las Palmas behind closed doors amid Catalan referendum clashes\\|last\\=Sport\\|first\\=Telegraph\\|date\\=1 October 2017\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}", "Many of Barcelona's supporters within Catalonia, and several members of the club's hierarchy,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.goal.com/en\\-gb/news/catalan\\-independence\\-how\\-barcelona\\-la\\-liga\\-affected\\-spain/1icqc7ydhk7wl1qhlhm7m4v6ez\\|title\\=Catalan independence: How Barcelona and La Liga would be affected by Spain split\\|website\\=\\[\\[Goal (website)\\|Goal]]\\|date\\=27 October 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} are in favour of the region becoming independent from Spain,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-europe\\-41346846\\|title\\=Where would FC Barcelona be in an independent Catalonia?\\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]]\\|date\\=23 September 2017\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} with banners and other slogans to this effect frequently seen at matches. Their visit to Bilbao at the end of that month was one of the few occasions when they were not met with open hostility from opposition fans for their perceived role as the club of the independence movement.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://amp.marca.com/futbol/barcelona/2017/10/28/59f3d34422601d4f1d8b45e9\\.html\\|title\\=El Barça visita un 'campo amigo'\\|trans\\-title\\=Barça visit a 'friendly field'\\|language\\=es\\|work\\=Marca\\|date\\=28 October 2017\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}", "Were Catalonia to gain independence, the consequence for its clubs could be expulsion from the Spanish system, as stated on more than one occasion by the league's president [Javier Tebas](/wiki/Javier_Tebas \"Javier Tebas\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/nov/10/barcelona\\-espanyol\\-catalonia\\-independence\\|title\\=Where will Barcelona and Espanyol play if Catalonia gets independence? \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=10 November 2014\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}{{cite news\\| url\\= http://www.barcablaugranes.com/2016/3/1/11138978/la\\-liga\\-president\\-javier\\-tebas\\-clubs\\-of\\-an\\-independent\\-catalonia\\| title\\= La Liga President Javier Tebas: \"Clubs of independent Catalonia cannot play in the league\"\\| last\\=Mazariegos \\| first\\=Luiz\\| work\\=\\[\\[SB Nation]]\\| date\\=1 March 2016\\| access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} potentially leading to Barcelona and Espanyol competing in a 'Catalan League' alongside very small clubs from the current [third](/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B \"Segunda División B\") and [fourth](/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n \"Tercera División\") Spanish tiers. [FIFA](/wiki/FIFA \"FIFA\") did not comment on the \"potential future scenario\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2017/09/29/59ce8888ca47410f2a8b465c.html\\|title\\=Tensions over Catalan independence spill onto football pitch\\|work\\=\\[\\[Marca (newspaper)\\|Marca]]\\|date\\=29 September 2017\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} Similarly, [Basque independence](/wiki/Basque_nationalism \"Basque nationalism\") is an issue which continues to occupy the political scene in that region,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-europe\\-44431122\\|title\\=Spain's Basques form human chain calling for independence vote\\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]]\\|date\\=10 June 2018\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} with nationalist parties consistently receiving high percentages in elections. As with Barcelona, independence is a concept which is favoured by many of the Athletic Bilbao supporters in a wider context, but its implementation could result in their club being the largest in a hypothetical 'Basque League' with only a small number of professional teams, as well as bringing to an end their proud record of longevity competing in the Spanish league.", "For Athletic, however, the more conventional danger of relegation (which has not concerned Barcelona for many years) could end that sequence sooner. The club's poor performance in the [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_La_Liga \"2017–18 La Liga\") and [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_La_Liga \"2018–19 La Liga\") seasons{{cite news \\|url\\=https://elpais.com/deportes/2018/11/06/actualidad/1541532008\\_175271\\.html\\|title\\=El fantasma del bienio negro ronda San Mamés\\|trans\\-title\\=The ghost of the black biennium around San Mamés\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[El País]]\\|language\\=es\\|date\\=7 November 2018\\|access\\-date\\=24 February 2019 \\|last1\\=Rivas\\|first1\\=Jon}} recalled more serious concerns over losing their league place a decade earlier.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/dec/04/europeanfootball.sport1\\|title\\=Are Bilbao about to bow out? \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=4 December 2006\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} Due to so few eligible players being available under the limitations of their policy, they cannot simply buy their way out of trouble in a bad run of form.{{cite web\\|author\\=Pete Jenson \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news\\-and\\-comment/pete\\-jenson\\-athletic\\-bilbao\\-s\\-locals\\-only\\-transfer\\-policy\\-shows\\-success\\-does\\-not\\-need\\-to\\-be\\-bought\\-9692663\\.html \\|title\\=Pete Jenson: Athletic Bilbao's locals\\-only transfer policy shows success does not need to be bought \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|date\\=26 August 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}} Previous surveys of supporters indicated the vast majority would rather see the team relegated than abandon their self\\-imposed restrictions on players.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1940809\\-athletic\\-bilbao\\-vs\\-real\\-madrid\\-a\\-tale\\-of\\-two\\-transfer\\-policies\\|title\\=Athletic Bilbao vs. Real Madrid: A Tale of 2 Transfer Policies \\|website\\=Bleacher Report\\|date\\=31 January 2014\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2018}}", "" ]
Life ---- 'Imran created the marsh state during the period of the declining authority of the [Caliphate](/wiki/Caliphate "Caliphate"). Having committed a crime in Jamidah, 'Imran fled to the neighboring swamps to avoid punishment by the local government. From there he managed to gain the cooperation of fellow criminals and local fisherman, and was able to set up a robber state, defying government authority. He managed to expand his power when the Biridis of Basra charged him with the protection of Jamidah and the parts of [Ahvaz](/wiki/Ahvaz "Ahvaz") lying within the Batihah. With more followers flocking to him, 'Imran was eventually able to take control of the whole swamp. The [Buyids](/wiki/Buyids "Buyids")' entrance into [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad") in 945 meant that conflict between the two sides was inevitable. The Buyid amir [Mu'izz al\-Daula](/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Daula "Mu'izz al-Daula") sent his deputy Abu Ja'far al\-Saymari to subdue the Batihah. He managed to inflict a series of defeats upon 'Imran, who fled and whose family was imprisoned. The death of Mu'izz's overlord ['Imad al\-Daula](/wiki/%27Imad_al-Daula "'Imad al-Daula") in late 949, however, forced Mu'izz to send al\-Saymari to [Fars](/wiki/Fars_Province "Fars Province") in order to secure the succession of 'Imad's son ['Adud al\-Daula](/wiki/%27Adud_al-Daula "'Adud al-Daula"), giving 'Imran the opportunity to recover his authority. Shortly afterwards, Mu'izz al\-Daula sent another expedition against the Batihah. This campaign, led by a [Daylamite](/wiki/Daylamite "Daylamite") officer named [Ruzbahan](/wiki/Ruzbahan "Ruzbahan"), ended badly. Ruzbahan discovered 'Imran's location and attacked him, but was heavily defeated and forced to withdraw. 'Imran then became even more bold, with his subjects demanding protection money from anyone, including government officials, that crossed their path, and the path to Basra by water was effectively closed off. Mu'izz al\-Daula, after receiving numerous complaints from his officers, sent another army in 950 or 951, under the joint command of Ruzbahan and the amir's vizier [al\-Muhallabi](/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Hasan_al-Muhallabi "Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Muhallabi"). Ruzbahan, who disliked the vizier, convinced him to directly attack 'Imran. He kept his forces in the rear and fled as soon as fighting between the two sides began. 'Imran used the terrain effectively, laying ambushes and confusing al\-Muhallabi's army. Many of the vizier's soldiers died in the fighting and he himself only narrowly escaped capture, swimming to safety. Mu'izz al\-Daula then came to terms with 'Imran, acceding to his terms. Prisoners were exchanged and 'Imran was made a vassal of the Buyids, being instated as governor of the Batihah. Peace lasted for approximately five years between the two sides. A false rumor of Mu'izz al\-Daula's death in 955, however, prompted 'Imran to seize a Buyid convoy traveling from Ahvaz to Baghdad. Mu'izz demanded that the items confiscated be returned, at which point 'Imran returned the money gained, but kept the goods taken. The Buyid sent Ruzbahan a third time to the swamp, but the latter revolted and 'Imran was spared from a new attack. He remained secure for twelve years; only in 967 was another campaign launched against him. Mu'izz al\-Daula oversaw the expedition himself, but he became sick and ultimately died, preventing any progress from being made. His son and successor, ['Izz al\-Daula](/wiki/%27Izz_al-Daula "'Izz al-Daula"), quickly sent the [Turkish](/wiki/Turkish_peoples "Turkish peoples") general Sebük\-Tegin to make peace with him. War between the two sides resumed in the summer 971, when 'Izz al\-Daula's vizier Abu'l\-Fadl suggested carrying out an attack against the Batihah in an effort to plunder the robber\-state and relieve the Buyids' financial troubles. He dammed all the waterways leading into the marshes in order to destroy 'Imran's advantage, and built a dyke that allowed his troops to march up to 'Imram's capital fortress. 'Imran, however, sent his men out when the waters rose to destroy the dams, and if they could not do that he would simply move himself to another location in the marshes. As a result of the slow progress of the campaign, the Buyid troops lost morale and became mutinous. This, coupled with an invasion by the [Byzantine Empire](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire"), forced 'Izz al\-Daula to make peace with 'Imran. The latter greatly benefited from the terms, without any obligation for tribute. Internal struggles within the Buyid state enabled 'Imran to enhance his position. Having lost control of northern Iraq to the Turks, 'Izz al\-Daula in 974 requested 'Imran's help. He sent him robes of honor, with a title *Mu'in al\-Daula* and asked for military support, as well as his daughter's hand in marriage. 'Imran refused both proposals. In 975 'Adud al\-Daula, who had come from Fars to help 'Izz al\-Daula, ended up taking power for himself. 'Imran requested and received from him a formal grant for the rule of the Batihah. When 'Izz al\-Daula's vizier, [Ibn Baqiyya](/wiki/Ibn_Baqiyya "Ibn Baqiyya"), revolted against 'Adud, 'Imran gave support to him. 'Izz temporarily regained control of Iraq, and continued to seek 'Imran's help, but to no avail. 'Adud al\-Daula defeated his cousin and took over the region for good in 977, and 'Imran maintained peace with him. 'Imran died in the summer of 979 and was succeeded by his son Hasan.
[ "Life\n----", "'Imran created the marsh state during the period of the declining authority of the [Caliphate](/wiki/Caliphate \"Caliphate\"). Having committed a crime in Jamidah, 'Imran fled to the neighboring swamps to avoid punishment by the local government. From there he managed to gain the cooperation of fellow criminals and local fisherman, and was able to set up a robber state, defying government authority. He managed to expand his power when the Biridis of Basra charged him with the protection of Jamidah and the parts of [Ahvaz](/wiki/Ahvaz \"Ahvaz\") lying within the Batihah. With more followers flocking to him, 'Imran was eventually able to take control of the whole swamp.", "The [Buyids](/wiki/Buyids \"Buyids\")' entrance into [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad \"Baghdad\") in 945 meant that conflict between the two sides was inevitable. The Buyid amir [Mu'izz al\\-Daula](/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Daula \"Mu'izz al-Daula\") sent his deputy Abu Ja'far al\\-Saymari to subdue the Batihah. He managed to inflict a series of defeats upon 'Imran, who fled and whose family was imprisoned. The death of Mu'izz's overlord ['Imad al\\-Daula](/wiki/%27Imad_al-Daula \"'Imad al-Daula\") in late 949, however, forced Mu'izz to send al\\-Saymari to [Fars](/wiki/Fars_Province \"Fars Province\") in order to secure the succession of 'Imad's son ['Adud al\\-Daula](/wiki/%27Adud_al-Daula \"'Adud al-Daula\"), giving 'Imran the opportunity to recover his authority.", "Shortly afterwards, Mu'izz al\\-Daula sent another expedition against the Batihah. This campaign, led by a [Daylamite](/wiki/Daylamite \"Daylamite\") officer named [Ruzbahan](/wiki/Ruzbahan \"Ruzbahan\"), ended badly. Ruzbahan discovered 'Imran's location and attacked him, but was heavily defeated and forced to withdraw.", "'Imran then became even more bold, with his subjects demanding protection money from anyone, including government officials, that crossed their path, and the path to Basra by water was effectively closed off. Mu'izz al\\-Daula, after receiving numerous complaints from his officers, sent another army in 950 or 951, under the joint command of Ruzbahan and the amir's vizier [al\\-Muhallabi](/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Hasan_al-Muhallabi \"Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Muhallabi\").", "Ruzbahan, who disliked the vizier, convinced him to directly attack 'Imran. He kept his forces in the rear and fled as soon as fighting between the two sides began. 'Imran used the terrain effectively, laying ambushes and confusing al\\-Muhallabi's army. Many of the vizier's soldiers died in the fighting and he himself only narrowly escaped capture, swimming to safety. Mu'izz al\\-Daula then came to terms with 'Imran, acceding to his terms. Prisoners were exchanged and 'Imran was made a vassal of the Buyids, being instated as governor of the Batihah.", "Peace lasted for approximately five years between the two sides. A false rumor of Mu'izz al\\-Daula's death in 955, however, prompted 'Imran to seize a Buyid convoy traveling from Ahvaz to Baghdad. Mu'izz demanded that the items confiscated be returned, at which point 'Imran returned the money gained, but kept the goods taken. The Buyid sent Ruzbahan a third time to the swamp, but the latter revolted and 'Imran was spared from a new attack. He remained secure for twelve years; only in 967 was another campaign launched against him. Mu'izz al\\-Daula oversaw the expedition himself, but he became sick and ultimately died, preventing any progress from being made. His son and successor, ['Izz al\\-Daula](/wiki/%27Izz_al-Daula \"'Izz al-Daula\"), quickly sent the [Turkish](/wiki/Turkish_peoples \"Turkish peoples\") general Sebük\\-Tegin to make peace with him.", "War between the two sides resumed in the summer 971, when 'Izz al\\-Daula's vizier Abu'l\\-Fadl suggested carrying out an attack against the Batihah in an effort to plunder the robber\\-state and relieve the Buyids' financial troubles. He dammed all the waterways leading into the marshes in order to destroy 'Imran's advantage, and built a dyke that allowed his troops to march up to 'Imram's capital fortress. 'Imran, however, sent his men out when the waters rose to destroy the dams, and if they could not do that he would simply move himself to another location in the marshes. As a result of the slow progress of the campaign, the Buyid troops lost morale and became mutinous. This, coupled with an invasion by the [Byzantine Empire](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\"), forced 'Izz al\\-Daula to make peace with 'Imran. The latter greatly benefited from the terms, without any obligation for tribute.", "Internal struggles within the Buyid state enabled 'Imran to enhance his position. Having lost control of northern Iraq to the Turks, 'Izz al\\-Daula in 974 requested 'Imran's help. He sent him robes of honor, with a title *Mu'in al\\-Daula* and asked for military support, as well as his daughter's hand in marriage. 'Imran refused both proposals.", "In 975 'Adud al\\-Daula, who had come from Fars to help 'Izz al\\-Daula, ended up taking power for himself. 'Imran requested and received from him a formal grant for the rule of the Batihah. When 'Izz al\\-Daula's vizier, [Ibn Baqiyya](/wiki/Ibn_Baqiyya \"Ibn Baqiyya\"), revolted against 'Adud, 'Imran gave support to him. 'Izz temporarily regained control of Iraq, and continued to seek 'Imran's help, but to no avail. 'Adud al\\-Daula defeated his cousin and took over the region for good in 977, and 'Imran maintained peace with him.", "'Imran died in the summer of 979 and was succeeded by his son Hasan.", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Early life Ruey Young Bussey was born in [Timpson, Texas](/wiki/Timpson%2C_Texas "Timpson, Texas"), the youngest of Katherine Lee "Katie" Bussey (née Hughes) and Thomas Wade "Tom" Bussey's 13 children. The family later moved to [Humble](/wiki/Humble%2C_Texas "Humble, Texas"), located near [Houston](/wiki/Houston%2C_Texas "Houston, Texas"). Tom worked several odd jobs, before landing a supervisory position at a firm that manufactured train equipment. However, he abandoned the family in 1928, and later died in March 1935\. When Katie became the head of the household, Young worked to help to support the family by delivering milk, waking up at 3:00 AM to walk his delivery route. Bussey excelled at sports, such as football, [baseball](/wiki/Baseball "Baseball"), [boxing](/wiki/Boxing "Boxing"), [wrestling](/wiki/Wrestling "Wrestling"), [swimming](/wiki/Swimming_%28sport%29 "Swimming (sport)"), [diving](/wiki/Diving_%28sport%29 "Diving (sport)"), [water polo](/wiki/Water_polo "Water polo"), [track](/wiki/Track_and_field "Track and field") and his favorite, [basketball](/wiki/Basketball "Basketball"). By age 12, he had become so coordinated that his teacher had to “rig” the [softball](/wiki/Softball "Softball") teams during recess in an attempt to prevent him from dominating the game. As a teenager, Bussey attended [San Jacinto High School](/wiki/San_Jacinto_High_School_%28Houston%2C_Texas%29 "San Jacinto High School (Houston, Texas)"), where his athletic skills and brash antics drew large crowds at games and attracted the attention of local sports writers. His classmates at San Jacinto included [Walter Cronkite](/wiki/Walter_Cronkite "Walter Cronkite") and [Denton Cooley](/wiki/Denton_Cooley "Denton Cooley"). ### College career Bussey played football at [LSU](/wiki/LSU_Tigers_football "LSU Tigers football") on a [scholarship](/wiki/Athletic_scholarship "Athletic scholarship") arranged by [Senator](/wiki/U.S._senator "U.S. senator") [Huey Long](/wiki/Huey_Long "Huey Long"). While there, he became a team captain and led LSU in rushing in [1937](/wiki/1937_LSU_Tigers_football_team "1937 LSU Tigers football team"), and in passing in both 1937 and [1938](/wiki/1938_LSU_Tigers_football_team "1938 LSU Tigers football team"). He and teammate [Ken Kavanaugh](/wiki/Ken_Kavanaugh "Ken Kavanaugh") were also invited to try out for the [Chicago Bears](/wiki/Chicago_Bears "Chicago Bears"). Despite the time constraints of playing a sport and continuing to support his family via his milk delivery route, Bussey still managed to graduate with top grades and a degree in [petroleum engineering](/wiki/Petroleum_engineering "Petroleum engineering"). ### Professional career Bussey was drafted by the [Chicago Bears](/wiki/Chicago_Bears "Chicago Bears") in the 20th round of the [1940 NFL draft](/wiki/1940_NFL_draft "1940 NFL draft").{{Cite web \|title\=1940 NFL Draft Listing \|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/years/1940/draft.htm \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-30 \|website\=Pro\-Football\-Reference.com \|language\=en}} He quickly established a brazen reputation for himself, once telling Bears owner/coach [George Halas](/wiki/George_Halas "George Halas") that "he'd come to be a winner and the coach needed to either trade established quarterback [Sid Luckman](/wiki/Sid_Luckman "Sid Luckman") or keep him on as Bussey's backup." Teammate [Bulldog Turner](/wiki/Bulldog_Turner "Bulldog Turner") later opined that "\[c]oaching Young was nearly impossible." Halas assigned Bussey to the [American Association](/wiki/American_Association_%28American_football%29 "American Association (American football)")'s [Newark Bears](/wiki/Orange/Newark_Tornadoes "Orange/Newark Tornadoes"), which Halas had recently purchased. Bussey excelled in Newark, becoming the AA's passing leader. Bussey finally made the Bears' squad in [1941](/wiki/1941_Chicago_Bears_season "1941 Chicago Bears season"), as Luckman's backup. He scored his first points in the NFL on October 5, throwing two [touchdowns](/wiki/Touchdown "Touchdown") in a 48\-21 road victory over the [Cleveland Rams](/wiki/Cleveland_Rams "Cleveland Rams"). He repeated this feat on October 12, in a 53–7 home victory over the [Chicago Cardinals](/wiki/Chicago_Cardinals "Chicago Cardinals"). Bussey quickly became a favorite amongst Bears fans; as biographer Ralph Cushman wrote, "he had become the Bears' instant offense. The crowd quickly recognized his potential for electric action and screamed approval when he trotted into the arena. Actual records fail to define just how prolific Young was from the standpoint of points per minute of play...\[he] often was sent in for a quick score and then was held in reserve as the Bears' defense dug in to preserve the lead." Bussey appeared in 10 games during the 1941 regular season, completing 13 of 40 passes for 353 yards, five touchdowns, and three [interceptions](/wiki/Interception "Interception"). He also tallied two interceptions while playing defense, as well as one 40\-yard [punt return](/wiki/Punt_return "Punt return").{{cite web \|title\=Young Bussey Stats \|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/players/B/BussYo20\.htm \|website\=Pro Football Reference \|access\-date\=18 December 2018}} The final day of the season was December 7, the same day [Pearl Harbor was bombed](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor "Attack on Pearl Harbor"), and the playoffs continued even after the U.S. [declared war](/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan "United States declaration of war on Japan") on Japan. The Bears defeated the [New York Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants "New York Giants"), 37–9, in the [1941 NFL Championship Game](/wiki/1941_NFL_Championship_Game "1941 NFL Championship Game") on December 21; Bussey attempted just one pass, an 8\-yard completion. While waiting to be [drafted](/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States "Conscription in the United States"), Bussey took a job building [Liberty ships](/wiki/Liberty_ship "Liberty ship") for the Houston Shipbuilding Corporation. He briefly attended the Bears' training camp in the summer of [1942](/wiki/1942_Chicago_Bears_season "1942 Chicago Bears season"), but Halas was committed to starting Luckman at quarterback. On August 28, Bussey played in the 1942 College All\-Star Game in Chicago before a crowd of 101,103 spectators, throwing one touchdown in a 21–0 victory over the college players. Shortly after the game ended, he informed Halas of his intent to [enlist](/wiki/Military_enlistment "Military enlistment"). He did so the very next day, joining the [Naval Reserve](/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve "United States Navy Reserve"). ### Military service and death Bussey was sent to [Officer Candidate School](/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School "Officer Candidate School"), attained the rank of [lieutenant (junior grade)](/wiki/Lieutenant_%28junior_grade%29 "Lieutenant (junior grade)"), and was assigned to [USS *Warren*](/wiki/USS_Warren_%28APA-53%29 "USS Warren (APA-53)"), an [attack transport](/wiki/Attack_transport "Attack transport") active in the [Pacific Theater](/wiki/Pacific_War "Pacific War"). He received a commendation from [Admiral](/wiki/Admiral_%28United_States%29 "Admiral (United States)") [Raymond A. Spruance](/wiki/Raymond_A._Spruance "Raymond A. Spruance"), commander of the [U.S. Fifth Fleet](/wiki/U.S._Fifth_Fleet "U.S. Fifth Fleet"), for his actions as an assistant [beachmaster](/wiki/Amphibious_warfare "Amphibious warfare") during the [Battle of Guam](/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_%281944%29 "Battle of Guam (1944)") in 1944\. Bussey also saw action at [Kwajalein](/wiki/Battle_of_Kwajalein "Battle of Kwajalein"), [Peleliu](/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu "Battle of Peleliu"), [Leyte](/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte "Battle of Leyte"), and [Luzon](/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon "Battle of Luzon"), participating in a total of 10 [amphibious assaults](/wiki/Amphibious_assault "Amphibious assault"). He was then named *Warren*'s head beachmaster for the upcoming [Invasion of Lingayen Gulf](/wiki/Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf "Invasion of Lingayen Gulf"). By this point, Bussey had become pessimistic about his chances of survival; while home on leave shortly before the invasion, Bussey confessed to his older brother Keefer (himself a [combat engineer](/wiki/Combat_engineer "Combat engineer") in the [Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army")) that he believed he "would not come out of his next landing alive," and gave Keefer his commemorative watch from the 1941 Championship Game. The night before [General](/wiki/General_%28United_States%29 "General (United States)") [Walter Krueger](/wiki/Walter_Krueger "Walter Krueger")'s [Sixth Army](/wiki/Sixth_United_States_Army "Sixth United States Army") landed on the beaches of Lingayen Gulf, Bussey turned over his personal effects to *Warren*'s [chaplain](/wiki/Military_chaplain "Military chaplain"), telling him, "Tomorrow I make my ascension. Will you see that my mother gets these?" True to his prediction, Bussey was killed on January 7, 1945, when his [landing craft](/wiki/Landing_craft "Landing craft") took a direct hit from a Japanese [mortar](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 "Mortar (weapon)") after getting stuck on a coral reef 75 yards from the beach. The blast threw Bussey and most of the crew into the water; eyewitnesses reported that Bussey was struck in his left shoulder and chest, and that his left arm may have been completely blown off. He was last seen signalling his men with his right arm to take cover. Most of the crew of the landing craft were rescued, but Bussey was not among them, and his body was never recovered.
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Early life", "Ruey Young Bussey was born in [Timpson, Texas](/wiki/Timpson%2C_Texas \"Timpson, Texas\"), the youngest of Katherine Lee \"Katie\" Bussey (née Hughes) and Thomas Wade \"Tom\" Bussey's 13 children. The family later moved to [Humble](/wiki/Humble%2C_Texas \"Humble, Texas\"), located near [Houston](/wiki/Houston%2C_Texas \"Houston, Texas\"). Tom worked several odd jobs, before landing a supervisory position at a firm that manufactured train equipment. However, he abandoned the family in 1928, and later died in March 1935\\. When Katie became the head of the household, Young worked to help to support the family by delivering milk, waking up at 3:00 AM to walk his delivery route.", "Bussey excelled at sports, such as football, [baseball](/wiki/Baseball \"Baseball\"), [boxing](/wiki/Boxing \"Boxing\"), [wrestling](/wiki/Wrestling \"Wrestling\"), [swimming](/wiki/Swimming_%28sport%29 \"Swimming (sport)\"), [diving](/wiki/Diving_%28sport%29 \"Diving (sport)\"), [water polo](/wiki/Water_polo \"Water polo\"), [track](/wiki/Track_and_field \"Track and field\") and his favorite, [basketball](/wiki/Basketball \"Basketball\"). By age 12, he had become so coordinated that his teacher had to “rig” the [softball](/wiki/Softball \"Softball\") teams during recess in an attempt to prevent him from dominating the game. As a teenager, Bussey attended [San Jacinto High School](/wiki/San_Jacinto_High_School_%28Houston%2C_Texas%29 \"San Jacinto High School (Houston, Texas)\"), where his athletic skills and brash antics drew large crowds at games and attracted the attention of local sports writers. His classmates at San Jacinto included [Walter Cronkite](/wiki/Walter_Cronkite \"Walter Cronkite\") and [Denton Cooley](/wiki/Denton_Cooley \"Denton Cooley\").", "### College career", "Bussey played football at [LSU](/wiki/LSU_Tigers_football \"LSU Tigers football\") on a [scholarship](/wiki/Athletic_scholarship \"Athletic scholarship\") arranged by [Senator](/wiki/U.S._senator \"U.S. senator\") [Huey Long](/wiki/Huey_Long \"Huey Long\"). While there, he became a team captain and led LSU in rushing in [1937](/wiki/1937_LSU_Tigers_football_team \"1937 LSU Tigers football team\"), and in passing in both 1937 and [1938](/wiki/1938_LSU_Tigers_football_team \"1938 LSU Tigers football team\"). He and teammate [Ken Kavanaugh](/wiki/Ken_Kavanaugh \"Ken Kavanaugh\") were also invited to try out for the [Chicago Bears](/wiki/Chicago_Bears \"Chicago Bears\").", "Despite the time constraints of playing a sport and continuing to support his family via his milk delivery route, Bussey still managed to graduate with top grades and a degree in [petroleum engineering](/wiki/Petroleum_engineering \"Petroleum engineering\").", "### Professional career", "Bussey was drafted by the [Chicago Bears](/wiki/Chicago_Bears \"Chicago Bears\") in the 20th round of the [1940 NFL draft](/wiki/1940_NFL_draft \"1940 NFL draft\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=1940 NFL Draft Listing \\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/years/1940/draft.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-30 \\|website\\=Pro\\-Football\\-Reference.com \\|language\\=en}} He quickly established a brazen reputation for himself, once telling Bears owner/coach [George Halas](/wiki/George_Halas \"George Halas\") that \"he'd come to be a winner and the coach needed to either trade established quarterback [Sid Luckman](/wiki/Sid_Luckman \"Sid Luckman\") or keep him on as Bussey's backup.\" Teammate [Bulldog Turner](/wiki/Bulldog_Turner \"Bulldog Turner\") later opined that \"\\[c]oaching Young was nearly impossible.\" Halas assigned Bussey to the [American Association](/wiki/American_Association_%28American_football%29 \"American Association (American football)\")'s [Newark Bears](/wiki/Orange/Newark_Tornadoes \"Orange/Newark Tornadoes\"), which Halas had recently purchased. Bussey excelled in Newark, becoming the AA's passing leader.", "Bussey finally made the Bears' squad in [1941](/wiki/1941_Chicago_Bears_season \"1941 Chicago Bears season\"), as Luckman's backup. He scored his first points in the NFL on October 5, throwing two [touchdowns](/wiki/Touchdown \"Touchdown\") in a 48\\-21 road victory over the [Cleveland Rams](/wiki/Cleveland_Rams \"Cleveland Rams\"). He repeated this feat on October 12, in a 53–7 home victory over the [Chicago Cardinals](/wiki/Chicago_Cardinals \"Chicago Cardinals\"). Bussey quickly became a favorite amongst Bears fans; as biographer Ralph Cushman wrote, \"he had become the Bears' instant offense. The crowd quickly recognized his potential for electric action and screamed approval when he trotted into the arena. Actual records fail to define just how prolific Young was from the standpoint of points per minute of play...\\[he] often was sent in for a quick score and then was held in reserve as the Bears' defense dug in to preserve the lead.\"", "Bussey appeared in 10 games during the 1941 regular season, completing 13 of 40 passes for 353 yards, five touchdowns, and three [interceptions](/wiki/Interception \"Interception\"). He also tallied two interceptions while playing defense, as well as one 40\\-yard [punt return](/wiki/Punt_return \"Punt return\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Young Bussey Stats \\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/players/B/BussYo20\\.htm \\|website\\=Pro Football Reference \\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2018}} The final day of the season was December 7, the same day [Pearl Harbor was bombed](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor \"Attack on Pearl Harbor\"), and the playoffs continued even after the U.S. [declared war](/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan \"United States declaration of war on Japan\") on Japan. The Bears defeated the [New York Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants \"New York Giants\"), 37–9, in the [1941 NFL Championship Game](/wiki/1941_NFL_Championship_Game \"1941 NFL Championship Game\") on December 21; Bussey attempted just one pass, an 8\\-yard completion.", "While waiting to be [drafted](/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States \"Conscription in the United States\"), Bussey took a job building [Liberty ships](/wiki/Liberty_ship \"Liberty ship\") for the Houston Shipbuilding Corporation. He briefly attended the Bears' training camp in the summer of [1942](/wiki/1942_Chicago_Bears_season \"1942 Chicago Bears season\"), but Halas was committed to starting Luckman at quarterback. On August 28, Bussey played in the 1942 College All\\-Star Game in Chicago before a crowd of 101,103 spectators, throwing one touchdown in a 21–0 victory over the college players. Shortly after the game ended, he informed Halas of his intent to [enlist](/wiki/Military_enlistment \"Military enlistment\"). He did so the very next day, joining the [Naval Reserve](/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve \"United States Navy Reserve\").", "### Military service and death", "Bussey was sent to [Officer Candidate School](/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School \"Officer Candidate School\"), attained the rank of [lieutenant (junior grade)](/wiki/Lieutenant_%28junior_grade%29 \"Lieutenant (junior grade)\"), and was assigned to [USS *Warren*](/wiki/USS_Warren_%28APA-53%29 \"USS Warren (APA-53)\"), an [attack transport](/wiki/Attack_transport \"Attack transport\") active in the [Pacific Theater](/wiki/Pacific_War \"Pacific War\"). He received a commendation from [Admiral](/wiki/Admiral_%28United_States%29 \"Admiral (United States)\") [Raymond A. Spruance](/wiki/Raymond_A._Spruance \"Raymond A. Spruance\"), commander of the [U.S. Fifth Fleet](/wiki/U.S._Fifth_Fleet \"U.S. Fifth Fleet\"), for his actions as an assistant [beachmaster](/wiki/Amphibious_warfare \"Amphibious warfare\") during the [Battle of Guam](/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_%281944%29 \"Battle of Guam (1944)\") in 1944\\. Bussey also saw action at [Kwajalein](/wiki/Battle_of_Kwajalein \"Battle of Kwajalein\"), [Peleliu](/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu \"Battle of Peleliu\"), [Leyte](/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte \"Battle of Leyte\"), and [Luzon](/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon \"Battle of Luzon\"), participating in a total of 10 [amphibious assaults](/wiki/Amphibious_assault \"Amphibious assault\"). He was then named *Warren*'s head beachmaster for the upcoming [Invasion of Lingayen Gulf](/wiki/Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf \"Invasion of Lingayen Gulf\"). By this point, Bussey had become pessimistic about his chances of survival; while home on leave shortly before the invasion, Bussey confessed to his older brother Keefer (himself a [combat engineer](/wiki/Combat_engineer \"Combat engineer\") in the [Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\")) that he believed he \"would not come out of his next landing alive,\" and gave Keefer his commemorative watch from the 1941 Championship Game. The night before [General](/wiki/General_%28United_States%29 \"General (United States)\") [Walter Krueger](/wiki/Walter_Krueger \"Walter Krueger\")'s [Sixth Army](/wiki/Sixth_United_States_Army \"Sixth United States Army\") landed on the beaches of Lingayen Gulf, Bussey turned over his personal effects to *Warren*'s [chaplain](/wiki/Military_chaplain \"Military chaplain\"), telling him, \"Tomorrow I make my ascension. Will you see that my mother gets these?\"", "True to his prediction, Bussey was killed on January 7, 1945, when his [landing craft](/wiki/Landing_craft \"Landing craft\") took a direct hit from a Japanese [mortar](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 \"Mortar (weapon)\") after getting stuck on a coral reef 75 yards from the beach. The blast threw Bussey and most of the crew into the water; eyewitnesses reported that Bussey was struck in his left shoulder and chest, and that his left arm may have been completely blown off. He was last seen signalling his men with his right arm to take cover. Most of the crew of the landing craft were rescued, but Bussey was not among them, and his body was never recovered.", "" ]
Geography --------- ### Source streams The *Glatt* originates in the village [Aach](/wiki/Aach_%28Dornstetten%29 "Aach (Dornstetten)"), a district of [Dornstetten](/wiki/Dornstetten "Dornstetten"). Here, the left and northern upper reaches of the Kübelbach merge with the right Stockerbach coming from the northwest next to the Grüntaler Straße to form the Glatt. Both branches are between 8 and 9 km long. The main upper course of the Glatt is the Kübelbach. Its own upper course up to the *Silberwiesen* before the first settlement [Dornstetten](/wiki/Dornstetten "Dornstetten")\-Hallwangen is called *Glattbach*. The source of *Glattbach/Kübelbach* is located at about 717 m above Sea Level in the *Stutzwald* at the community border of Dornstetten to Freudenstadt and is called *Glattbrunnen*. Glattbach as well as Kügelbach altogether have only few important tributaries. The right upper course Stockerbach of the Glatt has its source on the other hand higher on about 753 m above sea level the *Kratzenhartbrunnen*, which is about 2 km west of the Glattbrunnen in the *Reichenbacher Wald* on Freudenstadt area. It is fed by a number of streams from the right, making its catchment area about one and a half times larger than that of its left partner. Still in Aach, only two hundred meters after its origin from the right and west\-northwest, the Glatt takes the "Ettenbach", which is only about 5 km long. ({{coord\|48\|28\|01\.09\|N\|08\|28\|41\.30\|E\|region:DE\-BW\_type:waterbody\|name\=Mündung Ettenbach}}) Its catchment area, however, exceeds that of the Kübelbach a little, which is why the Kübelbach, Stockerbach and Ettenbach are usually regarded as the three source branches that together make up the Glatt. ### Course After that, the *Glatt* flows in a south\-eastern to southern direction and takes in some tributaries and flows into [Glatten](/wiki/Glatten "Glatten"). On the section following its mouth the Glatt below [Neuneck](/wiki/Neuneck_Glatten "Neuneck Glatten") then runs through a very narrow and winding valley about 170 meters below the summit of the wooded *Schellenberg* 640 m above sea level. In [Leinstetten](/wiki/Leinstetten "Leinstetten"), the largest Glatt tributary by far [Heimbach](/wiki/Heimbach_%28Glatt%29 "Heimbach (Glatt)"), with its almost 25 km length, flows into the valley. About 2 km further down the valley, the river turns left where the small tributary Zitzmannsbrunnenbach meets the Glatt in [Bettenhausen](/wiki/Bettenhausen_%28Dornhan%29 "Bettenhausen (Dornhan)") to the east\-northeast course. On the following, almost 10 km long run, only a somewhat more important stream flows into the valley. Then the Glatt flows below the village Glatt from [Sulz am Neckar](/wiki/Sulz_am_Neckar "Sulz am Neckar") and opposite the district [Neckarhausen](/wiki/Neckarhausen_%28Horb%29 "Neckarhausen (Horb)") from [Horb am Neckar](/wiki/Horb_am_Neckar "Horb am Neckar") from the left into the upper *Neckar*. ### Catchment area The 234 km2 catchment area of the Glatt has roughly the contour of a triangle with a western base of about 31 km through the eastern Black Forest. This longest side extends from the northern tip east of Baiersbronn\-[Klosterreichenbach](/wiki/Klosterreichenbach "Klosterreichenbach") in the *Reichenbacher Wald* near the *Krähenhartbrunnen*, from which the right spring brook Stockerbach has its source, to the southern tip at [Schramberg](/wiki/Schramberg "Schramberg")\-Waldmössingen, which is close to the source of the largest tributary Heimbach. The catchment area is not even 17 km wide from this western side to the eastern tip at the estuary. On the northeast side, the [Nagold](/wiki/Nagold_%28river%29 "Nagold (river)") borders on the longest part of the catchment area, only finally towards the mouth to that of a less important downstream Neckar tributary. Beyond the entire southeastern watershed no major tributary runs to the nearby upstream Neckar. In the south and southwest, behind a short stretch of the catchment area boundary, the [Eschach](/wiki/Eschach_%28Neckar%29 "Eschach (Neckar)"), which is roughly equivalent to the Glatt, flows to the Neckar. On the largest part of the western watershed the [Kinzig](/wiki/Kinzig_%28Rhein%29 "Kinzig (Rhein)") collects the water running to the other side. Only at the *Schöllkopf* between [Lossburg](/wiki/Lossburg "Lossburg") and Freudenstadt it is replaced there by the [Murg (Northern Black Forest)](/wiki/Murg_%28Northern_Black_Forest%29 "Murg (Northern Black Forest)"), which at first competes over its right tributary Forbach. Since the large Black Forest rivers Kinzig and Murg flow directly into the Rhine, the western watershed is also a large watershed between the Neckar and Rhine over almost its entire length. Largest elevation in the catchment area is the mentioned *Schöllkopf*, which reaches a height of 843 m above sea level, and at whose eastern foot the second largest Glatt tributary Lauter has its source. * [Kübelbach](/wiki/K%C3%BCbelbach_%28Glatt%29 "Kübelbach (Glatt)") with upper course Glattbach *(left source stream, in Aach)*, 8\.5 km and 11\.4 km² * [Stockerbach](/wiki/Stockerbach_%28Glatt%29 "Stockerbach (Glatt)") *(right source stream, in Aach)*, 8\.3 km and 17\.7 km²Einzugsgebiet aufsummiert aus den Teileinzugsgebieten nach dem Layer *Basiseinzugsgebiet (AWGN)*. * [Ettenbach](/wiki/Ettenbach_%28Glatt%29 "Ettenbach (Glatt)") *(right, in Aach)*, 5\.7 km and 12\.0 km²Einzugsgebiet nach dem Layer *Basiseinzugsgebiet (AWGN)*. * [Schorngraben](/wiki/Schorngraben_%28Glatt%29 "Schorngraben (Glatt)") *(from right)*, 0\.9 km * [Nottentalgraben](/wiki/Nottentalgraben "Nottentalgraben") *(from left)*, 0\.9 km * [Mühlebach](/wiki/M%C3%BChlebach_%28Glatt%29 "Mühlebach (Glatt)") *(from left, before Glatten)*, 2,2 km * [Bürgenbach](/wiki/B%C3%BCrgenbach "Bürgenbach") *(from left, in Glatten)*, 3\.3 km and 5\.5 km² * [Lauter](/wiki/Lauter_%28Glatt%29 "Lauter (Glatt)") *(from right, in smooth)*, 10\.2 km and 32\.6 km²\<! \-\-BEZG\-Total: 32,610\= 9,479 \+Manbach: 7,513 \+ 4,352 \+Fischbach: 10,323 \+ 0,943\-\-\> * [Schlappbach](/wiki/Schlappbach "Schlappbach") *(from left, near Böffingen)*, 1,2 km * [Riedhaldenbächle](/wiki/Riedhaldenb%C3%A4chle "Riedhaldenbächle") *(from left, in ninepin)*, under 0\.4 km * [Tälesbach](/wiki/T%C3%A4lesbach_%28Glatt%29 "Tälesbach (Glatt)") *(from left)*, 1\.1 km * [Lippbach](/wiki/Lippbach_%28Glatt%29 "Lippbach (Glatt)") *(from right)*, 6\.0 km and 6\.6 km² * [Heimbach](/wiki/Heimbach_%28Glatt%29 "Heimbach (Glatt)") *(from the right, in Leinstetten)*, 24,5 km and 77,5 km * [Zitzmannsbrunnenbach](/wiki/Zitzmannsbrunnenbach "Zitzmannsbrunnenbach") *(from right, in Bettenhausen)*, 4\.1 km and 9\.9 km² * [Nießler Bach](/wiki/Nie%C3%9Fler_Bach "Nießler Bach") *(from left, near Reinau)*, 0\.9 km * [Tobelbach](/wiki/Tobelbach_%28Glatt%29 "Tobelbach (Glatt)") (maybe also Dobelbach) *(from right, opposite Hopfau)*, 4\.7 km and 13\.4 km² * [Wiesenbächle](/wiki/Wiesenb%C3%A4chle_%28Glatt%29 "Wiesenbächle (Glatt)") *(from left, to Hopfau)*, 0\.8 km * (stream from *Talerbrunnen*) *(from left)*, 1\.0 km * [Tälebach](/wiki/T%C3%A4lebach_%28Glatt%29 "Tälebach (Glatt)") *(from right, in Glatt)*, 0\.9 km
[ "Geography\n---------", "### Source streams", "The *Glatt* originates in the village [Aach](/wiki/Aach_%28Dornstetten%29 \"Aach (Dornstetten)\"), a district of [Dornstetten](/wiki/Dornstetten \"Dornstetten\"). Here, the left and northern upper reaches of the Kübelbach merge with the right Stockerbach coming from the northwest next to the Grüntaler Straße to form the Glatt. Both branches are between 8 and 9 km long.", "The main upper course of the Glatt is the Kübelbach. Its own upper course up to the *Silberwiesen* before the first settlement [Dornstetten](/wiki/Dornstetten \"Dornstetten\")\\-Hallwangen is called *Glattbach*. The source of *Glattbach/Kübelbach* is located at about 717 m above Sea Level in the *Stutzwald* at the community border of Dornstetten to Freudenstadt and is called *Glattbrunnen*. Glattbach as well as Kügelbach altogether have only few important tributaries.", "The right upper course Stockerbach of the Glatt has its source on the other hand higher on about 753 m above sea level the *Kratzenhartbrunnen*, which is about 2 km west of the Glattbrunnen in the *Reichenbacher Wald* on Freudenstadt area. It is fed by a number of streams from the right, making its catchment area about one and a half times larger than that of its left partner.", "Still in Aach, only two hundred meters after its origin from the right and west\\-northwest, the Glatt takes the \"Ettenbach\", which is only about 5 km long. ({{coord\\|48\\|28\\|01\\.09\\|N\\|08\\|28\\|41\\.30\\|E\\|region:DE\\-BW\\_type:waterbody\\|name\\=Mündung Ettenbach}}) Its catchment area, however, exceeds that of the Kübelbach a little, which is why the Kübelbach, Stockerbach and Ettenbach are usually regarded as the three source branches that together make up the Glatt.", "### Course", "After that, the *Glatt* flows in a south\\-eastern to southern direction and takes in some tributaries and flows into [Glatten](/wiki/Glatten \"Glatten\"). On the section following its mouth the Glatt below [Neuneck](/wiki/Neuneck_Glatten \"Neuneck Glatten\") then runs through a very narrow and winding valley about 170 meters below the summit of the wooded *Schellenberg* 640 m above sea level. In [Leinstetten](/wiki/Leinstetten \"Leinstetten\"), the largest Glatt tributary by far [Heimbach](/wiki/Heimbach_%28Glatt%29 \"Heimbach (Glatt)\"), with its almost 25 km length, flows into the valley.", "About 2 km further down the valley, the river turns left where the small tributary Zitzmannsbrunnenbach meets the Glatt in [Bettenhausen](/wiki/Bettenhausen_%28Dornhan%29 \"Bettenhausen (Dornhan)\") to the east\\-northeast course. On the following, almost 10 km long run, only a somewhat more important stream flows into the valley. Then the Glatt flows below the village Glatt from [Sulz am Neckar](/wiki/Sulz_am_Neckar \"Sulz am Neckar\") and opposite the district [Neckarhausen](/wiki/Neckarhausen_%28Horb%29 \"Neckarhausen (Horb)\") from [Horb am Neckar](/wiki/Horb_am_Neckar \"Horb am Neckar\") from the left into the upper *Neckar*.", "### Catchment area", "The 234 km2 catchment area of the Glatt has roughly the contour of a triangle with a western base of about 31 km through the eastern Black Forest. This longest side extends from the northern tip east of Baiersbronn\\-[Klosterreichenbach](/wiki/Klosterreichenbach \"Klosterreichenbach\") in the *Reichenbacher Wald* near the *Krähenhartbrunnen*, from which the right spring brook Stockerbach has its source, to the southern tip at [Schramberg](/wiki/Schramberg \"Schramberg\")\\-Waldmössingen, which is close to the source of the largest tributary Heimbach. The catchment area is not even 17 km wide from this western side to the eastern tip at the estuary.", "On the northeast side, the [Nagold](/wiki/Nagold_%28river%29 \"Nagold (river)\") borders on the longest part of the catchment area, only finally towards the mouth to that of a less important downstream Neckar tributary. Beyond the entire southeastern watershed no major tributary runs to the nearby upstream Neckar. In the south and southwest, behind a short stretch of the catchment area boundary, the [Eschach](/wiki/Eschach_%28Neckar%29 \"Eschach (Neckar)\"), which is roughly equivalent to the Glatt, flows to the Neckar. On the largest part of the western watershed the [Kinzig](/wiki/Kinzig_%28Rhein%29 \"Kinzig (Rhein)\") collects the water running to the other side. Only at the *Schöllkopf* between [Lossburg](/wiki/Lossburg \"Lossburg\") and Freudenstadt it is replaced there by the [Murg (Northern Black Forest)](/wiki/Murg_%28Northern_Black_Forest%29 \"Murg (Northern Black Forest)\"), which at first competes over its right tributary Forbach. Since the large Black Forest rivers Kinzig and Murg flow directly into the Rhine, the western watershed is also a large watershed between the Neckar and Rhine over almost its entire length.", "Largest elevation in the catchment area is the mentioned *Schöllkopf*, which reaches a height of 843 m above sea level, and at whose eastern foot the second largest Glatt tributary Lauter has its source.", "* [Kübelbach](/wiki/K%C3%BCbelbach_%28Glatt%29 \"Kübelbach (Glatt)\") with upper course Glattbach *(left source stream, in Aach)*, 8\\.5 km and 11\\.4 km²\n* [Stockerbach](/wiki/Stockerbach_%28Glatt%29 \"Stockerbach (Glatt)\") *(right source stream, in Aach)*, 8\\.3 km and 17\\.7 km²Einzugsgebiet aufsummiert aus den Teileinzugsgebieten nach dem Layer *Basiseinzugsgebiet (AWGN)*.\n* [Ettenbach](/wiki/Ettenbach_%28Glatt%29 \"Ettenbach (Glatt)\") *(right, in Aach)*, 5\\.7 km and 12\\.0 km²Einzugsgebiet nach dem Layer *Basiseinzugsgebiet (AWGN)*.\n* [Schorngraben](/wiki/Schorngraben_%28Glatt%29 \"Schorngraben (Glatt)\") *(from right)*, 0\\.9 km\n* [Nottentalgraben](/wiki/Nottentalgraben \"Nottentalgraben\") *(from left)*, 0\\.9 km\n* [Mühlebach](/wiki/M%C3%BChlebach_%28Glatt%29 \"Mühlebach (Glatt)\") *(from left, before Glatten)*, 2,2 km\n* [Bürgenbach](/wiki/B%C3%BCrgenbach \"Bürgenbach\") *(from left, in Glatten)*, 3\\.3 km and 5\\.5 km²\n* [Lauter](/wiki/Lauter_%28Glatt%29 \"Lauter (Glatt)\") *(from right, in smooth)*, 10\\.2 km and 32\\.6 km²\\<! \\-\\-BEZG\\-Total: 32,610\\= 9,479 \\+Manbach: 7,513 \\+ 4,352 \\+Fischbach: 10,323 \\+ 0,943\\-\\-\\>\n* [Schlappbach](/wiki/Schlappbach \"Schlappbach\") *(from left, near Böffingen)*, 1,2 km\n* [Riedhaldenbächle](/wiki/Riedhaldenb%C3%A4chle \"Riedhaldenbächle\") *(from left, in ninepin)*, under 0\\.4 km\n* [Tälesbach](/wiki/T%C3%A4lesbach_%28Glatt%29 \"Tälesbach (Glatt)\") *(from left)*, 1\\.1 km\n* [Lippbach](/wiki/Lippbach_%28Glatt%29 \"Lippbach (Glatt)\") *(from right)*, 6\\.0 km and 6\\.6 km²\n* [Heimbach](/wiki/Heimbach_%28Glatt%29 \"Heimbach (Glatt)\") *(from the right, in Leinstetten)*, 24,5 km and 77,5 km\n* [Zitzmannsbrunnenbach](/wiki/Zitzmannsbrunnenbach \"Zitzmannsbrunnenbach\") *(from right, in Bettenhausen)*, 4\\.1 km and 9\\.9 km²\n* [Nießler Bach](/wiki/Nie%C3%9Fler_Bach \"Nießler Bach\") *(from left, near Reinau)*, 0\\.9 km\n* [Tobelbach](/wiki/Tobelbach_%28Glatt%29 \"Tobelbach (Glatt)\") (maybe also Dobelbach) *(from right, opposite Hopfau)*, 4\\.7 km and 13\\.4 km²\n* [Wiesenbächle](/wiki/Wiesenb%C3%A4chle_%28Glatt%29 \"Wiesenbächle (Glatt)\") *(from left, to Hopfau)*, 0\\.8 km\n* (stream from *Talerbrunnen*) *(from left)*, 1\\.0 km\n* [Tälebach](/wiki/T%C3%A4lebach_%28Glatt%29 \"Tälebach (Glatt)\") *(from right, in Glatt)*, 0\\.9 km" ]
Service history --------------- After carrying dispatches for United States forces in [California](/wiki/California "California") to [Chagres](/wiki/Chagres "Chagres"), [Panama](/wiki/Panama "Panama"), *Spitfire* joined the American blockading force off [Vera Cruz](/wiki/Veracruz%2C_Veracruz "Veracruz, Veracruz") on 10 November; and, as she was a new and efficient vessel designed specifically for service on Mexico's Gulf Coast, she significantly strengthened Commodore [David Conner](/wiki/David_Conner_%28naval_officer%29 "David Conner (naval officer)")'s squadron. ### Occupation of Tampico [thumb\|*Spitfire* amongst the U.S. naval expedition under Perry, ascending the Tuspan River; destroying the forts, and taking possession of the port of Tuspan](/wiki/File:The_U.S._naval_expedition_under_Com..ore_M.C._Perry%2C_ascending_the_Tuspan_River_%3B_destroying_the_forts%2C_and_taking_possesion_%28sic%29_of_the_port_of_Tuspan_%28...%29_-_painted_by_H._Walke_L.U.S.N._LCCN98516044.jpg "The U.S. naval expedition under Com..ore M.C. Perry, ascending the Tuspan River ; destroying the forts, and taking possesion (sic) of the port of Tuspan (...) - painted by H. Walke L.U.S.N. LCCN98516044.jpg") On the 12th, the small side wheel gunboat got underway with the squadron for an expedition against [Tampico](/wiki/Tampico%2C_Tamaulipas "Tampico, Tamaulipas"). The American ships gathered off Tampico bar on the morning of the 14th. At 10:45, Conner boarded *Spitfire* and used her as his [flagship](/wiki/Flagship "Flagship") during the attack which they opened at about 11:00 by firing a gun. *Spitfire* joined other light draft vessels of the squadron and boats from the heavier American warships in moving across the bar and up the [Pánuco River](/wiki/P%C3%A1nuco_River "Pánuco River") and past the fort which guarded the stream. In the early afternoon, a delegation from the city boarded *Spitfire* to discuss surrender. No agreement was reached; but, after a landing party had occupied the town, Conner decided that no formal capitulation was necessary. Two days later, boats from *Spitfire* and *Vixen* ascended the Panuco and captured three small Mexican gunboats. On the 18th, *Spitfire* and [schooner](/wiki/Schooner "Schooner") {{USS\|Petrel\|1846\|2}} went further up the river and captured the town of [Pánuco](/wiki/P%C3%A1nuco%2C_Veracruz "Pánuco, Veracruz") the next morning. They also destroyed nine Mexican 18\-pounders, threw a large supply of 18\-pound shot in the river, and burned military stores before heading downstream on the 21st. On 25 November, after a "norther" sank *Neptune* at Tampico, *Spitfire* rescued that steamer's crew without loss of life. On 13 December, Conner departed Tampico in Princeton and left Commander Tattnall in charge there until enough Army troops arrived to hold the town. Thus, *Spitfire* did not return to Vera Cruz until 3 January 1847\. ### Siege of Veracruz Preparations were soon underway for operations against that important port city. On 9 March, *Spitfire* led a flotilla of gunboats and other light draft naval vessels close to the shore to support the landing of [Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army") troops who began to invest the city. Just after dawn the following day, *Spitfire* anchored east of the fortress at [San Juan de Ulúa](/wiki/San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa "San Juan de Ulúa") and opened fire on the castle to divert the attention of the Mexicans from General [Winfield Scott](/wiki/Winfield_Scott "Winfield Scott") who shifted his headquarters ashore that morning. After an engagement lasting about 30 minutes, *Spitfire* withdrew out of range of the Mexican cannon. The days that followed were devoted to preparations for a siege of the city. At mid\-afternoon on the 22nd, when the cannonading began, *Spitfire* led [Josiah Tattnall III](/wiki/Josiah_Tattnall_III "Josiah Tattnall III")'s flotilla in an attack on the shore end of the city walls and maintained the bombardment until dark. The steamer's fire was praised as being especially accurate and effective. During the action, the batteries in the fortress fired on the flotilla, but its ships were undamaged. That night, *Spitfire's* executive officer, Lt. [David Dixon Porter](/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter "David Dixon Porter"), made a daring boat reconnaissance of the harbor at Vera Cruz to locate the best position for the flotilla when it resumed its shelling. The next morning, Tattnall sailed his gunboats within grape\-shot range of Fort Santiago and opened fire on both the town and the fort. The Mexican guns replied but were unable to depress their pieces sufficiently to hit the fearless American gunboats. ### Further operations After the surrender of Vera Cruz, *Spitfire* participated in the expedition against [Alvarado](/wiki/Alvarado%2C_Veracruz "Alvarado, Veracruz") and the capture of [Tuxpan](/wiki/Tuxpan%2C_Veracruz "Tuxpan, Veracruz") as Commodore [Matthew C. Perry](/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry "Matthew C. Perry")'s flagship. On 14 June, she was part of the force which took Frontera at the mouth of the Tabasco River. The American ships then ascended the river, engaged Mexican batteries at three points on the Tabasco, and occupied the city of the same name on the 16th. The American warships remained until 22 July when they headed down river toward the [Gulf of Mexico](/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico"). But, by this time most of the fighting of the Navy in the Gulf of Mexico had ceased. After routine duties protecting Army supply lines and communication, *Spitfire* returned home and was sold at Norfolk in 1848\.
[ "Service history\n---------------", "After carrying dispatches for United States forces in [California](/wiki/California \"California\") to [Chagres](/wiki/Chagres \"Chagres\"), [Panama](/wiki/Panama \"Panama\"), *Spitfire* joined the American blockading force off [Vera Cruz](/wiki/Veracruz%2C_Veracruz \"Veracruz, Veracruz\") on 10 November; and, as she was a new and efficient vessel designed specifically for service on Mexico's Gulf Coast, she significantly strengthened Commodore [David Conner](/wiki/David_Conner_%28naval_officer%29 \"David Conner (naval officer)\")'s squadron.", "### Occupation of Tampico", "[thumb\\|*Spitfire* amongst the U.S. naval expedition under Perry, ascending the Tuspan River; destroying the forts, and taking possession of the port of Tuspan](/wiki/File:The_U.S._naval_expedition_under_Com..ore_M.C._Perry%2C_ascending_the_Tuspan_River_%3B_destroying_the_forts%2C_and_taking_possesion_%28sic%29_of_the_port_of_Tuspan_%28...%29_-_painted_by_H._Walke_L.U.S.N._LCCN98516044.jpg \"The U.S. naval expedition under Com..ore M.C. Perry, ascending the Tuspan River ; destroying the forts, and taking possesion (sic) of the port of Tuspan (...) - painted by H. Walke L.U.S.N. LCCN98516044.jpg\")\nOn the 12th, the small side wheel gunboat got underway with the squadron for an expedition against [Tampico](/wiki/Tampico%2C_Tamaulipas \"Tampico, Tamaulipas\"). The American ships gathered off Tampico bar on the morning of the 14th. At 10:45, Conner boarded *Spitfire* and used her as his [flagship](/wiki/Flagship \"Flagship\") during the attack which they opened at about 11:00 by firing a gun.", "*Spitfire* joined other light draft vessels of the squadron and boats from the heavier American warships in moving across the bar and up the [Pánuco River](/wiki/P%C3%A1nuco_River \"Pánuco River\") and past the fort which guarded the stream. In the early afternoon, a delegation from the city boarded *Spitfire* to discuss surrender. No agreement was reached; but, after a landing party had occupied the town, Conner decided that no formal capitulation was necessary.", "Two days later, boats from *Spitfire* and *Vixen* ascended the Panuco and captured three small Mexican gunboats. On the 18th, *Spitfire* and [schooner](/wiki/Schooner \"Schooner\") {{USS\\|Petrel\\|1846\\|2}} went further up the river and captured the town of [Pánuco](/wiki/P%C3%A1nuco%2C_Veracruz \"Pánuco, Veracruz\") the next morning. They also destroyed nine Mexican 18\\-pounders, threw a large supply of 18\\-pound shot in the river, and burned military stores before heading downstream on the 21st.", "On 25 November, after a \"norther\" sank *Neptune* at Tampico, *Spitfire* rescued that steamer's crew without loss of life. On 13 December, Conner departed Tampico in Princeton and left Commander Tattnall in charge there until enough Army troops arrived to hold the town. Thus, *Spitfire* did not return to Vera Cruz until 3 January 1847\\.", "### Siege of Veracruz", "Preparations were soon underway for operations against that important port city. On 9 March, *Spitfire* led a flotilla of gunboats and other light draft naval vessels close to the shore to support the landing of [Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\") troops who began to invest the city.", "Just after dawn the following day, *Spitfire* anchored east of the fortress at [San Juan de Ulúa](/wiki/San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa \"San Juan de Ulúa\") and opened fire on the castle to divert the attention of the Mexicans from General [Winfield Scott](/wiki/Winfield_Scott \"Winfield Scott\") who shifted his headquarters ashore that morning. After an engagement lasting about 30 minutes, *Spitfire* withdrew out of range of the Mexican cannon.", "The days that followed were devoted to preparations for a siege of the city. At mid\\-afternoon on the 22nd, when the cannonading began, *Spitfire* led [Josiah Tattnall III](/wiki/Josiah_Tattnall_III \"Josiah Tattnall III\")'s flotilla in an attack on the shore end of the city walls and maintained the bombardment until dark. The steamer's fire was praised as being especially accurate and effective. During the action, the batteries in the fortress fired on the flotilla, but its ships were undamaged.", "That night, *Spitfire's* executive officer, Lt. [David Dixon Porter](/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter \"David Dixon Porter\"), made a daring boat reconnaissance of the harbor at Vera Cruz to locate the best position for the flotilla when it resumed its shelling.", "The next morning, Tattnall sailed his gunboats within grape\\-shot range of Fort Santiago and opened fire on both the town and the fort. The Mexican guns replied but were unable to depress their pieces sufficiently to hit the fearless American gunboats.", "### Further operations", "After the surrender of Vera Cruz, *Spitfire* participated in the expedition against [Alvarado](/wiki/Alvarado%2C_Veracruz \"Alvarado, Veracruz\") and the capture of [Tuxpan](/wiki/Tuxpan%2C_Veracruz \"Tuxpan, Veracruz\") as Commodore [Matthew C. Perry](/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry \"Matthew C. Perry\")'s flagship.", "On 14 June, she was part of the force which took Frontera at the mouth of the Tabasco River. The American ships then ascended the river, engaged Mexican batteries at three points on the Tabasco, and occupied the city of the same name on the 16th. The American warships remained until 22 July when they headed down river toward the [Gulf of Mexico](/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico \"Gulf of Mexico\").", "But, by this time most of the fighting of the Navy in the Gulf of Mexico had ceased. After routine duties protecting Army supply lines and communication, *Spitfire* returned home and was sold at Norfolk in 1848\\.", "" ]
### Siege of Veracruz Preparations were soon underway for operations against that important port city. On 9 March, *Spitfire* led a flotilla of gunboats and other light draft naval vessels close to the shore to support the landing of [Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army") troops who began to invest the city. Just after dawn the following day, *Spitfire* anchored east of the fortress at [San Juan de Ulúa](/wiki/San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa "San Juan de Ulúa") and opened fire on the castle to divert the attention of the Mexicans from General [Winfield Scott](/wiki/Winfield_Scott "Winfield Scott") who shifted his headquarters ashore that morning. After an engagement lasting about 30 minutes, *Spitfire* withdrew out of range of the Mexican cannon. The days that followed were devoted to preparations for a siege of the city. At mid\-afternoon on the 22nd, when the cannonading began, *Spitfire* led [Josiah Tattnall III](/wiki/Josiah_Tattnall_III "Josiah Tattnall III")'s flotilla in an attack on the shore end of the city walls and maintained the bombardment until dark. The steamer's fire was praised as being especially accurate and effective. During the action, the batteries in the fortress fired on the flotilla, but its ships were undamaged. That night, *Spitfire's* executive officer, Lt. [David Dixon Porter](/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter "David Dixon Porter"), made a daring boat reconnaissance of the harbor at Vera Cruz to locate the best position for the flotilla when it resumed its shelling. The next morning, Tattnall sailed his gunboats within grape\-shot range of Fort Santiago and opened fire on both the town and the fort. The Mexican guns replied but were unable to depress their pieces sufficiently to hit the fearless American gunboats.
[ "### Siege of Veracruz", "Preparations were soon underway for operations against that important port city. On 9 March, *Spitfire* led a flotilla of gunboats and other light draft naval vessels close to the shore to support the landing of [Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\") troops who began to invest the city.", "Just after dawn the following day, *Spitfire* anchored east of the fortress at [San Juan de Ulúa](/wiki/San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa \"San Juan de Ulúa\") and opened fire on the castle to divert the attention of the Mexicans from General [Winfield Scott](/wiki/Winfield_Scott \"Winfield Scott\") who shifted his headquarters ashore that morning. After an engagement lasting about 30 minutes, *Spitfire* withdrew out of range of the Mexican cannon.", "The days that followed were devoted to preparations for a siege of the city. At mid\\-afternoon on the 22nd, when the cannonading began, *Spitfire* led [Josiah Tattnall III](/wiki/Josiah_Tattnall_III \"Josiah Tattnall III\")'s flotilla in an attack on the shore end of the city walls and maintained the bombardment until dark. The steamer's fire was praised as being especially accurate and effective. During the action, the batteries in the fortress fired on the flotilla, but its ships were undamaged.", "That night, *Spitfire's* executive officer, Lt. [David Dixon Porter](/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter \"David Dixon Porter\"), made a daring boat reconnaissance of the harbor at Vera Cruz to locate the best position for the flotilla when it resumed its shelling.", "The next morning, Tattnall sailed his gunboats within grape\\-shot range of Fort Santiago and opened fire on both the town and the fort. The Mexican guns replied but were unable to depress their pieces sufficiently to hit the fearless American gunboats.", "" ]
History ------- Founded in 1921 by the [Society of the Holy Child Jesus](/wiki/Society_of_the_Holy_Child_Jesus "Society of the Holy Child Jesus"), Rosemont College is an independent university in the Catholic tradition located in eastern Pennsylvania. In the fall of 2009, the traditionally women's undergraduate college began accepting male students. The traditional Undergraduate College confers B.A., B.S., and B.F.A. degrees in twenty\-seven majors. Rosemont College also includes the schools of graduate and professional studies offering degrees and certificates at the master's level. One of the oldest Catholic women's colleges in the region, Rosemont originally "had a reputation for educating the daughters of more well\-to\-do Catholics."David R. Contosta, "The Philadelphia Story: Life at Immaculata, Rosemont, and Chestnut Hill." In *Catholic Women's Colleges in America,* edited by Tracy Schier and Cynthia Russett. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002\. Rosemont's first chairman of the board was [Cardinal Dougherty](/wiki/Dennis_Joseph_Dougherty "Dennis Joseph Dougherty"), who was instrumental in gaining Rosemont its first accreditation from the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools by personally guaranteeing the college's financial solvency. Bishop [Fulton J. Sheen](/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen "Fulton J. Sheen") was likewise involved in the early life of the college, describing Rosemont as "the finest girls' college in the United States." During World War II, Rosemont students aided the war effort by selling war bonds serving as air\-raid wardens while the college hosted Villanova College's summer programs as Villanova's campus was in use during the summers by the United States Navy. However, Rosemont evolved over the course of the twentieth century; "As views on women changed, the original—what some would call *convent*—atmosphere gradually moved toward more freedom for students to come and go, later curfews, and greater interaction with college men." In 1963, Rosemont students insisted that the college begin bringing non\-Catholic speakers to campus, and by the early 1970s, the college ceased holding religious retreats due to lack of attendance.
[ "History\n-------", "Founded in 1921 by the [Society of the Holy Child Jesus](/wiki/Society_of_the_Holy_Child_Jesus \"Society of the Holy Child Jesus\"), Rosemont College is an independent university in the Catholic tradition located in eastern Pennsylvania. In the fall of 2009, the traditionally women's undergraduate college began accepting male students. The traditional Undergraduate College confers B.A., B.S., and B.F.A. degrees in twenty\\-seven majors. Rosemont College also includes the schools of graduate and professional studies offering degrees and certificates at the master's level.", "One of the oldest Catholic women's colleges in the region, Rosemont originally \"had a reputation for educating the daughters of more well\\-to\\-do Catholics.\"David R. Contosta, \"The Philadelphia Story: Life at Immaculata, Rosemont, and Chestnut Hill.\" In *Catholic Women's Colleges in America,* edited by Tracy Schier and Cynthia Russett. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002\\.", "Rosemont's first chairman of the board was [Cardinal Dougherty](/wiki/Dennis_Joseph_Dougherty \"Dennis Joseph Dougherty\"), who was instrumental in gaining Rosemont its first accreditation from the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools by personally guaranteeing the college's financial solvency.", "Bishop [Fulton J. Sheen](/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen \"Fulton J. Sheen\") was likewise involved in the early life of the college, describing Rosemont as \"the finest girls' college in the United States.\"", "During World War II, Rosemont students aided the war effort by selling war bonds serving as air\\-raid wardens while the college hosted Villanova College's summer programs as Villanova's campus was in use during the summers by the United States Navy.", "However, Rosemont evolved over the course of the twentieth century; \"As views on women changed, the original—what some would call *convent*—atmosphere gradually moved toward more freedom for students to come and go, later curfews, and greater interaction with college men.\"", "In 1963, Rosemont students insisted that the college begin bringing non\\-Catholic speakers to campus, and by the early 1970s, the college ceased holding religious retreats due to lack of attendance.", "" ]
Academics --------- The university is [accredited](/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States "Higher education accreditation in the United States") by the [Middle States Commission on Higher Education](/wiki/Middle_States_Commission_on_Higher_Education "Middle States Commission on Higher Education").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.msche.org/Institutions\_Directory.asp \|title\=Middle States Commission on Higher Education \|publisher\=Msche.org \|date\=2010\-09\-21 \|access\-date\=2012\-11\-09}} Rosemont College is rated as a top 13 school for social mobility and \#148 out of 178 in Regional Universities North by [U.S. News \& World Report Best Colleges Ranking](/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking "U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking") in 2024\.{{cite web \|title\=Rosemont College \|url\=https://www.usnews.com/best\-colleges/rosemont\-college\-3360 \|website\=usnews.com \|publisher\=\[\[U.S. News \& World Report]] \|access\-date\=25 June 2024}}{{cite web \|title\=Rosemont College \|url\=https://www.usnews.com/best\-colleges/rosemont\-college\-3360 \|website\=usnews.com \|publisher\=\[\[U.S. News \& World Report]] \|access\-date\=25 June 2024}} The Undergraduate College offers 27 majors and 27 minors,{{Cite web \|title\=Come Visit Rosemont College \- Visit \- Admissions \- Rosemont College \|url\=https://www.rosemont.edu/admissions/visit/ \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-27 \|website\=www.rosemont.edu}} awarding Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Fine Arts, and Bachelor of Science degrees. Each program offers an in\-depth study of a particular subject area, as well as a breadth of study in the liberal arts. Rosemont's majors are: Rosemont offers teacher certification programs in elementary education and secondary education, as well as pre\-professional programs in dentistry, optometry, veterinary science, medicine, and law. Rosemont College has developed inter\-institutional cooperative agreements with [Villanova University](/wiki/Villanova_University "Villanova University"), [Eastern University](/wiki/Eastern_University_%28United_States%29 "Eastern University (United States)"), [Arcadia University](/wiki/Arcadia_University "Arcadia University"), [Cabrini College](/wiki/Cabrini_College "Cabrini College"), [Chestnut Hill College](/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_College "Chestnut Hill College"), [Gwynedd Mercy University](/wiki/Gwynedd_Mercy_University "Gwynedd Mercy University"), [Holy Family University](/wiki/Holy_Family_University "Holy Family University"), [Immaculata University](/wiki/Immaculata_University "Immaculata University"), and [Neumann University](/wiki/Neumann_University "Neumann University"). These agreements allow for cross\-registration and the sharing of library resources between the institutions. Rosemont also offers study abroad programs, internships, individualized majors, an early assurance medical program and other Nursing Programs with [Drexel University](/wiki/Drexel_University "Drexel University") College of Medicine, accelerated BA and MA programs, and the Cornelian Scholars program for early acceptance to Rosemont's graduate programs. Rosemont offers a 7\-year BA/BS/MD Fast Track medical program with [Drexel University College of Medicine](/wiki/Drexel_University_College_of_Medicine "Drexel University College of Medicine") in which students study for 3 years at Rosemont and after passing the required scores on the MCAT, move onto Drexel College of Medicine. The institution also offers an 8\-year BA/BS/MD Early Assurance medical program. ### School of Graduate Studies Rosemont College's School of Graduate Studies offers seven [co\-educational](/wiki/Co-educational "Co-educational") graduate programs. Its M.F.A. in Creative Writing was listed as an "M.F.A. Program to Watch" by *[Publishers Weekly](/wiki/Publishers_Weekly "Publishers Weekly")* in 2015\.{{citation\|title\=Spring 2015 M.F.A. Update: M.F.A. Programs to Watch\|publisher\=Publishers Weekly\|url\=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by\-topic/authors/mfa/article/65875\-spring\-2015\-m\-f\-a\-update\-m\-f\-a\-programs\-to\-watch.html\|access\-date\=March 19, 2015}} In 2023, the School Of Graduate Studies ranked as one of the Best Online Master's degree programs for Homeland Security{{Cite web \|title\=Best Online Master's Degree Programs in Homeland Security for 2023 \|url\=https://www.onlinemastersdegrees.org/best\-programs/homeland\-security/ \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-27 \|website\=OMD \|language\=en\-US}} and Organizational Leadership{{Cite web \|title\=Best Online Master's in Organizational Leadership: Top Schools for 2023 \|url\=https://www.onlinemastersdegrees.org/best\-programs/business/organizational\-leadership/ \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-27 \|website\=OMD \|language\=en\-US}} by Online Master's Degree ### School of Professional Studies The School of Professional Studies offers accelerated degree programs, certificates, and corporate training. The accelerated degree programs are completed in five\-week sessions, normally meeting once a week for four hours. The accelerated graduate courses are completed in seven\-week sessions or over a weekend.
[ "Academics\n---------", "The university is [accredited](/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States \"Higher education accreditation in the United States\") by the [Middle States Commission on Higher Education](/wiki/Middle_States_Commission_on_Higher_Education \"Middle States Commission on Higher Education\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.msche.org/Institutions\\_Directory.asp \\|title\\=Middle States Commission on Higher Education \\|publisher\\=Msche.org \\|date\\=2010\\-09\\-21 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-09}} Rosemont College is rated as a top 13 school for social mobility and \\#148 out of 178 in Regional Universities North by [U.S. News \\& World Report Best Colleges Ranking](/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking \"U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking\") in 2024\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Rosemont College \\|url\\=https://www.usnews.com/best\\-colleges/rosemont\\-college\\-3360 \\|website\\=usnews.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[U.S. News \\& World Report]] \\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2024}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Rosemont College \\|url\\=https://www.usnews.com/best\\-colleges/rosemont\\-college\\-3360 \\|website\\=usnews.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[U.S. News \\& World Report]] \\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2024}}", "The Undergraduate College offers 27 majors and 27 minors,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Come Visit Rosemont College \\- Visit \\- Admissions \\- Rosemont College \\|url\\=https://www.rosemont.edu/admissions/visit/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-27 \\|website\\=www.rosemont.edu}} awarding Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Fine Arts, and Bachelor of Science degrees. Each program offers an in\\-depth study of a particular subject area, as well as a breadth of study in the liberal arts. Rosemont's majors are:", "Rosemont offers teacher certification programs in elementary education and secondary education, as well as pre\\-professional programs in dentistry, optometry, veterinary science, medicine, and law.", "Rosemont College has developed inter\\-institutional cooperative agreements with [Villanova University](/wiki/Villanova_University \"Villanova University\"), [Eastern University](/wiki/Eastern_University_%28United_States%29 \"Eastern University (United States)\"), [Arcadia University](/wiki/Arcadia_University \"Arcadia University\"), [Cabrini College](/wiki/Cabrini_College \"Cabrini College\"), [Chestnut Hill College](/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_College \"Chestnut Hill College\"), [Gwynedd Mercy University](/wiki/Gwynedd_Mercy_University \"Gwynedd Mercy University\"), [Holy Family University](/wiki/Holy_Family_University \"Holy Family University\"), [Immaculata University](/wiki/Immaculata_University \"Immaculata University\"), and [Neumann University](/wiki/Neumann_University \"Neumann University\"). These agreements allow for cross\\-registration and the sharing of library resources between the institutions.", "Rosemont also offers study abroad programs, internships, individualized majors, an early assurance medical program and other Nursing Programs with [Drexel University](/wiki/Drexel_University \"Drexel University\") College of Medicine, accelerated BA and MA programs, and the Cornelian Scholars program for early acceptance to Rosemont's graduate programs.", "Rosemont offers a 7\\-year BA/BS/MD Fast Track medical program with [Drexel University College of Medicine](/wiki/Drexel_University_College_of_Medicine \"Drexel University College of Medicine\") in which students study for 3 years at Rosemont and after passing the required scores on the MCAT, move onto Drexel College of Medicine. The institution also offers an 8\\-year BA/BS/MD Early Assurance medical program.", "### School of Graduate Studies", "Rosemont College's School of Graduate Studies offers seven [co\\-educational](/wiki/Co-educational \"Co-educational\") graduate programs. Its M.F.A. in Creative Writing was listed as an \"M.F.A. Program to Watch\" by *[Publishers Weekly](/wiki/Publishers_Weekly \"Publishers Weekly\")* in 2015\\.{{citation\\|title\\=Spring 2015 M.F.A. Update: M.F.A. Programs to Watch\\|publisher\\=Publishers Weekly\\|url\\=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by\\-topic/authors/mfa/article/65875\\-spring\\-2015\\-m\\-f\\-a\\-update\\-m\\-f\\-a\\-programs\\-to\\-watch.html\\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2015}} In 2023, the School Of Graduate Studies ranked as one of the Best Online Master's degree programs for Homeland Security{{Cite web \\|title\\=Best Online Master's Degree Programs in Homeland Security for 2023 \\|url\\=https://www.onlinemastersdegrees.org/best\\-programs/homeland\\-security/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-27 \\|website\\=OMD \\|language\\=en\\-US}} and Organizational Leadership{{Cite web \\|title\\=Best Online Master's in Organizational Leadership: Top Schools for 2023 \\|url\\=https://www.onlinemastersdegrees.org/best\\-programs/business/organizational\\-leadership/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-27 \\|website\\=OMD \\|language\\=en\\-US}} by Online Master's Degree", "### School of Professional Studies", "The School of Professional Studies offers accelerated degree programs, certificates, and corporate training. The accelerated degree programs are completed in five\\-week sessions, normally meeting once a week for four hours. The accelerated graduate courses are completed in seven\\-week sessions or over a weekend.", "" ]
Formation of puppet governments ------------------------------- In contemporary north China the people had witnessed the [remarkable events in Manchuria](/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria "Japanese invasion of Manchuria") while dissatisfaction was rising among the citizens and various military cliques due to heavy taxation and exploitation by the Nationalist government. Chiang Kai\-shek's leverage in north China receded and in June 1935 Bai Jianwu launched an abortive coup d'état in [Fengtai](/wiki/Fengtai_District "Fengtai District") with the aim of establishing a pro\-Japanese and pro\-Manchukuo government. Political and economic grievances increased among the masses and movements for autonomy gathered momentum in places like Shandong, Shanxi, and Hebei where the Xianghe Incident occurred in October in which peasants disavowed the Nationalist government in opposition to a KMT tax hike and demanded self\-government against oppressive taxation. Then, on 3 November 1935 the Nationalists undertook a currency reform with British support and introduced the new silver standard and currency management system, but upon recalling the old currency they confronted more separatist tendencies when the Japanese\-backed military leaders of north China refused to hand over the silver.Brett Sheehan, Trust in troubled times: money, banks, and state\-society relations in republican Tianjin (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003\), 170\-171\. The Japanese army feared that the currency reform would strengthen of the Chinese government's economic control over north China, and they made efforts to establish a pro\-Japanese puppet government in Hebei and Chahar. However, because the Japanese encountered strong resistance from the Nationalist government and because various Chinese military leaders failed to respond to their invitations, on 25 November 1935 they established as a provisional measure the [East Hebei Autonomous Council](/wiki/East_Hebei_Autonomous_Council "East Hebei Autonomous Council"), a government under [Yin Ju\-keng](/wiki/Yin_Ju-keng "Yin Ju-keng") that would have jurisdiction over an area of Hebei Province demilitarized by the Tanggu Truce. Chiang Kai\-shek did not recognize Yin's declaration of autonomy and on 18 December 1935, in order to prevent the other factions in northern China from declaring their independence in the same manner, he set up the [Hebei–Chahar Political Council](/wiki/Hebei%E2%80%93Chahar_Political_Council "Hebei–Chahar Political Council") under [Song Zheyuan](/wiki/Song_Zheyuan "Song Zheyuan") encompassing Beiping (now Beijing), [Tianjin](/wiki/Tianjin "Tianjin"), and the provinces of Hebei and Chahar. In his address upon taking office, Song proclaimed a policy of anti\-communism, Sino\-Japanese friendship, and respect for the will of the people. At first the East Hebei Autonomous Council thought that the Hebei–Chahar Political Council was a similar type of autonomous body and considered a merger, but this idea was abandoned when they realized that the Hebei–Chahar Political Council was effectively under the control of the Nationalist government and on 25 December they asserted their full autonomy and organized the East Hebei Autonomous Anti\-Communist Government. Thus, through the manoeuvrings of Japan, the Nationalist government of China, and a variety of Chinese warlords, two different anti\-communist and pro\-Japanese autonomous governments were born in northern China. On 13 January 1936 the Japanese cabinet endorsed the First Administrative Policy Toward North China, which made keeping north China separate from the Nationalist government into Japan's official national policy. This policy was reaffirmed in the second and third administrative policies of 11 August 1936 and 16 April 1937\.
[ "Formation of puppet governments\n-------------------------------", "In contemporary north China the people had witnessed the [remarkable events in Manchuria](/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria \"Japanese invasion of Manchuria\") while dissatisfaction was rising among the citizens and various military cliques due to heavy taxation and exploitation by the Nationalist government. Chiang Kai\\-shek's leverage in north China receded and in June 1935 Bai Jianwu launched an abortive coup d'état in [Fengtai](/wiki/Fengtai_District \"Fengtai District\") with the aim of establishing a pro\\-Japanese and pro\\-Manchukuo government.", "Political and economic grievances increased among the masses and movements for autonomy gathered momentum in places like Shandong, Shanxi, and Hebei where the Xianghe Incident occurred in October in which peasants disavowed the Nationalist government in opposition to a KMT tax hike and demanded self\\-government against oppressive taxation. Then, on 3 November 1935 the Nationalists undertook a currency reform with British support and introduced the new silver standard and currency management system, but upon recalling the old currency they confronted more separatist tendencies when the Japanese\\-backed military leaders of north China refused to hand over the silver.Brett Sheehan, Trust in troubled times: money, banks, and state\\-society relations in republican Tianjin (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003\\), 170\\-171\\.", "The Japanese army feared that the currency reform would strengthen of the Chinese government's economic control over north China, and they made efforts to establish a pro\\-Japanese puppet government in Hebei and Chahar. However, because the Japanese encountered strong resistance from the Nationalist government and because various Chinese military leaders failed to respond to their invitations, on 25 November 1935 they established as a provisional measure the [East Hebei Autonomous Council](/wiki/East_Hebei_Autonomous_Council \"East Hebei Autonomous Council\"), a government under [Yin Ju\\-keng](/wiki/Yin_Ju-keng \"Yin Ju-keng\") that would have jurisdiction over an area of Hebei Province demilitarized by the Tanggu Truce.", "Chiang Kai\\-shek did not recognize Yin's declaration of autonomy and on 18 December 1935, in order to prevent the other factions in northern China from declaring their independence in the same manner, he set up the [Hebei–Chahar Political Council](/wiki/Hebei%E2%80%93Chahar_Political_Council \"Hebei–Chahar Political Council\") under [Song Zheyuan](/wiki/Song_Zheyuan \"Song Zheyuan\") encompassing Beiping (now Beijing), [Tianjin](/wiki/Tianjin \"Tianjin\"), and the provinces of Hebei and Chahar. In his address upon taking office, Song proclaimed a policy of anti\\-communism, Sino\\-Japanese friendship, and respect for the will of the people. At first the East Hebei Autonomous Council thought that the Hebei–Chahar Political Council was a similar type of autonomous body and considered a merger, but this idea was abandoned when they realized that the Hebei–Chahar Political Council was effectively under the control of the Nationalist government and on 25 December they asserted their full autonomy and organized the East Hebei Autonomous Anti\\-Communist Government.", "Thus, through the manoeuvrings of Japan, the Nationalist government of China, and a variety of Chinese warlords, two different anti\\-communist and pro\\-Japanese autonomous governments were born in northern China.", "On 13 January 1936 the Japanese cabinet endorsed the First Administrative Policy Toward North China, which made keeping north China separate from the Nationalist government into Japan's official national policy. This policy was reaffirmed in the second and third administrative policies of 11 August 1936 and 16 April 1937\\.", "" ]
Life ---- Emilia Bicchieri was born in 1238 in [Vercelli](/wiki/Vercelli "Vercelli") as the fourth of seven girls to Pietro Bicchieri, a patrician of noble stock. She was [baptized](/wiki/Baptized "Baptized") sometime in the month of her birth. In her childhood, she often sang [psalms](/wiki/Psalm "Psalm") in the house and retreated to her room for spiritual reflection. In her adolescence, she staved off her father's attempts for her to enter an advantageous marriage. Before her birth, her mother had a vivid dream in which she saw the future work of her daughter. She told this to a Dominican friar who told her that she would bear a daughter and that the dream was a clear sign that the unborn child would become a saint. In her childhood Bicchieri was taught to read and to embroider, and was considered her father's favourite despite emptying her purse as quickly as he could fill it – she provided alms to the poor with tender affection. Her three older sisters concerned themselves with advantageous marriages for greater wealth while she shunned such things as vain. Bicchieri's ambitions in 1254 were to become a [nun](/wiki/Nun "Nun") but she did not know which order she would enter. In 1256 she decided her call was to serve [God](/wiki/God "God") as a professed nun in the [Order of Preachers](/wiki/Order_of_Preachers "Order of Preachers"). Her father bowed to pressure and in 1255 decided to oversee the construction of an establishment that his daughter could found in her name and use for religious purposes. Her father died after the convent was constructed in 1255, which came as a tremendous blow to her for she was devoted to her father; she had dreaded informing him of her decision to become a nun. The hopeful Bicchieri founded the [convent](/wiki/Convent "Convent") of Santa Margherita in her hometown for regular Dominican tertiaries and in 1257 enrolled in the Dominicans before making her solemn profession and receiving the habit of the order; her convent would observe the rule of the [Third Order of Saint Dominic](/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic "Third Order of Saint Dominic"). [Pope Alexander IV](/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV "Pope Alexander IV") issued a papal brief that authorized the new convent in 1256\. The convent was incorporated into the full order sometime in 1266\. On 28 September 1257, she and 30 others took the habit and her mother came to attend the celebration and was amazed that her dream seemed to be fulfilled. She was elected as prioress in 1258 – against her will – but despite her position she liked to do the most menial of domestic duties in service to her fellow sisters. Bicchieri was reconfirmed as prioress in 1273\. The prioress became noted for her frequent reception of the [Eucharist](/wiki/Eucharist "Eucharist") and for often giving into ecstasies. During her tenure as prioress, the rule in force at the time prohibited members from drinking in between meals without the express permission of the prioress, which was something that was conceded on ultra\-rare occasions. Cecilia Avogadro requested but did not obtain Bicchieri's consent, and was advised to take her cup to the angel in meditation for sustenance. This religious died sometime later all of a sudden and ended up in [Purgatory](/wiki/Purgatory "Purgatory"). She appeared to the prioress and thanked her for her firmness. She was known to wear a hair shirt and often fasted as signs of penance. Bicchieri died in 1314 and her remains were placed in a modest grave before being relocated to her convent in 1537\. Her remains were moved one final time to [Vercelli Cathedral](/wiki/Vercelli_Cathedral "Vercelli Cathedral") in 1811\.
[ "Life\n----", "Emilia Bicchieri was born in 1238 in [Vercelli](/wiki/Vercelli \"Vercelli\") as the fourth of seven girls to Pietro Bicchieri, a patrician of noble stock. She was [baptized](/wiki/Baptized \"Baptized\") sometime in the month of her birth. In her childhood, she often sang [psalms](/wiki/Psalm \"Psalm\") in the house and retreated to her room for spiritual reflection. In her adolescence, she staved off her father's attempts for her to enter an advantageous marriage.", "Before her birth, her mother had a vivid dream in which she saw the future work of her daughter. She told this to a Dominican friar who told her that she would bear a daughter and that the dream was a clear sign that the unborn child would become a saint.", "In her childhood Bicchieri was taught to read and to embroider, and was considered her father's favourite despite emptying her purse as quickly as he could fill it – she provided alms to the poor with tender affection. Her three older sisters concerned themselves with advantageous marriages for greater wealth while she shunned such things as vain.", "Bicchieri's ambitions in 1254 were to become a [nun](/wiki/Nun \"Nun\") but she did not know which order she would enter. In 1256 she decided her call was to serve [God](/wiki/God \"God\") as a professed nun in the [Order of Preachers](/wiki/Order_of_Preachers \"Order of Preachers\"). Her father bowed to pressure and in 1255 decided to oversee the construction of an establishment that his daughter could found in her name and use for religious purposes. Her father died after the convent was constructed in 1255, which came as a tremendous blow to her for she was devoted to her father; she had dreaded informing him of her decision to become a nun.", "The hopeful Bicchieri founded the [convent](/wiki/Convent \"Convent\") of Santa Margherita in her hometown for regular Dominican tertiaries and in 1257 enrolled in the Dominicans before making her solemn profession and receiving the habit of the order; her convent would observe the rule of the [Third Order of Saint Dominic](/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic \"Third Order of Saint Dominic\"). [Pope Alexander IV](/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV \"Pope Alexander IV\") issued a papal brief that authorized the new convent in 1256\\. The convent was incorporated into the full order sometime in 1266\\. On 28 September 1257, she and 30 others took the habit and her mother came to attend the celebration and was amazed that her dream seemed to be fulfilled.", "She was elected as prioress in 1258 – against her will – but despite her position she liked to do the most menial of domestic duties in service to her fellow sisters. Bicchieri was reconfirmed as prioress in 1273\\. The prioress became noted for her frequent reception of the [Eucharist](/wiki/Eucharist \"Eucharist\") and for often giving into ecstasies. During her tenure as prioress, the rule in force at the time prohibited members from drinking in between meals without the express permission of the prioress, which was something that was conceded on ultra\\-rare occasions. Cecilia Avogadro requested but did not obtain Bicchieri's consent, and was advised to take her cup to the angel in meditation for sustenance. This religious died sometime later all of a sudden and ended up in [Purgatory](/wiki/Purgatory \"Purgatory\"). She appeared to the prioress and thanked her for her firmness. She was known to wear a hair shirt and often fasted as signs of penance.", "Bicchieri died in 1314 and her remains were placed in a modest grave before being relocated to her convent in 1537\\. Her remains were moved one final time to [Vercelli Cathedral](/wiki/Vercelli_Cathedral \"Vercelli Cathedral\") in 1811\\.", "" ]
History ------- The original [Hitchin](/wiki/Hitchin "Hitchin") club, [Hitchin F.C.](/wiki/Hitchin_F.C. "Hitchin F.C."), were formed in 1865\. The club took part in the inaugural [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup") competition in [1871–72](/wiki/FA_Cup_1871%E2%80%9372 "FA Cup 1871–72"), reaching the quarter\-finals before losing to runners\-up [Royal Engineers](/wiki/Royal_Engineers_A.F.C. "Royal Engineers A.F.C."). In 1905, Hitchin defeated [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. "Chelsea F.C.") 3–2 to become the first away team to win at [Stamford Bridge](/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_%28stadium%29 "Stamford Bridge (stadium)"). Hitchin turned professional during the early years of the 20th century, but following financial difficulties and a fire at their ground, the club folded in 1911\. Hitchin Town F.C. were formed in 1928, and it was at this time also that the "Canaries" identity was settled upon. The club colours were agreed as yellow and blue, replacing the old club's white and magenta – green replaced blue after only a few seasons. The new club were admitted to the [Spartan League](/wiki/Spartan_League "Spartan League"), and their first season, [1928–29](/wiki/1928%E2%80%9329_in_English_football "1928–29 in English football"), was a success – Hitchin won the Herts Charity Shield, as well as promotion to the Spartan League's second tier. Promotion to the top flight of the Spartan League was won in [1930–31](/wiki/1930%E2%80%9331_in_English_football "1930–31 in English football") and Hitchin won the [AFA Senior Cup](/wiki/AFA_Senior_Cup "AFA Senior Cup") a year later. [Reg Smith](/wiki/Reg_Smith "Reg Smith"), a future [England](/wiki/England_national_football_team "England national football team") player, led Hitchin to the Spartan League championship in [1934–35](/wiki/1934%E2%80%9335_in_English_football "1934–35 in English football") before moving on to [Millwall](/wiki/Millwall_F.C. "Millwall F.C.") a year later. The club moved from the Spartan League to the [Athenian League](/wiki/Athenian_League "Athenian League") for the [1939–40](/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340_in_English_football "1939–40 in English football") season, but after only two league matches the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") prompted the suspension of competitive football.{{cite web \|title \= A brief history of Hitchin Town Football Club \|url \= http://www.hitchintownfc.co.uk/club/history/index.shtml \|publisher \= Hitchin Town F.C. \|access\-date \= 2009\-05\-26 \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081826/http://www.hitchintownfc.co.uk/club/history/index.shtml \|archive\-date \= 16 July 2011 }} The Athenian League returned for [1945–46](/wiki/1945%E2%80%9346_in_English_football "1945–46 in English football"), and Hitchin finished 10th out of 14 clubs. The next season saw an improvement to sixth, but Hitchin did not achieve a finish higher than mid\-table until the [1953–54](/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_in_English_football "1953–54 in English football") campaign – Hitchin finished as runners\-up. The club reached the quarter\-finals of the [FA Amateur Cup](/wiki/FA_Amateur_Cup "FA Amateur Cup"), but lost 10–1 to [Crook Town](/wiki/Crook_Town_F.C. "Crook Town F.C."). Two years later, Hitchin beat [Wycombe Wanderers](/wiki/Wycombe_Wanderers_F.C. "Wycombe Wanderers F.C.") 1–0 in the same competition in front of 7,878 spectators, but the club once again failed to progress beyond the quarter\-finals. [Peter Hammond](/wiki/Peter_Hammond_%28footballer%29 "Peter Hammond (footballer)") became the first Hitchin player to represent his country in 1958, when he appeared for [England's amateur team](/wiki/England_national_amateur_football_team "England national amateur football team"). Former [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C.") player and England international [Laurie Scott](/wiki/Laurie_Scott_%28footballer%29 "Laurie Scott (footballer)") was appointed manager the same year. Scott worked to bring the [amateur](/wiki/Amateur "Amateur") club more into line with their [professional](/wiki/Professional "Professional") counterparts. The club met [Football League](/wiki/English_Football_League "English Football League") opposition in the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup") for the first time during [1958–59](/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_FA_Cup "1958–59 FA Cup"), but despite holding [Millwall](/wiki/Millwall_F.C. "Millwall F.C.") to a 1–1 draw at Top Field, lost 2–1 in the replay. Hitchin travelled to [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. "Crystal Palace F.C.") two years later in the same competition and lost 6–2\. Meanwhile, Scott prepared his team for an assault on the Athenian League title and the FA Amateur Cup. Scott's team finished fifth during [1960–61](/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_in_English_football "1960–61 in English football"), and lost in the semi\-finals of the Cup. Hitchin came sixth the next year, and [1962–63](/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_in_English_football "1962–63 in English football") saw another fifth\-place finish and semi\-final defeat before the club switched league again – joining the [Isthmian League](/wiki/Isthmian_League "Isthmian League"). The move to the Isthmian League coincided with a time of financial strife at the club. The club finished in the bottom half of the division during their first five seasons in the league, as the club struggled to attract players of a sufficient quality. The club were not helped by corruption behind the scenes – some supposedly amateur players were receiving salaries, and when this emerged, the club were barracked by the local press. It took some time for the clouds to disperse, and the result was the departure of Scott. The late 1960s saw the arrival of Vince Burgess as manager. Led by Burgess, Hitchin finished as Isthmian League runners\-up in [1968–69](/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Isthmian_League "1968–69 Isthmian League") and won the [London Senior Cup](/wiki/London_Senior_Cup "London Senior Cup") a year later. The success brought by Burgess then dissipated as soon as it had appeared, as Burgess left the club in 1970\. Hitchin did, however, win the East Anglian Cup in [1972–73](/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_in_English_football "1972–73 in English football"). During the 1970s, Hitchin reached the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup") first round four times —– in [1973–74](/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_FA_Cup "1973–74 FA Cup"), [1974–75](/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_FA_Cup "1974–75 FA Cup"), [1976–77](/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_FA_Cup "1976–77 FA Cup") and [1978–79](/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_FA_Cup "1978–79 FA Cup"). The 1973–74 run was ended abruptly by fellow [non\-League](/wiki/Non-League_football "Non-League football") side [Boston United](/wiki/Boston_United_F.C. "Boston United F.C."), who beat Hitchin 1–0 in the second round to deny them a third\-round tie against [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County_F.C. "Derby County F.C."). Meanwhile, league finishes were poor – Hitchin only finished in the top half twice, ninth in [1976–77](/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_Isthmian_League "1976–77 Isthmian League") and fifth a year later. A sixth\-place finish in [1983–84](/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Isthmian_League "1983–84 Isthmian League") proved to be a last hurrah – Hitchin Town suffered relegation from the Isthmian League Premier Division in [1987–88](/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Isthmian_League "1987–88 Isthmian League"). It took five years for Hitchin to return, and the club suffered major financial hardship. Andy Melvin, who both owned and [managed](/wiki/Coach_%28sports%29 "Coach (sports)") the club, led Hitchin back to the Premier Division in [1992–93](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Isthmian_League "1992–93 Isthmian League") by winning the First Division. In the club's first season back, Melvin took them to eighth place and then fifth a year later. In [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_FA_Cup "1994–95 FA Cup"), the club beat [Hereford United](/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C. "Hereford United F.C.") 4–2 at Top Field in the FA Cup first round. A year later, [Bristol Rovers](/wiki/Bristol_Rovers_F.C. "Bristol Rovers F.C.") were defeated 2–1, also in the first round, thanks to two early goals. The second round tie at [Gillingham](/wiki/Gillingham_F.C. "Gillingham F.C."), was lost 3–0\. Despite the cup success, league form plummeted once more. The club were relegated once again in [1997–98](/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Isthmian_League "1997–98 Isthmian League"), but the club won promotion back a year later. Melvin led the club to a 10th\-place finish in [2000–01](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Isthmian_League "2000–01 Isthmian League"), before stepping down. The club's new boss was Robbie O'Keefe, who had presided over the club's youth academy. He left after two uneventful mid\-table seasons, and was replaced by former [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. "Chelsea F.C."), [Luton Town](/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C. "Luton Town F.C.") and [England](/wiki/England_national_football_team "England national football team") [forward](/wiki/Forward_%28association_football%29 "Forward (association football)") [Kerry Dixon](/wiki/Kerry_Dixon "Kerry Dixon"). With Dixon at the helm, the club finished fourth from bottom, and the club left the Isthmian League at the end of the season. Hitchin Town moved to the [Southern League](/wiki/Southern_Football_League "Southern Football League"). Halfway through the following season, Dixon was replaced by former Luton Town [defender](/wiki/Defender_%28association_football%29 "Defender (association football)") [Darren Salton](/wiki/Darren_Salton "Darren Salton"). A supporters trust was formed in 2005 to contribute weekly to the club's playing budget, and this helped the management to balance the books. Salton brought some success to the club in the form of a [Southern League Cup](/wiki/Southern_Football_League_Cup_%28England%29 "Southern Football League Cup (England)") victory in [2005–06](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Southern_Football_League "2005–06 Southern Football League"). The [2006–07](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Southern_Football_League "2006–07 Southern Football League") campaign was an anti\-climax – Hitchin were second in the league in December, but a spectacular collapse saw them 11th at season's end. Hitchin were at the foot of the table from the off during [2007–08](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Southern_Football_League "2007–08 Southern Football League"), and Salton was replaced by Darran Hay in November. Hay managed to guide the club to safety, as Hitchin finished 18th, but resigned in January 2009 with the club battling relegation once more.{{cite news \| title \= Hay steps down as Hitchin manager \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_conf/7843083\.stm \| publisher \= BBC \| date \= 2009\-01\-21 \| access\-date \= 2009\-05\-26 \| archive\-date \= 17 April 2022 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20220417081224/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_conf/7843083\.stm \| url\-status \= live }} Colin Payne was appointed manager a month later,{{cite magazine \| title \= A chance to meet the new boss \| url \= http://www.thecomet.net/content/comet/sport/hitchinfc/story.aspx?brand\=CMTOnline\&category\=SportHitchinFC\&tBrand\=HertsCambsOnline\&tCategory\=SportHitchinFC\&itemid\=WEED10%20Feb%202009%2009%3A57%3A28%3A377 \| magazine \= The Comet \| date \= 2009\-02\-10 \| access\-date \= 2009\-05\-26}} but he was unable to prevent relegation from the Southern League Premier Division.{{cite magazine \| title \= Massive overhaul planned after Hitchin Town are relegated \| url \= http://www.thecomet.net/content/comet/sport/hitchinfc/story.aspx?brand\=CMTOnline\&category\=SportHitchinFC\&tBrand\=HertsCambsOnline\&tCategory\=SportHitchinFC\&itemid\=WEED27%20Apr%202009%2010%3A23%3A28%3A507 \| magazine \= The Comet \| date \= 2009\-04\-29 \| access\-date \= 2009\-05\-26}} In 2009–10, Hitchin led the Midlands Division for long periods, but eventually finished runners\-up to Bury Town, despite reaching 100 points in a campaign that saw them win 31 of their 42 league games. Hitchin played Slough in the semi\-final play\-off, but lost 1–2 at home, consigning them to another season at that level. A few days later, Colin Payne resigned as manager and Carl Williams was appointed manager of the club. Williams experienced extraordinary success in his first season in charge. Hitchin led the league table for most of the campaign before a mid\-season drop in form eroded their advantage at the top. On the final day of the season, they were beaten by near\-neighbours Arlesey Town, who won the league title. Hitchin had to negotiate the play\-offs for the second successive season, but won promotion by beating Slough and Daventry. It was a successful and momentous season for the club, with the biggest average attendances since 1994–95 and the most goals scored in a league campaign (107\) since 1928–29\. Furthermore, for the second consecutive year, the club had the top scorer in its division – John Frendo's 31 goals topping the list of marksmen. Frendo's goals were again instrumental in Hitchin's first season back in the [Southern League Premier Division](/wiki/Southern_Football_League "Southern Football League") in 2011–12\. In a campaign that had its highs, notably in the form of victories against [AFC Totton](/wiki/A.F.C._Totton "A.F.C. Totton"), [Cambridge City](/wiki/Cambridge_City_F.C. "Cambridge City F.C.") and eventual champions [Brackley](/wiki/Brackley_Town_F.C. "Brackley Town F.C."), Hitchin eventually finished 14th. Similarly, Frendo's 44 goals in 48 appearances during the 2012\-13 campaign not only helped Hitchin to a 13th\-place finish in the league but won him the award of Non\-League's top scorer, beating [Altrincham's](/wiki/Altrincham_F.C. "Altrincham F.C.") Damian Reeves by 1 goal.{{cite news \| title \= Top Field Is Home From Home For Ace Frendo \| url \= http://www.thenonleaguefootballpaper.com/southern\-league\-step\-four/5897/top\-field\-is\-home\-from\-home\-for\-ace\-frendo/ \| newspaper \= The Non\-League Paper \| date \= 2013\-05\-21 \| access\-date \= 2013\-05\-21 \| archive\-date \= 28 August 2013 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130828104025/http://www.thenonleaguefootballpaper.com/southern\-league\-step\-four/5897/top\-field\-is\-home\-from\-home\-for\-ace\-frendo/ \| url\-status \= live }} His hat\-trick on the last day of the season away to [Bedford](/wiki/Bedford_Town_F.C. "Bedford Town F.C.") meant Frendo had scored over 100 goals for Hitchin in 3 seasons. At the end of that season, manager Carl Williams stepped down. Former player Mark Burke was appointed manager in the summer of 2013 and the previous side almost entirely moved on. Despite this Burke and his assistant Adam Parker recruited some new young talent and finished in a creditable 13th position. Hitchin Town have made steady progress in the Southern League Premier Division in the last 5 seasons. They have finished 14th, 13th, 13th and 9th, before reaching a best\-ever position in the league of 3rd in 2015–16\. This saw them qualify for the play\-offs but they lost their semi\-final at Top Field 3–2 to [Hungerford Town](/wiki/Hungerford_Town_F.C. "Hungerford Town F.C."), having held a 2–0 lead in front of a crowd of 1305\. However the season ended on a high as Hitchin then defeated [Boreham Wood](/wiki/Boreham_Wood_F.C. "Boreham Wood F.C.") 2–1 to lift the [Hertfordshire Senior Cup](/wiki/Herts_Senior_Cup "Herts Senior Cup"). In 2016–17, Hitchin Town finished in 4th place and won their play\-off semi\-final via a penalty shoot\-out against [Merthyr Town](/wiki/Merthyr_Town_F.C._%282010%29 "Merthyr Town F.C. (2010)"). The final took place at [Leamington](/wiki/Leamington_F.C. "Leamington F.C.") and Hitchin took an early lead which they held until the 90th minute when they conceded a penalty and were reduced to ten men. Leamington won 2–1 with a goal in extra time to clinch promotion. Hitchin did however retain the [Hertfordshire Senior Cup](/wiki/Herts_Senior_Cup "Herts Senior Cup") with a 2–1 win over [Bishops Stortford](/wiki/Bishops_Stortford_F.C. "Bishops Stortford F.C."), having previously lost 1–0 to [Cheshunt](/wiki/Cheshunt_F.C. "Cheshunt F.C.") in the [Hertfordshire Charity Cup](/wiki/Herts_Charity_Cup "Herts Charity Cup") Final.
[ "History\n-------", "The original [Hitchin](/wiki/Hitchin \"Hitchin\") club, [Hitchin F.C.](/wiki/Hitchin_F.C. \"Hitchin F.C.\"), were formed in 1865\\. The club took part in the inaugural [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\") competition in [1871–72](/wiki/FA_Cup_1871%E2%80%9372 \"FA Cup 1871–72\"), reaching the quarter\\-finals before losing to runners\\-up [Royal Engineers](/wiki/Royal_Engineers_A.F.C. \"Royal Engineers A.F.C.\"). In 1905, Hitchin defeated [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. \"Chelsea F.C.\") 3–2 to become the first away team to win at [Stamford Bridge](/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_%28stadium%29 \"Stamford Bridge (stadium)\"). Hitchin turned professional during the early years of the 20th century, but following financial difficulties and a fire at their ground, the club folded in 1911\\.", "Hitchin Town F.C. were formed in 1928, and it was at this time also that the \"Canaries\" identity was settled upon. The club colours were agreed as yellow and blue, replacing the old club's white and magenta – green replaced blue after only a few seasons. The new club were admitted to the [Spartan League](/wiki/Spartan_League \"Spartan League\"), and their first season, [1928–29](/wiki/1928%E2%80%9329_in_English_football \"1928–29 in English football\"), was a success – Hitchin won the Herts Charity Shield, as well as promotion to the Spartan League's second tier. Promotion to the top flight of the Spartan League was won in [1930–31](/wiki/1930%E2%80%9331_in_English_football \"1930–31 in English football\") and Hitchin won the [AFA Senior Cup](/wiki/AFA_Senior_Cup \"AFA Senior Cup\") a year later. [Reg Smith](/wiki/Reg_Smith \"Reg Smith\"), a future [England](/wiki/England_national_football_team \"England national football team\") player, led Hitchin to the Spartan League championship in [1934–35](/wiki/1934%E2%80%9335_in_English_football \"1934–35 in English football\") before moving on to [Millwall](/wiki/Millwall_F.C. \"Millwall F.C.\") a year later. The club moved from the Spartan League to the [Athenian League](/wiki/Athenian_League \"Athenian League\") for the [1939–40](/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340_in_English_football \"1939–40 in English football\") season, but after only two league matches the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") prompted the suspension of competitive football.{{cite web\n \\|title \\= A brief history of Hitchin Town Football Club\n \\|url \\= http://www.hitchintownfc.co.uk/club/history/index.shtml\n \\|publisher \\= Hitchin Town F.C.\n \\|access\\-date \\= 2009\\-05\\-26\n \\|url\\-status \\= dead\n \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081826/http://www.hitchintownfc.co.uk/club/history/index.shtml\n \\|archive\\-date \\= 16 July 2011\n}}", "The Athenian League returned for [1945–46](/wiki/1945%E2%80%9346_in_English_football \"1945–46 in English football\"), and Hitchin finished 10th out of 14 clubs. The next season saw an improvement to sixth, but Hitchin did not achieve a finish higher than mid\\-table until the [1953–54](/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_in_English_football \"1953–54 in English football\") campaign – Hitchin finished as runners\\-up. The club reached the quarter\\-finals of the [FA Amateur Cup](/wiki/FA_Amateur_Cup \"FA Amateur Cup\"), but lost 10–1 to [Crook Town](/wiki/Crook_Town_F.C. \"Crook Town F.C.\"). Two years later, Hitchin beat [Wycombe Wanderers](/wiki/Wycombe_Wanderers_F.C. \"Wycombe Wanderers F.C.\") 1–0 in the same competition in front of 7,878 spectators, but the club once again failed to progress beyond the quarter\\-finals. [Peter Hammond](/wiki/Peter_Hammond_%28footballer%29 \"Peter Hammond (footballer)\") became the first Hitchin player to represent his country in 1958, when he appeared for [England's amateur team](/wiki/England_national_amateur_football_team \"England national amateur football team\"). Former [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\") player and England international [Laurie Scott](/wiki/Laurie_Scott_%28footballer%29 \"Laurie Scott (footballer)\") was appointed manager the same year.", "Scott worked to bring the [amateur](/wiki/Amateur \"Amateur\") club more into line with their [professional](/wiki/Professional \"Professional\") counterparts. The club met [Football League](/wiki/English_Football_League \"English Football League\") opposition in the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\") for the first time during [1958–59](/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_FA_Cup \"1958–59 FA Cup\"), but despite holding [Millwall](/wiki/Millwall_F.C. \"Millwall F.C.\") to a 1–1 draw at Top Field, lost 2–1 in the replay. Hitchin travelled to [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. \"Crystal Palace F.C.\") two years later in the same competition and lost 6–2\\. Meanwhile, Scott prepared his team for an assault on the Athenian League title and the FA Amateur Cup. Scott's team finished fifth during [1960–61](/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_in_English_football \"1960–61 in English football\"), and lost in the semi\\-finals of the Cup. Hitchin came sixth the next year, and [1962–63](/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_in_English_football \"1962–63 in English football\") saw another fifth\\-place finish and semi\\-final defeat before the club switched league again – joining the [Isthmian League](/wiki/Isthmian_League \"Isthmian League\").", "The move to the Isthmian League coincided with a time of financial strife at the club. The club finished in the bottom half of the division during their first five seasons in the league, as the club struggled to attract players of a sufficient quality. The club were not helped by corruption behind the scenes – some supposedly amateur players were receiving salaries, and when this emerged, the club were barracked by the local press. It took some time for the clouds to disperse, and the result was the departure of Scott. The late 1960s saw the arrival of Vince Burgess as manager. Led by Burgess, Hitchin finished as Isthmian League runners\\-up in [1968–69](/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Isthmian_League \"1968–69 Isthmian League\") and won the [London Senior Cup](/wiki/London_Senior_Cup \"London Senior Cup\") a year later. The success brought by Burgess then dissipated as soon as it had appeared, as Burgess left the club in 1970\\. Hitchin did, however, win the East Anglian Cup in [1972–73](/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_in_English_football \"1972–73 in English football\").", "During the 1970s, Hitchin reached the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\") first round four times —– in [1973–74](/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_FA_Cup \"1973–74 FA Cup\"), [1974–75](/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_FA_Cup \"1974–75 FA Cup\"), [1976–77](/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_FA_Cup \"1976–77 FA Cup\") and [1978–79](/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_FA_Cup \"1978–79 FA Cup\"). The 1973–74 run was ended abruptly by fellow [non\\-League](/wiki/Non-League_football \"Non-League football\") side [Boston United](/wiki/Boston_United_F.C. \"Boston United F.C.\"), who beat Hitchin 1–0 in the second round to deny them a third\\-round tie against [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County_F.C. \"Derby County F.C.\"). Meanwhile, league finishes were poor – Hitchin only finished in the top half twice, ninth in [1976–77](/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_Isthmian_League \"1976–77 Isthmian League\") and fifth a year later.", "A sixth\\-place finish in [1983–84](/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Isthmian_League \"1983–84 Isthmian League\") proved to be a last hurrah – Hitchin Town suffered relegation from the Isthmian League Premier Division in [1987–88](/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Isthmian_League \"1987–88 Isthmian League\"). It took five years for Hitchin to return, and the club suffered major financial hardship. Andy Melvin, who both owned and [managed](/wiki/Coach_%28sports%29 \"Coach (sports)\") the club, led Hitchin back to the Premier Division in [1992–93](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Isthmian_League \"1992–93 Isthmian League\") by winning the First Division. In the club's first season back, Melvin took them to eighth place and then fifth a year later.", "In [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_FA_Cup \"1994–95 FA Cup\"), the club beat [Hereford United](/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C. \"Hereford United F.C.\") 4–2 at Top Field in the FA Cup first round. A year later, [Bristol Rovers](/wiki/Bristol_Rovers_F.C. \"Bristol Rovers F.C.\") were defeated 2–1, also in the first round, thanks to two early goals. The second round tie at [Gillingham](/wiki/Gillingham_F.C. \"Gillingham F.C.\"), was lost 3–0\\. Despite the cup success, league form plummeted once more. The club were relegated once again in [1997–98](/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Isthmian_League \"1997–98 Isthmian League\"), but the club won promotion back a year later. Melvin led the club to a 10th\\-place finish in [2000–01](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Isthmian_League \"2000–01 Isthmian League\"), before stepping down.", "The club's new boss was Robbie O'Keefe, who had presided over the club's youth academy. He left after two uneventful mid\\-table seasons, and was replaced by former [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. \"Chelsea F.C.\"), [Luton Town](/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C. \"Luton Town F.C.\") and [England](/wiki/England_national_football_team \"England national football team\") [forward](/wiki/Forward_%28association_football%29 \"Forward (association football)\") [Kerry Dixon](/wiki/Kerry_Dixon \"Kerry Dixon\"). With Dixon at the helm, the club finished fourth from bottom, and the club left the Isthmian League at the end of the season. Hitchin Town moved to the [Southern League](/wiki/Southern_Football_League \"Southern Football League\").", "Halfway through the following season, Dixon was replaced by former Luton Town [defender](/wiki/Defender_%28association_football%29 \"Defender (association football)\") [Darren Salton](/wiki/Darren_Salton \"Darren Salton\"). A supporters trust was formed in 2005 to contribute weekly to the club's playing budget, and this helped the management to balance the books. Salton brought some success to the club in the form of a [Southern League Cup](/wiki/Southern_Football_League_Cup_%28England%29 \"Southern Football League Cup (England)\") victory in [2005–06](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Southern_Football_League \"2005–06 Southern Football League\"). The [2006–07](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Southern_Football_League \"2006–07 Southern Football League\") campaign was an anti\\-climax – Hitchin were second in the league in December, but a spectacular collapse saw them 11th at season's end.", "Hitchin were at the foot of the table from the off during [2007–08](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Southern_Football_League \"2007–08 Southern Football League\"), and Salton was replaced by Darran Hay in November. Hay managed to guide the club to safety, as Hitchin finished 18th, but resigned in January 2009 with the club battling relegation once more.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Hay steps down as Hitchin manager\n\\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_conf/7843083\\.stm\n\\| publisher \\= BBC\n\\| date \\= 2009\\-01\\-21\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2009\\-05\\-26\n\\| archive\\-date \\= 17 April 2022\n\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220417081224/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_conf/7843083\\.stm\n\\| url\\-status \\= live\n}}\nColin Payne was appointed manager a month later,{{cite magazine\n\\| title \\= A chance to meet the new boss\n\\| url \\= http://www.thecomet.net/content/comet/sport/hitchinfc/story.aspx?brand\\=CMTOnline\\&category\\=SportHitchinFC\\&tBrand\\=HertsCambsOnline\\&tCategory\\=SportHitchinFC\\&itemid\\=WEED10%20Feb%202009%2009%3A57%3A28%3A377\n\\| magazine \\= The Comet\n\\| date \\= 2009\\-02\\-10\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2009\\-05\\-26}} but he was unable to prevent relegation from the Southern League Premier Division.{{cite magazine\n\\| title \\= Massive overhaul planned after Hitchin Town are relegated\n\\| url \\= http://www.thecomet.net/content/comet/sport/hitchinfc/story.aspx?brand\\=CMTOnline\\&category\\=SportHitchinFC\\&tBrand\\=HertsCambsOnline\\&tCategory\\=SportHitchinFC\\&itemid\\=WEED27%20Apr%202009%2010%3A23%3A28%3A507\n\\| magazine \\= The Comet\n\\| date \\= 2009\\-04\\-29\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2009\\-05\\-26}} In 2009–10, Hitchin led the Midlands Division for long periods, but eventually finished runners\\-up to Bury Town, despite reaching 100 points in a campaign that saw them win 31 of their 42 league games. Hitchin played Slough in the semi\\-final play\\-off, but lost 1–2 at home, consigning them to another season at that level. A few days later, Colin Payne resigned as manager and Carl Williams was appointed manager of the club. Williams experienced extraordinary success in his first season in charge. Hitchin led the league table for most of the campaign before a mid\\-season drop in form eroded their advantage at the top. On the final day of the season, they were beaten by near\\-neighbours Arlesey Town, who won the league title. Hitchin had to negotiate the play\\-offs for the second successive season, but won promotion by beating Slough and Daventry. It was a successful and momentous season for the club, with the biggest average attendances since 1994–95 and the most goals scored in a league campaign (107\\) since 1928–29\\. Furthermore, for the second consecutive year, the club had the top scorer in its division – John Frendo's 31 goals topping the list of marksmen.", "Frendo's goals were again instrumental in Hitchin's first season back in the [Southern League Premier Division](/wiki/Southern_Football_League \"Southern Football League\") in 2011–12\\. In a campaign that had its highs, notably in the form of victories against [AFC Totton](/wiki/A.F.C._Totton \"A.F.C. Totton\"), [Cambridge City](/wiki/Cambridge_City_F.C. \"Cambridge City F.C.\") and eventual champions [Brackley](/wiki/Brackley_Town_F.C. \"Brackley Town F.C.\"), Hitchin eventually finished 14th. Similarly, Frendo's 44 goals in 48 appearances during the 2012\\-13 campaign not only helped Hitchin to a 13th\\-place finish in the league but won him the award of Non\\-League's top scorer, beating [Altrincham's](/wiki/Altrincham_F.C. \"Altrincham F.C.\") Damian Reeves by 1 goal.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Top Field Is Home From Home For Ace Frendo\n\\| url \\= http://www.thenonleaguefootballpaper.com/southern\\-league\\-step\\-four/5897/top\\-field\\-is\\-home\\-from\\-home\\-for\\-ace\\-frendo/\n\\| newspaper \\= The Non\\-League Paper\n\\| date \\= 2013\\-05\\-21\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2013\\-05\\-21\n\\| archive\\-date \\= 28 August 2013\n\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130828104025/http://www.thenonleaguefootballpaper.com/southern\\-league\\-step\\-four/5897/top\\-field\\-is\\-home\\-from\\-home\\-for\\-ace\\-frendo/\n\\| url\\-status \\= live\n}} His hat\\-trick on the last day of the season away to [Bedford](/wiki/Bedford_Town_F.C. \"Bedford Town F.C.\") meant Frendo had scored over 100 goals for Hitchin in 3 seasons.", "At the end of that season, manager Carl Williams stepped down. Former player Mark Burke was appointed manager in the summer of 2013 and the previous side almost entirely moved on. Despite this Burke and his assistant Adam Parker recruited some new young talent and finished in a creditable 13th position.", "Hitchin Town have made steady progress in the Southern League Premier Division in the last 5 seasons. They have finished 14th, 13th, 13th and 9th, before reaching a best\\-ever position in the league of 3rd in 2015–16\\. This saw them qualify for the play\\-offs but they lost their semi\\-final at Top Field 3–2 to [Hungerford Town](/wiki/Hungerford_Town_F.C. \"Hungerford Town F.C.\"), having held a 2–0 lead in front of a crowd of 1305\\. However the season ended on a high as Hitchin then defeated [Boreham Wood](/wiki/Boreham_Wood_F.C. \"Boreham Wood F.C.\") 2–1 to lift the [Hertfordshire Senior Cup](/wiki/Herts_Senior_Cup \"Herts Senior Cup\"). In 2016–17, Hitchin Town finished in 4th place and won their play\\-off semi\\-final via a penalty shoot\\-out against [Merthyr Town](/wiki/Merthyr_Town_F.C._%282010%29 \"Merthyr Town F.C. (2010)\"). The final took place at [Leamington](/wiki/Leamington_F.C. \"Leamington F.C.\") and Hitchin took an early lead which they held until the 90th minute when they conceded a penalty and were reduced to ten men. Leamington won 2–1 with a goal in extra time to clinch promotion. Hitchin did however retain the [Hertfordshire Senior Cup](/wiki/Herts_Senior_Cup \"Herts Senior Cup\") with a 2–1 win over [Bishops Stortford](/wiki/Bishops_Stortford_F.C. \"Bishops Stortford F.C.\"), having previously lost 1–0 to [Cheshunt](/wiki/Cheshunt_F.C. \"Cheshunt F.C.\") in the [Hertfordshire Charity Cup](/wiki/Herts_Charity_Cup \"Herts Charity Cup\") Final.", "" ]
Stadium ------- Hitchin Town have played home matches at Top Field on Fishponds Road since their foundation in 1928\. Prior to that, the original Hitchin club played here from 1873 until their liquidation in 1911, although it was often referred to as the Bedford Road Sports Ground, it's the same stadium. They also played at Ransoms Field and Dog Kennel Farm in nearby Charlton. A [public house](/wiki/Public_house "Public house") opposite the ground doubled as a [changing room](/wiki/Changeroom "Changeroom") for the players, and a wooden [grandstand](/wiki/Grandstand "Grandstand") was constructed during the late 19th century. However, this stand burnt down in 1911, just before the original club's liquidation. Football continued to be played on the site during the period after this, with Hitchin St. Saviours, Hitchin Union Jack, Hitchin Wednesday and the Boys' Club all using the ground for minor matches. Senior football returned to the ground in 1928, with the foundation of Hitchin Town. Floodlights were installed in 1962, and inaugurated by a [friendly match](/wiki/Exhibition_game "Exhibition game") against [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C."). A new clubhouse was built a year later, which on construction was considered one of the finest in amateur football. A [sauna](/wiki/Sauna "Sauna") was added in the late 1960s. New floodlights were installed in Summer 2016 and, as some 50 years earlier, they were officially inaugurated with a [friendly match](/wiki/Friendly_match "Friendly match") against an [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C.") side on 10 November 2016\. The lights were switched on by former [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C.") player [Pat Rice](/wiki/Pat_Rice "Pat Rice"). The record attendance at Top Field, 7,878, was set in 1955 for an [FA Amateur Cup](/wiki/FA_Amateur_Cup "FA Amateur Cup") tie between Hitchin Town and [Wycombe Wanderers](/wiki/Wycombe_Wanderers_F.C. "Wycombe Wanderers F.C."). The ground's current capacity is 4,000\. A tea hut, club shop, turnstiles and clubhouse are situated within one corner of the ground, known as Canary Corner. In the 2020 book *British Football's Greatest Grounds*, Top Field was voted the fifth best stadium in Britain.{{cite book \|title\=British Football's Greatest Grounds: One Hundred Must\-See Football Venues \|first\=Mike \|last\=Bayly \|publisher\=Pitch Publishing \|isbn\=9\-781785\-316470 \|year\=2020 \|url\=https://www.pitchpublishing.co.uk/shop/british\-footballs\-greatest\-grounds}} {{wide image\|Top Field \- Hitchin Town FC \- Panorama 01\.jpg\|1000px\|align\-cap\=center\|A panorama of Top Field}} ### The Cow Commoners In 1880, the land upon which Top Field resides was entrusted as common land – protected since Elizabethan times for the grazing of animals – to a body of townsmen who held a special interest or knowledge of Hitchin (through residence, occupation, employment or otherwise) in order to determine suitable use for the land due to reduction in the need for public grazing space. This group was formalised as the Cow Commoners' Trust (CCT), an unelected body linked to several prominent families in Hitchin, who decided the land should be reserved for charitable and/or charitable sporting use. Since the clubs reformation in 1928 to 1977, the club maintained friendly relations with the CCT, having an annually renewable lease on the land and being able to construct permanent concrete terracing and club facilities. A 21\-year lease until 1999 was subsequently granted on the basis of sufficient guarantees of financial support to the club. However, in the 1990s the attitude of the CCT shifted to one opposing permanent development on Butts Close common and opposing permanent structures on Top Field. Further, the CCT began to oppose a commercial entity – the football club – using the land due to its commitment to maintain the land for charitable activities. This, combined with the impending expiry of the lease, put the CCT in direct conflict with the football club and its supporters who wished to renovate increasingly dilapidated structures at the ground and if possible expand and seek council funding in a similar manner to local rivals [Stevenage Borough FC](/wiki/Stevenage_Borough_FC "Stevenage Borough FC"). The ensuing legal conflict has resulted in the club being neither able to construct permanent new facilities at the ground, nor remove and renovate extensively existing structures – it also left the club in constant existential threat due to the retention of the lease by the CCT, which expired in 2013\.{{cite web \|author\=Nick Sopowski \|url\=http://www.hitchintownfc.co.uk/articles/weeklyarticles/EEEykZlppZojzXLBjO.shtml \|title\=Hitchin Town Football Club \|publisher\=Hitchintownfc.co.uk \|date\=2005\-05\-16 \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-29 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304214037/http://www.hitchintownfc.co.uk/articles/weeklyarticles/EEEykZlppZojzXLBjO.shtml \|archive\-date\=4 March 2012 }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.hitchinsociety.org.uk/News\-05\-Ick.htm \|title\=The Hitchin Society \|publisher\=The Hitchin Society \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-29 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316121332/http://www.hitchinsociety.org.uk/News\-05\-Ick.htm \|archive\-date\=16 March 2012 }}{{cite web \|url\=https://vlex.co.uk/vid/hitchin\-cow\-commoners\-trust\-803797993 \|title\=Hitchin Cow Commoners Trust v. Hyde \& Ors, Court of Appeal – Chancery Division, December 19, 2001, \[2001] EWHC Ch 464 – – England and Wales High Court of Justice \|publisher\=vLex \|url\-access\=subscription}} In February 2011 a local solicitor acting as a 'friend of the club' and on behalf of Dunmore Developments Ltd, a local property development company, made an application to de\-register the land as common land under the Commons Registration Act 2006 on the basis that the land was never subject to the right of common – and thus was never common land to be left to the CCT in the first place.{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.thecomet.net/news/hitchin\_club\_at\_centre\_of\_ground\_battle\_1\_811728 \|title\=Hitchin club at centre of ground battle – News \|magazine\=The Comet \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-29}} Following a public enquiry, in January 2012 Top Field was de\-registered as common land, whilst however reaffirming the ownership of the land by the CCT.{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.thecomet.net/news/hitchin\_town\_football\_club\_s\_land\_deregistered\_1\_1180848 \|title\=Hitchin Town Football Club’s land deregistered – News \|magazine\=The Comet \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-29}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.herts24\.co.uk/news/hitchin\_town\_fc\_responds\_to\_public\_inquiry\_1\_1122549 \|title\=Hitchin Town FC responds to public inquiry – News \|publisher\=Herts 24 \|date\=2011\-11\-10 \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-29 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017231715/http://www.herts24\.co.uk/news/hitchin\_town\_fc\_responds\_to\_public\_inquiry\_1\_1122549 \|archive\-date\=17 October 2013 }} Amid fears that Top Field was to be sold to a major supermarket, a "Save Top Field" campaign was launched by local residents. The campaign and the club came together during the 2014–15 season when it became public knowledge that a developer in conjunction with the Cow Commoners Trust were seeking to build a new supermarket on the Top Field site and to relocate the Football Club to an out of town site on greenbelt land. The football club and the community responded to this threat with a campaign involving a public meeting, a petition and fundraising. This culminated, on 6 December 2014, with a march through Hitchin of some 1300 people in protest at the plans followed by a crowd of 1606 for the match against Poole Town. The campaigning attracted considerable media interest. In February 2015, the break clause in the lease on Top Field passed, meaning that the football club now had a lease for a further 25 years. This was set against a background of celebrating the 150th anniversary of association football in Hitchin. Throughout 2015 events to mark that occasion took place, including a prestigious match against Premiership [Norwich City F.C.](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. "Norwich City F.C.") on 14 July, where Norwich ran out 10–0 winners.
[ "Stadium\n-------", "Hitchin Town have played home matches at Top Field on Fishponds Road since their foundation in 1928\\. Prior to that, the original Hitchin club played here from 1873 until their liquidation in 1911, although it was often referred to as the Bedford Road Sports Ground, it's the same stadium. They also played at Ransoms Field and Dog Kennel Farm in nearby Charlton. A [public house](/wiki/Public_house \"Public house\") opposite the ground doubled as a [changing room](/wiki/Changeroom \"Changeroom\") for the players, and a wooden [grandstand](/wiki/Grandstand \"Grandstand\") was constructed during the late 19th century. However, this stand burnt down in 1911, just before the original club's liquidation.", "Football continued to be played on the site during the period after this, with Hitchin St. Saviours, Hitchin Union Jack, Hitchin Wednesday and the Boys' Club all using the ground for minor matches.", "Senior football returned to the ground in 1928, with the foundation of Hitchin Town. Floodlights were installed in 1962, and inaugurated by a [friendly match](/wiki/Exhibition_game \"Exhibition game\") against [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\"). A new clubhouse was built a year later, which on construction was considered one of the finest in amateur football. A [sauna](/wiki/Sauna \"Sauna\") was added in the late 1960s.", "New floodlights were installed in Summer 2016 and, as some 50 years earlier, they were officially inaugurated with a [friendly match](/wiki/Friendly_match \"Friendly match\") against an [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\") side on 10 November 2016\\. The lights were switched on by former [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\") player [Pat Rice](/wiki/Pat_Rice \"Pat Rice\").", "The record attendance at Top Field, 7,878, was set in 1955 for an [FA Amateur Cup](/wiki/FA_Amateur_Cup \"FA Amateur Cup\") tie between Hitchin Town and [Wycombe Wanderers](/wiki/Wycombe_Wanderers_F.C. \"Wycombe Wanderers F.C.\"). The ground's current capacity is 4,000\\.", "A tea hut, club shop, turnstiles and clubhouse are situated within one corner of the ground, known as Canary Corner.", "In the 2020 book *British Football's Greatest Grounds*, Top Field was voted the fifth best stadium in Britain.{{cite book \\|title\\=British Football's Greatest Grounds: One Hundred Must\\-See Football Venues \\|first\\=Mike \\|last\\=Bayly \\|publisher\\=Pitch Publishing \\|isbn\\=9\\-781785\\-316470 \\|year\\=2020 \\|url\\=https://www.pitchpublishing.co.uk/shop/british\\-footballs\\-greatest\\-grounds}}", "{{wide image\\|Top Field \\- Hitchin Town FC \\- Panorama 01\\.jpg\\|1000px\\|align\\-cap\\=center\\|A panorama of Top Field}}", "### The Cow Commoners", "In 1880, the land upon which Top Field resides was entrusted as common land – protected since Elizabethan times for the grazing of animals – to a body of townsmen who held a special interest or knowledge of Hitchin (through residence, occupation, employment or otherwise) in order to determine suitable use for the land due to reduction in the need for public grazing space. This group was formalised as the Cow Commoners' Trust (CCT), an unelected body linked to several prominent families in Hitchin, who decided the land should be reserved for charitable and/or charitable sporting use.", "Since the clubs reformation in 1928 to 1977, the club maintained friendly relations with the CCT, having an annually renewable lease on the land and being able to construct permanent concrete terracing and club facilities. A 21\\-year lease until 1999 was subsequently granted on the basis of sufficient guarantees of financial support to the club.", "However, in the 1990s the attitude of the CCT shifted to one opposing permanent development on Butts Close common and opposing permanent structures on Top Field. Further, the CCT began to oppose a commercial entity – the football club – using the land due to its commitment to maintain the land for charitable activities. This, combined with the impending expiry of the lease, put the CCT in direct conflict with the football club and its supporters who wished to renovate increasingly dilapidated structures at the ground and if possible expand and seek council funding in a similar manner to local rivals [Stevenage Borough FC](/wiki/Stevenage_Borough_FC \"Stevenage Borough FC\"). The ensuing legal conflict has resulted in the club being neither able to construct permanent new facilities at the ground, nor remove and renovate extensively existing structures – it also left the club in constant existential threat due to the retention of the lease by the CCT, which expired in 2013\\.{{cite web \\|author\\=Nick Sopowski \\|url\\=http://www.hitchintownfc.co.uk/articles/weeklyarticles/EEEykZlppZojzXLBjO.shtml \\|title\\=Hitchin Town Football Club \\|publisher\\=Hitchintownfc.co.uk \\|date\\=2005\\-05\\-16 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-29 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304214037/http://www.hitchintownfc.co.uk/articles/weeklyarticles/EEEykZlppZojzXLBjO.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2012 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hitchinsociety.org.uk/News\\-05\\-Ick.htm \\|title\\=The Hitchin Society \\|publisher\\=The Hitchin Society \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-29 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316121332/http://www.hitchinsociety.org.uk/News\\-05\\-Ick.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=16 March 2012 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://vlex.co.uk/vid/hitchin\\-cow\\-commoners\\-trust\\-803797993 \\|title\\=Hitchin Cow Commoners Trust v. Hyde \\& Ors, Court of Appeal – Chancery Division, December 19, 2001, \\[2001] EWHC Ch 464 – – England and Wales High Court of Justice \\|publisher\\=vLex \\|url\\-access\\=subscription}}", "In February 2011 a local solicitor acting as a 'friend of the club' and on behalf of Dunmore Developments Ltd, a local property development company, made an application to de\\-register the land as common land under the Commons Registration Act 2006 on the basis that the land was never subject to the right of common – and thus was never common land to be left to the CCT in the first place.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.thecomet.net/news/hitchin\\_club\\_at\\_centre\\_of\\_ground\\_battle\\_1\\_811728 \\|title\\=Hitchin club at centre of ground battle – News \\|magazine\\=The Comet \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-29}} Following a public enquiry, in January 2012 Top Field was de\\-registered as common land, whilst however reaffirming the ownership of the land by the CCT.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.thecomet.net/news/hitchin\\_town\\_football\\_club\\_s\\_land\\_deregistered\\_1\\_1180848 \\|title\\=Hitchin Town Football Club’s land deregistered – News \\|magazine\\=The Comet \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-29}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.herts24\\.co.uk/news/hitchin\\_town\\_fc\\_responds\\_to\\_public\\_inquiry\\_1\\_1122549 \\|title\\=Hitchin Town FC responds to public inquiry – News \\|publisher\\=Herts 24 \\|date\\=2011\\-11\\-10 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-29 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017231715/http://www.herts24\\.co.uk/news/hitchin\\_town\\_fc\\_responds\\_to\\_public\\_inquiry\\_1\\_1122549 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 October 2013 }}", "Amid fears that Top Field was to be sold to a major supermarket, a \"Save Top Field\" campaign was launched by local residents. The campaign and the club came together during the 2014–15 season when it became public knowledge that a developer in conjunction with the Cow Commoners Trust were seeking to build a new supermarket on the Top Field site and to relocate the Football Club to an out of town site on greenbelt land.", "The football club and the community responded to this threat with a campaign involving a public meeting, a petition and fundraising. This culminated, on 6 December 2014, with a march through Hitchin of some 1300 people in protest at the plans followed by a crowd of 1606 for the match against Poole Town. The campaigning attracted considerable media interest.", "In February 2015, the break clause in the lease on Top Field passed, meaning that the football club now had a lease for a further 25 years. This was set against a background of celebrating the 150th anniversary of association football in Hitchin. Throughout 2015 events to mark that occasion took place, including a prestigious match against Premiership [Norwich City F.C.](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. \"Norwich City F.C.\") on 14 July, where Norwich ran out 10–0 winners.", "" ]
### The Cow Commoners In 1880, the land upon which Top Field resides was entrusted as common land – protected since Elizabethan times for the grazing of animals – to a body of townsmen who held a special interest or knowledge of Hitchin (through residence, occupation, employment or otherwise) in order to determine suitable use for the land due to reduction in the need for public grazing space. This group was formalised as the Cow Commoners' Trust (CCT), an unelected body linked to several prominent families in Hitchin, who decided the land should be reserved for charitable and/or charitable sporting use. Since the clubs reformation in 1928 to 1977, the club maintained friendly relations with the CCT, having an annually renewable lease on the land and being able to construct permanent concrete terracing and club facilities. A 21\-year lease until 1999 was subsequently granted on the basis of sufficient guarantees of financial support to the club. However, in the 1990s the attitude of the CCT shifted to one opposing permanent development on Butts Close common and opposing permanent structures on Top Field. Further, the CCT began to oppose a commercial entity – the football club – using the land due to its commitment to maintain the land for charitable activities. This, combined with the impending expiry of the lease, put the CCT in direct conflict with the football club and its supporters who wished to renovate increasingly dilapidated structures at the ground and if possible expand and seek council funding in a similar manner to local rivals [Stevenage Borough FC](/wiki/Stevenage_Borough_FC "Stevenage Borough FC"). The ensuing legal conflict has resulted in the club being neither able to construct permanent new facilities at the ground, nor remove and renovate extensively existing structures – it also left the club in constant existential threat due to the retention of the lease by the CCT, which expired in 2013\.{{cite web \|author\=Nick Sopowski \|url\=http://www.hitchintownfc.co.uk/articles/weeklyarticles/EEEykZlppZojzXLBjO.shtml \|title\=Hitchin Town Football Club \|publisher\=Hitchintownfc.co.uk \|date\=2005\-05\-16 \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-29 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304214037/http://www.hitchintownfc.co.uk/articles/weeklyarticles/EEEykZlppZojzXLBjO.shtml \|archive\-date\=4 March 2012 }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.hitchinsociety.org.uk/News\-05\-Ick.htm \|title\=The Hitchin Society \|publisher\=The Hitchin Society \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-29 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316121332/http://www.hitchinsociety.org.uk/News\-05\-Ick.htm \|archive\-date\=16 March 2012 }}{{cite web \|url\=https://vlex.co.uk/vid/hitchin\-cow\-commoners\-trust\-803797993 \|title\=Hitchin Cow Commoners Trust v. Hyde \& Ors, Court of Appeal – Chancery Division, December 19, 2001, \[2001] EWHC Ch 464 – – England and Wales High Court of Justice \|publisher\=vLex \|url\-access\=subscription}} In February 2011 a local solicitor acting as a 'friend of the club' and on behalf of Dunmore Developments Ltd, a local property development company, made an application to de\-register the land as common land under the Commons Registration Act 2006 on the basis that the land was never subject to the right of common – and thus was never common land to be left to the CCT in the first place.{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.thecomet.net/news/hitchin\_club\_at\_centre\_of\_ground\_battle\_1\_811728 \|title\=Hitchin club at centre of ground battle – News \|magazine\=The Comet \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-29}} Following a public enquiry, in January 2012 Top Field was de\-registered as common land, whilst however reaffirming the ownership of the land by the CCT.{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.thecomet.net/news/hitchin\_town\_football\_club\_s\_land\_deregistered\_1\_1180848 \|title\=Hitchin Town Football Club’s land deregistered – News \|magazine\=The Comet \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-29}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.herts24\.co.uk/news/hitchin\_town\_fc\_responds\_to\_public\_inquiry\_1\_1122549 \|title\=Hitchin Town FC responds to public inquiry – News \|publisher\=Herts 24 \|date\=2011\-11\-10 \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-29 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017231715/http://www.herts24\.co.uk/news/hitchin\_town\_fc\_responds\_to\_public\_inquiry\_1\_1122549 \|archive\-date\=17 October 2013 }} Amid fears that Top Field was to be sold to a major supermarket, a "Save Top Field" campaign was launched by local residents. The campaign and the club came together during the 2014–15 season when it became public knowledge that a developer in conjunction with the Cow Commoners Trust were seeking to build a new supermarket on the Top Field site and to relocate the Football Club to an out of town site on greenbelt land. The football club and the community responded to this threat with a campaign involving a public meeting, a petition and fundraising. This culminated, on 6 December 2014, with a march through Hitchin of some 1300 people in protest at the plans followed by a crowd of 1606 for the match against Poole Town. The campaigning attracted considerable media interest. In February 2015, the break clause in the lease on Top Field passed, meaning that the football club now had a lease for a further 25 years. This was set against a background of celebrating the 150th anniversary of association football in Hitchin. Throughout 2015 events to mark that occasion took place, including a prestigious match against Premiership [Norwich City F.C.](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. "Norwich City F.C.") on 14 July, where Norwich ran out 10–0 winners.
[ "### The Cow Commoners", "In 1880, the land upon which Top Field resides was entrusted as common land – protected since Elizabethan times for the grazing of animals – to a body of townsmen who held a special interest or knowledge of Hitchin (through residence, occupation, employment or otherwise) in order to determine suitable use for the land due to reduction in the need for public grazing space. This group was formalised as the Cow Commoners' Trust (CCT), an unelected body linked to several prominent families in Hitchin, who decided the land should be reserved for charitable and/or charitable sporting use.", "Since the clubs reformation in 1928 to 1977, the club maintained friendly relations with the CCT, having an annually renewable lease on the land and being able to construct permanent concrete terracing and club facilities. A 21\\-year lease until 1999 was subsequently granted on the basis of sufficient guarantees of financial support to the club.", "However, in the 1990s the attitude of the CCT shifted to one opposing permanent development on Butts Close common and opposing permanent structures on Top Field. Further, the CCT began to oppose a commercial entity – the football club – using the land due to its commitment to maintain the land for charitable activities. This, combined with the impending expiry of the lease, put the CCT in direct conflict with the football club and its supporters who wished to renovate increasingly dilapidated structures at the ground and if possible expand and seek council funding in a similar manner to local rivals [Stevenage Borough FC](/wiki/Stevenage_Borough_FC \"Stevenage Borough FC\"). The ensuing legal conflict has resulted in the club being neither able to construct permanent new facilities at the ground, nor remove and renovate extensively existing structures – it also left the club in constant existential threat due to the retention of the lease by the CCT, which expired in 2013\\.{{cite web \\|author\\=Nick Sopowski \\|url\\=http://www.hitchintownfc.co.uk/articles/weeklyarticles/EEEykZlppZojzXLBjO.shtml \\|title\\=Hitchin Town Football Club \\|publisher\\=Hitchintownfc.co.uk \\|date\\=2005\\-05\\-16 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-29 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304214037/http://www.hitchintownfc.co.uk/articles/weeklyarticles/EEEykZlppZojzXLBjO.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2012 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hitchinsociety.org.uk/News\\-05\\-Ick.htm \\|title\\=The Hitchin Society \\|publisher\\=The Hitchin Society \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-29 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316121332/http://www.hitchinsociety.org.uk/News\\-05\\-Ick.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=16 March 2012 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://vlex.co.uk/vid/hitchin\\-cow\\-commoners\\-trust\\-803797993 \\|title\\=Hitchin Cow Commoners Trust v. Hyde \\& Ors, Court of Appeal – Chancery Division, December 19, 2001, \\[2001] EWHC Ch 464 – – England and Wales High Court of Justice \\|publisher\\=vLex \\|url\\-access\\=subscription}}", "In February 2011 a local solicitor acting as a 'friend of the club' and on behalf of Dunmore Developments Ltd, a local property development company, made an application to de\\-register the land as common land under the Commons Registration Act 2006 on the basis that the land was never subject to the right of common – and thus was never common land to be left to the CCT in the first place.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.thecomet.net/news/hitchin\\_club\\_at\\_centre\\_of\\_ground\\_battle\\_1\\_811728 \\|title\\=Hitchin club at centre of ground battle – News \\|magazine\\=The Comet \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-29}} Following a public enquiry, in January 2012 Top Field was de\\-registered as common land, whilst however reaffirming the ownership of the land by the CCT.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.thecomet.net/news/hitchin\\_town\\_football\\_club\\_s\\_land\\_deregistered\\_1\\_1180848 \\|title\\=Hitchin Town Football Club’s land deregistered – News \\|magazine\\=The Comet \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-29}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.herts24\\.co.uk/news/hitchin\\_town\\_fc\\_responds\\_to\\_public\\_inquiry\\_1\\_1122549 \\|title\\=Hitchin Town FC responds to public inquiry – News \\|publisher\\=Herts 24 \\|date\\=2011\\-11\\-10 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-29 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017231715/http://www.herts24\\.co.uk/news/hitchin\\_town\\_fc\\_responds\\_to\\_public\\_inquiry\\_1\\_1122549 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 October 2013 }}", "Amid fears that Top Field was to be sold to a major supermarket, a \"Save Top Field\" campaign was launched by local residents. The campaign and the club came together during the 2014–15 season when it became public knowledge that a developer in conjunction with the Cow Commoners Trust were seeking to build a new supermarket on the Top Field site and to relocate the Football Club to an out of town site on greenbelt land.", "The football club and the community responded to this threat with a campaign involving a public meeting, a petition and fundraising. This culminated, on 6 December 2014, with a march through Hitchin of some 1300 people in protest at the plans followed by a crowd of 1606 for the match against Poole Town. The campaigning attracted considerable media interest.", "In February 2015, the break clause in the lease on Top Field passed, meaning that the football club now had a lease for a further 25 years. This was set against a background of celebrating the 150th anniversary of association football in Hitchin. Throughout 2015 events to mark that occasion took place, including a prestigious match against Premiership [Norwich City F.C.](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. \"Norwich City F.C.\") on 14 July, where Norwich ran out 10–0 winners.", "" ]
Academic contributions ---------------------- [left\|thumb\|Wu Qiuyan's '學古編' (Learning from the Ancients \- Compilation) (Ming Engraved Edition)](/wiki/File:%E5%90%BE%E4%B8%98%E8%A1%8D%E3%80%8A%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%A4%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E6%98%8E%E5%88%BB%E5%96%84%E6%9C%AC%EF%BC%89.jpg "吾丘衍《學古編》（明刻善本）.jpg") ### Epigraphy Wu Qiuyan had a strong passion for classical studies and was well\-versed in the writings of various schools of thought found in classical literature. He authored works such as '*Learning from the Ancients \- Compilation*', '閒居錄' (Diary of a Leisurely Life), '竹素山房詩集' (Poetry collection from the Cottage of Bamboo on the Mountains), and '周秦石刻釋音' (Interpretation of Inscriptions from the Zhou and Qin Dynasties). '*Learning from the Ancients \- Compilation*' was completed in the year of Da De Geng Zi (1300\), and its first volume is known as '三十五舉' (Thirty\-Five Entries). This work is one of the earliest [Chinese](/wiki/China "China") treatises on the theory of [seal carving](/wiki/Seal_carving "Seal carving"). 'Thirty\-Five Entries' constitutes the core of this book, elucidating the evolution and development of [seal script](/wiki/Seal_script "Seal script") and [clerical script](/wiki/Clerical_script "Clerical script"), as well as the art of seal carving. It contains many of Wu Qiuyan's innovative insights and concepts. [Lu Xun](/wiki/Lu_Xun "Lu Xun"), in his work '蛻龕印存' (Reminiscences of Tui Kan), stated, 'The use of seals began in the Zhou and Qin periods,' and later generations 'engraved inscriptions on walls using ancient methods... Wuqiu Zi Xing vigorously advocated [Han Dynasty](/wiki/Han_dynasty "Han dynasty") methods... thus, the wind of [Er Ya](/wiki/Erya "Erya") was seen again.'"{{Cite work \|last\=张目达 \|first\=中國知網 \|date\=2020\-11\-14 \|title\=吾丘衍《三十五举》"古"与"新"（中国艺术研究院硕士论文） \|url\=https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode\=CMFD\&dbname\=CMFD201801\&filename\=1017064386\.nh\&v\=MjI0NDBWRjI2R2JPK0d0TEVxWkViUElSOGVYMUx1eFlTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnJDVVI3cWZZdVp1RnlybVViL00\= \|archive\-url\=}} Wu Qiuyan's '三十五舉' (Thirty\-Five Entries) presented a series of rules for creating seal carvings inspired by Han Dynasty seals, covering aspects such as seal shape, character forms, seal script, and composition. These rules provided a foundation for those in the early stages of seal carving art development who lacked precedents to follow. As [Yuan Dynasty](/wiki/Yuan_dynasty "Yuan dynasty") scholar [Wei Su](/wiki/Wei_Su_%28historian%29 "Wei Su (historian)") remarked: 'The publication of this compilation can wash away the common bad habits.'{{Cite web \|last\=野田悟 \|title\=吾衍与其《学古编》之研究（中国美术学院博士学位论文） \|url\=http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD\-10355\-2009156860\.htm \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504214244/http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD\-10355\-2009156860\.htm \|archive\-date\=2019\-05\-04 \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-01 \|website\=中國知網 \|language\=zh}} Most Yuan Dynasty designs for imitating Han Dynasty seals adhered to the rules established in '三十五舉.' Many subsequent works on seal studies directly followed the format of '三十五舉,' such as '續學古編' (Sequel to Learning from the Ancients),[He Zhen](/wiki/He_Zhen_%28artist%29 "He Zhen (artist)") (何震) '續三十五舉' (Sequel to Thirty\-Five Entries),Guifu (桂馥) '再續三十五舉' (Another Sequel to Thirty\-Five Entries),Yaoyan (姚晏) and more, underscoring the profound influence of Wu Qiuyan's '學古編'."Shared Literature Catalog", see appendix. Hence, later generations often referred to '學古編' as '三十五舉' and regarded it as a classic in the fields of seal studies and seal carving theory. It is celebrated in the world of seal studies as a 'pillar of the seal carvers,' reviving the art after a period of decline.{{Cite journal \|last\=刘清扬 \|date\=1998 \|title\=吾丘衍《三十五举》略论 \|url\=http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL\-ENSE805\.016\.htm \|journal\=四川师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版) \|language\=zh \|issue\=5 \|doi\=10\.16246/j.cnki.51\-1674/c.1998\.05\.017 \|issn\=1005\-1465 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514003104/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL\-ENSE805\.016\.htm \|archive\-date\=2021\-05\-14 \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-01}} ### Art practice of seal engraving [thumb\|Wu Qiuyan's seal engraving work.](/wiki/File:%E5%90%BE%E4%B8%98%E8%A1%8D%E7%AF%86%E5%88%BB%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81.jpg "吾丘衍篆刻作品.jpg") In contrast to the previous practice of following specific [concepts](/wiki/Concept "Concept") and theories of [seal engraving](/wiki/Seal_engraving "Seal engraving") when creating imitations of Han Dynasty seals, Wu Qiuyan developed a [methodological](/wiki/Methodology "Methodology") approach that relied on a foundational understanding of ancient seal principles and used "antiquity" as the guiding criterion for creating imitations of Han Dynasty seals. This methodology reflects the [Confucian](/wiki/Confucianism "Confucianism") perspective of "fulfillment as beauty," which is a prevalent aesthetic feature of Han Dynasty seals. In Han Dynasty seals, Chinese characters typically cover the entire surface of the seal, presenting an art form characterized by fullness, simplicity, substance, and dignity. Han Dynasty seals represent the pinnacle of Chinese [seal engraving art](/wiki/Seal_carving "Seal carving") in its developmental history, establishing an aesthetic paradigm for seal engraving. Wu Qiuyan, proficient in the [Six Scripts](/wiki/Chinese_character_classification "Chinese character classification") of [calligraphy](/wiki/Calligraphy "Calligraphy"), excelled in the [clerical](/wiki/Clerical_script "Clerical script") and [seal scripts](/wiki/Seal_script "Seal script"). His seal engraving art did not adhere rigidly to established conventions; he used [jade](/wiki/Jade "Jade") [chopsticks](/wiki/Seal_%28emblem%29 "Seal (emblem)") to engrave characters, resulting in round, smooth, and elegant seal impressions, both in vermilion and white scripts. Concerning the seal script technique for imitating Han Dynasty seals, Wu Qiuyan proposed specific technical guidelines in his "Thirty\-Five Principles," emphasizing that "seal script techniques are akin to clerical script" and encouraging "squareness, straightness, avoiding circular shapes, and even when using slanting strokes, one should cleverly write beyond them" as practical techniques in seal engraving art.{{Cite journal \|last\=王培 \|date\=2019 \|title\=吾丘衍《三十五举》对仿汉印章创作的启示 \|url\=https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode\=CJFQ\&dbname\=CJFDLAST2019\&filename\=JAOI201905039\&v\=MDc0MDNMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSN3FmWXVadUZ5cm1VNzNBTHl6RVo3RzRIOWpNcW85R2JZUjhlWDE\= \|journal\=江苏教育 \|language\=zh \|issue\=5 \|issn\=1005\-6009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514003144/https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode\=CJFQ\&dbname\=CJFDLAST2019\&filename\=JAOI201905039\&v\=MDc0MDNMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSN3FmWXVadUZ5cm1VNzNBTHl6RVo3RzRIOWpNcW85R2JZUjhlWDE%3D \|archive\-date\=2021\-05\-14 \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-01}} When comparing the imitations of Han Dynasty seals by [Zhao Mengfu](/wiki/Zhao_Mengfu "Zhao Mengfu") and Wu Qiuyan, it is evident that Zhao seal and his clan seal were significantly influenced by Wu Qiuyan's personal vermilion script seal, showing a tendency towards the characteristics of [small seal script](/wiki/Small_seal_script "Small seal script"). Wu Qiuyan emphasized the integration of seal engraving theory and practice, with a particular focus on the arrangement of the seal's composition. As a result, his seal engraving art exemplified the simplicity and purity of Han Dynasty seal script techniques. In his work "Thirty\-Five Principles", Wu Qiuyan provided specific characteristics of seal engraving art imitating Han Dynasty seals, stating: "In white script seals, the characters must abut the edges; there should be no gaps, as gaps are not in accordance with antiquity... When there are one or two characters in the seal inscription with a natural gap, it should not be filled; many ancient seals have such gaps".{{Cite web \|title\=吾丘衍《三十五舉》 \|url\=https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if\=gb\&chapter\=796770 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114173743/https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if\=gb\&chapter\=796770 \|archive\-date\=2020\-11\-14 \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-01 \|website\=中國哲學書電子化計劃官網 \|language\=zh}} He established the fundamental principles for seal engraving practice by studying Han Dynasty seals. His methodology has continued to benefit seal engraving art from his time to the present day, earning him the title of a master in the field of seal studies for generations. ### Poetry and music [left\|thumb\|Poetry collection from the Cottage of Bamboo on the Mountains, part of the *[Complete Library of the Four Treasuries](/wiki/Complete_Library_of_the_Four_Treasuries "Complete Library of the Four Treasuries")*《欽定四庫全書·竹素山房詩集》](/wiki/File:%E3%80%8A%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%C2%B7%E7%AB%B9%E7%B4%A0%E5%B1%B1%E6%88%BF%E8%A9%A9%E9%9B%86%E3%80%8B.png "《欽定四庫全書·竹素山房詩集》.png") In ancient texts, Wu Qiuyan is described as follows: "On moonlit nights, he would hold his bamboo flute, ride on the rooftop, and play. The sound was mournful yet robust"."Biography of Wu Yan", vol. 6, by Wangxing. His profound love for [music](/wiki/Music "Music") and his creative endeavors in [poetry](/wiki/Poetry "Poetry") and lyrics were intertwined, accompanying him throughout his life's journey. For example, in one of his poems, he wrote: "Alone, I carry my phoenix flute to the mountain's entrance, the trees brushing against the spring breeze, the grass brushing against my clothes. I dare not play heavenly melodies any longer, for fear of startling the stones into dispersing like drifting clouds".Playing the Flute in the Cave of the Yang Temple,《楊寺洞中吹簫》 Another poem expresses his admiration for [Wang Zijin](/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E5%85%9A "太子党"), depicting scenes of carefree wandering in nature: "I love Wang Zijin, drifting freely through the heavens, dancing with green peaches and playing the flute. As the flowers fall, the city enters autumn"."There is accomplishment in making feathers and clothes",《制羽服成有作》 Wu Qiuyan incorporated the story of the [Taoist](/wiki/Taoism "Taoism") immortal Fugui Gong receiving Wang Zijin as a disciple from "[Biographies of Immortals](/wiki/Liexian_Zhuan "Liexian Zhuan")," hinting at his own longing for Daoist cultivation and reflecting his independent and reclusive character.Biography of Wu Qiu Zixing, vol. 39, by Wangyi.{{Cite web \|last\=聂国强（湖北美术学院中国画系） \|title\=《三十五举》之"十七举"的断句校勘与认识 \|url\=https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode\=CJFQ\&dbname\=CJFDLAST2019\&filename\=AHSH201904004\&v\=MDEwMDJDVVI3cWZZdVpzRmkzbFViekxKQ1hZWnJHNEg5ak1xNDlGWUlSOGVYMUx1eFlTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnI\= \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114173746/https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode\=CJFQ\&dbname\=CJFDLAST2019\&filename\=AHSH201904004\&v\=MDEwMDJDVVI3cWZZdVpzRmkzbFViekxKQ1hZWnJHNEg5ak1xNDlGWUlSOGVYMUx1eFlTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnI%3D \|archive\-date\=2020\-11\-14 \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-02 \|website\=中國知網 \|language\=zh}} The "竹素山房詩集" (Poetry collection from the Cottage of Bamboo on the Mountains) written by Wu Qiuyan is rich in content and profound in meaning.{{Cite web \|last\=總纂官：（臣）紀昀，（臣）陸錫熊，（臣）孫士毅 \|title\=《欽定四庫全書·竹素山房詩集·提要》 \|url\=https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if\=gb\&chapter\=162270 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114173737/https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if\=gb\&chapter\=162270 \|archive\-date\=2020\-11\-14 \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-04 \|website\=中國哲學書電子化計劃官網 \|language\=zh}} One of his poems, titled "丁未歲哀越民," vividly depicts the famine in [Jiangsu](/wiki/Jiangsu "Jiangsu") and [Zhejiang](/wiki/Zhejiang "Zhejiang") provinces during the 11th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1307\). The poem describes the suffering of the people, the desolation of the land, and the horrifying scenes of corpses lying in the fields, unburied. It even alludes to the desperate act of cannibalism as people struggled to survive. This poem reflects Wu Qiuyan's deep sympathy for the [common people](/wiki/Baixing "Baixing"). In another poem titled "凍解" (Thawing), written in the form of a [five\-character regulated poem](/wiki/L%C3%BCshi_%28poetry%29 "Lüshi (poetry)"), Wu Qiuyan describes the arrival of spring as the east wind melts the ice. Despite his illness, he expresses his anticipation and love for the beautiful springtime, saying: "The thaw awakens all living beings, and everything in the world becomes new. Longing for clear skies and the morning sun, even in sickness, I cherish this auspicious time. Yao's elegant writings endure, and Zhou's fields and trees welcome spring. My heart is already like this; I need not write like a deity".Wu Qiuyan: Poetry collection from the Cottage of Bamboo on the Mountains In the [Qing Dynasty's](/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") "四庫全書總目提要" ([Annotated Bibliography of the Four Treasuries](/wiki/Annotated_Bibliography_of_the_Four_Treasuries "Annotated Bibliography of the Four Treasuries")), the evaluation of Wu Qiuyan's poetry is as follows: "His poetry does not adhere strictly to [rules](/wiki/Social_norm "Social norm"), but his free spirit flows with freshness, cleansing away the dust and dirt of the mundane world, revealing a unique and untamed quality".Summary of the Catalog of the Four Treasuries, compiled by [Yongrong](/wiki/Yongrong "Yongrong") and [Jiyun](/wiki/Ji_Yun "Ji Yun"). [Commercial Press](/wiki/The_Commercial_Press "The Commercial Press"). 1933 ### Collections and works Wu Qiuyan was a highly learned scholar with a deep appreciation for ancient texts and the [Hundred Schools of Thought](/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought "Hundred Schools of Thought"). He was well\-versed in various fields, including classics, history, philosophy, and literature, and had a collection of books that reflected his broad knowledge. He lived in seclusion in a small house in Shenghua Lane, where he had a small library on the upper floor. The walls of this library were adorned with various books related to classics, history, and philosophy, all neatly organized.{{Cite book \|last\=章用秀 \|title\=名家印章趣谈 \|publisher\=江西美术出版社 \|year\=2007 \|isbn\=9787807492207 \|location\=Nanchang \|language\=zh}} Wu Qiuyan authored several notable works, including "學古編" (A Compilation of Ancient Learning),Includes the volume one, titled "Thirty\-Five Entries". "印式" (Seal style, in two volumes), and "閒居錄" (Diary of a Leisurely Life). He also left behind collections of poetry, such as "周秦山房詩集" (Poems from the Cottage in the Zhou and Qin Mountains) and "竹素山房詩集" (Poetry collection from the Cottage of Bamboo on the Mountains). Additionally, he made contributions to musical notation with works like "九歌譜" ([Nine Songs](/wiki/Jiu_Ge "Jiu Ge")) and "十二月樂譜" (Music of the [Twelfth Month](/wiki/Layue "Layue")). Furthermore, he engaged in commentaries and annotations, including "周秦刻石釋音" (Interpretation of the Inscriptions on [Zhou](/wiki/Zhou_dynasty "Zhou dynasty") and [Qin](/wiki/Qin_dynasty "Qin dynasty") Stone Tablets), "晉文春秋" (Annals of the [Spring and Autumn](/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals "Spring and Autumn Annals")), and "尚書要略" (Summary of the [*Shangshu*](/wiki/Book_of_Documents "Book of Documents")), among others.周秦刻石釋音" (Interpretation of the Inscriptions on Zhou and Qin Stone Tablets), by Wu Qiuyan, annotated by [Yang Shen](/wiki/Yang_Shen "Yang Shen"). [Commercial Press](/wiki/The_Commercial_Press "The Commercial Press"), as part of the initial compilation of the Collectanea of the Republic of China.
[ "Academic contributions\n----------------------", "[left\\|thumb\\|Wu Qiuyan's '學古編' (Learning from the Ancients \\- Compilation) (Ming Engraved Edition)](/wiki/File:%E5%90%BE%E4%B8%98%E8%A1%8D%E3%80%8A%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%A4%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E6%98%8E%E5%88%BB%E5%96%84%E6%9C%AC%EF%BC%89.jpg \"吾丘衍《學古編》（明刻善本）.jpg\")", "### Epigraphy", "Wu Qiuyan had a strong passion for classical studies and was well\\-versed in the writings of various schools of thought found in classical literature. He authored works such as '*Learning from the Ancients \\- Compilation*', '閒居錄' (Diary of a Leisurely Life), '竹素山房詩集' (Poetry collection from the Cottage of Bamboo on the Mountains), and '周秦石刻釋音' (Interpretation of Inscriptions from the Zhou and Qin Dynasties).", "'*Learning from the Ancients \\- Compilation*' was completed in the year of Da De Geng Zi (1300\\), and its first volume is known as '三十五舉' (Thirty\\-Five Entries). This work is one of the earliest [Chinese](/wiki/China \"China\") treatises on the theory of [seal carving](/wiki/Seal_carving \"Seal carving\"). 'Thirty\\-Five Entries' constitutes the core of this book, elucidating the evolution and development of [seal script](/wiki/Seal_script \"Seal script\") and [clerical script](/wiki/Clerical_script \"Clerical script\"), as well as the art of seal carving. It contains many of Wu Qiuyan's innovative insights and concepts. [Lu Xun](/wiki/Lu_Xun \"Lu Xun\"), in his work '蛻龕印存' (Reminiscences of Tui Kan), stated, 'The use of seals began in the Zhou and Qin periods,' and later generations 'engraved inscriptions on walls using ancient methods... Wuqiu Zi Xing vigorously advocated [Han Dynasty](/wiki/Han_dynasty \"Han dynasty\") methods... thus, the wind of [Er Ya](/wiki/Erya \"Erya\") was seen again.'\"{{Cite work \\|last\\=张目达 \\|first\\=中國知網 \\|date\\=2020\\-11\\-14 \\|title\\=吾丘衍《三十五举》\"古\"与\"新\"（中国艺术研究院硕士论文） \\|url\\=https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode\\=CMFD\\&dbname\\=CMFD201801\\&filename\\=1017064386\\.nh\\&v\\=MjI0NDBWRjI2R2JPK0d0TEVxWkViUElSOGVYMUx1eFlTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnJDVVI3cWZZdVp1RnlybVViL00\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=}}", "Wu Qiuyan's '三十五舉' (Thirty\\-Five Entries) presented a series of rules for creating seal carvings inspired by Han Dynasty seals, covering aspects such as seal shape, character forms, seal script, and composition. These rules provided a foundation for those in the early stages of seal carving art development who lacked precedents to follow. As [Yuan Dynasty](/wiki/Yuan_dynasty \"Yuan dynasty\") scholar [Wei Su](/wiki/Wei_Su_%28historian%29 \"Wei Su (historian)\") remarked: 'The publication of this compilation can wash away the common bad habits.'{{Cite web \\|last\\=野田悟 \\|title\\=吾衍与其《学古编》之研究（中国美术学院博士学位论文） \\|url\\=http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD\\-10355\\-2009156860\\.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504214244/http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD\\-10355\\-2009156860\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-04 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-01 \\|website\\=中國知網 \\|language\\=zh}} Most Yuan Dynasty designs for imitating Han Dynasty seals adhered to the rules established in '三十五舉.' Many subsequent works on seal studies directly followed the format of '三十五舉,' such as '續學古編' (Sequel to Learning from the Ancients),[He Zhen](/wiki/He_Zhen_%28artist%29 \"He Zhen (artist)\") (何震) '續三十五舉' (Sequel to Thirty\\-Five Entries),Guifu (桂馥) '再續三十五舉' (Another Sequel to Thirty\\-Five Entries),Yaoyan (姚晏) and more, underscoring the profound influence of Wu Qiuyan's '學古編'.\"Shared Literature Catalog\", see appendix. Hence, later generations often referred to '學古編' as '三十五舉' and regarded it as a classic in the fields of seal studies and seal carving theory. It is celebrated in the world of seal studies as a 'pillar of the seal carvers,' reviving the art after a period of decline.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=刘清扬 \\|date\\=1998 \\|title\\=吾丘衍《三十五举》略论 \\|url\\=http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL\\-ENSE805\\.016\\.htm \\|journal\\=四川师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版) \\|language\\=zh \\|issue\\=5 \\|doi\\=10\\.16246/j.cnki.51\\-1674/c.1998\\.05\\.017 \\|issn\\=1005\\-1465 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514003104/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL\\-ENSE805\\.016\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-14 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-01}}", "### Art practice of seal engraving", "[thumb\\|Wu Qiuyan's seal engraving work.](/wiki/File:%E5%90%BE%E4%B8%98%E8%A1%8D%E7%AF%86%E5%88%BB%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81.jpg \"吾丘衍篆刻作品.jpg\")\nIn contrast to the previous practice of following specific [concepts](/wiki/Concept \"Concept\") and theories of [seal engraving](/wiki/Seal_engraving \"Seal engraving\") when creating imitations of Han Dynasty seals, Wu Qiuyan developed a [methodological](/wiki/Methodology \"Methodology\") approach that relied on a foundational understanding of ancient seal principles and used \"antiquity\" as the guiding criterion for creating imitations of Han Dynasty seals. This methodology reflects the [Confucian](/wiki/Confucianism \"Confucianism\") perspective of \"fulfillment as beauty,\" which is a prevalent aesthetic feature of Han Dynasty seals. In Han Dynasty seals, Chinese characters typically cover the entire surface of the seal, presenting an art form characterized by fullness, simplicity, substance, and dignity.", "Han Dynasty seals represent the pinnacle of Chinese [seal engraving art](/wiki/Seal_carving \"Seal carving\") in its developmental history, establishing an aesthetic paradigm for seal engraving. Wu Qiuyan, proficient in the [Six Scripts](/wiki/Chinese_character_classification \"Chinese character classification\") of [calligraphy](/wiki/Calligraphy \"Calligraphy\"), excelled in the [clerical](/wiki/Clerical_script \"Clerical script\") and [seal scripts](/wiki/Seal_script \"Seal script\"). His seal engraving art did not adhere rigidly to established conventions; he used [jade](/wiki/Jade \"Jade\") [chopsticks](/wiki/Seal_%28emblem%29 \"Seal (emblem)\") to engrave characters, resulting in round, smooth, and elegant seal impressions, both in vermilion and white scripts. Concerning the seal script technique for imitating Han Dynasty seals, Wu Qiuyan proposed specific technical guidelines in his \"Thirty\\-Five Principles,\" emphasizing that \"seal script techniques are akin to clerical script\" and encouraging \"squareness, straightness, avoiding circular shapes, and even when using slanting strokes, one should cleverly write beyond them\" as practical techniques in seal engraving art.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=王培 \\|date\\=2019 \\|title\\=吾丘衍《三十五举》对仿汉印章创作的启示 \\|url\\=https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode\\=CJFQ\\&dbname\\=CJFDLAST2019\\&filename\\=JAOI201905039\\&v\\=MDc0MDNMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSN3FmWXVadUZ5cm1VNzNBTHl6RVo3RzRIOWpNcW85R2JZUjhlWDE\\= \\|journal\\=江苏教育 \\|language\\=zh \\|issue\\=5 \\|issn\\=1005\\-6009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514003144/https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode\\=CJFQ\\&dbname\\=CJFDLAST2019\\&filename\\=JAOI201905039\\&v\\=MDc0MDNMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSN3FmWXVadUZ5cm1VNzNBTHl6RVo3RzRIOWpNcW85R2JZUjhlWDE%3D \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-14 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-01}}", "When comparing the imitations of Han Dynasty seals by [Zhao Mengfu](/wiki/Zhao_Mengfu \"Zhao Mengfu\") and Wu Qiuyan, it is evident that Zhao seal and his clan seal were significantly influenced by Wu Qiuyan's personal vermilion script seal, showing a tendency towards the characteristics of [small seal script](/wiki/Small_seal_script \"Small seal script\").", "Wu Qiuyan emphasized the integration of seal engraving theory and practice, with a particular focus on the arrangement of the seal's composition. As a result, his seal engraving art exemplified the simplicity and purity of Han Dynasty seal script techniques. In his work \"Thirty\\-Five Principles\", Wu Qiuyan provided specific characteristics of seal engraving art imitating Han Dynasty seals, stating: \"In white script seals, the characters must abut the edges; there should be no gaps, as gaps are not in accordance with antiquity... When there are one or two characters in the seal inscription with a natural gap, it should not be filled; many ancient seals have such gaps\".{{Cite web \\|title\\=吾丘衍《三十五舉》 \\|url\\=https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if\\=gb\\&chapter\\=796770 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114173743/https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if\\=gb\\&chapter\\=796770 \\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-14 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-01 \\|website\\=中國哲學書電子化計劃官網 \\|language\\=zh}} He established the fundamental principles for seal engraving practice by studying Han Dynasty seals. His methodology has continued to benefit seal engraving art from his time to the present day, earning him the title of a master in the field of seal studies for generations.", "### Poetry and music", "[left\\|thumb\\|Poetry collection from the Cottage of Bamboo on the Mountains, part of the *[Complete Library of the Four Treasuries](/wiki/Complete_Library_of_the_Four_Treasuries \"Complete Library of the Four Treasuries\")*《欽定四庫全書·竹素山房詩集》](/wiki/File:%E3%80%8A%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%C2%B7%E7%AB%B9%E7%B4%A0%E5%B1%B1%E6%88%BF%E8%A9%A9%E9%9B%86%E3%80%8B.png \"《欽定四庫全書·竹素山房詩集》.png\")\nIn ancient texts, Wu Qiuyan is described as follows: \"On moonlit nights, he would hold his bamboo flute, ride on the rooftop, and play. The sound was mournful yet robust\".\"Biography of Wu Yan\", vol. 6, by Wangxing. His profound love for [music](/wiki/Music \"Music\") and his creative endeavors in [poetry](/wiki/Poetry \"Poetry\") and lyrics were intertwined, accompanying him throughout his life's journey. For example, in one of his poems, he wrote: \"Alone, I carry my phoenix flute to the mountain's entrance, the trees brushing against the spring breeze, the grass brushing against my clothes. I dare not play heavenly melodies any longer, for fear of startling the stones into dispersing like drifting clouds\".Playing the Flute in the Cave of the Yang Temple,《楊寺洞中吹簫》 Another poem expresses his admiration for [Wang Zijin](/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E5%85%9A \"太子党\"), depicting scenes of carefree wandering in nature: \"I love Wang Zijin, drifting freely through the heavens, dancing with green peaches and playing the flute. As the flowers fall, the city enters autumn\".\"There is accomplishment in making feathers and clothes\",《制羽服成有作》 Wu Qiuyan incorporated the story of the [Taoist](/wiki/Taoism \"Taoism\") immortal Fugui Gong receiving Wang Zijin as a disciple from \"[Biographies of Immortals](/wiki/Liexian_Zhuan \"Liexian Zhuan\"),\" hinting at his own longing for Daoist cultivation and reflecting his independent and reclusive character.Biography of Wu Qiu Zixing, vol. 39, by Wangyi.{{Cite web \\|last\\=聂国强（湖北美术学院中国画系） \\|title\\=《三十五举》之\"十七举\"的断句校勘与认识 \\|url\\=https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode\\=CJFQ\\&dbname\\=CJFDLAST2019\\&filename\\=AHSH201904004\\&v\\=MDEwMDJDVVI3cWZZdVpzRmkzbFViekxKQ1hZWnJHNEg5ak1xNDlGWUlSOGVYMUx1eFlTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnI\\= \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114173746/https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode\\=CJFQ\\&dbname\\=CJFDLAST2019\\&filename\\=AHSH201904004\\&v\\=MDEwMDJDVVI3cWZZdVpzRmkzbFViekxKQ1hZWnJHNEg5ak1xNDlGWUlSOGVYMUx1eFlTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnI%3D \\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-14 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-02 \\|website\\=中國知網 \\|language\\=zh}}", "The \"竹素山房詩集\" (Poetry collection from the Cottage of Bamboo on the Mountains) written by Wu Qiuyan is rich in content and profound in meaning.{{Cite web \\|last\\=總纂官：（臣）紀昀，（臣）陸錫熊，（臣）孫士毅 \\|title\\=《欽定四庫全書·竹素山房詩集·提要》 \\|url\\=https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if\\=gb\\&chapter\\=162270 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114173737/https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if\\=gb\\&chapter\\=162270 \\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-14 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-04 \\|website\\=中國哲學書電子化計劃官網 \\|language\\=zh}} One of his poems, titled \"丁未歲哀越民,\" vividly depicts the famine in [Jiangsu](/wiki/Jiangsu \"Jiangsu\") and [Zhejiang](/wiki/Zhejiang \"Zhejiang\") provinces during the 11th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1307\\). The poem describes the suffering of the people, the desolation of the land, and the horrifying scenes of corpses lying in the fields, unburied. It even alludes to the desperate act of cannibalism as people struggled to survive. This poem reflects Wu Qiuyan's deep sympathy for the [common people](/wiki/Baixing \"Baixing\").", "In another poem titled \"凍解\" (Thawing), written in the form of a [five\\-character regulated poem](/wiki/L%C3%BCshi_%28poetry%29 \"Lüshi (poetry)\"), Wu Qiuyan describes the arrival of spring as the east wind melts the ice. Despite his illness, he expresses his anticipation and love for the beautiful springtime, saying: \"The thaw awakens all living beings, and everything in the world becomes new. Longing for clear skies and the morning sun, even in sickness, I cherish this auspicious time. Yao's elegant writings endure, and Zhou's fields and trees welcome spring. My heart is already like this; I need not write like a deity\".Wu Qiuyan: Poetry collection from the Cottage of Bamboo on the Mountains", "In the [Qing Dynasty's](/wiki/Qing_dynasty \"Qing dynasty\") \"四庫全書總目提要\" ([Annotated Bibliography of the Four Treasuries](/wiki/Annotated_Bibliography_of_the_Four_Treasuries \"Annotated Bibliography of the Four Treasuries\")), the evaluation of Wu Qiuyan's poetry is as follows: \"His poetry does not adhere strictly to [rules](/wiki/Social_norm \"Social norm\"), but his free spirit flows with freshness, cleansing away the dust and dirt of the mundane world, revealing a unique and untamed quality\".Summary of the Catalog of the Four Treasuries, compiled by [Yongrong](/wiki/Yongrong \"Yongrong\") and [Jiyun](/wiki/Ji_Yun \"Ji Yun\"). [Commercial Press](/wiki/The_Commercial_Press \"The Commercial Press\"). 1933", "### Collections and works", "Wu Qiuyan was a highly learned scholar with a deep appreciation for ancient texts and the [Hundred Schools of Thought](/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought \"Hundred Schools of Thought\"). He was well\\-versed in various fields, including classics, history, philosophy, and literature, and had a collection of books that reflected his broad knowledge. He lived in seclusion in a small house in Shenghua Lane, where he had a small library on the upper floor. The walls of this library were adorned with various books related to classics, history, and philosophy, all neatly organized.{{Cite book \\|last\\=章用秀 \\|title\\=名家印章趣谈 \\|publisher\\=江西美术出版社 \\|year\\=2007 \\|isbn\\=9787807492207 \\|location\\=Nanchang \\|language\\=zh}}", "Wu Qiuyan authored several notable works, including \"學古編\" (A Compilation of Ancient Learning),Includes the volume one, titled \"Thirty\\-Five Entries\". \"印式\" (Seal style, in two volumes), and \"閒居錄\" (Diary of a Leisurely Life). He also left behind collections of poetry, such as \"周秦山房詩集\" (Poems from the Cottage in the Zhou and Qin Mountains) and \"竹素山房詩集\" (Poetry collection from the Cottage of Bamboo on the Mountains). Additionally, he made contributions to musical notation with works like \"九歌譜\" ([Nine Songs](/wiki/Jiu_Ge \"Jiu Ge\")) and \"十二月樂譜\" (Music of the [Twelfth Month](/wiki/Layue \"Layue\")). Furthermore, he engaged in commentaries and annotations, including \"周秦刻石釋音\" (Interpretation of the Inscriptions on [Zhou](/wiki/Zhou_dynasty \"Zhou dynasty\") and [Qin](/wiki/Qin_dynasty \"Qin dynasty\") Stone Tablets), \"晉文春秋\" (Annals of the [Spring and Autumn](/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals \"Spring and Autumn Annals\")), and \"尚書要略\" (Summary of the [*Shangshu*](/wiki/Book_of_Documents \"Book of Documents\")), among others.周秦刻石釋音\" (Interpretation of the Inscriptions on Zhou and Qin Stone Tablets), by Wu Qiuyan, annotated by [Yang Shen](/wiki/Yang_Shen \"Yang Shen\"). [Commercial Press](/wiki/The_Commercial_Press \"The Commercial Press\"), as part of the initial compilation of the Collectanea of the Republic of China.", "" ]
Data ---- All timelines, overviews, breakdowns, lists, and graphs on this page are based on data published in regular official reports by [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada "Health Canada") in cooperation with [Public Health Agency of Canada](/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada "Public Health Agency of Canada").{{\#invoke:cite web\|\| title\=COVID\-19 epidemiology update: Summary \| url\=https://health\-infobase.canada.ca/covid\-19/ \| access\-date\=29 September 2024 \| language\=English}} ### Timeline of cases and deaths in Canada | **Timeline of cases and deaths in Canada** | | --- | | {{clear left}} {{COVID\-19 pandemic data/Canada medical cases chart}}{{anchor\|COVID chart}} {{clear left}} | ### Timeline of cases and deaths by province and territory | **Timeline of cases and deaths by province and territory** | | --- | | {{clear left}} {{COVID\-19 pandemic data/Canada medical cases}} {{clear left}} | ### Overview of infection waves | {{font color \| white \| Waves(1,701 days) }} | {{font color \| white \| Phases}} | {{font color \| white \| Dates}} | {{font color \| white \| Active cases }} | {{font color \| white \| Deaths(60,769\)}} | {{font color \| white \| Fatality average(35\.73 per day)}} | \+ COVID\-19 infection waves in Canada | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | First(175 days) | Start | January 25, 2020 | 1 | 8,839 | 50\.51 per day | | Peak (127 days after the start) | May 30, 2020 | 35,040 | | End (48 days after the peak) | July 17, 2020 | 4,143 | | Second(230 days) | Start | July 18, 2020 | 4,455 | 13,312 | 57\.88 per day | | Peak (177 days after the start) | January 10, 2021 | 85,595 | | End (53 days after the peak) | March 4, 2021 | 29,907 | | Third(140 days) | Start | March 5, 2021 | 30,139 | 4,375 | 31\.25 per day | | Peak (45 days after the start) | April 18, 2021 | 89,884 | | End (95 days after the peak) | July 22, 2021 | 4,513 | | Fourth(104 days) | Start | July 23, 2021 | 4,550 | 2,569 | 24\.70 per day | | Peak (66 days after the start) | September 26, 2021 | 51,747 | | End (38 days after the peak) | November 3, 2021 | 23,135 | | Fifth(117 days) | Start | November 4, 2021 | 23,165 | 7,507 | 64\.16 per day | | Peak (67 days after the start) | January 9, 2022 | 443,676 | | End (50 days after the peak) | February 28, 2022 | 110,551 | | Subsequent(935 days) | | Start | March 1, 2022 | 111,931 | 24,167 | 25\.85 per day | | Current | September 20, 2024 | N/A | | There is no reliable tracking data on recoveries since March 2, 2022\. | | | ### Breakdown by year | Province / Territory | Total cases | New cases in 2020 | | New cases in 2021 | | New cases in 2022 | | New cases in 2023 | | New cases in 2024 | | \+COVID\-19 cases (2020–2024\) \[as of May 25, 2024] | [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario "Ontario") | 1,719,315 | 182,159 | (10\.60%) | 574,202 | (33\.40%) | 794,218 | (46\.19%) | 141,508 | (8\.23%) | 27,228 | (1\.58%) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec "Quebec") | 1,457,505 | 202,641 | (13\.90%) | 400,427 | (27\.47%) | 682,113 | (46\.80%) | 150,245 | (10\.31%) | 22,079 | (1\.52%) | | [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta "Alberta") | 654,710 | 101,654 | (15\.53%) | 264,755 | (40\.44%) | 257,582 | (39\.34%) | 24,030 | (3\.67%) | 6,689 | (1\.02%) | | [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia") | 421,680 | 51,990 | (12\.33%) | 202,859 | (48\.11%) | 138,296 | (32\.79%) | 20,449 | (4\.85%) | 8,086 | (1\.92%) | | [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan "Saskatchewan") | 163,860 | 15,350 | (9\.37%) | 69,863 | (42\.64%) | 66,357 | (40\.49%) | 10,131 | (6\.18%) | 2,159 | (1\.32%) | | [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba "Manitoba") | 161,892 | 24,700 | (15\.26%) | 55,400 | (34\.22%) | 73,684 | (45\.51%) | 6,446 | (3\.98%) | 1,662 | (1\.03%) | | [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia") | 153,081 | 1,486 | (0\.97%) | 16,259 | (10\.62%) | 118,211 | (77\.22%) | 14,855 | (9\.71%) | 2,270 | (1\.48%) | | [New Brunswick](/wiki/New_Brunswick "New Brunswick") | 95,152 | 599 | (0\.63%) | 13,673 | (14\.37%) | 71,625 | (75\.27%) | 8,002 | (8\.41%) | 1,253 | (1\.32%) | | [Newfoundland and Labrador](/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Newfoundland and Labrador") | 58,755 | 390 | (0\.66%) | 3,765 | (6\.41%) | 49,958 | (85\.03%) | 3,429 | (5\.84%) | 1,123 | (2\.06%) | | [Prince Edward Island](/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island "Prince Edward Island") | 58,593 | 96 | (0\.16%) | 1,270 | (2\.17%) | 54,313 | (92\.70%) | 2,549 | (4\.35%) | 365 | (0\.62%) | | [Northwest Territories](/wiki/Northwest_Territories "Northwest Territories") | 11,511 | 24 | (0\.21%) | 2,205 | (19\.16%) | 9,282 | (80\.63%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | | [Yukon](/wiki/Yukon "Yukon") | 4,989 | 60 | (1\.20%) | 1,695 | (33\.98%) | 3,234 | (64\.82%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | | [Nunavut](/wiki/Nunavut "Nunavut") | 3,531 | 266 | (7\.53%) | 537 | (15\.21%) | 2,728 | (77\.26%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | | Repatriated | 13 | 13 | (100\.00%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | | **[Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada")** | **4,964,587** | **581,428** | **(11\.71%)** | **1,606,910** | **(32\.37%)** | **2,321,601** | **(46\.76%)** | **381,644** | **(7\.69%)** | **73,004** | **(1\.47%)** | Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible. | Province / Territory | Total deaths | Deaths in 2020 | | Deaths in 2021 | | Deaths in 2022 | | Deaths in 2023 | | Deaths in 2024 | | \+COVID\-19 deaths (2020–2024\) \[as of September 20, 2024] | [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec "Quebec") | 20,504 | 7,662 | (37\.37%) | 3,482 | (16\.98%) | 6,169 | (30\.09%) | 2,311 | (11\.27%) | 880 | (4\.29%) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario "Ontario") | 18,842 | 4,578 | (24\.30%) | 5,521 | (29\.30%) | 6,090 | (32\.32%) | 2,006 | (10\.65%) | 647 | (3\.43%) | | [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia") | 7,394 | 847 | (11\.45%) | 1,567 | (21\.19%) | 2,482 | (33\.57%) | 1,631 | (22\.06%) | 867 | (11\.73%) | | [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta "Alberta") | 6,599 | 1,116 | (16\.91%) | 2,187 | (33\.14%) | 2,118 | (32\.10%) | 823 | (12\.47%) | 355 | (5\.38%) | | [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba "Manitoba") | 2,571 | 617 | (24\.00%) | 753 | (29\.29%) | 999 | (38\.85%) | 202 | (7\.86%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | | [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan "Saskatchewan") | 2,066 | 134 | (6\.49%) | 811 | (39\.25%) | 877 | (42\.45%) | 226 | (10\.94%) | 18 | (0\.87%) | | [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia") | 1,115 | 65 | (5\.83%) | 46 | (4\.13%) | 580 | (52\.02%) | 270 | (24\.21%) | 154 | (13\.81%) | | [New Brunswick](/wiki/New_Brunswick "New Brunswick") | 1,067 | 8 | (0\.75%) | 144 | (13\.49%) | 588 | (55\.11%) | 249 | (23\.34%) | 78 | (7\.31%) | | [Newfoundland and Labrador](/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Newfoundland and Labrador") | 426 | 4 | (0\.94%) | 14 | (3\.29%) | 277 | (65\.02%) | 92 | (21\.60%) | 39 | (9\.15%) | | [Prince Edward Island](/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island "Prince Edward Island") | 124 | 0 | (0\.00%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | 82 | (66\.13%) | 32 | (25\.81%) | 10 | (8\.06%) | | [Yukon](/wiki/Yukon "Yukon") | 32 | 1 | (3\.13%) | 13 | (40\.62%) | 18 | (56\.25%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | | [Northwest Territories](/wiki/Northwest_Territories "Northwest Territories") | 22 | 0 | (0\.00%) | 12 | (54\.55%) | 10 | (45\.45%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | | [Nunavut](/wiki/Nunavut "Nunavut") | 7 | 1 | (14\.28%) | 3 | (42\.86%) | 3 | (42\.86%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | | Repatriated | 0 | 0 | (0\.00%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | 0 | (0\.00%) | | **[Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada")** | **60,769** | **15,033** | **(24\.74%)** | **14,553** | **(23\.95%)** | **20,293** | **(33\.39%)** | **7,842** | **(12\.90%)** | **3,048** | **(5\.02%)** | Note: This table is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\). ### Deaths by year In this table the starting date is when the first COVID\-attributed death in Canada was recorded. Thus, the total average (36\.70 over 1,656 days) differs slightly from the official average (35\.73 over 1,701 days). | Year | Deaths | Days | Daily average | Fatality Rate | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 2020 | 15,033 | 299 (Mar 9\-Dec 31\) | 50\.28 | 2\.59% | | 2021 | 14,553 | 365 (Jan 1\-Dec 31\) | 39\.87 | 0\.91% | | 2022 | 20,293 | 365 (Jan 1\-Dec 31\) | 55\.60 | 0\.87% | | 2023 | 7,842 | 365 (Jan 1\-Dec 31\) | 21\.48 | 2\.06% | | 2024 | 3,048 | 262 (Jan 1\-Sep 20\) | 11\.63 | 2\.63% | | **55 months** | **60,769** | **1,656** | **36\.70** | **1\.20%** | | **Note**: \* Fatality rate for 2024 (2\.63%) and the total fatality rate (1\.20%) are{{white \| \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*}}as of May 25, 2024, which is the date when the PHAC stopped{{white \| \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*}}providing updates on new cases. | | | | | Note: This table is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\). ### Top 50 days with most deaths Of the 50 days, 21 occurred in 2020, 13 in 2021, and 16 in 2022\. The data is correct as of February 25, 2022\. Since then, reliable daily statistics have not been available (by that date, most Provinces and Territories had already switched from daily reports to weekly reports). This table also does not reflect any changes stemming from official revisions of past reports because such government revisions are limited to monthly reports and do not include updated daily statistics. | {{font color \| white \| Canada }} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Jan 26, 2022 | 231 | | Jan 15, 2021 | 192 | | May 12, 2020 | 176 | | Feb 1, 2022 | 166 | | Jan 14, 2021 | 154 | | May 31, 2020 | 222 | Jan 24, 2022 | 190 | Jan 27, 2022 | 176 | Apr 25, 2020 | 163 | Apr 28, 2020 | 152 | | Dec 29, 2020 | 220 | May 5, 2020 | 189 | May 2, 2020 | 175 | May 8, 2020 | 161 | Jan 13, 2021 | 151 | | Jan 20, 2022 | 212 | May 6, 2020 | 189 | Apr 23, 2020 | 173 | Jan 21, 2021 | 161 | Jan 31, 2022 | 151 | | Jan 4, 2021 | 209 | Apr 30, 2020 | 188 | Dec 23, 2020 | 173 | Apr 18, 2020 | 160 | Jan 3, 2021 | 150 | | Jan 7, 2021 | 209 | Apr 16, 2020 | 186 | Feb 2, 2022 | 173 | Jan 21, 2022 | 160 | Jan 17, 2021 | 149 | | May 1, 2020 | 207 | Jan 19, 2022 | 181 | May 4, 2020 | 172 | Jan 5, 2021 | 159 | Jan 17, 2022 | 149 | | Jan 22, 2021 | 205 | Jan 25, 2022 | 180 | May 14, 2020 | 170 | Feb 4, 2021 | 157 | Jan 28, 2022 | 149 | | Jan 20, 2021 | 199 | May 10, 2020 | 178 | Feb 3, 2022 | 168 | Feb 4, 2022 | 157 | Feb 9, 2022 | 149 | | Dec 28, 2020 | 195 | May 7, 2020 | 176 | Jan 26, 2021 | 167 | Apr 24, 2020 | 155 | Jan 18, 2022 | 148 | ### Top 30 weeks with most deaths Of the 30 weeks, 15 occurred in 2020, 5 in 2021, and 10 in 2022\. 8 instances were recorded in January, 6 in April, 5 each in May and December, 4 in February, and 2 in November. | {{font color\|white\|Canada}} | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | April 26\-May 2, 2020 | 1,317 | | December 20\-26, 2020 | 929 | | January 31\-February 6, 2021 | 645 | | April 19\-25, 2020 | 1,279 | January 9\-15, 2022 | 924 | May 17\-23, 2020 | 625 | | January 16\-22, 2022 | 1,202 | December 27, 2020\-January 2, 2021 | 922 | May 24\-30, 2020 | 606 | | January 23\-29, 2022 | 1,117 | December 13\-19, 2020 | 863 | November 22\-28, 2020 | 563 | | January 3\-9, 2021 | 1,065 | January 24\-30, 2021 | 856 | February 13\-19, 2022 | 554 | | January 17\-23, 2021 | 1,050 | December 6\-12, 2020 | 816 | January 2\-8, 2022 | 529 | | May 3\-9, 2020 | 1,023 | May 10\-16, 2020 | 802 | April 24\-30, 2022 | 515 | | April 12\-18, 2020 | 1,007 | February 6\-12, 2022 | 771 | April 17\-23, 2022 | 491 | | January 10\-16, 2021 | 983 | April 5\-11, 2020 | 695 | May 8\-14, 2022 | 485 | | January 30\-February 5, 2022 | 953 | November 29\-December 5, 2020 | 695 | November 15\-21, 2020 | 482 | ### Top 15 months with most deaths Data from this table reveals an inconsistency in the official narrative with regard to how much risk COVID\-19 actually posed to the populace. In total, there have been a total of 21 instances where the number of deaths in a particular Province or Territory during one of the months in 2023 or 2024 was sufficiently high to break into the Top 15 for that particular Province or Territory: * Quebec \- 1 instance (Dec 2023\) * British Columbia \- 3 instances (Jan 2023, Apr 2023, Oct 2023\) * Nova Scotia \- 4 instances (Jan 2023, Feb 2023, Nov 2023, Mar 2024\) * New Brunswick \- 5 instances (Jan 2023, Feb 2023, Mar 2023, Apr 2023, Dec 2023\) * Newfoundland and Labrador \- 3 instances (Jan 2023, Feb 2023, Mar 2023\) * Prince Edward Island \- 5 instances (Jan 2023, Feb 2023, Apr 2023, Jul 2023, Feb 2024\) From 2020 to 2022, most Provinces and Territories endured highly restrictive measures regarding freedom of movement and gathering, however in 2023 \- even with some Provinces and Territories recording higher numbers of COVID\-attributed deaths than during some months of 2020\-2022 \- COVID\-19 no longer seemed to be a government priority or a national health emergency. Specific examples prove this beyond any doubt: * In October 202, New Brunswick recorded 62 deaths which both the authorities and the media claimed was 'alarming', but when 53 deaths were recorded in February 2023 that went mostly unnoticed, exposing a clear double standard and cherry picking of data (pushing a certain narrative using official data when it suits that narrative and completely ignoring that same official data when it doesn't). * Nova Scotia recorded the second highest number of deaths in February 2023 but the authorities and the media largely ignored this fact. * Similarly, British Columbia recorded 241 COVID\-attributed deaths in October 2023, just slightly lower than the number of deaths recorded in that Province in February 2022, April 2022, or October 2022 (when restrictions were in place), but this fact didn't even deserve a mention in the local media, nor was it addressed as a concern by the [Provincial Health Officer](/wiki/Bonnie_Henry "Bonnie Henry"). There has also been no official explanation neither by the federal government nor by any of the governments of the three Territories (Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon) regarding the decision of these Territories to discontinue all COVID\-related reports (NU did so on 16 April 2022, NT on 20 June 2022, and YT on 19 November 2022\). | {{font color\|white\|Canada}} | | {{font color\|white\|Quebec}} | | {{font color\|white\|Ontario}} | | {{font color\|white\|British Columbia}} | | {{font color\|white\|Alberta}} | | {{font color\|white\|Manitoba}} | | {{font color\|white\|Saskatchewan}} | | \+Top 15 months with most deaths \[as of September 20, 2024] | {{font color\|white\|Total}} | {{font color\|white\|60,769}} | {{font color\|white\|Total}} | {{font color\|white\|20,504}} | {{font color\|white\|Total}} | {{font color\|white\|18,842}} | {{font color\|white\|Total}} | {{font color\|white\|7,394}} | {{font color\|white\|Total}} | {{font color\|white\|6,599}} | {{font color\|white\|Total}} | {{font color\|white\|2,571}} | {{font color\|white\|Total}} | {{font color\|white\|2,066}} | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | January 2021 | 4,874 | May 2020 | 2,864 | January 2021 | 1,871 | December 2020 | 437 | January 2021 | 628 | December 2020 | 327 | October 2021 | 183 | | May 2020 | 4,373 | April 2020 | 1,888 | January 2022 | 1,535 | January 2021 | 342 | December 2020 | 549 | November 2020 | 223 | January 2021 | 166 | | January 2022 | 4,046 | January 2022 | 1,693 | May 2020 | 1,339 | May 2022 | 321 | October 2021 | 448 | January 2021 | 208 | February 2022 | 148 | | April 2020 | 3,324 | January 2021 | 1,649 | April 2020 | 1,237 | February 2022 | 254 | February 2022 | 338 | January 2022 | 173 | October 2022 | 98 | | December 2020 | 3,303 | December 2020 | 1,024 | May 2021 | 888 | April 2022 | 243 | September 2021 | 298 | May 2022 | 161 | March 2022 | 95 | | February 2022 | 2,729 | February 2022 | 807 | February 2022 | 885 | October 2022 | 242 | January 2022 | 275 | February 2022 | 132 | April 2022 | 92 | | April 2022 | 2,055 | April 2022 | 723 | December 2020 | 875 | October 2023 | 241 | April 2022 | 245 | June 2021 | 93 | November 2022 | 92 | | November 2020 | 1,817 | November 2020 | 692 | April 2021 | 703 | October 2021 | 234 | November 2020 | 234 | May 2021 | 78 | December 2020 | 89 | | February 2021 | 1,715 | February 2021 | 546 | February 2021 | 680 | December 2022 | 216 | May 2022 | 211 | December 2022 | 76 | February 2021 | 85 | | October 2022 | 1,705 | December 2022 | 497 | October 2022 | 583 | January 2023 | 210 | October 2022 | 180 | April 2022 | 75 | December 2022 | 82 | | May 2021 | 1,594 | October 2020 | 478 | November 2020 | 500 | August 2022 | 205 | November 2022 | 173 | October 2022 | 72 | November 2021 | 71 | | December 2022 | 1,591 | June 2020 | 441 | April 2022 | 461 | June 2022 | 200 | February 2021 | 161 | March 2022 | 69 | September 2021 | 70 | | May 2022 | 1,571 | July 2022 | 426 | November 2022 | 417 | July 2022 | 193 | December 2022 | 155 | February 2021 | 68 | May 2021 | 64 | | November 2022 | 1,311 | December 2023 | 385 | August 2022 | 390 | January 2022 | 183 | May 2021 | 153 | November 2021 | 64 | May 2022 | 62 | | October 2021 | 1,293 | August 2022 | 362 | December 2022 | 379 | April 2023 | 181 | March 2022 | 150 | June 2022 | 63 | September 2022 | 47 | | {{font color\|black\|Nova Scotia}} | | {{font color\|black\|New Brunswick}} | | {{font color\|white\|Newfoundland and Labrador}} | | {{font color\|black\|Prince Edward Island}} | | {{font color\|white\|Yukon}} | | {{font color\|white\|Northwest Territories}} | | {{font color\|black\|Nunavut}} | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | {{font color\|black\|Total}} | 1,115 | {{font color\|black\|Total}} | 1,067 | {{font color\|white\|Total}} | {{font color\|white\|426}} | {{font color\|black\|Total}} | 124 | {{font color\|white\|Total}} | {{font color\|white\|32}} | {{font color\|white\|Total}} | {{font color\|white\|22}} | {{font color\|black\|Total}} | 7 | | April 2022 | 89 | December 2022 | 125 | April 2022 | 65 | June 2022 | 12 | February 2022 | 5 | October 2021 | 8 | March 2021 | 3 | | February 2023 | 70 | October 2022 | 107 | March 2022 | 35 | January 2022 | 10 | August 2022 | 4 | February 2022 | 4 | December 2020 | 1 | | May 2022 | 67 | January 2022 | 76 | February 2022 | 27 | November 2022 | 10 | July 2021 | 3 | January 2022 | 3 | January 2022 | 1 | | October 2022 | 57 | February 2022 | 73 | January 2022 | 20 | April 2022 | 9 | November 2021 | 3 | November 2021 | 2 | March 2022 | 1 | | November 2022 | 55 | October 2021 | 62 | August 2022 | 20 | October 2022 | 9 | March 2022 | 3 | March 2022 | 2 | April 2022 | 1 | | February 2022 | 50 | February 2023 | 53 | December 2022 | 20 | April 2023 | 8 | June 2021 | 2 | August 2021 | 1 | \- | \- | | March 2022 | 49 | April 2022 | 50 | May 2022 | 18 | May 2022 | 7 | January 2022 | 2 | September 2021 | 1 | \- | \- | | November 2023 | 49 | March 2022 | 48 | October 2022 | 18 | February 2022 | 6 | October 2020 | 1 | April 2022 | 1 | \- | \- | | September 2022 | 45 | January 2023 | 41 | November 2022 | 18 | September 2022 | 6 | May 2021 | 1 | \- | \- | \- | \- | | June 2022 | 44 | December 2021 | 29 | March 2023 | 18 | January 2023 | 6 | August 2021 | 1 | \- | \- | \- | \- | | May 2020 | 39 | March 2023 | 28 | July 2022 | 14 | February 2024 | 6 | September 2021 | 1 | \- | \- | \- | \- | | December 2022 | 38 | November 2022 | 23 | February 2023 | 14 | August 2022 | 5 | October 2021 | 1 | \- | \- | \- | \- | | January 2023 | 33 | July 2022 | 22 | September 2022 | 12 | July 2022 | 4 | December 2021 | 1 | \- | \- | \- | \- | | March 2024 | 33 | April 2023 | 21 | January 2023 | 12 | February 2023 | 4 | April 2022 | 1 | \- | \- | \- | \- | | January 2022 | 31 | December 2023 | 21 | June 2022 | 10 | July 2023 | 4 | May 2022 | 1 | \- | \- | \- | \- | ### Top 15 weeks with most new cases | {{font color \| white \| Canada}} | | {{font color \| white \| Ontario}} | | {{font color \| white \| Quebec}} | | {{font color \| white \| Alberta}} | | {{font color \| white \| British Columbia}} | | {{font color \| white \| Saskatchewan}} | | {{font color \| white \| Manitoba}} | | \+ Top 15 weeks with most new cases \[as of May 25, 2024] | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | {{font color \| white \| Total }} | {{font color \| white \|4,964,587}} | {{font color \| white \| Total }} | {{font color \| white \|1,719,315}} | {{font color \| white \| Total }} | {{font color \| white \|1,457,505}} | {{font color \| white \| Total }} | {{font color \| white \|654,710}} | {{font color \| white \| Total }} | {{font color \| white \|421,680}} | {{font color \| white \| Total }} | {{font color \| white \|163,860}} | {{font color \| white \| Total }} | {{font color \| white \|161,892}} | | Jan 3\-9, 2022 | 280,786 | Dec 27, 2021\-Jan 2, 2022 | 94,358 | Jan 3\-9, 2022 | 103,258 | Jan 10\-16, 2022 | 40,647 | Dec 27, 2021\-Jan 2, 2022 | 21,718 | Jan 17\-23, 2022 | 9,300 | Jan 3\-9, 2022 | 15,764 | | Dec 27, 2021\-Jan 2, 2022 | 259,500 | Jan 3\-9, 2022 | 87,071 | Dec 27, 2021\-Jan 2, 2022 | 97,829 | Jan 3\-9, 2022 | 33,246 | Jan 3\-9, 2022 | 19,784 | Jan 24\-30, 2022 | 8,380 | Jan 10\-16, 2022 | 10,326 | | Jan 10\-16, 2022 | 216,063 | Jan 10\-16, 2022 | 69,495 | Jan 10\-16, 2022 | 56,460 | Jan 17\-23, 2022 | 25,123 | Jan 10\-16, 2022 | 15,902 | Jan 10\-16, 2022 | 8,319 | Dec 27, 2021\-Jan 2, 2022 | 8,744 | | Jan 17\-23, 2022 | 155,445 | Jan 17\-23, 2022 | 48,579 | Dec 20\-26, 2021 | 52,483 | Dec 27, 2021\-Jan 2, 2022 | 21,535 | Jan 17\-23, 2022 | 14,094 | Jan 3\-9, 2022 | 5,428 | Jan 17\-23, 2022 | 5,721 | | Dec 20\-26, 2021 | 133,800 | Dec 20\-26, 2021 | 47,219 | Jan 17\-23, 2022 | 39,877 | Jan 24\-30, 2022 | 18,878 | Dec 20\-26, 2021 | 12,705 | Jan 31\-Feb 6, 2022 | 5,388 | Jan 24\-30, 2022 | 4,542 | | Jan 24\-30, 2022 | 111,270 | Jan 24\-30, 2022 | 33,586 | Apr 4\-10, 2022 | 27,710 | Jan 31\-Feb 6, 2022 | 14,732 | Jan 24\-30, 2022 | 11,827 | Sep 20\-26, 2021 | 3,398 | Dec 20\-26, 2021 | 3,648 | | Jan 31\-Feb 6, 2022 | 87,875 | Apr 12\-18, 2021 | 30,387 | Jan 24\-30, 2022 | 23,838 | May 3–9, 2021 | 13,892 | Jan 31\-Feb 6, 2022 | 9,828 | Oct 4\-10, 2021 | 3,389 | Jan 31\-Feb 6, 2022 | 3,342 | | Apr 4\-10, 2022 | 75,229 | Apr 19\-25, 2021 | 28,356 | Jan 31\-Feb 6, 2022 | 21,484 | Apr 26\-May 2, 2021 | 13,092 | Apr 5\-11, 2021 | 7,829 | Sep 13\-19, 2021 | 3,385 | Feb 7\-13, 2022 | 3,341 | | Feb 7\-13, 2022 | 64,862 | Apr 26\-May 2, 2021 | 25,114 | Dec 13\-19, 2021 | 19,742 | Nov 30\-Dec 6, 2020 | 12,122 | Feb 7\-13, 2022 | 7,233 | Dec 27, 2021\-Jan 2, 2022 | 3,184 | May 17–23, 2021 | 3,285 | | Apr 18\-24, 2022 | 64,833 | Apr 5\-11, 2021 | 25,009 | Apr 18\-24, 2022 | 18,648 | Sep 13\-19, 2021 | 11,562 | Apr 12\-18, 2021 | 7,181 | Sep 27\-Oct 2, 2021 | 3,145 | May 10–16, 2021 | 3,200 | | Apr 12\-18, 2021 | 60,980 | Jan 4\-10, 2021 | 24,820 | Jan 4\-10, 2021 | 18,517 | Dec 7\-13, 2020 | 11,533 | Mar 29\-Apr 4, 2021 | 6,612 | Sep 6\-12, 2021 | 2,576 | Nov 23\-29, 2020 | 2,939 | | Mar 28\-Apr 3, 2022 | 60,508 | Apr 11\-17, 2022 | 24,106 | Feb 7\-13, 2022 | 17,890 | Sep 20\-26, 2021 | 11,025 | Apr 19\-25, 2021 | 6,446 | Feb 14\-20, 2022 | 2,522 | Nov 9\-15, 2020 | 2,817 | | Jan 4\-10, 2021 | 57,826 | Jan 31\-Feb 6, 2022 | 23,810 | Dec 28, 2020\-Jan 3, 2021 | 17,649 | Apr 19\-25, 2021 | 11,011 | Nov 23\-29, 2020 | 5,761 | Oct 11\-17, 2021 | 2,361 | May 3–9, 2021 | 2,676 | | Arp 19\-25, 2021 | 57,258 | Apr 4\-10, 2022 | 23,480 | Mar 28\-Apr 3, 2022 | 17,453 | Sep 27\-Oct 3, 2021 | 10,933 | Apr 26\-May 2, 2021 | 5,502 | Aug 30\-Sep 5, 2021 | 2,263 | Nov 16\-22, 2020 | 2,597 | | Apr 11\-17, 2022 | 56,827 | Apr 18\-24, 2022 | 22,134 | Jun 27\-Jul 3, 2022 | 17,427 | Dec 20\-26, 2021 | 10,396 | Mar 22\-28, 2021 | 5,478 | Jan 11\-17, 2021 | 2,162 | May 24–30, 2021 | 2,356 | | {{font color \| black \| Nova Scotia}} | | {{font color \| black \| New Brunswick}} | | {{font color \| white \| Newfoundland and Labrador}} | | {{font color \| black \| Prince Edward Island}} | | {{font color \| white \|Northwest Territories}} | | {{font color \| white \| Yukon}} | | {{font color \| black \| Nunavut}} | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | {{font color \| black \| Total }} | 153,081 | {{font color \| black \| Total }} | 95,152 | {{font color \| white \| Total }} | {{font color \| white \|58,755}} | {{font color \| black \| Total }} | 58,593 | {{font color \| white \| Total }} | {{font color \| white \|11,511}} | {{font color \| white \| Total }} | {{font color \| white \|4,989}} | {{font color \| black \| Total }} | 3,531 | | Apr 18\-24, 2022 | 7,508 | Mar 28\-Apr 3, 2022 | 6,753 | Jan 10\-16, 2022 | 4,474 | Mar 7\-13, 2022 | 3,407 | Jan 24\-30, 2022 | 948 | Jan 10\-16, 2022 | 513 | Jan 31\-Feb 6, 2022 | 350 | | Apr 4\-10, 2022 | 6,991 | Jan 3\-9, 2022 | 4,581 | Mar 7\-13, 2022 | 4,098 | Feb 28\-Mar 6, 2022 | 2,924 | Jan 10\-16, 2022 | 940 | Jan 3\-9, 2022 | 370 | Feb 28\-Mar 6, 2022 | 327 | | Apr 11\-17, 2022 | 6,912 | Apr 4\-10, 2022 | 3,958 | Mar 14\-20, 2022 | 3,656 | Apr 4\-10, 2022 | 2,576 | Jan 31\-Feb 6, 2022 | 936 | Jan 24\-30, 2022 | 212 | Jan 17\-23, 2022 | 303 | | Jan 3\-9, 2022 | 6,287 | Dec 27, 2021\-Jan 2, 2022 | 3,823 | Jan 3\-9, 2022 | 3,253 | Mar 28\-Apr 3, 2022 | 2,454 | Jan 17\-23, 2022 | 925 | Jan 17\-23, 2022 | 211 | Feb 21\-27, 2022 | 276 | | Apr 25\-May 1, 2022 | 5,436 | Jan 17\-23, 2022 | 3,242 | Mar 21\-27, 2022 | 2,880 | Jul 11\-17, 2022 | 2,244 | Feb 7\-13, 2022 | 793 | Nov 15\-21, 2021 | 200 | Feb 14\-20, 2022 | 259 | | Jul 11\-17, 2022 | 5,132 | Apr 18\-24, 2022 | 2,956 | Feb 28\-Mar 6, 2022 | 2,830 | Apr 11\-17, 2022 | 2,229 | Feb 14\-20, 2022 | 742 | Nov 8\-14, 2021 | 164 | Mar 7\-13, 2022 | 245 | | Jan 10\-16, 2022 | 5,023 | Mar 21\-27, 2022 | 2,781 | Jan 17\-23, 2022 | 2,376 | Mar 21\-27, 2022 | 2,038 | Mar 28\-Apr 3, 2022 | 618 | Jan 31\-Feb 6, 2022 | 125 | Jan 24\-30, 2022 | 227 | | Dec 27, 2021\-Jan 2, 2022 | 4,750 | Jan 24\-30, 2022 | 2,706 | Mar 28\-Apr 3, 2022 | 2,376 | Jan 17\-23, 2022 | 1,955 | Feb 21\-27, 2022 | 597 | Mar 28\-Apr 3, 2022 | 123 | Feb 7\-13, 2022 | 220 | | Mar 28\-Apr 3, 2022 | 4,188 | Mar 7\-13, 2022 | 2,575 | Dec 27, 2021\-Jan 2, 2022 | 2,327 | Apr 18\-24, 2022 | 1,928 | Jan 3\-9, 2022 | 572 | Jun 21\-27, 2021 | 121 | Dec 27, 2021\-Jan 2, 2022 | 179 | | Dec 20\-26, 2021 | 3,991 | Feb 28\-Mar 6, 2022 | 2,520 | Feb 21\-27, 2022 | 1,962 | Apr 25\-May 1, 2022 | 1,738 | Mar 21\-27, 2022 | 490 | Feb 7\-13, 2022 | 116 | Nov 16\-22, 2020 | 112 | | Jan 17\-23, 2022 | 3,739 | Jan 10\-16, 2022 | 2,289 | Apr 4\-10, 2022 | 1,891 | Mar 14\-20, 2022 | 1,604 | Feb 28\-Mar 6, 2022 | 440 | Apr 18\-24, 2022 | 101 | Mar 14\-20, 2022 | 108 | | Mar 21\-27, 2022 | 3,453 | Feb 21\-27, 2022 | 2,195 | Jan 31\-Feb 6, 2022 | 1,816 | Jan 10\-16, 2022 | 1,597 | Mar 7\-13, 2022 | 392 | Nov 1\-7, 2021 | 96 | Jan 3\-9, 2022 | 102 | | May 2–8, 2022 | 3,415 | Feb 7\-13, 2022 | 2,120 | Feb 7\-13, 2022 | 1,617 | Feb 14\-20, 2022 | 1,568 | Mar 14\-20, 2022 | 329 | Apr 4\-10, 2022 | 96 | Jan 10\-16, 2022 | 78 | | May 9–15, 2022 | 3,118 | Jul 11\-17, 2022 | 2,048 | Jan 24\-30, 2022 | 1,592 | Jul 18\-24, 2022 | 1,524 | Oct 4\-10, 2022 | 302 | Nov 22\-28, 2021 | 94 | Mar 21\-27, 2022 | 71 | | Jan 24\-30, 2022 | 3,114 | Jan 31\-Feb 6, 2022 | 2,040 | Feb 14\-20, 2022 | 1,546 | Feb 21\-27, 2022 | 1,465 | Sep 27\-Oct 3, 2022 | 225 | Mar 21\-27, 2022 | 93 | Apr 26\-May 2, 2021 | 65 | Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.
[ "Data\n----", "All timelines, overviews, breakdowns, lists, and graphs on this page are based on data published in regular official reports by [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada \"Health Canada\") in cooperation with [Public Health Agency of Canada](/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada \"Public Health Agency of Canada\").{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\| title\\=COVID\\-19 epidemiology update: Summary \\| url\\=https://health\\-infobase.canada.ca/covid\\-19/ \\| access\\-date\\=29 September 2024 \\| language\\=English}}", "### Timeline of cases and deaths in Canada", "", "| **Timeline of cases and deaths in Canada** |\n| --- |\n| {{clear left}} {{COVID\\-19 pandemic data/Canada medical cases chart}}{{anchor\\|COVID chart}} {{clear left}} |", "### Timeline of cases and deaths by province and territory", "", "| **Timeline of cases and deaths by province and territory** |\n| --- |\n| {{clear left}} {{COVID\\-19 pandemic data/Canada medical cases}} {{clear left}} |", "### Overview of infection waves", "", "| {{font color \\| white \\| Waves(1,701 days) }} | {{font color \\| white \\| Phases}} | {{font color \\| white \\| Dates}} | {{font color \\| white \\| Active cases }} | {{font color \\| white \\| Deaths(60,769\\)}} | {{font color \\| white \\| Fatality average(35\\.73 per day)}} | \\+ COVID\\-19 infection waves in Canada |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| First(175 days) | Start | January 25, 2020 | 1 | 8,839 | 50\\.51 per day |\n| Peak (127 days after the start) | May 30, 2020 | 35,040 |\n| End (48 days after the peak) | July 17, 2020 | 4,143 |\n| Second(230 days) | Start | July 18, 2020 | 4,455 | 13,312 | 57\\.88 per day |\n| Peak (177 days after the start) | January 10, 2021 | 85,595 |\n| End (53 days after the peak) | March 4, 2021 | 29,907 |\n| Third(140 days) | Start | March 5, 2021 | 30,139 | 4,375 | 31\\.25 per day |\n| Peak (45 days after the start) | April 18, 2021 | 89,884 |\n| End (95 days after the peak) | July 22, 2021 | 4,513 |\n| Fourth(104 days) | Start | July 23, 2021 | 4,550 | 2,569 | 24\\.70 per day |\n| Peak (66 days after the start) | September 26, 2021 | 51,747 |\n| End (38 days after the peak) | November 3, 2021 | 23,135 |\n| Fifth(117 days) | Start | November 4, 2021 | 23,165 | 7,507 | 64\\.16 per day |\n| Peak (67 days after the start) | January 9, 2022 | 443,676 |\n| End (50 days after the peak) | February 28, 2022 | 110,551 |\n| Subsequent(935 days) |\n| Start | March 1, 2022 | 111,931 | 24,167 | 25\\.85 per day |\n| Current | September 20, 2024 | N/A |\n| There is no reliable tracking data on recoveries since March 2, 2022\\. | | |", "### Breakdown by year", "", "| Province / Territory | Total cases | New cases in 2020 | | New cases in 2021 | | New cases in 2022 | | New cases in 2023 | | New cases in 2024 | | \\+COVID\\-19 cases (2020–2024\\) \\[as of May 25, 2024] | [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\") | 1,719,315 | 182,159 | (10\\.60%) | 574,202 | (33\\.40%) | 794,218 | (46\\.19%) | 141,508 | (8\\.23%) | 27,228 | (1\\.58%) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\") | 1,457,505 | 202,641 | (13\\.90%) | 400,427 | (27\\.47%) | 682,113 | (46\\.80%) | 150,245 | (10\\.31%) | 22,079 | (1\\.52%) |\n| [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta \"Alberta\") | 654,710 | 101,654 | (15\\.53%) | 264,755 | (40\\.44%) | 257,582 | (39\\.34%) | 24,030 | (3\\.67%) | 6,689 | (1\\.02%) |\n| [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\") | 421,680 | 51,990 | (12\\.33%) | 202,859 | (48\\.11%) | 138,296 | (32\\.79%) | 20,449 | (4\\.85%) | 8,086 | (1\\.92%) |\n| [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan \"Saskatchewan\") | 163,860 | 15,350 | (9\\.37%) | 69,863 | (42\\.64%) | 66,357 | (40\\.49%) | 10,131 | (6\\.18%) | 2,159 | (1\\.32%) |\n| [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba \"Manitoba\") | 161,892 | 24,700 | (15\\.26%) | 55,400 | (34\\.22%) | 73,684 | (45\\.51%) | 6,446 | (3\\.98%) | 1,662 | (1\\.03%) |\n| [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\") | 153,081 | 1,486 | (0\\.97%) | 16,259 | (10\\.62%) | 118,211 | (77\\.22%) | 14,855 | (9\\.71%) | 2,270 | (1\\.48%) |\n| [New Brunswick](/wiki/New_Brunswick \"New Brunswick\") | 95,152 | 599 | (0\\.63%) | 13,673 | (14\\.37%) | 71,625 | (75\\.27%) | 8,002 | (8\\.41%) | 1,253 | (1\\.32%) |\n| [Newfoundland and Labrador](/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Newfoundland and Labrador\") | 58,755 | 390 | (0\\.66%) | 3,765 | (6\\.41%) | 49,958 | (85\\.03%) | 3,429 | (5\\.84%) | 1,123 | (2\\.06%) |\n| [Prince Edward Island](/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island \"Prince Edward Island\") | 58,593 | 96 | (0\\.16%) | 1,270 | (2\\.17%) | 54,313 | (92\\.70%) | 2,549 | (4\\.35%) | 365 | (0\\.62%) |\n| [Northwest Territories](/wiki/Northwest_Territories \"Northwest Territories\") | 11,511 | 24 | (0\\.21%) | 2,205 | (19\\.16%) | 9,282 | (80\\.63%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) |\n| [Yukon](/wiki/Yukon \"Yukon\") | 4,989 | 60 | (1\\.20%) | 1,695 | (33\\.98%) | 3,234 | (64\\.82%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) |\n| [Nunavut](/wiki/Nunavut \"Nunavut\") | 3,531 | 266 | (7\\.53%) | 537 | (15\\.21%) | 2,728 | (77\\.26%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) |\n| Repatriated | 13 | 13 | (100\\.00%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) |\n| **[Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\")** | **4,964,587** | **581,428** | **(11\\.71%)** | **1,606,910** | **(32\\.37%)** | **2,321,601** | **(46\\.76%)** | **381,644** | **(7\\.69%)** | **73,004** | **(1\\.47%)** |", "Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.", "", "| Province / Territory | Total deaths | Deaths in 2020 | | Deaths in 2021 | | Deaths in 2022 | | Deaths in 2023 | | Deaths in 2024 | | \\+COVID\\-19 deaths (2020–2024\\) \\[as of September 20, 2024] | [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\") | 20,504 | 7,662 | (37\\.37%) | 3,482 | (16\\.98%) | 6,169 | (30\\.09%) | 2,311 | (11\\.27%) | 880 | (4\\.29%) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\") | 18,842 | 4,578 | (24\\.30%) | 5,521 | (29\\.30%) | 6,090 | (32\\.32%) | 2,006 | (10\\.65%) | 647 | (3\\.43%) |\n| [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\") | 7,394 | 847 | (11\\.45%) | 1,567 | (21\\.19%) | 2,482 | (33\\.57%) | 1,631 | (22\\.06%) | 867 | (11\\.73%) |\n| [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta \"Alberta\") | 6,599 | 1,116 | (16\\.91%) | 2,187 | (33\\.14%) | 2,118 | (32\\.10%) | 823 | (12\\.47%) | 355 | (5\\.38%) |\n| [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba \"Manitoba\") | 2,571 | 617 | (24\\.00%) | 753 | (29\\.29%) | 999 | (38\\.85%) | 202 | (7\\.86%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) |\n| [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan \"Saskatchewan\") | 2,066 | 134 | (6\\.49%) | 811 | (39\\.25%) | 877 | (42\\.45%) | 226 | (10\\.94%) | 18 | (0\\.87%) |\n| [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\") | 1,115 | 65 | (5\\.83%) | 46 | (4\\.13%) | 580 | (52\\.02%) | 270 | (24\\.21%) | 154 | (13\\.81%) |\n| [New Brunswick](/wiki/New_Brunswick \"New Brunswick\") | 1,067 | 8 | (0\\.75%) | 144 | (13\\.49%) | 588 | (55\\.11%) | 249 | (23\\.34%) | 78 | (7\\.31%) |\n| [Newfoundland and Labrador](/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Newfoundland and Labrador\") | 426 | 4 | (0\\.94%) | 14 | (3\\.29%) | 277 | (65\\.02%) | 92 | (21\\.60%) | 39 | (9\\.15%) |\n| [Prince Edward Island](/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island \"Prince Edward Island\") | 124 | 0 | (0\\.00%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) | 82 | (66\\.13%) | 32 | (25\\.81%) | 10 | (8\\.06%) |\n| [Yukon](/wiki/Yukon \"Yukon\") | 32 | 1 | (3\\.13%) | 13 | (40\\.62%) | 18 | (56\\.25%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) |\n| [Northwest Territories](/wiki/Northwest_Territories \"Northwest Territories\") | 22 | 0 | (0\\.00%) | 12 | (54\\.55%) | 10 | (45\\.45%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) |\n| [Nunavut](/wiki/Nunavut \"Nunavut\") | 7 | 1 | (14\\.28%) | 3 | (42\\.86%) | 3 | (42\\.86%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) |\n| Repatriated | 0 | 0 | (0\\.00%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) | 0 | (0\\.00%) |\n| **[Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\")** | **60,769** | **15,033** | **(24\\.74%)** | **14,553** | **(23\\.95%)** | **20,293** | **(33\\.39%)** | **7,842** | **(12\\.90%)** | **3,048** | **(5\\.02%)** |", "Note: This table is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\\).", "### Deaths by year", "In this table the starting date is when the first COVID\\-attributed death in Canada was recorded. Thus, the total average (36\\.70 over 1,656 days) differs slightly from the official average (35\\.73 over 1,701 days).", "", "| Year | Deaths | Days | Daily average | Fatality Rate |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2020 | 15,033 | 299 (Mar 9\\-Dec 31\\) | 50\\.28 | 2\\.59% |\n| 2021 | 14,553 | 365 (Jan 1\\-Dec 31\\) | 39\\.87 | 0\\.91% |\n| 2022 | 20,293 | 365 (Jan 1\\-Dec 31\\) | 55\\.60 | 0\\.87% |\n| 2023 | 7,842 | 365 (Jan 1\\-Dec 31\\) | 21\\.48 | 2\\.06% |\n| 2024 | 3,048 | 262 (Jan 1\\-Sep 20\\) | 11\\.63 | 2\\.63% |\n| **55 months** | **60,769** | **1,656** | **36\\.70** | **1\\.20%** |\n| **Note**: \\* Fatality rate for 2024 (2\\.63%) and the total fatality rate (1\\.20%) are{{white \\| \\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*}}as of May 25, 2024, which is the date when the PHAC stopped{{white \\| \\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*}}providing updates on new cases. | | | | |", "Note: This table is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\\).", "### Top 50 days with most deaths", "Of the 50 days, 21 occurred in 2020, 13 in 2021, and 16 in 2022\\. The data is correct as of February 25, 2022\\. Since then, reliable daily statistics have not been available (by that date, most Provinces and Territories had already switched from daily reports to weekly reports). This table also does not reflect any changes stemming from official revisions of past reports because such government revisions are limited to monthly reports and do not include updated daily statistics.", "", "| {{font color \\| white \\| Canada }} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Jan 26, 2022 | 231 | | Jan 15, 2021 | 192 | | May 12, 2020 | 176 | | Feb 1, 2022 | 166 | | Jan 14, 2021 | 154 |\n| May 31, 2020 | 222 | Jan 24, 2022 | 190 | Jan 27, 2022 | 176 | Apr 25, 2020 | 163 | Apr 28, 2020 | 152 |\n| Dec 29, 2020 | 220 | May 5, 2020 | 189 | May 2, 2020 | 175 | May 8, 2020 | 161 | Jan 13, 2021 | 151 |\n| Jan 20, 2022 | 212 | May 6, 2020 | 189 | Apr 23, 2020 | 173 | Jan 21, 2021 | 161 | Jan 31, 2022 | 151 |\n| Jan 4, 2021 | 209 | Apr 30, 2020 | 188 | Dec 23, 2020 | 173 | Apr 18, 2020 | 160 | Jan 3, 2021 | 150 |\n| Jan 7, 2021 | 209 | Apr 16, 2020 | 186 | Feb 2, 2022 | 173 | Jan 21, 2022 | 160 | Jan 17, 2021 | 149 |\n| May 1, 2020 | 207 | Jan 19, 2022 | 181 | May 4, 2020 | 172 | Jan 5, 2021 | 159 | Jan 17, 2022 | 149 |\n| Jan 22, 2021 | 205 | Jan 25, 2022 | 180 | May 14, 2020 | 170 | Feb 4, 2021 | 157 | Jan 28, 2022 | 149 |\n| Jan 20, 2021 | 199 | May 10, 2020 | 178 | Feb 3, 2022 | 168 | Feb 4, 2022 | 157 | Feb 9, 2022 | 149 |\n| Dec 28, 2020 | 195 | May 7, 2020 | 176 | Jan 26, 2021 | 167 | Apr 24, 2020 | 155 | Jan 18, 2022 | 148 |", "### Top 30 weeks with most deaths", "Of the 30 weeks, 15 occurred in 2020, 5 in 2021, and 10 in 2022\\. 8 instances were recorded in January, 6 in April, 5 each in May and December, 4 in February, and 2 in November.", "", "| {{font color\\|white\\|Canada}} | | | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| April 26\\-May 2, 2020 | 1,317 | | December 20\\-26, 2020 | 929 | | January 31\\-February 6, 2021 | 645 |\n| April 19\\-25, 2020 | 1,279 | January 9\\-15, 2022 | 924 | May 17\\-23, 2020 | 625 |\n| January 16\\-22, 2022 | 1,202 | December 27, 2020\\-January 2, 2021 | 922 | May 24\\-30, 2020 | 606 |\n| January 23\\-29, 2022 | 1,117 | December 13\\-19, 2020 | 863 | November 22\\-28, 2020 | 563 |\n| January 3\\-9, 2021 | 1,065 | January 24\\-30, 2021 | 856 | February 13\\-19, 2022 | 554 |\n| January 17\\-23, 2021 | 1,050 | December 6\\-12, 2020 | 816 | January 2\\-8, 2022 | 529 |\n| May 3\\-9, 2020 | 1,023 | May 10\\-16, 2020 | 802 | April 24\\-30, 2022 | 515 |\n| April 12\\-18, 2020 | 1,007 | February 6\\-12, 2022 | 771 | April 17\\-23, 2022 | 491 |\n| January 10\\-16, 2021 | 983 | April 5\\-11, 2020 | 695 | May 8\\-14, 2022 | 485 |\n| January 30\\-February 5, 2022 | 953 | November 29\\-December 5, 2020 | 695 | November 15\\-21, 2020 | 482 |", "### Top 15 months with most deaths", "Data from this table reveals an inconsistency in the official narrative with regard to how much risk COVID\\-19 actually posed to the populace. In total, there have been a total of 21 instances where the number of deaths in a particular Province or Territory during one of the months in 2023 or 2024 was sufficiently high to break into the Top 15 for that particular Province or Territory:\n* Quebec \\- 1 instance (Dec 2023\\)\n* British Columbia \\- 3 instances (Jan 2023, Apr 2023, Oct 2023\\)\n* Nova Scotia \\- 4 instances (Jan 2023, Feb 2023, Nov 2023, Mar 2024\\)\n* New Brunswick \\- 5 instances (Jan 2023, Feb 2023, Mar 2023, Apr 2023, Dec 2023\\)\n* Newfoundland and Labrador \\- 3 instances (Jan 2023, Feb 2023, Mar 2023\\)\n* Prince Edward Island \\- 5 instances (Jan 2023, Feb 2023, Apr 2023, Jul 2023, Feb 2024\\)\nFrom 2020 to 2022, most Provinces and Territories endured highly restrictive measures regarding freedom of movement and gathering, however in 2023 \\- even with some Provinces and Territories recording higher numbers of COVID\\-attributed deaths than during some months of 2020\\-2022 \\- COVID\\-19 no longer seemed to be a government priority or a national health emergency. Specific examples prove this beyond any doubt:\n* In October 202, New Brunswick recorded 62 deaths which both the authorities and the media claimed was 'alarming', but when 53 deaths were recorded in February 2023 that went mostly unnoticed, exposing a clear double standard and cherry picking of data (pushing a certain narrative using official data when it suits that narrative and completely ignoring that same official data when it doesn't).\n* Nova Scotia recorded the second highest number of deaths in February 2023 but the authorities and the media largely ignored this fact.\n* Similarly, British Columbia recorded 241 COVID\\-attributed deaths in October 2023, just slightly lower than the number of deaths recorded in that Province in February 2022, April 2022, or October 2022 (when restrictions were in place), but this fact didn't even deserve a mention in the local media, nor was it addressed as a concern by the [Provincial Health Officer](/wiki/Bonnie_Henry \"Bonnie Henry\").", "There has also been no official explanation neither by the federal government nor by any of the governments of the three Territories (Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon) regarding the decision of these Territories to discontinue all COVID\\-related reports (NU did so on 16 April 2022, NT on 20 June 2022, and YT on 19 November 2022\\).", "", "| {{font color\\|white\\|Canada}} | | {{font color\\|white\\|Quebec}} | | {{font color\\|white\\|Ontario}} | | {{font color\\|white\\|British Columbia}} | | {{font color\\|white\\|Alberta}} | | {{font color\\|white\\|Manitoba}} | | {{font color\\|white\\|Saskatchewan}} | | \\+Top 15 months with most deaths \\[as of September 20, 2024] | {{font color\\|white\\|Total}} | {{font color\\|white\\|60,769}} | {{font color\\|white\\|Total}} | {{font color\\|white\\|20,504}} | {{font color\\|white\\|Total}} | {{font color\\|white\\|18,842}} | {{font color\\|white\\|Total}} | {{font color\\|white\\|7,394}} | {{font color\\|white\\|Total}} | {{font color\\|white\\|6,599}} | {{font color\\|white\\|Total}} | {{font color\\|white\\|2,571}} | {{font color\\|white\\|Total}} | {{font color\\|white\\|2,066}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| January 2021 | 4,874 | May 2020 | 2,864 | January 2021 | 1,871 | December 2020 | 437 | January 2021 | 628 | December 2020 | 327 | October 2021 | 183 |\n| May 2020 | 4,373 | April 2020 | 1,888 | January 2022 | 1,535 | January 2021 | 342 | December 2020 | 549 | November 2020 | 223 | January 2021 | 166 |\n| January 2022 | 4,046 | January 2022 | 1,693 | May 2020 | 1,339 | May 2022 | 321 | October 2021 | 448 | January 2021 | 208 | February 2022 | 148 |\n| April 2020 | 3,324 | January 2021 | 1,649 | April 2020 | 1,237 | February 2022 | 254 | February 2022 | 338 | January 2022 | 173 | October 2022 | 98 |\n| December 2020 | 3,303 | December 2020 | 1,024 | May 2021 | 888 | April 2022 | 243 | September 2021 | 298 | May 2022 | 161 | March 2022 | 95 |\n| February 2022 | 2,729 | February 2022 | 807 | February 2022 | 885 | October 2022 | 242 | January 2022 | 275 | February 2022 | 132 | April 2022 | 92 |\n| April 2022 | 2,055 | April 2022 | 723 | December 2020 | 875 | October 2023 | 241 | April 2022 | 245 | June 2021 | 93 | November 2022 | 92 |\n| November 2020 | 1,817 | November 2020 | 692 | April 2021 | 703 | October 2021 | 234 | November 2020 | 234 | May 2021 | 78 | December 2020 | 89 |\n| February 2021 | 1,715 | February 2021 | 546 | February 2021 | 680 | December 2022 | 216 | May 2022 | 211 | December 2022 | 76 | February 2021 | 85 |\n| October 2022 | 1,705 | December 2022 | 497 | October 2022 | 583 | January 2023 | 210 | October 2022 | 180 | April 2022 | 75 | December 2022 | 82 |\n| May 2021 | 1,594 | October 2020 | 478 | November 2020 | 500 | August 2022 | 205 | November 2022 | 173 | October 2022 | 72 | November 2021 | 71 |\n| December 2022 | 1,591 | June 2020 | 441 | April 2022 | 461 | June 2022 | 200 | February 2021 | 161 | March 2022 | 69 | September 2021 | 70 |\n| May 2022 | 1,571 | July 2022 | 426 | November 2022 | 417 | July 2022 | 193 | December 2022 | 155 | February 2021 | 68 | May 2021 | 64 |\n| November 2022 | 1,311 | December 2023 | 385 | August 2022 | 390 | January 2022 | 183 | May 2021 | 153 | November 2021 | 64 | May 2022 | 62 |\n| October 2021 | 1,293 | August 2022 | 362 | December 2022 | 379 | April 2023 | 181 | March 2022 | 150 | June 2022 | 63 | September 2022 | 47 |", "", "| {{font color\\|black\\|Nova Scotia}} | | {{font color\\|black\\|New Brunswick}} | | {{font color\\|white\\|Newfoundland and Labrador}} | | {{font color\\|black\\|Prince Edward Island}} | | {{font color\\|white\\|Yukon}} | | {{font color\\|white\\|Northwest Territories}} | | {{font color\\|black\\|Nunavut}} | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{font color\\|black\\|Total}} | 1,115 | {{font color\\|black\\|Total}} | 1,067 | {{font color\\|white\\|Total}} | {{font color\\|white\\|426}} | {{font color\\|black\\|Total}} | 124 | {{font color\\|white\\|Total}} | {{font color\\|white\\|32}} | {{font color\\|white\\|Total}} | {{font color\\|white\\|22}} | {{font color\\|black\\|Total}} | 7 |\n| April 2022 | 89 | December 2022 | 125 | April 2022 | 65 | June 2022 | 12 | February 2022 | 5 | October 2021 | 8 | March 2021 | 3 |\n| February 2023 | 70 | October 2022 | 107 | March 2022 | 35 | January 2022 | 10 | August 2022 | 4 | February 2022 | 4 | December 2020 | 1 |\n| May 2022 | 67 | January 2022 | 76 | February 2022 | 27 | November 2022 | 10 | July 2021 | 3 | January 2022 | 3 | January 2022 | 1 |\n| October 2022 | 57 | February 2022 | 73 | January 2022 | 20 | April 2022 | 9 | November 2021 | 3 | November 2021 | 2 | March 2022 | 1 |\n| November 2022 | 55 | October 2021 | 62 | August 2022 | 20 | October 2022 | 9 | March 2022 | 3 | March 2022 | 2 | April 2022 | 1 |\n| February 2022 | 50 | February 2023 | 53 | December 2022 | 20 | April 2023 | 8 | June 2021 | 2 | August 2021 | 1 | \\- | \\- |\n| March 2022 | 49 | April 2022 | 50 | May 2022 | 18 | May 2022 | 7 | January 2022 | 2 | September 2021 | 1 | \\- | \\- |\n| November 2023 | 49 | March 2022 | 48 | October 2022 | 18 | February 2022 | 6 | October 2020 | 1 | April 2022 | 1 | \\- | \\- |\n| September 2022 | 45 | January 2023 | 41 | November 2022 | 18 | September 2022 | 6 | May 2021 | 1 | \\- | \\- | \\- | \\- |\n| June 2022 | 44 | December 2021 | 29 | March 2023 | 18 | January 2023 | 6 | August 2021 | 1 | \\- | \\- | \\- | \\- |\n| May 2020 | 39 | March 2023 | 28 | July 2022 | 14 | February 2024 | 6 | September 2021 | 1 | \\- | \\- | \\- | \\- |\n| December 2022 | 38 | November 2022 | 23 | February 2023 | 14 | August 2022 | 5 | October 2021 | 1 | \\- | \\- | \\- | \\- |\n| January 2023 | 33 | July 2022 | 22 | September 2022 | 12 | July 2022 | 4 | December 2021 | 1 | \\- | \\- | \\- | \\- |\n| March 2024 | 33 | April 2023 | 21 | January 2023 | 12 | February 2023 | 4 | April 2022 | 1 | \\- | \\- | \\- | \\- |\n| January 2022 | 31 | December 2023 | 21 | June 2022 | 10 | July 2023 | 4 | May 2022 | 1 | \\- | \\- | \\- | \\- |", "### Top 15 weeks with most new cases", "", "| {{font color \\| white \\| Canada}} | | {{font color \\| white \\| Ontario}} | | {{font color \\| white \\| Quebec}} | | {{font color \\| white \\| Alberta}} | | {{font color \\| white \\| British Columbia}} | | {{font color \\| white \\| Saskatchewan}} | | {{font color \\| white \\| Manitoba}} | | \\+ Top 15 weeks with most new cases \\[as of May 25, 2024] |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{font color \\| white \\| Total }} | {{font color \\| white \\|4,964,587}} | {{font color \\| white \\| Total }} | {{font color \\| white \\|1,719,315}} | {{font color \\| white \\| Total }} | {{font color \\| white \\|1,457,505}} | {{font color \\| white \\| Total }} | {{font color \\| white \\|654,710}} | {{font color \\| white \\| Total }} | {{font color \\| white \\|421,680}} | {{font color \\| white \\| Total }} | {{font color \\| white \\|163,860}} | {{font color \\| white \\| Total }} | {{font color \\| white \\|161,892}} |\n| Jan 3\\-9, 2022 | 280,786 | Dec 27, 2021\\-Jan 2, 2022 | 94,358 | Jan 3\\-9, 2022 | 103,258 | Jan 10\\-16, 2022 | 40,647 | Dec 27, 2021\\-Jan 2, 2022 | 21,718 | Jan 17\\-23, 2022 | 9,300 | Jan 3\\-9, 2022 | 15,764 |\n| Dec 27, 2021\\-Jan 2, 2022 | 259,500 | Jan 3\\-9, 2022 | 87,071 | Dec 27, 2021\\-Jan 2, 2022 | 97,829 | Jan 3\\-9, 2022 | 33,246 | Jan 3\\-9, 2022 | 19,784 | Jan 24\\-30, 2022 | 8,380 | Jan 10\\-16, 2022 | 10,326 |\n| Jan 10\\-16, 2022 | 216,063 | Jan 10\\-16, 2022 | 69,495 | Jan 10\\-16, 2022 | 56,460 | Jan 17\\-23, 2022 | 25,123 | Jan 10\\-16, 2022 | 15,902 | Jan 10\\-16, 2022 | 8,319 | Dec 27, 2021\\-Jan 2, 2022 | 8,744 |\n| Jan 17\\-23, 2022 | 155,445 | Jan 17\\-23, 2022 | 48,579 | Dec 20\\-26, 2021 | 52,483 | Dec 27, 2021\\-Jan 2, 2022 | 21,535 | Jan 17\\-23, 2022 | 14,094 | Jan 3\\-9, 2022 | 5,428 | Jan 17\\-23, 2022 | 5,721 |\n| Dec 20\\-26, 2021 | 133,800 | Dec 20\\-26, 2021 | 47,219 | Jan 17\\-23, 2022 | 39,877 | Jan 24\\-30, 2022 | 18,878 | Dec 20\\-26, 2021 | 12,705 | Jan 31\\-Feb 6, 2022 | 5,388 | Jan 24\\-30, 2022 | 4,542 |\n| Jan 24\\-30, 2022 | 111,270 | Jan 24\\-30, 2022 | 33,586 | Apr 4\\-10, 2022 | 27,710 | Jan 31\\-Feb 6, 2022 | 14,732 | Jan 24\\-30, 2022 | 11,827 | Sep 20\\-26, 2021 | 3,398 | Dec 20\\-26, 2021 | 3,648 |\n| Jan 31\\-Feb 6, 2022 | 87,875 | Apr 12\\-18, 2021 | 30,387 | Jan 24\\-30, 2022 | 23,838 | May 3–9, 2021 | 13,892 | Jan 31\\-Feb 6, 2022 | 9,828 | Oct 4\\-10, 2021 | 3,389 | Jan 31\\-Feb 6, 2022 | 3,342 |\n| Apr 4\\-10, 2022 | 75,229 | Apr 19\\-25, 2021 | 28,356 | Jan 31\\-Feb 6, 2022 | 21,484 | Apr 26\\-May 2, 2021 | 13,092 | Apr 5\\-11, 2021 | 7,829 | Sep 13\\-19, 2021 | 3,385 | Feb 7\\-13, 2022 | 3,341 |\n| Feb 7\\-13, 2022 | 64,862 | Apr 26\\-May 2, 2021 | 25,114 | Dec 13\\-19, 2021 | 19,742 | Nov 30\\-Dec 6, 2020 | 12,122 | Feb 7\\-13, 2022 | 7,233 | Dec 27, 2021\\-Jan 2, 2022 | 3,184 | May 17–23, 2021 | 3,285 |\n| Apr 18\\-24, 2022 | 64,833 | Apr 5\\-11, 2021 | 25,009 | Apr 18\\-24, 2022 | 18,648 | Sep 13\\-19, 2021 | 11,562 | Apr 12\\-18, 2021 | 7,181 | Sep 27\\-Oct 2, 2021 | 3,145 | May 10–16, 2021 | 3,200 |\n| Apr 12\\-18, 2021 | 60,980 | Jan 4\\-10, 2021 | 24,820 | Jan 4\\-10, 2021 | 18,517 | Dec 7\\-13, 2020 | 11,533 | Mar 29\\-Apr 4, 2021 | 6,612 | Sep 6\\-12, 2021 | 2,576 | Nov 23\\-29, 2020 | 2,939 |\n| Mar 28\\-Apr 3, 2022 | 60,508 | Apr 11\\-17, 2022 | 24,106 | Feb 7\\-13, 2022 | 17,890 | Sep 20\\-26, 2021 | 11,025 | Apr 19\\-25, 2021 | 6,446 | Feb 14\\-20, 2022 | 2,522 | Nov 9\\-15, 2020 | 2,817 |\n| Jan 4\\-10, 2021 | 57,826 | Jan 31\\-Feb 6, 2022 | 23,810 | Dec 28, 2020\\-Jan 3, 2021 | 17,649 | Apr 19\\-25, 2021 | 11,011 | Nov 23\\-29, 2020 | 5,761 | Oct 11\\-17, 2021 | 2,361 | May 3–9, 2021 | 2,676 |\n| Arp 19\\-25, 2021 | 57,258 | Apr 4\\-10, 2022 | 23,480 | Mar 28\\-Apr 3, 2022 | 17,453 | Sep 27\\-Oct 3, 2021 | 10,933 | Apr 26\\-May 2, 2021 | 5,502 | Aug 30\\-Sep 5, 2021 | 2,263 | Nov 16\\-22, 2020 | 2,597 |\n| Apr 11\\-17, 2022 | 56,827 | Apr 18\\-24, 2022 | 22,134 | Jun 27\\-Jul 3, 2022 | 17,427 | Dec 20\\-26, 2021 | 10,396 | Mar 22\\-28, 2021 | 5,478 | Jan 11\\-17, 2021 | 2,162 | May 24–30, 2021 | 2,356 |", "", "| {{font color \\| black \\| Nova Scotia}} | | {{font color \\| black \\| New Brunswick}} | | {{font color \\| white \\| Newfoundland and Labrador}} | | {{font color \\| black \\| Prince Edward Island}} | | {{font color \\| white \\|Northwest Territories}} | | {{font color \\| white \\| Yukon}} | | {{font color \\| black \\| Nunavut}} | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{font color \\| black \\| Total }} | 153,081 | {{font color \\| black \\| Total }} | 95,152 | {{font color \\| white \\| Total }} | {{font color \\| white \\|58,755}} | {{font color \\| black \\| Total }} | 58,593 | {{font color \\| white \\| Total }} | {{font color \\| white \\|11,511}} | {{font color \\| white \\| Total }} | {{font color \\| white \\|4,989}} | {{font color \\| black \\| Total }} | 3,531 |\n| Apr 18\\-24, 2022 | 7,508 | Mar 28\\-Apr 3, 2022 | 6,753 | Jan 10\\-16, 2022 | 4,474 | Mar 7\\-13, 2022 | 3,407 | Jan 24\\-30, 2022 | 948 | Jan 10\\-16, 2022 | 513 | Jan 31\\-Feb 6, 2022 | 350 |\n| Apr 4\\-10, 2022 | 6,991 | Jan 3\\-9, 2022 | 4,581 | Mar 7\\-13, 2022 | 4,098 | Feb 28\\-Mar 6, 2022 | 2,924 | Jan 10\\-16, 2022 | 940 | Jan 3\\-9, 2022 | 370 | Feb 28\\-Mar 6, 2022 | 327 |\n| Apr 11\\-17, 2022 | 6,912 | Apr 4\\-10, 2022 | 3,958 | Mar 14\\-20, 2022 | 3,656 | Apr 4\\-10, 2022 | 2,576 | Jan 31\\-Feb 6, 2022 | 936 | Jan 24\\-30, 2022 | 212 | Jan 17\\-23, 2022 | 303 |\n| Jan 3\\-9, 2022 | 6,287 | Dec 27, 2021\\-Jan 2, 2022 | 3,823 | Jan 3\\-9, 2022 | 3,253 | Mar 28\\-Apr 3, 2022 | 2,454 | Jan 17\\-23, 2022 | 925 | Jan 17\\-23, 2022 | 211 | Feb 21\\-27, 2022 | 276 |\n| Apr 25\\-May 1, 2022 | 5,436 | Jan 17\\-23, 2022 | 3,242 | Mar 21\\-27, 2022 | 2,880 | Jul 11\\-17, 2022 | 2,244 | Feb 7\\-13, 2022 | 793 | Nov 15\\-21, 2021 | 200 | Feb 14\\-20, 2022 | 259 |\n| Jul 11\\-17, 2022 | 5,132 | Apr 18\\-24, 2022 | 2,956 | Feb 28\\-Mar 6, 2022 | 2,830 | Apr 11\\-17, 2022 | 2,229 | Feb 14\\-20, 2022 | 742 | Nov 8\\-14, 2021 | 164 | Mar 7\\-13, 2022 | 245 |\n| Jan 10\\-16, 2022 | 5,023 | Mar 21\\-27, 2022 | 2,781 | Jan 17\\-23, 2022 | 2,376 | Mar 21\\-27, 2022 | 2,038 | Mar 28\\-Apr 3, 2022 | 618 | Jan 31\\-Feb 6, 2022 | 125 | Jan 24\\-30, 2022 | 227 |\n| Dec 27, 2021\\-Jan 2, 2022 | 4,750 | Jan 24\\-30, 2022 | 2,706 | Mar 28\\-Apr 3, 2022 | 2,376 | Jan 17\\-23, 2022 | 1,955 | Feb 21\\-27, 2022 | 597 | Mar 28\\-Apr 3, 2022 | 123 | Feb 7\\-13, 2022 | 220 |\n| Mar 28\\-Apr 3, 2022 | 4,188 | Mar 7\\-13, 2022 | 2,575 | Dec 27, 2021\\-Jan 2, 2022 | 2,327 | Apr 18\\-24, 2022 | 1,928 | Jan 3\\-9, 2022 | 572 | Jun 21\\-27, 2021 | 121 | Dec 27, 2021\\-Jan 2, 2022 | 179 |\n| Dec 20\\-26, 2021 | 3,991 | Feb 28\\-Mar 6, 2022 | 2,520 | Feb 21\\-27, 2022 | 1,962 | Apr 25\\-May 1, 2022 | 1,738 | Mar 21\\-27, 2022 | 490 | Feb 7\\-13, 2022 | 116 | Nov 16\\-22, 2020 | 112 |\n| Jan 17\\-23, 2022 | 3,739 | Jan 10\\-16, 2022 | 2,289 | Apr 4\\-10, 2022 | 1,891 | Mar 14\\-20, 2022 | 1,604 | Feb 28\\-Mar 6, 2022 | 440 | Apr 18\\-24, 2022 | 101 | Mar 14\\-20, 2022 | 108 |\n| Mar 21\\-27, 2022 | 3,453 | Feb 21\\-27, 2022 | 2,195 | Jan 31\\-Feb 6, 2022 | 1,816 | Jan 10\\-16, 2022 | 1,597 | Mar 7\\-13, 2022 | 392 | Nov 1\\-7, 2021 | 96 | Jan 3\\-9, 2022 | 102 |\n| May 2–8, 2022 | 3,415 | Feb 7\\-13, 2022 | 2,120 | Feb 7\\-13, 2022 | 1,617 | Feb 14\\-20, 2022 | 1,568 | Mar 14\\-20, 2022 | 329 | Apr 4\\-10, 2022 | 96 | Jan 10\\-16, 2022 | 78 |\n| May 9–15, 2022 | 3,118 | Jul 11\\-17, 2022 | 2,048 | Jan 24\\-30, 2022 | 1,592 | Jul 18\\-24, 2022 | 1,524 | Oct 4\\-10, 2022 | 302 | Nov 22\\-28, 2021 | 94 | Mar 21\\-27, 2022 | 71 |\n| Jan 24\\-30, 2022 | 3,114 | Jan 31\\-Feb 6, 2022 | 2,040 | Feb 14\\-20, 2022 | 1,546 | Feb 21\\-27, 2022 | 1,465 | Sep 27\\-Oct 3, 2022 | 225 | Mar 21\\-27, 2022 | 93 | Apr 26\\-May 2, 2021 | 65 |", "Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.", "" ]
Graphs ------ ### National #### Milestones \- Cases (as of May 25, 2024\) This graph shows dates when milestones (250,000 new cases) were reached. The last figure shows the final total number of confirmed cases recorded. [File: Canada \- Milestones \- Cases (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Milestones_-_Cases_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Milestones - Cases (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible. #### Milestones \- Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\) This graph shows dates when milestones (2,500 new deaths) were reached. The last figure shows the current total number of confirmed deaths and is a placeholder until the next milestone is recorded. [File: Canada \- Milestones \- Deaths (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Milestones_-_Deaths_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Milestones - Deaths (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\). #### Waves \- Cases (as of July 17, 2022\) This simplified graph shows the first five waves, noting the number of active cases at the peak and at the end of each wave. There is no official data on recoveries since March 1, 2022, and last somewhat reliable data for the sixth wave was recorded on July 17, 2022\. The end of the sixth wave, as well as peaks and ends of all further waves could only have been estimated based on the number of hospitalizations, however this data was not reliable enough to warrant any further updates (furthermore, data on hospitalizations has been non\-existent since November 23, 2022\). As a result, this graph has been discontinued. [File: Canada \- Waves (May 10, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Waves_%28May_10%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Waves (May 10, 2024).png") Note: This graph can no longer be updated. #### Waves \- Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\) This simplified graph shows daily averages of COVID\-attributed deaths across Canada during each of the waves. Governments (federal or provincial/territorial) are yet to address the inconsistency regarding their official stance towards COVID\-19 in Canada from March 2020 to March 2022, compared to the stance since April 2022\. During the 3rd wave (average of 31 deaths per day) and the 4th wave (average of 25 deaths per day), governments deemed it necessary to impose harsh restrictions upon the populace. However, by the summer of 2022, all restrictions had been repealed and have not been reinstated, even though during this period Canada has been recording an average of 26 COVID\-attributed deaths per day. The only logical conclusion is that either restrictions should have been kept in place throughout this period as well, or they were never needed to begin with. Furthermore, since authorities are not addressing the average of 26 COVID\-attributed deaths per day (March 1, 2022 to September 20, 2024\) as a national health emergency, it can be surmised that 26 deaths per day is simply the 'new normal' for Canada. And, if that is the case, then previous waves (especially 3rd wave and 4th wave) should have been regarded as non\-events. [File:Canada \- Average Deaths (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Average_Deaths_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Average Deaths (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\). #### Cases (as of May 25, 2024\) This graph shows the number of new cases in Canada each month. [File:Canada \- Cases (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Cases_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Cases (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible. #### Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\) This graph shows the number of deaths in Canada each month. [File:Canada \- Deaths (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Deaths_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Deaths (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\). #### Monthly Death Rate (as of May 25, 2024\) This graph shows the fatality rate for each month (number of deaths during a particular month as percentage of all reported cases during that month). The graph reveals that official data is likely flawed and that government offices were unable to collect data on all new cases correctly during the first three months of the pandemic (March to May 2020\) which exponentially skewed the fatality rate upwards. It is also highly likely that new cases have been severely under\-reported since October 2022\. This is proven by the official fatality rate (ranging from 1\.62% to 3\.29%) during the October 2022 to May 2024 period which is higher (and by quite a bit) than the official fatality rate (ranging from 0\.15% to 2\.46%) during the July 2020 to September 2022 period, even though the pandemic has officially been treated as a non\-issue in 2023 and 2024\. The official average fatality rate for the whole 2020\-2024 period is 1\.20% of all reported cases. However, it is estimated that most cases (around 85% of all cases) have gone unreported and that at least 35,000,000 people in Canada were infected with at least one of the COVID\-19 variants at some point,{{\#invoke:cite web\|\| title\=75% of Canadians were infected by virus by spring 2023 \| url\=https://theprovince.com/health/covid\-19\-75\-percent\-canadians\-infected\-spring\-2023 \| accessdate\=10 May 2024 \| language\=English}} which means that the actual fatality rate is likely less than 0\.20% (comparable to any seasonal flu). This estimate is validated by data shown on this graph for December 2021 (0\.15%) and January 2022 (0\.47%). If the fatality rate was 0\.15% during the second worst month of the whole 2020\-2024 period (December 2021: 395,840 new cases and 589 deaths) and 0\.47% during the worst month (January 2022: 867,069 new cases and 4,046 deaths), then it is reasonable to assume that the average fatality rate in Canada has been around 0\.20% throughout the four years, revealing a survival rate of 99\.80%. Additionally, it is still unknown (and may forever remain so) how many of the COVID\-attributed deaths reported as 'COVID deaths' were actually due to COVID (i.e. a person dying *of* COVID) and how many were due to a combination of multiple comorbidity factors (i.e. a person dying *with* COVID). [File:Canada \- Monthly Death Rate (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Monthly_Death_Rate_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Monthly Death Rate (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible. #### Accumulated Fatality Rate (as of May 25, 2024\) This graph shows the total fatality rate throughout the four\-year period. Same as the previous graph, it reveals that official data is likely flawed and that government offices were unable to collect data on all new cases correctly during the first few months of the pandemic (March to May 2020\) which exponentially skewed the fatality rate upwards and assured the accumulated fatality rate would never be accurate in the long term. It also proves beyond any doubt that vaccines had little impact \- if any \- on reduction of the overall fatality rate. [File:Canada \- Accumulated Fatality Rate (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Accumulated_Fatality_Rate_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Accumulated Fatality Rate (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible. ### Provinces and Territories #### Cases (as of May 25, 2024\) This graph shows the number of new cases per month in each of the Provinces and Territories. The three territories \- Nunavut, Northwest Territories, and Yukon \- discontinued reports on new cases in 2022 (on April 16, June 20, and November 19, respectively), without an official explanation as to why. [File:Canada \- Cases (Provinces \& Territories) (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Cases_%28Provinces_%26_Territories%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Cases (Provinces & Territories) (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible. #### Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\) This graph shows the number of deaths per month in each of the Provinces and Territories. Even though the province of Manitoba recorded 41 COVID\-attributed deaths in December 2023 (which was an 11\-month high), the province abruptly discontinued reports on such deaths in January 2024\. The decision to no longer provide this data for the province of Manitoba is one of the many red flags which have been recorded across Canada over the course of four years when it comes to collection of COVID\-related statistical information. Another case proving official policies have been misguided is that of Nova Scotia where few COVID\-attributed deaths were recorded in 2020 and 2021, but the government instituted restrictions regardless. Yet, the same authorities removed all restrictions in 2022, during the time when the province was recording peak fatality numbers. Furthermore, restrictions were never reinstated even though Nova Scotia continued to see an above\-average number of COVID\-attributed fatalities in early 2023 and early 2024\. Again, the only logical conclusion is that either restrictions should have been kept in place throughout this period as well, or they had been never been needed to begin with. [File:Canada \- Deaths (Provinces \& Territories) (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Deaths_%28Provinces_%26_Territories%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Deaths (Provinces & Territories) (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\). #### Total Cases (as of May 25, 2024\) This graph shows the accumulated number of new cases for each of the Provinces and Territories. [File:Canada \- Total Cases (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Total_Cases_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Total Cases (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible. #### Total Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\) This graph shows the accumulated number of deaths for each of the Provinces and Territories. [File:Canada \- Total Deaths (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Total_Deaths_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Total Deaths (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\). ### Overviews by Year #### Cases and Deaths in Canada (2020\-2024\) This graph shows the number of new cases and the number of deaths in Canada each year from 2020 to 2024\. [File:Canada \- Cases and Deaths (2020\-2024\) (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Cases_and_Deaths_%282020-2024%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Cases and Deaths (2020-2024) (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\), however it can only be updated for deaths, as the PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024\. #### Cases in Provinces and Territories (2020\-2024\) This graph shows the number of new cases in each of the Provinces and Territories each year from 2020 to 2024\. [File:Canada \- Cases (Provinces \& Territories, 2020\-2024\) (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Cases_%28Provinces_%26_Territories%2C_2020-2024%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Cases (Provinces & Territories, 2020-2024) (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible. #### Deaths in Provinces and Territories (2020\-2024\) This graph shows the number of deaths in each of the Provinces and Territories each year from 2020 to 2024\. [File:Canada \- Deaths (Provinces \& Territories, 2020\-2024\) (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Deaths_%28Provinces_%26_Territories%2C_2020-2024%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Deaths (Provinces & Territories, 2020-2024) (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\).
[ "Graphs\n------", "### National", "#### Milestones \\- Cases (as of May 25, 2024\\)", "This graph shows dates when milestones (250,000 new cases) were reached. The last figure shows the final total number of confirmed cases recorded.", "[File: Canada \\- Milestones \\- Cases (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Milestones_-_Cases_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Milestones - Cases (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.", "#### Milestones \\- Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\\)", "This graph shows dates when milestones (2,500 new deaths) were reached. The last figure shows the current total number of confirmed deaths and is a placeholder until the next milestone is recorded.", "[File: Canada \\- Milestones \\- Deaths (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Milestones_-_Deaths_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Milestones - Deaths (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\\).", "#### Waves \\- Cases (as of July 17, 2022\\)", "This simplified graph shows the first five waves, noting the number of active cases at the peak and at the end of each wave. There is no official data on recoveries since March 1, 2022, and last somewhat reliable data for the sixth wave was recorded on July 17, 2022\\. The end of the sixth wave, as well as peaks and ends of all further waves could only have been estimated based on the number of hospitalizations, however this data was not reliable enough to warrant any further updates (furthermore, data on hospitalizations has been non\\-existent since November 23, 2022\\). As a result, this graph has been discontinued.", "[File: Canada \\- Waves (May 10, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Waves_%28May_10%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Waves (May 10, 2024).png\")", "Note: This graph can no longer be updated.", "#### Waves \\- Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\\)", "This simplified graph shows daily averages of COVID\\-attributed deaths across Canada during each of the waves.", "Governments (federal or provincial/territorial) are yet to address the inconsistency regarding their official stance towards COVID\\-19 in Canada from March 2020 to March 2022, compared to the stance since April 2022\\. During the 3rd wave (average of 31 deaths per day) and the 4th wave (average of 25 deaths per day), governments deemed it necessary to impose harsh restrictions upon the populace. However, by the summer of 2022, all restrictions had been repealed and have not been reinstated, even though during this period Canada has been recording an average of 26 COVID\\-attributed deaths per day. The only logical conclusion is that either restrictions should have been kept in place throughout this period as well, or they were never needed to begin with. Furthermore, since authorities are not addressing the average of 26 COVID\\-attributed deaths per day (March 1, 2022 to September 20, 2024\\) as a national health emergency, it can be surmised that 26 deaths per day is simply the 'new normal' for Canada. And, if that is the case, then previous waves (especially 3rd wave and 4th wave) should have been regarded as non\\-events.", "[File:Canada \\- Average Deaths (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Average_Deaths_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Average Deaths (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\\).", "#### Cases (as of May 25, 2024\\)", "This graph shows the number of new cases in Canada each month.", "[File:Canada \\- Cases (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Cases_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Cases (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.", "#### Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\\)", "This graph shows the number of deaths in Canada each month.", "[File:Canada \\- Deaths (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Deaths_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Deaths (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\\).", "#### Monthly Death Rate (as of May 25, 2024\\)", "This graph shows the fatality rate for each month (number of deaths during a particular month as percentage of all reported cases during that month).", "The graph reveals that official data is likely flawed and that government offices were unable to collect data on all new cases correctly during the first three months of the pandemic (March to May 2020\\) which exponentially skewed the fatality rate upwards. It is also highly likely that new cases have been severely under\\-reported since October 2022\\. This is proven by the official fatality rate (ranging from 1\\.62% to 3\\.29%) during the October 2022 to May 2024 period which is higher (and by quite a bit) than the official fatality rate (ranging from 0\\.15% to 2\\.46%) during the July 2020 to September 2022 period, even though the pandemic has officially been treated as a non\\-issue in 2023 and 2024\\.", "The official average fatality rate for the whole 2020\\-2024 period is 1\\.20% of all reported cases. However, it is estimated that most cases (around 85% of all cases) have gone unreported and that at least 35,000,000 people in Canada were infected with at least one of the COVID\\-19 variants at some point,{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\| title\\=75% of Canadians were infected by virus by spring 2023 \\| url\\=https://theprovince.com/health/covid\\-19\\-75\\-percent\\-canadians\\-infected\\-spring\\-2023 \\| accessdate\\=10 May 2024 \\| language\\=English}} which means that the actual fatality rate is likely less than 0\\.20% (comparable to any seasonal flu). This estimate is validated by data shown on this graph for December 2021 (0\\.15%) and January 2022 (0\\.47%). If the fatality rate was 0\\.15% during the second worst month of the whole 2020\\-2024 period (December 2021: 395,840 new cases and 589 deaths) and 0\\.47% during the worst month (January 2022: 867,069 new cases and 4,046 deaths), then it is reasonable to assume that the average fatality rate in Canada has been around 0\\.20% throughout the four years, revealing a survival rate of 99\\.80%.", "Additionally, it is still unknown (and may forever remain so) how many of the COVID\\-attributed deaths reported as 'COVID deaths' were actually due to COVID (i.e. a person dying *of* COVID) and how many were due to a combination of multiple comorbidity factors (i.e. a person dying *with* COVID).", "[File:Canada \\- Monthly Death Rate (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Monthly_Death_Rate_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Monthly Death Rate (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.", "#### Accumulated Fatality Rate (as of May 25, 2024\\)", "This graph shows the total fatality rate throughout the four\\-year period.", "Same as the previous graph, it reveals that official data is likely flawed and that government offices were unable to collect data on all new cases correctly during the first few months of the pandemic (March to May 2020\\) which exponentially skewed the fatality rate upwards and assured the accumulated fatality rate would never be accurate in the long term. It also proves beyond any doubt that vaccines had little impact \\- if any \\- on reduction of the overall fatality rate.", "[File:Canada \\- Accumulated Fatality Rate (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Accumulated_Fatality_Rate_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Accumulated Fatality Rate (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.", "### Provinces and Territories", "#### Cases (as of May 25, 2024\\)", "This graph shows the number of new cases per month in each of the Provinces and Territories.", "The three territories \\- Nunavut, Northwest Territories, and Yukon \\- discontinued reports on new cases in 2022 (on April 16, June 20, and November 19, respectively), without an official explanation as to why.", "[File:Canada \\- Cases (Provinces \\& Territories) (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Cases_%28Provinces_%26_Territories%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Cases (Provinces & Territories) (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.", "#### Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\\)", "This graph shows the number of deaths per month in each of the Provinces and Territories.", "Even though the province of Manitoba recorded 41 COVID\\-attributed deaths in December 2023 (which was an 11\\-month high), the province abruptly discontinued reports on such deaths in January 2024\\. The decision to no longer provide this data for the province of Manitoba is one of the many red flags which have been recorded across Canada over the course of four years when it comes to collection of COVID\\-related statistical information.", "Another case proving official policies have been misguided is that of Nova Scotia where few COVID\\-attributed deaths were recorded in 2020 and 2021, but the government instituted restrictions regardless. Yet, the same authorities removed all restrictions in 2022, during the time when the province was recording peak fatality numbers. Furthermore, restrictions were never reinstated even though Nova Scotia continued to see an above\\-average number of COVID\\-attributed fatalities in early 2023 and early 2024\\. Again, the only logical conclusion is that either restrictions should have been kept in place throughout this period as well, or they had been never been needed to begin with.", "[File:Canada \\- Deaths (Provinces \\& Territories) (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Deaths_%28Provinces_%26_Territories%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Deaths (Provinces & Territories) (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\\).", "#### Total Cases (as of May 25, 2024\\)", "This graph shows the accumulated number of new cases for each of the Provinces and Territories.", "[File:Canada \\- Total Cases (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Total_Cases_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Total Cases (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.", "#### Total Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\\)", "This graph shows the accumulated number of deaths for each of the Provinces and Territories.", "[File:Canada \\- Total Deaths (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Total_Deaths_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Total Deaths (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\\).", "### Overviews by Year", "#### Cases and Deaths in Canada (2020\\-2024\\)", "This graph shows the number of new cases and the number of deaths in Canada each year from 2020 to 2024\\.", "[File:Canada \\- Cases and Deaths (2020\\-2024\\) (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Cases_and_Deaths_%282020-2024%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Cases and Deaths (2020-2024) (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\\), however it can only be updated for deaths, as the PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024\\.", "#### Cases in Provinces and Territories (2020\\-2024\\)", "This graph shows the number of new cases in each of the Provinces and Territories each year from 2020 to 2024\\.", "[File:Canada \\- Cases (Provinces \\& Territories, 2020\\-2024\\) (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Cases_%28Provinces_%26_Territories%2C_2020-2024%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Cases (Provinces & Territories, 2020-2024) (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.", "#### Deaths in Provinces and Territories (2020\\-2024\\)", "This graph shows the number of deaths in each of the Provinces and Territories each year from 2020 to 2024\\.", "[File:Canada \\- Deaths (Provinces \\& Territories, 2020\\-2024\\) (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Deaths_%28Provinces_%26_Territories%2C_2020-2024%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Deaths (Provinces & Territories, 2020-2024) (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\\).", "" ]
### National #### Milestones \- Cases (as of May 25, 2024\) This graph shows dates when milestones (250,000 new cases) were reached. The last figure shows the final total number of confirmed cases recorded. [File: Canada \- Milestones \- Cases (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Milestones_-_Cases_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Milestones - Cases (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible. #### Milestones \- Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\) This graph shows dates when milestones (2,500 new deaths) were reached. The last figure shows the current total number of confirmed deaths and is a placeholder until the next milestone is recorded. [File: Canada \- Milestones \- Deaths (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Milestones_-_Deaths_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Milestones - Deaths (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\). #### Waves \- Cases (as of July 17, 2022\) This simplified graph shows the first five waves, noting the number of active cases at the peak and at the end of each wave. There is no official data on recoveries since March 1, 2022, and last somewhat reliable data for the sixth wave was recorded on July 17, 2022\. The end of the sixth wave, as well as peaks and ends of all further waves could only have been estimated based on the number of hospitalizations, however this data was not reliable enough to warrant any further updates (furthermore, data on hospitalizations has been non\-existent since November 23, 2022\). As a result, this graph has been discontinued. [File: Canada \- Waves (May 10, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Waves_%28May_10%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Waves (May 10, 2024).png") Note: This graph can no longer be updated. #### Waves \- Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\) This simplified graph shows daily averages of COVID\-attributed deaths across Canada during each of the waves. Governments (federal or provincial/territorial) are yet to address the inconsistency regarding their official stance towards COVID\-19 in Canada from March 2020 to March 2022, compared to the stance since April 2022\. During the 3rd wave (average of 31 deaths per day) and the 4th wave (average of 25 deaths per day), governments deemed it necessary to impose harsh restrictions upon the populace. However, by the summer of 2022, all restrictions had been repealed and have not been reinstated, even though during this period Canada has been recording an average of 26 COVID\-attributed deaths per day. The only logical conclusion is that either restrictions should have been kept in place throughout this period as well, or they were never needed to begin with. Furthermore, since authorities are not addressing the average of 26 COVID\-attributed deaths per day (March 1, 2022 to September 20, 2024\) as a national health emergency, it can be surmised that 26 deaths per day is simply the 'new normal' for Canada. And, if that is the case, then previous waves (especially 3rd wave and 4th wave) should have been regarded as non\-events. [File:Canada \- Average Deaths (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Average_Deaths_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Average Deaths (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\). #### Cases (as of May 25, 2024\) This graph shows the number of new cases in Canada each month. [File:Canada \- Cases (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Cases_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Cases (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible. #### Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\) This graph shows the number of deaths in Canada each month. [File:Canada \- Deaths (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Deaths_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Deaths (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\). #### Monthly Death Rate (as of May 25, 2024\) This graph shows the fatality rate for each month (number of deaths during a particular month as percentage of all reported cases during that month). The graph reveals that official data is likely flawed and that government offices were unable to collect data on all new cases correctly during the first three months of the pandemic (March to May 2020\) which exponentially skewed the fatality rate upwards. It is also highly likely that new cases have been severely under\-reported since October 2022\. This is proven by the official fatality rate (ranging from 1\.62% to 3\.29%) during the October 2022 to May 2024 period which is higher (and by quite a bit) than the official fatality rate (ranging from 0\.15% to 2\.46%) during the July 2020 to September 2022 period, even though the pandemic has officially been treated as a non\-issue in 2023 and 2024\. The official average fatality rate for the whole 2020\-2024 period is 1\.20% of all reported cases. However, it is estimated that most cases (around 85% of all cases) have gone unreported and that at least 35,000,000 people in Canada were infected with at least one of the COVID\-19 variants at some point,{{\#invoke:cite web\|\| title\=75% of Canadians were infected by virus by spring 2023 \| url\=https://theprovince.com/health/covid\-19\-75\-percent\-canadians\-infected\-spring\-2023 \| accessdate\=10 May 2024 \| language\=English}} which means that the actual fatality rate is likely less than 0\.20% (comparable to any seasonal flu). This estimate is validated by data shown on this graph for December 2021 (0\.15%) and January 2022 (0\.47%). If the fatality rate was 0\.15% during the second worst month of the whole 2020\-2024 period (December 2021: 395,840 new cases and 589 deaths) and 0\.47% during the worst month (January 2022: 867,069 new cases and 4,046 deaths), then it is reasonable to assume that the average fatality rate in Canada has been around 0\.20% throughout the four years, revealing a survival rate of 99\.80%. Additionally, it is still unknown (and may forever remain so) how many of the COVID\-attributed deaths reported as 'COVID deaths' were actually due to COVID (i.e. a person dying *of* COVID) and how many were due to a combination of multiple comorbidity factors (i.e. a person dying *with* COVID). [File:Canada \- Monthly Death Rate (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Monthly_Death_Rate_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Monthly Death Rate (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible. #### Accumulated Fatality Rate (as of May 25, 2024\) This graph shows the total fatality rate throughout the four\-year period. Same as the previous graph, it reveals that official data is likely flawed and that government offices were unable to collect data on all new cases correctly during the first few months of the pandemic (March to May 2020\) which exponentially skewed the fatality rate upwards and assured the accumulated fatality rate would never be accurate in the long term. It also proves beyond any doubt that vaccines had little impact \- if any \- on reduction of the overall fatality rate. [File:Canada \- Accumulated Fatality Rate (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Accumulated_Fatality_Rate_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Accumulated Fatality Rate (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.
[ "### National", "#### Milestones \\- Cases (as of May 25, 2024\\)", "This graph shows dates when milestones (250,000 new cases) were reached. The last figure shows the final total number of confirmed cases recorded.", "[File: Canada \\- Milestones \\- Cases (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Milestones_-_Cases_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Milestones - Cases (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.", "#### Milestones \\- Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\\)", "This graph shows dates when milestones (2,500 new deaths) were reached. The last figure shows the current total number of confirmed deaths and is a placeholder until the next milestone is recorded.", "[File: Canada \\- Milestones \\- Deaths (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Milestones_-_Deaths_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Milestones - Deaths (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\\).", "#### Waves \\- Cases (as of July 17, 2022\\)", "This simplified graph shows the first five waves, noting the number of active cases at the peak and at the end of each wave. There is no official data on recoveries since March 1, 2022, and last somewhat reliable data for the sixth wave was recorded on July 17, 2022\\. The end of the sixth wave, as well as peaks and ends of all further waves could only have been estimated based on the number of hospitalizations, however this data was not reliable enough to warrant any further updates (furthermore, data on hospitalizations has been non\\-existent since November 23, 2022\\). As a result, this graph has been discontinued.", "[File: Canada \\- Waves (May 10, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Waves_%28May_10%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Waves (May 10, 2024).png\")", "Note: This graph can no longer be updated.", "#### Waves \\- Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\\)", "This simplified graph shows daily averages of COVID\\-attributed deaths across Canada during each of the waves.", "Governments (federal or provincial/territorial) are yet to address the inconsistency regarding their official stance towards COVID\\-19 in Canada from March 2020 to March 2022, compared to the stance since April 2022\\. During the 3rd wave (average of 31 deaths per day) and the 4th wave (average of 25 deaths per day), governments deemed it necessary to impose harsh restrictions upon the populace. However, by the summer of 2022, all restrictions had been repealed and have not been reinstated, even though during this period Canada has been recording an average of 26 COVID\\-attributed deaths per day. The only logical conclusion is that either restrictions should have been kept in place throughout this period as well, or they were never needed to begin with. Furthermore, since authorities are not addressing the average of 26 COVID\\-attributed deaths per day (March 1, 2022 to September 20, 2024\\) as a national health emergency, it can be surmised that 26 deaths per day is simply the 'new normal' for Canada. And, if that is the case, then previous waves (especially 3rd wave and 4th wave) should have been regarded as non\\-events.", "[File:Canada \\- Average Deaths (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Average_Deaths_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Average Deaths (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\\).", "#### Cases (as of May 25, 2024\\)", "This graph shows the number of new cases in Canada each month.", "[File:Canada \\- Cases (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Cases_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Cases (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.", "#### Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\\)", "This graph shows the number of deaths in Canada each month.", "[File:Canada \\- Deaths (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Deaths_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Deaths (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\\).", "#### Monthly Death Rate (as of May 25, 2024\\)", "This graph shows the fatality rate for each month (number of deaths during a particular month as percentage of all reported cases during that month).", "The graph reveals that official data is likely flawed and that government offices were unable to collect data on all new cases correctly during the first three months of the pandemic (March to May 2020\\) which exponentially skewed the fatality rate upwards. It is also highly likely that new cases have been severely under\\-reported since October 2022\\. This is proven by the official fatality rate (ranging from 1\\.62% to 3\\.29%) during the October 2022 to May 2024 period which is higher (and by quite a bit) than the official fatality rate (ranging from 0\\.15% to 2\\.46%) during the July 2020 to September 2022 period, even though the pandemic has officially been treated as a non\\-issue in 2023 and 2024\\.", "The official average fatality rate for the whole 2020\\-2024 period is 1\\.20% of all reported cases. However, it is estimated that most cases (around 85% of all cases) have gone unreported and that at least 35,000,000 people in Canada were infected with at least one of the COVID\\-19 variants at some point,{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\| title\\=75% of Canadians were infected by virus by spring 2023 \\| url\\=https://theprovince.com/health/covid\\-19\\-75\\-percent\\-canadians\\-infected\\-spring\\-2023 \\| accessdate\\=10 May 2024 \\| language\\=English}} which means that the actual fatality rate is likely less than 0\\.20% (comparable to any seasonal flu). This estimate is validated by data shown on this graph for December 2021 (0\\.15%) and January 2022 (0\\.47%). If the fatality rate was 0\\.15% during the second worst month of the whole 2020\\-2024 period (December 2021: 395,840 new cases and 589 deaths) and 0\\.47% during the worst month (January 2022: 867,069 new cases and 4,046 deaths), then it is reasonable to assume that the average fatality rate in Canada has been around 0\\.20% throughout the four years, revealing a survival rate of 99\\.80%.", "Additionally, it is still unknown (and may forever remain so) how many of the COVID\\-attributed deaths reported as 'COVID deaths' were actually due to COVID (i.e. a person dying *of* COVID) and how many were due to a combination of multiple comorbidity factors (i.e. a person dying *with* COVID).", "[File:Canada \\- Monthly Death Rate (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Monthly_Death_Rate_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Monthly Death Rate (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.", "#### Accumulated Fatality Rate (as of May 25, 2024\\)", "This graph shows the total fatality rate throughout the four\\-year period.", "Same as the previous graph, it reveals that official data is likely flawed and that government offices were unable to collect data on all new cases correctly during the first few months of the pandemic (March to May 2020\\) which exponentially skewed the fatality rate upwards and assured the accumulated fatality rate would never be accurate in the long term. It also proves beyond any doubt that vaccines had little impact \\- if any \\- on reduction of the overall fatality rate.", "[File:Canada \\- Accumulated Fatality Rate (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Accumulated_Fatality_Rate_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Accumulated Fatality Rate (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.", "" ]
#### Monthly Death Rate (as of May 25, 2024\) This graph shows the fatality rate for each month (number of deaths during a particular month as percentage of all reported cases during that month). The graph reveals that official data is likely flawed and that government offices were unable to collect data on all new cases correctly during the first three months of the pandemic (March to May 2020\) which exponentially skewed the fatality rate upwards. It is also highly likely that new cases have been severely under\-reported since October 2022\. This is proven by the official fatality rate (ranging from 1\.62% to 3\.29%) during the October 2022 to May 2024 period which is higher (and by quite a bit) than the official fatality rate (ranging from 0\.15% to 2\.46%) during the July 2020 to September 2022 period, even though the pandemic has officially been treated as a non\-issue in 2023 and 2024\. The official average fatality rate for the whole 2020\-2024 period is 1\.20% of all reported cases. However, it is estimated that most cases (around 85% of all cases) have gone unreported and that at least 35,000,000 people in Canada were infected with at least one of the COVID\-19 variants at some point,{{\#invoke:cite web\|\| title\=75% of Canadians were infected by virus by spring 2023 \| url\=https://theprovince.com/health/covid\-19\-75\-percent\-canadians\-infected\-spring\-2023 \| accessdate\=10 May 2024 \| language\=English}} which means that the actual fatality rate is likely less than 0\.20% (comparable to any seasonal flu). This estimate is validated by data shown on this graph for December 2021 (0\.15%) and January 2022 (0\.47%). If the fatality rate was 0\.15% during the second worst month of the whole 2020\-2024 period (December 2021: 395,840 new cases and 589 deaths) and 0\.47% during the worst month (January 2022: 867,069 new cases and 4,046 deaths), then it is reasonable to assume that the average fatality rate in Canada has been around 0\.20% throughout the four years, revealing a survival rate of 99\.80%. Additionally, it is still unknown (and may forever remain so) how many of the COVID\-attributed deaths reported as 'COVID deaths' were actually due to COVID (i.e. a person dying *of* COVID) and how many were due to a combination of multiple comorbidity factors (i.e. a person dying *with* COVID). [File:Canada \- Monthly Death Rate (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Monthly_Death_Rate_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Monthly Death Rate (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.
[ "#### Monthly Death Rate (as of May 25, 2024\\)", "This graph shows the fatality rate for each month (number of deaths during a particular month as percentage of all reported cases during that month).", "The graph reveals that official data is likely flawed and that government offices were unable to collect data on all new cases correctly during the first three months of the pandemic (March to May 2020\\) which exponentially skewed the fatality rate upwards. It is also highly likely that new cases have been severely under\\-reported since October 2022\\. This is proven by the official fatality rate (ranging from 1\\.62% to 3\\.29%) during the October 2022 to May 2024 period which is higher (and by quite a bit) than the official fatality rate (ranging from 0\\.15% to 2\\.46%) during the July 2020 to September 2022 period, even though the pandemic has officially been treated as a non\\-issue in 2023 and 2024\\.", "The official average fatality rate for the whole 2020\\-2024 period is 1\\.20% of all reported cases. However, it is estimated that most cases (around 85% of all cases) have gone unreported and that at least 35,000,000 people in Canada were infected with at least one of the COVID\\-19 variants at some point,{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\| title\\=75% of Canadians were infected by virus by spring 2023 \\| url\\=https://theprovince.com/health/covid\\-19\\-75\\-percent\\-canadians\\-infected\\-spring\\-2023 \\| accessdate\\=10 May 2024 \\| language\\=English}} which means that the actual fatality rate is likely less than 0\\.20% (comparable to any seasonal flu). This estimate is validated by data shown on this graph for December 2021 (0\\.15%) and January 2022 (0\\.47%). If the fatality rate was 0\\.15% during the second worst month of the whole 2020\\-2024 period (December 2021: 395,840 new cases and 589 deaths) and 0\\.47% during the worst month (January 2022: 867,069 new cases and 4,046 deaths), then it is reasonable to assume that the average fatality rate in Canada has been around 0\\.20% throughout the four years, revealing a survival rate of 99\\.80%.", "Additionally, it is still unknown (and may forever remain so) how many of the COVID\\-attributed deaths reported as 'COVID deaths' were actually due to COVID (i.e. a person dying *of* COVID) and how many were due to a combination of multiple comorbidity factors (i.e. a person dying *with* COVID).", "[File:Canada \\- Monthly Death Rate (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Monthly_Death_Rate_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Monthly Death Rate (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.", "" ]
### Provinces and Territories #### Cases (as of May 25, 2024\) This graph shows the number of new cases per month in each of the Provinces and Territories. The three territories \- Nunavut, Northwest Territories, and Yukon \- discontinued reports on new cases in 2022 (on April 16, June 20, and November 19, respectively), without an official explanation as to why. [File:Canada \- Cases (Provinces \& Territories) (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Cases_%28Provinces_%26_Territories%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Cases (Provinces & Territories) (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible. #### Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\) This graph shows the number of deaths per month in each of the Provinces and Territories. Even though the province of Manitoba recorded 41 COVID\-attributed deaths in December 2023 (which was an 11\-month high), the province abruptly discontinued reports on such deaths in January 2024\. The decision to no longer provide this data for the province of Manitoba is one of the many red flags which have been recorded across Canada over the course of four years when it comes to collection of COVID\-related statistical information. Another case proving official policies have been misguided is that of Nova Scotia where few COVID\-attributed deaths were recorded in 2020 and 2021, but the government instituted restrictions regardless. Yet, the same authorities removed all restrictions in 2022, during the time when the province was recording peak fatality numbers. Furthermore, restrictions were never reinstated even though Nova Scotia continued to see an above\-average number of COVID\-attributed fatalities in early 2023 and early 2024\. Again, the only logical conclusion is that either restrictions should have been kept in place throughout this period as well, or they had been never been needed to begin with. [File:Canada \- Deaths (Provinces \& Territories) (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Deaths_%28Provinces_%26_Territories%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Deaths (Provinces & Territories) (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\). #### Total Cases (as of May 25, 2024\) This graph shows the accumulated number of new cases for each of the Provinces and Territories. [File:Canada \- Total Cases (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Total_Cases_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Total Cases (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible. #### Total Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\) This graph shows the accumulated number of deaths for each of the Provinces and Territories. [File:Canada \- Total Deaths (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Total_Deaths_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Total Deaths (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\).
[ "### Provinces and Territories", "#### Cases (as of May 25, 2024\\)", "This graph shows the number of new cases per month in each of the Provinces and Territories.", "The three territories \\- Nunavut, Northwest Territories, and Yukon \\- discontinued reports on new cases in 2022 (on April 16, June 20, and November 19, respectively), without an official explanation as to why.", "[File:Canada \\- Cases (Provinces \\& Territories) (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Cases_%28Provinces_%26_Territories%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Cases (Provinces & Territories) (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.", "#### Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\\)", "This graph shows the number of deaths per month in each of the Provinces and Territories.", "Even though the province of Manitoba recorded 41 COVID\\-attributed deaths in December 2023 (which was an 11\\-month high), the province abruptly discontinued reports on such deaths in January 2024\\. The decision to no longer provide this data for the province of Manitoba is one of the many red flags which have been recorded across Canada over the course of four years when it comes to collection of COVID\\-related statistical information.", "Another case proving official policies have been misguided is that of Nova Scotia where few COVID\\-attributed deaths were recorded in 2020 and 2021, but the government instituted restrictions regardless. Yet, the same authorities removed all restrictions in 2022, during the time when the province was recording peak fatality numbers. Furthermore, restrictions were never reinstated even though Nova Scotia continued to see an above\\-average number of COVID\\-attributed fatalities in early 2023 and early 2024\\. Again, the only logical conclusion is that either restrictions should have been kept in place throughout this period as well, or they had been never been needed to begin with.", "[File:Canada \\- Deaths (Provinces \\& Territories) (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Deaths_%28Provinces_%26_Territories%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Deaths (Provinces & Territories) (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\\).", "#### Total Cases (as of May 25, 2024\\)", "This graph shows the accumulated number of new cases for each of the Provinces and Territories.", "[File:Canada \\- Total Cases (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Total_Cases_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Total Cases (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.", "#### Total Deaths (as of September 20, 2024\\)", "This graph shows the accumulated number of deaths for each of the Provinces and Territories.", "[File:Canada \\- Total Deaths (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Total_Deaths_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Total Deaths (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\\).", "" ]
### Overviews by Year #### Cases and Deaths in Canada (2020\-2024\) This graph shows the number of new cases and the number of deaths in Canada each year from 2020 to 2024\. [File:Canada \- Cases and Deaths (2020\-2024\) (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Cases_and_Deaths_%282020-2024%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Cases and Deaths (2020-2024) (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\), however it can only be updated for deaths, as the PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024\. #### Cases in Provinces and Territories (2020\-2024\) This graph shows the number of new cases in each of the Provinces and Territories each year from 2020 to 2024\. [File:Canada \- Cases (Provinces \& Territories, 2020\-2024\) (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Cases_%28Provinces_%26_Territories%2C_2020-2024%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Cases (Provinces & Territories, 2020-2024) (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible. #### Deaths in Provinces and Territories (2020\-2024\) This graph shows the number of deaths in each of the Provinces and Territories each year from 2020 to 2024\. [File:Canada \- Deaths (Provinces \& Territories, 2020\-2024\) (Sep 20, 2024\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Deaths_%28Provinces_%26_Territories%2C_2020-2024%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png "Canada - Deaths (Provinces & Territories, 2020-2024) (Sep 20, 2024).png") Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\).
[ "### Overviews by Year", "#### Cases and Deaths in Canada (2020\\-2024\\)", "This graph shows the number of new cases and the number of deaths in Canada each year from 2020 to 2024\\.", "[File:Canada \\- Cases and Deaths (2020\\-2024\\) (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Cases_and_Deaths_%282020-2024%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Cases and Deaths (2020-2024) (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\\), however it can only be updated for deaths, as the PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024\\.", "#### Cases in Provinces and Territories (2020\\-2024\\)", "This graph shows the number of new cases in each of the Provinces and Territories each year from 2020 to 2024\\.", "[File:Canada \\- Cases (Provinces \\& Territories, 2020\\-2024\\) (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Cases_%28Provinces_%26_Territories%2C_2020-2024%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Cases (Provinces & Territories, 2020-2024) (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: The PHAC stopped providing updates on new cases on May 26, 2024, rendering further updates on this data set impossible.", "#### Deaths in Provinces and Territories (2020\\-2024\\)", "This graph shows the number of deaths in each of the Provinces and Territories each year from 2020 to 2024\\.", "[File:Canada \\- Deaths (Provinces \\& Territories, 2020\\-2024\\) (Sep 20, 2024\\).png](/wiki/File:Canada_-_Deaths_%28Provinces_%26_Territories%2C_2020-2024%29_%28Sep_20%2C_2024%29.png \"Canada - Deaths (Provinces & Territories, 2020-2024) (Sep 20, 2024).png\")", "Note: This graph is updated once every three months (next update: January 3, 2025\\).", "" ]
Chronology ---------- ### 2019 #### December In April, Jitendra Prasad, the leader of Alberta Health Services' procurement department told the *[Edmonton Journal](/wiki/Edmonton_Journal "Edmonton Journal")* that in early December, he had heard from sources in China of a strange flu. Prasad claimed that by mid\-December, he had started doubling orders of PPE, and in late December, he placed an order for a half a million N95 masks.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://edmontonjournal.com/opinion/columnists/david\-staples\-masterminds\-behind\-albertas\-medical\-supplies\-surge\-to\-meet\-covid\-19\-crisis\|title\=David Staples: Masterminds behind Alberta's medical supplies surge to meet COVID\-19 crisis\|website\=edmontonjournal\|access\-date\=June 6, 2021}} On December 31, 2019, the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission in [China](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China") reported a cluster of cases of pneumonia in [Wuhan](/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), [Hubei Province](/wiki/Hubei "Hubei"). This news spread to [FluTrackers](/wiki/FluTrackers "FluTrackers"), and then similar announcements came from the [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong") and [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") governments and many news outlets on the outbreak in Wuhan. A novel coronavirus was eventually identified. ### 2020 #### January On January 7, 2020, when it appeared that there was a health crisis emerging in Wuhan, Dr. [Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam "Theresa Tam"), Chief Public Health Officer of Canada, was quoted advising Canadians: "There has been no evidence to date that this illness, whatever it's caused by, is spread easily from person to person; no health care workers caring for the patients have become ill; a positive sign. On January 17, the [Canada Border Services Agency](/wiki/Canada_Border_Services_Agency "Canada Border Services Agency") (CBSA) indicated plans were in progress "to implement signage" in the [Montreal](/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al%E2%80%93Trudeau_International_Airport "Montréal–Trudeau International Airport"), [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport "Toronto Pearson International Airport"), and [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver_International_Airport "Vancouver International Airport") airports to raise awareness of the virus, and that there would be an additional health screening question added to the electronic kiosks for passengers arriving from central [China](/wiki/China "China"). The agency noted the overall risk to Canadians was low and there were no direct flights from [Wuhan](/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan") to Canada. The CBSA said it would not be, at that time, implementing extra screening measures, but would "monitor the situation closely".{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6429892/canada\-china\-virus\-airports\|title\=Canada to screen central China travelers for virus at 3 airports\|date\=January 17, 2020\|website\=Globalnews.ca\|publisher\=Corus Entertainment\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118133820/https://globalnews.ca/news/6429892/canada\-china\-virus\-airports/\|archive\-date\=January 18, 2020\|access\-date\=January 22, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/thailand\-china\-coronavirus\-1\.5432108\|title\=China reports 4 more cases of new strain of coronavirus\|date\=January 18, 2020\|access\-date\=January 18, 2020\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118164802/https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/thailand\-china\-coronavirus\-1\.5432108\|archive\-date\=January 18, 2020\|publisher\=CBC News}} On January 23, the federal [Minister of Health](/wiki/Minister_of_Health_%28Canada%29 "Minister of Health (Canada)"), [Patty Hajdu](/wiki/Patty_Hajdu "Patty Hajdu"), said that five or six people were being monitored for signs of the virus.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.msss.gouv.qc.ca/professionnels/maladies\-infectieuses/coronavirus\-2019\-ncov/\#situation\-au\-quebec\|title\=Coronavirus 2019\-nCoV – Professionnels de la santé – MSSS\|language\=fr\|access\-date\=January 29, 2020 \|date\=January 28, 2020 \|website\=Government of Quebec\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127234953/https://www.msss.gouv.qc.ca/professionnels/maladies\-infectieuses/coronavirus\-2019\-ncov/\#situation\-au\-quebec\|archive\-date\=January 27, 2020 \|url\-status\=live}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/several\-people\-in\-canada\-being\-monitored\-for\-signs\-of\-coronavirus\-health\-minister\-1\.4780101\|title\=Several people in Canada being monitored for signs of coronavirus: Health minister\|date\=January 23, 2020\|access\-date\=January 23, 2020\|agency\=CTV News\|archive\-date\=January 24, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124005938/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/several\-people\-in\-canada\-being\-monitored\-for\-signs\-of\-coronavirus\-health\-minister\-1\.4780101\|url\-status\=live}} That same day, Dr. Theresa Tam was a member of the [WHO](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") committee that broadcast that it was too early to declare a [public health emergency of international concern](/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern "Public health emergency of international concern"). The following day in Wuhan China construction began on a new hospital to treat COVID patients that would take only 10 days to build and was widely reported around the world.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/in\-pictures\-51280586\|title\=The coronavirus hospital built in days\|date\=February 2, 2020\|publisher\=BBC\|access\-date\=June 20, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143125/https://www.bbc.com/news/in\-pictures\-51280586\|url\-status\=live}} On January 25, the first identified presumptive case in Canada was a male in his 50s who travelled between Wuhan and [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou") before returning to Toronto on January 22\.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.cp24\.com/news/man\-who\-flew\-to\-toronto\-from\-china\-is\-canada\-s\-first\-coronavirus\-case\-1\.4783476\|title\=Man who flew to Toronto from China is Canada's first coronavirus case\|website\=CP24\|access\-date\=January 26, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229094929/https://www.cp24\.com/news/man\-who\-flew\-to\-toronto\-from\-china\-is\-canada\-s\-first\-coronavirus\-case\-1\.4783476\|archive\-date\=February 29, 2020\|url\-status\=live}}{{\#invoke:cite journal\|\|last1\=Marchand\-Senécal \|first1\=Xavier \|last2\=Kozak \|first2\=Rob \|last3\=Mubareka \|first3\=Samira \|last4\=Salt \|first4\=Natasha \|last5\=Gubbay \|first5\=Jonathan B \|last6\=Eshaghi \|first6\=Alireza \|last7\=Allen \|first7\=Vanessa \|last8\=Li \|first8\=Yan \|last9\=Bastien \|first9\=Natalie \|last10\=Gilmour \|first10\=Matthew \|last11\=Ozaldin \|first11\=Omar \|last12\=Leis \|first12\=Jerome A \|title\=Diagnosis and Management of First Case of COVID\-19 in Canada: Lessons applied from SARS \|journal\=Clinical Infectious Diseases \|date\=March 9, 2020 \|volume\=ciaa227 \|issue\=16 \|pages\=2207–2210 \|doi\=10\.1093/cid/ciaa227 \|pmid\=32147731 \|pmc\=7108147 \|doi\-access\=free }} Canada issued a travel advisory against non\-essential travel to China due to the outbreak, including a regional travel advisory to avoid all travel to the province of [Hubei](/wiki/Hubei "Hubei").{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/china\|title\=Travel advice and advisories for China\|date\=January 29, 2020 \|access\-date\=January 29, 2020 \|website\=Government of Canada\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129014438/https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/china\|archive\-date\=January 29, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} Federal health officials stated that the risk in Canada was low.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\-hajdu\-tam\-health\-china\-1\.5440950\|title\=Health officials expect more coronavirus cases, but say risk of outbreak in Canada remains low\|publisher\=CBC News\|date\=January 26, 2020\|access\-date\=January 26, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205115725/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\-hajdu\-tam\-health\-china\-1\.5440950\|archive\-date\=February 5, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} On January 26, Tam stated "There is no clear evidence that this virus is spread easily from person to person. The risk to Canadians remains low."{{cite tweet \| author\= Dr. Theresa Tam \| user\= CPHO\_Canada \| number\=1221606834987053056 \| title\=3/3 There is no clear evidence that this virus is spread easily from person to person. The risk to Canadians remains low. Find more info on \#2019nCoV \#coronavirus here: https://canada.ca/coronavirus \| date\=January 26, 2020 \|link\=https://twitter.com/CPHO\_Canada/status/1221606834987053056 \|access\-date\=April 28, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129184705/https://twitter.com/CPHO\_Canada/status/1221606834987053056 \|archive\-date\=January 29, 2020 \|url\-status\=live}} Final testing conducted at the [National Microbiology Laboratory](/wiki/National_Microbiology_Laboratory "National Microbiology Laboratory") in Winnipeg, [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba "Manitoba") confirmed the presumptive case on January 27\.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Canada's second confirmed presumptive case of coronavirus diagnosed in Canada; first case confirmed\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/second\-presumptive\-case\-of\-coronavirus\-diagnosed\-in\-canada\-first\-case\-confirmed\-1\.4784799\|last\=Ho\|first\=Solarina\|website\=CTV News\|date\=January 27, 2020\|access\-date\=January 27, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127171921/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/second\-presumptive\-case\-of\-coronavirus\-diagnosed\-in\-canada\-first\-case\-confirmed\-1\.4784799\|archive\-date\=January 27, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} On January 27, Canada confirmed its first case. On January 29, the health committee of parliament holds a meeting on the Canadian response to the outbreak of coronavirus. Liberal MP [Marcus Powlowski](/wiki/Marcus_Powlowski "Marcus Powlowski"), a doctor, asks [Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam "Theresa Tam") since the Chinese health authorities led by Xiaowei Ma were saying that covid\-19 was being spread by asymptomatic patients (as reported in the New York Times), Canada should require travellers from China to quarantine for 14 days. Tam suggested that at that point, quarantining was not thought to be necessary.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://openparliament.ca/committees/health/43\-1/1/marcus\-powlowski\-1/?page\=5\|title\=Health Committee on Jan. 29th, 2020 \| openparliament.ca\|website\=openparliament.ca\|access\-date\=June 6, 2021}} On the same day, Dr. Theresa Tam told Canadians that "It's going to be rare (COVID\-19\), but we are expecting cases" and [Minister of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Canada%29 "Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)") [François\-Philippe Champagne](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Philippe_Champagne "François-Philippe Champagne") announced that an aircraft would be sent to [repatriate](/wiki/Repatriation "Repatriation") Canadians from the areas affected by the virus in China.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\-canada\-china\-consular\-1\.5444188\|title\=Canada readying to send plane to repatriate Canadians in China affected by coronavirus outbreak\|last\=Harris\|first\=Kathleen\|publisher\=CBC News\|date\=January 29, 2020 \|access\-date\=January 29, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129192719/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\-canada\-china\-consular\-1\.5444188\|archive\-date\=January 29, 2020 \|url\-status\=live}} On January 30, the WHO declared the coronavirus was a "[public health emergency of international concern](/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern "Public health emergency of international concern")".{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Flattery and foot dragging: China's influence over the WHO under scrutiny \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article\-flattery\-and\-foot\-dragging\-chinas\-influence\-over\-the\-who\-under/ \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=April 25, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=April 27, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427134925/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article\-flattery\-and\-foot\-dragging\-chinas\-influence\-over\-the\-who\-under/ \|url\-status\=live }} #### February On February 1, the government's position remained that it would be discriminatory to exclude travellers from China, the [politico\-geographical](/wiki/Political_geography "Political geography") source of the disease.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Dyer \|first1\=Evan \|title\=COVID\-19 taught Canada a costly lesson — that early border closures can work \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid\-coronavirus\-pandemic\-trudeau\-borders\-1\.5619705 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=June 22, 2020 \|access\-date\=June 28, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 21, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821065953/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid\-coronavirus\-pandemic\-trudeau\-borders\-1\.5619705 \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Staples \|first1\=David \|title\=The road to Canada's COVID\-19 outbreak, Pt. 2: timeline of federal government failure at border to slow the virus \|url\=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/politics/the\-road\-to\-canadas\-covid\-19\-outbreak\-pt\-2\-timeline\-of\-federal\-government\-failure\-at\-border\-to\-slow\-the\-virus\-2 \|publisher\=Edmonton Journal, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \|date\=April 2, 2020 \|access\-date\=June 28, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143139/https://edmontonjournal.com/news/politics/the\-road\-to\-canadas\-covid\-19\-outbreak\-pt\-2\-timeline\-of\-federal\-government\-failure\-at\-border\-to\-slow\-the\-virus\-2 \|url\-status\=live }} On February 2, the [Canadian Armed Forces](/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces "Canadian Armed Forces") announced that it planned to charter a plane to assist in the evacuation of Canadian nationals still in Wuhan once given authorization by China, intending to fly them to [CFB Trenton](/wiki/CFB_Trenton "CFB Trenton") for repatriation and medical screenings. Only those that had entered the country with a Canadian passport would be allowed to take this flight.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/military\-will\-assist\-chartered\-plane\-out\-of\-china\-for\-at\-least\-325\-canadians\-in\-wuhan\-1\.4794181\|title\=Military will assist chartered plane out of China for at least 325 Canadians in Wuhan\|date\=February 2, 2020\|website\=CTV News\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203051051/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/military\-will\-assist\-chartered\-plane\-out\-of\-china\-for\-at\-least\-325\-canadians\-in\-wuhan\-1\.4794181\|archive\-date\=February 3, 2020\|access\-date\=February 8, 2020}} The first plane landed at CFB Trenton on February 7\.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\= https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/canada/happy\-to\-be\-back\-flight\-carrying\-canadians\-from\-wuhan\-lands\-in\-ontario\-1\.4801361\|title\= 'Happy to be back': Flight carrying Canadians from Wuhan lands in Ontario\|publisher\= ctvnews.ca\|date\= February 7, 2020\|access\-date\= May 26, 2020\|archive\-date\= August 22, 2020\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20200822163708/https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/canada/can\-i\-see\-her\-any\-sooner\-father\-reunites\-with\-daughter\-in\-canadian\-quarantine\-zone\-1\.4801361/\|url\-status\= live}} On February 21, a chartered flight of 131 Canadians who were quarantined aboard {{ship\|\|Diamond Princess\|ship\|2}} after [an outbreak on the cruise ship](/wiki/COVID-19_outbreak_on_Diamond_Princess "COVID-19 outbreak on Diamond Princess") in Japan, and who all tested negative for the virus, were brought to CFB Trenton for additional screening before being transported by bus to the NAV Centre in [Cornwall, Ontario](/wiki/Cornwall%2C_Ontario "Cornwall, Ontario") to be [quarantined](/wiki/Quarantine "Quarantine").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/diamond\-princess\-coronavirus\-trenton\-cornwall\-1\.5470386\|title\=Canadian cruise ship passengers arrive in Cornwall, Ont., to begin quarantine\|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\|date\=February 21, 2020\|access\-date\=March 12, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312083049/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/diamond\-princess\-coronavirus\-trenton\-cornwall\-1\.5470386\|archive\-date\=March 12, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} On February 10, [University of Regina](/wiki/University_of_Regina "University of Regina") psychology professor Dr. [Gordon J. G. Asmundson](/wiki/Gordon_J._G._Asmundson "Gordon J. G. Asmundson") and [University of British Columbia](/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia "University of British Columbia") psychiatry professor Dr. [Steven Taylor](/wiki/Steven_Taylor_%28psychiatrist%29 "Steven Taylor (psychiatrist)") coined the [neologism](/wiki/Neologism "Neologism") ‘coronaphobia’ to refer to fear of COVID\-19 and its psychological impacts.{{\#invoke:cite journal\|\|last1\=Asmundson\|first1\=Gordon J. G.\|last2\=Taylor\|first2\=Steven\|date\=March 1, 2020\|title\=Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019\-nCoV outbreak\|url\= \|journal\=Journal of Anxiety Disorders\|language\=en\|volume\=70\|pages\=102196\|doi\=10\.1016/j.janxdis.2020\.102196\|issn\=0887\-6185\|pmc\=7134790\|pmid\=32078967}} In an editorial,{{\#invoke:cite journal\|\|date\=December 1, 2020\|title\=Coronaphobia revisted: A state\-of\-the\-art on pandemic\-related fear, anxiety, and stress\|url\= \|journal\=Journal of Anxiety Disorders\|language\=en\|volume\=76\|pages\=102326\|doi\=10\.1016/j.janxdis.2020\.102326\|issn\=0887\-6185\|pmc\=7585502\|pmid\=33142124\|last1\=Asmundson\|first1\=Gordon J.G.\|last2\=Taylor\|first2\=Steven}} Asmundson and Taylor expanded on COVID\-19\-related mental health impacts by introducing the constructs of COVID Stress Syndrome{{\#invoke:cite journal\|\|date\=May 1, 2020\|title\=Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales\|url\= \|journal\=Journal of Anxiety Disorders\|language\=en\|volume\=72\|pages\=102232\|doi\=10\.1016/j.janxdis.2020\.102232\|issn\=0887\-6185\|pmc\=7198206\|pmid\=32408047\|last1\=Taylor\|first1\=Steven\|last2\=Landry\|first2\=Caeleigh A.\|last3\=Paluszek\|first3\=Michelle M.\|last4\=Fergus\|first4\=Thomas A.\|last5\=McKay\|first5\=Dean\|last6\=Asmundson\|first6\=Gordon J.G.}}{{\#invoke:cite journal\|\|last1\=Taylor\|first1\=Steven\|last2\=Landry\|first2\=Caeleigh A.\|last3\=Paluszek\|first3\=Michelle M.\|last4\=Fergus\|first4\=Thomas A.\|last5\=McKay\|first5\=Dean\|last6\=Asmundson\|first6\=Gordon J. G.\|date\=2020\|title\=COVID stress syndrome: Concept, structure, and correlates\|url\= \|journal\=Depression and Anxiety\|language\=en\|volume\=37\|issue\=8\|pages\=706–714\|doi\=10\.1002/da.23071\|issn\=1520\-6394\|pmc\=7362150\|pmid\=32627255}} and ‘COVID Stress Disorder’. Per Asmundson and Taylor’s definition, COVID Stress Syndrome centers around fears about contamination and the dangerousness of COVID\-19, and also involves fears of socioeconomic consequences, xenophobic attitudes, traumatic stress, and compulsive checking and reassurance seeking symptoms. COVID Stress Disorder involves high levels of COVID Stress symptoms and severe functional impairment resulting from these symptoms. COVID Stress Disorder is proposed by Asmundson and Taylor as a distinct diagnostic category as COVID Stress symptoms and the associated impairment cannot be accounted for by existing mental disorder diagnoses. On February 26, Minister of Health Patty Hajdu recommended that citizens stockpile food and medication, noting that it was "good to be prepared because things can change quickly \[in any emergency]."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/coronavirus\-live\-updates\-who\-covid19\-covid\-19\-italy\-china\-canada\-wuhan\-deaths\|title\=Coronavirus updates: Stockpile food and meds in case of infection, Canada's health minister says\|date\=February 26, 2020\|website\=National Post\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020\|archive\-date\=February 27, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20200227015245/https://nationalpost.com/news/world/coronavirus\-live\-updates\-who\-covid19\-covid\-19\-italy\-china\-canada\-wuhan\-deaths}} The recommendation faced criticism from provincial politicians: Manitoba health minister [Cameron Friesen](/wiki/Cameron_Friesen "Cameron Friesen") and Ontario health minister [Christine Elliott](/wiki/Christine_Elliott "Christine Elliott") both felt that there was no need for such aggressive stockpiling, while Friesen also felt that there needed to be more coordination between the federal and provincial levels in terms of information regarding the outbreak.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6625996/covid\-19\-stockpiling\-food\-manitoba/\|title\=COVID\-19: No need to stockpile food despite earlier warning, Manitoba health minister says\|website\=CJOB\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304134904/https://globalnews.ca/news/6625996/covid\-19\-stockpiling\-food\-manitoba/\|archive\-date\=March 4, 2020\|url\-status\=live}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6620830/stockpiling\-coronavirus\-christine\-elliott\-costco\-ontario/\|title\=Stockpiling in face of COVID\-19 unnecessary, Ontario health minister says\|website\=Global News\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303144805/https://globalnews.ca/news/6620830/stockpiling\-coronavirus\-christine\-elliott\-costco\-ontario/\|archive\-date\=March 3, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} [Conservative Party](/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada "Conservative Party of Canada") shadow minister [Matt Jeneroux](/wiki/Matt_Jeneroux "Matt Jeneroux") opined that the suggestion incited concern and was lacking in transparency. [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada "Health Canada")'s website recommended against such bulk purchases (as to not strain supply chains), and explained that having supplies on hand was to "ensure you do not need to leave your home at the peak of the outbreak or if you become ill."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news\-pmn/canada\-news\-pmn/advice\-to\-stockpile\-supplies\-can\-cause\-undue\-concern\-over\-covid\-19\-tory\-mp\|title\=Advice to stockpile supplies can cause undue concern over COVID\-19: Tory MP {{!}} National Post\|last\=Canada\|first\=P. M. N.\|newspaper\=National Post\|date\=March 2, 2020\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} #### March [thumb\|A highway sign on the [Gardiner Expressway](/wiki/Gardiner_Expressway "Gardiner Expressway") in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto") discouraging non\-essential travel](/wiki/File:COVID-19_highway_sign_in_Toronto%2C_March_2020_%28cropped%29.jpg "COVID-19 highway sign in Toronto, March 2020 (cropped).jpg") [thumb\|Shelves void of meat in a [Regina](/wiki/Regina%2C_Saskatchewan "Regina, Saskatchewan") supermarket as a result of [panic buying](/wiki/Panic_buying "Panic buying")](/wiki/File:Shelves_void_of_meat_in_a_Canadian_supermarket.jpg "Shelves void of meat in a Canadian supermarket.jpg") On March 4, 2020, Trudeau announced his creation of the Cabinet Committee on the federal response to the coronavirus disease, chaired by [Chrystia Freeland](/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland "Chrystia Freeland"), "to limit the spread of the virus" and to protect "the health and safety of all Canadians".{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Prime Minister creates committee on COVID\-19 \|url\=https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news\-releases/2020/03/04/prime\-minister\-creates\-committee\-covid\-19 \|access\-date\=April 28, 2020 \|publisher\=JUSTIN TRUDEAU, PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA \|date\=March 4, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143151/https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news\-releases/2020/03/04/prime\-minister\-creates\-committee\-covid\-19 \|url\-status\=live }} Minister of Health Patty Hajdu announced on March 6 that the federal government would offer $27 million in funding to 47 research groups at 19 universities to develop means of managing the outbreak. [Minister of Finance](/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_%28Canada%29 "Minister of Finance (Canada)") [Bill Morneau](/wiki/Bill_Morneau "Bill Morneau") stated that the next federal budget would include measures in response to the outbreak, including an increase to the risk adjustment provision.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/quarantined\-coronavirus\-morneau\-supports\-1\.5488062\|title\=Support coming for Canadians quarantined due to coronavirus, finance minister says\|last\=Tunney\|first\=Catharine\|date\=March 6, 2020\|publisher\=CBC News\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311112055/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/quarantined\-coronavirus\-morneau\-supports\-1\.5488062\|archive\-date\=March 11, 2020\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6644662/coronavirus\-lab\-in\-a\-box\-diagnosis/\|title\=Coronavirus: Canadian researchers developing 'lab in a box' to diagnose COVID\-19\|website\=Global News\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308175925/https://globalnews.ca/news/6644662/coronavirus\-lab\-in\-a\-box\-diagnosis/\|archive\-date\=March 8, 2020\|url\-status\=live}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://ici.radio\-canada.ca/nouvelle/1651785/investissement\-27\-millions\-recherche\-coronavirus\-canada\|title\=Le fédéral injecte 27 M$ dans la recherche sur le coronavirus\|publisher\=CBC/Radio\-Canada\|language\=fr\-ca\|access\-date\=March 10, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310051558/https://ici.radio\-canada.ca/nouvelle/1651785/investissement\-27\-millions\-recherche\-coronavirus\-canada\|archive\-date\=March 10, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} On March 8, Minister of Foreign Affairs François\-Philippe Champagne stated that at the request of the U.S. government, Canada had chartered a [EuroAtlantic](/wiki/EuroAtlantic "EuroAtlantic") passenger airplane to evacuate the 237 citizens that were still aboard the cruise ship {{ship\|\|Grand Princess}}. They were quarantined at CFB Trenton for two weeks when the plane landed on March 10\.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6647694/coronavirus\-government\-plane\-grand\-princess/\|title\=Coronavirus: Government chartering plane for Canadians on Grand Princess\|website\=Global News\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143155/https://globalnews.ca/news/6647694/coronavirus\-government\-plane\-grand\-princess/\|url\-status\=live}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/infected\-canadian\-crew\-on\-covid\-19\-cruise\-ship\-remain\-onboard\-228\-passengers\-repatriated\-1\.4846310\|title\=Infected Canadian crew on COVID\-19 cruise ship remain onboard, 228 passengers repatriated\|publisher\=ctvnews.ca\|date\=March 10, 2020\|access\-date\=March 12, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312183750/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/infected\-canadian\-crew\-on\-covid\-19\-cruise\-ship\-remain\-onboard\-228\-passengers\-repatriated\-1\.4846310\|archive\-date\=March 12, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} Member of Parliament [Anthony Housefather](/wiki/Anthony_Housefather "Anthony Housefather") announced on March 9 that he was undergoing self\-isolation as a precautionary measure due to possible contact with a person at an [American Israel Public Affairs Committee](/wiki/American_Israel_Public_Affairs_Committee "American Israel Public Affairs Committee") (AIPAC) conference in [Washington](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.lapresse.ca/covid\-19/202003/10/01\-5264042\-covid\-19\-le\-federal\-donnera\-un\-coup\-de\-main.php\|title\=COVID\-19: le fédéral donnera un coup de main\|date\=March 10, 2020\|website\=La Presse\|language\=fr\|access\-date\=March 10, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311164949/https://www.lapresse.ca/covid\-19/202003/10/01\-5264042\-covid\-19\-le\-federal\-donnera\-un\-coup\-de\-main.php\|archive\-date\=March 11, 2020\|url\-status\=live\|last1\=Marquis \|first1\=Mélanie }} The next day, [Minister of Natural Resources](/wiki/Minister_of_Natural_Resources "Minister of Natural Resources") [Seamus O'Regan](/wiki/Seamus_O%27Regan "Seamus O'Regan") stated that he was also in self\-isolation while awaiting the results of a coronavirus test. He had seen a doctor regarding a "persistent" head cold, who recommended testing, but was "not aware of contacting anyone infected".{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6657717/seamus\-oregan\-self\-isolation\-covid\-19/\|title\=Minister of Natural Resources in self\-isolation as 'precaution' while awaiting COVID\-19 results\|website\=Global News\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311125628/https://globalnews.ca/news/6657717/seamus\-oregan\-self\-isolation\-covid\-19/\|archive\-date\=March 11, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} The test came back negative.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/seamus\-o\-regan\-tests\-negative\-for\-covid\-19\-1\.4852739\|title\=Seamus O'Regan tests negative for COVID\-19\|date\=March 13, 2020\|website\=CTV News\|access\-date\=March 16, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314151743/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/seamus\-o\-regan\-tests\-negative\-for\-covid\-19\-1\.4852739\|archive\-date\=March 14, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} On March 11, [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada "Prime Minister of Canada") [Justin Trudeau](/wiki/Justin_Trudeau "Justin Trudeau") announced a $1 billion response fund, including $500 million to go to provinces and territories, a $50 million contribution to the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") and an additional $275 million to fund COVID\-19 research in Canada.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6659384/coronavirus\-funding\-trudeau/\|title\=Trudeau announces $1B coronavirus response fund for provinces, territories\|website\=Global News\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312171555/https://globalnews.ca/news/6659384/coronavirus\-funding\-trudeau/\|archive\-date\=March 12, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} [Minister of Economic Development and Official Languages](/wiki/Minister_of_Economic_Development_and_Official_Languages "Minister of Economic Development and Official Languages") [Mélanie Joly](/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly "Mélanie Joly") stated that she had been discussing means of mitigating the outbreak's impact on the air travel industry.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://ca.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idCAKBN20X2CI\|title\=Canada government to help provinces fight coronavirus outbreak: source\|date\=March 11, 2020\|work\=Reuters\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143201/https://ca.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idCAKBN20X2CI\|url\-status\=live}} On March 11, the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") declared the virus to be the cause of a worldwide [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). On March 12, after returning from a speaking engagement in London, England, Trudeau's wife [Sophie Grégoire Trudeau](/wiki/Sophie_Gr%C3%A9goire_Trudeau "Sophie Grégoire Trudeau") tested positive for COVID\-19\. She and the Prime Minister went into self\-isolation.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Harris\|first\=Kathleen\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19\-premiers\-coronavirus\-1\.5495001\|title\=Trudeau, wife Sophie in self\-isolation awaiting COVID\-19 test as premiers conference is called off\|date\=March 12, 2020\|publisher\=CBC News\|access\-date\=March 12, 2020\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313001402/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19\-premiers\-coronavirus\-1\.5495001\|archive\-date\=March 13, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/sophie\-gregoire\-trudeau\-tests\-positive\-for\-covid\-19\-1\.4850159\|title\=Sophie Gregoire Trudeau tests positive for COVID\-19\|last1\=Slaughter\|first1\=Graham\|last2\=Bogart\|first2\=Nicole\|date\=March 12, 2020\|website\=CTV News\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=March 12, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313015745/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/sophie\-gregoire\-trudeau\-tests\-positive\-for\-covid\-19\-1\.4850159\|archive\-date\=March 13, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2020HLTH0064\-000413 \|title\=Update on new and existing COVID\-19 cases in British Columbia \| BC Gov News \|date\=March 7, 2020 \|publisher\=News.gov.bc.ca \|access\-date\=March 15, 2020 \|archive\-date\=March 19, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319010354/https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2020HLTH0064\-000413 \|url\-status\=live }} The staff member is now thought to be Canada's first case of community transmission.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/tracking\-every\-case\-of\-covid\-19\-in\-canada\-1\.4852102\|title\=Tracking every case of COVID\-19 in Canada\|work\=\[\[CTV News]]\|date\=March 13, 2020\|access\-date\=March 16, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315124205/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/tracking\-every\-case\-of\-covid\-19\-in\-canada\-1\.4852102\|archive\-date\=March 15, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} The Toronto Stock Exchange tumbles 1770 points.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/investing/markets/indices/full\-chart/TXCX/\|title\=TSX Composite Index (TXCX) Quote – Full Chart\|website\=The Globe and Mail\|access\-date\=June 6, 2021}} On March 13, Trudeau announced that the federal government was preparing a stimulus package to address those affected by the pandemic.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6672830/coronavirus\-trudeau\-economic\-aid\-package/\|title\=Coronavirus: Trudeau announces economic aid package to help Canadians amid outbreak\|website\=Global News\|access\-date\=March 13, 2020\|archive\-date\=April 27, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427173059/https://globalnews.ca/news/6672830/coronavirus\-trudeau\-economic\-aid\-package/\|url\-status\=live}} Also on March 13, Parliament agreed unanimously to shut its doors for five weeks (pursuant to Standing Order 28\) because of COVID\-19\.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Pinkerton \|first1\=Charlie \|title\=Parliament shuts doors for five weeks because of COVID\-19 \|url\=https://ipolitics.ca/2020/03/13/parliament\-shuts\-doors\-for\-five\-weeks\-because\-of\-covid\-19/ \|publisher\=iPolitics \|date\=March 13, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140140/https://ipolitics.ca/2020/03/13/parliament\-shuts\-doors\-for\-five\-weeks\-because\-of\-covid\-19/ \|url\-status\=live }} On March 16, Trudeau announced that new entry restrictions would be implemented shortly after midnight [ET](/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone "Eastern Time Zone") on March 18, restricting entry into the country to Americans and Canadian citizens and permanent residents and their families and flight crew members who are not displaying symptoms of covid\-19\. All people arriving were asked to self\-isolate for 14 days.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cbsa\-border\-airports\-screening\-trudeau\-covid19\-coronavirus\-1\.5498866\|title\=Canada to bar entry to travellers who are not citizens, permanent residents or Americans\|last\=Harris\|first\=Kathleen\|date\=March 16, 2020\|publisher\=CBC News\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=March 16, 2020\|archive\-date\=July 19, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719210119/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cbsa\-border\-airports\-screening\-trudeau\-covid19\-coronavirus\-1\.5498866}} Most international flights were routed to Canada's an arbitrary selection of four airports ([YVR](/wiki/YVR "YVR"), [YYC](/wiki/YYC "YYC"), [YYZ](/wiki/YYZ "YYZ"), and [YUL](/wiki/YUL "YUL")) in order "to enhance screening measures". [Minister of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Canada%29 "Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)") [François\-Philippe Champagne](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Philippe_Champagne "François-Philippe Champagne") also announced that for citizens who are still abroad, the country would provide emergency loans of up to $5,000 to cover travel costs or basic needs until they are able to return.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/canada\-restricting\-who\-can\-enter\-the\-country\-due\-to\-covid\-19\-pm\-trudeau\-1\.4854503\|title\=Canada restricting who can enter the country due to COVID\-19: PM Trudeau\|date\=March 16, 2020\|work\=CTV News\|access\-date\=March 16, 2020\|first\=Rachel\|last\=Aiello\|archive\-date\=March 16, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316180150/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/canada\-restricting\-who\-can\-enter\-the\-country\-due\-to\-covid\-19\-pm\-trudeau\-1\.4854503\|url\-status\=live}} The border closure led to a million Canadians returning home over the next week. Passengers from East Asian countries wore masks on their flights, but those arriving from Europe did not. Masks were not even recommended. There were no temperature checks. People were packed in close at airport waiting areas. Hand sanitizer dispensers had not been installed. Not everyone received the pamphlets instructing them to self\-isolate for 14 days.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.macleans.ca/longforms/covid\-19\-pandemic\-canada\-year\-one/\|title\=The untold story of the pandemic in Canada\|access\-date\=June 6, 2021}} On March 17, Ontario Premier Doug Ford declared a state of emergency, calling for the closure of indoor recreation facilities, restaurants, libraries, theatres and concert halls.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6688074/ontario\-doug\-ford\-coronavirus\-covid\-19\-march\-17/\|title\=Ontario government declares state of emergency amid coronavirus pandemic\|website\=Global News\|access\-date\=June 2, 2021}} On March 18, Donald Trump and Justin Trudeau announced that the Canada\-U.S. border would close to non\-essential travel. People entering Canada would be asked to self\-isolate for 14 days. Family of Canadian citizens, students and foreign workers with visas would be allowed to enter. Truckers and flight crews carrying essential goods did not need to self\-isolate.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Tunney \|first1\=Catharine \|last2\=Simpson \|first2\=Katie \|title\=Canada, U.S. border temporarily closing to non\-essential traffic to slow COVID\-19 \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada\-us\-border\-deal\-1\.5501289 \|work\=CBC News \|date\=March 18, 2020}} [Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam "Theresa Tam"), [Chief Public Health Officer of Canada](/wiki/Chief_Public_Health_Officer_of_Canada "Chief Public Health Officer of Canada") and head of the [Public Health Agency of Canada](/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada "Public Health Agency of Canada") (PHAC), said on March 19 that Canada would not know for two or three weeks if country\-wide [social distancing](/wiki/Social_distancing "Social distancing") efforts have curbed the spread of COVID\-19\.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|last\=Raj \|first\=Althia \|date\=March 19, 2020 \|title\=Weeks Until We Know COVID\-19 Social Distancing Is Working: Top Doctor \|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/coronavirus\-social\-distancing\-canada\_ca\_5e73f9fcc5b6f5b7c5414196 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322011632/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/coronavirus\-social\-distancing\-canada\_ca\_5e73f9fcc5b6f5b7c5414196 \|archive\-date\=March 22, 2020 \|access\-date\=March 19, 2020 \|website\=HuffPost}} On March 24, 35 members of parliament met in order to discuss Bill C\-13, the *[COVID\-19 Emergency Response Act](/wiki/COVID-19_Emergency_Response_Act "COVID-19 Emergency Response Act")*. To maintain social distancing in the face of the highly contagious respiratory illness, only 35 of the 338 members of the House of Commons convened to debate the legislation.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Scherer \|first1\=Steve \|title\=Canada coronavirus aid stalled over concerns about Trudeau bid for more spending powers \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-health\-coronavirus\-canada/canada\-coronavirus\-aid\-stalled\-over\-concerns\-about\-trudeau\-bid\-for\-more\-spending\-powers\-idUSKBN21B2E3 \|work\=Reuters \|date\=March 24, 2020 \|quote\=Parliament was reconvened pursuant to Standing Order 28(3\) \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140154/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-health\-coronavirus\-canada/canada\-coronavirus\-aid\-stalled\-over\-concerns\-about\-trudeau\-bid\-for\-more\-spending\-powers\-idUSKBN21B2E3 \|url\-status\=live }} The Commons agreed "to see the application of Standing Order 17 (sic) suspended for the current sitting to allow (its) members the practice of social distancing."{{\#invoke:cite journal\|\|title\=House of Commons Debates \|journal\=Hansard \|date\=March 24, 2020 \|volume\=43RD PARLIAMENT, 1ST SESSION \|issue\=32 \|url\=https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\-1/house/sitting\-32/hansard \|quote\=Standing Order 15 – Attendance required. 15\. Every Member, being cognizant of the provisions of the Parliament of Canada Act, is bound to attend the sittings of the House, unless otherwise occupied with parliamentary activities and functions or on public or official business. \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140156/https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\-1/house/sitting\-32/hansard \|url\-status\=live }} Also on March 24, a small number of MPs from each party met in the House of Commons to vote on an $82\-billion emergency spending legislation, known as Bill C\-13\. The passage of the bill was stalled due to the federal government's proposed clauses that gave the finance minister the right to spend money and raise taxes without the approval of Parliament until December 31, 2021\. After criticism from the Official Opposition over the minority government's "power grab" which was considered undemocratic, a revised bill was agreed upon the next day that would permit the government six months of special spending powers until September 30, 2020, with oversight from a Parliamentary committee.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|date\=March 28, 2020 \|title\=Corbella: Trudeau's attempted power grab an alarming breach of trust \|url\=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local\-news/corbella\-trudeaus\-attempted\-power\-grab\-an\-alarming\-breach\-of\-trust/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411081410/https://calgaryherald.com/news/local\-news/corbella\-trudeaus\-attempted\-power\-grab\-an\-alarming\-breach\-of\-trust/ \|archive\-date\=April 11, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 1, 2020 \|website\=Calgary Herald}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=March 24, 2020 \|title\=COVID\-19: Scheer says talk of 'new government powers' shouldn't get in way of passing of aid package \|url\=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/covid\-19\-scheer\-says\-talk\-of\-new\-government\-powers\-shouldnt\-get\-in\-way\-of\-passing\-of\-aid\-package \|access\-date\=April 1, 2020 \|website\=National Post\|last1\=Thomson \|first1\=Stuart }}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=March 24, 2020 \|title\=Chris Selley: Cheers to parliamentary supremacists, whose lonely struggles are not entirely in vain \|url\=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/chris\-selley\-cheers\-to\-parliamentary\-supremacists\-whose\-lonely\-struggles\-are\-not\-entirely\-in\-vain \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20200917153137/https://nationalpost.com/opinion/chris%2Dselley%2Dcheers%2Dto%2Dparliamentary%2Dsupremacists%2Dwhose%2Dlonely%2Dstruggles%2Dare%2Dnot%2Dentirely%2Din%2Dvain \|archive\-date\=September 17, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 1, 2020 \|website\=National Post\|last1\=Selley \|first1\=Chris }}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|date\=March 24, 2020 \|title\=Trudeau says sweeping coronavirus bill powers needed given 'exceptional situation' – National \|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6724070/coronavirus\-canada\-economic\-measures\-vote/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331212024/https://globalnews.ca/news/6724070/coronavirus\-canada\-economic\-measures\-vote/ \|archive\-date\=March 31, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 1, 2020 \|publisher\=Globalnews.ca}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|date\=March 24, 2020 \|title\=Tories will support aid to Canadians, not Liberal 'power grab': Scheer – BNN Bloomberg \|url\=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/tories\-will\-support\-aid\-to\-canadians\-not\-liberal\-power\-grab\-scheer\-1\.1411317 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414131233/https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/tories\-will\-support\-aid\-to\-canadians\-not\-liberal\-power\-grab\-scheer\-1\.1411317 \|archive\-date\=April 14, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 1, 2020 \|publisher\=Bnnbloomberg.ca}} The House of Commons' Health and Finance committees began holding weekly virtual meetings during the pandemic.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Aiello \|first\=Rachel \|date\=March 31, 2020 \|title\=House health committee holding first virtual briefing on COVID\-19 efforts \|work\=\[\[CTV News]] \|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/house\-health\-committee\-holding\-first\-virtual\-briefing\-on\-covid\-19\-efforts\-1\.4875766 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=March 31, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924011948/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/house\-health\-committee\-holds\-first\-virtual\-briefing\-on\-covid\-19\-efforts\-1\.4875766 \|archive\-date\=September 24, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Moss \|first\=Neil \|date\=March 30, 2020 \|title\=COVID\-19 can't end parliamentary scrutiny, say experts \|work\=\[\[The Hill Times]] \|url\=https://www.hilltimes.com/2020/03/30/covid\-19\-cant\-end\-parliamentary\-scrutiny\-say\-experts/241153 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=March 31, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331080347/https://www.hilltimes.com/2020/03/30/covid\-19\-cant\-end\-parliamentary\-scrutiny\-say\-experts/241153 \|archive\-date\=March 31, 2020}} Meanwhile, Dr. Theresa Tam was quoted as saying regarding Canadians' need to wear face masks: "most people haven't learned how to use masks" and "there is no need to use a mask for well people."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/national\-directive\-on\-wearing\-face\-masks\-coming\-today\-trudeau\-says\|title\=Tam now recommends wearing masks to guard against COVID\-19 — two months after dismissing them \| National Post\|newspaper\=National Post\|date\=May 20, 2020}} On March 28, Sophie Grégoire Trudeau announced her full recovery and thanked her well\-wishers via social media.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\| url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6747353/sophie\-trudeau\-covid\-19\-clear/\| title\='All clear': Sophie Grégoire Trudeau thanks well\-wishers after recovering from COVID\-19\| first\=Maryam\| last\=Shah\| date\=March 28, 2020\| website\=globalnews.ca\| access\-date\=May 26, 2020\| archive\-date\=August 22, 2020\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140203/https://globalnews.ca/news/6747353/sophie\-trudeau\-covid\-19\-clear/\| url\-status\=live}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\| url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/sophie\-trudeau\-feeling\-great\-covid\-19\-1\.5513731\| title\=Sophie Grégoire Trudeau says she has recovered from COVID\-19\| first\=John Paul\| last\=Tasker\| publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\| date\=March 29, 2020\| access\-date\=May 26, 2020\| archive\-date\=June 12, 2020\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612024029/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/sophie\-trudeau\-feeling\-great\-covid\-19\-1\.5513731\| url\-status\=live}} Unemployment figures for March showed the economy had shed 1,000,000 jobs, pushing the official jobless rate to 7\.8 percent.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Ivison \|first1\=John \|title\=Federal health agency's report on COVID\-19 projections opts for soft\-soap over science \|url\=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/john\-ivison\-federal\-health\-agencys\-report\-on\-covid\-19\-projections\-opts\-for\-soft\-soap\-over\-science?video\_autoplay\=true \|publisher\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \|date\=April 9, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=April 16, 2020 \|archive\-url\=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20200416164105/https://nationalpost.com/opinion/john%2Divison%2Dfederal%2Dhealth%2Dagencys%2Dreport%2Don%2Dcovid%2D19%2Dprojections%2Dopts%2Dfor%2Dsoft%2Dsoap%2Dover%2Dscience?video\_autoplay%3Dtrue \|url\-status\=live }} #### April [thumb\|Vancouver, British Columbia during the COVID\-19 pandemic on April 19\.](/wiki/File:David_Lam_Park%2C_Yaletown_Vancouver_during_coronavirus_pandemic_%2849790733418%29.jpg "David Lam Park, Yaletown Vancouver during coronavirus pandemic (49790733418).jpg") On April 2, Trudeau said that he foresaw the expiry of the COVID\-19 crisis to occur only in July.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Bhattacharyya \|first1\=Anirudh \|title\=Coronavirus update: Canadian PM Justin Trudeau calls emergency Parliament session to pass legislation on Covid\-19 \|url\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world\-news/coronavirus\-update\-canadian\-pm\-justin\-trudeau\-calls\-emergency\-parliament\-session\-to\-pass\-legislation\-on\-covid\-19/story\-kQL0wA47xt9ZD9X0qrvahO.html \|work\=Hindustan Times \|date\=April 2, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 9, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809125809/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world\-news/coronavirus\-update\-canadian\-pm\-justin\-trudeau\-calls\-emergency\-parliament\-session\-to\-pass\-legislation\-on\-covid\-19/story\-kQL0wA47xt9ZD9X0qrvahO.html \|url\-status\=live }} On April 2, American President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") slammed 3M after invoking the US [Defense Production Act of 1950](/wiki/Defense_Production_Act_of_1950 "Defense Production Act of 1950") to get the company to produce N95 respirators and on April 3, Canadian officials protested a move by Trump to block [3M](/wiki/3M "3M")'s export of [N95 masks](/wiki/N95_mask "N95 mask") for use by doctors and nurses as COVID\-19 cases were projected to soar in Ontario and Quebec. [Deputy Prime Minister](/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada "Deputy Prime Minister of Canada") [Chrystia Freeland](/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland "Chrystia Freeland") said Canada would "do whatever it takes to defend the national interest."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Steve \|first\=Scherer \|date\=April 3, 2020 \|title\=Canada blasts U.S. block on 3M exports of masks as coronavirus cases set to soar \|work\=Reuters \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-health\-coronavirus\-canada/canada\-blasts\-us\-block\-on\-3m\-exports\-of\-masks\-as\-coronavirus\-cases\-set\-to\-soar\-idUSKBN21L2DD \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=August 23, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818065017/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-health\-coronavirus\-canada/canada\-blasts\-us\-block\-on\-3m\-exports\-of\-masks\-as\-coronavirus\-cases\-set\-to\-soar\-idUSKBN21L2DD \|archive\-date\=August 18, 2020}} On April 6, the [Trump administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Presidency of Donald Trump") agreed to a deal with the 3M to import more than 166 million respirators from China over the next three months and allow 3M to continue exporting its US made respirators to Canada.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Cecco \|first\=Leyland \|date\=April 7, 2020 \|title\=Trump and 3M reach deal to allow N95 face masks to be exported to Canada \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/06/us\-blocks\-face\-masks\-canada\-n95\-protection\-equipment \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=August 23, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829185728/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/06/us\-blocks\-face\-masks\-canada\-n95\-protection\-equipment \|archive\-date\=August 29, 2020}} On April 5, Queen Elizabeth addressed the Commonwealth in a televised broadcast, in which she asked people to "take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return". She added, "we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; we will meet again".{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Coronavirus: The Queen's broadcast in full \|date\=April 5, 2020 \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-52176208\|access\-date\=July 5, 2021\|work\=BBC News}} On April 6, Trudeau introduced extra aid for the [Canada Emergency Response Benefit](/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Response_Benefit "Canada Emergency Response Benefit") (CERB), saying "there are groups of people who aren't benefiting from \[it] who probably should."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Aiello\|first\=Rachel\|date\=April 6, 2020\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/more\-aid\-coming\-for\-those\-who\-don\-t\-qualify\-for\-current\-covid\-19\-benefits\-pm\-1\.4884156\|title\=More aid coming for those who don't qualify for current COVID\-19 benefits\|work\=\[\[CTV News]]\|access\-date\=April 6, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 18, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818042455/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/more\-aid\-coming\-for\-those\-who\-don\-t\-qualify\-for\-current\-covid\-19\-benefits\-pm\-1\.4884156\|url\-status\=live}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Harris\|first\=Kathleen\|date\=April 6, 2020\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cerb\-covid19\-benefits\-trudeau\-1\.5523052\|title\=Trudeau promises more Canadians will be covered by COVID\-19 emergency benefit\|publisher\=\[\[CBC News]]\|access\-date\=April 6, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 6, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806005843/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cerb\-covid19\-benefits\-trudeau\-1\.5523052\|url\-status\=live}} Also on April 6, [Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam "Theresa Tam"), the CPHO of Canada, noted that people with COVID\-19 may be contagious even if they are pre\-symptomatic or asymptomatic.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=2zidS5XncGM\| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/2zidS5XncGM\| archive\-date\=2021\-11\-17 \| url\-status\=live\|title\=Dr. Theresa Tam says non\-medical masks can prevent asymptomatic spread of virus \| COVID\-19\|access\-date\=June 6, 2021\|via\=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}} She advised the use of a "non\-medical face mask when shopping or using public transit" because "A non\-medical mask can reduce the chance of your respiratory droplets coming into contact with others or land\[ing] on surfaces". Tam offered advice on how to use "a cotton shirt combined with rubber bands" to create a [DIY](/wiki/DIY "DIY") non\-medical face mask.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Theresa Tam offers new advice: Wear a non\-medical face mask when shopping or using public transit \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\-tam\-offers\-new\-advice\-wear\-a\-non\-medical\-mask\-when\-shopping\-or\-using/ \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=April 6, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 18, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818160640/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\-tam\-offers\-new\-advice\-wear\-a\-non\-medical\-mask\-when\-shopping\-or\-using/ \|url\-status\=live }} On April 7, Trudeau brought up the topic of masks, where he said, "If people want to wear a [mask](/wiki/Cloth_face_mask "Cloth face mask"), that is okay. It protects others more than it protects you, because it prevents you from breathing or... or... speaking, uh... 'moistly' on them." He immediately regrets his [word choice](/wiki/Word_choice "Word choice") and says, "Ugh, what a terrible image."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=April 7, 2020 \|title\=Trudeau responds to question about wearing non\-medical masks \|work\=\[\[Toronto Star]] \|publisher\=\[\[YouTube]] \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=yIVA6MRS3J4 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=May 17, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502020736/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=yIVA6MRS3J4 \|archive\-date\=May 2, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=April 7, 2020 \|title\=PM Trudeau provides update on federal response to COVID\-19 \|work\=\[\[CPAC (TV channel)\|CPAC]] \|publisher\=\[\[YouTube]] \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=B\-EDanhruQY \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=May 17, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612010426/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=B\-EDanhruQY \|archive\-date\=June 12, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=April 8, 2020 \|title\=Trudeau says "Speaking moistly" during update and immediately regrets it \|work\=Your Morning \|publisher\=\[\[CTV Television Network\|CTV]] \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=slK5IY\_GJzI \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=May 17, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516050726/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=slK5IY\_GJzI \|archive\-date\=May 16, 2020}} The unusual word choice has led the creation of a [remix](/wiki/Remix "Remix") song, "[Speaking Moistly](/wiki/Speaking_Moistly "Speaking Moistly")", based on the speech.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=April 12, 2020 \|title\=Edmonton musician riffs on Justin Trudeau's cringe\-worthy 'speaking moistly' gaffe \|work\=\[\[CBC News]] \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/justin\-trudeau\-speaking\-moistly\-youtube\-1\.5529347 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=May 17, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519003529/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/justin\-trudeau\-speaking\-moistly\-youtube\-1\.5529347 \|archive\-date\=May 19, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Edmonton artist auto\-tunes PM's 'speaking moistly' comments \|work\=\[\[CityNews Toronto]] \|url\=https://toronto.citynews.ca/video/2020/04/12/edmonton\-artist\-auto\-tunes\-pms\-speaking\-moistly\-comments \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=May 3, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418041053/https://toronto.citynews.ca/video/2020/04/12/edmonton\-artist\-auto\-tunes\-pms\-speaking\-moistly\-comments/ \|archive\-date\=April 18, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Belmonte \|first\=Lisa \|date\=April 9, 2020 \|title\=Justin Trudeau's 'Speaking Moistly' Moment Was Turned Into A Song \& It's Hilarious \|work\=\[\[Narcity Media]] \|url\=https://www.narcity.com/news/ca/justin\-trudeaus\-speaking\-moistly\-comment\-got\-turned\-into\-a\-song\-and\-its\-so\-funny \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=May 3, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519003527/https://www.narcity.com/news/ca/justin\-trudeaus\-speaking\-moistly\-comment\-got\-turned\-into\-a\-song\-and\-its\-so\-funny \|archive\-date\=May 19, 2020}} On April 9, the federal government released modelling that, even with strong public health measures, showed between 11,000 and 22,000 deaths over the course of the pandemic, with that number being closer to 300,000 deaths if no measures had been taken.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19\-modelling\-projections\-1\.5527365\|title\=Federal health officials project up to 700 COVID\-19 deaths in Canada by April 16\|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\|date\=April 9, 2020\|access\-date\=May 26, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 17, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817011021/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19\-modelling\-projections\-1\.5527365\|url\-status\=live}} Trudeau warned that "normality as it was before will not come back full\-on until we get a vaccine for this", and that residents would "have to remain vigilant for at least a year."{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6799110/coronavirus\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-return\-to\-normality\-trudeau/\|title\=No return to 'normality' until coronavirus vaccine is available, Trudeau says\|website\=Global News\|access\-date\=April 10, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 20, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820220153/https://globalnews.ca/news/6799110/coronavirus\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-return\-to\-normality\-trudeau/\|url\-status\=live}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=PM Trudeau: This will be the new normal, until a vaccine is developed\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/pm\-trudeau\-this\-will\-be\-the\-new\-normal\-until\-a\-vaccine\-is\-developed\-1\.4889651\|last\=Aiello\|first\=Rachel\|date\=April 9, 2020\|website\=CTV News\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817194835/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/pm\-trudeau\-this\-will\-be\-the\-new\-normal\-until\-a\-vaccine\-is\-developed\-1\.4889651\|archive\-date\=August 17, 2020\|access\-date\=April 10, 2020}} The same day, Trudeau sent a letter to the [provincial and territorial premiers](/wiki/Premier_%28Canada%29 "Premier (Canada)") to consult about invoking the *[Emergencies Act](/wiki/Emergencies_Act "Emergencies Act")*.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Tunney \|first1\=Catharine \|last2\=Hall \|first2\=Chris \|title\=As supply concerns grow, Ottawa lays the groundwork for never\-used Emergencies Act \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies\-act\-province\-letter\-1\.5526496 \|publisher\=\[\[CBC News]] \|date\=April 9, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 9, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 17, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817011007/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies\-act\-province\-letter\-1\.5526496 \|url\-status\=live }} While consultation with the provinces is a required step before the Act can be triggered, the [Prime Minister's Office](/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_%28Canada%29 "Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)") said there was no present plan to enact it and that doing so remained a last resort.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Lynn \|first1\=Josh \|title\=In wake of letter sent by feds, Sask. premier doesn't 'see the need' to invoke Canada's Emergencies Act \|url\=https://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/in\-wake\-of\-letter\-sent\-by\-feds\-sask\-premier\-doesn\-t\-see\-the\-need\-to\-invoke\-canada\-s\-emergencies\-act\-1\.4890903 \|work\=\[\[CTV News]] \|date\=April 9, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 9, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140218/https://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/in\-wake\-of\-letter\-sent\-by\-feds\-sask\-premier\-doesn\-t\-see\-the\-need\-to\-invoke\-canada\-s\-emergencies\-act\-1\.4890903 \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Taylor \|first1\=Stephanie \|title\=Saskatchewan premier doesn't see need for Emergencies Act in COVID\-19 fight \|url\=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news\-pmn/canada\-news\-pmn/saskatchewan\-premier\-doesnt\-see\-need\-for\-emergencies\-act\-in\-covid\-19\-fight \|work\=\[\[National Post]] \|date\=April 9, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 9, 2020 }} On a conference call between Trudeau and the premiers later that day, the premiers communicated their unanimous opposition to invoking the Act.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Tunney \|first1\=Catharine \|last2\=Cullen \|first2\=Catherine \|last3\=Cochrane \|first3\=David \|title\=Need for Emergencies Act rejected by premiers on call with PM \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies\-act\-premiers\-consensus\-1\.5529119 \|publisher\=\[\[CBC News]] \|date\=April 10, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 10, 2020 \|archive\-date\=July 15, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715112237/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies\-act\-premiers\-consensus\-1\.5529119 \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Lilley \|first1\=Brian \|title\=Premiers say no to Trudeau on Emergencies Act \|url\=https://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/lilley\-premiers\-say\-no\-to\-trudeau\-on\-emergencies\-act \|newspaper\=\[\[Toronto Sun]] \|date\=April 10, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 11, 2020 \|archive\-date\=April 24, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424162326/https://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/lilley\-premiers\-say\-no\-to\-trudeau\-on\-emergencies\-act \|url\-status\=live }} On April 10, the [RCMP](/wiki/RCMP "RCMP") disclosed it has been asked to enforce the *[Quarantine Act, 2005](/wiki/Quarantine_Act%2C_2005 "Quarantine Act, 2005")*. Penalties for violations can include a fine of up to $750,000 and imprisonment for six months.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=April 10, 2020\|title\=RCMP to enforce Quarantine Act, while Trudeau says no plan to invoke Emergencies Act\|work\=National Post\|url\=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canada\-quarantine\-act\-emergencies\-act?video\_autoplay\=true}} One reporter said that the RCMP "could enter homes to enforce Quarantine Act orders if Canadians don't self\-isolate... \[and] will do physical checks to enforce it."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Mounties could enter homes to enforce Quarantine Act orders if Canadians don't self\-isolate \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\-rcmp\-warns\-it\-will\-enforce\-the\-quarantine\-act\-if\-canadians\-dont\-self/ \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=April 10, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=April 13, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413084041/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\-rcmp\-warns\-it\-will\-enforce\-the\-quarantine\-act\-if\-canadians\-dont\-self/ \|url\-status\=live }} It was reported that the [Canadian Forces Intelligence Command](/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Intelligence_Command "Canadian Forces Intelligence Command") Medical Intelligence Cell (MEDINT) has submitted reports on the outbreak in Wuhan since January 2020\.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=April 10, 2020\|title\=Canadian military intelligence unit issued warning about Wuhan outbreak back in January\|publisher\=CBC News\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\-pandemic\-covid\-canadian\-military\-intelligence\-wuhan\-1\.5528381\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=May 4, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 17, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817010839/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\-pandemic\-covid\-canadian\-military\-intelligence\-wuhan\-1\.5528381}} On April 11, Parliament re\-convened to pass Bill C\-14: *[COVID\-19 Emergency Response Act, No. 2](/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Wage_Subsidy "Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy")*, and thereby adopt the [CEWS](/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Wage_Subsidy "Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy"). As with the previous sitting on March 24, 35 MPs stood in for the full complement of 338 members due to the need for COVID\-19 social distancing. Government briefing notes detailed "a bureaucracy reluctant to put inbound China passengers in mandatory quarantine or close borders to arrivals from other (COVID\-19\) hotspots." [Yves\-François Blanchet](/wiki/Yves-Fran%C3%A7ois_Blanchet "Yves-François Blanchet") supported Trudeau when he "raised [health and safety](/wiki/Health_and_safety "Health and safety") concerns over holding regular meetings (in order) to respect physical distancing".{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Patel \|first1\=Raisa \|title\=Parliament adopts wage subsidy bill as MPs applaud all\-party collaboration \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/parliament\-reconvenes\-to\-debate\-wage\-subsidy\-bill\-1\.5529736 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=April 11, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=July 15, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715112148/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/parliament\-reconvenes\-to\-debate\-wage\-subsidy\-bill\-1\.5529736 \|url\-status\=live }} All that was needed to debate and to pass the bill to spend $73 billion were five hours.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Parliament passes $73B COVID\-19 wage subsidy bill \|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/parliament\-passes\-73b\-covid\-19\-wage\-subsidy\-bill\-1\.4892201 \|agency\=Bell Media \|publisher\=CTV News \|date\=April 11, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 9, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809205140/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/parliament\-passes\-73b\-covid\-19\-wage\-subsidy\-bill\-1\.4892201 \|url\-status\=live }} On April 15, Trudeau warned against premature reopening of the economy, stating that "in order to get to that point, we need to continue doing what we are doing now for many more weeks".{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/pm\-trudeau\-on\-reopening\-economy\-it\-s\-not\-happening\-yet\-1\.4897564\|title\=PM Trudeau on reopening economy: 'It's not happening yet'\|last\=Gilmore\|first\=Rachel\|date\=April 15, 2020\|website\=CTV News\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=April 16, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416083634/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/pm\-trudeau\-on\-reopening\-economy\-it\-s\-not\-happening\-yet\-1\.4897564\|url\-status\=live}} [thumb\|Anti\-lockdown protest in [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver") on April 26\.](/wiki/File:COVID-19_Vancouver%27s_largest_protest%2C_April_26th_2020_%2849823981297%29.jpg "COVID-19 Vancouver's largest protest, April 26th 2020 (49823981297).jpg") [Catherine McKenna](/wiki/Catherine_McKenna "Catherine McKenna") announced on April 16 that the [Ministry of Infrastructure and Communities](/wiki/Ministry_of_Infrastructure_and_Communities "Ministry of Infrastructure and Communities") sought shovel\-ready infrastructure projects to receive in the 2020 construction season some "largely unspent" funds that had already been budgeted.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=April 16, 2020 \|title\=Morning Brief: Feds seek 'shovel\-ready' projects for post\-COVID\-19 stimulus \|publisher\=iPolitics \|url\=https://ipolitics.ca/2020/04/16/morning\-brief\-feds\-seek\-shovel\-ready\-projects\-for\-post\-covid\-19\-stimulus/ \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=May 15, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514150154/https://ipolitics.ca/2020/04/16/morning\-brief\-feds\-seek\-shovel\-ready\-projects\-for\-post\-covid\-19\-stimulus/ \|archive\-date\=May 14, 2020}} On April 20, Parliament's temporary suspension for five weeks expired and it voted to sit only once weekly on Wednesdays.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Curry \|first1\=Bill \|title\=House of Commons votes to meet in\-person once a week, with more on video \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\-scheer\-defends\-push\-for\-more\-in\-person\-house\-of\-commons\-sittings\-amid/ \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=April 20, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=April 28, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428163531/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\-scheer\-defends\-push\-for\-more\-in\-person\-house\-of\-commons\-sittings\-amid/ \|url\-status\=live }} On April 28, it was revealed that "79 percent of all deaths in the country" were to that date connected with "long\-term care and seniors' homes."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Long\-term care connected to 79 percent of COVID\-19 deaths in Canada \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\-long\-term\-care\-connected\-to\-79\-per\-cent\-of\-covid\-19\-deaths\-in\-canada/ \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=April 28, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=June 14, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614234526/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\-long\-term\-care\-connected\-to\-79\-per\-cent\-of\-covid\-19\-deaths\-in\-canada/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=PM urges Canadians not to drop their guard as officials show progress in COVID\-19 fight \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/updated\-federal\-covid\-modelling\-1\.5547443 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=April 28, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=July 1, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701002248/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/updated\-federal\-covid\-modelling\-1\.5547443 \|url\-status\=live }} On April 30, the [Parliamentary Budget Officer](/wiki/Parliamentary_Budget_Officer "Parliamentary Budget Officer") warned that the Federal deficit for fiscal year 2020 could be in excess of $252 billion.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Federal deficit could top $252 billion, says budget officer \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pbo\-deficit\-covid\-1\.5550498 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=April 30, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=July 30, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730065349/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pbo\-deficit\-covid\-1\.5550498 \|url\-status\=live }} #### May [thumb\|Shelves void of disinfectant and sanitizer in a Canadian supermarket.\|alt\=](/wiki/File:Shelves_void_of_sanitizer_in_a_Canadian_supermarket.jpg "Shelves void of sanitizer in a Canadian supermarket.jpg") On May 1, 2020, royal assent was granted to Bill C\-15, to implement the [Canada Emergency Student Benefit](/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Student_Benefit "Canada Emergency Student Benefit") (CESB), after a cursory one\-day consideration by 35 MPs. It established a subsidy programme for secondary school graduates and post\-secondary students.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Government Bill (House of Commons) C\-15 (43–1\) – Royal Assent – Canada Emergency Student Benefit Act – Parliament of Canada\|url\=https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\-1/bill/C\-15/royal\-assent\|website\=parl.ca\|access\-date\=May 4, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 9, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809125129/https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\-1/bill/C\-15/royal\-assent\|url\-status\=live}} Students who cannot find employment or are unable to work due to the COVID\-19 pandemic are eligible for CA$1,250 per month from May through August 2020\.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Support for Students and Recent Graduates Impacted by COVID\-19\|url\=https://www.canada.ca/en/department\-finance/news/2020/04/support\-for\-students\-and\-recent\-graduates\-impacted\-by\-covid\-19\.html\|date\=April 22, 2020\|website\=Department of Finance\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504145530/https://www.canada.ca/en/department\-finance/news/2020/04/support\-for\-students\-and\-recent\-graduates\-impacted\-by\-covid\-19\.html\|archive\-date\=May 4, 2020\|access\-date\=May 4, 2020}} On May 4, Trudeau discouraged Canadians from displaying complacency due to the lifting of economic restrictions by provinces, emphasizing that it was "extremely important" for citizens to continue practicing social distancing and personal hygiene to prevent the spread, and not go out "unless you absolutely have to". He explained that although the country was on a "positive trajectory", "we are not out of the woods, however, and it requires us to continue to remain attentive and vigilant and following the instructions set out by our public health officials."{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=As provinces gradually reopen, PM says don't go out 'unless you absolutely have to'\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/as\-provinces\-gradually\-reopen\-pm\-says\-don\-t\-go\-out\-unless\-you\-absolutely\-have\-to\-1\.4923768\|last\=Aiello\|first\=Rachel\|date\=May 4, 2020\|website\=CTV News\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504192803/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/as\-provinces\-gradually\-reopen\-pm\-says\-don\-t\-go\-out\-unless\-you\-absolutely\-have\-to\-1\.4923768\|archive\-date\=May 4, 2020\|access\-date\=May 4, 2020}} On May 5, the Canadian red meat industry was granted access to federal COVID emergency subsidies.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Fortune \|first1\=Aidan \|title\=Canadian red meat industry receives coronavirus support \|url\=https://www.globalmeatnews.com/Article/2020/05/05/Canadian\-red\-meat\-industry\-receives\-coronavirus\-support \|agency\=William Reed Business Media Ltd \|publisher\=GlobalMeatNews \|date\=May 5, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=September 24, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924012454/https://www.foodnavigator\-usa.com/Article/2020/05/05/Canadian\-red\-meat\-industry\-receives\-coronavirus\-support \|url\-status\=live }} By May 8, 60 percent of COVID\-19 fatalities were in Quebec, which has around 20 percent of the nation's population. Montreal was called "the epicentre of the pandemic in Canada."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\='Why would he pick a fight with us?' COVID\-19 raises tensions between Trudeau government and Quebec \|url\=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/why\-would\-he\-pick\-a\-fight\-with\-us\-covid\-19\-raises\-tensions\-between\-trudeau\-government\-and\-quebec?video\_autoplay\=true \|publisher\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \|date\=May 8, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=May 9, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20200509042659/https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/why\-would\-he\-pick\-a\-fight\-with\-us\-covid\-19\-raises\-tensions\-between\-trudeau\-government\-and\-quebec?video\_autoplay\=true \|url\-status\=live }} On May 11, Trudeau, Morneau and Bains in a press conference said that "a bridge financing facility for large employers that need help to get through the economic downturn caused by the coronavirus." One stated goal was "to avoid bankruptcies of otherwise viable firms wherever possible... Companies that use the lending facility will have to commit to respect collective bargaining agreements, protecting workers’ pensions, and support national climate goals. Rules on access to the money will place limits on dividends, share buy\-backs and executive pay."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Scherer \|first1\=Steve \|title\=Ottawa to create bridge financing for big companies, including airlines and energy, that need help in crisis \|url\=https://business.financialpost.com/news/economy/canada\-to\-help\-large\-companies\-bridge\-coronavirus\-crisis\-with\-financing\-facility\-2 \|agency\=Reuters \|publisher\=Financial Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \|date\=May 11, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=June 4, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604075129/https://business.financialpost.com/news/economy/canada\-to\-help\-large\-companies\-bridge\-coronavirus\-crisis\-with\-financing\-facility\-2 \|url\-status\=live }} The [Large Employer Emergency Financing Facility](/wiki/Large_Employer_Emergency_Financing_Facility "Large Employer Emergency Financing Facility") (LEEFF) will only target companies with annual revenues in excess of $300 million.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Harris \|first1\=Kathleen \|title\=Federal government offers bridge loans – not 'bailouts' – for big businesses hit by COVID\-19 \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/bridge\-financing\-big\-business\-1\.5564218 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=May 11, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=July 31, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731084012/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/bridge\-financing\-big\-business\-1\.5564218 \|url\-status\=live }} On May 12, [Parliamentary Budget Officer](/wiki/Parliamentary_Budget_Officer "Parliamentary Budget Officer") (PBO) [Yves Giroux](/wiki/Yves_Giroux "Yves Giroux") raised the possibility that the federal debt "will hit $1 trillion because of pandemic relief spending." Giroux said it was possible that pandemic programs could cost "more than what the entire federal government spent last year on everything", roughly $338 billion.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Tasker \|first1\=John Paul \|title\=Federal deficit likely to be higher than $252 billion, parliamentary budget officer says \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/federal\-deficit\-higher\-than\-252\-billion\-1\.5566768 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=May 12, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825055956/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/federal\-deficit\-higher\-than\-252\-billion\-1\.5566768 \|url\-status\=live }} Also on May 12, it was announced by [Minister of International Development](/wiki/Minister_of_International_Development "Minister of International Development") [Karina Gould](/wiki/Karina_Gould "Karina Gould") that $600 million would be contributed by the taxpayer to [GAVI](/wiki/GAVI "GAVI"), "a vaccine alliance that improves vaccine access for vulnerable children around the world."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Gilmore \|first1\=Rachel \|title\=Feds pump more funds into global effort to increase vaccine access \|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/feds\-pump\-more\-funds\-into\-global\-effort\-to\-increase\-vaccine\-access\-1\.4936280 \|publisher\=CTV News \|date\=May 12, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 9, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809134708/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/feds\-pump\-more\-funds\-into\-global\-effort\-to\-increase\-vaccine\-access\-1\.4936280 \|url\-status\=live }} Also on May 12, [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada "Health Canada") issued a press release with the announcement that the [CCITF](/wiki/CCITF "CCITF") [serological test](/wiki/Serological_test "Serological test") would be administered to one million Canadians over the next two years. The government has selected [DiaSorin](/wiki/DiaSorin "DiaSorin") to manufacture the tests.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Health Canada authorizes serological test for COVID\-19 antibodies \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/covid\-19\-coronavirus\-serological\-test\-1\.5567243 \|agency\=The Canadian Press \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=May 12, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825044349/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/covid\-19\-coronavirus\-serological\-test\-1\.5567243 \|url\-status\=live }} On May 14, [Lufthansa Group](/wiki/Lufthansa_Group "Lufthansa Group") announced it would resume flights between Toronto and Frankfurt as of June 3,{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Lufthansa prepares to resume flights to Canada in June \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/lufthansa\-toronto\-frankfurt\-1\.5570624 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=May 14, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=July 4, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704044232/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/lufthansa\-toronto\-frankfurt\-1\.5570624 \|url\-status\=live }} as part of its resumption of global business.{{cn\|date\=June 2024}} On May 15, Conservative leader [Andrew Scheer](/wiki/Andrew_Scheer "Andrew Scheer") told a press conference that the Conservative caucus wanted Parliament to resume sitting as normal on May 25 and desired to withhold their consent to the 35\-day rolling adjournment that prevents the regular operation of Parliament. Scheer observed that "Elected members of Parliament come here to be a voice for their constituents." Because all\-party consent is required to suspend the animation of Parliament, it will need to resume sitting.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Tasker \|first1\=John Paul \|title\=Scheer wants in\-person Parliament to resume on May 25, demands a fiscal update \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/scheer\-in\-person\-parliament\-sittings\-1\.5571445 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=May 15, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 26, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826051114/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/scheer\-in\-person\-parliament\-sittings\-1\.5571445 \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Levitz \|first1\=Stephanie \|title\=Conservatives dissent as committee recommends move to virtual sittings for all Commons business, votes \|url\=https://nationalpost.com/news/parliament\-must\-resume\-to\-guide\-recovery\-conservative\-leader\-scheer\-says?video\_autoplay\=true \|agency\=The Canadian Press \|publisher\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \|date\=May 15, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=May 16, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20200516232655/https://nationalpost.com/news/parliament\-must\-resume\-to\-guide\-recovery\-conservative\-leader\-scheer\-says?video\_autoplay\=true \|url\-status\=live }} On May 19, during a press conference with Justin Trudeau and [Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam "Theresa Tam") that the 20th week of 2020 versus the same figures in 2019 saw a drop of 88 percent in land border crossers, and a 98 percent drop in international air travel.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Police report 2,200 home quarantine checks as Trudeau talks about stricter border measures \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/border\-quarantine\-police\-trudeau\-1\.5575617 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=May 20, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822024000/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/border\-quarantine\-police\-trudeau\-1\.5575617 \|url\-status\=live }} The following day CPHO Tam reversed her decision from March on the wearing of masks and began asking Canadians to start wearing masks. On May 21, [the Canadian Armed Forces](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada%23Canadian_Armed_Forces "COVID-19 pandemic in Canada#Canadian Armed Forces"), who had been tasked previously in [Operation LASER](/wiki/Operation_LASER "Operation LASER") with care for the senior citizens in the Long\-Term Care Facilities of Ontario and Quebec had potentially been victimised by a COVID\-19 [SSEV](/wiki/SSEV "SSEV"). The disease affected 25 soldiers as of this date, but neither the CAF nor the DND would divulge details.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Brewster \|first1\=Murray \|title\=COVID\-19 infections skyrocket among troops deployed in long\-term care homes \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pandemic\-covid\-coronavirus\-canadian\-forces\-long\-term\-care\-1\.5578948 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=May 21, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822003716/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pandemic\-covid\-coronavirus\-canadian\-forces\-long\-term\-care\-1\.5578948 \|url\-status\=live }} On May 25, Parliamentary Secretary to the [Minister of National Defence](/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_%28Canada%29 "Minister of National Defence (Canada)") [Anita Vandenbeld](/wiki/Anita_Vandenbeld "Anita Vandenbeld") disclosed to the third sitting of the resumed [43rd Canadian Parliament](/wiki/43rd_Canadian_Parliament "43rd Canadian Parliament") that 36 soldiers from Operation LASER had been infected with COVID\-19 disease. Vandenbeld corrected for the record [Cheryl Gallant](/wiki/Cheryl_Gallant "Cheryl Gallant") who had been under the mistaken impression that only 28 soldiers (12 positives in Ontario and 16 in Quebec) had been infected.{{\#invoke:cite journal\|\|title\=MONDAY, MAY 25, 2020 \|journal\=Hansard – Debates of the House of Commons \|volume\=43RD PARLIAMENT, 1ST SESSION \|issue\=37 \|url\=https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\-1/house/sitting\-37/hansard \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 9, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809094833/https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\-1/house/sitting\-37/hansard \|url\-status\=live }} Also on that day, Doug Ford announced that Ontario had a [heat map](/wiki/Heat_map "Heat map") of the outbreak locations, and that [Brampton](/wiki/Brampton "Brampton"), north [Etobicoke](/wiki/Etobicoke "Etobicoke"), [Scarborough](/wiki/Scarborough%2C_Toronto "Scarborough, Toronto"), [Peel Region](/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Peel "Regional Municipality of Peel"), [Windsor](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Ontario "Windsor, Ontario") and [Essex County](/wiki/Essex_County%2C_Ontario "Essex County, Ontario") were "lighting up like Christmas trees". It was disclosed that Toronto\-area public health units account for 65% of cases in Ontario. {{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Carter \|first1\=Adam \|title\=Ontario won't specify COVID\-19 'hotspots' even as premier urges testing \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/covid\-hotspots\-ontario\-testing\-1\.5583679 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=May 25, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825043229/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/covid\-hotspots\-ontario\-testing\-1\.5583679 \|url\-status\=live }} #### June On June 18, 2020, Canada reached 100,000 coronavirus cases,{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Canada surpasses 100,000 COVID\-19 cases {{!}} Watch News Videos Online\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/video/7083056/canada\-surpasses\-100000\-covid\-19\-cases/\|access\-date\=June 20, 2020\|website\=Global News\|archive\-date\=August 24, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824160150/https://globalnews.ca/video/7083056/canada\-surpasses\-100000\-covid\-19\-cases/\|url\-status\=live}} a little over three months since the suspension of Parliament for the same reason. A *[CBC News](/wiki/CBC_News "CBC News")* tally of reported deaths from COVID\-19 on the same date was 8,348\.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Canada tops 100,000 reported coronavirus cases \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada\-coronavirus\-covid\-19\-cases\-1\.5617042 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=June 18, 2020 \|access\-date\=June 24, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 28, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828040708/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada\-coronavirus\-covid\-19\-cases\-1\.5617042 \|url\-status\=live }} On June 24, [Fitch Ratings](/wiki/Fitch_Ratings "Fitch Ratings") Inc., a bond ratings agency, downgraded Canada's credit rating from triple\-A to double\-A\-plus. The government had sported a triple\-A credit rating with Fitch since the [Martin government](/wiki/27th_Canadian_Ministry "27th Canadian Ministry").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Curry \|first1\=Bill \|title\=Fitch downgrades Canada's credit rating as deficit grows due to emergency coronavirus spending \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\-fitch\-downgrades\-canadas\-credit\-rating\-as\-deficit\-grows\-due\-to/ \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=June 24, 2020 \|access\-date\=June 24, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 9, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809094044/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\-fitch\-downgrades\-canadas\-credit\-rating\-as\-deficit\-grows\-due\-to/ \|url\-status\=live }} On June 25, former [Clerk of the Privy Council of Canada](/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Privy_Council_of_Canada "Clerk of the Privy Council of Canada") [Michael Wernick](/wiki/Michael_Wernick "Michael Wernick") predicted that one of the side\-effects of the COVID\-19 pandemic would be the shrinkage of the number of paid civil servants of Canada. He drew analogies to the debt problem in the 1980s which led "to a 1995 austerity budget that saw 45,000 public service jobs slashed, the elimination of 73 federal agencies, a 21 percent reduction in foreign aid and the privatization of [Canadian National Railways](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railways "Canadian National Railways")." Wernick said that:{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Former Privy Council clerk predicts federal debt will lead to public service cuts in Canada \|url\=https://nationalpost.com/news/national/wernick\-predicts\-federal\-debt\-will\-lead\-to\-public\-service\-cuts\-in\-canada/ \|publisher\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \|date\=June 25, 2020 \|access\-date\=June 26, 2020 }} {{cquote\|One of the consequences of all this work from home experience is that ministers will figure out it really doesn't matter where those public servants are, they can be brought together for work teams and projects... The federal service, it will be smaller, it will be less concentrated in \[\[Ottawa]].}} #### July The western provinces reported a surge in cases around the middle of July. Ontario reported 203 new cases in one day, Quebec reported 180 new cases in 24 hours, Alberta reported 368 new cases over the weekend, and Saskatchewan reported 120 in a previous week.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=As young people come out of lockdown, Canada is seeing a spike in COVID\-19 cases \|url\=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/as\-young\-people\-come\-out\-of\-lockdown\-canada\-is\-seeing\-a\-spike\-in\-covid\-19\-cases \|last\=Desai \|first\=Devika \|access\-date\=July 23, 2020 \|work\=\[\[National Post]]\|language\=en\-CA \|archive\-date\=February 18, 2021 \|archive\-url\=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20210218163047/https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/as%2Dyoung%2Dpeople%2Dcome%2Dout%2Dof%2Dlockdown%2Dcanada%2Dis%2Dseeing%2Da%2Dspike%2Din%2Dcovid%2D19%2Dcases \|url\-status\=live }} #### August On August 26, a 72 year\-old New Zealand mariner named Peter Smith was threatened by [Transport Canada](/wiki/Transport_Canada "Transport Canada") as his *Kiwi Roa* sailed through the [Northwest Passage](/wiki/Northwest_Passage "Northwest Passage"), because the government "prohibited pleasure craft from operating in Arctic waters" from June 1 "to better protect Arctic communities" from COVID\-19\. Smith opined that the bureaucracy is "out of control and gone mad."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Last \|first1\=John \|title\=New Zealander sails through Arctic on custom yacht in violation of COVID\-19 restrictions \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/new\-zealand\-yacht\-cambridge\-bay\-nunavut\-1\.5698347 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=August 26, 2020 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2020 \|archive\-date\=September 20, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920051500/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/new\-zealand\-yacht\-cambridge\-bay\-nunavut\-1\.5698347 \|url\-status\=live }} #### September In early September, federal [Minister of Transport](/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_%28Canada%29 "Minister of Transport (Canada)") [Marc Garneau](/wiki/Marc_Garneau "Marc Garneau") remarked that airline passengers face a $1000 penalty fine if they refuse to wear a mask. The penalty was imposed in separate incidents (in June then July) on the first two passengers in September in order for others to reflect on the punished behaviour.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Canada: 1000 dollars d'amende pour refus de port du masque en avion \|url\=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash\-eco/canada\-1000\-dollars\-d\-amende\-pour\-refus\-de\-port\-du\-masque\-en\-avion\-20200904 \|agency\=Agence France\-Presse \|work\=Le Figaro \|date\=September 4, 2020 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2020 \|archive\-date\=September 18, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918174818/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash\-eco/canada\-1000\-dollars\-d\-amende\-pour\-refus\-de\-port\-du\-masque\-en\-avion\-20200904 \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=2 passengers fined $1,000 each after refusing to wear masks on WestJet flights \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener\-waterloo/no\-masks\-fine\-westjet\-flights\-waterloo\-vancouver\-calgary\-1\.5712590 \|agency\=The Canadian Press \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=September 4, 2020 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2020 \|archive\-date\=September 13, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913170243/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener\-waterloo/no\-masks\-fine\-westjet\-flights\-waterloo\-vancouver\-calgary\-1\.5712590 \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Reynolds \|first1\=Christopher \|title\=2 people who refused to wear masks on flights face $1,000 fines from Transport Canada \|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/7316538/transport\-canada\-flight\-mask\-fines/ \|agency\=The Canadian Press \|publisher\=CTV \|date\=September 4, 2020 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2020 \|archive\-date\=September 24, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924012518/https://globalnews.ca/news/7316538/transport\-canada\-flight\-mask\-fines/ \|url\-status\=live }} Face coverings have been mandatory on flights since April 20\. "Federal transport officials" were charged with issuing the fines "under [the federal order](/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_legislation "Primary and secondary legislation")".{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Transport Canada issues first fines to air passengers who refused to wear masks \|url\=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news\-pmn/canada\-news\-pmn/transport\-canada\-issues\-first\-fines\-to\-air\-passengers\-who\-refused\-to\-wear\-masks \|agency\=The Canadian Press \|publisher\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \|date\=September 4, 2020}} The same week, [WestJet](/wiki/WestJet "WestJet") announced a new policy that include a 12\-month long ban for passengers who ignored aircrew instructions to don masks. The [PHAC](/wiki/PHAC "PHAC") stated that 378 domestic and 595 international flights between March 2 and August 24 had travellers on board who may have had the disease during their trip. On September 7, Hajdu ordered an "independent review" of the "early warning system" after media reports in July documented how the [Global Public Health Intelligence Network](/wiki/Global_Public_Health_Intelligence_Network "Global Public Health Intelligence Network") (GPHIN), formerly a [PHAC](/wiki/PHAC "PHAC") subgroup, was deemed by a senior bureaucrat to be unnecessary.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Robertson \|first1\=Grant \|title\=Health Minister orders review of pandemic warning system, concerns raised by scientists \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\-health\-minister\-orders\-review\-of\-pandemic\-warning\-system\-concerns/ \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=September 7, 2020 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2020 \|archive\-date\=September 20, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920092146/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\-health\-minister\-orders\-review\-of\-pandemic\-warning\-system\-concerns/ \|url\-status\=live }} On September 18, Conservative Party leader [Erin O'Toole](/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole "Erin O'Toole") tested positive for [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19"), after a staffer in his office tested positive.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Aiello\|first\=Rachel\|date\=September 18, 2020\|title\=Conservative Leader Erin O'Toole tests positive for COVID\-19\|work\=\[\[CTV News]]\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/conservative\-leader\-erin\-o\-toole\-tests\-positive\-for\-covid\-19\-1\.5111604\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=September 18, 2020\|archive\-date\=September 24, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924012521/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/conservative\-leader\-erin\-o\-toole\-tests\-positive\-for\-covid\-19\-1\.5111604}} The same day, Bloc Quebecois leader [Yves\-François Blanchet](/wiki/Yves-Fran%C3%A7ois_Blanchet "Yves-François Blanchet") also tested positive.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=September 18, 2020\|title\=CP NewsAlert: Bloc leader Blanchet tests positive for COVID\-19\|work\=\[\[CityNews]]\|url\=https://www.citynews1130\.com/2020/09/18/cp\-newsalert\-bloc\-leader\-blanchet\-tests\-positive\-for\-covid\-19/\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=September 20, 2020\|archive\-date\=September 24, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924012521/https://www.citynews1130\.com/2020/09/18/cp\-newsalert\-bloc\-leader\-blanchet\-tests\-positive\-for\-covid\-19/}} On September 23, in a [speech from the throne](/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne "Speech from the throne"), Prime Minister Trudeau declared Canada was currently in the *second wave* of COVID\-19\.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/second\-covid\-19\-wave\-has\-already\-started\-pm\-in\-address\-to\-nation\-1\.5117465\|title\=Second COVID\-19 wave has already started: PM in address to nation\|first\=Rachel\|last\=Aiello\|date\=September 23, 2020\|website\=CTVNews}} #### October On October 4, a [West African](/wiki/West_African "West African") man who had travelled onwards from [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto") to [Halifax](/wiki/Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia "Halifax, Nova Scotia") and thence to [Deer Lake, Newfoundland](/wiki/Deer_Lake%2C_Newfoundland "Deer Lake, Newfoundland") died of COVID\-19\. Health officials decided to raise the alarm and request that passengers on the final leg of his flight "self\-monitor for symptoms".{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Man dies from COVID\-19 after travelling from Central Africa to Newfoundland via Toronto \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\-man\-dies\-from\-covid\-19\-after\-travelling\-from\-central\-africa\-to\-2/ \|agency\=The Canadian Press \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=October 4, 2020}} On October 19, [Air Transat](/wiki/Air_Transat "Air Transat") announced the closure of its [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver") base and laid off half of its remaining flight attendants. Prior to the pandemic, the airline had employed 2,000 flight attendants. As of November, it planned to employ 117 flight attendants.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Balakrishnan \|first1\=Anita \|title\=Air Transat lays off half of its remaining flight attendants, closes Vancouver base \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/air\-transat\-layoffs\-1\.5768318 \|agency\=The Canadian Press \|publisher\=CBC}} On October 20, aviation workers gathered to protest at [Parliament Hill](/wiki/Parliament_Hill "Parliament Hill").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Burke \|first1\=Ashley \|title\=Hundreds of protesting airline workers aim anger at transport minister \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/aviaton\-sector\-workers\-protest\-parliament\-hill\-demand\-government\-aid\-1\.5770398 \|publisher\=CBC \|date\=October 20, 2020}} On October 22, the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") cancelled the *covid travel corridor* that allowed Canadians to enter any European territory without quarantine lockdown. In June 2020, Canada had been as one of 14 countries that were allowed to enter by the EU.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Canadians to be allowed into EU countries, but U.S. citizens shut out \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/european\-union\-travel\-list\-1\.5632422 \|agency\=Associated Press \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=June 30, 2020}} The reversal of status was caused by the resurgence in coronavirus cases that Canada began to experience in late October.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Harris \|first1\=Sophia \|title\=EU shutting the door to Canadians is a wake\-up call to ramp up our COVID\-19 efforts \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/canada\-covid\-19\-cases\-surge\-eu\-travel\-u\-s\-trump\-1\.5761649 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=October 23, 2020}} On October 23, apparel retailer [Le Chateau](/wiki/Le_Chateau "Le Chateau"), which had 123 locations across Canada and employed 1,400 people, announced it was filing for [CCAA](/wiki/Companies%27_Creditors_Arrangement_Act "Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act") protection, blaming COVID\-19\.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Robertson \|first1\=Susan Krashinsky \|title\=Le Château files for creditor protection, will shutter Canadian stores after six decades in business \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article\-le\-chateau\-files\-for\-creditor\-protection\-will\-shutter\-canadian\-stores/ \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=October 23, 2020}} #### November On November 6, Nunavut confirmed its first case in [Sanikiluaq](/wiki/Sanikiluaq "Sanikiluaq").{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/nunavut\-confirms\-1st\-covid\-19\-case\-1\.5792736 \|title\=Nunavut confirms 1st case of COVID\-19 \|publisher\=CBC News \|date\=November 6, 2020}} On November 10, as Manitoba went under lockdown, Trudeau "urged premiers and mayors across the country not to loosen restrictions for the sake of the economy and suggested localized shutdowns are needed in areas seeing a surge in cases", saying {{cquote\|I would hope that no leader in our country is easing public\-health vigilance because they feel pressure not to shut down businesses or slow down our economy.}} On November 23, a report said that the [Atlantic Bubble](/wiki/Atlantic_Bubble "Atlantic Bubble") was defunct under pressure from increasing COVID\-19 sightings.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Mercer \|first1\=Greg \|title\=Atlantic bubble has burst as COVID\-19 infections rise \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=November 23, 2020}} On November 29, Public Safety Minister [Bill Blair](/wiki/Bill_Blair_%28politician%29 "Bill Blair (politician)") and Health Minister [Patty Hajdu](/wiki/Patty_Hajdu "Patty Hajdu") extended the ban on international travellers who had non\-essential purposes. The rules were first imposed in March, and were to be extended until January 21, 2021 "for travellers entering Canada from a country other than the United States. Among the rules is a requirement for anyone entering the country to self\-isolate for 14 days upon entry into Canada."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Ottawa extends rules and restrictions for travellers amid rising COVID\-19 case counts \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\-public\-health\-officials\-urge\-reduced\-contacts\-as\-coronavirus\-cases/ \|agency\=Canadian Press \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=November 29, 2020}} #### December Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced on December 7, that the first of 249,000 doses out of a total of 4 million doses of the [Pfizer–BioNTech COVID\-19 vaccine](/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine "Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine") will arrive before the end of the year.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2020/12/07/covid\-19\-vaccine\-to\-arrive\-in\-canada\-this\-month.html\|title\=Hundreds of thousands of doses of COVID\-19 vaccine to arrive in Canada next week\|date\=December 7, 2020\|newspaper\=The Toronto Star\|access\-date\=December 15, 2020\|last1\=MacCharles\|first1\=Tonda}} On December 9, the vaccine was approved by [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada "Health Canada") for use.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.thestar.com/politics/2020/12/09/canadian\-press\-newsalert\-health\-canada\-approves\-pfizers\-covid\-19\-vaccine.html\|title\=Health Canada approves Pfizer's COVID\-19 vaccine\|date\=December 9, 2020\|newspaper\=The Toronto Star\|access\-date\=December 15, 2020}} On December 14, the first tranche of vaccinations began across the nation. Some sources initially indicated that Anita Quidangen, a [personal support worker](/wiki/Personal_support_worker "Personal support worker") from Toronto, who was the first Canadian to receive a dose,{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Powers \|first1\=Lucas \|title\=Personal support worker becomes first Ontarian to get dose of COVID\-19 vaccine \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/covid\-19\-coronavirus\-ontario\-december\-14\-vaccines\-arrive\-1\.5840092 \|work\=CBC News \|date\=December 14, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\-canada\-administers\-its\-first\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-shots/\|title\=Canada administers its first COVID\-19 vaccine shots\|access\-date\=December 15, 2020\|newspaper\=The Globe and Mail\|date\=December 14, 2020 \|last1\=Perreaux \|first1\=Les \|last2\=Walsh \|first2\=Marieke \|last3\=Gray \|first3\=Jeff }} but later it was determined that it was Gisèle Lévesque, an 89\-year\-old resident of a long\-term care home in Quebec City who was the first.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Montpetit \|first1\=Jonathan \|last2\=Shingler \|first2\=Benjamin \|title\=As first Quebecers get vaccinated against COVID\-19, leaders see light at end of long, dark tunnel \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec\-vaccine\-maimonides\-covid\-19\-1\.5840233 \|work\=CBC News \|date\=December 14, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/89\-year\-old\-woman\-in\-quebec\-city\-care\-home\-becomes\-first\-in\-country\-to\-receive\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-1\.5229808\|title\=89\-year\-old woman in Quebec City care home becomes first in country to receive COVID\-19 vaccine\|date\=December 13, 2020\|website\=Montreal\|access\-date\=December 15, 2020}} Starting with December 21, Canada halted flights from the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") due to concerns over the [Variant of Concern 202012/01](/wiki/Variant_of_Concern_202012/01 "Variant of Concern 202012/01") [variant](/wiki/Variant_%28biology%29 "Variant (biology)") of [SARS\-CoV\-2](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Burke \|first1\=Ashley \|last2\=Jones \|first2\=Ryan Patrick \|title\=Canada halts flights from U.K. in response to new coronavirus strain \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada\-flights\-uk\-coronavirus\-1\.5849598 \|work\=CBC News \|date\=December 20, 2020}} On December 23, Health Canada approved the [mRNA\-1273](/wiki/MRNA-1273 "MRNA-1273") COVID\-19 vaccine developed by [Moderna](/wiki/Moderna "Moderna").{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/health\-canada\-approves\-game\-changer\-moderna\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-1\.5242821\|title\=Health Canada approves 'game\-changer' Moderna COVID\-19 vaccine\|date\=December 23, 2020\|website\=Coronavirus\|access\-date\=January 2, 2021}} Canada will receive up to 168,000 doses of the vaccine by the end of 2020, the first tranche of a total 40 million doses currently ordered for 2021\.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Jones \|first1\=Ryan Patrick \|title\=Health Canada approves Moderna COVID\-19 vaccine \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada\-approves\-moderna\-vaccine\-1\.5852848 \|work\=CBC News \|date\=December 23, 2020}} On December 30, the Federal government announced all air travellers entering the country from outside of Canada must now provide a COVID\-negative [PCR test](/wiki/PCR_test "PCR test") within 72 hours of boarding their flight into the country effective January 7, 2021\.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/7549230/coronavirus\-travel\-test\-enter\-canada/\|title\=New coronavirus testing rules for travellers landing in Canada to start Jan. 7\|website\=Global News\|access\-date\=January 2, 2021}} This is in addition to the mandatory 14\-day quarantine mandated by the [Quarantine Act](/wiki/Quarantine_Act%2C_2005 "Quarantine Act, 2005").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Patel \|first1\=Raisa \|title\=Air travellers entering Canada must soon have a negative COVID\-19 test before arriving, Ottawa says \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/negative\-pcr\-covid\-test\-air\-passengers\-1\.5857626 \|work\=CBC News \|date\=December 30, 2020}} Additional rules also mean the traveller will have to spend time in a Federal facility if officers find their self\-isolation plans unsatisfactory. ### 2021 #### January On January 7, the new rule for air travellers requiring a negative PCR test before boarding their departing flight to Canada came into effect.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Tasker \|first1\=John Paul \|title\=New federal rule on COVID\-19 tests for air passengers in effect \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/air\-travellers\-negative\-covid\-19\-test\-1\.5863509 \|work\=CBC News \|date\=January 6, 2021}} Travellers caught unaware of the new rules were reportedly turned away from their flights in countries like [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba") and [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article\-canadians\-denied\-from\-boarding\-flights\-in\-cuba\-mexico\-under\-new\-covid/\|title\=Canadians denied from boarding flights in Cuba, Mexico under new COVID\-19 testing rules\|access\-date\=January 11, 2021\|newspaper\=The Globe and Mail\|date\=January 7, 2021 \|last1\=Atkins \|first1\=Eric }} The test requirement came at the end of the travel ban on flights from U.K., amid fears of the spread of [Variant of Concern 202012/01](/wiki/Variant_of_Concern_202012/01 "Variant of Concern 202012/01") variant of COVID\-19\. [WestJet](/wiki/WestJet "WestJet") was highly critical of the new rules, citing the lack of time they had to prepare for the new requirements. Despite the new rules, passengers on 20 separate flights arriving from warmer climates (including [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), [Barbados](/wiki/Barbados "Barbados"), [Aruba](/wiki/Aruba "Aruba"), [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico"), [Panama](/wiki/Panama "Panama") and the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic")) over the winter holidays were exposed to the virus before the new rules came into effect.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/7559699/passengers\-flights\-vacation\-destinations\-coronavirus\-exposure/\|title\=Passengers on 20 flights from popular vacation destinations potentially exposed to COVID\-19\|website\=Global News\|access\-date\=January 11, 2021}} Following the new rules, on January 21, 2021, Transport Minister [Omar Alghabra](/wiki/Omar_Alghabra "Omar Alghabra") announced at least 50,000 flights were cancelled in Canada.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Jones \|first1\=Ryan Patrick \|title\=At least 50,000 flight reservations have been cancelled since mandatory COVID\-19 testing was introduced \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/travel\-cancellations\-preflight\-testing\-1\.5882560 \|work\=CBC News \|date\=January 21, 2021}} On January 8, amid rising cases across the country, Prime Minister Trudeau promised a speed up of the vaccine rollout which has been criticized as being slow moving. The federal government supplies the vaccine doses, however it is up to the individual provinces to administer them.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/rising\-cases\-frightening\-pm\-trudeau\-says\-vows\-vaccine\-rollout\-will\-scale\-up\-1\.5258996\|title\=Rising cases 'frightening,' PM Trudeau says, vows vaccine rollout will 'scale up'\|first\=Rachel\|last\=Aiello\|date\=January 8, 2021\|website\=Coronavirus\|access\-date\=January 11, 2021}} Reports of Canadian [snowbirds](/wiki/Snowbird_%28person%29 "Snowbird (person)") travelling to the United States for [quicker access to the vaccine](/wiki/Medical_tourism "Medical tourism") have emerged. States like [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida") and [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona "Arizona") have lowered their requirements to include anyone over the age of 65 to have access to free vaccination.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/canadian\-snowbirds\-chartering\-private\-jets\-to\-fly\-south\-for\-faster\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-access\-1\.5257752\|title\=Canadian snowbirds chartering private jets to fly south for faster COVID\-19 vaccine access\|date\=January 7, 2021\|website\=Coronavirus\|access\-date\=January 11, 2021}} In mid\-January, Pfizer notified Canada of its intentions to retool its manufacturing plant in [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") in order to meet world\-wide demands for the vaccine. Initially Canada was told it would receive less doses than anticipated, however, this was later changed to a significant drop in delivered doses and no doses the week of January 25\.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Tasker \|first1\=John Paul \|title\=Canada won't receive any Pfizer shots next week — here's what you need to know about the vaccination campaign \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/what\-you\-need\-to\-know\-about\-vaccine\-rollout\-1\.5882033 \|work\=CBC News \|date\=January 21, 2021}} Provinces who have nearly depleted their current vaccine stock have set back dates to administer second doses of the vaccines to those who have already received their first, with uncertain medical knowledge lengthening the time of said second dose would affect efficacy. On January 29, Prime Minister Trudeau announced new national travel restrictions, including the suspension of flights by major airlines to and from the [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean") and [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") beginning January 31 until April 30\.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/ottawa\-canadian\-airlines\-agree\-to\-suspend\-flights\-to\-caribbean\-and\-mexico\-1\.5287833\|title\=Ottawa, Canadian airlines agree to suspend flights to Caribbean and Mexico\|date\=January 29, 2021\|website\=Coronavirus\|access\-date\=February 1, 2021}} In the coming weeks, new foreign flights must only land in [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver"), [Calgary](/wiki/Calgary "Calgary"), [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto") or [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal") and travellers must undergo a COVID\-19 PCR test and isolate in an approved hotel while awaiting results at the traveller's expense.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.cp24\.com/news/trudeau\-suspending\-caribbean\-vacation\-travel\-will\-require\-all\-incoming\-air\-travellers\-to\-quarantine\-in\-hotels\-1\.5287360\|title\=Trudeau suspending Caribbean vacation travel; will require all incoming air travellers to quarantine in hotels\|date\=January 29, 2021\|website\=CP24\|access\-date\=February 1, 2021}} Also on January 29, Moderna announced delays of 20 to 25 percent delivery of product to the country for the month of February.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Tasker \|first1\=John Paul \|title\=Moderna to cut deliveries to Canada in new blow to vaccination campaign \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/moderna\-cut\-deliveries\-to\-canada\-1\.5893307 \|work\=CBC News \|date\=January 29, 2021}} #### February On February 2, 2021, Trudeau announced a deal with [Novavax](/wiki/Novavax "Novavax") to produce COVID\-19 vaccines at the Biologics Manufacturing Centre, making it the first to be produced domestically.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\| title\=Canada signs deal to produce Novavax COVID\-19 vaccine at Montreal plant\|last\=Rabson\|first\=Mia \| work\=CP24 \| date\=February 2, 2021 \| url\=https://www.cp24\.com/news/canada\-signs\-deal\-to\-produce\-novavax\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-at\-montreal\-plant\-1\.5291842 \| access\-date\=February 3, 2021}} The [Novavax COVID\-19 vaccine](/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine "Novavax COVID-19 vaccine") is currently awaiting approval by [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada "Health Canada").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|author1\=Ljunggren, David\|author2\=Scherer, Steve\|editor1\=Oatis, Jonathan\|date\=February 2, 2021\|title\=Canada signs first deal for manufacture of foreign COVID\-19 vaccine\|language\=en\|work\=Reuters\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-health\-coronavirus\-canada\-idUSKBN2A2297\|access\-date\=February 3, 2021}} This is the first deal signed by Canada that allows a domestic manufacturing of a foreign vaccine. The contract with Novavax is for 52 million doses of the vaccine. Following the recommendations of the COVID\-19 Vaccine and Therapeutics Task Forces and COVID\-19 Joint Biomanufacturing Subcommittee, the federal government announced investment in two biomanufacturing companies—Vancouver\-based Precision NanoSystems Incorporated (PNI) and Markham, Ontario\-based Edesa Biotech Inc. (Edesa).{{\#invoke:cite web\|\| last \= Office\| first \= Prime Minister's\| title \= New support to produce COVID\-19 vaccines and treatments in Canada\| date\=February 2, 2021\| access\-date\=February 3, 2021\| url \= https://www.newswire.ca/news\-releases/new\-support\-to\-produce\-covid\-19\-vaccines\-and\-treatments\-in\-canada\-853283415\.html}} PNI, biotechnology company, will receive up to $25\.1 million to build a "$50\.2 million biomanufacturing centre to produce vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of diseases such as infectious diseases, rare diseases, cancer and other areas of unmet need". Edesa will receive up to $14 million to Edesa Biotech to "advance work on a monoclonal antibody therapy for acute respiratory distress syndrome, which is the leading cause of COVID\-19 deaths. On February 3, [COVAX](/wiki/COVAX "COVAX") published the country\-by\-country vaccine distribution forecast to COVAX participants—Canada will receive 1,903,200 doses of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine by the end of the first half of 2021\.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\| last \= Jerving\| first \= Sara\| title \= COVAX releases country\-by\-country of vaccine distribution figures\| work \= Devex\| access\-date \= February 3, 2021\| date \= February 3, 2021\| url \= https://www.devex.com/news/sponsored/covax\-releases\-country\-by\-country\-vaccine\-distribution\-figures\-99058}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=The Covax Facility: Interim Distribution Forecast – latest as of February 3, 2021 \|publisher\=COVAX \|date\=February 3, 2021 \|url\=https://www.gavi.org/sites/default/files/covid/covax/COVAX\-Interim\-Distribution\-Forecast.pdf}} On February 9, Prime Minister Trudeau announced a negative PCR test will be required within 72 hours of entering Canada through the land border with the United States. The change will come into effect on February 15\.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://dailyhive.com/toronto/negative\-covid\-19\-test\-required\-canada\-land\-borders\|title\=72\-hour negative COVID\-19 test required at Canada's land borders \| News\|website\=dailyhive.com}} On February 12, the Canadian government announced additional details about the incoming international travel measures first announced in late January. Effective February 22, all arriving international travellers will have to present a negative PCR COVID\-19 test 72 hours before boarding their departing flight, take a PCR test on arrival in Canada and quarantine for three days at a supervised hotel for three days awaiting the results of their test at their own expense. Additionally they will be required to take a third PCR COVID\-19 test at the end of their 14\-day quarantine at home. Essential workers such as transport workers continue to be exempt from mandatory testing and quarantine.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://dailyhive.com/toronto/mandatory\-hotel\-quarantine\-international\-travellers\-canada\-february\|title\=Mandatory hotel quarantine for international travellers to take effect on February 22 \| News\|website\=dailyhive.com}} On February 26, Health Canada approved the [Oxford\-AstraZeneca COVID\-19 vaccine](/wiki/Oxford-AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine "Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine") for use.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Canada approves AstraZeneca's COVID\-19 vaccine\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/7629162/astrazeneca\-covid\-vaccine\-approval\-canada/\|access\-date\=April 12, 2021\|website\=Global News\|language\=en\-US}} #### March On March 5, Health Canada approved the [Janssen COVID\-19 vaccine](/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine "Janssen COVID-19 vaccine") for use. The vaccine is the only approved vaccine to currently require one shot.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Jones \|first1\=Ryan Patrick \|title\=Health Canada approves 4th COVID\-19 vaccine as Pfizer agrees to accelerate deliveries \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/johnson\-johnson\-covid19\-vaccine\-approved\-1\.5937900 \|work\=CBC News \|date\=March 5, 2021}} Also on March 5, Pfizer announced an increase in vaccine delivery for the nation, adding an additional 1\.5 million vaccines to its schedule by the end of March for a total of 8 million vaccines to be delivered.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/8m\-vaccine\-doses\-to\-land\-in\-canada\-by\-end\-of\-march\-after\-pfizer\-moves\-up\-delivery\-1\.5335386\|title\=8M vaccine doses to land in Canada by end of March after Pfizer moves up delivery\|date\=March 5, 2021\|website\=Coronavirus\|access\-date\=June 2, 2021}} #### April By April 11, influenced by major outbreaks of [variants of concern](/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Variants of SARS-CoV-2") in multiple provinces (including Alberta, B.C., Ontario, and Saskatchewan), and slow availability of vaccines, new cases per\-million exceeded those of the United States.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|date\=April 11, 2021\|title\=Canada is outpacing U.S. for new COVID\-19 cases per capita\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/canada\-is\-outpacing\-u\-s\-for\-new\-covid\-19\-cases\-per\-capita\-1\.5383072\|access\-date\=April 12, 2021\|website\=CTV News\|language\=en}} #### November On November 28, the Government of Ontario announces that two cases of the [Omicron](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") variant (later named BA.1\) have been found in Ottawa.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Canada's first cases of the omicron coronavirus variant confirmed in Ottawa\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/omicron\-variant\-canada\-travellers\-1\.6265927/\|access\-date\=July 23, 2022\|website\=CBC\|language\=en\-US}} ### 2022 #### May On May 3, the Public Health Agency of Canada reported one case of the [Omicron](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") BA.5 variant had been found in Canada.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=BA.4, BA.5 in Canada: What we know about the 2 new Omicron subvariants\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/8817441/covid\-omicron\-subvariants\-ba\-4\-ba\-5\-explainer/\|access\-date\=July 23, 2022\|website\=Global News\|language\=en\-US}} #### July By July 2, the [Omicron](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") BA.5 variant had become the dominant variant in Ontario.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=SARS\-CoV\-2 Genomic Surveillance in Ontario, July 15, 2022\|url\=https://www.publichealthontario.ca/\-/media/Documents/nCoV/epi/covid\-19\-sars\-cov2\-whole\-genome\-sequencing\-epi\-summary.pdf?sc\_lang\=en\|access\-date\=July 23, 2022\|website\=Public Health Ontario\|language\=en\-US}}
[ "Chronology\n----------", "### 2019", "#### December", "In April, Jitendra Prasad, the leader of Alberta Health Services' procurement department told the *[Edmonton Journal](/wiki/Edmonton_Journal \"Edmonton Journal\")* that in early December, he had heard from sources in China of a strange flu. Prasad claimed that by mid\\-December, he had started doubling orders of PPE, and in late December, he placed an order for a half a million N95 masks.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://edmontonjournal.com/opinion/columnists/david\\-staples\\-masterminds\\-behind\\-albertas\\-medical\\-supplies\\-surge\\-to\\-meet\\-covid\\-19\\-crisis\\|title\\=David Staples: Masterminds behind Alberta's medical supplies surge to meet COVID\\-19 crisis\\|website\\=edmontonjournal\\|access\\-date\\=June 6, 2021}}", "On December 31, 2019, the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission in [China](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China \"COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China\") reported a cluster of cases of pneumonia in [Wuhan](/wiki/Wuhan \"Wuhan\"), [Hubei Province](/wiki/Hubei \"Hubei\"). This news spread to [FluTrackers](/wiki/FluTrackers \"FluTrackers\"), and then similar announcements came from the [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\") and [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\") governments and many news outlets on the outbreak in Wuhan. A novel coronavirus was eventually identified.", "### 2020", "#### January", "On January 7, 2020, when it appeared that there was a health crisis emerging in Wuhan, Dr. [Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam \"Theresa Tam\"), Chief Public Health Officer of Canada, was quoted advising Canadians: \"There has been no evidence to date that this illness, whatever it's caused by, is spread easily from person to person; no health care workers caring for the patients have become ill; a positive sign.", "On January 17, the [Canada Border Services Agency](/wiki/Canada_Border_Services_Agency \"Canada Border Services Agency\") (CBSA) indicated plans were in progress \"to implement signage\" in the [Montreal](/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al%E2%80%93Trudeau_International_Airport \"Montréal–Trudeau International Airport\"), [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport \"Toronto Pearson International Airport\"), and [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver_International_Airport \"Vancouver International Airport\") airports to raise awareness of the virus, and that there would be an additional health screening question added to the electronic kiosks for passengers arriving from central [China](/wiki/China \"China\"). The agency noted the overall risk to Canadians was low and there were no direct flights from [Wuhan](/wiki/Wuhan \"Wuhan\") to Canada. The CBSA said it would not be, at that time, implementing extra screening measures, but would \"monitor the situation closely\".{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6429892/canada\\-china\\-virus\\-airports\\|title\\=Canada to screen central China travelers for virus at 3 airports\\|date\\=January 17, 2020\\|website\\=Globalnews.ca\\|publisher\\=Corus Entertainment\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118133820/https://globalnews.ca/news/6429892/canada\\-china\\-virus\\-airports/\\|archive\\-date\\=January 18, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/thailand\\-china\\-coronavirus\\-1\\.5432108\\|title\\=China reports 4 more cases of new strain of coronavirus\\|date\\=January 18, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=January 18, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118164802/https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/thailand\\-china\\-coronavirus\\-1\\.5432108\\|archive\\-date\\=January 18, 2020\\|publisher\\=CBC News}}", "On January 23, the federal [Minister of Health](/wiki/Minister_of_Health_%28Canada%29 \"Minister of Health (Canada)\"), [Patty Hajdu](/wiki/Patty_Hajdu \"Patty Hajdu\"), said that five or six people were being monitored for signs of the virus.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.msss.gouv.qc.ca/professionnels/maladies\\-infectieuses/coronavirus\\-2019\\-ncov/\\#situation\\-au\\-quebec\\|title\\=Coronavirus 2019\\-nCoV – Professionnels de la santé – MSSS\\|language\\=fr\\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2020 \\|date\\=January 28, 2020 \\|website\\=Government of Quebec\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127234953/https://www.msss.gouv.qc.ca/professionnels/maladies\\-infectieuses/coronavirus\\-2019\\-ncov/\\#situation\\-au\\-quebec\\|archive\\-date\\=January 27, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/several\\-people\\-in\\-canada\\-being\\-monitored\\-for\\-signs\\-of\\-coronavirus\\-health\\-minister\\-1\\.4780101\\|title\\=Several people in Canada being monitored for signs of coronavirus: Health minister\\|date\\=January 23, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=January 23, 2020\\|agency\\=CTV News\\|archive\\-date\\=January 24, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124005938/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/several\\-people\\-in\\-canada\\-being\\-monitored\\-for\\-signs\\-of\\-coronavirus\\-health\\-minister\\-1\\.4780101\\|url\\-status\\=live}} That same day, Dr. Theresa Tam was a member of the [WHO](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") committee that broadcast that it was too early to declare a [public health emergency of international concern](/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern \"Public health emergency of international concern\"). The following day in Wuhan China construction began on a new hospital to treat COVID patients that would take only 10 days to build and was widely reported around the world.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/in\\-pictures\\-51280586\\|title\\=The coronavirus hospital built in days\\|date\\=February 2, 2020\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143125/https://www.bbc.com/news/in\\-pictures\\-51280586\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On January 25, the first identified presumptive case in Canada was a male in his 50s who travelled between Wuhan and [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\") before returning to Toronto on January 22\\.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cp24\\.com/news/man\\-who\\-flew\\-to\\-toronto\\-from\\-china\\-is\\-canada\\-s\\-first\\-coronavirus\\-case\\-1\\.4783476\\|title\\=Man who flew to Toronto from China is Canada's first coronavirus case\\|website\\=CP24\\|access\\-date\\=January 26, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229094929/https://www.cp24\\.com/news/man\\-who\\-flew\\-to\\-toronto\\-from\\-china\\-is\\-canada\\-s\\-first\\-coronavirus\\-case\\-1\\.4783476\\|archive\\-date\\=February 29, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{\\#invoke:cite journal\\|\\|last1\\=Marchand\\-Senécal \\|first1\\=Xavier \\|last2\\=Kozak \\|first2\\=Rob \\|last3\\=Mubareka \\|first3\\=Samira \\|last4\\=Salt \\|first4\\=Natasha \\|last5\\=Gubbay \\|first5\\=Jonathan B \\|last6\\=Eshaghi \\|first6\\=Alireza \\|last7\\=Allen \\|first7\\=Vanessa \\|last8\\=Li \\|first8\\=Yan \\|last9\\=Bastien \\|first9\\=Natalie \\|last10\\=Gilmour \\|first10\\=Matthew \\|last11\\=Ozaldin \\|first11\\=Omar \\|last12\\=Leis \\|first12\\=Jerome A \\|title\\=Diagnosis and Management of First Case of COVID\\-19 in Canada: Lessons applied from SARS \\|journal\\=Clinical Infectious Diseases \\|date\\=March 9, 2020 \\|volume\\=ciaa227 \\|issue\\=16 \\|pages\\=2207–2210 \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/cid/ciaa227 \\|pmid\\=32147731 \\|pmc\\=7108147 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Canada issued a travel advisory against non\\-essential travel to China due to the outbreak, including a regional travel advisory to avoid all travel to the province of [Hubei](/wiki/Hubei \"Hubei\").{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/china\\|title\\=Travel advice and advisories for China\\|date\\=January 29, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2020 \\|website\\=Government of Canada\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129014438/https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/china\\|archive\\-date\\=January 29, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Federal health officials stated that the risk in Canada was low.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\\-hajdu\\-tam\\-health\\-china\\-1\\.5440950\\|title\\=Health officials expect more coronavirus cases, but say risk of outbreak in Canada remains low\\|publisher\\=CBC News\\|date\\=January 26, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=January 26, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205115725/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\\-hajdu\\-tam\\-health\\-china\\-1\\.5440950\\|archive\\-date\\=February 5, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On January 26, Tam stated \"There is no clear evidence that this virus is spread easily from person to person. The risk to Canadians remains low.\"{{cite tweet \\| author\\= Dr. Theresa Tam \\| user\\= CPHO\\_Canada \\| number\\=1221606834987053056 \\| title\\=3/3 There is no clear evidence that this virus is spread easily from person to person. The risk to Canadians remains low. Find more info on \\#2019nCoV \\#coronavirus here: https://canada.ca/coronavirus \\| date\\=January 26, 2020 \\|link\\=https://twitter.com/CPHO\\_Canada/status/1221606834987053056 \\|access\\-date\\=April 28, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129184705/https://twitter.com/CPHO\\_Canada/status/1221606834987053056 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 29, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nFinal testing conducted at the [National Microbiology Laboratory](/wiki/National_Microbiology_Laboratory \"National Microbiology Laboratory\") in Winnipeg, [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba \"Manitoba\") confirmed the presumptive case on January 27\\.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Canada's second confirmed presumptive case of coronavirus diagnosed in Canada; first case confirmed\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/second\\-presumptive\\-case\\-of\\-coronavirus\\-diagnosed\\-in\\-canada\\-first\\-case\\-confirmed\\-1\\.4784799\\|last\\=Ho\\|first\\=Solarina\\|website\\=CTV News\\|date\\=January 27, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=January 27, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127171921/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/second\\-presumptive\\-case\\-of\\-coronavirus\\-diagnosed\\-in\\-canada\\-first\\-case\\-confirmed\\-1\\.4784799\\|archive\\-date\\=January 27, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On January 27, Canada confirmed its first case.", "On January 29, the health committee of parliament holds a meeting on the Canadian response to the outbreak of coronavirus. Liberal MP [Marcus Powlowski](/wiki/Marcus_Powlowski \"Marcus Powlowski\"), a doctor, asks [Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam \"Theresa Tam\") since the Chinese health authorities led by Xiaowei Ma were saying that covid\\-19 was being spread by asymptomatic patients (as reported in the New York Times), Canada should require travellers from China to quarantine for 14 days. Tam suggested that at that point, quarantining was not thought to be necessary.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://openparliament.ca/committees/health/43\\-1/1/marcus\\-powlowski\\-1/?page\\=5\\|title\\=Health Committee on Jan. 29th, 2020 \\| openparliament.ca\\|website\\=openparliament.ca\\|access\\-date\\=June 6, 2021}} On the same day, Dr. Theresa Tam told Canadians that \"It's going to be rare (COVID\\-19\\), but we are expecting cases\" and [Minister of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Canada%29 \"Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)\") [François\\-Philippe Champagne](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Philippe_Champagne \"François-Philippe Champagne\") announced that an aircraft would be sent to [repatriate](/wiki/Repatriation \"Repatriation\") Canadians from the areas affected by the virus in China.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\\-canada\\-china\\-consular\\-1\\.5444188\\|title\\=Canada readying to send plane to repatriate Canadians in China affected by coronavirus outbreak\\|last\\=Harris\\|first\\=Kathleen\\|publisher\\=CBC News\\|date\\=January 29, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129192719/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\\-canada\\-china\\-consular\\-1\\.5444188\\|archive\\-date\\=January 29, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On January 30, the WHO declared the coronavirus was a \"[public health emergency of international concern](/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern \"Public health emergency of international concern\")\".{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Flattery and foot dragging: China's influence over the WHO under scrutiny \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article\\-flattery\\-and\\-foot\\-dragging\\-chinas\\-influence\\-over\\-the\\-who\\-under/ \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=April 25, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 27, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427134925/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article\\-flattery\\-and\\-foot\\-dragging\\-chinas\\-influence\\-over\\-the\\-who\\-under/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "#### February", "On February 1, the government's position remained that it would be discriminatory to exclude travellers from China, the [politico\\-geographical](/wiki/Political_geography \"Political geography\") source of the disease.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Dyer \\|first1\\=Evan \\|title\\=COVID\\-19 taught Canada a costly lesson — that early border closures can work \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid\\-coronavirus\\-pandemic\\-trudeau\\-borders\\-1\\.5619705 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=June 22, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=June 28, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 21, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821065953/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid\\-coronavirus\\-pandemic\\-trudeau\\-borders\\-1\\.5619705 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Staples \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=The road to Canada's COVID\\-19 outbreak, Pt. 2: timeline of federal government failure at border to slow the virus \\|url\\=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/politics/the\\-road\\-to\\-canadas\\-covid\\-19\\-outbreak\\-pt\\-2\\-timeline\\-of\\-federal\\-government\\-failure\\-at\\-border\\-to\\-slow\\-the\\-virus\\-2 \\|publisher\\=Edmonton Journal, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \\|date\\=April 2, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=June 28, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143139/https://edmontonjournal.com/news/politics/the\\-road\\-to\\-canadas\\-covid\\-19\\-outbreak\\-pt\\-2\\-timeline\\-of\\-federal\\-government\\-failure\\-at\\-border\\-to\\-slow\\-the\\-virus\\-2 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On February 2, the [Canadian Armed Forces](/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces \"Canadian Armed Forces\") announced that it planned to charter a plane to assist in the evacuation of Canadian nationals still in Wuhan once given authorization by China, intending to fly them to [CFB Trenton](/wiki/CFB_Trenton \"CFB Trenton\") for repatriation and medical screenings. Only those that had entered the country with a Canadian passport would be allowed to take this flight.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/military\\-will\\-assist\\-chartered\\-plane\\-out\\-of\\-china\\-for\\-at\\-least\\-325\\-canadians\\-in\\-wuhan\\-1\\.4794181\\|title\\=Military will assist chartered plane out of China for at least 325 Canadians in Wuhan\\|date\\=February 2, 2020\\|website\\=CTV News\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203051051/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/military\\-will\\-assist\\-chartered\\-plane\\-out\\-of\\-china\\-for\\-at\\-least\\-325\\-canadians\\-in\\-wuhan\\-1\\.4794181\\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2020}} The first plane landed at CFB Trenton on February 7\\.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\= https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/canada/happy\\-to\\-be\\-back\\-flight\\-carrying\\-canadians\\-from\\-wuhan\\-lands\\-in\\-ontario\\-1\\.4801361\\|title\\= 'Happy to be back': Flight carrying Canadians from Wuhan lands in Ontario\\|publisher\\= ctvnews.ca\\|date\\= February 7, 2020\\|access\\-date\\= May 26, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\= August 22, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20200822163708/https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/canada/can\\-i\\-see\\-her\\-any\\-sooner\\-father\\-reunites\\-with\\-daughter\\-in\\-canadian\\-quarantine\\-zone\\-1\\.4801361/\\|url\\-status\\= live}} On February 21, a chartered flight of 131 Canadians who were quarantined aboard {{ship\\|\\|Diamond Princess\\|ship\\|2}} after [an outbreak on the cruise ship](/wiki/COVID-19_outbreak_on_Diamond_Princess \"COVID-19 outbreak on Diamond Princess\") in Japan, and who all tested negative for the virus, were brought to CFB Trenton for additional screening before being transported by bus to the NAV Centre in [Cornwall, Ontario](/wiki/Cornwall%2C_Ontario \"Cornwall, Ontario\") to be [quarantined](/wiki/Quarantine \"Quarantine\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/diamond\\-princess\\-coronavirus\\-trenton\\-cornwall\\-1\\.5470386\\|title\\=Canadian cruise ship passengers arrive in Cornwall, Ont., to begin quarantine\\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\\|date\\=February 21, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=March 12, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312083049/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/diamond\\-princess\\-coronavirus\\-trenton\\-cornwall\\-1\\.5470386\\|archive\\-date\\=March 12, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On February 10, [University of Regina](/wiki/University_of_Regina \"University of Regina\") psychology professor Dr. [Gordon J. G. Asmundson](/wiki/Gordon_J._G._Asmundson \"Gordon J. G. Asmundson\") and [University of British Columbia](/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia \"University of British Columbia\") psychiatry professor Dr. [Steven Taylor](/wiki/Steven_Taylor_%28psychiatrist%29 \"Steven Taylor (psychiatrist)\") coined the [neologism](/wiki/Neologism \"Neologism\") ‘coronaphobia’ to refer to fear of COVID\\-19 and its psychological impacts.{{\\#invoke:cite journal\\|\\|last1\\=Asmundson\\|first1\\=Gordon J. G.\\|last2\\=Taylor\\|first2\\=Steven\\|date\\=March 1, 2020\\|title\\=Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019\\-nCoV outbreak\\|url\\= \\|journal\\=Journal of Anxiety Disorders\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=70\\|pages\\=102196\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.janxdis.2020\\.102196\\|issn\\=0887\\-6185\\|pmc\\=7134790\\|pmid\\=32078967}} In an editorial,{{\\#invoke:cite journal\\|\\|date\\=December 1, 2020\\|title\\=Coronaphobia revisted: A state\\-of\\-the\\-art on pandemic\\-related fear, anxiety, and stress\\|url\\= \\|journal\\=Journal of Anxiety Disorders\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=76\\|pages\\=102326\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.janxdis.2020\\.102326\\|issn\\=0887\\-6185\\|pmc\\=7585502\\|pmid\\=33142124\\|last1\\=Asmundson\\|first1\\=Gordon J.G.\\|last2\\=Taylor\\|first2\\=Steven}} Asmundson and Taylor expanded on COVID\\-19\\-related mental health impacts by introducing the constructs of COVID Stress Syndrome{{\\#invoke:cite journal\\|\\|date\\=May 1, 2020\\|title\\=Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales\\|url\\= \\|journal\\=Journal of Anxiety Disorders\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=72\\|pages\\=102232\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.janxdis.2020\\.102232\\|issn\\=0887\\-6185\\|pmc\\=7198206\\|pmid\\=32408047\\|last1\\=Taylor\\|first1\\=Steven\\|last2\\=Landry\\|first2\\=Caeleigh A.\\|last3\\=Paluszek\\|first3\\=Michelle M.\\|last4\\=Fergus\\|first4\\=Thomas A.\\|last5\\=McKay\\|first5\\=Dean\\|last6\\=Asmundson\\|first6\\=Gordon J.G.}}{{\\#invoke:cite journal\\|\\|last1\\=Taylor\\|first1\\=Steven\\|last2\\=Landry\\|first2\\=Caeleigh A.\\|last3\\=Paluszek\\|first3\\=Michelle M.\\|last4\\=Fergus\\|first4\\=Thomas A.\\|last5\\=McKay\\|first5\\=Dean\\|last6\\=Asmundson\\|first6\\=Gordon J. G.\\|date\\=2020\\|title\\=COVID stress syndrome: Concept, structure, and correlates\\|url\\= \\|journal\\=Depression and Anxiety\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=37\\|issue\\=8\\|pages\\=706–714\\|doi\\=10\\.1002/da.23071\\|issn\\=1520\\-6394\\|pmc\\=7362150\\|pmid\\=32627255}} and ‘COVID Stress Disorder’. Per Asmundson and Taylor’s definition, COVID Stress Syndrome centers around fears about contamination and the dangerousness of COVID\\-19, and also involves fears of socioeconomic consequences, xenophobic attitudes, traumatic stress, and compulsive checking and reassurance seeking symptoms. COVID Stress Disorder involves high levels of COVID Stress symptoms and severe functional impairment resulting from these symptoms. COVID Stress Disorder is proposed by Asmundson and Taylor as a distinct diagnostic category as COVID Stress symptoms and the associated impairment cannot be accounted for by existing mental disorder diagnoses.", "On February 26, Minister of Health Patty Hajdu recommended that citizens stockpile food and medication, noting that it was \"good to be prepared because things can change quickly \\[in any emergency].\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/coronavirus\\-live\\-updates\\-who\\-covid19\\-covid\\-19\\-italy\\-china\\-canada\\-wuhan\\-deaths\\|title\\=Coronavirus updates: Stockpile food and meds in case of infection, Canada's health minister says\\|date\\=February 26, 2020\\|website\\=National Post\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=February 27, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20200227015245/https://nationalpost.com/news/world/coronavirus\\-live\\-updates\\-who\\-covid19\\-covid\\-19\\-italy\\-china\\-canada\\-wuhan\\-deaths}} The recommendation faced criticism from provincial politicians: Manitoba health minister [Cameron Friesen](/wiki/Cameron_Friesen \"Cameron Friesen\") and Ontario health minister [Christine Elliott](/wiki/Christine_Elliott \"Christine Elliott\") both felt that there was no need for such aggressive stockpiling, while Friesen also felt that there needed to be more coordination between the federal and provincial levels in terms of information regarding the outbreak.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6625996/covid\\-19\\-stockpiling\\-food\\-manitoba/\\|title\\=COVID\\-19: No need to stockpile food despite earlier warning, Manitoba health minister says\\|website\\=CJOB\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304134904/https://globalnews.ca/news/6625996/covid\\-19\\-stockpiling\\-food\\-manitoba/\\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6620830/stockpiling\\-coronavirus\\-christine\\-elliott\\-costco\\-ontario/\\|title\\=Stockpiling in face of COVID\\-19 unnecessary, Ontario health minister says\\|website\\=Global News\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303144805/https://globalnews.ca/news/6620830/stockpiling\\-coronavirus\\-christine\\-elliott\\-costco\\-ontario/\\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} [Conservative Party](/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada \"Conservative Party of Canada\") shadow minister [Matt Jeneroux](/wiki/Matt_Jeneroux \"Matt Jeneroux\") opined that the suggestion incited concern and was lacking in transparency. [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada \"Health Canada\")'s website recommended against such bulk purchases (as to not strain supply chains), and explained that having supplies on hand was to \"ensure you do not need to leave your home at the peak of the outbreak or if you become ill.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news\\-pmn/canada\\-news\\-pmn/advice\\-to\\-stockpile\\-supplies\\-can\\-cause\\-undue\\-concern\\-over\\-covid\\-19\\-tory\\-mp\\|title\\=Advice to stockpile supplies can cause undue concern over COVID\\-19: Tory MP {{!}} National Post\\|last\\=Canada\\|first\\=P. M. N.\\|newspaper\\=National Post\\|date\\=March 2, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}", "#### March", "[thumb\\|A highway sign on the [Gardiner Expressway](/wiki/Gardiner_Expressway \"Gardiner Expressway\") in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\") discouraging non\\-essential travel](/wiki/File:COVID-19_highway_sign_in_Toronto%2C_March_2020_%28cropped%29.jpg \"COVID-19 highway sign in Toronto, March 2020 (cropped).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Shelves void of meat in a [Regina](/wiki/Regina%2C_Saskatchewan \"Regina, Saskatchewan\") supermarket as a result of [panic buying](/wiki/Panic_buying \"Panic buying\")](/wiki/File:Shelves_void_of_meat_in_a_Canadian_supermarket.jpg \"Shelves void of meat in a Canadian supermarket.jpg\")", "On March 4, 2020, Trudeau announced his creation of the Cabinet Committee on the federal response to the coronavirus disease, chaired by [Chrystia Freeland](/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland \"Chrystia Freeland\"), \"to limit the spread of the virus\" and to protect \"the health and safety of all Canadians\".{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Prime Minister creates committee on COVID\\-19 \\|url\\=https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news\\-releases/2020/03/04/prime\\-minister\\-creates\\-committee\\-covid\\-19 \\|access\\-date\\=April 28, 2020 \\|publisher\\=JUSTIN TRUDEAU, PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA \\|date\\=March 4, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143151/https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news\\-releases/2020/03/04/prime\\-minister\\-creates\\-committee\\-covid\\-19 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Minister of Health Patty Hajdu announced on March 6 that the federal government would offer $27 million in funding to 47 research groups at 19 universities to develop means of managing the outbreak. [Minister of Finance](/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_%28Canada%29 \"Minister of Finance (Canada)\") [Bill Morneau](/wiki/Bill_Morneau \"Bill Morneau\") stated that the next federal budget would include measures in response to the outbreak, including an increase to the risk adjustment provision.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/quarantined\\-coronavirus\\-morneau\\-supports\\-1\\.5488062\\|title\\=Support coming for Canadians quarantined due to coronavirus, finance minister says\\|last\\=Tunney\\|first\\=Catharine\\|date\\=March 6, 2020\\|publisher\\=CBC News\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311112055/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/quarantined\\-coronavirus\\-morneau\\-supports\\-1\\.5488062\\|archive\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6644662/coronavirus\\-lab\\-in\\-a\\-box\\-diagnosis/\\|title\\=Coronavirus: Canadian researchers developing 'lab in a box' to diagnose COVID\\-19\\|website\\=Global News\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308175925/https://globalnews.ca/news/6644662/coronavirus\\-lab\\-in\\-a\\-box\\-diagnosis/\\|archive\\-date\\=March 8, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://ici.radio\\-canada.ca/nouvelle/1651785/investissement\\-27\\-millions\\-recherche\\-coronavirus\\-canada\\|title\\=Le fédéral injecte 27 M$ dans la recherche sur le coronavirus\\|publisher\\=CBC/Radio\\-Canada\\|language\\=fr\\-ca\\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310051558/https://ici.radio\\-canada.ca/nouvelle/1651785/investissement\\-27\\-millions\\-recherche\\-coronavirus\\-canada\\|archive\\-date\\=March 10, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On March 8, Minister of Foreign Affairs François\\-Philippe Champagne stated that at the request of the U.S. government, Canada had chartered a [EuroAtlantic](/wiki/EuroAtlantic \"EuroAtlantic\") passenger airplane to evacuate the 237 citizens that were still aboard the cruise ship {{ship\\|\\|Grand Princess}}. They were quarantined at CFB Trenton for two weeks when the plane landed on March 10\\.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6647694/coronavirus\\-government\\-plane\\-grand\\-princess/\\|title\\=Coronavirus: Government chartering plane for Canadians on Grand Princess\\|website\\=Global News\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143155/https://globalnews.ca/news/6647694/coronavirus\\-government\\-plane\\-grand\\-princess/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/infected\\-canadian\\-crew\\-on\\-covid\\-19\\-cruise\\-ship\\-remain\\-onboard\\-228\\-passengers\\-repatriated\\-1\\.4846310\\|title\\=Infected Canadian crew on COVID\\-19 cruise ship remain onboard, 228 passengers repatriated\\|publisher\\=ctvnews.ca\\|date\\=March 10, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=March 12, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312183750/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/infected\\-canadian\\-crew\\-on\\-covid\\-19\\-cruise\\-ship\\-remain\\-onboard\\-228\\-passengers\\-repatriated\\-1\\.4846310\\|archive\\-date\\=March 12, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Member of Parliament [Anthony Housefather](/wiki/Anthony_Housefather \"Anthony Housefather\") announced on March 9 that he was undergoing self\\-isolation as a precautionary measure due to possible contact with a person at an [American Israel Public Affairs Committee](/wiki/American_Israel_Public_Affairs_Committee \"American Israel Public Affairs Committee\") (AIPAC) conference in [Washington](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.lapresse.ca/covid\\-19/202003/10/01\\-5264042\\-covid\\-19\\-le\\-federal\\-donnera\\-un\\-coup\\-de\\-main.php\\|title\\=COVID\\-19: le fédéral donnera un coup de main\\|date\\=March 10, 2020\\|website\\=La Presse\\|language\\=fr\\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311164949/https://www.lapresse.ca/covid\\-19/202003/10/01\\-5264042\\-covid\\-19\\-le\\-federal\\-donnera\\-un\\-coup\\-de\\-main.php\\|archive\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|last1\\=Marquis \\|first1\\=Mélanie }} The next day, [Minister of Natural Resources](/wiki/Minister_of_Natural_Resources \"Minister of Natural Resources\") [Seamus O'Regan](/wiki/Seamus_O%27Regan \"Seamus O'Regan\") stated that he was also in self\\-isolation while awaiting the results of a coronavirus test. He had seen a doctor regarding a \"persistent\" head cold, who recommended testing, but was \"not aware of contacting anyone infected\".{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6657717/seamus\\-oregan\\-self\\-isolation\\-covid\\-19/\\|title\\=Minister of Natural Resources in self\\-isolation as 'precaution' while awaiting COVID\\-19 results\\|website\\=Global News\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311125628/https://globalnews.ca/news/6657717/seamus\\-oregan\\-self\\-isolation\\-covid\\-19/\\|archive\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The test came back negative.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/seamus\\-o\\-regan\\-tests\\-negative\\-for\\-covid\\-19\\-1\\.4852739\\|title\\=Seamus O'Regan tests negative for COVID\\-19\\|date\\=March 13, 2020\\|website\\=CTV News\\|access\\-date\\=March 16, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314151743/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/seamus\\-o\\-regan\\-tests\\-negative\\-for\\-covid\\-19\\-1\\.4852739\\|archive\\-date\\=March 14, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On March 11, [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada \"Prime Minister of Canada\") [Justin Trudeau](/wiki/Justin_Trudeau \"Justin Trudeau\") announced a $1 billion response fund, including $500 million to go to provinces and territories, a $50 million contribution to the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") and an additional $275 million to fund COVID\\-19 research in Canada.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6659384/coronavirus\\-funding\\-trudeau/\\|title\\=Trudeau announces $1B coronavirus response fund for provinces, territories\\|website\\=Global News\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312171555/https://globalnews.ca/news/6659384/coronavirus\\-funding\\-trudeau/\\|archive\\-date\\=March 12, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} [Minister of Economic Development and Official Languages](/wiki/Minister_of_Economic_Development_and_Official_Languages \"Minister of Economic Development and Official Languages\") [Mélanie Joly](/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly \"Mélanie Joly\") stated that she had been discussing means of mitigating the outbreak's impact on the air travel industry.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://ca.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idCAKBN20X2CI\\|title\\=Canada government to help provinces fight coronavirus outbreak: source\\|date\\=March 11, 2020\\|work\\=Reuters\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143201/https://ca.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idCAKBN20X2CI\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On March 11, the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") declared the virus to be the cause of a worldwide [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\").", "On March 12, after returning from a speaking engagement in London, England, Trudeau's wife [Sophie Grégoire Trudeau](/wiki/Sophie_Gr%C3%A9goire_Trudeau \"Sophie Grégoire Trudeau\") tested positive for COVID\\-19\\. She and the Prime Minister went into self\\-isolation.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Harris\\|first\\=Kathleen\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19\\-premiers\\-coronavirus\\-1\\.5495001\\|title\\=Trudeau, wife Sophie in self\\-isolation awaiting COVID\\-19 test as premiers conference is called off\\|date\\=March 12, 2020\\|publisher\\=CBC News\\|access\\-date\\=March 12, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313001402/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19\\-premiers\\-coronavirus\\-1\\.5495001\\|archive\\-date\\=March 13, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/sophie\\-gregoire\\-trudeau\\-tests\\-positive\\-for\\-covid\\-19\\-1\\.4850159\\|title\\=Sophie Gregoire Trudeau tests positive for COVID\\-19\\|last1\\=Slaughter\\|first1\\=Graham\\|last2\\=Bogart\\|first2\\=Nicole\\|date\\=March 12, 2020\\|website\\=CTV News\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=March 12, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313015745/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/sophie\\-gregoire\\-trudeau\\-tests\\-positive\\-for\\-covid\\-19\\-1\\.4850159\\|archive\\-date\\=March 13, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2020HLTH0064\\-000413 \\|title\\=Update on new and existing COVID\\-19 cases in British Columbia \\| BC Gov News \\|date\\=March 7, 2020 \\|publisher\\=News.gov.bc.ca \\|access\\-date\\=March 15, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 19, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319010354/https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2020HLTH0064\\-000413 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The staff member is now thought to be Canada's first case of community transmission.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/tracking\\-every\\-case\\-of\\-covid\\-19\\-in\\-canada\\-1\\.4852102\\|title\\=Tracking every case of COVID\\-19 in Canada\\|work\\=\\[\\[CTV News]]\\|date\\=March 13, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=March 16, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315124205/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/tracking\\-every\\-case\\-of\\-covid\\-19\\-in\\-canada\\-1\\.4852102\\|archive\\-date\\=March 15, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Toronto Stock Exchange tumbles 1770 points.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/investing/markets/indices/full\\-chart/TXCX/\\|title\\=TSX Composite Index (TXCX) Quote – Full Chart\\|website\\=The Globe and Mail\\|access\\-date\\=June 6, 2021}}", "On March 13, Trudeau announced that the federal government was preparing a stimulus package to address those affected by the pandemic.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6672830/coronavirus\\-trudeau\\-economic\\-aid\\-package/\\|title\\=Coronavirus: Trudeau announces economic aid package to help Canadians amid outbreak\\|website\\=Global News\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=April 27, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427173059/https://globalnews.ca/news/6672830/coronavirus\\-trudeau\\-economic\\-aid\\-package/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Also on March 13, Parliament agreed unanimously to shut its doors for five weeks (pursuant to Standing Order 28\\) because of COVID\\-19\\.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Pinkerton \\|first1\\=Charlie \\|title\\=Parliament shuts doors for five weeks because of COVID\\-19 \\|url\\=https://ipolitics.ca/2020/03/13/parliament\\-shuts\\-doors\\-for\\-five\\-weeks\\-because\\-of\\-covid\\-19/ \\|publisher\\=iPolitics \\|date\\=March 13, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140140/https://ipolitics.ca/2020/03/13/parliament\\-shuts\\-doors\\-for\\-five\\-weeks\\-because\\-of\\-covid\\-19/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On March 16, Trudeau announced that new entry restrictions would be implemented shortly after midnight [ET](/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone \"Eastern Time Zone\") on March 18, restricting entry into the country to Americans and Canadian citizens and permanent residents and their families and flight crew members who are not displaying symptoms of covid\\-19\\. All people arriving were asked to self\\-isolate for 14 days.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cbsa\\-border\\-airports\\-screening\\-trudeau\\-covid19\\-coronavirus\\-1\\.5498866\\|title\\=Canada to bar entry to travellers who are not citizens, permanent residents or Americans\\|last\\=Harris\\|first\\=Kathleen\\|date\\=March 16, 2020\\|publisher\\=CBC News\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=March 16, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719210119/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cbsa\\-border\\-airports\\-screening\\-trudeau\\-covid19\\-coronavirus\\-1\\.5498866}} Most international flights were routed to Canada's an arbitrary selection of four airports ([YVR](/wiki/YVR \"YVR\"), [YYC](/wiki/YYC \"YYC\"), [YYZ](/wiki/YYZ \"YYZ\"), and [YUL](/wiki/YUL \"YUL\")) in order \"to enhance screening measures\". [Minister of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Canada%29 \"Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)\") [François\\-Philippe Champagne](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Philippe_Champagne \"François-Philippe Champagne\") also announced that for citizens who are still abroad, the country would provide emergency loans of up to $5,000 to cover travel costs or basic needs until they are able to return.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/canada\\-restricting\\-who\\-can\\-enter\\-the\\-country\\-due\\-to\\-covid\\-19\\-pm\\-trudeau\\-1\\.4854503\\|title\\=Canada restricting who can enter the country due to COVID\\-19: PM Trudeau\\|date\\=March 16, 2020\\|work\\=CTV News\\|access\\-date\\=March 16, 2020\\|first\\=Rachel\\|last\\=Aiello\\|archive\\-date\\=March 16, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316180150/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/canada\\-restricting\\-who\\-can\\-enter\\-the\\-country\\-due\\-to\\-covid\\-19\\-pm\\-trudeau\\-1\\.4854503\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "The border closure led to a million Canadians returning home over the next week. Passengers from East Asian countries wore masks on their flights, but those arriving from Europe did not. Masks were not even recommended. There were no temperature checks. People were packed in close at airport waiting areas. Hand sanitizer dispensers had not been installed. Not everyone received the pamphlets instructing them to self\\-isolate for 14 days.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.macleans.ca/longforms/covid\\-19\\-pandemic\\-canada\\-year\\-one/\\|title\\=The untold story of the pandemic in Canada\\|access\\-date\\=June 6, 2021}}", "On March 17, Ontario Premier Doug Ford declared a state of emergency, calling for the closure of indoor recreation facilities, restaurants, libraries, theatres and concert halls.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6688074/ontario\\-doug\\-ford\\-coronavirus\\-covid\\-19\\-march\\-17/\\|title\\=Ontario government declares state of emergency amid coronavirus pandemic\\|website\\=Global News\\|access\\-date\\=June 2, 2021}}", "On March 18, Donald Trump and Justin Trudeau announced that the Canada\\-U.S. border would close to non\\-essential travel. People entering Canada would be asked to self\\-isolate for 14 days. Family of Canadian citizens, students and foreign workers with visas would be allowed to enter. Truckers and flight crews carrying essential goods did not need to self\\-isolate.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Tunney \\|first1\\=Catharine \\|last2\\=Simpson \\|first2\\=Katie \\|title\\=Canada, U.S. border temporarily closing to non\\-essential traffic to slow COVID\\-19 \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada\\-us\\-border\\-deal\\-1\\.5501289 \\|work\\=CBC News \\|date\\=March 18, 2020}}", "[Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam \"Theresa Tam\"), [Chief Public Health Officer of Canada](/wiki/Chief_Public_Health_Officer_of_Canada \"Chief Public Health Officer of Canada\") and head of the [Public Health Agency of Canada](/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada \"Public Health Agency of Canada\") (PHAC), said on March 19 that Canada would not know for two or three weeks if country\\-wide [social distancing](/wiki/Social_distancing \"Social distancing\") efforts have curbed the spread of COVID\\-19\\.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|last\\=Raj \\|first\\=Althia \\|date\\=March 19, 2020 \\|title\\=Weeks Until We Know COVID\\-19 Social Distancing Is Working: Top Doctor \\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/coronavirus\\-social\\-distancing\\-canada\\_ca\\_5e73f9fcc5b6f5b7c5414196 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322011632/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/coronavirus\\-social\\-distancing\\-canada\\_ca\\_5e73f9fcc5b6f5b7c5414196 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 22, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2020 \\|website\\=HuffPost}}", "On March 24, 35 members of parliament met in order to discuss Bill C\\-13, the *[COVID\\-19 Emergency Response Act](/wiki/COVID-19_Emergency_Response_Act \"COVID-19 Emergency Response Act\")*. To maintain social distancing in the face of the highly contagious respiratory illness, only 35 of the 338 members of the House of Commons convened to debate the legislation.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Scherer \\|first1\\=Steve \\|title\\=Canada coronavirus aid stalled over concerns about Trudeau bid for more spending powers \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-health\\-coronavirus\\-canada/canada\\-coronavirus\\-aid\\-stalled\\-over\\-concerns\\-about\\-trudeau\\-bid\\-for\\-more\\-spending\\-powers\\-idUSKBN21B2E3 \\|work\\=Reuters \\|date\\=March 24, 2020 \\|quote\\=Parliament was reconvened pursuant to Standing Order 28(3\\) \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140154/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-health\\-coronavirus\\-canada/canada\\-coronavirus\\-aid\\-stalled\\-over\\-concerns\\-about\\-trudeau\\-bid\\-for\\-more\\-spending\\-powers\\-idUSKBN21B2E3 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The Commons agreed \"to see the application of Standing Order 17 (sic) suspended for the current sitting to allow (its) members the practice of social distancing.\"{{\\#invoke:cite journal\\|\\|title\\=House of Commons Debates \\|journal\\=Hansard \\|date\\=March 24, 2020 \\|volume\\=43RD PARLIAMENT, 1ST SESSION \\|issue\\=32 \\|url\\=https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\\-1/house/sitting\\-32/hansard \\|quote\\=Standing Order 15 – Attendance required. 15\\. Every Member, being cognizant of the provisions of the Parliament of Canada Act, is bound to attend the sittings of the House, unless otherwise occupied with parliamentary activities and functions or on public or official business. \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140156/https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\\-1/house/sitting\\-32/hansard \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Also on March 24, a small number of MPs from each party met in the House of Commons to vote on an $82\\-billion emergency spending legislation, known as Bill C\\-13\\. The passage of the bill was stalled due to the federal government's proposed clauses that gave the finance minister the right to spend money and raise taxes without the approval of Parliament until December 31, 2021\\. After criticism from the Official Opposition over the minority government's \"power grab\" which was considered undemocratic, a revised bill was agreed upon the next day that would permit the government six months of special spending powers until September 30, 2020, with oversight from a Parliamentary committee.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|date\\=March 28, 2020 \\|title\\=Corbella: Trudeau's attempted power grab an alarming breach of trust \\|url\\=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local\\-news/corbella\\-trudeaus\\-attempted\\-power\\-grab\\-an\\-alarming\\-breach\\-of\\-trust/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411081410/https://calgaryherald.com/news/local\\-news/corbella\\-trudeaus\\-attempted\\-power\\-grab\\-an\\-alarming\\-breach\\-of\\-trust/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 11, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2020 \\|website\\=Calgary Herald}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=March 24, 2020 \\|title\\=COVID\\-19: Scheer says talk of 'new government powers' shouldn't get in way of passing of aid package \\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/covid\\-19\\-scheer\\-says\\-talk\\-of\\-new\\-government\\-powers\\-shouldnt\\-get\\-in\\-way\\-of\\-passing\\-of\\-aid\\-package \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2020 \\|website\\=National Post\\|last1\\=Thomson \\|first1\\=Stuart }}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=March 24, 2020 \\|title\\=Chris Selley: Cheers to parliamentary supremacists, whose lonely struggles are not entirely in vain \\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/chris\\-selley\\-cheers\\-to\\-parliamentary\\-supremacists\\-whose\\-lonely\\-struggles\\-are\\-not\\-entirely\\-in\\-vain \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20200917153137/https://nationalpost.com/opinion/chris%2Dselley%2Dcheers%2Dto%2Dparliamentary%2Dsupremacists%2Dwhose%2Dlonely%2Dstruggles%2Dare%2Dnot%2Dentirely%2Din%2Dvain \\|archive\\-date\\=September 17, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2020 \\|website\\=National Post\\|last1\\=Selley \\|first1\\=Chris }}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|date\\=March 24, 2020 \\|title\\=Trudeau says sweeping coronavirus bill powers needed given 'exceptional situation' – National \\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6724070/coronavirus\\-canada\\-economic\\-measures\\-vote/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331212024/https://globalnews.ca/news/6724070/coronavirus\\-canada\\-economic\\-measures\\-vote/ \\|archive\\-date\\=March 31, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2020 \\|publisher\\=Globalnews.ca}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|date\\=March 24, 2020 \\|title\\=Tories will support aid to Canadians, not Liberal 'power grab': Scheer – BNN Bloomberg \\|url\\=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/tories\\-will\\-support\\-aid\\-to\\-canadians\\-not\\-liberal\\-power\\-grab\\-scheer\\-1\\.1411317 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414131233/https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/tories\\-will\\-support\\-aid\\-to\\-canadians\\-not\\-liberal\\-power\\-grab\\-scheer\\-1\\.1411317 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 14, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2020 \\|publisher\\=Bnnbloomberg.ca}} The House of Commons' Health and Finance committees began holding weekly virtual meetings during the pandemic.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Aiello \\|first\\=Rachel \\|date\\=March 31, 2020 \\|title\\=House health committee holding first virtual briefing on COVID\\-19 efforts \\|work\\=\\[\\[CTV News]] \\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/house\\-health\\-committee\\-holding\\-first\\-virtual\\-briefing\\-on\\-covid\\-19\\-efforts\\-1\\.4875766 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=March 31, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924011948/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/house\\-health\\-committee\\-holds\\-first\\-virtual\\-briefing\\-on\\-covid\\-19\\-efforts\\-1\\.4875766 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Moss \\|first\\=Neil \\|date\\=March 30, 2020 \\|title\\=COVID\\-19 can't end parliamentary scrutiny, say experts \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hill Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.hilltimes.com/2020/03/30/covid\\-19\\-cant\\-end\\-parliamentary\\-scrutiny\\-say\\-experts/241153 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=March 31, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331080347/https://www.hilltimes.com/2020/03/30/covid\\-19\\-cant\\-end\\-parliamentary\\-scrutiny\\-say\\-experts/241153 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 31, 2020}}", "Meanwhile, Dr. Theresa Tam was quoted as saying regarding Canadians' need to wear face masks: \"most people haven't learned how to use masks\" and \"there is no need to use a mask for well people.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/national\\-directive\\-on\\-wearing\\-face\\-masks\\-coming\\-today\\-trudeau\\-says\\|title\\=Tam now recommends wearing masks to guard against COVID\\-19 — two months after dismissing them \\| National Post\\|newspaper\\=National Post\\|date\\=May 20, 2020}}", "On March 28, Sophie Grégoire Trudeau announced her full recovery and thanked her well\\-wishers via social media.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\| url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6747353/sophie\\-trudeau\\-covid\\-19\\-clear/\\| title\\='All clear': Sophie Grégoire Trudeau thanks well\\-wishers after recovering from COVID\\-19\\| first\\=Maryam\\| last\\=Shah\\| date\\=March 28, 2020\\| website\\=globalnews.ca\\| access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020\\| archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140203/https://globalnews.ca/news/6747353/sophie\\-trudeau\\-covid\\-19\\-clear/\\| url\\-status\\=live}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\| url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/sophie\\-trudeau\\-feeling\\-great\\-covid\\-19\\-1\\.5513731\\| title\\=Sophie Grégoire Trudeau says she has recovered from COVID\\-19\\| first\\=John Paul\\| last\\=Tasker\\| publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\\| date\\=March 29, 2020\\| access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020\\| archive\\-date\\=June 12, 2020\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612024029/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/sophie\\-trudeau\\-feeling\\-great\\-covid\\-19\\-1\\.5513731\\| url\\-status\\=live}}", "Unemployment figures for March showed the economy had shed 1,000,000 jobs, pushing the official jobless rate to 7\\.8 percent.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Ivison \\|first1\\=John \\|title\\=Federal health agency's report on COVID\\-19 projections opts for soft\\-soap over science \\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/john\\-ivison\\-federal\\-health\\-agencys\\-report\\-on\\-covid\\-19\\-projections\\-opts\\-for\\-soft\\-soap\\-over\\-science?video\\_autoplay\\=true \\|publisher\\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \\|date\\=April 9, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 16, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20200416164105/https://nationalpost.com/opinion/john%2Divison%2Dfederal%2Dhealth%2Dagencys%2Dreport%2Don%2Dcovid%2D19%2Dprojections%2Dopts%2Dfor%2Dsoft%2Dsoap%2Dover%2Dscience?video\\_autoplay%3Dtrue \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "#### April", "[thumb\\|Vancouver, British Columbia during the COVID\\-19 pandemic on April 19\\.](/wiki/File:David_Lam_Park%2C_Yaletown_Vancouver_during_coronavirus_pandemic_%2849790733418%29.jpg \"David Lam Park, Yaletown Vancouver during coronavirus pandemic (49790733418).jpg\")\nOn April 2, Trudeau said that he foresaw the expiry of the COVID\\-19 crisis to occur only in July.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Bhattacharyya \\|first1\\=Anirudh \\|title\\=Coronavirus update: Canadian PM Justin Trudeau calls emergency Parliament session to pass legislation on Covid\\-19 \\|url\\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world\\-news/coronavirus\\-update\\-canadian\\-pm\\-justin\\-trudeau\\-calls\\-emergency\\-parliament\\-session\\-to\\-pass\\-legislation\\-on\\-covid\\-19/story\\-kQL0wA47xt9ZD9X0qrvahO.html \\|work\\=Hindustan Times \\|date\\=April 2, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809125809/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world\\-news/coronavirus\\-update\\-canadian\\-pm\\-justin\\-trudeau\\-calls\\-emergency\\-parliament\\-session\\-to\\-pass\\-legislation\\-on\\-covid\\-19/story\\-kQL0wA47xt9ZD9X0qrvahO.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On April 2, American President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") slammed 3M after invoking the US [Defense Production Act of 1950](/wiki/Defense_Production_Act_of_1950 \"Defense Production Act of 1950\") to get the company to produce N95 respirators and on April 3, Canadian officials protested a move by Trump to block [3M](/wiki/3M \"3M\")'s export of [N95 masks](/wiki/N95_mask \"N95 mask\") for use by doctors and nurses as COVID\\-19 cases were projected to soar in Ontario and Quebec. [Deputy Prime Minister](/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada \"Deputy Prime Minister of Canada\") [Chrystia Freeland](/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland \"Chrystia Freeland\") said Canada would \"do whatever it takes to defend the national interest.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Steve \\|first\\=Scherer \\|date\\=April 3, 2020 \\|title\\=Canada blasts U.S. block on 3M exports of masks as coronavirus cases set to soar \\|work\\=Reuters \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-health\\-coronavirus\\-canada/canada\\-blasts\\-us\\-block\\-on\\-3m\\-exports\\-of\\-masks\\-as\\-coronavirus\\-cases\\-set\\-to\\-soar\\-idUSKBN21L2DD \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818065017/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-health\\-coronavirus\\-canada/canada\\-blasts\\-us\\-block\\-on\\-3m\\-exports\\-of\\-masks\\-as\\-coronavirus\\-cases\\-set\\-to\\-soar\\-idUSKBN21L2DD \\|archive\\-date\\=August 18, 2020}} On April 6, the [Trump administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump \"Presidency of Donald Trump\") agreed to a deal with the 3M to import more than 166 million respirators from China over the next three months and allow 3M to continue exporting its US made respirators to Canada.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Cecco \\|first\\=Leyland \\|date\\=April 7, 2020 \\|title\\=Trump and 3M reach deal to allow N95 face masks to be exported to Canada \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/06/us\\-blocks\\-face\\-masks\\-canada\\-n95\\-protection\\-equipment \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829185728/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/06/us\\-blocks\\-face\\-masks\\-canada\\-n95\\-protection\\-equipment \\|archive\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}}", "On April 5, Queen Elizabeth addressed the Commonwealth in a televised broadcast, in which she asked people to \"take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return\". She added, \"we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; we will meet again\".{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Coronavirus: The Queen's broadcast in full \\|date\\=April 5, 2020 \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-52176208\\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2021\\|work\\=BBC News}}", "On April 6, Trudeau introduced extra aid for the [Canada Emergency Response Benefit](/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Response_Benefit \"Canada Emergency Response Benefit\") (CERB), saying \"there are groups of people who aren't benefiting from \\[it] who probably should.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Aiello\\|first\\=Rachel\\|date\\=April 6, 2020\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/more\\-aid\\-coming\\-for\\-those\\-who\\-don\\-t\\-qualify\\-for\\-current\\-covid\\-19\\-benefits\\-pm\\-1\\.4884156\\|title\\=More aid coming for those who don't qualify for current COVID\\-19 benefits\\|work\\=\\[\\[CTV News]]\\|access\\-date\\=April 6, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 18, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818042455/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/more\\-aid\\-coming\\-for\\-those\\-who\\-don\\-t\\-qualify\\-for\\-current\\-covid\\-19\\-benefits\\-pm\\-1\\.4884156\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Harris\\|first\\=Kathleen\\|date\\=April 6, 2020\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cerb\\-covid19\\-benefits\\-trudeau\\-1\\.5523052\\|title\\=Trudeau promises more Canadians will be covered by COVID\\-19 emergency benefit\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBC News]]\\|access\\-date\\=April 6, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 6, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806005843/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cerb\\-covid19\\-benefits\\-trudeau\\-1\\.5523052\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Also on April 6, [Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam \"Theresa Tam\"), the CPHO of Canada, noted that people with COVID\\-19 may be contagious even if they are pre\\-symptomatic or asymptomatic.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=2zidS5XncGM\\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/2zidS5XncGM\\| archive\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-17 \\| url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Dr. Theresa Tam says non\\-medical masks can prevent asymptomatic spread of virus \\| COVID\\-19\\|access\\-date\\=June 6, 2021\\|via\\=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}} She advised the use of a \"non\\-medical face mask when shopping or using public transit\" because \"A non\\-medical mask can reduce the chance of your respiratory droplets coming into contact with others or land\\[ing] on surfaces\". Tam offered advice on how to use \"a cotton shirt combined with rubber bands\" to create a [DIY](/wiki/DIY \"DIY\") non\\-medical face mask.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Theresa Tam offers new advice: Wear a non\\-medical face mask when shopping or using public transit \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\\-tam\\-offers\\-new\\-advice\\-wear\\-a\\-non\\-medical\\-mask\\-when\\-shopping\\-or\\-using/ \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=April 6, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 18, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818160640/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\\-tam\\-offers\\-new\\-advice\\-wear\\-a\\-non\\-medical\\-mask\\-when\\-shopping\\-or\\-using/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On April 7, Trudeau brought up the topic of masks, where he said, \"If people want to wear a [mask](/wiki/Cloth_face_mask \"Cloth face mask\"), that is okay. It protects others more than it protects you, because it prevents you from breathing or... or... speaking, uh... 'moistly' on them.\" He immediately regrets his [word choice](/wiki/Word_choice \"Word choice\") and says, \"Ugh, what a terrible image.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=April 7, 2020 \\|title\\=Trudeau responds to question about wearing non\\-medical masks \\|work\\=\\[\\[Toronto Star]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=yIVA6MRS3J4 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502020736/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=yIVA6MRS3J4 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 2, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=April 7, 2020 \\|title\\=PM Trudeau provides update on federal response to COVID\\-19 \\|work\\=\\[\\[CPAC (TV channel)\\|CPAC]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=B\\-EDanhruQY \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612010426/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=B\\-EDanhruQY \\|archive\\-date\\=June 12, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=April 8, 2020 \\|title\\=Trudeau says \"Speaking moistly\" during update and immediately regrets it \\|work\\=Your Morning \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CTV Television Network\\|CTV]] \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=slK5IY\\_GJzI \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516050726/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=slK5IY\\_GJzI \\|archive\\-date\\=May 16, 2020}} The unusual word choice has led the creation of a [remix](/wiki/Remix \"Remix\") song, \"[Speaking Moistly](/wiki/Speaking_Moistly \"Speaking Moistly\")\", based on the speech.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=April 12, 2020 \\|title\\=Edmonton musician riffs on Justin Trudeau's cringe\\-worthy 'speaking moistly' gaffe \\|work\\=\\[\\[CBC News]] \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/justin\\-trudeau\\-speaking\\-moistly\\-youtube\\-1\\.5529347 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519003529/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/justin\\-trudeau\\-speaking\\-moistly\\-youtube\\-1\\.5529347 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 19, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Edmonton artist auto\\-tunes PM's 'speaking moistly' comments \\|work\\=\\[\\[CityNews Toronto]] \\|url\\=https://toronto.citynews.ca/video/2020/04/12/edmonton\\-artist\\-auto\\-tunes\\-pms\\-speaking\\-moistly\\-comments \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=May 3, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418041053/https://toronto.citynews.ca/video/2020/04/12/edmonton\\-artist\\-auto\\-tunes\\-pms\\-speaking\\-moistly\\-comments/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 18, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Belmonte \\|first\\=Lisa \\|date\\=April 9, 2020 \\|title\\=Justin Trudeau's 'Speaking Moistly' Moment Was Turned Into A Song \\& It's Hilarious \\|work\\=\\[\\[Narcity Media]] \\|url\\=https://www.narcity.com/news/ca/justin\\-trudeaus\\-speaking\\-moistly\\-comment\\-got\\-turned\\-into\\-a\\-song\\-and\\-its\\-so\\-funny \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=May 3, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519003527/https://www.narcity.com/news/ca/justin\\-trudeaus\\-speaking\\-moistly\\-comment\\-got\\-turned\\-into\\-a\\-song\\-and\\-its\\-so\\-funny \\|archive\\-date\\=May 19, 2020}}", "On April 9, the federal government released modelling that, even with strong public health measures, showed between 11,000 and 22,000 deaths over the course of the pandemic, with that number being closer to 300,000 deaths if no measures had been taken.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19\\-modelling\\-projections\\-1\\.5527365\\|title\\=Federal health officials project up to 700 COVID\\-19 deaths in Canada by April 16\\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\\|date\\=April 9, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 17, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817011021/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19\\-modelling\\-projections\\-1\\.5527365\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Trudeau warned that \"normality as it was before will not come back full\\-on until we get a vaccine for this\", and that residents would \"have to remain vigilant for at least a year.\"{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6799110/coronavirus\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-return\\-to\\-normality\\-trudeau/\\|title\\=No return to 'normality' until coronavirus vaccine is available, Trudeau says\\|website\\=Global News\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 20, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820220153/https://globalnews.ca/news/6799110/coronavirus\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-return\\-to\\-normality\\-trudeau/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=PM Trudeau: This will be the new normal, until a vaccine is developed\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/pm\\-trudeau\\-this\\-will\\-be\\-the\\-new\\-normal\\-until\\-a\\-vaccine\\-is\\-developed\\-1\\.4889651\\|last\\=Aiello\\|first\\=Rachel\\|date\\=April 9, 2020\\|website\\=CTV News\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817194835/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/pm\\-trudeau\\-this\\-will\\-be\\-the\\-new\\-normal\\-until\\-a\\-vaccine\\-is\\-developed\\-1\\.4889651\\|archive\\-date\\=August 17, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2020}} The same day, Trudeau sent a letter to the [provincial and territorial premiers](/wiki/Premier_%28Canada%29 \"Premier (Canada)\") to consult about invoking the *[Emergencies Act](/wiki/Emergencies_Act \"Emergencies Act\")*.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Tunney \\|first1\\=Catharine \\|last2\\=Hall \\|first2\\=Chris \\|title\\=As supply concerns grow, Ottawa lays the groundwork for never\\-used Emergencies Act \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies\\-act\\-province\\-letter\\-1\\.5526496 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBC News]] \\|date\\=April 9, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 17, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817011007/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies\\-act\\-province\\-letter\\-1\\.5526496 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} While consultation with the provinces is a required step before the Act can be triggered, the [Prime Minister's Office](/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_%28Canada%29 \"Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)\") said there was no present plan to enact it and that doing so remained a last resort.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Lynn \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=In wake of letter sent by feds, Sask. premier doesn't 'see the need' to invoke Canada's Emergencies Act \\|url\\=https://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/in\\-wake\\-of\\-letter\\-sent\\-by\\-feds\\-sask\\-premier\\-doesn\\-t\\-see\\-the\\-need\\-to\\-invoke\\-canada\\-s\\-emergencies\\-act\\-1\\.4890903 \\|work\\=\\[\\[CTV News]] \\|date\\=April 9, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140218/https://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/in\\-wake\\-of\\-letter\\-sent\\-by\\-feds\\-sask\\-premier\\-doesn\\-t\\-see\\-the\\-need\\-to\\-invoke\\-canada\\-s\\-emergencies\\-act\\-1\\.4890903 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Taylor \\|first1\\=Stephanie \\|title\\=Saskatchewan premier doesn't see need for Emergencies Act in COVID\\-19 fight \\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news\\-pmn/canada\\-news\\-pmn/saskatchewan\\-premier\\-doesnt\\-see\\-need\\-for\\-emergencies\\-act\\-in\\-covid\\-19\\-fight \\|work\\=\\[\\[National Post]] \\|date\\=April 9, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2020 }} On a conference call between Trudeau and the premiers later that day, the premiers communicated their unanimous opposition to invoking the Act.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Tunney \\|first1\\=Catharine \\|last2\\=Cullen \\|first2\\=Catherine \\|last3\\=Cochrane \\|first3\\=David \\|title\\=Need for Emergencies Act rejected by premiers on call with PM \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies\\-act\\-premiers\\-consensus\\-1\\.5529119 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBC News]] \\|date\\=April 10, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715112237/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies\\-act\\-premiers\\-consensus\\-1\\.5529119 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Lilley \\|first1\\=Brian \\|title\\=Premiers say no to Trudeau on Emergencies Act \\|url\\=https://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/lilley\\-premiers\\-say\\-no\\-to\\-trudeau\\-on\\-emergencies\\-act \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Toronto Sun]] \\|date\\=April 10, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 11, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424162326/https://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/lilley\\-premiers\\-say\\-no\\-to\\-trudeau\\-on\\-emergencies\\-act \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On April 10, the [RCMP](/wiki/RCMP \"RCMP\") disclosed it has been asked to enforce the *[Quarantine Act, 2005](/wiki/Quarantine_Act%2C_2005 \"Quarantine Act, 2005\")*. Penalties for violations can include a fine of up to $750,000 and imprisonment for six months.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=April 10, 2020\\|title\\=RCMP to enforce Quarantine Act, while Trudeau says no plan to invoke Emergencies Act\\|work\\=National Post\\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canada\\-quarantine\\-act\\-emergencies\\-act?video\\_autoplay\\=true}} One reporter said that the RCMP \"could enter homes to enforce Quarantine Act orders if Canadians don't self\\-isolate... \\[and] will do physical checks to enforce it.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Mounties could enter homes to enforce Quarantine Act orders if Canadians don't self\\-isolate \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\\-rcmp\\-warns\\-it\\-will\\-enforce\\-the\\-quarantine\\-act\\-if\\-canadians\\-dont\\-self/ \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=April 10, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 13, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413084041/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\\-rcmp\\-warns\\-it\\-will\\-enforce\\-the\\-quarantine\\-act\\-if\\-canadians\\-dont\\-self/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} It was reported that the [Canadian Forces Intelligence Command](/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Intelligence_Command \"Canadian Forces Intelligence Command\") Medical Intelligence Cell (MEDINT) has submitted reports on the outbreak in Wuhan since January 2020\\.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=April 10, 2020\\|title\\=Canadian military intelligence unit issued warning about Wuhan outbreak back in January\\|publisher\\=CBC News\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\\-pandemic\\-covid\\-canadian\\-military\\-intelligence\\-wuhan\\-1\\.5528381\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=May 4, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 17, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817010839/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\\-pandemic\\-covid\\-canadian\\-military\\-intelligence\\-wuhan\\-1\\.5528381}}", "On April 11, Parliament re\\-convened to pass Bill C\\-14: *[COVID\\-19 Emergency Response Act, No. 2](/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Wage_Subsidy \"Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy\")*, and thereby adopt the [CEWS](/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Wage_Subsidy \"Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy\"). As with the previous sitting on March 24, 35 MPs stood in for the full complement of 338 members due to the need for COVID\\-19 social distancing. Government briefing notes detailed \"a bureaucracy reluctant to put inbound China passengers in mandatory quarantine or close borders to arrivals from other (COVID\\-19\\) hotspots.\" [Yves\\-François Blanchet](/wiki/Yves-Fran%C3%A7ois_Blanchet \"Yves-François Blanchet\") supported Trudeau when he \"raised [health and safety](/wiki/Health_and_safety \"Health and safety\") concerns over holding regular meetings (in order) to respect physical distancing\".{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Patel \\|first1\\=Raisa \\|title\\=Parliament adopts wage subsidy bill as MPs applaud all\\-party collaboration \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/parliament\\-reconvenes\\-to\\-debate\\-wage\\-subsidy\\-bill\\-1\\.5529736 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=April 11, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715112148/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/parliament\\-reconvenes\\-to\\-debate\\-wage\\-subsidy\\-bill\\-1\\.5529736 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} All that was needed to debate and to pass the bill to spend $73 billion were five hours.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Parliament passes $73B COVID\\-19 wage subsidy bill \\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/parliament\\-passes\\-73b\\-covid\\-19\\-wage\\-subsidy\\-bill\\-1\\.4892201 \\|agency\\=Bell Media \\|publisher\\=CTV News \\|date\\=April 11, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809205140/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/parliament\\-passes\\-73b\\-covid\\-19\\-wage\\-subsidy\\-bill\\-1\\.4892201 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On April 15, Trudeau warned against premature reopening of the economy, stating that \"in order to get to that point, we need to continue doing what we are doing now for many more weeks\".{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/pm\\-trudeau\\-on\\-reopening\\-economy\\-it\\-s\\-not\\-happening\\-yet\\-1\\.4897564\\|title\\=PM Trudeau on reopening economy: 'It's not happening yet'\\|last\\=Gilmore\\|first\\=Rachel\\|date\\=April 15, 2020\\|website\\=CTV News\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=April 16, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416083634/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/pm\\-trudeau\\-on\\-reopening\\-economy\\-it\\-s\\-not\\-happening\\-yet\\-1\\.4897564\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n[thumb\\|Anti\\-lockdown protest in [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver \"Vancouver\") on April 26\\.](/wiki/File:COVID-19_Vancouver%27s_largest_protest%2C_April_26th_2020_%2849823981297%29.jpg \"COVID-19 Vancouver's largest protest, April 26th 2020 (49823981297).jpg\")", "[Catherine McKenna](/wiki/Catherine_McKenna \"Catherine McKenna\") announced on April 16 that the [Ministry of Infrastructure and Communities](/wiki/Ministry_of_Infrastructure_and_Communities \"Ministry of Infrastructure and Communities\") sought shovel\\-ready infrastructure projects to receive in the 2020 construction season some \"largely unspent\" funds that had already been budgeted.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=April 16, 2020 \\|title\\=Morning Brief: Feds seek 'shovel\\-ready' projects for post\\-COVID\\-19 stimulus \\|publisher\\=iPolitics \\|url\\=https://ipolitics.ca/2020/04/16/morning\\-brief\\-feds\\-seek\\-shovel\\-ready\\-projects\\-for\\-post\\-covid\\-19\\-stimulus/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=May 15, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514150154/https://ipolitics.ca/2020/04/16/morning\\-brief\\-feds\\-seek\\-shovel\\-ready\\-projects\\-for\\-post\\-covid\\-19\\-stimulus/ \\|archive\\-date\\=May 14, 2020}}", "On April 20, Parliament's temporary suspension for five weeks expired and it voted to sit only once weekly on Wednesdays.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Curry \\|first1\\=Bill \\|title\\=House of Commons votes to meet in\\-person once a week, with more on video \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\\-scheer\\-defends\\-push\\-for\\-more\\-in\\-person\\-house\\-of\\-commons\\-sittings\\-amid/ \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=April 20, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 28, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428163531/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\\-scheer\\-defends\\-push\\-for\\-more\\-in\\-person\\-house\\-of\\-commons\\-sittings\\-amid/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On April 28, it was revealed that \"79 percent of all deaths in the country\" were to that date connected with \"long\\-term care and seniors' homes.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Long\\-term care connected to 79 percent of COVID\\-19 deaths in Canada \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\\-long\\-term\\-care\\-connected\\-to\\-79\\-per\\-cent\\-of\\-covid\\-19\\-deaths\\-in\\-canada/ \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=April 28, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614234526/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\\-long\\-term\\-care\\-connected\\-to\\-79\\-per\\-cent\\-of\\-covid\\-19\\-deaths\\-in\\-canada/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=PM urges Canadians not to drop their guard as officials show progress in COVID\\-19 fight \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/updated\\-federal\\-covid\\-modelling\\-1\\.5547443 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=April 28, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 1, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701002248/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/updated\\-federal\\-covid\\-modelling\\-1\\.5547443 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On April 30, the [Parliamentary Budget Officer](/wiki/Parliamentary_Budget_Officer \"Parliamentary Budget Officer\") warned that the Federal deficit for fiscal year 2020 could be in excess of $252 billion.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Federal deficit could top $252 billion, says budget officer \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pbo\\-deficit\\-covid\\-1\\.5550498 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=April 30, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 30, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730065349/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pbo\\-deficit\\-covid\\-1\\.5550498 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "#### May", "[thumb\\|Shelves void of disinfectant and sanitizer in a Canadian supermarket.\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:Shelves_void_of_sanitizer_in_a_Canadian_supermarket.jpg \"Shelves void of sanitizer in a Canadian supermarket.jpg\")\nOn May 1, 2020, royal assent was granted to Bill C\\-15, to implement the [Canada Emergency Student Benefit](/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Student_Benefit \"Canada Emergency Student Benefit\") (CESB), after a cursory one\\-day consideration by 35 MPs. It established a subsidy programme for secondary school graduates and post\\-secondary students.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Government Bill (House of Commons) C\\-15 (43–1\\) – Royal Assent – Canada Emergency Student Benefit Act – Parliament of Canada\\|url\\=https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\\-1/bill/C\\-15/royal\\-assent\\|website\\=parl.ca\\|access\\-date\\=May 4, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809125129/https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\\-1/bill/C\\-15/royal\\-assent\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Students who cannot find employment or are unable to work due to the COVID\\-19 pandemic are eligible for CA$1,250 per month from May through August 2020\\.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Support for Students and Recent Graduates Impacted by COVID\\-19\\|url\\=https://www.canada.ca/en/department\\-finance/news/2020/04/support\\-for\\-students\\-and\\-recent\\-graduates\\-impacted\\-by\\-covid\\-19\\.html\\|date\\=April 22, 2020\\|website\\=Department of Finance\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504145530/https://www.canada.ca/en/department\\-finance/news/2020/04/support\\-for\\-students\\-and\\-recent\\-graduates\\-impacted\\-by\\-covid\\-19\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=May 4, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=May 4, 2020}}", "On May 4, Trudeau discouraged Canadians from displaying complacency due to the lifting of economic restrictions by provinces, emphasizing that it was \"extremely important\" for citizens to continue practicing social distancing and personal hygiene to prevent the spread, and not go out \"unless you absolutely have to\". He explained that although the country was on a \"positive trajectory\", \"we are not out of the woods, however, and it requires us to continue to remain attentive and vigilant and following the instructions set out by our public health officials.\"{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=As provinces gradually reopen, PM says don't go out 'unless you absolutely have to'\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/as\\-provinces\\-gradually\\-reopen\\-pm\\-says\\-don\\-t\\-go\\-out\\-unless\\-you\\-absolutely\\-have\\-to\\-1\\.4923768\\|last\\=Aiello\\|first\\=Rachel\\|date\\=May 4, 2020\\|website\\=CTV News\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504192803/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/as\\-provinces\\-gradually\\-reopen\\-pm\\-says\\-don\\-t\\-go\\-out\\-unless\\-you\\-absolutely\\-have\\-to\\-1\\.4923768\\|archive\\-date\\=May 4, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=May 4, 2020}}", "On May 5, the Canadian red meat industry was granted access to federal COVID emergency subsidies.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Fortune \\|first1\\=Aidan \\|title\\=Canadian red meat industry receives coronavirus support \\|url\\=https://www.globalmeatnews.com/Article/2020/05/05/Canadian\\-red\\-meat\\-industry\\-receives\\-coronavirus\\-support \\|agency\\=William Reed Business Media Ltd \\|publisher\\=GlobalMeatNews \\|date\\=May 5, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924012454/https://www.foodnavigator\\-usa.com/Article/2020/05/05/Canadian\\-red\\-meat\\-industry\\-receives\\-coronavirus\\-support \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "By May 8, 60 percent of COVID\\-19 fatalities were in Quebec, which has around 20 percent of the nation's population. Montreal was called \"the epicentre of the pandemic in Canada.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\='Why would he pick a fight with us?' COVID\\-19 raises tensions between Trudeau government and Quebec \\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/why\\-would\\-he\\-pick\\-a\\-fight\\-with\\-us\\-covid\\-19\\-raises\\-tensions\\-between\\-trudeau\\-government\\-and\\-quebec?video\\_autoplay\\=true \\|publisher\\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \\|date\\=May 8, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 9, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20200509042659/https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/why\\-would\\-he\\-pick\\-a\\-fight\\-with\\-us\\-covid\\-19\\-raises\\-tensions\\-between\\-trudeau\\-government\\-and\\-quebec?video\\_autoplay\\=true \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On May 11, Trudeau, Morneau and Bains in a press conference said that \"a bridge financing facility for large employers that need help to get through the economic downturn caused by the coronavirus.\" One stated goal was \"to avoid bankruptcies of otherwise viable firms wherever possible... Companies that use the lending facility will have to commit to respect collective bargaining agreements, protecting workers’ pensions, and support national climate goals. Rules on access to the money will place limits on dividends, share buy\\-backs and executive pay.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Scherer \\|first1\\=Steve \\|title\\=Ottawa to create bridge financing for big companies, including airlines and energy, that need help in crisis \\|url\\=https://business.financialpost.com/news/economy/canada\\-to\\-help\\-large\\-companies\\-bridge\\-coronavirus\\-crisis\\-with\\-financing\\-facility\\-2 \\|agency\\=Reuters \\|publisher\\=Financial Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \\|date\\=May 11, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 4, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604075129/https://business.financialpost.com/news/economy/canada\\-to\\-help\\-large\\-companies\\-bridge\\-coronavirus\\-crisis\\-with\\-financing\\-facility\\-2 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The [Large Employer Emergency Financing Facility](/wiki/Large_Employer_Emergency_Financing_Facility \"Large Employer Emergency Financing Facility\") (LEEFF) will only target companies with annual revenues in excess of $300 million.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Harris \\|first1\\=Kathleen \\|title\\=Federal government offers bridge loans – not 'bailouts' – for big businesses hit by COVID\\-19 \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/bridge\\-financing\\-big\\-business\\-1\\.5564218 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=May 11, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 31, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731084012/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/bridge\\-financing\\-big\\-business\\-1\\.5564218 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On May 12, [Parliamentary Budget Officer](/wiki/Parliamentary_Budget_Officer \"Parliamentary Budget Officer\") (PBO) [Yves Giroux](/wiki/Yves_Giroux \"Yves Giroux\") raised the possibility that the federal debt \"will hit $1 trillion because of pandemic relief spending.\" Giroux said it was possible that pandemic programs could cost \"more than what the entire federal government spent last year on everything\", roughly $338 billion.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Tasker \\|first1\\=John Paul \\|title\\=Federal deficit likely to be higher than $252 billion, parliamentary budget officer says \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/federal\\-deficit\\-higher\\-than\\-252\\-billion\\-1\\.5566768 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=May 12, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825055956/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/federal\\-deficit\\-higher\\-than\\-252\\-billion\\-1\\.5566768 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Also on May 12, it was announced by [Minister of International Development](/wiki/Minister_of_International_Development \"Minister of International Development\") [Karina Gould](/wiki/Karina_Gould \"Karina Gould\") that $600 million would be contributed by the taxpayer to [GAVI](/wiki/GAVI \"GAVI\"), \"a vaccine alliance that improves vaccine access for vulnerable children around the world.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Gilmore \\|first1\\=Rachel \\|title\\=Feds pump more funds into global effort to increase vaccine access \\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/feds\\-pump\\-more\\-funds\\-into\\-global\\-effort\\-to\\-increase\\-vaccine\\-access\\-1\\.4936280 \\|publisher\\=CTV News \\|date\\=May 12, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809134708/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/feds\\-pump\\-more\\-funds\\-into\\-global\\-effort\\-to\\-increase\\-vaccine\\-access\\-1\\.4936280 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Also on May 12, [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada \"Health Canada\") issued a press release with the announcement that the [CCITF](/wiki/CCITF \"CCITF\") [serological test](/wiki/Serological_test \"Serological test\") would be administered to one million Canadians over the next two years. The government has selected [DiaSorin](/wiki/DiaSorin \"DiaSorin\") to manufacture the tests.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Health Canada authorizes serological test for COVID\\-19 antibodies \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/covid\\-19\\-coronavirus\\-serological\\-test\\-1\\.5567243 \\|agency\\=The Canadian Press \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=May 12, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825044349/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/covid\\-19\\-coronavirus\\-serological\\-test\\-1\\.5567243 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On May 14, [Lufthansa Group](/wiki/Lufthansa_Group \"Lufthansa Group\") announced it would resume flights between Toronto and Frankfurt as of June 3,{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Lufthansa prepares to resume flights to Canada in June \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/lufthansa\\-toronto\\-frankfurt\\-1\\.5570624 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=May 14, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 4, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704044232/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/lufthansa\\-toronto\\-frankfurt\\-1\\.5570624 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} as part of its resumption of global business.{{cn\\|date\\=June 2024}}", "On May 15, Conservative leader [Andrew Scheer](/wiki/Andrew_Scheer \"Andrew Scheer\") told a press conference that the Conservative caucus wanted Parliament to resume sitting as normal on May 25 and desired to withhold their consent to the 35\\-day rolling adjournment that prevents the regular operation of Parliament. Scheer observed that \"Elected members of Parliament come here to be a voice for their constituents.\" Because all\\-party consent is required to suspend the animation of Parliament, it will need to resume sitting.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Tasker \\|first1\\=John Paul \\|title\\=Scheer wants in\\-person Parliament to resume on May 25, demands a fiscal update \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/scheer\\-in\\-person\\-parliament\\-sittings\\-1\\.5571445 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=May 15, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826051114/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/scheer\\-in\\-person\\-parliament\\-sittings\\-1\\.5571445 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Levitz \\|first1\\=Stephanie \\|title\\=Conservatives dissent as committee recommends move to virtual sittings for all Commons business, votes \\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/news/parliament\\-must\\-resume\\-to\\-guide\\-recovery\\-conservative\\-leader\\-scheer\\-says?video\\_autoplay\\=true \\|agency\\=The Canadian Press \\|publisher\\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \\|date\\=May 15, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 16, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20200516232655/https://nationalpost.com/news/parliament\\-must\\-resume\\-to\\-guide\\-recovery\\-conservative\\-leader\\-scheer\\-says?video\\_autoplay\\=true \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On May 19, during a press conference with Justin Trudeau and [Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam \"Theresa Tam\") that the 20th week of 2020 versus the same figures in 2019 saw a drop of 88 percent in land border crossers, and a 98 percent drop in international air travel.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Police report 2,200 home quarantine checks as Trudeau talks about stricter border measures \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/border\\-quarantine\\-police\\-trudeau\\-1\\.5575617 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=May 20, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822024000/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/border\\-quarantine\\-police\\-trudeau\\-1\\.5575617 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The following day CPHO Tam reversed her decision from March on the wearing of masks and began asking Canadians to start wearing masks.", "On May 21, [the Canadian Armed Forces](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada%23Canadian_Armed_Forces \"COVID-19 pandemic in Canada#Canadian Armed Forces\"), who had been tasked previously in [Operation LASER](/wiki/Operation_LASER \"Operation LASER\") with care for the senior citizens in the Long\\-Term Care Facilities of Ontario and Quebec had potentially been victimised by a COVID\\-19 [SSEV](/wiki/SSEV \"SSEV\"). The disease affected 25 soldiers as of this date, but neither the CAF nor the DND would divulge details.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Brewster \\|first1\\=Murray \\|title\\=COVID\\-19 infections skyrocket among troops deployed in long\\-term care homes \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pandemic\\-covid\\-coronavirus\\-canadian\\-forces\\-long\\-term\\-care\\-1\\.5578948 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=May 21, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822003716/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pandemic\\-covid\\-coronavirus\\-canadian\\-forces\\-long\\-term\\-care\\-1\\.5578948 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On May 25, Parliamentary Secretary to the [Minister of National Defence](/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_%28Canada%29 \"Minister of National Defence (Canada)\") [Anita Vandenbeld](/wiki/Anita_Vandenbeld \"Anita Vandenbeld\") disclosed to the third sitting of the resumed [43rd Canadian Parliament](/wiki/43rd_Canadian_Parliament \"43rd Canadian Parliament\") that 36 soldiers from Operation LASER had been infected with COVID\\-19 disease. Vandenbeld corrected for the record [Cheryl Gallant](/wiki/Cheryl_Gallant \"Cheryl Gallant\") who had been under the mistaken impression that only 28 soldiers (12 positives in Ontario and 16 in Quebec) had been infected.{{\\#invoke:cite journal\\|\\|title\\=MONDAY, MAY 25, 2020 \\|journal\\=Hansard – Debates of the House of Commons \\|volume\\=43RD PARLIAMENT, 1ST SESSION \\|issue\\=37 \\|url\\=https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\\-1/house/sitting\\-37/hansard \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809094833/https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\\-1/house/sitting\\-37/hansard \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Also on that day, Doug Ford announced that Ontario had a [heat map](/wiki/Heat_map \"Heat map\") of the outbreak locations, and that [Brampton](/wiki/Brampton \"Brampton\"), north [Etobicoke](/wiki/Etobicoke \"Etobicoke\"), [Scarborough](/wiki/Scarborough%2C_Toronto \"Scarborough, Toronto\"), [Peel Region](/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Peel \"Regional Municipality of Peel\"), [Windsor](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Ontario \"Windsor, Ontario\") and [Essex County](/wiki/Essex_County%2C_Ontario \"Essex County, Ontario\") were \"lighting up like Christmas trees\". It was disclosed that Toronto\\-area public health units account for 65% of cases in Ontario.\n{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Carter \\|first1\\=Adam \\|title\\=Ontario won't specify COVID\\-19 'hotspots' even as premier urges testing \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/covid\\-hotspots\\-ontario\\-testing\\-1\\.5583679 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=May 25, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825043229/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/covid\\-hotspots\\-ontario\\-testing\\-1\\.5583679 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "#### June", "On June 18, 2020, Canada reached 100,000 coronavirus cases,{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Canada surpasses 100,000 COVID\\-19 cases {{!}} Watch News Videos Online\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/video/7083056/canada\\-surpasses\\-100000\\-covid\\-19\\-cases/\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2020\\|website\\=Global News\\|archive\\-date\\=August 24, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824160150/https://globalnews.ca/video/7083056/canada\\-surpasses\\-100000\\-covid\\-19\\-cases/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} a little over three months since the suspension of Parliament for the same reason. A *[CBC News](/wiki/CBC_News \"CBC News\")* tally of reported deaths from COVID\\-19 on the same date was 8,348\\.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Canada tops 100,000 reported coronavirus cases \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada\\-coronavirus\\-covid\\-19\\-cases\\-1\\.5617042 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=June 18, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 28, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828040708/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada\\-coronavirus\\-covid\\-19\\-cases\\-1\\.5617042 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On June 24, [Fitch Ratings](/wiki/Fitch_Ratings \"Fitch Ratings\") Inc., a bond ratings agency, downgraded Canada's credit rating from triple\\-A to double\\-A\\-plus. The government had sported a triple\\-A credit rating with Fitch since the [Martin government](/wiki/27th_Canadian_Ministry \"27th Canadian Ministry\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Curry \\|first1\\=Bill \\|title\\=Fitch downgrades Canada's credit rating as deficit grows due to emergency coronavirus spending \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\\-fitch\\-downgrades\\-canadas\\-credit\\-rating\\-as\\-deficit\\-grows\\-due\\-to/ \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=June 24, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809094044/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\\-fitch\\-downgrades\\-canadas\\-credit\\-rating\\-as\\-deficit\\-grows\\-due\\-to/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On June 25, former [Clerk of the Privy Council of Canada](/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Privy_Council_of_Canada \"Clerk of the Privy Council of Canada\") [Michael Wernick](/wiki/Michael_Wernick \"Michael Wernick\") predicted that one of the side\\-effects of the COVID\\-19 pandemic would be the shrinkage of the number of paid civil servants of Canada. He drew analogies to the debt problem in the 1980s which led \"to a 1995 austerity budget that saw 45,000 public service jobs slashed, the elimination of 73 federal agencies, a 21 percent reduction in foreign aid and the privatization of [Canadian National Railways](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railways \"Canadian National Railways\").\" Wernick said that:{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Former Privy Council clerk predicts federal debt will lead to public service cuts in Canada \\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/news/national/wernick\\-predicts\\-federal\\-debt\\-will\\-lead\\-to\\-public\\-service\\-cuts\\-in\\-canada/ \\|publisher\\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \\|date\\=June 25, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2020 }}\n{{cquote\\|One of the consequences of all this work from home experience is that ministers will figure out it really doesn't matter where those public servants are, they can be brought together for work teams and projects... The federal service, it will be smaller, it will be less concentrated in \\[\\[Ottawa]].}}", "#### July", "The western provinces reported a surge in cases around the middle of July. Ontario reported 203 new cases in one day, Quebec reported 180 new cases in 24 hours, Alberta reported 368 new cases over the weekend, and Saskatchewan reported 120 in a previous week.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=As young people come out of lockdown, Canada is seeing a spike in COVID\\-19 cases \\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/as\\-young\\-people\\-come\\-out\\-of\\-lockdown\\-canada\\-is\\-seeing\\-a\\-spike\\-in\\-covid\\-19\\-cases \\|last\\=Desai \\|first\\=Devika \\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2020 \\|work\\=\\[\\[National Post]]\\|language\\=en\\-CA \\|archive\\-date\\=February 18, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20210218163047/https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/as%2Dyoung%2Dpeople%2Dcome%2Dout%2Dof%2Dlockdown%2Dcanada%2Dis%2Dseeing%2Da%2Dspike%2Din%2Dcovid%2D19%2Dcases \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "#### August", "On August 26, a 72 year\\-old New Zealand mariner named Peter Smith was threatened by [Transport Canada](/wiki/Transport_Canada \"Transport Canada\") as his *Kiwi Roa* sailed through the [Northwest Passage](/wiki/Northwest_Passage \"Northwest Passage\"), because the government \"prohibited pleasure craft from operating in Arctic waters\" from June 1 \"to better protect Arctic communities\" from COVID\\-19\\. Smith opined that the bureaucracy is \"out of control and gone mad.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Last \\|first1\\=John \\|title\\=New Zealander sails through Arctic on custom yacht in violation of COVID\\-19 restrictions \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/new\\-zealand\\-yacht\\-cambridge\\-bay\\-nunavut\\-1\\.5698347 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=August 26, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 20, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920051500/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/new\\-zealand\\-yacht\\-cambridge\\-bay\\-nunavut\\-1\\.5698347 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "#### September", "In early September, federal [Minister of Transport](/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_%28Canada%29 \"Minister of Transport (Canada)\") [Marc Garneau](/wiki/Marc_Garneau \"Marc Garneau\") remarked that airline passengers face a $1000 penalty fine if they refuse to wear a mask. The penalty was imposed in separate incidents (in June then July) on the first two passengers in September in order for others to reflect on the punished behaviour.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Canada: 1000 dollars d'amende pour refus de port du masque en avion \\|url\\=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash\\-eco/canada\\-1000\\-dollars\\-d\\-amende\\-pour\\-refus\\-de\\-port\\-du\\-masque\\-en\\-avion\\-20200904 \\|agency\\=Agence France\\-Presse \\|work\\=Le Figaro \\|date\\=September 4, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 18, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918174818/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash\\-eco/canada\\-1000\\-dollars\\-d\\-amende\\-pour\\-refus\\-de\\-port\\-du\\-masque\\-en\\-avion\\-20200904 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=2 passengers fined $1,000 each after refusing to wear masks on WestJet flights \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener\\-waterloo/no\\-masks\\-fine\\-westjet\\-flights\\-waterloo\\-vancouver\\-calgary\\-1\\.5712590 \\|agency\\=The Canadian Press \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=September 4, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 13, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913170243/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener\\-waterloo/no\\-masks\\-fine\\-westjet\\-flights\\-waterloo\\-vancouver\\-calgary\\-1\\.5712590 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Reynolds \\|first1\\=Christopher \\|title\\=2 people who refused to wear masks on flights face $1,000 fines from Transport Canada \\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/7316538/transport\\-canada\\-flight\\-mask\\-fines/ \\|agency\\=The Canadian Press \\|publisher\\=CTV \\|date\\=September 4, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924012518/https://globalnews.ca/news/7316538/transport\\-canada\\-flight\\-mask\\-fines/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Face coverings have been mandatory on flights since April 20\\. \"Federal transport officials\" were charged with issuing the fines \"under [the federal order](/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_legislation \"Primary and secondary legislation\")\".{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Transport Canada issues first fines to air passengers who refused to wear masks \\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news\\-pmn/canada\\-news\\-pmn/transport\\-canada\\-issues\\-first\\-fines\\-to\\-air\\-passengers\\-who\\-refused\\-to\\-wear\\-masks \\|agency\\=The Canadian Press \\|publisher\\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \\|date\\=September 4, 2020}} The same week, [WestJet](/wiki/WestJet \"WestJet\") announced a new policy that include a 12\\-month long ban for passengers who ignored aircrew instructions to don masks. The [PHAC](/wiki/PHAC \"PHAC\") stated that 378 domestic and 595 international flights between March 2 and August 24 had travellers on board who may have had the disease during their trip.", "On September 7, Hajdu ordered an \"independent review\" of the \"early warning system\" after media reports in July documented how the [Global Public Health Intelligence Network](/wiki/Global_Public_Health_Intelligence_Network \"Global Public Health Intelligence Network\") (GPHIN), formerly a [PHAC](/wiki/PHAC \"PHAC\") subgroup, was deemed by a senior bureaucrat to be unnecessary.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Robertson \\|first1\\=Grant \\|title\\=Health Minister orders review of pandemic warning system, concerns raised by scientists \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\\-health\\-minister\\-orders\\-review\\-of\\-pandemic\\-warning\\-system\\-concerns/ \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=September 7, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 20, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920092146/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\\-health\\-minister\\-orders\\-review\\-of\\-pandemic\\-warning\\-system\\-concerns/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On September 18, Conservative Party leader [Erin O'Toole](/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole \"Erin O'Toole\") tested positive for [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\"), after a staffer in his office tested positive.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Aiello\\|first\\=Rachel\\|date\\=September 18, 2020\\|title\\=Conservative Leader Erin O'Toole tests positive for COVID\\-19\\|work\\=\\[\\[CTV News]]\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/conservative\\-leader\\-erin\\-o\\-toole\\-tests\\-positive\\-for\\-covid\\-19\\-1\\.5111604\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=September 18, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924012521/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/conservative\\-leader\\-erin\\-o\\-toole\\-tests\\-positive\\-for\\-covid\\-19\\-1\\.5111604}} The same day, Bloc Quebecois leader [Yves\\-François Blanchet](/wiki/Yves-Fran%C3%A7ois_Blanchet \"Yves-François Blanchet\") also tested positive.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=September 18, 2020\\|title\\=CP NewsAlert: Bloc leader Blanchet tests positive for COVID\\-19\\|work\\=\\[\\[CityNews]]\\|url\\=https://www.citynews1130\\.com/2020/09/18/cp\\-newsalert\\-bloc\\-leader\\-blanchet\\-tests\\-positive\\-for\\-covid\\-19/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=September 20, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924012521/https://www.citynews1130\\.com/2020/09/18/cp\\-newsalert\\-bloc\\-leader\\-blanchet\\-tests\\-positive\\-for\\-covid\\-19/}}", "On September 23, in a [speech from the throne](/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne \"Speech from the throne\"), Prime Minister Trudeau declared Canada was currently in the *second wave* of COVID\\-19\\.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/second\\-covid\\-19\\-wave\\-has\\-already\\-started\\-pm\\-in\\-address\\-to\\-nation\\-1\\.5117465\\|title\\=Second COVID\\-19 wave has already started: PM in address to nation\\|first\\=Rachel\\|last\\=Aiello\\|date\\=September 23, 2020\\|website\\=CTVNews}}", "#### October", "On October 4, a [West African](/wiki/West_African \"West African\") man who had travelled onwards from [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\") to [Halifax](/wiki/Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Halifax, Nova Scotia\") and thence to [Deer Lake, Newfoundland](/wiki/Deer_Lake%2C_Newfoundland \"Deer Lake, Newfoundland\") died of COVID\\-19\\. Health officials decided to raise the alarm and request that passengers on the final leg of his flight \"self\\-monitor for symptoms\".{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Man dies from COVID\\-19 after travelling from Central Africa to Newfoundland via Toronto \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\\-man\\-dies\\-from\\-covid\\-19\\-after\\-travelling\\-from\\-central\\-africa\\-to\\-2/ \\|agency\\=The Canadian Press \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=October 4, 2020}}", "On October 19, [Air Transat](/wiki/Air_Transat \"Air Transat\") announced the closure of its [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver \"Vancouver\") base and laid off half of its remaining flight attendants. Prior to the pandemic, the airline had employed 2,000 flight attendants. As of November, it planned to employ 117 flight attendants.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Balakrishnan \\|first1\\=Anita \\|title\\=Air Transat lays off half of its remaining flight attendants, closes Vancouver base \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/air\\-transat\\-layoffs\\-1\\.5768318 \\|agency\\=The Canadian Press \\|publisher\\=CBC}}", "On October 20, aviation workers gathered to protest at [Parliament Hill](/wiki/Parliament_Hill \"Parliament Hill\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Burke \\|first1\\=Ashley \\|title\\=Hundreds of protesting airline workers aim anger at transport minister \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/aviaton\\-sector\\-workers\\-protest\\-parliament\\-hill\\-demand\\-government\\-aid\\-1\\.5770398 \\|publisher\\=CBC \\|date\\=October 20, 2020}}", "On October 22, the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") cancelled the *covid travel corridor* that allowed Canadians to enter any European territory without quarantine lockdown. In June 2020, Canada had been as one of 14 countries that were allowed to enter by the EU.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Canadians to be allowed into EU countries, but U.S. citizens shut out \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/european\\-union\\-travel\\-list\\-1\\.5632422 \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=June 30, 2020}} The reversal of status was caused by the resurgence in coronavirus cases that Canada began to experience in late October.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Harris \\|first1\\=Sophia \\|title\\=EU shutting the door to Canadians is a wake\\-up call to ramp up our COVID\\-19 efforts \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/canada\\-covid\\-19\\-cases\\-surge\\-eu\\-travel\\-u\\-s\\-trump\\-1\\.5761649 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=October 23, 2020}}", "On October 23, apparel retailer [Le Chateau](/wiki/Le_Chateau \"Le Chateau\"), which had 123 locations across Canada and employed 1,400 people, announced it was filing for [CCAA](/wiki/Companies%27_Creditors_Arrangement_Act \"Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act\") protection, blaming COVID\\-19\\.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Robertson \\|first1\\=Susan Krashinsky \\|title\\=Le Château files for creditor protection, will shutter Canadian stores after six decades in business \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article\\-le\\-chateau\\-files\\-for\\-creditor\\-protection\\-will\\-shutter\\-canadian\\-stores/ \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=October 23, 2020}}", "#### November", "On November 6, Nunavut confirmed its first case in [Sanikiluaq](/wiki/Sanikiluaq \"Sanikiluaq\").{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/nunavut\\-confirms\\-1st\\-covid\\-19\\-case\\-1\\.5792736 \\|title\\=Nunavut confirms 1st case of COVID\\-19 \\|publisher\\=CBC News \\|date\\=November 6, 2020}}", "On November 10, as Manitoba went under lockdown, Trudeau \"urged premiers and mayors across the country not to loosen restrictions for the sake of the economy and suggested localized shutdowns are needed in areas seeing a surge in cases\", saying\n{{cquote\\|I would hope that no leader in our country is easing public\\-health vigilance because they feel pressure not to shut down businesses or slow down our economy.}}", "On November 23, a report said that the [Atlantic Bubble](/wiki/Atlantic_Bubble \"Atlantic Bubble\") was defunct under pressure from increasing COVID\\-19 sightings.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Mercer \\|first1\\=Greg \\|title\\=Atlantic bubble has burst as COVID\\-19 infections rise \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=November 23, 2020}}", "On November 29, Public Safety Minister [Bill Blair](/wiki/Bill_Blair_%28politician%29 \"Bill Blair (politician)\") and Health Minister [Patty Hajdu](/wiki/Patty_Hajdu \"Patty Hajdu\") extended the ban on international travellers who had non\\-essential purposes. The rules were first imposed in March, and were to be extended until January 21, 2021 \"for travellers entering Canada from a country other than the United States. Among the rules is a requirement for anyone entering the country to self\\-isolate for 14 days upon entry into Canada.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Ottawa extends rules and restrictions for travellers amid rising COVID\\-19 case counts \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\\-public\\-health\\-officials\\-urge\\-reduced\\-contacts\\-as\\-coronavirus\\-cases/ \\|agency\\=Canadian Press \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=November 29, 2020}}", "#### December", "Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced on December 7, that the first of 249,000 doses out of a total of 4 million doses of the [Pfizer–BioNTech COVID\\-19 vaccine](/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine \"Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine\") will arrive before the end of the year.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2020/12/07/covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-to\\-arrive\\-in\\-canada\\-this\\-month.html\\|title\\=Hundreds of thousands of doses of COVID\\-19 vaccine to arrive in Canada next week\\|date\\=December 7, 2020\\|newspaper\\=The Toronto Star\\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2020\\|last1\\=MacCharles\\|first1\\=Tonda}} On December 9, the vaccine was approved by [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada \"Health Canada\") for use.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/politics/2020/12/09/canadian\\-press\\-newsalert\\-health\\-canada\\-approves\\-pfizers\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine.html\\|title\\=Health Canada approves Pfizer's COVID\\-19 vaccine\\|date\\=December 9, 2020\\|newspaper\\=The Toronto Star\\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2020}}", "On December 14, the first tranche of vaccinations began across the nation. Some sources initially indicated that Anita Quidangen, a [personal support worker](/wiki/Personal_support_worker \"Personal support worker\") from Toronto, who was the first Canadian to receive a dose,{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Powers \\|first1\\=Lucas \\|title\\=Personal support worker becomes first Ontarian to get dose of COVID\\-19 vaccine \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/covid\\-19\\-coronavirus\\-ontario\\-december\\-14\\-vaccines\\-arrive\\-1\\.5840092 \\|work\\=CBC News \\|date\\=December 14, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\\-canada\\-administers\\-its\\-first\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-shots/\\|title\\=Canada administers its first COVID\\-19 vaccine shots\\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2020\\|newspaper\\=The Globe and Mail\\|date\\=December 14, 2020 \\|last1\\=Perreaux \\|first1\\=Les \\|last2\\=Walsh \\|first2\\=Marieke \\|last3\\=Gray \\|first3\\=Jeff }} but later it was determined that it was Gisèle Lévesque, an 89\\-year\\-old resident of a long\\-term care home in Quebec City who was the first.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Montpetit \\|first1\\=Jonathan \\|last2\\=Shingler \\|first2\\=Benjamin \\|title\\=As first Quebecers get vaccinated against COVID\\-19, leaders see light at end of long, dark tunnel \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec\\-vaccine\\-maimonides\\-covid\\-19\\-1\\.5840233 \\|work\\=CBC News \\|date\\=December 14, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/89\\-year\\-old\\-woman\\-in\\-quebec\\-city\\-care\\-home\\-becomes\\-first\\-in\\-country\\-to\\-receive\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-1\\.5229808\\|title\\=89\\-year\\-old woman in Quebec City care home becomes first in country to receive COVID\\-19 vaccine\\|date\\=December 13, 2020\\|website\\=Montreal\\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2020}}", "Starting with December 21, Canada halted flights from the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") due to concerns over the [Variant of Concern 202012/01](/wiki/Variant_of_Concern_202012/01 \"Variant of Concern 202012/01\") [variant](/wiki/Variant_%28biology%29 \"Variant (biology)\") of [SARS\\-CoV\\-2](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 \"SARS-CoV-2\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Burke \\|first1\\=Ashley \\|last2\\=Jones \\|first2\\=Ryan Patrick \\|title\\=Canada halts flights from U.K. in response to new coronavirus strain \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada\\-flights\\-uk\\-coronavirus\\-1\\.5849598 \\|work\\=CBC News \\|date\\=December 20, 2020}}", "On December 23, Health Canada approved the [mRNA\\-1273](/wiki/MRNA-1273 \"MRNA-1273\") COVID\\-19 vaccine developed by [Moderna](/wiki/Moderna \"Moderna\").{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/health\\-canada\\-approves\\-game\\-changer\\-moderna\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-1\\.5242821\\|title\\=Health Canada approves 'game\\-changer' Moderna COVID\\-19 vaccine\\|date\\=December 23, 2020\\|website\\=Coronavirus\\|access\\-date\\=January 2, 2021}} Canada will receive up to 168,000 doses of the vaccine by the end of 2020, the first tranche of a total 40 million doses currently ordered for 2021\\.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Jones \\|first1\\=Ryan Patrick \\|title\\=Health Canada approves Moderna COVID\\-19 vaccine \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada\\-approves\\-moderna\\-vaccine\\-1\\.5852848 \\|work\\=CBC News \\|date\\=December 23, 2020}}", "On December 30, the Federal government announced all air travellers entering the country from outside of Canada must now provide a COVID\\-negative [PCR test](/wiki/PCR_test \"PCR test\") within 72 hours of boarding their flight into the country effective January 7, 2021\\.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/7549230/coronavirus\\-travel\\-test\\-enter\\-canada/\\|title\\=New coronavirus testing rules for travellers landing in Canada to start Jan. 7\\|website\\=Global News\\|access\\-date\\=January 2, 2021}} This is in addition to the mandatory 14\\-day quarantine mandated by the [Quarantine Act](/wiki/Quarantine_Act%2C_2005 \"Quarantine Act, 2005\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Patel \\|first1\\=Raisa \\|title\\=Air travellers entering Canada must soon have a negative COVID\\-19 test before arriving, Ottawa says \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/negative\\-pcr\\-covid\\-test\\-air\\-passengers\\-1\\.5857626 \\|work\\=CBC News \\|date\\=December 30, 2020}} Additional rules also mean the traveller will have to spend time in a Federal facility if officers find their self\\-isolation plans unsatisfactory.", "### 2021", "#### January", "On January 7, the new rule for air travellers requiring a negative PCR test before boarding their departing flight to Canada came into effect.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Tasker \\|first1\\=John Paul \\|title\\=New federal rule on COVID\\-19 tests for air passengers in effect \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/air\\-travellers\\-negative\\-covid\\-19\\-test\\-1\\.5863509 \\|work\\=CBC News \\|date\\=January 6, 2021}} Travellers caught unaware of the new rules were reportedly turned away from their flights in countries like [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\") and [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article\\-canadians\\-denied\\-from\\-boarding\\-flights\\-in\\-cuba\\-mexico\\-under\\-new\\-covid/\\|title\\=Canadians denied from boarding flights in Cuba, Mexico under new COVID\\-19 testing rules\\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2021\\|newspaper\\=The Globe and Mail\\|date\\=January 7, 2021 \\|last1\\=Atkins \\|first1\\=Eric }} The test requirement came at the end of the travel ban on flights from U.K., amid fears of the spread of [Variant of Concern 202012/01](/wiki/Variant_of_Concern_202012/01 \"Variant of Concern 202012/01\") variant of COVID\\-19\\. [WestJet](/wiki/WestJet \"WestJet\") was highly critical of the new rules, citing the lack of time they had to prepare for the new requirements. Despite the new rules, passengers on 20 separate flights arriving from warmer climates (including [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), [Barbados](/wiki/Barbados \"Barbados\"), [Aruba](/wiki/Aruba \"Aruba\"), [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\"), [Panama](/wiki/Panama \"Panama\") and the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic \"Dominican Republic\")) over the winter holidays were exposed to the virus before the new rules came into effect.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/7559699/passengers\\-flights\\-vacation\\-destinations\\-coronavirus\\-exposure/\\|title\\=Passengers on 20 flights from popular vacation destinations potentially exposed to COVID\\-19\\|website\\=Global News\\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2021}} Following the new rules, on January 21, 2021, Transport Minister [Omar Alghabra](/wiki/Omar_Alghabra \"Omar Alghabra\") announced at least 50,000 flights were cancelled in Canada.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Jones \\|first1\\=Ryan Patrick \\|title\\=At least 50,000 flight reservations have been cancelled since mandatory COVID\\-19 testing was introduced \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/travel\\-cancellations\\-preflight\\-testing\\-1\\.5882560 \\|work\\=CBC News \\|date\\=January 21, 2021}}", "On January 8, amid rising cases across the country, Prime Minister Trudeau promised a speed up of the vaccine rollout which has been criticized as being slow moving. The federal government supplies the vaccine doses, however it is up to the individual provinces to administer them.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/rising\\-cases\\-frightening\\-pm\\-trudeau\\-says\\-vows\\-vaccine\\-rollout\\-will\\-scale\\-up\\-1\\.5258996\\|title\\=Rising cases 'frightening,' PM Trudeau says, vows vaccine rollout will 'scale up'\\|first\\=Rachel\\|last\\=Aiello\\|date\\=January 8, 2021\\|website\\=Coronavirus\\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2021}} Reports of Canadian [snowbirds](/wiki/Snowbird_%28person%29 \"Snowbird (person)\") travelling to the United States for [quicker access to the vaccine](/wiki/Medical_tourism \"Medical tourism\") have emerged. States like [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\") and [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona \"Arizona\") have lowered their requirements to include anyone over the age of 65 to have access to free vaccination.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/canadian\\-snowbirds\\-chartering\\-private\\-jets\\-to\\-fly\\-south\\-for\\-faster\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-access\\-1\\.5257752\\|title\\=Canadian snowbirds chartering private jets to fly south for faster COVID\\-19 vaccine access\\|date\\=January 7, 2021\\|website\\=Coronavirus\\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2021}}", "In mid\\-January, Pfizer notified Canada of its intentions to retool its manufacturing plant in [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") in order to meet world\\-wide demands for the vaccine. Initially Canada was told it would receive less doses than anticipated, however, this was later changed to a significant drop in delivered doses and no doses the week of January 25\\.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Tasker \\|first1\\=John Paul \\|title\\=Canada won't receive any Pfizer shots next week — here's what you need to know about the vaccination campaign \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/what\\-you\\-need\\-to\\-know\\-about\\-vaccine\\-rollout\\-1\\.5882033 \\|work\\=CBC News \\|date\\=January 21, 2021}} Provinces who have nearly depleted their current vaccine stock have set back dates to administer second doses of the vaccines to those who have already received their first, with uncertain medical knowledge lengthening the time of said second dose would affect efficacy.", "On January 29, Prime Minister Trudeau announced new national travel restrictions, including the suspension of flights by major airlines to and from the [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean \"Caribbean\") and [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\") beginning January 31 until April 30\\.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/ottawa\\-canadian\\-airlines\\-agree\\-to\\-suspend\\-flights\\-to\\-caribbean\\-and\\-mexico\\-1\\.5287833\\|title\\=Ottawa, Canadian airlines agree to suspend flights to Caribbean and Mexico\\|date\\=January 29, 2021\\|website\\=Coronavirus\\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2021}} In the coming weeks, new foreign flights must only land in [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver \"Vancouver\"), [Calgary](/wiki/Calgary \"Calgary\"), [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\") or [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\") and travellers must undergo a COVID\\-19 PCR test and isolate in an approved hotel while awaiting results at the traveller's expense.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cp24\\.com/news/trudeau\\-suspending\\-caribbean\\-vacation\\-travel\\-will\\-require\\-all\\-incoming\\-air\\-travellers\\-to\\-quarantine\\-in\\-hotels\\-1\\.5287360\\|title\\=Trudeau suspending Caribbean vacation travel; will require all incoming air travellers to quarantine in hotels\\|date\\=January 29, 2021\\|website\\=CP24\\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2021}}", "Also on January 29, Moderna announced delays of 20 to 25 percent delivery of product to the country for the month of February.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Tasker \\|first1\\=John Paul \\|title\\=Moderna to cut deliveries to Canada in new blow to vaccination campaign \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/moderna\\-cut\\-deliveries\\-to\\-canada\\-1\\.5893307 \\|work\\=CBC News \\|date\\=January 29, 2021}}", "#### February", "On February 2, 2021, Trudeau announced a deal with [Novavax](/wiki/Novavax \"Novavax\") to produce COVID\\-19 vaccines at the Biologics Manufacturing Centre, making it the first to be produced domestically.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\| title\\=Canada signs deal to produce Novavax COVID\\-19 vaccine at Montreal plant\\|last\\=Rabson\\|first\\=Mia \\| work\\=CP24 \\| date\\=February 2, 2021 \\| url\\=https://www.cp24\\.com/news/canada\\-signs\\-deal\\-to\\-produce\\-novavax\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-at\\-montreal\\-plant\\-1\\.5291842 \\| access\\-date\\=February 3, 2021}} The [Novavax COVID\\-19 vaccine](/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine \"Novavax COVID-19 vaccine\") is currently awaiting approval by [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada \"Health Canada\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|author1\\=Ljunggren, David\\|author2\\=Scherer, Steve\\|editor1\\=Oatis, Jonathan\\|date\\=February 2, 2021\\|title\\=Canada signs first deal for manufacture of foreign COVID\\-19 vaccine\\|language\\=en\\|work\\=Reuters\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-health\\-coronavirus\\-canada\\-idUSKBN2A2297\\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2021}} This is the first deal signed by Canada that allows a domestic manufacturing of a foreign vaccine. The contract with Novavax is for 52 million doses of the vaccine. Following the recommendations of the COVID\\-19 Vaccine and Therapeutics Task Forces and COVID\\-19 Joint Biomanufacturing Subcommittee, the federal government announced investment in two biomanufacturing companies—Vancouver\\-based Precision NanoSystems Incorporated (PNI) and Markham, Ontario\\-based Edesa Biotech Inc. (Edesa).{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\| last \\= Office\\| first \\= Prime Minister's\\| title \\= New support to produce COVID\\-19 vaccines and treatments in Canada\\| date\\=February 2, 2021\\| access\\-date\\=February 3, 2021\\| url \\= https://www.newswire.ca/news\\-releases/new\\-support\\-to\\-produce\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccines\\-and\\-treatments\\-in\\-canada\\-853283415\\.html}} PNI, biotechnology company, will receive up to $25\\.1 million to build a \"$50\\.2 million biomanufacturing centre to produce vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of diseases such as infectious diseases, rare diseases, cancer and other areas of unmet need\". Edesa will receive up to $14 million to Edesa Biotech to \"advance work on a monoclonal antibody therapy for acute respiratory distress syndrome, which is the leading cause of COVID\\-19 deaths.", "On February 3, [COVAX](/wiki/COVAX \"COVAX\") published the country\\-by\\-country vaccine distribution forecast to COVAX participants—Canada will receive 1,903,200 doses of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine by the end of the first half of 2021\\.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\| last \\= Jerving\\| first \\= Sara\\| title \\= COVAX releases country\\-by\\-country of vaccine distribution figures\\| work \\= Devex\\| access\\-date \\= February 3, 2021\\| date \\= February 3, 2021\\| url \\= https://www.devex.com/news/sponsored/covax\\-releases\\-country\\-by\\-country\\-vaccine\\-distribution\\-figures\\-99058}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=The Covax Facility: Interim Distribution Forecast – latest as of February 3, 2021 \\|publisher\\=COVAX \\|date\\=February 3, 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.gavi.org/sites/default/files/covid/covax/COVAX\\-Interim\\-Distribution\\-Forecast.pdf}}", "On February 9, Prime Minister Trudeau announced a negative PCR test will be required within 72 hours of entering Canada through the land border with the United States. The change will come into effect on February 15\\.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://dailyhive.com/toronto/negative\\-covid\\-19\\-test\\-required\\-canada\\-land\\-borders\\|title\\=72\\-hour negative COVID\\-19 test required at Canada's land borders \\| News\\|website\\=dailyhive.com}}", "On February 12, the Canadian government announced additional details about the incoming international travel measures first announced in late January. Effective February 22, all arriving international travellers will have to present a negative PCR COVID\\-19 test 72 hours before boarding their departing flight, take a PCR test on arrival in Canada and quarantine for three days at a supervised hotel for three days awaiting the results of their test at their own expense. Additionally they will be required to take a third PCR COVID\\-19 test at the end of their 14\\-day quarantine at home. Essential workers such as transport workers continue to be exempt from mandatory testing and quarantine.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://dailyhive.com/toronto/mandatory\\-hotel\\-quarantine\\-international\\-travellers\\-canada\\-february\\|title\\=Mandatory hotel quarantine for international travellers to take effect on February 22 \\| News\\|website\\=dailyhive.com}}", "On February 26, Health Canada approved the [Oxford\\-AstraZeneca COVID\\-19 vaccine](/wiki/Oxford-AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine \"Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine\") for use.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Canada approves AstraZeneca's COVID\\-19 vaccine\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/7629162/astrazeneca\\-covid\\-vaccine\\-approval\\-canada/\\|access\\-date\\=April 12, 2021\\|website\\=Global News\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "#### March", "On March 5, Health Canada approved the [Janssen COVID\\-19 vaccine](/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine \"Janssen COVID-19 vaccine\") for use. The vaccine is the only approved vaccine to currently require one shot.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Jones \\|first1\\=Ryan Patrick \\|title\\=Health Canada approves 4th COVID\\-19 vaccine as Pfizer agrees to accelerate deliveries \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/johnson\\-johnson\\-covid19\\-vaccine\\-approved\\-1\\.5937900 \\|work\\=CBC News \\|date\\=March 5, 2021}} Also on March 5, Pfizer announced an increase in vaccine delivery for the nation, adding an additional 1\\.5 million vaccines to its schedule by the end of March for a total of 8 million vaccines to be delivered.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/8m\\-vaccine\\-doses\\-to\\-land\\-in\\-canada\\-by\\-end\\-of\\-march\\-after\\-pfizer\\-moves\\-up\\-delivery\\-1\\.5335386\\|title\\=8M vaccine doses to land in Canada by end of March after Pfizer moves up delivery\\|date\\=March 5, 2021\\|website\\=Coronavirus\\|access\\-date\\=June 2, 2021}}", "#### April", "By April 11, influenced by major outbreaks of [variants of concern](/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 \"Variants of SARS-CoV-2\") in multiple provinces (including Alberta, B.C., Ontario, and Saskatchewan), and slow availability of vaccines, new cases per\\-million exceeded those of the United States.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|date\\=April 11, 2021\\|title\\=Canada is outpacing U.S. for new COVID\\-19 cases per capita\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/canada\\-is\\-outpacing\\-u\\-s\\-for\\-new\\-covid\\-19\\-cases\\-per\\-capita\\-1\\.5383072\\|access\\-date\\=April 12, 2021\\|website\\=CTV News\\|language\\=en}}", "#### November", "On November 28, the Government of Ontario announces that two cases of the [Omicron](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant\") variant (later named BA.1\\) have been found in Ottawa.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Canada's first cases of the omicron coronavirus variant confirmed in Ottawa\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/omicron\\-variant\\-canada\\-travellers\\-1\\.6265927/\\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2022\\|website\\=CBC\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "### 2022", "#### May", "On May 3, the Public Health Agency of Canada reported one case of the [Omicron](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant\") BA.5 variant had been found in Canada.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=BA.4, BA.5 in Canada: What we know about the 2 new Omicron subvariants\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/8817441/covid\\-omicron\\-subvariants\\-ba\\-4\\-ba\\-5\\-explainer/\\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2022\\|website\\=Global News\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "#### July", "By July 2, the [Omicron](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant\") BA.5 variant had become the dominant variant in Ontario.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=SARS\\-CoV\\-2 Genomic Surveillance in Ontario, July 15, 2022\\|url\\=https://www.publichealthontario.ca/\\-/media/Documents/nCoV/epi/covid\\-19\\-sars\\-cov2\\-whole\\-genome\\-sequencing\\-epi\\-summary.pdf?sc\\_lang\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2022\\|website\\=Public Health Ontario\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "" ]
### 2020 #### January On January 7, 2020, when it appeared that there was a health crisis emerging in Wuhan, Dr. [Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam "Theresa Tam"), Chief Public Health Officer of Canada, was quoted advising Canadians: "There has been no evidence to date that this illness, whatever it's caused by, is spread easily from person to person; no health care workers caring for the patients have become ill; a positive sign. On January 17, the [Canada Border Services Agency](/wiki/Canada_Border_Services_Agency "Canada Border Services Agency") (CBSA) indicated plans were in progress "to implement signage" in the [Montreal](/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al%E2%80%93Trudeau_International_Airport "Montréal–Trudeau International Airport"), [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport "Toronto Pearson International Airport"), and [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver_International_Airport "Vancouver International Airport") airports to raise awareness of the virus, and that there would be an additional health screening question added to the electronic kiosks for passengers arriving from central [China](/wiki/China "China"). The agency noted the overall risk to Canadians was low and there were no direct flights from [Wuhan](/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan") to Canada. The CBSA said it would not be, at that time, implementing extra screening measures, but would "monitor the situation closely".{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6429892/canada\-china\-virus\-airports\|title\=Canada to screen central China travelers for virus at 3 airports\|date\=January 17, 2020\|website\=Globalnews.ca\|publisher\=Corus Entertainment\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118133820/https://globalnews.ca/news/6429892/canada\-china\-virus\-airports/\|archive\-date\=January 18, 2020\|access\-date\=January 22, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/thailand\-china\-coronavirus\-1\.5432108\|title\=China reports 4 more cases of new strain of coronavirus\|date\=January 18, 2020\|access\-date\=January 18, 2020\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118164802/https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/thailand\-china\-coronavirus\-1\.5432108\|archive\-date\=January 18, 2020\|publisher\=CBC News}} On January 23, the federal [Minister of Health](/wiki/Minister_of_Health_%28Canada%29 "Minister of Health (Canada)"), [Patty Hajdu](/wiki/Patty_Hajdu "Patty Hajdu"), said that five or six people were being monitored for signs of the virus.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.msss.gouv.qc.ca/professionnels/maladies\-infectieuses/coronavirus\-2019\-ncov/\#situation\-au\-quebec\|title\=Coronavirus 2019\-nCoV – Professionnels de la santé – MSSS\|language\=fr\|access\-date\=January 29, 2020 \|date\=January 28, 2020 \|website\=Government of Quebec\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127234953/https://www.msss.gouv.qc.ca/professionnels/maladies\-infectieuses/coronavirus\-2019\-ncov/\#situation\-au\-quebec\|archive\-date\=January 27, 2020 \|url\-status\=live}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/several\-people\-in\-canada\-being\-monitored\-for\-signs\-of\-coronavirus\-health\-minister\-1\.4780101\|title\=Several people in Canada being monitored for signs of coronavirus: Health minister\|date\=January 23, 2020\|access\-date\=January 23, 2020\|agency\=CTV News\|archive\-date\=January 24, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124005938/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/several\-people\-in\-canada\-being\-monitored\-for\-signs\-of\-coronavirus\-health\-minister\-1\.4780101\|url\-status\=live}} That same day, Dr. Theresa Tam was a member of the [WHO](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") committee that broadcast that it was too early to declare a [public health emergency of international concern](/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern "Public health emergency of international concern"). The following day in Wuhan China construction began on a new hospital to treat COVID patients that would take only 10 days to build and was widely reported around the world.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/in\-pictures\-51280586\|title\=The coronavirus hospital built in days\|date\=February 2, 2020\|publisher\=BBC\|access\-date\=June 20, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143125/https://www.bbc.com/news/in\-pictures\-51280586\|url\-status\=live}} On January 25, the first identified presumptive case in Canada was a male in his 50s who travelled between Wuhan and [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou") before returning to Toronto on January 22\.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.cp24\.com/news/man\-who\-flew\-to\-toronto\-from\-china\-is\-canada\-s\-first\-coronavirus\-case\-1\.4783476\|title\=Man who flew to Toronto from China is Canada's first coronavirus case\|website\=CP24\|access\-date\=January 26, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229094929/https://www.cp24\.com/news/man\-who\-flew\-to\-toronto\-from\-china\-is\-canada\-s\-first\-coronavirus\-case\-1\.4783476\|archive\-date\=February 29, 2020\|url\-status\=live}}{{\#invoke:cite journal\|\|last1\=Marchand\-Senécal \|first1\=Xavier \|last2\=Kozak \|first2\=Rob \|last3\=Mubareka \|first3\=Samira \|last4\=Salt \|first4\=Natasha \|last5\=Gubbay \|first5\=Jonathan B \|last6\=Eshaghi \|first6\=Alireza \|last7\=Allen \|first7\=Vanessa \|last8\=Li \|first8\=Yan \|last9\=Bastien \|first9\=Natalie \|last10\=Gilmour \|first10\=Matthew \|last11\=Ozaldin \|first11\=Omar \|last12\=Leis \|first12\=Jerome A \|title\=Diagnosis and Management of First Case of COVID\-19 in Canada: Lessons applied from SARS \|journal\=Clinical Infectious Diseases \|date\=March 9, 2020 \|volume\=ciaa227 \|issue\=16 \|pages\=2207–2210 \|doi\=10\.1093/cid/ciaa227 \|pmid\=32147731 \|pmc\=7108147 \|doi\-access\=free }} Canada issued a travel advisory against non\-essential travel to China due to the outbreak, including a regional travel advisory to avoid all travel to the province of [Hubei](/wiki/Hubei "Hubei").{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/china\|title\=Travel advice and advisories for China\|date\=January 29, 2020 \|access\-date\=January 29, 2020 \|website\=Government of Canada\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129014438/https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/china\|archive\-date\=January 29, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} Federal health officials stated that the risk in Canada was low.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\-hajdu\-tam\-health\-china\-1\.5440950\|title\=Health officials expect more coronavirus cases, but say risk of outbreak in Canada remains low\|publisher\=CBC News\|date\=January 26, 2020\|access\-date\=January 26, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205115725/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\-hajdu\-tam\-health\-china\-1\.5440950\|archive\-date\=February 5, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} On January 26, Tam stated "There is no clear evidence that this virus is spread easily from person to person. The risk to Canadians remains low."{{cite tweet \| author\= Dr. Theresa Tam \| user\= CPHO\_Canada \| number\=1221606834987053056 \| title\=3/3 There is no clear evidence that this virus is spread easily from person to person. The risk to Canadians remains low. Find more info on \#2019nCoV \#coronavirus here: https://canada.ca/coronavirus \| date\=January 26, 2020 \|link\=https://twitter.com/CPHO\_Canada/status/1221606834987053056 \|access\-date\=April 28, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129184705/https://twitter.com/CPHO\_Canada/status/1221606834987053056 \|archive\-date\=January 29, 2020 \|url\-status\=live}} Final testing conducted at the [National Microbiology Laboratory](/wiki/National_Microbiology_Laboratory "National Microbiology Laboratory") in Winnipeg, [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba "Manitoba") confirmed the presumptive case on January 27\.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Canada's second confirmed presumptive case of coronavirus diagnosed in Canada; first case confirmed\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/second\-presumptive\-case\-of\-coronavirus\-diagnosed\-in\-canada\-first\-case\-confirmed\-1\.4784799\|last\=Ho\|first\=Solarina\|website\=CTV News\|date\=January 27, 2020\|access\-date\=January 27, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127171921/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/second\-presumptive\-case\-of\-coronavirus\-diagnosed\-in\-canada\-first\-case\-confirmed\-1\.4784799\|archive\-date\=January 27, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} On January 27, Canada confirmed its first case. On January 29, the health committee of parliament holds a meeting on the Canadian response to the outbreak of coronavirus. Liberal MP [Marcus Powlowski](/wiki/Marcus_Powlowski "Marcus Powlowski"), a doctor, asks [Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam "Theresa Tam") since the Chinese health authorities led by Xiaowei Ma were saying that covid\-19 was being spread by asymptomatic patients (as reported in the New York Times), Canada should require travellers from China to quarantine for 14 days. Tam suggested that at that point, quarantining was not thought to be necessary.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://openparliament.ca/committees/health/43\-1/1/marcus\-powlowski\-1/?page\=5\|title\=Health Committee on Jan. 29th, 2020 \| openparliament.ca\|website\=openparliament.ca\|access\-date\=June 6, 2021}} On the same day, Dr. Theresa Tam told Canadians that "It's going to be rare (COVID\-19\), but we are expecting cases" and [Minister of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Canada%29 "Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)") [François\-Philippe Champagne](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Philippe_Champagne "François-Philippe Champagne") announced that an aircraft would be sent to [repatriate](/wiki/Repatriation "Repatriation") Canadians from the areas affected by the virus in China.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\-canada\-china\-consular\-1\.5444188\|title\=Canada readying to send plane to repatriate Canadians in China affected by coronavirus outbreak\|last\=Harris\|first\=Kathleen\|publisher\=CBC News\|date\=January 29, 2020 \|access\-date\=January 29, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129192719/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\-canada\-china\-consular\-1\.5444188\|archive\-date\=January 29, 2020 \|url\-status\=live}} On January 30, the WHO declared the coronavirus was a "[public health emergency of international concern](/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern "Public health emergency of international concern")".{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Flattery and foot dragging: China's influence over the WHO under scrutiny \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article\-flattery\-and\-foot\-dragging\-chinas\-influence\-over\-the\-who\-under/ \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=April 25, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=April 27, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427134925/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article\-flattery\-and\-foot\-dragging\-chinas\-influence\-over\-the\-who\-under/ \|url\-status\=live }} #### February On February 1, the government's position remained that it would be discriminatory to exclude travellers from China, the [politico\-geographical](/wiki/Political_geography "Political geography") source of the disease.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Dyer \|first1\=Evan \|title\=COVID\-19 taught Canada a costly lesson — that early border closures can work \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid\-coronavirus\-pandemic\-trudeau\-borders\-1\.5619705 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=June 22, 2020 \|access\-date\=June 28, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 21, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821065953/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid\-coronavirus\-pandemic\-trudeau\-borders\-1\.5619705 \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Staples \|first1\=David \|title\=The road to Canada's COVID\-19 outbreak, Pt. 2: timeline of federal government failure at border to slow the virus \|url\=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/politics/the\-road\-to\-canadas\-covid\-19\-outbreak\-pt\-2\-timeline\-of\-federal\-government\-failure\-at\-border\-to\-slow\-the\-virus\-2 \|publisher\=Edmonton Journal, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \|date\=April 2, 2020 \|access\-date\=June 28, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143139/https://edmontonjournal.com/news/politics/the\-road\-to\-canadas\-covid\-19\-outbreak\-pt\-2\-timeline\-of\-federal\-government\-failure\-at\-border\-to\-slow\-the\-virus\-2 \|url\-status\=live }} On February 2, the [Canadian Armed Forces](/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces "Canadian Armed Forces") announced that it planned to charter a plane to assist in the evacuation of Canadian nationals still in Wuhan once given authorization by China, intending to fly them to [CFB Trenton](/wiki/CFB_Trenton "CFB Trenton") for repatriation and medical screenings. Only those that had entered the country with a Canadian passport would be allowed to take this flight.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/military\-will\-assist\-chartered\-plane\-out\-of\-china\-for\-at\-least\-325\-canadians\-in\-wuhan\-1\.4794181\|title\=Military will assist chartered plane out of China for at least 325 Canadians in Wuhan\|date\=February 2, 2020\|website\=CTV News\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203051051/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/military\-will\-assist\-chartered\-plane\-out\-of\-china\-for\-at\-least\-325\-canadians\-in\-wuhan\-1\.4794181\|archive\-date\=February 3, 2020\|access\-date\=February 8, 2020}} The first plane landed at CFB Trenton on February 7\.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\= https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/canada/happy\-to\-be\-back\-flight\-carrying\-canadians\-from\-wuhan\-lands\-in\-ontario\-1\.4801361\|title\= 'Happy to be back': Flight carrying Canadians from Wuhan lands in Ontario\|publisher\= ctvnews.ca\|date\= February 7, 2020\|access\-date\= May 26, 2020\|archive\-date\= August 22, 2020\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20200822163708/https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/canada/can\-i\-see\-her\-any\-sooner\-father\-reunites\-with\-daughter\-in\-canadian\-quarantine\-zone\-1\.4801361/\|url\-status\= live}} On February 21, a chartered flight of 131 Canadians who were quarantined aboard {{ship\|\|Diamond Princess\|ship\|2}} after [an outbreak on the cruise ship](/wiki/COVID-19_outbreak_on_Diamond_Princess "COVID-19 outbreak on Diamond Princess") in Japan, and who all tested negative for the virus, were brought to CFB Trenton for additional screening before being transported by bus to the NAV Centre in [Cornwall, Ontario](/wiki/Cornwall%2C_Ontario "Cornwall, Ontario") to be [quarantined](/wiki/Quarantine "Quarantine").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/diamond\-princess\-coronavirus\-trenton\-cornwall\-1\.5470386\|title\=Canadian cruise ship passengers arrive in Cornwall, Ont., to begin quarantine\|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\|date\=February 21, 2020\|access\-date\=March 12, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312083049/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/diamond\-princess\-coronavirus\-trenton\-cornwall\-1\.5470386\|archive\-date\=March 12, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} On February 10, [University of Regina](/wiki/University_of_Regina "University of Regina") psychology professor Dr. [Gordon J. G. Asmundson](/wiki/Gordon_J._G._Asmundson "Gordon J. G. Asmundson") and [University of British Columbia](/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia "University of British Columbia") psychiatry professor Dr. [Steven Taylor](/wiki/Steven_Taylor_%28psychiatrist%29 "Steven Taylor (psychiatrist)") coined the [neologism](/wiki/Neologism "Neologism") ‘coronaphobia’ to refer to fear of COVID\-19 and its psychological impacts.{{\#invoke:cite journal\|\|last1\=Asmundson\|first1\=Gordon J. G.\|last2\=Taylor\|first2\=Steven\|date\=March 1, 2020\|title\=Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019\-nCoV outbreak\|url\= \|journal\=Journal of Anxiety Disorders\|language\=en\|volume\=70\|pages\=102196\|doi\=10\.1016/j.janxdis.2020\.102196\|issn\=0887\-6185\|pmc\=7134790\|pmid\=32078967}} In an editorial,{{\#invoke:cite journal\|\|date\=December 1, 2020\|title\=Coronaphobia revisted: A state\-of\-the\-art on pandemic\-related fear, anxiety, and stress\|url\= \|journal\=Journal of Anxiety Disorders\|language\=en\|volume\=76\|pages\=102326\|doi\=10\.1016/j.janxdis.2020\.102326\|issn\=0887\-6185\|pmc\=7585502\|pmid\=33142124\|last1\=Asmundson\|first1\=Gordon J.G.\|last2\=Taylor\|first2\=Steven}} Asmundson and Taylor expanded on COVID\-19\-related mental health impacts by introducing the constructs of COVID Stress Syndrome{{\#invoke:cite journal\|\|date\=May 1, 2020\|title\=Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales\|url\= \|journal\=Journal of Anxiety Disorders\|language\=en\|volume\=72\|pages\=102232\|doi\=10\.1016/j.janxdis.2020\.102232\|issn\=0887\-6185\|pmc\=7198206\|pmid\=32408047\|last1\=Taylor\|first1\=Steven\|last2\=Landry\|first2\=Caeleigh A.\|last3\=Paluszek\|first3\=Michelle M.\|last4\=Fergus\|first4\=Thomas A.\|last5\=McKay\|first5\=Dean\|last6\=Asmundson\|first6\=Gordon J.G.}}{{\#invoke:cite journal\|\|last1\=Taylor\|first1\=Steven\|last2\=Landry\|first2\=Caeleigh A.\|last3\=Paluszek\|first3\=Michelle M.\|last4\=Fergus\|first4\=Thomas A.\|last5\=McKay\|first5\=Dean\|last6\=Asmundson\|first6\=Gordon J. G.\|date\=2020\|title\=COVID stress syndrome: Concept, structure, and correlates\|url\= \|journal\=Depression and Anxiety\|language\=en\|volume\=37\|issue\=8\|pages\=706–714\|doi\=10\.1002/da.23071\|issn\=1520\-6394\|pmc\=7362150\|pmid\=32627255}} and ‘COVID Stress Disorder’. Per Asmundson and Taylor’s definition, COVID Stress Syndrome centers around fears about contamination and the dangerousness of COVID\-19, and also involves fears of socioeconomic consequences, xenophobic attitudes, traumatic stress, and compulsive checking and reassurance seeking symptoms. COVID Stress Disorder involves high levels of COVID Stress symptoms and severe functional impairment resulting from these symptoms. COVID Stress Disorder is proposed by Asmundson and Taylor as a distinct diagnostic category as COVID Stress symptoms and the associated impairment cannot be accounted for by existing mental disorder diagnoses. On February 26, Minister of Health Patty Hajdu recommended that citizens stockpile food and medication, noting that it was "good to be prepared because things can change quickly \[in any emergency]."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/coronavirus\-live\-updates\-who\-covid19\-covid\-19\-italy\-china\-canada\-wuhan\-deaths\|title\=Coronavirus updates: Stockpile food and meds in case of infection, Canada's health minister says\|date\=February 26, 2020\|website\=National Post\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020\|archive\-date\=February 27, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20200227015245/https://nationalpost.com/news/world/coronavirus\-live\-updates\-who\-covid19\-covid\-19\-italy\-china\-canada\-wuhan\-deaths}} The recommendation faced criticism from provincial politicians: Manitoba health minister [Cameron Friesen](/wiki/Cameron_Friesen "Cameron Friesen") and Ontario health minister [Christine Elliott](/wiki/Christine_Elliott "Christine Elliott") both felt that there was no need for such aggressive stockpiling, while Friesen also felt that there needed to be more coordination between the federal and provincial levels in terms of information regarding the outbreak.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6625996/covid\-19\-stockpiling\-food\-manitoba/\|title\=COVID\-19: No need to stockpile food despite earlier warning, Manitoba health minister says\|website\=CJOB\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304134904/https://globalnews.ca/news/6625996/covid\-19\-stockpiling\-food\-manitoba/\|archive\-date\=March 4, 2020\|url\-status\=live}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6620830/stockpiling\-coronavirus\-christine\-elliott\-costco\-ontario/\|title\=Stockpiling in face of COVID\-19 unnecessary, Ontario health minister says\|website\=Global News\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303144805/https://globalnews.ca/news/6620830/stockpiling\-coronavirus\-christine\-elliott\-costco\-ontario/\|archive\-date\=March 3, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} [Conservative Party](/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada "Conservative Party of Canada") shadow minister [Matt Jeneroux](/wiki/Matt_Jeneroux "Matt Jeneroux") opined that the suggestion incited concern and was lacking in transparency. [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada "Health Canada")'s website recommended against such bulk purchases (as to not strain supply chains), and explained that having supplies on hand was to "ensure you do not need to leave your home at the peak of the outbreak or if you become ill."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news\-pmn/canada\-news\-pmn/advice\-to\-stockpile\-supplies\-can\-cause\-undue\-concern\-over\-covid\-19\-tory\-mp\|title\=Advice to stockpile supplies can cause undue concern over COVID\-19: Tory MP {{!}} National Post\|last\=Canada\|first\=P. M. N.\|newspaper\=National Post\|date\=March 2, 2020\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} #### March [thumb\|A highway sign on the [Gardiner Expressway](/wiki/Gardiner_Expressway "Gardiner Expressway") in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto") discouraging non\-essential travel](/wiki/File:COVID-19_highway_sign_in_Toronto%2C_March_2020_%28cropped%29.jpg "COVID-19 highway sign in Toronto, March 2020 (cropped).jpg") [thumb\|Shelves void of meat in a [Regina](/wiki/Regina%2C_Saskatchewan "Regina, Saskatchewan") supermarket as a result of [panic buying](/wiki/Panic_buying "Panic buying")](/wiki/File:Shelves_void_of_meat_in_a_Canadian_supermarket.jpg "Shelves void of meat in a Canadian supermarket.jpg") On March 4, 2020, Trudeau announced his creation of the Cabinet Committee on the federal response to the coronavirus disease, chaired by [Chrystia Freeland](/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland "Chrystia Freeland"), "to limit the spread of the virus" and to protect "the health and safety of all Canadians".{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Prime Minister creates committee on COVID\-19 \|url\=https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news\-releases/2020/03/04/prime\-minister\-creates\-committee\-covid\-19 \|access\-date\=April 28, 2020 \|publisher\=JUSTIN TRUDEAU, PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA \|date\=March 4, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143151/https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news\-releases/2020/03/04/prime\-minister\-creates\-committee\-covid\-19 \|url\-status\=live }} Minister of Health Patty Hajdu announced on March 6 that the federal government would offer $27 million in funding to 47 research groups at 19 universities to develop means of managing the outbreak. [Minister of Finance](/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_%28Canada%29 "Minister of Finance (Canada)") [Bill Morneau](/wiki/Bill_Morneau "Bill Morneau") stated that the next federal budget would include measures in response to the outbreak, including an increase to the risk adjustment provision.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/quarantined\-coronavirus\-morneau\-supports\-1\.5488062\|title\=Support coming for Canadians quarantined due to coronavirus, finance minister says\|last\=Tunney\|first\=Catharine\|date\=March 6, 2020\|publisher\=CBC News\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311112055/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/quarantined\-coronavirus\-morneau\-supports\-1\.5488062\|archive\-date\=March 11, 2020\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6644662/coronavirus\-lab\-in\-a\-box\-diagnosis/\|title\=Coronavirus: Canadian researchers developing 'lab in a box' to diagnose COVID\-19\|website\=Global News\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308175925/https://globalnews.ca/news/6644662/coronavirus\-lab\-in\-a\-box\-diagnosis/\|archive\-date\=March 8, 2020\|url\-status\=live}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://ici.radio\-canada.ca/nouvelle/1651785/investissement\-27\-millions\-recherche\-coronavirus\-canada\|title\=Le fédéral injecte 27 M$ dans la recherche sur le coronavirus\|publisher\=CBC/Radio\-Canada\|language\=fr\-ca\|access\-date\=March 10, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310051558/https://ici.radio\-canada.ca/nouvelle/1651785/investissement\-27\-millions\-recherche\-coronavirus\-canada\|archive\-date\=March 10, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} On March 8, Minister of Foreign Affairs François\-Philippe Champagne stated that at the request of the U.S. government, Canada had chartered a [EuroAtlantic](/wiki/EuroAtlantic "EuroAtlantic") passenger airplane to evacuate the 237 citizens that were still aboard the cruise ship {{ship\|\|Grand Princess}}. They were quarantined at CFB Trenton for two weeks when the plane landed on March 10\.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6647694/coronavirus\-government\-plane\-grand\-princess/\|title\=Coronavirus: Government chartering plane for Canadians on Grand Princess\|website\=Global News\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143155/https://globalnews.ca/news/6647694/coronavirus\-government\-plane\-grand\-princess/\|url\-status\=live}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/infected\-canadian\-crew\-on\-covid\-19\-cruise\-ship\-remain\-onboard\-228\-passengers\-repatriated\-1\.4846310\|title\=Infected Canadian crew on COVID\-19 cruise ship remain onboard, 228 passengers repatriated\|publisher\=ctvnews.ca\|date\=March 10, 2020\|access\-date\=March 12, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312183750/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/infected\-canadian\-crew\-on\-covid\-19\-cruise\-ship\-remain\-onboard\-228\-passengers\-repatriated\-1\.4846310\|archive\-date\=March 12, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} Member of Parliament [Anthony Housefather](/wiki/Anthony_Housefather "Anthony Housefather") announced on March 9 that he was undergoing self\-isolation as a precautionary measure due to possible contact with a person at an [American Israel Public Affairs Committee](/wiki/American_Israel_Public_Affairs_Committee "American Israel Public Affairs Committee") (AIPAC) conference in [Washington](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.lapresse.ca/covid\-19/202003/10/01\-5264042\-covid\-19\-le\-federal\-donnera\-un\-coup\-de\-main.php\|title\=COVID\-19: le fédéral donnera un coup de main\|date\=March 10, 2020\|website\=La Presse\|language\=fr\|access\-date\=March 10, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311164949/https://www.lapresse.ca/covid\-19/202003/10/01\-5264042\-covid\-19\-le\-federal\-donnera\-un\-coup\-de\-main.php\|archive\-date\=March 11, 2020\|url\-status\=live\|last1\=Marquis \|first1\=Mélanie }} The next day, [Minister of Natural Resources](/wiki/Minister_of_Natural_Resources "Minister of Natural Resources") [Seamus O'Regan](/wiki/Seamus_O%27Regan "Seamus O'Regan") stated that he was also in self\-isolation while awaiting the results of a coronavirus test. He had seen a doctor regarding a "persistent" head cold, who recommended testing, but was "not aware of contacting anyone infected".{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6657717/seamus\-oregan\-self\-isolation\-covid\-19/\|title\=Minister of Natural Resources in self\-isolation as 'precaution' while awaiting COVID\-19 results\|website\=Global News\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311125628/https://globalnews.ca/news/6657717/seamus\-oregan\-self\-isolation\-covid\-19/\|archive\-date\=March 11, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} The test came back negative.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/seamus\-o\-regan\-tests\-negative\-for\-covid\-19\-1\.4852739\|title\=Seamus O'Regan tests negative for COVID\-19\|date\=March 13, 2020\|website\=CTV News\|access\-date\=March 16, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314151743/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/seamus\-o\-regan\-tests\-negative\-for\-covid\-19\-1\.4852739\|archive\-date\=March 14, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} On March 11, [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada "Prime Minister of Canada") [Justin Trudeau](/wiki/Justin_Trudeau "Justin Trudeau") announced a $1 billion response fund, including $500 million to go to provinces and territories, a $50 million contribution to the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") and an additional $275 million to fund COVID\-19 research in Canada.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6659384/coronavirus\-funding\-trudeau/\|title\=Trudeau announces $1B coronavirus response fund for provinces, territories\|website\=Global News\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312171555/https://globalnews.ca/news/6659384/coronavirus\-funding\-trudeau/\|archive\-date\=March 12, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} [Minister of Economic Development and Official Languages](/wiki/Minister_of_Economic_Development_and_Official_Languages "Minister of Economic Development and Official Languages") [Mélanie Joly](/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly "Mélanie Joly") stated that she had been discussing means of mitigating the outbreak's impact on the air travel industry.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://ca.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idCAKBN20X2CI\|title\=Canada government to help provinces fight coronavirus outbreak: source\|date\=March 11, 2020\|work\=Reuters\|access\-date\=March 11, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143201/https://ca.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idCAKBN20X2CI\|url\-status\=live}} On March 11, the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") declared the virus to be the cause of a worldwide [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). On March 12, after returning from a speaking engagement in London, England, Trudeau's wife [Sophie Grégoire Trudeau](/wiki/Sophie_Gr%C3%A9goire_Trudeau "Sophie Grégoire Trudeau") tested positive for COVID\-19\. She and the Prime Minister went into self\-isolation.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Harris\|first\=Kathleen\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19\-premiers\-coronavirus\-1\.5495001\|title\=Trudeau, wife Sophie in self\-isolation awaiting COVID\-19 test as premiers conference is called off\|date\=March 12, 2020\|publisher\=CBC News\|access\-date\=March 12, 2020\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313001402/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19\-premiers\-coronavirus\-1\.5495001\|archive\-date\=March 13, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/sophie\-gregoire\-trudeau\-tests\-positive\-for\-covid\-19\-1\.4850159\|title\=Sophie Gregoire Trudeau tests positive for COVID\-19\|last1\=Slaughter\|first1\=Graham\|last2\=Bogart\|first2\=Nicole\|date\=March 12, 2020\|website\=CTV News\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=March 12, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313015745/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/sophie\-gregoire\-trudeau\-tests\-positive\-for\-covid\-19\-1\.4850159\|archive\-date\=March 13, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2020HLTH0064\-000413 \|title\=Update on new and existing COVID\-19 cases in British Columbia \| BC Gov News \|date\=March 7, 2020 \|publisher\=News.gov.bc.ca \|access\-date\=March 15, 2020 \|archive\-date\=March 19, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319010354/https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2020HLTH0064\-000413 \|url\-status\=live }} The staff member is now thought to be Canada's first case of community transmission.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/tracking\-every\-case\-of\-covid\-19\-in\-canada\-1\.4852102\|title\=Tracking every case of COVID\-19 in Canada\|work\=\[\[CTV News]]\|date\=March 13, 2020\|access\-date\=March 16, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315124205/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/tracking\-every\-case\-of\-covid\-19\-in\-canada\-1\.4852102\|archive\-date\=March 15, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} The Toronto Stock Exchange tumbles 1770 points.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/investing/markets/indices/full\-chart/TXCX/\|title\=TSX Composite Index (TXCX) Quote – Full Chart\|website\=The Globe and Mail\|access\-date\=June 6, 2021}} On March 13, Trudeau announced that the federal government was preparing a stimulus package to address those affected by the pandemic.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6672830/coronavirus\-trudeau\-economic\-aid\-package/\|title\=Coronavirus: Trudeau announces economic aid package to help Canadians amid outbreak\|website\=Global News\|access\-date\=March 13, 2020\|archive\-date\=April 27, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427173059/https://globalnews.ca/news/6672830/coronavirus\-trudeau\-economic\-aid\-package/\|url\-status\=live}} Also on March 13, Parliament agreed unanimously to shut its doors for five weeks (pursuant to Standing Order 28\) because of COVID\-19\.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Pinkerton \|first1\=Charlie \|title\=Parliament shuts doors for five weeks because of COVID\-19 \|url\=https://ipolitics.ca/2020/03/13/parliament\-shuts\-doors\-for\-five\-weeks\-because\-of\-covid\-19/ \|publisher\=iPolitics \|date\=March 13, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140140/https://ipolitics.ca/2020/03/13/parliament\-shuts\-doors\-for\-five\-weeks\-because\-of\-covid\-19/ \|url\-status\=live }} On March 16, Trudeau announced that new entry restrictions would be implemented shortly after midnight [ET](/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone "Eastern Time Zone") on March 18, restricting entry into the country to Americans and Canadian citizens and permanent residents and their families and flight crew members who are not displaying symptoms of covid\-19\. All people arriving were asked to self\-isolate for 14 days.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cbsa\-border\-airports\-screening\-trudeau\-covid19\-coronavirus\-1\.5498866\|title\=Canada to bar entry to travellers who are not citizens, permanent residents or Americans\|last\=Harris\|first\=Kathleen\|date\=March 16, 2020\|publisher\=CBC News\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=March 16, 2020\|archive\-date\=July 19, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719210119/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cbsa\-border\-airports\-screening\-trudeau\-covid19\-coronavirus\-1\.5498866}} Most international flights were routed to Canada's an arbitrary selection of four airports ([YVR](/wiki/YVR "YVR"), [YYC](/wiki/YYC "YYC"), [YYZ](/wiki/YYZ "YYZ"), and [YUL](/wiki/YUL "YUL")) in order "to enhance screening measures". [Minister of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Canada%29 "Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)") [François\-Philippe Champagne](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Philippe_Champagne "François-Philippe Champagne") also announced that for citizens who are still abroad, the country would provide emergency loans of up to $5,000 to cover travel costs or basic needs until they are able to return.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/canada\-restricting\-who\-can\-enter\-the\-country\-due\-to\-covid\-19\-pm\-trudeau\-1\.4854503\|title\=Canada restricting who can enter the country due to COVID\-19: PM Trudeau\|date\=March 16, 2020\|work\=CTV News\|access\-date\=March 16, 2020\|first\=Rachel\|last\=Aiello\|archive\-date\=March 16, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316180150/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/canada\-restricting\-who\-can\-enter\-the\-country\-due\-to\-covid\-19\-pm\-trudeau\-1\.4854503\|url\-status\=live}} The border closure led to a million Canadians returning home over the next week. Passengers from East Asian countries wore masks on their flights, but those arriving from Europe did not. Masks were not even recommended. There were no temperature checks. People were packed in close at airport waiting areas. Hand sanitizer dispensers had not been installed. Not everyone received the pamphlets instructing them to self\-isolate for 14 days.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.macleans.ca/longforms/covid\-19\-pandemic\-canada\-year\-one/\|title\=The untold story of the pandemic in Canada\|access\-date\=June 6, 2021}} On March 17, Ontario Premier Doug Ford declared a state of emergency, calling for the closure of indoor recreation facilities, restaurants, libraries, theatres and concert halls.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6688074/ontario\-doug\-ford\-coronavirus\-covid\-19\-march\-17/\|title\=Ontario government declares state of emergency amid coronavirus pandemic\|website\=Global News\|access\-date\=June 2, 2021}} On March 18, Donald Trump and Justin Trudeau announced that the Canada\-U.S. border would close to non\-essential travel. People entering Canada would be asked to self\-isolate for 14 days. Family of Canadian citizens, students and foreign workers with visas would be allowed to enter. Truckers and flight crews carrying essential goods did not need to self\-isolate.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Tunney \|first1\=Catharine \|last2\=Simpson \|first2\=Katie \|title\=Canada, U.S. border temporarily closing to non\-essential traffic to slow COVID\-19 \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada\-us\-border\-deal\-1\.5501289 \|work\=CBC News \|date\=March 18, 2020}} [Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam "Theresa Tam"), [Chief Public Health Officer of Canada](/wiki/Chief_Public_Health_Officer_of_Canada "Chief Public Health Officer of Canada") and head of the [Public Health Agency of Canada](/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada "Public Health Agency of Canada") (PHAC), said on March 19 that Canada would not know for two or three weeks if country\-wide [social distancing](/wiki/Social_distancing "Social distancing") efforts have curbed the spread of COVID\-19\.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|last\=Raj \|first\=Althia \|date\=March 19, 2020 \|title\=Weeks Until We Know COVID\-19 Social Distancing Is Working: Top Doctor \|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/coronavirus\-social\-distancing\-canada\_ca\_5e73f9fcc5b6f5b7c5414196 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322011632/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/coronavirus\-social\-distancing\-canada\_ca\_5e73f9fcc5b6f5b7c5414196 \|archive\-date\=March 22, 2020 \|access\-date\=March 19, 2020 \|website\=HuffPost}} On March 24, 35 members of parliament met in order to discuss Bill C\-13, the *[COVID\-19 Emergency Response Act](/wiki/COVID-19_Emergency_Response_Act "COVID-19 Emergency Response Act")*. To maintain social distancing in the face of the highly contagious respiratory illness, only 35 of the 338 members of the House of Commons convened to debate the legislation.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Scherer \|first1\=Steve \|title\=Canada coronavirus aid stalled over concerns about Trudeau bid for more spending powers \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-health\-coronavirus\-canada/canada\-coronavirus\-aid\-stalled\-over\-concerns\-about\-trudeau\-bid\-for\-more\-spending\-powers\-idUSKBN21B2E3 \|work\=Reuters \|date\=March 24, 2020 \|quote\=Parliament was reconvened pursuant to Standing Order 28(3\) \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140154/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-health\-coronavirus\-canada/canada\-coronavirus\-aid\-stalled\-over\-concerns\-about\-trudeau\-bid\-for\-more\-spending\-powers\-idUSKBN21B2E3 \|url\-status\=live }} The Commons agreed "to see the application of Standing Order 17 (sic) suspended for the current sitting to allow (its) members the practice of social distancing."{{\#invoke:cite journal\|\|title\=House of Commons Debates \|journal\=Hansard \|date\=March 24, 2020 \|volume\=43RD PARLIAMENT, 1ST SESSION \|issue\=32 \|url\=https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\-1/house/sitting\-32/hansard \|quote\=Standing Order 15 – Attendance required. 15\. Every Member, being cognizant of the provisions of the Parliament of Canada Act, is bound to attend the sittings of the House, unless otherwise occupied with parliamentary activities and functions or on public or official business. \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140156/https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\-1/house/sitting\-32/hansard \|url\-status\=live }} Also on March 24, a small number of MPs from each party met in the House of Commons to vote on an $82\-billion emergency spending legislation, known as Bill C\-13\. The passage of the bill was stalled due to the federal government's proposed clauses that gave the finance minister the right to spend money and raise taxes without the approval of Parliament until December 31, 2021\. After criticism from the Official Opposition over the minority government's "power grab" which was considered undemocratic, a revised bill was agreed upon the next day that would permit the government six months of special spending powers until September 30, 2020, with oversight from a Parliamentary committee.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|date\=March 28, 2020 \|title\=Corbella: Trudeau's attempted power grab an alarming breach of trust \|url\=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local\-news/corbella\-trudeaus\-attempted\-power\-grab\-an\-alarming\-breach\-of\-trust/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411081410/https://calgaryherald.com/news/local\-news/corbella\-trudeaus\-attempted\-power\-grab\-an\-alarming\-breach\-of\-trust/ \|archive\-date\=April 11, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 1, 2020 \|website\=Calgary Herald}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=March 24, 2020 \|title\=COVID\-19: Scheer says talk of 'new government powers' shouldn't get in way of passing of aid package \|url\=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/covid\-19\-scheer\-says\-talk\-of\-new\-government\-powers\-shouldnt\-get\-in\-way\-of\-passing\-of\-aid\-package \|access\-date\=April 1, 2020 \|website\=National Post\|last1\=Thomson \|first1\=Stuart }}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=March 24, 2020 \|title\=Chris Selley: Cheers to parliamentary supremacists, whose lonely struggles are not entirely in vain \|url\=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/chris\-selley\-cheers\-to\-parliamentary\-supremacists\-whose\-lonely\-struggles\-are\-not\-entirely\-in\-vain \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20200917153137/https://nationalpost.com/opinion/chris%2Dselley%2Dcheers%2Dto%2Dparliamentary%2Dsupremacists%2Dwhose%2Dlonely%2Dstruggles%2Dare%2Dnot%2Dentirely%2Din%2Dvain \|archive\-date\=September 17, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 1, 2020 \|website\=National Post\|last1\=Selley \|first1\=Chris }}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|date\=March 24, 2020 \|title\=Trudeau says sweeping coronavirus bill powers needed given 'exceptional situation' – National \|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6724070/coronavirus\-canada\-economic\-measures\-vote/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331212024/https://globalnews.ca/news/6724070/coronavirus\-canada\-economic\-measures\-vote/ \|archive\-date\=March 31, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 1, 2020 \|publisher\=Globalnews.ca}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|date\=March 24, 2020 \|title\=Tories will support aid to Canadians, not Liberal 'power grab': Scheer – BNN Bloomberg \|url\=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/tories\-will\-support\-aid\-to\-canadians\-not\-liberal\-power\-grab\-scheer\-1\.1411317 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414131233/https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/tories\-will\-support\-aid\-to\-canadians\-not\-liberal\-power\-grab\-scheer\-1\.1411317 \|archive\-date\=April 14, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 1, 2020 \|publisher\=Bnnbloomberg.ca}} The House of Commons' Health and Finance committees began holding weekly virtual meetings during the pandemic.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Aiello \|first\=Rachel \|date\=March 31, 2020 \|title\=House health committee holding first virtual briefing on COVID\-19 efforts \|work\=\[\[CTV News]] \|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/house\-health\-committee\-holding\-first\-virtual\-briefing\-on\-covid\-19\-efforts\-1\.4875766 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=March 31, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924011948/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/house\-health\-committee\-holds\-first\-virtual\-briefing\-on\-covid\-19\-efforts\-1\.4875766 \|archive\-date\=September 24, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Moss \|first\=Neil \|date\=March 30, 2020 \|title\=COVID\-19 can't end parliamentary scrutiny, say experts \|work\=\[\[The Hill Times]] \|url\=https://www.hilltimes.com/2020/03/30/covid\-19\-cant\-end\-parliamentary\-scrutiny\-say\-experts/241153 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=March 31, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331080347/https://www.hilltimes.com/2020/03/30/covid\-19\-cant\-end\-parliamentary\-scrutiny\-say\-experts/241153 \|archive\-date\=March 31, 2020}} Meanwhile, Dr. Theresa Tam was quoted as saying regarding Canadians' need to wear face masks: "most people haven't learned how to use masks" and "there is no need to use a mask for well people."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/national\-directive\-on\-wearing\-face\-masks\-coming\-today\-trudeau\-says\|title\=Tam now recommends wearing masks to guard against COVID\-19 — two months after dismissing them \| National Post\|newspaper\=National Post\|date\=May 20, 2020}} On March 28, Sophie Grégoire Trudeau announced her full recovery and thanked her well\-wishers via social media.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\| url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6747353/sophie\-trudeau\-covid\-19\-clear/\| title\='All clear': Sophie Grégoire Trudeau thanks well\-wishers after recovering from COVID\-19\| first\=Maryam\| last\=Shah\| date\=March 28, 2020\| website\=globalnews.ca\| access\-date\=May 26, 2020\| archive\-date\=August 22, 2020\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140203/https://globalnews.ca/news/6747353/sophie\-trudeau\-covid\-19\-clear/\| url\-status\=live}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\| url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/sophie\-trudeau\-feeling\-great\-covid\-19\-1\.5513731\| title\=Sophie Grégoire Trudeau says she has recovered from COVID\-19\| first\=John Paul\| last\=Tasker\| publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\| date\=March 29, 2020\| access\-date\=May 26, 2020\| archive\-date\=June 12, 2020\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612024029/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/sophie\-trudeau\-feeling\-great\-covid\-19\-1\.5513731\| url\-status\=live}} Unemployment figures for March showed the economy had shed 1,000,000 jobs, pushing the official jobless rate to 7\.8 percent.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Ivison \|first1\=John \|title\=Federal health agency's report on COVID\-19 projections opts for soft\-soap over science \|url\=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/john\-ivison\-federal\-health\-agencys\-report\-on\-covid\-19\-projections\-opts\-for\-soft\-soap\-over\-science?video\_autoplay\=true \|publisher\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \|date\=April 9, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=April 16, 2020 \|archive\-url\=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20200416164105/https://nationalpost.com/opinion/john%2Divison%2Dfederal%2Dhealth%2Dagencys%2Dreport%2Don%2Dcovid%2D19%2Dprojections%2Dopts%2Dfor%2Dsoft%2Dsoap%2Dover%2Dscience?video\_autoplay%3Dtrue \|url\-status\=live }} #### April [thumb\|Vancouver, British Columbia during the COVID\-19 pandemic on April 19\.](/wiki/File:David_Lam_Park%2C_Yaletown_Vancouver_during_coronavirus_pandemic_%2849790733418%29.jpg "David Lam Park, Yaletown Vancouver during coronavirus pandemic (49790733418).jpg") On April 2, Trudeau said that he foresaw the expiry of the COVID\-19 crisis to occur only in July.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Bhattacharyya \|first1\=Anirudh \|title\=Coronavirus update: Canadian PM Justin Trudeau calls emergency Parliament session to pass legislation on Covid\-19 \|url\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world\-news/coronavirus\-update\-canadian\-pm\-justin\-trudeau\-calls\-emergency\-parliament\-session\-to\-pass\-legislation\-on\-covid\-19/story\-kQL0wA47xt9ZD9X0qrvahO.html \|work\=Hindustan Times \|date\=April 2, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 9, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809125809/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world\-news/coronavirus\-update\-canadian\-pm\-justin\-trudeau\-calls\-emergency\-parliament\-session\-to\-pass\-legislation\-on\-covid\-19/story\-kQL0wA47xt9ZD9X0qrvahO.html \|url\-status\=live }} On April 2, American President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") slammed 3M after invoking the US [Defense Production Act of 1950](/wiki/Defense_Production_Act_of_1950 "Defense Production Act of 1950") to get the company to produce N95 respirators and on April 3, Canadian officials protested a move by Trump to block [3M](/wiki/3M "3M")'s export of [N95 masks](/wiki/N95_mask "N95 mask") for use by doctors and nurses as COVID\-19 cases were projected to soar in Ontario and Quebec. [Deputy Prime Minister](/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada "Deputy Prime Minister of Canada") [Chrystia Freeland](/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland "Chrystia Freeland") said Canada would "do whatever it takes to defend the national interest."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Steve \|first\=Scherer \|date\=April 3, 2020 \|title\=Canada blasts U.S. block on 3M exports of masks as coronavirus cases set to soar \|work\=Reuters \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-health\-coronavirus\-canada/canada\-blasts\-us\-block\-on\-3m\-exports\-of\-masks\-as\-coronavirus\-cases\-set\-to\-soar\-idUSKBN21L2DD \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=August 23, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818065017/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-health\-coronavirus\-canada/canada\-blasts\-us\-block\-on\-3m\-exports\-of\-masks\-as\-coronavirus\-cases\-set\-to\-soar\-idUSKBN21L2DD \|archive\-date\=August 18, 2020}} On April 6, the [Trump administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Presidency of Donald Trump") agreed to a deal with the 3M to import more than 166 million respirators from China over the next three months and allow 3M to continue exporting its US made respirators to Canada.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Cecco \|first\=Leyland \|date\=April 7, 2020 \|title\=Trump and 3M reach deal to allow N95 face masks to be exported to Canada \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/06/us\-blocks\-face\-masks\-canada\-n95\-protection\-equipment \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=August 23, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829185728/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/06/us\-blocks\-face\-masks\-canada\-n95\-protection\-equipment \|archive\-date\=August 29, 2020}} On April 5, Queen Elizabeth addressed the Commonwealth in a televised broadcast, in which she asked people to "take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return". She added, "we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; we will meet again".{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Coronavirus: The Queen's broadcast in full \|date\=April 5, 2020 \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-52176208\|access\-date\=July 5, 2021\|work\=BBC News}} On April 6, Trudeau introduced extra aid for the [Canada Emergency Response Benefit](/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Response_Benefit "Canada Emergency Response Benefit") (CERB), saying "there are groups of people who aren't benefiting from \[it] who probably should."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Aiello\|first\=Rachel\|date\=April 6, 2020\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/more\-aid\-coming\-for\-those\-who\-don\-t\-qualify\-for\-current\-covid\-19\-benefits\-pm\-1\.4884156\|title\=More aid coming for those who don't qualify for current COVID\-19 benefits\|work\=\[\[CTV News]]\|access\-date\=April 6, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 18, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818042455/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/more\-aid\-coming\-for\-those\-who\-don\-t\-qualify\-for\-current\-covid\-19\-benefits\-pm\-1\.4884156\|url\-status\=live}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Harris\|first\=Kathleen\|date\=April 6, 2020\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cerb\-covid19\-benefits\-trudeau\-1\.5523052\|title\=Trudeau promises more Canadians will be covered by COVID\-19 emergency benefit\|publisher\=\[\[CBC News]]\|access\-date\=April 6, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 6, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806005843/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cerb\-covid19\-benefits\-trudeau\-1\.5523052\|url\-status\=live}} Also on April 6, [Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam "Theresa Tam"), the CPHO of Canada, noted that people with COVID\-19 may be contagious even if they are pre\-symptomatic or asymptomatic.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=2zidS5XncGM\| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/2zidS5XncGM\| archive\-date\=2021\-11\-17 \| url\-status\=live\|title\=Dr. Theresa Tam says non\-medical masks can prevent asymptomatic spread of virus \| COVID\-19\|access\-date\=June 6, 2021\|via\=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}} She advised the use of a "non\-medical face mask when shopping or using public transit" because "A non\-medical mask can reduce the chance of your respiratory droplets coming into contact with others or land\[ing] on surfaces". Tam offered advice on how to use "a cotton shirt combined with rubber bands" to create a [DIY](/wiki/DIY "DIY") non\-medical face mask.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Theresa Tam offers new advice: Wear a non\-medical face mask when shopping or using public transit \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\-tam\-offers\-new\-advice\-wear\-a\-non\-medical\-mask\-when\-shopping\-or\-using/ \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=April 6, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 18, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818160640/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\-tam\-offers\-new\-advice\-wear\-a\-non\-medical\-mask\-when\-shopping\-or\-using/ \|url\-status\=live }} On April 7, Trudeau brought up the topic of masks, where he said, "If people want to wear a [mask](/wiki/Cloth_face_mask "Cloth face mask"), that is okay. It protects others more than it protects you, because it prevents you from breathing or... or... speaking, uh... 'moistly' on them." He immediately regrets his [word choice](/wiki/Word_choice "Word choice") and says, "Ugh, what a terrible image."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=April 7, 2020 \|title\=Trudeau responds to question about wearing non\-medical masks \|work\=\[\[Toronto Star]] \|publisher\=\[\[YouTube]] \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=yIVA6MRS3J4 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=May 17, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502020736/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=yIVA6MRS3J4 \|archive\-date\=May 2, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=April 7, 2020 \|title\=PM Trudeau provides update on federal response to COVID\-19 \|work\=\[\[CPAC (TV channel)\|CPAC]] \|publisher\=\[\[YouTube]] \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=B\-EDanhruQY \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=May 17, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612010426/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=B\-EDanhruQY \|archive\-date\=June 12, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=April 8, 2020 \|title\=Trudeau says "Speaking moistly" during update and immediately regrets it \|work\=Your Morning \|publisher\=\[\[CTV Television Network\|CTV]] \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=slK5IY\_GJzI \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=May 17, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516050726/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=slK5IY\_GJzI \|archive\-date\=May 16, 2020}} The unusual word choice has led the creation of a [remix](/wiki/Remix "Remix") song, "[Speaking Moistly](/wiki/Speaking_Moistly "Speaking Moistly")", based on the speech.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=April 12, 2020 \|title\=Edmonton musician riffs on Justin Trudeau's cringe\-worthy 'speaking moistly' gaffe \|work\=\[\[CBC News]] \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/justin\-trudeau\-speaking\-moistly\-youtube\-1\.5529347 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=May 17, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519003529/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/justin\-trudeau\-speaking\-moistly\-youtube\-1\.5529347 \|archive\-date\=May 19, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Edmonton artist auto\-tunes PM's 'speaking moistly' comments \|work\=\[\[CityNews Toronto]] \|url\=https://toronto.citynews.ca/video/2020/04/12/edmonton\-artist\-auto\-tunes\-pms\-speaking\-moistly\-comments \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=May 3, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418041053/https://toronto.citynews.ca/video/2020/04/12/edmonton\-artist\-auto\-tunes\-pms\-speaking\-moistly\-comments/ \|archive\-date\=April 18, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Belmonte \|first\=Lisa \|date\=April 9, 2020 \|title\=Justin Trudeau's 'Speaking Moistly' Moment Was Turned Into A Song \& It's Hilarious \|work\=\[\[Narcity Media]] \|url\=https://www.narcity.com/news/ca/justin\-trudeaus\-speaking\-moistly\-comment\-got\-turned\-into\-a\-song\-and\-its\-so\-funny \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=May 3, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519003527/https://www.narcity.com/news/ca/justin\-trudeaus\-speaking\-moistly\-comment\-got\-turned\-into\-a\-song\-and\-its\-so\-funny \|archive\-date\=May 19, 2020}} On April 9, the federal government released modelling that, even with strong public health measures, showed between 11,000 and 22,000 deaths over the course of the pandemic, with that number being closer to 300,000 deaths if no measures had been taken.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19\-modelling\-projections\-1\.5527365\|title\=Federal health officials project up to 700 COVID\-19 deaths in Canada by April 16\|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\|date\=April 9, 2020\|access\-date\=May 26, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 17, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817011021/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19\-modelling\-projections\-1\.5527365\|url\-status\=live}} Trudeau warned that "normality as it was before will not come back full\-on until we get a vaccine for this", and that residents would "have to remain vigilant for at least a year."{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6799110/coronavirus\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-return\-to\-normality\-trudeau/\|title\=No return to 'normality' until coronavirus vaccine is available, Trudeau says\|website\=Global News\|access\-date\=April 10, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 20, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820220153/https://globalnews.ca/news/6799110/coronavirus\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-return\-to\-normality\-trudeau/\|url\-status\=live}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=PM Trudeau: This will be the new normal, until a vaccine is developed\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/pm\-trudeau\-this\-will\-be\-the\-new\-normal\-until\-a\-vaccine\-is\-developed\-1\.4889651\|last\=Aiello\|first\=Rachel\|date\=April 9, 2020\|website\=CTV News\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817194835/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/pm\-trudeau\-this\-will\-be\-the\-new\-normal\-until\-a\-vaccine\-is\-developed\-1\.4889651\|archive\-date\=August 17, 2020\|access\-date\=April 10, 2020}} The same day, Trudeau sent a letter to the [provincial and territorial premiers](/wiki/Premier_%28Canada%29 "Premier (Canada)") to consult about invoking the *[Emergencies Act](/wiki/Emergencies_Act "Emergencies Act")*.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Tunney \|first1\=Catharine \|last2\=Hall \|first2\=Chris \|title\=As supply concerns grow, Ottawa lays the groundwork for never\-used Emergencies Act \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies\-act\-province\-letter\-1\.5526496 \|publisher\=\[\[CBC News]] \|date\=April 9, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 9, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 17, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817011007/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies\-act\-province\-letter\-1\.5526496 \|url\-status\=live }} While consultation with the provinces is a required step before the Act can be triggered, the [Prime Minister's Office](/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_%28Canada%29 "Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)") said there was no present plan to enact it and that doing so remained a last resort.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Lynn \|first1\=Josh \|title\=In wake of letter sent by feds, Sask. premier doesn't 'see the need' to invoke Canada's Emergencies Act \|url\=https://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/in\-wake\-of\-letter\-sent\-by\-feds\-sask\-premier\-doesn\-t\-see\-the\-need\-to\-invoke\-canada\-s\-emergencies\-act\-1\.4890903 \|work\=\[\[CTV News]] \|date\=April 9, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 9, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140218/https://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/in\-wake\-of\-letter\-sent\-by\-feds\-sask\-premier\-doesn\-t\-see\-the\-need\-to\-invoke\-canada\-s\-emergencies\-act\-1\.4890903 \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Taylor \|first1\=Stephanie \|title\=Saskatchewan premier doesn't see need for Emergencies Act in COVID\-19 fight \|url\=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news\-pmn/canada\-news\-pmn/saskatchewan\-premier\-doesnt\-see\-need\-for\-emergencies\-act\-in\-covid\-19\-fight \|work\=\[\[National Post]] \|date\=April 9, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 9, 2020 }} On a conference call between Trudeau and the premiers later that day, the premiers communicated their unanimous opposition to invoking the Act.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Tunney \|first1\=Catharine \|last2\=Cullen \|first2\=Catherine \|last3\=Cochrane \|first3\=David \|title\=Need for Emergencies Act rejected by premiers on call with PM \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies\-act\-premiers\-consensus\-1\.5529119 \|publisher\=\[\[CBC News]] \|date\=April 10, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 10, 2020 \|archive\-date\=July 15, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715112237/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies\-act\-premiers\-consensus\-1\.5529119 \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Lilley \|first1\=Brian \|title\=Premiers say no to Trudeau on Emergencies Act \|url\=https://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/lilley\-premiers\-say\-no\-to\-trudeau\-on\-emergencies\-act \|newspaper\=\[\[Toronto Sun]] \|date\=April 10, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 11, 2020 \|archive\-date\=April 24, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424162326/https://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/lilley\-premiers\-say\-no\-to\-trudeau\-on\-emergencies\-act \|url\-status\=live }} On April 10, the [RCMP](/wiki/RCMP "RCMP") disclosed it has been asked to enforce the *[Quarantine Act, 2005](/wiki/Quarantine_Act%2C_2005 "Quarantine Act, 2005")*. Penalties for violations can include a fine of up to $750,000 and imprisonment for six months.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=April 10, 2020\|title\=RCMP to enforce Quarantine Act, while Trudeau says no plan to invoke Emergencies Act\|work\=National Post\|url\=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canada\-quarantine\-act\-emergencies\-act?video\_autoplay\=true}} One reporter said that the RCMP "could enter homes to enforce Quarantine Act orders if Canadians don't self\-isolate... \[and] will do physical checks to enforce it."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Mounties could enter homes to enforce Quarantine Act orders if Canadians don't self\-isolate \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\-rcmp\-warns\-it\-will\-enforce\-the\-quarantine\-act\-if\-canadians\-dont\-self/ \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=April 10, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=April 13, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413084041/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\-rcmp\-warns\-it\-will\-enforce\-the\-quarantine\-act\-if\-canadians\-dont\-self/ \|url\-status\=live }} It was reported that the [Canadian Forces Intelligence Command](/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Intelligence_Command "Canadian Forces Intelligence Command") Medical Intelligence Cell (MEDINT) has submitted reports on the outbreak in Wuhan since January 2020\.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=April 10, 2020\|title\=Canadian military intelligence unit issued warning about Wuhan outbreak back in January\|publisher\=CBC News\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\-pandemic\-covid\-canadian\-military\-intelligence\-wuhan\-1\.5528381\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=May 4, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 17, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817010839/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\-pandemic\-covid\-canadian\-military\-intelligence\-wuhan\-1\.5528381}} On April 11, Parliament re\-convened to pass Bill C\-14: *[COVID\-19 Emergency Response Act, No. 2](/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Wage_Subsidy "Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy")*, and thereby adopt the [CEWS](/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Wage_Subsidy "Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy"). As with the previous sitting on March 24, 35 MPs stood in for the full complement of 338 members due to the need for COVID\-19 social distancing. Government briefing notes detailed "a bureaucracy reluctant to put inbound China passengers in mandatory quarantine or close borders to arrivals from other (COVID\-19\) hotspots." [Yves\-François Blanchet](/wiki/Yves-Fran%C3%A7ois_Blanchet "Yves-François Blanchet") supported Trudeau when he "raised [health and safety](/wiki/Health_and_safety "Health and safety") concerns over holding regular meetings (in order) to respect physical distancing".{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Patel \|first1\=Raisa \|title\=Parliament adopts wage subsidy bill as MPs applaud all\-party collaboration \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/parliament\-reconvenes\-to\-debate\-wage\-subsidy\-bill\-1\.5529736 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=April 11, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=July 15, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715112148/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/parliament\-reconvenes\-to\-debate\-wage\-subsidy\-bill\-1\.5529736 \|url\-status\=live }} All that was needed to debate and to pass the bill to spend $73 billion were five hours.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Parliament passes $73B COVID\-19 wage subsidy bill \|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/parliament\-passes\-73b\-covid\-19\-wage\-subsidy\-bill\-1\.4892201 \|agency\=Bell Media \|publisher\=CTV News \|date\=April 11, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 9, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809205140/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/parliament\-passes\-73b\-covid\-19\-wage\-subsidy\-bill\-1\.4892201 \|url\-status\=live }} On April 15, Trudeau warned against premature reopening of the economy, stating that "in order to get to that point, we need to continue doing what we are doing now for many more weeks".{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/pm\-trudeau\-on\-reopening\-economy\-it\-s\-not\-happening\-yet\-1\.4897564\|title\=PM Trudeau on reopening economy: 'It's not happening yet'\|last\=Gilmore\|first\=Rachel\|date\=April 15, 2020\|website\=CTV News\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=April 16, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416083634/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/pm\-trudeau\-on\-reopening\-economy\-it\-s\-not\-happening\-yet\-1\.4897564\|url\-status\=live}} [thumb\|Anti\-lockdown protest in [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver") on April 26\.](/wiki/File:COVID-19_Vancouver%27s_largest_protest%2C_April_26th_2020_%2849823981297%29.jpg "COVID-19 Vancouver's largest protest, April 26th 2020 (49823981297).jpg") [Catherine McKenna](/wiki/Catherine_McKenna "Catherine McKenna") announced on April 16 that the [Ministry of Infrastructure and Communities](/wiki/Ministry_of_Infrastructure_and_Communities "Ministry of Infrastructure and Communities") sought shovel\-ready infrastructure projects to receive in the 2020 construction season some "largely unspent" funds that had already been budgeted.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=April 16, 2020 \|title\=Morning Brief: Feds seek 'shovel\-ready' projects for post\-COVID\-19 stimulus \|publisher\=iPolitics \|url\=https://ipolitics.ca/2020/04/16/morning\-brief\-feds\-seek\-shovel\-ready\-projects\-for\-post\-covid\-19\-stimulus/ \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=May 15, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514150154/https://ipolitics.ca/2020/04/16/morning\-brief\-feds\-seek\-shovel\-ready\-projects\-for\-post\-covid\-19\-stimulus/ \|archive\-date\=May 14, 2020}} On April 20, Parliament's temporary suspension for five weeks expired and it voted to sit only once weekly on Wednesdays.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Curry \|first1\=Bill \|title\=House of Commons votes to meet in\-person once a week, with more on video \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\-scheer\-defends\-push\-for\-more\-in\-person\-house\-of\-commons\-sittings\-amid/ \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=April 20, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=April 28, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428163531/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\-scheer\-defends\-push\-for\-more\-in\-person\-house\-of\-commons\-sittings\-amid/ \|url\-status\=live }} On April 28, it was revealed that "79 percent of all deaths in the country" were to that date connected with "long\-term care and seniors' homes."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Long\-term care connected to 79 percent of COVID\-19 deaths in Canada \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\-long\-term\-care\-connected\-to\-79\-per\-cent\-of\-covid\-19\-deaths\-in\-canada/ \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=April 28, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=June 14, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614234526/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\-long\-term\-care\-connected\-to\-79\-per\-cent\-of\-covid\-19\-deaths\-in\-canada/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=PM urges Canadians not to drop their guard as officials show progress in COVID\-19 fight \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/updated\-federal\-covid\-modelling\-1\.5547443 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=April 28, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=July 1, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701002248/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/updated\-federal\-covid\-modelling\-1\.5547443 \|url\-status\=live }} On April 30, the [Parliamentary Budget Officer](/wiki/Parliamentary_Budget_Officer "Parliamentary Budget Officer") warned that the Federal deficit for fiscal year 2020 could be in excess of $252 billion.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Federal deficit could top $252 billion, says budget officer \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pbo\-deficit\-covid\-1\.5550498 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=April 30, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=July 30, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730065349/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pbo\-deficit\-covid\-1\.5550498 \|url\-status\=live }} #### May [thumb\|Shelves void of disinfectant and sanitizer in a Canadian supermarket.\|alt\=](/wiki/File:Shelves_void_of_sanitizer_in_a_Canadian_supermarket.jpg "Shelves void of sanitizer in a Canadian supermarket.jpg") On May 1, 2020, royal assent was granted to Bill C\-15, to implement the [Canada Emergency Student Benefit](/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Student_Benefit "Canada Emergency Student Benefit") (CESB), after a cursory one\-day consideration by 35 MPs. It established a subsidy programme for secondary school graduates and post\-secondary students.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Government Bill (House of Commons) C\-15 (43–1\) – Royal Assent – Canada Emergency Student Benefit Act – Parliament of Canada\|url\=https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\-1/bill/C\-15/royal\-assent\|website\=parl.ca\|access\-date\=May 4, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 9, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809125129/https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\-1/bill/C\-15/royal\-assent\|url\-status\=live}} Students who cannot find employment or are unable to work due to the COVID\-19 pandemic are eligible for CA$1,250 per month from May through August 2020\.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Support for Students and Recent Graduates Impacted by COVID\-19\|url\=https://www.canada.ca/en/department\-finance/news/2020/04/support\-for\-students\-and\-recent\-graduates\-impacted\-by\-covid\-19\.html\|date\=April 22, 2020\|website\=Department of Finance\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504145530/https://www.canada.ca/en/department\-finance/news/2020/04/support\-for\-students\-and\-recent\-graduates\-impacted\-by\-covid\-19\.html\|archive\-date\=May 4, 2020\|access\-date\=May 4, 2020}} On May 4, Trudeau discouraged Canadians from displaying complacency due to the lifting of economic restrictions by provinces, emphasizing that it was "extremely important" for citizens to continue practicing social distancing and personal hygiene to prevent the spread, and not go out "unless you absolutely have to". He explained that although the country was on a "positive trajectory", "we are not out of the woods, however, and it requires us to continue to remain attentive and vigilant and following the instructions set out by our public health officials."{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=As provinces gradually reopen, PM says don't go out 'unless you absolutely have to'\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/as\-provinces\-gradually\-reopen\-pm\-says\-don\-t\-go\-out\-unless\-you\-absolutely\-have\-to\-1\.4923768\|last\=Aiello\|first\=Rachel\|date\=May 4, 2020\|website\=CTV News\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504192803/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/as\-provinces\-gradually\-reopen\-pm\-says\-don\-t\-go\-out\-unless\-you\-absolutely\-have\-to\-1\.4923768\|archive\-date\=May 4, 2020\|access\-date\=May 4, 2020}} On May 5, the Canadian red meat industry was granted access to federal COVID emergency subsidies.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Fortune \|first1\=Aidan \|title\=Canadian red meat industry receives coronavirus support \|url\=https://www.globalmeatnews.com/Article/2020/05/05/Canadian\-red\-meat\-industry\-receives\-coronavirus\-support \|agency\=William Reed Business Media Ltd \|publisher\=GlobalMeatNews \|date\=May 5, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=September 24, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924012454/https://www.foodnavigator\-usa.com/Article/2020/05/05/Canadian\-red\-meat\-industry\-receives\-coronavirus\-support \|url\-status\=live }} By May 8, 60 percent of COVID\-19 fatalities were in Quebec, which has around 20 percent of the nation's population. Montreal was called "the epicentre of the pandemic in Canada."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\='Why would he pick a fight with us?' COVID\-19 raises tensions between Trudeau government and Quebec \|url\=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/why\-would\-he\-pick\-a\-fight\-with\-us\-covid\-19\-raises\-tensions\-between\-trudeau\-government\-and\-quebec?video\_autoplay\=true \|publisher\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \|date\=May 8, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=May 9, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20200509042659/https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/why\-would\-he\-pick\-a\-fight\-with\-us\-covid\-19\-raises\-tensions\-between\-trudeau\-government\-and\-quebec?video\_autoplay\=true \|url\-status\=live }} On May 11, Trudeau, Morneau and Bains in a press conference said that "a bridge financing facility for large employers that need help to get through the economic downturn caused by the coronavirus." One stated goal was "to avoid bankruptcies of otherwise viable firms wherever possible... Companies that use the lending facility will have to commit to respect collective bargaining agreements, protecting workers’ pensions, and support national climate goals. Rules on access to the money will place limits on dividends, share buy\-backs and executive pay."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Scherer \|first1\=Steve \|title\=Ottawa to create bridge financing for big companies, including airlines and energy, that need help in crisis \|url\=https://business.financialpost.com/news/economy/canada\-to\-help\-large\-companies\-bridge\-coronavirus\-crisis\-with\-financing\-facility\-2 \|agency\=Reuters \|publisher\=Financial Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \|date\=May 11, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=June 4, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604075129/https://business.financialpost.com/news/economy/canada\-to\-help\-large\-companies\-bridge\-coronavirus\-crisis\-with\-financing\-facility\-2 \|url\-status\=live }} The [Large Employer Emergency Financing Facility](/wiki/Large_Employer_Emergency_Financing_Facility "Large Employer Emergency Financing Facility") (LEEFF) will only target companies with annual revenues in excess of $300 million.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Harris \|first1\=Kathleen \|title\=Federal government offers bridge loans – not 'bailouts' – for big businesses hit by COVID\-19 \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/bridge\-financing\-big\-business\-1\.5564218 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=May 11, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=July 31, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731084012/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/bridge\-financing\-big\-business\-1\.5564218 \|url\-status\=live }} On May 12, [Parliamentary Budget Officer](/wiki/Parliamentary_Budget_Officer "Parliamentary Budget Officer") (PBO) [Yves Giroux](/wiki/Yves_Giroux "Yves Giroux") raised the possibility that the federal debt "will hit $1 trillion because of pandemic relief spending." Giroux said it was possible that pandemic programs could cost "more than what the entire federal government spent last year on everything", roughly $338 billion.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Tasker \|first1\=John Paul \|title\=Federal deficit likely to be higher than $252 billion, parliamentary budget officer says \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/federal\-deficit\-higher\-than\-252\-billion\-1\.5566768 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=May 12, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825055956/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/federal\-deficit\-higher\-than\-252\-billion\-1\.5566768 \|url\-status\=live }} Also on May 12, it was announced by [Minister of International Development](/wiki/Minister_of_International_Development "Minister of International Development") [Karina Gould](/wiki/Karina_Gould "Karina Gould") that $600 million would be contributed by the taxpayer to [GAVI](/wiki/GAVI "GAVI"), "a vaccine alliance that improves vaccine access for vulnerable children around the world."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Gilmore \|first1\=Rachel \|title\=Feds pump more funds into global effort to increase vaccine access \|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/feds\-pump\-more\-funds\-into\-global\-effort\-to\-increase\-vaccine\-access\-1\.4936280 \|publisher\=CTV News \|date\=May 12, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 9, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809134708/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/feds\-pump\-more\-funds\-into\-global\-effort\-to\-increase\-vaccine\-access\-1\.4936280 \|url\-status\=live }} Also on May 12, [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada "Health Canada") issued a press release with the announcement that the [CCITF](/wiki/CCITF "CCITF") [serological test](/wiki/Serological_test "Serological test") would be administered to one million Canadians over the next two years. The government has selected [DiaSorin](/wiki/DiaSorin "DiaSorin") to manufacture the tests.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Health Canada authorizes serological test for COVID\-19 antibodies \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/covid\-19\-coronavirus\-serological\-test\-1\.5567243 \|agency\=The Canadian Press \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=May 12, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825044349/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/covid\-19\-coronavirus\-serological\-test\-1\.5567243 \|url\-status\=live }} On May 14, [Lufthansa Group](/wiki/Lufthansa_Group "Lufthansa Group") announced it would resume flights between Toronto and Frankfurt as of June 3,{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Lufthansa prepares to resume flights to Canada in June \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/lufthansa\-toronto\-frankfurt\-1\.5570624 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=May 14, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=July 4, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704044232/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/lufthansa\-toronto\-frankfurt\-1\.5570624 \|url\-status\=live }} as part of its resumption of global business.{{cn\|date\=June 2024}} On May 15, Conservative leader [Andrew Scheer](/wiki/Andrew_Scheer "Andrew Scheer") told a press conference that the Conservative caucus wanted Parliament to resume sitting as normal on May 25 and desired to withhold their consent to the 35\-day rolling adjournment that prevents the regular operation of Parliament. Scheer observed that "Elected members of Parliament come here to be a voice for their constituents." Because all\-party consent is required to suspend the animation of Parliament, it will need to resume sitting.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Tasker \|first1\=John Paul \|title\=Scheer wants in\-person Parliament to resume on May 25, demands a fiscal update \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/scheer\-in\-person\-parliament\-sittings\-1\.5571445 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=May 15, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 26, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826051114/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/scheer\-in\-person\-parliament\-sittings\-1\.5571445 \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Levitz \|first1\=Stephanie \|title\=Conservatives dissent as committee recommends move to virtual sittings for all Commons business, votes \|url\=https://nationalpost.com/news/parliament\-must\-resume\-to\-guide\-recovery\-conservative\-leader\-scheer\-says?video\_autoplay\=true \|agency\=The Canadian Press \|publisher\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \|date\=May 15, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=May 16, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20200516232655/https://nationalpost.com/news/parliament\-must\-resume\-to\-guide\-recovery\-conservative\-leader\-scheer\-says?video\_autoplay\=true \|url\-status\=live }} On May 19, during a press conference with Justin Trudeau and [Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam "Theresa Tam") that the 20th week of 2020 versus the same figures in 2019 saw a drop of 88 percent in land border crossers, and a 98 percent drop in international air travel.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Police report 2,200 home quarantine checks as Trudeau talks about stricter border measures \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/border\-quarantine\-police\-trudeau\-1\.5575617 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=May 20, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822024000/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/border\-quarantine\-police\-trudeau\-1\.5575617 \|url\-status\=live }} The following day CPHO Tam reversed her decision from March on the wearing of masks and began asking Canadians to start wearing masks. On May 21, [the Canadian Armed Forces](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada%23Canadian_Armed_Forces "COVID-19 pandemic in Canada#Canadian Armed Forces"), who had been tasked previously in [Operation LASER](/wiki/Operation_LASER "Operation LASER") with care for the senior citizens in the Long\-Term Care Facilities of Ontario and Quebec had potentially been victimised by a COVID\-19 [SSEV](/wiki/SSEV "SSEV"). The disease affected 25 soldiers as of this date, but neither the CAF nor the DND would divulge details.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Brewster \|first1\=Murray \|title\=COVID\-19 infections skyrocket among troops deployed in long\-term care homes \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pandemic\-covid\-coronavirus\-canadian\-forces\-long\-term\-care\-1\.5578948 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=May 21, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822003716/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pandemic\-covid\-coronavirus\-canadian\-forces\-long\-term\-care\-1\.5578948 \|url\-status\=live }} On May 25, Parliamentary Secretary to the [Minister of National Defence](/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_%28Canada%29 "Minister of National Defence (Canada)") [Anita Vandenbeld](/wiki/Anita_Vandenbeld "Anita Vandenbeld") disclosed to the third sitting of the resumed [43rd Canadian Parliament](/wiki/43rd_Canadian_Parliament "43rd Canadian Parliament") that 36 soldiers from Operation LASER had been infected with COVID\-19 disease. Vandenbeld corrected for the record [Cheryl Gallant](/wiki/Cheryl_Gallant "Cheryl Gallant") who had been under the mistaken impression that only 28 soldiers (12 positives in Ontario and 16 in Quebec) had been infected.{{\#invoke:cite journal\|\|title\=MONDAY, MAY 25, 2020 \|journal\=Hansard – Debates of the House of Commons \|volume\=43RD PARLIAMENT, 1ST SESSION \|issue\=37 \|url\=https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\-1/house/sitting\-37/hansard \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 9, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809094833/https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\-1/house/sitting\-37/hansard \|url\-status\=live }} Also on that day, Doug Ford announced that Ontario had a [heat map](/wiki/Heat_map "Heat map") of the outbreak locations, and that [Brampton](/wiki/Brampton "Brampton"), north [Etobicoke](/wiki/Etobicoke "Etobicoke"), [Scarborough](/wiki/Scarborough%2C_Toronto "Scarborough, Toronto"), [Peel Region](/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Peel "Regional Municipality of Peel"), [Windsor](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Ontario "Windsor, Ontario") and [Essex County](/wiki/Essex_County%2C_Ontario "Essex County, Ontario") were "lighting up like Christmas trees". It was disclosed that Toronto\-area public health units account for 65% of cases in Ontario. {{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Carter \|first1\=Adam \|title\=Ontario won't specify COVID\-19 'hotspots' even as premier urges testing \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/covid\-hotspots\-ontario\-testing\-1\.5583679 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=May 25, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825043229/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/covid\-hotspots\-ontario\-testing\-1\.5583679 \|url\-status\=live }} #### June On June 18, 2020, Canada reached 100,000 coronavirus cases,{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Canada surpasses 100,000 COVID\-19 cases {{!}} Watch News Videos Online\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/video/7083056/canada\-surpasses\-100000\-covid\-19\-cases/\|access\-date\=June 20, 2020\|website\=Global News\|archive\-date\=August 24, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824160150/https://globalnews.ca/video/7083056/canada\-surpasses\-100000\-covid\-19\-cases/\|url\-status\=live}} a little over three months since the suspension of Parliament for the same reason. A *[CBC News](/wiki/CBC_News "CBC News")* tally of reported deaths from COVID\-19 on the same date was 8,348\.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Canada tops 100,000 reported coronavirus cases \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada\-coronavirus\-covid\-19\-cases\-1\.5617042 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=June 18, 2020 \|access\-date\=June 24, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 28, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828040708/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada\-coronavirus\-covid\-19\-cases\-1\.5617042 \|url\-status\=live }} On June 24, [Fitch Ratings](/wiki/Fitch_Ratings "Fitch Ratings") Inc., a bond ratings agency, downgraded Canada's credit rating from triple\-A to double\-A\-plus. The government had sported a triple\-A credit rating with Fitch since the [Martin government](/wiki/27th_Canadian_Ministry "27th Canadian Ministry").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Curry \|first1\=Bill \|title\=Fitch downgrades Canada's credit rating as deficit grows due to emergency coronavirus spending \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\-fitch\-downgrades\-canadas\-credit\-rating\-as\-deficit\-grows\-due\-to/ \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=June 24, 2020 \|access\-date\=June 24, 2020 \|archive\-date\=August 9, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809094044/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\-fitch\-downgrades\-canadas\-credit\-rating\-as\-deficit\-grows\-due\-to/ \|url\-status\=live }} On June 25, former [Clerk of the Privy Council of Canada](/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Privy_Council_of_Canada "Clerk of the Privy Council of Canada") [Michael Wernick](/wiki/Michael_Wernick "Michael Wernick") predicted that one of the side\-effects of the COVID\-19 pandemic would be the shrinkage of the number of paid civil servants of Canada. He drew analogies to the debt problem in the 1980s which led "to a 1995 austerity budget that saw 45,000 public service jobs slashed, the elimination of 73 federal agencies, a 21 percent reduction in foreign aid and the privatization of [Canadian National Railways](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railways "Canadian National Railways")." Wernick said that:{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Former Privy Council clerk predicts federal debt will lead to public service cuts in Canada \|url\=https://nationalpost.com/news/national/wernick\-predicts\-federal\-debt\-will\-lead\-to\-public\-service\-cuts\-in\-canada/ \|publisher\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \|date\=June 25, 2020 \|access\-date\=June 26, 2020 }} {{cquote\|One of the consequences of all this work from home experience is that ministers will figure out it really doesn't matter where those public servants are, they can be brought together for work teams and projects... The federal service, it will be smaller, it will be less concentrated in \[\[Ottawa]].}} #### July The western provinces reported a surge in cases around the middle of July. Ontario reported 203 new cases in one day, Quebec reported 180 new cases in 24 hours, Alberta reported 368 new cases over the weekend, and Saskatchewan reported 120 in a previous week.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=As young people come out of lockdown, Canada is seeing a spike in COVID\-19 cases \|url\=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/as\-young\-people\-come\-out\-of\-lockdown\-canada\-is\-seeing\-a\-spike\-in\-covid\-19\-cases \|last\=Desai \|first\=Devika \|access\-date\=July 23, 2020 \|work\=\[\[National Post]]\|language\=en\-CA \|archive\-date\=February 18, 2021 \|archive\-url\=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20210218163047/https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/as%2Dyoung%2Dpeople%2Dcome%2Dout%2Dof%2Dlockdown%2Dcanada%2Dis%2Dseeing%2Da%2Dspike%2Din%2Dcovid%2D19%2Dcases \|url\-status\=live }} #### August On August 26, a 72 year\-old New Zealand mariner named Peter Smith was threatened by [Transport Canada](/wiki/Transport_Canada "Transport Canada") as his *Kiwi Roa* sailed through the [Northwest Passage](/wiki/Northwest_Passage "Northwest Passage"), because the government "prohibited pleasure craft from operating in Arctic waters" from June 1 "to better protect Arctic communities" from COVID\-19\. Smith opined that the bureaucracy is "out of control and gone mad."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Last \|first1\=John \|title\=New Zealander sails through Arctic on custom yacht in violation of COVID\-19 restrictions \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/new\-zealand\-yacht\-cambridge\-bay\-nunavut\-1\.5698347 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=August 26, 2020 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2020 \|archive\-date\=September 20, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920051500/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/new\-zealand\-yacht\-cambridge\-bay\-nunavut\-1\.5698347 \|url\-status\=live }} #### September In early September, federal [Minister of Transport](/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_%28Canada%29 "Minister of Transport (Canada)") [Marc Garneau](/wiki/Marc_Garneau "Marc Garneau") remarked that airline passengers face a $1000 penalty fine if they refuse to wear a mask. The penalty was imposed in separate incidents (in June then July) on the first two passengers in September in order for others to reflect on the punished behaviour.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Canada: 1000 dollars d'amende pour refus de port du masque en avion \|url\=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash\-eco/canada\-1000\-dollars\-d\-amende\-pour\-refus\-de\-port\-du\-masque\-en\-avion\-20200904 \|agency\=Agence France\-Presse \|work\=Le Figaro \|date\=September 4, 2020 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2020 \|archive\-date\=September 18, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918174818/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash\-eco/canada\-1000\-dollars\-d\-amende\-pour\-refus\-de\-port\-du\-masque\-en\-avion\-20200904 \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=2 passengers fined $1,000 each after refusing to wear masks on WestJet flights \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener\-waterloo/no\-masks\-fine\-westjet\-flights\-waterloo\-vancouver\-calgary\-1\.5712590 \|agency\=The Canadian Press \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=September 4, 2020 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2020 \|archive\-date\=September 13, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913170243/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener\-waterloo/no\-masks\-fine\-westjet\-flights\-waterloo\-vancouver\-calgary\-1\.5712590 \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Reynolds \|first1\=Christopher \|title\=2 people who refused to wear masks on flights face $1,000 fines from Transport Canada \|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/7316538/transport\-canada\-flight\-mask\-fines/ \|agency\=The Canadian Press \|publisher\=CTV \|date\=September 4, 2020 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2020 \|archive\-date\=September 24, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924012518/https://globalnews.ca/news/7316538/transport\-canada\-flight\-mask\-fines/ \|url\-status\=live }} Face coverings have been mandatory on flights since April 20\. "Federal transport officials" were charged with issuing the fines "under [the federal order](/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_legislation "Primary and secondary legislation")".{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Transport Canada issues first fines to air passengers who refused to wear masks \|url\=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news\-pmn/canada\-news\-pmn/transport\-canada\-issues\-first\-fines\-to\-air\-passengers\-who\-refused\-to\-wear\-masks \|agency\=The Canadian Press \|publisher\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \|date\=September 4, 2020}} The same week, [WestJet](/wiki/WestJet "WestJet") announced a new policy that include a 12\-month long ban for passengers who ignored aircrew instructions to don masks. The [PHAC](/wiki/PHAC "PHAC") stated that 378 domestic and 595 international flights between March 2 and August 24 had travellers on board who may have had the disease during their trip. On September 7, Hajdu ordered an "independent review" of the "early warning system" after media reports in July documented how the [Global Public Health Intelligence Network](/wiki/Global_Public_Health_Intelligence_Network "Global Public Health Intelligence Network") (GPHIN), formerly a [PHAC](/wiki/PHAC "PHAC") subgroup, was deemed by a senior bureaucrat to be unnecessary.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Robertson \|first1\=Grant \|title\=Health Minister orders review of pandemic warning system, concerns raised by scientists \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\-health\-minister\-orders\-review\-of\-pandemic\-warning\-system\-concerns/ \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=September 7, 2020 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2020 \|archive\-date\=September 20, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920092146/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\-health\-minister\-orders\-review\-of\-pandemic\-warning\-system\-concerns/ \|url\-status\=live }} On September 18, Conservative Party leader [Erin O'Toole](/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole "Erin O'Toole") tested positive for [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19"), after a staffer in his office tested positive.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Aiello\|first\=Rachel\|date\=September 18, 2020\|title\=Conservative Leader Erin O'Toole tests positive for COVID\-19\|work\=\[\[CTV News]]\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/conservative\-leader\-erin\-o\-toole\-tests\-positive\-for\-covid\-19\-1\.5111604\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=September 18, 2020\|archive\-date\=September 24, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924012521/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/conservative\-leader\-erin\-o\-toole\-tests\-positive\-for\-covid\-19\-1\.5111604}} The same day, Bloc Quebecois leader [Yves\-François Blanchet](/wiki/Yves-Fran%C3%A7ois_Blanchet "Yves-François Blanchet") also tested positive.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=September 18, 2020\|title\=CP NewsAlert: Bloc leader Blanchet tests positive for COVID\-19\|work\=\[\[CityNews]]\|url\=https://www.citynews1130\.com/2020/09/18/cp\-newsalert\-bloc\-leader\-blanchet\-tests\-positive\-for\-covid\-19/\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=September 20, 2020\|archive\-date\=September 24, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924012521/https://www.citynews1130\.com/2020/09/18/cp\-newsalert\-bloc\-leader\-blanchet\-tests\-positive\-for\-covid\-19/}} On September 23, in a [speech from the throne](/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne "Speech from the throne"), Prime Minister Trudeau declared Canada was currently in the *second wave* of COVID\-19\.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/second\-covid\-19\-wave\-has\-already\-started\-pm\-in\-address\-to\-nation\-1\.5117465\|title\=Second COVID\-19 wave has already started: PM in address to nation\|first\=Rachel\|last\=Aiello\|date\=September 23, 2020\|website\=CTVNews}} #### October On October 4, a [West African](/wiki/West_African "West African") man who had travelled onwards from [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto") to [Halifax](/wiki/Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia "Halifax, Nova Scotia") and thence to [Deer Lake, Newfoundland](/wiki/Deer_Lake%2C_Newfoundland "Deer Lake, Newfoundland") died of COVID\-19\. Health officials decided to raise the alarm and request that passengers on the final leg of his flight "self\-monitor for symptoms".{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Man dies from COVID\-19 after travelling from Central Africa to Newfoundland via Toronto \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\-man\-dies\-from\-covid\-19\-after\-travelling\-from\-central\-africa\-to\-2/ \|agency\=The Canadian Press \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=October 4, 2020}} On October 19, [Air Transat](/wiki/Air_Transat "Air Transat") announced the closure of its [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver") base and laid off half of its remaining flight attendants. Prior to the pandemic, the airline had employed 2,000 flight attendants. As of November, it planned to employ 117 flight attendants.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Balakrishnan \|first1\=Anita \|title\=Air Transat lays off half of its remaining flight attendants, closes Vancouver base \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/air\-transat\-layoffs\-1\.5768318 \|agency\=The Canadian Press \|publisher\=CBC}} On October 20, aviation workers gathered to protest at [Parliament Hill](/wiki/Parliament_Hill "Parliament Hill").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Burke \|first1\=Ashley \|title\=Hundreds of protesting airline workers aim anger at transport minister \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/aviaton\-sector\-workers\-protest\-parliament\-hill\-demand\-government\-aid\-1\.5770398 \|publisher\=CBC \|date\=October 20, 2020}} On October 22, the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") cancelled the *covid travel corridor* that allowed Canadians to enter any European territory without quarantine lockdown. In June 2020, Canada had been as one of 14 countries that were allowed to enter by the EU.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Canadians to be allowed into EU countries, but U.S. citizens shut out \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/european\-union\-travel\-list\-1\.5632422 \|agency\=Associated Press \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=June 30, 2020}} The reversal of status was caused by the resurgence in coronavirus cases that Canada began to experience in late October.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Harris \|first1\=Sophia \|title\=EU shutting the door to Canadians is a wake\-up call to ramp up our COVID\-19 efforts \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/canada\-covid\-19\-cases\-surge\-eu\-travel\-u\-s\-trump\-1\.5761649 \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=October 23, 2020}} On October 23, apparel retailer [Le Chateau](/wiki/Le_Chateau "Le Chateau"), which had 123 locations across Canada and employed 1,400 people, announced it was filing for [CCAA](/wiki/Companies%27_Creditors_Arrangement_Act "Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act") protection, blaming COVID\-19\.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Robertson \|first1\=Susan Krashinsky \|title\=Le Château files for creditor protection, will shutter Canadian stores after six decades in business \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article\-le\-chateau\-files\-for\-creditor\-protection\-will\-shutter\-canadian\-stores/ \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=October 23, 2020}} #### November On November 6, Nunavut confirmed its first case in [Sanikiluaq](/wiki/Sanikiluaq "Sanikiluaq").{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/nunavut\-confirms\-1st\-covid\-19\-case\-1\.5792736 \|title\=Nunavut confirms 1st case of COVID\-19 \|publisher\=CBC News \|date\=November 6, 2020}} On November 10, as Manitoba went under lockdown, Trudeau "urged premiers and mayors across the country not to loosen restrictions for the sake of the economy and suggested localized shutdowns are needed in areas seeing a surge in cases", saying {{cquote\|I would hope that no leader in our country is easing public\-health vigilance because they feel pressure not to shut down businesses or slow down our economy.}} On November 23, a report said that the [Atlantic Bubble](/wiki/Atlantic_Bubble "Atlantic Bubble") was defunct under pressure from increasing COVID\-19 sightings.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Mercer \|first1\=Greg \|title\=Atlantic bubble has burst as COVID\-19 infections rise \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=November 23, 2020}} On November 29, Public Safety Minister [Bill Blair](/wiki/Bill_Blair_%28politician%29 "Bill Blair (politician)") and Health Minister [Patty Hajdu](/wiki/Patty_Hajdu "Patty Hajdu") extended the ban on international travellers who had non\-essential purposes. The rules were first imposed in March, and were to be extended until January 21, 2021 "for travellers entering Canada from a country other than the United States. Among the rules is a requirement for anyone entering the country to self\-isolate for 14 days upon entry into Canada."{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Ottawa extends rules and restrictions for travellers amid rising COVID\-19 case counts \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\-public\-health\-officials\-urge\-reduced\-contacts\-as\-coronavirus\-cases/ \|agency\=Canadian Press \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=November 29, 2020}} #### December Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced on December 7, that the first of 249,000 doses out of a total of 4 million doses of the [Pfizer–BioNTech COVID\-19 vaccine](/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine "Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine") will arrive before the end of the year.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2020/12/07/covid\-19\-vaccine\-to\-arrive\-in\-canada\-this\-month.html\|title\=Hundreds of thousands of doses of COVID\-19 vaccine to arrive in Canada next week\|date\=December 7, 2020\|newspaper\=The Toronto Star\|access\-date\=December 15, 2020\|last1\=MacCharles\|first1\=Tonda}} On December 9, the vaccine was approved by [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada "Health Canada") for use.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.thestar.com/politics/2020/12/09/canadian\-press\-newsalert\-health\-canada\-approves\-pfizers\-covid\-19\-vaccine.html\|title\=Health Canada approves Pfizer's COVID\-19 vaccine\|date\=December 9, 2020\|newspaper\=The Toronto Star\|access\-date\=December 15, 2020}} On December 14, the first tranche of vaccinations began across the nation. Some sources initially indicated that Anita Quidangen, a [personal support worker](/wiki/Personal_support_worker "Personal support worker") from Toronto, who was the first Canadian to receive a dose,{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Powers \|first1\=Lucas \|title\=Personal support worker becomes first Ontarian to get dose of COVID\-19 vaccine \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/covid\-19\-coronavirus\-ontario\-december\-14\-vaccines\-arrive\-1\.5840092 \|work\=CBC News \|date\=December 14, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\-canada\-administers\-its\-first\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-shots/\|title\=Canada administers its first COVID\-19 vaccine shots\|access\-date\=December 15, 2020\|newspaper\=The Globe and Mail\|date\=December 14, 2020 \|last1\=Perreaux \|first1\=Les \|last2\=Walsh \|first2\=Marieke \|last3\=Gray \|first3\=Jeff }} but later it was determined that it was Gisèle Lévesque, an 89\-year\-old resident of a long\-term care home in Quebec City who was the first.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Montpetit \|first1\=Jonathan \|last2\=Shingler \|first2\=Benjamin \|title\=As first Quebecers get vaccinated against COVID\-19, leaders see light at end of long, dark tunnel \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec\-vaccine\-maimonides\-covid\-19\-1\.5840233 \|work\=CBC News \|date\=December 14, 2020}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/89\-year\-old\-woman\-in\-quebec\-city\-care\-home\-becomes\-first\-in\-country\-to\-receive\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-1\.5229808\|title\=89\-year\-old woman in Quebec City care home becomes first in country to receive COVID\-19 vaccine\|date\=December 13, 2020\|website\=Montreal\|access\-date\=December 15, 2020}} Starting with December 21, Canada halted flights from the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") due to concerns over the [Variant of Concern 202012/01](/wiki/Variant_of_Concern_202012/01 "Variant of Concern 202012/01") [variant](/wiki/Variant_%28biology%29 "Variant (biology)") of [SARS\-CoV\-2](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Burke \|first1\=Ashley \|last2\=Jones \|first2\=Ryan Patrick \|title\=Canada halts flights from U.K. in response to new coronavirus strain \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada\-flights\-uk\-coronavirus\-1\.5849598 \|work\=CBC News \|date\=December 20, 2020}} On December 23, Health Canada approved the [mRNA\-1273](/wiki/MRNA-1273 "MRNA-1273") COVID\-19 vaccine developed by [Moderna](/wiki/Moderna "Moderna").{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/health\-canada\-approves\-game\-changer\-moderna\-covid\-19\-vaccine\-1\.5242821\|title\=Health Canada approves 'game\-changer' Moderna COVID\-19 vaccine\|date\=December 23, 2020\|website\=Coronavirus\|access\-date\=January 2, 2021}} Canada will receive up to 168,000 doses of the vaccine by the end of 2020, the first tranche of a total 40 million doses currently ordered for 2021\.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Jones \|first1\=Ryan Patrick \|title\=Health Canada approves Moderna COVID\-19 vaccine \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada\-approves\-moderna\-vaccine\-1\.5852848 \|work\=CBC News \|date\=December 23, 2020}} On December 30, the Federal government announced all air travellers entering the country from outside of Canada must now provide a COVID\-negative [PCR test](/wiki/PCR_test "PCR test") within 72 hours of boarding their flight into the country effective January 7, 2021\.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/7549230/coronavirus\-travel\-test\-enter\-canada/\|title\=New coronavirus testing rules for travellers landing in Canada to start Jan. 7\|website\=Global News\|access\-date\=January 2, 2021}} This is in addition to the mandatory 14\-day quarantine mandated by the [Quarantine Act](/wiki/Quarantine_Act%2C_2005 "Quarantine Act, 2005").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Patel \|first1\=Raisa \|title\=Air travellers entering Canada must soon have a negative COVID\-19 test before arriving, Ottawa says \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/negative\-pcr\-covid\-test\-air\-passengers\-1\.5857626 \|work\=CBC News \|date\=December 30, 2020}} Additional rules also mean the traveller will have to spend time in a Federal facility if officers find their self\-isolation plans unsatisfactory.
[ "### 2020", "#### January", "On January 7, 2020, when it appeared that there was a health crisis emerging in Wuhan, Dr. [Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam \"Theresa Tam\"), Chief Public Health Officer of Canada, was quoted advising Canadians: \"There has been no evidence to date that this illness, whatever it's caused by, is spread easily from person to person; no health care workers caring for the patients have become ill; a positive sign.", "On January 17, the [Canada Border Services Agency](/wiki/Canada_Border_Services_Agency \"Canada Border Services Agency\") (CBSA) indicated plans were in progress \"to implement signage\" in the [Montreal](/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al%E2%80%93Trudeau_International_Airport \"Montréal–Trudeau International Airport\"), [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport \"Toronto Pearson International Airport\"), and [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver_International_Airport \"Vancouver International Airport\") airports to raise awareness of the virus, and that there would be an additional health screening question added to the electronic kiosks for passengers arriving from central [China](/wiki/China \"China\"). The agency noted the overall risk to Canadians was low and there were no direct flights from [Wuhan](/wiki/Wuhan \"Wuhan\") to Canada. The CBSA said it would not be, at that time, implementing extra screening measures, but would \"monitor the situation closely\".{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6429892/canada\\-china\\-virus\\-airports\\|title\\=Canada to screen central China travelers for virus at 3 airports\\|date\\=January 17, 2020\\|website\\=Globalnews.ca\\|publisher\\=Corus Entertainment\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118133820/https://globalnews.ca/news/6429892/canada\\-china\\-virus\\-airports/\\|archive\\-date\\=January 18, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/thailand\\-china\\-coronavirus\\-1\\.5432108\\|title\\=China reports 4 more cases of new strain of coronavirus\\|date\\=January 18, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=January 18, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118164802/https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/thailand\\-china\\-coronavirus\\-1\\.5432108\\|archive\\-date\\=January 18, 2020\\|publisher\\=CBC News}}", "On January 23, the federal [Minister of Health](/wiki/Minister_of_Health_%28Canada%29 \"Minister of Health (Canada)\"), [Patty Hajdu](/wiki/Patty_Hajdu \"Patty Hajdu\"), said that five or six people were being monitored for signs of the virus.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.msss.gouv.qc.ca/professionnels/maladies\\-infectieuses/coronavirus\\-2019\\-ncov/\\#situation\\-au\\-quebec\\|title\\=Coronavirus 2019\\-nCoV – Professionnels de la santé – MSSS\\|language\\=fr\\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2020 \\|date\\=January 28, 2020 \\|website\\=Government of Quebec\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127234953/https://www.msss.gouv.qc.ca/professionnels/maladies\\-infectieuses/coronavirus\\-2019\\-ncov/\\#situation\\-au\\-quebec\\|archive\\-date\\=January 27, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/several\\-people\\-in\\-canada\\-being\\-monitored\\-for\\-signs\\-of\\-coronavirus\\-health\\-minister\\-1\\.4780101\\|title\\=Several people in Canada being monitored for signs of coronavirus: Health minister\\|date\\=January 23, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=January 23, 2020\\|agency\\=CTV News\\|archive\\-date\\=January 24, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124005938/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/several\\-people\\-in\\-canada\\-being\\-monitored\\-for\\-signs\\-of\\-coronavirus\\-health\\-minister\\-1\\.4780101\\|url\\-status\\=live}} That same day, Dr. Theresa Tam was a member of the [WHO](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") committee that broadcast that it was too early to declare a [public health emergency of international concern](/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern \"Public health emergency of international concern\"). The following day in Wuhan China construction began on a new hospital to treat COVID patients that would take only 10 days to build and was widely reported around the world.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/in\\-pictures\\-51280586\\|title\\=The coronavirus hospital built in days\\|date\\=February 2, 2020\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143125/https://www.bbc.com/news/in\\-pictures\\-51280586\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On January 25, the first identified presumptive case in Canada was a male in his 50s who travelled between Wuhan and [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\") before returning to Toronto on January 22\\.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cp24\\.com/news/man\\-who\\-flew\\-to\\-toronto\\-from\\-china\\-is\\-canada\\-s\\-first\\-coronavirus\\-case\\-1\\.4783476\\|title\\=Man who flew to Toronto from China is Canada's first coronavirus case\\|website\\=CP24\\|access\\-date\\=January 26, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229094929/https://www.cp24\\.com/news/man\\-who\\-flew\\-to\\-toronto\\-from\\-china\\-is\\-canada\\-s\\-first\\-coronavirus\\-case\\-1\\.4783476\\|archive\\-date\\=February 29, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{\\#invoke:cite journal\\|\\|last1\\=Marchand\\-Senécal \\|first1\\=Xavier \\|last2\\=Kozak \\|first2\\=Rob \\|last3\\=Mubareka \\|first3\\=Samira \\|last4\\=Salt \\|first4\\=Natasha \\|last5\\=Gubbay \\|first5\\=Jonathan B \\|last6\\=Eshaghi \\|first6\\=Alireza \\|last7\\=Allen \\|first7\\=Vanessa \\|last8\\=Li \\|first8\\=Yan \\|last9\\=Bastien \\|first9\\=Natalie \\|last10\\=Gilmour \\|first10\\=Matthew \\|last11\\=Ozaldin \\|first11\\=Omar \\|last12\\=Leis \\|first12\\=Jerome A \\|title\\=Diagnosis and Management of First Case of COVID\\-19 in Canada: Lessons applied from SARS \\|journal\\=Clinical Infectious Diseases \\|date\\=March 9, 2020 \\|volume\\=ciaa227 \\|issue\\=16 \\|pages\\=2207–2210 \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/cid/ciaa227 \\|pmid\\=32147731 \\|pmc\\=7108147 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Canada issued a travel advisory against non\\-essential travel to China due to the outbreak, including a regional travel advisory to avoid all travel to the province of [Hubei](/wiki/Hubei \"Hubei\").{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/china\\|title\\=Travel advice and advisories for China\\|date\\=January 29, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2020 \\|website\\=Government of Canada\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129014438/https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/china\\|archive\\-date\\=January 29, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Federal health officials stated that the risk in Canada was low.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\\-hajdu\\-tam\\-health\\-china\\-1\\.5440950\\|title\\=Health officials expect more coronavirus cases, but say risk of outbreak in Canada remains low\\|publisher\\=CBC News\\|date\\=January 26, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=January 26, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205115725/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\\-hajdu\\-tam\\-health\\-china\\-1\\.5440950\\|archive\\-date\\=February 5, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On January 26, Tam stated \"There is no clear evidence that this virus is spread easily from person to person. The risk to Canadians remains low.\"{{cite tweet \\| author\\= Dr. Theresa Tam \\| user\\= CPHO\\_Canada \\| number\\=1221606834987053056 \\| title\\=3/3 There is no clear evidence that this virus is spread easily from person to person. The risk to Canadians remains low. Find more info on \\#2019nCoV \\#coronavirus here: https://canada.ca/coronavirus \\| date\\=January 26, 2020 \\|link\\=https://twitter.com/CPHO\\_Canada/status/1221606834987053056 \\|access\\-date\\=April 28, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129184705/https://twitter.com/CPHO\\_Canada/status/1221606834987053056 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 29, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nFinal testing conducted at the [National Microbiology Laboratory](/wiki/National_Microbiology_Laboratory \"National Microbiology Laboratory\") in Winnipeg, [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba \"Manitoba\") confirmed the presumptive case on January 27\\.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Canada's second confirmed presumptive case of coronavirus diagnosed in Canada; first case confirmed\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/second\\-presumptive\\-case\\-of\\-coronavirus\\-diagnosed\\-in\\-canada\\-first\\-case\\-confirmed\\-1\\.4784799\\|last\\=Ho\\|first\\=Solarina\\|website\\=CTV News\\|date\\=January 27, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=January 27, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127171921/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/second\\-presumptive\\-case\\-of\\-coronavirus\\-diagnosed\\-in\\-canada\\-first\\-case\\-confirmed\\-1\\.4784799\\|archive\\-date\\=January 27, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On January 27, Canada confirmed its first case.", "On January 29, the health committee of parliament holds a meeting on the Canadian response to the outbreak of coronavirus. Liberal MP [Marcus Powlowski](/wiki/Marcus_Powlowski \"Marcus Powlowski\"), a doctor, asks [Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam \"Theresa Tam\") since the Chinese health authorities led by Xiaowei Ma were saying that covid\\-19 was being spread by asymptomatic patients (as reported in the New York Times), Canada should require travellers from China to quarantine for 14 days. Tam suggested that at that point, quarantining was not thought to be necessary.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://openparliament.ca/committees/health/43\\-1/1/marcus\\-powlowski\\-1/?page\\=5\\|title\\=Health Committee on Jan. 29th, 2020 \\| openparliament.ca\\|website\\=openparliament.ca\\|access\\-date\\=June 6, 2021}} On the same day, Dr. Theresa Tam told Canadians that \"It's going to be rare (COVID\\-19\\), but we are expecting cases\" and [Minister of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Canada%29 \"Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)\") [François\\-Philippe Champagne](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Philippe_Champagne \"François-Philippe Champagne\") announced that an aircraft would be sent to [repatriate](/wiki/Repatriation \"Repatriation\") Canadians from the areas affected by the virus in China.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\\-canada\\-china\\-consular\\-1\\.5444188\\|title\\=Canada readying to send plane to repatriate Canadians in China affected by coronavirus outbreak\\|last\\=Harris\\|first\\=Kathleen\\|publisher\\=CBC News\\|date\\=January 29, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129192719/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\\-canada\\-china\\-consular\\-1\\.5444188\\|archive\\-date\\=January 29, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On January 30, the WHO declared the coronavirus was a \"[public health emergency of international concern](/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern \"Public health emergency of international concern\")\".{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Flattery and foot dragging: China's influence over the WHO under scrutiny \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article\\-flattery\\-and\\-foot\\-dragging\\-chinas\\-influence\\-over\\-the\\-who\\-under/ \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=April 25, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 27, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427134925/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article\\-flattery\\-and\\-foot\\-dragging\\-chinas\\-influence\\-over\\-the\\-who\\-under/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "#### February", "On February 1, the government's position remained that it would be discriminatory to exclude travellers from China, the [politico\\-geographical](/wiki/Political_geography \"Political geography\") source of the disease.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Dyer \\|first1\\=Evan \\|title\\=COVID\\-19 taught Canada a costly lesson — that early border closures can work \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid\\-coronavirus\\-pandemic\\-trudeau\\-borders\\-1\\.5619705 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=June 22, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=June 28, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 21, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821065953/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid\\-coronavirus\\-pandemic\\-trudeau\\-borders\\-1\\.5619705 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Staples \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=The road to Canada's COVID\\-19 outbreak, Pt. 2: timeline of federal government failure at border to slow the virus \\|url\\=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/politics/the\\-road\\-to\\-canadas\\-covid\\-19\\-outbreak\\-pt\\-2\\-timeline\\-of\\-federal\\-government\\-failure\\-at\\-border\\-to\\-slow\\-the\\-virus\\-2 \\|publisher\\=Edmonton Journal, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \\|date\\=April 2, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=June 28, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143139/https://edmontonjournal.com/news/politics/the\\-road\\-to\\-canadas\\-covid\\-19\\-outbreak\\-pt\\-2\\-timeline\\-of\\-federal\\-government\\-failure\\-at\\-border\\-to\\-slow\\-the\\-virus\\-2 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On February 2, the [Canadian Armed Forces](/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces \"Canadian Armed Forces\") announced that it planned to charter a plane to assist in the evacuation of Canadian nationals still in Wuhan once given authorization by China, intending to fly them to [CFB Trenton](/wiki/CFB_Trenton \"CFB Trenton\") for repatriation and medical screenings. Only those that had entered the country with a Canadian passport would be allowed to take this flight.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/military\\-will\\-assist\\-chartered\\-plane\\-out\\-of\\-china\\-for\\-at\\-least\\-325\\-canadians\\-in\\-wuhan\\-1\\.4794181\\|title\\=Military will assist chartered plane out of China for at least 325 Canadians in Wuhan\\|date\\=February 2, 2020\\|website\\=CTV News\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203051051/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/military\\-will\\-assist\\-chartered\\-plane\\-out\\-of\\-china\\-for\\-at\\-least\\-325\\-canadians\\-in\\-wuhan\\-1\\.4794181\\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2020}} The first plane landed at CFB Trenton on February 7\\.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\= https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/canada/happy\\-to\\-be\\-back\\-flight\\-carrying\\-canadians\\-from\\-wuhan\\-lands\\-in\\-ontario\\-1\\.4801361\\|title\\= 'Happy to be back': Flight carrying Canadians from Wuhan lands in Ontario\\|publisher\\= ctvnews.ca\\|date\\= February 7, 2020\\|access\\-date\\= May 26, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\= August 22, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20200822163708/https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/canada/can\\-i\\-see\\-her\\-any\\-sooner\\-father\\-reunites\\-with\\-daughter\\-in\\-canadian\\-quarantine\\-zone\\-1\\.4801361/\\|url\\-status\\= live}} On February 21, a chartered flight of 131 Canadians who were quarantined aboard {{ship\\|\\|Diamond Princess\\|ship\\|2}} after [an outbreak on the cruise ship](/wiki/COVID-19_outbreak_on_Diamond_Princess \"COVID-19 outbreak on Diamond Princess\") in Japan, and who all tested negative for the virus, were brought to CFB Trenton for additional screening before being transported by bus to the NAV Centre in [Cornwall, Ontario](/wiki/Cornwall%2C_Ontario \"Cornwall, Ontario\") to be [quarantined](/wiki/Quarantine \"Quarantine\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/diamond\\-princess\\-coronavirus\\-trenton\\-cornwall\\-1\\.5470386\\|title\\=Canadian cruise ship passengers arrive in Cornwall, Ont., to begin quarantine\\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\\|date\\=February 21, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=March 12, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312083049/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/diamond\\-princess\\-coronavirus\\-trenton\\-cornwall\\-1\\.5470386\\|archive\\-date\\=March 12, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On February 10, [University of Regina](/wiki/University_of_Regina \"University of Regina\") psychology professor Dr. [Gordon J. G. Asmundson](/wiki/Gordon_J._G._Asmundson \"Gordon J. G. Asmundson\") and [University of British Columbia](/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia \"University of British Columbia\") psychiatry professor Dr. [Steven Taylor](/wiki/Steven_Taylor_%28psychiatrist%29 \"Steven Taylor (psychiatrist)\") coined the [neologism](/wiki/Neologism \"Neologism\") ‘coronaphobia’ to refer to fear of COVID\\-19 and its psychological impacts.{{\\#invoke:cite journal\\|\\|last1\\=Asmundson\\|first1\\=Gordon J. G.\\|last2\\=Taylor\\|first2\\=Steven\\|date\\=March 1, 2020\\|title\\=Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019\\-nCoV outbreak\\|url\\= \\|journal\\=Journal of Anxiety Disorders\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=70\\|pages\\=102196\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.janxdis.2020\\.102196\\|issn\\=0887\\-6185\\|pmc\\=7134790\\|pmid\\=32078967}} In an editorial,{{\\#invoke:cite journal\\|\\|date\\=December 1, 2020\\|title\\=Coronaphobia revisted: A state\\-of\\-the\\-art on pandemic\\-related fear, anxiety, and stress\\|url\\= \\|journal\\=Journal of Anxiety Disorders\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=76\\|pages\\=102326\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.janxdis.2020\\.102326\\|issn\\=0887\\-6185\\|pmc\\=7585502\\|pmid\\=33142124\\|last1\\=Asmundson\\|first1\\=Gordon J.G.\\|last2\\=Taylor\\|first2\\=Steven}} Asmundson and Taylor expanded on COVID\\-19\\-related mental health impacts by introducing the constructs of COVID Stress Syndrome{{\\#invoke:cite journal\\|\\|date\\=May 1, 2020\\|title\\=Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales\\|url\\= \\|journal\\=Journal of Anxiety Disorders\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=72\\|pages\\=102232\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.janxdis.2020\\.102232\\|issn\\=0887\\-6185\\|pmc\\=7198206\\|pmid\\=32408047\\|last1\\=Taylor\\|first1\\=Steven\\|last2\\=Landry\\|first2\\=Caeleigh A.\\|last3\\=Paluszek\\|first3\\=Michelle M.\\|last4\\=Fergus\\|first4\\=Thomas A.\\|last5\\=McKay\\|first5\\=Dean\\|last6\\=Asmundson\\|first6\\=Gordon J.G.}}{{\\#invoke:cite journal\\|\\|last1\\=Taylor\\|first1\\=Steven\\|last2\\=Landry\\|first2\\=Caeleigh A.\\|last3\\=Paluszek\\|first3\\=Michelle M.\\|last4\\=Fergus\\|first4\\=Thomas A.\\|last5\\=McKay\\|first5\\=Dean\\|last6\\=Asmundson\\|first6\\=Gordon J. G.\\|date\\=2020\\|title\\=COVID stress syndrome: Concept, structure, and correlates\\|url\\= \\|journal\\=Depression and Anxiety\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=37\\|issue\\=8\\|pages\\=706–714\\|doi\\=10\\.1002/da.23071\\|issn\\=1520\\-6394\\|pmc\\=7362150\\|pmid\\=32627255}} and ‘COVID Stress Disorder’. Per Asmundson and Taylor’s definition, COVID Stress Syndrome centers around fears about contamination and the dangerousness of COVID\\-19, and also involves fears of socioeconomic consequences, xenophobic attitudes, traumatic stress, and compulsive checking and reassurance seeking symptoms. COVID Stress Disorder involves high levels of COVID Stress symptoms and severe functional impairment resulting from these symptoms. COVID Stress Disorder is proposed by Asmundson and Taylor as a distinct diagnostic category as COVID Stress symptoms and the associated impairment cannot be accounted for by existing mental disorder diagnoses.", "On February 26, Minister of Health Patty Hajdu recommended that citizens stockpile food and medication, noting that it was \"good to be prepared because things can change quickly \\[in any emergency].\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/coronavirus\\-live\\-updates\\-who\\-covid19\\-covid\\-19\\-italy\\-china\\-canada\\-wuhan\\-deaths\\|title\\=Coronavirus updates: Stockpile food and meds in case of infection, Canada's health minister says\\|date\\=February 26, 2020\\|website\\=National Post\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=February 27, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20200227015245/https://nationalpost.com/news/world/coronavirus\\-live\\-updates\\-who\\-covid19\\-covid\\-19\\-italy\\-china\\-canada\\-wuhan\\-deaths}} The recommendation faced criticism from provincial politicians: Manitoba health minister [Cameron Friesen](/wiki/Cameron_Friesen \"Cameron Friesen\") and Ontario health minister [Christine Elliott](/wiki/Christine_Elliott \"Christine Elliott\") both felt that there was no need for such aggressive stockpiling, while Friesen also felt that there needed to be more coordination between the federal and provincial levels in terms of information regarding the outbreak.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6625996/covid\\-19\\-stockpiling\\-food\\-manitoba/\\|title\\=COVID\\-19: No need to stockpile food despite earlier warning, Manitoba health minister says\\|website\\=CJOB\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304134904/https://globalnews.ca/news/6625996/covid\\-19\\-stockpiling\\-food\\-manitoba/\\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6620830/stockpiling\\-coronavirus\\-christine\\-elliott\\-costco\\-ontario/\\|title\\=Stockpiling in face of COVID\\-19 unnecessary, Ontario health minister says\\|website\\=Global News\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303144805/https://globalnews.ca/news/6620830/stockpiling\\-coronavirus\\-christine\\-elliott\\-costco\\-ontario/\\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} [Conservative Party](/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada \"Conservative Party of Canada\") shadow minister [Matt Jeneroux](/wiki/Matt_Jeneroux \"Matt Jeneroux\") opined that the suggestion incited concern and was lacking in transparency. [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada \"Health Canada\")'s website recommended against such bulk purchases (as to not strain supply chains), and explained that having supplies on hand was to \"ensure you do not need to leave your home at the peak of the outbreak or if you become ill.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news\\-pmn/canada\\-news\\-pmn/advice\\-to\\-stockpile\\-supplies\\-can\\-cause\\-undue\\-concern\\-over\\-covid\\-19\\-tory\\-mp\\|title\\=Advice to stockpile supplies can cause undue concern over COVID\\-19: Tory MP {{!}} National Post\\|last\\=Canada\\|first\\=P. M. N.\\|newspaper\\=National Post\\|date\\=March 2, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}", "#### March", "[thumb\\|A highway sign on the [Gardiner Expressway](/wiki/Gardiner_Expressway \"Gardiner Expressway\") in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\") discouraging non\\-essential travel](/wiki/File:COVID-19_highway_sign_in_Toronto%2C_March_2020_%28cropped%29.jpg \"COVID-19 highway sign in Toronto, March 2020 (cropped).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Shelves void of meat in a [Regina](/wiki/Regina%2C_Saskatchewan \"Regina, Saskatchewan\") supermarket as a result of [panic buying](/wiki/Panic_buying \"Panic buying\")](/wiki/File:Shelves_void_of_meat_in_a_Canadian_supermarket.jpg \"Shelves void of meat in a Canadian supermarket.jpg\")", "On March 4, 2020, Trudeau announced his creation of the Cabinet Committee on the federal response to the coronavirus disease, chaired by [Chrystia Freeland](/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland \"Chrystia Freeland\"), \"to limit the spread of the virus\" and to protect \"the health and safety of all Canadians\".{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Prime Minister creates committee on COVID\\-19 \\|url\\=https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news\\-releases/2020/03/04/prime\\-minister\\-creates\\-committee\\-covid\\-19 \\|access\\-date\\=April 28, 2020 \\|publisher\\=JUSTIN TRUDEAU, PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA \\|date\\=March 4, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143151/https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news\\-releases/2020/03/04/prime\\-minister\\-creates\\-committee\\-covid\\-19 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Minister of Health Patty Hajdu announced on March 6 that the federal government would offer $27 million in funding to 47 research groups at 19 universities to develop means of managing the outbreak. [Minister of Finance](/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_%28Canada%29 \"Minister of Finance (Canada)\") [Bill Morneau](/wiki/Bill_Morneau \"Bill Morneau\") stated that the next federal budget would include measures in response to the outbreak, including an increase to the risk adjustment provision.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/quarantined\\-coronavirus\\-morneau\\-supports\\-1\\.5488062\\|title\\=Support coming for Canadians quarantined due to coronavirus, finance minister says\\|last\\=Tunney\\|first\\=Catharine\\|date\\=March 6, 2020\\|publisher\\=CBC News\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311112055/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/quarantined\\-coronavirus\\-morneau\\-supports\\-1\\.5488062\\|archive\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6644662/coronavirus\\-lab\\-in\\-a\\-box\\-diagnosis/\\|title\\=Coronavirus: Canadian researchers developing 'lab in a box' to diagnose COVID\\-19\\|website\\=Global News\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308175925/https://globalnews.ca/news/6644662/coronavirus\\-lab\\-in\\-a\\-box\\-diagnosis/\\|archive\\-date\\=March 8, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://ici.radio\\-canada.ca/nouvelle/1651785/investissement\\-27\\-millions\\-recherche\\-coronavirus\\-canada\\|title\\=Le fédéral injecte 27 M$ dans la recherche sur le coronavirus\\|publisher\\=CBC/Radio\\-Canada\\|language\\=fr\\-ca\\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310051558/https://ici.radio\\-canada.ca/nouvelle/1651785/investissement\\-27\\-millions\\-recherche\\-coronavirus\\-canada\\|archive\\-date\\=March 10, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On March 8, Minister of Foreign Affairs François\\-Philippe Champagne stated that at the request of the U.S. government, Canada had chartered a [EuroAtlantic](/wiki/EuroAtlantic \"EuroAtlantic\") passenger airplane to evacuate the 237 citizens that were still aboard the cruise ship {{ship\\|\\|Grand Princess}}. They were quarantined at CFB Trenton for two weeks when the plane landed on March 10\\.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6647694/coronavirus\\-government\\-plane\\-grand\\-princess/\\|title\\=Coronavirus: Government chartering plane for Canadians on Grand Princess\\|website\\=Global News\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143155/https://globalnews.ca/news/6647694/coronavirus\\-government\\-plane\\-grand\\-princess/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/infected\\-canadian\\-crew\\-on\\-covid\\-19\\-cruise\\-ship\\-remain\\-onboard\\-228\\-passengers\\-repatriated\\-1\\.4846310\\|title\\=Infected Canadian crew on COVID\\-19 cruise ship remain onboard, 228 passengers repatriated\\|publisher\\=ctvnews.ca\\|date\\=March 10, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=March 12, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312183750/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/infected\\-canadian\\-crew\\-on\\-covid\\-19\\-cruise\\-ship\\-remain\\-onboard\\-228\\-passengers\\-repatriated\\-1\\.4846310\\|archive\\-date\\=March 12, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Member of Parliament [Anthony Housefather](/wiki/Anthony_Housefather \"Anthony Housefather\") announced on March 9 that he was undergoing self\\-isolation as a precautionary measure due to possible contact with a person at an [American Israel Public Affairs Committee](/wiki/American_Israel_Public_Affairs_Committee \"American Israel Public Affairs Committee\") (AIPAC) conference in [Washington](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.lapresse.ca/covid\\-19/202003/10/01\\-5264042\\-covid\\-19\\-le\\-federal\\-donnera\\-un\\-coup\\-de\\-main.php\\|title\\=COVID\\-19: le fédéral donnera un coup de main\\|date\\=March 10, 2020\\|website\\=La Presse\\|language\\=fr\\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311164949/https://www.lapresse.ca/covid\\-19/202003/10/01\\-5264042\\-covid\\-19\\-le\\-federal\\-donnera\\-un\\-coup\\-de\\-main.php\\|archive\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|last1\\=Marquis \\|first1\\=Mélanie }} The next day, [Minister of Natural Resources](/wiki/Minister_of_Natural_Resources \"Minister of Natural Resources\") [Seamus O'Regan](/wiki/Seamus_O%27Regan \"Seamus O'Regan\") stated that he was also in self\\-isolation while awaiting the results of a coronavirus test. He had seen a doctor regarding a \"persistent\" head cold, who recommended testing, but was \"not aware of contacting anyone infected\".{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6657717/seamus\\-oregan\\-self\\-isolation\\-covid\\-19/\\|title\\=Minister of Natural Resources in self\\-isolation as 'precaution' while awaiting COVID\\-19 results\\|website\\=Global News\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311125628/https://globalnews.ca/news/6657717/seamus\\-oregan\\-self\\-isolation\\-covid\\-19/\\|archive\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The test came back negative.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/seamus\\-o\\-regan\\-tests\\-negative\\-for\\-covid\\-19\\-1\\.4852739\\|title\\=Seamus O'Regan tests negative for COVID\\-19\\|date\\=March 13, 2020\\|website\\=CTV News\\|access\\-date\\=March 16, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314151743/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/seamus\\-o\\-regan\\-tests\\-negative\\-for\\-covid\\-19\\-1\\.4852739\\|archive\\-date\\=March 14, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On March 11, [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada \"Prime Minister of Canada\") [Justin Trudeau](/wiki/Justin_Trudeau \"Justin Trudeau\") announced a $1 billion response fund, including $500 million to go to provinces and territories, a $50 million contribution to the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") and an additional $275 million to fund COVID\\-19 research in Canada.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6659384/coronavirus\\-funding\\-trudeau/\\|title\\=Trudeau announces $1B coronavirus response fund for provinces, territories\\|website\\=Global News\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312171555/https://globalnews.ca/news/6659384/coronavirus\\-funding\\-trudeau/\\|archive\\-date\\=March 12, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} [Minister of Economic Development and Official Languages](/wiki/Minister_of_Economic_Development_and_Official_Languages \"Minister of Economic Development and Official Languages\") [Mélanie Joly](/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly \"Mélanie Joly\") stated that she had been discussing means of mitigating the outbreak's impact on the air travel industry.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://ca.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idCAKBN20X2CI\\|title\\=Canada government to help provinces fight coronavirus outbreak: source\\|date\\=March 11, 2020\\|work\\=Reuters\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143201/https://ca.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idCAKBN20X2CI\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On March 11, the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") declared the virus to be the cause of a worldwide [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\").", "On March 12, after returning from a speaking engagement in London, England, Trudeau's wife [Sophie Grégoire Trudeau](/wiki/Sophie_Gr%C3%A9goire_Trudeau \"Sophie Grégoire Trudeau\") tested positive for COVID\\-19\\. She and the Prime Minister went into self\\-isolation.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Harris\\|first\\=Kathleen\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19\\-premiers\\-coronavirus\\-1\\.5495001\\|title\\=Trudeau, wife Sophie in self\\-isolation awaiting COVID\\-19 test as premiers conference is called off\\|date\\=March 12, 2020\\|publisher\\=CBC News\\|access\\-date\\=March 12, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313001402/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19\\-premiers\\-coronavirus\\-1\\.5495001\\|archive\\-date\\=March 13, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/sophie\\-gregoire\\-trudeau\\-tests\\-positive\\-for\\-covid\\-19\\-1\\.4850159\\|title\\=Sophie Gregoire Trudeau tests positive for COVID\\-19\\|last1\\=Slaughter\\|first1\\=Graham\\|last2\\=Bogart\\|first2\\=Nicole\\|date\\=March 12, 2020\\|website\\=CTV News\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=March 12, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313015745/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/sophie\\-gregoire\\-trudeau\\-tests\\-positive\\-for\\-covid\\-19\\-1\\.4850159\\|archive\\-date\\=March 13, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2020HLTH0064\\-000413 \\|title\\=Update on new and existing COVID\\-19 cases in British Columbia \\| BC Gov News \\|date\\=March 7, 2020 \\|publisher\\=News.gov.bc.ca \\|access\\-date\\=March 15, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 19, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319010354/https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2020HLTH0064\\-000413 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The staff member is now thought to be Canada's first case of community transmission.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/tracking\\-every\\-case\\-of\\-covid\\-19\\-in\\-canada\\-1\\.4852102\\|title\\=Tracking every case of COVID\\-19 in Canada\\|work\\=\\[\\[CTV News]]\\|date\\=March 13, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=March 16, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315124205/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/tracking\\-every\\-case\\-of\\-covid\\-19\\-in\\-canada\\-1\\.4852102\\|archive\\-date\\=March 15, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Toronto Stock Exchange tumbles 1770 points.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/investing/markets/indices/full\\-chart/TXCX/\\|title\\=TSX Composite Index (TXCX) Quote – Full Chart\\|website\\=The Globe and Mail\\|access\\-date\\=June 6, 2021}}", "On March 13, Trudeau announced that the federal government was preparing a stimulus package to address those affected by the pandemic.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6672830/coronavirus\\-trudeau\\-economic\\-aid\\-package/\\|title\\=Coronavirus: Trudeau announces economic aid package to help Canadians amid outbreak\\|website\\=Global News\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=April 27, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427173059/https://globalnews.ca/news/6672830/coronavirus\\-trudeau\\-economic\\-aid\\-package/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Also on March 13, Parliament agreed unanimously to shut its doors for five weeks (pursuant to Standing Order 28\\) because of COVID\\-19\\.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Pinkerton \\|first1\\=Charlie \\|title\\=Parliament shuts doors for five weeks because of COVID\\-19 \\|url\\=https://ipolitics.ca/2020/03/13/parliament\\-shuts\\-doors\\-for\\-five\\-weeks\\-because\\-of\\-covid\\-19/ \\|publisher\\=iPolitics \\|date\\=March 13, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140140/https://ipolitics.ca/2020/03/13/parliament\\-shuts\\-doors\\-for\\-five\\-weeks\\-because\\-of\\-covid\\-19/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On March 16, Trudeau announced that new entry restrictions would be implemented shortly after midnight [ET](/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone \"Eastern Time Zone\") on March 18, restricting entry into the country to Americans and Canadian citizens and permanent residents and their families and flight crew members who are not displaying symptoms of covid\\-19\\. All people arriving were asked to self\\-isolate for 14 days.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cbsa\\-border\\-airports\\-screening\\-trudeau\\-covid19\\-coronavirus\\-1\\.5498866\\|title\\=Canada to bar entry to travellers who are not citizens, permanent residents or Americans\\|last\\=Harris\\|first\\=Kathleen\\|date\\=March 16, 2020\\|publisher\\=CBC News\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=March 16, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719210119/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cbsa\\-border\\-airports\\-screening\\-trudeau\\-covid19\\-coronavirus\\-1\\.5498866}} Most international flights were routed to Canada's an arbitrary selection of four airports ([YVR](/wiki/YVR \"YVR\"), [YYC](/wiki/YYC \"YYC\"), [YYZ](/wiki/YYZ \"YYZ\"), and [YUL](/wiki/YUL \"YUL\")) in order \"to enhance screening measures\". [Minister of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Canada%29 \"Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)\") [François\\-Philippe Champagne](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Philippe_Champagne \"François-Philippe Champagne\") also announced that for citizens who are still abroad, the country would provide emergency loans of up to $5,000 to cover travel costs or basic needs until they are able to return.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/canada\\-restricting\\-who\\-can\\-enter\\-the\\-country\\-due\\-to\\-covid\\-19\\-pm\\-trudeau\\-1\\.4854503\\|title\\=Canada restricting who can enter the country due to COVID\\-19: PM Trudeau\\|date\\=March 16, 2020\\|work\\=CTV News\\|access\\-date\\=March 16, 2020\\|first\\=Rachel\\|last\\=Aiello\\|archive\\-date\\=March 16, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316180150/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/canada\\-restricting\\-who\\-can\\-enter\\-the\\-country\\-due\\-to\\-covid\\-19\\-pm\\-trudeau\\-1\\.4854503\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "The border closure led to a million Canadians returning home over the next week. Passengers from East Asian countries wore masks on their flights, but those arriving from Europe did not. Masks were not even recommended. There were no temperature checks. People were packed in close at airport waiting areas. Hand sanitizer dispensers had not been installed. Not everyone received the pamphlets instructing them to self\\-isolate for 14 days.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.macleans.ca/longforms/covid\\-19\\-pandemic\\-canada\\-year\\-one/\\|title\\=The untold story of the pandemic in Canada\\|access\\-date\\=June 6, 2021}}", "On March 17, Ontario Premier Doug Ford declared a state of emergency, calling for the closure of indoor recreation facilities, restaurants, libraries, theatres and concert halls.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6688074/ontario\\-doug\\-ford\\-coronavirus\\-covid\\-19\\-march\\-17/\\|title\\=Ontario government declares state of emergency amid coronavirus pandemic\\|website\\=Global News\\|access\\-date\\=June 2, 2021}}", "On March 18, Donald Trump and Justin Trudeau announced that the Canada\\-U.S. border would close to non\\-essential travel. People entering Canada would be asked to self\\-isolate for 14 days. Family of Canadian citizens, students and foreign workers with visas would be allowed to enter. Truckers and flight crews carrying essential goods did not need to self\\-isolate.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Tunney \\|first1\\=Catharine \\|last2\\=Simpson \\|first2\\=Katie \\|title\\=Canada, U.S. border temporarily closing to non\\-essential traffic to slow COVID\\-19 \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada\\-us\\-border\\-deal\\-1\\.5501289 \\|work\\=CBC News \\|date\\=March 18, 2020}}", "[Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam \"Theresa Tam\"), [Chief Public Health Officer of Canada](/wiki/Chief_Public_Health_Officer_of_Canada \"Chief Public Health Officer of Canada\") and head of the [Public Health Agency of Canada](/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada \"Public Health Agency of Canada\") (PHAC), said on March 19 that Canada would not know for two or three weeks if country\\-wide [social distancing](/wiki/Social_distancing \"Social distancing\") efforts have curbed the spread of COVID\\-19\\.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|last\\=Raj \\|first\\=Althia \\|date\\=March 19, 2020 \\|title\\=Weeks Until We Know COVID\\-19 Social Distancing Is Working: Top Doctor \\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/coronavirus\\-social\\-distancing\\-canada\\_ca\\_5e73f9fcc5b6f5b7c5414196 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322011632/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/coronavirus\\-social\\-distancing\\-canada\\_ca\\_5e73f9fcc5b6f5b7c5414196 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 22, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2020 \\|website\\=HuffPost}}", "On March 24, 35 members of parliament met in order to discuss Bill C\\-13, the *[COVID\\-19 Emergency Response Act](/wiki/COVID-19_Emergency_Response_Act \"COVID-19 Emergency Response Act\")*. To maintain social distancing in the face of the highly contagious respiratory illness, only 35 of the 338 members of the House of Commons convened to debate the legislation.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Scherer \\|first1\\=Steve \\|title\\=Canada coronavirus aid stalled over concerns about Trudeau bid for more spending powers \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-health\\-coronavirus\\-canada/canada\\-coronavirus\\-aid\\-stalled\\-over\\-concerns\\-about\\-trudeau\\-bid\\-for\\-more\\-spending\\-powers\\-idUSKBN21B2E3 \\|work\\=Reuters \\|date\\=March 24, 2020 \\|quote\\=Parliament was reconvened pursuant to Standing Order 28(3\\) \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140154/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-health\\-coronavirus\\-canada/canada\\-coronavirus\\-aid\\-stalled\\-over\\-concerns\\-about\\-trudeau\\-bid\\-for\\-more\\-spending\\-powers\\-idUSKBN21B2E3 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The Commons agreed \"to see the application of Standing Order 17 (sic) suspended for the current sitting to allow (its) members the practice of social distancing.\"{{\\#invoke:cite journal\\|\\|title\\=House of Commons Debates \\|journal\\=Hansard \\|date\\=March 24, 2020 \\|volume\\=43RD PARLIAMENT, 1ST SESSION \\|issue\\=32 \\|url\\=https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\\-1/house/sitting\\-32/hansard \\|quote\\=Standing Order 15 – Attendance required. 15\\. Every Member, being cognizant of the provisions of the Parliament of Canada Act, is bound to attend the sittings of the House, unless otherwise occupied with parliamentary activities and functions or on public or official business. \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140156/https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\\-1/house/sitting\\-32/hansard \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Also on March 24, a small number of MPs from each party met in the House of Commons to vote on an $82\\-billion emergency spending legislation, known as Bill C\\-13\\. The passage of the bill was stalled due to the federal government's proposed clauses that gave the finance minister the right to spend money and raise taxes without the approval of Parliament until December 31, 2021\\. After criticism from the Official Opposition over the minority government's \"power grab\" which was considered undemocratic, a revised bill was agreed upon the next day that would permit the government six months of special spending powers until September 30, 2020, with oversight from a Parliamentary committee.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|date\\=March 28, 2020 \\|title\\=Corbella: Trudeau's attempted power grab an alarming breach of trust \\|url\\=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local\\-news/corbella\\-trudeaus\\-attempted\\-power\\-grab\\-an\\-alarming\\-breach\\-of\\-trust/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411081410/https://calgaryherald.com/news/local\\-news/corbella\\-trudeaus\\-attempted\\-power\\-grab\\-an\\-alarming\\-breach\\-of\\-trust/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 11, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2020 \\|website\\=Calgary Herald}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=March 24, 2020 \\|title\\=COVID\\-19: Scheer says talk of 'new government powers' shouldn't get in way of passing of aid package \\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/covid\\-19\\-scheer\\-says\\-talk\\-of\\-new\\-government\\-powers\\-shouldnt\\-get\\-in\\-way\\-of\\-passing\\-of\\-aid\\-package \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2020 \\|website\\=National Post\\|last1\\=Thomson \\|first1\\=Stuart }}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=March 24, 2020 \\|title\\=Chris Selley: Cheers to parliamentary supremacists, whose lonely struggles are not entirely in vain \\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/chris\\-selley\\-cheers\\-to\\-parliamentary\\-supremacists\\-whose\\-lonely\\-struggles\\-are\\-not\\-entirely\\-in\\-vain \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20200917153137/https://nationalpost.com/opinion/chris%2Dselley%2Dcheers%2Dto%2Dparliamentary%2Dsupremacists%2Dwhose%2Dlonely%2Dstruggles%2Dare%2Dnot%2Dentirely%2Din%2Dvain \\|archive\\-date\\=September 17, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2020 \\|website\\=National Post\\|last1\\=Selley \\|first1\\=Chris }}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|date\\=March 24, 2020 \\|title\\=Trudeau says sweeping coronavirus bill powers needed given 'exceptional situation' – National \\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6724070/coronavirus\\-canada\\-economic\\-measures\\-vote/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331212024/https://globalnews.ca/news/6724070/coronavirus\\-canada\\-economic\\-measures\\-vote/ \\|archive\\-date\\=March 31, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2020 \\|publisher\\=Globalnews.ca}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|date\\=March 24, 2020 \\|title\\=Tories will support aid to Canadians, not Liberal 'power grab': Scheer – BNN Bloomberg \\|url\\=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/tories\\-will\\-support\\-aid\\-to\\-canadians\\-not\\-liberal\\-power\\-grab\\-scheer\\-1\\.1411317 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414131233/https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/tories\\-will\\-support\\-aid\\-to\\-canadians\\-not\\-liberal\\-power\\-grab\\-scheer\\-1\\.1411317 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 14, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2020 \\|publisher\\=Bnnbloomberg.ca}} The House of Commons' Health and Finance committees began holding weekly virtual meetings during the pandemic.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Aiello \\|first\\=Rachel \\|date\\=March 31, 2020 \\|title\\=House health committee holding first virtual briefing on COVID\\-19 efforts \\|work\\=\\[\\[CTV News]] \\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/house\\-health\\-committee\\-holding\\-first\\-virtual\\-briefing\\-on\\-covid\\-19\\-efforts\\-1\\.4875766 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=March 31, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924011948/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/house\\-health\\-committee\\-holds\\-first\\-virtual\\-briefing\\-on\\-covid\\-19\\-efforts\\-1\\.4875766 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Moss \\|first\\=Neil \\|date\\=March 30, 2020 \\|title\\=COVID\\-19 can't end parliamentary scrutiny, say experts \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hill Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.hilltimes.com/2020/03/30/covid\\-19\\-cant\\-end\\-parliamentary\\-scrutiny\\-say\\-experts/241153 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=March 31, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331080347/https://www.hilltimes.com/2020/03/30/covid\\-19\\-cant\\-end\\-parliamentary\\-scrutiny\\-say\\-experts/241153 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 31, 2020}}", "Meanwhile, Dr. Theresa Tam was quoted as saying regarding Canadians' need to wear face masks: \"most people haven't learned how to use masks\" and \"there is no need to use a mask for well people.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/national\\-directive\\-on\\-wearing\\-face\\-masks\\-coming\\-today\\-trudeau\\-says\\|title\\=Tam now recommends wearing masks to guard against COVID\\-19 — two months after dismissing them \\| National Post\\|newspaper\\=National Post\\|date\\=May 20, 2020}}", "On March 28, Sophie Grégoire Trudeau announced her full recovery and thanked her well\\-wishers via social media.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\| url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6747353/sophie\\-trudeau\\-covid\\-19\\-clear/\\| title\\='All clear': Sophie Grégoire Trudeau thanks well\\-wishers after recovering from COVID\\-19\\| first\\=Maryam\\| last\\=Shah\\| date\\=March 28, 2020\\| website\\=globalnews.ca\\| access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020\\| archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140203/https://globalnews.ca/news/6747353/sophie\\-trudeau\\-covid\\-19\\-clear/\\| url\\-status\\=live}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\| url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/sophie\\-trudeau\\-feeling\\-great\\-covid\\-19\\-1\\.5513731\\| title\\=Sophie Grégoire Trudeau says she has recovered from COVID\\-19\\| first\\=John Paul\\| last\\=Tasker\\| publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\\| date\\=March 29, 2020\\| access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020\\| archive\\-date\\=June 12, 2020\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612024029/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/sophie\\-trudeau\\-feeling\\-great\\-covid\\-19\\-1\\.5513731\\| url\\-status\\=live}}", "Unemployment figures for March showed the economy had shed 1,000,000 jobs, pushing the official jobless rate to 7\\.8 percent.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Ivison \\|first1\\=John \\|title\\=Federal health agency's report on COVID\\-19 projections opts for soft\\-soap over science \\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/john\\-ivison\\-federal\\-health\\-agencys\\-report\\-on\\-covid\\-19\\-projections\\-opts\\-for\\-soft\\-soap\\-over\\-science?video\\_autoplay\\=true \\|publisher\\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \\|date\\=April 9, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 16, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20200416164105/https://nationalpost.com/opinion/john%2Divison%2Dfederal%2Dhealth%2Dagencys%2Dreport%2Don%2Dcovid%2D19%2Dprojections%2Dopts%2Dfor%2Dsoft%2Dsoap%2Dover%2Dscience?video\\_autoplay%3Dtrue \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "#### April", "[thumb\\|Vancouver, British Columbia during the COVID\\-19 pandemic on April 19\\.](/wiki/File:David_Lam_Park%2C_Yaletown_Vancouver_during_coronavirus_pandemic_%2849790733418%29.jpg \"David Lam Park, Yaletown Vancouver during coronavirus pandemic (49790733418).jpg\")\nOn April 2, Trudeau said that he foresaw the expiry of the COVID\\-19 crisis to occur only in July.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Bhattacharyya \\|first1\\=Anirudh \\|title\\=Coronavirus update: Canadian PM Justin Trudeau calls emergency Parliament session to pass legislation on Covid\\-19 \\|url\\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world\\-news/coronavirus\\-update\\-canadian\\-pm\\-justin\\-trudeau\\-calls\\-emergency\\-parliament\\-session\\-to\\-pass\\-legislation\\-on\\-covid\\-19/story\\-kQL0wA47xt9ZD9X0qrvahO.html \\|work\\=Hindustan Times \\|date\\=April 2, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809125809/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world\\-news/coronavirus\\-update\\-canadian\\-pm\\-justin\\-trudeau\\-calls\\-emergency\\-parliament\\-session\\-to\\-pass\\-legislation\\-on\\-covid\\-19/story\\-kQL0wA47xt9ZD9X0qrvahO.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On April 2, American President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") slammed 3M after invoking the US [Defense Production Act of 1950](/wiki/Defense_Production_Act_of_1950 \"Defense Production Act of 1950\") to get the company to produce N95 respirators and on April 3, Canadian officials protested a move by Trump to block [3M](/wiki/3M \"3M\")'s export of [N95 masks](/wiki/N95_mask \"N95 mask\") for use by doctors and nurses as COVID\\-19 cases were projected to soar in Ontario and Quebec. [Deputy Prime Minister](/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada \"Deputy Prime Minister of Canada\") [Chrystia Freeland](/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland \"Chrystia Freeland\") said Canada would \"do whatever it takes to defend the national interest.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Steve \\|first\\=Scherer \\|date\\=April 3, 2020 \\|title\\=Canada blasts U.S. block on 3M exports of masks as coronavirus cases set to soar \\|work\\=Reuters \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-health\\-coronavirus\\-canada/canada\\-blasts\\-us\\-block\\-on\\-3m\\-exports\\-of\\-masks\\-as\\-coronavirus\\-cases\\-set\\-to\\-soar\\-idUSKBN21L2DD \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818065017/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-health\\-coronavirus\\-canada/canada\\-blasts\\-us\\-block\\-on\\-3m\\-exports\\-of\\-masks\\-as\\-coronavirus\\-cases\\-set\\-to\\-soar\\-idUSKBN21L2DD \\|archive\\-date\\=August 18, 2020}} On April 6, the [Trump administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump \"Presidency of Donald Trump\") agreed to a deal with the 3M to import more than 166 million respirators from China over the next three months and allow 3M to continue exporting its US made respirators to Canada.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Cecco \\|first\\=Leyland \\|date\\=April 7, 2020 \\|title\\=Trump and 3M reach deal to allow N95 face masks to be exported to Canada \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/06/us\\-blocks\\-face\\-masks\\-canada\\-n95\\-protection\\-equipment \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829185728/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/06/us\\-blocks\\-face\\-masks\\-canada\\-n95\\-protection\\-equipment \\|archive\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}}", "On April 5, Queen Elizabeth addressed the Commonwealth in a televised broadcast, in which she asked people to \"take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return\". She added, \"we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; we will meet again\".{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Coronavirus: The Queen's broadcast in full \\|date\\=April 5, 2020 \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-52176208\\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2021\\|work\\=BBC News}}", "On April 6, Trudeau introduced extra aid for the [Canada Emergency Response Benefit](/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Response_Benefit \"Canada Emergency Response Benefit\") (CERB), saying \"there are groups of people who aren't benefiting from \\[it] who probably should.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Aiello\\|first\\=Rachel\\|date\\=April 6, 2020\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/more\\-aid\\-coming\\-for\\-those\\-who\\-don\\-t\\-qualify\\-for\\-current\\-covid\\-19\\-benefits\\-pm\\-1\\.4884156\\|title\\=More aid coming for those who don't qualify for current COVID\\-19 benefits\\|work\\=\\[\\[CTV News]]\\|access\\-date\\=April 6, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 18, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818042455/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/more\\-aid\\-coming\\-for\\-those\\-who\\-don\\-t\\-qualify\\-for\\-current\\-covid\\-19\\-benefits\\-pm\\-1\\.4884156\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Harris\\|first\\=Kathleen\\|date\\=April 6, 2020\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cerb\\-covid19\\-benefits\\-trudeau\\-1\\.5523052\\|title\\=Trudeau promises more Canadians will be covered by COVID\\-19 emergency benefit\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBC News]]\\|access\\-date\\=April 6, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 6, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806005843/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cerb\\-covid19\\-benefits\\-trudeau\\-1\\.5523052\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Also on April 6, [Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam \"Theresa Tam\"), the CPHO of Canada, noted that people with COVID\\-19 may be contagious even if they are pre\\-symptomatic or asymptomatic.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=2zidS5XncGM\\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/2zidS5XncGM\\| archive\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-17 \\| url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Dr. Theresa Tam says non\\-medical masks can prevent asymptomatic spread of virus \\| COVID\\-19\\|access\\-date\\=June 6, 2021\\|via\\=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}} She advised the use of a \"non\\-medical face mask when shopping or using public transit\" because \"A non\\-medical mask can reduce the chance of your respiratory droplets coming into contact with others or land\\[ing] on surfaces\". Tam offered advice on how to use \"a cotton shirt combined with rubber bands\" to create a [DIY](/wiki/DIY \"DIY\") non\\-medical face mask.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Theresa Tam offers new advice: Wear a non\\-medical face mask when shopping or using public transit \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\\-tam\\-offers\\-new\\-advice\\-wear\\-a\\-non\\-medical\\-mask\\-when\\-shopping\\-or\\-using/ \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=April 6, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 18, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818160640/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\\-tam\\-offers\\-new\\-advice\\-wear\\-a\\-non\\-medical\\-mask\\-when\\-shopping\\-or\\-using/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On April 7, Trudeau brought up the topic of masks, where he said, \"If people want to wear a [mask](/wiki/Cloth_face_mask \"Cloth face mask\"), that is okay. It protects others more than it protects you, because it prevents you from breathing or... or... speaking, uh... 'moistly' on them.\" He immediately regrets his [word choice](/wiki/Word_choice \"Word choice\") and says, \"Ugh, what a terrible image.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=April 7, 2020 \\|title\\=Trudeau responds to question about wearing non\\-medical masks \\|work\\=\\[\\[Toronto Star]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=yIVA6MRS3J4 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502020736/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=yIVA6MRS3J4 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 2, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=April 7, 2020 \\|title\\=PM Trudeau provides update on federal response to COVID\\-19 \\|work\\=\\[\\[CPAC (TV channel)\\|CPAC]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=B\\-EDanhruQY \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612010426/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=B\\-EDanhruQY \\|archive\\-date\\=June 12, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=April 8, 2020 \\|title\\=Trudeau says \"Speaking moistly\" during update and immediately regrets it \\|work\\=Your Morning \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CTV Television Network\\|CTV]] \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=slK5IY\\_GJzI \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516050726/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=slK5IY\\_GJzI \\|archive\\-date\\=May 16, 2020}} The unusual word choice has led the creation of a [remix](/wiki/Remix \"Remix\") song, \"[Speaking Moistly](/wiki/Speaking_Moistly \"Speaking Moistly\")\", based on the speech.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=April 12, 2020 \\|title\\=Edmonton musician riffs on Justin Trudeau's cringe\\-worthy 'speaking moistly' gaffe \\|work\\=\\[\\[CBC News]] \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/justin\\-trudeau\\-speaking\\-moistly\\-youtube\\-1\\.5529347 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519003529/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/justin\\-trudeau\\-speaking\\-moistly\\-youtube\\-1\\.5529347 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 19, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Edmonton artist auto\\-tunes PM's 'speaking moistly' comments \\|work\\=\\[\\[CityNews Toronto]] \\|url\\=https://toronto.citynews.ca/video/2020/04/12/edmonton\\-artist\\-auto\\-tunes\\-pms\\-speaking\\-moistly\\-comments \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=May 3, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418041053/https://toronto.citynews.ca/video/2020/04/12/edmonton\\-artist\\-auto\\-tunes\\-pms\\-speaking\\-moistly\\-comments/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 18, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Belmonte \\|first\\=Lisa \\|date\\=April 9, 2020 \\|title\\=Justin Trudeau's 'Speaking Moistly' Moment Was Turned Into A Song \\& It's Hilarious \\|work\\=\\[\\[Narcity Media]] \\|url\\=https://www.narcity.com/news/ca/justin\\-trudeaus\\-speaking\\-moistly\\-comment\\-got\\-turned\\-into\\-a\\-song\\-and\\-its\\-so\\-funny \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=May 3, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519003527/https://www.narcity.com/news/ca/justin\\-trudeaus\\-speaking\\-moistly\\-comment\\-got\\-turned\\-into\\-a\\-song\\-and\\-its\\-so\\-funny \\|archive\\-date\\=May 19, 2020}}", "On April 9, the federal government released modelling that, even with strong public health measures, showed between 11,000 and 22,000 deaths over the course of the pandemic, with that number being closer to 300,000 deaths if no measures had been taken.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19\\-modelling\\-projections\\-1\\.5527365\\|title\\=Federal health officials project up to 700 COVID\\-19 deaths in Canada by April 16\\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\\|date\\=April 9, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 17, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817011021/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19\\-modelling\\-projections\\-1\\.5527365\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Trudeau warned that \"normality as it was before will not come back full\\-on until we get a vaccine for this\", and that residents would \"have to remain vigilant for at least a year.\"{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/6799110/coronavirus\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-return\\-to\\-normality\\-trudeau/\\|title\\=No return to 'normality' until coronavirus vaccine is available, Trudeau says\\|website\\=Global News\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 20, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820220153/https://globalnews.ca/news/6799110/coronavirus\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-return\\-to\\-normality\\-trudeau/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=PM Trudeau: This will be the new normal, until a vaccine is developed\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/pm\\-trudeau\\-this\\-will\\-be\\-the\\-new\\-normal\\-until\\-a\\-vaccine\\-is\\-developed\\-1\\.4889651\\|last\\=Aiello\\|first\\=Rachel\\|date\\=April 9, 2020\\|website\\=CTV News\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817194835/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/pm\\-trudeau\\-this\\-will\\-be\\-the\\-new\\-normal\\-until\\-a\\-vaccine\\-is\\-developed\\-1\\.4889651\\|archive\\-date\\=August 17, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2020}} The same day, Trudeau sent a letter to the [provincial and territorial premiers](/wiki/Premier_%28Canada%29 \"Premier (Canada)\") to consult about invoking the *[Emergencies Act](/wiki/Emergencies_Act \"Emergencies Act\")*.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Tunney \\|first1\\=Catharine \\|last2\\=Hall \\|first2\\=Chris \\|title\\=As supply concerns grow, Ottawa lays the groundwork for never\\-used Emergencies Act \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies\\-act\\-province\\-letter\\-1\\.5526496 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBC News]] \\|date\\=April 9, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 17, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817011007/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies\\-act\\-province\\-letter\\-1\\.5526496 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} While consultation with the provinces is a required step before the Act can be triggered, the [Prime Minister's Office](/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_%28Canada%29 \"Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)\") said there was no present plan to enact it and that doing so remained a last resort.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Lynn \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=In wake of letter sent by feds, Sask. premier doesn't 'see the need' to invoke Canada's Emergencies Act \\|url\\=https://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/in\\-wake\\-of\\-letter\\-sent\\-by\\-feds\\-sask\\-premier\\-doesn\\-t\\-see\\-the\\-need\\-to\\-invoke\\-canada\\-s\\-emergencies\\-act\\-1\\.4890903 \\|work\\=\\[\\[CTV News]] \\|date\\=April 9, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822140218/https://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/in\\-wake\\-of\\-letter\\-sent\\-by\\-feds\\-sask\\-premier\\-doesn\\-t\\-see\\-the\\-need\\-to\\-invoke\\-canada\\-s\\-emergencies\\-act\\-1\\.4890903 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Taylor \\|first1\\=Stephanie \\|title\\=Saskatchewan premier doesn't see need for Emergencies Act in COVID\\-19 fight \\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news\\-pmn/canada\\-news\\-pmn/saskatchewan\\-premier\\-doesnt\\-see\\-need\\-for\\-emergencies\\-act\\-in\\-covid\\-19\\-fight \\|work\\=\\[\\[National Post]] \\|date\\=April 9, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2020 }} On a conference call between Trudeau and the premiers later that day, the premiers communicated their unanimous opposition to invoking the Act.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Tunney \\|first1\\=Catharine \\|last2\\=Cullen \\|first2\\=Catherine \\|last3\\=Cochrane \\|first3\\=David \\|title\\=Need for Emergencies Act rejected by premiers on call with PM \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies\\-act\\-premiers\\-consensus\\-1\\.5529119 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBC News]] \\|date\\=April 10, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715112237/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies\\-act\\-premiers\\-consensus\\-1\\.5529119 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Lilley \\|first1\\=Brian \\|title\\=Premiers say no to Trudeau on Emergencies Act \\|url\\=https://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/lilley\\-premiers\\-say\\-no\\-to\\-trudeau\\-on\\-emergencies\\-act \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Toronto Sun]] \\|date\\=April 10, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 11, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424162326/https://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/lilley\\-premiers\\-say\\-no\\-to\\-trudeau\\-on\\-emergencies\\-act \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On April 10, the [RCMP](/wiki/RCMP \"RCMP\") disclosed it has been asked to enforce the *[Quarantine Act, 2005](/wiki/Quarantine_Act%2C_2005 \"Quarantine Act, 2005\")*. Penalties for violations can include a fine of up to $750,000 and imprisonment for six months.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=April 10, 2020\\|title\\=RCMP to enforce Quarantine Act, while Trudeau says no plan to invoke Emergencies Act\\|work\\=National Post\\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canada\\-quarantine\\-act\\-emergencies\\-act?video\\_autoplay\\=true}} One reporter said that the RCMP \"could enter homes to enforce Quarantine Act orders if Canadians don't self\\-isolate... \\[and] will do physical checks to enforce it.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Mounties could enter homes to enforce Quarantine Act orders if Canadians don't self\\-isolate \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\\-rcmp\\-warns\\-it\\-will\\-enforce\\-the\\-quarantine\\-act\\-if\\-canadians\\-dont\\-self/ \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=April 10, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 13, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413084041/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\\-rcmp\\-warns\\-it\\-will\\-enforce\\-the\\-quarantine\\-act\\-if\\-canadians\\-dont\\-self/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} It was reported that the [Canadian Forces Intelligence Command](/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Intelligence_Command \"Canadian Forces Intelligence Command\") Medical Intelligence Cell (MEDINT) has submitted reports on the outbreak in Wuhan since January 2020\\.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=April 10, 2020\\|title\\=Canadian military intelligence unit issued warning about Wuhan outbreak back in January\\|publisher\\=CBC News\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\\-pandemic\\-covid\\-canadian\\-military\\-intelligence\\-wuhan\\-1\\.5528381\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=May 4, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 17, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817010839/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus\\-pandemic\\-covid\\-canadian\\-military\\-intelligence\\-wuhan\\-1\\.5528381}}", "On April 11, Parliament re\\-convened to pass Bill C\\-14: *[COVID\\-19 Emergency Response Act, No. 2](/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Wage_Subsidy \"Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy\")*, and thereby adopt the [CEWS](/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Wage_Subsidy \"Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy\"). As with the previous sitting on March 24, 35 MPs stood in for the full complement of 338 members due to the need for COVID\\-19 social distancing. Government briefing notes detailed \"a bureaucracy reluctant to put inbound China passengers in mandatory quarantine or close borders to arrivals from other (COVID\\-19\\) hotspots.\" [Yves\\-François Blanchet](/wiki/Yves-Fran%C3%A7ois_Blanchet \"Yves-François Blanchet\") supported Trudeau when he \"raised [health and safety](/wiki/Health_and_safety \"Health and safety\") concerns over holding regular meetings (in order) to respect physical distancing\".{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Patel \\|first1\\=Raisa \\|title\\=Parliament adopts wage subsidy bill as MPs applaud all\\-party collaboration \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/parliament\\-reconvenes\\-to\\-debate\\-wage\\-subsidy\\-bill\\-1\\.5529736 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=April 11, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715112148/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/parliament\\-reconvenes\\-to\\-debate\\-wage\\-subsidy\\-bill\\-1\\.5529736 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} All that was needed to debate and to pass the bill to spend $73 billion were five hours.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Parliament passes $73B COVID\\-19 wage subsidy bill \\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/parliament\\-passes\\-73b\\-covid\\-19\\-wage\\-subsidy\\-bill\\-1\\.4892201 \\|agency\\=Bell Media \\|publisher\\=CTV News \\|date\\=April 11, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809205140/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/parliament\\-passes\\-73b\\-covid\\-19\\-wage\\-subsidy\\-bill\\-1\\.4892201 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On April 15, Trudeau warned against premature reopening of the economy, stating that \"in order to get to that point, we need to continue doing what we are doing now for many more weeks\".{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/pm\\-trudeau\\-on\\-reopening\\-economy\\-it\\-s\\-not\\-happening\\-yet\\-1\\.4897564\\|title\\=PM Trudeau on reopening economy: 'It's not happening yet'\\|last\\=Gilmore\\|first\\=Rachel\\|date\\=April 15, 2020\\|website\\=CTV News\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=April 16, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416083634/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/pm\\-trudeau\\-on\\-reopening\\-economy\\-it\\-s\\-not\\-happening\\-yet\\-1\\.4897564\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n[thumb\\|Anti\\-lockdown protest in [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver \"Vancouver\") on April 26\\.](/wiki/File:COVID-19_Vancouver%27s_largest_protest%2C_April_26th_2020_%2849823981297%29.jpg \"COVID-19 Vancouver's largest protest, April 26th 2020 (49823981297).jpg\")", "[Catherine McKenna](/wiki/Catherine_McKenna \"Catherine McKenna\") announced on April 16 that the [Ministry of Infrastructure and Communities](/wiki/Ministry_of_Infrastructure_and_Communities \"Ministry of Infrastructure and Communities\") sought shovel\\-ready infrastructure projects to receive in the 2020 construction season some \"largely unspent\" funds that had already been budgeted.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=April 16, 2020 \\|title\\=Morning Brief: Feds seek 'shovel\\-ready' projects for post\\-COVID\\-19 stimulus \\|publisher\\=iPolitics \\|url\\=https://ipolitics.ca/2020/04/16/morning\\-brief\\-feds\\-seek\\-shovel\\-ready\\-projects\\-for\\-post\\-covid\\-19\\-stimulus/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=May 15, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514150154/https://ipolitics.ca/2020/04/16/morning\\-brief\\-feds\\-seek\\-shovel\\-ready\\-projects\\-for\\-post\\-covid\\-19\\-stimulus/ \\|archive\\-date\\=May 14, 2020}}", "On April 20, Parliament's temporary suspension for five weeks expired and it voted to sit only once weekly on Wednesdays.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Curry \\|first1\\=Bill \\|title\\=House of Commons votes to meet in\\-person once a week, with more on video \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\\-scheer\\-defends\\-push\\-for\\-more\\-in\\-person\\-house\\-of\\-commons\\-sittings\\-amid/ \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=April 20, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 28, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428163531/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\\-scheer\\-defends\\-push\\-for\\-more\\-in\\-person\\-house\\-of\\-commons\\-sittings\\-amid/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On April 28, it was revealed that \"79 percent of all deaths in the country\" were to that date connected with \"long\\-term care and seniors' homes.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Long\\-term care connected to 79 percent of COVID\\-19 deaths in Canada \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\\-long\\-term\\-care\\-connected\\-to\\-79\\-per\\-cent\\-of\\-covid\\-19\\-deaths\\-in\\-canada/ \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=April 28, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614234526/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\\-long\\-term\\-care\\-connected\\-to\\-79\\-per\\-cent\\-of\\-covid\\-19\\-deaths\\-in\\-canada/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=PM urges Canadians not to drop their guard as officials show progress in COVID\\-19 fight \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/updated\\-federal\\-covid\\-modelling\\-1\\.5547443 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=April 28, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 1, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701002248/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/updated\\-federal\\-covid\\-modelling\\-1\\.5547443 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On April 30, the [Parliamentary Budget Officer](/wiki/Parliamentary_Budget_Officer \"Parliamentary Budget Officer\") warned that the Federal deficit for fiscal year 2020 could be in excess of $252 billion.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Federal deficit could top $252 billion, says budget officer \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pbo\\-deficit\\-covid\\-1\\.5550498 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=April 30, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 30, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730065349/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pbo\\-deficit\\-covid\\-1\\.5550498 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "#### May", "[thumb\\|Shelves void of disinfectant and sanitizer in a Canadian supermarket.\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:Shelves_void_of_sanitizer_in_a_Canadian_supermarket.jpg \"Shelves void of sanitizer in a Canadian supermarket.jpg\")\nOn May 1, 2020, royal assent was granted to Bill C\\-15, to implement the [Canada Emergency Student Benefit](/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Student_Benefit \"Canada Emergency Student Benefit\") (CESB), after a cursory one\\-day consideration by 35 MPs. It established a subsidy programme for secondary school graduates and post\\-secondary students.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Government Bill (House of Commons) C\\-15 (43–1\\) – Royal Assent – Canada Emergency Student Benefit Act – Parliament of Canada\\|url\\=https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\\-1/bill/C\\-15/royal\\-assent\\|website\\=parl.ca\\|access\\-date\\=May 4, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809125129/https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\\-1/bill/C\\-15/royal\\-assent\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Students who cannot find employment or are unable to work due to the COVID\\-19 pandemic are eligible for CA$1,250 per month from May through August 2020\\.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Support for Students and Recent Graduates Impacted by COVID\\-19\\|url\\=https://www.canada.ca/en/department\\-finance/news/2020/04/support\\-for\\-students\\-and\\-recent\\-graduates\\-impacted\\-by\\-covid\\-19\\.html\\|date\\=April 22, 2020\\|website\\=Department of Finance\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504145530/https://www.canada.ca/en/department\\-finance/news/2020/04/support\\-for\\-students\\-and\\-recent\\-graduates\\-impacted\\-by\\-covid\\-19\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=May 4, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=May 4, 2020}}", "On May 4, Trudeau discouraged Canadians from displaying complacency due to the lifting of economic restrictions by provinces, emphasizing that it was \"extremely important\" for citizens to continue practicing social distancing and personal hygiene to prevent the spread, and not go out \"unless you absolutely have to\". He explained that although the country was on a \"positive trajectory\", \"we are not out of the woods, however, and it requires us to continue to remain attentive and vigilant and following the instructions set out by our public health officials.\"{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=As provinces gradually reopen, PM says don't go out 'unless you absolutely have to'\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/as\\-provinces\\-gradually\\-reopen\\-pm\\-says\\-don\\-t\\-go\\-out\\-unless\\-you\\-absolutely\\-have\\-to\\-1\\.4923768\\|last\\=Aiello\\|first\\=Rachel\\|date\\=May 4, 2020\\|website\\=CTV News\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504192803/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/as\\-provinces\\-gradually\\-reopen\\-pm\\-says\\-don\\-t\\-go\\-out\\-unless\\-you\\-absolutely\\-have\\-to\\-1\\.4923768\\|archive\\-date\\=May 4, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=May 4, 2020}}", "On May 5, the Canadian red meat industry was granted access to federal COVID emergency subsidies.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Fortune \\|first1\\=Aidan \\|title\\=Canadian red meat industry receives coronavirus support \\|url\\=https://www.globalmeatnews.com/Article/2020/05/05/Canadian\\-red\\-meat\\-industry\\-receives\\-coronavirus\\-support \\|agency\\=William Reed Business Media Ltd \\|publisher\\=GlobalMeatNews \\|date\\=May 5, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924012454/https://www.foodnavigator\\-usa.com/Article/2020/05/05/Canadian\\-red\\-meat\\-industry\\-receives\\-coronavirus\\-support \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "By May 8, 60 percent of COVID\\-19 fatalities were in Quebec, which has around 20 percent of the nation's population. Montreal was called \"the epicentre of the pandemic in Canada.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\='Why would he pick a fight with us?' COVID\\-19 raises tensions between Trudeau government and Quebec \\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/why\\-would\\-he\\-pick\\-a\\-fight\\-with\\-us\\-covid\\-19\\-raises\\-tensions\\-between\\-trudeau\\-government\\-and\\-quebec?video\\_autoplay\\=true \\|publisher\\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \\|date\\=May 8, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 9, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20200509042659/https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/why\\-would\\-he\\-pick\\-a\\-fight\\-with\\-us\\-covid\\-19\\-raises\\-tensions\\-between\\-trudeau\\-government\\-and\\-quebec?video\\_autoplay\\=true \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On May 11, Trudeau, Morneau and Bains in a press conference said that \"a bridge financing facility for large employers that need help to get through the economic downturn caused by the coronavirus.\" One stated goal was \"to avoid bankruptcies of otherwise viable firms wherever possible... Companies that use the lending facility will have to commit to respect collective bargaining agreements, protecting workers’ pensions, and support national climate goals. Rules on access to the money will place limits on dividends, share buy\\-backs and executive pay.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Scherer \\|first1\\=Steve \\|title\\=Ottawa to create bridge financing for big companies, including airlines and energy, that need help in crisis \\|url\\=https://business.financialpost.com/news/economy/canada\\-to\\-help\\-large\\-companies\\-bridge\\-coronavirus\\-crisis\\-with\\-financing\\-facility\\-2 \\|agency\\=Reuters \\|publisher\\=Financial Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \\|date\\=May 11, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 4, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604075129/https://business.financialpost.com/news/economy/canada\\-to\\-help\\-large\\-companies\\-bridge\\-coronavirus\\-crisis\\-with\\-financing\\-facility\\-2 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The [Large Employer Emergency Financing Facility](/wiki/Large_Employer_Emergency_Financing_Facility \"Large Employer Emergency Financing Facility\") (LEEFF) will only target companies with annual revenues in excess of $300 million.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Harris \\|first1\\=Kathleen \\|title\\=Federal government offers bridge loans – not 'bailouts' – for big businesses hit by COVID\\-19 \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/bridge\\-financing\\-big\\-business\\-1\\.5564218 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=May 11, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 31, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731084012/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/bridge\\-financing\\-big\\-business\\-1\\.5564218 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On May 12, [Parliamentary Budget Officer](/wiki/Parliamentary_Budget_Officer \"Parliamentary Budget Officer\") (PBO) [Yves Giroux](/wiki/Yves_Giroux \"Yves Giroux\") raised the possibility that the federal debt \"will hit $1 trillion because of pandemic relief spending.\" Giroux said it was possible that pandemic programs could cost \"more than what the entire federal government spent last year on everything\", roughly $338 billion.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Tasker \\|first1\\=John Paul \\|title\\=Federal deficit likely to be higher than $252 billion, parliamentary budget officer says \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/federal\\-deficit\\-higher\\-than\\-252\\-billion\\-1\\.5566768 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=May 12, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825055956/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/federal\\-deficit\\-higher\\-than\\-252\\-billion\\-1\\.5566768 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Also on May 12, it was announced by [Minister of International Development](/wiki/Minister_of_International_Development \"Minister of International Development\") [Karina Gould](/wiki/Karina_Gould \"Karina Gould\") that $600 million would be contributed by the taxpayer to [GAVI](/wiki/GAVI \"GAVI\"), \"a vaccine alliance that improves vaccine access for vulnerable children around the world.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Gilmore \\|first1\\=Rachel \\|title\\=Feds pump more funds into global effort to increase vaccine access \\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/feds\\-pump\\-more\\-funds\\-into\\-global\\-effort\\-to\\-increase\\-vaccine\\-access\\-1\\.4936280 \\|publisher\\=CTV News \\|date\\=May 12, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809134708/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/feds\\-pump\\-more\\-funds\\-into\\-global\\-effort\\-to\\-increase\\-vaccine\\-access\\-1\\.4936280 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Also on May 12, [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada \"Health Canada\") issued a press release with the announcement that the [CCITF](/wiki/CCITF \"CCITF\") [serological test](/wiki/Serological_test \"Serological test\") would be administered to one million Canadians over the next two years. The government has selected [DiaSorin](/wiki/DiaSorin \"DiaSorin\") to manufacture the tests.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Health Canada authorizes serological test for COVID\\-19 antibodies \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/covid\\-19\\-coronavirus\\-serological\\-test\\-1\\.5567243 \\|agency\\=The Canadian Press \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=May 12, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825044349/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/covid\\-19\\-coronavirus\\-serological\\-test\\-1\\.5567243 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On May 14, [Lufthansa Group](/wiki/Lufthansa_Group \"Lufthansa Group\") announced it would resume flights between Toronto and Frankfurt as of June 3,{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Lufthansa prepares to resume flights to Canada in June \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/lufthansa\\-toronto\\-frankfurt\\-1\\.5570624 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=May 14, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 4, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704044232/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/lufthansa\\-toronto\\-frankfurt\\-1\\.5570624 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} as part of its resumption of global business.{{cn\\|date\\=June 2024}}", "On May 15, Conservative leader [Andrew Scheer](/wiki/Andrew_Scheer \"Andrew Scheer\") told a press conference that the Conservative caucus wanted Parliament to resume sitting as normal on May 25 and desired to withhold their consent to the 35\\-day rolling adjournment that prevents the regular operation of Parliament. Scheer observed that \"Elected members of Parliament come here to be a voice for their constituents.\" Because all\\-party consent is required to suspend the animation of Parliament, it will need to resume sitting.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Tasker \\|first1\\=John Paul \\|title\\=Scheer wants in\\-person Parliament to resume on May 25, demands a fiscal update \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/scheer\\-in\\-person\\-parliament\\-sittings\\-1\\.5571445 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=May 15, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826051114/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/scheer\\-in\\-person\\-parliament\\-sittings\\-1\\.5571445 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Levitz \\|first1\\=Stephanie \\|title\\=Conservatives dissent as committee recommends move to virtual sittings for all Commons business, votes \\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/news/parliament\\-must\\-resume\\-to\\-guide\\-recovery\\-conservative\\-leader\\-scheer\\-says?video\\_autoplay\\=true \\|agency\\=The Canadian Press \\|publisher\\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \\|date\\=May 15, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 16, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20200516232655/https://nationalpost.com/news/parliament\\-must\\-resume\\-to\\-guide\\-recovery\\-conservative\\-leader\\-scheer\\-says?video\\_autoplay\\=true \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On May 19, during a press conference with Justin Trudeau and [Theresa Tam](/wiki/Theresa_Tam \"Theresa Tam\") that the 20th week of 2020 versus the same figures in 2019 saw a drop of 88 percent in land border crossers, and a 98 percent drop in international air travel.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Police report 2,200 home quarantine checks as Trudeau talks about stricter border measures \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/border\\-quarantine\\-police\\-trudeau\\-1\\.5575617 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=May 20, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822024000/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/border\\-quarantine\\-police\\-trudeau\\-1\\.5575617 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The following day CPHO Tam reversed her decision from March on the wearing of masks and began asking Canadians to start wearing masks.", "On May 21, [the Canadian Armed Forces](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada%23Canadian_Armed_Forces \"COVID-19 pandemic in Canada#Canadian Armed Forces\"), who had been tasked previously in [Operation LASER](/wiki/Operation_LASER \"Operation LASER\") with care for the senior citizens in the Long\\-Term Care Facilities of Ontario and Quebec had potentially been victimised by a COVID\\-19 [SSEV](/wiki/SSEV \"SSEV\"). The disease affected 25 soldiers as of this date, but neither the CAF nor the DND would divulge details.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Brewster \\|first1\\=Murray \\|title\\=COVID\\-19 infections skyrocket among troops deployed in long\\-term care homes \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pandemic\\-covid\\-coronavirus\\-canadian\\-forces\\-long\\-term\\-care\\-1\\.5578948 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=May 21, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822003716/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pandemic\\-covid\\-coronavirus\\-canadian\\-forces\\-long\\-term\\-care\\-1\\.5578948 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On May 25, Parliamentary Secretary to the [Minister of National Defence](/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_%28Canada%29 \"Minister of National Defence (Canada)\") [Anita Vandenbeld](/wiki/Anita_Vandenbeld \"Anita Vandenbeld\") disclosed to the third sitting of the resumed [43rd Canadian Parliament](/wiki/43rd_Canadian_Parliament \"43rd Canadian Parliament\") that 36 soldiers from Operation LASER had been infected with COVID\\-19 disease. Vandenbeld corrected for the record [Cheryl Gallant](/wiki/Cheryl_Gallant \"Cheryl Gallant\") who had been under the mistaken impression that only 28 soldiers (12 positives in Ontario and 16 in Quebec) had been infected.{{\\#invoke:cite journal\\|\\|title\\=MONDAY, MAY 25, 2020 \\|journal\\=Hansard – Debates of the House of Commons \\|volume\\=43RD PARLIAMENT, 1ST SESSION \\|issue\\=37 \\|url\\=https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\\-1/house/sitting\\-37/hansard \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809094833/https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43\\-1/house/sitting\\-37/hansard \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Also on that day, Doug Ford announced that Ontario had a [heat map](/wiki/Heat_map \"Heat map\") of the outbreak locations, and that [Brampton](/wiki/Brampton \"Brampton\"), north [Etobicoke](/wiki/Etobicoke \"Etobicoke\"), [Scarborough](/wiki/Scarborough%2C_Toronto \"Scarborough, Toronto\"), [Peel Region](/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Peel \"Regional Municipality of Peel\"), [Windsor](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Ontario \"Windsor, Ontario\") and [Essex County](/wiki/Essex_County%2C_Ontario \"Essex County, Ontario\") were \"lighting up like Christmas trees\". It was disclosed that Toronto\\-area public health units account for 65% of cases in Ontario.\n{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Carter \\|first1\\=Adam \\|title\\=Ontario won't specify COVID\\-19 'hotspots' even as premier urges testing \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/covid\\-hotspots\\-ontario\\-testing\\-1\\.5583679 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=May 25, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825043229/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/covid\\-hotspots\\-ontario\\-testing\\-1\\.5583679 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "#### June", "On June 18, 2020, Canada reached 100,000 coronavirus cases,{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Canada surpasses 100,000 COVID\\-19 cases {{!}} Watch News Videos Online\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/video/7083056/canada\\-surpasses\\-100000\\-covid\\-19\\-cases/\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2020\\|website\\=Global News\\|archive\\-date\\=August 24, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824160150/https://globalnews.ca/video/7083056/canada\\-surpasses\\-100000\\-covid\\-19\\-cases/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} a little over three months since the suspension of Parliament for the same reason. A *[CBC News](/wiki/CBC_News \"CBC News\")* tally of reported deaths from COVID\\-19 on the same date was 8,348\\.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Canada tops 100,000 reported coronavirus cases \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada\\-coronavirus\\-covid\\-19\\-cases\\-1\\.5617042 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=June 18, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 28, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828040708/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada\\-coronavirus\\-covid\\-19\\-cases\\-1\\.5617042 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On June 24, [Fitch Ratings](/wiki/Fitch_Ratings \"Fitch Ratings\") Inc., a bond ratings agency, downgraded Canada's credit rating from triple\\-A to double\\-A\\-plus. The government had sported a triple\\-A credit rating with Fitch since the [Martin government](/wiki/27th_Canadian_Ministry \"27th Canadian Ministry\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Curry \\|first1\\=Bill \\|title\\=Fitch downgrades Canada's credit rating as deficit grows due to emergency coronavirus spending \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\\-fitch\\-downgrades\\-canadas\\-credit\\-rating\\-as\\-deficit\\-grows\\-due\\-to/ \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=June 24, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809094044/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\\-fitch\\-downgrades\\-canadas\\-credit\\-rating\\-as\\-deficit\\-grows\\-due\\-to/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On June 25, former [Clerk of the Privy Council of Canada](/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Privy_Council_of_Canada \"Clerk of the Privy Council of Canada\") [Michael Wernick](/wiki/Michael_Wernick \"Michael Wernick\") predicted that one of the side\\-effects of the COVID\\-19 pandemic would be the shrinkage of the number of paid civil servants of Canada. He drew analogies to the debt problem in the 1980s which led \"to a 1995 austerity budget that saw 45,000 public service jobs slashed, the elimination of 73 federal agencies, a 21 percent reduction in foreign aid and the privatization of [Canadian National Railways](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railways \"Canadian National Railways\").\" Wernick said that:{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Former Privy Council clerk predicts federal debt will lead to public service cuts in Canada \\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/news/national/wernick\\-predicts\\-federal\\-debt\\-will\\-lead\\-to\\-public\\-service\\-cuts\\-in\\-canada/ \\|publisher\\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \\|date\\=June 25, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2020 }}\n{{cquote\\|One of the consequences of all this work from home experience is that ministers will figure out it really doesn't matter where those public servants are, they can be brought together for work teams and projects... The federal service, it will be smaller, it will be less concentrated in \\[\\[Ottawa]].}}", "#### July", "The western provinces reported a surge in cases around the middle of July. Ontario reported 203 new cases in one day, Quebec reported 180 new cases in 24 hours, Alberta reported 368 new cases over the weekend, and Saskatchewan reported 120 in a previous week.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=As young people come out of lockdown, Canada is seeing a spike in COVID\\-19 cases \\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/as\\-young\\-people\\-come\\-out\\-of\\-lockdown\\-canada\\-is\\-seeing\\-a\\-spike\\-in\\-covid\\-19\\-cases \\|last\\=Desai \\|first\\=Devika \\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2020 \\|work\\=\\[\\[National Post]]\\|language\\=en\\-CA \\|archive\\-date\\=February 18, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20210218163047/https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/as%2Dyoung%2Dpeople%2Dcome%2Dout%2Dof%2Dlockdown%2Dcanada%2Dis%2Dseeing%2Da%2Dspike%2Din%2Dcovid%2D19%2Dcases \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "#### August", "On August 26, a 72 year\\-old New Zealand mariner named Peter Smith was threatened by [Transport Canada](/wiki/Transport_Canada \"Transport Canada\") as his *Kiwi Roa* sailed through the [Northwest Passage](/wiki/Northwest_Passage \"Northwest Passage\"), because the government \"prohibited pleasure craft from operating in Arctic waters\" from June 1 \"to better protect Arctic communities\" from COVID\\-19\\. Smith opined that the bureaucracy is \"out of control and gone mad.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Last \\|first1\\=John \\|title\\=New Zealander sails through Arctic on custom yacht in violation of COVID\\-19 restrictions \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/new\\-zealand\\-yacht\\-cambridge\\-bay\\-nunavut\\-1\\.5698347 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=August 26, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 20, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920051500/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/new\\-zealand\\-yacht\\-cambridge\\-bay\\-nunavut\\-1\\.5698347 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "#### September", "In early September, federal [Minister of Transport](/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_%28Canada%29 \"Minister of Transport (Canada)\") [Marc Garneau](/wiki/Marc_Garneau \"Marc Garneau\") remarked that airline passengers face a $1000 penalty fine if they refuse to wear a mask. The penalty was imposed in separate incidents (in June then July) on the first two passengers in September in order for others to reflect on the punished behaviour.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Canada: 1000 dollars d'amende pour refus de port du masque en avion \\|url\\=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash\\-eco/canada\\-1000\\-dollars\\-d\\-amende\\-pour\\-refus\\-de\\-port\\-du\\-masque\\-en\\-avion\\-20200904 \\|agency\\=Agence France\\-Presse \\|work\\=Le Figaro \\|date\\=September 4, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 18, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918174818/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash\\-eco/canada\\-1000\\-dollars\\-d\\-amende\\-pour\\-refus\\-de\\-port\\-du\\-masque\\-en\\-avion\\-20200904 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=2 passengers fined $1,000 each after refusing to wear masks on WestJet flights \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener\\-waterloo/no\\-masks\\-fine\\-westjet\\-flights\\-waterloo\\-vancouver\\-calgary\\-1\\.5712590 \\|agency\\=The Canadian Press \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=September 4, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 13, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913170243/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener\\-waterloo/no\\-masks\\-fine\\-westjet\\-flights\\-waterloo\\-vancouver\\-calgary\\-1\\.5712590 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Reynolds \\|first1\\=Christopher \\|title\\=2 people who refused to wear masks on flights face $1,000 fines from Transport Canada \\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/7316538/transport\\-canada\\-flight\\-mask\\-fines/ \\|agency\\=The Canadian Press \\|publisher\\=CTV \\|date\\=September 4, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924012518/https://globalnews.ca/news/7316538/transport\\-canada\\-flight\\-mask\\-fines/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Face coverings have been mandatory on flights since April 20\\. \"Federal transport officials\" were charged with issuing the fines \"under [the federal order](/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_legislation \"Primary and secondary legislation\")\".{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Transport Canada issues first fines to air passengers who refused to wear masks \\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news\\-pmn/canada\\-news\\-pmn/transport\\-canada\\-issues\\-first\\-fines\\-to\\-air\\-passengers\\-who\\-refused\\-to\\-wear\\-masks \\|agency\\=The Canadian Press \\|publisher\\=National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc \\|date\\=September 4, 2020}} The same week, [WestJet](/wiki/WestJet \"WestJet\") announced a new policy that include a 12\\-month long ban for passengers who ignored aircrew instructions to don masks. The [PHAC](/wiki/PHAC \"PHAC\") stated that 378 domestic and 595 international flights between March 2 and August 24 had travellers on board who may have had the disease during their trip.", "On September 7, Hajdu ordered an \"independent review\" of the \"early warning system\" after media reports in July documented how the [Global Public Health Intelligence Network](/wiki/Global_Public_Health_Intelligence_Network \"Global Public Health Intelligence Network\") (GPHIN), formerly a [PHAC](/wiki/PHAC \"PHAC\") subgroup, was deemed by a senior bureaucrat to be unnecessary.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Robertson \\|first1\\=Grant \\|title\\=Health Minister orders review of pandemic warning system, concerns raised by scientists \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\\-health\\-minister\\-orders\\-review\\-of\\-pandemic\\-warning\\-system\\-concerns/ \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=September 7, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 20, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920092146/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\\-health\\-minister\\-orders\\-review\\-of\\-pandemic\\-warning\\-system\\-concerns/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On September 18, Conservative Party leader [Erin O'Toole](/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole \"Erin O'Toole\") tested positive for [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\"), after a staffer in his office tested positive.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Aiello\\|first\\=Rachel\\|date\\=September 18, 2020\\|title\\=Conservative Leader Erin O'Toole tests positive for COVID\\-19\\|work\\=\\[\\[CTV News]]\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/conservative\\-leader\\-erin\\-o\\-toole\\-tests\\-positive\\-for\\-covid\\-19\\-1\\.5111604\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=September 18, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924012521/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/conservative\\-leader\\-erin\\-o\\-toole\\-tests\\-positive\\-for\\-covid\\-19\\-1\\.5111604}} The same day, Bloc Quebecois leader [Yves\\-François Blanchet](/wiki/Yves-Fran%C3%A7ois_Blanchet \"Yves-François Blanchet\") also tested positive.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=September 18, 2020\\|title\\=CP NewsAlert: Bloc leader Blanchet tests positive for COVID\\-19\\|work\\=\\[\\[CityNews]]\\|url\\=https://www.citynews1130\\.com/2020/09/18/cp\\-newsalert\\-bloc\\-leader\\-blanchet\\-tests\\-positive\\-for\\-covid\\-19/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=September 20, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924012521/https://www.citynews1130\\.com/2020/09/18/cp\\-newsalert\\-bloc\\-leader\\-blanchet\\-tests\\-positive\\-for\\-covid\\-19/}}", "On September 23, in a [speech from the throne](/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne \"Speech from the throne\"), Prime Minister Trudeau declared Canada was currently in the *second wave* of COVID\\-19\\.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/second\\-covid\\-19\\-wave\\-has\\-already\\-started\\-pm\\-in\\-address\\-to\\-nation\\-1\\.5117465\\|title\\=Second COVID\\-19 wave has already started: PM in address to nation\\|first\\=Rachel\\|last\\=Aiello\\|date\\=September 23, 2020\\|website\\=CTVNews}}", "#### October", "On October 4, a [West African](/wiki/West_African \"West African\") man who had travelled onwards from [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\") to [Halifax](/wiki/Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Halifax, Nova Scotia\") and thence to [Deer Lake, Newfoundland](/wiki/Deer_Lake%2C_Newfoundland \"Deer Lake, Newfoundland\") died of COVID\\-19\\. Health officials decided to raise the alarm and request that passengers on the final leg of his flight \"self\\-monitor for symptoms\".{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Man dies from COVID\\-19 after travelling from Central Africa to Newfoundland via Toronto \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\\-man\\-dies\\-from\\-covid\\-19\\-after\\-travelling\\-from\\-central\\-africa\\-to\\-2/ \\|agency\\=The Canadian Press \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=October 4, 2020}}", "On October 19, [Air Transat](/wiki/Air_Transat \"Air Transat\") announced the closure of its [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver \"Vancouver\") base and laid off half of its remaining flight attendants. Prior to the pandemic, the airline had employed 2,000 flight attendants. As of November, it planned to employ 117 flight attendants.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Balakrishnan \\|first1\\=Anita \\|title\\=Air Transat lays off half of its remaining flight attendants, closes Vancouver base \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/air\\-transat\\-layoffs\\-1\\.5768318 \\|agency\\=The Canadian Press \\|publisher\\=CBC}}", "On October 20, aviation workers gathered to protest at [Parliament Hill](/wiki/Parliament_Hill \"Parliament Hill\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Burke \\|first1\\=Ashley \\|title\\=Hundreds of protesting airline workers aim anger at transport minister \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/aviaton\\-sector\\-workers\\-protest\\-parliament\\-hill\\-demand\\-government\\-aid\\-1\\.5770398 \\|publisher\\=CBC \\|date\\=October 20, 2020}}", "On October 22, the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") cancelled the *covid travel corridor* that allowed Canadians to enter any European territory without quarantine lockdown. In June 2020, Canada had been as one of 14 countries that were allowed to enter by the EU.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Canadians to be allowed into EU countries, but U.S. citizens shut out \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/european\\-union\\-travel\\-list\\-1\\.5632422 \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=June 30, 2020}} The reversal of status was caused by the resurgence in coronavirus cases that Canada began to experience in late October.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Harris \\|first1\\=Sophia \\|title\\=EU shutting the door to Canadians is a wake\\-up call to ramp up our COVID\\-19 efforts \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/canada\\-covid\\-19\\-cases\\-surge\\-eu\\-travel\\-u\\-s\\-trump\\-1\\.5761649 \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=October 23, 2020}}", "On October 23, apparel retailer [Le Chateau](/wiki/Le_Chateau \"Le Chateau\"), which had 123 locations across Canada and employed 1,400 people, announced it was filing for [CCAA](/wiki/Companies%27_Creditors_Arrangement_Act \"Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act\") protection, blaming COVID\\-19\\.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Robertson \\|first1\\=Susan Krashinsky \\|title\\=Le Château files for creditor protection, will shutter Canadian stores after six decades in business \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article\\-le\\-chateau\\-files\\-for\\-creditor\\-protection\\-will\\-shutter\\-canadian\\-stores/ \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=October 23, 2020}}", "#### November", "On November 6, Nunavut confirmed its first case in [Sanikiluaq](/wiki/Sanikiluaq \"Sanikiluaq\").{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/nunavut\\-confirms\\-1st\\-covid\\-19\\-case\\-1\\.5792736 \\|title\\=Nunavut confirms 1st case of COVID\\-19 \\|publisher\\=CBC News \\|date\\=November 6, 2020}}", "On November 10, as Manitoba went under lockdown, Trudeau \"urged premiers and mayors across the country not to loosen restrictions for the sake of the economy and suggested localized shutdowns are needed in areas seeing a surge in cases\", saying\n{{cquote\\|I would hope that no leader in our country is easing public\\-health vigilance because they feel pressure not to shut down businesses or slow down our economy.}}", "On November 23, a report said that the [Atlantic Bubble](/wiki/Atlantic_Bubble \"Atlantic Bubble\") was defunct under pressure from increasing COVID\\-19 sightings.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Mercer \\|first1\\=Greg \\|title\\=Atlantic bubble has burst as COVID\\-19 infections rise \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=November 23, 2020}}", "On November 29, Public Safety Minister [Bill Blair](/wiki/Bill_Blair_%28politician%29 \"Bill Blair (politician)\") and Health Minister [Patty Hajdu](/wiki/Patty_Hajdu \"Patty Hajdu\") extended the ban on international travellers who had non\\-essential purposes. The rules were first imposed in March, and were to be extended until January 21, 2021 \"for travellers entering Canada from a country other than the United States. Among the rules is a requirement for anyone entering the country to self\\-isolate for 14 days upon entry into Canada.\"{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Ottawa extends rules and restrictions for travellers amid rising COVID\\-19 case counts \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\\-public\\-health\\-officials\\-urge\\-reduced\\-contacts\\-as\\-coronavirus\\-cases/ \\|agency\\=Canadian Press \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=November 29, 2020}}", "#### December", "Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced on December 7, that the first of 249,000 doses out of a total of 4 million doses of the [Pfizer–BioNTech COVID\\-19 vaccine](/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine \"Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine\") will arrive before the end of the year.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2020/12/07/covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-to\\-arrive\\-in\\-canada\\-this\\-month.html\\|title\\=Hundreds of thousands of doses of COVID\\-19 vaccine to arrive in Canada next week\\|date\\=December 7, 2020\\|newspaper\\=The Toronto Star\\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2020\\|last1\\=MacCharles\\|first1\\=Tonda}} On December 9, the vaccine was approved by [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada \"Health Canada\") for use.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/politics/2020/12/09/canadian\\-press\\-newsalert\\-health\\-canada\\-approves\\-pfizers\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine.html\\|title\\=Health Canada approves Pfizer's COVID\\-19 vaccine\\|date\\=December 9, 2020\\|newspaper\\=The Toronto Star\\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2020}}", "On December 14, the first tranche of vaccinations began across the nation. Some sources initially indicated that Anita Quidangen, a [personal support worker](/wiki/Personal_support_worker \"Personal support worker\") from Toronto, who was the first Canadian to receive a dose,{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Powers \\|first1\\=Lucas \\|title\\=Personal support worker becomes first Ontarian to get dose of COVID\\-19 vaccine \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/covid\\-19\\-coronavirus\\-ontario\\-december\\-14\\-vaccines\\-arrive\\-1\\.5840092 \\|work\\=CBC News \\|date\\=December 14, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article\\-canada\\-administers\\-its\\-first\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-shots/\\|title\\=Canada administers its first COVID\\-19 vaccine shots\\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2020\\|newspaper\\=The Globe and Mail\\|date\\=December 14, 2020 \\|last1\\=Perreaux \\|first1\\=Les \\|last2\\=Walsh \\|first2\\=Marieke \\|last3\\=Gray \\|first3\\=Jeff }} but later it was determined that it was Gisèle Lévesque, an 89\\-year\\-old resident of a long\\-term care home in Quebec City who was the first.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Montpetit \\|first1\\=Jonathan \\|last2\\=Shingler \\|first2\\=Benjamin \\|title\\=As first Quebecers get vaccinated against COVID\\-19, leaders see light at end of long, dark tunnel \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec\\-vaccine\\-maimonides\\-covid\\-19\\-1\\.5840233 \\|work\\=CBC News \\|date\\=December 14, 2020}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/89\\-year\\-old\\-woman\\-in\\-quebec\\-city\\-care\\-home\\-becomes\\-first\\-in\\-country\\-to\\-receive\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-1\\.5229808\\|title\\=89\\-year\\-old woman in Quebec City care home becomes first in country to receive COVID\\-19 vaccine\\|date\\=December 13, 2020\\|website\\=Montreal\\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2020}}", "Starting with December 21, Canada halted flights from the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") due to concerns over the [Variant of Concern 202012/01](/wiki/Variant_of_Concern_202012/01 \"Variant of Concern 202012/01\") [variant](/wiki/Variant_%28biology%29 \"Variant (biology)\") of [SARS\\-CoV\\-2](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 \"SARS-CoV-2\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Burke \\|first1\\=Ashley \\|last2\\=Jones \\|first2\\=Ryan Patrick \\|title\\=Canada halts flights from U.K. in response to new coronavirus strain \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada\\-flights\\-uk\\-coronavirus\\-1\\.5849598 \\|work\\=CBC News \\|date\\=December 20, 2020}}", "On December 23, Health Canada approved the [mRNA\\-1273](/wiki/MRNA-1273 \"MRNA-1273\") COVID\\-19 vaccine developed by [Moderna](/wiki/Moderna \"Moderna\").{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/health\\-canada\\-approves\\-game\\-changer\\-moderna\\-covid\\-19\\-vaccine\\-1\\.5242821\\|title\\=Health Canada approves 'game\\-changer' Moderna COVID\\-19 vaccine\\|date\\=December 23, 2020\\|website\\=Coronavirus\\|access\\-date\\=January 2, 2021}} Canada will receive up to 168,000 doses of the vaccine by the end of 2020, the first tranche of a total 40 million doses currently ordered for 2021\\.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Jones \\|first1\\=Ryan Patrick \\|title\\=Health Canada approves Moderna COVID\\-19 vaccine \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada\\-approves\\-moderna\\-vaccine\\-1\\.5852848 \\|work\\=CBC News \\|date\\=December 23, 2020}}", "On December 30, the Federal government announced all air travellers entering the country from outside of Canada must now provide a COVID\\-negative [PCR test](/wiki/PCR_test \"PCR test\") within 72 hours of boarding their flight into the country effective January 7, 2021\\.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/7549230/coronavirus\\-travel\\-test\\-enter\\-canada/\\|title\\=New coronavirus testing rules for travellers landing in Canada to start Jan. 7\\|website\\=Global News\\|access\\-date\\=January 2, 2021}} This is in addition to the mandatory 14\\-day quarantine mandated by the [Quarantine Act](/wiki/Quarantine_Act%2C_2005 \"Quarantine Act, 2005\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Patel \\|first1\\=Raisa \\|title\\=Air travellers entering Canada must soon have a negative COVID\\-19 test before arriving, Ottawa says \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/negative\\-pcr\\-covid\\-test\\-air\\-passengers\\-1\\.5857626 \\|work\\=CBC News \\|date\\=December 30, 2020}} Additional rules also mean the traveller will have to spend time in a Federal facility if officers find their self\\-isolation plans unsatisfactory.", "" ]
History ------- The Huguenots, who were French Calvinists who faced suppression in France, began to settle in other areas in the sixteenth century, founding such failed colonies as [Fort Caroline](/wiki/Fort_Caroline "Fort Caroline") in [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida") and [Charlesfort](/wiki/Charlesfort-Santa_Elena_Site "Charlesfort-Santa Elena Site") in modern South Carolina, as well as settling in established areas, such as South Africa, [Britain](/wiki/Early_Modern_Britain "Early Modern Britain"), and existing colonies such as [New Netherlands](/wiki/New_Netherlands "New Netherlands") and [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia_Colony "Virginia Colony"). In 1598, King [Henry IV of France](/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France "Henry IV of France") issued the [Edict of Nantes](/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes "Edict of Nantes"), granting certain rights and protections to the Huguenots. This edict was revoked by [Louis XIV](/wiki/Louis_XIV "Louis XIV") in 1685, prompting an exodus of Huguenots from France. [thumb\|left\|100px\|[Huguenot cross](/wiki/Huguenot_cross "Huguenot cross")](/wiki/Image:Croix_huguenote.svg "Croix huguenote.svg") A group of 45 Huguenots arrived in Charleston in April 1680, having been sent to the colony by the English King [Charles II](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England "Charles II of England") to work as artisans, and began holding sporadic services the following year. The Reverend Phillip Trouillard is believed to have conducted the first service. In 1687, Elias Prioleau became the church's first regular pastor. Prioleau had been pastor of a church in the French town of [Pons](/wiki/Pons%2C_Charente-Maritime "Pons, Charente-Maritime") before his church was torn down in 1685\.*[The French Protestant Church in the City of Charleston](https://books.google.com/books?id=fHw9AAAAYAAJ&q=huguenot+church+charleston)* (Charleston, S.C.: Walker, Evans and Cogswell, 1912\), pp. 3\-10\. Prioleau remained pastor of the Charleston Huguenot Church until his death in 1699\. Families associated with the church in its early decades included the Gourdin, Ravenel, Porcher, de Saussure, Huger, Mazyck, Lamar and Lanier families, though the church's early years have been difficult to document due to the loss of its early records in a fire in 1740\. Families associated with the church in later years included the Bacot, de la Plaine, Maury, Gaillard, Meserole, Macon, Gabeau, Cazenove, L'Hommedieu, L'Espenard, Serre, Marquand, Bavard, Boudouin, Marion, Laurens, Boudinot, Gibert, Robert, and Fontaine families. Huguenots continued to migrate to Carolina throughout the first half of the 18th century, though most of their congregations were gradually absorbed into the Episcopal Church. The first Huguenot Church, located at the site of the present church, was blown up by city authorities in an effort to stop a spreading fire. It was replaced by a simple brick church in 1800\. This building was torn down in 1844 to make way for the present church, which was completed the following year. This third church sustained damage during the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") and the [Charleston Earthquake of 1886](/wiki/1886_Charleston_earthquake "1886 Charleston earthquake"), and was restored with funds from Huguenot descendant Charles Lanier of New York. The church is surrounded by a graveyard where many Huguenots are buried. Due to a decline in membership in the early 19th century, the church began translating its French liturgy into English in 1828\. With the new English liturgy, an elaborate new building, and charismatic 19th century pastors such as Charles Howard and Charles Vedder, church membership and attendance increased. By 1912, membership had again declined, and for most of the 20th century, the church was not used for regular religious services. The local community of Huguenot descendants did occasionally open it for weddings, organ recitals, and some occasional services organized by the [Huguenot Society of South Carolina](/wiki/Huguenot_Society_of_South_Carolina "Huguenot Society of South Carolina"). Today's congregation dates from 1983\.
[ "History\n-------", "The Huguenots, who were French Calvinists who faced suppression in France, began to settle in other areas in the sixteenth century, founding such failed colonies as [Fort Caroline](/wiki/Fort_Caroline \"Fort Caroline\") in [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\") and [Charlesfort](/wiki/Charlesfort-Santa_Elena_Site \"Charlesfort-Santa Elena Site\") in modern South Carolina, as well as settling in established areas, such as South Africa, [Britain](/wiki/Early_Modern_Britain \"Early Modern Britain\"), and existing colonies such as [New Netherlands](/wiki/New_Netherlands \"New Netherlands\") and [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia_Colony \"Virginia Colony\"). In 1598, King [Henry IV of France](/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France \"Henry IV of France\") issued the [Edict of Nantes](/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes \"Edict of Nantes\"), granting certain rights and protections to the Huguenots. This edict was revoked by [Louis XIV](/wiki/Louis_XIV \"Louis XIV\") in 1685, prompting an exodus of Huguenots from France.", "[thumb\\|left\\|100px\\|[Huguenot cross](/wiki/Huguenot_cross \"Huguenot cross\")](/wiki/Image:Croix_huguenote.svg \"Croix huguenote.svg\")", "A group of 45 Huguenots arrived in Charleston in April 1680, having been sent to the colony by the English King [Charles II](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England \"Charles II of England\") to work as artisans, and began holding sporadic services the following year. The Reverend Phillip Trouillard is believed to have conducted the first service. In 1687, Elias Prioleau became the church's first regular pastor. Prioleau had been pastor of a church in the French town of [Pons](/wiki/Pons%2C_Charente-Maritime \"Pons, Charente-Maritime\") before his church was torn down in 1685\\.*[The French Protestant Church in the City of Charleston](https://books.google.com/books?id=fHw9AAAAYAAJ&q=huguenot+church+charleston)* (Charleston, S.C.: Walker, Evans and Cogswell, 1912\\), pp. 3\\-10\\. Prioleau remained pastor of the Charleston Huguenot Church until his death in 1699\\.", "Families associated with the church in its early decades included the Gourdin, Ravenel, Porcher, de Saussure, Huger, Mazyck, Lamar and Lanier families, though the church's early years have been difficult to document due to the loss of its early records in a fire in 1740\\. Families associated with the church in later years included the Bacot, de la Plaine, Maury, Gaillard, Meserole, Macon, Gabeau, Cazenove, L'Hommedieu, L'Espenard, Serre, Marquand, Bavard, Boudouin, Marion, Laurens, Boudinot, Gibert, Robert, and Fontaine families. Huguenots continued to migrate to Carolina throughout the first half of the 18th century, though most of their congregations were gradually absorbed into the Episcopal Church.", "The first Huguenot Church, located at the site of the present church, was blown up by city authorities in an effort to stop a spreading fire. It was replaced by a simple brick church in 1800\\. This building was torn down in 1844 to make way for the present church, which was completed the following year. This third church sustained damage during the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") and the [Charleston Earthquake of 1886](/wiki/1886_Charleston_earthquake \"1886 Charleston earthquake\"), and was restored with funds from Huguenot descendant Charles Lanier of New York. The church is surrounded by a graveyard where many Huguenots are buried.", "Due to a decline in membership in the early 19th century, the church began translating its French liturgy into English in 1828\\. With the new English liturgy, an elaborate new building, and charismatic 19th century pastors such as Charles Howard and Charles Vedder, church membership and attendance increased.", "By 1912, membership had again declined, and for most of the 20th century, the church was not used for regular religious services. The local community of Huguenot descendants did occasionally open it for weddings, organ recitals, and some occasional services organized by the [Huguenot Society of South Carolina](/wiki/Huguenot_Society_of_South_Carolina \"Huguenot Society of South Carolina\"). Today's congregation dates from 1983\\.", "" ]
Formal definition ----------------- Let *C* be a [locally small category](/wiki/Locally_small_category "Locally small category") (i.e. a [category](/wiki/Category_%28mathematics%29 "Category (mathematics)") for which hom\-classes are actually [sets](/wiki/Set_%28mathematics%29 "Set (mathematics)") and not [proper classes](/wiki/Proper_class "Proper class")). For all objects *A* and *B* in *C* we define two functors to the [category of sets](/wiki/Category_of_sets "Category of sets") as follows: {\| class\=wikitable \|\- ! Hom(*A*, –) : *C* → **Set** ! Hom(–, *B*) : *C* → **Set**Also commonly denoted *C*op → **Set**, where *C*op denotes the [opposite category](/wiki/Opposite_category "Opposite category"), and this encodes the arrow\-reversing behaviour of Hom(–, *B*). \|\- \| This is a [covariant functor](/wiki/Covariant_functor "Covariant functor") given by: * Hom(*A*, –) [maps](/wiki/Map_%28mathematics%29%23As_morphisms "Map (mathematics)#As morphisms") each object *X* in *C* to the set of morphisms, Hom(*A*, *X*) * Hom(*A*, –) maps each morphism *f* : *X* → *Y* to the [function](/wiki/Function_%28mathematics%29 "Function (mathematics)") * Hom(*A*, *f*) : Hom(*A*, *X*) → Hom(*A*, *Y*) given by * g \\mapsto f \\circ g for each *g* in Hom(*A*, *X*). \| This is a [contravariant functor](/wiki/Contravariant_functor "Contravariant functor") given by: * Hom(–, *B*) maps each object *X* in *C* to the set of morphisms, Hom(*X*, *B*) * Hom(–, *B*) maps each morphism *h* : *X* → *Y* to the function * Hom(*h*, *B*) : Hom(*Y*, *B*) → Hom(*X*, *B*) given by * g \\mapsto g \\circ h for each *g* in Hom(*Y*, *B*). \|} The functor Hom(–, *B*) is also called the *[functor of points](/wiki/Functor_of_points "Functor of points")* of the object *B*. Note that fixing the first argument of Hom naturally gives rise to a covariant functor and fixing the second argument naturally gives a contravariant functor. This is an artifact of the way in which one must compose the morphisms. The pair of functors Hom(*A*, –) and Hom(–, *B*) are related in a [natural manner](/wiki/Natural_transformation "Natural transformation"). For any pair of morphisms *f* : *B* → *B*′ and *h* : *A*′ → *A* the following diagram [commutes](/wiki/Commutative_diagram "Commutative diagram"): [center\|320px](/wiki/File:Hom_functor.svg "Hom functor.svg") Both paths send *g* : *A* → *B* to *f*{{Hair space}}∘{{Hair space}}*g*{{Hair space}}∘{{Hair space}}*h* : *A*′ → *B*′. The commutativity of the above diagram implies that Hom(–, –) is a [bifunctor](/wiki/Bifunctor "Bifunctor") from *C* × *C* to **Set** which is contravariant in the first argument and covariant in the second. Equivalently, we may say that Hom(–, –) is a bifunctor Hom(–, –) : *C*op × *C* → **Set** where *C*op is the [opposite category](/wiki/Opposite_category "Opposite category") to *C*. The notation Hom*C*(–, –) is sometimes used for Hom(–, –) in order to emphasize the category forming the domain.
[ "Formal definition\n-----------------", "Let *C* be a [locally small category](/wiki/Locally_small_category \"Locally small category\") (i.e. a [category](/wiki/Category_%28mathematics%29 \"Category (mathematics)\") for which hom\\-classes are actually [sets](/wiki/Set_%28mathematics%29 \"Set (mathematics)\") and not [proper classes](/wiki/Proper_class \"Proper class\")).", "For all objects *A* and *B* in *C* we define two functors to the [category of sets](/wiki/Category_of_sets \"Category of sets\") as follows:\n{\\| class\\=wikitable\n\\|\\-\n! Hom(*A*, –) : *C* → **Set**\n! Hom(–, *B*) : *C* → **Set**Also commonly denoted *C*op → **Set**, where *C*op denotes the [opposite category](/wiki/Opposite_category \"Opposite category\"), and this encodes the arrow\\-reversing behaviour of Hom(–, *B*).\n\\|\\-\n\\| This is a [covariant functor](/wiki/Covariant_functor \"Covariant functor\") given by:\n* Hom(*A*, –) [maps](/wiki/Map_%28mathematics%29%23As_morphisms \"Map (mathematics)#As morphisms\") each object *X* in *C* to the set of morphisms, Hom(*A*, *X*)\n* Hom(*A*, –) maps each morphism *f* : *X* → *Y* to the [function](/wiki/Function_%28mathematics%29 \"Function (mathematics)\")\n* Hom(*A*, *f*) : Hom(*A*, *X*) → Hom(*A*, *Y*) given by\n* g \\\\mapsto f \\\\circ g for each *g* in Hom(*A*, *X*).\n\\| This is a [contravariant functor](/wiki/Contravariant_functor \"Contravariant functor\") given by:\n* Hom(–, *B*) maps each object *X* in *C* to the set of morphisms, Hom(*X*, *B*)\n* Hom(–, *B*) maps each morphism *h* : *X* → *Y* to the function\n* Hom(*h*, *B*) : Hom(*Y*, *B*) → Hom(*X*, *B*) given by\n* g \\\\mapsto g \\\\circ h for each *g* in Hom(*Y*, *B*).\n\\|}\nThe functor Hom(–, *B*) is also called the *[functor of points](/wiki/Functor_of_points \"Functor of points\")* of the object *B*.", "Note that fixing the first argument of Hom naturally gives rise to a covariant functor and fixing the second argument naturally gives a contravariant functor. This is an artifact of the way in which one must compose the morphisms.", "The pair of functors Hom(*A*, –) and Hom(–, *B*) are related in a [natural manner](/wiki/Natural_transformation \"Natural transformation\"). For any pair of morphisms *f* : *B* → *B*′ and *h* : *A*′ → *A* the following diagram [commutes](/wiki/Commutative_diagram \"Commutative diagram\"):\n[center\\|320px](/wiki/File:Hom_functor.svg \"Hom functor.svg\")\nBoth paths send *g* : *A* → *B* to *f*{{Hair space}}∘{{Hair space}}*g*{{Hair space}}∘{{Hair space}}*h* : *A*′ → *B*′.", "The commutativity of the above diagram implies that Hom(–, –) is a [bifunctor](/wiki/Bifunctor \"Bifunctor\") from *C* × *C* to **Set** which is contravariant in the first argument and covariant in the second. Equivalently, we may say that Hom(–, –) is a bifunctor\n Hom(–, –) : *C*op × *C* → **Set**\nwhere *C*op is the [opposite category](/wiki/Opposite_category \"Opposite category\") to *C*. The notation Hom*C*(–, –) is sometimes used for Hom(–, –) in order to emphasize the category forming the domain.", "" ]
Background ---------- ### Court Rivalry After September 1845, [Mohammad Shah Qajar](/wiki/Mohammad_Shah_Qajar "Mohammad Shah Qajar") was physically weakened, and rumors spread that Mohammad Shah was dying. This resulted in the Qajar court dissolving into multiple factions that fought with each other. One faction was led by Allah Yar Khan Asif al\-Daula, the uncle of Mohammad Shah and governor of Khorasan. He despised the Grand Vizier, [Hajji Mirza Aghasi](/wiki/Haji_Mirza_Aqasi "Haji Mirza Aqasi"), and wanted to take over his position. He failed and thus, he began to think of revolting. Asif al\-Daula's son, Hasan Khan Salar, began to have ideas of his own and planned to seize Khorasan for himself. Mohammed Yusuf mentions that "Hasan Khan Salar, son of Asif al\-Daulah, whose mother was the great\-great\-grandchild of [Khaqan](/wiki/Khagan "Khagan"), [Fath 'Ali Shah](/wiki/Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar"), got the idea of revolting, and chanted this verse repeatedly: *I am ashamed of this kind of life; That I be Salar* (leader)*, and act like a slave.*\-Hasan Khan Salar ### Volatile Situation in Khorasan Around this time the Tekke Turkmen began to raid around Mashhad with the support of the Jalayer tribe governing Kalat\-e Naderi, which had remained independent since the beginning of Qajar rule over Khorasan. Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu, the chieftain of the Shadlu Kurds, also assisted in raiding the vicinity of Mashhad. Asif al\-Daula sent some retaliatory raids but they didn't do anything to discourage the khan. Kalat\-e Naderi was finally conquered by Hasan Khan Salar in the first half of 1846\. This benefited Asif al\-Daula but not the shah, because he had become a threat to Qajar rule in Khorasan and [Hajji Mirza Aghasi](/wiki/Haji_Mirza_Aqasi "Haji Mirza Aqasi") planned to send troops there to strengthen the shah's authority there. Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu, however, still refused to submit to the Shah and present himself at Tehran. In the late summer of 1846 Asif al\-Daula planned to invade Herat and depose [Yar Mohammad Khan](/wiki/Yar_Mohammad_Khan_Alakozai "Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai") with the support of Mohammad Yusuf bin Malik Qasim Mirza and Shah Pasand Khan of Lash and Joveyn. However, Aghasi refused to authorize the plan, thinking it as an attempt for Asif al\-Daula to gain more power. ### Planning Salar began to think of forming a tribal army to conquer Khorasan and expelling the Qajars, using [Kalat](/wiki/Kalat-e_Naderi "Kalat-e Naderi") as a base. He formed a marriage alliance with Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu. Asif al\-Daula initially supported his son but changed his mind in 1847 when Salar began to take money from Asif's treasury in order to pay for troops. Asif al\-Daula managed to convince the Shah to make Hasan Khan Salar the governor of Khorasan and appoint himself as guardian of Mashhad. However, once the Shah fulfilled these requests, Asif al\-Daula began to crush those who gave their allegiance directly to the Shah and ordered the execution of the governor of the [Nardin](/wiki/Nardin%2C_Iran "Nardin, Iran") district, Mohammad Hasan Khan. This was the last straw, and Asif was ordered to set out for [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran "Tehran"), which he did, and took 400,000 [tuman](/wiki/Iranian_toman "Iranian toman") with him. Mirza Muhammad Khan was sent to rule in [Mashhad](/wiki/Mashhad "Mashhad") as a replacement. The governor of [Bastam](/wiki/Bastam "Bastam"), Sulayman Khan, sent a 600\-man force (composed of 500 [riflemen](/wiki/Rifleman "Rifleman"), 100 [cavalry](/wiki/Cavalry "Cavalry"), and two artillery pieces) with Mirza Muhammad Khan as an escort. Mirza Muhammad Khan then defected to Salar and joined him in rebelling against the Shah.
[ "Background\n----------", "### Court Rivalry", "After September 1845, [Mohammad Shah Qajar](/wiki/Mohammad_Shah_Qajar \"Mohammad Shah Qajar\") was physically weakened, and rumors spread that Mohammad Shah was dying. This resulted in the Qajar court dissolving into multiple factions that fought with each other. One faction was led by Allah Yar Khan Asif al\\-Daula, the uncle of Mohammad Shah and governor of Khorasan. He despised the Grand Vizier, [Hajji Mirza Aghasi](/wiki/Haji_Mirza_Aqasi \"Haji Mirza Aqasi\"), and wanted to take over his position. He failed and thus, he began to think of revolting. Asif al\\-Daula's son, Hasan Khan Salar, began to have ideas of his own and planned to seize Khorasan for himself. Mohammed Yusuf mentions that \"Hasan Khan Salar, son of Asif al\\-Daulah, whose mother was the great\\-great\\-grandchild of [Khaqan](/wiki/Khagan \"Khagan\"), [Fath 'Ali Shah](/wiki/Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar \"Fath-Ali Shah Qajar\"), got the idea of revolting, and chanted this verse repeatedly:", "*I am ashamed of this kind of life; That I be Salar* (leader)*, and act like a slave.*\\-Hasan Khan Salar", "### Volatile Situation in Khorasan", "Around this time the Tekke Turkmen began to raid around Mashhad with the support of the Jalayer tribe governing Kalat\\-e Naderi, which had remained independent since the beginning of Qajar rule over Khorasan. Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu, the chieftain of the Shadlu Kurds, also assisted in raiding the vicinity of Mashhad. Asif al\\-Daula sent some retaliatory raids but they didn't do anything to discourage the khan.", "Kalat\\-e Naderi was finally conquered by Hasan Khan Salar in the first half of 1846\\. This benefited Asif al\\-Daula but not the shah, because he had become a threat to Qajar rule in Khorasan and [Hajji Mirza Aghasi](/wiki/Haji_Mirza_Aqasi \"Haji Mirza Aqasi\") planned to send troops there to strengthen the shah's authority there. Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu, however, still refused to submit to the Shah and present himself at Tehran.", "In the late summer of 1846 Asif al\\-Daula planned to invade Herat and depose [Yar Mohammad Khan](/wiki/Yar_Mohammad_Khan_Alakozai \"Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai\") with the support of Mohammad Yusuf bin Malik Qasim Mirza and Shah Pasand Khan of Lash and Joveyn. However, Aghasi refused to authorize the plan, thinking it as an attempt for Asif al\\-Daula to gain more power.", "### Planning", "Salar began to think of forming a tribal army to conquer Khorasan and expelling the Qajars, using [Kalat](/wiki/Kalat-e_Naderi \"Kalat-e Naderi\") as a base. He formed a marriage alliance with Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu. Asif al\\-Daula initially supported his son but changed his mind in 1847 when Salar began to take money from Asif's treasury in order to pay for troops.", "Asif al\\-Daula managed to convince the Shah to make Hasan Khan Salar the governor of Khorasan and appoint himself as guardian of Mashhad. However, once the Shah fulfilled these requests, Asif al\\-Daula began to crush those who gave their allegiance directly to the Shah and ordered the execution of the governor of the [Nardin](/wiki/Nardin%2C_Iran \"Nardin, Iran\") district, Mohammad Hasan Khan.", "This was the last straw, and Asif was ordered to set out for [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran \"Tehran\"), which he did, and took 400,000 [tuman](/wiki/Iranian_toman \"Iranian toman\") with him. Mirza Muhammad Khan was sent to rule in [Mashhad](/wiki/Mashhad \"Mashhad\") as a replacement. The governor of [Bastam](/wiki/Bastam \"Bastam\"), Sulayman Khan, sent a 600\\-man force (composed of 500 [riflemen](/wiki/Rifleman \"Rifleman\"), 100 [cavalry](/wiki/Cavalry \"Cavalry\"), and two artillery pieces) with Mirza Muhammad Khan as an escort. Mirza Muhammad Khan then defected to Salar and joined him in rebelling against the Shah.", "" ]
War --- ### First Phase of the Conflict #### Initial Successes Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu and Hasan Khan Salar marched on [Kalat](/wiki/Kalat-e_Naderi "Kalat-e Naderi") and occupied it. When the news reached Asif al\-Daula, he feared for his reputation and fled to go on pilgrimage in [Mecca](/wiki/Mecca "Mecca"). He later went into exile in [Karbala](/wiki/Karbala "Karbala"). Salar then marched to [Sabzevar](/wiki/Sabzevar "Sabzevar") and took this place as well. Ibrahim Khalil Khan was sent with 6,000 men from Tehran to Khorasan to suppress the rebellion. On 22 August 1847 he arrived at Bastam and consulted with the governor of Bastam. #### Defeat and Flight of Salar Ibrahim Khalil Khan was to face Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu and he would retreat to Bastam if he failed. Ibrahim ended up beating Jafar in several battles, forcing them to retreat. Shortly after Salar arrived at [Mazinan](/wiki/Mazinan "Mazinan") with 24\-25,000 men and sent 1,000 cavalry to aid Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu. Muhammad Qoli Khan arrived at [Damghan](/wiki/Damghan "Damghan") with 4 regiments and 10 artillery and marched to aid Ibrahim Khalil Khan. 12,000 Khurasani cavalry made a surprise attack on Muhammad Ali Khan's camp but they were routed and fled to Salar's camp at [Miami](/wiki/Meyami "Meyami"). At this point Salar knew he was defeated and when the Qajar soldiers tore his forces to shreds he and his supporters fled to [Joveyn](/wiki/Joveyn_County "Joveyn County") and intended to take sanctuary at Kalat, sending his son, Amir Aslan Khan, with his wealth there. However, the people of Kalat hated the Shadlu occupation of their territory so they rebelled and refused to let Amir Aslan Khan in. Hamza Mirza arrived in Buzanjird and appointed Muhammad Ali Khan Maku'i to govern the district. He then marched to Mashhad with Ibrahim Khalil Khan and arrived there in October. According to Hidayat, [Qaen](/wiki/Qaen "Qaen") was reincorporated into government control shortly after this, but Noelle\-Karimi suggests that it's more likely the Khozeimeh Amirdom managed to stay free from Salar until his resurgence in late 1848\. #### Renewed Attacks Salar then fled to [Buzanjird](/wiki/Bojnord "Bojnord") but although it was a Shadlu stronghold the people sided against Salar so he fled to [Akhal](/wiki/Ahal_Region "Ahal Region") with Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu. The chief of the Toqtamish Turkmens there, Qara Ughlan An Baygi, agreed to support him since he had brought 40,000 [toman](/wiki/Iranian_toman "Iranian toman") with him and offered to give some to the Turkmens. They then marched on Buzanjird with 10,000 cavalry, as Muhammad Ali Khan Maku'i had committed atrocities on the populace and thus the people welcomed Salar. When Hamza Mirza heard of this, he made the Zafaranlu Ilkhani governor of Buzanjird and marched there along with Muhammad Vali Khan Qajaq Na'ib. Salar and his allies fled and Hamza Mirza hoped the snow would stop their escape so he could crush them. Hamza Mirza then went to [Maneh](/wiki/Maneh%2C_Iran "Maneh, Iran") and encamped there for 40 days. On 13 December 1847 Jafar Qoli Khan tried to raid Hamza Mirza's camp at Maneh, but the raid was unsuccessful. The only gain from the battle was the capture of Lutf 'Ali Khan Bighayri, the commander of [Qaleh Khan](/wiki/Qaleh_Khan%2C_North_Khorasan "Qaleh Khan, North Khorasan"). He was sent to Akhal after the raid. #### Fleeing to Sarakhs In the winter of 1847\-1848 Salar left the Turkmens (supposedly due to internal conflicts between the Tuqutmash and Utmash) and fled to the ra'is of Sarakhs, Arad/Araz/Uraz Khan Toqtamish Sarakhsi.{{cite book \|chapter\=Ranjit Singh Seizes Peshawar and Its Environs \|title\=History of Afghanistan \|editor1\-first\=R.D. \|editor1\-last\=McChesney \|editor2\-first\=M.M. \|editor2\-last\=Khorrami \|doi\=10\.1163/9789004256064\_hao\_COM\_000134 \|date\=2013 \|isbn\=978\-90\-04\-23491\-8 \|pages\=207–209 \|oclc\=824734225 }} Jafar Qoli Khan then laid an ambush in [Gorgan](/wiki/Golestan_Province "Golestan Province"), causing Hamza Mirza to send an [Afshar](/wiki/Afshar_people "Afshar people") and Khorasani force led by 'Abd Allah Khan Afshar Sayin Qal'ah. This force routed Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu, causing him to flee to Herat in the hopes of seeking protection under Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai. Hamza Mirza then launched an expedition against the Turkmens of Akhal and Gorgan, reportedly advancing 17 [farsangs](/wiki/Parasang "Parasang") every day and taking 300 Turkmen prisoners. They were resettled in [Samalqan](/wiki/Samalqan_District "Samalqan District") due to the urging of Mir Sa'd Allah Fandarasaki. Shortly after this Hasan Khan Salar marched on Mashhad with 8,000 men, but was routed at Kal Yaquti, a suburb of Mashhad. Salar was then further defeated at Qarabaqa'ah (5 farsangs from Mashhad) and the Turkmen of Sarakhs defected. ### Second Phase of the Conflict #### Mashhad Rebellion and Death of Mohammad Shah Hamza Mirza had gotten ill and a power vacuum ensued in Mashhad. Mirza Muhammad Khan used this to forge alliances with local leaders and encite the people of Mashhad into revolting against the Qajars. At the same time Qajar troops in Mashhad (in particular the Turkic regiments as well as those of Hamadan) had harmed the local population and became increasingly unpopular within the city. The city finally exploded on 25 August 1848 with the support of the local [ulema](/wiki/Ulama "Ulama"). The populace massacred government officials and soldiers (around 700 according to Mojtahed\-Zadeh) and besieged Hamza Mirza in the citadel. When Hasan Khan Salar became aware of this, he marched on Mashhad with 2,000 Turkmen. Villages up to 10 farsangs away from Mashhad joined Salar and the population welcomed him and the recently returned Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu. The death of Mohammad Shah Qajar on 4 September only made the situation worse. Hamza Mirza began to run out of supplies. #### Intervention of Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai Fortunately for Hamza Mirza, he was soon to be rescued from his predicament. The ruler of [Herat](/wiki/Herat_%281793%E2%80%931863%29 "Herat (1793–1863)"), [Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai](/wiki/Yar_Mohammad_Khan_Alakozai "Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai"), seemed like a supporter of Hasan Khan Salar from the outside. He had even given Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu protection. Both sides had asked for the support of Yar Mohammad. Eventually Yar Mohammad marched on Mashhad with 2,000 troops or 19,000 infantry and cavalry and 4 artillery pieces. The chief [Mujtahid](/wiki/Ijtihad "Ijtihad") of Mashhad tried to discourage Hamza Mirza from asking for Afghan assistance because they were [Sunnis](/wiki/Sunni_Islam "Sunni Islam"), but Hamza Mirza refused his request. There are two stories of the events in Mashhad. The first story is told by Mohamed Yusuf. Yusuf states that the Afghans entered the city and Salar's troops left. The Qajar forces still in the Arg of Mashhad arrayed their forces facing the Afghans. Yar Mohammad then asked the nobles of Herat which side to choose. One of them made a speech suggesting the Afghans side with the government and fire on Salar's troops. Yar Mohammad was convinced by this and began to jointly attack the Afghans with the help of Hamza Mirza's forces in the citadel. The other story, told by [Fayz Muhammad](/wiki/Faiz_Mohammad_Katib_Hazara "Faiz Mohammad Katib Hazara"), says that Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu convinced Yar Mohammad to march to Mashhad to aid Salar. However, he sent a letter to Hamza Mirza, saying he was there to aid him and would not join the side of Salar. A dispute arose over where the Afghan army would camp and when rumors spread of Hamza Mirza and Yar Mohammad's alliance Salar warned Yar Mohammad that if he tried to link up with the Qajars in the citadel they would use force to stop it. Yar Mohammad then manipulated Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu, claiming *"I must first go to the citadel and take possession of it. Only then can I enter the city with an easy mind.”* Jafar Qoli Khan consented and although the people of Mashhad attempted to stop Hamza Mirza and Yar Mohammad from linking up they ultimately failed in this attempt. Yar Mohammad was able to take Jafar Qoli Khan prisoner. However the allies suffered a drawback a few days later with 700 killed and 300 wounded, and it became clear their situation in the city was unmaintainable. Hamza Mirza and [Yar Mohammad](/wiki/Yar_Mohammad_Khan_Alakozai "Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai") withdrew to Herat. Some surviving soldiers managed to escape to Tehran. Yar Mohammad Khan also occupied [Jam](/wiki/Torbat-e_Jam "Torbat-e Jam") and [Khaf](/wiki/Khaf%2C_Iran "Khaf, Iran") in an attempt to expel the rebels.{{cite book \|last1\=Noelle\-Karimi \|first1\=Christine \|title\=The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th\-19th Centuries) \|date\=2014 \|publisher\=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press \|isbn\=978\-3\-7001\-7202\-4 \|pages\=191 }} Hamza would winter near Ghourian from middle\-late December 1848 until late February 1849 or late March\-early April 1849\. On the way there, Jafar Qoli Khan proposed that they release him and in exchange he would help them withdraw. When Jafar Qoli Khan was released but didn't fulfill his promise, Hamza Mirza and Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai destroyed the fortifications of Mashhad and disabled the artillery. When they reached [Jam](/wiki/Torbat-e_Jam "Torbat-e Jam"), they besieged [Fariman fort](/wiki/Fariman%2C_North_Khorasan "Fariman, North Khorasan") because the commander, Bahadur Khan, had captured several of Yar Mohammad Khan's men on his march to Mashhad. On 15 November 1848 he surrendered and agreed to supply the retreating army. #### Qajar Counterattack and Defections With the departure of Hamza Mirza, Hasan Khan Salar was able to drastically extend his power. He conquered [Sabzevar](/wiki/Sabzevar "Sabzevar"), [Torshiz](/wiki/Kashmar "Kashmar"), [Joveyn](/wiki/Joveyn_County "Joveyn County"), [Buzanjird](/wiki/Bojnord "Bojnord"), [Qaen](/wiki/South_Khorasan_Province "South Khorasan Province"), [Esfarayn](/wiki/Esfarayen "Esfarayen"), and [Torbat\-e Haidari](/wiki/Torbat-e_Heydarieh "Torbat-e Heydarieh"). Amir Asadollah Khan of Qaen saw that his forces couldn't defend the region from Salar anymore. Instead of facing punishment by the Qajar forces, he fled to Herat. His son Alam Khan was captured for a brief period but later managed to escape to his father in Herat. The reign of Salar over Qaen was cruel and a [mullah](/wiki/Mullah "Mullah") who was friendly towards Asadollah Khan was [blown from a gun](/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun "Blowing from a gun") because he continued to preach Asadollah Khan during his sermons. [Nishapur](/wiki/Nishapur "Nishapur") under Imamverdi Khan Bayat had resisted Salar even though he was applying substantial pressure on the city. With the crowning of Nasir al\-Din on October 20, Tehran was anxious to resolve the conflict. Sultan Murad Mirza was sent with a force of 7,000 and 4 artillery pieces to reconquer Khorasan. Yar Mohammad sent 1,000 troops under Jabbar Khan Alakozai to aid Murad Mirza. As a result he gained the favour of the shah and [Nasir al\-Din](/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar "Naser al-Din Shah Qajar") gave the Heratis 4 cannons in recognition of their help. Yar Mohammad also received the title of Zahir\-al Daula. The royal forces were dependent on the Zafaranlu Kurds for aid, as it was the middle of winter. However, Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu was afraid of the wrath of the state and submitted to the Qajars. He left Khorasan for Tehran on 25 January 1849\. Many other khans defected as well. During February Hasan Khan Salar lost control over Qaen, Torshiz, Torbat\-e Haidari, and Joveyn. Salar attempted to stop the Qajar force at Joveyn, however he was routed and 200 of his men were killed in the battle. Shortly after this, Sabzevar, which was besieged shortly before the Battle of Joveyn, fell on March 9\. Mirza Muhammad Khan was taken prisoner. Qajar forces reportedly committed atrocities during the siege of Sabzevar, which would only further strengthen the resolve of the people of Mashhad to resist government forces. Sultan Murad Mirza then marched on Nishapur and reached the city on March 21\. Imamverdi Khan Bayat welcomed Sultan Murad Mirza into Nishapur. #### Siege of Mashhad and Execution of Salar ##### Attempt at Negotiations The royal court sent Charagh 'Ali Khan Zanganeh to Mashhad to negotiate with Hasan Khan Salar. Reportedly, Zanganeh offered Salar 95,000 tuman and the governorship of [Hamadan](/wiki/Hamadan_Province "Hamadan Province"), [Zanjan](/wiki/Zanjan_Province "Zanjan Province"), and [Qazvin](/wiki/Qazvin_Province "Qazvin Province") if he were to unconditionally surrender. However, Hasan Khan Salar refused unconditional surrender and made negotiation impossible. He also had the support of the regional Afshar, Turkmen, and Hazara tribes. As mentioned before, the people of Mashhad were extremely loyal to Salar due to their hatred of the government. Reportedly, even beggars would arm themselves during the siege to defend the city from government forces. Sultan Murad Mirza sent Nawab Mu'azzam Sulayman Khan Darah Khabri to capture [Kalat](/wiki/Kalat-e_Naderi "Kalat-e Naderi") while he marched toward Mashhad and besieged it in June. 10,000 of Salar's forces marched out to do battle with them but were heavily defeated and retreated back into the city. ##### Fall of Mashhad Hasan Khan Salar's forces suffered defeat after defeat. His soldiers had no money and so he had an idea and decided to sack the [Imam Reza Shrine](/wiki/Imam_Reza_Shrine "Imam Reza Shrine") to confiscate the ornaments to pay for his troops. So in October 1849 he did so, and 22,000 toman fell into his hands. This action made him increasingly unpopular within the city. He also put the ulema of Mashhad in prison because they had not issued a [fatwa](/wiki/Fatwa "Fatwa") approving of his actions. Salar's forces also committed atrocities on the local population. They stole the property of locals, raped women, and sold citizens to the Turkmen slavers. Two more Qajar armies reached the walls at Mashhad and by this time the people were tired of Salar. On 13 March or 23 March 1850, Mashhad surrendered to the Qajars, ending Hasan Khan Salar's 4 year long revolt. Hasan Khan Salar, his son Amir Aslan Khan, and Salar's brother Muhammad Ali Khan Qajar Develu were executed on April 29\. Mirza Muhammad Khan was executed on May 21\. Sultan Murad Mirza was given the title Husam al\-Saltana for crushing the rebellion.
[ "War\n---", "### First Phase of the Conflict", "#### Initial Successes", "Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu and Hasan Khan Salar marched on [Kalat](/wiki/Kalat-e_Naderi \"Kalat-e Naderi\") and occupied it. When the news reached Asif al\\-Daula, he feared for his reputation and fled to go on pilgrimage in [Mecca](/wiki/Mecca \"Mecca\"). He later went into exile in [Karbala](/wiki/Karbala \"Karbala\"). Salar then marched to [Sabzevar](/wiki/Sabzevar \"Sabzevar\") and took this place as well. Ibrahim Khalil Khan was sent with 6,000 men from Tehran to Khorasan to suppress the rebellion. On 22 August 1847 he arrived at Bastam and consulted with the governor of Bastam.", "#### Defeat and Flight of Salar", "Ibrahim Khalil Khan was to face Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu and he would retreat to Bastam if he failed. Ibrahim ended up beating Jafar in several battles, forcing them to retreat. Shortly after Salar arrived at [Mazinan](/wiki/Mazinan \"Mazinan\") with 24\\-25,000 men and sent 1,000 cavalry to aid Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu. Muhammad Qoli Khan arrived at [Damghan](/wiki/Damghan \"Damghan\") with 4 regiments and 10 artillery and marched to aid Ibrahim Khalil Khan. 12,000 Khurasani cavalry made a surprise attack on Muhammad Ali Khan's camp but they were routed and fled to Salar's camp at [Miami](/wiki/Meyami \"Meyami\"). At this point Salar knew he was defeated and when the Qajar soldiers tore his forces to shreds he and his supporters fled to [Joveyn](/wiki/Joveyn_County \"Joveyn County\") and intended to take sanctuary at Kalat, sending his son, Amir Aslan Khan, with his wealth there. However, the people of Kalat hated the Shadlu occupation of their territory so they rebelled and refused to let Amir Aslan Khan in. Hamza Mirza arrived in Buzanjird and appointed Muhammad Ali Khan Maku'i to govern the district. He then marched to Mashhad with Ibrahim Khalil Khan and arrived there in October. According to Hidayat, [Qaen](/wiki/Qaen \"Qaen\") was reincorporated into government control shortly after this, but Noelle\\-Karimi suggests that it's more likely the Khozeimeh Amirdom managed to stay free from Salar until his resurgence in late 1848\\.", "#### Renewed Attacks", "Salar then fled to [Buzanjird](/wiki/Bojnord \"Bojnord\") but although it was a Shadlu stronghold the people sided against Salar so he fled to [Akhal](/wiki/Ahal_Region \"Ahal Region\") with Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu. The chief of the Toqtamish Turkmens there, Qara Ughlan An Baygi, agreed to support him since he had brought 40,000 [toman](/wiki/Iranian_toman \"Iranian toman\") with him and offered to give some to the Turkmens. They then marched on Buzanjird with 10,000 cavalry, as Muhammad Ali Khan Maku'i had committed atrocities on the populace and thus the people welcomed Salar. When Hamza Mirza heard of this, he made the Zafaranlu Ilkhani governor of Buzanjird and marched there along with Muhammad Vali Khan Qajaq Na'ib. Salar and his allies fled and Hamza Mirza hoped the snow would stop their escape so he could crush them. Hamza Mirza then went to [Maneh](/wiki/Maneh%2C_Iran \"Maneh, Iran\") and encamped there for 40 days. On 13 December 1847 Jafar Qoli Khan tried to raid Hamza Mirza's camp at Maneh, but the raid was unsuccessful. The only gain from the battle was the capture of Lutf 'Ali Khan Bighayri, the commander of [Qaleh Khan](/wiki/Qaleh_Khan%2C_North_Khorasan \"Qaleh Khan, North Khorasan\"). He was sent to Akhal after the raid.", "#### Fleeing to Sarakhs", "In the winter of 1847\\-1848 Salar left the Turkmens (supposedly due to internal conflicts between the Tuqutmash and Utmash) and fled to the ra'is of Sarakhs, Arad/Araz/Uraz Khan Toqtamish Sarakhsi.{{cite book \\|chapter\\=Ranjit Singh Seizes Peshawar and Its Environs \\|title\\=History of Afghanistan \\|editor1\\-first\\=R.D. \\|editor1\\-last\\=McChesney \\|editor2\\-first\\=M.M. \\|editor2\\-last\\=Khorrami \\|doi\\=10\\.1163/9789004256064\\_hao\\_COM\\_000134 \\|date\\=2013 \\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-04\\-23491\\-8 \\|pages\\=207–209 \\|oclc\\=824734225 }} Jafar Qoli Khan then laid an ambush in [Gorgan](/wiki/Golestan_Province \"Golestan Province\"), causing Hamza Mirza to send an [Afshar](/wiki/Afshar_people \"Afshar people\") and Khorasani force led by 'Abd Allah Khan Afshar Sayin Qal'ah. This force routed Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu, causing him to flee to Herat in the hopes of seeking protection under Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai. Hamza Mirza then launched an expedition against the Turkmens of Akhal and Gorgan, reportedly advancing 17 [farsangs](/wiki/Parasang \"Parasang\") every day and taking 300 Turkmen prisoners. They were resettled in [Samalqan](/wiki/Samalqan_District \"Samalqan District\") due to the urging of Mir Sa'd Allah Fandarasaki. Shortly after this Hasan Khan Salar marched on Mashhad with 8,000 men, but was routed at Kal Yaquti, a suburb of Mashhad. Salar was then further defeated at Qarabaqa'ah (5 farsangs from Mashhad) and the Turkmen of Sarakhs defected.", "### Second Phase of the Conflict", "#### Mashhad Rebellion and Death of Mohammad Shah", "Hamza Mirza had gotten ill and a power vacuum ensued in Mashhad. Mirza Muhammad Khan used this to forge alliances with local leaders and encite the people of Mashhad into revolting against the Qajars. At the same time Qajar troops in Mashhad (in particular the Turkic regiments as well as those of Hamadan) had harmed the local population and became increasingly unpopular within the city. The city finally exploded on 25 August 1848 with the support of the local [ulema](/wiki/Ulama \"Ulama\"). The populace massacred government officials and soldiers (around 700 according to Mojtahed\\-Zadeh) and besieged Hamza Mirza in the citadel. When Hasan Khan Salar became aware of this, he marched on Mashhad with 2,000 Turkmen. Villages up to 10 farsangs away from Mashhad joined Salar and the population welcomed him and the recently returned Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu. The death of Mohammad Shah Qajar on 4 September only made the situation worse. Hamza Mirza began to run out of supplies.", "#### Intervention of Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai", "Fortunately for Hamza Mirza, he was soon to be rescued from his predicament. The ruler of [Herat](/wiki/Herat_%281793%E2%80%931863%29 \"Herat (1793–1863)\"), [Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai](/wiki/Yar_Mohammad_Khan_Alakozai \"Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai\"), seemed like a supporter of Hasan Khan Salar from the outside. He had even given Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu protection. Both sides had asked for the support of Yar Mohammad. Eventually Yar Mohammad marched on Mashhad with 2,000 troops or 19,000 infantry and cavalry and 4 artillery pieces. The chief [Mujtahid](/wiki/Ijtihad \"Ijtihad\") of Mashhad tried to discourage Hamza Mirza from asking for Afghan assistance because they were [Sunnis](/wiki/Sunni_Islam \"Sunni Islam\"), but Hamza Mirza refused his request.", "There are two stories of the events in Mashhad. The first story is told by Mohamed Yusuf. Yusuf states that the Afghans entered the city and Salar's troops left. The Qajar forces still in the Arg of Mashhad arrayed their forces facing the Afghans. Yar Mohammad then asked the nobles of Herat which side to choose. One of them made a speech suggesting the Afghans side with the government and fire on Salar's troops. Yar Mohammad was convinced by this and began to jointly attack the Afghans with the help of Hamza Mirza's forces in the citadel.", "The other story, told by [Fayz Muhammad](/wiki/Faiz_Mohammad_Katib_Hazara \"Faiz Mohammad Katib Hazara\"), says that Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu convinced Yar Mohammad to march to Mashhad to aid Salar. However, he sent a letter to Hamza Mirza, saying he was there to aid him and would not join the side of Salar. A dispute arose over where the Afghan army would camp and when rumors spread of Hamza Mirza and Yar Mohammad's alliance Salar warned Yar Mohammad that if he tried to link up with the Qajars in the citadel they would use force to stop it. Yar Mohammad then manipulated Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu, claiming *\"I must first go to the citadel and take possession of it. Only then can I enter the city with an easy mind.”* Jafar Qoli Khan consented and although the people of Mashhad attempted to stop Hamza Mirza and Yar Mohammad from linking up they ultimately failed in this attempt. Yar Mohammad was able to take Jafar Qoli Khan prisoner.", "However the allies suffered a drawback a few days later with 700 killed and 300 wounded, and it became clear their situation in the city was unmaintainable. Hamza Mirza and [Yar Mohammad](/wiki/Yar_Mohammad_Khan_Alakozai \"Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai\") withdrew to Herat. Some surviving soldiers managed to escape to Tehran. Yar Mohammad Khan also occupied [Jam](/wiki/Torbat-e_Jam \"Torbat-e Jam\") and [Khaf](/wiki/Khaf%2C_Iran \"Khaf, Iran\") in an attempt to expel the rebels.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Noelle\\-Karimi \\|first1\\=Christine \\|title\\=The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th\\-19th Centuries) \\|date\\=2014 \\|publisher\\=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-7001\\-7202\\-4 \\|pages\\=191 }} Hamza would winter near Ghourian from middle\\-late December 1848 until late February 1849 or late March\\-early April 1849\\. On the way there, Jafar Qoli Khan proposed that they release him and in exchange he would help them withdraw. When Jafar Qoli Khan was released but didn't fulfill his promise, Hamza Mirza and Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai destroyed the fortifications of Mashhad and disabled the artillery. When they reached [Jam](/wiki/Torbat-e_Jam \"Torbat-e Jam\"), they besieged [Fariman fort](/wiki/Fariman%2C_North_Khorasan \"Fariman, North Khorasan\") because the commander, Bahadur Khan, had captured several of Yar Mohammad Khan's men on his march to Mashhad. On 15 November 1848 he surrendered and agreed to supply the retreating army.", "#### Qajar Counterattack and Defections", "With the departure of Hamza Mirza, Hasan Khan Salar was able to drastically extend his power. He conquered [Sabzevar](/wiki/Sabzevar \"Sabzevar\"), [Torshiz](/wiki/Kashmar \"Kashmar\"), [Joveyn](/wiki/Joveyn_County \"Joveyn County\"), [Buzanjird](/wiki/Bojnord \"Bojnord\"), [Qaen](/wiki/South_Khorasan_Province \"South Khorasan Province\"), [Esfarayn](/wiki/Esfarayen \"Esfarayen\"), and [Torbat\\-e Haidari](/wiki/Torbat-e_Heydarieh \"Torbat-e Heydarieh\"). Amir Asadollah Khan of Qaen saw that his forces couldn't defend the region from Salar anymore. Instead of facing punishment by the Qajar forces, he fled to Herat. His son Alam Khan was captured for a brief period but later managed to escape to his father in Herat. The reign of Salar over Qaen was cruel and a [mullah](/wiki/Mullah \"Mullah\") who was friendly towards Asadollah Khan was [blown from a gun](/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun \"Blowing from a gun\") because he continued to preach Asadollah Khan during his sermons. [Nishapur](/wiki/Nishapur \"Nishapur\") under Imamverdi Khan Bayat had resisted Salar even though he was applying substantial pressure on the city. With the crowning of Nasir al\\-Din on October 20, Tehran was anxious to resolve the conflict. Sultan Murad Mirza was sent with a force of 7,000 and 4 artillery pieces to reconquer Khorasan. Yar Mohammad sent 1,000 troops under Jabbar Khan Alakozai to aid Murad Mirza. As a result he gained the favour of the shah and [Nasir al\\-Din](/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar \"Naser al-Din Shah Qajar\") gave the Heratis 4 cannons in recognition of their help. Yar Mohammad also received the title of Zahir\\-al Daula.", "The royal forces were dependent on the Zafaranlu Kurds for aid, as it was the middle of winter. However, Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu was afraid of the wrath of the state and submitted to the Qajars. He left Khorasan for Tehran on 25 January 1849\\. Many other khans defected as well. During February Hasan Khan Salar lost control over Qaen, Torshiz, Torbat\\-e Haidari, and Joveyn. Salar attempted to stop the Qajar force at Joveyn, however he was routed and 200 of his men were killed in the battle. Shortly after this, Sabzevar, which was besieged shortly before the Battle of Joveyn, fell on March 9\\. Mirza Muhammad Khan was taken prisoner. Qajar forces reportedly committed atrocities during the siege of Sabzevar, which would only further strengthen the resolve of the people of Mashhad to resist government forces. Sultan Murad Mirza then marched on Nishapur and reached the city on March 21\\. Imamverdi Khan Bayat welcomed Sultan Murad Mirza into Nishapur.", "#### Siege of Mashhad and Execution of Salar", "##### Attempt at Negotiations", "The royal court sent Charagh 'Ali Khan Zanganeh to Mashhad to negotiate with Hasan Khan Salar. Reportedly, Zanganeh offered Salar 95,000 tuman and the governorship of [Hamadan](/wiki/Hamadan_Province \"Hamadan Province\"), [Zanjan](/wiki/Zanjan_Province \"Zanjan Province\"), and [Qazvin](/wiki/Qazvin_Province \"Qazvin Province\") if he were to unconditionally surrender. However, Hasan Khan Salar refused unconditional surrender and made negotiation impossible. He also had the support of the regional Afshar, Turkmen, and Hazara tribes. As mentioned before, the people of Mashhad were extremely loyal to Salar due to their hatred of the government. Reportedly, even beggars would arm themselves during the siege to defend the city from government forces. Sultan Murad Mirza sent Nawab Mu'azzam Sulayman Khan Darah Khabri to capture [Kalat](/wiki/Kalat-e_Naderi \"Kalat-e Naderi\") while he marched toward Mashhad and besieged it in June. 10,000 of Salar's forces marched out to do battle with them but were heavily defeated and retreated back into the city.", "##### Fall of Mashhad", "Hasan Khan Salar's forces suffered defeat after defeat. His soldiers had no money and so he had an idea and decided to sack the [Imam Reza Shrine](/wiki/Imam_Reza_Shrine \"Imam Reza Shrine\") to confiscate the ornaments to pay for his troops. So in October 1849 he did so, and 22,000 toman fell into his hands. This action made him increasingly unpopular within the city. He also put the ulema of Mashhad in prison because they had not issued a [fatwa](/wiki/Fatwa \"Fatwa\") approving of his actions. Salar's forces also committed atrocities on the local population. They stole the property of locals, raped women, and sold citizens to the Turkmen slavers. Two more Qajar armies reached the walls at Mashhad and by this time the people were tired of Salar. On 13 March or 23 March 1850, Mashhad surrendered to the Qajars, ending Hasan Khan Salar's 4 year long revolt. Hasan Khan Salar, his son Amir Aslan Khan, and Salar's brother Muhammad Ali Khan Qajar Develu were executed on April 29\\. Mirza Muhammad Khan was executed on May 21\\. Sultan Murad Mirza was given the title Husam al\\-Saltana for crushing the rebellion.", "" ]
### Second Phase of the Conflict #### Mashhad Rebellion and Death of Mohammad Shah Hamza Mirza had gotten ill and a power vacuum ensued in Mashhad. Mirza Muhammad Khan used this to forge alliances with local leaders and encite the people of Mashhad into revolting against the Qajars. At the same time Qajar troops in Mashhad (in particular the Turkic regiments as well as those of Hamadan) had harmed the local population and became increasingly unpopular within the city. The city finally exploded on 25 August 1848 with the support of the local [ulema](/wiki/Ulama "Ulama"). The populace massacred government officials and soldiers (around 700 according to Mojtahed\-Zadeh) and besieged Hamza Mirza in the citadel. When Hasan Khan Salar became aware of this, he marched on Mashhad with 2,000 Turkmen. Villages up to 10 farsangs away from Mashhad joined Salar and the population welcomed him and the recently returned Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu. The death of Mohammad Shah Qajar on 4 September only made the situation worse. Hamza Mirza began to run out of supplies. #### Intervention of Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai Fortunately for Hamza Mirza, he was soon to be rescued from his predicament. The ruler of [Herat](/wiki/Herat_%281793%E2%80%931863%29 "Herat (1793–1863)"), [Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai](/wiki/Yar_Mohammad_Khan_Alakozai "Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai"), seemed like a supporter of Hasan Khan Salar from the outside. He had even given Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu protection. Both sides had asked for the support of Yar Mohammad. Eventually Yar Mohammad marched on Mashhad with 2,000 troops or 19,000 infantry and cavalry and 4 artillery pieces. The chief [Mujtahid](/wiki/Ijtihad "Ijtihad") of Mashhad tried to discourage Hamza Mirza from asking for Afghan assistance because they were [Sunnis](/wiki/Sunni_Islam "Sunni Islam"), but Hamza Mirza refused his request. There are two stories of the events in Mashhad. The first story is told by Mohamed Yusuf. Yusuf states that the Afghans entered the city and Salar's troops left. The Qajar forces still in the Arg of Mashhad arrayed their forces facing the Afghans. Yar Mohammad then asked the nobles of Herat which side to choose. One of them made a speech suggesting the Afghans side with the government and fire on Salar's troops. Yar Mohammad was convinced by this and began to jointly attack the Afghans with the help of Hamza Mirza's forces in the citadel. The other story, told by [Fayz Muhammad](/wiki/Faiz_Mohammad_Katib_Hazara "Faiz Mohammad Katib Hazara"), says that Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu convinced Yar Mohammad to march to Mashhad to aid Salar. However, he sent a letter to Hamza Mirza, saying he was there to aid him and would not join the side of Salar. A dispute arose over where the Afghan army would camp and when rumors spread of Hamza Mirza and Yar Mohammad's alliance Salar warned Yar Mohammad that if he tried to link up with the Qajars in the citadel they would use force to stop it. Yar Mohammad then manipulated Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu, claiming *"I must first go to the citadel and take possession of it. Only then can I enter the city with an easy mind.”* Jafar Qoli Khan consented and although the people of Mashhad attempted to stop Hamza Mirza and Yar Mohammad from linking up they ultimately failed in this attempt. Yar Mohammad was able to take Jafar Qoli Khan prisoner. However the allies suffered a drawback a few days later with 700 killed and 300 wounded, and it became clear their situation in the city was unmaintainable. Hamza Mirza and [Yar Mohammad](/wiki/Yar_Mohammad_Khan_Alakozai "Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai") withdrew to Herat. Some surviving soldiers managed to escape to Tehran. Yar Mohammad Khan also occupied [Jam](/wiki/Torbat-e_Jam "Torbat-e Jam") and [Khaf](/wiki/Khaf%2C_Iran "Khaf, Iran") in an attempt to expel the rebels.{{cite book \|last1\=Noelle\-Karimi \|first1\=Christine \|title\=The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th\-19th Centuries) \|date\=2014 \|publisher\=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press \|isbn\=978\-3\-7001\-7202\-4 \|pages\=191 }} Hamza would winter near Ghourian from middle\-late December 1848 until late February 1849 or late March\-early April 1849\. On the way there, Jafar Qoli Khan proposed that they release him and in exchange he would help them withdraw. When Jafar Qoli Khan was released but didn't fulfill his promise, Hamza Mirza and Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai destroyed the fortifications of Mashhad and disabled the artillery. When they reached [Jam](/wiki/Torbat-e_Jam "Torbat-e Jam"), they besieged [Fariman fort](/wiki/Fariman%2C_North_Khorasan "Fariman, North Khorasan") because the commander, Bahadur Khan, had captured several of Yar Mohammad Khan's men on his march to Mashhad. On 15 November 1848 he surrendered and agreed to supply the retreating army. #### Qajar Counterattack and Defections With the departure of Hamza Mirza, Hasan Khan Salar was able to drastically extend his power. He conquered [Sabzevar](/wiki/Sabzevar "Sabzevar"), [Torshiz](/wiki/Kashmar "Kashmar"), [Joveyn](/wiki/Joveyn_County "Joveyn County"), [Buzanjird](/wiki/Bojnord "Bojnord"), [Qaen](/wiki/South_Khorasan_Province "South Khorasan Province"), [Esfarayn](/wiki/Esfarayen "Esfarayen"), and [Torbat\-e Haidari](/wiki/Torbat-e_Heydarieh "Torbat-e Heydarieh"). Amir Asadollah Khan of Qaen saw that his forces couldn't defend the region from Salar anymore. Instead of facing punishment by the Qajar forces, he fled to Herat. His son Alam Khan was captured for a brief period but later managed to escape to his father in Herat. The reign of Salar over Qaen was cruel and a [mullah](/wiki/Mullah "Mullah") who was friendly towards Asadollah Khan was [blown from a gun](/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun "Blowing from a gun") because he continued to preach Asadollah Khan during his sermons. [Nishapur](/wiki/Nishapur "Nishapur") under Imamverdi Khan Bayat had resisted Salar even though he was applying substantial pressure on the city. With the crowning of Nasir al\-Din on October 20, Tehran was anxious to resolve the conflict. Sultan Murad Mirza was sent with a force of 7,000 and 4 artillery pieces to reconquer Khorasan. Yar Mohammad sent 1,000 troops under Jabbar Khan Alakozai to aid Murad Mirza. As a result he gained the favour of the shah and [Nasir al\-Din](/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar "Naser al-Din Shah Qajar") gave the Heratis 4 cannons in recognition of their help. Yar Mohammad also received the title of Zahir\-al Daula. The royal forces were dependent on the Zafaranlu Kurds for aid, as it was the middle of winter. However, Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu was afraid of the wrath of the state and submitted to the Qajars. He left Khorasan for Tehran on 25 January 1849\. Many other khans defected as well. During February Hasan Khan Salar lost control over Qaen, Torshiz, Torbat\-e Haidari, and Joveyn. Salar attempted to stop the Qajar force at Joveyn, however he was routed and 200 of his men were killed in the battle. Shortly after this, Sabzevar, which was besieged shortly before the Battle of Joveyn, fell on March 9\. Mirza Muhammad Khan was taken prisoner. Qajar forces reportedly committed atrocities during the siege of Sabzevar, which would only further strengthen the resolve of the people of Mashhad to resist government forces. Sultan Murad Mirza then marched on Nishapur and reached the city on March 21\. Imamverdi Khan Bayat welcomed Sultan Murad Mirza into Nishapur. #### Siege of Mashhad and Execution of Salar ##### Attempt at Negotiations The royal court sent Charagh 'Ali Khan Zanganeh to Mashhad to negotiate with Hasan Khan Salar. Reportedly, Zanganeh offered Salar 95,000 tuman and the governorship of [Hamadan](/wiki/Hamadan_Province "Hamadan Province"), [Zanjan](/wiki/Zanjan_Province "Zanjan Province"), and [Qazvin](/wiki/Qazvin_Province "Qazvin Province") if he were to unconditionally surrender. However, Hasan Khan Salar refused unconditional surrender and made negotiation impossible. He also had the support of the regional Afshar, Turkmen, and Hazara tribes. As mentioned before, the people of Mashhad were extremely loyal to Salar due to their hatred of the government. Reportedly, even beggars would arm themselves during the siege to defend the city from government forces. Sultan Murad Mirza sent Nawab Mu'azzam Sulayman Khan Darah Khabri to capture [Kalat](/wiki/Kalat-e_Naderi "Kalat-e Naderi") while he marched toward Mashhad and besieged it in June. 10,000 of Salar's forces marched out to do battle with them but were heavily defeated and retreated back into the city. ##### Fall of Mashhad Hasan Khan Salar's forces suffered defeat after defeat. His soldiers had no money and so he had an idea and decided to sack the [Imam Reza Shrine](/wiki/Imam_Reza_Shrine "Imam Reza Shrine") to confiscate the ornaments to pay for his troops. So in October 1849 he did so, and 22,000 toman fell into his hands. This action made him increasingly unpopular within the city. He also put the ulema of Mashhad in prison because they had not issued a [fatwa](/wiki/Fatwa "Fatwa") approving of his actions. Salar's forces also committed atrocities on the local population. They stole the property of locals, raped women, and sold citizens to the Turkmen slavers. Two more Qajar armies reached the walls at Mashhad and by this time the people were tired of Salar. On 13 March or 23 March 1850, Mashhad surrendered to the Qajars, ending Hasan Khan Salar's 4 year long revolt. Hasan Khan Salar, his son Amir Aslan Khan, and Salar's brother Muhammad Ali Khan Qajar Develu were executed on April 29\. Mirza Muhammad Khan was executed on May 21\. Sultan Murad Mirza was given the title Husam al\-Saltana for crushing the rebellion.
[ "### Second Phase of the Conflict", "#### Mashhad Rebellion and Death of Mohammad Shah", "Hamza Mirza had gotten ill and a power vacuum ensued in Mashhad. Mirza Muhammad Khan used this to forge alliances with local leaders and encite the people of Mashhad into revolting against the Qajars. At the same time Qajar troops in Mashhad (in particular the Turkic regiments as well as those of Hamadan) had harmed the local population and became increasingly unpopular within the city. The city finally exploded on 25 August 1848 with the support of the local [ulema](/wiki/Ulama \"Ulama\"). The populace massacred government officials and soldiers (around 700 according to Mojtahed\\-Zadeh) and besieged Hamza Mirza in the citadel. When Hasan Khan Salar became aware of this, he marched on Mashhad with 2,000 Turkmen. Villages up to 10 farsangs away from Mashhad joined Salar and the population welcomed him and the recently returned Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu. The death of Mohammad Shah Qajar on 4 September only made the situation worse. Hamza Mirza began to run out of supplies.", "#### Intervention of Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai", "Fortunately for Hamza Mirza, he was soon to be rescued from his predicament. The ruler of [Herat](/wiki/Herat_%281793%E2%80%931863%29 \"Herat (1793–1863)\"), [Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai](/wiki/Yar_Mohammad_Khan_Alakozai \"Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai\"), seemed like a supporter of Hasan Khan Salar from the outside. He had even given Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu protection. Both sides had asked for the support of Yar Mohammad. Eventually Yar Mohammad marched on Mashhad with 2,000 troops or 19,000 infantry and cavalry and 4 artillery pieces. The chief [Mujtahid](/wiki/Ijtihad \"Ijtihad\") of Mashhad tried to discourage Hamza Mirza from asking for Afghan assistance because they were [Sunnis](/wiki/Sunni_Islam \"Sunni Islam\"), but Hamza Mirza refused his request.", "There are two stories of the events in Mashhad. The first story is told by Mohamed Yusuf. Yusuf states that the Afghans entered the city and Salar's troops left. The Qajar forces still in the Arg of Mashhad arrayed their forces facing the Afghans. Yar Mohammad then asked the nobles of Herat which side to choose. One of them made a speech suggesting the Afghans side with the government and fire on Salar's troops. Yar Mohammad was convinced by this and began to jointly attack the Afghans with the help of Hamza Mirza's forces in the citadel.", "The other story, told by [Fayz Muhammad](/wiki/Faiz_Mohammad_Katib_Hazara \"Faiz Mohammad Katib Hazara\"), says that Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu convinced Yar Mohammad to march to Mashhad to aid Salar. However, he sent a letter to Hamza Mirza, saying he was there to aid him and would not join the side of Salar. A dispute arose over where the Afghan army would camp and when rumors spread of Hamza Mirza and Yar Mohammad's alliance Salar warned Yar Mohammad that if he tried to link up with the Qajars in the citadel they would use force to stop it. Yar Mohammad then manipulated Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu, claiming *\"I must first go to the citadel and take possession of it. Only then can I enter the city with an easy mind.”* Jafar Qoli Khan consented and although the people of Mashhad attempted to stop Hamza Mirza and Yar Mohammad from linking up they ultimately failed in this attempt. Yar Mohammad was able to take Jafar Qoli Khan prisoner.", "However the allies suffered a drawback a few days later with 700 killed and 300 wounded, and it became clear their situation in the city was unmaintainable. Hamza Mirza and [Yar Mohammad](/wiki/Yar_Mohammad_Khan_Alakozai \"Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai\") withdrew to Herat. Some surviving soldiers managed to escape to Tehran. Yar Mohammad Khan also occupied [Jam](/wiki/Torbat-e_Jam \"Torbat-e Jam\") and [Khaf](/wiki/Khaf%2C_Iran \"Khaf, Iran\") in an attempt to expel the rebels.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Noelle\\-Karimi \\|first1\\=Christine \\|title\\=The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th\\-19th Centuries) \\|date\\=2014 \\|publisher\\=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-7001\\-7202\\-4 \\|pages\\=191 }} Hamza would winter near Ghourian from middle\\-late December 1848 until late February 1849 or late March\\-early April 1849\\. On the way there, Jafar Qoli Khan proposed that they release him and in exchange he would help them withdraw. When Jafar Qoli Khan was released but didn't fulfill his promise, Hamza Mirza and Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai destroyed the fortifications of Mashhad and disabled the artillery. When they reached [Jam](/wiki/Torbat-e_Jam \"Torbat-e Jam\"), they besieged [Fariman fort](/wiki/Fariman%2C_North_Khorasan \"Fariman, North Khorasan\") because the commander, Bahadur Khan, had captured several of Yar Mohammad Khan's men on his march to Mashhad. On 15 November 1848 he surrendered and agreed to supply the retreating army.", "#### Qajar Counterattack and Defections", "With the departure of Hamza Mirza, Hasan Khan Salar was able to drastically extend his power. He conquered [Sabzevar](/wiki/Sabzevar \"Sabzevar\"), [Torshiz](/wiki/Kashmar \"Kashmar\"), [Joveyn](/wiki/Joveyn_County \"Joveyn County\"), [Buzanjird](/wiki/Bojnord \"Bojnord\"), [Qaen](/wiki/South_Khorasan_Province \"South Khorasan Province\"), [Esfarayn](/wiki/Esfarayen \"Esfarayen\"), and [Torbat\\-e Haidari](/wiki/Torbat-e_Heydarieh \"Torbat-e Heydarieh\"). Amir Asadollah Khan of Qaen saw that his forces couldn't defend the region from Salar anymore. Instead of facing punishment by the Qajar forces, he fled to Herat. His son Alam Khan was captured for a brief period but later managed to escape to his father in Herat. The reign of Salar over Qaen was cruel and a [mullah](/wiki/Mullah \"Mullah\") who was friendly towards Asadollah Khan was [blown from a gun](/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun \"Blowing from a gun\") because he continued to preach Asadollah Khan during his sermons. [Nishapur](/wiki/Nishapur \"Nishapur\") under Imamverdi Khan Bayat had resisted Salar even though he was applying substantial pressure on the city. With the crowning of Nasir al\\-Din on October 20, Tehran was anxious to resolve the conflict. Sultan Murad Mirza was sent with a force of 7,000 and 4 artillery pieces to reconquer Khorasan. Yar Mohammad sent 1,000 troops under Jabbar Khan Alakozai to aid Murad Mirza. As a result he gained the favour of the shah and [Nasir al\\-Din](/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar \"Naser al-Din Shah Qajar\") gave the Heratis 4 cannons in recognition of their help. Yar Mohammad also received the title of Zahir\\-al Daula.", "The royal forces were dependent on the Zafaranlu Kurds for aid, as it was the middle of winter. However, Jafar Qoli Khan Shadlu was afraid of the wrath of the state and submitted to the Qajars. He left Khorasan for Tehran on 25 January 1849\\. Many other khans defected as well. During February Hasan Khan Salar lost control over Qaen, Torshiz, Torbat\\-e Haidari, and Joveyn. Salar attempted to stop the Qajar force at Joveyn, however he was routed and 200 of his men were killed in the battle. Shortly after this, Sabzevar, which was besieged shortly before the Battle of Joveyn, fell on March 9\\. Mirza Muhammad Khan was taken prisoner. Qajar forces reportedly committed atrocities during the siege of Sabzevar, which would only further strengthen the resolve of the people of Mashhad to resist government forces. Sultan Murad Mirza then marched on Nishapur and reached the city on March 21\\. Imamverdi Khan Bayat welcomed Sultan Murad Mirza into Nishapur.", "#### Siege of Mashhad and Execution of Salar", "##### Attempt at Negotiations", "The royal court sent Charagh 'Ali Khan Zanganeh to Mashhad to negotiate with Hasan Khan Salar. Reportedly, Zanganeh offered Salar 95,000 tuman and the governorship of [Hamadan](/wiki/Hamadan_Province \"Hamadan Province\"), [Zanjan](/wiki/Zanjan_Province \"Zanjan Province\"), and [Qazvin](/wiki/Qazvin_Province \"Qazvin Province\") if he were to unconditionally surrender. However, Hasan Khan Salar refused unconditional surrender and made negotiation impossible. He also had the support of the regional Afshar, Turkmen, and Hazara tribes. As mentioned before, the people of Mashhad were extremely loyal to Salar due to their hatred of the government. Reportedly, even beggars would arm themselves during the siege to defend the city from government forces. Sultan Murad Mirza sent Nawab Mu'azzam Sulayman Khan Darah Khabri to capture [Kalat](/wiki/Kalat-e_Naderi \"Kalat-e Naderi\") while he marched toward Mashhad and besieged it in June. 10,000 of Salar's forces marched out to do battle with them but were heavily defeated and retreated back into the city.", "##### Fall of Mashhad", "Hasan Khan Salar's forces suffered defeat after defeat. His soldiers had no money and so he had an idea and decided to sack the [Imam Reza Shrine](/wiki/Imam_Reza_Shrine \"Imam Reza Shrine\") to confiscate the ornaments to pay for his troops. So in October 1849 he did so, and 22,000 toman fell into his hands. This action made him increasingly unpopular within the city. He also put the ulema of Mashhad in prison because they had not issued a [fatwa](/wiki/Fatwa \"Fatwa\") approving of his actions. Salar's forces also committed atrocities on the local population. They stole the property of locals, raped women, and sold citizens to the Turkmen slavers. Two more Qajar armies reached the walls at Mashhad and by this time the people were tired of Salar. On 13 March or 23 March 1850, Mashhad surrendered to the Qajars, ending Hasan Khan Salar's 4 year long revolt. Hasan Khan Salar, his son Amir Aslan Khan, and Salar's brother Muhammad Ali Khan Qajar Develu were executed on April 29\\. Mirza Muhammad Khan was executed on May 21\\. Sultan Murad Mirza was given the title Husam al\\-Saltana for crushing the rebellion.", "" ]
History ------- {{see also\|Timeline of Fuzhou history}} ### Pre\-Qin history (before 221 BC) {{see also\|Yue peoples\|Minyue}} The remains of two [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic "Neolithic") cultures—the Huqiutou Culture ({{lang\|zh\-tw\|虎丘頭文化}}), from around 5000 BC, and the Tanshishan Culture ({{lang\|zh\-tw\|曇石山文化}}), from around 3000 BC—have been discovered and excavated in the Fuzhou area. During the [Warring States period](/wiki/Warring_States_period "Warring States period") (c. 475–221 BC), Chinese began referring to the modern Fujian area as **Min Yue** ({{lang\|zh\-hans\|閩越}}), suggesting that the native inhabitants of the area were a branch of the [Yue peoples](/wiki/Yue_peoples "Yue peoples"), a diverse population of non\-Chinese tribes who once inhabited most of southern China.{{Cite book \|last\=Xu Xiaowang ({{lang\|zh\-Hant\|徐曉望}} \|publisher\=Fujian People's Press ({{lang\|zh\|福建人民出版社}}) \|year\=2006 \|script\-title\=zh:福建通史}} In 306 BC, the [Yue Kingdom](/wiki/Yue_%28state%29 "Yue (state)") (present\-day [Zhejiang](/wiki/Zhejiang "Zhejiang")) fell to the [state of Chu](/wiki/Chu_%28state%29 "Chu (state)"). [Han dynasty](/wiki/Han_dynasty "Han dynasty") historian [Sima Qian](/wiki/Sima_Qian "Sima Qian") wrote that the surviving members of the Yue royal family fled south to what is now Fujian, where they settled alongside the native Yue people, joining Chinese and Yue culture to create Minyue.*[Records of the Grand Historian](/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian "Records of the Grand Historian")*, *{{transl\|zh\|Yue Wang Goujian Shijia}}* {{lang\|zh\|越王勾踐世家}}. ### Qin and Han dynasties (221 BC – AD 206\) {{main\|Southward expansion of the Han dynasty\|Qin campaign against the Yue tribes}} The [First Emperor of Qin](/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang "Qin Shi Huang") unified ancient China in 221 BC and desired to bring the southern and southeast regions under Chinese rule. The Qin dynasty organized its territory into "Commanderies" ({{zh\|c\=郡\|p\=jùn\|links\=no}})—roughly equivalent to a province or prefecture—and the Fujian area was organized as Minzhong Commandery ({{lang\|zh\-hans\|閩中郡}}). The area seems to have continued mostly independent of Chinese control for the next century. The [Han dynasty](/wiki/Han_dynasty "Han dynasty") followed the short\-lived Qin, and [Emperor Gaozu of Han](/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han "Emperor Gaozu of Han") declared both Minyue and neighboring [Nanyue](/wiki/Nanyue "Nanyue") to be autonomous vassal kingdoms. In 202 BC, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed a leader named Wuzhu ({{lang\|zh\-hans\|無諸}}; [Old Chinese](/wiki/Old_Chinese "Old Chinese"): *{{transl\|zh\|Matya}}*) as King of Minyue, and a walled city called Ye ({{lang\|zh\|冶}}; Old Chinese: *{{transl\|zh\|Lya}}*; literally: Beautiful) was built. The founding of Ye in 202 BC has become the traditional founding date of the city of Fuzhou. In 110 BC, the armies of [Emperor Wu of Han](/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han "Emperor Wu of Han") defeated the Minyue kingdom's armies during the [Han–Minyue War](/wiki/Han_campaigns_against_Minyue "Han campaigns against Minyue") and annexed its territory and people into China.{{sfn\|Yu\|1986\|p\=456}} Many Minyue citizens were forcibly relocated into the [Jianghuai](/wiki/Jianghuai "Jianghuai") area, and the Yue ethnic group was mostly assimilated into the Chinese, causing a sharp decline in Ye's inhabitants. The area was eventually re\-organized as a county in 85 BC. ### Three Kingdoms to Sui dynasty (200–618\) During the [Three Kingdoms period](/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_period "Three Kingdoms period"), southeast China was nominally under the control of [Eastern Wu](/wiki/Eastern_Wu "Eastern Wu"), and the Fuzhou area had a shipyard for the coastal and [Yangtze River](/wiki/Yangtze_River "Yangtze River") fleets. In 282, during the [Jin dynasty](/wiki/Jin_dynasty_%28265%E2%80%93420%29 "Jin dynasty (265–420)"), two artificial lakes known simply as the East Lake and West Lake were constructed in Ye, as well as a canal system. The core of modern Fuzhou grew around these three water systems, though the East and West Lakes no longer exist. In 308, during the [War of the Eight Princes](/wiki/War_of_the_Eight_Princes "War of the Eight Princes") at the end of the Jin dynasty, the first large\-scale migration of Chinese immigrants moved to the south and southeast of China began, followed by subsequent waves during later periods of warfare or natural disaster in the [Chinese heartland](/wiki/Central_Plain_%28China%29 "Central Plain (China)"). The administrative and economic center of the Fujian area was still the Ye area during the Sui dynasty (581–618\).{{cite web \|title\=“闽都”说 \|url\=https://www.fuzhou.gov.cn/zgfzzt/zjrc/mdfc/lswh/201104/t20110406\_129357\.htm \|website\=fuzhou gov}} ### Tang to the ten kingdoms era (618–960\) In 725, the city was formally renamed "Fuzhou". Throughout the mid\-[Tang dynasty](/wiki/Tang_dynasty "Tang dynasty"), Fuzhou's economic and cultural institutions grew and developed. The later years of the Tang saw a number of political upheavals in the Chinese heartland such as the [An Lushan Rebellion](/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion "An Lushan Rebellion") and [Huang Chao](/wiki/Huang_Chao "Huang Chao") Rebellion, prompting another wave of northerners to immigrate to the modern\-day [Northern Min](/wiki/Northern_Min "Northern Min") and [Eastern Min](/wiki/Eastern_Min "Eastern Min") areas. In 879, a large part of the city was captured by the army of [Huang Chao](/wiki/Huang_Chao "Huang Chao") during their rebellion against the Tang government. In 893, the warlord brothers [Wang Chao](/wiki/Wang_Chao_%28Tang_dynasty%29 "Wang Chao (Tang dynasty)") and Wang Shenzhi captured Fuzhou in a rebellion against the Tang dynasty, successfully gaining control of the entire Fujian Province and eventually proclaiming their founding of an independent kingdom they called the [Min Kingdom](/wiki/Min_%28Ten_Kingdoms%29 "Min (Ten Kingdoms)") in 909\. The Wang brothers enticed more immigrants from the north, though their kingdom only survived until 945\. In 978, Fuzhou was incorporated into the newly founded [Song dynasty](/wiki/Song_dynasty "Song dynasty"), though their control of the mountainous regions was tenuous. Fuzhou prospered during the Tang dynasty. [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") was quickly adopted by citizens who quickly built many Buddhist temples in the area. ### Song era (960–1279\) Fuzhou underwent a major dramatic surge in its refined culture and educational institutions throughout the [Song dynasty](/wiki/Song_dynasty "Song dynasty") as Fuzhou produced 10 Fuzhounese [zhuangyuan](/wiki/Zhuangyuan "Zhuangyuan") scholars (scholar who is ranked the top first place in the imperial examinations), a large number for a city in the country during that dynasty. The "Hualin" Temple ({{lang\|zh\-hant\|華林寺}}, not to be confused with the temple of the same name in [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou")), founded in 964, is one of the oldest and surviving wooden structures in China. New city walls were built in 282, 901, 905, and 974, so the city had many layers of walls – more so than the Chinese capital. [Emperor Taizong](/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Song "Emperor Taizong of Song") of the [Song dynasty](/wiki/Song_dynasty "Song dynasty") ordered the destruction of all the walls in Fuzhou in 978 but new walls were rebuilt later. The latest was built in 1371\. During the [Southern Song dynasty](/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty "Southern Song dynasty"), Fuzhou became more prosperous; many scholars came to live and work. Among them were [Zhu Xi](/wiki/Zhu_Xi "Zhu Xi"), the most celebrated Chinese philosopher after [Confucius](/wiki/Confucius "Confucius"), and [Xin Qiji](/wiki/Xin_Qiji "Xin Qiji"), the greatest composer of the [ci](/wiki/Ci_%28poetry%29 "Ci (poetry)") form of poetry. [Marco Polo](/wiki/Marco_Polo "Marco Polo"), an Italian guest of the Emperor [Kubilai](/wiki/Kubilai "Kubilai"), [transcribed](/wiki/Transcription_%28linguistics%29 "Transcription (linguistics)"), after the conventions of [Italian orthography](/wiki/Italian_language "Italian language"), the place name as *Fugiu*. This was not the local [Min](/wiki/Min_Chinese "Min Chinese") pronunciation but that of the [mandarin](/wiki/Mandarin_%28bureaucrat%29 "Mandarin (bureaucrat)") administrative class. According to [Odoric of Pordenone](/wiki/Odoric_of_Pordenone "Odoric of Pordenone"), Fuzhou had the biggest chickens in the world.{{sfn\|Yule\|2002\|p\=124}} ### Ming dynasty (1368–1644\) Between 1405 and 1433, a fleet of the [Ming Imperial](/wiki/Ming_dynasty "Ming dynasty") navy under Admiral [Zheng He](/wiki/Zheng_He "Zheng He") sailed from Fuzhou to the [Indian Ocean](/wiki/Indian_Ocean "Indian Ocean") seven times; on three occasions the fleet landed on the east coast of Africa. Before the last sailing, Zheng erected a [stele](/wiki/Stele "Stele") dedicated to the goddess [Tian\-Fei](/wiki/Matsu_%28goddess%29 "Matsu (goddess)") (Matsu) near the [seaport](/wiki/Seaport "Seaport"). The Ming government gave a monopoly over [Philippine](/wiki/Philippine "Philippine") trade to Fuzhou, which at times was shared with [Quanzhou](/wiki/Quanzhou "Quanzhou").{{Cite book \|last\=Jacques Gernet \|url\=https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern\_0 \|title\=A history of Chinese civilization \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|year\=1996 \|isbn\=0\-521\-49781\-7 \|edition\=2, illustrated, revised \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern\_0/page/420 420] \|quote\=Foochow was reserved for trade with the Philippines (a similar role had been assumed by Ch'iian\- chou between 1368 and 1374 and again after 1403 in the Yung\-le era) \|access\-date\=14 December 2011 \|url\-access\=registration \|df\=dmy\-all}} [Galeote Pereira](/wiki/Galeote_Pereira "Galeote Pereira"), a Portuguese soldier and trader, was taken prisoner during the [pirate extermination campaign](/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids "Jiajing wokou raids") of 1549 and imprisoned in Fuzhou. Later transferred to a form of [internal exile](/wiki/Exile%23Personal_exile "Exile#Personal exile") elsewhere in the province, Pereira escaped to [Langbaijiao](/wiki/Langbaijiao "Langbaijiao") in 1553\. The record of his experiences in the Ming Empire, logged by the [Jesuits](/wiki/Jesuit "Jesuit") at [Goa](/wiki/Goa "Goa") in 1561, was the first non\-clerical account of China to reach the West since [Marco Polo](/wiki/Marco_Polo "Marco Polo").Spence, Jonathan D., *The Chan's Great Continent: China in Western Minds*, 1999, W. W. Norton \& Company, {{ISBN\|978\-0\-393\-31989\-7}}, pp.20–21 The [Ryukyu Kingdom](/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom "Ryukyu Kingdom") established [an embassy](/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB-kan "Ryūkyū-kan") in Fuzhou. ### Qing dynasty (1644–1912\) [thumb\|[Fuzhou Arsenal](/wiki/Fuzhou_Arsenal "Fuzhou Arsenal") in Fuzhou, 1870s](/wiki/File:FOOCHOW_ARSENAL.jpg "FOOCHOW ARSENAL.jpg") In 1839, [Lin Zexu](/wiki/Lin_Zexu "Lin Zexu"), who himself was a Fuzhou native, was appointed by the [Daoguang Emperor](/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor "Daoguang Emperor") to enforce the imperial ban on the opium trade in [Canton](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou"). His unsuccessful actions, however, precipitated the disastrous [First Opium War](/wiki/First_Opium_War "First Opium War") with Great Britain, and Lin, who had become a scapegoat for China's failure in war, was exiled to the northwestern section of the empire. The [Treaty of Nanjing](/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanjing "Treaty of Nanjing") (1842\), which put an end to the conflict, made Fuzhou (then known to Westerners as Foochow) one of five Chinese [treaty ports](/wiki/Treaty_ports "Treaty ports"), and it became completely open to Western merchants and missionaries.{{Cite web \|title\=Treaty of Nanjing 1842 (original text) \|url\=https://china.usc.edu/treaty\-nanjing\-nanking\-1842 \|access\-date\=2 February 2020 \|website\=US\-China Institute \|archive\-date\=14 March 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314053740/https://china.usc.edu/treaty\-nanjing\-nanking\-1842 \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|title\=Treaty of Nanjing (original document) \|url\=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/china/nanjing.pdf \|access\-date\=2 February 2020 \|website\=Columbia.edu \|archive\-date\=13 January 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113114640/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/china/nanjing.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} [thumb\|The Eastward View of Fuzhou from Black Stone Hill (circa 1880\)\|220x220px](/wiki/File:Foochow_morrison.jpg "Foochow morrison.jpg") Fuzhou was one of the most important [Protestant](/wiki/Protestant "Protestant") mission fields in China. On January 2, 1846, the first Protestant missionary, Rev. [Stephen Johnson (missionary)](/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_%28missionary%29 "Stephen Johnson (missionary)") from [ABCFM](/wiki/ABCFM "ABCFM"), entered the city and soon set up the first missionary station there. ABCFM was followed by the [Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society](/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Missionary_Society "Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society") that was led by Revs. [M. C. White](/wiki/M._C._White "M. C. White") and [J. D. Collins](/wiki/Judson_Dwight_Collins "Judson Dwight Collins"), who reached Fuzhou in early September 1847\. The [Church Missionary Society](/wiki/Church_Missionary_Society "Church Missionary Society") also arrived in the city in May 1850\. These three Protestant agencies remained in Fuzhou until the [communist revolution in China](/wiki/Chinese_Revolution_%281949%29 "Chinese Revolution (1949)") in the 1950s, leaving a rich heritage in Fuzhou's Protestant culture. They supported the creation of hospitals and schools, including the [Woolston Memorial Hospital](/wiki/Woolston_Memorial_Hospital "Woolston Memorial Hospital"), run by the American\-trained [Hü King Eng](/wiki/H%C3%BC_King_Eng "Hü King Eng").\*{{Cite book \|last\=Burton \|first\=Margaret E. \|url\=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14492? \|title\=Notable Women of Modern China \|date\=1912 \|publisher\=Fleming H. Revell \|location\=New York \|page\=42 \|author\-link\=Margaret E. Burton \|access\-date\=2017\-03\-15 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316204232/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14492 \|archive\-date\=2017\-03\-16 \|url\-status\=live}} On August 23, 1884, the [Battle of Fuzhou](/wiki/Battle_of_Fuzhou "Battle of Fuzhou") broke out between the French Far East Fleet and the [Fujian Fleet](/wiki/Fujian_Fleet "Fujian Fleet") of the Qing dynasty. As the result, the Fujian Fleet, one of the four Chinese regional fleets, was destroyed completely in Mawei Harbor.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2019}} ### Republic of China On November 8, 1911, revolutionaries staged an uprising in Fuzhou. After an overnight street battle, the [Qing](/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") army surrendered.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2019}} #### Revolutionary Republic On November 22, 1933, [Eugene Chen](/wiki/Eugene_Chen "Eugene Chen") and the leaders of the [National Revolutionary Army](/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army "National Revolutionary Army")'s 19th Army set up the short\-lived [People's Revolutionary Government of Republican China](/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government "Fujian People's Government").{{zh\|t\=中華共和國人民革命政府\|p\=Zhōnghuá Gònghéguó Rénmín Gémìng Zhèngfǔ\|labels\=no}}, also known as the Fujian People's Revolutionary Government ({{zh\|s\=福建人民革命政府\|labels\=no}}, *Fújiàn Rénmín Zhèngfǔ*). Compare {{zh\|t\=\|中華共和國\|labels\=no}} to the shorter, more ambiguous {{zh\|t\=\|中華民國\|labels\=no}} (*Zhonghua Minguo*, "Folk\-state of China"), which was the one\-party state under [Kuomintang](/wiki/Kuomintang "Kuomintang") leader [Chiang Kai\-shek](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek "Chiang Kai-shek") against which Chen and the 19th rebelled (translated into English nonetheless as the "[Republic of China](/wiki/Republic_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931949%29 "Republic of China (1912–1949)")"). Blockaded by [Chiang Kai\-shek](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek "Chiang Kai-shek") and left without support from the nearby [Soviet Republic of China](/wiki/Soviet_Republic_of_China "Soviet Republic of China"), the PRGRC collapsed within two months.{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=n8sKESnb2HMC \|publisher\=五南圖書出版股份有限公司 \|year\=2002 \|isbn\=978\-957\-11\-2898\-6 \|pages\=440– \|script\-title\=zh:晚清民國史 \|trans\-title\=History of the late Qing and the Republic \|access\-date\=2016\-02\-21 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925211548/http://books.google.com/books?id\=n8sKESnb2HMC \|archive\-date\=2014\-09\-25 \|url\-status\=live}} #### Japanese occupation [thumb\|1924 map of Foochow](/wiki/File:1924_Imperial_Japanese_Railway_Map_of_Foochow_or_Fuzhou%2C_Fujian_Province%2C_China.png "1924 Imperial Japanese Railway Map of Foochow or Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.png") With the outbreak of the [Sino\-Japanese War in 1937](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War "Second Sino-Japanese War"), hostilities commenced in Fujian Province. Xiamen (Amoy) fell to a Japanese landing force on May 13, 1938\. The fall of Amoy instantly threatened the security of Fuzhou. On May 23, Japanese ships bombarded Mei\-Hua, Huang\-chi and Pei\-Chiao while Japanese planes continued to harass Chinese forces. Between May 31 and June 1, Chinese gunboats *Fu\-Ning*, *Chen\-Ning* and *Suming* defending the blockade line in the estuary of the Min River were successively bombed and sunk. Meanwhile, the Chinese ship *Chu\-Tai* berthed at Nan\-Tai was damaged. The Chinese Navy's Harbor Command School, barracks, shipyard, hospital and marine barracks at Ma\-Wei were successively bombed.{{Cite book \|last\=Hu \|first\=Pu\-yu \|title\=A brief history of Sino\-Japanese War (1937–1945\) \|publisher\=Chung Wu Publishing Co. \|year\=1974 \|edition\=1st \|location\=\[\[Taipei]], \[\[Taiwan]] \|page\=142}} Fuzhou is recorded as having fallen to Japanese forces in 1938\.{{Cite book \|last\=Dreyer \|first\=Edward L. \|title\=China at War, 1901–1949 \|publisher\=\[\[Longman]] \|year\=1995 \|isbn\=0\-521480\-01\-9 \|location\=\[\[London]], \[\[New York City]] \|page\=107 \|author\-link\=Edward L. Dreyer}} The extent of Japanese command and control of the city of Fuzhou itself as opposed to the port at Mawei and the Min River Estuary is uncertain. By 1941 (5/7\),{{clarify\|reason\=What is "5/7"? A date? If so, is that 5 July or 7 May? Don't use an ambiguous format \- see \[\[MOS:DATE]]\|date\=January 2022}} the city is recorded as having returned to Nationalist control. The British Consulate in Fuzhou is noted as operational from 1941 to 1944 after the United Kingdom Declaration of War on Japan in December 1941\. Western visitors to Fuzhou in the period 1941–1944 include the Australian journalist [Wilfred Burchett](/wiki/Wilfred_Burchett "Wilfred Burchett") in 1942{{Cite book \|last\=Strahan \|first\=Lachlan \|title\=Australia's China: Changing Perceptions from the 1930s to the 1990s \|publisher\=\[\[Cambridge University Press]] \|year\=1996 \|isbn\=0\-582051\-25\-8 \|location\=\[\[Cambridge]], \[\[New York City]] \|page\=235}} and the British scientist [Joseph Needham](/wiki/Joseph_Needham "Joseph Needham") in May 1944\.{{Cite book \|last\=Winchester \|first\=Simon. \|url\=https://archive.org/details/manwholovedchina00simo\_0/page/143 \|title\=The Man Who Loved China: The Fantastic Story of the Eccentric Scientist Who Unlocked the Mysteries of the Middle Kingdom \|publisher\=\[\[Harper (publisher)\|Harper]] \|year\=2008 \|isbn\=978\-0060884598 \|edition\=1st \|location\=\[\[New York City\|New York]] \|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/manwholovedchina00simo\_0/page/143 143–151] \|author\-link\=Simon Winchester}} Both visitors record the presence of a British Consul and a Fuzhou Club comprising western businessmen. In *The Man Who Loved China: The Fantastic Story of the Eccentric Scientist Who Unlocked the Mysteries of the Middle Kingdom*, author [Simon Winchester](/wiki/Simon_Winchester "Simon Winchester") relates the visit of Dr Needham in 1944\. Needham encountered the American government agent (John Caldwell) and the British SIS agent ([Murray MacLehose](/wiki/Murray_MacLehose "Murray MacLehose") working undercover as the British Vice\-Consul in Fuzhou) involved in aid to the Nationalist resistance to Japanese forces in Fujian Province. As part of [Operation Ichi\-Go](/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go "Operation Ichi-Go") (1944\), the last large\-scale Japanese offensive in China in World War II, Japanese troops intended to isolate Fuzhou and the Fujian Province corridor to Nationalist forces in western China and the wartime capital of Chongqing. One account of Japanese troops re\-taking of Fuzhou city itself is narrated by American naval officer, Houghton Freeman.{{Cite journal \|last\=Smith \|first\=Nancy \|title\=The Freeman Orientation \|url\=http://www.wesleyan.edu/east/mansfieldf/history/freeman5\_buck.html \|journal\=Wesleyan Alumni Magazine \|publisher\=\[\[Wesleyan University]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620070010/http://www.wesleyan.edu/east/mansfieldf/history/freeman5\_buck.html \|archive\-date\=20 June 2010}} The date is given as October 5, 1944\.{{Cite web \|title\=League of Nations Timeline – 1944 \|url\=http://www.indiana.edu/\~league/1944\.htm \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615123043/http://www.indiana.edu/\~league/1944\.htm \|archive\-date\=15 June 2013 \|access\-date\=5 July 2013 \|publisher\=\[\[Indiana University]] \|df\=dmy\-all}} Fuzhou remained under Japanese control until May 18, 1945, months before the atomic bombings. Following the restoration of Republic control (1946\), the administration divisions of Fuzhou were annexed, and administration level was promoted from county\-level to city\-level officially. ### People's Republic of China [thumb\|left\|Map of Fuzhou (labeled as FU\-CHOU (FOOCHOW))](/wiki/File:Txu-oclc-10552568-ng50-8-back.jpg "Txu-oclc-10552568-ng50-8-back.jpg") [thumb\|Foochow Mosque in Fuzhou](/wiki/File:Foochow_Mosque.jpg "Foochow Mosque.jpg") Fuzhou was occupied by the [People's Liberation Army](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army "People's Liberation Army") with little resistance on 17 August 1949\.{{Cite web \|script\-title\=zh:福州有福，完好无损迎来解放 \|url\=http://society.people.com.cn/GB/8217/166875/9942230\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611095554/http://society.people.com.cn/GB/8217/166875/9942230\.html \|archive\-date\=2012\-06\-11 \|access\-date\=2017\-05\-06 \|website\=society.people.com.cn}} In the 1950s, the city was on the front line of the conflict with the [KMT](/wiki/KMT "KMT") in [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan"), as hostile KMT aircraft frequently bombed the city. The bombing on 20 January 1955 was the most serious one, killing hundreds of people.{{Cite web \|date\=2015\-02\-04 \|script\-title\=zh:一·二○”大轰炸60周年 沙县退休职工忆尘封历史 \|url\=http://news.66163\.com/2015\-02\-04/986898\.shtml \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116150709/http://news.66163\.com/2015\-02\-04/986898\.shtml \|archive\-date\=2017\-11\-16 \|access\-date\=2017\-05\-05 \|website\=66163\.com}} Fuzhou was also involved in violent mass chaos during the [Cultural revolution](/wiki/Cultural_revolution "Cultural revolution"). Different groups of [Red Guards](/wiki/Red_Guards_%28China%29 "Red Guards (China)") fought with each other using guns on the streets of the city, and even attacking the People's Liberation Army.{{Cite web \|script\-title\=zh:军队介入平息福州武斗乱局 \|url\=http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/Article/FJYK201203011\.htm \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018074138/http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/Article/FJYK201203011\.htm \|archive\-date\=2017\-10\-18}} Under the [reform and opening](/wiki/Reform_and_opening "Reform and opening") policy since the late 1970s, Fuzhou has developed rapidly. In 1982, Fuzhou became the first city in China where the [stored program control](/wiki/Stored_program_control "Stored program control") was introduced, which marked a milestone in the history of [telecommunications](/wiki/Telecommunications "Telecommunications") in China.{{Cite web \|script\-title\=zh:福州万门程控电话开通25周年纪念专题 \|url\=http://www.cnii.com.cn/20070520/ca429439\.htm}}{{Dead link\|date\=April 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} In 1984, Fuzhou was chosen as one of the first branches of [Open Coastal Cities](/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China "Special economic zones of China") by the Central Government.["Opening to the Outside World"](http://www.china.org.cn/e-china/openingup/sez.htm). {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426221552/http://www.china.org.cn/e\-china/openingup/sez.htm \|date\=2017\-04\-26 }}. China.org.cn In 1990, [Xi Jinping](/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") served as the Secretary of the CPC Fuzhou Municipal Committee. He proposed the [Fuzhou 3820 Project](/wiki/Fuzhou_3820_Project "Fuzhou 3820 Project") to establish Fuzhou as the political economic cultural educational transportation and technological center of Fujian Province and the West Coast Economic Zone of the Taiwan Straits.{{cite news \|title\=Xi's old time in Fuzhou: The people\-centred ‘3820’ project \|url\=https://www.iol.co.za/news/world/xis\-old\-time\-in\-fuzhou\-the\-people\-centred\-3820\-project\-47de432c\-72d0\-44dd\-94ac\-105ac9a10302}} He also planned the development of Fuzhou for the next hundred years. He believed that, with Guangzhou to the south and Shanghai to the north Fuzhou's geographical location was ideal for becoming an international metropolis between the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta. He proposed supporting strategies such as the Fujian\-Zhejiang\-Jiangxi\-Anhui Fuzhou Economic Cooperation Zone the Fuzhou Metropolitan Circle, Maritime Fuzhou the Minjiang Estuary Golden Triangle and a Modern International City as well as the idea of building a high\-speed rail corridor to [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei "Taipei"). Xi Jinping served as the Secretary of the Fuzhou Municipal Committee for more than six years and lived in Fuzhou for nearly thirteen years, developing a deep affection for the city. When he visited Fuzhou again in 2021, he remarked that Fuzhou could make significant contributions to the great rejuvenation and unification of the Chinese nation, noting that the airport in Changle was built to support the city's expansion towards the sea.{{cite news \|title\=Xi Jinping revisits Fuzhou, where he says spent his‘best time' \|url\=https://www.fujian.gov.cn/english/FujianInfo/FujianNews/202103/t20210325\_5556446\.htm}} On December 13, 1993, a raging fire swept through a [textile](/wiki/Textile "Textile") factory in Fuzhou and claimed the lives of 60 workers.[Major Events Across The Taiwan Straits](http://www.mac.gov.tw/english/english/chronology/sce.htm) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428021632/http://www.mac.gov.tw/english/english/chronology/sce.htm \|date\=April 28, 2006 }} On October 2, 2005, floodwaters from [Typhoon Longwang](/wiki/Typhoon_Longwang "Typhoon Longwang") swept away a [military school](/wiki/Military_school "Military school"), killing at least 80 [paramilitary](/wiki/Paramilitary "Paramilitary") officers.
[ "History\n-------", "{{see also\\|Timeline of Fuzhou history}}", "### Pre\\-Qin history (before 221 BC)", "{{see also\\|Yue peoples\\|Minyue}}\nThe remains of two [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic \"Neolithic\") cultures—the Huqiutou Culture ({{lang\\|zh\\-tw\\|虎丘頭文化}}), from around 5000 BC, and the Tanshishan Culture ({{lang\\|zh\\-tw\\|曇石山文化}}), from around 3000 BC—have been discovered and excavated in the Fuzhou area. During the [Warring States period](/wiki/Warring_States_period \"Warring States period\") (c. 475–221 BC), Chinese began referring to the modern Fujian area as **Min Yue** ({{lang\\|zh\\-hans\\|閩越}}), suggesting that the native inhabitants of the area were a branch of the [Yue peoples](/wiki/Yue_peoples \"Yue peoples\"), a diverse population of non\\-Chinese tribes who once inhabited most of southern China.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Xu Xiaowang ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hant\\|徐曉望}} \\|publisher\\=Fujian People's Press ({{lang\\|zh\\|福建人民出版社}}) \\|year\\=2006 \\|script\\-title\\=zh:福建通史}} In 306 BC, the [Yue Kingdom](/wiki/Yue_%28state%29 \"Yue (state)\") (present\\-day [Zhejiang](/wiki/Zhejiang \"Zhejiang\")) fell to the [state of Chu](/wiki/Chu_%28state%29 \"Chu (state)\"). [Han dynasty](/wiki/Han_dynasty \"Han dynasty\") historian [Sima Qian](/wiki/Sima_Qian \"Sima Qian\") wrote that the surviving members of the Yue royal family fled south to what is now Fujian, where they settled alongside the native Yue people, joining Chinese and Yue culture to create Minyue.*[Records of the Grand Historian](/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian \"Records of the Grand Historian\")*, *{{transl\\|zh\\|Yue Wang Goujian Shijia}}* {{lang\\|zh\\|越王勾踐世家}}.", "### Qin and Han dynasties (221 BC – AD 206\\)", "{{main\\|Southward expansion of the Han dynasty\\|Qin campaign against the Yue tribes}}\nThe [First Emperor of Qin](/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang \"Qin Shi Huang\") unified ancient China in 221 BC and desired to bring the southern and southeast regions under Chinese rule. The Qin dynasty organized its territory into \"Commanderies\" ({{zh\\|c\\=郡\\|p\\=jùn\\|links\\=no}})—roughly equivalent to a province or prefecture—and the Fujian area was organized as Minzhong Commandery ({{lang\\|zh\\-hans\\|閩中郡}}). The area seems to have continued mostly independent of Chinese control for the next century. The [Han dynasty](/wiki/Han_dynasty \"Han dynasty\") followed the short\\-lived Qin, and [Emperor Gaozu of Han](/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han \"Emperor Gaozu of Han\") declared both Minyue and neighboring [Nanyue](/wiki/Nanyue \"Nanyue\") to be autonomous vassal kingdoms. In 202 BC, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed a leader named Wuzhu ({{lang\\|zh\\-hans\\|無諸}}; [Old Chinese](/wiki/Old_Chinese \"Old Chinese\"): *{{transl\\|zh\\|Matya}}*) as King of Minyue, and a walled city called Ye ({{lang\\|zh\\|冶}}; Old Chinese: *{{transl\\|zh\\|Lya}}*; literally: Beautiful) was built. The founding of Ye in 202 BC has become the traditional founding date of the city of Fuzhou.", "In 110 BC, the armies of [Emperor Wu of Han](/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han \"Emperor Wu of Han\") defeated the Minyue kingdom's armies during the [Han–Minyue War](/wiki/Han_campaigns_against_Minyue \"Han campaigns against Minyue\") and annexed its territory and people into China.{{sfn\\|Yu\\|1986\\|p\\=456}} Many Minyue citizens were forcibly relocated into the [Jianghuai](/wiki/Jianghuai \"Jianghuai\") area, and the Yue ethnic group was mostly assimilated into the Chinese, causing a sharp decline in Ye's inhabitants. The area was eventually re\\-organized as a county in 85 BC.", "### Three Kingdoms to Sui dynasty (200–618\\)", "During the [Three Kingdoms period](/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_period \"Three Kingdoms period\"), southeast China was nominally under the control of [Eastern Wu](/wiki/Eastern_Wu \"Eastern Wu\"), and the Fuzhou area had a shipyard for the coastal and [Yangtze River](/wiki/Yangtze_River \"Yangtze River\") fleets. In 282, during the [Jin dynasty](/wiki/Jin_dynasty_%28265%E2%80%93420%29 \"Jin dynasty (265–420)\"), two artificial lakes known simply as the East Lake and West Lake were constructed in Ye, as well as a canal system. The core of modern Fuzhou grew around these three water systems, though the East and West Lakes no longer exist. In 308, during the [War of the Eight Princes](/wiki/War_of_the_Eight_Princes \"War of the Eight Princes\") at the end of the Jin dynasty, the first large\\-scale migration of Chinese immigrants moved to the south and southeast of China began, followed by subsequent waves during later periods of warfare or natural disaster in the [Chinese heartland](/wiki/Central_Plain_%28China%29 \"Central Plain (China)\"). The administrative and economic center of the Fujian area was still the Ye area during the Sui dynasty (581–618\\).{{cite web \\|title\\=“闽都”说 \\|url\\=https://www.fuzhou.gov.cn/zgfzzt/zjrc/mdfc/lswh/201104/t20110406\\_129357\\.htm \\|website\\=fuzhou gov}}", "### Tang to the ten kingdoms era (618–960\\)", "In 725, the city was formally renamed \"Fuzhou\". Throughout the mid\\-[Tang dynasty](/wiki/Tang_dynasty \"Tang dynasty\"), Fuzhou's economic and cultural institutions grew and developed. The later years of the Tang saw a number of political upheavals in the Chinese heartland such as the [An Lushan Rebellion](/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion \"An Lushan Rebellion\") and [Huang Chao](/wiki/Huang_Chao \"Huang Chao\") Rebellion, prompting another wave of northerners to immigrate to the modern\\-day [Northern Min](/wiki/Northern_Min \"Northern Min\") and [Eastern Min](/wiki/Eastern_Min \"Eastern Min\") areas. In 879, a large part of the city was captured by the army of [Huang Chao](/wiki/Huang_Chao \"Huang Chao\") during their rebellion against the Tang government. In 893, the warlord brothers [Wang Chao](/wiki/Wang_Chao_%28Tang_dynasty%29 \"Wang Chao (Tang dynasty)\") and Wang Shenzhi captured Fuzhou in a rebellion against the Tang dynasty, successfully gaining control of the entire Fujian Province and eventually proclaiming their founding of an independent kingdom they called the [Min Kingdom](/wiki/Min_%28Ten_Kingdoms%29 \"Min (Ten Kingdoms)\") in 909\\. The Wang brothers enticed more immigrants from the north, though their kingdom only survived until 945\\. In 978, Fuzhou was incorporated into the newly founded [Song dynasty](/wiki/Song_dynasty \"Song dynasty\"), though their control of the mountainous regions was tenuous.", "Fuzhou prospered during the Tang dynasty. [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\") was quickly adopted by citizens who quickly built many Buddhist temples in the area.", "### Song era (960–1279\\)", "Fuzhou underwent a major dramatic surge in its refined culture and educational institutions throughout the [Song dynasty](/wiki/Song_dynasty \"Song dynasty\") as Fuzhou produced 10 Fuzhounese [zhuangyuan](/wiki/Zhuangyuan \"Zhuangyuan\") scholars (scholar who is ranked the top first place in the imperial examinations), a large number for a city in the country during that dynasty.", "The \"Hualin\" Temple ({{lang\\|zh\\-hant\\|華林寺}}, not to be confused with the temple of the same name in [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\")), founded in 964, is one of the oldest and surviving wooden structures in China. New city walls were built in 282, 901, 905, and 974, so the city had many layers of walls – more so than the Chinese capital. [Emperor Taizong](/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Song \"Emperor Taizong of Song\") of the [Song dynasty](/wiki/Song_dynasty \"Song dynasty\") ordered the destruction of all the walls in Fuzhou in 978 but new walls were rebuilt later. The latest was built in 1371\\. During the [Southern Song dynasty](/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty \"Southern Song dynasty\"), Fuzhou became more prosperous; many scholars came to live and work. Among them were [Zhu Xi](/wiki/Zhu_Xi \"Zhu Xi\"), the most celebrated Chinese philosopher after [Confucius](/wiki/Confucius \"Confucius\"), and [Xin Qiji](/wiki/Xin_Qiji \"Xin Qiji\"), the greatest composer of the [ci](/wiki/Ci_%28poetry%29 \"Ci (poetry)\") form of poetry.", "[Marco Polo](/wiki/Marco_Polo \"Marco Polo\"), an Italian guest of the Emperor [Kubilai](/wiki/Kubilai \"Kubilai\"), [transcribed](/wiki/Transcription_%28linguistics%29 \"Transcription (linguistics)\"), after the conventions of [Italian orthography](/wiki/Italian_language \"Italian language\"), the place name as *Fugiu*. This was not the local [Min](/wiki/Min_Chinese \"Min Chinese\") pronunciation but that of the [mandarin](/wiki/Mandarin_%28bureaucrat%29 \"Mandarin (bureaucrat)\") administrative class.", "According to [Odoric of Pordenone](/wiki/Odoric_of_Pordenone \"Odoric of Pordenone\"), Fuzhou had the biggest chickens in the world.{{sfn\\|Yule\\|2002\\|p\\=124}}", "### Ming dynasty (1368–1644\\)", "Between 1405 and 1433, a fleet of the [Ming Imperial](/wiki/Ming_dynasty \"Ming dynasty\") navy under Admiral [Zheng He](/wiki/Zheng_He \"Zheng He\") sailed from Fuzhou to the [Indian Ocean](/wiki/Indian_Ocean \"Indian Ocean\") seven times; on three occasions the fleet landed on the east coast of Africa. Before the last sailing, Zheng erected a [stele](/wiki/Stele \"Stele\") dedicated to the goddess [Tian\\-Fei](/wiki/Matsu_%28goddess%29 \"Matsu (goddess)\") (Matsu) near the [seaport](/wiki/Seaport \"Seaport\").", "The Ming government gave a monopoly over [Philippine](/wiki/Philippine \"Philippine\") trade to Fuzhou, which at times was shared with [Quanzhou](/wiki/Quanzhou \"Quanzhou\").{{Cite book \\|last\\=Jacques Gernet \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern\\_0 \\|title\\=A history of Chinese civilization \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|year\\=1996 \\|isbn\\=0\\-521\\-49781\\-7 \\|edition\\=2, illustrated, revised \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern\\_0/page/420 420] \\|quote\\=Foochow was reserved for trade with the Philippines (a similar role had been assumed by Ch'iian\\- chou between 1368 and 1374 and again after 1403 in the Yung\\-le era) \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2011 \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}", "[Galeote Pereira](/wiki/Galeote_Pereira \"Galeote Pereira\"), a Portuguese soldier and trader, was taken prisoner during the [pirate extermination campaign](/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids \"Jiajing wokou raids\") of 1549 and imprisoned in Fuzhou. Later transferred to a form of [internal exile](/wiki/Exile%23Personal_exile \"Exile#Personal exile\") elsewhere in the province, Pereira escaped to [Langbaijiao](/wiki/Langbaijiao \"Langbaijiao\") in 1553\\. The record of his experiences in the Ming Empire, logged by the [Jesuits](/wiki/Jesuit \"Jesuit\") at [Goa](/wiki/Goa \"Goa\") in 1561, was the first non\\-clerical account of China to reach the West since [Marco Polo](/wiki/Marco_Polo \"Marco Polo\").Spence, Jonathan D., *The Chan's Great Continent: China in Western Minds*, 1999, W. W. Norton \\& Company, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-393\\-31989\\-7}}, pp.20–21", "The [Ryukyu Kingdom](/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom \"Ryukyu Kingdom\") established [an embassy](/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB-kan \"Ryūkyū-kan\") in Fuzhou.", "### Qing dynasty (1644–1912\\)", "[thumb\\|[Fuzhou Arsenal](/wiki/Fuzhou_Arsenal \"Fuzhou Arsenal\") in Fuzhou, 1870s](/wiki/File:FOOCHOW_ARSENAL.jpg \"FOOCHOW ARSENAL.jpg\")\nIn 1839, [Lin Zexu](/wiki/Lin_Zexu \"Lin Zexu\"), who himself was a Fuzhou native, was appointed by the [Daoguang Emperor](/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor \"Daoguang Emperor\") to enforce the imperial ban on the opium trade in [Canton](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\"). His unsuccessful actions, however, precipitated the disastrous [First Opium War](/wiki/First_Opium_War \"First Opium War\") with Great Britain, and Lin, who had become a scapegoat for China's failure in war, was exiled to the northwestern section of the empire. The [Treaty of Nanjing](/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanjing \"Treaty of Nanjing\") (1842\\), which put an end to the conflict, made Fuzhou (then known to Westerners as Foochow) one of five Chinese [treaty ports](/wiki/Treaty_ports \"Treaty ports\"), and it became completely open to Western merchants and missionaries.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Treaty of Nanjing 1842 (original text) \\|url\\=https://china.usc.edu/treaty\\-nanjing\\-nanking\\-1842 \\|access\\-date\\=2 February 2020 \\|website\\=US\\-China Institute \\|archive\\-date\\=14 March 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314053740/https://china.usc.edu/treaty\\-nanjing\\-nanking\\-1842 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Treaty of Nanjing (original document) \\|url\\=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/china/nanjing.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=2 February 2020 \\|website\\=Columbia.edu \\|archive\\-date\\=13 January 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113114640/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/china/nanjing.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n[thumb\\|The Eastward View of Fuzhou from Black Stone Hill (circa 1880\\)\\|220x220px](/wiki/File:Foochow_morrison.jpg \"Foochow morrison.jpg\")", "Fuzhou was one of the most important [Protestant](/wiki/Protestant \"Protestant\") mission fields in China. On January 2, 1846, the first Protestant missionary, Rev. [Stephen Johnson (missionary)](/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_%28missionary%29 \"Stephen Johnson (missionary)\") from [ABCFM](/wiki/ABCFM \"ABCFM\"), entered the city and soon set up the first missionary station there. ABCFM was followed by the [Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society](/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Missionary_Society \"Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society\") that was led by Revs. [M. C. White](/wiki/M._C._White \"M. C. White\") and [J. D. Collins](/wiki/Judson_Dwight_Collins \"Judson Dwight Collins\"), who reached Fuzhou in early September 1847\\. The [Church Missionary Society](/wiki/Church_Missionary_Society \"Church Missionary Society\") also arrived in the city in May 1850\\. These three Protestant agencies remained in Fuzhou until the [communist revolution in China](/wiki/Chinese_Revolution_%281949%29 \"Chinese Revolution (1949)\") in the 1950s, leaving a rich heritage in Fuzhou's Protestant culture. They supported the creation of hospitals and schools, including the [Woolston Memorial Hospital](/wiki/Woolston_Memorial_Hospital \"Woolston Memorial Hospital\"), run by the American\\-trained [Hü King Eng](/wiki/H%C3%BC_King_Eng \"Hü King Eng\").\\*{{Cite book \\|last\\=Burton \\|first\\=Margaret E. \\|url\\=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14492? \\|title\\=Notable Women of Modern China \\|date\\=1912 \\|publisher\\=Fleming H. Revell \\|location\\=New York \\|page\\=42 \\|author\\-link\\=Margaret E. Burton \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-03\\-15 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316204232/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14492 \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-03\\-16 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On August 23, 1884, the [Battle of Fuzhou](/wiki/Battle_of_Fuzhou \"Battle of Fuzhou\") broke out between the French Far East Fleet and the [Fujian Fleet](/wiki/Fujian_Fleet \"Fujian Fleet\") of the Qing dynasty. As the result, the Fujian Fleet, one of the four Chinese regional fleets, was destroyed completely in Mawei Harbor.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2019}}", "### Republic of China", "On November 8, 1911, revolutionaries staged an uprising in Fuzhou. After an overnight street battle, the [Qing](/wiki/Qing_dynasty \"Qing dynasty\") army surrendered.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2019}}", "#### Revolutionary Republic", "On November 22, 1933, [Eugene Chen](/wiki/Eugene_Chen \"Eugene Chen\") and the leaders of the [National Revolutionary Army](/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army \"National Revolutionary Army\")'s 19th Army set up the short\\-lived [People's Revolutionary Government of Republican China](/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government \"Fujian People's Government\").{{zh\\|t\\=中華共和國人民革命政府\\|p\\=Zhōnghuá Gònghéguó Rénmín Gémìng Zhèngfǔ\\|labels\\=no}}, also known as the Fujian People's Revolutionary Government ({{zh\\|s\\=福建人民革命政府\\|labels\\=no}}, *Fújiàn Rénmín Zhèngfǔ*). Compare {{zh\\|t\\=\\|中華共和國\\|labels\\=no}} to the shorter, more ambiguous {{zh\\|t\\=\\|中華民國\\|labels\\=no}} (*Zhonghua Minguo*, \"Folk\\-state of China\"), which was the one\\-party state under [Kuomintang](/wiki/Kuomintang \"Kuomintang\") leader [Chiang Kai\\-shek](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek \"Chiang Kai-shek\") against which Chen and the 19th rebelled (translated into English nonetheless as the \"[Republic of China](/wiki/Republic_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931949%29 \"Republic of China (1912–1949)\")\"). Blockaded by [Chiang Kai\\-shek](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek \"Chiang Kai-shek\") and left without support from the nearby [Soviet Republic of China](/wiki/Soviet_Republic_of_China \"Soviet Republic of China\"), the PRGRC collapsed within two months.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=n8sKESnb2HMC \\|publisher\\=五南圖書出版股份有限公司 \\|year\\=2002 \\|isbn\\=978\\-957\\-11\\-2898\\-6 \\|pages\\=440– \\|script\\-title\\=zh:晚清民國史 \\|trans\\-title\\=History of the late Qing and the Republic \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-02\\-21 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925211548/http://books.google.com/books?id\\=n8sKESnb2HMC \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-09\\-25 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "#### Japanese occupation", "[thumb\\|1924 map of Foochow](/wiki/File:1924_Imperial_Japanese_Railway_Map_of_Foochow_or_Fuzhou%2C_Fujian_Province%2C_China.png \"1924 Imperial Japanese Railway Map of Foochow or Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.png\")\nWith the outbreak of the [Sino\\-Japanese War in 1937](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War \"Second Sino-Japanese War\"), hostilities commenced in Fujian Province. Xiamen (Amoy) fell to a Japanese landing force on May 13, 1938\\. The fall of Amoy instantly threatened the security of Fuzhou. On May 23, Japanese ships bombarded Mei\\-Hua, Huang\\-chi and Pei\\-Chiao while Japanese planes continued to harass Chinese forces. Between May 31 and June 1, Chinese gunboats *Fu\\-Ning*, *Chen\\-Ning* and *Suming* defending the blockade line in the estuary of the Min River were successively bombed and sunk. Meanwhile, the Chinese ship *Chu\\-Tai* berthed at Nan\\-Tai was damaged. The Chinese Navy's Harbor Command School, barracks, shipyard, hospital and marine barracks at Ma\\-Wei were successively bombed.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Hu \\|first\\=Pu\\-yu \\|title\\=A brief history of Sino\\-Japanese War (1937–1945\\) \\|publisher\\=Chung Wu Publishing Co. \\|year\\=1974 \\|edition\\=1st \\|location\\=\\[\\[Taipei]], \\[\\[Taiwan]] \\|page\\=142}} Fuzhou is recorded as having fallen to Japanese forces in 1938\\.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Dreyer \\|first\\=Edward L. \\|title\\=China at War, 1901–1949 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Longman]] \\|year\\=1995 \\|isbn\\=0\\-521480\\-01\\-9 \\|location\\=\\[\\[London]], \\[\\[New York City]] \\|page\\=107 \\|author\\-link\\=Edward L. Dreyer}}", "The extent of Japanese command and control of the city of Fuzhou itself as opposed to the port at Mawei and the Min River Estuary is uncertain. By 1941 (5/7\\),{{clarify\\|reason\\=What is \"5/7\"? A date? If so, is that 5 July or 7 May? Don't use an ambiguous format \\- see \\[\\[MOS:DATE]]\\|date\\=January 2022}} the city is recorded as having returned to Nationalist control. The British Consulate in Fuzhou is noted as operational from 1941 to 1944 after the United Kingdom Declaration of War on Japan in December 1941\\. Western visitors to Fuzhou in the period 1941–1944 include the Australian journalist [Wilfred Burchett](/wiki/Wilfred_Burchett \"Wilfred Burchett\") in 1942{{Cite book \\|last\\=Strahan \\|first\\=Lachlan \\|title\\=Australia's China: Changing Perceptions from the 1930s to the 1990s \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cambridge University Press]] \\|year\\=1996 \\|isbn\\=0\\-582051\\-25\\-8 \\|location\\=\\[\\[Cambridge]], \\[\\[New York City]] \\|page\\=235}} and the British scientist [Joseph Needham](/wiki/Joseph_Needham \"Joseph Needham\") in May 1944\\.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Winchester \\|first\\=Simon. \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/manwholovedchina00simo\\_0/page/143 \\|title\\=The Man Who Loved China: The Fantastic Story of the Eccentric Scientist Who Unlocked the Mysteries of the Middle Kingdom \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Harper (publisher)\\|Harper]] \\|year\\=2008 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0060884598 \\|edition\\=1st \\|location\\=\\[\\[New York City\\|New York]] \\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/manwholovedchina00simo\\_0/page/143 143–151] \\|author\\-link\\=Simon Winchester}} Both visitors record the presence of a British Consul and a Fuzhou Club comprising western businessmen.", "In *The Man Who Loved China: The Fantastic Story of the Eccentric Scientist Who Unlocked the Mysteries of the Middle Kingdom*, author [Simon Winchester](/wiki/Simon_Winchester \"Simon Winchester\") relates the visit of Dr Needham in 1944\\. Needham encountered the American government agent (John Caldwell) and the British SIS agent ([Murray MacLehose](/wiki/Murray_MacLehose \"Murray MacLehose\") working undercover as the British Vice\\-Consul in Fuzhou) involved in aid to the Nationalist resistance to Japanese forces in Fujian Province.", "As part of [Operation Ichi\\-Go](/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go \"Operation Ichi-Go\") (1944\\), the last large\\-scale Japanese offensive in China in World War II, Japanese troops intended to isolate Fuzhou and the Fujian Province corridor to Nationalist forces in western China and the wartime capital of Chongqing. One account of Japanese troops re\\-taking of Fuzhou city itself is narrated by American naval officer, Houghton Freeman.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Smith \\|first\\=Nancy \\|title\\=The Freeman Orientation \\|url\\=http://www.wesleyan.edu/east/mansfieldf/history/freeman5\\_buck.html \\|journal\\=Wesleyan Alumni Magazine \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Wesleyan University]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620070010/http://www.wesleyan.edu/east/mansfieldf/history/freeman5\\_buck.html \\|archive\\-date\\=20 June 2010}} The date is given as October 5, 1944\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=League of Nations Timeline – 1944 \\|url\\=http://www.indiana.edu/\\~league/1944\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615123043/http://www.indiana.edu/\\~league/1944\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2013 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Indiana University]] \\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}", "Fuzhou remained under Japanese control until May 18, 1945, months before the atomic bombings.", "Following the restoration of Republic control (1946\\), the administration divisions of Fuzhou were annexed, and administration level was promoted from county\\-level to city\\-level officially.", "### People's Republic of China", "[thumb\\|left\\|Map of Fuzhou (labeled as FU\\-CHOU (FOOCHOW))](/wiki/File:Txu-oclc-10552568-ng50-8-back.jpg \"Txu-oclc-10552568-ng50-8-back.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Foochow Mosque in Fuzhou](/wiki/File:Foochow_Mosque.jpg \"Foochow Mosque.jpg\")\nFuzhou was occupied by the [People's Liberation Army](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army \"People's Liberation Army\") with little resistance on 17 August 1949\\.{{Cite web \\|script\\-title\\=zh:福州有福，完好无损迎来解放 \\|url\\=http://society.people.com.cn/GB/8217/166875/9942230\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611095554/http://society.people.com.cn/GB/8217/166875/9942230\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-11 \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-05\\-06 \\|website\\=society.people.com.cn}} In the 1950s, the city was on the front line of the conflict with the [KMT](/wiki/KMT \"KMT\") in [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\"), as hostile KMT aircraft frequently bombed the city. The bombing on 20 January 1955 was the most serious one, killing hundreds of people.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-02\\-04 \\|script\\-title\\=zh:一·二○”大轰炸60周年 沙县退休职工忆尘封历史 \\|url\\=http://news.66163\\.com/2015\\-02\\-04/986898\\.shtml \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116150709/http://news.66163\\.com/2015\\-02\\-04/986898\\.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-16 \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-05\\-05 \\|website\\=66163\\.com}}", "Fuzhou was also involved in violent mass chaos during the [Cultural revolution](/wiki/Cultural_revolution \"Cultural revolution\"). Different groups of [Red Guards](/wiki/Red_Guards_%28China%29 \"Red Guards (China)\") fought with each other using guns on the streets of the city, and even attacking the People's Liberation Army.{{Cite web \\|script\\-title\\=zh:军队介入平息福州武斗乱局 \\|url\\=http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/Article/FJYK201203011\\.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018074138/http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/Article/FJYK201203011\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-10\\-18}}", "Under the [reform and opening](/wiki/Reform_and_opening \"Reform and opening\") policy since the late 1970s, Fuzhou has developed rapidly. In 1982, Fuzhou became the first city in China where the [stored program control](/wiki/Stored_program_control \"Stored program control\") was introduced, which marked a milestone in the history of [telecommunications](/wiki/Telecommunications \"Telecommunications\") in China.{{Cite web \\|script\\-title\\=zh:福州万门程控电话开通25周年纪念专题 \\|url\\=http://www.cnii.com.cn/20070520/ca429439\\.htm}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} In 1984, Fuzhou was chosen as one of the first branches of [Open Coastal Cities](/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China \"Special economic zones of China\") by the Central Government.[\"Opening to the Outside World\"](http://www.china.org.cn/e-china/openingup/sez.htm). {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426221552/http://www.china.org.cn/e\\-china/openingup/sez.htm \\|date\\=2017\\-04\\-26 }}. China.org.cn", "In 1990, [Xi Jinping](/wiki/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\") served as the Secretary of the CPC Fuzhou Municipal Committee. He proposed the [Fuzhou 3820 Project](/wiki/Fuzhou_3820_Project \"Fuzhou 3820 Project\") to establish Fuzhou as the political economic cultural educational transportation and technological center of Fujian Province and the West Coast Economic Zone of the Taiwan Straits.{{cite news \\|title\\=Xi's old time in Fuzhou: The people\\-centred ‘3820’ project \\|url\\=https://www.iol.co.za/news/world/xis\\-old\\-time\\-in\\-fuzhou\\-the\\-people\\-centred\\-3820\\-project\\-47de432c\\-72d0\\-44dd\\-94ac\\-105ac9a10302}} He also planned the development of Fuzhou for the next hundred years. He believed that, with Guangzhou to the south and Shanghai to the north Fuzhou's geographical location was ideal for becoming an international metropolis between the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta. He proposed supporting strategies such as the Fujian\\-Zhejiang\\-Jiangxi\\-Anhui Fuzhou Economic Cooperation Zone the Fuzhou Metropolitan Circle, Maritime Fuzhou the Minjiang Estuary Golden Triangle and a Modern International City as well as the idea of building a high\\-speed rail corridor to [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei \"Taipei\"). Xi Jinping served as the Secretary of the Fuzhou Municipal Committee for more than six years and lived in Fuzhou for nearly thirteen years, developing a deep affection for the city. When he visited Fuzhou again in 2021, he remarked that Fuzhou could make significant contributions to the great rejuvenation and unification of the Chinese nation, noting that the airport in Changle was built to support the city's expansion towards the sea.{{cite news \\|title\\=Xi Jinping revisits Fuzhou, where he says spent his‘best time' \\|url\\=https://www.fujian.gov.cn/english/FujianInfo/FujianNews/202103/t20210325\\_5556446\\.htm}}", "On December 13, 1993, a raging fire swept through a [textile](/wiki/Textile \"Textile\") factory in Fuzhou and claimed the lives of 60 workers.[Major Events Across The Taiwan Straits](http://www.mac.gov.tw/english/english/chronology/sce.htm) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428021632/http://www.mac.gov.tw/english/english/chronology/sce.htm \\|date\\=April 28, 2006 }}", "On October 2, 2005, floodwaters from [Typhoon Longwang](/wiki/Typhoon_Longwang \"Typhoon Longwang\") swept away a [military school](/wiki/Military_school \"Military school\"), killing at least 80 [paramilitary](/wiki/Paramilitary \"Paramilitary\") officers.", "" ]
Culture ------- [thumb\|"Banyan King" in Fuzhou National Forest Park ({{lang\|zh\-hans\|福州國家森林公園}}).](/wiki/File:Banyan_King%2C_Fuzhou.JPG "Banyan King, Fuzhou.JPG") [right\|thumb\|Traditional Fuzhounese architetcure](/wiki/File:Zuohai_Park_North_Gate.jpg "Zuohai Park North Gate.jpg") The culture of Fuzhou is distinct from the mainstream inland cultures of central China, and in details vary from other areas of the Chinese coast. ### Language and art Besides [Mandarin Chinese](/wiki/Standard_Chinese "Standard Chinese"), the majority local residents of Fuzhou ([Fuzhou people](/wiki/Fuzhou_people "Fuzhou people")) also speak [Fuzhounese](/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect "Fuzhou dialect") ({{lang\|zh\-hant\|福州話}}), the prestige form of [Eastern Min](/wiki/Eastern_Min "Eastern Min"). [Min opera](/wiki/Min_opera "Min opera"), also known as Fuzhou drama, is one of the major [operas](/wiki/Operas "Operas") in [Fujian](/wiki/Fujian "Fujian") Province. It enjoys popularity in the Fuzhou area and in neighboring parts of Fujian such as the northeast and northwest areas where the Fuzhou language is spoken, as well as in [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") and the [Malay Archipelago](/wiki/Malay_Archipelago "Malay Archipelago"). It became a fixed opera in the early 20th century. There are more than 1,000 plays of Min opera, most of which originate from folk tales, historical novels, or ancient legends, including such traditional plays as "Making Seal", "The Purple Jade Hairpin" and "Switching Fairy Peach with Litchi".{{Cite web \|title\=Min Opera \|url\=http://arts.cultural\-china.com/en/87Arts251\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525100747/http://arts.cultural\-china.com/en/87Arts251\.html \|archive\-date\=2012\-05\-25 \|website\=cultural\-china.com}} ### Religion [thumb\|right\|[Christ Church](/wiki/Christ_Church%2C_Cangxia "Christ Church, Cangxia") in Fuzhou used to be the cathedral of the Diocese of Fukien within the [Anglican Church in China](/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_China "Anglican Church in China") before the PRC.](/wiki/File:Cangxia_church.JPG "Cangxia church.JPG") The two traditional mainstream religions practiced in Fuzhou are [Mahayana Buddhism](/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism "Mahayana Buddhism") and [Taoism](/wiki/Taoism "Taoism"). Traditionally, many people practice both religions simultaneously. The city is also home to many Buddhist monasteries, Taoist temples and Buddhist monks. Apart from mainstream religions, a number of religious worship sites of various local religions are situated in the streets and lanes of Fuzhou. The origins of local religion can be dated back centuries. These diverse religions incorporated elements such as gods and doctrines from other religions and cultures, such as totem worship and traditional legends. For example, [Monkey King](/wiki/Monkey_King "Monkey King"), originated to monkey worship among local ancients, gradually came to embody the God of Wealth in Fuzhou after the novel *[Journey to the West](/wiki/Journey_to_the_West "Journey to the West")* was issued in [Ming dynasty](/wiki/Ming_dynasty "Ming dynasty"). As the most popular religion in the Min River Valley, the worship of [Lady Linshui](/wiki/Lady_Linshui "Lady Linshui") is viewed as one of the three most influential local religions in Fujian, the other two being the worship of [Mazu](/wiki/Mazu_%28goddess%29 "Mazu (goddess)") and [Baosheng Dadi](/wiki/Baosheng_Dadi "Baosheng Dadi") ({{lang\|zh\|保生大帝}}). ### Local cuisine [thumb\|Fuzhou's local dish *Litchi Pork* ({{lang\|zh\|荔枝肉}}), famous for its sweet and sour flavor](/wiki/File:Litchi_Pork.jpg "Litchi Pork.jpg") [Fuzhou cuisine](/wiki/Fuzhou_cuisine "Fuzhou cuisine") is most notably one of the four traditional cooking styles of [Fujian cuisine](/wiki/Fujian_cuisine "Fujian cuisine"), which in turn is one of the eight Chinese regional cuisines. Dishes are light but flavorful, with particular emphasis on [umami taste](/wiki/Umami_taste "Umami taste"), known in Chinese cooking as *xianwei* ({{zh\|t\=鮮味 \|s\=鲜味\|hp\=xiānwèi\|links\=no}}), as well as retaining the original flavor of the main ingredients instead of masking them. In Fuzhou cuisine, the taste is light compared to that of some other Chinese cooking styles, and often have a mixed sweet and sour taste. Soup, served as an indispensable dish in meals, is cooked in various ways with local seasonal fresh vegetables and seafood and often added with local cooking wine ({{lang\|zh\|福建老酒}}). Fuzhou is famous for its street food and snacks. Some notable street food dishes include Fuzhou fish balls ({{lang\|zh\-Hant\|魚丸}}), meat\-pastry dumplings ({{lang\|zh\|扁肉燕}}), oyster cake (海蛎饼), rice scroll soup ({{lang\|zh\-Hant\|鼎邊糊}}), guong bian ({{lang\|zh\-Hant\|光餅}}; a kind of mildly savory pastry), Buddha Jumps over the Wall (佛跳墙), and pork floss ({{lang\|zh\-Hant\|肉鬆}}). Many of these street food dishes have a long history and their own local legend; an example would be the oyster cake, according Fuzhou local folklore, in the early Qing dynasty, there was a young man who inherited his father's dim sum business, despite all his hard works, he only managed to earn enough money to feed himself, not enough to raise and feed a family of his own. One night, he dreamt of a silver\-haired elderly man, who told him that he has very good fortune, the young man then asked him what he can do to obtain good luck, the elderly man then floated away. That's when the young man notice the setting moon, and after the moon sank under the clouds, rose from the east a golden sun, he was inspired by the dream and invented oyster cake, which is white like the moon before being lowered into hot grease and coming out golden as the morning sun. According to the legend, after the young man made a fortune out of his invention and his oyster cake was imitated by many others, which was passed down till this day. another example of a Fuzhou street food with a long history is rice scroll soup, which became popular in Fuzhou in the early part of the Qing dynasty. As more Fuzhou residents settled overseas, Fuzhou dishes spread to Taiwan, Southeast Asia and the U.S.. For example, one is able to find guong bian and Fuzhou fish balls in Sitiawan in Ipoh, Malaysia while Fuzhou fish balls, meat\-pastry dumplings and rice scroll soup can be found in New York's Chinatown. Fuzhou residents also enjoy eating festival foods during traditional Chinese holidays. For example, red and white rice cakes ({{lang\|zh\|年糕}}) are served over Chinese New Year, tangyuan{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2023}} (汤圆) during the Lantern Festival, [zongzi](/wiki/Zongzi "Zongzi") ({{lang\|zh\|粽子}}) during the Dragon Boat Festival, and sweet soy bean powder\-covered plain yuanxiao over the winter solstice. Olive juice is also a much sought\-after refreshment. Ganlanzhi (橄榄汁) is cloudy and light yellowish\-green in color. Olive trees grown on the Canarium album tree in Fuzhou since the Tang dynasty, it was even approved as a trademark with geographic indication by China in 2010\. Not found elsewhere in China, ganlanzhi (橄榄汁) is also a reminder of the many regional differences in China when it comes to food. ### Special crafts Bodiless lacquerware ({{lang\|zh\-hans\|脫胎漆器}}), [paper umbrellas](/wiki/Oil-paper_umbrella "Oil-paper umbrella") and horn combs ({{lang\|zh\-hans\|角梳}}) are the "Three Treasures" of Fuzhou traditional arts. In addition, bodiless lacquerware, together with cork pictures ({{lang\|zh\-hans\|軟木畫}}) and Shoushan stone sculptures ({{lang\|zh\-hans\|壽山石雕}}) are called "Three Superexcellences" of Fuzhou.
[ "Culture\n-------", "[thumb\\|\"Banyan King\" in Fuzhou National Forest Park ({{lang\\|zh\\-hans\\|福州國家森林公園}}).](/wiki/File:Banyan_King%2C_Fuzhou.JPG \"Banyan King, Fuzhou.JPG\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|Traditional Fuzhounese architetcure](/wiki/File:Zuohai_Park_North_Gate.jpg \"Zuohai Park North Gate.jpg\")", "The culture of Fuzhou is distinct from the mainstream inland cultures of central China, and in details vary from other areas of the Chinese coast.", "### Language and art", "Besides [Mandarin Chinese](/wiki/Standard_Chinese \"Standard Chinese\"), the majority local residents of Fuzhou ([Fuzhou people](/wiki/Fuzhou_people \"Fuzhou people\")) also speak [Fuzhounese](/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect \"Fuzhou dialect\") ({{lang\\|zh\\-hant\\|福州話}}), the prestige form of [Eastern Min](/wiki/Eastern_Min \"Eastern Min\").", "[Min opera](/wiki/Min_opera \"Min opera\"), also known as Fuzhou drama, is one of the major [operas](/wiki/Operas \"Operas\") in [Fujian](/wiki/Fujian \"Fujian\") Province. It enjoys popularity in the Fuzhou area and in neighboring parts of Fujian such as the northeast and northwest areas where the Fuzhou language is spoken, as well as in [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\") and the [Malay Archipelago](/wiki/Malay_Archipelago \"Malay Archipelago\"). It became a fixed opera in the early 20th century. There are more than 1,000 plays of Min opera, most of which originate from folk tales, historical novels, or ancient legends, including such traditional plays as \"Making Seal\", \"The Purple Jade Hairpin\" and \"Switching Fairy Peach with Litchi\".{{Cite web \\|title\\=Min Opera \\|url\\=http://arts.cultural\\-china.com/en/87Arts251\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525100747/http://arts.cultural\\-china.com/en/87Arts251\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-05\\-25 \\|website\\=cultural\\-china.com}}", "### Religion", "[thumb\\|right\\|[Christ Church](/wiki/Christ_Church%2C_Cangxia \"Christ Church, Cangxia\") in Fuzhou used to be the cathedral of the Diocese of Fukien within the [Anglican Church in China](/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_China \"Anglican Church in China\") before the PRC.](/wiki/File:Cangxia_church.JPG \"Cangxia church.JPG\")\nThe two traditional mainstream religions practiced in Fuzhou are [Mahayana Buddhism](/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism \"Mahayana Buddhism\") and [Taoism](/wiki/Taoism \"Taoism\"). Traditionally, many people practice both religions simultaneously. The city is also home to many Buddhist monasteries, Taoist temples and Buddhist monks.", "Apart from mainstream religions, a number of religious worship sites of various local religions are situated in the streets and lanes of Fuzhou.", "The origins of local religion can be dated back centuries. These diverse religions incorporated elements such as gods and doctrines from other religions and cultures, such as totem worship and traditional legends. For example, [Monkey King](/wiki/Monkey_King \"Monkey King\"), originated to monkey worship among local ancients, gradually came to embody the God of Wealth in Fuzhou after the novel *[Journey to the West](/wiki/Journey_to_the_West \"Journey to the West\")* was issued in [Ming dynasty](/wiki/Ming_dynasty \"Ming dynasty\").", "As the most popular religion in the Min River Valley, the worship of [Lady Linshui](/wiki/Lady_Linshui \"Lady Linshui\") is viewed as one of the three most influential local religions in Fujian, the other two being the worship of [Mazu](/wiki/Mazu_%28goddess%29 \"Mazu (goddess)\") and [Baosheng Dadi](/wiki/Baosheng_Dadi \"Baosheng Dadi\") ({{lang\\|zh\\|保生大帝}}).", "### Local cuisine", "[thumb\\|Fuzhou's local dish *Litchi Pork* ({{lang\\|zh\\|荔枝肉}}), famous for its sweet and sour flavor](/wiki/File:Litchi_Pork.jpg \"Litchi Pork.jpg\")", "[Fuzhou cuisine](/wiki/Fuzhou_cuisine \"Fuzhou cuisine\") is most notably one of the four traditional cooking styles of [Fujian cuisine](/wiki/Fujian_cuisine \"Fujian cuisine\"), which in turn is one of the eight Chinese regional cuisines. Dishes are light but flavorful, with particular emphasis on [umami taste](/wiki/Umami_taste \"Umami taste\"), known in Chinese cooking as *xianwei* ({{zh\\|t\\=鮮味 \\|s\\=鲜味\\|hp\\=xiānwèi\\|links\\=no}}), as well as retaining the original flavor of the main ingredients instead of masking them. In Fuzhou cuisine, the taste is light compared to that of some other Chinese cooking styles, and often have a mixed sweet and sour taste. Soup, served as an indispensable dish in meals, is cooked in various ways with local seasonal fresh vegetables and seafood and often added with local cooking wine ({{lang\\|zh\\|福建老酒}}).", "Fuzhou is famous for its street food and snacks. Some notable street food dishes include Fuzhou fish balls ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hant\\|魚丸}}), meat\\-pastry dumplings ({{lang\\|zh\\|扁肉燕}}), oyster cake (海蛎饼), rice scroll soup ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hant\\|鼎邊糊}}), guong bian ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hant\\|光餅}}; a kind of mildly savory pastry), Buddha Jumps over the Wall (佛跳墙), and pork floss ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hant\\|肉鬆}}). Many of these street food dishes have a long history and their own local legend; an example would be the oyster cake, according Fuzhou local folklore, in the early Qing dynasty, there was a young man who inherited his father's dim sum business, despite all his hard works, he only managed to earn enough money to feed himself, not enough to raise and feed a family of his own. One night, he dreamt of a silver\\-haired elderly man, who told him that he has very good fortune, the young man then asked him what he can do to obtain good luck, the elderly man then floated away. That's when the young man notice the setting moon, and after the moon sank under the clouds, rose from the east a golden sun, he was inspired by the dream and invented oyster cake, which is white like the moon before being lowered into hot grease and coming out golden as the morning sun. According to the legend, after the young man made a fortune out of his invention and his oyster cake was imitated by many others, which was passed down till this day. another example of a Fuzhou street food with a long history is rice scroll soup, which became popular in Fuzhou in the early part of the Qing dynasty. As more Fuzhou residents settled overseas, Fuzhou dishes spread to Taiwan, Southeast Asia and the U.S.. For example, one is able to find guong bian and Fuzhou fish balls in Sitiawan in Ipoh, Malaysia while Fuzhou fish balls, meat\\-pastry dumplings and rice scroll soup can be found in New York's Chinatown.", "Fuzhou residents also enjoy eating festival foods during traditional Chinese holidays. For example, red and white rice cakes ({{lang\\|zh\\|年糕}}) are served over Chinese New Year, tangyuan{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2023}} (汤圆) during the Lantern Festival, [zongzi](/wiki/Zongzi \"Zongzi\") ({{lang\\|zh\\|粽子}}) during the Dragon Boat Festival, and sweet soy bean powder\\-covered plain yuanxiao over the winter solstice.", "Olive juice is also a much sought\\-after refreshment. Ganlanzhi (橄榄汁) is cloudy and light yellowish\\-green in color. Olive trees grown on the Canarium album tree in Fuzhou since the Tang dynasty, it was even approved as a trademark with geographic indication by China in 2010\\. Not found elsewhere in China, ganlanzhi (橄榄汁) is also a reminder of the many regional differences in China when it comes to food.", "### Special crafts", "Bodiless lacquerware ({{lang\\|zh\\-hans\\|脫胎漆器}}), [paper umbrellas](/wiki/Oil-paper_umbrella \"Oil-paper umbrella\") and horn combs ({{lang\\|zh\\-hans\\|角梳}}) are the \"Three Treasures\" of Fuzhou traditional arts. In addition, bodiless lacquerware, together with cork pictures ({{lang\\|zh\\-hans\\|軟木畫}}) and Shoushan stone sculptures ({{lang\\|zh\\-hans\\|壽山石雕}}) are called \"Three Superexcellences\" of Fuzhou.", "" ]
Life and career --------------- Bosselmann was born in 1985\. He was a member of the [Dresdner Kreuzchor](/wiki/Dresdner_Kreuzchor "Dresdner Kreuzchor") boys' choir from 1994 until his [Abitur](/wiki/Abitur "Abitur") at the [Kreuzschule](/wiki/Kreuzschule "Kreuzschule") in 2003\. He studied church music at the [Hochschule für Musik Freiburg](/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_Freiburg "Hochschule für Musik Freiburg"), organ with [Martin Schmeding](/wiki/Martin_Schmeding "Martin Schmeding"), improvisation with {{ill\|Klemens Schnorr\|de}} and Karl\-Ludwig Kreutz, and voice with Bernd Göpfert. He graduated in 2011 with an A diploma. He studied choral conducting simultaneously from 2006 to 2010, first with [Hans Michael Beuerle](/wiki/Hans_Michael_Beuerle "Hans Michael Beuerle"), then from 2008 [Morten Schuldt\-Jensen](/wiki/Morten_Schuldt-Jensen "Morten Schuldt-Jensen"). He sang in the choir and the chamber choir of the Hochschule, led by Schuldt\-Jensen and also assisted him. Bosselmann also studied music theory with Otfried Büsing. His studies were supported by the [Studienstiftung](/wiki/Studienstiftung "Studienstiftung") and from 2007 a Rudolf Mauersberger scholarship. He completed studies in 2012 and attended master classes by [Rudolf Lutz](/wiki/Rudolf_Lutz "Rudolf Lutz"), [Daniel Reuss](/wiki/Daniel_Reuss "Daniel Reuss"), [Zsigmond Szathmáry](/wiki/Zsigmond_Szathm%C3%A1ry "Zsigmond Szathmáry"), and [David Timm](/wiki/David_Timm "David Timm"). During his studies, he was director of the German\-French choir in Freiburg, performing major choral works such as Mozart's [Great Mass in C minor](/wiki/Great_Mass_in_C_minor%2C_K._427 "Great Mass in C minor, K. 427") and Bach's *[St John Passion](/wiki/St_John_Passion "St John Passion")*, and also [a cappella](/wiki/A_cappella "A cappella") music such as *[Spem in alium](/wiki/Spem_in_alium "Spem in alium")* by Thomas Tallis, for 40 voices. On 1 January 2012, Bosselmann became Kantor (director of church music) at the Protestant parish of [Zeitz](/wiki/Zeitz "Zeitz"), also district Kantor for [Naumburg](/wiki/Naumburg "Naumburg")\-Zeitz. He conducted major works such as Bach's [Magnificat](/wiki/Magnificat_%28Bach%29 "Magnificat (Bach)") and *[St Matthew Passion](/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion "St Matthew Passion")*, and *[Ein deutsches Requiem](/wiki/Ein_deutsches_Requiem "Ein deutsches Requiem")* by Brahms. He founded a chamber choir to perform a cappella music by composers such as [Heinrich Schütz](/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz "Heinrich Schütz"), [Max Reger](/wiki/Max_Reger "Max Reger"), and [Hugo Distler](/wiki/Hugo_Distler "Hugo Distler"). He founded children's and youth choirs, performing their own projects such as [singspiel](/wiki/Singspiel "Singspiel") and musicals, but also as part of major choral projects. He also focused on concerts of organ improvisations. ### Schiersteiner Kantorei Bosselmann has been active since 1 January 2018 as Kantor of the [Christophoruskirche](/wiki/Christophoruskirche%2C_Schierstein "Christophoruskirche, Schierstein") in Wiesbaden\-[Schierstein](/wiki/Schierstein "Schierstein"), leading the Schiersteiner Kantorei, one of the largest concert choirs in [Hesse](/wiki/Hesse "Hesse"). He succeeded [Martin Lutz](/wiki/Martin_Lutz "Martin Lutz"), and continued his traditions of Schiersteiner Vespermusiken and the series of all [Bach's church cantatas](/wiki/Church_cantata_%28Bach%29 "Church cantata (Bach)") in collaboration, at the [Marktkirche Wiesbaden](/wiki/Marktkirche%2C_Wiesbaden "Marktkirche, Wiesbaden") and the [Katharinenkirche Frankfurt](/wiki/Katharinenkirche%2C_Frankfurt "Katharinenkirche, Frankfurt"), begun in 2004\. He is also the district cantor for Wiesbaden West. [thumb\|upright\=1\.1\|After a performance of the *St Matthew Passion* by Gottfried August Homilius at the Marktkirche Wiesbaden, 2023](/wiki/File:Marktkichr_Wiesbaden%2C_Schiersteiner_Kantorei%2C_Homilius.jpg "Marktkichr Wiesbaden, Schiersteiner Kantorei, Homilius.jpg") Bosselmann has expanded the choir's repertoire with works from the 20th century and rarely performed music. On 11 March 2023, he revived the *[St Matthew Passion](/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion_%28Homilius%29 "St Matthew Passion (Homilius)")* by [Gottfried August Homilius](/wiki/Gottfried_August_Homilius "Gottfried August Homilius"), an extended oratorio passion following [Bach's models](/wiki/Passions_%28Bach%29 "Passions (Bach)") which had been neglected until it was first revived by the Dresdner Kreuzchor which Homilius had directed from 1755 to 1785\. Bosselmann knew excerpts of the work from singing with the Kreuzchor as a boy, but had to track down handwritten sheet music from the conductor of a previous recording, {{ill\|Christoph Schoener\|de}}, as the work had been planned to be published but was not ready. The Passion was performed at the Marktkirche Wiesbaden, with soloists Helena Bickel, Jean\-Max Lattemann, Gabriel Sin and [Klaus Mertens](/wiki/Klaus_Mertens "Klaus Mertens"), [Georg Poplutz](/wiki/Georg_Poplutz "Georg Poplutz") as the [Evangelist](/wiki/Evangelist_%28Bach%29 "Evangelist (Bach)"), Frederic Mörth as the [voice of Christ](/wiki/Vox_Christi "Vox Christi"), and the Barockorchester La Vivezza. ### Personal life Bosselmann is married; the couple has two children. He is known for walking barefoot and using the bicycle for transportation.
[ "Life and career\n---------------", "Bosselmann was born in 1985\\. He was a member of the [Dresdner Kreuzchor](/wiki/Dresdner_Kreuzchor \"Dresdner Kreuzchor\") boys' choir from 1994 until his [Abitur](/wiki/Abitur \"Abitur\") at the [Kreuzschule](/wiki/Kreuzschule \"Kreuzschule\") in 2003\\. He studied church music at the [Hochschule für Musik Freiburg](/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_Freiburg \"Hochschule für Musik Freiburg\"), organ with [Martin Schmeding](/wiki/Martin_Schmeding \"Martin Schmeding\"), improvisation with {{ill\\|Klemens Schnorr\\|de}} and Karl\\-Ludwig Kreutz, and voice with Bernd Göpfert. He graduated in 2011 with an A diploma. He studied choral conducting simultaneously from 2006 to 2010, first with [Hans Michael Beuerle](/wiki/Hans_Michael_Beuerle \"Hans Michael Beuerle\"), then from 2008 [Morten Schuldt\\-Jensen](/wiki/Morten_Schuldt-Jensen \"Morten Schuldt-Jensen\"). He sang in the choir and the chamber choir of the Hochschule, led by Schuldt\\-Jensen and also assisted him. Bosselmann also studied music theory with Otfried Büsing. His studies were supported by the [Studienstiftung](/wiki/Studienstiftung \"Studienstiftung\") and from 2007 a Rudolf Mauersberger scholarship. He completed studies in 2012 and attended master classes by [Rudolf Lutz](/wiki/Rudolf_Lutz \"Rudolf Lutz\"), [Daniel Reuss](/wiki/Daniel_Reuss \"Daniel Reuss\"), [Zsigmond Szathmáry](/wiki/Zsigmond_Szathm%C3%A1ry \"Zsigmond Szathmáry\"), and [David Timm](/wiki/David_Timm \"David Timm\").", "During his studies, he was director of the German\\-French choir in Freiburg, performing major choral works such as Mozart's [Great Mass in C minor](/wiki/Great_Mass_in_C_minor%2C_K._427 \"Great Mass in C minor, K. 427\") and Bach's *[St John Passion](/wiki/St_John_Passion \"St John Passion\")*, and also [a cappella](/wiki/A_cappella \"A cappella\") music such as *[Spem in alium](/wiki/Spem_in_alium \"Spem in alium\")* by Thomas Tallis, for 40 voices.", "On 1 January 2012, Bosselmann became Kantor (director of church music) at the Protestant parish of [Zeitz](/wiki/Zeitz \"Zeitz\"), also district Kantor for [Naumburg](/wiki/Naumburg \"Naumburg\")\\-Zeitz. He conducted major works such as Bach's [Magnificat](/wiki/Magnificat_%28Bach%29 \"Magnificat (Bach)\") and *[St Matthew Passion](/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion \"St Matthew Passion\")*, and *[Ein deutsches Requiem](/wiki/Ein_deutsches_Requiem \"Ein deutsches Requiem\")* by Brahms. He founded a chamber choir to perform a cappella music by composers such as [Heinrich Schütz](/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz \"Heinrich Schütz\"), [Max Reger](/wiki/Max_Reger \"Max Reger\"), and [Hugo Distler](/wiki/Hugo_Distler \"Hugo Distler\"). He founded children's and youth choirs, performing their own projects such as [singspiel](/wiki/Singspiel \"Singspiel\") and musicals, but also as part of major choral projects. He also focused on concerts of organ improvisations.", "### Schiersteiner Kantorei", "Bosselmann has been active since 1 January 2018 as Kantor of the [Christophoruskirche](/wiki/Christophoruskirche%2C_Schierstein \"Christophoruskirche, Schierstein\") in Wiesbaden\\-[Schierstein](/wiki/Schierstein \"Schierstein\"), leading the Schiersteiner Kantorei, one of the largest concert choirs in [Hesse](/wiki/Hesse \"Hesse\"). He succeeded [Martin Lutz](/wiki/Martin_Lutz \"Martin Lutz\"), and continued his traditions of Schiersteiner Vespermusiken and the series of all [Bach's church cantatas](/wiki/Church_cantata_%28Bach%29 \"Church cantata (Bach)\") in collaboration, at the [Marktkirche Wiesbaden](/wiki/Marktkirche%2C_Wiesbaden \"Marktkirche, Wiesbaden\") and the [Katharinenkirche Frankfurt](/wiki/Katharinenkirche%2C_Frankfurt \"Katharinenkirche, Frankfurt\"), begun in 2004\\. He is also the district cantor for Wiesbaden West.", "[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.1\\|After a performance of the *St Matthew Passion* by Gottfried August Homilius at the Marktkirche Wiesbaden, 2023](/wiki/File:Marktkichr_Wiesbaden%2C_Schiersteiner_Kantorei%2C_Homilius.jpg \"Marktkichr Wiesbaden, Schiersteiner Kantorei, Homilius.jpg\")\nBosselmann has expanded the choir's repertoire with works from the 20th century and rarely performed music. On 11 March 2023, he revived the *[St Matthew Passion](/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion_%28Homilius%29 \"St Matthew Passion (Homilius)\")* by [Gottfried August Homilius](/wiki/Gottfried_August_Homilius \"Gottfried August Homilius\"), an extended oratorio passion following [Bach's models](/wiki/Passions_%28Bach%29 \"Passions (Bach)\") which had been neglected until it was first revived by the Dresdner Kreuzchor which Homilius had directed from 1755 to 1785\\. Bosselmann knew excerpts of the work from singing with the Kreuzchor as a boy, but had to track down handwritten sheet music from the conductor of a previous recording, {{ill\\|Christoph Schoener\\|de}}, as the work had been planned to be published but was not ready. The Passion was performed at the Marktkirche Wiesbaden, with soloists Helena Bickel, Jean\\-Max Lattemann, Gabriel Sin and [Klaus Mertens](/wiki/Klaus_Mertens \"Klaus Mertens\"), [Georg Poplutz](/wiki/Georg_Poplutz \"Georg Poplutz\") as the [Evangelist](/wiki/Evangelist_%28Bach%29 \"Evangelist (Bach)\"), Frederic Mörth as the [voice of Christ](/wiki/Vox_Christi \"Vox Christi\"), and the Barockorchester La Vivezza.", "### Personal life", "Bosselmann is married; the couple has two children. He is known for walking barefoot and using the bicycle for transportation.", "" ]
Career ------ ### The Bluejacks and Mark Four (1959–1966\) Although successful locally, the Bluejacks recordings of "[Say Mama](/wiki/Say_Mama "Say Mama")" and [Vince Taylor](/wiki/Vince_Taylor "Vince Taylor")'s [rockabilly](/wiki/Rockabilly "Rockabilly") "[Brand New Cadillac](/wiki/Brand_New_Cadillac "Brand New Cadillac")" did not feature in the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart "UK Singles Chart"), and in 1962 Dalton left to become a founder member of [the Mark Four](/wiki/The_Mark_Four "The Mark Four") along with Mick 'Spud' Thompson ([rhythm guitar](/wiki/Rhythm_guitar "Rhythm guitar")), Eddie Phillips ([lead guitar](/wiki/Lead_guitar "Lead guitar")), Jack Jones (drums) and Kenny Pickett (vocals).{{cite web\|url\=http://john\-dalton.kastoffkinks.co.uk/mk4\.htm\|title\=The Mark Four\|website\=Kastoffkinks.co.uk\| access\-date\=10 November 2021}} Mark Four quickly became one of the most popular live bands in [North London](/wiki/North_London "North London") and shared billing with other London\-based groups such as the High Numbers (later to become [the Who](/wiki/The_Who "The Who")), Cliff Bennett and the Rebel Rousers, and even sharing a stage with [Little Eva](/wiki/Little_Eva "Little Eva"). However, the band's [singles](/wiki/Single_%28music%29 "Single (music)") failed to make the charts, making it difficult to earn enough money to support a family. In 1966 Dalton left Mark Four to join the building trade. Shortly afterwards Phillips, Jones and Pickett founded [the Creation](/wiki/The_Creation_%28band%29 "The Creation (band)"), one of the most influential bands of the late 1960s. ### The Kinks (1966; 1969–1976\) [thumb \| right \| Dalton (second from left) playing bass for The Kinks in 1966, filling in for the injured Pete Quaife](/wiki/File:The_Kinks_1966.jpg "The Kinks 1966.jpg") In June 1966, Dalton was asked to substitute for [the Kinks](/wiki/The_Kinks "The Kinks")' bass guitarist, [Pete Quaife](/wiki/Pete_Quaife "Pete Quaife"), who had broken his leg in a car accident. Dalton auditioned as a temporary replacement on 9 June 1966 at Carling Music, [Savile Row](/wiki/Savile_Row "Savile Row"), London. That same evening he appeared with the band on [BBC Television](/wiki/BBC_Television "BBC Television")'s [pop music](/wiki/Pop_music "Pop music") flagship, *[Top of the Pops](/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops "Top of the Pops")* (filmed in the BBC Studios, London). His first live appearance with the Kinks was two days later at The Plaza, [King's Heath](/wiki/King%27s_Heath "King's Heath"), [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham") giving him no time for rehearsals. This was quickly followed by a tour to Norway and Spain. The first [recording](/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction "Sound recording and reproduction") sessions he took part in with the Kinks were on 26 June 1966 at Pye Studios, London for "Little Miss Queen Of Darkness" (Although Quaife claimed he was the bassist for that track in a 2005 interview). Dalton also played bass on "Dead End Street", recorded on 28 October 1966 during an evening session (unusually, without [Shel Talmy](/wiki/Shel_Talmy "Shel Talmy")). Shortly after his accident, Quaife announced he was not returning, only to change his mind and successfully requesting to come back in November 1966, leaving Dalton to return to his day job. Dalton replaced Quaife again in 1969, this time as the Kinks' permanent bassist. He appeared with the band on 5 April 1969 for a mimed performance on the television program "It's Dee Time". His first recording session in his second tenure with the group was in May 1969 at Pye Studio \#2 ("[Drivin{{'"}}](/wiki/Drivin%27_%28The_Kinks_song%29 "Drivin' (The Kinks song)") and "Mindless Child Of Motherhood"). Dalton spent most of June recording the *[Arthur](/wiki/Arthur_%28Or_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_British_Empire%29 "Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire)")* album. He started his first American tour on 17 October at the [Fillmore East](/wiki/Fillmore_East "Fillmore East"), New York City. The tour lasted nine weeks and included such venues as The Whisky A Go Go in Los Angeles and [Fillmore West](/wiki/The_Fillmore "The Fillmore") in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"). He continued to play with the Kinks throughout the remainder of 1969 and into the 1970s and appeared playing bass on such notable songs as "Victoria", "[Lola](/wiki/Lola_%28song%29 "Lola (song)")",{{Cite web\|title\='Lola,' who 'walked like a woman but talked like a man,' turns 50\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc\-out/lola\-who\-walked\-woman\-talked\-man\-turns\-50\-n1178411\| access\-date\=10 November 2021\|website\=NBC News\|date\=12 June 2020 \|language\=en}} "[Apeman](/wiki/Apeman_%28song%29 "Apeman (song)")", "Celluloid Heroes", and "[Supersonic Rocket Ship](/wiki/Supersonic_Rocket_Ship "Supersonic Rocket Ship")". On 8 November 1976, Dalton left the Kinks, after spending most of the summer of 1976 rehearsing and recording *[Sleepwalker](/wiki/Sleepwalker_%28The_Kinks_album%29 "Sleepwalker (The Kinks album)")*. His replacement was former [Blodwyn Pig](/wiki/Blodwyn_Pig "Blodwyn Pig") bass player [Andy Pyle](/wiki/Andy_Pyle "Andy Pyle"). ### After the Kinks (1979– ) Dalton is still active in the [music industry](/wiki/Music_industry "Music industry"). He has been frontman and bass player with [the Kast Off Kinks](/wiki/The_Kast_Off_Kinks "The Kast Off Kinks") which has also featured [Mick Avory](/wiki/Mick_Avory "Mick Avory"), (the original Kinks drummer), John Gosling (former Kinks [keyboard](/wiki/Keyboard_instrument "Keyboard instrument") player), and vocalist/guitarist Dave Clarke (former [Tim Rose](/wiki/Tim_Rose "Tim Rose") [sidesman](/wiki/Sidesman "Sidesman")).[Official Kast Off Kinks website Kast Off Kinks HP](http://kastoffkinks.co.uk/index.html) Retrieved 11 November 2021 He and Gosling retired from the Kast Off Kinks in 2008, to be replaced by the bassist and keyboard player who replaced them in the Kinks – [Jim Rodford](/wiki/Jim_Rodford "Jim Rodford") and [Ian Gibbons](/wiki/Ian_Gibbons_%28musician%29 "Ian Gibbons (musician)"). But Dalton does still play with the band (Rodford died on 20 January 2018\). From 2003 until May 2008 Dalton also performed with the rock and roll band 5% Volume, alongside Kevin Leak (ex Seminar), Wol Webster (ex [Blues Brothers](/wiki/Blues_Brothers "Blues Brothers"), [Eddie Floyd](/wiki/Eddie_Floyd "Eddie Floyd"), [Jess Conrad](/wiki/Jess_Conrad "Jess Conrad")) and Tony 'Bones' Pallett (son of Joe Pallett the original Danny King).
[ "Career\n------", "### The Bluejacks and Mark Four (1959–1966\\)", "Although successful locally, the Bluejacks recordings of \"[Say Mama](/wiki/Say_Mama \"Say Mama\")\" and [Vince Taylor](/wiki/Vince_Taylor \"Vince Taylor\")'s [rockabilly](/wiki/Rockabilly \"Rockabilly\") \"[Brand New Cadillac](/wiki/Brand_New_Cadillac \"Brand New Cadillac\")\" did not feature in the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart \"UK Singles Chart\"), and in 1962 Dalton left to become a founder member of [the Mark Four](/wiki/The_Mark_Four \"The Mark Four\") along with Mick 'Spud' Thompson ([rhythm guitar](/wiki/Rhythm_guitar \"Rhythm guitar\")), Eddie Phillips ([lead guitar](/wiki/Lead_guitar \"Lead guitar\")), Jack Jones (drums) and Kenny Pickett (vocals).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://john\\-dalton.kastoffkinks.co.uk/mk4\\.htm\\|title\\=The Mark Four\\|website\\=Kastoffkinks.co.uk\\| access\\-date\\=10 November 2021}} Mark Four quickly became one of the most popular live bands in [North London](/wiki/North_London \"North London\") and shared billing with other London\\-based groups such as the High Numbers (later to become [the Who](/wiki/The_Who \"The Who\")), Cliff Bennett and the Rebel Rousers, and even sharing a stage with [Little Eva](/wiki/Little_Eva \"Little Eva\").", "However, the band's [singles](/wiki/Single_%28music%29 \"Single (music)\") failed to make the charts, making it difficult to earn enough money to support a family. In 1966 Dalton left Mark Four to join the building trade. Shortly afterwards Phillips, Jones and Pickett founded [the Creation](/wiki/The_Creation_%28band%29 \"The Creation (band)\"), one of the most influential bands of the late 1960s.", "### The Kinks (1966; 1969–1976\\)", "[thumb \\| right \\| Dalton (second from left) playing bass for The Kinks in 1966, filling in for the injured Pete Quaife](/wiki/File:The_Kinks_1966.jpg \"The Kinks 1966.jpg\")\nIn June 1966, Dalton was asked to substitute for [the Kinks](/wiki/The_Kinks \"The Kinks\")' bass guitarist, [Pete Quaife](/wiki/Pete_Quaife \"Pete Quaife\"), who had broken his leg in a car accident. Dalton auditioned as a temporary replacement on 9 June 1966 at Carling Music, [Savile Row](/wiki/Savile_Row \"Savile Row\"), London. That same evening he appeared with the band on [BBC Television](/wiki/BBC_Television \"BBC Television\")'s [pop music](/wiki/Pop_music \"Pop music\") flagship, *[Top of the Pops](/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops \"Top of the Pops\")* (filmed in the BBC Studios, London). His first live appearance with the Kinks was two days later at The Plaza, [King's Heath](/wiki/King%27s_Heath \"King's Heath\"), [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham \"Birmingham\") giving him no time for rehearsals. This was quickly followed by a tour to Norway and Spain. The first [recording](/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction \"Sound recording and reproduction\") sessions he took part in with the Kinks were on 26 June 1966 at Pye Studios, London for \"Little Miss Queen Of Darkness\" (Although Quaife claimed he was the bassist for that track in a 2005 interview). Dalton also played bass on \"Dead End Street\", recorded on 28 October 1966 during an evening session (unusually, without [Shel Talmy](/wiki/Shel_Talmy \"Shel Talmy\")). Shortly after his accident, Quaife announced he was not returning, only to change his mind and successfully requesting to come back in November 1966, leaving Dalton to return to his day job.", "Dalton replaced Quaife again in 1969, this time as the Kinks' permanent bassist. He appeared with the band on 5 April 1969 for a mimed performance on the television program \"It's Dee Time\". His first recording session in his second tenure with the group was in May 1969 at Pye Studio \\#2 (\"[Drivin{{'\"}}](/wiki/Drivin%27_%28The_Kinks_song%29 \"Drivin' (The Kinks song)\") and \"Mindless Child Of Motherhood\"). Dalton spent most of June recording the *[Arthur](/wiki/Arthur_%28Or_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_British_Empire%29 \"Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire)\")* album. He started his first American tour on 17 October at the [Fillmore East](/wiki/Fillmore_East \"Fillmore East\"), New York City. The tour lasted nine weeks and included such venues as The Whisky A Go Go in Los Angeles and [Fillmore West](/wiki/The_Fillmore \"The Fillmore\") in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"). He continued to play with the Kinks throughout the remainder of 1969 and into the 1970s and appeared playing bass on such notable songs as \"Victoria\", \"[Lola](/wiki/Lola_%28song%29 \"Lola (song)\")\",{{Cite web\\|title\\='Lola,' who 'walked like a woman but talked like a man,' turns 50\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc\\-out/lola\\-who\\-walked\\-woman\\-talked\\-man\\-turns\\-50\\-n1178411\\| access\\-date\\=10 November 2021\\|website\\=NBC News\\|date\\=12 June 2020 \\|language\\=en}} \"[Apeman](/wiki/Apeman_%28song%29 \"Apeman (song)\")\", \"Celluloid Heroes\", and \"[Supersonic Rocket Ship](/wiki/Supersonic_Rocket_Ship \"Supersonic Rocket Ship\")\".", "On 8 November 1976, Dalton left the Kinks, after spending most of the summer of 1976 rehearsing and recording *[Sleepwalker](/wiki/Sleepwalker_%28The_Kinks_album%29 \"Sleepwalker (The Kinks album)\")*. His replacement was former [Blodwyn Pig](/wiki/Blodwyn_Pig \"Blodwyn Pig\") bass player [Andy Pyle](/wiki/Andy_Pyle \"Andy Pyle\").", "### After the Kinks (1979– )", "Dalton is still active in the [music industry](/wiki/Music_industry \"Music industry\"). He has been frontman and bass player with [the Kast Off Kinks](/wiki/The_Kast_Off_Kinks \"The Kast Off Kinks\") which has also featured [Mick Avory](/wiki/Mick_Avory \"Mick Avory\"), (the original Kinks drummer), John Gosling (former Kinks [keyboard](/wiki/Keyboard_instrument \"Keyboard instrument\") player), and vocalist/guitarist Dave Clarke (former [Tim Rose](/wiki/Tim_Rose \"Tim Rose\") [sidesman](/wiki/Sidesman \"Sidesman\")).[Official Kast Off Kinks website Kast Off Kinks HP](http://kastoffkinks.co.uk/index.html) Retrieved 11 November 2021 He and Gosling retired from the Kast Off Kinks in 2008, to be replaced by the bassist and keyboard player who replaced them in the Kinks – [Jim Rodford](/wiki/Jim_Rodford \"Jim Rodford\") and [Ian Gibbons](/wiki/Ian_Gibbons_%28musician%29 \"Ian Gibbons (musician)\"). But Dalton does still play with the band (Rodford died on 20 January 2018\\).", "From 2003 until May 2008 Dalton also performed with the rock and roll band 5% Volume, alongside Kevin Leak (ex Seminar), Wol Webster (ex [Blues Brothers](/wiki/Blues_Brothers \"Blues Brothers\"), [Eddie Floyd](/wiki/Eddie_Floyd \"Eddie Floyd\"), [Jess Conrad](/wiki/Jess_Conrad \"Jess Conrad\")) and Tony 'Bones' Pallett (son of Joe Pallett the original Danny King).", "" ]
Ice hockey executive -------------------- ### Early career [thumb\|left\|The [Winnipeg Auditorium](/wiki/Winnipeg_Auditorium "Winnipeg Auditorium") was the home ice rink for the Winnipeg Victorias.{{cite news\|title\=Auditorium, Historic Hockey Rink, Burns\|date\=March 15, 1926\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=13\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-15\-1926\-3396350/}}\|alt\=Exterior of wooden building with a peaked roof and arched windows](/wiki/File:Winnipeg_Auditorium_circa_1900.jpg "Winnipeg Auditorium circa 1900.jpg") The Western Canada Amateur Intermediate Hockey League elected Robinson its president for the 1903–04 season, while he played on the Winnipeg Victorias in the same league.{{cite news\|title\=Intermediate Hockeyists Meet\|date\=November 23, 1903\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=11\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-23\-1903\-3394625/}} At the 1904 annual meeting of the Victorias, Robinson was elected to the club's executive committee and delegated to establish an intermediate team in a local league. The club supported the intermediate team playing an exhibition tour in Western Canada on route to [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton "Edmonton").{{cite news\|title\=Victoria Hockeyists Reorganize for the Season's Big Games\|date\=October 29, 1904\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=15\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-oct\-29\-1904\-3411749/}} Robinson helped establish the Manitoba Amateur Intermediate Hockey League for the 1904–05 season, and was appointed its temporary secretary.{{cite news\|title\=New Hockey League Formed\|date\=November 21, 1904\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=15\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-21\-1904\-3396966/}} He was subsequently elected president of the league, which adopted a two\-referee system for its games.{{cite news\|title\=Intermediate Teams In Line\|date\=December 7, 1904\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=15\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-07\-1904\-3355166/}} Robinson was elected secretary\-treasurer of the Victorias in 1905, then served for six seasons in the role until 1912\.{{efn\|name\=fn1\|Robinson was elected secretary\-treasurer for the 1905–06, 1906–07,{{cite news\|title\=Hockey Clubs Convene\|date\=November 9, 1906\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-09\-1906\-3384295/}} 1908–09,{{cite news\|title\=Old Victorias in Game Again\|date\=December 4, 1908\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-04\-1908\-3384331/}} 1909–10,{{cite news\|title\=Annual of Victorias\|date\=November 13, 1909\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=9\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-13\-1909\-3399792/}}; {{cite news\|title\=Annual of Victorias (Continued)\|date\=November 13, 1909\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=21\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-13\-1909\-3399788/}} 1910–11,{{cite news\|title\=After Local Championship, Then Biggest Amateur Title\|date\=November 4, 1910\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=14\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-04\-1910\-3384342/}} and 1911–12 seasons.{{cite news\|title\=Victoria Hockey Club Ready For Another Strenuous Season\|date\=November 10, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-10\-1911\-3400836/}} The Winnipeg Victorias did not operate a hockey team during the 1907–08 season.}} He represented the Victorias at [Manitoba Hockey League](/wiki/Manitoba_Hockey_Association "Manitoba Hockey Association") meetings, and argued in favour of maintaining the league's amateur status instead of embracing professionalism for the 1906–07 season.{{cite news\|title\=Hockey League Meets\|date\=November 12, 1906\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-12\-1906\-3384300/}}; {{cite news\|title\=A Split Is Impending\|date\=November 12, 1906\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-12\-1906\-3388062/}}{{efn\|name\=fn2\|The \[\[Manitoba Hockey Association\|Manitoba Professional Hockey League]] began playing during the 1906–07 season, including one team based in Winnipeg.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hockeyleaguehistory.com/Manitoba\_Professional\_Hockey\_League.htm\|title\=Manitoba Professional Hockey League\|website\=Hockey League History\|access\-date\=October 15, 2022}}}} Robinson subsequently represented the Victorias in the Western Canada Amateur Hockey Association, which declined further competition for the [Stanley Cup](/wiki/Stanley_Cup "Stanley Cup") and established residency rules for players as of 1906\.{{cite news\|title\=Pass Up Stanley Cup\|date\=December 11, 1906\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-11\-1906\-3398128/}} In April 1907, he represented the Victorias at meetings which established the Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association,{{efn\|name\=fn3\|The Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association was a provincial branch of the \[\[Amateur Athletic Union of Canada]].}} and set the requirements for amateur athletes in the province.{{cite news\|title\=Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association\|date\=April 16, 1907\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-apr\-16\-1907\-3398398/}} Despite the new amateur sports organization, the Victorias did not play the 1907–08 season when professional hockey expanded in Winnipeg.{{efn\|name\=fn4\|The Manitoba Professional Hockey League added a second team based in Winnipeg as of the 1907–08 season.}} [thumb\|upright\|The Allan Cup trophy\|alt\=Silver bowl trophy with two large handles, mounted on a black plinth.](/wiki/File:Allan_Cup.jpg "Allan Cup.jpg") In November 1908, Robinson helped establish a senior amateur hockey league in Winnipeg affiliated with the Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association, and negotiated for ice time with local arena operators.{{cite news\|title\=Senior Amateur Hockey League\|date\=November 18, 1908\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-18\-1908\-3398514/}} Along with Victorias's Jack Pratt, he reached an agreement with the Winnipeg Auditorium to grow amateur hockey in Winnipeg. Robinson coached the Victorias to a Manitoba Hockey League championship for the 1908–09 season, and felt that his team could have competed for the newly established [Allan Cup](/wiki/Allan_Cup "Allan Cup"),{{cite news\|title\=On the Sunbeam\|last\=Cottrell\|first\=Alf\|date\=November 17, 1942\|newspaper\=\[\[Vancouver Sun]]\|location\=Vancouver, British Columbia\|page\=11\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107576709/robinson\-1942/}} although challenges from [senior ice hockey](/wiki/Senior_ice_hockey "Senior ice hockey") teams were accepted only from Eastern Canada at the time. He sought to reduce in\-season expenses, to have money for an end\-of\-season trip for the players.{{cite news\|title\=Weekly Whirligig\|last\=Shields\|first\=Clem\|date\=November 30, 1935\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=27\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-30\-1935\-3356282/}} To uphold the principles of amateurism, he did not provide players with any spending money on sightseeing trips to New York City and Boston. When the Manitoba Hockey League declined to admit the [Winnipeg Monarchs](/wiki/Winnipeg_Monarchs_%28senior%29 "Winnipeg Monarchs (senior)") for the 1909–10 season based on expected calibre of play, Robinson then recommended that each team play exhibition games versus the Monarchs.{{cite news\|title\=Only Three Clubs In Amateur League\|date\=November 23, 1909\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=13\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-23\-1909\-3399781/}} During the 1910–11 season, Robinson served as secretary of the Manitoba Hockey League.{{cite news\|title\=Victorias are Promised Early Dates by Trustees\|date\=February 9, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=11\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-feb\-09\-1911\-3399932/}} #### 1911 and 1912 Allan Cups Allan Cup trustees accepted the challenge from Robinson and the Victorias, to play the [Toronto St. Michael's Majors](/wiki/Toronto_St._Michael%27s_Majors "Toronto St. Michael's Majors") for the trophy, in Winnipeg from February 20–25, 1911\.{{cite news\|title\=Allan Cup Trustees View Favourably Vics' Request\|date\=February 6, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=1\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-feb\-06\-1911\-3399909/}} When the Majors refused to play by the deadline given, trustees awarded the [1911 Allan Cup](/wiki/1911_Allan_Cup "1911 Allan Cup") to the Victorias by default.{{cite news\|title\=Allan Cup Series Between Victoria and Kenoras Will Likely be Played Next Week\|date\=February 17, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-feb\-17\-1911\-3355326/}}{{cite news\|title\=Trustees Award Allan Cup to Victorias; Kenora May Play for Trophy Next Week\|date\=February 14, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-feb\-14\-1911\-3399937/}}; {{cite news\|title\=Allan Cup Trustees Award Trophy to Winnipeg Victorias\|date\=February 14, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=15\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-feb\-14\-1911\-3399936/}} *[The Winnipeg Tribune](/wiki/The_Winnipeg_Tribune "The Winnipeg Tribune")* wrote that the Majors had refused since the [Ontario Hockey Association](/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_Association "Ontario Hockey Association") (OHA) executive wanted the games to be played in March, and that the OHA initially refused to surrender the trophy despite instructions from the trustees.{{cite news\|title\=Trustees Deny Calgary Right to Play for Allan Cup Owing to Some Men Being Ineligible\|date\=March 3, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=7\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-03\-1911\-3399950/}} [thumb\|left\|The Winnipeg Victorias with the Allan Cup in 1911\|alt\=Black and white photo of a hockey team seated behind two large trophies](/wiki/File:1911_Allan_Cup_champions_Winnipeg_Victorias.jpg "1911 Allan Cup champions Winnipeg Victorias.jpg") Robinson was asked by Allan Cup trustee [William Northey](/wiki/William_Northey_%28ice_hockey%29 "William Northey (ice hockey)"), to schedule dates and referees to defend a challenge by the Kenora Thistles. The Victorias defeated Kenora by a combined score of 16–10 in a two\-game series.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.allancup.ca/allancuparchivescores.htm\#10's\|title\=Allan Cup Archives\|date\=September 25, 2010\|website\=Allan Cup\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515065832/http://www.allancup.ca/allancuparchivescores.htm\#10's \|access\-date\=October 22, 2022\|archive\-date\=May 15, 2011 }} The series profited approximately {{Currency\|1500\|CAD}}, which were donated by cup trustees to charities in Winnipeg chosen by Robinson.{{cite news\|title\=Allan Cup Games Net Big Sum for Winnipeg Charities\|date\=March 16, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=3\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-16\-1911\-3399998/}} No further Allan Cup challenges were arranged for the season, despite proposals to play the [Calgary Athletic Club](/wiki/Calgary_Athletic_Club "Calgary Athletic Club"){{cite news\|title\=Trustees Order Victorias To Defend Allan Cup\|date\=March 11, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=33\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-11\-1911\-3384350/}} and the [Ottawa New Edinburghs](/wiki/Ottawa_New_Edinburghs "Ottawa New Edinburghs"). In 1912, Robinson was named a trustee for the Allan Cup in Western Canada to oversee challenges for the trophy, and remained a trustee of the cup until 1937\.{{cite news\|title\=Spirit of CAHA? He'll do\|last\=McKay\|first\=Jim\|date\=May 22, 1968\|newspaper\=\[\[Windsor Star]]\|location\=Windsor, Ontario\|page\=33\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107387240/robinson\-1968/}} The New Edinburghs announced that the OHA agreed to return the Allan Cup to its trustees, and that the New Edinburghs would travel to Winnipeg to challenge for the [1912 Allan Cup](/wiki/1912_Allan_Cup "1912 Allan Cup").{{cite news\|title\=Clash of Vics and New Edinburghs Will Be For Amateur Championship\|date\=December 6, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-06\-1911\-3400839/}} Robinson was surprised by the announcement, and had expected to arrange exhibition games with the New Edinburghs. No challenge from the New Edinburghs was approved for 1912, since the Ottawa district playoffs took too long to complete ruling out to travel to Winnipeg.{{cite news\|title\=Surprises at Annual Roundup of New Edinburgh Hockey Club\|date\=December 3, 1912\|newspaper\=\[\[Ottawa Citizen]]\|location\=Ottawa, Ontario\|page\=8\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-ottawa\-citizen\-gill\-1912/137256201/}} The Victorias won the 1911–12 Manitoba Hockey League regular season, then defended the Allan Cup in three challenges. Robinson's team defeated the Calgary Athletic Club by 11–0 and 8–6 scores in a two\-game series, defeated [Toronto Eaton's](/wiki/Toronto_Eaton%27s "Toronto Eaton's") by 8–4 and 16–1 scores in a two\-game series, and the [Regina Capitals](/wiki/Regina_Capitals "Regina Capitals") by a 9–3 score in a one\-game challenge. In 1942, Robinson described the victory versus Toronto Eaton's as redemption for winning the trophy by default from the OHA. #### 1912–13 and 1913–14 seasons [thumb\|Winnipeg Amphitheatre\|alt\=Black and white photo of a three\-storey building, constructed in wood with an arched roof and a clock tower](/wiki/File:Sheasamphitheatre.png "Sheasamphitheatre.png") Robinson resigned as secretary\-treasurer of the Victorias after seven seasons, due to time commitments and his business career, but remained the club's delegate to hockey league meetings.{{cite news\|title\=Victoria Hockey Club Has Bright Prospects For Another Successful Season\|date\=November 8, 1912\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-08\-1912\-3506566/}} He was appointed to the [Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League](/wiki/Manitoba_Hockey_Association "Manitoba Hockey Association") executive, and represented league at Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association meetings.{{cite news\|title\=Winnipeg Hockey League Stands By Auditorium Rink\|date\=November 21, 1912\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-21\-1912\-3401210/}} Contrary to the league's agreement to play all games at the Winnipeg Auditorium, the Winnipeg Monarchs led by [Fred Marples](/wiki/Fred_Marples "Fred Marples") sought to use the [Winnipeg Amphitheatre](/wiki/Shea%27s_Amphitheatre "Shea's Amphitheatre") as their home rink, claiming it had better amenities for players and spectators. Robinson noted that Auditorium's management agreed to make changes to suit the league's needs, and that all teams had signed the agreement to play there. He felt that it was too late to change venues, and suggested the Monarchs withdraw from the league if they disagreed.{{cite news\|title\=Monarchs Cause Commotion in Winnipeg Hockey League\|date\=November 14, 1912\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-14\-1912\-3401203/}}; {{cite news\|title\=Monarchs Cause Commotion in Winnipeg Hockey (Continued)\|date\=November 14, 1912\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=7\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-14\-1912\-3401204/}} The Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League later voted in favour of keeping the arrangement with the Auditorium. Robinson was elected vice\-president of the Victorias in October 1913, serving in the executive role until 1917\.{{efn\|name\=fn5\|Robinson was elected a vice\-president of the Victorias in October 1913\.{{cite news\|title\=Victoria Hockey Club Hold 23rd Annual Meeting\|date\=October 24, 1913\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=7\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-oct\-24\-1913\-3401577/}} He was re\-elected in November 1914,{{cite news\|title\=Victoria Hockey Club to Branch Out Into Rugby\|date\=November 6, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-06\-1914\-3384419/}} and in December 1916\.{{cite news\|title\=Victoria Club Favours Three\-Team League\|date\=December 1, 1916\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=30\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-01\-1916\-3384775/}} The Victorias suspended operations for the hockey team during the 1917–18 season.{{cite news\|title\=No Hockey Team to Play in Vic Colours This Year\|date\=November 21, 1917\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-21\-1917\-3384788/}}}} He represented the Victorias at Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League meetings, and was re\-elected to the league's executive which chose to operate with games at both the Auditorium and the Amphitheatre.{{cite news\|title\=Winnipeg Hockey League Re\-elects the Old Officers\|date\=November 10, 1913\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=12\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-10\-1913\-3401583/}}; {{cite news\|title\=Senior Hockey Season to Open Here December 18\|date\=November 14, 1913\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-14\-1913\-3401590/}} In January 1914, the Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League debated the status of the independent hockey leagues in Western Ontario and Manitoba, as to whether they were intermediate or senior\-level leagues, and whether players in those leagues were eligible to be called\-up to play. The issue stemmed from determining eligibility of reserve players for the Monarchs, who also played in those independent leagues.{{cite news\|title\=Questions That Are Giving Big League Food For Thought\|date\=January 12, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=8\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-jan\-12\-1914\-3404873/}} #### 1914 Allan Cup [thumb\|upright\|left\|William Northey\|alt\=Black and white photo of a middle\-aged man wearing a suit and tie](/wiki/File:William_Mitchell_Northey.jpg "William Mitchell Northey.jpg") By the [1914 Allan Cup](/wiki/1914_Allan_Cup "1914 Allan Cup"), the numerous challenges for the trophy by league champions across Canada were difficult to manage. Robinson worked with Northey to schedule challenges, and decided that the defending champions would play a maximum of three challenges for the trophy per season.{{cite news\|title\=Elimination Series For Allan Cup Challengers\|date\=March 2, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-02\-1914\-3405032/}} Robinson scheduled referees for Allan Cup games in Winnipeg,{{cite news\|title\=Intense Interest in Match Tonight for the Allan Cup\|date\=March 11, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=10\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-11\-1914\-3405401/}} including a two\-game total\-goals series as the first challenge for the cup, by the [Kenora Thistles](/wiki/Kenora_Thistles_%281910s%29 "Kenora Thistles (1910s)") versus the Winnipeg Monarchs.{{cite news\|title\=Kenora and Monarchs Play Saturday and Monday Nights\|date\=March 5, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-05\-1914\-3405046/}} Allan Cup trustees debated whether [Dick Irvin](/wiki/Dick_Irvin "Dick Irvin") was eligible to play for the Monarchs, since he had played a game for the Winnipeg Strathconas in the Independent League prior to the start of the Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League season. Northey asked Robinson for a copy of the constitution for the Independent League in which Irvin played. When Irvin was ruled ineligible, the Monarchs refused to play without him. Northey wrote that, since the Strathconas had an intermediate team associated with them, then the Strathconas could not also be an intermediate team for the Monarchs.{{cite news\|title\=No Allan Cup Game Tonight: Monarchs Refuse to Play Without Dick Irvin\|date\=March 7, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-07\-1914\-3405053/}} Robinson noted that in 1913, trustees accepted that intermediate\-level hockey was equal to senior\-level hockey.{{cite news\|title\=Monarchs Appear to be in Wrong in Allan Cup Affair\|date\=March 9, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=11\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-09\-1914\-3355896/}} After three days of negotiating, the Monarchs agreed to play without Irvin, in a one\-game challenge versus the Thistles.{{cite news\|title\=Sudden Death Game To Decide Allan Cup\|date\=March 10, 1914\|newspaper\=Winnipeg Free Press\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-10\-1914\-2534284/}} The Monarchs won the Allan Cup by a 6–2 score. Player eligibility was again questioned in the subsequent challenge for the Allan Cup. The Monarchs sought a ruling about a player from the [Regina Victorias](/wiki/Regina_Victorias "Regina Victorias"), who was reported to have played one game for a team in [Melville, Saskatchewan](/wiki/Melville%2C_Saskatchewan "Melville, Saskatchewan"), and possibly with other senior teams. Robinson investigated and sent his findings to Northey.{{cite news\|title\=Northey Wants to Know More About Mastel\|date\=March 16, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=10\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-16\-1914\-3405403/}} Cup trustees ruled the player eligible, since the other league in which he played was not known to be senior level.{{cite news\|title\=Mastel Eligible Announce Trustees\|date\=March 19, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-19\-1914\-3405414/}} The Regina Victorias defeated the Monarchs to win the Allan Cup, then defended the trophy in a series versus a team from [Grand\-Mère, Quebec](/wiki/Grand-M%C3%A8re%2C_Quebec "Grand-Mère, Quebec"). ### Beginnings of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association #### Plans for a national body [thumb\|upright\=0\.7\|J. D. Pratt\|alt\=Black and white photo of a middle\-aged man facing to the right, wearing a dark\-coloured suit and a white dress shirt](/wiki/File:J._D._Pratt_of_the_Winnipeg_Victorias_circa_1910.jpg "J. D. Pratt of the Winnipeg Victorias circa 1910.jpg") Following the difficulties encountered during the 1914 Allan Cup, Robinson suggested establishing a national body for governing hockey. He travelled to [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal") and met with Allan Cup trustees, who reportedly had no desire to dictate disagreeable terms to the leagues wishing to compete for the trophy.{{cite news\|title\=Claude Robinson Arranges Conference\|date\=March 26, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-26\-1914\-3405416/}} Robinson later stated that trustees recognized flaws in the rules, and favoured establishing a national body.{{cite news\|title\=Allan Cup Trustees Are in Favour of Suggestions for Dominion Wide Board\|date\=March 31, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=10\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-31\-1914\-3405418/}} In May 1914, the Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League endorsed establishment of a national body to govern ice hockey, standardize [ice hockey rules](/wiki/Ice_hockey_rules "Ice hockey rules"), and set deadlines for competitions. J. D. Pratt, president of the Winnipeg Victorias, then mailed letters to amateur hockey officials in each province asking for contact information of all leagues and clubs playing senior hockey.{{cite news\|title\=First Step Toward Formation of Amateur Hockey Commission\|date\=May 19, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-may\-19\-1914\-3404985/}} The Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League subsequently met in June, and formed the [Manitoba Hockey Commission](/wiki/Hockey_Manitoba "Hockey Manitoba") to oversee hockey in Manitoba, which sought to merge into a national commission, as supported by clubs in Western Canada.{{cite news\|title\=Winnipeg Takes Initial Step Toward Hockey Commission\|date\=June 23, 1914\|newspaper\=Winnipeg Free Press\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-jun\-23\-1914\-1904561/}}; {{cite news\|title\=Another Step Nearer Hockey Commission\|date\=June 23, 1914\|newspaper\=Winnipeg Tribune\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=22\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-jun\-23\-1914\-1904566/}} Robinson wrote letters to amateur clubs across Canada, advocating for a meeting to establish a national governing body for hockey. The stated purpose was to discuss revisions to the Allan Cup competition format and deadlines, to standardize rules of play, [ice hockey rink](/wiki/Ice_hockey_rink "Ice hockey rink") dimensions, and for annual meetings to discuss national issues. *The Winnipeg Tribune* reported that a national body would also prevent players from jumping clubs. Robinson travelled to [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa "Ottawa") to represent the Victorias at the meeting.{{cite news\|title\=Local Hockey Men Strongly in Favour of National Body\|date\=November 21, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=26\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-21\-1914\-3404943/}} #### First national meeting [thumb\|left\|Château Laurier\|alt\=Exterior photo of south entrance of a hotel constructed in French gothic revival châteauesque architecture](/wiki/File:Hotel_Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier_in_Ottawa.jpg "Hotel Château Laurier in Ottawa.jpg") The [Canadian Amateur Hockey Association](/wiki/Canadian_Amateur_Hockey_Association "Canadian Amateur Hockey Association") (CAHA) was founded on December 4, 1914, at the [Château Laurier](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier "Château Laurier") in Ottawa. Robinson was elected secretary for the 1914–15 season, and Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League president [W. F. Taylor](/wiki/W._F._Taylor "W. F. Taylor"), was elected president.{{cite news\|title\=Dominion Amateur Hockey Commission Is Now a Reality\|date\=December 5, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=28\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-05\-1914\-3404899/}}{{cite news\|title\=Amateur Hockey Body Formed at Great Ottawa Conference\|date\=December 5, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-05\-1914\-3404901/}}; {{cite news\|title\=Amateur Hockey Body Formed at Great Ottawa Conference (Continued From Page Six)\|date\=December 5, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=7\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-05\-1914\-3404902/}} The constitution drafted by delegates from Manitoba and Saskatchewan was adopted with minor changes, and the CAHA established a three\-month residency rule to be eligible to register with a team.{{cite news\|title\=Claude Robinson is Pleased at Result\|last\=Robinson\|first\=Claude\|date\=December 5, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=7\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-05\-1914\-3404904/}} Eight provincial branches were to be formed, with players required to register with one of the branches. The meeting also saw by\-laws drafted, and agreement on a standard rink dimensions. [thumb\|upright\=0\.7\|W. F. Taylor\|alt\=Black and white photo of a middle\-aged man facing to the left, wearing a dark\-coloured suit and a white dress shirt](/wiki/File:Doctor_William_Franklin_Taylor_photo_circa_1912.png "Doctor William Franklin Taylor photo circa 1912.png") The Allan Cup was recognized as the championship trophy of the CAHA for senior hockey, and standard playing rules were chosen for the trophy's playoffs. The format of the playoffs was changed from teams challenging the champion, in favour of provincial champions playing against each other until an east versus west final. The reigning champion was to play no more than two four\-game series in defence of the trophy. Robinson and W. F. Taylor met with Allan Cup trustee William Northey, to discuss the CAHA assuming control of the trophy. According to Northey, the Allan Cup could not be given outright to the CAHA as per the deed of gift from [H. Montagu Allan](/wiki/H._Montagu_Allan "H. Montagu Allan"), but the CAHA would continue to benefit from donation of its [gate receipts](/wiki/Gate_receipts "Gate receipts") to charities. Robinson remained an Allan Cup trustee, and helped oversee disbursement of profits from the Allan Cup playoffs to charities, and covering travel expenses of teams competing for the Cup.Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (1990\), pp. 135–137 Professional hockey interests were denied representation at the meeting, which coincided with the time and location of the annual general meeting for the [Amateur Athletic Union of Canada](/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Union_of_Canada "Amateur Athletic Union of Canada") (AAU of C). The CAHA was accepted as an affiliate two days later, then followed the AAU of C policies against professionalism to promote amateur sport.{{cite news\|title\=Tom Boyd Elected New President of A.A.U. in Canada\|date\=December 7, 1914\|newspaper\=Winnipeg Tribune\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=10 \|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-07\-1914\-1904980/}} When Robinson returned to Winnipeg, he expressed satisfaction in efforts to establish the CAHA, and the assured support of the Allan Cup trustees. He then sought for provincial hockey associations to be organized and adopt the CAHA's constitution and by\-laws.{{cite news\|title\=Home From Ottawa Hockey Conference\|date\=December 14, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-14\-1914\-3404912/}} #### Early years The [1915 Allan Cup](/wiki/1915_Allan_Cup "1915 Allan Cup") was the first senior championship arranged under supervision of the new CAHA. The CAHA preferred to schedule home\-and\-home series for the playoffs, but Robinson stated that a one\-game format could be used pending the weather or ice conditions.{{cite news\|title\=Three Elimination Hockey Games to be Played in Winnipeg\|date\=January 28, 1915\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=19\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-jan\-28\-1915\-3404850/}} During the second challenge for the cup, the OHA sought to play by the residency requirements agreed upon when the CAHA was founded, whereas the [Saskatchewan Amateur Hockey Association](/wiki/Hockey_Saskatchewan "Hockey Saskatchewan") (SAHA) contested that residency requirements did not come into effect until the next season, and that players on the [Melville Millionaires](/wiki/Melville_Millionaires "Melville Millionaires") were eligible.{{cite news\|title\=O.H.A. Champions on the Way West\|date\=March 3, 1915\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-03\-1915\-3384502/}} Prior to the series, Robinson arranged a special CAHA meeting at the behest of the SAHA.{{cite news\|title\=Canadian Hockey Body Meets Today\|date\=March 15, 1915\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-15\-1915\-3384512/}} Despite the disagreement, the Millionaires won the series against the OHA champion [Toronto Victorias](/wiki/Toronto_Victorias "Toronto Victorias"), then lost the subsequent challenge to the Winnipeg Monarchs. Robinson and W. F. Taylor advocated for the CAHA to hold its first annual meeting prior to the 1915–16 season, despite concerns by provincial delegates that the World War I effort was more important. W. F. Taylor argued that the CAHA was too new to skip its first annual meeting, then Robinson conducted two mail\-in votes which were inconclusive as to whether to hold a meeting. When some of the replies cited the cost of travelling, Robinson remarked that hockey was the only amateur sport which had "too much money" to spend on a meeting.{{cite news\|title\=Pres. Taylor Wants Hockey Meeting\|date\=November 23, 1915\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-23\-1915\-3384534/}} [thumb\|Fort Garry Hotel, {{circa\|1913}}\|alt\=Postcard from 1913, printed in sepia tone depicting the exterior of a 12\-storey chateaueasque hotel](/wiki/Image:FortGarryWinnipeg.jpg "FortGarryWinnipeg.jpg") Robinson arranged the CAHA's first annual general meeting at the [Fort Garry Hotel](/wiki/Fort_Garry_Hotel "Fort Garry Hotel") in Winnipeg, in December 1915\. The CAHA pledged to continue Allan Cup playoffs during the war, and made exceptions to residency rules for soldiers and students. The SAHA aired a grievance that Robinson and W. F. Taylor handled the dispute by a general meeting, rather than by an executive meeting. The CAHA noted discrepancies in constitution, and named Robinson to a committee to review the constitutions, such that each branch would coincide with the CAHA. At the end of the meeting, Robinson was succeeded as secretary by [W. A. Hewitt](/wiki/W._A._Hewitt "W. A. Hewitt") of the OHA.{{cite news\|title\=Allan Cup Hockey As Usual This Winter Is Decision\|date\=December 11, 1915\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=19\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-11\-1915\-3403908/}} As the war continued, Robinson wanted to keep the CAHA functioning, even if mail\-in votes were necessary instead of an annual meeting. He also felt that someone should be elected as president, to replace [James T. Sutherland](/wiki/James_T._Sutherland "James T. Sutherland") who was serving overseas with the [Canadian Expeditionary Force](/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force "Canadian Expeditionary Force").{{cite news\|title\=C.A.H.A. Boosts Game\|date\=November 11, 1916\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=78\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-11\-1916\-3403498/}} ### Early years of the Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association The Manitoba Hockey Commission changed its name to the [Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association](/wiki/Hockey_Manitoba "Hockey Manitoba") (MAHA), at its first annual meeting held before the 1914–15 season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.hockeymanitoba.ca/information/about\-hockey\-manitoba/\|title\=About Hockey Manitoba\|year\=2022\|website\=\[\[Hockey Manitoba]]\|access\-date\=February 2, 2022}} Robinson remained a representative of the Victorias at Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League meetings. He was re\-elected first vice\-president of the league, which approved his motion to adopt all Allan Cup rules and player eligibility.{{cite news\|title\=All is Harmony in the Ranks of Big Puck League\|date\=November 11, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=10\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-11\-1914\-3384424/}} The league supported formation of the Winnipeg Intermediate Hockey League for the second\-tier teams of its clubs, and appointed Robinson chairman of the intermediate league.{{cite news\|title\=Winnipeg Hockey League Will Support Intermediates\|date\=December 23, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-23\-1914\-3384443/}} [thumb\|left\|Winnipeg 61st Battalion with the Allan Cup in 1916\|alt\=Black and white photo of a hockey team seated behind a large trophy](/wiki/File:Winnipeg_61st_Battalion%2C_1915%E2%80%9316.png "Winnipeg 61st Battalion, 1915–16.png") The Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League included teams composed of military personnel for the 1915–16 season, and raised funds to support soldiers and the war effort.{{cite news\|title\=Patriotic Senior Hockey is Likely for Winnipeg Fans\|date\=November 4, 1915\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=19\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-04\-1915\-3384530/}}; {{cite news\|title\=Six Clubs and Single Series For Patriotic Senior Hockey League\|date\=December 7, 1915\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=13\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-07\-1915\-3384537/}} The league was renamed to the Winnipeg Patriotic Hockey League, with Robinson as its vice\-president.{{cite news\|title\=Monarch Protest Not Entertained\|date\=March 2, 1916\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-02\-1916\-3384744/}} The Winnipeg Monarchs were the defending Allan Cup champions, and protested when the [Winnipeg 61st Battalion](/wiki/Winnipeg_61st_Battalion "Winnipeg 61st Battalion") were chosen to defend the Allan Cup as league champions, since the Monarchs considered the patriotic games to be exhibitions.{{cite news\|title\=Monarch Claim Handed Over to Manitoba Body\|date\=March 4, 1916\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=20\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-04\-1916\-3384747/}} The MAHA subsequently upheld Robinson's decision that the 61st Battalion defend the Allan Cup.{{cite news\|title\=Monarchs Lose Again in Effort to Retain Allan Cup\|date\=March 7, 1916\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-07\-1916\-3384757/}} Robinson ruled that the OHA was too late in sending its champion to Winnipeg, and omitted the OHA from the [1916 Allan Cup](/wiki/1916_Allan_Cup "1916 Allan Cup") playoffs.{{cite news\|title\=Regina to Play 61st for Allan Cup, Games Billed Mar. 16 and 18\|date\=March 15, 1916\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=10\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-15\-1916\-3403898/}} The Winnipeg 61st Battalion won the Allan Cup by defeating challenges from [Fort William, Ontario](/wiki/Fort_William%2C_Ontario "Fort William, Ontario") and the Regina Victorias. [thumb\|upright\|Robinson, {{circa\|1917}}\|alt\=Black and white photo of a man wearing a suit and tie](/wiki/File:Claude_C._Robinson_photo_circa_1917.jpg "Claude C. Robinson photo circa 1917.jpg") Robinson was elected first vice\-president of the MAHA in December 1916, and served on the executive committee of the Winnipeg Patriotic Hockey League.{{cite news\|title\=Three\-Team Series For Patriotic Hockey Finally Decided On\|date\=December 6, 1916\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=26\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-06\-1916\-3384781/}} Upon a recommendation by Robinson, the Victorias suspended operations due to lack of hockey players during the 1917–18 season. He remained involved with Allan Cup affairs and accompanied the Winnipeg Patriotic Hockey League champions to Toronto for the final [1918 Allan Cup](/wiki/1918_Allan_Cup "1918 Allan Cup") challenge.{{cite news\|title\=Ypres Leave for Toronto This Afternoon\|date\=March 8, 1918\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-08\-1918\-3403453/}} During the 1918–19 season, Robinson sat on the protest committee of the Manitoba Hockey League,{{cite news\|title\=Hockey Players Practice Steadily For Opening Game\|date\=December 26, 1918\|newspaper\=\[\[The Brandon Sun\|The Brandon Daily Sun]]\|location\=Brandon, Manitoba\|page\= 15\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-26\-1918\-3384811/}} and represented the MAHA at the general meeting of the CAHA.{{cite news\|title\=Standard Rules Adopted For Allan Cup In Future\|last\=Finlay\|first\=W. J.\|date\=March 20, 1919\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=14\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-20\-1919\-3402937/}} In the following season, Robinson was named to the executive of the [Winnipeg Hockey League](/wiki/Manitoba_Hockey_Association "Manitoba Hockey Association"), and a delegate to the Manitoba branch of the AAU of C.{{cite news\|title\=Geo. Hay Not Received With Great Rejoicing\|date\=November 11, 1919\|newspaper\=\[\[The Brandon Sun\|The Brandon Daily Sun]]\|location\=Brandon, Manitoba\|page\=5\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-11\-1919\-3392069/}} In November 1921, Robinson was opposed to players from Winnipeg migrating to other cities, and chaired a meeting which sought to resurrect the Winnipeg Hockey League.{{cite news\|title\=Winnipeg Senior Amateur Hockey League Decides on Reorganization\|date\=November 7, 1921\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=8\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-07\-1921\-3400818/}} He represented the Winnipeg Hockey League at MAHA meetings, and served on the MAHA executive committee.{{cite news\|title\=Falcon Juniors Refused Transfer to Vics by Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association\|date\=November 28, 1921\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=16\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-28\-1921\-3400822/}} In the 1922–23 season, Robinson was elected first vice\-president of the Winnipeg Hockey League.{{cite news\|title\=Ossie Graham Heads Winnipeg Hockey League\|date\=November 24, 1922\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=19\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-24\-1922\-3396928/}}; {{cite news\|title\=Victoria Hockeyists Organize for Season\|date\=November 30, 1922\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=18\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-30\-1922\-3396931/}} ### Post\-war Canadian hockey and the 1920s Robinson represented the CAHA at AAU of C meetings, and served as chairman of the national registration committee for the AAU of C from 1920 to 1922\.{{efn\|name\=fn8\|Robinson was appointed chairman of the national registration committee of the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada in January 1920,{{cite news\|title\=L. A. Gastonguay Is Selected On Committee\|date\=January 10, 1920\|newspaper\=\[\[The Chronicle Herald\|The Evening Mail]]\|location\=Halifax, Nova Scotia\|page\=8\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93543824/hewitt\-1920/}} and was re\-appointed in December 1920,{{cite news\|title\=Captain Ed Archibald Achieves Aim: Ottawa Separate Branch of A.A.U.\|date\=December 13, 1920\|newspaper\=\[\[Ottawa Journal]]\|location\=Ottawa, Ontario\|page\=12\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107406531/robinson\-1920/}}{{cite news\|title\=Lethbridge Judge Vice\-president of Athletic Union\|date\=December 13, 1920\|newspaper\=\[\[Medicine Hat News]]\|location\=Medicine Hat, Alberta\|page\=10\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-13\-1920\-3401120/}} and December 1921\.{{cite news\|title\=Wholesale Clean\-up of Amateur Sport in Manitoba Instituted by Provincial Branch of A.A.U. of C.\|date\=December 2, 1921\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=22\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-02\-1921\-3398532/}}}} [thumb\|upright\|left\|The Abbott Cup\|alt\=Silver bowl with three handles atop of a two\-tiered wooden base with name plates](/wiki/File:Abbott_Cup.jpg "Abbott Cup.jpg") Robinson was named a trustee of the [Abbott Cup](/wiki/Abbott_Cup "Abbott Cup") in 1919, after it was donated by the SAHA to be awarded to the junior hockey champion of Western Canada.{{cite news\|title\=Hector Lang Booster for Junior Hockey in West and Trustee for Memorial Cup\|date\=January 3, 1919\|newspaper\=\[\[Medicine Hat News]]\|location\=Medicine Hat, Alberta\|page\=3\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-jan\-03\-1919\-3402935/}} He then spread the word to junior teams in Western Canada of a new national championship which became the [Memorial Cup](/wiki/Memorial_Cup "Memorial Cup").{{cite news\|title\=Anxious to Have Western Juniors Play in East for Championship\|date\=February 1, 1919\|newspaper\=\[\[Medicine Hat News]]\|location\=Medicine Hat, Alberta\|page\=5\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-feb\-01\-1919\-3384821/}} After the CAHA assumed control of scheduling for the Abbott Cup and Memorial Cup games in 1919, Robinson sought for the [Thunder Bay Amateur Hockey Association](/wiki/Hockey_Northwestern_Ontario "Hockey Northwestern Ontario") be included in the playoffs for Western Canada when the Memorial Cup was hosted in the east, and vice versa when the Memorial Cup was hosted in the west.{{cite news\|title\=Canadian Amateur Hockey Officials Hold Session Here\|date\=December 4, 1923\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=17\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-04\-1923\-3384893/}} When teams from the [Big\-4 League](/wiki/Big-4_League "Big-4 League") were denied entry into the [1920 Allan Cup](/wiki/1920_Allan_Cup "1920 Allan Cup") playoffs, Robinson urged the league to affiliate with the [Alberta Amateur Hockey Association](/wiki/Hockey_Alberta "Hockey Alberta") to play. He felt that the CAHA needed teams from Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, to have championships that were representative of the whole country.{{cite news\|title\=Alberta Big Four Will Continue Hockey For 1920–21; Plans Made\|date\=August 30, 1920\|newspaper\=\[\[The StarPhoenix\|The Saskatoon Phoenix]]\|location\=Saskatoon, Saskatchewan\|page\=5\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107406301/robinson\-1920/}} During the [1922 Allan Cup](/wiki/1922_Allan_Cup "1922 Allan Cup"), Robinson protested that two eastern referees were appointed to the series, and claimed that Western Canada was entitled to appoint one of the referees. A vote by the CAHA upheld his protest, and changed one of the referees.{{cite news\|title\=Regina Vics Are Weakened for Tonight's Game\|date\=March 22, 1922\|newspaper\=\[\[The Brandon Sun\|The Brandon Daily Sun]]\|location\=Brandon, Manitoba\|page\=4\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-22\-1922\-3396916/}} As of the [1924 Allan Cup](/wiki/1924_Allan_Cup "1924 Allan Cup"), the CAHA excluded senior teams representing a commercial organization from playing, after Robinson noted that no such clause existed in the constitution. #### Professionalism in amateur hockey Prior to the 1919–20 season, Robinson favoured a one\-time whitewash of professional athletes in Canada. He sought for each athlete to be given three weeks to apply for reinstatement as an amateur, then to review each case individually, before eliminating the reinstatement process. He previously felt that professional athletes should never be reinstated as an amateur, but changed his opinion due to post\-war conditions in Western Canada.{{cite news\|title\=Claude Robinson For Wholesale Whitewash In Amateur Athletics\|date\=May 14, 1919\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=12\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-may\-14\-1919\-3402927/}} In the 1920–21 season, Robinson voiced opposition to former professionals competing for the Allan Cup, but stated that they could play if permitted by the AAU of C.{{cite news\|title\=This Should Be Good News For Western Pros\|date\=August 26, 1920\|newspaper\=\[\[The Brandon Sun\|The Brandon Daily Sun]]\|location\=Brandon, Manitoba\|page\=3\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-aug\-26\-1920\-3401068/}} He subsequently spoke out against the continued reinstatement process, and felt that rules which permitted youth to become professionals would destroy the spirit of sportsmanship. In December 1920, Robinson and the AAU of C sought to eliminate veiled professionalism from amateur sport, particularly hockey in Western Canada. He advocated for six\-month residency rules to be strictly enforced, to prevent players from changing teams without a bona fide reason.{{cite news\|title\=C.A.H.A. Meeting Is Not Endorsed\|date\=December 22, 1920\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=23\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-22\-1920\-3401136/}} In June 1921, CAHA president [W. R. Granger](/wiki/W._R._Granger "W. R. Granger") met with Robinson and hockey officials in Western Canada to discuss cleaning up veiled professionalism in amateur hockey.{{cite news\|title\=W. R. Granger Looks Into Hockey In West\|date\=June 22, 1921\|newspaper\=\[\[Lethbridge Herald]]\|location\=Lethbridge, Alberta\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-jun\-22\-1921\-3400816/}} The meeting resulted in a recommendation that branches of the CAHA update their by\-laws to give executives the necessary powers to enforce regulations and investigate amateur status of a player.{{cite news\|title\=Amateur Hockey President Plans To Protect Game In Canada In Coming Season\|date\=October 4, 1921\|newspaper\=Lethbridge Herald\|location\=Lethbridge, Alberta\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-oct\-04\-1921\-2330764/}} The CAHA then established its own registration committee with W. A. Hewitt as the registrar, aimed at investigating all registrations to exclude professionals and reduce the number of players touring Canada from one team to another.{{cite news\|title\=New Body Created At Hockey Meeting\|date\=October 29, 1921\|newspaper\=The Gazette\|location\=Montreal, Quebec\|page\=22\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74402769/granger\-1921/}} At the 1922 CAHA annual meeting, Robinson was opposed to a suggestion that a professional in one sport could be an amateur in hockey, and reiterated that professionals were not welcomed by the AAU of C.{{cite news\|title\=Touring Hockey Players In U.S. Will Be Barred\|date\=November 20, 1922\|newspaper\=\[\[The Brandon Sun\|The Brandon Daily Sun]]\|location\=Brandon, Manitoba\|page\=4\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-20\-1922\-3396921/}}; {{cite news\|title\=Resident Rule Alberta and B.C. Set for October by the C.A.H.C.\|date\=November 22, 1922\|newspaper\=\[\[Medicine Hat News]]\|location\=Medicine Hat, Alberta\|page\=2\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-22\-1922\-3396924/}} ### 1932 Winter Olympics {{multiple image\|total\_width\=360\|image1\=Jack Shea Arena (2913393522\).jpg\|alt1\=Photo of arena's two\-storey brick exterior with the Olympic Rings above the entrance doors\|image2\=Ice Skating Rink Lake Placid (44626168120\).jpg\|alt2\=Outdoor nighttime photo of an illuminated oval with speed skaters\|footer\=Ice hockey games at the 1932 Winter Olympics were played at \[\[Olympic Center\|Jack Shea Arena]] (indoor rink), and the \[\[James B. Sheffield Olympic Skating Rink]] (outdoor venue).}} [Canadian Olympic Committee](/wiki/Canadian_Olympic_Committee "Canadian Olympic Committee") president [P. J. Mulqueen](/wiki/P._J._Mulqueen "P. J. Mulqueen") named Robinson to the winter sports committee, in preparation for the national team at the [1932 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics "1932 Winter Olympics").{{cite news\|title\=Name 1932 Winter Olympic Sports Body\|agency\=\[\[The Canadian Press]]\|date\=October 2, 1930\|newspaper\=\[\[Medicine Hat News]]\|location\=Medicine Hat, Alberta\|page\=7\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-oct\-02\-1930\-3384966/}} Robinson was later named the honorary assistant manager of the Canadian delegation to the 1932 Winter Olympics, with [Melville Marks Robinson](/wiki/Melville_Marks_Robinson "Melville Marks Robinson") as manager of the delegation.{{cite news\|title\=Canada's Olympic Hockey Contender Is Now Complete\|date\=January 19, 1932\|newspaper\=\[\[Edmonton Journal]]\|location\=Edmonton, Alberta\|page\=7\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107551539/robinson\-1932/}} When the [1931 Allan Cup](/wiki/1931_Allan_Cup "1931 Allan Cup") champions [Winnipeg Hockey Club](/wiki/Winnipeg_Hockey_Club "Winnipeg Hockey Club") were chosen to represent the [Canadian national team](/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team "Canada men's national ice hockey team") in the [Olympic hockey tournament](/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1932 Winter Olympics"), Robinson was named associate manager of the team by the Canadian Olympic Committee.{{cite news\|title\=Olympic Committee Plans Program of Winter Sports\|date\=December 7, 1931\|newspaper\=\[\[Medicine Hat News]]\|location\=Medicine Hat, Alberta\|page\=3\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-07\-1931\-3356163/}}{{cite news\|title\=Crutchfield Is Unable To Accompany Team\|agency\=\[\[The Canadian Press]]\|date\=January 23, 1932\|newspaper\=\[\[The StarPhoenix\|The Saskatoon Star\-Phoenix]]\|location\=Saskatoon, Saskatchewan\|page\=14\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107551727/robinson\-1932/}} He arranged for exhibition games on route to the Olympics, including games in Toronto and [Hamilton, Ontario](/wiki/Hamilton%2C_Ontario "Hamilton, Ontario").{{cite news\|title\=Pegs Will Leave Here January 26\|date\=December 22, 1931\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=16\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-22\-1931\-3356167/}} Olympics organizers expected a large crowd for the gold medal match between Canada and the [United States national team](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team "United States men's national ice hockey team"), and scheduled the match to be played on an outdoor rink in the centre of the speed skating oval. Robinson advocated for the game to be played on the larger indoors surface without concerns about the weather, but the game was played outside to accommodate more spectators.{{cite news\|title\=Size of Crowd May Decide Venue of Hockey Game at Lake Placid Tomorrow\|date\=February 12, 1932\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=13\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-feb\-12\-1932\-3396209/}} Canada won the Olympic gold medal in hockey, then played exhibition games Robinson arranged versus the [Atlantic City Seagulls](/wiki/Atlantic_City_Seagulls_%28ice_hockey%29 "Atlantic City Seagulls (ice hockey)"), and the [Crescent Athletic Club](/wiki/Crescent_Athletic_Club "Crescent Athletic Club") at [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_%281925%29 "Madison Square Garden (1925)").{{cite news\|title\=Olympic Champions Uncover Dazzling Attack and Present Powerful Defence in 5–1 Win\|date\=February 20, 1932\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=19\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-feb\-20\-1932\-3396213/}} ### Later career [thumb\|left\|Men in line for food in Toronto during the Great Depression\|alt\=Black and white photo of many men in queue for food at the Yonge Street Mission](/wiki/File:YongeStreetMission.jpg "YongeStreetMission.jpg") Robinson served as chairman of the CAHA finance committee from 1933 to 1937\.{{efn\|name\=fn6\|Robinson was chairman of the CAHA finance committee in 1933\.{{cite news\|title\=Simon\-pures Can Now Try Out With Monied Sextets\|agency\=\[\[The Canadian Press]]\|date\=April 11, 1933\|newspaper\=\[\[The StarPhoenix\|Saskatoon Star\-Phoenix]]\|location\=Saskatoon, Saskatchewan\|page\=11\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107572939/robinson\-1933/}} He was re\-elected in 1933,{{cite news\|title\=C.A.H.A. Heads Renamed\|date\=April 12, 1933\|newspaper\=\[\[Montreal Gazette\|The Gazette]]\|location\=Montreal, Quebec\|page\=14\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107572976/robinson\-1933/}}; {{cite news\|title\=C.A.H.A. Keeps Old Officers\|date\=April 12, 1933\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=26\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-apr\-12\-1933\-3356223/}} and appointed to the position in 1934,{{cite news\|title\=Manitoba Man Is Elected Pres. of C.A.H.A.\|date\=April 4, 1934\|newspaper\=\[\[Medicine Hat News]]\|location\=Medicine Hat, Alberta\|page\=4\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-apr\-04\-1934\-3385067/}} and 1936\.{{cite news\|title\=C.A.H.A. Moves to Curb Emigrants\|date\=April 15, 1936\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=13\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-apr\-15\-1936\-3356290/}} The CAHA abolished its finance committee in 1937\.{{cite news\|title\=Cecil Duncan is Re\-elected Head at C.A.H.A. Meet\|agency\=\[\[The Canadian Press]]\|date\=April 21, 1937\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=3\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-apr\-21\-1937\-3394801/}}}} He assumed the role at a time when the CAHA was annually increasing grants to its branches to promote [minor ice hockey](/wiki/Minor_ice_hockey "Minor ice hockey"). During the [Great Depression in Canada](/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Canada "Great Depression in Canada"), Robinson reported that the CAHA lost money in both the Allan Cup and Memorial Cup finals in 1936, had $7,000 in losses for the 1935–36 season, and that it had only $15,000 in reserve.{{cite news\|title\=C.A.H.A. Permits Mercantile Club Entries for Cup\|agency\=\[\[The Canadian Press]]\|date\=April 14, 1936\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=3\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-apr\-14\-1936\-3356286/}}{{cite news\|title\=C.A.H.A. Plans Sweeping Economies\|date\=April 15, 1936\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=12\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-apr\-15\-1936\-3356288/}} He subsequently announced austerity measures which included suspension of grants to branches, and reductions in honorariums to executives and travel expenses for teams. He felt that the CAHA could not carry on another season without the drastic cuts, and the CAHA then scheduled Memorial Cup and Allan Cup playoffs games at the most profitable arenas. One year after the changes were made, Robinson reported playoffs profits exceeding $34,000, and subsequent increases to travel expenses for players and teams.{{cite news\|title\=Rules on Hockey Importations Set By C.A.H.A.\|agency\=\[\[The Canadian Press]]\|date\=April 20, 1937\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=1\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-apr\-20\-1937\-3385320/}}; {{cite news\|title\=C.A.H.A. Coffers Filling\|date\=April 21, 1937\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=14\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-apr\-21\-1937\-3385322/}} In November 1936, the CAHA proposed amendments to the AAU of C constitution to alter the definition of an amateur athlete, and allow for mingling of amateur and professionals in sport. Robinson felt that professionals would be a bad influence on amateur athletes, and had no place in amateur sports.{{cite news\|title\=Local Branch of A.A.U. of C. Oppose Broken Time Payment\|last\=Shields\|first\=Clem\|date\=November 14, 1936\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=29\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-14\-1936\-3394828/}} When the AAU of C subsequently rejected three of the four CAHA amendments, the relationship between the organizations deteriorated.{{cite news\|title\=Jack Hamilton, Regina, Is Named A.A.U. of C. Leader\|last\=Edwards\|first\=Charles\|author\-link\=Charles Edwards (journalist)\|agency\=\[\[The Canadian Press]]\|date\=November 23, 1936\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=17\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-23\-1936\-3385312/}} Robinson was opposed to the impending divorce of the CAHA from the AAU of C, and suggested that the Allan Cup be withdrawn.{{cite news\|title\=C.A.H.A. Founder Is Against Break\|agency\=\|date\=December 22, 1936\|newspaper\=\[\[Montreal Gazette\|The Gazette]]\|location\=Montreal, Quebec\|page\=14\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107576112/robinson\-1936/}} Without the AAU of C alliance, he felt that the CAHA would lose its authority over amateur hockey in Canada, the ability to administer its finances, and control of the Allan Cup.{{cite news\|title\=Robinson Says C.A.H.A. May Lose Cup\|date\=December 22, 1936\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=18\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-22\-1936\-3356366/}} Robinson raised his objections despite that H. Montagu Allan had recently declared that the Allan Cup should remain in the possession of the CAHA.{{cite news\|title\=In the Realm of Sport\|last\=Gilhooly\|first\=Walter\|date\=December 22, 1936\|newspaper\=Ottawa, Ontario\|location\=\[\[Ottawa Journal]]\|page\=22\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107576307/robinson\-1936/}} The CAHA formally separated from the AAU of C in January 1937\.{{cite news\|title\=C.A.H.A. Break From A.A.U. Formally Made\|date\=December 15, 1936\|newspaper\=Lethbridge Herald\|location\=Lethbridge, Alberta\|page\=10\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-15\-1936\-1753890/}} The *[Winnipeg Free Press](/wiki/Winnipeg_Free_Press "Winnipeg Free Press")* then speculated that Robinson's position as chairman of the finance committee would be abolished, since he continued to be a vocal opponent of the CAHA's new definition of an amateur.{{cite news\|title\=Claude Robinson May Feel the Axe\|date\=April 20, 1937\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=17\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-apr\-20\-1937\-3394799/}} In April 1937, the CAHA abolished its finance committee and assigned those duties to the president.{{cite news\|title\=Final Split Between C.A.H.A. And A.A.U. Comes With The Adoption of "Three Points"\|date\=April 20, 1937\|newspaper\=Winnipeg Free Press\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=16\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-apr\-20\-1937\-1754551/}} The CAHA agreed to pay Robinson's expenses to future CAHA meetings as a life member; he ceased being an Allan Cup trustee as of 1937, and remained a trustee of the Abbott Cup until 1942\.{{cite news\|title\=Honours Showered On Portage Team\|last\=Manning\|first\=Herb\|date\=April 30, 1942\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=16\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-apr\-30\-1942\-3383372/}} [thumb\|Royal Alexandra Hotel drawing room\|alt\=Black and white photo of a large room with decorated dining tables](/wiki/File:Drawing_Room%2C_Royal_Alexandra_Hotel%2C_Winnipeg_%28HS85-10-18226%29.jpg "Drawing Room, Royal Alexandra Hotel, Winnipeg (HS85-10-18226).jpg") The CAHA hosted its [silver jubilee](/wiki/Silver_jubilee "Silver jubilee") in Winnipeg in recognition of the work of Robinson and Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League officials in forming the CAHA.{{cite news\|title\=Honour Winnipeg: Hockey Association Will Meet in City for Silver Jubilee\|last\=Coo\|first\=A. E. H.\|date\=April 18, 1938\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=16\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-apr\-18\-1938\-3394690/}} CAHA president [W. G. Hardy](/wiki/W._G._Hardy "W. G. Hardy") appointed Robinson to oversee the celebrations hosted at the [Royal Alexandra Hotel](/wiki/Royal_Alexandra_Hotel "Royal Alexandra Hotel") from April 8–11, 1939\.{{cite news\|title\=C.A.H.A. Leader Announces Bigger Grants For Minors\|date\=October 24, 1938\|newspaper\=Winnipeg Tribune\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=12\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-oct\-24\-1938\-1469009/}} Attending the jubilee were eleven of thirteen former CAHA presidents, six founders including Robinson who attended the first meeting of the CAHA in 1914, and all four CAHA life members including Robinson.{{cite news\|title\=Eleven Former C.A.H.A. Presidents Coming Here\|date\=April 8, 1939\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=26\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-apr\-08\-1939\-3394647/}} Hardy credited Robinson at the jubilee as, "a man whose acknowledged guidance was the foundation of the CAHA, and a man who was the sower of the acorn from which the CAHA oak tree grew".{{cite news\|title\=C.A.H.A. Eulogized at 25th Annual Banquet\|date\=April 11, 1939\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=16\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-apr\-11\-1939\-3030957/}}
[ "Ice hockey executive\n--------------------", "### Early career", "[thumb\\|left\\|The [Winnipeg Auditorium](/wiki/Winnipeg_Auditorium \"Winnipeg Auditorium\") was the home ice rink for the Winnipeg Victorias.{{cite news\\|title\\=Auditorium, Historic Hockey Rink, Burns\\|date\\=March 15, 1926\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=13\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-15\\-1926\\-3396350/}}\\|alt\\=Exterior of wooden building with a peaked roof and arched windows](/wiki/File:Winnipeg_Auditorium_circa_1900.jpg \"Winnipeg Auditorium circa 1900.jpg\")", "The Western Canada Amateur Intermediate Hockey League elected Robinson its president for the 1903–04 season, while he played on the Winnipeg Victorias in the same league.{{cite news\\|title\\=Intermediate Hockeyists Meet\\|date\\=November 23, 1903\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=11\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-23\\-1903\\-3394625/}} At the 1904 annual meeting of the Victorias, Robinson was elected to the club's executive committee and delegated to establish an intermediate team in a local league. The club supported the intermediate team playing an exhibition tour in Western Canada on route to [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton \"Edmonton\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Victoria Hockeyists Reorganize for the Season's Big Games\\|date\\=October 29, 1904\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=15\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-oct\\-29\\-1904\\-3411749/}} Robinson helped establish the Manitoba Amateur Intermediate Hockey League for the 1904–05 season, and was appointed its temporary secretary.{{cite news\\|title\\=New Hockey League Formed\\|date\\=November 21, 1904\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=15\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-21\\-1904\\-3396966/}} He was subsequently elected president of the league, which adopted a two\\-referee system for its games.{{cite news\\|title\\=Intermediate Teams In Line\\|date\\=December 7, 1904\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=15\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-07\\-1904\\-3355166/}}", "Robinson was elected secretary\\-treasurer of the Victorias in 1905, then served for six seasons in the role until 1912\\.{{efn\\|name\\=fn1\\|Robinson was elected secretary\\-treasurer for the 1905–06, 1906–07,{{cite news\\|title\\=Hockey Clubs Convene\\|date\\=November 9, 1906\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-09\\-1906\\-3384295/}} 1908–09,{{cite news\\|title\\=Old Victorias in Game Again\\|date\\=December 4, 1908\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-04\\-1908\\-3384331/}} 1909–10,{{cite news\\|title\\=Annual of Victorias\\|date\\=November 13, 1909\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=9\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-13\\-1909\\-3399792/}}; {{cite news\\|title\\=Annual of Victorias (Continued)\\|date\\=November 13, 1909\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=21\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-13\\-1909\\-3399788/}} 1910–11,{{cite news\\|title\\=After Local Championship, Then Biggest Amateur Title\\|date\\=November 4, 1910\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=14\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-04\\-1910\\-3384342/}} and 1911–12 seasons.{{cite news\\|title\\=Victoria Hockey Club Ready For Another Strenuous Season\\|date\\=November 10, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-10\\-1911\\-3400836/}} The Winnipeg Victorias did not operate a hockey team during the 1907–08 season.}} He represented the Victorias at [Manitoba Hockey League](/wiki/Manitoba_Hockey_Association \"Manitoba Hockey Association\") meetings, and argued in favour of maintaining the league's amateur status instead of embracing professionalism for the 1906–07 season.{{cite news\\|title\\=Hockey League Meets\\|date\\=November 12, 1906\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-12\\-1906\\-3384300/}}; {{cite news\\|title\\=A Split Is Impending\\|date\\=November 12, 1906\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-12\\-1906\\-3388062/}}{{efn\\|name\\=fn2\\|The \\[\\[Manitoba Hockey Association\\|Manitoba Professional Hockey League]] began playing during the 1906–07 season, including one team based in Winnipeg.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hockeyleaguehistory.com/Manitoba\\_Professional\\_Hockey\\_League.htm\\|title\\=Manitoba Professional Hockey League\\|website\\=Hockey League History\\|access\\-date\\=October 15, 2022}}}} Robinson subsequently represented the Victorias in the Western Canada Amateur Hockey Association, which declined further competition for the [Stanley Cup](/wiki/Stanley_Cup \"Stanley Cup\") and established residency rules for players as of 1906\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Pass Up Stanley Cup\\|date\\=December 11, 1906\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-11\\-1906\\-3398128/}} In April 1907, he represented the Victorias at meetings which established the Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association,{{efn\\|name\\=fn3\\|The Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association was a provincial branch of the \\[\\[Amateur Athletic Union of Canada]].}} and set the requirements for amateur athletes in the province.{{cite news\\|title\\=Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association\\|date\\=April 16, 1907\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-apr\\-16\\-1907\\-3398398/}} Despite the new amateur sports organization, the Victorias did not play the 1907–08 season when professional hockey expanded in Winnipeg.{{efn\\|name\\=fn4\\|The Manitoba Professional Hockey League added a second team based in Winnipeg as of the 1907–08 season.}}", "[thumb\\|upright\\|The Allan Cup trophy\\|alt\\=Silver bowl trophy with two large handles, mounted on a black plinth.](/wiki/File:Allan_Cup.jpg \"Allan Cup.jpg\")", "In November 1908, Robinson helped establish a senior amateur hockey league in Winnipeg affiliated with the Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association, and negotiated for ice time with local arena operators.{{cite news\\|title\\=Senior Amateur Hockey League\\|date\\=November 18, 1908\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-18\\-1908\\-3398514/}} Along with Victorias's Jack Pratt, he reached an agreement with the Winnipeg Auditorium to grow amateur hockey in Winnipeg. Robinson coached the Victorias to a Manitoba Hockey League championship for the 1908–09 season, and felt that his team could have competed for the newly established [Allan Cup](/wiki/Allan_Cup \"Allan Cup\"),{{cite news\\|title\\=On the Sunbeam\\|last\\=Cottrell\\|first\\=Alf\\|date\\=November 17, 1942\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Vancouver Sun]]\\|location\\=Vancouver, British Columbia\\|page\\=11\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107576709/robinson\\-1942/}} although challenges from [senior ice hockey](/wiki/Senior_ice_hockey \"Senior ice hockey\") teams were accepted only from Eastern Canada at the time. He sought to reduce in\\-season expenses, to have money for an end\\-of\\-season trip for the players.{{cite news\\|title\\=Weekly Whirligig\\|last\\=Shields\\|first\\=Clem\\|date\\=November 30, 1935\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=27\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-30\\-1935\\-3356282/}} To uphold the principles of amateurism, he did not provide players with any spending money on sightseeing trips to New York City and Boston.", "When the Manitoba Hockey League declined to admit the [Winnipeg Monarchs](/wiki/Winnipeg_Monarchs_%28senior%29 \"Winnipeg Monarchs (senior)\") for the 1909–10 season based on expected calibre of play, Robinson then recommended that each team play exhibition games versus the Monarchs.{{cite news\\|title\\=Only Three Clubs In Amateur League\\|date\\=November 23, 1909\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=13\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-23\\-1909\\-3399781/}} During the 1910–11 season, Robinson served as secretary of the Manitoba Hockey League.{{cite news\\|title\\=Victorias are Promised Early Dates by Trustees\\|date\\=February 9, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=11\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-feb\\-09\\-1911\\-3399932/}}", "#### 1911 and 1912 Allan Cups", "Allan Cup trustees accepted the challenge from Robinson and the Victorias, to play the [Toronto St. Michael's Majors](/wiki/Toronto_St._Michael%27s_Majors \"Toronto St. Michael's Majors\") for the trophy, in Winnipeg from February 20–25, 1911\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Allan Cup Trustees View Favourably Vics' Request\\|date\\=February 6, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=1\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-feb\\-06\\-1911\\-3399909/}} When the Majors refused to play by the deadline given, trustees awarded the [1911 Allan Cup](/wiki/1911_Allan_Cup \"1911 Allan Cup\") to the Victorias by default.{{cite news\\|title\\=Allan Cup Series Between Victoria and Kenoras Will Likely be Played Next Week\\|date\\=February 17, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-feb\\-17\\-1911\\-3355326/}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Trustees Award Allan Cup to Victorias; Kenora May Play for Trophy Next Week\\|date\\=February 14, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-feb\\-14\\-1911\\-3399937/}}; {{cite news\\|title\\=Allan Cup Trustees Award Trophy to Winnipeg Victorias\\|date\\=February 14, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=15\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-feb\\-14\\-1911\\-3399936/}} *[The Winnipeg Tribune](/wiki/The_Winnipeg_Tribune \"The Winnipeg Tribune\")* wrote that the Majors had refused since the [Ontario Hockey Association](/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_Association \"Ontario Hockey Association\") (OHA) executive wanted the games to be played in March, and that the OHA initially refused to surrender the trophy despite instructions from the trustees.{{cite news\\|title\\=Trustees Deny Calgary Right to Play for Allan Cup Owing to Some Men Being Ineligible\\|date\\=March 3, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=7\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-03\\-1911\\-3399950/}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|The Winnipeg Victorias with the Allan Cup in 1911\\|alt\\=Black and white photo of a hockey team seated behind two large trophies](/wiki/File:1911_Allan_Cup_champions_Winnipeg_Victorias.jpg \"1911 Allan Cup champions Winnipeg Victorias.jpg\")", "Robinson was asked by Allan Cup trustee [William Northey](/wiki/William_Northey_%28ice_hockey%29 \"William Northey (ice hockey)\"), to schedule dates and referees to defend a challenge by the Kenora Thistles. The Victorias defeated Kenora by a combined score of 16–10 in a two\\-game series.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.allancup.ca/allancuparchivescores.htm\\#10's\\|title\\=Allan Cup Archives\\|date\\=September 25, 2010\\|website\\=Allan Cup\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515065832/http://www.allancup.ca/allancuparchivescores.htm\\#10's \\|access\\-date\\=October 22, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=May 15, 2011 }} The series profited approximately {{Currency\\|1500\\|CAD}}, which were donated by cup trustees to charities in Winnipeg chosen by Robinson.{{cite news\\|title\\=Allan Cup Games Net Big Sum for Winnipeg Charities\\|date\\=March 16, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=3\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-16\\-1911\\-3399998/}} No further Allan Cup challenges were arranged for the season, despite proposals to play the [Calgary Athletic Club](/wiki/Calgary_Athletic_Club \"Calgary Athletic Club\"){{cite news\\|title\\=Trustees Order Victorias To Defend Allan Cup\\|date\\=March 11, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=33\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-11\\-1911\\-3384350/}} and the [Ottawa New Edinburghs](/wiki/Ottawa_New_Edinburghs \"Ottawa New Edinburghs\").", "In 1912, Robinson was named a trustee for the Allan Cup in Western Canada to oversee challenges for the trophy, and remained a trustee of the cup until 1937\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Spirit of CAHA? He'll do\\|last\\=McKay\\|first\\=Jim\\|date\\=May 22, 1968\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Windsor Star]]\\|location\\=Windsor, Ontario\\|page\\=33\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107387240/robinson\\-1968/}}", "The New Edinburghs announced that the OHA agreed to return the Allan Cup to its trustees, and that the New Edinburghs would travel to Winnipeg to challenge for the [1912 Allan Cup](/wiki/1912_Allan_Cup \"1912 Allan Cup\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Clash of Vics and New Edinburghs Will Be For Amateur Championship\\|date\\=December 6, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-06\\-1911\\-3400839/}} Robinson was surprised by the announcement, and had expected to arrange exhibition games with the New Edinburghs. No challenge from the New Edinburghs was approved for 1912, since the Ottawa district playoffs took too long to complete ruling out to travel to Winnipeg.{{cite news\\|title\\=Surprises at Annual Roundup of New Edinburgh Hockey Club\\|date\\=December 3, 1912\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Ottawa Citizen]]\\|location\\=Ottawa, Ontario\\|page\\=8\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-ottawa\\-citizen\\-gill\\-1912/137256201/}}", "The Victorias won the 1911–12 Manitoba Hockey League regular season, then defended the Allan Cup in three challenges. Robinson's team defeated the Calgary Athletic Club by 11–0 and 8–6 scores in a two\\-game series, defeated [Toronto Eaton's](/wiki/Toronto_Eaton%27s \"Toronto Eaton's\") by 8–4 and 16–1 scores in a two\\-game series, and the [Regina Capitals](/wiki/Regina_Capitals \"Regina Capitals\") by a 9–3 score in a one\\-game challenge. In 1942, Robinson described the victory versus Toronto Eaton's as redemption for winning the trophy by default from the OHA.", "#### 1912–13 and 1913–14 seasons", "[thumb\\|Winnipeg Amphitheatre\\|alt\\=Black and white photo of a three\\-storey building, constructed in wood with an arched roof and a clock tower](/wiki/File:Sheasamphitheatre.png \"Sheasamphitheatre.png\")", "Robinson resigned as secretary\\-treasurer of the Victorias after seven seasons, due to time commitments and his business career, but remained the club's delegate to hockey league meetings.{{cite news\\|title\\=Victoria Hockey Club Has Bright Prospects For Another Successful Season\\|date\\=November 8, 1912\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-08\\-1912\\-3506566/}} He was appointed to the [Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League](/wiki/Manitoba_Hockey_Association \"Manitoba Hockey Association\") executive, and represented league at Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association meetings.{{cite news\\|title\\=Winnipeg Hockey League Stands By Auditorium Rink\\|date\\=November 21, 1912\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-21\\-1912\\-3401210/}}", "Contrary to the league's agreement to play all games at the Winnipeg Auditorium, the Winnipeg Monarchs led by [Fred Marples](/wiki/Fred_Marples \"Fred Marples\") sought to use the [Winnipeg Amphitheatre](/wiki/Shea%27s_Amphitheatre \"Shea's Amphitheatre\") as their home rink, claiming it had better amenities for players and spectators. Robinson noted that Auditorium's management agreed to make changes to suit the league's needs, and that all teams had signed the agreement to play there. He felt that it was too late to change venues, and suggested the Monarchs withdraw from the league if they disagreed.{{cite news\\|title\\=Monarchs Cause Commotion in Winnipeg Hockey League\\|date\\=November 14, 1912\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-14\\-1912\\-3401203/}}; {{cite news\\|title\\=Monarchs Cause Commotion in Winnipeg Hockey (Continued)\\|date\\=November 14, 1912\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=7\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-14\\-1912\\-3401204/}} The Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League later voted in favour of keeping the arrangement with the Auditorium.", "Robinson was elected vice\\-president of the Victorias in October 1913, serving in the executive role until 1917\\.{{efn\\|name\\=fn5\\|Robinson was elected a vice\\-president of the Victorias in October 1913\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Victoria Hockey Club Hold 23rd Annual Meeting\\|date\\=October 24, 1913\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=7\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-oct\\-24\\-1913\\-3401577/}} He was re\\-elected in November 1914,{{cite news\\|title\\=Victoria Hockey Club to Branch Out Into Rugby\\|date\\=November 6, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-06\\-1914\\-3384419/}} and in December 1916\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Victoria Club Favours Three\\-Team League\\|date\\=December 1, 1916\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=30\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-01\\-1916\\-3384775/}} The Victorias suspended operations for the hockey team during the 1917–18 season.{{cite news\\|title\\=No Hockey Team to Play in Vic Colours This Year\\|date\\=November 21, 1917\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-21\\-1917\\-3384788/}}}} He represented the Victorias at Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League meetings, and was re\\-elected to the league's executive which chose to operate with games at both the Auditorium and the Amphitheatre.{{cite news\\|title\\=Winnipeg Hockey League Re\\-elects the Old Officers\\|date\\=November 10, 1913\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=12\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-10\\-1913\\-3401583/}}; {{cite news\\|title\\=Senior Hockey Season to Open Here December 18\\|date\\=November 14, 1913\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-14\\-1913\\-3401590/}}", "In January 1914, the Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League debated the status of the independent hockey leagues in Western Ontario and Manitoba, as to whether they were intermediate or senior\\-level leagues, and whether players in those leagues were eligible to be called\\-up to play. The issue stemmed from determining eligibility of reserve players for the Monarchs, who also played in those independent leagues.{{cite news\\|title\\=Questions That Are Giving Big League Food For Thought\\|date\\=January 12, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=8\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-jan\\-12\\-1914\\-3404873/}}", "#### 1914 Allan Cup", "[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|William Northey\\|alt\\=Black and white photo of a middle\\-aged man wearing a suit and tie](/wiki/File:William_Mitchell_Northey.jpg \"William Mitchell Northey.jpg\")", "By the [1914 Allan Cup](/wiki/1914_Allan_Cup \"1914 Allan Cup\"), the numerous challenges for the trophy by league champions across Canada were difficult to manage. Robinson worked with Northey to schedule challenges, and decided that the defending champions would play a maximum of three challenges for the trophy per season.{{cite news\\|title\\=Elimination Series For Allan Cup Challengers\\|date\\=March 2, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-02\\-1914\\-3405032/}} Robinson scheduled referees for Allan Cup games in Winnipeg,{{cite news\\|title\\=Intense Interest in Match Tonight for the Allan Cup\\|date\\=March 11, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=10\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-11\\-1914\\-3405401/}} including a two\\-game total\\-goals series as the first challenge for the cup, by the [Kenora Thistles](/wiki/Kenora_Thistles_%281910s%29 \"Kenora Thistles (1910s)\") versus the Winnipeg Monarchs.{{cite news\\|title\\=Kenora and Monarchs Play Saturday and Monday Nights\\|date\\=March 5, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-05\\-1914\\-3405046/}}", "Allan Cup trustees debated whether [Dick Irvin](/wiki/Dick_Irvin \"Dick Irvin\") was eligible to play for the Monarchs, since he had played a game for the Winnipeg Strathconas in the Independent League prior to the start of the Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League season. Northey asked Robinson for a copy of the constitution for the Independent League in which Irvin played. When Irvin was ruled ineligible, the Monarchs refused to play without him. Northey wrote that, since the Strathconas had an intermediate team associated with them, then the Strathconas could not also be an intermediate team for the Monarchs.{{cite news\\|title\\=No Allan Cup Game Tonight: Monarchs Refuse to Play Without Dick Irvin\\|date\\=March 7, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-07\\-1914\\-3405053/}} Robinson noted that in 1913, trustees accepted that intermediate\\-level hockey was equal to senior\\-level hockey.{{cite news\\|title\\=Monarchs Appear to be in Wrong in Allan Cup Affair\\|date\\=March 9, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=11\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-09\\-1914\\-3355896/}} After three days of negotiating, the Monarchs agreed to play without Irvin, in a one\\-game challenge versus the Thistles.{{cite news\\|title\\=Sudden Death Game To Decide Allan Cup\\|date\\=March 10, 1914\\|newspaper\\=Winnipeg Free Press\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-10\\-1914\\-2534284/}} The Monarchs won the Allan Cup by a 6–2 score.", "Player eligibility was again questioned in the subsequent challenge for the Allan Cup. The Monarchs sought a ruling about a player from the [Regina Victorias](/wiki/Regina_Victorias \"Regina Victorias\"), who was reported to have played one game for a team in [Melville, Saskatchewan](/wiki/Melville%2C_Saskatchewan \"Melville, Saskatchewan\"), and possibly with other senior teams. Robinson investigated and sent his findings to Northey.{{cite news\\|title\\=Northey Wants to Know More About Mastel\\|date\\=March 16, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=10\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-16\\-1914\\-3405403/}} Cup trustees ruled the player eligible, since the other league in which he played was not known to be senior level.{{cite news\\|title\\=Mastel Eligible Announce Trustees\\|date\\=March 19, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-19\\-1914\\-3405414/}} The Regina Victorias defeated the Monarchs to win the Allan Cup, then defended the trophy in a series versus a team from [Grand\\-Mère, Quebec](/wiki/Grand-M%C3%A8re%2C_Quebec \"Grand-Mère, Quebec\").", "### Beginnings of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association", "#### Plans for a national body", "[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.7\\|J. D. Pratt\\|alt\\=Black and white photo of a middle\\-aged man facing to the right, wearing a dark\\-coloured suit and a white dress shirt](/wiki/File:J._D._Pratt_of_the_Winnipeg_Victorias_circa_1910.jpg \"J. D. Pratt of the Winnipeg Victorias circa 1910.jpg\")", "Following the difficulties encountered during the 1914 Allan Cup, Robinson suggested establishing a national body for governing hockey. He travelled to [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\") and met with Allan Cup trustees, who reportedly had no desire to dictate disagreeable terms to the leagues wishing to compete for the trophy.{{cite news\\|title\\=Claude Robinson Arranges Conference\\|date\\=March 26, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-26\\-1914\\-3405416/}} Robinson later stated that trustees recognized flaws in the rules, and favoured establishing a national body.{{cite news\\|title\\=Allan Cup Trustees Are in Favour of Suggestions for Dominion Wide Board\\|date\\=March 31, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=10\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-31\\-1914\\-3405418/}}", "In May 1914, the Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League endorsed establishment of a national body to govern ice hockey, standardize [ice hockey rules](/wiki/Ice_hockey_rules \"Ice hockey rules\"), and set deadlines for competitions. J. D. Pratt, president of the Winnipeg Victorias, then mailed letters to amateur hockey officials in each province asking for contact information of all leagues and clubs playing senior hockey.{{cite news\\|title\\=First Step Toward Formation of Amateur Hockey Commission\\|date\\=May 19, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-may\\-19\\-1914\\-3404985/}} The Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League subsequently met in June, and formed the [Manitoba Hockey Commission](/wiki/Hockey_Manitoba \"Hockey Manitoba\") to oversee hockey in Manitoba, which sought to merge into a national commission, as supported by clubs in Western Canada.{{cite news\\|title\\=Winnipeg Takes Initial Step Toward Hockey Commission\\|date\\=June 23, 1914\\|newspaper\\=Winnipeg Free Press\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-jun\\-23\\-1914\\-1904561/}}; {{cite news\\|title\\=Another Step Nearer Hockey Commission\\|date\\=June 23, 1914\\|newspaper\\=Winnipeg Tribune\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=22\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-jun\\-23\\-1914\\-1904566/}}", "Robinson wrote letters to amateur clubs across Canada, advocating for a meeting to establish a national governing body for hockey. The stated purpose was to discuss revisions to the Allan Cup competition format and deadlines, to standardize rules of play, [ice hockey rink](/wiki/Ice_hockey_rink \"Ice hockey rink\") dimensions, and for annual meetings to discuss national issues. *The Winnipeg Tribune* reported that a national body would also prevent players from jumping clubs. Robinson travelled to [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa \"Ottawa\") to represent the Victorias at the meeting.{{cite news\\|title\\=Local Hockey Men Strongly in Favour of National Body\\|date\\=November 21, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=26\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-21\\-1914\\-3404943/}}", "#### First national meeting", "[thumb\\|left\\|Château Laurier\\|alt\\=Exterior photo of south entrance of a hotel constructed in French gothic revival châteauesque architecture](/wiki/File:Hotel_Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier_in_Ottawa.jpg \"Hotel Château Laurier in Ottawa.jpg\")", "The [Canadian Amateur Hockey Association](/wiki/Canadian_Amateur_Hockey_Association \"Canadian Amateur Hockey Association\") (CAHA) was founded on December 4, 1914, at the [Château Laurier](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier \"Château Laurier\") in Ottawa. Robinson was elected secretary for the 1914–15 season, and Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League president [W. F. Taylor](/wiki/W._F._Taylor \"W. F. Taylor\"), was elected president.{{cite news\\|title\\=Dominion Amateur Hockey Commission Is Now a Reality\\|date\\=December 5, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=28\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-05\\-1914\\-3404899/}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Amateur Hockey Body Formed at Great Ottawa Conference\\|date\\=December 5, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-05\\-1914\\-3404901/}}; {{cite news\\|title\\=Amateur Hockey Body Formed at Great Ottawa Conference (Continued From Page Six)\\|date\\=December 5, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=7\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-05\\-1914\\-3404902/}} The constitution drafted by delegates from Manitoba and Saskatchewan was adopted with minor changes, and the CAHA established a three\\-month residency rule to be eligible to register with a team.{{cite news\\|title\\=Claude Robinson is Pleased at Result\\|last\\=Robinson\\|first\\=Claude\\|date\\=December 5, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=7\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-05\\-1914\\-3404904/}} Eight provincial branches were to be formed, with players required to register with one of the branches. The meeting also saw by\\-laws drafted, and agreement on a standard rink dimensions.", "[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.7\\|W. F. Taylor\\|alt\\=Black and white photo of a middle\\-aged man facing to the left, wearing a dark\\-coloured suit and a white dress shirt](/wiki/File:Doctor_William_Franklin_Taylor_photo_circa_1912.png \"Doctor William Franklin Taylor photo circa 1912.png\")", "The Allan Cup was recognized as the championship trophy of the CAHA for senior hockey, and standard playing rules were chosen for the trophy's playoffs. The format of the playoffs was changed from teams challenging the champion, in favour of provincial champions playing against each other until an east versus west final. The reigning champion was to play no more than two four\\-game series in defence of the trophy.", "Robinson and W. F. Taylor met with Allan Cup trustee William Northey, to discuss the CAHA assuming control of the trophy. According to Northey, the Allan Cup could not be given outright to the CAHA as per the deed of gift from [H. Montagu Allan](/wiki/H._Montagu_Allan \"H. Montagu Allan\"), but the CAHA would continue to benefit from donation of its [gate receipts](/wiki/Gate_receipts \"Gate receipts\") to charities. Robinson remained an Allan Cup trustee, and helped oversee disbursement of profits from the Allan Cup playoffs to charities, and covering travel expenses of teams competing for the Cup.Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (1990\\), pp. 135–137", "Professional hockey interests were denied representation at the meeting, which coincided with the time and location of the annual general meeting for the [Amateur Athletic Union of Canada](/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Union_of_Canada \"Amateur Athletic Union of Canada\") (AAU of C). The CAHA was accepted as an affiliate two days later, then followed the AAU of C policies against professionalism to promote amateur sport.{{cite news\\|title\\=Tom Boyd Elected New President of A.A.U. in Canada\\|date\\=December 7, 1914\\|newspaper\\=Winnipeg Tribune\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=10 \\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-07\\-1914\\-1904980/}}", "When Robinson returned to Winnipeg, he expressed satisfaction in efforts to establish the CAHA, and the assured support of the Allan Cup trustees. He then sought for provincial hockey associations to be organized and adopt the CAHA's constitution and by\\-laws.{{cite news\\|title\\=Home From Ottawa Hockey Conference\\|date\\=December 14, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-14\\-1914\\-3404912/}}", "#### Early years", "The [1915 Allan Cup](/wiki/1915_Allan_Cup \"1915 Allan Cup\") was the first senior championship arranged under supervision of the new CAHA. The CAHA preferred to schedule home\\-and\\-home series for the playoffs, but Robinson stated that a one\\-game format could be used pending the weather or ice conditions.{{cite news\\|title\\=Three Elimination Hockey Games to be Played in Winnipeg\\|date\\=January 28, 1915\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=19\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-jan\\-28\\-1915\\-3404850/}} During the second challenge for the cup, the OHA sought to play by the residency requirements agreed upon when the CAHA was founded, whereas the [Saskatchewan Amateur Hockey Association](/wiki/Hockey_Saskatchewan \"Hockey Saskatchewan\") (SAHA) contested that residency requirements did not come into effect until the next season, and that players on the [Melville Millionaires](/wiki/Melville_Millionaires \"Melville Millionaires\") were eligible.{{cite news\\|title\\=O.H.A. Champions on the Way West\\|date\\=March 3, 1915\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-03\\-1915\\-3384502/}} Prior to the series, Robinson arranged a special CAHA meeting at the behest of the SAHA.{{cite news\\|title\\=Canadian Hockey Body Meets Today\\|date\\=March 15, 1915\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-15\\-1915\\-3384512/}} Despite the disagreement, the Millionaires won the series against the OHA champion [Toronto Victorias](/wiki/Toronto_Victorias \"Toronto Victorias\"), then lost the subsequent challenge to the Winnipeg Monarchs.", "Robinson and W. F. Taylor advocated for the CAHA to hold its first annual meeting prior to the 1915–16 season, despite concerns by provincial delegates that the World War I effort was more important. W. F. Taylor argued that the CAHA was too new to skip its first annual meeting, then Robinson conducted two mail\\-in votes which were inconclusive as to whether to hold a meeting. When some of the replies cited the cost of travelling, Robinson remarked that hockey was the only amateur sport which had \"too much money\" to spend on a meeting.{{cite news\\|title\\=Pres. Taylor Wants Hockey Meeting\\|date\\=November 23, 1915\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-23\\-1915\\-3384534/}}", "[thumb\\|Fort Garry Hotel, {{circa\\|1913}}\\|alt\\=Postcard from 1913, printed in sepia tone depicting the exterior of a 12\\-storey chateaueasque hotel](/wiki/Image:FortGarryWinnipeg.jpg \"FortGarryWinnipeg.jpg\")", "Robinson arranged the CAHA's first annual general meeting at the [Fort Garry Hotel](/wiki/Fort_Garry_Hotel \"Fort Garry Hotel\") in Winnipeg, in December 1915\\. The CAHA pledged to continue Allan Cup playoffs during the war, and made exceptions to residency rules for soldiers and students. The SAHA aired a grievance that Robinson and W. F. Taylor handled the dispute by a general meeting, rather than by an executive meeting. The CAHA noted discrepancies in constitution, and named Robinson to a committee to review the constitutions, such that each branch would coincide with the CAHA. At the end of the meeting, Robinson was succeeded as secretary by [W. A. Hewitt](/wiki/W._A._Hewitt \"W. A. Hewitt\") of the OHA.{{cite news\\|title\\=Allan Cup Hockey As Usual This Winter Is Decision\\|date\\=December 11, 1915\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=19\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-11\\-1915\\-3403908/}}", "As the war continued, Robinson wanted to keep the CAHA functioning, even if mail\\-in votes were necessary instead of an annual meeting. He also felt that someone should be elected as president, to replace [James T. Sutherland](/wiki/James_T._Sutherland \"James T. Sutherland\") who was serving overseas with the [Canadian Expeditionary Force](/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force \"Canadian Expeditionary Force\").{{cite news\\|title\\=C.A.H.A. Boosts Game\\|date\\=November 11, 1916\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=78\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-11\\-1916\\-3403498/}}", "### Early years of the Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association", "The Manitoba Hockey Commission changed its name to the [Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association](/wiki/Hockey_Manitoba \"Hockey Manitoba\") (MAHA), at its first annual meeting held before the 1914–15 season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hockeymanitoba.ca/information/about\\-hockey\\-manitoba/\\|title\\=About Hockey Manitoba\\|year\\=2022\\|website\\=\\[\\[Hockey Manitoba]]\\|access\\-date\\=February 2, 2022}} Robinson remained a representative of the Victorias at Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League meetings. He was re\\-elected first vice\\-president of the league, which approved his motion to adopt all Allan Cup rules and player eligibility.{{cite news\\|title\\=All is Harmony in the Ranks of Big Puck League\\|date\\=November 11, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=10\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-11\\-1914\\-3384424/}} The league supported formation of the Winnipeg Intermediate Hockey League for the second\\-tier teams of its clubs, and appointed Robinson chairman of the intermediate league.{{cite news\\|title\\=Winnipeg Hockey League Will Support Intermediates\\|date\\=December 23, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-23\\-1914\\-3384443/}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|Winnipeg 61st Battalion with the Allan Cup in 1916\\|alt\\=Black and white photo of a hockey team seated behind a large trophy](/wiki/File:Winnipeg_61st_Battalion%2C_1915%E2%80%9316.png \"Winnipeg 61st Battalion, 1915–16.png\")", "The Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League included teams composed of military personnel for the 1915–16 season, and raised funds to support soldiers and the war effort.{{cite news\\|title\\=Patriotic Senior Hockey is Likely for Winnipeg Fans\\|date\\=November 4, 1915\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=19\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-04\\-1915\\-3384530/}}; {{cite news\\|title\\=Six Clubs and Single Series For Patriotic Senior Hockey League\\|date\\=December 7, 1915\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=13\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-07\\-1915\\-3384537/}} The league was renamed to the Winnipeg Patriotic Hockey League, with Robinson as its vice\\-president.{{cite news\\|title\\=Monarch Protest Not Entertained\\|date\\=March 2, 1916\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-02\\-1916\\-3384744/}}", "The Winnipeg Monarchs were the defending Allan Cup champions, and protested when the [Winnipeg 61st Battalion](/wiki/Winnipeg_61st_Battalion \"Winnipeg 61st Battalion\") were chosen to defend the Allan Cup as league champions, since the Monarchs considered the patriotic games to be exhibitions.{{cite news\\|title\\=Monarch Claim Handed Over to Manitoba Body\\|date\\=March 4, 1916\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=20\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-04\\-1916\\-3384747/}} The MAHA subsequently upheld Robinson's decision that the 61st Battalion defend the Allan Cup.{{cite news\\|title\\=Monarchs Lose Again in Effort to Retain Allan Cup\\|date\\=March 7, 1916\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-07\\-1916\\-3384757/}} Robinson ruled that the OHA was too late in sending its champion to Winnipeg, and omitted the OHA from the [1916 Allan Cup](/wiki/1916_Allan_Cup \"1916 Allan Cup\") playoffs.{{cite news\\|title\\=Regina to Play 61st for Allan Cup, Games Billed Mar. 16 and 18\\|date\\=March 15, 1916\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=10\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-15\\-1916\\-3403898/}} The Winnipeg 61st Battalion won the Allan Cup by defeating challenges from [Fort William, Ontario](/wiki/Fort_William%2C_Ontario \"Fort William, Ontario\") and the Regina Victorias.", "[thumb\\|upright\\|Robinson, {{circa\\|1917}}\\|alt\\=Black and white photo of a man wearing a suit and tie](/wiki/File:Claude_C._Robinson_photo_circa_1917.jpg \"Claude C. Robinson photo circa 1917.jpg\")", "Robinson was elected first vice\\-president of the MAHA in December 1916, and served on the executive committee of the Winnipeg Patriotic Hockey League.{{cite news\\|title\\=Three\\-Team Series For Patriotic Hockey Finally Decided On\\|date\\=December 6, 1916\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=26\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-06\\-1916\\-3384781/}} Upon a recommendation by Robinson, the Victorias suspended operations due to lack of hockey players during the 1917–18 season. He remained involved with Allan Cup affairs and accompanied the Winnipeg Patriotic Hockey League champions to Toronto for the final [1918 Allan Cup](/wiki/1918_Allan_Cup \"1918 Allan Cup\") challenge.{{cite news\\|title\\=Ypres Leave for Toronto This Afternoon\\|date\\=March 8, 1918\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-08\\-1918\\-3403453/}}", "During the 1918–19 season, Robinson sat on the protest committee of the Manitoba Hockey League,{{cite news\\|title\\=Hockey Players Practice Steadily For Opening Game\\|date\\=December 26, 1918\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Brandon Sun\\|The Brandon Daily Sun]]\\|location\\=Brandon, Manitoba\\|page\\= 15\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-26\\-1918\\-3384811/}} and represented the MAHA at the general meeting of the CAHA.{{cite news\\|title\\=Standard Rules Adopted For Allan Cup In Future\\|last\\=Finlay\\|first\\=W. J.\\|date\\=March 20, 1919\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=14\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-20\\-1919\\-3402937/}} In the following season, Robinson was named to the executive of the [Winnipeg Hockey League](/wiki/Manitoba_Hockey_Association \"Manitoba Hockey Association\"), and a delegate to the Manitoba branch of the AAU of C.{{cite news\\|title\\=Geo. Hay Not Received With Great Rejoicing\\|date\\=November 11, 1919\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Brandon Sun\\|The Brandon Daily Sun]]\\|location\\=Brandon, Manitoba\\|page\\=5\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-11\\-1919\\-3392069/}}", "In November 1921, Robinson was opposed to players from Winnipeg migrating to other cities, and chaired a meeting which sought to resurrect the Winnipeg Hockey League.{{cite news\\|title\\=Winnipeg Senior Amateur Hockey League Decides on Reorganization\\|date\\=November 7, 1921\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=8\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-07\\-1921\\-3400818/}} He represented the Winnipeg Hockey League at MAHA meetings, and served on the MAHA executive committee.{{cite news\\|title\\=Falcon Juniors Refused Transfer to Vics by Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association\\|date\\=November 28, 1921\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=16\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-28\\-1921\\-3400822/}} In the 1922–23 season, Robinson was elected first vice\\-president of the Winnipeg Hockey League.{{cite news\\|title\\=Ossie Graham Heads Winnipeg Hockey League\\|date\\=November 24, 1922\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=19\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-24\\-1922\\-3396928/}}; {{cite news\\|title\\=Victoria Hockeyists Organize for Season\\|date\\=November 30, 1922\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=18\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-30\\-1922\\-3396931/}}", "### Post\\-war Canadian hockey and the 1920s", "Robinson represented the CAHA at AAU of C meetings, and served as chairman of the national registration committee for the AAU of C from 1920 to 1922\\.{{efn\\|name\\=fn8\\|Robinson was appointed chairman of the national registration committee of the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada in January 1920,{{cite news\\|title\\=L. A. Gastonguay Is Selected On Committee\\|date\\=January 10, 1920\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Chronicle Herald\\|The Evening Mail]]\\|location\\=Halifax, Nova Scotia\\|page\\=8\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93543824/hewitt\\-1920/}} and was re\\-appointed in December 1920,{{cite news\\|title\\=Captain Ed Archibald Achieves Aim: Ottawa Separate Branch of A.A.U.\\|date\\=December 13, 1920\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Ottawa Journal]]\\|location\\=Ottawa, Ontario\\|page\\=12\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107406531/robinson\\-1920/}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Lethbridge Judge Vice\\-president of Athletic Union\\|date\\=December 13, 1920\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Medicine Hat News]]\\|location\\=Medicine Hat, Alberta\\|page\\=10\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-13\\-1920\\-3401120/}} and December 1921\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Wholesale Clean\\-up of Amateur Sport in Manitoba Instituted by Provincial Branch of A.A.U. of C.\\|date\\=December 2, 1921\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=22\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-02\\-1921\\-3398532/}}}}", "[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|The Abbott Cup\\|alt\\=Silver bowl with three handles atop of a two\\-tiered wooden base with name plates](/wiki/File:Abbott_Cup.jpg \"Abbott Cup.jpg\")", "Robinson was named a trustee of the [Abbott Cup](/wiki/Abbott_Cup \"Abbott Cup\") in 1919, after it was donated by the SAHA to be awarded to the junior hockey champion of Western Canada.{{cite news\\|title\\=Hector Lang Booster for Junior Hockey in West and Trustee for Memorial Cup\\|date\\=January 3, 1919\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Medicine Hat News]]\\|location\\=Medicine Hat, Alberta\\|page\\=3\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-jan\\-03\\-1919\\-3402935/}} He then spread the word to junior teams in Western Canada of a new national championship which became the [Memorial Cup](/wiki/Memorial_Cup \"Memorial Cup\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Anxious to Have Western Juniors Play in East for Championship\\|date\\=February 1, 1919\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Medicine Hat News]]\\|location\\=Medicine Hat, Alberta\\|page\\=5\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-feb\\-01\\-1919\\-3384821/}} After the CAHA assumed control of scheduling for the Abbott Cup and Memorial Cup games in 1919, Robinson sought for the [Thunder Bay Amateur Hockey Association](/wiki/Hockey_Northwestern_Ontario \"Hockey Northwestern Ontario\") be included in the playoffs for Western Canada when the Memorial Cup was hosted in the east, and vice versa when the Memorial Cup was hosted in the west.{{cite news\\|title\\=Canadian Amateur Hockey Officials Hold Session Here\\|date\\=December 4, 1923\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=17\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-04\\-1923\\-3384893/}}", "When teams from the [Big\\-4 League](/wiki/Big-4_League \"Big-4 League\") were denied entry into the [1920 Allan Cup](/wiki/1920_Allan_Cup \"1920 Allan Cup\") playoffs, Robinson urged the league to affiliate with the [Alberta Amateur Hockey Association](/wiki/Hockey_Alberta \"Hockey Alberta\") to play. He felt that the CAHA needed teams from Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, to have championships that were representative of the whole country.{{cite news\\|title\\=Alberta Big Four Will Continue Hockey For 1920–21; Plans Made\\|date\\=August 30, 1920\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The StarPhoenix\\|The Saskatoon Phoenix]]\\|location\\=Saskatoon, Saskatchewan\\|page\\=5\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107406301/robinson\\-1920/}} During the [1922 Allan Cup](/wiki/1922_Allan_Cup \"1922 Allan Cup\"), Robinson protested that two eastern referees were appointed to the series, and claimed that Western Canada was entitled to appoint one of the referees. A vote by the CAHA upheld his protest, and changed one of the referees.{{cite news\\|title\\=Regina Vics Are Weakened for Tonight's Game\\|date\\=March 22, 1922\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Brandon Sun\\|The Brandon Daily Sun]]\\|location\\=Brandon, Manitoba\\|page\\=4\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-22\\-1922\\-3396916/}} As of the [1924 Allan Cup](/wiki/1924_Allan_Cup \"1924 Allan Cup\"), the CAHA excluded senior teams representing a commercial organization from playing, after Robinson noted that no such clause existed in the constitution.", "#### Professionalism in amateur hockey", "Prior to the 1919–20 season, Robinson favoured a one\\-time whitewash of professional athletes in Canada. He sought for each athlete to be given three weeks to apply for reinstatement as an amateur, then to review each case individually, before eliminating the reinstatement process. He previously felt that professional athletes should never be reinstated as an amateur, but changed his opinion due to post\\-war conditions in Western Canada.{{cite news\\|title\\=Claude Robinson For Wholesale Whitewash In Amateur Athletics\\|date\\=May 14, 1919\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=12\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-may\\-14\\-1919\\-3402927/}}", "In the 1920–21 season, Robinson voiced opposition to former professionals competing for the Allan Cup, but stated that they could play if permitted by the AAU of C.{{cite news\\|title\\=This Should Be Good News For Western Pros\\|date\\=August 26, 1920\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Brandon Sun\\|The Brandon Daily Sun]]\\|location\\=Brandon, Manitoba\\|page\\=3\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-aug\\-26\\-1920\\-3401068/}} He subsequently spoke out against the continued reinstatement process, and felt that rules which permitted youth to become professionals would destroy the spirit of sportsmanship. In December 1920, Robinson and the AAU of C sought to eliminate veiled professionalism from amateur sport, particularly hockey in Western Canada. He advocated for six\\-month residency rules to be strictly enforced, to prevent players from changing teams without a bona fide reason.{{cite news\\|title\\=C.A.H.A. Meeting Is Not Endorsed\\|date\\=December 22, 1920\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=23\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-22\\-1920\\-3401136/}}", "In June 1921, CAHA president [W. R. Granger](/wiki/W._R._Granger \"W. R. Granger\") met with Robinson and hockey officials in Western Canada to discuss cleaning up veiled professionalism in amateur hockey.{{cite news\\|title\\=W. R. Granger Looks Into Hockey In West\\|date\\=June 22, 1921\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Lethbridge Herald]]\\|location\\=Lethbridge, Alberta\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-jun\\-22\\-1921\\-3400816/}} The meeting resulted in a recommendation that branches of the CAHA update their by\\-laws to give executives the necessary powers to enforce regulations and investigate amateur status of a player.{{cite news\\|title\\=Amateur Hockey President Plans To Protect Game In Canada In Coming Season\\|date\\=October 4, 1921\\|newspaper\\=Lethbridge Herald\\|location\\=Lethbridge, Alberta\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-oct\\-04\\-1921\\-2330764/}} The CAHA then established its own registration committee with W. A. Hewitt as the registrar, aimed at investigating all registrations to exclude professionals and reduce the number of players touring Canada from one team to another.{{cite news\\|title\\=New Body Created At Hockey Meeting\\|date\\=October 29, 1921\\|newspaper\\=The Gazette\\|location\\=Montreal, Quebec\\|page\\=22\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74402769/granger\\-1921/}}", "At the 1922 CAHA annual meeting, Robinson was opposed to a suggestion that a professional in one sport could be an amateur in hockey, and reiterated that professionals were not welcomed by the AAU of C.{{cite news\\|title\\=Touring Hockey Players In U.S. Will Be Barred\\|date\\=November 20, 1922\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Brandon Sun\\|The Brandon Daily Sun]]\\|location\\=Brandon, Manitoba\\|page\\=4\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-20\\-1922\\-3396921/}}; {{cite news\\|title\\=Resident Rule Alberta and B.C. Set for October by the C.A.H.C.\\|date\\=November 22, 1922\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Medicine Hat News]]\\|location\\=Medicine Hat, Alberta\\|page\\=2\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-22\\-1922\\-3396924/}}", "### 1932 Winter Olympics", "{{multiple image\\|total\\_width\\=360\\|image1\\=Jack Shea Arena (2913393522\\).jpg\\|alt1\\=Photo of arena's two\\-storey brick exterior with the Olympic Rings above the entrance doors\\|image2\\=Ice Skating Rink Lake Placid (44626168120\\).jpg\\|alt2\\=Outdoor nighttime photo of an illuminated oval with speed skaters\\|footer\\=Ice hockey games at the 1932 Winter Olympics were played at \\[\\[Olympic Center\\|Jack Shea Arena]] (indoor rink), and the \\[\\[James B. Sheffield Olympic Skating Rink]] (outdoor venue).}}", "[Canadian Olympic Committee](/wiki/Canadian_Olympic_Committee \"Canadian Olympic Committee\") president [P. J. Mulqueen](/wiki/P._J._Mulqueen \"P. J. Mulqueen\") named Robinson to the winter sports committee, in preparation for the national team at the [1932 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics \"1932 Winter Olympics\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Name 1932 Winter Olympic Sports Body\\|agency\\=\\[\\[The Canadian Press]]\\|date\\=October 2, 1930\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Medicine Hat News]]\\|location\\=Medicine Hat, Alberta\\|page\\=7\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-oct\\-02\\-1930\\-3384966/}} Robinson was later named the honorary assistant manager of the Canadian delegation to the 1932 Winter Olympics, with [Melville Marks Robinson](/wiki/Melville_Marks_Robinson \"Melville Marks Robinson\") as manager of the delegation.{{cite news\\|title\\=Canada's Olympic Hockey Contender Is Now Complete\\|date\\=January 19, 1932\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Edmonton Journal]]\\|location\\=Edmonton, Alberta\\|page\\=7\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107551539/robinson\\-1932/}}", "When the [1931 Allan Cup](/wiki/1931_Allan_Cup \"1931 Allan Cup\") champions [Winnipeg Hockey Club](/wiki/Winnipeg_Hockey_Club \"Winnipeg Hockey Club\") were chosen to represent the [Canadian national team](/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team \"Canada men's national ice hockey team\") in the [Olympic hockey tournament](/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics \"Ice hockey at the 1932 Winter Olympics\"), Robinson was named associate manager of the team by the Canadian Olympic Committee.{{cite news\\|title\\=Olympic Committee Plans Program of Winter Sports\\|date\\=December 7, 1931\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Medicine Hat News]]\\|location\\=Medicine Hat, Alberta\\|page\\=3\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-07\\-1931\\-3356163/}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Crutchfield Is Unable To Accompany Team\\|agency\\=\\[\\[The Canadian Press]]\\|date\\=January 23, 1932\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The StarPhoenix\\|The Saskatoon Star\\-Phoenix]]\\|location\\=Saskatoon, Saskatchewan\\|page\\=14\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107551727/robinson\\-1932/}} He arranged for exhibition games on route to the Olympics, including games in Toronto and [Hamilton, Ontario](/wiki/Hamilton%2C_Ontario \"Hamilton, Ontario\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Pegs Will Leave Here January 26\\|date\\=December 22, 1931\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=16\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-22\\-1931\\-3356167/}}", "Olympics organizers expected a large crowd for the gold medal match between Canada and the [United States national team](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team \"United States men's national ice hockey team\"), and scheduled the match to be played on an outdoor rink in the centre of the speed skating oval. Robinson advocated for the game to be played on the larger indoors surface without concerns about the weather, but the game was played outside to accommodate more spectators.{{cite news\\|title\\=Size of Crowd May Decide Venue of Hockey Game at Lake Placid Tomorrow\\|date\\=February 12, 1932\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=13\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-feb\\-12\\-1932\\-3396209/}} Canada won the Olympic gold medal in hockey, then played exhibition games Robinson arranged versus the [Atlantic City Seagulls](/wiki/Atlantic_City_Seagulls_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Atlantic City Seagulls (ice hockey)\"), and the [Crescent Athletic Club](/wiki/Crescent_Athletic_Club \"Crescent Athletic Club\") at [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_%281925%29 \"Madison Square Garden (1925)\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Olympic Champions Uncover Dazzling Attack and Present Powerful Defence in 5–1 Win\\|date\\=February 20, 1932\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=19\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-feb\\-20\\-1932\\-3396213/}}", "### Later career", "[thumb\\|left\\|Men in line for food in Toronto during the Great Depression\\|alt\\=Black and white photo of many men in queue for food at the Yonge Street Mission](/wiki/File:YongeStreetMission.jpg \"YongeStreetMission.jpg\")", "Robinson served as chairman of the CAHA finance committee from 1933 to 1937\\.{{efn\\|name\\=fn6\\|Robinson was chairman of the CAHA finance committee in 1933\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Simon\\-pures Can Now Try Out With Monied Sextets\\|agency\\=\\[\\[The Canadian Press]]\\|date\\=April 11, 1933\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The StarPhoenix\\|Saskatoon Star\\-Phoenix]]\\|location\\=Saskatoon, Saskatchewan\\|page\\=11\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107572939/robinson\\-1933/}} He was re\\-elected in 1933,{{cite news\\|title\\=C.A.H.A. Heads Renamed\\|date\\=April 12, 1933\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Montreal Gazette\\|The Gazette]]\\|location\\=Montreal, Quebec\\|page\\=14\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107572976/robinson\\-1933/}}; {{cite news\\|title\\=C.A.H.A. Keeps Old Officers\\|date\\=April 12, 1933\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=26\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-apr\\-12\\-1933\\-3356223/}} and appointed to the position in 1934,{{cite news\\|title\\=Manitoba Man Is Elected Pres. of C.A.H.A.\\|date\\=April 4, 1934\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Medicine Hat News]]\\|location\\=Medicine Hat, Alberta\\|page\\=4\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-apr\\-04\\-1934\\-3385067/}} and 1936\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=C.A.H.A. Moves to Curb Emigrants\\|date\\=April 15, 1936\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=13\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-apr\\-15\\-1936\\-3356290/}} The CAHA abolished its finance committee in 1937\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Cecil Duncan is Re\\-elected Head at C.A.H.A. Meet\\|agency\\=\\[\\[The Canadian Press]]\\|date\\=April 21, 1937\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=3\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-apr\\-21\\-1937\\-3394801/}}}} He assumed the role at a time when the CAHA was annually increasing grants to its branches to promote [minor ice hockey](/wiki/Minor_ice_hockey \"Minor ice hockey\"). During the [Great Depression in Canada](/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Canada \"Great Depression in Canada\"), Robinson reported that the CAHA lost money in both the Allan Cup and Memorial Cup finals in 1936, had $7,000 in losses for the 1935–36 season, and that it had only $15,000 in reserve.{{cite news\\|title\\=C.A.H.A. Permits Mercantile Club Entries for Cup\\|agency\\=\\[\\[The Canadian Press]]\\|date\\=April 14, 1936\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=3\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-apr\\-14\\-1936\\-3356286/}}{{cite news\\|title\\=C.A.H.A. Plans Sweeping Economies\\|date\\=April 15, 1936\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=12\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-apr\\-15\\-1936\\-3356288/}} He subsequently announced austerity measures which included suspension of grants to branches, and reductions in honorariums to executives and travel expenses for teams. He felt that the CAHA could not carry on another season without the drastic cuts, and the CAHA then scheduled Memorial Cup and Allan Cup playoffs games at the most profitable arenas. One year after the changes were made, Robinson reported playoffs profits exceeding $34,000, and subsequent increases to travel expenses for players and teams.{{cite news\\|title\\=Rules on Hockey Importations Set By C.A.H.A.\\|agency\\=\\[\\[The Canadian Press]]\\|date\\=April 20, 1937\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=1\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-apr\\-20\\-1937\\-3385320/}}; {{cite news\\|title\\=C.A.H.A. Coffers Filling\\|date\\=April 21, 1937\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=14\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-apr\\-21\\-1937\\-3385322/}}", "In November 1936, the CAHA proposed amendments to the AAU of C constitution to alter the definition of an amateur athlete, and allow for mingling of amateur and professionals in sport. Robinson felt that professionals would be a bad influence on amateur athletes, and had no place in amateur sports.{{cite news\\|title\\=Local Branch of A.A.U. of C. Oppose Broken Time Payment\\|last\\=Shields\\|first\\=Clem\\|date\\=November 14, 1936\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=29\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-14\\-1936\\-3394828/}} When the AAU of C subsequently rejected three of the four CAHA amendments, the relationship between the organizations deteriorated.{{cite news\\|title\\=Jack Hamilton, Regina, Is Named A.A.U. of C. Leader\\|last\\=Edwards\\|first\\=Charles\\|author\\-link\\=Charles Edwards (journalist)\\|agency\\=\\[\\[The Canadian Press]]\\|date\\=November 23, 1936\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=17\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-23\\-1936\\-3385312/}}", "Robinson was opposed to the impending divorce of the CAHA from the AAU of C, and suggested that the Allan Cup be withdrawn.{{cite news\\|title\\=C.A.H.A. Founder Is Against Break\\|agency\\=\\|date\\=December 22, 1936\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Montreal Gazette\\|The Gazette]]\\|location\\=Montreal, Quebec\\|page\\=14\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107576112/robinson\\-1936/}} Without the AAU of C alliance, he felt that the CAHA would lose its authority over amateur hockey in Canada, the ability to administer its finances, and control of the Allan Cup.{{cite news\\|title\\=Robinson Says C.A.H.A. May Lose Cup\\|date\\=December 22, 1936\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=18\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-22\\-1936\\-3356366/}} Robinson raised his objections despite that H. Montagu Allan had recently declared that the Allan Cup should remain in the possession of the CAHA.{{cite news\\|title\\=In the Realm of Sport\\|last\\=Gilhooly\\|first\\=Walter\\|date\\=December 22, 1936\\|newspaper\\=Ottawa, Ontario\\|location\\=\\[\\[Ottawa Journal]]\\|page\\=22\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107576307/robinson\\-1936/}}", "The CAHA formally separated from the AAU of C in January 1937\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=C.A.H.A. Break From A.A.U. Formally Made\\|date\\=December 15, 1936\\|newspaper\\=Lethbridge Herald\\|location\\=Lethbridge, Alberta\\|page\\=10\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-15\\-1936\\-1753890/}} The *[Winnipeg Free Press](/wiki/Winnipeg_Free_Press \"Winnipeg Free Press\")* then speculated that Robinson's position as chairman of the finance committee would be abolished, since he continued to be a vocal opponent of the CAHA's new definition of an amateur.{{cite news\\|title\\=Claude Robinson May Feel the Axe\\|date\\=April 20, 1937\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=17\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-apr\\-20\\-1937\\-3394799/}} In April 1937, the CAHA abolished its finance committee and assigned those duties to the president.{{cite news\\|title\\=Final Split Between C.A.H.A. And A.A.U. Comes With The Adoption of \"Three Points\"\\|date\\=April 20, 1937\\|newspaper\\=Winnipeg Free Press\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=16\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-apr\\-20\\-1937\\-1754551/}} The CAHA agreed to pay Robinson's expenses to future CAHA meetings as a life member; he ceased being an Allan Cup trustee as of 1937, and remained a trustee of the Abbott Cup until 1942\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Honours Showered On Portage Team\\|last\\=Manning\\|first\\=Herb\\|date\\=April 30, 1942\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=16\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-apr\\-30\\-1942\\-3383372/}}", "[thumb\\|Royal Alexandra Hotel drawing room\\|alt\\=Black and white photo of a large room with decorated dining tables](/wiki/File:Drawing_Room%2C_Royal_Alexandra_Hotel%2C_Winnipeg_%28HS85-10-18226%29.jpg \"Drawing Room, Royal Alexandra Hotel, Winnipeg (HS85-10-18226).jpg\")", "The CAHA hosted its [silver jubilee](/wiki/Silver_jubilee \"Silver jubilee\") in Winnipeg in recognition of the work of Robinson and Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League officials in forming the CAHA.{{cite news\\|title\\=Honour Winnipeg: Hockey Association Will Meet in City for Silver Jubilee\\|last\\=Coo\\|first\\=A. E. H.\\|date\\=April 18, 1938\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=16\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-apr\\-18\\-1938\\-3394690/}} CAHA president [W. G. Hardy](/wiki/W._G._Hardy \"W. G. Hardy\") appointed Robinson to oversee the celebrations hosted at the [Royal Alexandra Hotel](/wiki/Royal_Alexandra_Hotel \"Royal Alexandra Hotel\") from April 8–11, 1939\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=C.A.H.A. Leader Announces Bigger Grants For Minors\\|date\\=October 24, 1938\\|newspaper\\=Winnipeg Tribune\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=12\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-oct\\-24\\-1938\\-1469009/}} Attending the jubilee were eleven of thirteen former CAHA presidents, six founders including Robinson who attended the first meeting of the CAHA in 1914, and all four CAHA life members including Robinson.{{cite news\\|title\\=Eleven Former C.A.H.A. Presidents Coming Here\\|date\\=April 8, 1939\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=26\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-apr\\-08\\-1939\\-3394647/}} Hardy credited Robinson at the jubilee as, \"a man whose acknowledged guidance was the foundation of the CAHA, and a man who was the sower of the acorn from which the CAHA oak tree grew\".{{cite news\\|title\\=C.A.H.A. Eulogized at 25th Annual Banquet\\|date\\=April 11, 1939\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=16\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-apr\\-11\\-1939\\-3030957/}}", "" ]
### Early career [thumb\|left\|The [Winnipeg Auditorium](/wiki/Winnipeg_Auditorium "Winnipeg Auditorium") was the home ice rink for the Winnipeg Victorias.{{cite news\|title\=Auditorium, Historic Hockey Rink, Burns\|date\=March 15, 1926\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=13\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-15\-1926\-3396350/}}\|alt\=Exterior of wooden building with a peaked roof and arched windows](/wiki/File:Winnipeg_Auditorium_circa_1900.jpg "Winnipeg Auditorium circa 1900.jpg") The Western Canada Amateur Intermediate Hockey League elected Robinson its president for the 1903–04 season, while he played on the Winnipeg Victorias in the same league.{{cite news\|title\=Intermediate Hockeyists Meet\|date\=November 23, 1903\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=11\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-23\-1903\-3394625/}} At the 1904 annual meeting of the Victorias, Robinson was elected to the club's executive committee and delegated to establish an intermediate team in a local league. The club supported the intermediate team playing an exhibition tour in Western Canada on route to [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton "Edmonton").{{cite news\|title\=Victoria Hockeyists Reorganize for the Season's Big Games\|date\=October 29, 1904\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=15\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-oct\-29\-1904\-3411749/}} Robinson helped establish the Manitoba Amateur Intermediate Hockey League for the 1904–05 season, and was appointed its temporary secretary.{{cite news\|title\=New Hockey League Formed\|date\=November 21, 1904\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=15\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-21\-1904\-3396966/}} He was subsequently elected president of the league, which adopted a two\-referee system for its games.{{cite news\|title\=Intermediate Teams In Line\|date\=December 7, 1904\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=15\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-07\-1904\-3355166/}} Robinson was elected secretary\-treasurer of the Victorias in 1905, then served for six seasons in the role until 1912\.{{efn\|name\=fn1\|Robinson was elected secretary\-treasurer for the 1905–06, 1906–07,{{cite news\|title\=Hockey Clubs Convene\|date\=November 9, 1906\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-09\-1906\-3384295/}} 1908–09,{{cite news\|title\=Old Victorias in Game Again\|date\=December 4, 1908\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-04\-1908\-3384331/}} 1909–10,{{cite news\|title\=Annual of Victorias\|date\=November 13, 1909\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=9\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-13\-1909\-3399792/}}; {{cite news\|title\=Annual of Victorias (Continued)\|date\=November 13, 1909\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=21\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-13\-1909\-3399788/}} 1910–11,{{cite news\|title\=After Local Championship, Then Biggest Amateur Title\|date\=November 4, 1910\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=14\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-04\-1910\-3384342/}} and 1911–12 seasons.{{cite news\|title\=Victoria Hockey Club Ready For Another Strenuous Season\|date\=November 10, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-10\-1911\-3400836/}} The Winnipeg Victorias did not operate a hockey team during the 1907–08 season.}} He represented the Victorias at [Manitoba Hockey League](/wiki/Manitoba_Hockey_Association "Manitoba Hockey Association") meetings, and argued in favour of maintaining the league's amateur status instead of embracing professionalism for the 1906–07 season.{{cite news\|title\=Hockey League Meets\|date\=November 12, 1906\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-12\-1906\-3384300/}}; {{cite news\|title\=A Split Is Impending\|date\=November 12, 1906\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-12\-1906\-3388062/}}{{efn\|name\=fn2\|The \[\[Manitoba Hockey Association\|Manitoba Professional Hockey League]] began playing during the 1906–07 season, including one team based in Winnipeg.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hockeyleaguehistory.com/Manitoba\_Professional\_Hockey\_League.htm\|title\=Manitoba Professional Hockey League\|website\=Hockey League History\|access\-date\=October 15, 2022}}}} Robinson subsequently represented the Victorias in the Western Canada Amateur Hockey Association, which declined further competition for the [Stanley Cup](/wiki/Stanley_Cup "Stanley Cup") and established residency rules for players as of 1906\.{{cite news\|title\=Pass Up Stanley Cup\|date\=December 11, 1906\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-11\-1906\-3398128/}} In April 1907, he represented the Victorias at meetings which established the Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association,{{efn\|name\=fn3\|The Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association was a provincial branch of the \[\[Amateur Athletic Union of Canada]].}} and set the requirements for amateur athletes in the province.{{cite news\|title\=Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association\|date\=April 16, 1907\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-apr\-16\-1907\-3398398/}} Despite the new amateur sports organization, the Victorias did not play the 1907–08 season when professional hockey expanded in Winnipeg.{{efn\|name\=fn4\|The Manitoba Professional Hockey League added a second team based in Winnipeg as of the 1907–08 season.}} [thumb\|upright\|The Allan Cup trophy\|alt\=Silver bowl trophy with two large handles, mounted on a black plinth.](/wiki/File:Allan_Cup.jpg "Allan Cup.jpg") In November 1908, Robinson helped establish a senior amateur hockey league in Winnipeg affiliated with the Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association, and negotiated for ice time with local arena operators.{{cite news\|title\=Senior Amateur Hockey League\|date\=November 18, 1908\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-18\-1908\-3398514/}} Along with Victorias's Jack Pratt, he reached an agreement with the Winnipeg Auditorium to grow amateur hockey in Winnipeg. Robinson coached the Victorias to a Manitoba Hockey League championship for the 1908–09 season, and felt that his team could have competed for the newly established [Allan Cup](/wiki/Allan_Cup "Allan Cup"),{{cite news\|title\=On the Sunbeam\|last\=Cottrell\|first\=Alf\|date\=November 17, 1942\|newspaper\=\[\[Vancouver Sun]]\|location\=Vancouver, British Columbia\|page\=11\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107576709/robinson\-1942/}} although challenges from [senior ice hockey](/wiki/Senior_ice_hockey "Senior ice hockey") teams were accepted only from Eastern Canada at the time. He sought to reduce in\-season expenses, to have money for an end\-of\-season trip for the players.{{cite news\|title\=Weekly Whirligig\|last\=Shields\|first\=Clem\|date\=November 30, 1935\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=27\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-30\-1935\-3356282/}} To uphold the principles of amateurism, he did not provide players with any spending money on sightseeing trips to New York City and Boston. When the Manitoba Hockey League declined to admit the [Winnipeg Monarchs](/wiki/Winnipeg_Monarchs_%28senior%29 "Winnipeg Monarchs (senior)") for the 1909–10 season based on expected calibre of play, Robinson then recommended that each team play exhibition games versus the Monarchs.{{cite news\|title\=Only Three Clubs In Amateur League\|date\=November 23, 1909\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=13\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-23\-1909\-3399781/}} During the 1910–11 season, Robinson served as secretary of the Manitoba Hockey League.{{cite news\|title\=Victorias are Promised Early Dates by Trustees\|date\=February 9, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=11\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-feb\-09\-1911\-3399932/}} #### 1911 and 1912 Allan Cups Allan Cup trustees accepted the challenge from Robinson and the Victorias, to play the [Toronto St. Michael's Majors](/wiki/Toronto_St._Michael%27s_Majors "Toronto St. Michael's Majors") for the trophy, in Winnipeg from February 20–25, 1911\.{{cite news\|title\=Allan Cup Trustees View Favourably Vics' Request\|date\=February 6, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=1\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-feb\-06\-1911\-3399909/}} When the Majors refused to play by the deadline given, trustees awarded the [1911 Allan Cup](/wiki/1911_Allan_Cup "1911 Allan Cup") to the Victorias by default.{{cite news\|title\=Allan Cup Series Between Victoria and Kenoras Will Likely be Played Next Week\|date\=February 17, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-feb\-17\-1911\-3355326/}}{{cite news\|title\=Trustees Award Allan Cup to Victorias; Kenora May Play for Trophy Next Week\|date\=February 14, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-feb\-14\-1911\-3399937/}}; {{cite news\|title\=Allan Cup Trustees Award Trophy to Winnipeg Victorias\|date\=February 14, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=15\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-feb\-14\-1911\-3399936/}} *[The Winnipeg Tribune](/wiki/The_Winnipeg_Tribune "The Winnipeg Tribune")* wrote that the Majors had refused since the [Ontario Hockey Association](/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_Association "Ontario Hockey Association") (OHA) executive wanted the games to be played in March, and that the OHA initially refused to surrender the trophy despite instructions from the trustees.{{cite news\|title\=Trustees Deny Calgary Right to Play for Allan Cup Owing to Some Men Being Ineligible\|date\=March 3, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=7\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-03\-1911\-3399950/}} [thumb\|left\|The Winnipeg Victorias with the Allan Cup in 1911\|alt\=Black and white photo of a hockey team seated behind two large trophies](/wiki/File:1911_Allan_Cup_champions_Winnipeg_Victorias.jpg "1911 Allan Cup champions Winnipeg Victorias.jpg") Robinson was asked by Allan Cup trustee [William Northey](/wiki/William_Northey_%28ice_hockey%29 "William Northey (ice hockey)"), to schedule dates and referees to defend a challenge by the Kenora Thistles. The Victorias defeated Kenora by a combined score of 16–10 in a two\-game series.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.allancup.ca/allancuparchivescores.htm\#10's\|title\=Allan Cup Archives\|date\=September 25, 2010\|website\=Allan Cup\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515065832/http://www.allancup.ca/allancuparchivescores.htm\#10's \|access\-date\=October 22, 2022\|archive\-date\=May 15, 2011 }} The series profited approximately {{Currency\|1500\|CAD}}, which were donated by cup trustees to charities in Winnipeg chosen by Robinson.{{cite news\|title\=Allan Cup Games Net Big Sum for Winnipeg Charities\|date\=March 16, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=3\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-16\-1911\-3399998/}} No further Allan Cup challenges were arranged for the season, despite proposals to play the [Calgary Athletic Club](/wiki/Calgary_Athletic_Club "Calgary Athletic Club"){{cite news\|title\=Trustees Order Victorias To Defend Allan Cup\|date\=March 11, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=33\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-11\-1911\-3384350/}} and the [Ottawa New Edinburghs](/wiki/Ottawa_New_Edinburghs "Ottawa New Edinburghs"). In 1912, Robinson was named a trustee for the Allan Cup in Western Canada to oversee challenges for the trophy, and remained a trustee of the cup until 1937\.{{cite news\|title\=Spirit of CAHA? He'll do\|last\=McKay\|first\=Jim\|date\=May 22, 1968\|newspaper\=\[\[Windsor Star]]\|location\=Windsor, Ontario\|page\=33\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107387240/robinson\-1968/}} The New Edinburghs announced that the OHA agreed to return the Allan Cup to its trustees, and that the New Edinburghs would travel to Winnipeg to challenge for the [1912 Allan Cup](/wiki/1912_Allan_Cup "1912 Allan Cup").{{cite news\|title\=Clash of Vics and New Edinburghs Will Be For Amateur Championship\|date\=December 6, 1911\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-06\-1911\-3400839/}} Robinson was surprised by the announcement, and had expected to arrange exhibition games with the New Edinburghs. No challenge from the New Edinburghs was approved for 1912, since the Ottawa district playoffs took too long to complete ruling out to travel to Winnipeg.{{cite news\|title\=Surprises at Annual Roundup of New Edinburgh Hockey Club\|date\=December 3, 1912\|newspaper\=\[\[Ottawa Citizen]]\|location\=Ottawa, Ontario\|page\=8\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-ottawa\-citizen\-gill\-1912/137256201/}} The Victorias won the 1911–12 Manitoba Hockey League regular season, then defended the Allan Cup in three challenges. Robinson's team defeated the Calgary Athletic Club by 11–0 and 8–6 scores in a two\-game series, defeated [Toronto Eaton's](/wiki/Toronto_Eaton%27s "Toronto Eaton's") by 8–4 and 16–1 scores in a two\-game series, and the [Regina Capitals](/wiki/Regina_Capitals "Regina Capitals") by a 9–3 score in a one\-game challenge. In 1942, Robinson described the victory versus Toronto Eaton's as redemption for winning the trophy by default from the OHA. #### 1912–13 and 1913–14 seasons [thumb\|Winnipeg Amphitheatre\|alt\=Black and white photo of a three\-storey building, constructed in wood with an arched roof and a clock tower](/wiki/File:Sheasamphitheatre.png "Sheasamphitheatre.png") Robinson resigned as secretary\-treasurer of the Victorias after seven seasons, due to time commitments and his business career, but remained the club's delegate to hockey league meetings.{{cite news\|title\=Victoria Hockey Club Has Bright Prospects For Another Successful Season\|date\=November 8, 1912\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-08\-1912\-3506566/}} He was appointed to the [Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League](/wiki/Manitoba_Hockey_Association "Manitoba Hockey Association") executive, and represented league at Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association meetings.{{cite news\|title\=Winnipeg Hockey League Stands By Auditorium Rink\|date\=November 21, 1912\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-21\-1912\-3401210/}} Contrary to the league's agreement to play all games at the Winnipeg Auditorium, the Winnipeg Monarchs led by [Fred Marples](/wiki/Fred_Marples "Fred Marples") sought to use the [Winnipeg Amphitheatre](/wiki/Shea%27s_Amphitheatre "Shea's Amphitheatre") as their home rink, claiming it had better amenities for players and spectators. Robinson noted that Auditorium's management agreed to make changes to suit the league's needs, and that all teams had signed the agreement to play there. He felt that it was too late to change venues, and suggested the Monarchs withdraw from the league if they disagreed.{{cite news\|title\=Monarchs Cause Commotion in Winnipeg Hockey League\|date\=November 14, 1912\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-14\-1912\-3401203/}}; {{cite news\|title\=Monarchs Cause Commotion in Winnipeg Hockey (Continued)\|date\=November 14, 1912\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=7\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-14\-1912\-3401204/}} The Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League later voted in favour of keeping the arrangement with the Auditorium. Robinson was elected vice\-president of the Victorias in October 1913, serving in the executive role until 1917\.{{efn\|name\=fn5\|Robinson was elected a vice\-president of the Victorias in October 1913\.{{cite news\|title\=Victoria Hockey Club Hold 23rd Annual Meeting\|date\=October 24, 1913\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=7\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-oct\-24\-1913\-3401577/}} He was re\-elected in November 1914,{{cite news\|title\=Victoria Hockey Club to Branch Out Into Rugby\|date\=November 6, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-06\-1914\-3384419/}} and in December 1916\.{{cite news\|title\=Victoria Club Favours Three\-Team League\|date\=December 1, 1916\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=30\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-dec\-01\-1916\-3384775/}} The Victorias suspended operations for the hockey team during the 1917–18 season.{{cite news\|title\=No Hockey Team to Play in Vic Colours This Year\|date\=November 21, 1917\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-21\-1917\-3384788/}}}} He represented the Victorias at Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League meetings, and was re\-elected to the league's executive which chose to operate with games at both the Auditorium and the Amphitheatre.{{cite news\|title\=Winnipeg Hockey League Re\-elects the Old Officers\|date\=November 10, 1913\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=12\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-10\-1913\-3401583/}}; {{cite news\|title\=Senior Hockey Season to Open Here December 18\|date\=November 14, 1913\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-nov\-14\-1913\-3401590/}} In January 1914, the Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League debated the status of the independent hockey leagues in Western Ontario and Manitoba, as to whether they were intermediate or senior\-level leagues, and whether players in those leagues were eligible to be called\-up to play. The issue stemmed from determining eligibility of reserve players for the Monarchs, who also played in those independent leagues.{{cite news\|title\=Questions That Are Giving Big League Food For Thought\|date\=January 12, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=8\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-jan\-12\-1914\-3404873/}} #### 1914 Allan Cup [thumb\|upright\|left\|William Northey\|alt\=Black and white photo of a middle\-aged man wearing a suit and tie](/wiki/File:William_Mitchell_Northey.jpg "William Mitchell Northey.jpg") By the [1914 Allan Cup](/wiki/1914_Allan_Cup "1914 Allan Cup"), the numerous challenges for the trophy by league champions across Canada were difficult to manage. Robinson worked with Northey to schedule challenges, and decided that the defending champions would play a maximum of three challenges for the trophy per season.{{cite news\|title\=Elimination Series For Allan Cup Challengers\|date\=March 2, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-02\-1914\-3405032/}} Robinson scheduled referees for Allan Cup games in Winnipeg,{{cite news\|title\=Intense Interest in Match Tonight for the Allan Cup\|date\=March 11, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=10\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-11\-1914\-3405401/}} including a two\-game total\-goals series as the first challenge for the cup, by the [Kenora Thistles](/wiki/Kenora_Thistles_%281910s%29 "Kenora Thistles (1910s)") versus the Winnipeg Monarchs.{{cite news\|title\=Kenora and Monarchs Play Saturday and Monday Nights\|date\=March 5, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-05\-1914\-3405046/}} Allan Cup trustees debated whether [Dick Irvin](/wiki/Dick_Irvin "Dick Irvin") was eligible to play for the Monarchs, since he had played a game for the Winnipeg Strathconas in the Independent League prior to the start of the Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League season. Northey asked Robinson for a copy of the constitution for the Independent League in which Irvin played. When Irvin was ruled ineligible, the Monarchs refused to play without him. Northey wrote that, since the Strathconas had an intermediate team associated with them, then the Strathconas could not also be an intermediate team for the Monarchs.{{cite news\|title\=No Allan Cup Game Tonight: Monarchs Refuse to Play Without Dick Irvin\|date\=March 7, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-07\-1914\-3405053/}} Robinson noted that in 1913, trustees accepted that intermediate\-level hockey was equal to senior\-level hockey.{{cite news\|title\=Monarchs Appear to be in Wrong in Allan Cup Affair\|date\=March 9, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=11\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-09\-1914\-3355896/}} After three days of negotiating, the Monarchs agreed to play without Irvin, in a one\-game challenge versus the Thistles.{{cite news\|title\=Sudden Death Game To Decide Allan Cup\|date\=March 10, 1914\|newspaper\=Winnipeg Free Press\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-10\-1914\-2534284/}} The Monarchs won the Allan Cup by a 6–2 score. Player eligibility was again questioned in the subsequent challenge for the Allan Cup. The Monarchs sought a ruling about a player from the [Regina Victorias](/wiki/Regina_Victorias "Regina Victorias"), who was reported to have played one game for a team in [Melville, Saskatchewan](/wiki/Melville%2C_Saskatchewan "Melville, Saskatchewan"), and possibly with other senior teams. Robinson investigated and sent his findings to Northey.{{cite news\|title\=Northey Wants to Know More About Mastel\|date\=March 16, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=10\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-16\-1914\-3405403/}} Cup trustees ruled the player eligible, since the other league in which he played was not known to be senior level.{{cite news\|title\=Mastel Eligible Announce Trustees\|date\=March 19, 1914\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\|location\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\|page\=6\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\-clipping\-mar\-19\-1914\-3405414/}} The Regina Victorias defeated the Monarchs to win the Allan Cup, then defended the trophy in a series versus a team from [Grand\-Mère, Quebec](/wiki/Grand-M%C3%A8re%2C_Quebec "Grand-Mère, Quebec").
[ "### Early career", "[thumb\\|left\\|The [Winnipeg Auditorium](/wiki/Winnipeg_Auditorium \"Winnipeg Auditorium\") was the home ice rink for the Winnipeg Victorias.{{cite news\\|title\\=Auditorium, Historic Hockey Rink, Burns\\|date\\=March 15, 1926\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=13\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-15\\-1926\\-3396350/}}\\|alt\\=Exterior of wooden building with a peaked roof and arched windows](/wiki/File:Winnipeg_Auditorium_circa_1900.jpg \"Winnipeg Auditorium circa 1900.jpg\")", "The Western Canada Amateur Intermediate Hockey League elected Robinson its president for the 1903–04 season, while he played on the Winnipeg Victorias in the same league.{{cite news\\|title\\=Intermediate Hockeyists Meet\\|date\\=November 23, 1903\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=11\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-23\\-1903\\-3394625/}} At the 1904 annual meeting of the Victorias, Robinson was elected to the club's executive committee and delegated to establish an intermediate team in a local league. The club supported the intermediate team playing an exhibition tour in Western Canada on route to [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton \"Edmonton\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Victoria Hockeyists Reorganize for the Season's Big Games\\|date\\=October 29, 1904\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=15\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-oct\\-29\\-1904\\-3411749/}} Robinson helped establish the Manitoba Amateur Intermediate Hockey League for the 1904–05 season, and was appointed its temporary secretary.{{cite news\\|title\\=New Hockey League Formed\\|date\\=November 21, 1904\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=15\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-21\\-1904\\-3396966/}} He was subsequently elected president of the league, which adopted a two\\-referee system for its games.{{cite news\\|title\\=Intermediate Teams In Line\\|date\\=December 7, 1904\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=15\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-07\\-1904\\-3355166/}}", "Robinson was elected secretary\\-treasurer of the Victorias in 1905, then served for six seasons in the role until 1912\\.{{efn\\|name\\=fn1\\|Robinson was elected secretary\\-treasurer for the 1905–06, 1906–07,{{cite news\\|title\\=Hockey Clubs Convene\\|date\\=November 9, 1906\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-09\\-1906\\-3384295/}} 1908–09,{{cite news\\|title\\=Old Victorias in Game Again\\|date\\=December 4, 1908\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-04\\-1908\\-3384331/}} 1909–10,{{cite news\\|title\\=Annual of Victorias\\|date\\=November 13, 1909\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=9\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-13\\-1909\\-3399792/}}; {{cite news\\|title\\=Annual of Victorias (Continued)\\|date\\=November 13, 1909\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=21\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-13\\-1909\\-3399788/}} 1910–11,{{cite news\\|title\\=After Local Championship, Then Biggest Amateur Title\\|date\\=November 4, 1910\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=14\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-04\\-1910\\-3384342/}} and 1911–12 seasons.{{cite news\\|title\\=Victoria Hockey Club Ready For Another Strenuous Season\\|date\\=November 10, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-10\\-1911\\-3400836/}} The Winnipeg Victorias did not operate a hockey team during the 1907–08 season.}} He represented the Victorias at [Manitoba Hockey League](/wiki/Manitoba_Hockey_Association \"Manitoba Hockey Association\") meetings, and argued in favour of maintaining the league's amateur status instead of embracing professionalism for the 1906–07 season.{{cite news\\|title\\=Hockey League Meets\\|date\\=November 12, 1906\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-12\\-1906\\-3384300/}}; {{cite news\\|title\\=A Split Is Impending\\|date\\=November 12, 1906\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-12\\-1906\\-3388062/}}{{efn\\|name\\=fn2\\|The \\[\\[Manitoba Hockey Association\\|Manitoba Professional Hockey League]] began playing during the 1906–07 season, including one team based in Winnipeg.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hockeyleaguehistory.com/Manitoba\\_Professional\\_Hockey\\_League.htm\\|title\\=Manitoba Professional Hockey League\\|website\\=Hockey League History\\|access\\-date\\=October 15, 2022}}}} Robinson subsequently represented the Victorias in the Western Canada Amateur Hockey Association, which declined further competition for the [Stanley Cup](/wiki/Stanley_Cup \"Stanley Cup\") and established residency rules for players as of 1906\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Pass Up Stanley Cup\\|date\\=December 11, 1906\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-11\\-1906\\-3398128/}} In April 1907, he represented the Victorias at meetings which established the Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association,{{efn\\|name\\=fn3\\|The Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association was a provincial branch of the \\[\\[Amateur Athletic Union of Canada]].}} and set the requirements for amateur athletes in the province.{{cite news\\|title\\=Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association\\|date\\=April 16, 1907\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-apr\\-16\\-1907\\-3398398/}} Despite the new amateur sports organization, the Victorias did not play the 1907–08 season when professional hockey expanded in Winnipeg.{{efn\\|name\\=fn4\\|The Manitoba Professional Hockey League added a second team based in Winnipeg as of the 1907–08 season.}}", "[thumb\\|upright\\|The Allan Cup trophy\\|alt\\=Silver bowl trophy with two large handles, mounted on a black plinth.](/wiki/File:Allan_Cup.jpg \"Allan Cup.jpg\")", "In November 1908, Robinson helped establish a senior amateur hockey league in Winnipeg affiliated with the Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association, and negotiated for ice time with local arena operators.{{cite news\\|title\\=Senior Amateur Hockey League\\|date\\=November 18, 1908\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-18\\-1908\\-3398514/}} Along with Victorias's Jack Pratt, he reached an agreement with the Winnipeg Auditorium to grow amateur hockey in Winnipeg. Robinson coached the Victorias to a Manitoba Hockey League championship for the 1908–09 season, and felt that his team could have competed for the newly established [Allan Cup](/wiki/Allan_Cup \"Allan Cup\"),{{cite news\\|title\\=On the Sunbeam\\|last\\=Cottrell\\|first\\=Alf\\|date\\=November 17, 1942\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Vancouver Sun]]\\|location\\=Vancouver, British Columbia\\|page\\=11\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107576709/robinson\\-1942/}} although challenges from [senior ice hockey](/wiki/Senior_ice_hockey \"Senior ice hockey\") teams were accepted only from Eastern Canada at the time. He sought to reduce in\\-season expenses, to have money for an end\\-of\\-season trip for the players.{{cite news\\|title\\=Weekly Whirligig\\|last\\=Shields\\|first\\=Clem\\|date\\=November 30, 1935\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=27\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-30\\-1935\\-3356282/}} To uphold the principles of amateurism, he did not provide players with any spending money on sightseeing trips to New York City and Boston.", "When the Manitoba Hockey League declined to admit the [Winnipeg Monarchs](/wiki/Winnipeg_Monarchs_%28senior%29 \"Winnipeg Monarchs (senior)\") for the 1909–10 season based on expected calibre of play, Robinson then recommended that each team play exhibition games versus the Monarchs.{{cite news\\|title\\=Only Three Clubs In Amateur League\\|date\\=November 23, 1909\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=13\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-23\\-1909\\-3399781/}} During the 1910–11 season, Robinson served as secretary of the Manitoba Hockey League.{{cite news\\|title\\=Victorias are Promised Early Dates by Trustees\\|date\\=February 9, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=11\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-feb\\-09\\-1911\\-3399932/}}", "#### 1911 and 1912 Allan Cups", "Allan Cup trustees accepted the challenge from Robinson and the Victorias, to play the [Toronto St. Michael's Majors](/wiki/Toronto_St._Michael%27s_Majors \"Toronto St. Michael's Majors\") for the trophy, in Winnipeg from February 20–25, 1911\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Allan Cup Trustees View Favourably Vics' Request\\|date\\=February 6, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=1\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-feb\\-06\\-1911\\-3399909/}} When the Majors refused to play by the deadline given, trustees awarded the [1911 Allan Cup](/wiki/1911_Allan_Cup \"1911 Allan Cup\") to the Victorias by default.{{cite news\\|title\\=Allan Cup Series Between Victoria and Kenoras Will Likely be Played Next Week\\|date\\=February 17, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-feb\\-17\\-1911\\-3355326/}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Trustees Award Allan Cup to Victorias; Kenora May Play for Trophy Next Week\\|date\\=February 14, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-feb\\-14\\-1911\\-3399937/}}; {{cite news\\|title\\=Allan Cup Trustees Award Trophy to Winnipeg Victorias\\|date\\=February 14, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=15\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-feb\\-14\\-1911\\-3399936/}} *[The Winnipeg Tribune](/wiki/The_Winnipeg_Tribune \"The Winnipeg Tribune\")* wrote that the Majors had refused since the [Ontario Hockey Association](/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_Association \"Ontario Hockey Association\") (OHA) executive wanted the games to be played in March, and that the OHA initially refused to surrender the trophy despite instructions from the trustees.{{cite news\\|title\\=Trustees Deny Calgary Right to Play for Allan Cup Owing to Some Men Being Ineligible\\|date\\=March 3, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=7\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-03\\-1911\\-3399950/}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|The Winnipeg Victorias with the Allan Cup in 1911\\|alt\\=Black and white photo of a hockey team seated behind two large trophies](/wiki/File:1911_Allan_Cup_champions_Winnipeg_Victorias.jpg \"1911 Allan Cup champions Winnipeg Victorias.jpg\")", "Robinson was asked by Allan Cup trustee [William Northey](/wiki/William_Northey_%28ice_hockey%29 \"William Northey (ice hockey)\"), to schedule dates and referees to defend a challenge by the Kenora Thistles. The Victorias defeated Kenora by a combined score of 16–10 in a two\\-game series.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.allancup.ca/allancuparchivescores.htm\\#10's\\|title\\=Allan Cup Archives\\|date\\=September 25, 2010\\|website\\=Allan Cup\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515065832/http://www.allancup.ca/allancuparchivescores.htm\\#10's \\|access\\-date\\=October 22, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=May 15, 2011 }} The series profited approximately {{Currency\\|1500\\|CAD}}, which were donated by cup trustees to charities in Winnipeg chosen by Robinson.{{cite news\\|title\\=Allan Cup Games Net Big Sum for Winnipeg Charities\\|date\\=March 16, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=3\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-16\\-1911\\-3399998/}} No further Allan Cup challenges were arranged for the season, despite proposals to play the [Calgary Athletic Club](/wiki/Calgary_Athletic_Club \"Calgary Athletic Club\"){{cite news\\|title\\=Trustees Order Victorias To Defend Allan Cup\\|date\\=March 11, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=33\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-11\\-1911\\-3384350/}} and the [Ottawa New Edinburghs](/wiki/Ottawa_New_Edinburghs \"Ottawa New Edinburghs\").", "In 1912, Robinson was named a trustee for the Allan Cup in Western Canada to oversee challenges for the trophy, and remained a trustee of the cup until 1937\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Spirit of CAHA? He'll do\\|last\\=McKay\\|first\\=Jim\\|date\\=May 22, 1968\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Windsor Star]]\\|location\\=Windsor, Ontario\\|page\\=33\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107387240/robinson\\-1968/}}", "The New Edinburghs announced that the OHA agreed to return the Allan Cup to its trustees, and that the New Edinburghs would travel to Winnipeg to challenge for the [1912 Allan Cup](/wiki/1912_Allan_Cup \"1912 Allan Cup\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Clash of Vics and New Edinburghs Will Be For Amateur Championship\\|date\\=December 6, 1911\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-06\\-1911\\-3400839/}} Robinson was surprised by the announcement, and had expected to arrange exhibition games with the New Edinburghs. No challenge from the New Edinburghs was approved for 1912, since the Ottawa district playoffs took too long to complete ruling out to travel to Winnipeg.{{cite news\\|title\\=Surprises at Annual Roundup of New Edinburgh Hockey Club\\|date\\=December 3, 1912\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Ottawa Citizen]]\\|location\\=Ottawa, Ontario\\|page\\=8\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-ottawa\\-citizen\\-gill\\-1912/137256201/}}", "The Victorias won the 1911–12 Manitoba Hockey League regular season, then defended the Allan Cup in three challenges. Robinson's team defeated the Calgary Athletic Club by 11–0 and 8–6 scores in a two\\-game series, defeated [Toronto Eaton's](/wiki/Toronto_Eaton%27s \"Toronto Eaton's\") by 8–4 and 16–1 scores in a two\\-game series, and the [Regina Capitals](/wiki/Regina_Capitals \"Regina Capitals\") by a 9–3 score in a one\\-game challenge. In 1942, Robinson described the victory versus Toronto Eaton's as redemption for winning the trophy by default from the OHA.", "#### 1912–13 and 1913–14 seasons", "[thumb\\|Winnipeg Amphitheatre\\|alt\\=Black and white photo of a three\\-storey building, constructed in wood with an arched roof and a clock tower](/wiki/File:Sheasamphitheatre.png \"Sheasamphitheatre.png\")", "Robinson resigned as secretary\\-treasurer of the Victorias after seven seasons, due to time commitments and his business career, but remained the club's delegate to hockey league meetings.{{cite news\\|title\\=Victoria Hockey Club Has Bright Prospects For Another Successful Season\\|date\\=November 8, 1912\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-08\\-1912\\-3506566/}} He was appointed to the [Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League](/wiki/Manitoba_Hockey_Association \"Manitoba Hockey Association\") executive, and represented league at Manitoba Amateur Athletic Association meetings.{{cite news\\|title\\=Winnipeg Hockey League Stands By Auditorium Rink\\|date\\=November 21, 1912\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-21\\-1912\\-3401210/}}", "Contrary to the league's agreement to play all games at the Winnipeg Auditorium, the Winnipeg Monarchs led by [Fred Marples](/wiki/Fred_Marples \"Fred Marples\") sought to use the [Winnipeg Amphitheatre](/wiki/Shea%27s_Amphitheatre \"Shea's Amphitheatre\") as their home rink, claiming it had better amenities for players and spectators. Robinson noted that Auditorium's management agreed to make changes to suit the league's needs, and that all teams had signed the agreement to play there. He felt that it was too late to change venues, and suggested the Monarchs withdraw from the league if they disagreed.{{cite news\\|title\\=Monarchs Cause Commotion in Winnipeg Hockey League\\|date\\=November 14, 1912\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-14\\-1912\\-3401203/}}; {{cite news\\|title\\=Monarchs Cause Commotion in Winnipeg Hockey (Continued)\\|date\\=November 14, 1912\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=7\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-14\\-1912\\-3401204/}} The Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League later voted in favour of keeping the arrangement with the Auditorium.", "Robinson was elected vice\\-president of the Victorias in October 1913, serving in the executive role until 1917\\.{{efn\\|name\\=fn5\\|Robinson was elected a vice\\-president of the Victorias in October 1913\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Victoria Hockey Club Hold 23rd Annual Meeting\\|date\\=October 24, 1913\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=7\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-oct\\-24\\-1913\\-3401577/}} He was re\\-elected in November 1914,{{cite news\\|title\\=Victoria Hockey Club to Branch Out Into Rugby\\|date\\=November 6, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-06\\-1914\\-3384419/}} and in December 1916\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Victoria Club Favours Three\\-Team League\\|date\\=December 1, 1916\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=30\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-dec\\-01\\-1916\\-3384775/}} The Victorias suspended operations for the hockey team during the 1917–18 season.{{cite news\\|title\\=No Hockey Team to Play in Vic Colours This Year\\|date\\=November 21, 1917\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-21\\-1917\\-3384788/}}}} He represented the Victorias at Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League meetings, and was re\\-elected to the league's executive which chose to operate with games at both the Auditorium and the Amphitheatre.{{cite news\\|title\\=Winnipeg Hockey League Re\\-elects the Old Officers\\|date\\=November 10, 1913\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=12\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-10\\-1913\\-3401583/}}; {{cite news\\|title\\=Senior Hockey Season to Open Here December 18\\|date\\=November 14, 1913\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-nov\\-14\\-1913\\-3401590/}}", "In January 1914, the Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League debated the status of the independent hockey leagues in Western Ontario and Manitoba, as to whether they were intermediate or senior\\-level leagues, and whether players in those leagues were eligible to be called\\-up to play. The issue stemmed from determining eligibility of reserve players for the Monarchs, who also played in those independent leagues.{{cite news\\|title\\=Questions That Are Giving Big League Food For Thought\\|date\\=January 12, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=8\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-jan\\-12\\-1914\\-3404873/}}", "#### 1914 Allan Cup", "[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|William Northey\\|alt\\=Black and white photo of a middle\\-aged man wearing a suit and tie](/wiki/File:William_Mitchell_Northey.jpg \"William Mitchell Northey.jpg\")", "By the [1914 Allan Cup](/wiki/1914_Allan_Cup \"1914 Allan Cup\"), the numerous challenges for the trophy by league champions across Canada were difficult to manage. Robinson worked with Northey to schedule challenges, and decided that the defending champions would play a maximum of three challenges for the trophy per season.{{cite news\\|title\\=Elimination Series For Allan Cup Challengers\\|date\\=March 2, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-02\\-1914\\-3405032/}} Robinson scheduled referees for Allan Cup games in Winnipeg,{{cite news\\|title\\=Intense Interest in Match Tonight for the Allan Cup\\|date\\=March 11, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=10\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-11\\-1914\\-3405401/}} including a two\\-game total\\-goals series as the first challenge for the cup, by the [Kenora Thistles](/wiki/Kenora_Thistles_%281910s%29 \"Kenora Thistles (1910s)\") versus the Winnipeg Monarchs.{{cite news\\|title\\=Kenora and Monarchs Play Saturday and Monday Nights\\|date\\=March 5, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-05\\-1914\\-3405046/}}", "Allan Cup trustees debated whether [Dick Irvin](/wiki/Dick_Irvin \"Dick Irvin\") was eligible to play for the Monarchs, since he had played a game for the Winnipeg Strathconas in the Independent League prior to the start of the Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League season. Northey asked Robinson for a copy of the constitution for the Independent League in which Irvin played. When Irvin was ruled ineligible, the Monarchs refused to play without him. Northey wrote that, since the Strathconas had an intermediate team associated with them, then the Strathconas could not also be an intermediate team for the Monarchs.{{cite news\\|title\\=No Allan Cup Game Tonight: Monarchs Refuse to Play Without Dick Irvin\\|date\\=March 7, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-07\\-1914\\-3405053/}} Robinson noted that in 1913, trustees accepted that intermediate\\-level hockey was equal to senior\\-level hockey.{{cite news\\|title\\=Monarchs Appear to be in Wrong in Allan Cup Affair\\|date\\=March 9, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=11\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-09\\-1914\\-3355896/}} After three days of negotiating, the Monarchs agreed to play without Irvin, in a one\\-game challenge versus the Thistles.{{cite news\\|title\\=Sudden Death Game To Decide Allan Cup\\|date\\=March 10, 1914\\|newspaper\\=Winnipeg Free Press\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-10\\-1914\\-2534284/}} The Monarchs won the Allan Cup by a 6–2 score.", "Player eligibility was again questioned in the subsequent challenge for the Allan Cup. The Monarchs sought a ruling about a player from the [Regina Victorias](/wiki/Regina_Victorias \"Regina Victorias\"), who was reported to have played one game for a team in [Melville, Saskatchewan](/wiki/Melville%2C_Saskatchewan \"Melville, Saskatchewan\"), and possibly with other senior teams. Robinson investigated and sent his findings to Northey.{{cite news\\|title\\=Northey Wants to Know More About Mastel\\|date\\=March 16, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Winnipeg Tribune]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=10\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-16\\-1914\\-3405403/}} Cup trustees ruled the player eligible, since the other league in which he played was not known to be senior level.{{cite news\\|title\\=Mastel Eligible Announce Trustees\\|date\\=March 19, 1914\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]]\\|location\\=Winnipeg, Manitoba\\|page\\=6\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports\\-clipping\\-mar\\-19\\-1914\\-3405414/}} The Regina Victorias defeated the Monarchs to win the Allan Cup, then defended the trophy in a series versus a team from [Grand\\-Mère, Quebec](/wiki/Grand-M%C3%A8re%2C_Quebec \"Grand-Mère, Quebec\").", "" ]
Scope ----- The pinacol reaction is extremely well\-studied and tolerates many different [reductants](/wiki/Reductant "Reductant"), including electrochemical syntheses. Variants are known for homo\- and cross\-coupling, intra\- and inter\-molecular reactions with appropriate diastereo\- or enantioselectivity; as of 2006, the only unsettled frontier was enantioselective cross\-coupling of aliphatic aldehydes. In general, aryl carbonyls give higher yields than aliphatic carbonyls, and diaryls may spontaneously react with a hydride donor [in the presence of light](/wiki/Photochemistry "Photochemistry").Smith (2020\), *March's Organic Chemistry*, rxn. 19\-80\. Although an [active metal](/wiki/Active_metal "Active metal") reduction, modern pinacol reactions tolerate [protic substrates](/wiki/Bronsted_acid "Bronsted acid") and [solvents](/wiki/Protic_solvents "Protic solvents"); it is sometimes performed in [water](/wiki/Water "Water"). [Ester](/wiki/Ester "Ester") groups do not react, but some [nitriles](/wiki/Nitriles "Nitriles") do. In general, *aza* variants are less well\-studied, but the analogous reaction with [imines](/wiki/Imines "Imines") yields di[amines](/wiki/Amine "Amine"). Traditionally, the pinacol reductant is an [alkali](/wiki/Alkali_metal "Alkali metal") or [alkaline earth metal](/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal "Alkaline earth metal"), but these result in low yields and selectivity. [Catalytic](/wiki/Catalytic "Catalytic") salts of most early transition metals and a nonmetal reductant (e.g. [iodides](/wiki/Iodide "Iodide")) give dramatically improved performance, but stoichiometric reductions typically deoxygenate to the [alkene](/wiki/Alkene "Alkene") (the [McMurry reaction](/wiki/McMurry_reaction "McMurry reaction")).Chatterji, Anamitra; Joshi, N. N (2006\). "Evolution of the stereoselective pinacol coupling reaction". *Tetrahedron*, vol. 62, pp. 12137\-12158\. Report \#778\. {{doi\|10\.1016/j.tet.2006\.09\.002}} The reaction's applications include closure of [large rings](/wiki/Macrocycle "Macrocycle"). Two famous examples of pinacol coupling used in [total synthesis](/wiki/Total_synthesis "Total synthesis") are the [Mukaiyama Taxol total synthesis](/wiki/Mukaiyama_Taxol_total_synthesis "Mukaiyama Taxol total synthesis") and the [Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis](/wiki/Nicolaou_Taxol_total_synthesis "Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis"). Benzophenone may undergo the pinacol coupling photochemically.{{OrgSynth \| prep \= cv2p0071 \| title \= Benzopinacol \| vauthors \= Bachmann WE \| collvol \= 2 \| collvolpages \= 71 \| year \= 1943}} Benzaldehyde may also be used as a substrate with the use of catalytic [vanadium(III) chloride](/wiki/Vanadium%28III%29_chloride "Vanadium(III) chloride") and [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium "Aluminium") metal as the stoichiometric reductant.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Xu X, Hirao T \| title \= Vanadium\-catalyzed pinacol coupling reaction in water \| journal \= The Journal of Organic Chemistry \| volume \= 70 \| issue \= 21 \| pages \= 8594–8596 \| date \= October 2005 \| pmid \= 16209617 \| doi \= 10\.1021/jo051213f }} This [heterogeneous](/wiki/Heterogeneous "Heterogeneous") reaction in water at [room temperature](/wiki/Room_temperature "Room temperature") yields 72% after 3 days with 56:44 [dl](/wiki/Diastereomer "Diastereomer"):[meso](/wiki/Meso_compound "Meso compound") composition. In another system with benzaldehyde, [Montmorillonite](/wiki/Montmorillonite "Montmorillonite") K\-10]] and [zinc chloride](/wiki/Zinc_chloride "Zinc chloride") in aqueous [THF](/wiki/THF "THF") under [ultrasound](/wiki/Ultrasound "Ultrasound") the reaction time is reduced to 3 hours (composition 55:45\).{{cite journal \| title \= Pinacolization of aromatic aldehydes using Zn/montmorillonite K10\-ZnCl2 in aqueous THF under ultrasound \| vauthors \= Hongjun Z, Jitai L, Yanjiang B, Tongshuang L \| journal \= Chemical Journal on Internet \| year \= 2003 \| volume \= 5 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 8 \| url \= http://www.chemistrymag.org/cji/2003/051008ne.htm \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20021121001218/http://www.chemistrymag.org/cji/2003/051008ne.htm \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-date \= 2002\-11\-21 }} On the other hand, certain [tartaric acid](/wiki/Tartaric_acid "Tartaric acid") derivatives can be obtained with high [diastereoselectivity](/wiki/Diastereoselectivity "Diastereoselectivity") in a system of [samarium(II) iodide](/wiki/Samarium%28II%29_iodide "Samarium(II) iodide") and [HMPA](/wiki/Hexamethylphosphoramide "Hexamethylphosphoramide").{{cite journal \| title \= Asymmetric synthesis by stereocontrol \| vauthors \= Kim YH, Kim SM, Youn SW \| journal \= Pure and Applied Chemistry \| volume \= 73 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 283–286 \| year \= 2001 \| doi \= 10\.1351/pac200173020283\| doi\-access \= free }} A titanium\-catalyzed [photocatalytic](/wiki/Photoredox_catalysis "Photoredox catalysis") approach was also developed: the use of catalytic [titanocene dichloride](/wiki/Titanocene_dichloride "Titanocene dichloride") in the presence of a red\-absorbing organic dye as the [photosensitizer](/wiki/Photosensitizer "Photosensitizer"), and [Hantzsch ester](/wiki/Hantzsch_ester "Hantzsch ester") as the terminal reducing agent, enabled the homocoupling reactions of a wide variety of aromatic aldehydes in [trifluorotoluene](/wiki/Trifluorotoluene "Trifluorotoluene") under orange\-light irradiation, with high yields and diastereoselectivities (more than 20:1 dl:meso). An enantioselective version (up to 92% [e.e.](/wiki/Enantiomeric_excess "Enantiomeric excess")), using catalytic amounts of a chiral titanium [salen](/wiki/Salen_ligand "Salen ligand"), was also developed.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Calogero F, Magagnano G, Potenti S, Pasca F, Fermi A, Gualandi A, Ceroni P, Bergamini G, Cozzi PG \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Diastereoselective and enantioselective photoredox pinacol coupling promoted by titanium complexes with a red\-absorbing organic dye \| journal \= Chemical Science \| volume \= 13 \| issue \= 20 \| pages \= 5973–5981 \| date \= May 2022 \| pmid \= 35685797 \| pmc \= 9132033 \| doi \= 10\.1039/D2SC00800A }} *p*\-Hydroxy[propiophenone](/wiki/Propiophenone "Propiophenone") is used as the substrate in the synthesis of [diethylstilbestrol](/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol "Diethylstilbestrol"). An unsymmetrical pinacol coupling reaction between para\-chloro\-acetophenone and acetone was employed to give [phenaglycodol](/wiki/Phenaglycodol "Phenaglycodol") in a 40% yield.
[ "Scope\n-----", "The pinacol reaction is extremely well\\-studied and tolerates many different [reductants](/wiki/Reductant \"Reductant\"), including electrochemical syntheses. Variants are known for homo\\- and cross\\-coupling, intra\\- and inter\\-molecular reactions with appropriate diastereo\\- or enantioselectivity; as of 2006, the only unsettled frontier was enantioselective cross\\-coupling of aliphatic aldehydes. In general, aryl carbonyls give higher yields than aliphatic carbonyls, and diaryls may spontaneously react with a hydride donor [in the presence of light](/wiki/Photochemistry \"Photochemistry\").Smith (2020\\), *March's Organic Chemistry*, rxn. 19\\-80\\.", "Although an [active metal](/wiki/Active_metal \"Active metal\") reduction, modern pinacol reactions tolerate [protic substrates](/wiki/Bronsted_acid \"Bronsted acid\") and [solvents](/wiki/Protic_solvents \"Protic solvents\"); it is sometimes performed in [water](/wiki/Water \"Water\"). [Ester](/wiki/Ester \"Ester\") groups do not react, but some [nitriles](/wiki/Nitriles \"Nitriles\") do. In general, *aza* variants are less well\\-studied, but the analogous reaction with [imines](/wiki/Imines \"Imines\") yields di[amines](/wiki/Amine \"Amine\").", "Traditionally, the pinacol reductant is an [alkali](/wiki/Alkali_metal \"Alkali metal\") or [alkaline earth metal](/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal \"Alkaline earth metal\"), but these result in low yields and selectivity. [Catalytic](/wiki/Catalytic \"Catalytic\") salts of most early transition metals and a nonmetal reductant (e.g. [iodides](/wiki/Iodide \"Iodide\")) give dramatically improved performance, but stoichiometric reductions typically deoxygenate to the [alkene](/wiki/Alkene \"Alkene\") (the [McMurry reaction](/wiki/McMurry_reaction \"McMurry reaction\")).Chatterji, Anamitra; Joshi, N. N (2006\\). \"Evolution of the stereoselective pinacol coupling reaction\". *Tetrahedron*, vol. 62, pp. 12137\\-12158\\. Report \\#778\\. {{doi\\|10\\.1016/j.tet.2006\\.09\\.002}}", "The reaction's applications include closure of [large rings](/wiki/Macrocycle \"Macrocycle\"). Two famous examples of pinacol coupling used in [total synthesis](/wiki/Total_synthesis \"Total synthesis\") are the [Mukaiyama Taxol total synthesis](/wiki/Mukaiyama_Taxol_total_synthesis \"Mukaiyama Taxol total synthesis\") and the [Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis](/wiki/Nicolaou_Taxol_total_synthesis \"Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis\").", "Benzophenone may undergo the pinacol coupling photochemically.{{OrgSynth \\| prep \\= cv2p0071 \\| title \\= Benzopinacol \\| vauthors \\= Bachmann WE \\| collvol \\= 2 \\| collvolpages \\= 71 \\| year \\= 1943}} Benzaldehyde may also be used as a substrate with the use of catalytic [vanadium(III) chloride](/wiki/Vanadium%28III%29_chloride \"Vanadium(III) chloride\") and [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium \"Aluminium\") metal as the stoichiometric reductant.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Xu X, Hirao T \\| title \\= Vanadium\\-catalyzed pinacol coupling reaction in water \\| journal \\= The Journal of Organic Chemistry \\| volume \\= 70 \\| issue \\= 21 \\| pages \\= 8594–8596 \\| date \\= October 2005 \\| pmid \\= 16209617 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1021/jo051213f }} This [heterogeneous](/wiki/Heterogeneous \"Heterogeneous\") reaction in water at [room temperature](/wiki/Room_temperature \"Room temperature\") yields 72% after 3 days with 56:44 [dl](/wiki/Diastereomer \"Diastereomer\"):[meso](/wiki/Meso_compound \"Meso compound\") composition.", "In another system with benzaldehyde, [Montmorillonite](/wiki/Montmorillonite \"Montmorillonite\") K\\-10]] and [zinc chloride](/wiki/Zinc_chloride \"Zinc chloride\") in aqueous [THF](/wiki/THF \"THF\") under [ultrasound](/wiki/Ultrasound \"Ultrasound\") the reaction time is reduced to 3 hours (composition 55:45\\).{{cite journal \\| title \\= Pinacolization of aromatic aldehydes using Zn/montmorillonite K10\\-ZnCl2 in aqueous THF under ultrasound \\| vauthors \\= Hongjun Z, Jitai L, Yanjiang B, Tongshuang L \\| journal \\= Chemical Journal on Internet \\| year \\= 2003 \\| volume \\= 5 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 8 \\| url \\= http://www.chemistrymag.org/cji/2003/051008ne.htm \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20021121001218/http://www.chemistrymag.org/cji/2003/051008ne.htm \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-date \\= 2002\\-11\\-21 }} On the other hand, certain [tartaric acid](/wiki/Tartaric_acid \"Tartaric acid\") derivatives can be obtained with high [diastereoselectivity](/wiki/Diastereoselectivity \"Diastereoselectivity\") in a system of [samarium(II) iodide](/wiki/Samarium%28II%29_iodide \"Samarium(II) iodide\") and [HMPA](/wiki/Hexamethylphosphoramide \"Hexamethylphosphoramide\").{{cite journal \\| title \\= Asymmetric synthesis by stereocontrol \\| vauthors \\= Kim YH, Kim SM, Youn SW \\| journal \\= Pure and Applied Chemistry \\| volume \\= 73 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 283–286 \\| year \\= 2001 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1351/pac200173020283\\| doi\\-access \\= free }}", "A titanium\\-catalyzed [photocatalytic](/wiki/Photoredox_catalysis \"Photoredox catalysis\") approach was also developed: the use of catalytic [titanocene dichloride](/wiki/Titanocene_dichloride \"Titanocene dichloride\") in the presence of a red\\-absorbing organic dye as the [photosensitizer](/wiki/Photosensitizer \"Photosensitizer\"), and [Hantzsch ester](/wiki/Hantzsch_ester \"Hantzsch ester\") as the terminal reducing agent, enabled the homocoupling reactions of a wide variety of aromatic aldehydes in [trifluorotoluene](/wiki/Trifluorotoluene \"Trifluorotoluene\") under orange\\-light irradiation, with high yields and diastereoselectivities (more than 20:1 dl:meso). An enantioselective version (up to 92% [e.e.](/wiki/Enantiomeric_excess \"Enantiomeric excess\")), using catalytic amounts of a chiral titanium [salen](/wiki/Salen_ligand \"Salen ligand\"), was also developed.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Calogero F, Magagnano G, Potenti S, Pasca F, Fermi A, Gualandi A, Ceroni P, Bergamini G, Cozzi PG \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Diastereoselective and enantioselective photoredox pinacol coupling promoted by titanium complexes with a red\\-absorbing organic dye \\| journal \\= Chemical Science \\| volume \\= 13 \\| issue \\= 20 \\| pages \\= 5973–5981 \\| date \\= May 2022 \\| pmid \\= 35685797 \\| pmc \\= 9132033 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1039/D2SC00800A }}", "*p*\\-Hydroxy[propiophenone](/wiki/Propiophenone \"Propiophenone\") is used as the substrate in the synthesis of [diethylstilbestrol](/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol \"Diethylstilbestrol\").", "An unsymmetrical pinacol coupling reaction between para\\-chloro\\-acetophenone and acetone was employed to give [phenaglycodol](/wiki/Phenaglycodol \"Phenaglycodol\") in a 40% yield.", "" ]
Politics -------- Hsu acted as treasurer of the Kingston and the Islands Federal Liberal Association from 2007 to 2010, and was an active member of its policy committee.{{Cite web\|date\=August 30, 2011\|title\=About Ted Hsu\|url\=http://tedhsu.liberal.ca/about\_ted/ \|url\-status\=deviated \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830153457/http://tedhsu.liberal.ca/about\_ted/ \|archive\-date\=30 August 2011}} During this time, he supported the 2007 provincial and 2008 federal Liberal campaigns for [John Gerretsen](/wiki/John_Gerretsen "John Gerretsen") and [Peter Milliken](/wiki/Peter_Milliken "Peter Milliken"), the longest\-serving Speaker in the House of Commons.  Following Milliken's announcement in summer 2010 that he would not seek re\-election, Hsu won the Liberal nomination in November to be the party's 2011 candidate.{{Cite news\|last\=Gerard\|first\=Steve\|date\=July 6, 2010\|title\=Ted Hsu Launches Campaign to Replace Peter Milliken\|work\=Kingston Herald\|url\=https://kingstonherald.com/news/ted\-hsu\-launches\-campaign\-to\-replace\-peter\-milliken\-201031262\|access\-date\=February 21, 2022}}{{Cite news\|last\=Clancy\|first\=Clare\|date\=November 9, 2010\|title\=If the Hsu fits, nominate it\|url\=https://www.queensjournal.ca/story/2010\-11\-09/news/if\-hsu\-fits\-nominate\-it/}} ### In Parliament In the federal election held on May 2, 2011, Hsu defeated [Conservative](/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada "Conservative Party of Canada") candidate Alicia Gordon by less than 3,000 votes. He was one of only two new Liberal MPs elected in Canada{{Cite news\|last\=Ibbitson\|first\=John\|date\=May 10, 2011\|title\=Physicist, financial consultant, green advocate, father \- and new Liberal MP\|work\=The Globe and Mail\|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/physicist\-financial\-consultant\-green\-advocate\-father\-\-\-and\-new\-liberal\-mp/article579482/\|access\-date\=February 21, 2022}} in what was the [party's poorest showing in history](/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election "2011 Canadian federal election"). One of only a few MPs with an academic science background, Hsu served in the [Liberal Party shadow cabinet](/wiki/Liberal_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_41st_Parliament_of_Canada "Liberal Party Shadow Cabinet of the 41st Parliament of Canada") as the critic for science and technology. He also would serve as critic for the [Federal Economic Development Agency for Southern Ontario](/wiki/Federal_Economic_Development_Agency_for_Southern_Ontario "Federal Economic Development Agency for Southern Ontario") and critic for the [Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario](/wiki/Federal_Economic_Development_Initiative_for_Northern_Ontario "Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario").{{Cite news\|last\=Gerard\|first\=Steve\|date\=June 2, 2011\|title\=Kingston's Ted Hsu Receives Two Liberal Portfolios\|work\=Kingston Herald\|url\=https://kingstonherald.com/news/kingston\-mp\-ted\-hsu\-receives\-two\-liberal\-party\-portfolios\-201035047\|access\-date\=February 21, 2022}} In August, 2013, Liberal leader [Justin Trudeau](/wiki/Justin_Trudeau "Justin Trudeau") appointed Hsu to an additional role as Liberal critic for post\-secondary education. In 2011, Hsu was the first runner\-up to [Conservative](/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada "Conservative Party of Canada") MP [Chris Alexander](/wiki/Chris_Alexander_%28politician%29 "Chris Alexander (politician)") as Rookie of the Year, in *[Maclean's](/wiki/Maclean%27s "Maclean's")* annual Parliamentarians of the Year awards.{{Cite news\|last\=Gerard\|first\=Steve\|date\=November 22, 2011\|title\=Kingston MP Ted Hsu Voted 1st Runner Up, Rookie of the Year\|work\=Kingston Herald\|url\=https://kingstonherald.com/news/ted\-hsu\-rookie\-mp\-award\-201037253\|access\-date\=February 21, 2022}} Hsu was also the first runner\-up for the Rising Star award for Maclean's in 2012{{Cite news\|date\=November 21, 2012\|title\=2012 Parliamentarians of the Year\|work\=Maclean's\|url\=https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/drumroll\-please\-the\-2012\-parliamentarians\-of\-the\-year/\|access\-date\=February 21, 2022}} and the annual accolades continued in November 2013, with Hsu winning the *Maclean's* Parliamentarian of the Year Award. He was voted by parliamentarians from all parties as the MP who "Best Represents Constituents."{{Cite web \|date\=November 18, 2013 \|title\=2013 Parliamentarians of the Year \|url\=https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/presenting\-the\-2013\-parliamentarians\-of\-the\-year/ \|access\-date\=February 21, 2022}} In August 2014, Hsu announced that he would not run for re\-election in the upcoming 2015 federal election, citing the burdens of political life on his young family.{{Cite news\|last\=LeBlanc\|first\=Daniel\|date\=August 7, 2014\|title\=Rookie Liberal MP Ted Hsu won't run for re\-election citing family balance\|work\=The Globe and Mail\|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/rookie\-liberal\-mp\-ted\-hsu\-wont\-run\-for\-re\-election/article19948867/\|access\-date\=February 21, 2022}} Before leaving federal politics, he introduced a noteworthy private member's bill in September 2014\. "Bill C\-626, An Act to Amend the Statistics Act"{{Cite web\|date\=2014\|title\=An Act to amend the Statistics Act (appointment of Chief Statistician and long\-form census)\|url\=https://openparliament.ca/bills/41\-2/C\-626/?tab\=mentions\|access\-date\=February 21, 2022\|website\=Openparliament.ca}} was designed to appoint a [chief statistician](/wiki/Chief_Statistician_of_Canada "Chief Statistician of Canada") and to reinstate the long\-form census, which had been eliminated by the Conservative Party in 2010\.{{Cite news\|last\=Bede Scharper\|first\=Stephen\|date\=February 1, 2015\|title\=Why Canada should reinstate long\-form census: Scharper\|work\=Toronto Star\|url\=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2015/02/01/why\-canada\-should\-reinstate\-long\-form\-census\-scharper.html\|access\-date\=February 21, 2022}} Ultimately, the long\-form census was restored in 2015, immediately after the new [Liberal government took office](/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election "2015 Canadian federal election"), but after Hsu had left (see [Canada 2011 Census](/wiki/Canada_2011_Census "Canada 2011 Census").). Hsu also spent much of his time advocating for the return of the [Canadian Prison Farm System](/wiki/Prison_farm "Prison farm") which was re\-instated, albeit in a more limited format, in 2019\. ### Post\-Parliament Upon leaving the House of Commons, Hsu served as the campaign manager for Liberal MPP [Sophie Kiwala](/wiki/Sophie_Kiwala "Sophie Kiwala") during the 2018 provincial election in Ontario and, in 2019, during the [Canadian federal election](/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election "2019 Canadian federal election") Hsu also managed the successful re\-election campaign of [Mark Gerretsen](/wiki/Mark_Gerretsen "Mark Gerretsen"), the Liberal MP who replaced him.{{Cite web \|last\=Pinkerton \|first\=Charlie \|date\=2022\-06\-16 \|title\=Ted Hsu's back and considering an Ontario Liberal leadership run \|url\=https://www.qpbriefing.com/2022/06/16/ted\-hsus\-back\-and\-considering\-an\-ontario\-liberal\-leadership\-run/ \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-18 \|website\=QP Briefing \|language\=en\-US}} In 2017, Hsu joined SYNG pharmaceuticals, a Kingston\-based biotechnology startup focusing on diagnosing and treating [endometriosis](/wiki/Endometriosis "Endometriosis"). As an advisor for SYNG, Hsu provided communications support. From 2019\-2020, Hsu was asked to co\-chair the Mayor's Task Force on Housing,{{Cite news\|date\=July 10, 2019\|title\=Want to move to Kingston? You may have trouble finding a home\|work\=CBC News\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/kingston\-housing\-shortage\-move\-1\.5205699\|access\-date\=February 21, 2022}} which culminated in a report and a series of recommendations to address Kingston's challenging housing shortage.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\|title\=A Foundation for the Public Good\|url\=https://www.cityofkingston.ca/documents/10180/33838002/MTFH\_Recommendation\_Report\_2020\_2\_26\.pdf/94f30134\-cd0d\-161a\-117f\-317e73efc513?t\=1582817514977\|access\-date\=February 21, 2022\|website\=City of Kingston}} ### Return to politics In 2020, Hsu announced his campaign to represent Kingston and the Islands as the [Ontario Liberal Party](/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party "Ontario Liberal Party") candidate in the upcoming provincial election.{{Cite news\|last\=Mazur\|first\=Alexandra\|date\=July 30, 2020\|title\=Former MP announces bid for Liberal MPP nomination in Kingston and the Islands\|work\=Global News\|url\=https://globalnews.ca/news/7234263/ted\-hsu\-liberal\-nomination\-kingston\-islands/\|access\-date\=February 21, 2022}} He won the bid over previous MPP [Sophie Kiwala](/wiki/Sophie_Kiwala "Sophie Kiwala"), who lost in the [2018 Ontario election](/wiki/2018_Ontario_general_election "2018 Ontario general election"), in November 2020\.{{Cite web\|date\=November 7, 2020\|title\=Liberals in Kingston and the Islands Nominate Ted Hsu as 2022 Ontario Liberal Party Candidate\|url\=https://ontarioliberal.ca/liberals\-in\-kingston\-and\-the\-islands\-nominate\-ted\-hsu\-as\-2022\-ontario\-liberal\-party\-candidate/\|access\-date\=February 21, 2022\|website\=Liberal Ontario}} When asked about his motivations for re\-entering politics, Hsu said, "As my kids and their young friends have grown up and become aware of their world, they tell me how worried they are." He went on to say, "I want to offer voters someone who has a proven record representing constituents, and also has experience working with scientists, climate researchers, economists, engineers and entrepreneurs."{{Cite news\|last\=Vilela\|first\=Cris\|date\=November 7, 2020\|title\=Ted Hsu wins provincial Liberal nomination for Kingston and the Islands\|work\=Kingstonist\|url\=https://www.kingstonist.com/news/ted\-hsu\-wins\-provincial\-liberal\-nomination\-for\-kingston\-and\-the\-islands/\|access\-date\=February 21, 2022}} He was elected in the [2022 Ontario general election](/wiki/2022_Ontario_general_election "2022 Ontario general election"). He has held the Ontario Liberal Party critic roles for the Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Ministry of Mines, and the Ministry of Citizenship and Multiculturalism. As of February 28, 2024, he serves as the Liberal Party critic for Energy and Natural Resources as well as the critic for Agricultural and Rural Issues. ### Ontario Liberal leadership campaign Hsu was a candidate in the [2023 Ontario Liberal Party leadership election](/wiki/2023_Ontario_Liberal_Party_leadership_election "2023 Ontario Liberal Party leadership election") but was eliminated on the first ballot when he placed fourth with 10% of the vote behind Mississauga mayor [Bonnie Crombie](/wiki/Bonnie_Crombie "Bonnie Crombie"), who would win on the third ballot, runner\-up [Nathaniel Erskine\-Smith](/wiki/Nathaniel_Erskine-Smith "Nathaniel Erskine-Smith"), and third place finisher [Yasir Naqvi](/wiki/Yasir_Naqvi "Yasir Naqvi").{{cite news \|title\=Bonnie Crombie wins Ontario Liberal leadership race, says party focused on beating Doug Ford \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario\-liberals\-announce\-new\-leader\-1\.7047338 \|access\-date\=December 2, 2023 \|work\=CBC News \|date\=December 2, 2023}}
[ "Politics\n--------", "Hsu acted as treasurer of the Kingston and the Islands Federal Liberal Association from 2007 to 2010, and was an active member of its policy committee.{{Cite web\\|date\\=August 30, 2011\\|title\\=About Ted Hsu\\|url\\=http://tedhsu.liberal.ca/about\\_ted/ \\|url\\-status\\=deviated \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830153457/http://tedhsu.liberal.ca/about\\_ted/ \\|archive\\-date\\=30 August 2011}} During this time, he supported the 2007 provincial and 2008 federal Liberal campaigns for [John Gerretsen](/wiki/John_Gerretsen \"John Gerretsen\") and [Peter Milliken](/wiki/Peter_Milliken \"Peter Milliken\"), the longest\\-serving Speaker in the House of Commons.  Following Milliken's announcement in summer 2010 that he would not seek re\\-election, Hsu won the Liberal nomination in November to be the party's 2011 candidate.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Gerard\\|first\\=Steve\\|date\\=July 6, 2010\\|title\\=Ted Hsu Launches Campaign to Replace Peter Milliken\\|work\\=Kingston Herald\\|url\\=https://kingstonherald.com/news/ted\\-hsu\\-launches\\-campaign\\-to\\-replace\\-peter\\-milliken\\-201031262\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2022}}{{Cite news\\|last\\=Clancy\\|first\\=Clare\\|date\\=November 9, 2010\\|title\\=If the Hsu fits, nominate it\\|url\\=https://www.queensjournal.ca/story/2010\\-11\\-09/news/if\\-hsu\\-fits\\-nominate\\-it/}}", "### In Parliament", "In the federal election held on May 2, 2011, Hsu defeated [Conservative](/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada \"Conservative Party of Canada\") candidate Alicia Gordon by less than 3,000 votes. He was one of only two new Liberal MPs elected in Canada{{Cite news\\|last\\=Ibbitson\\|first\\=John\\|date\\=May 10, 2011\\|title\\=Physicist, financial consultant, green advocate, father \\- and new Liberal MP\\|work\\=The Globe and Mail\\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/physicist\\-financial\\-consultant\\-green\\-advocate\\-father\\-\\-\\-and\\-new\\-liberal\\-mp/article579482/\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2022}} in what was the [party's poorest showing in history](/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election \"2011 Canadian federal election\").", "One of only a few MPs with an academic science background, Hsu served in the [Liberal Party shadow cabinet](/wiki/Liberal_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_41st_Parliament_of_Canada \"Liberal Party Shadow Cabinet of the 41st Parliament of Canada\") as the critic for science and technology. He also would serve as critic for the [Federal Economic Development Agency for Southern Ontario](/wiki/Federal_Economic_Development_Agency_for_Southern_Ontario \"Federal Economic Development Agency for Southern Ontario\") and critic for the [Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario](/wiki/Federal_Economic_Development_Initiative_for_Northern_Ontario \"Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario\").{{Cite news\\|last\\=Gerard\\|first\\=Steve\\|date\\=June 2, 2011\\|title\\=Kingston's Ted Hsu Receives Two Liberal Portfolios\\|work\\=Kingston Herald\\|url\\=https://kingstonherald.com/news/kingston\\-mp\\-ted\\-hsu\\-receives\\-two\\-liberal\\-party\\-portfolios\\-201035047\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2022}} In August, 2013, Liberal leader [Justin Trudeau](/wiki/Justin_Trudeau \"Justin Trudeau\") appointed Hsu to an additional role as Liberal critic for post\\-secondary education.", "In 2011, Hsu was the first runner\\-up to [Conservative](/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada \"Conservative Party of Canada\") MP [Chris Alexander](/wiki/Chris_Alexander_%28politician%29 \"Chris Alexander (politician)\") as Rookie of the Year, in *[Maclean's](/wiki/Maclean%27s \"Maclean's\")* annual Parliamentarians of the Year awards.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Gerard\\|first\\=Steve\\|date\\=November 22, 2011\\|title\\=Kingston MP Ted Hsu Voted 1st Runner Up, Rookie of the Year\\|work\\=Kingston Herald\\|url\\=https://kingstonherald.com/news/ted\\-hsu\\-rookie\\-mp\\-award\\-201037253\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2022}} Hsu was also the first runner\\-up for the Rising Star award for Maclean's in 2012{{Cite news\\|date\\=November 21, 2012\\|title\\=2012 Parliamentarians of the Year\\|work\\=Maclean's\\|url\\=https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/drumroll\\-please\\-the\\-2012\\-parliamentarians\\-of\\-the\\-year/\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2022}} and the annual accolades continued in November 2013, with Hsu winning the *Maclean's* Parliamentarian of the Year Award. He was voted by parliamentarians from all parties as the MP who \"Best Represents Constituents.\"{{Cite web \\|date\\=November 18, 2013 \\|title\\=2013 Parliamentarians of the Year \\|url\\=https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/presenting\\-the\\-2013\\-parliamentarians\\-of\\-the\\-year/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2022}}", "In August 2014, Hsu announced that he would not run for re\\-election in the upcoming 2015 federal election, citing the burdens of political life on his young family.{{Cite news\\|last\\=LeBlanc\\|first\\=Daniel\\|date\\=August 7, 2014\\|title\\=Rookie Liberal MP Ted Hsu won't run for re\\-election citing family balance\\|work\\=The Globe and Mail\\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/rookie\\-liberal\\-mp\\-ted\\-hsu\\-wont\\-run\\-for\\-re\\-election/article19948867/\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2022}}", "Before leaving federal politics, he introduced a noteworthy private member's bill in September 2014\\. \"Bill C\\-626, An Act to Amend the Statistics Act\"{{Cite web\\|date\\=2014\\|title\\=An Act to amend the Statistics Act (appointment of Chief Statistician and long\\-form census)\\|url\\=https://openparliament.ca/bills/41\\-2/C\\-626/?tab\\=mentions\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2022\\|website\\=Openparliament.ca}} was designed to appoint a [chief statistician](/wiki/Chief_Statistician_of_Canada \"Chief Statistician of Canada\") and to reinstate the long\\-form census, which had been eliminated by the Conservative Party in 2010\\.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Bede Scharper\\|first\\=Stephen\\|date\\=February 1, 2015\\|title\\=Why Canada should reinstate long\\-form census: Scharper\\|work\\=Toronto Star\\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2015/02/01/why\\-canada\\-should\\-reinstate\\-long\\-form\\-census\\-scharper.html\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2022}} Ultimately, the long\\-form census was restored in 2015, immediately after the new [Liberal government took office](/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election \"2015 Canadian federal election\"), but after Hsu had left (see [Canada 2011 Census](/wiki/Canada_2011_Census \"Canada 2011 Census\").). Hsu also spent much of his time advocating for the return of the [Canadian Prison Farm System](/wiki/Prison_farm \"Prison farm\") which was re\\-instated, albeit in a more limited format, in 2019\\.", "### Post\\-Parliament", "Upon leaving the House of Commons, Hsu served as the campaign manager for Liberal MPP [Sophie Kiwala](/wiki/Sophie_Kiwala \"Sophie Kiwala\") during the 2018 provincial election in Ontario and, in 2019, during the [Canadian federal election](/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election \"2019 Canadian federal election\") Hsu also managed the successful re\\-election campaign of [Mark Gerretsen](/wiki/Mark_Gerretsen \"Mark Gerretsen\"), the Liberal MP who replaced him.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Pinkerton \\|first\\=Charlie \\|date\\=2022\\-06\\-16 \\|title\\=Ted Hsu's back and considering an Ontario Liberal leadership run \\|url\\=https://www.qpbriefing.com/2022/06/16/ted\\-hsus\\-back\\-and\\-considering\\-an\\-ontario\\-liberal\\-leadership\\-run/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-18 \\|website\\=QP Briefing \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "In 2017, Hsu joined SYNG pharmaceuticals, a Kingston\\-based biotechnology startup focusing on diagnosing and treating [endometriosis](/wiki/Endometriosis \"Endometriosis\"). As an advisor for SYNG, Hsu provided communications support.", "From 2019\\-2020, Hsu was asked to co\\-chair the Mayor's Task Force on Housing,{{Cite news\\|date\\=July 10, 2019\\|title\\=Want to move to Kingston? You may have trouble finding a home\\|work\\=CBC News\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/kingston\\-housing\\-shortage\\-move\\-1\\.5205699\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2022}} which culminated in a report and a series of recommendations to address Kingston's challenging housing shortage.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\|title\\=A Foundation for the Public Good\\|url\\=https://www.cityofkingston.ca/documents/10180/33838002/MTFH\\_Recommendation\\_Report\\_2020\\_2\\_26\\.pdf/94f30134\\-cd0d\\-161a\\-117f\\-317e73efc513?t\\=1582817514977\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2022\\|website\\=City of Kingston}}", "### Return to politics", "In 2020, Hsu announced his campaign to represent Kingston and the Islands as the [Ontario Liberal Party](/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party \"Ontario Liberal Party\") candidate in the upcoming provincial election.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Mazur\\|first\\=Alexandra\\|date\\=July 30, 2020\\|title\\=Former MP announces bid for Liberal MPP nomination in Kingston and the Islands\\|work\\=Global News\\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/news/7234263/ted\\-hsu\\-liberal\\-nomination\\-kingston\\-islands/\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2022}} He won the bid over previous MPP [Sophie Kiwala](/wiki/Sophie_Kiwala \"Sophie Kiwala\"), who lost in the [2018 Ontario election](/wiki/2018_Ontario_general_election \"2018 Ontario general election\"), in November 2020\\.{{Cite web\\|date\\=November 7, 2020\\|title\\=Liberals in Kingston and the Islands Nominate Ted Hsu as 2022 Ontario Liberal Party Candidate\\|url\\=https://ontarioliberal.ca/liberals\\-in\\-kingston\\-and\\-the\\-islands\\-nominate\\-ted\\-hsu\\-as\\-2022\\-ontario\\-liberal\\-party\\-candidate/\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2022\\|website\\=Liberal Ontario}}", "When asked about his motivations for re\\-entering politics, Hsu said, \"As my kids and their young friends have grown up and become aware of their world, they tell me how worried they are.\" He went on to say, \"I want to offer voters someone who has a proven record representing constituents, and also has experience working with scientists, climate researchers, economists, engineers and entrepreneurs.\"{{Cite news\\|last\\=Vilela\\|first\\=Cris\\|date\\=November 7, 2020\\|title\\=Ted Hsu wins provincial Liberal nomination for Kingston and the Islands\\|work\\=Kingstonist\\|url\\=https://www.kingstonist.com/news/ted\\-hsu\\-wins\\-provincial\\-liberal\\-nomination\\-for\\-kingston\\-and\\-the\\-islands/\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2022}} He was elected in the [2022 Ontario general election](/wiki/2022_Ontario_general_election \"2022 Ontario general election\"). He has held the Ontario Liberal Party critic roles for the Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Ministry of Mines, and the Ministry of Citizenship and Multiculturalism. As of February 28, 2024, he serves as the Liberal Party critic for Energy and Natural Resources as well as the critic for Agricultural and Rural Issues.", "### Ontario Liberal leadership campaign", "Hsu was a candidate in the [2023 Ontario Liberal Party leadership election](/wiki/2023_Ontario_Liberal_Party_leadership_election \"2023 Ontario Liberal Party leadership election\") but was eliminated on the first ballot when he placed fourth with 10% of the vote behind Mississauga mayor [Bonnie Crombie](/wiki/Bonnie_Crombie \"Bonnie Crombie\"), who would win on the third ballot, runner\\-up [Nathaniel Erskine\\-Smith](/wiki/Nathaniel_Erskine-Smith \"Nathaniel Erskine-Smith\"), and third place finisher [Yasir Naqvi](/wiki/Yasir_Naqvi \"Yasir Naqvi\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Bonnie Crombie wins Ontario Liberal leadership race, says party focused on beating Doug Ford \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario\\-liberals\\-announce\\-new\\-leader\\-1\\.7047338 \\|access\\-date\\=December 2, 2023 \\|work\\=CBC News \\|date\\=December 2, 2023}}", "" ]
Design ------ The Kelly typically features the classic Jackson pointed head\-stock. The neck is generally of a very thin profile, featuring a standard 24 jumbo frets, a neck\-thru design and is generally quite extended from the body. These factors grant the Kelly a very high level of play\-ability, especially in genres such as heavy metal. The only exception to this is the 'JS32', an entry\-level model that had a bolt\-neck and dot style inlays, although the JS32 model now features Sharkfin inlays. The PS6T of the Performer Series is a Bolt on 22 fret version of the Kelly. The neck generally features shark fin inlays and has a Rosewood or Ebony fingerboard. The body is made of usually either Alder or Basswood. The guitar is available in both active and passive pickup design. The first model of the Jackson Kelly to feature active pickups is the 'Jackson KEXMG', of the 'Jackson X Series' range. It features an active 'EMG 81' pickup in the bridge position, and an active 'EMG 85' in the neck position. In 2020 Jackson announced a signature [Jeff Loomis](/wiki/Jeff_Loomis "Jeff Loomis") Kelly model that featured Jeff Loomis own signature [Seymour Duncan](/wiki/Seymour_Duncan "Seymour Duncan") Blackouts.{{cite web \|title\=Jeff Loomis Debuts His Pro Series Signature Kelly \|url\=https://blog.jacksonguitars.com/jeff\-loomis\-debuts\-his\-pro\-series\-signature\-kelly/\#:\~:text\=April%2013%2C%202020,everlasting%20relationship%20with%20Jackson%20guitars.}} With exception to the KEXMG and Jeff Loomis signature, all other models contain passive pickups. The entry level 'JS32' features stock Jackson pickups, whilst the more expensive models feature differing models of Seymour Duncan pickups. The model can come equipped with a locking tremolo system. Generally it is a [Floyd Rose](/wiki/Floyd_Rose "Floyd Rose") Special, though in the more expensive models that are produced in the US, Floyd Rose Original systems are used. The 'JS32' models can also come with a Jackson\-licensed Floyd Rose. As standard, the Jackson Kelly features a volume knob, a tone knob and a switch to change the pickup being used. It is available in several colours, most popularly 'Gloss Black'.
[ "Design\n------", "The Kelly typically features the classic Jackson pointed head\\-stock. The neck is generally of a very thin profile, featuring a standard 24 jumbo frets, a neck\\-thru design and is generally quite extended from the body. These factors grant the Kelly a very high level of play\\-ability, especially in genres such as heavy metal. The only exception to this is the 'JS32', an entry\\-level model that had a bolt\\-neck and dot style inlays, although the JS32 model now features Sharkfin inlays. The PS6T of the Performer Series is a Bolt on 22 fret version of the Kelly.", "The neck generally features shark fin inlays and has a Rosewood or Ebony fingerboard. The body is made of usually either Alder or Basswood.", "The guitar is available in both active and passive pickup design. The first model of the Jackson Kelly to feature active pickups is the 'Jackson KEXMG', of the 'Jackson X Series' range. It features an active 'EMG 81' pickup in the bridge position, and an active 'EMG 85' in the neck position. In 2020 Jackson announced a signature [Jeff Loomis](/wiki/Jeff_Loomis \"Jeff Loomis\") Kelly model that featured Jeff Loomis own signature [Seymour Duncan](/wiki/Seymour_Duncan \"Seymour Duncan\") Blackouts.{{cite web \\|title\\=Jeff Loomis Debuts His Pro Series Signature Kelly \\|url\\=https://blog.jacksonguitars.com/jeff\\-loomis\\-debuts\\-his\\-pro\\-series\\-signature\\-kelly/\\#:\\~:text\\=April%2013%2C%202020,everlasting%20relationship%20with%20Jackson%20guitars.}} With exception to the KEXMG and Jeff Loomis signature, all other models contain passive pickups. The entry level 'JS32' features stock Jackson pickups, whilst the more expensive models feature differing models of Seymour Duncan pickups.", "The model can come equipped with a locking tremolo system. Generally it is a [Floyd Rose](/wiki/Floyd_Rose \"Floyd Rose\") Special, though in the more expensive models that are produced in the US, Floyd Rose Original systems are used. The 'JS32' models can also come with a Jackson\\-licensed Floyd Rose.", "As standard, the Jackson Kelly features a volume knob, a tone knob and a switch to change the pickup being used.", "It is available in several colours, most popularly 'Gloss Black'.", "" ]
History ------- ### Transition from Old English [thumb\|The dialects of Middle English {{circa\|1300}}](/wiki/File:Middle_English_Dialects.png "Middle English Dialects.png") The transition from Late [Old English](/wiki/Old_English "Old English") to Early Middle English had taken place by the 1150s to 1180s, the period when the [Augustinian canon](/wiki/Augustinians "Augustinians") [Orrm](/wiki/Orrm "Orrm") wrote what are widely regarded as the oldest surviving texts in Middle English, now called the *[Ormulum](/wiki/Ormulum "Ormulum")*.{{Cite book \|last1\=Johannesson \|first1\=Nils\-Lennart \|url\=https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/SELIM/article/download/20530/16515 \|title\=Ormulum \|last2\=Cooper \|first2\=Andrew \|date\=2023 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-289043\-6 \|series\=Early English text society \|location\=Oxford}} The influence of [Old Norse](/wiki/Old_Norse "Old Norse") aided the development of English from a [synthetic language](/wiki/Synthetic_language "Synthetic language") with relatively free word order to a more [analytic language](/wiki/Analytic_language "Analytic language") with a stricter word order.{{Cite book\|title \= A History of the English Language\|last \= Baugh\|first \= Albert\|publisher \= Routledge \& Kegan Paul\|year \= 1951\|location \= London\|pages \= 110–130 (Danelaw); 131–132 (Normans)}} Both Old English and Old Norse (as well as the descendants of the latter, [Faroese](/wiki/Faroese_language "Faroese language") and [Icelandic](/wiki/Icelandic_language "Icelandic language")) were synthetic languages with complicated inflections. The eagerness of [Vikings](/wiki/Vikings "Vikings") in the [Danelaw](/wiki/Danelaw "Danelaw") to communicate with their Anglo\-Saxon neighbours resulted in the erosion of inflection in both languages.{{Cite book\|title \= Growth and Structure of the English Language\|last \= Jespersen\|first \= Otto\|publisher \= B. G. Teubner\|year \= 1919\|location \= Leipzig, Germany\|pages \= 58–82}} Old Norse may have had a more profound impact on Middle and Modern English development than any other language.{{Cite book \|last\=Crystal \|first\=David \|url\=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo00crys \|title\=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|year\=1995 \|isbn\=9780521401791 \|location\=Cambridge, UK \|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo00crys\_012/page/n35 32] \|url\-access\=limited}}{{Cite book\|title \= The Story of English\|last \= McCrum\|first \= Robert\|publisher \= Faber and Faber\|year \= 1987\|location \= London\|pages \= 70–71}}{{Cite web \|last\=BBC \|date\=27 December 2014 \|title\=\[BBC World News] BBC Documentary English Birth of a Language – 35:00 to 37:20 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=h\-OiNxknXdY \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131210520/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=h\-OiNxknXdY \|archive\-date\=31 January 2016 \|access\-date\=12 January 2016 \|website\=YouTube \|publisher\=BBC}} Simeon Potter says, "No less far\-reaching was the influence of Scandinavian upon the inflexional endings of English in hastening that wearing away and leveling of grammatical forms which gradually spread from north to south."{{Cite book\|title \= Our Language\|url \= https://archive.org/details/ourlanguage00pott\|url\-access \= registration\|last \= Potter\|first \= Simeon\|publisher \= Penguin\|year \= 1950\|location \= Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England\|pages \= \[https://archive.org/details/ourlanguage00pott/page/33 33]}} Viking influence on Old English is most apparent in [pronouns](/wiki/Pronouns "Pronouns"), modals, comparatives, [pronominal adverbs](/wiki/Pronominal_adverbs "Pronominal adverbs") (like "hence" and "together"), conjunctions, and prepositions show the most marked Danish influence. The best evidence of Scandinavian influence appears in extensive word borrowings, yet no texts exist in either Scandinavia or Northern England from this period to give certain evidence of an influence on syntax. However, at least one scholarly study of this influence shows that Old English may have been replaced entirely by Norse, by virtue of the change from the Old English syntax to Norse syntax.Faarlund, Jan Terje, and Joseph E. Emonds. "English as North Germanic". Language Dynamics and Change 6\.1 (2016\): 1–17\. [https://doi.org/10\.1163/22105832\-00601002](https://doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00601002) Web. The effect of Old Norse on Old English was substantive, pervasive, and of a democratic character. Like close cousins, Old Norse and Old English resembled each other, and with some words in common, they roughly understood each other; in time, the inflections melted away and the analytic pattern emerged.{{Cite web \|last\=Lohmeier \|first\=Charlene \|date\=28 October 2012 \|title\=121028 Charlene Lohmeier "Evolution of the English Language" – 23:40 – 25:00; 30:20 – 30:45; 45:00 – 46:00 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=adngAZ2iuRc \|access\-date\=12 January 2016 \|website\=YouTube \|publisher\=Dutch Lichliter}} It is most "important to recognise that in many words the English and Scandinavian language differed chiefly in their inflectional elements. The body of the word was so nearly the same in the two languages that only the endings would put obstacles in the way of mutual understanding. In the mixed population that existed in the Danelaw, these endings must have led to much confusion, tending gradually to become obscured and finally lost." This blending of peoples and languages resulted in "simplifying English grammar". While the Old Norse influence was strongest in the dialects of the southern part of [North](/wiki/Northern_England "Northern England") (which formed part of [Scandinavian York](/wiki/Scandinavian_York "Scandinavian York")), the [East Midlands](/wiki/East_Midlands "East Midlands") and the [East of England](/wiki/East_of_England "East of England"), which were under Danish control, words in the spoken language emerged in the 10th and 11th centuries near the transition from Old to Middle English. Influence on the written languages only appeared from the beginning of the 13th century, this delay in Scandinavian lexical influence in English has been attributed to the lack of written evidence from the areas of Danish control, as the majority of written sources from Old English were produced in [Wessex](/wiki/Wessex "Wessex") (in the [West Saxon dialect](/wiki/West_Saxon_dialect "West Saxon dialect")), the heart of Anglo\-Saxon political power at the time.{{cite book \|last1\=Wright \|first1\=Mary Anne \|url\=https://blogs.ncl.ac.uk/elldr/files/2022/09/Wright2022\.pdf \|title\=THE OLD NORSE INFLUENCE ON ENGLISH, THE 'VIKING HYPOTHESIS', AND MIDDLE ENGLISH WORD ORDER PARALLELS WITH ICELANDIC \|date\=2022 \|publisher\=English Language \& Linguistics Dissertation Repository (ELLDR) \|edition\=2 \|location\=Newcastle University \|page\=11 \|quote\=However, this delay in Scandinavian lexical influence in English has also been attributed to the lack of written evidence from the areas of Danish control (the north and east of England), as the majority of written sources from Old English were produced in Wessex, the heart of Anglo\-Saxon political power at the time. \|access\-date\=August 24, 2024}} The [Norman Conquest](/wiki/Norman_Conquest "Norman Conquest") of England in 1066 saw the replacement of the top levels of the English\-speaking political and ecclesiastical hierarchies by [Norman](/wiki/Normans "Normans") rulers who spoke a dialect of [Old French](/wiki/Old_French "Old French"), now known as [Old Norman](/wiki/Old_Norman "Old Norman"), which developed in England into [Anglo\-Norman](/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language "Anglo-Norman language"). The use of Norman as the preferred language of literature and polite discourse fundamentally altered the role of Old English in education and administration, even though many Normans of this period were illiterate and depended on the clergy for written communication and record\-keeping. A significant number of words of [Norman](/wiki/Norman_language "Norman language") origin began to appear in the English language alongside native English words of similar meaning, giving rise to such Modern English synonyms as *[pig](/wiki/Pig "Pig")*/*[pork](/wiki/Pork "Pork")*, *[chicken](/wiki/Chicken "Chicken")*/*[poultry](/wiki/Poultry "Poultry")*, *[calf](/wiki/Calf_%28animal%29 "Calf (animal)")*/*[veal](/wiki/Veal "Veal")*, *[cow](/wiki/Cow "Cow")*/*[beef](/wiki/Beef "Beef")*, *[sheep](/wiki/Sheep "Sheep")*/*[mutton](/wiki/Mutton "Mutton")*, *wood*/*[forest](/wiki/Forest "Forest")*, *house*/*[mansion](/wiki/Mansion "Mansion")*, *worthy*/*valuable*, *bold*/*courageous*, *freedom*/*[liberty](/wiki/Liberty "Liberty")*, *sight*/*vision*, and *eat*/*dine*.[https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/TPRSNZ1901\-34\.2\.8\.1\.9](https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/TPRSNZ1901-34.2.8.1.9) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} The role of Anglo\-Norman as the language of government and law can be seen in the abundance of Modern English words for the mechanisms of government that are derived from Anglo\-Norman, such as *[court](/wiki/Court "Court")*, *[judge](/wiki/Judge "Judge")*, *[jury](/wiki/Jury "Jury")*, *[appeal](/wiki/Appeal "Appeal")*, and *[parliament](/wiki/Parliament "Parliament")*. There are also many Norman\-derived terms relating to the [chivalric](/wiki/Chivalric "Chivalric") cultures that arose in the 12th century, an era of [feudalism](/wiki/Feudalism "Feudalism"), [seigneurialism](/wiki/Seigneurialism "Seigneurialism"), and [crusading](/wiki/Crusading "Crusading"). Words were often taken from [Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin"), usually through French transmission. This gave rise to various synonyms, including *kingly* (inherited from Old English), *royal* (from French, which inherited it from Vulgar Latin), and *regal* (from French, which borrowed it from classical Latin). Later French appropriations were derived from standard, rather than Norman, French. Examples of resultant cognate pairs include the words *warden* (from Norman) and *guardian* (from later French; both share a common ancestor loaned from Germanic).[https://deaf\-server.adw.uni\-heidelberg.de/book/garder](https://deaf-server.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/book/garder) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} The end of Anglo\-Saxon rule did not result in immediate changes to the language. The general population would have spoken the same [dialects](/wiki/Old_English_dialects "Old English dialects") as they had before the Conquest. Once the writing of Old English came to an end, Middle English had no standard language, only dialects that evolved individually from Old English. ### Early Middle English Early Middle English (1150–1350\){{cite book \|last1\=Fuster\-Márquez \|first1\=Miguel \|last2\=Calvo García de Leonardo \|first2\=Juan José \|year\=2011 \|title\=A Practical Introduction to the History of English \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=QQLBqKjxuvAC \|location\=\[València] \|publisher\=Universitat de València \|page\=21 \|isbn\=9788437083216 \|access\-date\=19 December 2017 }} has a largely Anglo\-Saxon vocabulary (with [many Norse borrowings](/wiki/Scandinavian_influence_in_English "Scandinavian influence in English") in the northern parts of the country) but a greatly simplified [inflectional](/wiki/Inflection "Inflection") system. The grammatical relations that were expressed in Old English by the [dative](/wiki/Dative "Dative") and [instrumental cases](/wiki/Instrumental_case "Instrumental case") were replaced in Early Middle English with [prepositional](/wiki/Preposition "Preposition") constructions. The Old English [genitive](/wiki/Genitive "Genitive") \-{{lang\|ang\|es}} survives in the *\-'s* of the modern [English possessive](/wiki/English_possessive "English possessive"), but most of the other case endings disappeared in the Early Middle English period, including most of the [roughly one dozen forms](/wiki/Old_English_declension%23Articles "Old English declension#Articles") of the [definite article](/wiki/Definite_article "Definite article") ("the"). The [dual](/wiki/Dual_%28grammatical_number%29 "Dual (grammatical number)") personal pronouns (denoting exactly two) also disappeared from English during this period. The loss of case endings was part of a general trend from inflections to fixed [word order](/wiki/Word_order "Word order") that also occurred in other Germanic languages (though more slowly and to a lesser extent), and therefore, it cannot be attributed simply to the influence of French\-speaking sections of the population: English did, after all, remain the [vernacular](/wiki/Vernacular "Vernacular"). It is also arguedMcWhorter, *Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue,* 2008, pp. 89–136\. that Norse immigrants to England had a great impact on the loss of inflectional endings in Middle English. One argument is that, although Norse and English speakers were somewhat comprehensible to each other due to similar morphology, the Norse speakers' inability to reproduce the ending sounds of English words influenced Middle English's loss of inflectional endings. Important texts for the reconstruction of the evolution of Middle English out of Old English are the *[Peterborough Chronicle](/wiki/Peterborough_Chronicle "Peterborough Chronicle")*, which continued to be compiled up to 1154; the *[Ormulum](/wiki/Ormulum "Ormulum")*, a biblical commentary probably composed in [Lincolnshire](/wiki/Lincolnshire "Lincolnshire") in the second half of the 12th century, incorporating a unique phonetic spelling system; and the {{lang\|enm\|\[\[Ancrene Wisse]]}} and the [Katherine Group](/wiki/Katherine_Group "Katherine Group"), religious texts written for [anchoresses](/wiki/Anchoress "Anchoress"), apparently in the [West Midlands](/wiki/West_Midlands_%28region%29 "West Midlands (region)") in the early 13th century.{{Cite book \|last\=Burchfield \|first\=Robert W. \|chapter\=Ormulum \|editor\-first\=Joseph R. \|editor\-last\=Strayer \|title\=Dictionary of the Middle Ages \|location\=New York \|publisher\=Charles Scribner's Sons \|year\=1987 \|volume\=9 \|page\=280 \|isbn\=978\-0\-684\-18275\-9 }}, p. 280 The language found in the last two works is sometimes called the [AB language](/wiki/AB_language "AB language"). More literary sources of the 12th and 13th centuries include *[Layamon's Brut](/wiki/Layamon%27s_Brut "Layamon's Brut")* and *[The Owl and the Nightingale](/wiki/The_Owl_and_the_Nightingale "The Owl and the Nightingale")*. Some scholars{{cite web\|url\=http://hcmc.uvic.ca/makingEME/about.html\|title\=Making Early Middle English: About the Conference\|website\=hcmc.uvic.ca}} have defined "Early Middle English" as encompassing English texts up to 1350\. This longer time frame would extend the corpus to include many Middle English Romances (especially those of the *[Auchinleck manuscript](/wiki/Auchinleck_manuscript "Auchinleck manuscript")* {{circa\|1330}}). ### Late Middle English Gradually, the wealthy and the government [Anglicised](/wiki/Anglicisation "Anglicisation") again, although Norman (and subsequently [French](/wiki/Law_French "Law French")) remained the dominant language of literature and law until the 14th century, even after the loss of the majority of the continental possessions of the [English monarchy](/wiki/English_monarchy "English monarchy"). In the aftermath of the [Black Death](/wiki/Black_Death "Black Death") of the 14th century, there was significant migration into [London](/wiki/London "London"), of people to the counties of the [southeast of England](/wiki/South_East_England "South East England") and from the [east](/wiki/East_Midlands "East Midlands") and central [Midlands](/wiki/Midlands "Midlands") of England, and a new [prestige](/wiki/Prestige_%28sociolinguistics%29 "Prestige (sociolinguistics)") London dialect began to develop as a result of this clash of the different dialects,{{cite book \|last1\=Montgomery \|first1\=Martin \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=isd\_AgAAQBAJ\&dq\=great\+vowel\+shift\+londoners\&pg\=PA56 \|title\=Ways of Reading: Advanced Reading Skills for Students of English Literature \|last2\=Durant \|first2\=Alan \|last3\=Fabb \|first3\=Nigel \|last4\=Furniss \|first4\=Tom \|last5\=Mills \|first5\=Sara \|date\=24 January 2007 \|publisher\=Routledge \|isbn\=978\-1\-134\-28025\-4 \|language\=en \|access\-date\=14 February 2023}} that was based chiefly on the speech of the East Midlands but also influenced by that of other regions.{{cite encyclopedia \|author\= Wright, L. \|title\=About the evolution of Standard English \|encyclopedia\= Studies in English Language and Literature \|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]] \|year\=2012 \|page\=99ff \|isbn\=978\-1138006935}} The writing of this period, however, continues to reflect a variety of regional forms of English. The {{lang\|enm\|\[\[Ayenbite of Inwyt]]}}, a translation of a French confessional prose work, completed in 1340, is written in a [Kentish dialect](/wiki/Kentish_dialect "Kentish dialect"). The best known writer of Middle English, [Geoffrey Chaucer](/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer "Geoffrey Chaucer"), wrote in the second half of the 14th century in the emerging London dialect, although he also portrays some of his characters as speaking in northern dialects, as in the "[Reeve's Tale](/wiki/Reeve%27s_Tale "Reeve's Tale")". In the English\-speaking areas of lowland [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), an independent standard was developing, based on the [Northumbrian dialect](/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect "Northumbrian dialect"). This would develop into what came to be known as the [Scots language](/wiki/Scots_language "Scots language"). A large number of terms for abstract concepts were adopted directly from [scholastic philosophical Latin](/wiki/Medieval_Latin "Medieval Latin") (rather than via French). Examples are "absolute", "act", "demonstration", and "probable".{{cite journal \|last1\=Franklin \|first1\=James \|author\-link1\=James Franklin (philosopher) \|date\=1983 \|title\=Mental furniture from the philosophers \|url\=http://www.maths.unsw.edu.au/\~jim/mental.pdf \|journal\=Et Cetera \|volume\=40 \|issue\= \|pages\=177–191 \|doi\= \|access\-date\=29 June 2021}} {{anchor\|Chancery Standard}} ### Transition to Early Modern English The Chancery Standard of written English emerged {{circa\|1430}} in official documents that, since the [Norman Conquest](/wiki/Norman_Conquest "Norman Conquest"), had normally been written in French. Like Chaucer's work, this new standard was based on the East Midlands\-influenced speech of London. Clerks using this standard were usually familiar with [French](/wiki/French_language "French language") and [Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin"), influencing the forms they chose. The Chancery Standard, which was adopted slowly, was used in England by bureaucrats for most official purposes, excluding those of the Church and legalities, which used Latin and [Law French](/wiki/Law_French "Law French") respectively. The Chancery Standard's influence on later forms of written English is disputed, but it did undoubtedly provide the core around which [Early Modern English](/wiki/Early_Modern_English "Early Modern English") formed.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2018}} Early Modern English emerged with the help of [William Caxton](/wiki/William_Caxton "William Caxton")'s printing press, developed during the 1470s. The press stabilized English through a push towards standardization, led by Chancery Standard enthusiast and writer [Richard Pynson](/wiki/Richard_Pynson "Richard Pynson").cf. 'Sawles Warde' (The protection *of the soul*) Early Modern English began in the 1540s after the printing and wide distribution of the [English Bible](/wiki/English_Bible "English Bible") and [Prayer Book](/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer "Book of Common Prayer"), which made the new standard of English publicly recognizable and lasted until about 1650\.
[ "History\n-------", "### Transition from Old English", "[thumb\\|The dialects of Middle English {{circa\\|1300}}](/wiki/File:Middle_English_Dialects.png \"Middle English Dialects.png\")", "The transition from Late [Old English](/wiki/Old_English \"Old English\") to Early Middle English had taken place by the 1150s to 1180s, the period when the [Augustinian canon](/wiki/Augustinians \"Augustinians\") [Orrm](/wiki/Orrm \"Orrm\") wrote what are widely regarded as the oldest surviving texts in Middle English, now called the *[Ormulum](/wiki/Ormulum \"Ormulum\")*.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Johannesson \\|first1\\=Nils\\-Lennart \\|url\\=https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/SELIM/article/download/20530/16515 \\|title\\=Ormulum \\|last2\\=Cooper \\|first2\\=Andrew \\|date\\=2023 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-289043\\-6 \\|series\\=Early English text society \\|location\\=Oxford}}", "The influence of [Old Norse](/wiki/Old_Norse \"Old Norse\") aided the development of English from a [synthetic language](/wiki/Synthetic_language \"Synthetic language\") with relatively free word order to a more [analytic language](/wiki/Analytic_language \"Analytic language\") with a stricter word order.{{Cite book\\|title \\= A History of the English Language\\|last \\= Baugh\\|first \\= Albert\\|publisher \\= Routledge \\& Kegan Paul\\|year \\= 1951\\|location \\= London\\|pages \\= 110–130 (Danelaw); 131–132 (Normans)}} Both Old English and Old Norse (as well as the descendants of the latter, [Faroese](/wiki/Faroese_language \"Faroese language\") and [Icelandic](/wiki/Icelandic_language \"Icelandic language\")) were synthetic languages with complicated inflections. The eagerness of [Vikings](/wiki/Vikings \"Vikings\") in the [Danelaw](/wiki/Danelaw \"Danelaw\") to communicate with their Anglo\\-Saxon neighbours resulted in the erosion of inflection in both languages.{{Cite book\\|title \\= Growth and Structure of the English Language\\|last \\= Jespersen\\|first \\= Otto\\|publisher \\= B. G. Teubner\\|year \\= 1919\\|location \\= Leipzig, Germany\\|pages \\= 58–82}} Old Norse may have had a more profound impact on Middle and Modern English development than any other language.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Crystal \\|first\\=David \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo00crys \\|title\\=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|year\\=1995 \\|isbn\\=9780521401791 \\|location\\=Cambridge, UK \\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo00crys\\_012/page/n35 32] \\|url\\-access\\=limited}}{{Cite book\\|title \\= The Story of English\\|last \\= McCrum\\|first \\= Robert\\|publisher \\= Faber and Faber\\|year \\= 1987\\|location \\= London\\|pages \\= 70–71}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=BBC \\|date\\=27 December 2014 \\|title\\=\\[BBC World News] BBC Documentary English Birth of a Language – 35:00 to 37:20 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=h\\-OiNxknXdY \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131210520/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=h\\-OiNxknXdY \\|archive\\-date\\=31 January 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2016 \\|website\\=YouTube \\|publisher\\=BBC}} Simeon Potter says, \"No less far\\-reaching was the influence of Scandinavian upon the inflexional endings of English in hastening that wearing away and leveling of grammatical forms which gradually spread from north to south.\"{{Cite book\\|title \\= Our Language\\|url \\= https://archive.org/details/ourlanguage00pott\\|url\\-access \\= registration\\|last \\= Potter\\|first \\= Simeon\\|publisher \\= Penguin\\|year \\= 1950\\|location \\= Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England\\|pages \\= \\[https://archive.org/details/ourlanguage00pott/page/33 33]}}", "Viking influence on Old English is most apparent in [pronouns](/wiki/Pronouns \"Pronouns\"), modals, comparatives, [pronominal adverbs](/wiki/Pronominal_adverbs \"Pronominal adverbs\") (like \"hence\" and \"together\"), conjunctions, and prepositions show the most marked Danish influence. The best evidence of Scandinavian influence appears in extensive word borrowings, yet no texts exist in either Scandinavia or Northern England from this period to give certain evidence of an influence on syntax. However, at least one scholarly study of this influence shows that Old English may have been replaced entirely by Norse, by virtue of the change from the Old English syntax to Norse syntax.Faarlund, Jan Terje, and Joseph E. Emonds. \"English as North Germanic\". Language Dynamics and Change 6\\.1 (2016\\): 1–17\\. [https://doi.org/10\\.1163/22105832\\-00601002](https://doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00601002) Web. The effect of Old Norse on Old English was substantive, pervasive, and of a democratic character. Like close cousins, Old Norse and Old English resembled each other, and with some words in common, they roughly understood each other; in time, the inflections melted away and the analytic pattern emerged.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Lohmeier \\|first\\=Charlene \\|date\\=28 October 2012 \\|title\\=121028 Charlene Lohmeier \"Evolution of the English Language\" – 23:40 – 25:00; 30:20 – 30:45; 45:00 – 46:00 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=adngAZ2iuRc \\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2016 \\|website\\=YouTube \\|publisher\\=Dutch Lichliter}} It is most \"important to recognise that in many words the English and Scandinavian language differed chiefly in their inflectional elements. The body of the word was so nearly the same in the two languages that only the endings would put obstacles in the way of mutual understanding. In the mixed population that existed in the Danelaw, these endings must have led to much confusion, tending gradually to become obscured and finally lost.\" This blending of peoples and languages resulted in \"simplifying English grammar\".", "While the Old Norse influence was strongest in the dialects of the southern part of [North](/wiki/Northern_England \"Northern England\") (which formed part of [Scandinavian York](/wiki/Scandinavian_York \"Scandinavian York\")), the [East Midlands](/wiki/East_Midlands \"East Midlands\") and the [East of England](/wiki/East_of_England \"East of England\"), which were under Danish control, words in the spoken language emerged in the 10th and 11th centuries near the transition from Old to Middle English. Influence on the written languages only appeared from the beginning of the 13th century, this delay in Scandinavian lexical influence in English has been attributed to the lack of written evidence from the areas of Danish control, as the majority of written sources from Old English were produced in [Wessex](/wiki/Wessex \"Wessex\") (in the [West Saxon dialect](/wiki/West_Saxon_dialect \"West Saxon dialect\")), the heart of Anglo\\-Saxon political power at the time.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Wright \\|first1\\=Mary Anne \\|url\\=https://blogs.ncl.ac.uk/elldr/files/2022/09/Wright2022\\.pdf \\|title\\=THE OLD NORSE INFLUENCE ON ENGLISH, THE 'VIKING HYPOTHESIS', AND MIDDLE ENGLISH WORD ORDER PARALLELS WITH ICELANDIC \\|date\\=2022 \\|publisher\\=English Language \\& Linguistics Dissertation Repository (ELLDR) \\|edition\\=2 \\|location\\=Newcastle University \\|page\\=11 \\|quote\\=However, this delay in Scandinavian lexical influence in English has also been attributed to the lack of written evidence from the areas of Danish control (the north and east of England), as the majority of written sources from Old English were produced in Wessex, the heart of Anglo\\-Saxon political power at the time. \\|access\\-date\\=August 24, 2024}}", "The [Norman Conquest](/wiki/Norman_Conquest \"Norman Conquest\") of England in 1066 saw the replacement of the top levels of the English\\-speaking political and ecclesiastical hierarchies by [Norman](/wiki/Normans \"Normans\") rulers who spoke a dialect of [Old French](/wiki/Old_French \"Old French\"), now known as [Old Norman](/wiki/Old_Norman \"Old Norman\"), which developed in England into [Anglo\\-Norman](/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language \"Anglo-Norman language\"). The use of Norman as the preferred language of literature and polite discourse fundamentally altered the role of Old English in education and administration, even though many Normans of this period were illiterate and depended on the clergy for written communication and record\\-keeping. A significant number of words of [Norman](/wiki/Norman_language \"Norman language\") origin began to appear in the English language alongside native English words of similar meaning, giving rise to such Modern English synonyms as *[pig](/wiki/Pig \"Pig\")*/*[pork](/wiki/Pork \"Pork\")*, *[chicken](/wiki/Chicken \"Chicken\")*/*[poultry](/wiki/Poultry \"Poultry\")*, *[calf](/wiki/Calf_%28animal%29 \"Calf (animal)\")*/*[veal](/wiki/Veal \"Veal\")*, *[cow](/wiki/Cow \"Cow\")*/*[beef](/wiki/Beef \"Beef\")*, *[sheep](/wiki/Sheep \"Sheep\")*/*[mutton](/wiki/Mutton \"Mutton\")*, *wood*/*[forest](/wiki/Forest \"Forest\")*, *house*/*[mansion](/wiki/Mansion \"Mansion\")*, *worthy*/*valuable*, *bold*/*courageous*, *freedom*/*[liberty](/wiki/Liberty \"Liberty\")*, *sight*/*vision*, and *eat*/*dine*.[https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/TPRSNZ1901\\-34\\.2\\.8\\.1\\.9](https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/TPRSNZ1901-34.2.8.1.9) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}\nThe role of Anglo\\-Norman as the language of government and law can be seen in the abundance of Modern English words for the mechanisms of government that are derived from Anglo\\-Norman, such as *[court](/wiki/Court \"Court\")*, *[judge](/wiki/Judge \"Judge\")*, *[jury](/wiki/Jury \"Jury\")*, *[appeal](/wiki/Appeal \"Appeal\")*, and *[parliament](/wiki/Parliament \"Parliament\")*. There are also many Norman\\-derived terms relating to the [chivalric](/wiki/Chivalric \"Chivalric\") cultures that arose in the 12th century, an era of [feudalism](/wiki/Feudalism \"Feudalism\"), [seigneurialism](/wiki/Seigneurialism \"Seigneurialism\"), and [crusading](/wiki/Crusading \"Crusading\").", "Words were often taken from [Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\"), usually through French transmission. This gave rise to various synonyms, including *kingly* (inherited from Old English), *royal* (from French, which inherited it from Vulgar Latin), and *regal* (from French, which borrowed it from classical Latin). Later French appropriations were derived from standard, rather than Norman, French. Examples of resultant cognate pairs include the words *warden* (from Norman) and *guardian* (from later French; both share a common ancestor loaned from Germanic).[https://deaf\\-server.adw.uni\\-heidelberg.de/book/garder](https://deaf-server.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/book/garder) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}", "The end of Anglo\\-Saxon rule did not result in immediate changes to the language. The general population would have spoken the same [dialects](/wiki/Old_English_dialects \"Old English dialects\") as they had before the Conquest. Once the writing of Old English came to an end, Middle English had no standard language, only dialects that evolved individually from Old English.", "### Early Middle English", "Early Middle English (1150–1350\\){{cite book \\|last1\\=Fuster\\-Márquez \\|first1\\=Miguel \\|last2\\=Calvo García de Leonardo \\|first2\\=Juan José \\|year\\=2011 \\|title\\=A Practical Introduction to the History of English \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=QQLBqKjxuvAC \\|location\\=\\[València] \\|publisher\\=Universitat de València \\|page\\=21 \\|isbn\\=9788437083216 \\|access\\-date\\=19 December 2017 }} has a largely Anglo\\-Saxon vocabulary (with [many Norse borrowings](/wiki/Scandinavian_influence_in_English \"Scandinavian influence in English\") in the northern parts of the country) but a greatly simplified [inflectional](/wiki/Inflection \"Inflection\") system. The grammatical relations that were expressed in Old English by the [dative](/wiki/Dative \"Dative\") and [instrumental cases](/wiki/Instrumental_case \"Instrumental case\") were replaced in Early Middle English with [prepositional](/wiki/Preposition \"Preposition\") constructions. The Old English [genitive](/wiki/Genitive \"Genitive\") \\-{{lang\\|ang\\|es}} survives in the *\\-'s* of the modern [English possessive](/wiki/English_possessive \"English possessive\"), but most of the other case endings disappeared in the Early Middle English period, including most of the [roughly one dozen forms](/wiki/Old_English_declension%23Articles \"Old English declension#Articles\") of the [definite article](/wiki/Definite_article \"Definite article\") (\"the\"). The [dual](/wiki/Dual_%28grammatical_number%29 \"Dual (grammatical number)\") personal pronouns (denoting exactly two) also disappeared from English during this period.", "The loss of case endings was part of a general trend from inflections to fixed [word order](/wiki/Word_order \"Word order\") that also occurred in other Germanic languages (though more slowly and to a lesser extent), and therefore, it cannot be attributed simply to the influence of French\\-speaking sections of the population: English did, after all, remain the [vernacular](/wiki/Vernacular \"Vernacular\"). It is also arguedMcWhorter, *Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue,* 2008, pp. 89–136\\. that Norse immigrants to England had a great impact on the loss of inflectional endings in Middle English. One argument is that, although Norse and English speakers were somewhat comprehensible to each other due to similar morphology, the Norse speakers' inability to reproduce the ending sounds of English words influenced Middle English's loss of inflectional endings.", "Important texts for the reconstruction of the evolution of Middle English out of Old English are the *[Peterborough Chronicle](/wiki/Peterborough_Chronicle \"Peterborough Chronicle\")*, which continued to be compiled up to 1154; the *[Ormulum](/wiki/Ormulum \"Ormulum\")*, a biblical commentary probably composed in [Lincolnshire](/wiki/Lincolnshire \"Lincolnshire\") in the second half of the 12th century, incorporating a unique phonetic spelling system; and the {{lang\\|enm\\|\\[\\[Ancrene Wisse]]}} and the [Katherine Group](/wiki/Katherine_Group \"Katherine Group\"), religious texts written for [anchoresses](/wiki/Anchoress \"Anchoress\"), apparently in the [West Midlands](/wiki/West_Midlands_%28region%29 \"West Midlands (region)\") in the early 13th century.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Burchfield \\|first\\=Robert W. \\|chapter\\=Ormulum \\|editor\\-first\\=Joseph R. \\|editor\\-last\\=Strayer \\|title\\=Dictionary of the Middle Ages \\|location\\=New York \\|publisher\\=Charles Scribner's Sons \\|year\\=1987 \\|volume\\=9 \\|page\\=280 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-684\\-18275\\-9 }}, p. 280 The language found in the last two works is sometimes called the [AB language](/wiki/AB_language \"AB language\").", "More literary sources of the 12th and 13th centuries include *[Layamon's Brut](/wiki/Layamon%27s_Brut \"Layamon's Brut\")* and *[The Owl and the Nightingale](/wiki/The_Owl_and_the_Nightingale \"The Owl and the Nightingale\")*.", "Some scholars{{cite web\\|url\\=http://hcmc.uvic.ca/makingEME/about.html\\|title\\=Making Early Middle English: About the Conference\\|website\\=hcmc.uvic.ca}} have defined \"Early Middle English\" as encompassing English texts up to 1350\\. This longer time frame would extend the corpus to include many Middle English Romances (especially those of the *[Auchinleck manuscript](/wiki/Auchinleck_manuscript \"Auchinleck manuscript\")* {{circa\\|1330}}).", "", "### Late Middle English", "Gradually, the wealthy and the government [Anglicised](/wiki/Anglicisation \"Anglicisation\") again, although Norman (and subsequently [French](/wiki/Law_French \"Law French\")) remained the dominant language of literature and law until the 14th century, even after the loss of the majority of the continental possessions of the [English monarchy](/wiki/English_monarchy \"English monarchy\").", "In the aftermath of the [Black Death](/wiki/Black_Death \"Black Death\") of the 14th century, there was significant migration into [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), of people to the counties of the [southeast of England](/wiki/South_East_England \"South East England\") and from the [east](/wiki/East_Midlands \"East Midlands\") and central [Midlands](/wiki/Midlands \"Midlands\") of England, and a new [prestige](/wiki/Prestige_%28sociolinguistics%29 \"Prestige (sociolinguistics)\") London dialect began to develop as a result of this clash of the different dialects,{{cite book \\|last1\\=Montgomery \\|first1\\=Martin \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=isd\\_AgAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=great\\+vowel\\+shift\\+londoners\\&pg\\=PA56 \\|title\\=Ways of Reading: Advanced Reading Skills for Students of English Literature \\|last2\\=Durant \\|first2\\=Alan \\|last3\\=Fabb \\|first3\\=Nigel \\|last4\\=Furniss \\|first4\\=Tom \\|last5\\=Mills \\|first5\\=Sara \\|date\\=24 January 2007 \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-134\\-28025\\-4 \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=14 February 2023}} that was based chiefly on the speech of the East Midlands but also influenced by that of other regions.{{cite encyclopedia \\|author\\= Wright, L. \\|title\\=About the evolution of Standard English \\|encyclopedia\\= Studies in English Language and Literature \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]] \\|year\\=2012 \\|page\\=99ff \\|isbn\\=978\\-1138006935}} The writing of this period, however, continues to reflect a variety of regional forms of English. The {{lang\\|enm\\|\\[\\[Ayenbite of Inwyt]]}}, a translation of a French confessional prose work, completed in 1340, is written in a [Kentish dialect](/wiki/Kentish_dialect \"Kentish dialect\"). The best known writer of Middle English, [Geoffrey Chaucer](/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer \"Geoffrey Chaucer\"), wrote in the second half of the 14th century in the emerging London dialect, although he also portrays some of his characters as speaking in northern dialects, as in the \"[Reeve's Tale](/wiki/Reeve%27s_Tale \"Reeve's Tale\")\".", "In the English\\-speaking areas of lowland [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"), an independent standard was developing, based on the [Northumbrian dialect](/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect \"Northumbrian dialect\"). This would develop into what came to be known as the [Scots language](/wiki/Scots_language \"Scots language\").", "A large number of terms for abstract concepts were adopted directly from [scholastic philosophical Latin](/wiki/Medieval_Latin \"Medieval Latin\") (rather than via French). Examples are \"absolute\", \"act\", \"demonstration\", and \"probable\".{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Franklin \\|first1\\=James \\|author\\-link1\\=James Franklin (philosopher) \\|date\\=1983 \\|title\\=Mental furniture from the philosophers \\|url\\=http://www.maths.unsw.edu.au/\\~jim/mental.pdf \\|journal\\=Et Cetera \\|volume\\=40 \\|issue\\= \\|pages\\=177–191 \\|doi\\= \\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2021}}", "{{anchor\\|Chancery Standard}}", "### Transition to Early Modern English", "The Chancery Standard of written English emerged {{circa\\|1430}} in official documents that, since the [Norman Conquest](/wiki/Norman_Conquest \"Norman Conquest\"), had normally been written in French. Like Chaucer's work, this new standard was based on the East Midlands\\-influenced speech of London. Clerks using this standard were usually familiar with [French](/wiki/French_language \"French language\") and [Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\"), influencing the forms they chose. The Chancery Standard, which was adopted slowly, was used in England by bureaucrats for most official purposes, excluding those of the Church and legalities, which used Latin and [Law French](/wiki/Law_French \"Law French\") respectively.", "The Chancery Standard's influence on later forms of written English is disputed, but it did undoubtedly provide the core around which [Early Modern English](/wiki/Early_Modern_English \"Early Modern English\") formed.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2018}} Early Modern English emerged with the help of [William Caxton](/wiki/William_Caxton \"William Caxton\")'s printing press, developed during the 1470s. The press stabilized English through a push towards standardization, led by Chancery Standard enthusiast and writer [Richard Pynson](/wiki/Richard_Pynson \"Richard Pynson\").cf. 'Sawles Warde' (The protection *of the soul*) Early Modern English began in the 1540s after the printing and wide distribution of the [English Bible](/wiki/English_Bible \"English Bible\") and [Prayer Book](/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer \"Book of Common Prayer\"), which made the new standard of English publicly recognizable and lasted until about 1650\\.", "" ]
### Early Middle English Early Middle English (1150–1350\){{cite book \|last1\=Fuster\-Márquez \|first1\=Miguel \|last2\=Calvo García de Leonardo \|first2\=Juan José \|year\=2011 \|title\=A Practical Introduction to the History of English \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=QQLBqKjxuvAC \|location\=\[València] \|publisher\=Universitat de València \|page\=21 \|isbn\=9788437083216 \|access\-date\=19 December 2017 }} has a largely Anglo\-Saxon vocabulary (with [many Norse borrowings](/wiki/Scandinavian_influence_in_English "Scandinavian influence in English") in the northern parts of the country) but a greatly simplified [inflectional](/wiki/Inflection "Inflection") system. The grammatical relations that were expressed in Old English by the [dative](/wiki/Dative "Dative") and [instrumental cases](/wiki/Instrumental_case "Instrumental case") were replaced in Early Middle English with [prepositional](/wiki/Preposition "Preposition") constructions. The Old English [genitive](/wiki/Genitive "Genitive") \-{{lang\|ang\|es}} survives in the *\-'s* of the modern [English possessive](/wiki/English_possessive "English possessive"), but most of the other case endings disappeared in the Early Middle English period, including most of the [roughly one dozen forms](/wiki/Old_English_declension%23Articles "Old English declension#Articles") of the [definite article](/wiki/Definite_article "Definite article") ("the"). The [dual](/wiki/Dual_%28grammatical_number%29 "Dual (grammatical number)") personal pronouns (denoting exactly two) also disappeared from English during this period. The loss of case endings was part of a general trend from inflections to fixed [word order](/wiki/Word_order "Word order") that also occurred in other Germanic languages (though more slowly and to a lesser extent), and therefore, it cannot be attributed simply to the influence of French\-speaking sections of the population: English did, after all, remain the [vernacular](/wiki/Vernacular "Vernacular"). It is also arguedMcWhorter, *Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue,* 2008, pp. 89–136\. that Norse immigrants to England had a great impact on the loss of inflectional endings in Middle English. One argument is that, although Norse and English speakers were somewhat comprehensible to each other due to similar morphology, the Norse speakers' inability to reproduce the ending sounds of English words influenced Middle English's loss of inflectional endings. Important texts for the reconstruction of the evolution of Middle English out of Old English are the *[Peterborough Chronicle](/wiki/Peterborough_Chronicle "Peterborough Chronicle")*, which continued to be compiled up to 1154; the *[Ormulum](/wiki/Ormulum "Ormulum")*, a biblical commentary probably composed in [Lincolnshire](/wiki/Lincolnshire "Lincolnshire") in the second half of the 12th century, incorporating a unique phonetic spelling system; and the {{lang\|enm\|\[\[Ancrene Wisse]]}} and the [Katherine Group](/wiki/Katherine_Group "Katherine Group"), religious texts written for [anchoresses](/wiki/Anchoress "Anchoress"), apparently in the [West Midlands](/wiki/West_Midlands_%28region%29 "West Midlands (region)") in the early 13th century.{{Cite book \|last\=Burchfield \|first\=Robert W. \|chapter\=Ormulum \|editor\-first\=Joseph R. \|editor\-last\=Strayer \|title\=Dictionary of the Middle Ages \|location\=New York \|publisher\=Charles Scribner's Sons \|year\=1987 \|volume\=9 \|page\=280 \|isbn\=978\-0\-684\-18275\-9 }}, p. 280 The language found in the last two works is sometimes called the [AB language](/wiki/AB_language "AB language"). More literary sources of the 12th and 13th centuries include *[Layamon's Brut](/wiki/Layamon%27s_Brut "Layamon's Brut")* and *[The Owl and the Nightingale](/wiki/The_Owl_and_the_Nightingale "The Owl and the Nightingale")*. Some scholars{{cite web\|url\=http://hcmc.uvic.ca/makingEME/about.html\|title\=Making Early Middle English: About the Conference\|website\=hcmc.uvic.ca}} have defined "Early Middle English" as encompassing English texts up to 1350\. This longer time frame would extend the corpus to include many Middle English Romances (especially those of the *[Auchinleck manuscript](/wiki/Auchinleck_manuscript "Auchinleck manuscript")* {{circa\|1330}}).
[ "### Early Middle English", "Early Middle English (1150–1350\\){{cite book \\|last1\\=Fuster\\-Márquez \\|first1\\=Miguel \\|last2\\=Calvo García de Leonardo \\|first2\\=Juan José \\|year\\=2011 \\|title\\=A Practical Introduction to the History of English \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=QQLBqKjxuvAC \\|location\\=\\[València] \\|publisher\\=Universitat de València \\|page\\=21 \\|isbn\\=9788437083216 \\|access\\-date\\=19 December 2017 }} has a largely Anglo\\-Saxon vocabulary (with [many Norse borrowings](/wiki/Scandinavian_influence_in_English \"Scandinavian influence in English\") in the northern parts of the country) but a greatly simplified [inflectional](/wiki/Inflection \"Inflection\") system. The grammatical relations that were expressed in Old English by the [dative](/wiki/Dative \"Dative\") and [instrumental cases](/wiki/Instrumental_case \"Instrumental case\") were replaced in Early Middle English with [prepositional](/wiki/Preposition \"Preposition\") constructions. The Old English [genitive](/wiki/Genitive \"Genitive\") \\-{{lang\\|ang\\|es}} survives in the *\\-'s* of the modern [English possessive](/wiki/English_possessive \"English possessive\"), but most of the other case endings disappeared in the Early Middle English period, including most of the [roughly one dozen forms](/wiki/Old_English_declension%23Articles \"Old English declension#Articles\") of the [definite article](/wiki/Definite_article \"Definite article\") (\"the\"). The [dual](/wiki/Dual_%28grammatical_number%29 \"Dual (grammatical number)\") personal pronouns (denoting exactly two) also disappeared from English during this period.", "The loss of case endings was part of a general trend from inflections to fixed [word order](/wiki/Word_order \"Word order\") that also occurred in other Germanic languages (though more slowly and to a lesser extent), and therefore, it cannot be attributed simply to the influence of French\\-speaking sections of the population: English did, after all, remain the [vernacular](/wiki/Vernacular \"Vernacular\"). It is also arguedMcWhorter, *Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue,* 2008, pp. 89–136\\. that Norse immigrants to England had a great impact on the loss of inflectional endings in Middle English. One argument is that, although Norse and English speakers were somewhat comprehensible to each other due to similar morphology, the Norse speakers' inability to reproduce the ending sounds of English words influenced Middle English's loss of inflectional endings.", "Important texts for the reconstruction of the evolution of Middle English out of Old English are the *[Peterborough Chronicle](/wiki/Peterborough_Chronicle \"Peterborough Chronicle\")*, which continued to be compiled up to 1154; the *[Ormulum](/wiki/Ormulum \"Ormulum\")*, a biblical commentary probably composed in [Lincolnshire](/wiki/Lincolnshire \"Lincolnshire\") in the second half of the 12th century, incorporating a unique phonetic spelling system; and the {{lang\\|enm\\|\\[\\[Ancrene Wisse]]}} and the [Katherine Group](/wiki/Katherine_Group \"Katherine Group\"), religious texts written for [anchoresses](/wiki/Anchoress \"Anchoress\"), apparently in the [West Midlands](/wiki/West_Midlands_%28region%29 \"West Midlands (region)\") in the early 13th century.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Burchfield \\|first\\=Robert W. \\|chapter\\=Ormulum \\|editor\\-first\\=Joseph R. \\|editor\\-last\\=Strayer \\|title\\=Dictionary of the Middle Ages \\|location\\=New York \\|publisher\\=Charles Scribner's Sons \\|year\\=1987 \\|volume\\=9 \\|page\\=280 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-684\\-18275\\-9 }}, p. 280 The language found in the last two works is sometimes called the [AB language](/wiki/AB_language \"AB language\").", "More literary sources of the 12th and 13th centuries include *[Layamon's Brut](/wiki/Layamon%27s_Brut \"Layamon's Brut\")* and *[The Owl and the Nightingale](/wiki/The_Owl_and_the_Nightingale \"The Owl and the Nightingale\")*.", "Some scholars{{cite web\\|url\\=http://hcmc.uvic.ca/makingEME/about.html\\|title\\=Making Early Middle English: About the Conference\\|website\\=hcmc.uvic.ca}} have defined \"Early Middle English\" as encompassing English texts up to 1350\\. This longer time frame would extend the corpus to include many Middle English Romances (especially those of the *[Auchinleck manuscript](/wiki/Auchinleck_manuscript \"Auchinleck manuscript\")* {{circa\\|1330}}).", "", "", "" ]
Moon Saga --------- Conceptually, the story of the "Moon Saga" is separated in four chapters. The first chapter takes places roughly from the year 700 to 1300, second from 1300 to 1600, third from 1600 to current time (2000\), and fourth from the current time (2000\) to the future (2045\).{{Cite journal \|author\=Midori Ono \|date\=October 2005 \|title\=Diabolos – 美しき悪魔からの誘い \|language\=ja \|journal\=Arena 37C \|location\=Japan \|issue\=277 }}{{Cite journal \|date\=October 2005 \|title\=Vol. 119 \|language\=ja \|journal\=UV \|location\=Japan }} The work from 2002 (*[Moon](/wiki/Moon_%28Gackt_album%29 "Moon (Gackt album)")*) and 2003 (*[Crescent](/wiki/Crescent_%28Gackt_album%29 "Crescent (Gackt album)")*, movie *[Moon Child](/wiki/Moon_Child_%282003_film%29 "Moon Child (2003 film)")*, novel *Moon Child Requiem*) covered the fourth chapter, from 2005 (*[Diabolos](/wiki/Diabolos_%28Gackt_album%29 "Diabolos (Gackt album)")*) took place between the second and third chapter, while from 2012 to 2014 (theatre play *[Mysteries of Yoshitsune I\&II](/wiki/Mysteries_of_Yoshitsune_I%26II "Mysteries of Yoshitsune I&II")*, novel *Moon Saga Mysteries of Yoshitsune*) and 2016 (*Last Moon*) depict the first chapter. The whole story is set in both Europe and Asia (mostly Japan), depending on the story and meaning wanted to be expressed. The idea was to create a story where the [Oni](/wiki/Oni "Oni") (Japanese demons) were the origin of [vampires](/wiki/Vampire "Vampire"), and eventually of the central character in the first chapter, [Yoshitsune Minamoto](/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshitsune "Minamoto no Yoshitsune").{{cite web\| url\=http://www.sanspo.com/geino/news/20140920/oth14092011450021\-n1\.html\| title\=Gackt 「涙流して感動出来る」　新歌舞伎座『－義経秘伝－』スタート\| date\=2014\-09\-20\| work\=Sanspo\| publisher\=Sankei Digital\| access\-date\=September 28, 2014\| language\=ja}} In the [Heian period](/wiki/Heian_period "Heian period") existed those called as [Mononoke](/wiki/Mononoke "Mononoke") (spirits), and Mononofu, who were born between humans and Mononoke, and with special powers dominated both Mononoke and humans. The story from *Mysteries of Yoshitsune* spreads out when the member with inherited blood crossed over to Europe, and became the progenitor of the later vampires.{{citation \|title\=Tour Pamphlet (GC025\) – Special interview \|author\=Mami Akagi \|pages\=18–26 \|language\=ja }} The story from the first chapter follows the "darkside inhabitants" – darts, who were scattered all over Europe, fighting for different countries even against fellow inhabitants in the shadow of history. The second chapter how they tried to make something that will surpass them and for purpose of fighting, so were created 13 "shitos" ({{lang\|ja\|使徒}}, apostle, disciple), but their body was incomplete and couldn't appear under the sun. From the third chapter, now known as "vampires", is followed their life. They didn't pursue their purpose of life, and as become aware of the darkness inside them, raises the question what is now their purpose of existence. After the awakening, two of the thirteen shito died (the man and woman shown in the music video of "[Todokanai Ai to Shitteita no ni Osaekirezu ni Aishitsuzuketa...](/wiki/Todokanai_Ai_to_Shitteita_no_ni_Osaekirezu_ni_Aishitsuzuketa... "Todokanai Ai to Shitteita no ni Osaekirezu ni Aishitsuzuketa...")") leaving behind eleven. Five out of the eleven decided to stand up and fight against the darts, their creators. They wanted to prove that there was meaning in their existence, however they were outnumbered, and there was only one shito survivor. However, it is not a vampire's story as they were presented as a way of expressing a certain evil side and existence of humans. People long for immortality, believing it to be a wonderful thing, while vampires know how painful such an immortal existence can be and seek a peaceful death, because without death the life has no meaning. The theme of the concept, like his other in *Requiem et Reminiscence* albums, is about the [existential questions](/wiki/Existential_crisis "Existential crisis") of humanity. The "Moon Saga" is a symbolic story about the repetition of human sins, war and the question of what is the ultimate meaning of human life.{{Cite journal \|author1\=Kouichi Tanaka \|author2\=Mami Akagi \|date\=November 2005 \|title\=\[] \|language\=ja \|journal\=B\=Pass \|location\=Japan \|pages\=41–43 }} The history of mankind's struggle – the suffering and sorrow in the quest for the virtues and ideas. ### Last Moon The tour is titled as *Saigo no Tsuki* ("Last Moon" in English language), but the *saigo* is not written in kanji {{lang\|ja\|最後}} (last, end) yet {{lang\|ja\|最期}} which has a nuance of "the final moments" or "dying days", as it is not the end of the "Moon" concept. The theme of the album and tour is people thoughts during the last moments of death while looking at the Moon. The symbolism of the [Moon](/wiki/Moon "Moon") in the story is for the reason it's witnessing the tragedies that humanity repeats, and thus through the Moon people can symbolically look back on the life path they walked on. The story of the *Last Moon* in the basis has the story of *Mysteries of Yoshitsune*, but it is actually the perspective about the former by the non\-human entities from the Moon who come to collect the souls, whose figures dressed in black can be seen in the music video and cover of singles "Returner (Yami no Shūen)" and "Arrow", as well album. The non\-human narrator during the show questions why the humans with such strong feelings of friendship and love, repeat the same mistakes, can't stop hurting each other, and spend short lives fighting.
[ "Moon Saga\n---------", "Conceptually, the story of the \"Moon Saga\" is separated in four chapters. The first chapter takes places roughly from the year 700 to 1300, second from 1300 to 1600, third from 1600 to current time (2000\\), and fourth from the current time (2000\\) to the future (2045\\).{{Cite journal \\|author\\=Midori Ono \\|date\\=October 2005 \\|title\\=Diabolos – 美しき悪魔からの誘い \\|language\\=ja \\|journal\\=Arena 37C \\|location\\=Japan \\|issue\\=277 }}{{Cite journal \\|date\\=October 2005 \\|title\\=Vol. 119 \\|language\\=ja \\|journal\\=UV \\|location\\=Japan }} The work from 2002 (*[Moon](/wiki/Moon_%28Gackt_album%29 \"Moon (Gackt album)\")*) and 2003 (*[Crescent](/wiki/Crescent_%28Gackt_album%29 \"Crescent (Gackt album)\")*, movie *[Moon Child](/wiki/Moon_Child_%282003_film%29 \"Moon Child (2003 film)\")*, novel *Moon Child Requiem*) covered the fourth chapter, from 2005 (*[Diabolos](/wiki/Diabolos_%28Gackt_album%29 \"Diabolos (Gackt album)\")*) took place between the second and third chapter, while from 2012 to 2014 (theatre play *[Mysteries of Yoshitsune I\\&II](/wiki/Mysteries_of_Yoshitsune_I%26II \"Mysteries of Yoshitsune I&II\")*, novel *Moon Saga Mysteries of Yoshitsune*) and 2016 (*Last Moon*) depict the first chapter. The whole story is set in both Europe and Asia (mostly Japan), depending on the story and meaning wanted to be expressed.", "The idea was to create a story where the [Oni](/wiki/Oni \"Oni\") (Japanese demons) were the origin of [vampires](/wiki/Vampire \"Vampire\"), and eventually of the central character in the first chapter, [Yoshitsune Minamoto](/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshitsune \"Minamoto no Yoshitsune\").{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.sanspo.com/geino/news/20140920/oth14092011450021\\-n1\\.html\\| title\\=Gackt 「涙流して感動出来る」　新歌舞伎座『－義経秘伝－』スタート\\| date\\=2014\\-09\\-20\\| work\\=Sanspo\\| publisher\\=Sankei Digital\\| access\\-date\\=September 28, 2014\\| language\\=ja}} In the [Heian period](/wiki/Heian_period \"Heian period\") existed those called as [Mononoke](/wiki/Mononoke \"Mononoke\") (spirits), and Mononofu, who were born between humans and Mononoke, and with special powers dominated both Mononoke and humans. The story from *Mysteries of Yoshitsune* spreads out when the member with inherited blood crossed over to Europe, and became the progenitor of the later vampires.{{citation \\|title\\=Tour Pamphlet (GC025\\) – Special interview \\|author\\=Mami Akagi \\|pages\\=18–26 \\|language\\=ja }}", "The story from the first chapter follows the \"darkside inhabitants\" – darts, who were scattered all over Europe, fighting for different countries even against fellow inhabitants in the shadow of history. The second chapter how they tried to make something that will surpass them and for purpose of fighting, so were created 13 \"shitos\" ({{lang\\|ja\\|使徒}}, apostle, disciple), but their body was incomplete and couldn't appear under the sun. From the third chapter, now known as \"vampires\", is followed their life. They didn't pursue their purpose of life, and as become aware of the darkness inside them, raises the question what is now their purpose of existence. After the awakening, two of the thirteen shito died (the man and woman shown in the music video of \"[Todokanai Ai to Shitteita no ni Osaekirezu ni Aishitsuzuketa...](/wiki/Todokanai_Ai_to_Shitteita_no_ni_Osaekirezu_ni_Aishitsuzuketa... \"Todokanai Ai to Shitteita no ni Osaekirezu ni Aishitsuzuketa...\")\") leaving behind eleven. Five out of the eleven decided to stand up and fight against the darts, their creators. They wanted to prove that there was meaning in their existence, however they were outnumbered, and there was only one shito survivor.", "However, it is not a vampire's story as they were presented as a way of expressing a certain evil side and existence of humans. People long for immortality, believing it to be a wonderful thing, while vampires know how painful such an immortal existence can be and seek a peaceful death, because without death the life has no meaning. The theme of the concept, like his other in *Requiem et Reminiscence* albums, is about the [existential questions](/wiki/Existential_crisis \"Existential crisis\") of humanity. The \"Moon Saga\" is a symbolic story about the repetition of human sins, war and the question of what is the ultimate meaning of human life.{{Cite journal \\|author1\\=Kouichi Tanaka \\|author2\\=Mami Akagi \\|date\\=November 2005 \\|title\\=\\[] \\|language\\=ja \\|journal\\=B\\=Pass \\|location\\=Japan \\|pages\\=41–43 }} The history of mankind's struggle – the suffering and sorrow in the quest for the virtues and ideas.", "### Last Moon", "The tour is titled as *Saigo no Tsuki* (\"Last Moon\" in English language), but the *saigo* is not written in kanji {{lang\\|ja\\|最後}} (last, end) yet {{lang\\|ja\\|最期}} which has a nuance of \"the final moments\" or \"dying days\", as it is not the end of the \"Moon\" concept. The theme of the album and tour is people thoughts during the last moments of death while looking at the Moon. The symbolism of the [Moon](/wiki/Moon \"Moon\") in the story is for the reason it's witnessing the tragedies that humanity repeats, and thus through the Moon people can symbolically look back on the life path they walked on.", "The story of the *Last Moon* in the basis has the story of *Mysteries of Yoshitsune*, but it is actually the perspective about the former by the non\\-human entities from the Moon who come to collect the souls, whose figures dressed in black can be seen in the music video and cover of singles \"Returner (Yami no Shūen)\" and \"Arrow\", as well album. The non\\-human narrator during the show questions why the humans with such strong feelings of friendship and love, repeat the same mistakes, can't stop hurting each other, and spend short lives fighting.", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Early life Her father is Iraqi, born in Mosul but lived in Baghdad. He was a civil engineer and her mother is [American](/wiki/Americans "Americans").{{cite web \|url\=http://news.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id\=798982003 \|title\=Looking for Layla \|work\=\[\[The Scotsman]] \|date\=2003\-07\-24 \|accessdate\=2012\-06\-18}} Heather is Chaldean on her father's side and Roman Catholic on her mother's side. She grew up in [Okemos, Michigan](/wiki/Okemos%2C_Michigan "Okemos, Michigan").Montoya, Maria C. and David Cuthbert. "[Theater Guy: Loyola stages Heather Raffo's nine\-character monologue play](http://blog.nola.com/davidcuthbert/2008/02/theater_guy_loyola_stages_heat.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140855/http://blog.nola.com/davidcuthbert/2008/02/theater\_guy\_loyola\_stages\_heat.html \|date\=2014\-04\-13 }}." *[The Times\-Picayune](/wiki/The_Times-Picayune "The Times-Picayune")*. February 23, 2008\. Retrieved on April 13, 2014\. but lived in New York City{{Citation \|title\=New York City \|date\=2023\-03\-21 \|url\=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title\=New\_York\_City\&oldid\=1145798802 \|work\=Wikipedia \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-21 \|language\=en}} for thirty years. Heather holds a [BA](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts "Bachelor of Arts") from the [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan "University of Michigan") where she studied Literature and Theater, and graduated Magna Cum Laude in Literature. A [MFA](/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts "Master of Fine Arts") from the [University of San Diego](/wiki/University_of_San_Diego "University of San Diego") and also studied at the [Royal Academy of Dramatic Art](/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art "Royal Academy of Dramatic Art") in [London](/wiki/London "London"). Having been born in the United States, she and her family initially visited Iraq in 1974 when she was four years old, 1993 as a little girl, and again in 2013\. She also visited Iraqi family in Damascus and Dubai in 2006\. She had flown in and her family drove since it was not safe to travel into Iraq at the time. Raffo credits [Ntozake Shange](/wiki/Ntozake_Shange "Ntozake Shange") as her most significant artistic influence and has noted her as an inspiration to writing her own work after reading *[For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf](/wiki/For_Colored_Girls_Who_Have_Considered_Suicide_When_the_Rainbow_Is_Enuf "For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf")*. ### Career [thumb\|*[9 Parts of Desire](/wiki/Nine_Parts_of_Desire_%28play%29 "Nine Parts of Desire (play)")*: poster from the [Manhattan Ensemble Theatre](/wiki/Manhattan_Ensemble_Theatre "Manhattan Ensemble Theatre") production, 2005](/wiki/File:Nine_Parts_Poster_%28Fishelson%29.jpg "Nine Parts Poster (Fishelson).jpg") Heather Raffo is most famous for her notable role in the one\-woman play *[9 Parts of Desire](/wiki/9_Parts_of_Desire_%28play%29 "9 Parts of Desire (play)")*. The play focuses on the lives of women in her father's homeland, and was originally conceived in 1993 after a visit to her Iraqi relatives. It was also inspired by Raffo's trip to the Saddam Art Centre in [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad") where she saw only billboard sized portraits of [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein "Saddam Hussein"). Later, in a back room, she saw a painting of a nude woman clinging to a barren tree. She took a photo of the painting, returned to America and devised a way of replicating the painting into a play. A decade later she completed the play, which features monologues by nine highly distinct Iraqi women, all played by herself. When asked about *9 Parts of Desire*, she comments > *"I'd love to hear an American say, 'That Bedouin woman is just like my aunt.' But at the same time, I want American audiences to walk out a little confused, not able to say, 'Oh, I get it,' but rather to understand how difficult it is to grasp the psyche of people who have lived under Saddam for 30 years with American support, then had a war with Iran, resulting in 1\.5 million deaths, followed by 13 years of sanctions and two wars under American firepower."* The response to the play drew much media attention to Heather, as she has given numerous public appearances and interviews on American television shows. She has also spoken to the [National Press Club](/wiki/National_Press_Club_%28USA%29 "National Press Club (USA)"), as well as featuring in *[O: The Oprah Magazine](/wiki/O:The_Oprah_Magazine "The Oprah Magazine")* as part of her "Aha Moment". With such major success in [London](/wiki/London "London"), [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle "Seattle"), [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia") and [Washington DC](/wiki/Washington_DC "Washington DC"), *9 Parts of Desire* is currently being translated for international productions in [France](/wiki/France "France"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") and [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"). On July 18, 2008, she recreated some of her monologues from "9 Parts of Desire" at the New York Open Center[opencenter.org](http://www.opencenter.org){{failed verification\|date\=January 2014}}{{update\|date\=July 2012}} and shared what she has learned from what John Lahr in *[The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker")* called "an example of how art can remake the world." In May 2013, *9 Parts of Desire* was performed for the first time in Iraq by students from [The American University of Iraq – Sulaimani](/wiki/The_American_University_of_Iraq_%E2%80%93_Sulaimani "The American University of Iraq – Sulaimani"), with Heather in the audience.{{cite web\|title\=AUIS to Host International Festival: The Art of Social Justice\|url\=http://auis.edu.iq/sojustpr\|publisher\=The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani\|accessdate\=29 April 2013}} Heather has also been approached by International press about doing stories on her show, but she refused as she did not want to draw attention to her family in Iraq, as it could lead to dangerous circumstances.{{cite news \|title\=Heather "9 Parts" Raffo \|publisher\=findarticles.com \|url\=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\_qn4176/is\_20060120/ai\_n16025405 \|accessdate\=2007\-08\-27}} {{Dead link\|date\=September 2010\|bot\=RjwilmsiBot}} Heather is also one of the six participating writers for the play *[The Middle East, In Pieces](/wiki/The_Middle_East%2C_In_Pieces "The Middle East, In Pieces")*, a play which displays the current developments in the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East") and addresses the conflicts in [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon"), [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel") and [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq"). Her other acting credits include, playing Sarah Woodruff in the world premiere of *[The French Lieutenant's Woman](/wiki/The_French_Lieutenant%27s_Woman "The French Lieutenant's Woman")* performed at the [Fulton Opera House](/wiki/Fulton_Opera_House "Fulton Opera House"). The off\-Broadway, *[Over the River and Through the Woods](/wiki/Over_the_River_and_Through_the_Woods_%28play%29 "Over the River and Through the Woods (play)")*, the off Broadway/National Tour of *[Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth "Macbeth")* where she played [Lady Macbeth](/wiki/Lady_Macbeth "Lady Macbeth"), *[The Merry Wives of Windsor](/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor "The Merry Wives of Windsor")* as [Mistress Page](/wiki/Mistress_Page "Mistress Page") and *[The Rivals](/wiki/The_Rivals "The Rivals")* all with [The Acting Company](/wiki/The_Acting_Company "The Acting Company"). Regionally in theatre productions of the following, *[Othello](/wiki/Othello "Othello")*, *[Romeo and Juliet](/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet "Romeo and Juliet")*, *[As You Like It](/wiki/As_You_Like_It "As You Like It")*, *[Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth "Macbeth")*, and *[The Comedy of Errors](/wiki/The_Comedy_of_Errors "The Comedy of Errors")* all with The Old Globe Theatre in San Diego. She has performed her plays at Off Broadway in New York, Off West\-End in London, at the Kennedy Center, at the U.S.\-Islamic World Forum and at dozens of large performance venues nationally as well as hundreds of universities across the country.  They have been performed in nearly every regional theater market in the United States. (Just some of the most famous are: Playwrights Horizons in New York, Arena Stage, Shakespeare Theater, Kennedy Center, The Guthrie, Seattle Re, Berkley Rep, The Old Globe).  9 Parts of Desire was the 5th most produced play across the country according to American Theater Magazine in one season. *9 Parts of Desire* has had international productions in Brazil, Greece, Hungary, Turkey, Iraq, Sweden, Malta, India, UK, Scotland, Canada. *Noura* has been performed in Cairo, Abu Dhabi and in major theaters cross the U.S., Playwrights Horizons Off Broadway, Shakespeare Theater in D.C., The Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, The Old Globe in San Diego, Marin Theater in California and Detroit Public Theater. She has performed in the play *[In Darfur](/wiki/In_Darfur "In Darfur")* by Winter Miller at New Yorks Public Theatre, revealing the depth of the crisis in [Darfur](/wiki/Darfur "Darfur"), [Sudan](/wiki/Sudan "Sudan").{{cite web\|url\=http://atlanta.creativeloafing.com/gyrobase/Content?oid\=oid%3A244510 \|title\=Heather Raffo \|first1\=Curt \|last1\=Holman \|work\=\[\[Creative Loafing (Atlanta)\|Creative Loafing]] \|location\=Atlanta \|date\=2007\-05\-09 \|accessdate\=2012\-06\-18 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201426/http://atlanta.creativeloafing.com/gyrobase/Content?oid\=oid%3A244510 \|archivedate\=2007\-09\-30 }} The play was made to raise awareness of the ongoing genocide in Darfur and help encourage activism. She wrote the [libretto](/wiki/Libretto "Libretto") for [Tobin Stokes](/wiki/Tobin_Stokes "Tobin Stokes")' [opera](/wiki/Opera "Opera") *Fallujah*, based on the [Second Battle of Fallujah](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah "Second Battle of Fallujah").{{cite web\|last\=Dowd \|first\=Vincent \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\-arts\-19283695 \|title\=Iraq war opera helps heal post\-conflict trauma \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|date\=2012\-08\-20 \|accessdate\=2013\-08\-01}} Her play *Noura* opened at [Playwrights Horizons](/wiki/Playwrights_Horizons "Playwrights Horizons") on December 10, 2018\.{{cite news \|last\=Clement \|first\=Olivia \|url\= http://www.playbill.com/article/heather\-raffos\-noura\-opens\-at\-playwrights\-horizons\-december\-10 \|title\=Heather Raffo's ''Noura'' Opens at Playwrights Horizons December 10 \|work\=\[\[Playbill]] \|date\=December 10, 2018 \|accessdate\=January 2, 2019}} She also wrote *Tomorrow Will Be Sunday: A New Theatrical Platform.* Raffo also took part in the *Seen Jeem* podcast.{{Cite web \|title\=Episode 5: Heather Raffo \|url\=https://seenjeempodcast.org/season\-two\-episodes/heather \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-21 \|website\=Seen Jeem \|language\=en\-US}} She was interviewed by Pauline Homsi Vinson and explained her plays.
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Early life", "Her father is Iraqi, born in Mosul but lived in Baghdad. He was a civil engineer and her mother is [American](/wiki/Americans \"Americans\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://news.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id\\=798982003 \\|title\\=Looking for Layla \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Scotsman]] \\|date\\=2003\\-07\\-24 \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-06\\-18}} Heather is Chaldean on her father's side and Roman Catholic on her mother's side. She grew up in [Okemos, Michigan](/wiki/Okemos%2C_Michigan \"Okemos, Michigan\").Montoya, Maria C. and David Cuthbert. \"[Theater Guy: Loyola stages Heather Raffo's nine\\-character monologue play](http://blog.nola.com/davidcuthbert/2008/02/theater_guy_loyola_stages_heat.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140855/http://blog.nola.com/davidcuthbert/2008/02/theater\\_guy\\_loyola\\_stages\\_heat.html \\|date\\=2014\\-04\\-13 }}.\" *[The Times\\-Picayune](/wiki/The_Times-Picayune \"The Times-Picayune\")*. February 23, 2008\\. Retrieved on April 13, 2014\\. but lived in New York City{{Citation \\|title\\=New York City \\|date\\=2023\\-03\\-21 \\|url\\=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title\\=New\\_York\\_City\\&oldid\\=1145798802 \\|work\\=Wikipedia \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-21 \\|language\\=en}} for thirty years. Heather holds a [BA](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts \"Bachelor of Arts\") from the [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan \"University of Michigan\") where she studied Literature and Theater, and graduated Magna Cum Laude in Literature. A [MFA](/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts \"Master of Fine Arts\") from the [University of San Diego](/wiki/University_of_San_Diego \"University of San Diego\") and also studied at the [Royal Academy of Dramatic Art](/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art \"Royal Academy of Dramatic Art\") in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"). Having been born in the United States, she and her family initially visited Iraq in 1974 when she was four years old, 1993 as a little girl, and again in 2013\\. She also visited Iraqi family in Damascus and Dubai in 2006\\. She had flown in and her family drove since it was not safe to travel into Iraq at the time.", "Raffo credits [Ntozake Shange](/wiki/Ntozake_Shange \"Ntozake Shange\") as her most significant artistic influence and has noted her as an inspiration to writing her own work after reading *[For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf](/wiki/For_Colored_Girls_Who_Have_Considered_Suicide_When_the_Rainbow_Is_Enuf \"For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf\")*.", "### Career", "[thumb\\|*[9 Parts of Desire](/wiki/Nine_Parts_of_Desire_%28play%29 \"Nine Parts of Desire (play)\")*: poster from the [Manhattan Ensemble Theatre](/wiki/Manhattan_Ensemble_Theatre \"Manhattan Ensemble Theatre\") production, 2005](/wiki/File:Nine_Parts_Poster_%28Fishelson%29.jpg \"Nine Parts Poster (Fishelson).jpg\")", "Heather Raffo is most famous for her notable role in the one\\-woman play *[9 Parts of Desire](/wiki/9_Parts_of_Desire_%28play%29 \"9 Parts of Desire (play)\")*. The play focuses on the lives of women in her father's homeland, and was originally conceived in 1993 after a visit to her Iraqi relatives. It was also inspired by Raffo's trip to the Saddam Art Centre in [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad \"Baghdad\") where she saw only billboard sized portraits of [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein \"Saddam Hussein\"). Later, in a back room, she saw a painting of a nude woman clinging to a barren tree. She took a photo of the painting, returned to America and devised a way of replicating the painting into a play. A decade later she completed the play, which features monologues by nine highly distinct Iraqi women, all played by herself.", "When asked about *9 Parts of Desire*, she comments \n> *\"I'd love to hear an American say, 'That Bedouin woman is just like my aunt.' But at the same time, I want American audiences to walk out a little confused, not able to say, 'Oh, I get it,' but rather to understand how difficult it is to grasp the psyche of people who have lived under Saddam for 30 years with American support, then had a war with Iran, resulting in 1\\.5 million deaths, followed by 13 years of sanctions and two wars under American firepower.\"*", "", "The response to the play drew much media attention to Heather, as she has given numerous public appearances and interviews on American television shows. She has also spoken to the [National Press Club](/wiki/National_Press_Club_%28USA%29 \"National Press Club (USA)\"), as well as featuring in *[O: The Oprah Magazine](/wiki/O:The_Oprah_Magazine \"The Oprah Magazine\")* as part of her \"Aha Moment\". With such major success in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\"), [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") and [Washington DC](/wiki/Washington_DC \"Washington DC\"), *9 Parts of Desire* is currently being translated for international productions in [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\") and [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"). On July 18, 2008, she recreated some of her monologues from \"9 Parts of Desire\" at the New York Open Center[opencenter.org](http://www.opencenter.org){{failed verification\\|date\\=January 2014}}{{update\\|date\\=July 2012}} and shared what she has learned from what John Lahr in *[The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")* called \"an example of how art can remake the world.\" In May 2013, *9 Parts of Desire* was performed for the first time in Iraq by students from [The American University of Iraq – Sulaimani](/wiki/The_American_University_of_Iraq_%E2%80%93_Sulaimani \"The American University of Iraq – Sulaimani\"), with Heather in the audience.{{cite web\\|title\\=AUIS to Host International Festival: The Art of Social Justice\\|url\\=http://auis.edu.iq/sojustpr\\|publisher\\=The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani\\|accessdate\\=29 April 2013}}", "Heather has also been approached by International press about doing stories on her show, but she refused as she did not want to draw attention to her family in Iraq, as it could lead to dangerous circumstances.{{cite news \\|title\\=Heather \"9 Parts\" Raffo \\|publisher\\=findarticles.com \\|url\\=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\\_qn4176/is\\_20060120/ai\\_n16025405 \\|accessdate\\=2007\\-08\\-27}} {{Dead link\\|date\\=September 2010\\|bot\\=RjwilmsiBot}}", "Heather is also one of the six participating writers for the play *[The Middle East, In Pieces](/wiki/The_Middle_East%2C_In_Pieces \"The Middle East, In Pieces\")*, a play which displays the current developments in the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\") and addresses the conflicts in [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\"), [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") and [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\").", "Her other acting credits include, playing Sarah Woodruff in the world premiere of *[The French Lieutenant's Woman](/wiki/The_French_Lieutenant%27s_Woman \"The French Lieutenant's Woman\")* performed at the [Fulton Opera House](/wiki/Fulton_Opera_House \"Fulton Opera House\"). The off\\-Broadway, *[Over the River and Through the Woods](/wiki/Over_the_River_and_Through_the_Woods_%28play%29 \"Over the River and Through the Woods (play)\")*, the off Broadway/National Tour of *[Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth \"Macbeth\")* where she played [Lady Macbeth](/wiki/Lady_Macbeth \"Lady Macbeth\"), *[The Merry Wives of Windsor](/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor \"The Merry Wives of Windsor\")* as [Mistress Page](/wiki/Mistress_Page \"Mistress Page\") and *[The Rivals](/wiki/The_Rivals \"The Rivals\")* all with [The Acting Company](/wiki/The_Acting_Company \"The Acting Company\"). Regionally in theatre productions of the following, *[Othello](/wiki/Othello \"Othello\")*, *[Romeo and Juliet](/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet \"Romeo and Juliet\")*, *[As You Like It](/wiki/As_You_Like_It \"As You Like It\")*, *[Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth \"Macbeth\")*, and *[The Comedy of Errors](/wiki/The_Comedy_of_Errors \"The Comedy of Errors\")* all with The Old Globe Theatre in San Diego.", "She has performed her plays at Off Broadway in New York, Off West\\-End in London, at the Kennedy Center, at the U.S.\\-Islamic World Forum and at dozens of large performance venues nationally as well as hundreds of universities across the country.  They have been performed in nearly every regional theater market in the United States. (Just some of the most famous are: Playwrights Horizons in New York, Arena Stage, Shakespeare Theater, Kennedy Center, The Guthrie, Seattle Re, Berkley Rep, The Old Globe).  9 Parts of Desire was the 5th most produced play across the country according to American Theater Magazine in one season.", "*9 Parts of Desire* has had international productions in Brazil, Greece, Hungary, Turkey, Iraq, Sweden, Malta, India, UK, Scotland, Canada.", "*Noura* has been performed in Cairo, Abu Dhabi and in major theaters cross the U.S., Playwrights Horizons Off Broadway, Shakespeare Theater in D.C., The Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, The Old Globe in San Diego, Marin Theater in California and Detroit Public Theater.", "She has performed in the play *[In Darfur](/wiki/In_Darfur \"In Darfur\")* by Winter Miller at New Yorks Public Theatre, revealing the depth of the crisis in [Darfur](/wiki/Darfur \"Darfur\"), [Sudan](/wiki/Sudan \"Sudan\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://atlanta.creativeloafing.com/gyrobase/Content?oid\\=oid%3A244510 \\|title\\=Heather Raffo \\|first1\\=Curt \\|last1\\=Holman \\|work\\=\\[\\[Creative Loafing (Atlanta)\\|Creative Loafing]] \\|location\\=Atlanta \\|date\\=2007\\-05\\-09 \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-06\\-18 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201426/http://atlanta.creativeloafing.com/gyrobase/Content?oid\\=oid%3A244510 \\|archivedate\\=2007\\-09\\-30 }} The play was made to raise awareness of the ongoing genocide in Darfur and help encourage activism.", "She wrote the [libretto](/wiki/Libretto \"Libretto\") for [Tobin Stokes](/wiki/Tobin_Stokes \"Tobin Stokes\")' [opera](/wiki/Opera \"Opera\") *Fallujah*, based on the [Second Battle of Fallujah](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah \"Second Battle of Fallujah\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Dowd \\|first\\=Vincent \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\\-arts\\-19283695 \\|title\\=Iraq war opera helps heal post\\-conflict trauma \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|date\\=2012\\-08\\-20 \\|accessdate\\=2013\\-08\\-01}}", "Her play *Noura* opened at [Playwrights Horizons](/wiki/Playwrights_Horizons \"Playwrights Horizons\") on December 10, 2018\\.{{cite news \\|last\\=Clement \\|first\\=Olivia \\|url\\= http://www.playbill.com/article/heather\\-raffos\\-noura\\-opens\\-at\\-playwrights\\-horizons\\-december\\-10 \\|title\\=Heather Raffo's ''Noura'' Opens at Playwrights Horizons December 10 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Playbill]] \\|date\\=December 10, 2018 \\|accessdate\\=January 2, 2019}}", "She also wrote *Tomorrow Will Be Sunday: A New Theatrical Platform.*", "Raffo also took part in the *Seen Jeem* podcast.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Episode 5: Heather Raffo \\|url\\=https://seenjeempodcast.org/season\\-two\\-episodes/heather \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-21 \\|website\\=Seen Jeem \\|language\\=en\\-US}} She was interviewed by Pauline Homsi Vinson and explained her plays.", "" ]
### Career [thumb\|*[9 Parts of Desire](/wiki/Nine_Parts_of_Desire_%28play%29 "Nine Parts of Desire (play)")*: poster from the [Manhattan Ensemble Theatre](/wiki/Manhattan_Ensemble_Theatre "Manhattan Ensemble Theatre") production, 2005](/wiki/File:Nine_Parts_Poster_%28Fishelson%29.jpg "Nine Parts Poster (Fishelson).jpg") Heather Raffo is most famous for her notable role in the one\-woman play *[9 Parts of Desire](/wiki/9_Parts_of_Desire_%28play%29 "9 Parts of Desire (play)")*. The play focuses on the lives of women in her father's homeland, and was originally conceived in 1993 after a visit to her Iraqi relatives. It was also inspired by Raffo's trip to the Saddam Art Centre in [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad") where she saw only billboard sized portraits of [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein "Saddam Hussein"). Later, in a back room, she saw a painting of a nude woman clinging to a barren tree. She took a photo of the painting, returned to America and devised a way of replicating the painting into a play. A decade later she completed the play, which features monologues by nine highly distinct Iraqi women, all played by herself. When asked about *9 Parts of Desire*, she comments > *"I'd love to hear an American say, 'That Bedouin woman is just like my aunt.' But at the same time, I want American audiences to walk out a little confused, not able to say, 'Oh, I get it,' but rather to understand how difficult it is to grasp the psyche of people who have lived under Saddam for 30 years with American support, then had a war with Iran, resulting in 1\.5 million deaths, followed by 13 years of sanctions and two wars under American firepower."* The response to the play drew much media attention to Heather, as she has given numerous public appearances and interviews on American television shows. She has also spoken to the [National Press Club](/wiki/National_Press_Club_%28USA%29 "National Press Club (USA)"), as well as featuring in *[O: The Oprah Magazine](/wiki/O:The_Oprah_Magazine "The Oprah Magazine")* as part of her "Aha Moment". With such major success in [London](/wiki/London "London"), [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle "Seattle"), [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia") and [Washington DC](/wiki/Washington_DC "Washington DC"), *9 Parts of Desire* is currently being translated for international productions in [France](/wiki/France "France"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") and [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"). On July 18, 2008, she recreated some of her monologues from "9 Parts of Desire" at the New York Open Center[opencenter.org](http://www.opencenter.org){{failed verification\|date\=January 2014}}{{update\|date\=July 2012}} and shared what she has learned from what John Lahr in *[The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker")* called "an example of how art can remake the world." In May 2013, *9 Parts of Desire* was performed for the first time in Iraq by students from [The American University of Iraq – Sulaimani](/wiki/The_American_University_of_Iraq_%E2%80%93_Sulaimani "The American University of Iraq – Sulaimani"), with Heather in the audience.{{cite web\|title\=AUIS to Host International Festival: The Art of Social Justice\|url\=http://auis.edu.iq/sojustpr\|publisher\=The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani\|accessdate\=29 April 2013}} Heather has also been approached by International press about doing stories on her show, but she refused as she did not want to draw attention to her family in Iraq, as it could lead to dangerous circumstances.{{cite news \|title\=Heather "9 Parts" Raffo \|publisher\=findarticles.com \|url\=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\_qn4176/is\_20060120/ai\_n16025405 \|accessdate\=2007\-08\-27}} {{Dead link\|date\=September 2010\|bot\=RjwilmsiBot}} Heather is also one of the six participating writers for the play *[The Middle East, In Pieces](/wiki/The_Middle_East%2C_In_Pieces "The Middle East, In Pieces")*, a play which displays the current developments in the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East") and addresses the conflicts in [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon"), [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel") and [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq"). Her other acting credits include, playing Sarah Woodruff in the world premiere of *[The French Lieutenant's Woman](/wiki/The_French_Lieutenant%27s_Woman "The French Lieutenant's Woman")* performed at the [Fulton Opera House](/wiki/Fulton_Opera_House "Fulton Opera House"). The off\-Broadway, *[Over the River and Through the Woods](/wiki/Over_the_River_and_Through_the_Woods_%28play%29 "Over the River and Through the Woods (play)")*, the off Broadway/National Tour of *[Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth "Macbeth")* where she played [Lady Macbeth](/wiki/Lady_Macbeth "Lady Macbeth"), *[The Merry Wives of Windsor](/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor "The Merry Wives of Windsor")* as [Mistress Page](/wiki/Mistress_Page "Mistress Page") and *[The Rivals](/wiki/The_Rivals "The Rivals")* all with [The Acting Company](/wiki/The_Acting_Company "The Acting Company"). Regionally in theatre productions of the following, *[Othello](/wiki/Othello "Othello")*, *[Romeo and Juliet](/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet "Romeo and Juliet")*, *[As You Like It](/wiki/As_You_Like_It "As You Like It")*, *[Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth "Macbeth")*, and *[The Comedy of Errors](/wiki/The_Comedy_of_Errors "The Comedy of Errors")* all with The Old Globe Theatre in San Diego. She has performed her plays at Off Broadway in New York, Off West\-End in London, at the Kennedy Center, at the U.S.\-Islamic World Forum and at dozens of large performance venues nationally as well as hundreds of universities across the country.  They have been performed in nearly every regional theater market in the United States. (Just some of the most famous are: Playwrights Horizons in New York, Arena Stage, Shakespeare Theater, Kennedy Center, The Guthrie, Seattle Re, Berkley Rep, The Old Globe).  9 Parts of Desire was the 5th most produced play across the country according to American Theater Magazine in one season. *9 Parts of Desire* has had international productions in Brazil, Greece, Hungary, Turkey, Iraq, Sweden, Malta, India, UK, Scotland, Canada. *Noura* has been performed in Cairo, Abu Dhabi and in major theaters cross the U.S., Playwrights Horizons Off Broadway, Shakespeare Theater in D.C., The Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, The Old Globe in San Diego, Marin Theater in California and Detroit Public Theater. She has performed in the play *[In Darfur](/wiki/In_Darfur "In Darfur")* by Winter Miller at New Yorks Public Theatre, revealing the depth of the crisis in [Darfur](/wiki/Darfur "Darfur"), [Sudan](/wiki/Sudan "Sudan").{{cite web\|url\=http://atlanta.creativeloafing.com/gyrobase/Content?oid\=oid%3A244510 \|title\=Heather Raffo \|first1\=Curt \|last1\=Holman \|work\=\[\[Creative Loafing (Atlanta)\|Creative Loafing]] \|location\=Atlanta \|date\=2007\-05\-09 \|accessdate\=2012\-06\-18 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201426/http://atlanta.creativeloafing.com/gyrobase/Content?oid\=oid%3A244510 \|archivedate\=2007\-09\-30 }} The play was made to raise awareness of the ongoing genocide in Darfur and help encourage activism. She wrote the [libretto](/wiki/Libretto "Libretto") for [Tobin Stokes](/wiki/Tobin_Stokes "Tobin Stokes")' [opera](/wiki/Opera "Opera") *Fallujah*, based on the [Second Battle of Fallujah](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah "Second Battle of Fallujah").{{cite web\|last\=Dowd \|first\=Vincent \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\-arts\-19283695 \|title\=Iraq war opera helps heal post\-conflict trauma \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|date\=2012\-08\-20 \|accessdate\=2013\-08\-01}} Her play *Noura* opened at [Playwrights Horizons](/wiki/Playwrights_Horizons "Playwrights Horizons") on December 10, 2018\.{{cite news \|last\=Clement \|first\=Olivia \|url\= http://www.playbill.com/article/heather\-raffos\-noura\-opens\-at\-playwrights\-horizons\-december\-10 \|title\=Heather Raffo's ''Noura'' Opens at Playwrights Horizons December 10 \|work\=\[\[Playbill]] \|date\=December 10, 2018 \|accessdate\=January 2, 2019}} She also wrote *Tomorrow Will Be Sunday: A New Theatrical Platform.* Raffo also took part in the *Seen Jeem* podcast.{{Cite web \|title\=Episode 5: Heather Raffo \|url\=https://seenjeempodcast.org/season\-two\-episodes/heather \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-21 \|website\=Seen Jeem \|language\=en\-US}} She was interviewed by Pauline Homsi Vinson and explained her plays.
[ "### Career", "[thumb\\|*[9 Parts of Desire](/wiki/Nine_Parts_of_Desire_%28play%29 \"Nine Parts of Desire (play)\")*: poster from the [Manhattan Ensemble Theatre](/wiki/Manhattan_Ensemble_Theatre \"Manhattan Ensemble Theatre\") production, 2005](/wiki/File:Nine_Parts_Poster_%28Fishelson%29.jpg \"Nine Parts Poster (Fishelson).jpg\")", "Heather Raffo is most famous for her notable role in the one\\-woman play *[9 Parts of Desire](/wiki/9_Parts_of_Desire_%28play%29 \"9 Parts of Desire (play)\")*. The play focuses on the lives of women in her father's homeland, and was originally conceived in 1993 after a visit to her Iraqi relatives. It was also inspired by Raffo's trip to the Saddam Art Centre in [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad \"Baghdad\") where she saw only billboard sized portraits of [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein \"Saddam Hussein\"). Later, in a back room, she saw a painting of a nude woman clinging to a barren tree. She took a photo of the painting, returned to America and devised a way of replicating the painting into a play. A decade later she completed the play, which features monologues by nine highly distinct Iraqi women, all played by herself.", "When asked about *9 Parts of Desire*, she comments \n> *\"I'd love to hear an American say, 'That Bedouin woman is just like my aunt.' But at the same time, I want American audiences to walk out a little confused, not able to say, 'Oh, I get it,' but rather to understand how difficult it is to grasp the psyche of people who have lived under Saddam for 30 years with American support, then had a war with Iran, resulting in 1\\.5 million deaths, followed by 13 years of sanctions and two wars under American firepower.\"*", "", "The response to the play drew much media attention to Heather, as she has given numerous public appearances and interviews on American television shows. She has also spoken to the [National Press Club](/wiki/National_Press_Club_%28USA%29 \"National Press Club (USA)\"), as well as featuring in *[O: The Oprah Magazine](/wiki/O:The_Oprah_Magazine \"The Oprah Magazine\")* as part of her \"Aha Moment\". With such major success in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\"), [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") and [Washington DC](/wiki/Washington_DC \"Washington DC\"), *9 Parts of Desire* is currently being translated for international productions in [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\") and [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"). On July 18, 2008, she recreated some of her monologues from \"9 Parts of Desire\" at the New York Open Center[opencenter.org](http://www.opencenter.org){{failed verification\\|date\\=January 2014}}{{update\\|date\\=July 2012}} and shared what she has learned from what John Lahr in *[The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")* called \"an example of how art can remake the world.\" In May 2013, *9 Parts of Desire* was performed for the first time in Iraq by students from [The American University of Iraq – Sulaimani](/wiki/The_American_University_of_Iraq_%E2%80%93_Sulaimani \"The American University of Iraq – Sulaimani\"), with Heather in the audience.{{cite web\\|title\\=AUIS to Host International Festival: The Art of Social Justice\\|url\\=http://auis.edu.iq/sojustpr\\|publisher\\=The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani\\|accessdate\\=29 April 2013}}", "Heather has also been approached by International press about doing stories on her show, but she refused as she did not want to draw attention to her family in Iraq, as it could lead to dangerous circumstances.{{cite news \\|title\\=Heather \"9 Parts\" Raffo \\|publisher\\=findarticles.com \\|url\\=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\\_qn4176/is\\_20060120/ai\\_n16025405 \\|accessdate\\=2007\\-08\\-27}} {{Dead link\\|date\\=September 2010\\|bot\\=RjwilmsiBot}}", "Heather is also one of the six participating writers for the play *[The Middle East, In Pieces](/wiki/The_Middle_East%2C_In_Pieces \"The Middle East, In Pieces\")*, a play which displays the current developments in the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\") and addresses the conflicts in [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\"), [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") and [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\").", "Her other acting credits include, playing Sarah Woodruff in the world premiere of *[The French Lieutenant's Woman](/wiki/The_French_Lieutenant%27s_Woman \"The French Lieutenant's Woman\")* performed at the [Fulton Opera House](/wiki/Fulton_Opera_House \"Fulton Opera House\"). The off\\-Broadway, *[Over the River and Through the Woods](/wiki/Over_the_River_and_Through_the_Woods_%28play%29 \"Over the River and Through the Woods (play)\")*, the off Broadway/National Tour of *[Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth \"Macbeth\")* where she played [Lady Macbeth](/wiki/Lady_Macbeth \"Lady Macbeth\"), *[The Merry Wives of Windsor](/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor \"The Merry Wives of Windsor\")* as [Mistress Page](/wiki/Mistress_Page \"Mistress Page\") and *[The Rivals](/wiki/The_Rivals \"The Rivals\")* all with [The Acting Company](/wiki/The_Acting_Company \"The Acting Company\"). Regionally in theatre productions of the following, *[Othello](/wiki/Othello \"Othello\")*, *[Romeo and Juliet](/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet \"Romeo and Juliet\")*, *[As You Like It](/wiki/As_You_Like_It \"As You Like It\")*, *[Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth \"Macbeth\")*, and *[The Comedy of Errors](/wiki/The_Comedy_of_Errors \"The Comedy of Errors\")* all with The Old Globe Theatre in San Diego.", "She has performed her plays at Off Broadway in New York, Off West\\-End in London, at the Kennedy Center, at the U.S.\\-Islamic World Forum and at dozens of large performance venues nationally as well as hundreds of universities across the country.  They have been performed in nearly every regional theater market in the United States. (Just some of the most famous are: Playwrights Horizons in New York, Arena Stage, Shakespeare Theater, Kennedy Center, The Guthrie, Seattle Re, Berkley Rep, The Old Globe).  9 Parts of Desire was the 5th most produced play across the country according to American Theater Magazine in one season.", "*9 Parts of Desire* has had international productions in Brazil, Greece, Hungary, Turkey, Iraq, Sweden, Malta, India, UK, Scotland, Canada.", "*Noura* has been performed in Cairo, Abu Dhabi and in major theaters cross the U.S., Playwrights Horizons Off Broadway, Shakespeare Theater in D.C., The Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, The Old Globe in San Diego, Marin Theater in California and Detroit Public Theater.", "She has performed in the play *[In Darfur](/wiki/In_Darfur \"In Darfur\")* by Winter Miller at New Yorks Public Theatre, revealing the depth of the crisis in [Darfur](/wiki/Darfur \"Darfur\"), [Sudan](/wiki/Sudan \"Sudan\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://atlanta.creativeloafing.com/gyrobase/Content?oid\\=oid%3A244510 \\|title\\=Heather Raffo \\|first1\\=Curt \\|last1\\=Holman \\|work\\=\\[\\[Creative Loafing (Atlanta)\\|Creative Loafing]] \\|location\\=Atlanta \\|date\\=2007\\-05\\-09 \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-06\\-18 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201426/http://atlanta.creativeloafing.com/gyrobase/Content?oid\\=oid%3A244510 \\|archivedate\\=2007\\-09\\-30 }} The play was made to raise awareness of the ongoing genocide in Darfur and help encourage activism.", "She wrote the [libretto](/wiki/Libretto \"Libretto\") for [Tobin Stokes](/wiki/Tobin_Stokes \"Tobin Stokes\")' [opera](/wiki/Opera \"Opera\") *Fallujah*, based on the [Second Battle of Fallujah](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah \"Second Battle of Fallujah\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Dowd \\|first\\=Vincent \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\\-arts\\-19283695 \\|title\\=Iraq war opera helps heal post\\-conflict trauma \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|date\\=2012\\-08\\-20 \\|accessdate\\=2013\\-08\\-01}}", "Her play *Noura* opened at [Playwrights Horizons](/wiki/Playwrights_Horizons \"Playwrights Horizons\") on December 10, 2018\\.{{cite news \\|last\\=Clement \\|first\\=Olivia \\|url\\= http://www.playbill.com/article/heather\\-raffos\\-noura\\-opens\\-at\\-playwrights\\-horizons\\-december\\-10 \\|title\\=Heather Raffo's ''Noura'' Opens at Playwrights Horizons December 10 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Playbill]] \\|date\\=December 10, 2018 \\|accessdate\\=January 2, 2019}}", "She also wrote *Tomorrow Will Be Sunday: A New Theatrical Platform.*", "Raffo also took part in the *Seen Jeem* podcast.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Episode 5: Heather Raffo \\|url\\=https://seenjeempodcast.org/season\\-two\\-episodes/heather \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-21 \\|website\\=Seen Jeem \\|language\\=en\\-US}} She was interviewed by Pauline Homsi Vinson and explained her plays.", "" ]
20th century ------------ ### 1900–1939 In 1911 the ruling Christian\-based political parties enacted "article 248bis" that raised the age of consent for homosexuality to 21, while the age of consent for heterosexuality remained at 16\. Along with the unequal age of consent were various laws against "[public indecency](/wiki/Public_indecency "Public indecency")" that were often used against gay men. In response to this new law, a Dutch chapter of the German [Scientific Humanitarian Committee](/wiki/Scientific_Humanitarian_Committee "Scientific Humanitarian Committee") was organized under the leadership of {{Interlanguage link\|Jacob Schorer\|nl}}. The organization was made independent and named *Nederlandsch Wetenschappelijk Humanitair Komitee* (NWHK) in 1919\. [thumb\|Café 't Mandje at Zeedijk in Amsterdam](/wiki/File:Caf%C3%A9_%E2%80%98t_Mandje.jpg "Café ‘t Mandje.jpg") In [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam"), the first [gay bars](/wiki/Gay_bar "Gay bar") were established during this period. The best known was The Empire, which was first mentioned in 1911 and existed until the late 1930s. From here, the first gay magazine, called *Wij* ("We"), was published in 1932\.Pieter Koenders, *Tussen christelijk réveil en seksuele revolutie \- Bestrijding van zedeloosheid in Nederland*, Amsterdam 1996, p. 704\-706 The oldest place that still exists is [Café 't Mandje](/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_%27t_Mandje "Café 't Mandje"), which was opened in 1927 by lesbian [Bet van Beeren](/wiki/Bet_van_Beeren "Bet van Beeren").[Gert Hekma](/wiki/Gert_Hekma "Gert Hekma") (Gay Studies University of Amsterdam), [The Amsterdam Bar Culture And Changing Gay/Lesbian Identities](https://web.archive.org/web/20050306020448/http://www2.fmg.uva.nl/gl/gaybar.html) Another early gay bar was Du Merlo, which was established in 1928\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www2\.fmg.uva.nl/gl/gaybar.html \|title\=The Amsterdam Bar Culture And Changing Gay/Lesbian Identities \|author\=Gert Hekma \|author\-link\=Gert Hekma \|publisher\=Gay Studies Department, University of Amsterdam \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306020448/http://www2\.fmg.uva.nl/gl/gaybar.html \|archivedate\=March 6, 2005 }} ### 1940–1969 The NWHK was shut down by the German Nazis during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), and the German law that prohibited homosexuality, [Paragraph 175](/wiki/Paragraph_175 "Paragraph 175") was introduced into Dutch law. The Dutch [LGBT](/wiki/LGBT "LGBT") rights movement was revived in 1945 when the [Center for Culture and Recreation](/wiki/COC_Nederland "COC Nederland"), short COC, was created in [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague "The Hague") by {{Interlanguage link\|Niek Engelschman\|nl\|3\=Nico Engelschman}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://myweb.lsbu.ac.uk/\~stafflag/dutchmove.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718015807/http://myweb.lsbu.ac.uk/\~stafflag/dutchmove.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 18, 2006\|title\=Knitting Circle Lesbian and Gay Movement in the Netherlands\|date\=July 18, 2006\|accessdate\=August 13, 2019}} which published the magazine *Levensrecht* ("Right To Live"). [thumb\|LGBT people demonstrating against art. 248bis in The Hague, 1969](/wiki/File:Demonstratie_op_het_Binnenhof_in_Den_Haag_tegen_wetsartikelen_over_homofilie_con%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-0290.jpg "Demonstratie op het Binnenhof in Den Haag tegen wetsartikelen over homofilie con, Bestanddeelnr 922-0290.jpg") In the late 1940s into the 1960s several Dutch [psychiatrists](/wiki/Psychiatrist "Psychiatrist") and clergy began to see homosexuality as a minor mental illness. During the [sexual revolution](/wiki/Sexual_revolution "Sexual revolution") of the 1960s, this more open\-minded point of view resulted in a less repressive attitude towards homosexuality and the legalization of [adultery](/wiki/Adultery "Adultery"), [abortion](/wiki/Abortion "Abortion"), and [pornography](/wiki/Pornography "Pornography"). [Prostitution](/wiki/Prostitution "Prostitution") was legalized in 1993\. In [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam"), the city government acted rather pragmatic and tolerated the existence of gay bars. In 1952 even a gay dancing hall, called {{ill\|D.O.K.\|nl\|DOK (discotheek)}} (*De Odeon Kelder*), was opened, followed in 1955 by the somewhat more decent dancing hall of gay rights organisation [COC](/wiki/COC_Nederland "COC Nederland"), called De Schakel. They both existed for over 30 years, attracted gay men from all over the world and making Amsterdam the Gay Capital of that time. In the 1960s, the number of gay bars grew rapidly and they clustered in and around a number of streets, although this was limited to bars, clubs and shops and they never became residential areas for gays, like the [gay villages](/wiki/Gay_village "Gay village") in the US. Since the late 1950s the main Amsterdam gay street was {{ill\|Kerkstraat\|nl\|Kerkstraat (Amsterdam)}}. Other streets in which there came a concentration of gay bars are [Zeedijk](/wiki/Zeedijk "Zeedijk"), Amstel and [Warmoesstraat](/wiki/Warmoesstraat "Warmoesstraat"), the latter being the center of the Amsterdam [leather scene](/wiki/Leather_scene "Leather scene"), where the first leather bar already opened around 1955\.About the history of the Amsterdam [Leather Scene](http://www.leatherhistory.eu/) ### 1970–1999 In 1971, Article 248bis was repealed and in 1973 Dutch mental health institutions stopped treating homosexuality as an illness and the military lifted its ban on homosexuals. More Dutch LGBT people started to "come out", gay publications such as "Gay Krant" started to be published and the [liberal](/wiki/Liberalism "Liberalism") and [left\-wing](/wiki/Left-wing "Left-wing") Dutch political parties started to support LGBT rights as part of an overall support of social [tolerance](/wiki/Toleration "Toleration") and [liberalism](/wiki/Liberalism "Liberalism"). In the early 1980s, {{ill\|Reguliersdwarsstraat\|nl}} succeeded Kerkstraat as the main Amsterdam gay street. In Reguliersdwarsstraat two of the first openly gay places opened: lunchroom Downtown, followed by the famous cafe April in 1981\. Street parties were organized in which gay and straight people partied together and the gay scene became trendsetting for Dutch night life. Gay club iT in Amstelstraat became world\-famous for its extravagant parties.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.reguliers.net/history.php\|title\=History of Reguliersdwarsstraat in Amsterdam \< Reguliers.net\|website\=www.reguliers.net\|accessdate\=August 13, 2019}} Around 1983, the [AIDS](/wiki/AIDS "AIDS") pandemic reached Amsterdam too, which prompted most Dutch gay men to change their sexual habits to practice [safe sex](/wiki/Safe_sex "Safe sex"), and eventually comprehensive [sexual education](/wiki/Sexual_education "Sexual education") was introduced into the public schools that resulted in a low rate of infection.{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2009}} [thumb\|The Homomonument in Amsterdam, consisting of three [pink triangles](/wiki/Pink_triangle "Pink triangle")](/wiki/File:Homomonumentwestermarkt.jpg "Homomonumentwestermarkt.jpg") In 1987, the world's first gay memorial in public space, the [Homomonument](/wiki/Homomonument "Homomonument"), was opened in the centre of Amsterdam. It commemorates all gay men and lesbians who have been subjected to persecution because of their homosexuality. In 1993 the Dutch parliament enacted the "Equal Rights Law", which included [sexual orientation](/wiki/Sexual_orientation "Sexual orientation") as a category legally protected against discrimination, for example in employment, housing, and the provision of both public and private goods and services. However, a leaked report in 2005 stated that religious schools, most of which are financed by the government, can exclude teachers if their behaviour outside of school goes against the ethos of the school, and a teacher was suspended in April 2005 solely for being in a same\-sex relationship.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005\-12817\.html \|title\=Leaked Dutch report says schools can ban gay teachers \|access\-date\=2011\-06\-30 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814031815/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005\-12817\.html \|archive\-date\=2009\-08\-14 \|url\-status\=dead \|work\=PinkNews}} In 1998 the Dutch parliament granted same\-sex couples [domestic partnership](/wiki/Domestic_partnership "Domestic partnership") benefits. To celebrate freedom and diversity, the [Amsterdam Gay Pride](/wiki/Amsterdam_Gay_Pride "Amsterdam Gay Pride") was established in 1996, which became famous for the Canal Parade of boats. Two years later, this parade was the start of the 1998 edition of the [Gay Games](/wiki/Gay_Games "Gay Games"), which was the by then largest gay event ever held in the Netherlands.
[ "20th century\n------------", "### 1900–1939", "In 1911 the ruling Christian\\-based political parties enacted \"article 248bis\" that raised the age of consent for homosexuality to 21, while the age of consent for heterosexuality remained at 16\\. Along with the unequal age of consent were various laws against \"[public indecency](/wiki/Public_indecency \"Public indecency\")\" that were often used against gay men. In response to this new law, a Dutch chapter of the German [Scientific Humanitarian Committee](/wiki/Scientific_Humanitarian_Committee \"Scientific Humanitarian Committee\") was organized under the leadership of {{Interlanguage link\\|Jacob Schorer\\|nl}}. The organization was made independent and named *Nederlandsch Wetenschappelijk Humanitair Komitee* (NWHK) in 1919\\.", "[thumb\\|Café 't Mandje at Zeedijk in Amsterdam](/wiki/File:Caf%C3%A9_%E2%80%98t_Mandje.jpg \"Café ‘t Mandje.jpg\")\nIn [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\"), the first [gay bars](/wiki/Gay_bar \"Gay bar\") were established during this period. The best known was The Empire, which was first mentioned in 1911 and existed until the late 1930s. From here, the first gay magazine, called *Wij* (\"We\"), was published in 1932\\.Pieter Koenders, *Tussen christelijk réveil en seksuele revolutie \\- Bestrijding van zedeloosheid in Nederland*, Amsterdam 1996, p. 704\\-706 The oldest place that still exists is [Café 't Mandje](/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_%27t_Mandje \"Café 't Mandje\"), which was opened in 1927 by lesbian [Bet van Beeren](/wiki/Bet_van_Beeren \"Bet van Beeren\").[Gert Hekma](/wiki/Gert_Hekma \"Gert Hekma\") (Gay Studies University of Amsterdam), [The Amsterdam Bar Culture And Changing Gay/Lesbian Identities](https://web.archive.org/web/20050306020448/http://www2.fmg.uva.nl/gl/gaybar.html) Another early gay bar was Du Merlo, which was established in 1928\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www2\\.fmg.uva.nl/gl/gaybar.html \\|title\\=The Amsterdam Bar Culture And Changing Gay/Lesbian Identities \\|author\\=Gert Hekma \\|author\\-link\\=Gert Hekma \\|publisher\\=Gay Studies Department, University of Amsterdam \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306020448/http://www2\\.fmg.uva.nl/gl/gaybar.html \\|archivedate\\=March 6, 2005 }}", "### 1940–1969", "The NWHK was shut down by the German Nazis during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), and the German law that prohibited homosexuality, [Paragraph 175](/wiki/Paragraph_175 \"Paragraph 175\") was introduced into Dutch law. The Dutch [LGBT](/wiki/LGBT \"LGBT\") rights movement was revived in 1945 when the [Center for Culture and Recreation](/wiki/COC_Nederland \"COC Nederland\"), short COC, was created in [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague \"The Hague\") by {{Interlanguage link\\|Niek Engelschman\\|nl\\|3\\=Nico Engelschman}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://myweb.lsbu.ac.uk/\\~stafflag/dutchmove.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718015807/http://myweb.lsbu.ac.uk/\\~stafflag/dutchmove.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2006\\|title\\=Knitting Circle Lesbian and Gay Movement in the Netherlands\\|date\\=July 18, 2006\\|accessdate\\=August 13, 2019}} which published the magazine *Levensrecht* (\"Right To Live\").", "[thumb\\|LGBT people demonstrating against art. 248bis in The Hague, 1969](/wiki/File:Demonstratie_op_het_Binnenhof_in_Den_Haag_tegen_wetsartikelen_over_homofilie_con%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-0290.jpg \"Demonstratie op het Binnenhof in Den Haag tegen wetsartikelen over homofilie con, Bestanddeelnr 922-0290.jpg\")\nIn the late 1940s into the 1960s several Dutch [psychiatrists](/wiki/Psychiatrist \"Psychiatrist\") and clergy began to see homosexuality as a minor mental illness. During the [sexual revolution](/wiki/Sexual_revolution \"Sexual revolution\") of the 1960s, this more open\\-minded point of view resulted in a less repressive attitude towards homosexuality and the legalization of [adultery](/wiki/Adultery \"Adultery\"), [abortion](/wiki/Abortion \"Abortion\"), and [pornography](/wiki/Pornography \"Pornography\"). [Prostitution](/wiki/Prostitution \"Prostitution\") was legalized in 1993\\.", "In [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\"), the city government acted rather pragmatic and tolerated the existence of gay bars. In 1952 even a gay dancing hall, called {{ill\\|D.O.K.\\|nl\\|DOK (discotheek)}} (*De Odeon Kelder*), was opened, followed in 1955 by the somewhat more decent dancing hall of gay rights organisation [COC](/wiki/COC_Nederland \"COC Nederland\"), called De Schakel. They both existed for over 30 years, attracted gay men from all over the world and making Amsterdam the Gay Capital of that time.", "In the 1960s, the number of gay bars grew rapidly and they clustered in and around a number of streets, although this was limited to bars, clubs and shops and they never became residential areas for gays, like the [gay villages](/wiki/Gay_village \"Gay village\") in the US. Since the late 1950s the main Amsterdam gay street was {{ill\\|Kerkstraat\\|nl\\|Kerkstraat (Amsterdam)}}. Other streets in which there came a concentration of gay bars are [Zeedijk](/wiki/Zeedijk \"Zeedijk\"), Amstel and [Warmoesstraat](/wiki/Warmoesstraat \"Warmoesstraat\"), the latter being the center of the Amsterdam [leather scene](/wiki/Leather_scene \"Leather scene\"), where the first leather bar already opened around 1955\\.About the history of the Amsterdam [Leather Scene](http://www.leatherhistory.eu/)", "### 1970–1999", "In 1971, Article 248bis was repealed and in 1973 Dutch mental health institutions stopped treating homosexuality as an illness and the military lifted its ban on homosexuals. More Dutch LGBT people started to \"come out\", gay publications such as \"Gay Krant\" started to be published and the [liberal](/wiki/Liberalism \"Liberalism\") and [left\\-wing](/wiki/Left-wing \"Left-wing\") Dutch political parties started to support LGBT rights as part of an overall support of social [tolerance](/wiki/Toleration \"Toleration\") and [liberalism](/wiki/Liberalism \"Liberalism\").", "In the early 1980s, {{ill\\|Reguliersdwarsstraat\\|nl}} succeeded Kerkstraat as the main Amsterdam gay street. In Reguliersdwarsstraat two of the first openly gay places opened: lunchroom Downtown, followed by the famous cafe April in 1981\\. Street parties were organized in which gay and straight people partied together and the gay scene became trendsetting for Dutch night life. Gay club iT in Amstelstraat became world\\-famous for its extravagant parties.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.reguliers.net/history.php\\|title\\=History of Reguliersdwarsstraat in Amsterdam \\< Reguliers.net\\|website\\=www.reguliers.net\\|accessdate\\=August 13, 2019}}", "Around 1983, the [AIDS](/wiki/AIDS \"AIDS\") pandemic reached Amsterdam too, which prompted most Dutch gay men to change their sexual habits to practice [safe sex](/wiki/Safe_sex \"Safe sex\"), and eventually comprehensive [sexual education](/wiki/Sexual_education \"Sexual education\") was introduced into the public schools that resulted in a low rate of infection.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2009}}", "[thumb\\|The Homomonument in Amsterdam, consisting of three [pink triangles](/wiki/Pink_triangle \"Pink triangle\")](/wiki/File:Homomonumentwestermarkt.jpg \"Homomonumentwestermarkt.jpg\")\nIn 1987, the world's first gay memorial in public space, the [Homomonument](/wiki/Homomonument \"Homomonument\"), was opened in the centre of Amsterdam. It commemorates all gay men and lesbians who have been subjected to persecution because of their homosexuality.", "In 1993 the Dutch parliament enacted the \"Equal Rights Law\", which included [sexual orientation](/wiki/Sexual_orientation \"Sexual orientation\") as a category legally protected against discrimination, for example in employment, housing, and the provision of both public and private goods and services. However, a leaked report in 2005 stated that religious schools, most of which are financed by the government, can exclude teachers if their behaviour outside of school goes against the ethos of the school, and a teacher was suspended in April 2005 solely for being in a same\\-sex relationship.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005\\-12817\\.html \\|title\\=Leaked Dutch report says schools can ban gay teachers \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-30 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814031815/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005\\-12817\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-14 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|work\\=PinkNews}} In 1998 the Dutch parliament granted same\\-sex couples [domestic partnership](/wiki/Domestic_partnership \"Domestic partnership\") benefits.", "To celebrate freedom and diversity, the [Amsterdam Gay Pride](/wiki/Amsterdam_Gay_Pride \"Amsterdam Gay Pride\") was established in 1996, which became famous for the Canal Parade of boats. Two years later, this parade was the start of the 1998 edition of the [Gay Games](/wiki/Gay_Games \"Gay Games\"), which was the by then largest gay event ever held in the Netherlands.", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Early life Sherman was born and raised a [Jew](/wiki/Judaism "Judaism").{{cite news \| last1\=Briscoe \| first1\=Tony \| last2\=Sobol \| first2\=Rosemary Regina \| last3\=McCoppin \| first3\=Robert \| title\=Noted Atheist Rob Sherman Dies in Plane Crash: 'He Was Dedicated to His Causes' \| url\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct\-rob\-sherman\-plane\-crash\-met\-20161212\-story.html \| date\=December 13, 2016 \| newspaper\=\[\[Chicago Tribune]] \| access\-date\=December 13, 2016}} He stated that he was an atheist since age 9, and that "it became a big deal" when he was 13\.{{cite news \| last1\=O'Donnell \| first1\=Maureen \| last2\=Owen \| first2\=Jordan \| title\=Atheist Activist, Green Candidate Rob Sherman Dies in Plane Crash \| url\=http://chicago.suntimes.com/news/marengo\-plane\-crash\-victim\-identified\-as\-robert\-sherman/ \| date\=December 12, 2016 \| newspaper\=\[\[Chicago Sun\-Times]] \| access\-date\=December 13, 2016}} He spent his adolescence in [Highland Park](/wiki/Highland_Park%2C_Illinois "Highland Park, Illinois"), and according to a candidate questionnaire, he attended [National Louis University](/wiki/National_Louis_University "National Louis University"), [Northwestern University](/wiki/Northwestern_University "Northwestern University"), and [Harper College](/wiki/Harper_College "Harper College"). He worked as an office supply dealer. ### Atheist advocacy In 1981, Sherman listened to a radio speech by [Madalyn Murray O'Hair](/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O%27Hair "Madalyn Murray O'Hair"), an activist and founder of [American Atheists](/wiki/American_Atheists "American Atheists").{{cite web \| last1\=Testa \| first1\=Adam \| title\=Who is Rob Sherman, Traveling Atheist? \| url\=http://thesouthern.com/news/local/who\-is\-rob\-sherman\-traveling\-atheist/article\_e198106c\-ada2\-11df\-9769\-001cc4c03286\.html \| date\=August 22, 2010 \| publisher\=\[\[The Southern Illinoisan]] \| access\-date\=December 13, 2016}} The speech motivated him to join the organization, and he eventually became its Illinois director and national spokesman. He first achieved notoriety on April 1, 1986, when he sued the village of [Zion, Illinois](/wiki/Zion%2C_Illinois "Zion, Illinois") for displaying [a Christian cross](/wiki/Seal_of_Zion%2C_Illinois "Seal of Zion, Illinois") on a water tower, as well as other property. The case eventually went to the [U.S. Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States") in 1992, which ruled in Sherman's favor and ordered municipalities to drop the use of religious symbols. His success earned him front\-page news coverage and invites to appear on national TV shows, including those of [Oprah Winfrey](/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey "Oprah Winfrey"), [Phil Donahue](/wiki/Phil_Donahue "Phil Donahue") and [Larry King](/wiki/Larry_King "Larry King"). Sherman frequently received attention in the 1980s and 1990s due to his atheism activism. He filed lawsuits against numerous American municipalities, against the [Boy Scouts of America](/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America "Boy Scouts of America") in 1997, and against [Township High School District 214](/wiki/Township_High_School_District_214 "Township High School District 214") in 2007 for what he considered unconstitutional endorsements of religion. He was involved in numerous other lawsuits, of which at least one other went to the Supreme Court in the late 2000s. Reporter [Richard Roeper](/wiki/Richard_Roeper "Richard Roeper") said in 1998 that "he has battled towns from South Holland to Deerfield to Zion to Palatine to Highland, Ind., and Wauwatosa, Wis., over public displays of religious symbols on water towers, on government property and on official village seals." After 10 years of membership in American Atheists, he formed his own organization, Rob Sherman Advocacy. ### Political involvement In his later years, Sherman was active in politics as a [perennial candidate](/wiki/Perennial_candidate "Perennial candidate"). In 2006, he unsuccessfully ran for the 53rd district in the [Illinois House of Representatives](/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives "Illinois House of Representatives") as a [Democrat](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)"). In 2008, after meeting [Green Party](/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States "Green Party of the United States") gubernatorial candidate Rich Whitney, Sherman joined the party. That same year, he ran as a Green for the same seat. He ran unsuccessfully for [Buffalo Grove](/wiki/Buffalo_Grove%2C_Illinois "Buffalo Grove, Illinois") Village Clerk in 2011,{{cite web \| title\=Atheist Who Fought Illinois Laws Dies in Small Plane Crash \| url\=http://herald\-review.com/news/state\-and\-regional/govt\-and\-politics/atheist\-who\-fought\-illinois\-laws\-dies\-in\-small\-plane\-crash/article\_187e8194\-2737\-53ac\-81b7\-91468c883db9\.html \| date\=December 13, 2016 \| publisher\=\[\[Herald \& Review]] (from the \[\[Associated Press]]) \| access\-date\=December 14, 2016}} for [Illinois's 5th congressional district](/wiki/Illinois%27s_5th_congressional_district "Illinois's 5th congressional district") in [2016](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Illinois%2C_2016%23District_5 "United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois, 2016#District 5") as a Green – receiving 4\.7% of the vote – and he had announced that he would run for [Illinois's 12th congressional district](/wiki/Illinois%27s_12th_congressional_district "Illinois's 12th congressional district") in 2018\. He served as the [Cook County](/wiki/Cook_County%2C_Illinois "Cook County, Illinois") Green Party chairman in 2012\. Sherman's political positions included support for [capitalism](/wiki/Capitalism "Capitalism"), [same\-sex marriage](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage "Same-sex marriage"), and [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change") advocacy, and he opposed [red light cameras](/wiki/Red_light_camera "Red light camera"). He also supported secularist views, such as removing mentions of "God" from [United States dollar](/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar") and the [Pledge of Allegiance](/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance_%28United_States%29 "Pledge of Allegiance (United States)") and removing [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas "Christmas") as a [federal holiday](/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States "Federal holidays in the United States"). ### Radio and later career Sherman hosted radio shows on [AM 1530 WJJG](/wiki/WCKG "WCKG") and [WSSY\-AM (1330\)](/wiki/WKTA "WKTA"). In the summer of 2016, Sherman moved from Buffalo Grove to [Poplar Grove, Illinois](/wiki/Poplar_Grove%2C_Illinois "Poplar Grove, Illinois"), where he started a company that built kit aircraft.
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Early life", "Sherman was born and raised a [Jew](/wiki/Judaism \"Judaism\").{{cite news \\| last1\\=Briscoe \\| first1\\=Tony \\| last2\\=Sobol \\| first2\\=Rosemary Regina \\| last3\\=McCoppin \\| first3\\=Robert \\| title\\=Noted Atheist Rob Sherman Dies in Plane Crash: 'He Was Dedicated to His Causes' \\| url\\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct\\-rob\\-sherman\\-plane\\-crash\\-met\\-20161212\\-story.html \\| date\\=December 13, 2016 \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]] \\| access\\-date\\=December 13, 2016}} He stated that he was an atheist since age 9, and that \"it became a big deal\" when he was 13\\.{{cite news \\| last1\\=O'Donnell \\| first1\\=Maureen \\| last2\\=Owen \\| first2\\=Jordan \\| title\\=Atheist Activist, Green Candidate Rob Sherman Dies in Plane Crash \\| url\\=http://chicago.suntimes.com/news/marengo\\-plane\\-crash\\-victim\\-identified\\-as\\-robert\\-sherman/ \\| date\\=December 12, 2016 \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Chicago Sun\\-Times]] \\| access\\-date\\=December 13, 2016}} He spent his adolescence in [Highland Park](/wiki/Highland_Park%2C_Illinois \"Highland Park, Illinois\"), and according to a candidate questionnaire, he attended [National Louis University](/wiki/National_Louis_University \"National Louis University\"), [Northwestern University](/wiki/Northwestern_University \"Northwestern University\"), and [Harper College](/wiki/Harper_College \"Harper College\"). He worked as an office supply dealer.", "### Atheist advocacy", "In 1981, Sherman listened to a radio speech by [Madalyn Murray O'Hair](/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O%27Hair \"Madalyn Murray O'Hair\"), an activist and founder of [American Atheists](/wiki/American_Atheists \"American Atheists\").{{cite web \\| last1\\=Testa \\| first1\\=Adam \\| title\\=Who is Rob Sherman, Traveling Atheist? \\| url\\=http://thesouthern.com/news/local/who\\-is\\-rob\\-sherman\\-traveling\\-atheist/article\\_e198106c\\-ada2\\-11df\\-9769\\-001cc4c03286\\.html \\| date\\=August 22, 2010 \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[The Southern Illinoisan]] \\| access\\-date\\=December 13, 2016}} The speech motivated him to join the organization, and he eventually became its Illinois director and national spokesman. He first achieved notoriety on April 1, 1986, when he sued the village of [Zion, Illinois](/wiki/Zion%2C_Illinois \"Zion, Illinois\") for displaying [a Christian cross](/wiki/Seal_of_Zion%2C_Illinois \"Seal of Zion, Illinois\") on a water tower, as well as other property. The case eventually went to the [U.S. Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States \"Supreme Court of the United States\") in 1992, which ruled in Sherman's favor and ordered municipalities to drop the use of religious symbols. His success earned him front\\-page news coverage and invites to appear on national TV shows, including those of [Oprah Winfrey](/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey \"Oprah Winfrey\"), [Phil Donahue](/wiki/Phil_Donahue \"Phil Donahue\") and [Larry King](/wiki/Larry_King \"Larry King\").", "Sherman frequently received attention in the 1980s and 1990s due to his atheism activism. He filed lawsuits against numerous American municipalities, against the [Boy Scouts of America](/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America \"Boy Scouts of America\") in 1997, and against [Township High School District 214](/wiki/Township_High_School_District_214 \"Township High School District 214\") in 2007 for what he considered unconstitutional endorsements of religion. He was involved in numerous other lawsuits, of which at least one other went to the Supreme Court in the late 2000s. Reporter [Richard Roeper](/wiki/Richard_Roeper \"Richard Roeper\") said in 1998 that \"he has battled towns from South Holland to Deerfield to Zion to Palatine to Highland, Ind., and Wauwatosa, Wis., over public displays of religious symbols on water towers, on government property and on official village seals.\" After 10 years of membership in American Atheists, he formed his own organization, Rob Sherman Advocacy.", "### Political involvement", "In his later years, Sherman was active in politics as a [perennial candidate](/wiki/Perennial_candidate \"Perennial candidate\"). In 2006, he unsuccessfully ran for the 53rd district in the [Illinois House of Representatives](/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives \"Illinois House of Representatives\") as a [Democrat](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\"). In 2008, after meeting [Green Party](/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States \"Green Party of the United States\") gubernatorial candidate Rich Whitney, Sherman joined the party. That same year, he ran as a Green for the same seat. He ran unsuccessfully for [Buffalo Grove](/wiki/Buffalo_Grove%2C_Illinois \"Buffalo Grove, Illinois\") Village Clerk in 2011,{{cite web \\| title\\=Atheist Who Fought Illinois Laws Dies in Small Plane Crash \\| url\\=http://herald\\-review.com/news/state\\-and\\-regional/govt\\-and\\-politics/atheist\\-who\\-fought\\-illinois\\-laws\\-dies\\-in\\-small\\-plane\\-crash/article\\_187e8194\\-2737\\-53ac\\-81b7\\-91468c883db9\\.html \\| date\\=December 13, 2016 \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Herald \\& Review]] (from the \\[\\[Associated Press]]) \\| access\\-date\\=December 14, 2016}} for [Illinois's 5th congressional district](/wiki/Illinois%27s_5th_congressional_district \"Illinois's 5th congressional district\") in [2016](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Illinois%2C_2016%23District_5 \"United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois, 2016#District 5\") as a Green – receiving 4\\.7% of the vote – and he had announced that he would run for [Illinois's 12th congressional district](/wiki/Illinois%27s_12th_congressional_district \"Illinois's 12th congressional district\") in 2018\\. He served as the [Cook County](/wiki/Cook_County%2C_Illinois \"Cook County, Illinois\") Green Party chairman in 2012\\.", "Sherman's political positions included support for [capitalism](/wiki/Capitalism \"Capitalism\"), [same\\-sex marriage](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage \"Same-sex marriage\"), and [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change \"Climate change\") advocacy, and he opposed [red light cameras](/wiki/Red_light_camera \"Red light camera\"). He also supported secularist views, such as removing mentions of \"God\" from [United States dollar](/wiki/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\") and the [Pledge of Allegiance](/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance_%28United_States%29 \"Pledge of Allegiance (United States)\") and removing [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas \"Christmas\") as a [federal holiday](/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States \"Federal holidays in the United States\").", "### Radio and later career", "Sherman hosted radio shows on [AM 1530 WJJG](/wiki/WCKG \"WCKG\") and [WSSY\\-AM (1330\\)](/wiki/WKTA \"WKTA\").", "In the summer of 2016, Sherman moved from Buffalo Grove to [Poplar Grove, Illinois](/wiki/Poplar_Grove%2C_Illinois \"Poplar Grove, Illinois\"), where he started a company that built kit aircraft.", "" ]
History ------- ### Controversy With Braddock's defeat in 1755, construction on Braddock's Road was stopped short, less than 10 miles from its goal of Fort Duquesne. To many, particularly from Virginia and the southern colonies, a continuation of Braddock's Road seemed a far more sensible solution than breaking a new path across the largely unknown Pennsylvania wilderness. There was uncertainty about whether such a northern route was even possible. Braddock's was a slightly longer path to the forks of the Ohio than Forbes' intended route but had the significant advantage of being mostly completed. In contrast, Forbes' route was little more than an uncertain footpath. A political element to the debate existed: a good deal of business and potential fortune was to fall upon the colony through which post\-war traffic would flow. (Colonial boundaries in the west were still unsettled; both Virginia and Pennsylvania claimed the site of future Pittsburgh. There was, additionally, no lost love between the patrician Virginians and the Scots\-Irish traders from Pennsylvania on the Ohio frontier.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14517/14517\-h/14517\.htm\|title\=Montcalm and Woofe\|last\=Parkman\|first\=Francis\|website\=Project Gutenberg\|access\-date\=Feb 13, 2020}}) In the early stages of the war, Virginia had contributed far more capital and soldiers to the war effort than had the parsimonious, Quaker\-dominated Pennsylvania assembly. Southern partisans—most notably Col. George Washington—believed that their commonwealth deserved the more significant share of the proceeds. Forbes' route passed through southern Pennsylvania, the most productive farmland in the colonies. Food, wagons, horses, and cattle were abundant—a claim sparsely\-settled Maryland and northern Virginia could not make. While Braddock's Road was essentially a portage path between major watersheds—the [Potomac](/wiki/Potomac_River "Potomac River"), [Youghiogheny](/wiki/Youghiogheny_River "Youghiogheny River"), and [Monongahela](/wiki/Monongahela_River "Monongahela River") Rivers—Forbes' Road would stay to the high ground and encounter no major river crossings, thus avoiding the attendant problems of flooding, deep valleys, and exposure to ambush.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41118/41118\-h/41118\-h.htm\|title\=Historic Highways of America (Volume 5\): The Old Glade (Forbes') Road: (Pennsylvania State Road)\|last\=Hulbert\|first\=Archer Butler\|date\=1903\|website\=www.gutenberg.org\|page\=16\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-29}} Forbes, ably assisted by Bouquet, initially seems to have intended to follow Burd's Road to "the Turkeyfoot" ([Confluence](/wiki/Confluence%2C_Pennsylvania "Confluence, Pennsylvania"), Pennsylvania), then follow Braddock's Road for the last 80 miles. There was a dawning realization that his army would be marching south for 40 miles, only to march north again in the face of potentially hardened military positions while crossing major flood\-prone rivers through some very rugged territory.{{Cite book\|last\=Hulbert\|first\=Archer Butler\|title\=ibid.\|publisher\=Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co.\|year\=1903\|url\=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41118/41118\-h/41118\-h.htm\|pages\=79}} The direct distance from Fort Bedford to Fort Duquesne was very nearly the same as from Turkeyfoot to Fort Duquesne, but on higher ground, and offered the potential for a surprise attack on the French. And, it is quite possible that the Virginia contingent, particularly the ambitious young Col. Washington, pushed their argument beyond the patience of ForbesHulbert traces the correspondence in detail. Pp 81\-123\.{{Cite book\|last\=Lewis\|first\=Thomas A.\|title\=For King and Country: The Maturing of George Washington 1748\-1760\|url\=https://archive.org/details/forkingcountryma0000lewi\|url\-access\=registration\|publisher\=HarperCollins\|year\=1993\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/forkingcountryma0000lewi/page/256 256]–ff}} at a moment when the Virginia colony was contracting from its frontier defenses while Pennsylvania was advancing directly into the heart of French territory. Several other elements were also in play: following Braddock's Road could take Forbes' troops past [Fort Necessity](/wiki/Fort_Necessity_National_Battlefield "Fort Necessity National Battlefield")—site of Washington's defeat—and through the killing ground of [Braddock's Field](/wiki/Braddock%27s_Field "Braddock's Field"), where the picked\-over skeletons of the massacred colonial army still lay unburied. Such an experience could not benefit the morale of Forbes' troops. Endless and extreme rains characterized the summer and autumn of 1758, so Braddock's Road may well have been impassable had that route been followed. Forbes was also keenly aware of broader strategic concerns unfolding: British colonial advances in the north against [French positions](/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Frontenac "Battle of Fort Frontenac"), and a potential new [treaty with the Natives](/wiki/Treaty_of_Easton "Treaty of Easton") which would strip the French of their most significant military advantage. Both these latter ventures proved successful for the British colonials. Forbes' deliberate advance won the day; Fort Duquesne, understaffed and out of supplies, was abandoned without a fight. ### Construction Like General [Edward Braddock](/wiki/Edward_Braddock "Edward Braddock"), Forbes had the daunting task of establishing a road suitable for thousands of troops, supply wagons, and cannons across a largely unbroken wilderness. The initial footpath across south\-central Pennsylvania was created by Native Americans, who likely followed game trails. European trappers and traders followed, making modest improvements and rudimentary settlements. As noted above, much of the preliminary work on the military road had been done by Col. [James Burd](/wiki/James_Burd "James Burd") in 1755, who built a road from [Fort Loudon](/wiki/Fort_Loudon%2C_Pennsylvania "Fort Loudon, Pennsylvania") to Raystown (now [Bedford, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Bedford%2C_Pennsylvania "Bedford, Pennsylvania")), then southwest towards "the Turkey Foot" as a supply line to Braddock's army. In contrast to Braddock's ill\-fated expedition, Forbes proceeded with great deliberation, constructing forts and redoubts about every 40 miles, with smaller garrisons between. He also ordered the construction of smaller side\-paths to parallel the main road when feasible to facilitate passing movements. Swamps were crossed with "bridges" of logs laid perpendicular to the path. Waterways were forded rather than bridged. Forbes explained in a letter to Pitt, "It was absolutely necessary, ... that I should take precautions by having posts along my route, which I have done from a project that I took from Turpin's Essay, *Sur la Guerre*. Last chapter 4th Book, Intitled *Principe sur lequel on peut établir un projet de Campagne*."Hulbert 80\. Forbes cites <https://archive.org/details/essaisurlartdela00turp/page/n8/mode/2up> Forbes' army took possession of the abandoned (and largely destroyed) Fort Duquesne from the French army on November 25, 1758\. Forbes then built a much larger fort near the site, naming it [Fort Pitt](/wiki/Fort_Pitt_%28Pennsylvania%29 "Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)") and christening the nascent village of "Pittsborough." Construction of the Forbes Road made transportation of supplies, soldiers, messages, and trade easier between the eastern farms and cities and western portions of Pennsylvania and provided an important route west for settlers for many years after. The road was critical to the success of colonials in [Pontiac's War](/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War "Pontiac's War") as well as the [Revolutionary War.](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War") In later years, Forbes' Road provided a more direct route from Philadelphia and the northern cities to the [Ohio Country](/wiki/Ohio_Country "Ohio Country") through Pennsylvania in comparison to Braddock's Road, which was constructed west from [Cumberland, Maryland](/wiki/Cumberland%2C_Maryland "Cumberland, Maryland"), then north into Pennsylvania."It is exceedingly difficult to find a graphic picture of a journey over Braddock's Road before 1800; contemporaneous descriptions of a journey over the Cumberland or National Road are not numerous. On the other hand, a volume could be filled with descriptions of the old Pennsylvania Road through Bedford and Ligonier. I believe the fame of the Cumberland Road was due rather to the fact of its being a national enterprise—and the first of its kind on the continent—than to any superiority it achieved over competing routes. The idea of the road was grand and it played a mighty part in the advancement of the West; but, such was the nature of its course, that it does not seem to have been the "popular route" from Washington to Pittsburg, the principal port on the Ohio River. Hulbert 195\-196\. ### Following Forbes' Road Like many wilderness roads, there were often several generally parallel tracks, a new one carved when an old one became impassable or a better route determined. Consequently, modern efforts to trace the "original" Forbes Road may be an exercise in frustration; it is often impossible to determine the original track in those rare places when any track can be discerned. Early maps of Forbes Road are of varying utility; some are flatly incorrect. One of the most interesting may be found, with much explanatory text, in "The New Way to the Forks of the Ohio: Reflections on John Potts's Map of 1758\."{{Cite journal\|last\=Meyers, jr.\|first\=James P.\|s2cid\=113792645\|date\=October 1998\|title\=The New Way to the Forks of the Ohio: Reflections on John Potts's Map of 1758\|journal\=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography\|volume\=CXXII\| issue \= 4 (October 1998\)\|pages\=385–410}} While the [National Road](/wiki/National_Road "National Road") ([US 40](/wiki/U.S._Route_40 "U.S. Route 40")) largely follows Braddock's Road across the Appalachian Mountains from [Cumberland](/wiki/Cumberland%2C_Maryland "Cumberland, Maryland") into Pittsburgh, Forbes' Road through south central Pennsylvania occasionally dissolves into a morass of speculation from Rohr's Gap (on the [Allegheny Front](/wiki/Allegheny_Front "Allegheny Front") west of [Schellsburg](/wiki/Schellsburg%2C_Pennsylvania "Schellsburg, Pennsylvania")) to [Murrysville, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Murrysville%2C_Pennsylvania "Murrysville, Pennsylvania"), with only a few certain locators. In the most general sense, the [Pennsylvania Turnpike](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike "Pennsylvania Turnpike") follows the trend of Forbes's Road west from Carlisle, Pennsylvania to near [Monroeville, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Monroeville%2C_Pennsylvania "Monroeville, Pennsylvania") just east of Pittsburgh, at places obliterating the historic road. A slightly more accurate rendition of Forbes's Road may be achieved by following US 30 from Chambersburg to the junction of SR 66 west of [Greensburg](/wiki/Greensburg%2C_Pennsylvania "Greensburg, Pennsylvania"), then north on the latter to US 22 east of Murrysville. US 22 west eventually connects with Penn Avenue, which may be followed to the sites of Fort Duquesne and Fort Pitt. Several historical markers may be found along this route. A yet closer reconstruction of the earliest road—subject to correction—is as follows: The section of Forbes' Road initially cut by Burd in 1755 begins at Fort Loudon, at the foot of [Tuscarora Mountain](/wiki/Tuscarora_Mountain "Tuscarora Mountain"). This early path takes the only significant dogleg off the generally west\-by\-northwest road trend. Rather than directly attacking the escarpment, the Forbes' Road (SR 75\) runs north up the Path Valley to [Cowans Gap](/wiki/Cowans_Gap_State_Park "Cowans Gap State Park"), climbs the alluvial fan, then continues north (CR 404\) in a higher valley of the South Branch of Little Augwick Creek. Fort Lyttleton stands just west of the summit. Forbes Trail Road (CR 431\) south of the fort (Off US 522\) is probably accurate. The Pennsylvania Turnpike likely obliterated most of the original trail across the valley south of Hustontown and the switchbacks up Sideling Hill.'As constructed in 1758, the Forbes Road overcame this rise by resorting to a zigzag switchback system of "seven reverse curves and two 90\-degree turns, with several connecting long tangents \-\-one about a half mile in length\-\- climbing the long and steep slope. The construction was accomplished by dragging large blocks, in which the mountainside abounds, into a line against which earth was scooped from the mountainside above, the large rocks serving as a retaining wall. A short, steep 'pinch' at the top completed the ascent" (Williams, 1975, p. 40\). At the top, the road generally turned southwest along the crest, about 2 1/2 miles reaching the site of Jerry Spring, even recently a reliable source of Forbes Road water for travelers. In 1764, Captain Williams, the Chief Engineer on Bouquet's staff (...), considerably improved the route up Sideling Hill. "By producing a prolongation of the third long tangent of the switchback and taking advantage of an existing natural, inclined shelf rising along the side of the narrow valley of the falling Wooden Bridge Creek, for two miles, then passing through a gap between the lofty King's Knob and the main ridge of Sideling Hill, \[Captain] Williams gained the comparatively level top of the connecting ridge to Ray's Hill summit (Williams, 1975, p. 40\), joining the route of the 1758 road not far from Jerry Spring."' Briggs 8, citing Williams, E. G., 1975, *Bouquet's march to the Ohio: The Forbes Road.* Pittsburgh, PA: The Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, 1975\. Of the initial path cut by Burd in 1755, one contemporary account notes "['Sideling Hill,' sixty\-seven miles west of Carlisle, and thirty miles east of Raystown, 'is cut very artificially, nay more so than We ever saw any; the first waggon that carried a Load up it took fifteen Hundred without ever stopping;'...](https://pittsburghgeologicalsociety.org/uploads/pubs/1997_Conquest_of_the_Allegheny_Mountains.pdf) Hulbert p. 27, citing Pennsylvania *Colonial Records*, pp. 434, 435\. Heading west, US 30 soon parallels the turnpike, and near Breezewood, US 30 seems the most likely approximation of Forbes' road. Still heading west, the Raystown Branch of the [Juniata River](/wiki/Fort_Juniata_Crossing "Fort Juniata Crossing") is crossed, and this was followed through two narrow passes ([Tussey](/wiki/Tussey_Mountain "Tussey Mountain") and [Evitts Mountains](/wiki/Evitts_Mountain "Evitts Mountain")) to Bedford, Pennsylvania. A slight northward loop bypasses the formidable [Wills Mountain](/wiki/Wills_Mountain "Wills Mountain"). A historical marker indicates the approximate point where Burd's Road of 1755 begins its southwest course toward Confluence, Pennsylvania.[Locations of Forbes Road markers](http://www.hmdb.org/results.asp?SeriesID=187) The new westward track of Forbes' original route (constructed under the immediate supervision of Bouquet) seems to have also trended south before following low ground through what is now [Shawnee State Park.](/wiki/Shawnee_State_Park_%28Pennsylvania%29 "Shawnee State Park (Pennsylvania)") An alternate route carved shortly after by Lt. Col. Sir John St. Clair, Forbes' quartermaster, follows the current US 30 west. Both were reportedly used during the initial march west. The park was the site of the "Shawanese Cabins" encampment Bouquet used in his 1764 expedition during [Pontiac's War](/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War "Pontiac's War"). Continuing west on US 30, a turnoff past the [Old Log Church](http://www.oldlogchurch.com/History.shtml) parallels Forbes' Road for a short distance. The next significant obstacle is the Allegheny Front, another seemingly endless north–south ridge. In Forbes' era, there was doubt whether a break in the mountain was sufficient to permit wagon passage. After much exploration, Ensign Charles Rohr discovered a north\-trending valley that, though quite steep, could be climbed by wagons. US 30 bends sharply through Rohr's Gap; Forbes' Road followed the gap to the top of the ridge where the small redoubt [Fort Dewart](http://www.warforempire.org/visit/details.aspx?SiteID=27&c=) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912105318/http://warforempire.org/visit/details.aspx?SiteID\=27\&c\= \|date\=2016\-09\-12 }} (aka Duart), the last remaining structure from the original Forbes' Road, guards the summit. A tentative reconstruction of the Forbes route and/or later routes suggests proceeding north from Rohr's Gap on Fleegle Road, then west on Lambert Mountain Road/Lambert Street. A slight northward bump in Central City's School Road connects with Monument Road (west). No current road follows Forbes' route over the ridge. A slight detour south on T742, west on Browning, then north on Ridge Road will connect to Old Forbes Road, which may be followed west into Kantner and Stoystown. Several branches of Forbes' Road split as the route proceeds into the rising, rougher ground of Laurel Mountain. The landscape through this region has been substantially altered by strip mining, so there is a scant likelihood of finding an original trace; US 30 west parallels Forbes' Road a few miles to the south. A roadside historical marker for Edmund's Swamp indicates where good grazing was found for horses and cattle. US 30 (west) is probably the surest route into Jennerstown. What follows is quite speculative: North from Rt 30 in Jennerstown on SR 985 leads to Stemler and Barnick Roads, which on good evidence, seem to lie near or on the early Forbes Road. Near the intersection of Barnick with Klines Mills Roads was the Clear Fields encampment named by Bouquet. Klines Mills Road north becomes Sequenota Road, then a rough track to a reservoir. It seems likely that the earliest Forbes' Road ran up the nose of the mountain near this point, crossing the highest elevations of the entire route. Older topographic maps show a jeep trail over the ridge; its current state is unknown to this author. Over the west side of the ridge, Old Forbes picks up again near the intersection with the Laurel Ridge Trail. Several divergent "Old Forbes Roads" are to be found in this area, as there were several early iterations. The oldest seems to have trended far to the north. Workforce was needed to construct the fort at Ligonier, so this roundabout route was made to serve until a better track could be cut. The later, closer road (declared "four miles shorter and eight miles better") was developed as time permitted. As the earliest roads tended to the high ground, a lost trace of this second path across the ridge to Kissell Springs Road seems probable. Kissell Springs intersects with Nature Run Road; north on this latter connects with yet another Old Forbes Road. This trended north and west on Gravel Hill Road, then south down a lost path directly to Fort Ligonier. West of Ligonier, US 30 parallels Loyalhanna Creek through the water gap in Chestnut Ridge—the last major obstacle on the road to Fort Duquesne. Forbes' Road unexpectedly turns south on Four Mile Run, then up and over the 700\-foot hill on Youngstown Ridge Road. What occasioned this detour is uncertain. Possibly fear of ambush through the steep terrain was a concern, or the gap may have been impassable due to heavy rains, mud, and water\-bourne detritus. Briggs suggests that a waterlogged gully on Youngstown Ridge may be a remnant of Forbes' Road.Briggs 26 North and west of Youngstown\-Latrobe, much speculation again prevailed on establishing the early track. Following Youngstown Ridge Road to Arnold Palmer Drive to Clearview seems the most likely path. North on Lloyd Run (SR 981\), then left on Monastery Drive to a traffic circle, then north on St. Vincent Drive seems the best approximation of the early track. Then west at Unity Cemetery Road, followed by north at McCullough Road. McCullough becomes Saxman Road, then joins Latrobe Crabtree Road north to Bovard Luxor Road. West on Bovard Luxor, then north again on Cemetery Road, west on Calvary Hill Road (CR 1032\), briefly south on New Alexandria (US 119\), then west on Old Forbes Road (again, CR 1032\), clinging to the ridge tops for a few miles to the site of the "three redoubts" encampment of 1758\. A historical marker at Old Hannastown declares the next two miles "certainly along the original Forbes Road." (To the north on Fire Station Road is the village of Forbes Road and Hannastown, probably named for later iterations of the original trace.) Forbes Road (CR1032\) continues west until the modern SR 66 interrupts its path. A quick detour south on Forbes Trail Road, then west beneath SR 66, finds Old Rt 66 (and likely the early Forbes Road) heading north until it reaches William Penn Highway (US 22\). Modern development has likely obliterated any of the original trail beyond this point. Occasional sections of Old William Penn Highway may follow the early path. As noted above, US 22 eventually meets Penn Avenue, which tracks west to Point Park and the remnants of Forts Duquesne and Pitt. Nearing the point, Penn Avenue passes near Grant Street, the site of [Maj. James Grant's catastrophic attack on the French Fort](/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Duquesne "Battle of Fort Duquesne"). #### After 1758 A few miles to the south of Export, Pennsylvania (off PA 66\) lies [Bushy Run](/wiki/Battle_of_Bushy_Run "Battle of Bushy Run") battlefield, where Col. Bouquet turned the tide on Pontiac's war in 1763\. Hulbert closes his volume with some compelling observations about the success and popularity of Forbes' Road in the years between the Revolutionary War and the coming of the railroads: 'Braddock's Road would have been exceedingly roundabout for New England travelers, as Forbes long before clearly established. Pennsylvania's new road, begun in 1785, was not a tempting route of travel for these New Englanders in this year, 1788\. "The roads, at that day," wrote Dr. Hildreth, "across the mountains were the worst we can imagine—cut into deep gullies on one side by mountain rains, while the other was filled with blocks of sand stone.... As few of the emigrant wagons were provided with lock\-chains for the wheels, the downward impetus was checked by a large log, or broken tree top, tied with a rope to the back of the wagon and dragged along on the ground. In other places, the road was so sideling that all the men who could be spared were required to pull at the side stays, or short ropes attached to the upper side of the wagons, to prevent their upsetting.... All this part of the country, and as far east as Carlisle, had been, about twenty\-five years before, depopulated by the depredations of the Indians. Many of the present inhabitants well remembered those days of trial, and could not see these helpless women and children moving so far away into the wilderness as Ohio, without expressing their fears.... Three days after ... they reached the little village of Bedford. During this period they had crossed "Sideling Hill," forded some of the main branches of the Juniata, and threaded the narrow valleys along its borders. Every few miles long strings of pack\-horses met them on the road, bearing heavy burthens of peltry and ginseng, the two main articles of export from the regions west of the mountains. Others overtook them loaded with kegs of spirits, salt, and bales of dry goods, on their way to the traders in Pittsburg.... .' .... '... Morris Birkbeck, founder of the English settlement in Illinois, journeyed from Washington, D.C., to Pittsburg, in 1817, by way of Frederickstown and Hagerstown and the Pennsylvania Road. At "McConnell's Town," under the date of May 23, he wrote in his journal: "The road we have been travelling \[from Washington, D. C.] terminates at this place, where it strikes the great turnpike from Philadelphia to Pittsburg." Of the scenes about him Mr. Birkbeck writes: "Old America seems to be breaking up, and moving westward. We are seldom out of sight, as we travel on this grand track, towards the Ohio, of family groups.... To give an idea of the internal movements of this vast hive, about 12,000 wagons passed between Baltimore and Philadelphia, in the last year, with from four to six \[horses], carrying from thirty\-five to forty cwt. \[hundred pounds]. The cost of carriage is about seven dollars per cwt., from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, and the money paid for the conveyance of goods on this road, exceeds £300,000 sterling. Add to these the numerous stages loaded to the utmost, and the innumerable travellers, on horseback, on foot, and in light waggons, and you have before you a scene of bustle and business, extending over a space of three hundred miles, which is truly wonderful." Birkbeck does not mention the Cumberland Road, though it is drawn on the map accompanying his book. His advice to prospective immigrants is, in every instance, to come westward by the Pennsylvania \[Forbes] Road.'Hulbert 208\-212 ### Markers [thumb\|Historical marker, U.S. 30, Breezewood, PA.](/wiki/File:Breezewood_PA_Forbes_Road_Historical_Marker.jpg "Breezewood PA Forbes Road Historical Marker.jpg") Many historical markers indicate locations along the original route where Forbes traveled with his army. In [Westmoreland County](/wiki/Westmoreland_County%2C_Pennsylvania "Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania"), a Forbes Road marker is located along US 22, {{convert\|1\.2\|mi\|km}} east of Murrysville. In Cumberland County, there are markers along [US 11](/wiki/U.S._Route_11_in_Pennsylvania "U.S. Route 11 in Pennsylvania") southwest of Carlisle and one\-mile northeast of Shippensburg. In Fulton County, there is a marker along [US 522](/wiki/U.S._Route_522_in_Pennsylvania "U.S. Route 522 in Pennsylvania"), {{convert\|0\.2\|mi\|km}} southwest of Burnt Cabins. Forbes Road markers have also been erected in Allegheny, Bedford, and Somerset counties.[Forbes Road markers](http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=134)
[ "History\n-------", "### Controversy", "With Braddock's defeat in 1755, construction on Braddock's Road was stopped short, less than 10 miles from its goal of Fort Duquesne. To many, particularly from Virginia and the southern colonies, a continuation of Braddock's Road seemed a far more sensible solution than breaking a new path across the largely unknown Pennsylvania wilderness. There was uncertainty about whether such a northern route was even possible. Braddock's was a slightly longer path to the forks of the Ohio than Forbes' intended route but had the significant advantage of being mostly completed. In contrast, Forbes' route was little more than an uncertain footpath. A political element to the debate existed: a good deal of business and potential fortune was to fall upon the colony through which post\\-war traffic would flow. (Colonial boundaries in the west were still unsettled; both Virginia and Pennsylvania claimed the site of future Pittsburgh. There was, additionally, no lost love between the patrician Virginians and the Scots\\-Irish traders from Pennsylvania on the Ohio frontier.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14517/14517\\-h/14517\\.htm\\|title\\=Montcalm and Woofe\\|last\\=Parkman\\|first\\=Francis\\|website\\=Project Gutenberg\\|access\\-date\\=Feb 13, 2020}}) In the early stages of the war, Virginia had contributed far more capital and soldiers to the war effort than had the parsimonious, Quaker\\-dominated Pennsylvania assembly. Southern partisans—most notably Col. George Washington—believed that their commonwealth deserved the more significant share of the proceeds.", "Forbes' route passed through southern Pennsylvania, the most productive farmland in the colonies. Food, wagons, horses, and cattle were abundant—a claim sparsely\\-settled Maryland and northern Virginia could not make. While Braddock's Road was essentially a portage path between major watersheds—the [Potomac](/wiki/Potomac_River \"Potomac River\"), [Youghiogheny](/wiki/Youghiogheny_River \"Youghiogheny River\"), and [Monongahela](/wiki/Monongahela_River \"Monongahela River\") Rivers—Forbes' Road would stay to the high ground and encounter no major river crossings, thus avoiding the attendant problems of flooding, deep valleys, and exposure to ambush.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41118/41118\\-h/41118\\-h.htm\\|title\\=Historic Highways of America (Volume 5\\): The Old Glade (Forbes') Road: (Pennsylvania State Road)\\|last\\=Hulbert\\|first\\=Archer Butler\\|date\\=1903\\|website\\=www.gutenberg.org\\|page\\=16\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-29}}", "Forbes, ably assisted by Bouquet, initially seems to have intended to follow Burd's Road to \"the Turkeyfoot\" ([Confluence](/wiki/Confluence%2C_Pennsylvania \"Confluence, Pennsylvania\"), Pennsylvania), then follow Braddock's Road for the last 80 miles. There was a dawning realization that his army would be marching south for 40 miles, only to march north again in the face of potentially hardened military positions while crossing major flood\\-prone rivers through some very rugged territory.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Hulbert\\|first\\=Archer Butler\\|title\\=ibid.\\|publisher\\=Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co.\\|year\\=1903\\|url\\=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41118/41118\\-h/41118\\-h.htm\\|pages\\=79}} The direct distance from Fort Bedford to Fort Duquesne was very nearly the same as from Turkeyfoot to Fort Duquesne, but on higher ground, and offered the potential for a surprise attack on the French. And, it is quite possible that the Virginia contingent, particularly the ambitious young Col. Washington, pushed their argument beyond the patience of ForbesHulbert traces the correspondence in detail. Pp 81\\-123\\.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Lewis\\|first\\=Thomas A.\\|title\\=For King and Country: The Maturing of George Washington 1748\\-1760\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/forkingcountryma0000lewi\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|publisher\\=HarperCollins\\|year\\=1993\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/forkingcountryma0000lewi/page/256 256]–ff}} at a moment when the Virginia colony was contracting from its frontier defenses while Pennsylvania was advancing directly into the heart of French territory.", "Several other elements were also in play: following Braddock's Road could take Forbes' troops past [Fort Necessity](/wiki/Fort_Necessity_National_Battlefield \"Fort Necessity National Battlefield\")—site of Washington's defeat—and through the killing ground of [Braddock's Field](/wiki/Braddock%27s_Field \"Braddock's Field\"), where the picked\\-over skeletons of the massacred colonial army still lay unburied. Such an experience could not benefit the morale of Forbes' troops. Endless and extreme rains characterized the summer and autumn of 1758, so Braddock's Road may well have been impassable had that route been followed. Forbes was also keenly aware of broader strategic concerns unfolding: British colonial advances in the north against [French positions](/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Frontenac \"Battle of Fort Frontenac\"), and a potential new [treaty with the Natives](/wiki/Treaty_of_Easton \"Treaty of Easton\") which would strip the French of their most significant military advantage. Both these latter ventures proved successful for the British colonials. Forbes' deliberate advance won the day; Fort Duquesne, understaffed and out of supplies, was abandoned without a fight.", "### Construction", "Like General [Edward Braddock](/wiki/Edward_Braddock \"Edward Braddock\"), Forbes had the daunting task of establishing a road suitable for thousands of troops, supply wagons, and cannons across a largely unbroken wilderness. The initial footpath across south\\-central Pennsylvania was created by Native Americans, who likely followed game trails. European trappers and traders followed, making modest improvements and rudimentary settlements. As noted above, much of the preliminary work on the military road had been done by Col. [James Burd](/wiki/James_Burd \"James Burd\") in 1755, who built a road from [Fort Loudon](/wiki/Fort_Loudon%2C_Pennsylvania \"Fort Loudon, Pennsylvania\") to Raystown (now [Bedford, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Bedford%2C_Pennsylvania \"Bedford, Pennsylvania\")), then southwest towards \"the Turkey Foot\" as a supply line to Braddock's army.", "In contrast to Braddock's ill\\-fated expedition, Forbes proceeded with great deliberation, constructing forts and redoubts about every 40 miles, with smaller garrisons between. He also ordered the construction of smaller side\\-paths to parallel the main road when feasible to facilitate passing movements. Swamps were crossed with \"bridges\" of logs laid perpendicular to the path. Waterways were forded rather than bridged. Forbes explained in a letter to Pitt, \"It was absolutely necessary, ... that I should take precautions by having posts along my route, which I have done from a project that I took from Turpin's Essay, *Sur la Guerre*. Last chapter 4th Book, Intitled *Principe sur lequel on peut établir un projet de Campagne*.\"Hulbert 80\\. Forbes cites <https://archive.org/details/essaisurlartdela00turp/page/n8/mode/2up>", "Forbes' army took possession of the abandoned (and largely destroyed) Fort Duquesne from the French army on November 25, 1758\\. Forbes then built a much larger fort near the site, naming it [Fort Pitt](/wiki/Fort_Pitt_%28Pennsylvania%29 \"Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)\") and christening the nascent village of \"Pittsborough.\"", "Construction of the Forbes Road made transportation of supplies, soldiers, messages, and trade easier between the eastern farms and cities and western portions of Pennsylvania and provided an important route west for settlers for many years after. The road was critical to the success of colonials in [Pontiac's War](/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War \"Pontiac's War\") as well as the [Revolutionary War.](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\") In later years, Forbes' Road provided a more direct route from Philadelphia and the northern cities to the [Ohio Country](/wiki/Ohio_Country \"Ohio Country\") through Pennsylvania in comparison to Braddock's Road, which was constructed west from [Cumberland, Maryland](/wiki/Cumberland%2C_Maryland \"Cumberland, Maryland\"), then north into Pennsylvania.\"It is exceedingly difficult to find a graphic picture of a journey over Braddock's Road before 1800; contemporaneous descriptions of a journey over the Cumberland or National Road are not numerous. On the other hand, a volume could be filled with descriptions of the old Pennsylvania Road through Bedford and Ligonier. I believe the fame of the Cumberland Road was due rather to the fact of its being a national enterprise—and the first of its kind on the continent—than to any superiority it achieved over competing routes. The idea of the road was grand and it played a mighty part in the advancement of the West; but, such was the nature of its course, that it does not seem to have been the \"popular route\" from Washington to Pittsburg, the principal port on the Ohio River. Hulbert 195\\-196\\.", "### Following Forbes' Road", "Like many wilderness roads, there were often several generally parallel tracks, a new one carved when an old one became impassable or a better route determined. Consequently, modern efforts to trace the \"original\" Forbes Road may be an exercise in frustration; it is often impossible to determine the original track in those rare places when any track can be discerned. Early maps of Forbes Road are of varying utility; some are flatly incorrect. One of the most interesting may be found, with much explanatory text, in \"The New Way to the Forks of the Ohio: Reflections on John Potts's Map of 1758\\.\"{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Meyers, jr.\\|first\\=James P.\\|s2cid\\=113792645\\|date\\=October 1998\\|title\\=The New Way to the Forks of the Ohio: Reflections on John Potts's Map of 1758\\|journal\\=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography\\|volume\\=CXXII\\| issue \\= 4 (October 1998\\)\\|pages\\=385–410}}", "While the [National Road](/wiki/National_Road \"National Road\") ([US 40](/wiki/U.S._Route_40 \"U.S. Route 40\")) largely follows Braddock's Road across the Appalachian Mountains from [Cumberland](/wiki/Cumberland%2C_Maryland \"Cumberland, Maryland\") into Pittsburgh, Forbes' Road through south central Pennsylvania occasionally dissolves into a morass of speculation from Rohr's Gap (on the [Allegheny Front](/wiki/Allegheny_Front \"Allegheny Front\") west of [Schellsburg](/wiki/Schellsburg%2C_Pennsylvania \"Schellsburg, Pennsylvania\")) to [Murrysville, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Murrysville%2C_Pennsylvania \"Murrysville, Pennsylvania\"), with only a few certain locators. In the most general sense, the [Pennsylvania Turnpike](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike \"Pennsylvania Turnpike\") follows the trend of Forbes's Road west from Carlisle, Pennsylvania to near [Monroeville, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Monroeville%2C_Pennsylvania \"Monroeville, Pennsylvania\") just east of Pittsburgh, at places obliterating the historic road. A slightly more accurate rendition of Forbes's Road may be achieved by following US 30 from Chambersburg to the junction of SR 66 west of [Greensburg](/wiki/Greensburg%2C_Pennsylvania \"Greensburg, Pennsylvania\"), then north on the latter to US 22 east of Murrysville. US 22 west eventually connects with Penn Avenue, which may be followed to the sites of Fort Duquesne and Fort Pitt. Several historical markers may be found along this route.", "A yet closer reconstruction of the earliest road—subject to correction—is as follows: The section of Forbes' Road initially cut by Burd in 1755 begins at Fort Loudon, at the foot of [Tuscarora Mountain](/wiki/Tuscarora_Mountain \"Tuscarora Mountain\"). This early path takes the only significant dogleg off the generally west\\-by\\-northwest road trend. Rather than directly attacking the escarpment, the Forbes' Road (SR 75\\) runs north up the Path Valley to [Cowans Gap](/wiki/Cowans_Gap_State_Park \"Cowans Gap State Park\"), climbs the alluvial fan, then continues north (CR 404\\) in a higher valley of the South Branch of Little Augwick Creek. Fort Lyttleton stands just west of the summit. Forbes Trail Road (CR 431\\) south of the fort (Off US 522\\) is probably accurate. The Pennsylvania Turnpike likely obliterated most of the original trail across the valley south of Hustontown and the switchbacks up Sideling Hill.'As constructed in 1758, the Forbes Road overcame this rise by resorting to a zigzag switchback system of \"seven reverse curves and two 90\\-degree turns, with several connecting long tangents \\-\\-one about a half mile in length\\-\\- climbing the long and steep slope. The construction was accomplished by dragging large blocks, in which the mountainside abounds, into a line against which earth was scooped from the mountainside above, the large rocks serving as a retaining wall. A short, steep 'pinch' at the top completed the ascent\" (Williams, 1975, p. 40\\). At the top, the road generally turned southwest along the crest, about 2 1/2 miles reaching the site of Jerry Spring, even recently a reliable source of Forbes Road water for travelers. In 1764, Captain Williams, the Chief Engineer on Bouquet's staff (...), considerably improved the route up Sideling Hill. \"By producing a prolongation of the third long tangent of the switchback and taking advantage of an existing natural, inclined shelf rising along the side of the narrow valley of the falling Wooden Bridge Creek, for two miles, then passing through a gap between the lofty King's Knob and the main ridge of Sideling Hill, \\[Captain] Williams gained the comparatively level top of the connecting ridge to Ray's Hill summit (Williams, 1975, p. 40\\), joining the route of the 1758 road not far from Jerry Spring.\"' Briggs 8, citing Williams, E. G., 1975, *Bouquet's march to the Ohio: The Forbes Road.* Pittsburgh, PA: The Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, 1975\\.", "Of the initial path cut by Burd in 1755, one contemporary account notes \"['Sideling Hill,' sixty\\-seven miles west of Carlisle, and thirty miles east of Raystown, 'is cut very artificially, nay more so than We ever saw any; the first waggon that carried a Load up it took fifteen Hundred without ever stopping;'...](https://pittsburghgeologicalsociety.org/uploads/pubs/1997_Conquest_of_the_Allegheny_Mountains.pdf) Hulbert p. 27, citing Pennsylvania *Colonial Records*, pp. 434, 435\\.", "Heading west, US 30 soon parallels the turnpike, and near Breezewood, US 30 seems the most likely approximation of Forbes' road. Still heading west, the Raystown Branch of the [Juniata River](/wiki/Fort_Juniata_Crossing \"Fort Juniata Crossing\") is crossed, and this was followed through two narrow passes ([Tussey](/wiki/Tussey_Mountain \"Tussey Mountain\") and [Evitts Mountains](/wiki/Evitts_Mountain \"Evitts Mountain\")) to Bedford, Pennsylvania.", "A slight northward loop bypasses the formidable [Wills Mountain](/wiki/Wills_Mountain \"Wills Mountain\"). A historical marker indicates the approximate point where Burd's Road of 1755 begins its southwest course toward Confluence, Pennsylvania.[Locations of Forbes Road markers](http://www.hmdb.org/results.asp?SeriesID=187) The new westward track of Forbes' original route (constructed under the immediate supervision of Bouquet) seems to have also trended south before following low ground through what is now [Shawnee State Park.](/wiki/Shawnee_State_Park_%28Pennsylvania%29 \"Shawnee State Park (Pennsylvania)\") An alternate route carved shortly after by Lt. Col. Sir John St. Clair, Forbes' quartermaster, follows the current US 30 west. Both were reportedly used during the initial march west. The park was the site of the \"Shawanese Cabins\" encampment Bouquet used in his 1764 expedition during [Pontiac's War](/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War \"Pontiac's War\").", "Continuing west on US 30, a turnoff past the [Old Log Church](http://www.oldlogchurch.com/History.shtml) parallels Forbes' Road for a short distance. The next significant obstacle is the Allegheny Front, another seemingly endless north–south ridge. In Forbes' era, there was doubt whether a break in the mountain was sufficient to permit wagon passage. After much exploration, Ensign Charles Rohr discovered a north\\-trending valley that, though quite steep, could be climbed by wagons. US 30 bends sharply through Rohr's Gap; Forbes' Road followed the gap to the top of the ridge where the small redoubt [Fort Dewart](http://www.warforempire.org/visit/details.aspx?SiteID=27&c=) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912105318/http://warforempire.org/visit/details.aspx?SiteID\\=27\\&c\\= \\|date\\=2016\\-09\\-12 }} (aka Duart), the last remaining structure from the original Forbes' Road, guards the summit.", "A tentative reconstruction of the Forbes route and/or later routes suggests proceeding north from Rohr's Gap on Fleegle Road, then west on Lambert Mountain Road/Lambert Street. A slight northward bump in Central City's School Road connects with Monument Road (west). No current road follows Forbes' route over the ridge. A slight detour south on T742, west on Browning, then north on Ridge Road will connect to Old Forbes Road, which may be followed west into Kantner and Stoystown. Several branches of Forbes' Road split as the route proceeds into the rising, rougher ground of Laurel Mountain. The landscape through this region has been substantially altered by strip mining, so there is a scant likelihood of finding an original trace; US 30 west parallels Forbes' Road a few miles to the south. A roadside historical marker for Edmund's Swamp indicates where good grazing was found for horses and cattle.", "US 30 (west) is probably the surest route into Jennerstown. What follows is quite speculative: North from Rt 30 in Jennerstown on SR 985 leads to Stemler and Barnick Roads, which on good evidence, seem to lie near or on the early Forbes Road. Near the intersection of Barnick with Klines Mills Roads was the Clear Fields encampment named by Bouquet. Klines Mills Road north becomes Sequenota Road, then a rough track to a reservoir. It seems likely that the earliest Forbes' Road ran up the nose of the mountain near this point, crossing the highest elevations of the entire route. Older topographic maps show a jeep trail over the ridge; its current state is unknown to this author. Over the west side of the ridge, Old Forbes picks up again near the intersection with the Laurel Ridge Trail. Several divergent \"Old Forbes Roads\" are to be found in this area, as there were several early iterations. The oldest seems to have trended far to the north. Workforce was needed to construct the fort at Ligonier, so this roundabout route was made to serve until a better track could be cut. The later, closer road (declared \"four miles shorter and eight miles better\") was developed as time permitted. As the earliest roads tended to the high ground, a lost trace of this second path across the ridge to Kissell Springs Road seems probable. Kissell Springs intersects with Nature Run Road; north on this latter connects with yet another Old Forbes Road. This trended north and west on Gravel Hill Road, then south down a lost path directly to Fort Ligonier.", "West of Ligonier, US 30 parallels Loyalhanna Creek through the water gap in Chestnut Ridge—the last major obstacle on the road to Fort Duquesne. Forbes' Road unexpectedly turns south on Four Mile Run, then up and over the 700\\-foot hill on Youngstown Ridge Road. What occasioned this detour is uncertain. Possibly fear of ambush through the steep terrain was a concern, or the gap may have been impassable due to heavy rains, mud, and water\\-bourne detritus. Briggs suggests that a waterlogged gully on Youngstown Ridge may be a remnant of Forbes' Road.Briggs 26", "North and west of Youngstown\\-Latrobe, much speculation again prevailed on establishing the early track. Following Youngstown Ridge Road to Arnold Palmer Drive to Clearview seems the most likely path. North on Lloyd Run (SR 981\\), then left on Monastery Drive to a traffic circle, then north on St. Vincent Drive seems the best approximation of the early track. Then west at Unity Cemetery Road, followed by north at McCullough Road. McCullough becomes Saxman Road, then joins Latrobe Crabtree Road north to Bovard Luxor Road. West on Bovard Luxor, then north again on Cemetery Road, west on Calvary Hill Road (CR 1032\\), briefly south on New Alexandria (US 119\\), then west on Old Forbes Road (again, CR 1032\\), clinging to the ridge tops for a few miles to the site of the \"three redoubts\" encampment of 1758\\. A historical marker at Old Hannastown declares the next two miles \"certainly along the original Forbes Road.\" (To the north on Fire Station Road is the village of Forbes Road and Hannastown, probably named for later iterations of the original trace.)", "Forbes Road (CR1032\\) continues west until the modern SR 66 interrupts its path. A quick detour south on Forbes Trail Road, then west beneath SR 66, finds Old Rt 66 (and likely the early Forbes Road) heading north until it reaches William Penn Highway (US 22\\). Modern development has likely obliterated any of the original trail beyond this point. Occasional sections of Old William Penn Highway may follow the early path.", "As noted above, US 22 eventually meets Penn Avenue, which tracks west to Point Park and the remnants of Forts Duquesne and Pitt. Nearing the point, Penn Avenue passes near Grant Street, the site of [Maj. James Grant's catastrophic attack on the French Fort](/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Duquesne \"Battle of Fort Duquesne\").", "#### After 1758", "A few miles to the south of Export, Pennsylvania (off PA 66\\) lies [Bushy Run](/wiki/Battle_of_Bushy_Run \"Battle of Bushy Run\") battlefield, where Col. Bouquet turned the tide on Pontiac's war in 1763\\.", "Hulbert closes his volume with some compelling observations about the success and popularity of Forbes' Road in the years between the Revolutionary War and the coming of the railroads:", "'Braddock's Road would have been exceedingly roundabout for New England travelers, as Forbes long before clearly established. Pennsylvania's new road, begun in 1785, was not a tempting route of travel for these New Englanders in this year, 1788\\. \"The roads, at that day,\" wrote Dr. Hildreth, \"across the mountains were the worst we can imagine—cut into deep gullies on one side by mountain rains, while the other was filled with blocks of sand stone.... As few of the emigrant wagons were provided with lock\\-chains for the wheels, the downward impetus was checked by a large log, or broken tree top, tied with a rope to the back of the wagon and dragged along on the ground. In other places, the road was so sideling that all the men who could be spared were required to pull at the side stays, or short ropes attached to the upper side of the wagons, to prevent their upsetting.... All this part of the country, and as far east as Carlisle, had been, about twenty\\-five years before, depopulated by the depredations of the Indians. Many of the present inhabitants well remembered those days of trial, and could not see these helpless women and children moving so far away into the wilderness as Ohio, without expressing their fears.... Three days after ... they reached the little village of Bedford. During this period they had crossed \"Sideling Hill,\" forded some of the main branches of the Juniata, and threaded the narrow valleys along its borders. Every few miles long strings of pack\\-horses met them on the road, bearing heavy burthens of peltry and ginseng, the two main articles of export from the regions west of the mountains. Others overtook them loaded with kegs of spirits, salt, and bales of dry goods, on their way to the traders in Pittsburg.... .'", "....", "'... Morris Birkbeck, founder of the English settlement in Illinois, journeyed from Washington, D.C., to Pittsburg, in 1817, by way of Frederickstown and Hagerstown and the Pennsylvania Road. At \"McConnell's Town,\" under the date of May 23, he wrote in his journal: \"The road we have been travelling \\[from Washington, D. C.] terminates at this place, where it strikes the great turnpike from Philadelphia to Pittsburg.\" Of the scenes about him Mr. Birkbeck writes: \"Old America seems to be breaking up, and moving westward. We are seldom out of sight, as we travel on this grand track, towards the Ohio, of family groups.... To give an idea of the internal movements of this vast hive, about 12,000 wagons passed between Baltimore and Philadelphia, in the last year, with from four to six \\[horses], carrying from thirty\\-five to forty cwt. \\[hundred pounds]. The cost of carriage is about seven dollars per cwt., from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, and the money paid for the conveyance of goods on this road, exceeds £300,000 sterling. Add to these the numerous stages loaded to the utmost, and the innumerable travellers, on horseback, on foot, and in light waggons, and you have before you a scene of bustle and business, extending over a space of three hundred miles, which is truly wonderful.\" Birkbeck does not mention the Cumberland Road, though it is drawn on the map accompanying his book. His advice to prospective immigrants is, in every instance, to come westward by the Pennsylvania \\[Forbes] Road.'Hulbert 208\\-212", "### Markers", "[thumb\\|Historical marker, U.S. 30, Breezewood, PA.](/wiki/File:Breezewood_PA_Forbes_Road_Historical_Marker.jpg \"Breezewood PA Forbes Road Historical Marker.jpg\")\nMany historical markers indicate locations along the original route where Forbes traveled with his army. In [Westmoreland County](/wiki/Westmoreland_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania\"), a Forbes Road marker is located along US 22, {{convert\\|1\\.2\\|mi\\|km}} east of Murrysville. In Cumberland County, there are markers along [US 11](/wiki/U.S._Route_11_in_Pennsylvania \"U.S. Route 11 in Pennsylvania\") southwest of Carlisle and one\\-mile northeast of Shippensburg. In Fulton County, there is a marker along [US 522](/wiki/U.S._Route_522_in_Pennsylvania \"U.S. Route 522 in Pennsylvania\"), {{convert\\|0\\.2\\|mi\\|km}} southwest of Burnt Cabins. Forbes Road markers have also been erected in Allegheny, Bedford, and Somerset counties.[Forbes Road markers](http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=134)", "" ]
### Following Forbes' Road Like many wilderness roads, there were often several generally parallel tracks, a new one carved when an old one became impassable or a better route determined. Consequently, modern efforts to trace the "original" Forbes Road may be an exercise in frustration; it is often impossible to determine the original track in those rare places when any track can be discerned. Early maps of Forbes Road are of varying utility; some are flatly incorrect. One of the most interesting may be found, with much explanatory text, in "The New Way to the Forks of the Ohio: Reflections on John Potts's Map of 1758\."{{Cite journal\|last\=Meyers, jr.\|first\=James P.\|s2cid\=113792645\|date\=October 1998\|title\=The New Way to the Forks of the Ohio: Reflections on John Potts's Map of 1758\|journal\=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography\|volume\=CXXII\| issue \= 4 (October 1998\)\|pages\=385–410}} While the [National Road](/wiki/National_Road "National Road") ([US 40](/wiki/U.S._Route_40 "U.S. Route 40")) largely follows Braddock's Road across the Appalachian Mountains from [Cumberland](/wiki/Cumberland%2C_Maryland "Cumberland, Maryland") into Pittsburgh, Forbes' Road through south central Pennsylvania occasionally dissolves into a morass of speculation from Rohr's Gap (on the [Allegheny Front](/wiki/Allegheny_Front "Allegheny Front") west of [Schellsburg](/wiki/Schellsburg%2C_Pennsylvania "Schellsburg, Pennsylvania")) to [Murrysville, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Murrysville%2C_Pennsylvania "Murrysville, Pennsylvania"), with only a few certain locators. In the most general sense, the [Pennsylvania Turnpike](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike "Pennsylvania Turnpike") follows the trend of Forbes's Road west from Carlisle, Pennsylvania to near [Monroeville, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Monroeville%2C_Pennsylvania "Monroeville, Pennsylvania") just east of Pittsburgh, at places obliterating the historic road. A slightly more accurate rendition of Forbes's Road may be achieved by following US 30 from Chambersburg to the junction of SR 66 west of [Greensburg](/wiki/Greensburg%2C_Pennsylvania "Greensburg, Pennsylvania"), then north on the latter to US 22 east of Murrysville. US 22 west eventually connects with Penn Avenue, which may be followed to the sites of Fort Duquesne and Fort Pitt. Several historical markers may be found along this route. A yet closer reconstruction of the earliest road—subject to correction—is as follows: The section of Forbes' Road initially cut by Burd in 1755 begins at Fort Loudon, at the foot of [Tuscarora Mountain](/wiki/Tuscarora_Mountain "Tuscarora Mountain"). This early path takes the only significant dogleg off the generally west\-by\-northwest road trend. Rather than directly attacking the escarpment, the Forbes' Road (SR 75\) runs north up the Path Valley to [Cowans Gap](/wiki/Cowans_Gap_State_Park "Cowans Gap State Park"), climbs the alluvial fan, then continues north (CR 404\) in a higher valley of the South Branch of Little Augwick Creek. Fort Lyttleton stands just west of the summit. Forbes Trail Road (CR 431\) south of the fort (Off US 522\) is probably accurate. The Pennsylvania Turnpike likely obliterated most of the original trail across the valley south of Hustontown and the switchbacks up Sideling Hill.'As constructed in 1758, the Forbes Road overcame this rise by resorting to a zigzag switchback system of "seven reverse curves and two 90\-degree turns, with several connecting long tangents \-\-one about a half mile in length\-\- climbing the long and steep slope. The construction was accomplished by dragging large blocks, in which the mountainside abounds, into a line against which earth was scooped from the mountainside above, the large rocks serving as a retaining wall. A short, steep 'pinch' at the top completed the ascent" (Williams, 1975, p. 40\). At the top, the road generally turned southwest along the crest, about 2 1/2 miles reaching the site of Jerry Spring, even recently a reliable source of Forbes Road water for travelers. In 1764, Captain Williams, the Chief Engineer on Bouquet's staff (...), considerably improved the route up Sideling Hill. "By producing a prolongation of the third long tangent of the switchback and taking advantage of an existing natural, inclined shelf rising along the side of the narrow valley of the falling Wooden Bridge Creek, for two miles, then passing through a gap between the lofty King's Knob and the main ridge of Sideling Hill, \[Captain] Williams gained the comparatively level top of the connecting ridge to Ray's Hill summit (Williams, 1975, p. 40\), joining the route of the 1758 road not far from Jerry Spring."' Briggs 8, citing Williams, E. G., 1975, *Bouquet's march to the Ohio: The Forbes Road.* Pittsburgh, PA: The Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, 1975\. Of the initial path cut by Burd in 1755, one contemporary account notes "['Sideling Hill,' sixty\-seven miles west of Carlisle, and thirty miles east of Raystown, 'is cut very artificially, nay more so than We ever saw any; the first waggon that carried a Load up it took fifteen Hundred without ever stopping;'...](https://pittsburghgeologicalsociety.org/uploads/pubs/1997_Conquest_of_the_Allegheny_Mountains.pdf) Hulbert p. 27, citing Pennsylvania *Colonial Records*, pp. 434, 435\. Heading west, US 30 soon parallels the turnpike, and near Breezewood, US 30 seems the most likely approximation of Forbes' road. Still heading west, the Raystown Branch of the [Juniata River](/wiki/Fort_Juniata_Crossing "Fort Juniata Crossing") is crossed, and this was followed through two narrow passes ([Tussey](/wiki/Tussey_Mountain "Tussey Mountain") and [Evitts Mountains](/wiki/Evitts_Mountain "Evitts Mountain")) to Bedford, Pennsylvania. A slight northward loop bypasses the formidable [Wills Mountain](/wiki/Wills_Mountain "Wills Mountain"). A historical marker indicates the approximate point where Burd's Road of 1755 begins its southwest course toward Confluence, Pennsylvania.[Locations of Forbes Road markers](http://www.hmdb.org/results.asp?SeriesID=187) The new westward track of Forbes' original route (constructed under the immediate supervision of Bouquet) seems to have also trended south before following low ground through what is now [Shawnee State Park.](/wiki/Shawnee_State_Park_%28Pennsylvania%29 "Shawnee State Park (Pennsylvania)") An alternate route carved shortly after by Lt. Col. Sir John St. Clair, Forbes' quartermaster, follows the current US 30 west. Both were reportedly used during the initial march west. The park was the site of the "Shawanese Cabins" encampment Bouquet used in his 1764 expedition during [Pontiac's War](/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War "Pontiac's War"). Continuing west on US 30, a turnoff past the [Old Log Church](http://www.oldlogchurch.com/History.shtml) parallels Forbes' Road for a short distance. The next significant obstacle is the Allegheny Front, another seemingly endless north–south ridge. In Forbes' era, there was doubt whether a break in the mountain was sufficient to permit wagon passage. After much exploration, Ensign Charles Rohr discovered a north\-trending valley that, though quite steep, could be climbed by wagons. US 30 bends sharply through Rohr's Gap; Forbes' Road followed the gap to the top of the ridge where the small redoubt [Fort Dewart](http://www.warforempire.org/visit/details.aspx?SiteID=27&c=) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912105318/http://warforempire.org/visit/details.aspx?SiteID\=27\&c\= \|date\=2016\-09\-12 }} (aka Duart), the last remaining structure from the original Forbes' Road, guards the summit. A tentative reconstruction of the Forbes route and/or later routes suggests proceeding north from Rohr's Gap on Fleegle Road, then west on Lambert Mountain Road/Lambert Street. A slight northward bump in Central City's School Road connects with Monument Road (west). No current road follows Forbes' route over the ridge. A slight detour south on T742, west on Browning, then north on Ridge Road will connect to Old Forbes Road, which may be followed west into Kantner and Stoystown. Several branches of Forbes' Road split as the route proceeds into the rising, rougher ground of Laurel Mountain. The landscape through this region has been substantially altered by strip mining, so there is a scant likelihood of finding an original trace; US 30 west parallels Forbes' Road a few miles to the south. A roadside historical marker for Edmund's Swamp indicates where good grazing was found for horses and cattle. US 30 (west) is probably the surest route into Jennerstown. What follows is quite speculative: North from Rt 30 in Jennerstown on SR 985 leads to Stemler and Barnick Roads, which on good evidence, seem to lie near or on the early Forbes Road. Near the intersection of Barnick with Klines Mills Roads was the Clear Fields encampment named by Bouquet. Klines Mills Road north becomes Sequenota Road, then a rough track to a reservoir. It seems likely that the earliest Forbes' Road ran up the nose of the mountain near this point, crossing the highest elevations of the entire route. Older topographic maps show a jeep trail over the ridge; its current state is unknown to this author. Over the west side of the ridge, Old Forbes picks up again near the intersection with the Laurel Ridge Trail. Several divergent "Old Forbes Roads" are to be found in this area, as there were several early iterations. The oldest seems to have trended far to the north. Workforce was needed to construct the fort at Ligonier, so this roundabout route was made to serve until a better track could be cut. The later, closer road (declared "four miles shorter and eight miles better") was developed as time permitted. As the earliest roads tended to the high ground, a lost trace of this second path across the ridge to Kissell Springs Road seems probable. Kissell Springs intersects with Nature Run Road; north on this latter connects with yet another Old Forbes Road. This trended north and west on Gravel Hill Road, then south down a lost path directly to Fort Ligonier. West of Ligonier, US 30 parallels Loyalhanna Creek through the water gap in Chestnut Ridge—the last major obstacle on the road to Fort Duquesne. Forbes' Road unexpectedly turns south on Four Mile Run, then up and over the 700\-foot hill on Youngstown Ridge Road. What occasioned this detour is uncertain. Possibly fear of ambush through the steep terrain was a concern, or the gap may have been impassable due to heavy rains, mud, and water\-bourne detritus. Briggs suggests that a waterlogged gully on Youngstown Ridge may be a remnant of Forbes' Road.Briggs 26 North and west of Youngstown\-Latrobe, much speculation again prevailed on establishing the early track. Following Youngstown Ridge Road to Arnold Palmer Drive to Clearview seems the most likely path. North on Lloyd Run (SR 981\), then left on Monastery Drive to a traffic circle, then north on St. Vincent Drive seems the best approximation of the early track. Then west at Unity Cemetery Road, followed by north at McCullough Road. McCullough becomes Saxman Road, then joins Latrobe Crabtree Road north to Bovard Luxor Road. West on Bovard Luxor, then north again on Cemetery Road, west on Calvary Hill Road (CR 1032\), briefly south on New Alexandria (US 119\), then west on Old Forbes Road (again, CR 1032\), clinging to the ridge tops for a few miles to the site of the "three redoubts" encampment of 1758\. A historical marker at Old Hannastown declares the next two miles "certainly along the original Forbes Road." (To the north on Fire Station Road is the village of Forbes Road and Hannastown, probably named for later iterations of the original trace.) Forbes Road (CR1032\) continues west until the modern SR 66 interrupts its path. A quick detour south on Forbes Trail Road, then west beneath SR 66, finds Old Rt 66 (and likely the early Forbes Road) heading north until it reaches William Penn Highway (US 22\). Modern development has likely obliterated any of the original trail beyond this point. Occasional sections of Old William Penn Highway may follow the early path. As noted above, US 22 eventually meets Penn Avenue, which tracks west to Point Park and the remnants of Forts Duquesne and Pitt. Nearing the point, Penn Avenue passes near Grant Street, the site of [Maj. James Grant's catastrophic attack on the French Fort](/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Duquesne "Battle of Fort Duquesne"). #### After 1758 A few miles to the south of Export, Pennsylvania (off PA 66\) lies [Bushy Run](/wiki/Battle_of_Bushy_Run "Battle of Bushy Run") battlefield, where Col. Bouquet turned the tide on Pontiac's war in 1763\. Hulbert closes his volume with some compelling observations about the success and popularity of Forbes' Road in the years between the Revolutionary War and the coming of the railroads: 'Braddock's Road would have been exceedingly roundabout for New England travelers, as Forbes long before clearly established. Pennsylvania's new road, begun in 1785, was not a tempting route of travel for these New Englanders in this year, 1788\. "The roads, at that day," wrote Dr. Hildreth, "across the mountains were the worst we can imagine—cut into deep gullies on one side by mountain rains, while the other was filled with blocks of sand stone.... As few of the emigrant wagons were provided with lock\-chains for the wheels, the downward impetus was checked by a large log, or broken tree top, tied with a rope to the back of the wagon and dragged along on the ground. In other places, the road was so sideling that all the men who could be spared were required to pull at the side stays, or short ropes attached to the upper side of the wagons, to prevent their upsetting.... All this part of the country, and as far east as Carlisle, had been, about twenty\-five years before, depopulated by the depredations of the Indians. Many of the present inhabitants well remembered those days of trial, and could not see these helpless women and children moving so far away into the wilderness as Ohio, without expressing their fears.... Three days after ... they reached the little village of Bedford. During this period they had crossed "Sideling Hill," forded some of the main branches of the Juniata, and threaded the narrow valleys along its borders. Every few miles long strings of pack\-horses met them on the road, bearing heavy burthens of peltry and ginseng, the two main articles of export from the regions west of the mountains. Others overtook them loaded with kegs of spirits, salt, and bales of dry goods, on their way to the traders in Pittsburg.... .' .... '... Morris Birkbeck, founder of the English settlement in Illinois, journeyed from Washington, D.C., to Pittsburg, in 1817, by way of Frederickstown and Hagerstown and the Pennsylvania Road. At "McConnell's Town," under the date of May 23, he wrote in his journal: "The road we have been travelling \[from Washington, D. C.] terminates at this place, where it strikes the great turnpike from Philadelphia to Pittsburg." Of the scenes about him Mr. Birkbeck writes: "Old America seems to be breaking up, and moving westward. We are seldom out of sight, as we travel on this grand track, towards the Ohio, of family groups.... To give an idea of the internal movements of this vast hive, about 12,000 wagons passed between Baltimore and Philadelphia, in the last year, with from four to six \[horses], carrying from thirty\-five to forty cwt. \[hundred pounds]. The cost of carriage is about seven dollars per cwt., from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, and the money paid for the conveyance of goods on this road, exceeds £300,000 sterling. Add to these the numerous stages loaded to the utmost, and the innumerable travellers, on horseback, on foot, and in light waggons, and you have before you a scene of bustle and business, extending over a space of three hundred miles, which is truly wonderful." Birkbeck does not mention the Cumberland Road, though it is drawn on the map accompanying his book. His advice to prospective immigrants is, in every instance, to come westward by the Pennsylvania \[Forbes] Road.'Hulbert 208\-212
[ "### Following Forbes' Road", "Like many wilderness roads, there were often several generally parallel tracks, a new one carved when an old one became impassable or a better route determined. Consequently, modern efforts to trace the \"original\" Forbes Road may be an exercise in frustration; it is often impossible to determine the original track in those rare places when any track can be discerned. Early maps of Forbes Road are of varying utility; some are flatly incorrect. One of the most interesting may be found, with much explanatory text, in \"The New Way to the Forks of the Ohio: Reflections on John Potts's Map of 1758\\.\"{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Meyers, jr.\\|first\\=James P.\\|s2cid\\=113792645\\|date\\=October 1998\\|title\\=The New Way to the Forks of the Ohio: Reflections on John Potts's Map of 1758\\|journal\\=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography\\|volume\\=CXXII\\| issue \\= 4 (October 1998\\)\\|pages\\=385–410}}", "While the [National Road](/wiki/National_Road \"National Road\") ([US 40](/wiki/U.S._Route_40 \"U.S. Route 40\")) largely follows Braddock's Road across the Appalachian Mountains from [Cumberland](/wiki/Cumberland%2C_Maryland \"Cumberland, Maryland\") into Pittsburgh, Forbes' Road through south central Pennsylvania occasionally dissolves into a morass of speculation from Rohr's Gap (on the [Allegheny Front](/wiki/Allegheny_Front \"Allegheny Front\") west of [Schellsburg](/wiki/Schellsburg%2C_Pennsylvania \"Schellsburg, Pennsylvania\")) to [Murrysville, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Murrysville%2C_Pennsylvania \"Murrysville, Pennsylvania\"), with only a few certain locators. In the most general sense, the [Pennsylvania Turnpike](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike \"Pennsylvania Turnpike\") follows the trend of Forbes's Road west from Carlisle, Pennsylvania to near [Monroeville, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Monroeville%2C_Pennsylvania \"Monroeville, Pennsylvania\") just east of Pittsburgh, at places obliterating the historic road. A slightly more accurate rendition of Forbes's Road may be achieved by following US 30 from Chambersburg to the junction of SR 66 west of [Greensburg](/wiki/Greensburg%2C_Pennsylvania \"Greensburg, Pennsylvania\"), then north on the latter to US 22 east of Murrysville. US 22 west eventually connects with Penn Avenue, which may be followed to the sites of Fort Duquesne and Fort Pitt. Several historical markers may be found along this route.", "A yet closer reconstruction of the earliest road—subject to correction—is as follows: The section of Forbes' Road initially cut by Burd in 1755 begins at Fort Loudon, at the foot of [Tuscarora Mountain](/wiki/Tuscarora_Mountain \"Tuscarora Mountain\"). This early path takes the only significant dogleg off the generally west\\-by\\-northwest road trend. Rather than directly attacking the escarpment, the Forbes' Road (SR 75\\) runs north up the Path Valley to [Cowans Gap](/wiki/Cowans_Gap_State_Park \"Cowans Gap State Park\"), climbs the alluvial fan, then continues north (CR 404\\) in a higher valley of the South Branch of Little Augwick Creek. Fort Lyttleton stands just west of the summit. Forbes Trail Road (CR 431\\) south of the fort (Off US 522\\) is probably accurate. The Pennsylvania Turnpike likely obliterated most of the original trail across the valley south of Hustontown and the switchbacks up Sideling Hill.'As constructed in 1758, the Forbes Road overcame this rise by resorting to a zigzag switchback system of \"seven reverse curves and two 90\\-degree turns, with several connecting long tangents \\-\\-one about a half mile in length\\-\\- climbing the long and steep slope. The construction was accomplished by dragging large blocks, in which the mountainside abounds, into a line against which earth was scooped from the mountainside above, the large rocks serving as a retaining wall. A short, steep 'pinch' at the top completed the ascent\" (Williams, 1975, p. 40\\). At the top, the road generally turned southwest along the crest, about 2 1/2 miles reaching the site of Jerry Spring, even recently a reliable source of Forbes Road water for travelers. In 1764, Captain Williams, the Chief Engineer on Bouquet's staff (...), considerably improved the route up Sideling Hill. \"By producing a prolongation of the third long tangent of the switchback and taking advantage of an existing natural, inclined shelf rising along the side of the narrow valley of the falling Wooden Bridge Creek, for two miles, then passing through a gap between the lofty King's Knob and the main ridge of Sideling Hill, \\[Captain] Williams gained the comparatively level top of the connecting ridge to Ray's Hill summit (Williams, 1975, p. 40\\), joining the route of the 1758 road not far from Jerry Spring.\"' Briggs 8, citing Williams, E. G., 1975, *Bouquet's march to the Ohio: The Forbes Road.* Pittsburgh, PA: The Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, 1975\\.", "Of the initial path cut by Burd in 1755, one contemporary account notes \"['Sideling Hill,' sixty\\-seven miles west of Carlisle, and thirty miles east of Raystown, 'is cut very artificially, nay more so than We ever saw any; the first waggon that carried a Load up it took fifteen Hundred without ever stopping;'...](https://pittsburghgeologicalsociety.org/uploads/pubs/1997_Conquest_of_the_Allegheny_Mountains.pdf) Hulbert p. 27, citing Pennsylvania *Colonial Records*, pp. 434, 435\\.", "Heading west, US 30 soon parallels the turnpike, and near Breezewood, US 30 seems the most likely approximation of Forbes' road. Still heading west, the Raystown Branch of the [Juniata River](/wiki/Fort_Juniata_Crossing \"Fort Juniata Crossing\") is crossed, and this was followed through two narrow passes ([Tussey](/wiki/Tussey_Mountain \"Tussey Mountain\") and [Evitts Mountains](/wiki/Evitts_Mountain \"Evitts Mountain\")) to Bedford, Pennsylvania.", "A slight northward loop bypasses the formidable [Wills Mountain](/wiki/Wills_Mountain \"Wills Mountain\"). A historical marker indicates the approximate point where Burd's Road of 1755 begins its southwest course toward Confluence, Pennsylvania.[Locations of Forbes Road markers](http://www.hmdb.org/results.asp?SeriesID=187) The new westward track of Forbes' original route (constructed under the immediate supervision of Bouquet) seems to have also trended south before following low ground through what is now [Shawnee State Park.](/wiki/Shawnee_State_Park_%28Pennsylvania%29 \"Shawnee State Park (Pennsylvania)\") An alternate route carved shortly after by Lt. Col. Sir John St. Clair, Forbes' quartermaster, follows the current US 30 west. Both were reportedly used during the initial march west. The park was the site of the \"Shawanese Cabins\" encampment Bouquet used in his 1764 expedition during [Pontiac's War](/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War \"Pontiac's War\").", "Continuing west on US 30, a turnoff past the [Old Log Church](http://www.oldlogchurch.com/History.shtml) parallels Forbes' Road for a short distance. The next significant obstacle is the Allegheny Front, another seemingly endless north–south ridge. In Forbes' era, there was doubt whether a break in the mountain was sufficient to permit wagon passage. After much exploration, Ensign Charles Rohr discovered a north\\-trending valley that, though quite steep, could be climbed by wagons. US 30 bends sharply through Rohr's Gap; Forbes' Road followed the gap to the top of the ridge where the small redoubt [Fort Dewart](http://www.warforempire.org/visit/details.aspx?SiteID=27&c=) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912105318/http://warforempire.org/visit/details.aspx?SiteID\\=27\\&c\\= \\|date\\=2016\\-09\\-12 }} (aka Duart), the last remaining structure from the original Forbes' Road, guards the summit.", "A tentative reconstruction of the Forbes route and/or later routes suggests proceeding north from Rohr's Gap on Fleegle Road, then west on Lambert Mountain Road/Lambert Street. A slight northward bump in Central City's School Road connects with Monument Road (west). No current road follows Forbes' route over the ridge. A slight detour south on T742, west on Browning, then north on Ridge Road will connect to Old Forbes Road, which may be followed west into Kantner and Stoystown. Several branches of Forbes' Road split as the route proceeds into the rising, rougher ground of Laurel Mountain. The landscape through this region has been substantially altered by strip mining, so there is a scant likelihood of finding an original trace; US 30 west parallels Forbes' Road a few miles to the south. A roadside historical marker for Edmund's Swamp indicates where good grazing was found for horses and cattle.", "US 30 (west) is probably the surest route into Jennerstown. What follows is quite speculative: North from Rt 30 in Jennerstown on SR 985 leads to Stemler and Barnick Roads, which on good evidence, seem to lie near or on the early Forbes Road. Near the intersection of Barnick with Klines Mills Roads was the Clear Fields encampment named by Bouquet. Klines Mills Road north becomes Sequenota Road, then a rough track to a reservoir. It seems likely that the earliest Forbes' Road ran up the nose of the mountain near this point, crossing the highest elevations of the entire route. Older topographic maps show a jeep trail over the ridge; its current state is unknown to this author. Over the west side of the ridge, Old Forbes picks up again near the intersection with the Laurel Ridge Trail. Several divergent \"Old Forbes Roads\" are to be found in this area, as there were several early iterations. The oldest seems to have trended far to the north. Workforce was needed to construct the fort at Ligonier, so this roundabout route was made to serve until a better track could be cut. The later, closer road (declared \"four miles shorter and eight miles better\") was developed as time permitted. As the earliest roads tended to the high ground, a lost trace of this second path across the ridge to Kissell Springs Road seems probable. Kissell Springs intersects with Nature Run Road; north on this latter connects with yet another Old Forbes Road. This trended north and west on Gravel Hill Road, then south down a lost path directly to Fort Ligonier.", "West of Ligonier, US 30 parallels Loyalhanna Creek through the water gap in Chestnut Ridge—the last major obstacle on the road to Fort Duquesne. Forbes' Road unexpectedly turns south on Four Mile Run, then up and over the 700\\-foot hill on Youngstown Ridge Road. What occasioned this detour is uncertain. Possibly fear of ambush through the steep terrain was a concern, or the gap may have been impassable due to heavy rains, mud, and water\\-bourne detritus. Briggs suggests that a waterlogged gully on Youngstown Ridge may be a remnant of Forbes' Road.Briggs 26", "North and west of Youngstown\\-Latrobe, much speculation again prevailed on establishing the early track. Following Youngstown Ridge Road to Arnold Palmer Drive to Clearview seems the most likely path. North on Lloyd Run (SR 981\\), then left on Monastery Drive to a traffic circle, then north on St. Vincent Drive seems the best approximation of the early track. Then west at Unity Cemetery Road, followed by north at McCullough Road. McCullough becomes Saxman Road, then joins Latrobe Crabtree Road north to Bovard Luxor Road. West on Bovard Luxor, then north again on Cemetery Road, west on Calvary Hill Road (CR 1032\\), briefly south on New Alexandria (US 119\\), then west on Old Forbes Road (again, CR 1032\\), clinging to the ridge tops for a few miles to the site of the \"three redoubts\" encampment of 1758\\. A historical marker at Old Hannastown declares the next two miles \"certainly along the original Forbes Road.\" (To the north on Fire Station Road is the village of Forbes Road and Hannastown, probably named for later iterations of the original trace.)", "Forbes Road (CR1032\\) continues west until the modern SR 66 interrupts its path. A quick detour south on Forbes Trail Road, then west beneath SR 66, finds Old Rt 66 (and likely the early Forbes Road) heading north until it reaches William Penn Highway (US 22\\). Modern development has likely obliterated any of the original trail beyond this point. Occasional sections of Old William Penn Highway may follow the early path.", "As noted above, US 22 eventually meets Penn Avenue, which tracks west to Point Park and the remnants of Forts Duquesne and Pitt. Nearing the point, Penn Avenue passes near Grant Street, the site of [Maj. James Grant's catastrophic attack on the French Fort](/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Duquesne \"Battle of Fort Duquesne\").", "#### After 1758", "A few miles to the south of Export, Pennsylvania (off PA 66\\) lies [Bushy Run](/wiki/Battle_of_Bushy_Run \"Battle of Bushy Run\") battlefield, where Col. Bouquet turned the tide on Pontiac's war in 1763\\.", "Hulbert closes his volume with some compelling observations about the success and popularity of Forbes' Road in the years between the Revolutionary War and the coming of the railroads:", "'Braddock's Road would have been exceedingly roundabout for New England travelers, as Forbes long before clearly established. Pennsylvania's new road, begun in 1785, was not a tempting route of travel for these New Englanders in this year, 1788\\. \"The roads, at that day,\" wrote Dr. Hildreth, \"across the mountains were the worst we can imagine—cut into deep gullies on one side by mountain rains, while the other was filled with blocks of sand stone.... As few of the emigrant wagons were provided with lock\\-chains for the wheels, the downward impetus was checked by a large log, or broken tree top, tied with a rope to the back of the wagon and dragged along on the ground. In other places, the road was so sideling that all the men who could be spared were required to pull at the side stays, or short ropes attached to the upper side of the wagons, to prevent their upsetting.... All this part of the country, and as far east as Carlisle, had been, about twenty\\-five years before, depopulated by the depredations of the Indians. Many of the present inhabitants well remembered those days of trial, and could not see these helpless women and children moving so far away into the wilderness as Ohio, without expressing their fears.... Three days after ... they reached the little village of Bedford. During this period they had crossed \"Sideling Hill,\" forded some of the main branches of the Juniata, and threaded the narrow valleys along its borders. Every few miles long strings of pack\\-horses met them on the road, bearing heavy burthens of peltry and ginseng, the two main articles of export from the regions west of the mountains. Others overtook them loaded with kegs of spirits, salt, and bales of dry goods, on their way to the traders in Pittsburg.... .'", "....", "'... Morris Birkbeck, founder of the English settlement in Illinois, journeyed from Washington, D.C., to Pittsburg, in 1817, by way of Frederickstown and Hagerstown and the Pennsylvania Road. At \"McConnell's Town,\" under the date of May 23, he wrote in his journal: \"The road we have been travelling \\[from Washington, D. C.] terminates at this place, where it strikes the great turnpike from Philadelphia to Pittsburg.\" Of the scenes about him Mr. Birkbeck writes: \"Old America seems to be breaking up, and moving westward. We are seldom out of sight, as we travel on this grand track, towards the Ohio, of family groups.... To give an idea of the internal movements of this vast hive, about 12,000 wagons passed between Baltimore and Philadelphia, in the last year, with from four to six \\[horses], carrying from thirty\\-five to forty cwt. \\[hundred pounds]. The cost of carriage is about seven dollars per cwt., from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, and the money paid for the conveyance of goods on this road, exceeds £300,000 sterling. Add to these the numerous stages loaded to the utmost, and the innumerable travellers, on horseback, on foot, and in light waggons, and you have before you a scene of bustle and business, extending over a space of three hundred miles, which is truly wonderful.\" Birkbeck does not mention the Cumberland Road, though it is drawn on the map accompanying his book. His advice to prospective immigrants is, in every instance, to come westward by the Pennsylvania \\[Forbes] Road.'Hulbert 208\\-212", "" ]
Supported hardware ------------------ AMD Software is targeted to support all function blocks present on a GPU's or an APU's [die](/wiki/Die_%28integrated_circuit%29 "Die (integrated circuit)"). Besides instruction code targeted at [rendering](/wiki/Rendering_%28computer_graphics%29 "Rendering (computer graphics)"), this includes [display controllers](/wiki/Video_display_controller "Video display controller") as well as their [SIP blocks](/wiki/Semiconductor_intellectual_property_core "Semiconductor intellectual property core") for [video decoding](/wiki/Video_decoder "Video decoder") ([Unified Video Decoder](/wiki/Unified_Video_Decoder "Unified Video Decoder") (UVD)) and video encoding ([Video Coding Engine](/wiki/Video_Coding_Engine "Video Coding Engine") (VCE)). The device driver also supports [AMD TrueAudio](/wiki/AMD_TrueAudio "AMD TrueAudio"), a SIP block to perform sound\-related calculations. ### Supported products AMD Software supports the following [AMD](/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices "Advanced Micro Devices") (and ATI\-tradition) product lines targeted at [rendering](/wiki/Rendering_%28computer_graphics%29 "Rendering (computer graphics)"): * [Graphics processing units (GPUs)](/wiki/List_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units "List of AMD graphics processing units") * [Accelerated processing units (APUs)](/wiki/List_of_AMD_accelerated_processing_units "List of AMD accelerated processing units") The following product lines are probably{{original research inline\|date\=January 2015}} *not* supported by AMD Software, but instead by some other software, which (for example) is [OpenGL](/wiki/OpenGL "OpenGL")\-certified: * [AMD FireStream](/wiki/AMD_FireStream "AMD FireStream") product line for [GPGPU](/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units "General-purpose computing on graphics processing units") in supercomputers and such * [AMD FireMV](/wiki/AMD_FireMV "AMD FireMV") product line for multi\-monitor setups (*deprecated by AMD Eyefinity being available on all consumer product*s){{citation needed\|date\=July 2014}} * [AMD FirePro](/wiki/AMD_FirePro "AMD FirePro") product line for professionals who require certified OpenGL support ### {{Anchor\|HydraVision\|Eyefinity}}Multi\-monitor support {{Main\|AMD Eyefinity}} Starting in Catalyst 14\.6 AMD has enabled mixed\-resolution support, allowing for a single [Eyefinity](/wiki/AMD_Eyefinity "AMD Eyefinity") display group to be created where each monitor runs at a different resolution. The current version may, however, disable any additional display mode and change to a resolution in the one mode available. This feature is made possible through the addition of two new Eyefinity display modes, Fit and Expand, which join the traditional Fill mode. In both Fit and Expand modes, AMD is compensating for the mismatched resolutions by creating a virtual desktop that is of a different resolution from those of the monitors, and then either padding it out or cropping it as necessary.{{cite web\|last\=Smith\|first\=Ryan\|date\=May 25, 2014\|url\=http://www.anandtech.com/show/8058/amd\-catalyst\-146\-beta\-drivers\-now\-available\-adds\-new\-eyefinity\-functionality\-more\|title\=AMD Catalyst 14\.6 Beta Drivers Released, Adds New Eyefinity Functionality \& More\|work\=\[\[AnandTech]]\|access\-date\=July 2, 2014\|archive\-date\=July 1, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701234129/http://anandtech.com/show/8058/amd\-catalyst\-146\-beta\-drivers\-now\-available\-adds\-new\-eyefinity\-functionality\-more\|url\-status\=live}} Before Eyefinity, there was the Windows\-only software "HydraVision"{{Citation \|title\=Appian HydraVision Reference Guide \|publisher\=Appian Graphics, a division of ETMA Corporation \|publication\-place\=\[\[Redmond, Washington\|Redmond, WA]]}} (originally acquired from [Appian Graphics](/wiki/Appian_Graphics "Appian Graphics") complete with its development team), a desktop/screen management software mostly providing [multi\-monitor](/wiki/Multi-monitor "Multi-monitor") and virtual\-screen management. It has extensive hot\-key support.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amd.com/en/support/kb/faq/gpu\-1175\|title\=HYDRAVISION \- For RADEON and Mobile ATI Products\|work\=\[\[Advanced Micro Devices\|AMD]]\|access\-date\=June 14, 2022}} ### Video acceleration Both of AMD's [SIP cores](/wiki/Semiconductor_intellectual_property_core "Semiconductor intellectual property core") for video acceleration, [Video Coding Engine](/wiki/Video_Coding_Engine "Video Coding Engine") as well as [Unified Video Decoder](/wiki/Unified_Video_Decoder "Unified Video Decoder"), are supported by AMD Software. ### Audio acceleration {{Main\|AMD TrueAudio}} Some AMD products contain [SIP cores](/wiki/Semiconductor_intellectual_property_core "Semiconductor intellectual property core") for audio acceleration branded AMD TrueAudio. Support for this audio acceleration DSP co\-processor is part of AMD Software. Under Microsoft Windows the support for AMD TrueAudio is codenamed "ACP" (for audio co\-processor) and implemented via *"ACP user service" (amdacpusrsvc.exe)*, a background service that helps manage audio tasks in games. Under Linux, AMD TrueAudio is codenamed "acp" as well: some code regarding this can be found in the /drivers/gpu/drm/radeon directory of the Linux kernel sources. ### Power saving {{Main\|AMD PowerTune}} AMD Software includes support for [AMD PowerPlay](/wiki/AMD_PowerPlay "AMD PowerPlay"), [AMD PowerTune](/wiki/AMD_PowerTune "AMD PowerTune") and [AMD ZeroCore Power](/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next%23ZeroCore_Power "Graphics Core Next#ZeroCore Power"), AMD's set of technologies to reduce energy consumption in their graphics products.{{cite web \|last\=Larabel \|first\=Michael \|date\=November 12, 2005 \|url\=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page\=article\&item\=313\#\=1 \|title\=ATI PowerPlay \|work\=\[\[Phoronix Test Suite\#Phoronix website\|Phoronix]] \|access\-date\=June 14, 2022 \|archive\-date\=February 10, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210060332/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page\=article\&item\=313\#\=1 \|url\-status\=live }}
[ "Supported hardware\n------------------", "AMD Software is targeted to support all function blocks present on a GPU's or an APU's [die](/wiki/Die_%28integrated_circuit%29 \"Die (integrated circuit)\"). Besides instruction code targeted at [rendering](/wiki/Rendering_%28computer_graphics%29 \"Rendering (computer graphics)\"), this includes [display controllers](/wiki/Video_display_controller \"Video display controller\") as well as their [SIP blocks](/wiki/Semiconductor_intellectual_property_core \"Semiconductor intellectual property core\") for [video decoding](/wiki/Video_decoder \"Video decoder\") ([Unified Video Decoder](/wiki/Unified_Video_Decoder \"Unified Video Decoder\") (UVD)) and video encoding ([Video Coding Engine](/wiki/Video_Coding_Engine \"Video Coding Engine\") (VCE)).", "The device driver also supports [AMD TrueAudio](/wiki/AMD_TrueAudio \"AMD TrueAudio\"), a SIP block to perform sound\\-related calculations.", "### Supported products", "AMD Software supports the following [AMD](/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices \"Advanced Micro Devices\") (and ATI\\-tradition) product lines targeted at [rendering](/wiki/Rendering_%28computer_graphics%29 \"Rendering (computer graphics)\"):\n* [Graphics processing units (GPUs)](/wiki/List_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units \"List of AMD graphics processing units\")\n* [Accelerated processing units (APUs)](/wiki/List_of_AMD_accelerated_processing_units \"List of AMD accelerated processing units\")", "The following product lines are probably{{original research inline\\|date\\=January 2015}} *not* supported by AMD Software, but instead by some other software, which (for example) is [OpenGL](/wiki/OpenGL \"OpenGL\")\\-certified:\n* [AMD FireStream](/wiki/AMD_FireStream \"AMD FireStream\") product line for [GPGPU](/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units \"General-purpose computing on graphics processing units\") in supercomputers and such\n* [AMD FireMV](/wiki/AMD_FireMV \"AMD FireMV\") product line for multi\\-monitor setups (*deprecated by AMD Eyefinity being available on all consumer product*s){{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2014}}\n* [AMD FirePro](/wiki/AMD_FirePro \"AMD FirePro\") product line for professionals who require certified OpenGL support", "### {{Anchor\\|HydraVision\\|Eyefinity}}Multi\\-monitor support", "{{Main\\|AMD Eyefinity}}\nStarting in Catalyst 14\\.6 AMD has enabled mixed\\-resolution support, allowing for a single [Eyefinity](/wiki/AMD_Eyefinity \"AMD Eyefinity\") display group to be created where each monitor runs at a different resolution. The current version may, however, disable any additional display mode and change to a resolution in the one mode available. This feature is made possible through the addition of two new Eyefinity display modes, Fit and Expand, which join the traditional Fill mode. In both Fit and Expand modes, AMD is compensating for the mismatched resolutions by creating a virtual desktop that is of a different resolution from those of the monitors, and then either padding it out or cropping it as necessary.{{cite web\\|last\\=Smith\\|first\\=Ryan\\|date\\=May 25, 2014\\|url\\=http://www.anandtech.com/show/8058/amd\\-catalyst\\-146\\-beta\\-drivers\\-now\\-available\\-adds\\-new\\-eyefinity\\-functionality\\-more\\|title\\=AMD Catalyst 14\\.6 Beta Drivers Released, Adds New Eyefinity Functionality \\& More\\|work\\=\\[\\[AnandTech]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=July 1, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701234129/http://anandtech.com/show/8058/amd\\-catalyst\\-146\\-beta\\-drivers\\-now\\-available\\-adds\\-new\\-eyefinity\\-functionality\\-more\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Before Eyefinity, there was the Windows\\-only software \"HydraVision\"{{Citation \\|title\\=Appian HydraVision Reference Guide \\|publisher\\=Appian Graphics, a division of ETMA Corporation \\|publication\\-place\\=\\[\\[Redmond, Washington\\|Redmond, WA]]}} (originally acquired from [Appian Graphics](/wiki/Appian_Graphics \"Appian Graphics\") complete with its development team), a desktop/screen management software mostly providing [multi\\-monitor](/wiki/Multi-monitor \"Multi-monitor\") and virtual\\-screen management. It has extensive hot\\-key support.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amd.com/en/support/kb/faq/gpu\\-1175\\|title\\=HYDRAVISION \\- For RADEON and Mobile ATI Products\\|work\\=\\[\\[Advanced Micro Devices\\|AMD]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2022}}", "### Video acceleration", "Both of AMD's [SIP cores](/wiki/Semiconductor_intellectual_property_core \"Semiconductor intellectual property core\") for video acceleration, [Video Coding Engine](/wiki/Video_Coding_Engine \"Video Coding Engine\") as well as [Unified Video Decoder](/wiki/Unified_Video_Decoder \"Unified Video Decoder\"), are supported by AMD Software.", "### Audio acceleration", "{{Main\\|AMD TrueAudio}}\nSome AMD products contain [SIP cores](/wiki/Semiconductor_intellectual_property_core \"Semiconductor intellectual property core\") for audio acceleration branded AMD TrueAudio. Support for this audio acceleration DSP co\\-processor is part of AMD Software.", "Under Microsoft Windows the support for AMD TrueAudio is codenamed \"ACP\" (for audio co\\-processor) and implemented via *\"ACP user service\" (amdacpusrsvc.exe)*, a background service that helps manage audio tasks in games.", "Under Linux, AMD TrueAudio is codenamed \"acp\" as well: some code regarding this can be found in the /drivers/gpu/drm/radeon directory of the Linux kernel sources.", "### Power saving", "{{Main\\|AMD PowerTune}}\nAMD Software includes support for [AMD PowerPlay](/wiki/AMD_PowerPlay \"AMD PowerPlay\"), [AMD PowerTune](/wiki/AMD_PowerTune \"AMD PowerTune\") and [AMD ZeroCore Power](/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next%23ZeroCore_Power \"Graphics Core Next#ZeroCore Power\"), AMD's set of technologies to reduce energy consumption in their graphics products.{{cite web \\|last\\=Larabel \\|first\\=Michael \\|date\\=November 12, 2005 \\|url\\=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page\\=article\\&item\\=313\\#\\=1 \\|title\\=ATI PowerPlay \\|work\\=\\[\\[Phoronix Test Suite\\#Phoronix website\\|Phoronix]] \\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 10, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210060332/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page\\=article\\&item\\=313\\#\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "" ]
Design overview --------------- [thumb\|1962\-1971 Loadstar hood badging](/wiki/File:1969_International_Loadstar_1800_prime_mover_%285987212572%29.jpg "1969 International Loadstar 1800 prime mover (5987212572).jpg") ### Chassis Models other than semi\-tractors had vacuum assisted hydraulic drum brakes standard. Air over hydraulic and full air brakes were available. A driven front axle and tandem rear axles were available on some models (cab\-over\-engine models could have neither). Loaded weights were from {{convert\|18,200\|to\|30,200\|lb}} and up to {{convert\|50,000\|lb}} including trailers.{{cite book\|title\=Motor's Truck and Diesel Repair Manual\|publisher\=Motor\|year\=1973\|isbn\=0\-910992\-16\-9\|edition\=26\|pages\=946–948}} ### Engines Gasoline, CNG, and mid\-range diesel engines were used. The short hood of the Loadstar meant that V\-8 engines fit better than [straight\-six engines](/wiki/Straight-six_engine "Straight-six engine"). The **V304/345/392** family was the primary engine of the Loadstar between 1962 and 1973\. They are {{convert\|304\|, \|345\|, and\|392\|cuin\|L\|1}} overhead valve gasoline V8s. They developed {{convert\|193\|, \|197\|, and\|236\|hp}} respectively. CNG V345s were also available. In 1962 the V304 was standard on the 1600 and 1700 while the V345 was standard on the 1800\. On most models the next larger engine was optional. In 1974 the V345 became standard on the 1600\. The **MV404** was introduced in 1974\. It was a {{convert\|404\|cuin\|L\|1}} overhead valve gasoline V8 with a 4\-barrel carburetor. It developed {{convert\|210\|hp}} and {{convert\|366\|lb.ft}} of torque. It became standard on the 1700 and 1800\. The **BD264/282/308** family were the only inline\-six cylinder gasoline engines offered. They were {{convert\|264\|, \|282\|, and\|308\|cuin\|L\|1}} and developed {{convert\|154\|, \|136\|, and\|202\|hp}} respectively. **Mid\-range diesels** were International V8s up to {{convert\|200\|hp}}, the Detroit Diesel [6V53](/wiki/Detroit_Diesel_Series_53 "Detroit Diesel Series 53") with {{convert\|195\|hp}}, and Perkins inline\-sixes up to {{convert\|130\|hp}}. | Model{{cite web\|url\=http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/ihc/id/36235\|title\=International Truck Specifications \- Loadstar Line\|publisher\=Wisconsin Historical Society\|date\=2013\|access\-date\=2014\-10\-28}} | Max. front GAWR{{refn\|group\=lower\-alpha\|Gross axle weight rating is the loaded weight of the axle.}} | Max. rear GAWR | Max. GVWR{{refn\|group\=lower\-alpha\|Gross vehicle weight rating is the loaded weight of the truck.}} | [Engine](/wiki/List_of_International_Harvester/Navistar_engines%23IHC_engines "List of International Harvester/Navistar engines#IHC engines"){{refn\|group\=lower\-alpha\|Highest rated engine for model.}} | Trans | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Binder | 5,000 LB (2,270 kg) | 14,200 lb (6,440 kg) | 19,200 lb (8,711 kg) | V\-345 | 4 spd. | |1600{{convert\|7,500\|lb\|abbr\=on}}{{convert\|17,000\|lb\|abbr\=on}} {{convert\|24,500\|lb\|abbr\=on}}V\-345 5 spd.{{refn\|group\=lower\-alpha\|A 4 spd. automatic was available.}} | | 1600 4x4 | {{convert\|6,000\|lb\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|14,200\|lb\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|35,000\|lb\|abbr\=on}} | V\-345 | 5 spd. | | 1700 | {{convert\|9,000\|lb\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|18,500\|lb\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|27,500\|lb\|abbr\=on}} | MV\-404 | 4 spd. | | 1700 4x4 | {{convert\|9,000\|lb\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|17,000\|lb\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|26,000\|lb\|abbr\=on}} | V\-345 | 5 spd. | | 1800 | {{convert\|9,000\|lb\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|21,200\|lb\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|30,200\|lb\|abbr\=on}} | MV\-446 | 10 spd. | | 1850 | {{convert\|9,000\|lb\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|21,200\|lb\|abbr\=on}} |{{convert\|30,200\|lb\|abbr\=on}}D\-1705 spd. | F1800 6x4 | {{convert\|10,860\|lb\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|34,000\|lb\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|44,600\|lb\|abbr\=on}} | MV\-404 | 5 spd. | | F1850 6x4 | {{convert\|12,000\|lb\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|34,000\|lb\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|46,000\|lb\|abbr\=on}} | D\-170 | 5 spd. | {{reflist\|group\=lower\-alpha}} ### Driveline Four and 5\-speed manual transmissions were used. All gasoline single axle models could have a 2\-speed rear axle. Diesel models were available with 8\- and 10\-speed Roadranger manual transmissions. Four and 6\-speed automatic transmissions were available on some models.
[ "Design overview\n---------------", "[thumb\\|1962\\-1971 Loadstar hood badging](/wiki/File:1969_International_Loadstar_1800_prime_mover_%285987212572%29.jpg \"1969 International Loadstar 1800 prime mover (5987212572).jpg\")", "### Chassis", "Models other than semi\\-tractors had vacuum assisted hydraulic drum brakes standard. Air over hydraulic and full air brakes were available. A driven front axle and tandem rear axles were available on some models (cab\\-over\\-engine models could have neither). Loaded weights were from {{convert\\|18,200\\|to\\|30,200\\|lb}} and up to {{convert\\|50,000\\|lb}} including trailers.{{cite book\\|title\\=Motor's Truck and Diesel Repair Manual\\|publisher\\=Motor\\|year\\=1973\\|isbn\\=0\\-910992\\-16\\-9\\|edition\\=26\\|pages\\=946–948}}", "### Engines", "Gasoline, CNG, and mid\\-range diesel engines were used. The short hood of the Loadstar meant that V\\-8 engines fit better than [straight\\-six engines](/wiki/Straight-six_engine \"Straight-six engine\").", "The **V304/345/392** family was the primary engine of the Loadstar between 1962 and 1973\\. They are {{convert\\|304\\|, \\|345\\|, and\\|392\\|cuin\\|L\\|1}} overhead valve gasoline V8s. They developed {{convert\\|193\\|, \\|197\\|, and\\|236\\|hp}} respectively. CNG V345s were also available. In 1962 the V304 was standard on the 1600 and 1700 while the V345 was standard on the 1800\\. On most models the next larger engine was optional. In 1974 the V345 became standard on the 1600\\.", "The **MV404** was introduced in 1974\\. It was a {{convert\\|404\\|cuin\\|L\\|1}} overhead valve gasoline V8 with a 4\\-barrel carburetor. It developed {{convert\\|210\\|hp}} and {{convert\\|366\\|lb.ft}} of torque. It became standard on the 1700 and 1800\\.", "The **BD264/282/308** family were the only inline\\-six cylinder gasoline engines offered. They were {{convert\\|264\\|, \\|282\\|, and\\|308\\|cuin\\|L\\|1}} and developed {{convert\\|154\\|, \\|136\\|, and\\|202\\|hp}} respectively.", "**Mid\\-range diesels** were International V8s up to {{convert\\|200\\|hp}}, the Detroit Diesel [6V53](/wiki/Detroit_Diesel_Series_53 \"Detroit Diesel Series 53\") with {{convert\\|195\\|hp}}, and Perkins inline\\-sixes up to {{convert\\|130\\|hp}}.", "", "| Model{{cite web\\|url\\=http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/ihc/id/36235\\|title\\=International Truck Specifications \\- Loadstar Line\\|publisher\\=Wisconsin Historical Society\\|date\\=2013\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-10\\-28}} | Max. front GAWR{{refn\\|group\\=lower\\-alpha\\|Gross axle weight rating is the loaded weight of the axle.}} | Max. rear GAWR | Max. GVWR{{refn\\|group\\=lower\\-alpha\\|Gross vehicle weight rating is the loaded weight of the truck.}} | [Engine](/wiki/List_of_International_Harvester/Navistar_engines%23IHC_engines \"List of International Harvester/Navistar engines#IHC engines\"){{refn\\|group\\=lower\\-alpha\\|Highest rated engine for model.}} | Trans |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Binder | 5,000 LB (2,270 kg) | 14,200 lb (6,440 kg) | 19,200 lb (8,711 kg) | V\\-345 | 4 spd. |\n|1600{{convert\\|7,500\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}}{{convert\\|17,000\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} {{convert\\|24,500\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}}V\\-345 5 spd.{{refn\\|group\\=lower\\-alpha\\|A 4 spd. automatic was available.}} |\n| 1600 4x4 | {{convert\\|6,000\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|14,200\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|35,000\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} | V\\-345 | 5 spd. |\n| 1700 | {{convert\\|9,000\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|18,500\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|27,500\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} | MV\\-404 | 4 spd. |\n| 1700 4x4 | {{convert\\|9,000\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|17,000\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|26,000\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} | V\\-345 | 5 spd. |\n| 1800 | {{convert\\|9,000\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|21,200\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|30,200\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} | MV\\-446 | 10 spd. |\n| 1850 | {{convert\\|9,000\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|21,200\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} |{{convert\\|30,200\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}}D\\-1705 spd.", "| F1800 6x4 | {{convert\\|10,860\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|34,000\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|44,600\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} | MV\\-404 | 5 spd. |\n| F1850 6x4 | {{convert\\|12,000\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|34,000\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|46,000\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} | D\\-170 | 5 spd. |", "{{reflist\\|group\\=lower\\-alpha}}", "### Driveline", "Four and 5\\-speed manual transmissions were used. All gasoline single axle models could have a 2\\-speed rear axle. Diesel models were available with 8\\- and 10\\-speed Roadranger manual transmissions. Four and 6\\-speed automatic transmissions were available on some models.", "" ]
Collections ----------- The Kunsthalle is divided into four different sections: the Gallery of Old Masters, the Gallery of 19th\-century Art, the Gallery of Classical Modernism, and the Gallery of Contemporary Art. The highlights of the collection include the medieval alters of [Master Bertram](/wiki/Master_Bertram "Master Bertram") and [Master Francke](/wiki/Master_Francke "Master Francke"), 17th\-century Dutch paintings, works of early to mid 19th\-century German [Romanticism](/wiki/Romanticism "Romanticism"), and collections of impressionism and classic modernism. The Kunsthalle is also known for its international contemporary art collections and exhibitions, which include post\-1950 Pop Art, conceptual art, video art and photography. ### Old Masters The Old Masters Collection shows works by Bartel Beham, [Bernardo Bellotto](/wiki/Bernardo_Bellotto "Bernardo Bellotto"), [Lucas Cranach the Younger](/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Younger "Lucas Cranach the Younger"), Master Francke, [Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes](/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Goya_y_Lucientes "Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes"), [Johann Georg Hinz](/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hinz "Johann Georg Hinz"), [Jan Massys](/wiki/Jan_Massys "Jan Massys"), [Giambattista Pittoni](/wiki/Giambattista_Pittoni "Giambattista Pittoni"), [Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn](/wiki/Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn "Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn"), [Peter Paul Rubens](/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens "Peter Paul Rubens"), [Jacob Isaacksz van Ruisdael](/wiki/Jacob_Isaacksz_van_Ruisdael "Jacob Isaacksz van Ruisdael") and [Giovanni Battista Tiepolo](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo "Giovanni Battista Tiepolo"), among others. {{Panorama \|image \= Meister Bertram von Minden \- Grabow Altarpiece \- WGA14309\.jpg \|height \= 200px \|width \= \|alt \= \[\[Master Bertram]]: \[\[Grabow Altarpiece]] (1383\) \|caption \= \[\[Master Bertram]]: \[\[Grabow Altarpiece]] (1383\) \|dir \= \|align \= center }} ### 19th\-century art The Gallery of 19th\-century Art shows work by [Carl Blechen](/wiki/Carl_Blechen "Carl Blechen"), [Arnold Böcklin](/wiki/Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin "Arnold Böcklin"), [Gustave Courbet](/wiki/Gustave_Courbet "Gustave Courbet"), [Edgar Degas](/wiki/Edgar_Degas "Edgar Degas"), [Anselm Feuerbach](/wiki/Anselm_Feuerbach "Anselm Feuerbach"), [Caspar David Friedrich](/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich "Caspar David Friedrich"), [Jean\-Léon Gérôme](/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me "Jean-Léon Gérôme"), [Wilhelm Leibl](/wiki/Wilhelm_Leibl "Wilhelm Leibl"), [Max Liebermann](/wiki/Max_Liebermann "Max Liebermann"), [Édouard Manet](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet "Édouard Manet"), [Adolph Menzel](/wiki/Adolph_Menzel "Adolph Menzel"), [Claude Monet](/wiki/Claude_Monet "Claude Monet"), [Auguste Rodin](/wiki/Auguste_Rodin "Auguste Rodin") and [Philipp Otto Runge](/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge "Philipp Otto Runge"), among others. Caspar David Friedrich \- Wanderer above the sea of fog.jpg\|\[\[Caspar David Friedrich\|C. D. Friedrich]]: ''\[\[Wanderer above the Sea of Fog]]'' (1818\) Caspar\_David\_Friedrich\_\-\_Das\_Eismeer\_\-\_Hamburger\_Kunsthalle\_\-\_02\.jpg\|C. D. Friedrich: \<br /\>''\[\[The Sea of Ice]]'' (1824\) 1877 Manet Nana anagoria.jpg\|\[\[Édouard Manet]]: \<br /\>''\[\[Nana (painting)\|Nana]]'' (1877\) Makart hans der einzug karls v in antwerpen.jpg\|\[\[Hans Makart]]: \<br /\>''{{Interlanguage link multi\|The Entry of Charles V into Antwerp\|ja\|3\=カール5世のアントワープ入城}}'' (1878\) Liebermann1902Jacobterrasse.jpg\|\[\[Max Liebermann]]: \<br /\>''Jacob Restaurant'' (1902\) Jean\-Léon Gérôme, Phryne revealed before the Areopagus (1861\) \- 01\.jpg\|\[\[Jean\-Léon Gérôme]]: \<br /\>''\[\[Phryne before the Areopagus]]'' (1861\) Paul Gauguin 009\.jpg\|\[\[Paul Gauguin]]: \<br /\>''Breton Boys Bathing'' (1888\) ### Modern art The Classical Modernism gallery shows works by [Francis Bacon](/wiki/Francis_Bacon_%28artist%29 "Francis Bacon (artist)"), [Max Beckmann](/wiki/Max_Beckmann "Max Beckmann"), [Lovis Corinth](/wiki/Lovis_Corinth "Lovis Corinth"), [James Ensor](/wiki/James_Ensor "James Ensor"), [Max Ernst](/wiki/Max_Ernst "Max Ernst"), [Ernst Ludwig Kirchner](/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner "Ernst Ludwig Kirchner"), [Paul Klee](/wiki/Paul_Klee "Paul Klee"), [Oskar Kokoschka](/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka "Oskar Kokoschka"), [Paula Modersohn\-Becker](/wiki/Paula_Modersohn-Becker "Paula Modersohn-Becker"), [Edvard Munch](/wiki/Edvard_Munch "Edvard Munch"), [Emil Nolde](/wiki/Emil_Nolde "Emil Nolde") and [Pablo Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso "Pablo Picasso"), among others. Edvard Munch \- Madonna (1895\) \- Hamburger Kunsthalle.jpg\|\[\[Edvard Munch]]: \<br /\>''\[\[Madonna (Edvard Munch)\|Madonna]]'' (1895\) Marc\-elephant.jpg\|\[\[Franz Marc]]: \<br /\>''Elephant'' (1907\) Kirchner \- Selbstbildnis mit Modell.jpg\|\[\[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner]]: \<br /\>''Self\-portrait with model'' (1910\) Woman with a Cat at Kunsthalle.jpg\|\[\[Fernand Léger]]: \<br/\> ''\[\[Woman with a Cat (Léger)\|Woman with a Cat]]'' (1921\) (1 of 2 versions, 97\.5 x 70\.5 x 5\.5 cm) Paul Klee, Revolution des Viadukts, 1937\.jpg\|\[\[Paul Klee]]: \<br /\>''Revolution of the Viaduct'' (1937\) ### Contemporary art The Gallery of Contemporary Art shows works by [Joseph Beuys](/wiki/Joseph_Beuys "Joseph Beuys"), [Tracey Emin](/wiki/Tracey_Emin "Tracey Emin"), [David Hockney](/wiki/David_Hockney "David Hockney"), [Rebecca Horn](/wiki/Rebecca_Horn "Rebecca Horn"), [Ilya Kabakov](/wiki/Ilya_Kabakov "Ilya Kabakov"), [On Kawara](/wiki/On_Kawara "On Kawara"), [Yves Klein](/wiki/Yves_Klein "Yves Klein"), [Kitty Kraus](/wiki/Kitty_Kraus "Kitty Kraus"), [Robert Morris](/wiki/Robert_Morris_%28artist%29 "Robert Morris (artist)"), [Hermann Nitsch](/wiki/Hermann_Nitsch "Hermann Nitsch"), [George Segal](/wiki/George_Segal_%28artist%29 "George Segal (artist)"), [Richard Serra](/wiki/Richard_Serra "Richard Serra"), [Franz Erhard Walther](/wiki/Franz_Erhard_Walther "Franz Erhard Walther"), and [Andy Warhol](/wiki/Andy_Warhol "Andy Warhol"), among others.
[ "Collections\n-----------", "The Kunsthalle is divided into four different sections: the Gallery of Old Masters, the Gallery of 19th\\-century Art, the Gallery of Classical Modernism, and the Gallery of Contemporary Art.", "The highlights of the collection include the medieval alters of [Master Bertram](/wiki/Master_Bertram \"Master Bertram\") and [Master Francke](/wiki/Master_Francke \"Master Francke\"), 17th\\-century Dutch paintings, works of early to mid 19th\\-century German [Romanticism](/wiki/Romanticism \"Romanticism\"), and collections of impressionism and classic modernism. The Kunsthalle is also known for its international contemporary art collections and exhibitions, which include post\\-1950 Pop Art, conceptual art, video art and photography.", "### Old Masters", "The Old Masters Collection shows works by Bartel Beham, [Bernardo Bellotto](/wiki/Bernardo_Bellotto \"Bernardo Bellotto\"), [Lucas Cranach the Younger](/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Younger \"Lucas Cranach the Younger\"), Master Francke, [Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes](/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Goya_y_Lucientes \"Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes\"), [Johann Georg Hinz](/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hinz \"Johann Georg Hinz\"), [Jan Massys](/wiki/Jan_Massys \"Jan Massys\"), [Giambattista Pittoni](/wiki/Giambattista_Pittoni \"Giambattista Pittoni\"), [Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn](/wiki/Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn \"Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn\"), [Peter Paul Rubens](/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens \"Peter Paul Rubens\"), [Jacob Isaacksz van Ruisdael](/wiki/Jacob_Isaacksz_van_Ruisdael \"Jacob Isaacksz van Ruisdael\") and [Giovanni Battista Tiepolo](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo \"Giovanni Battista Tiepolo\"), among others.\n{{Panorama\n\\|image \\= Meister Bertram von Minden \\- Grabow Altarpiece \\- WGA14309\\.jpg\n\\|height \\= 200px\n\\|width \\= \n\\|alt \\= \\[\\[Master Bertram]]: \\[\\[Grabow Altarpiece]] (1383\\)\n\\|caption \\= \\[\\[Master Bertram]]: \\[\\[Grabow Altarpiece]] (1383\\)\n\\|dir \\= \n\\|align \\= center\n}}", "### 19th\\-century art", "The Gallery of 19th\\-century Art shows work by [Carl Blechen](/wiki/Carl_Blechen \"Carl Blechen\"), [Arnold Böcklin](/wiki/Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin \"Arnold Böcklin\"), [Gustave Courbet](/wiki/Gustave_Courbet \"Gustave Courbet\"), [Edgar Degas](/wiki/Edgar_Degas \"Edgar Degas\"), [Anselm Feuerbach](/wiki/Anselm_Feuerbach \"Anselm Feuerbach\"), [Caspar David Friedrich](/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich \"Caspar David Friedrich\"), [Jean\\-Léon Gérôme](/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me \"Jean-Léon Gérôme\"), [Wilhelm Leibl](/wiki/Wilhelm_Leibl \"Wilhelm Leibl\"), [Max Liebermann](/wiki/Max_Liebermann \"Max Liebermann\"), [Édouard Manet](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet \"Édouard Manet\"), [Adolph Menzel](/wiki/Adolph_Menzel \"Adolph Menzel\"), [Claude Monet](/wiki/Claude_Monet \"Claude Monet\"), [Auguste Rodin](/wiki/Auguste_Rodin \"Auguste Rodin\") and [Philipp Otto Runge](/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge \"Philipp Otto Runge\"), among others.", "Caspar David Friedrich \\- Wanderer above the sea of fog.jpg\\|\\[\\[Caspar David Friedrich\\|C. D. Friedrich]]: ''\\[\\[Wanderer above the Sea of Fog]]'' (1818\\)\nCaspar\\_David\\_Friedrich\\_\\-\\_Das\\_Eismeer\\_\\-\\_Hamburger\\_Kunsthalle\\_\\-\\_02\\.jpg\\|C. D. Friedrich: \\<br /\\>''\\[\\[The Sea of Ice]]'' (1824\\)\n1877 Manet Nana anagoria.jpg\\|\\[\\[Édouard Manet]]: \\<br /\\>''\\[\\[Nana (painting)\\|Nana]]'' (1877\\)\nMakart hans der einzug karls v in antwerpen.jpg\\|\\[\\[Hans Makart]]: \\<br /\\>''{{Interlanguage link multi\\|The Entry of Charles V into Antwerp\\|ja\\|3\\=カール5世のアントワープ入城}}'' (1878\\)\nLiebermann1902Jacobterrasse.jpg\\|\\[\\[Max Liebermann]]: \\<br /\\>''Jacob Restaurant'' (1902\\)\nJean\\-Léon Gérôme, Phryne revealed before the Areopagus (1861\\) \\- 01\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Jean\\-Léon Gérôme]]: \\<br /\\>''\\[\\[Phryne before the Areopagus]]'' (1861\\)\nPaul Gauguin 009\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Paul Gauguin]]: \\<br /\\>''Breton Boys Bathing'' (1888\\)", "", "### Modern art", "The Classical Modernism gallery shows works by [Francis Bacon](/wiki/Francis_Bacon_%28artist%29 \"Francis Bacon (artist)\"), [Max Beckmann](/wiki/Max_Beckmann \"Max Beckmann\"), [Lovis Corinth](/wiki/Lovis_Corinth \"Lovis Corinth\"), [James Ensor](/wiki/James_Ensor \"James Ensor\"), [Max Ernst](/wiki/Max_Ernst \"Max Ernst\"), [Ernst Ludwig Kirchner](/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner \"Ernst Ludwig Kirchner\"), [Paul Klee](/wiki/Paul_Klee \"Paul Klee\"), [Oskar Kokoschka](/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka \"Oskar Kokoschka\"), [Paula Modersohn\\-Becker](/wiki/Paula_Modersohn-Becker \"Paula Modersohn-Becker\"), [Edvard Munch](/wiki/Edvard_Munch \"Edvard Munch\"), [Emil Nolde](/wiki/Emil_Nolde \"Emil Nolde\") and [Pablo Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso \"Pablo Picasso\"), among others.", "Edvard Munch \\- Madonna (1895\\) \\- Hamburger Kunsthalle.jpg\\|\\[\\[Edvard Munch]]: \\<br /\\>''\\[\\[Madonna (Edvard Munch)\\|Madonna]]'' (1895\\)\nMarc\\-elephant.jpg\\|\\[\\[Franz Marc]]: \\<br /\\>''Elephant'' (1907\\)\nKirchner \\- Selbstbildnis mit Modell.jpg\\|\\[\\[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner]]: \\<br /\\>''Self\\-portrait with model'' (1910\\)\nWoman with a Cat at Kunsthalle.jpg\\|\\[\\[Fernand Léger]]: \\<br/\\> ''\\[\\[Woman with a Cat (Léger)\\|Woman with a Cat]]'' (1921\\) (1 of 2 versions, 97\\.5 x 70\\.5 x 5\\.5 cm)\nPaul Klee, Revolution des Viadukts, 1937\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Paul Klee]]: \\<br /\\>''Revolution of the Viaduct'' (1937\\)", "", "### Contemporary art", "The Gallery of Contemporary Art shows works by [Joseph Beuys](/wiki/Joseph_Beuys \"Joseph Beuys\"), [Tracey Emin](/wiki/Tracey_Emin \"Tracey Emin\"), [David Hockney](/wiki/David_Hockney \"David Hockney\"), [Rebecca Horn](/wiki/Rebecca_Horn \"Rebecca Horn\"), [Ilya Kabakov](/wiki/Ilya_Kabakov \"Ilya Kabakov\"), [On Kawara](/wiki/On_Kawara \"On Kawara\"), [Yves Klein](/wiki/Yves_Klein \"Yves Klein\"), [Kitty Kraus](/wiki/Kitty_Kraus \"Kitty Kraus\"), [Robert Morris](/wiki/Robert_Morris_%28artist%29 \"Robert Morris (artist)\"), [Hermann Nitsch](/wiki/Hermann_Nitsch \"Hermann Nitsch\"), [George Segal](/wiki/George_Segal_%28artist%29 \"George Segal (artist)\"), [Richard Serra](/wiki/Richard_Serra \"Richard Serra\"), [Franz Erhard Walther](/wiki/Franz_Erhard_Walther \"Franz Erhard Walther\"), and [Andy Warhol](/wiki/Andy_Warhol \"Andy Warhol\"), among others.", "" ]
Biography --------- Sultan was born in Berlin into a musical family of Jewish heritage.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/03/arts/music/grete\-sultan\-99\-a\-pianist\-and\-mentor\-to\-cage\-is\-dead.html\|title \= Grete Sultan, 99, a Pianist and Mentor to Cage, is Dead\|newspaper \= The New York Times\|date \= 3 July 2005\|last1 \= Midgette\|first1 \= Anne}} From an early age she studied piano with American pianist [Richard Buhlig](/wiki/Richard_Buhlig "Richard Buhlig"), and later with [Leonid Kreutzer](/wiki/Leonid_Kreutzer "Leonid Kreutzer") and [Edwin Fischer](/wiki/Edwin_Fischer "Edwin Fischer"). In 1933, after the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazis "Nazis") came to power in Germany, her ethnicity led to her being banned from playing in public. She was allowed to only appear in concerts of the *[Jüdischer Kulturbund](/wiki/J%C3%BCdischer_Kulturbund "Jüdischer Kulturbund")*. With Buhlig's help, Sultan fled Germany in 1941 via [Lisbon](/wiki/Lisbon "Lisbon"), from where she emigrated to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") by ship. She settled in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") and took up piano teaching, first at [Vassar College](/wiki/Vassar_College "Vassar College") and the 92nd Street Y, then at the [Masters School](/wiki/Masters_School "Masters School") in [Dobbs Ferry, New York](/wiki/Dobbs_Ferry%2C_New_York "Dobbs Ferry, New York"). In the mid\-1940s, she met the composer [John Cage](/wiki/John_Cage "John Cage") and became good friends with him.Revill, 41\. Sultan introduced Cage to one of her students, [Christian Wolff](/wiki/Christian_Wolff_%28composer%29 "Christian Wolff (composer)"); he gave Cage his first copy of the *[I Ching](/wiki/I_Ching "I Ching")*, which subsequently influenced his musical thinking. Cage dedicated two pieces to Sultan. The first was part of his *[Music for Piano](/wiki/Music_for_Piano_%28Cage%29 "Music for Piano (Cage)")* series, *Music for Piano 53–68*.Revill, 185\. In 1974, when Sultan was in the process of learning Cage's *[Music of Changes](/wiki/Music_of_Changes "Music of Changes")*, the composer offered to write some new music for her, and the result was a monumental piano cycle, *[Etudes Australes](/wiki/Etudes_Australes "Etudes Australes")*.Kostelanets 2003, 91\. Sultan made the premiere recording of the work and played it in concerts worldwide. She also performed the music of [Alan Hovhaness](/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness "Alan Hovhaness") and [Tui St. George Tucker](/wiki/Tui_St._George_Tucker "Tui St. George Tucker"), but contemporary composers were not the only ones that interested her. In the 1940s she helped popularize [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach")'s *[Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations "Goldberg Variations")*; her concert programs included music from [Ludwig van Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven "Ludwig van Beethoven"), [Frédéric Chopin](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin "Frédéric Chopin"), and [Franz Schubert](/wiki/Franz_Schubert "Franz Schubert") to [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky "Igor Stravinsky"), [Earle Brown](/wiki/Earle_Brown "Earle Brown") and [Morton Feldman](/wiki/Morton_Feldman "Morton Feldman"). Grete Sultan gave her last recital in 1996, aged 90, at New York's [Merkin Concert Hall](/wiki/Merkin_Concert_Hall "Merkin Concert Hall"), performing Bach's *Goldberg Variations*. She died in a Manhattan hospital on June 26, 2005\. In 2012, [Schott Music](/wiki/Schott_Music "Schott Music") published *Rebellische Pianistin. Das Leben der Grete Sultan zwischen Berlin und New York* (*Rebellious Pianist: The Life of Grete Sultan Between Berlin and New York*), a biography on Sultan by Moritz von Bredow.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Sultan was born in Berlin into a musical family of Jewish heritage.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/03/arts/music/grete\\-sultan\\-99\\-a\\-pianist\\-and\\-mentor\\-to\\-cage\\-is\\-dead.html\\|title \\= Grete Sultan, 99, a Pianist and Mentor to Cage, is Dead\\|newspaper \\= The New York Times\\|date \\= 3 July 2005\\|last1 \\= Midgette\\|first1 \\= Anne}} From an early age she studied piano with American pianist [Richard Buhlig](/wiki/Richard_Buhlig \"Richard Buhlig\"), and later with [Leonid Kreutzer](/wiki/Leonid_Kreutzer \"Leonid Kreutzer\") and [Edwin Fischer](/wiki/Edwin_Fischer \"Edwin Fischer\"). In 1933, after the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazis \"Nazis\") came to power in Germany, her ethnicity led to her being banned from playing in public. She was allowed to only appear in concerts of the *[Jüdischer Kulturbund](/wiki/J%C3%BCdischer_Kulturbund \"Jüdischer Kulturbund\")*.", "With Buhlig's help, Sultan fled Germany in 1941 via [Lisbon](/wiki/Lisbon \"Lisbon\"), from where she emigrated to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") by ship. She settled in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") and took up piano teaching, first at [Vassar College](/wiki/Vassar_College \"Vassar College\") and the 92nd Street Y, then at the [Masters School](/wiki/Masters_School \"Masters School\") in [Dobbs Ferry, New York](/wiki/Dobbs_Ferry%2C_New_York \"Dobbs Ferry, New York\"). In the mid\\-1940s, she met the composer [John Cage](/wiki/John_Cage \"John Cage\") and became good friends with him.Revill, 41\\. Sultan introduced Cage to one of her students, [Christian Wolff](/wiki/Christian_Wolff_%28composer%29 \"Christian Wolff (composer)\"); he gave Cage his first copy of the *[I Ching](/wiki/I_Ching \"I Ching\")*, which subsequently influenced his musical thinking.", "Cage dedicated two pieces to Sultan. The first was part of his *[Music for Piano](/wiki/Music_for_Piano_%28Cage%29 \"Music for Piano (Cage)\")* series, *Music for Piano 53–68*.Revill, 185\\. In 1974, when Sultan was in the process of learning Cage's *[Music of Changes](/wiki/Music_of_Changes \"Music of Changes\")*, the composer offered to write some new music for her, and the result was a monumental piano cycle, *[Etudes Australes](/wiki/Etudes_Australes \"Etudes Australes\")*.Kostelanets 2003, 91\\. Sultan made the premiere recording of the work and played it in concerts worldwide. She also performed the music of [Alan Hovhaness](/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness \"Alan Hovhaness\") and [Tui St. George Tucker](/wiki/Tui_St._George_Tucker \"Tui St. George Tucker\"), but contemporary composers were not the only ones that interested her. In the 1940s she helped popularize [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach \"Johann Sebastian Bach\")'s *[Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations \"Goldberg Variations\")*; her concert programs included music from [Ludwig van Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven \"Ludwig van Beethoven\"), [Frédéric Chopin](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin \"Frédéric Chopin\"), and [Franz Schubert](/wiki/Franz_Schubert \"Franz Schubert\") to [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky \"Igor Stravinsky\"), [Earle Brown](/wiki/Earle_Brown \"Earle Brown\") and [Morton Feldman](/wiki/Morton_Feldman \"Morton Feldman\").", "Grete Sultan gave her last recital in 1996, aged 90, at New York's [Merkin Concert Hall](/wiki/Merkin_Concert_Hall \"Merkin Concert Hall\"), performing Bach's *Goldberg Variations*. She died in a Manhattan hospital on June 26, 2005\\.", "In 2012, [Schott Music](/wiki/Schott_Music \"Schott Music\") published *Rebellische Pianistin. Das Leben der Grete Sultan zwischen Berlin und New York* (*Rebellious Pianist: The Life of Grete Sultan Between Berlin and New York*), a biography on Sultan by Moritz von Bredow.", "" ]
History ------- Earthenware found in Hilversum gives its name to the [Hilversum culture](/wiki/Hilversum_culture "Hilversum culture"), which is an early\- to mid\-Bronze Age, or 1800–1200 BC [material culture](/wiki/Material_culture "Material culture"). Artifacts from this prehistoric civilization bear similarities to the Wessex Culture of southern Britain and may indicate that the first Hilversum residents emigrated from that area.{{cite web\|url\=http://iguide.travel/Hilversum/Overview/History\|title\=Hilversum: Overview \- History\|publisher\=Iguide.travel\|access\-date\=5 May 2012}} The first brick settlements formed around 900, but it was not until 1305 that the first official mention of Hilversum ("Hilfersheem" from "Hilvertshem" meaning "houses between the hills") was found. At that time it was a part of [Naarden](/wiki/Naarden "Naarden"), the oldest town in the Gooi area. [thumb\|left\|*Interior of a farm near Hilversum*, a 19th\-century drawing by [Johannes Bosboom](/wiki/Johannes_Bosboom "Johannes Bosboom")](/wiki/File:Johannes_Bosboom_-_Interieur_van_een_boerendeel_bij_Hilversum.jpg "Johannes Bosboom - Interieur van een boerendeel bij Hilversum.jpg") Farming, raising sheep, and wool manufacturing were the main sources of income for inhabitants of the Gooi region in the Middle Ages. In 1424, Hilversum received its first official independent status. This made further growth possible because permission was no longer needed from neighboring Naarden for new industrial development. The town grew further in the 17th century when the Dutch economy was strong, and several canals were built connecting it indirectly to Amsterdam. In 1725 and 1766 large fires destroyed most of the town, leveling parts of the old townhouse and the church next to it. The town overcame these setbacks and the textile industry continued to develop, among other ways by devising a way to weave cows' hair. In the 19th century a substantial textile and tapestry industry emerged, aided by a railway link to Amsterdam in 1874\. From that time onward the town grew quickly with wealthy commuters from Amsterdam moving in, building themselves large villas in the wooded surroundings, and gradually starting to live in Hilversum permanently. Despite this growth, Hilversum was never granted [city rights](/wiki/City_rights_in_the_Low_Countries "City rights in the Low Countries") so it is still referred to by many locals as "het dorp", or "the village." For the [1928 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics "1928 Summer Olympics") in neighboring [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam"), it hosted all of the non\-jumping [equestrian](/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian at the 1928 Summer Olympics") and the running part of the [modern pentathlon](/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1928 Summer Olympics") event.[1928 Summer Olympics official report.](https://web.archive.org/web/20080408184510/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1928/1928.pdf) pp. 271–8\. The *Nederlandse Seintoestellen Fabriek* (NSF) company established a professional transmitter and radio factory in Hilversum in the early 1920s, growing into the largest of its kind in the Netherlands. Following the [defeat of Allied forces in the Netherlands](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands "Battle of the Netherlands") in 1940, and its occupation by [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany"), Hilversum became the headquarters of the [German Army](/wiki/German_Army_%28Wehrmacht%29 "German Army (Wehrmacht)") (*Heer*) in the Netherlands. On February 25 and 26, 1941, most of Hilversum's factories went on strike against the start of the [Holocaust](/wiki/Holocaust "Holocaust") in the so\-called [February strike](/wiki/February_strike "February strike") ([Amsterdam Docker's Strike](/wiki/Amsterdam_Docker%27s_Strike "Amsterdam Docker's Strike")). Some 10,000 people took part. The Holocaust took the lives of 2,000 Hilversum Jews and the community never fully recovered. Since 2015 there has been an annual remembrance service. Some 50 Hilversummers were awarded the title of [Righteous among the nations](/wiki/Righteous_among_the_nations "Righteous among the nations") from Yad Vashem, including [Victor Kugler](/wiki/Victor_Kugler "Victor Kugler"), one of [Anne Frank](/wiki/Anne_Frank "Anne Frank")'s helpers. In 1948, NSF was taken over by [Philips](/wiki/Philips "Philips"). However, Dutch radio broadcasting organizations (followed by television broadcasters during the 1950s) centralised their operations in Hilversum, providing a source of continuing economic growth. The concentration of broadcasters in Hilversum has given it its enduring status as the media city for the Netherlands. In 1964, the population reached a record high of over 103,000\. However, the textile industry had started its decline; only one factory, Veneta, managed to continue into the 1960s, when it also had to close. Another major industry, the chemical factory IFF, also closed by the end of the 1960s. After the 1960s, the population gradually declined, until stabilising at around 86,000 in 2006 and rising to 90,000 in 2018\. Several factors other than the slump in manufacturing contributed to this decline: one is the reduction in average family size, with fewer people living in each house; second, the town is virtually unable to expand because much surrounding land was sold by city architect [W.M. Dudok](/wiki/Willem_Marinus_Dudok "Willem Marinus Dudok") to the [Goois Natuurreservaat](/wiki/Goois_Natuurreservaat "Goois Natuurreservaat") (*[nl](/wiki/Goois_Natuurreservaat "Goois Natuurreservaat")*); third, the rapid increase in property values forced many people to move to less expensive areas in the Netherlands. Hilversum was one of the first towns to have a local party of the populist movement called [*Leefbaar* ("liveable")](/wiki/Livable_Netherlands "Livable Netherlands"). Founded by former social\-democrat [Jan Nagel](/wiki/Jan_Nagel "Jan Nagel"), it was initially held at bay for alderman positions. In 2001, Nagel from Leefbaar Hilversum teamed up with Leefbaar Utrecht leaders to found a national [Leefbaar Nederland](/wiki/Leefbaar_Nederland "Leefbaar Nederland") party. The town has undertaken many improvements, including renovating its central train station, renovation of the main shopping centre (Hilvertshof), and development of new dining and retail districts downtown including the "vintage" district in the Leeuwenstraat. Several notable architectural accomplishments include the [Institute for Sound and Vision](/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Sound_and_Vision "Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision"),{{cite web\|title\=Beeld en Geluid\|url\=http://experience.beeldengeluid.nl/index.aspx?chapterID\=7878\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118210918/http://experience.beeldengeluid.nl/index.aspx?chapterID\=7878\|archive\-date\=18 November 2009\|publisher\=Experience.beeldengeluid.nl\|language\=nl}} and [Zanderij Crailoo](/wiki/Zanderij_Crailoo "Zanderij Crailoo") (*[nl](/wiki/Natuurbrug_Zanderij_Crailoo "Natuurbrug Zanderij Crailoo")*), the largest man\-made [wildlife crossing](/wiki/Wildlife_crossing "Wildlife crossing") in the world. The nearby [Media Park](/wiki/Media_Park_%28Hilversum%29 "Media Park (Hilversum)") was the scene of [the 2002 assassination](/wiki/Assassination_of_Pim_Fortuyn "Assassination of Pim Fortuyn") of politician [Pim Fortuyn](/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn "Pim Fortuyn"); in 2015, a gunman carrying a false pistol stormed into [Nederlandse Omroep Stichting](/wiki/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting "Nederlandse Omroep Stichting")'s headquarters, demanding airtime on the evening news.
[ "History\n-------", "Earthenware found in Hilversum gives its name to the [Hilversum culture](/wiki/Hilversum_culture \"Hilversum culture\"), which is an early\\- to mid\\-Bronze Age, or 1800–1200 BC [material culture](/wiki/Material_culture \"Material culture\"). Artifacts from this prehistoric civilization bear similarities to the Wessex Culture of southern Britain and may indicate that the first Hilversum residents emigrated from that area.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://iguide.travel/Hilversum/Overview/History\\|title\\=Hilversum: Overview \\- History\\|publisher\\=Iguide.travel\\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2012}}", "The first brick settlements formed around 900, but it was not until 1305 that the first official mention of Hilversum (\"Hilfersheem\" from \"Hilvertshem\" meaning \"houses between the hills\") was found. At that time it was a part of [Naarden](/wiki/Naarden \"Naarden\"), the oldest town in the Gooi area.", "[thumb\\|left\\|*Interior of a farm near Hilversum*, a 19th\\-century drawing by [Johannes Bosboom](/wiki/Johannes_Bosboom \"Johannes Bosboom\")](/wiki/File:Johannes_Bosboom_-_Interieur_van_een_boerendeel_bij_Hilversum.jpg \"Johannes Bosboom - Interieur van een boerendeel bij Hilversum.jpg\")\nFarming, raising sheep, and wool manufacturing were the main sources of income for inhabitants of the Gooi region in the Middle Ages. In 1424, Hilversum received its first official independent status. This made further growth possible because permission was no longer needed from neighboring Naarden for new industrial development.", "The town grew further in the 17th century when the Dutch economy was strong, and several canals were built connecting it indirectly to Amsterdam.", "In 1725 and 1766 large fires destroyed most of the town, leveling parts of the old townhouse and the church next to it. The town overcame these setbacks and the textile industry continued to develop, among other ways by devising a way to weave cows' hair.", "In the 19th century a substantial textile and tapestry industry emerged, aided by a railway link to Amsterdam in 1874\\. From that time onward the town grew quickly with wealthy commuters from Amsterdam moving in, building themselves large villas in the wooded surroundings, and gradually starting to live in Hilversum permanently. Despite this growth, Hilversum was never granted [city rights](/wiki/City_rights_in_the_Low_Countries \"City rights in the Low Countries\") so it is still referred to by many locals as \"het dorp\", or \"the village.\"", "For the [1928 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics \"1928 Summer Olympics\") in neighboring [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\"), it hosted all of the non\\-jumping [equestrian](/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics \"Equestrian at the 1928 Summer Olympics\") and the running part of the [modern pentathlon](/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics \"Modern pentathlon at the 1928 Summer Olympics\") event.[1928 Summer Olympics official report.](https://web.archive.org/web/20080408184510/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1928/1928.pdf) pp. 271–8\\.", "The *Nederlandse Seintoestellen Fabriek* (NSF) company established a professional transmitter and radio factory in Hilversum in the early 1920s, growing into the largest of its kind in the Netherlands.", "Following the [defeat of Allied forces in the Netherlands](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands \"Battle of the Netherlands\") in 1940, and its occupation by [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\"), Hilversum became the headquarters of the [German Army](/wiki/German_Army_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"German Army (Wehrmacht)\") (*Heer*) in the Netherlands. On February 25 and 26, 1941, most of Hilversum's factories went on strike against the start of the [Holocaust](/wiki/Holocaust \"Holocaust\") in the so\\-called [February strike](/wiki/February_strike \"February strike\") ([Amsterdam Docker's Strike](/wiki/Amsterdam_Docker%27s_Strike \"Amsterdam Docker's Strike\")). Some 10,000 people took part. The Holocaust took the lives of 2,000 Hilversum Jews and the community never fully recovered. Since 2015 there has been an annual remembrance service. Some 50 Hilversummers were awarded the title of [Righteous among the nations](/wiki/Righteous_among_the_nations \"Righteous among the nations\") from Yad Vashem, including [Victor Kugler](/wiki/Victor_Kugler \"Victor Kugler\"), one of [Anne Frank](/wiki/Anne_Frank \"Anne Frank\")'s helpers.", "In 1948, NSF was taken over by [Philips](/wiki/Philips \"Philips\"). However, Dutch radio broadcasting organizations (followed by television broadcasters during the 1950s) centralised their operations in Hilversum, providing a source of continuing economic growth. The concentration of broadcasters in Hilversum has given it its enduring status as the media city for the Netherlands.", "In 1964, the population reached a record high of over 103,000\\. However, the textile industry had started its decline; only one factory, Veneta, managed to continue into the 1960s, when it also had to close. Another major industry, the chemical factory IFF, also closed by the end of the 1960s.", "After the 1960s, the population gradually declined, until stabilising at around 86,000 in 2006 and rising to 90,000 in 2018\\. Several factors other than the slump in manufacturing contributed to this decline: one is the reduction in average family size, with fewer people living in each house; second, the town is virtually unable to expand because much surrounding land was sold by city architect [W.M. Dudok](/wiki/Willem_Marinus_Dudok \"Willem Marinus Dudok\") to the [Goois Natuurreservaat](/wiki/Goois_Natuurreservaat \"Goois Natuurreservaat\") (*[nl](/wiki/Goois_Natuurreservaat \"Goois Natuurreservaat\")*); third, the rapid increase in property values forced many people to move to less expensive areas in the Netherlands.", "Hilversum was one of the first towns to have a local party of the populist movement called [*Leefbaar* (\"liveable\")](/wiki/Livable_Netherlands \"Livable Netherlands\"). Founded by former social\\-democrat [Jan Nagel](/wiki/Jan_Nagel \"Jan Nagel\"), it was initially held at bay for alderman positions. In 2001, Nagel from Leefbaar Hilversum teamed up with Leefbaar Utrecht leaders to found a national [Leefbaar Nederland](/wiki/Leefbaar_Nederland \"Leefbaar Nederland\") party.", "The town has undertaken many improvements, including renovating its central train station, renovation of the main shopping centre (Hilvertshof), and development of new dining and retail districts downtown including the \"vintage\" district in the Leeuwenstraat. Several notable architectural accomplishments include the [Institute for Sound and Vision](/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Sound_and_Vision \"Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision\"),{{cite web\\|title\\=Beeld en Geluid\\|url\\=http://experience.beeldengeluid.nl/index.aspx?chapterID\\=7878\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118210918/http://experience.beeldengeluid.nl/index.aspx?chapterID\\=7878\\|archive\\-date\\=18 November 2009\\|publisher\\=Experience.beeldengeluid.nl\\|language\\=nl}} and [Zanderij Crailoo](/wiki/Zanderij_Crailoo \"Zanderij Crailoo\") (*[nl](/wiki/Natuurbrug_Zanderij_Crailoo \"Natuurbrug Zanderij Crailoo\")*), the largest man\\-made [wildlife crossing](/wiki/Wildlife_crossing \"Wildlife crossing\") in the world.", "The nearby [Media Park](/wiki/Media_Park_%28Hilversum%29 \"Media Park (Hilversum)\") was the scene of [the 2002 assassination](/wiki/Assassination_of_Pim_Fortuyn \"Assassination of Pim Fortuyn\") of politician [Pim Fortuyn](/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn \"Pim Fortuyn\"); in 2015, a gunman carrying a false pistol stormed into [Nederlandse Omroep Stichting](/wiki/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting \"Nederlandse Omroep Stichting\")'s headquarters, demanding airtime on the evening news.", "" ]
Tourism ------- The tourist activities in the village and surrounding area include skiing and other snow sports in the winter season, and hiking and mountain activities during the summer. In the village itself the main sights are the Benedictine monastery [Engelberg Abbey](/wiki/Engelberg_Abbey "Engelberg Abbey") which incorporates a cheese factory and demonstration shop, the Talmuseum showing the history of the area and Swiss rural life, and a number of old chapels. The winter sports season generally lasts from December until April, although the high altitude glacier areas on the Titlis can sometimes be used (by advanced skiers) from October until May.{{cite web\|title\=Titlis Snowsport\|url\=http://www.titlis.ch/en/activities/winter\-activities/skiing\|website\=Engelberg Titlis\|publisher\=Titlis Bergbahnen AG\|access\-date\=28 January 2017}} Snow coverage is generally reliable, although in recent years [artificial snow machines](/wiki/Snowmaking "Snowmaking") have been installed on some of the lower altitude runs in order to improve snow cover. [thumb\|upright\|[Gross\-Titlis\-Schanze](/wiki/Gross-Titlis-Schanze "Gross-Titlis-Schanze")](/wiki/File:GrossTitlisSchanzeNacht.jpg "GrossTitlisSchanzeNacht.jpg") Engelberg hosts a round of the [ski jumping World Cup](/wiki/Ski_jumping_World_Cup "Ski jumping World Cup") at the [Gross\-Titlis\-Schanze](/wiki/Gross-Titlis-Schanze "Gross-Titlis-Schanze") jump. [thumb\|1 August parade in Engelberg](/wiki/File:Festival_in_Engelberg.jpg "Festival in Engelberg.jpg") In common with the rest of Switzerland, there is a village celebration for [Swiss National Day](/wiki/Swiss_National_Day "Swiss National Day") on 1 August, with parades and events throughout the day. [alt\=Der Alpabzug in Engelberg\|thumb\|Der Alpabzug](/wiki/File:Der_Abzug_Engelberg_Schweiz.ogv "Der Abzug Engelberg Schweiz.ogv") On the last Saturday in September the *Alpabzug* takes place, when the [cattle are brought from the mountain pastures](/wiki/Alpine_transhumance "Alpine transhumance") back to their winter barns in the village and valley. There are three main mountain areas, accessible from the village, offering various activities in winter and summer. The cable cars generally run all year round, providing access for hikers and mountain bikers as well as skiers. ### Titlis The [Titlis](/wiki/Titlis "Titlis") in the south of Engelberg at {{convert\|3238\|m}} above sea level is the highest summit of the range north of the [Susten Pass](/wiki/Susten_Pass "Susten Pass"), between the [Bernese Oberland](/wiki/Bernese_Oberland "Bernese Oberland") and [Central Switzerland](/wiki/Central_Switzerland "Central Switzerland"). The Titlis mountain massif is accessible by cable cars of the [Titlis Bergbahnen](/wiki/Titlis_Bergbahnen "Titlis Bergbahnen"). The cable car bottom station is also the central terminus of the village bus services. A funicular railway (dating from 1913\) runs up to station *Gerschnialp* ({{convert\|1267\|m\|abbr\=on}}) and a wide Alpine pasture called Gerschni, with easy snow areas suitable for beginners and cross country ski trails, and a toboggan run leading back down to the valley station. In the summer there are two cheese dairies, with walking trails leading up to Ober Trüebsee and back down to the village, or level trails leading to Unter Trüebsee to the west. The "Titlis Xpress" gondola lift, opened in 2015 to replace an older one dating from the 1970s, runs from the valley station ({{convert\|996\|m\|abbr\=on}}) up to the middle station *Trübsee* ({{convert\|1788\|m\|abbr\=on}}) and on to *Stand* ({{convert\|2428\|m\|abbr\=on}}). This area provides more challenging skiing, on the lower slopes of the Titlis and via further chair lifts to the [Jochpass](/wiki/Jochpass "Jochpass") ({{convert\|2207\|m\|abbr\=on}}) and below the [Jochstock](/wiki/Jochstock "Jochstock") at {{convert\|2508\|m\|abbr\=on}}. A continuous ski piste leads down to Unter Trüebsee and back to the cable car valley station. In summer the lake is a destination for walkers, with rowing boats available on the lake and picnic places around it.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2023}} Walking routes lead over the Jochpass to [Engstlenalp](/wiki/Engstlenalp "Engstlenalp") and [Melchsee\-Frutt](/wiki/Melchsee-Frutt "Melchsee-Frutt"), or directly from Engleberg over the [Juchli Pass](/wiki/Juchli_Pass "Juchli Pass") ({{convert\|2171\|m\|abbr\=on}}) or [Storegg Pass](/wiki/Storegg_Pass "Storegg Pass") ({{convert\|1742\|m\|abbr\=on}})) into the [Melchtal](/wiki/Melchtal "Melchtal"). The "Rotair" cable car ("the world's first rotating cable car") runs up to the *Kleintitlis* mountain station ({{convert\|3028\|m\|abbr\=on}}) where there is a restaurant and shops, an observation terrace and access to the glacier and summit. The high altitude glacier runs down from the peak are suitable for advanced skiers, with off\-piste routes leading down to *Trüebsee* and the *Laubersgrat* ridge. ### Brunni The [Brunni](/wiki/Brunni "Brunni") mountain area, to the north of the village, is accessible from the cable car station which runs up to *Ristis* ({{convert\|1600\|m\|abbr\=on}}), with a further chair lift up to *Brunnihütte* ({{convert\|1860\|m\|abbr\=on}}). The ski runs here are of a beginner to medium standard, although sometimes not having so much snow cover as the Titlis side due to the south facing aspect. There is another toboggan run from *Brunnihütte* back down to *Ristis*. In summer there are a number of walking trails starting from here, including the *Walenpfad* leading to [Bannalp](/wiki/Bannalp "Bannalp") and the *Rot Grätli* ridge across the mountains to the north and northeast. There are also a number of prepared rock climbing routes ({{lang\-de\|\[\[Klettersteig]]}}). ### Fürenalp At the eastern end of the Engelberg valley, there is a cable car up to [Fürenalp](/wiki/F%C3%BCrenalp "Fürenalp") ({{convert\|1840\|m\|abbr\=on}}), passing over the *Fürenwand* rock climbing area. From the top station or from the valley, summer walking routes with views of the [Chli Spannort](/wiki/Chli_Spannort "Chli Spannort") ({{convert\|3140\|m\|abbr\=on}}) and [Gross Spannort](/wiki/Gross_Spannort "Gross Spannort") ({{convert\|3198\|m\|abbr\=on}}) mountain peaks lead to the [Surenenpass](/wiki/Surenenpass "Surenenpass") ({{convert\|2291\|m\|abbr\=on}}) in the east. ### Heritage sites Engelberg is home to three sites that are Swiss [heritage sites of national significance](/wiki/Swiss_inventory_of_cultural_property_of_national_and_regional_significance "Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance"); [Engelberg Abbey](/wiki/Engelberg_Abbey "Engelberg Abbey") with its library, archives and music collection, the mansion (Herrenhaus) in Grafenort and the Holy Cross chapel in Grafenort.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.babs.admin.ch/de/aufgabenbabs/kgs/inventar/a\-objekte.html \|title\=Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance \|date\=1 January 2018 \|website\=A\-Objects \|publisher\=Federal Office for Cultural Protection (BABS) \|access\-date\=2 October 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628110559/http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs\_inventar/a\-objekte.html \|archive\-date\=28 June 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} File:Engelberg Kloster 085\.jpg\|\[\[Order of Saint Benedict\|Benedictine]] \[\[Engelberg Abbey\|Abbey]] File:HerrenhausGrafenort.jpg\|Mansion in Grafenort with Garden Pavillon File:Grafenort\-Herrenhaus.jpg\|Holy Cross Chapel
[ "Tourism\n-------", "The tourist activities in the village and surrounding area include skiing and other snow sports in the winter season, and hiking and mountain activities during the summer.", "In the village itself the main sights are the Benedictine monastery [Engelberg Abbey](/wiki/Engelberg_Abbey \"Engelberg Abbey\") which incorporates a cheese factory and demonstration shop, the Talmuseum showing the history of the area and Swiss rural life, and a number of old chapels.", "The winter sports season generally lasts from December until April, although the high altitude glacier areas on the Titlis can sometimes be used (by advanced skiers) from October until May.{{cite web\\|title\\=Titlis Snowsport\\|url\\=http://www.titlis.ch/en/activities/winter\\-activities/skiing\\|website\\=Engelberg Titlis\\|publisher\\=Titlis Bergbahnen AG\\|access\\-date\\=28 January 2017}} Snow coverage is generally reliable, although in recent years [artificial snow machines](/wiki/Snowmaking \"Snowmaking\") have been installed on some of the lower altitude runs in order to improve snow cover.", "[thumb\\|upright\\|[Gross\\-Titlis\\-Schanze](/wiki/Gross-Titlis-Schanze \"Gross-Titlis-Schanze\")](/wiki/File:GrossTitlisSchanzeNacht.jpg \"GrossTitlisSchanzeNacht.jpg\")\nEngelberg hosts a round of the [ski jumping World Cup](/wiki/Ski_jumping_World_Cup \"Ski jumping World Cup\") at the [Gross\\-Titlis\\-Schanze](/wiki/Gross-Titlis-Schanze \"Gross-Titlis-Schanze\") jump.", "[thumb\\|1 August parade in Engelberg](/wiki/File:Festival_in_Engelberg.jpg \"Festival in Engelberg.jpg\")\nIn common with the rest of Switzerland, there is a village celebration for [Swiss National Day](/wiki/Swiss_National_Day \"Swiss National Day\") on 1 August, with parades and events throughout the day.", "[alt\\=Der Alpabzug in Engelberg\\|thumb\\|Der Alpabzug](/wiki/File:Der_Abzug_Engelberg_Schweiz.ogv \"Der Abzug Engelberg Schweiz.ogv\")\nOn the last Saturday in September the *Alpabzug* takes place, when the [cattle are brought from the mountain pastures](/wiki/Alpine_transhumance \"Alpine transhumance\") back to their winter barns in the village and valley.", "There are three main mountain areas, accessible from the village, offering various activities in winter and summer. The cable cars generally run all year round, providing access for hikers and mountain bikers as well as skiers.", "### Titlis", "The [Titlis](/wiki/Titlis \"Titlis\") in the south of Engelberg at {{convert\\|3238\\|m}} above sea level is the highest summit of the range north of the [Susten Pass](/wiki/Susten_Pass \"Susten Pass\"), between the [Bernese Oberland](/wiki/Bernese_Oberland \"Bernese Oberland\") and [Central Switzerland](/wiki/Central_Switzerland \"Central Switzerland\").", "The Titlis mountain massif is accessible by cable cars of the [Titlis Bergbahnen](/wiki/Titlis_Bergbahnen \"Titlis Bergbahnen\"). The cable car bottom station is also the central terminus of the village bus services. A funicular railway (dating from 1913\\) runs up to station *Gerschnialp* ({{convert\\|1267\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}) and a wide Alpine pasture called Gerschni, with easy snow areas suitable for beginners and cross country ski trails, and a toboggan run leading back down to the valley station. In the summer there are two cheese dairies, with walking trails leading up to Ober Trüebsee and back down to the village, or level trails leading to Unter Trüebsee to the west.", "The \"Titlis Xpress\" gondola lift, opened in 2015 to replace an older one dating from the 1970s, runs from the valley station ({{convert\\|996\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}) up to the middle station *Trübsee* ({{convert\\|1788\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}) and on to *Stand* ({{convert\\|2428\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}). This area provides more challenging skiing, on the lower slopes of the Titlis and via further chair lifts to the [Jochpass](/wiki/Jochpass \"Jochpass\") ({{convert\\|2207\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}) and below the [Jochstock](/wiki/Jochstock \"Jochstock\") at {{convert\\|2508\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}. A continuous ski piste leads down to Unter Trüebsee and back to the cable car valley station. In summer the lake is a destination for walkers, with rowing boats available on the lake and picnic places around it.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2023}} Walking routes lead over the Jochpass to [Engstlenalp](/wiki/Engstlenalp \"Engstlenalp\") and [Melchsee\\-Frutt](/wiki/Melchsee-Frutt \"Melchsee-Frutt\"), or directly from Engleberg over the [Juchli Pass](/wiki/Juchli_Pass \"Juchli Pass\") ({{convert\\|2171\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}) or [Storegg Pass](/wiki/Storegg_Pass \"Storegg Pass\") ({{convert\\|1742\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}})) into the [Melchtal](/wiki/Melchtal \"Melchtal\").", "The \"Rotair\" cable car (\"the world's first rotating cable car\") runs up to the *Kleintitlis* mountain station ({{convert\\|3028\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}) where there is a restaurant and shops, an observation terrace and access to the glacier and summit. The high altitude glacier runs down from the peak are suitable for advanced skiers, with off\\-piste routes leading down to *Trüebsee* and the *Laubersgrat* ridge.", "### Brunni", "The [Brunni](/wiki/Brunni \"Brunni\") mountain area, to the north of the village, is accessible from the cable car station which runs up to *Ristis* ({{convert\\|1600\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}), with a further chair lift up to *Brunnihütte* ({{convert\\|1860\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}). The ski runs here are of a beginner to medium standard, although sometimes not having so much snow cover as the Titlis side due to the south facing aspect. There is another toboggan run from *Brunnihütte* back down to *Ristis*. In summer there are a number of walking trails starting from here, including the *Walenpfad* leading to [Bannalp](/wiki/Bannalp \"Bannalp\") and the *Rot Grätli* ridge across the mountains to the north and northeast. There are also a number of prepared rock climbing routes ({{lang\\-de\\|\\[\\[Klettersteig]]}}).", "### Fürenalp", "At the eastern end of the Engelberg valley, there is a cable car up to [Fürenalp](/wiki/F%C3%BCrenalp \"Fürenalp\") ({{convert\\|1840\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}), passing over the *Fürenwand* rock climbing area. From the top station or from the valley, summer walking routes with views of the [Chli Spannort](/wiki/Chli_Spannort \"Chli Spannort\") ({{convert\\|3140\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}) and [Gross Spannort](/wiki/Gross_Spannort \"Gross Spannort\") ({{convert\\|3198\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}) mountain peaks lead to the [Surenenpass](/wiki/Surenenpass \"Surenenpass\") ({{convert\\|2291\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}) in the east.", "### Heritage sites", "Engelberg is home to three sites that are Swiss [heritage sites of national significance](/wiki/Swiss_inventory_of_cultural_property_of_national_and_regional_significance \"Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance\"); [Engelberg Abbey](/wiki/Engelberg_Abbey \"Engelberg Abbey\") with its library, archives and music collection, the mansion (Herrenhaus) in Grafenort and the Holy Cross chapel in Grafenort.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.babs.admin.ch/de/aufgabenbabs/kgs/inventar/a\\-objekte.html \\|title\\=Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance \\|date\\=1 January 2018 \\|website\\=A\\-Objects \\|publisher\\=Federal Office for Cultural Protection (BABS) \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628110559/http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs\\_inventar/a\\-objekte.html \\|archive\\-date\\=28 June 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "File:Engelberg Kloster 085\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Order of Saint Benedict\\|Benedictine]] \\[\\[Engelberg Abbey\\|Abbey]]\nFile:HerrenhausGrafenort.jpg\\|Mansion in Grafenort with Garden Pavillon\nFile:Grafenort\\-Herrenhaus.jpg\\|Holy Cross Chapel", "", "" ]
Plot ---- The film begins with a couple (Sarah and James) held captive and tortured in a dark dungeon. After Sarah frees herself from her binding, James tells her to run and he gets killed. Sarah runs away from a disfigured man in a black trench coat (Deacon) with a [double blade sickle](/wiki/Sickle "Sickle"). When Sarah reaches the edge of a cliff, with nowhere to run, she jumps off and dies as she hits the ground. The following scene shows another couple—Sheryl (Brianna Brown), and Mike (Josh Randall)—going on a hiking trip for the week. The [park ranger](/wiki/Park_ranger "Park ranger") advises them to either take the Willow Creek or the Donner Trail, but when they're hesitating which way to go, they meet a seemingly friendly woman (Ida) who recommends to them the Timber Falls Trail, which they ultimately decide to take. The two face a trio of unfriendly hunters while making love, who try to sell them their [self\-made alcohol](/wiki/Moonshine "Moonshine") and warn them to be careful about what they do in the woods. Disturbed by the hunters' attitude, Mike is about to pull out his gun, but Sheryl stops him from shooting them and the two leave. Sheryl convinces Mike to throw away his bullets. After meeting another park ranger (Clyde) and hiking down the trail, the couple sets up the camp. They have sex and go to sleep, unaware of a shadowy figure outside the tent that spies on them during the night. In the morning, Sheryl goes to bathe at the lake. She then gets kidnapped by an unknown person. Mike wakes up and finds that Sheryl is missing. He tries to find her and sees two of the hunters that he and Sheryl encountered the previous day. He sees one of them holding one of Sheryl's towels. Believing that they kidnapped her, he hits one of them on the head with a log, causing the other to run away. After taking the hunter's shotgun, Mike demands that the hunter tell him where Sheryl is. He tells Mike he hasn't seen her since the day before. He tries to attack Mike with a knife, but Mike knocks him out by hitting him with the stock of the shotgun. Mike leaves the hunter there and continues his search for Sheryl. He then gets his foot caught in a bear trap. Ida appears as he slowly faints. As he wakes up, he finds himself in Ida's cabin. She tends his wound and assures Mike that she will contact the sheriff via the radio upstairs. Mike becomes suspicious because Ida calls him by his real name Michael. He claims that no one calls him Michael except for his dead grandmother and accuses Ida of stealing his wallet and I.D. She denies this, but he begins demanding that she let him use the radio. Ida and Mike engage in a fight, ending with the wounded Mike knocking out Ida. Mike rushes upstairs to use the radio, only to find it out of order. While hobbling around, he accidentally discovers a secret basement and goes down. Mike spots a shelf full of prematurely born fetuses in glass jars. He finds Sheryl tied up and gagged in a room and frees her, but at that very moment, they confront Deacon \- Ida's brother. Mike tells Sheryl to run away as Deacon attacks him. Sheryl runs away with Deacon hot on her heels and bumps into Clyde on the way. She frantically asks him for help, but as she realizes that he's in cahoots with Deacon, Clyde knocks her unconscious and recaptures her. Sheryl wakes up to find herself strapped to a chair. The family turns out to be a group of insane [religious fanatics](/wiki/Religious_fanaticism "Religious fanaticism"). After Ida describes having seen the couple having sex in their tent a few days previously, she and Clyde tell the couple that the punishment for their sins is to have a child for Ida and Clyde, due to Ida not being able to have a baby. Mike and Sheryl are forced to marry, and over the course of 3 days, Ida and Clyde force them to attempt to have a child and brutally torture them if they don't. Both Mike and Sheryl refuse to comply with their demand, for they know that if they have a baby, Ida and Clyde will kill them anyway. During the couple's confinement, Deacon tries to rape Sheryl several times but fails due to Ida and Clyde's dissuasion. After a few days pass, Ida grows impatient and threatens Mike to torture Sheryl in front of him if he doesn't obey them. All of a sudden, Sheryl begins laughing hysterically. She tells Ida that she has already been two months pregnant with Mike before they went on the hiking trip and that the child was conceived in sin, leaving both Ida and Clyde in shock. Their evil plan now turns fruitless. Ida drops the scalpel she is going to mutilate Sheryl with, and Clyde consoles her. Meanwhile, two of the hunters Mike and Sheryl met days before hear about the missing couple and presume that something strange is going on at Ida and Clyde's home (they saw Mike and Sheryl's car still in the parking lot, but when one of them talked to Clyde about it, he asserted that they already left). The two go there on the third night that Mike and Sheryl have been captured to investigate. They make a noise while breaking the glass on the front door. Ida and Clyde hear the glass tinkle and go to check it out, leaving Mike and Sheryl alone in the room. Mike tries to grab the scalpel and successfully cuts the rope holding his hands. One hunter finds a secret door to the cabin's basement but is killed by Clyde, only after Mike manages to yell for help. The other goes down to the basement and gets shot dead by Ida. Ida and Clyde bury the dead hunters' bodies. Ida suggests [aborting Sheryl's baby](/wiki/Abortion "Abortion") when Clyde suggests killing Mike and Sheryl and finding another couple. When Clyde gets back to the basement, Mike quickly stabs his neck and shoots Clyde in the head with his shotgun. Ida then gets to the basement and is shocked to find Clyde's corpse lying in a pool of blood. Mike attacks her, but she fights back and stabs his legs repeatedly. Sheryl knocks her unconscious with a shovel. The couple exits the basement and prepares to leave the cabin. Mike tells Sheryl to run for help. She finds Clyde's walkie\-talkie and tries to call the Rangers Post, but she faces Deacon again in the cabin and accidentally breaks the walkie\-talkie during the chase. After a long struggle, she sets him on fire by throwing moonshine on him along with a lit match, burning him alive. She picks up his sickle and finds Mike in the cabin. Ida emerges from the basement and stabs Mike with a knife, Sheryl quickly decapitates her with Deacon's sickle. She patches up Mike's wound and calls the Rangers Post with her cell phone, finally ending their sufferings. One year has passed since Mike and Sheryl survived their ordeal. The couple put their baby to bed and leave the room. As the movie ends, the camera fades over to the window where Deacon's double blade sickle suddenly appears.
[ "Plot\n----", "The film begins with a couple (Sarah and James) held captive and tortured in a dark dungeon. After Sarah frees herself from her binding, James tells her to run and he gets killed. Sarah runs away from a disfigured man in a black trench coat (Deacon) with a [double blade sickle](/wiki/Sickle \"Sickle\"). When Sarah reaches the edge of a cliff, with nowhere to run, she jumps off and dies as she hits the ground.", "The following scene shows another couple—Sheryl (Brianna Brown), and Mike (Josh Randall)—going on a hiking trip for the week. The [park ranger](/wiki/Park_ranger \"Park ranger\") advises them to either take the Willow Creek or the Donner Trail, but when they're hesitating which way to go, they meet a seemingly friendly woman (Ida) who recommends to them the Timber Falls Trail, which they ultimately decide to take. The two face a trio of unfriendly hunters while making love, who try to sell them their [self\\-made alcohol](/wiki/Moonshine \"Moonshine\") and warn them to be careful about what they do in the woods. Disturbed by the hunters' attitude, Mike is about to pull out his gun, but Sheryl stops him from shooting them and the two leave. Sheryl convinces Mike to throw away his bullets. After meeting another park ranger (Clyde) and hiking down the trail, the couple sets up the camp. They have sex and go to sleep, unaware of a shadowy figure outside the tent that spies on them during the night.", "In the morning, Sheryl goes to bathe at the lake. She then gets kidnapped by an unknown person. Mike wakes up and finds that Sheryl is missing. He tries to find her and sees two of the hunters that he and Sheryl encountered the previous day. He sees one of them holding one of Sheryl's towels. Believing that they kidnapped her, he hits one of them on the head with a log, causing the other to run away. After taking the hunter's shotgun, Mike demands that the hunter tell him where Sheryl is. He tells Mike he hasn't seen her since the day before. He tries to attack Mike with a knife, but Mike knocks him out by hitting him with the stock of the shotgun.", "Mike leaves the hunter there and continues his search for Sheryl. He then gets his foot caught in a bear trap. Ida appears as he slowly faints. As he wakes up, he finds himself in Ida's cabin. She tends his wound and assures Mike that she will contact the sheriff via the radio upstairs. Mike becomes suspicious because Ida calls him by his real name Michael. He claims that no one calls him Michael except for his dead grandmother and accuses Ida of stealing his wallet and I.D. She denies this, but he begins demanding that she let him use the radio. Ida and Mike engage in a fight, ending with the wounded Mike knocking out Ida.", "Mike rushes upstairs to use the radio, only to find it out of order. While hobbling around, he accidentally discovers a secret basement and goes down. Mike spots a shelf full of prematurely born fetuses in glass jars. He finds Sheryl tied up and gagged in a room and frees her, but at that very moment, they confront Deacon \\- Ida's brother. Mike tells Sheryl to run away as Deacon attacks him. Sheryl runs away with Deacon hot on her heels and bumps into Clyde on the way. She frantically asks him for help, but as she realizes that he's in cahoots with Deacon, Clyde knocks her unconscious and recaptures her.", "Sheryl wakes up to find herself strapped to a chair. The family turns out to be a group of insane [religious fanatics](/wiki/Religious_fanaticism \"Religious fanaticism\"). After Ida describes having seen the couple having sex in their tent a few days previously, she and Clyde tell the couple that the punishment for their sins is to have a child for Ida and Clyde, due to Ida not being able to have a baby. Mike and Sheryl are forced to marry, and over the course of 3 days, Ida and Clyde force them to attempt to have a child and brutally torture them if they don't. Both Mike and Sheryl refuse to comply with their demand, for they know that if they have a baby, Ida and Clyde will kill them anyway.", "During the couple's confinement, Deacon tries to rape Sheryl several times but fails due to Ida and Clyde's dissuasion. After a few days pass, Ida grows impatient and threatens Mike to torture Sheryl in front of him if he doesn't obey them. All of a sudden, Sheryl begins laughing hysterically. She tells Ida that she has already been two months pregnant with Mike before they went on the hiking trip and that the child was conceived in sin, leaving both Ida and Clyde in shock. Their evil plan now turns fruitless. Ida drops the scalpel she is going to mutilate Sheryl with, and Clyde consoles her.", "Meanwhile, two of the hunters Mike and Sheryl met days before hear about the missing couple and presume that something strange is going on at Ida and Clyde's home (they saw Mike and Sheryl's car still in the parking lot, but when one of them talked to Clyde about it, he asserted that they already left). The two go there on the third night that Mike and Sheryl have been captured to investigate. They make a noise while breaking the glass on the front door. Ida and Clyde hear the glass tinkle and go to check it out, leaving Mike and Sheryl alone in the room. Mike tries to grab the scalpel and successfully cuts the rope holding his hands.", "One hunter finds a secret door to the cabin's basement but is killed by Clyde, only after Mike manages to yell for help. The other goes down to the basement and gets shot dead by Ida. Ida and Clyde bury the dead hunters' bodies. Ida suggests [aborting Sheryl's baby](/wiki/Abortion \"Abortion\") when Clyde suggests killing Mike and Sheryl and finding another couple. When Clyde gets back to the basement, Mike quickly stabs his neck and shoots Clyde in the head with his shotgun. Ida then gets to the basement and is shocked to find Clyde's corpse lying in a pool of blood. Mike attacks her, but she fights back and stabs his legs repeatedly. Sheryl knocks her unconscious with a shovel.", "The couple exits the basement and prepares to leave the cabin. Mike tells Sheryl to run for help. She finds Clyde's walkie\\-talkie and tries to call the Rangers Post, but she faces Deacon again in the cabin and accidentally breaks the walkie\\-talkie during the chase. After a long struggle, she sets him on fire by throwing moonshine on him along with a lit match, burning him alive. She picks up his sickle and finds Mike in the cabin. Ida emerges from the basement and stabs Mike with a knife, Sheryl quickly decapitates her with Deacon's sickle. She patches up Mike's wound and calls the Rangers Post with her cell phone, finally ending their sufferings.", "One year has passed since Mike and Sheryl survived their ordeal. The couple put their baby to bed and leave the room. As the movie ends, the camera fades over to the window where Deacon's double blade sickle suddenly appears.", "" ]
History ------- ### Early years in Atlanta {{expand section\|date\=July 2012}} Deborah Eason, a photographer for Delta Air Lines, and Elton "Chick" Eason, a math professor at Georgia State University*,* founded *Creative Loafing Atlanta* in 1972 after the couple attended a 25\-attendee Georgia State University lecture by a visiting Russian scholar. This, and other poorly attended events, convinced them to start *Creative Loafing Atlanta* to inform the public about all of the city's cultural happenings—festivals, concerts, Wicca meetings.{{Cite web\|last\=Wheatley\|first\=Thomas\|date\=2018\-07\-26\|title\=A long, strange trip: The oral history of Creative Loafing\|url\=https://www.atlantamagazine.com/great\-reads/oral\-history\-creative\-loafing/\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-12\|website\=Atlanta Magazine\|language\=en\-US}} They originally began publishing it from the basement of their home in the [Morningside](/wiki/Morningside/Lenox_Park "Morningside/Lenox Park") neighborhood of Atlanta.{{cite news\|last\=Edelstein\|first\=Ken\|title\=Eason Children to Buy Creative Loafing\|url\=https://creativeloafing.com/content\-169780\-eason\-children\-to\-buy\-creative\|access\-date\=July 7, 2012\|newspaper\=Creative Loafing Atlanta\|date\=August 12, 2000}} After a trial run of a monthly magazine called *P\-s\-s\-t . . . A Guide to Creative Loafing in Atlanta*, the Easons decided to launch a weekly free publication titled simply Creative Loafing. The four\-person editorial staff operated out of the living and dining rooms of the Easons' Morningside home; the darkroom was in the basement. The print run of the first edition—all of eight pages—was 12,000 copies. ### Expansion in the South [thumb\|Early 1970s copy of *Creative Loafing*](/wiki/File:The_Parking_Rip-Off.jpg "The Parking Rip-Off.jpg") *Creative Loafing* was not the first alternative weekly Atlanta had seen, but over the years, its size and ambitions crowded out competitors—*The Great Speckled Bird; Poets, Artists \& Madmen; The Sunday Paper*. After a decade and a half in Atlanta, the Easons established new Creative Loafing weeklies in March 1987 in Charlotte, North Carolina,{{cite news\|last\=Campbell\|first\=Meg\|title\=Can Creative Loafing Get an Even Break in Charlotte?\|url\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-41309693\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511050419/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-41309693\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=May 11, 2013\|access\-date\=July 7, 2012\|newspaper\=NewsInc.\|date\=May 1, 1990 }} and in 1988 in [Tampa, Florida](/wiki/Tampa%2C_Florida "Tampa, Florida"). Other expansions or acquisitions included newspapers in Greenville, South Carolina; Raleigh, North Carolina; and [Savannah, Georgia](/wiki/Savannah%2C_Georgia "Savannah, Georgia"). The company also expanded its footprint in the Atlanta area, starting two community weeklies, *Gwinnett Loaf* and *Topside Loaf*, covering the suburbs north of the city in Cobb, Gwinnett, southern Forsyth and northern Fulton counties. Bowing to reader complaints about racy advertisements in *Creative Loafing Atlanta*, the Easons established a separate Atlanta publication, *The Scene*, for nightlife listings. These three Atlanta\-area publications would later be folded back into *Creative Loafing Atlanta* in 2001\. By July 2007, Creative Loafing became a mini\-empire with four papers in three states and purchased two heralded alt\-weeklies—*the Chicago Reader* and *the Washington City Paper*—and *The Straight Dope*, a longtime Reader\-syndicated column by Cecil Adams. ### Sale to Eason Children Ben Eason, son of Deborah and Elton, purchased the Tampa paper from his parents in 1994 and changed its name to the *Weekly Planet*. In 1998 he expanded the paper and launched a second *Weekly Planet* in Sarasota, Florida.{{cite news \|title\=Tampa Alternative Weekly Changing Identity \|url\=http://tampabay.bizjournals.com/tampabay/stories/2006/09/18/daily24\.html \|publisher\=Tampa Bay Business Journal \|date\=September 19, 2006 \|access\-date\=January 19, 2007}} Two years later, in September 2000, he and his two sisters led a group of investors to purchase a controlling interest in the entire Creative Loafing chain, and subsequently brought the *Planet* papers into the fold. After a false start during which the May 31, 2006, edition of Tampa's *Planet* was prematurely published with a *Creative Loafing* banner, the Tampa paper officially reverted to its former name and the Sarasota paper became *Creative Loafing Sarasota*. Shortly after the sale, Debby Eason purchased *Creative Loafing*{{'s}} Greenville and Savannah properties back from her children. The Greenville paper was renamed *MetroBEAT*, while *Creative Loafing Savannah* was merged into *Connect Savannah*. ### Partnership with Cox To help finance the 2000 deal transferring ownership to Ben Eason's group, media conglomerate [Cox Enterprises](/wiki/Cox_Enterprises "Cox Enterprises") purchased a 25% minority share of the company for approximately US$5 million. In the process, Cox executives filled two seats on Creative Loafing's eight\-member board.{{cite news \|first\=Christine \|last\=Iwan \|title\=Creative Loafing to Sell Minority Interest to Cox \|url\=http://aan.org/alternative/Aan/ViewArticle?oid\=oid%3A1099 \|publisher\=Association of Alternative Newsmedia \|date\=September 27, 2000 \|access\-date\=January 18, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015185639/http://www.aan.org/alternative/Aan/ViewArticle?oid\=oid%3A1099 \|archive\-date\=October 15, 2006 \|url\-status\=dead }} An uneasy four\-year relationship between the two companies followed, as Cox also owned Atlanta's only daily, *[The Atlanta Journal\-Constitution](/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution")*, as well as television and radio outlets in the Atlanta area. After the *Journal\-Constitution* in April 2003 quietly launched its own free entertainment weekly named *Access Atlanta*, in direct competition with *Creative Loafing*, the Easons and Creative Loafing board members voted to censure the two Cox executives for unethical conduct, and by June 2004 both companies agreed to allow the chain to repurchase its shares from Cox.{{cite news \|title\=Creative Loafing goes to battle with AJC\|url\=http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2003/06/02/daily20\.html \|work\=Atlanta Business Chronicle \|date\=June 3, 2003 \|access\-date\=January 29, 2007}}{{cite news \|first\=Kris \|last\=Hundley \|title\=Weekly Planet is Back in its Own Orbit \|url\=http://www.sptimes.com/2004/07/19/Business/Weekly\_Planet\_is\_back.shtml \|work\=St. Petersburg Times \|date\=July 19, 2004 \|access\-date\=January 18, 2007}} ### Chicago and Washington On July 24, 2007, Creative Loafing announced the purchase of the *Washington City Paper* and the *Chicago Reader*,{{cite news \|first\=Louis \|last\=Hau \|title\=Ambitious Move By Creative Loafing \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/2007/07/24/creative\-loafing\-reader\-biz\-media\-cx\_lh\_0724bizcreative.html\|work\=Forbes \|date\=July 24, 2007 \|access\-date\=January 14, 2008}} along with the *Reader*{{'s}} properties *[The Straight Dope](/wiki/The_Straight_Dope "The Straight Dope")* and the SDMB, the associated Internet message board. In order to accomplish the acquisitions, the company borrowed $40 million. The ensuing economic slump hurt ad sales, and CL Inc. filed for [Chapter 11](/wiki/Chapter_11 "Chapter 11") bankruptcy protection on September 29, 2008\.{{Cite news \| url\=http://www.ajc.com/business/creative\-loafing\-chain\-sold\-123525\.html \| title\=Creative Loafing Chain Sold to Biggest Creditor for $5 Million \| last\=Scott\|first\=Jeffry \| date\=August 25, 2009 \| newspaper\=The Atlanta Journal\-Constitution \| access\-date\=August 27, 2009 }} In a bankruptcy auction on August 25, 2009, Atalaya Capital Management of New York City, emerged as the new owner, paying $5 million (it was also CL's largest creditor, owed $30 million before the bankruptcy). The Easons had put in a bid of $2\.3 million, and with the change in ownership, Ben Eason was removed as CEO. ### Dissolution Over the next two years, 2010–2011, Atalaya sold Creative Loafing's remaining mid\-market papers. The first to be sold was *Creative Loafing Sarasota*, which was shuttered in December 2010, with its brand sold for an undisclosed sum to [The New York Times Company](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company "The New York Times Company"), then\-publisher of the competing *Sarasota Herald\-Tribune*. The *Herald\-Tribune* published its own free weekly product under the *Creative Loafing* name for some time after the sale. In October 2011, *Creative Loafing Charlotte* and *Creative Loafing Tampa* were sold to SouthComm Inc., a publisher of alternative weeklies based in Nashville, Tennessee. *Creative Loafing*{{'s}} three largest newspapers continued under Atalaya's ownership for one more year. In May 2012, the *Chicago Reader* was sold to Wrapports, publisher of the competing *[Chicago Sun\-Times](/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times "Chicago Sun-Times")*, in a deal reported at $3 million. Two months later, on July 3, *Creative Loafing Atlanta* and the *Washington City Paper* were sold to SouthComm, for an undisclosed sum, and CL Inc. ceased to exist. In 2016, the Charlotte Creative Loafing was sold to Womack Publishing of North Carolina. In 2018, the Charlotte Creative Loafing was sold again and ceased publishing a print version.{{Cite web\| title \= Creative Loafing's Sudden, Shocking Demise\| work \= Charlotte Magazine\| access\-date \= 2020\-04\-02\| date \= 2018\-10\-31\| url \= https://www.charlottemagazine.com/creative\-loafings\-sudden\-shocking\-demise/}} In February, 2017, Ben Eason re\-purchased Creative Loafing in Atlanta and took the publication from a weekly to a monthly as part of a plan to take the company in a direction more compatible to the new digital publishing economy and bringing the content back to its roots publishing a comprehensive listing of [Atlanta events](https://creativeloafing.com/atlanta-events). The Creative Loafing in [Tampa, Florida](/wiki/Tampa%2C_Florida "Tampa, Florida"), was sold to a group from Ohio in 2018\. In 2019, Creative Loafing contributed its archives to [Georgia State University](/wiki/Georgia_State_University "Georgia State University") as part of a plan to digitize all the print editions going back its initial publication in 1972\. In 2022, Creative Loafing published its last print edition \- it's 50th Anniversary edition. While the company has not ruled out doing special newspaper editions in the future, its commitment is to a digital future built on events, a focus on culture, local artists, bands, neighborhoods and local news.
[ "History\n-------", "### Early years in Atlanta", "{{expand section\\|date\\=July 2012}}\nDeborah Eason, a photographer for Delta Air Lines, and Elton \"Chick\" Eason, a math professor at Georgia State University*,* founded *Creative Loafing Atlanta* in 1972 after the couple attended a 25\\-attendee Georgia State University lecture by a visiting Russian scholar. This, and other poorly attended events, convinced them to start *Creative Loafing Atlanta* to inform the public about all of the city's cultural happenings—festivals, concerts, Wicca meetings.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Wheatley\\|first\\=Thomas\\|date\\=2018\\-07\\-26\\|title\\=A long, strange trip: The oral history of Creative Loafing\\|url\\=https://www.atlantamagazine.com/great\\-reads/oral\\-history\\-creative\\-loafing/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-12\\|website\\=Atlanta Magazine\\|language\\=en\\-US}} They originally began publishing it from the basement of their home in the [Morningside](/wiki/Morningside/Lenox_Park \"Morningside/Lenox Park\") neighborhood of Atlanta.{{cite news\\|last\\=Edelstein\\|first\\=Ken\\|title\\=Eason Children to Buy Creative Loafing\\|url\\=https://creativeloafing.com/content\\-169780\\-eason\\-children\\-to\\-buy\\-creative\\|access\\-date\\=July 7, 2012\\|newspaper\\=Creative Loafing Atlanta\\|date\\=August 12, 2000}} After a trial run of a monthly magazine called *P\\-s\\-s\\-t . . . A Guide to Creative Loafing in Atlanta*, the Easons decided to launch a weekly free publication titled simply Creative Loafing. The four\\-person editorial staff operated out of the living and dining rooms of the Easons' Morningside home; the darkroom was in the basement. The print run of the first edition—all of eight pages—was 12,000 copies.", "### Expansion in the South", "[thumb\\|Early 1970s copy of *Creative Loafing*](/wiki/File:The_Parking_Rip-Off.jpg \"The Parking Rip-Off.jpg\")\n*Creative Loafing* was not the first alternative weekly Atlanta had seen, but over the years, its size and ambitions crowded out competitors—*The Great Speckled Bird; Poets, Artists \\& Madmen; The Sunday Paper*. After a decade and a half in Atlanta, the Easons established new Creative Loafing weeklies in March 1987 in Charlotte, North Carolina,{{cite news\\|last\\=Campbell\\|first\\=Meg\\|title\\=Can Creative Loafing Get an Even Break in Charlotte?\\|url\\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-41309693\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511050419/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-41309693\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=May 11, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=July 7, 2012\\|newspaper\\=NewsInc.\\|date\\=May 1, 1990 }} and in 1988 in [Tampa, Florida](/wiki/Tampa%2C_Florida \"Tampa, Florida\"). Other expansions or acquisitions included newspapers in Greenville, South Carolina; Raleigh, North Carolina; and [Savannah, Georgia](/wiki/Savannah%2C_Georgia \"Savannah, Georgia\").\nThe company also expanded its footprint in the Atlanta area, starting two community weeklies, *Gwinnett Loaf* and *Topside Loaf*, covering the suburbs north of the city in Cobb, Gwinnett, southern Forsyth and northern Fulton counties. Bowing to reader complaints about racy advertisements in *Creative Loafing Atlanta*, the Easons established a separate Atlanta publication, *The Scene*, for nightlife listings. These three Atlanta\\-area publications would later be folded back into *Creative Loafing Atlanta* in 2001\\.", "By July 2007, Creative Loafing became a mini\\-empire with four papers in three states and purchased two heralded alt\\-weeklies—*the Chicago Reader* and *the Washington City Paper*—and *The Straight Dope*, a longtime Reader\\-syndicated column by Cecil Adams.", "### Sale to Eason Children", "Ben Eason, son of Deborah and Elton, purchased the Tampa paper from his parents in 1994 and changed its name to the *Weekly Planet*. In 1998 he expanded the paper and launched a second *Weekly Planet* in Sarasota, Florida.{{cite news \\|title\\=Tampa Alternative Weekly Changing Identity \\|url\\=http://tampabay.bizjournals.com/tampabay/stories/2006/09/18/daily24\\.html \\|publisher\\=Tampa Bay Business Journal \\|date\\=September 19, 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=January 19, 2007}}", "Two years later, in September 2000, he and his two sisters led a group of investors to purchase a controlling interest in the entire Creative Loafing chain, and subsequently brought the *Planet* papers into the fold. After a false start during which the May 31, 2006, edition of Tampa's *Planet* was prematurely published with a *Creative Loafing* banner, the Tampa paper officially reverted to its former name and the Sarasota paper became *Creative Loafing Sarasota*.", "Shortly after the sale, Debby Eason purchased *Creative Loafing*{{'s}} Greenville and Savannah properties back from her children. The Greenville paper was renamed *MetroBEAT*, while *Creative Loafing Savannah* was merged into *Connect Savannah*.", "### Partnership with Cox", "To help finance the 2000 deal transferring ownership to Ben Eason's group, media conglomerate [Cox Enterprises](/wiki/Cox_Enterprises \"Cox Enterprises\") purchased a 25% minority share of the company for approximately US$5 million. In the process, Cox executives filled two seats on Creative Loafing's eight\\-member board.{{cite news \\|first\\=Christine \\|last\\=Iwan \\|title\\=Creative Loafing to Sell Minority Interest to Cox \\|url\\=http://aan.org/alternative/Aan/ViewArticle?oid\\=oid%3A1099 \\|publisher\\=Association of Alternative Newsmedia \\|date\\=September 27, 2000 \\|access\\-date\\=January 18, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015185639/http://www.aan.org/alternative/Aan/ViewArticle?oid\\=oid%3A1099 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 15, 2006 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} An uneasy four\\-year relationship between the two companies followed, as Cox also owned Atlanta's only daily, *[The Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution](/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution \"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution\")*, as well as television and radio outlets in the Atlanta area. After the *Journal\\-Constitution* in April 2003 quietly launched its own free entertainment weekly named *Access Atlanta*, in direct competition with *Creative Loafing*, the Easons and Creative Loafing board members voted to censure the two Cox executives for unethical conduct, and by June 2004 both companies agreed to allow the chain to repurchase its shares from Cox.{{cite news \\|title\\=Creative Loafing goes to battle with AJC\\|url\\=http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2003/06/02/daily20\\.html \\|work\\=Atlanta Business Chronicle \\|date\\=June 3, 2003 \\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2007}}{{cite news \\|first\\=Kris \\|last\\=Hundley \\|title\\=Weekly Planet is Back in its Own Orbit \\|url\\=http://www.sptimes.com/2004/07/19/Business/Weekly\\_Planet\\_is\\_back.shtml \\|work\\=St. Petersburg Times \\|date\\=July 19, 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=January 18, 2007}}", "### Chicago and Washington", "On July 24, 2007, Creative Loafing announced the purchase of the *Washington City Paper* and the *Chicago Reader*,{{cite news \\|first\\=Louis \\|last\\=Hau \\|title\\=Ambitious Move By Creative Loafing \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/2007/07/24/creative\\-loafing\\-reader\\-biz\\-media\\-cx\\_lh\\_0724bizcreative.html\\|work\\=Forbes \\|date\\=July 24, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2008}} along with the *Reader*{{'s}} properties *[The Straight Dope](/wiki/The_Straight_Dope \"The Straight Dope\")* and the SDMB, the associated Internet message board.", "In order to accomplish the acquisitions, the company borrowed $40 million. The ensuing economic slump hurt ad sales, and CL Inc. filed for [Chapter 11](/wiki/Chapter_11 \"Chapter 11\") bankruptcy protection on September 29, 2008\\.{{Cite news \\| url\\=http://www.ajc.com/business/creative\\-loafing\\-chain\\-sold\\-123525\\.html \\| title\\=Creative Loafing Chain Sold to Biggest Creditor for $5 Million \\| last\\=Scott\\|first\\=Jeffry \\| date\\=August 25, 2009 \\| newspaper\\=The Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution \\| access\\-date\\=August 27, 2009 }}", "In a bankruptcy auction on August 25, 2009, Atalaya Capital Management of New York City, emerged as the new owner, paying $5 million (it was also CL's largest creditor, owed $30 million before the bankruptcy). The Easons had put in a bid of $2\\.3 million, and with the change in ownership, Ben Eason was removed as CEO.", "### Dissolution", "Over the next two years, 2010–2011, Atalaya sold Creative Loafing's remaining mid\\-market papers. The first to be sold was *Creative Loafing Sarasota*, which was shuttered in December 2010, with its brand sold for an undisclosed sum to [The New York Times Company](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company \"The New York Times Company\"), then\\-publisher of the competing *Sarasota Herald\\-Tribune*. The *Herald\\-Tribune* published its own free weekly product under the *Creative Loafing* name for some time after the sale.", "In October 2011, *Creative Loafing Charlotte* and *Creative Loafing Tampa* were sold to SouthComm Inc., a publisher of alternative weeklies based in Nashville, Tennessee.", "*Creative Loafing*{{'s}} three largest newspapers continued under Atalaya's ownership for one more year. In May 2012, the *Chicago Reader* was sold to Wrapports, publisher of the competing *[Chicago Sun\\-Times](/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times \"Chicago Sun-Times\")*, in a deal reported at $3 million. Two months later, on July 3, *Creative Loafing Atlanta* and the *Washington City Paper* were sold to SouthComm, for an undisclosed sum, and CL Inc. ceased to exist.", "In 2016, the Charlotte Creative Loafing was sold to Womack Publishing of North Carolina. In 2018, the Charlotte Creative Loafing was sold again and ceased publishing a print version.{{Cite web\\| title \\= Creative Loafing's Sudden, Shocking Demise\\| work \\= Charlotte Magazine\\| access\\-date \\= 2020\\-04\\-02\\| date \\= 2018\\-10\\-31\\| url \\= https://www.charlottemagazine.com/creative\\-loafings\\-sudden\\-shocking\\-demise/}}", "In February, 2017, Ben Eason re\\-purchased Creative Loafing in Atlanta and took the publication from a weekly to a monthly as part of a plan to take the company in a direction more compatible to the new digital publishing economy and bringing the content back to its roots publishing a comprehensive listing of [Atlanta events](https://creativeloafing.com/atlanta-events).", "The Creative Loafing in [Tampa, Florida](/wiki/Tampa%2C_Florida \"Tampa, Florida\"), was sold to a group from Ohio in 2018\\.", "In 2019, Creative Loafing contributed its archives to [Georgia State University](/wiki/Georgia_State_University \"Georgia State University\") as part of a plan to digitize all the print editions going back its initial publication in 1972\\. In 2022, Creative Loafing published its last print edition \\- it's 50th Anniversary edition. While the company has not ruled out doing special newspaper editions in the future, its commitment is to a digital future built on events, a focus on culture, local artists, bands, neighborhoods and local news.", "" ]
### Dissolution Over the next two years, 2010–2011, Atalaya sold Creative Loafing's remaining mid\-market papers. The first to be sold was *Creative Loafing Sarasota*, which was shuttered in December 2010, with its brand sold for an undisclosed sum to [The New York Times Company](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company "The New York Times Company"), then\-publisher of the competing *Sarasota Herald\-Tribune*. The *Herald\-Tribune* published its own free weekly product under the *Creative Loafing* name for some time after the sale. In October 2011, *Creative Loafing Charlotte* and *Creative Loafing Tampa* were sold to SouthComm Inc., a publisher of alternative weeklies based in Nashville, Tennessee. *Creative Loafing*{{'s}} three largest newspapers continued under Atalaya's ownership for one more year. In May 2012, the *Chicago Reader* was sold to Wrapports, publisher of the competing *[Chicago Sun\-Times](/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times "Chicago Sun-Times")*, in a deal reported at $3 million. Two months later, on July 3, *Creative Loafing Atlanta* and the *Washington City Paper* were sold to SouthComm, for an undisclosed sum, and CL Inc. ceased to exist. In 2016, the Charlotte Creative Loafing was sold to Womack Publishing of North Carolina. In 2018, the Charlotte Creative Loafing was sold again and ceased publishing a print version.{{Cite web\| title \= Creative Loafing's Sudden, Shocking Demise\| work \= Charlotte Magazine\| access\-date \= 2020\-04\-02\| date \= 2018\-10\-31\| url \= https://www.charlottemagazine.com/creative\-loafings\-sudden\-shocking\-demise/}} In February, 2017, Ben Eason re\-purchased Creative Loafing in Atlanta and took the publication from a weekly to a monthly as part of a plan to take the company in a direction more compatible to the new digital publishing economy and bringing the content back to its roots publishing a comprehensive listing of [Atlanta events](https://creativeloafing.com/atlanta-events). The Creative Loafing in [Tampa, Florida](/wiki/Tampa%2C_Florida "Tampa, Florida"), was sold to a group from Ohio in 2018\. In 2019, Creative Loafing contributed its archives to [Georgia State University](/wiki/Georgia_State_University "Georgia State University") as part of a plan to digitize all the print editions going back its initial publication in 1972\. In 2022, Creative Loafing published its last print edition \- it's 50th Anniversary edition. While the company has not ruled out doing special newspaper editions in the future, its commitment is to a digital future built on events, a focus on culture, local artists, bands, neighborhoods and local news.
[ "### Dissolution", "Over the next two years, 2010–2011, Atalaya sold Creative Loafing's remaining mid\\-market papers. The first to be sold was *Creative Loafing Sarasota*, which was shuttered in December 2010, with its brand sold for an undisclosed sum to [The New York Times Company](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company \"The New York Times Company\"), then\\-publisher of the competing *Sarasota Herald\\-Tribune*. The *Herald\\-Tribune* published its own free weekly product under the *Creative Loafing* name for some time after the sale.", "In October 2011, *Creative Loafing Charlotte* and *Creative Loafing Tampa* were sold to SouthComm Inc., a publisher of alternative weeklies based in Nashville, Tennessee.", "*Creative Loafing*{{'s}} three largest newspapers continued under Atalaya's ownership for one more year. In May 2012, the *Chicago Reader* was sold to Wrapports, publisher of the competing *[Chicago Sun\\-Times](/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times \"Chicago Sun-Times\")*, in a deal reported at $3 million. Two months later, on July 3, *Creative Loafing Atlanta* and the *Washington City Paper* were sold to SouthComm, for an undisclosed sum, and CL Inc. ceased to exist.", "In 2016, the Charlotte Creative Loafing was sold to Womack Publishing of North Carolina. In 2018, the Charlotte Creative Loafing was sold again and ceased publishing a print version.{{Cite web\\| title \\= Creative Loafing's Sudden, Shocking Demise\\| work \\= Charlotte Magazine\\| access\\-date \\= 2020\\-04\\-02\\| date \\= 2018\\-10\\-31\\| url \\= https://www.charlottemagazine.com/creative\\-loafings\\-sudden\\-shocking\\-demise/}}", "In February, 2017, Ben Eason re\\-purchased Creative Loafing in Atlanta and took the publication from a weekly to a monthly as part of a plan to take the company in a direction more compatible to the new digital publishing economy and bringing the content back to its roots publishing a comprehensive listing of [Atlanta events](https://creativeloafing.com/atlanta-events).", "The Creative Loafing in [Tampa, Florida](/wiki/Tampa%2C_Florida \"Tampa, Florida\"), was sold to a group from Ohio in 2018\\.", "In 2019, Creative Loafing contributed its archives to [Georgia State University](/wiki/Georgia_State_University \"Georgia State University\") as part of a plan to digitize all the print editions going back its initial publication in 1972\\. In 2022, Creative Loafing published its last print edition \\- it's 50th Anniversary edition. While the company has not ruled out doing special newspaper editions in the future, its commitment is to a digital future built on events, a focus on culture, local artists, bands, neighborhoods and local news.", "" ]
History ------- The station signed on as WGSM on September 1, 1951,{{cite news \|date\=September 1, 1951 \|title\=Station WGSM On the Air Today \|url\=https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn83031113/1951\-09\-01/ed\-1/seq\-2\.pdf \|newspaper\=Nassau Daily Review\-Star\|location\=Freeport New York \|access\-date\=January 28, 2020 }} with studios originally in the Sammis Building on New York Avenue in Huntington. Edward J. Fitzgerald founded the station and Jack Ellsworth ([WALK](/wiki/WLID "WLID"), [WLIM](/wiki/WNYG_%28AM%29 "WNYG (AM)")) was the original program director.{{cite news \|date\=July 5, 1951 \|title\=Program Director On New Radio Station \|url\=http://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn83031119/1951\-07\-05/ed\-1/seq\-11\.pdf\|newspaper\=The Long Islander \|location\=Huntington New York \|access\-date\=October 9, 2015}}{{cite web\|title\=Long Island Radio History: AM Stations\|url\=http://wackradio.com/lirhistory/index.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216173100/http://wackradio.com/lirhistory/index.htm \|archive\-date\=February 16, 2006}} In early 1968, the station moved its studios and offices to 900 Walt Whitman Road (Rt. 110\) in [Melville, New York](/wiki/Melville%2C_New_York "Melville, New York") near the [Northern State Parkway](/wiki/Northern_State_Parkway "Northern State Parkway").{{cite news \|date\=March 25, 1968 \|title\=FOR TRE RECORD \|url\=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/68\-OCR/1968\-03\-23\-BC\-OCR\-Page\-0170\.pdf \|work\=Broadcasting \|access\-date\=February 16, 2020 }} In autumn 1968, [Bill Ayres](/wiki/Bill_Ayres "Bill Ayres") ([WABC](/wiki/WABC_%28AM%29 "WABC (AM)"), [WPLJ](/wiki/WPLJ "WPLJ")) and [Pete Fornatale](/wiki/Pete_Fornatale "Pete Fornatale") ([WFUV](/wiki/WFUV "WFUV"), [WNEW\-FM](/wiki/WNEW-FM "WNEW-FM"), [92\.3 K\-Rock](/wiki/WINS-FM "WINS-FM")) hosted a religious show aimed at young people.[Clergyman Will Air Sounds Of Religion](https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn84031344/1968-09-19/ed-1/seq-2.pdf) *The Babylon Beacon*. September 19, 1968Konig, Susan. ["Q\&A: Bill Ayres; In Forefront of Fighting World Hunger"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E5D71038F93AA15750C0A96E958260). *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. March 29, 1998 Over the years, the station has sported many formats and been owned by many radio groups. On May 22, 1995, WGSM switched from [soft adult contemporary](/wiki/Soft_adult_contemporary "Soft adult contemporary") to [country music](/wiki/Country_music "Country music"), with local band showcases on the weekend.[Radio \& Records Magazine](http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1995/RR-1995-05-26.pdf){{cite journal\|title\=Vox Jox\|last\=Stark\|first\=Phyllis\|journal\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|date\=June 3, 1995\|volume\=107\|issue\=22\|page\=104}} Then the station simulcast [WMJC 94\.3](/wiki/WWSK "WWSK"); a short time later, new ownership and GM approved the station's switch to becoming the New York area's first [Radio Disney](/wiki/Radio_Disney "Radio Disney") affiliate on November 1, 1997\. WGSM lost the Radio Disney affiliation on December 27, 1998, after [WQEW](/wiki/WFME_%28AM%29 "WFME (AM)") became New York City's Radio Disney affiliate. At that time, WGSM began simulcasting the [adult standards](/wiki/Adult_standards "Adult standards") format of sister station [WHLI](/wiki/WHLI "WHLI") 1100 AM. In 2001, WGSM was sold to K Communications for $2\.5 million. The format was changed to [Korean language](/wiki/Korean_language "Korean language") programming. Over the next few years, WGSM spent a lot of time on and off the air. In 2004, a Korean group was contacted by two local radio broadcasters, to lease the station. The two met in his Flushing broadcast center, and presented a proposal to Kwon and two associates to lease the station\-\-\-then still known as WGSM, to flip it to country, with a secret formatics (A blend of country\-rock) to be confidential until the station was announced operational again. The station was playing Korean language and music. The station was then sold to Win Radio Broadcasting Corporation and changed call sign to WNYH on September 1, 2005\. WNYH began playing an oldies format featuring music from the mid\-1940s through the early 1980s. On October 21, 2008, much of WNYH's broadcast day was leased to One Caribbean Radio, who previously bought time on [WSNR](/wiki/WSNR "WSNR") 620 AM in [Jersey City](/wiki/Jersey_City "Jersey City"). Self\-proclaimed "Global Mix" music aired sunrise – 10 am and 3 pm – sunset. Between the hours of 10 am and 3 pm programming varied and included infomercials, oldies music, Caribbean music, and brokered talk shows. All the One Caribbean Radio programming was terminated in late March 2009 for an unknown reason, and moved to [WSKQ](/wiki/WSKQ-FM "WSKQ-FM") 97\.9 FM HD2\. On January 1, 2011, the format was replaced by Radio Cantico Nuevo, a Spanish Christian format. In December 2019, the format was replaced by Korean Christian Broadcasting Network (KCBN). The following month, the format was replaced again with a rhythm and blues/gospel music format under the "Inspiration Radio" moniker. On September 28, 2020, the format was replaced with a [simulcast](/wiki/Simulcast "Simulcast") of [WXMC](/wiki/WXMC "WXMC") [Parsippany, New Jersey](/wiki/Parsippany-Troy_Hills%2C_New_Jersey "Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey"), which had previously been simulcast on [WBWD](/wiki/WBWD_%28AM%29 "WBWD (AM)") [Islip](/wiki/Islip_%28hamlet%29%2C_New_York "Islip (hamlet), New York"). In December 2020, the format was replaced by Korean Christian Broadcasting Network (KCBN). In November 2021, Korean programing was replaced by [The Overcomer Ministry](/wiki/Brother_Stair%23Overcomer_Ministry "Brother Stair#Overcomer Ministry").
[ "History\n-------", "The station signed on as WGSM on September 1, 1951,{{cite news \\|date\\=September 1, 1951 \\|title\\=Station WGSM On the Air Today \\|url\\=https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn83031113/1951\\-09\\-01/ed\\-1/seq\\-2\\.pdf \\|newspaper\\=Nassau Daily Review\\-Star\\|location\\=Freeport New York \\|access\\-date\\=January 28, 2020 }} with studios originally in the Sammis Building on New York Avenue in Huntington. Edward J. Fitzgerald founded the station and Jack Ellsworth ([WALK](/wiki/WLID \"WLID\"), [WLIM](/wiki/WNYG_%28AM%29 \"WNYG (AM)\")) was the original program director.{{cite news \\|date\\=July 5, 1951 \\|title\\=Program Director On New Radio Station \\|url\\=http://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn83031119/1951\\-07\\-05/ed\\-1/seq\\-11\\.pdf\\|newspaper\\=The Long Islander \\|location\\=Huntington New York \\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2015}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Long Island Radio History: AM Stations\\|url\\=http://wackradio.com/lirhistory/index.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216173100/http://wackradio.com/lirhistory/index.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=February 16, 2006}} In early 1968, the station moved its studios and offices to 900 Walt Whitman Road (Rt. 110\\) in [Melville, New York](/wiki/Melville%2C_New_York \"Melville, New York\") near the [Northern State Parkway](/wiki/Northern_State_Parkway \"Northern State Parkway\").{{cite news \\|date\\=March 25, 1968 \\|title\\=FOR TRE RECORD \\|url\\=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/68\\-OCR/1968\\-03\\-23\\-BC\\-OCR\\-Page\\-0170\\.pdf \\|work\\=Broadcasting \\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2020 }} In autumn 1968, [Bill Ayres](/wiki/Bill_Ayres \"Bill Ayres\") ([WABC](/wiki/WABC_%28AM%29 \"WABC (AM)\"), [WPLJ](/wiki/WPLJ \"WPLJ\")) and [Pete Fornatale](/wiki/Pete_Fornatale \"Pete Fornatale\") ([WFUV](/wiki/WFUV \"WFUV\"), [WNEW\\-FM](/wiki/WNEW-FM \"WNEW-FM\"), [92\\.3 K\\-Rock](/wiki/WINS-FM \"WINS-FM\")) hosted a religious show aimed at young people.[Clergyman Will Air Sounds Of Religion](https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn84031344/1968-09-19/ed-1/seq-2.pdf) *The Babylon Beacon*. September 19, 1968Konig, Susan. [\"Q\\&A: Bill Ayres; In Forefront of Fighting World Hunger\"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E5D71038F93AA15750C0A96E958260). *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. March 29, 1998 Over the years, the station has sported many formats and been owned by many radio groups.", "On May 22, 1995, WGSM switched from [soft adult contemporary](/wiki/Soft_adult_contemporary \"Soft adult contemporary\") to [country music](/wiki/Country_music \"Country music\"), with local band showcases on the weekend.[Radio \\& Records Magazine](http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1995/RR-1995-05-26.pdf){{cite journal\\|title\\=Vox Jox\\|last\\=Stark\\|first\\=Phyllis\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\|date\\=June 3, 1995\\|volume\\=107\\|issue\\=22\\|page\\=104}} Then the station simulcast [WMJC 94\\.3](/wiki/WWSK \"WWSK\"); a short time later, new ownership and GM approved the station's switch to becoming the New York area's first [Radio Disney](/wiki/Radio_Disney \"Radio Disney\") affiliate on November 1, 1997\\. WGSM lost the Radio Disney affiliation on December 27, 1998, after [WQEW](/wiki/WFME_%28AM%29 \"WFME (AM)\") became New York City's Radio Disney affiliate. At that time, WGSM began simulcasting the [adult standards](/wiki/Adult_standards \"Adult standards\") format of sister station [WHLI](/wiki/WHLI \"WHLI\") 1100 AM.", "In 2001, WGSM was sold to K Communications for $2\\.5 million. The format was changed to [Korean language](/wiki/Korean_language \"Korean language\") programming. Over the next few years, WGSM spent a lot of time on and off the air. In 2004, a Korean group was contacted by two local radio broadcasters, to lease the station. The two met in his Flushing broadcast center, and presented a proposal to Kwon and two associates to lease the station\\-\\-\\-then still known as WGSM, to flip it to country, with a secret formatics (A blend of country\\-rock) to be confidential until the station was announced operational again. The station was playing Korean language and music. The station was then sold to Win Radio Broadcasting Corporation and changed call sign to WNYH on September 1, 2005\\.", "WNYH began playing an oldies format featuring music from the mid\\-1940s through the early 1980s.", "On October 21, 2008, much of WNYH's broadcast day was leased to One Caribbean Radio, who previously bought time on [WSNR](/wiki/WSNR \"WSNR\") 620 AM in [Jersey City](/wiki/Jersey_City \"Jersey City\"). Self\\-proclaimed \"Global Mix\" music aired sunrise – 10 am and 3 pm – sunset. Between the hours of 10 am and 3 pm programming varied and included infomercials, oldies music, Caribbean music, and brokered talk shows. All the One Caribbean Radio programming was terminated in late March 2009 for an unknown reason, and moved to [WSKQ](/wiki/WSKQ-FM \"WSKQ-FM\") 97\\.9 FM HD2\\.", "On January 1, 2011, the format was replaced by Radio Cantico Nuevo, a Spanish Christian format.", "In December 2019, the format was replaced by Korean Christian Broadcasting Network (KCBN). The following month, the format was replaced again with a rhythm and blues/gospel music format under the \"Inspiration Radio\" moniker.", "On September 28, 2020, the format was replaced with a [simulcast](/wiki/Simulcast \"Simulcast\") of [WXMC](/wiki/WXMC \"WXMC\") [Parsippany, New Jersey](/wiki/Parsippany-Troy_Hills%2C_New_Jersey \"Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey\"), which had previously been simulcast on [WBWD](/wiki/WBWD_%28AM%29 \"WBWD (AM)\") [Islip](/wiki/Islip_%28hamlet%29%2C_New_York \"Islip (hamlet), New York\").", "In December 2020, the format was replaced by Korean Christian Broadcasting Network (KCBN).", "In November 2021, Korean programing was replaced by [The Overcomer Ministry](/wiki/Brother_Stair%23Overcomer_Ministry \"Brother Stair#Overcomer Ministry\").", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\|250x250px\|{{center\|Stage design for ''Eine Nacht in Venedig'' (2015\)}}](/wiki/File:SFM-Ballett_Tarantelle-Eine_Nacht_in_Venedig.jpg "SFM-Ballett Tarantelle-Eine Nacht in Venedig.jpg") [thumb\|250px\|{{center\|360°x180°\-Panoramic picture of theSeefestspiele Mörbisch 2004}}](/wiki/File:M%C3%B6rbisch-150804-von-Trib%C3%BCne.jpg "Mörbisch-150804-von-Tribüne.jpg") [thumb\|250px\|{{center\|Premiere of ''Giuditta'' (2003\)}}](/wiki/File:Franz_Leh%C3%A1r.JPG "Franz Lehár.JPG") [thumb\|250px\|{{center\|Premiere of ''Wiener Blut'' (2007\)}}](/wiki/File:Wiener_Blut_Morbisch.jpg "Wiener Blut Morbisch.jpg") ### Economic\-touristic foundations The creation and development of the Seespiele Mörbisch was dominated by considerations of tourism policy. When, from 1953 onwards, efforts were made to develop Burgenland's tourism and to transform the *visiting and transit area* into a place to stay and relax, Lake Neusiedl and the lakeside communities were at the centre of these efforts. In the municipality of Mörbisch am See, the road between [Rust](/wiki/Rust%2C_Burgenland "Rust, Burgenland") and Mörbisch was extended with strong support from the tourism department, an 1800 m long lake dam, which opened up Lake Neusiedl to visitors from Mörbisch, was built and a lido was constructed. Mörbisch became the fourth important tourist community on the lake, alongside Rust, [Neusiedl am See](/wiki/Neusiedl_am_See "Neusiedl am See") and [Podersdorf am See](/wiki/Podersdorf_am_See "Podersdorf am See"). In 1956, the people of Mörbisch invited to a two\-day *Seefest*. Together with the {{Ill\|Austrian National Tourist Office\|de}}, the community organised a so\-called *Night and Lake Festival*, which was attended by 6000 guests. The programme offered night rides in decorated motorboats, music was provided by dance bands, Viennese artists performed a complete cabaret programme, and folk song and dance groups also performed.Awecker [et al.](/wiki/Et_al. "Et al."): *Theatergeschichte des Burgenlandes*, {{p.\|259}}. In 1957, the Burgenland press announced the first highlight of the development of Mörbisch into a Burgenland tourist centre through the construction of a lakeside hotel.. und der Abhaltung von Seespielen an und damit verbunden den Beginn eines neuen Abschnitts burgenländischen Wirtschafts\- und Kulturaufstiegs.Awecker et al.: *Theatergeschichte des Burgenlandes*, {{p.\|261}}. ### Foundation, technical equipment The initiative for the *Seespiele*, founded in the years 1955–1957, came from the celebrated chamber singer [Herbert Alsen](/wiki/Herbert_Alsen "Herbert Alsen") (among others) at the [Vienna State Opera](/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera "Vienna State Opera") (1906–1978\), who, together with his wife, the costume designer Gisela Bossert (†2012\), who had worked in Berlin, discovered the venue by chance while looking for a holiday location that was climatically conducive to his voice, and whom *the peculiar musicality of this landscape**Freies Burgenland. Kommunistisches Wochenblatt* No. 27/1957, 7 July 1957\. [Globus\-Verlag](/wiki/Globus-Verlag "Globus-Verlag"), Vienna 1957, {{ZDB\|1307715\-6}}, {{p.\|9}} From: Awecker [et al.](/wiki/Et_al. "Et al."): *Theatergeschichte des Burgenlandes*, {{p.\|261}}. permanently touched. Alsen's plans found favour with the municipal council of Mörbisch as well as with the representative of the province, {{Ill\|Landesregierung (Österreich)\|de\|lt\=Landesrat}} {{Ill\|Hans Bögl\|de}} (1899–1974\), especially as the project fitted into the tourism concept of the municipality and the province, and Alsen subsequently agreed to take over the directorship of the *Seespiele* for an initial period of five years (with reference to possible competition with the [Bregenz Festivals](/wiki/Bregenz_Festival "Bregenz Festival")), stressing that the *Seespiele* in Mörbisch did not want to be a *festival* that would add to the *excessive number of festival venues*.[*Mörbisch am See: New centre of tourism. The new lakeside hotel nearing completion 6 July: Opening of the Seespiele \- Sacrifice and idealism at work.(…) Die Seespiele*](http://www.bf-archiv.at/cgi-bin/archiv/browse.pl?year=1957&month=6&week=26&page=3&volltext=&ftstype=und&modus=html&go=Suche). In *Burgenländische Freiheit*, vol. 27, nr. 26, 1957, {{p.\|3}}, column 1, bottom. After two years of preparation, the opening took place on 6 July 1957 with the operetta *[The Gypsy Baron](/wiki/The_Gypsy_Baron "The Gypsy Baron")* by Johann Strauss II.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.bf\-archiv.at/cgi\-bin/archiv/browse.pl?year\=1957\&month\=8\&week\=32\&page\=6\&volltext\=\&ftstype\=und\&modus\=html\&go\=Suche \|title\=Neuer Abschnitt des burgenländischen Wirtschafts\- und Kulturaufstieges eingleitet\|trans\-title\=New stage of Burgenland's economic and cultural rise initiated \|work\=Burgenländische Freiheit \|location\=Eisenstadt \|language\=de \|volume\=27 \|number\=32 \|date\=11 August 1957 \|page\=6\|access\-date\=26 July 2021}} The lake stage was built in a bay next to the Mörbisch bathing beach on many hundreds of [piles](/wiki/Pile_foundation "Pile foundation") according to the plans of architect {{Ill\|Ferry Windberger\|de}} (1915–2008\), the designer of the first [Bregenz lake stage](/wiki/Bregenzer_Festspiele "Bregenzer Festspiele"). Its dimensions were 42 by 20 m; the auditorium, created by filling in the lake, contained 1,500[*25 Jahre Seespiele Mörbisch*](http://www.bf-archiv.at/cgi-bin/archiv/browse.pl?year=1981&month=7&week=31&page=27&volltext=&ftstype=und&modus=html&go=Suche). In *Burgenländische Freiheit*. vol. 51, nr. 31, 1981, {{p.\|35}}.Also: *The auditorium offers space for 1,800 visitors*. – See [*Mörbisch am See: New centre of tourism. The new lakeside hotel nears completion – 6 July: Opening of the Seespiele – Sacrifice and idealism at work.(...) Seespiele in Mörbisch*](http://www.bf-archiv.at/cgi-bin/archiv/browse.pl?year=1957&month=6&week=26&page=3&volltext=&ftstype=und&modus=html&go=Suche). In *Burgenländische Freiheit*. vol. 27, no. 26, 1957, {{p.\|3}}, column 3 centre. Seating capacity.Awecker et al: *Theatergeschichte des Burgenlandes*, {{p.\|263}}. After an extension in 1959, 3000 people could be accommodated. Today the auditorium has over 6000 seats. In the following years, due to the great audience response, there were constant expansions, both in terms of the number of performances and the size of the auditorium and stage. From an initial six performances with about 7000 spectators (1957\), the number increased to over 30 performances in July and August. In 2006, a new sound system developed by the {{Ill\|Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology\|de}} and also in use at the [Bregenz Festival](/wiki/Bregenz_Festival "Bregenz Festival") was put into operation. This makes directional listening possible despite the size of the stage.Henning Köhler (Red.). In *iuk.fraunhofer.de*, 27 June 2006, retrieved 25 July 2021\.[Wolfgang Fritz](https://web.archive.org/web/20110922181613/http://www.bregenzerfestspiele.com/de/kategorie/inhalte/inhalt-hauptseite?page=7) retrieved from the Bregenz Festival page For several years the premiere of the Seefestspiele was broadcast by the [ORF](/wiki/Austrian_Broadcasting_Corporation "Austrian Broadcasting Corporation").Andrea Rössner (Red.): [*Hohe Einschaltquoten bei ORF\-Übertragung aus Mörbisch*](http://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20010805_OTS0030/hohe-einschaltziffern-bei-orf-uebertragung-aus-moerbisch). In *ots.at*, 5 August 2001, retrieved 25 July 2021\. With the 2013 season, however, this practice was ended. In 2018, specially staged performances for children were shown for the first time. A one\-hour adaptation of *[Countess Mariza](/wiki/Countess_Mariza "Countess Mariza")* was shown in June 2018 on a stage set up on the festival grounds for a total of six performances. Up to 250 children were seated at each performance, and visitors were also given the opportunity to sing and dance along. The aim was to bring operetta closer to the children. The same soloists were on stage as in the regular performances.[*orf.at: Erstmals Kinderoperette in Mörbisch*](http://burgenland.orf.at/news/stories/2890533/). Article from 20 January 2018, retrieved on 20 January 2018\. As part of the {{Ill\|Österreichischer Musiktheaterpreis 2020\|de}}, the Seefestspiele received the prize for the best youth and children's musical theatre production for *Land of Smiles for Children*.{{cite web \|url\=https://orf.at/stories/3176516/ \|title\=Musical Theatre Award honoured Placido Domingo \|date\=6 August 2020\|access\-date\=25 July 2021 \|work\=\[\[ORF.at]]}} ### Director of the Mörbisch Lake Festival since its foundation * 1957–1978: Herbert Alsen (intendant), Franziska Schurli (December 1919, 21 January 1984\) (managing Director) * 1979–1980: [Fred Liewehr](/wiki/Fred_Liewehr "Fred Liewehr") (artistic director), Franziska Schurli (managing director)[*Burgenländische Festspiele: Four venues \- two artistic directors*](http://www.bf-archiv.at/cgi-bin/archiv/browse.pl?year=1979&month=3&week=10&page=37&volltext=&ftstype=und&modus=html&go=Suche). In *Burgenländische Freiheit*, vol. 49, no. 10, 1979, {{p.\|45}}. * 1981–1983: Franziska Schurli (artistic director and managing director)[*Die Burgenländischen Festspiele stehen auf einer neuen Basis*](http://www.bf-archiv.at/cgi-bin/archiv/browse.pl?year=1980&month=11&week=47&page=36&volltext=&ftstype=und&modus=html&go=Suche). In *Burgenländische Freiheit*. vol. 50, nr. 47, 1980, {{p.\|48}}. * 1984–1989: {{Ill\|Robert Herzl\|de}} (artistic director){{cite web \|url\=https://www.kleinezeitung.at/kultur/4604081/Regisseur\-Robert\-Herzl\-verstorben\- \|title\=Ernst Scherzer: ''Leben für die Operette: Grazer Regisseur Robert Herzl verstorben.'' In ''Kleine Zeitung'', 25 November 2014\. \|publisher\=\[\[Kleine Zeitung]] \|date\=25 November 2014\|access\-date\=25 July 2021}} Heinrich Meyer (managing director)[*Burgenland's influence on an even broader basis. A new festival era. Festival committees*](http://www.bf-archiv.at/cgi-bin/archiv/browse.pl?year=1984&month=3&week=13&page=2&volltext=&ftstype=und&modus=html&go=Suche) In *Burgenländische Freiheit*, vol. 54, nr. 13, 1984, {{p.\|2}}, bottom right. * 1990–1992: {{Ill\|Rudolf Buczolich\|de}} (intendant),[*Vorhang auf für's Nachfolgespiel*](http://www.bf-archiv.at/cgi-bin/archiv/browse.pl?year=1992&month=9&week=36&page=4&volltext=&ftstype=und&modus=html&go=Suche). In *Burgenländische Freiheit*. vol. 62, nr. 36, 1992, pp. 4f. Josef Wiedenhofer (managing director). * 1993–2012: [Harald Serafin](/wiki/Harald_Serafin "Harald Serafin") (artistic director), Dietmar Posteiner (managing director). * 2013–2017: [Dagmar Schellenberger](/wiki/Dagmar_Schellenberger "Dagmar Schellenberger") (artistic director), Dietmar Posteiner (managing director) * since 2018: [Peter Edelmann](/wiki/Peter_Edelmann "Peter Edelmann").[*orf.at: Seefestspiele: Edelmann instead of Pichowetz*](http://burgenland.orf.at/news/stories/2846416/) Article from 31 May 2017, retrieved 25 July 2021 (artistic director), Dietmar Posteiner (managing director), since 2021 additionally {{Ill\|Alfons Haider\|de}} as General Music Director of Burgenland.{{cite web \|url\=https://burgenland.orf.at/stories/3080882/ \|title\=Music Theatre: Alfons Haider becomes General Director \|date\=16 December 2020\|access\-date\=25 July 2021}} From 1995 to 2008, [Rudolf Bibl](/wiki/Rudolf_Bibl "Rudolf Bibl") was [musical director](/wiki/Musical_director "Musical director"), and was appointed honorary member of the festival in 2013\.[*Rudolf Bibl first honorary member of Mörbisch*](http://www.kleinezeitung.at/kultur/4067372/Rudolf-Bibl-erstes-Ehrenmitglied-von-Moerbisch). Article from 12 July 2013, retrieved 25 July 2021\.
[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\|250x250px\\|{{center\\|Stage design for ''Eine Nacht in Venedig'' (2015\\)}}](/wiki/File:SFM-Ballett_Tarantelle-Eine_Nacht_in_Venedig.jpg \"SFM-Ballett Tarantelle-Eine Nacht in Venedig.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|250px\\|{{center\\|360°x180°\\-Panoramic picture of theSeefestspiele Mörbisch 2004}}](/wiki/File:M%C3%B6rbisch-150804-von-Trib%C3%BCne.jpg \"Mörbisch-150804-von-Tribüne.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|250px\\|{{center\\|Premiere of ''Giuditta'' (2003\\)}}](/wiki/File:Franz_Leh%C3%A1r.JPG \"Franz Lehár.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|250px\\|{{center\\|Premiere of ''Wiener Blut'' (2007\\)}}](/wiki/File:Wiener_Blut_Morbisch.jpg \"Wiener Blut Morbisch.jpg\")", "### Economic\\-touristic foundations", "The creation and development of the Seespiele Mörbisch was dominated by considerations of tourism policy. When, from 1953 onwards, efforts were made to develop Burgenland's tourism and to transform the *visiting and transit area* into a place to stay and relax, Lake Neusiedl and the lakeside communities were at the centre of these efforts. In the municipality of Mörbisch am See, the road between [Rust](/wiki/Rust%2C_Burgenland \"Rust, Burgenland\") and Mörbisch was extended with strong support from the tourism department, an 1800 m long lake dam, which opened up Lake Neusiedl to visitors from Mörbisch, was built and a lido was constructed. Mörbisch became the fourth important tourist community on the lake, alongside Rust, [Neusiedl am See](/wiki/Neusiedl_am_See \"Neusiedl am See\") and [Podersdorf am See](/wiki/Podersdorf_am_See \"Podersdorf am See\"). In 1956, the people of Mörbisch invited to a two\\-day *Seefest*. Together with the {{Ill\\|Austrian National Tourist Office\\|de}}, the community organised a so\\-called *Night and Lake Festival*, which was attended by 6000 guests. The programme offered night rides in decorated motorboats, music was provided by dance bands, Viennese artists performed a complete cabaret programme, and folk song and dance groups also performed.Awecker [et al.](/wiki/Et_al. \"Et al.\"): *Theatergeschichte des Burgenlandes*, {{p.\\|259}}.", "In 1957, the Burgenland press announced the first highlight of the development of Mörbisch into a Burgenland tourist centre through the construction of a lakeside hotel.. und der Abhaltung von Seespielen an und damit verbunden den Beginn eines neuen Abschnitts burgenländischen Wirtschafts\\- und Kulturaufstiegs.Awecker et al.: *Theatergeschichte des Burgenlandes*, {{p.\\|261}}.", "### Foundation, technical equipment", "The initiative for the *Seespiele*, founded in the years 1955–1957, came from the celebrated chamber singer [Herbert Alsen](/wiki/Herbert_Alsen \"Herbert Alsen\") (among others) at the [Vienna State Opera](/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera \"Vienna State Opera\") (1906–1978\\), who, together with his wife, the costume designer Gisela Bossert (†2012\\), who had worked in Berlin, discovered the venue by chance while looking for a holiday location that was climatically conducive to his voice, and whom *the peculiar musicality of this landscape**Freies Burgenland. Kommunistisches Wochenblatt* No. 27/1957, 7 July 1957\\. [Globus\\-Verlag](/wiki/Globus-Verlag \"Globus-Verlag\"), Vienna 1957, {{ZDB\\|1307715\\-6}}, {{p.\\|9}} From: Awecker [et al.](/wiki/Et_al. \"Et al.\"): *Theatergeschichte des Burgenlandes*, {{p.\\|261}}. permanently touched. Alsen's plans found favour with the municipal council of Mörbisch as well as with the representative of the province, {{Ill\\|Landesregierung (Österreich)\\|de\\|lt\\=Landesrat}} {{Ill\\|Hans Bögl\\|de}} (1899–1974\\), especially as the project fitted into the tourism concept of the municipality and the province, and Alsen subsequently agreed to take over the directorship of the *Seespiele* for an initial period of five years (with reference to possible competition with the [Bregenz Festivals](/wiki/Bregenz_Festival \"Bregenz Festival\")), stressing that the *Seespiele* in Mörbisch did not want to be a *festival* that would add to the *excessive number of festival venues*.[*Mörbisch am See: New centre of tourism. The new lakeside hotel nearing completion 6 July: Opening of the Seespiele \\- Sacrifice and idealism at work.(…) Die Seespiele*](http://www.bf-archiv.at/cgi-bin/archiv/browse.pl?year=1957&month=6&week=26&page=3&volltext=&ftstype=und&modus=html&go=Suche). In *Burgenländische Freiheit*, vol. 27, nr. 26, 1957, {{p.\\|3}}, column 1, bottom.", "After two years of preparation, the opening took place on 6 July 1957 with the operetta *[The Gypsy Baron](/wiki/The_Gypsy_Baron \"The Gypsy Baron\")* by Johann Strauss II.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.bf\\-archiv.at/cgi\\-bin/archiv/browse.pl?year\\=1957\\&month\\=8\\&week\\=32\\&page\\=6\\&volltext\\=\\&ftstype\\=und\\&modus\\=html\\&go\\=Suche \\|title\\=Neuer Abschnitt des burgenländischen Wirtschafts\\- und Kulturaufstieges eingleitet\\|trans\\-title\\=New stage of Burgenland's economic and cultural rise initiated \\|work\\=Burgenländische Freiheit \\|location\\=Eisenstadt \\|language\\=de \\|volume\\=27 \\|number\\=32 \\|date\\=11 August 1957 \\|page\\=6\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2021}}", "The lake stage was built in a bay next to the Mörbisch bathing beach on many hundreds of [piles](/wiki/Pile_foundation \"Pile foundation\") according to the plans of architect {{Ill\\|Ferry Windberger\\|de}} (1915–2008\\), the designer of the first [Bregenz lake stage](/wiki/Bregenzer_Festspiele \"Bregenzer Festspiele\"). Its dimensions were 42 by 20 m; the auditorium, created by filling in the lake, contained 1,500[*25 Jahre Seespiele Mörbisch*](http://www.bf-archiv.at/cgi-bin/archiv/browse.pl?year=1981&month=7&week=31&page=27&volltext=&ftstype=und&modus=html&go=Suche). In *Burgenländische Freiheit*. vol. 51, nr. 31, 1981, {{p.\\|35}}.Also: *The auditorium offers space for 1,800 visitors*. – See [*Mörbisch am See: New centre of tourism. The new lakeside hotel nears completion – 6 July: Opening of the Seespiele – Sacrifice and idealism at work.(...) Seespiele in Mörbisch*](http://www.bf-archiv.at/cgi-bin/archiv/browse.pl?year=1957&month=6&week=26&page=3&volltext=&ftstype=und&modus=html&go=Suche). In *Burgenländische Freiheit*. vol. 27, no. 26, 1957, {{p.\\|3}}, column 3 centre. Seating capacity.Awecker et al: *Theatergeschichte des Burgenlandes*, {{p.\\|263}}. After an extension in 1959, 3000 people could be accommodated. Today the auditorium has over 6000 seats. In the following years, due to the great audience response, there were constant expansions, both in terms of the number of performances and the size of the auditorium and stage. From an initial six performances with about 7000 spectators (1957\\), the number increased to over 30 performances in July and August.", "In 2006, a new sound system developed by the {{Ill\\|Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology\\|de}} and also in use at the [Bregenz Festival](/wiki/Bregenz_Festival \"Bregenz Festival\") was put into operation. This makes directional listening possible despite the size of the stage.Henning Köhler (Red.). In *iuk.fraunhofer.de*, 27 June 2006, retrieved 25 July 2021\\.[Wolfgang Fritz](https://web.archive.org/web/20110922181613/http://www.bregenzerfestspiele.com/de/kategorie/inhalte/inhalt-hauptseite?page=7) retrieved from the Bregenz Festival page\nFor several years the premiere of the Seefestspiele was broadcast by the [ORF](/wiki/Austrian_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Austrian Broadcasting Corporation\").Andrea Rössner (Red.): [*Hohe Einschaltquoten bei ORF\\-Übertragung aus Mörbisch*](http://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20010805_OTS0030/hohe-einschaltziffern-bei-orf-uebertragung-aus-moerbisch). In *ots.at*, 5 August 2001, retrieved 25 July 2021\\. With the 2013 season, however, this practice was ended.", "In 2018, specially staged performances for children were shown for the first time. A one\\-hour adaptation of *[Countess Mariza](/wiki/Countess_Mariza \"Countess Mariza\")* was shown in June 2018 on a stage set up on the festival grounds for a total of six performances. Up to 250 children were seated at each performance, and visitors were also given the opportunity to sing and dance along. The aim was to bring operetta closer to the children. The same soloists were on stage as in the regular performances.[*orf.at: Erstmals Kinderoperette in Mörbisch*](http://burgenland.orf.at/news/stories/2890533/). Article from 20 January 2018, retrieved on 20 January 2018\\. As part of the {{Ill\\|Österreichischer Musiktheaterpreis 2020\\|de}}, the Seefestspiele received the prize for the best youth and children's musical theatre production for *Land of Smiles for Children*.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://orf.at/stories/3176516/ \\|title\\=Musical Theatre Award honoured Placido Domingo \\|date\\=6 August 2020\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2021 \\|work\\=\\[\\[ORF.at]]}}", "### Director of the Mörbisch Lake Festival since its foundation", "* 1957–1978: Herbert Alsen (intendant), Franziska Schurli (December 1919, 21 January 1984\\) (managing Director)\n* 1979–1980: [Fred Liewehr](/wiki/Fred_Liewehr \"Fred Liewehr\") (artistic director), Franziska Schurli (managing director)[*Burgenländische Festspiele: Four venues \\- two artistic directors*](http://www.bf-archiv.at/cgi-bin/archiv/browse.pl?year=1979&month=3&week=10&page=37&volltext=&ftstype=und&modus=html&go=Suche). In *Burgenländische Freiheit*, vol. 49, no. 10, 1979, {{p.\\|45}}.\n* 1981–1983: Franziska Schurli (artistic director and managing director)[*Die Burgenländischen Festspiele stehen auf einer neuen Basis*](http://www.bf-archiv.at/cgi-bin/archiv/browse.pl?year=1980&month=11&week=47&page=36&volltext=&ftstype=und&modus=html&go=Suche). In *Burgenländische Freiheit*. vol. 50, nr. 47, 1980, {{p.\\|48}}.\n* 1984–1989: {{Ill\\|Robert Herzl\\|de}} (artistic director){{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.kleinezeitung.at/kultur/4604081/Regisseur\\-Robert\\-Herzl\\-verstorben\\- \\|title\\=Ernst Scherzer: ''Leben für die Operette: Grazer Regisseur Robert Herzl verstorben.'' In ''Kleine Zeitung'', 25 November 2014\\. \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Kleine Zeitung]] \\|date\\=25 November 2014\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2021}} Heinrich Meyer (managing director)[*Burgenland's influence on an even broader basis. A new festival era. Festival committees*](http://www.bf-archiv.at/cgi-bin/archiv/browse.pl?year=1984&month=3&week=13&page=2&volltext=&ftstype=und&modus=html&go=Suche) In *Burgenländische Freiheit*, vol. 54, nr. 13, 1984, {{p.\\|2}}, bottom right.\n* 1990–1992: {{Ill\\|Rudolf Buczolich\\|de}} (intendant),[*Vorhang auf für's Nachfolgespiel*](http://www.bf-archiv.at/cgi-bin/archiv/browse.pl?year=1992&month=9&week=36&page=4&volltext=&ftstype=und&modus=html&go=Suche). In *Burgenländische Freiheit*. vol. 62, nr. 36, 1992, pp. 4f. Josef Wiedenhofer (managing director).\n* 1993–2012: [Harald Serafin](/wiki/Harald_Serafin \"Harald Serafin\") (artistic director), Dietmar Posteiner (managing director).\n* 2013–2017: [Dagmar Schellenberger](/wiki/Dagmar_Schellenberger \"Dagmar Schellenberger\") (artistic director), Dietmar Posteiner (managing director)\n* since 2018: [Peter Edelmann](/wiki/Peter_Edelmann \"Peter Edelmann\").[*orf.at: Seefestspiele: Edelmann instead of Pichowetz*](http://burgenland.orf.at/news/stories/2846416/) Article from 31 May 2017, retrieved 25 July 2021 (artistic director), Dietmar Posteiner (managing director), since 2021 additionally {{Ill\\|Alfons Haider\\|de}} as General Music Director of Burgenland.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://burgenland.orf.at/stories/3080882/ \\|title\\=Music Theatre: Alfons Haider becomes General Director \\|date\\=16 December 2020\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2021}}", "From 1995 to 2008, [Rudolf Bibl](/wiki/Rudolf_Bibl \"Rudolf Bibl\") was [musical director](/wiki/Musical_director \"Musical director\"), and was appointed honorary member of the festival in 2013\\.[*Rudolf Bibl first honorary member of Mörbisch*](http://www.kleinezeitung.at/kultur/4067372/Rudolf-Bibl-erstes-Ehrenmitglied-von-Moerbisch). Article from 12 July 2013, retrieved 25 July 2021\\.", "" ]
Plot ---- Eliza Thornberry plays with a family of cheetahs in [East Africa](/wiki/East_Africa "East Africa")'s [Kenya](/wiki/Kenya "Kenya") after being left in charge of the cubs by their mother, Akela. When Eliza strays far from the cheetahs' home, one of the cheetah cubs, Tally, is kidnapped by poachers. Eliza is determined to save the cub, which prompts her grandmother Cordelia to bring her to a boarding school in [London](/wiki/London "London") for her safety. Upon arriving, Eliza discovers that her pet chimpanzee, Darwin, stowed away in her suitcase. He attempts to blend in but gets both him and Eliza in trouble. After having a dream in which Shaman Mnyambo tells her to save Tally, Eliza and Darwin return to Africa. While taking a train from [Nairobi](/wiki/Nairobi "Nairobi"), they encounter an injured male rhinoceros, who was shot at the river by the same poachers who kidnapped Tally. They save the rhino with the help of veterinarians Bree and Sloan Blackburn. Meanwhile, Eliza's older sister Debbie is left alone with her feral adoptive younger brother Donnie at their RV, the Comvee, while their parents, Nigel and Marianne, go to film a solar eclipse at Tempo Valley. Eliza returns to the Comvee for supplies; after a small confrontation, Debbie pursues her, Darwin, and Donnie. Cordelia and her husband, Colonel Radcliffe, meet up with Nigel and Marianne to inform them of Eliza's escape, and they also begin searching for Eliza. Darwin, Eliza, and Donnie meet a gorilla who mentions seeing people setting up a fence across Tempo Valley. Then, they run into the Blackburns again. Eliza concludes that the poachers are targeting the elephant herd traveling through the valley. Later, the trio finds Tally in the Blackburns' RV, exposing their true nature as the poachers. The Blackburns capture them and reveal the fence is electrified. Meanwhile, Debbie meets a local [Mbuti](/wiki/Mbuti "Mbuti") boy named Boko, who is sent by his village elders to assist her. The two reach the Blackburns' RV, but Sloan holds Debbie hostage after she reveals she is Eliza's sister. When Sloan threatens to kill Debbie if Eliza doesn't tell him how she found out their plan, Eliza admits it was because of her ability to talk to animals. A storm comes and takes away Eliza's powers while the Blackburns flee. They reach Tempo Valley in time to see the elephant herd heading for the electric fence. When Eliza becomes doubtful of herself, Debbie reminds her that she has been helping animals long before gaining her powers, restoring her confidence. The Blackburns, riding a helicopter, order their men to set off explosives, scaring the elephants and making them charge toward the fence. Eliza triggers the fence's electricity prematurely, causing the herd to stop temporarily, and then convinces the lead elephant to turn around. Infuriated by this, Sloan throws Eliza into a river. He then attempts to shoot the elephants, but they pull the Blackburns' helicopter out of the air by its rope ladder and destroy it, causing him and Bree to fall. They survive the fall but are arrested by rangers soon after as the eclipse ends. Eliza nearly drowns until she is saved by Shaman Mnyambo, who tells her she saved the elephants using her heart instead of her powers. As a reward, he gives her back her powers. Eliza reunites with her family, who decide not to send her back to boarding school, while Boko returns to his village, keeping Debbie's watch as a memento. The Thornberrys return to the Savannah, where Eliza reunites Tally with his family. Debbie is angered when Eliza tells her that she will turn into a baboon if she reveals her secret, and in the process frightens a group of baboons Nigel and Marianne are filming. One of them activates the radio, which plays music that the Thornberrys and the baboons dance to.
[ "Plot\n----", "Eliza Thornberry plays with a family of cheetahs in [East Africa](/wiki/East_Africa \"East Africa\")'s [Kenya](/wiki/Kenya \"Kenya\") after being left in charge of the cubs by their mother, Akela. When Eliza strays far from the cheetahs' home, one of the cheetah cubs, Tally, is kidnapped by poachers. Eliza is determined to save the cub, which prompts her grandmother Cordelia to bring her to a boarding school in [London](/wiki/London \"London\") for her safety. Upon arriving, Eliza discovers that her pet chimpanzee, Darwin, stowed away in her suitcase. He attempts to blend in but gets both him and Eliza in trouble.", "After having a dream in which Shaman Mnyambo tells her to save Tally, Eliza and Darwin return to Africa. While taking a train from [Nairobi](/wiki/Nairobi \"Nairobi\"), they encounter an injured male rhinoceros, who was shot at the river by the same poachers who kidnapped Tally. They save the rhino with the help of veterinarians Bree and Sloan Blackburn. Meanwhile, Eliza's older sister Debbie is left alone with her feral adoptive younger brother Donnie at their RV, the Comvee, while their parents, Nigel and Marianne, go to film a solar eclipse at Tempo Valley. Eliza returns to the Comvee for supplies; after a small confrontation, Debbie pursues her, Darwin, and Donnie. Cordelia and her husband, Colonel Radcliffe, meet up with Nigel and Marianne to inform them of Eliza's escape, and they also begin searching for Eliza.", "Darwin, Eliza, and Donnie meet a gorilla who mentions seeing people setting up a fence across Tempo Valley. Then, they run into the Blackburns again. Eliza concludes that the poachers are targeting the elephant herd traveling through the valley. Later, the trio finds Tally in the Blackburns' RV, exposing their true nature as the poachers. The Blackburns capture them and reveal the fence is electrified. Meanwhile, Debbie meets a local [Mbuti](/wiki/Mbuti \"Mbuti\") boy named Boko, who is sent by his village elders to assist her. The two reach the Blackburns' RV, but Sloan holds Debbie hostage after she reveals she is Eliza's sister. When Sloan threatens to kill Debbie if Eliza doesn't tell him how she found out their plan, Eliza admits it was because of her ability to talk to animals. A storm comes and takes away Eliza's powers while the Blackburns flee.", "They reach Tempo Valley in time to see the elephant herd heading for the electric fence. When Eliza becomes doubtful of herself, Debbie reminds her that she has been helping animals long before gaining her powers, restoring her confidence. The Blackburns, riding a helicopter, order their men to set off explosives, scaring the elephants and making them charge toward the fence. Eliza triggers the fence's electricity prematurely, causing the herd to stop temporarily, and then convinces the lead elephant to turn around. Infuriated by this, Sloan throws Eliza into a river. He then attempts to shoot the elephants, but they pull the Blackburns' helicopter out of the air by its rope ladder and destroy it, causing him and Bree to fall. They survive the fall but are arrested by rangers soon after as the eclipse ends. Eliza nearly drowns until she is saved by Shaman Mnyambo, who tells her she saved the elephants using her heart instead of her powers. As a reward, he gives her back her powers.", "Eliza reunites with her family, who decide not to send her back to boarding school, while Boko returns to his village, keeping Debbie's watch as a memento. The Thornberrys return to the Savannah, where Eliza reunites Tally with his family. Debbie is angered when Eliza tells her that she will turn into a baboon if she reveals her secret, and in the process frightens a group of baboons Nigel and Marianne are filming. One of them activates the radio, which plays music that the Thornberrys and the baboons dance to.", "" ]
Elements -------- There are sixteen [*Varga*](/wiki/Varga_%28astrology%29 "Varga (astrology)") ({{lang\-sa\|{{IAST\|varga}}}}, 'part, division'), or divisional, charts used in Hindu astrology:Sutton, Komilla (1999\). *The Essentials of Vedic Astrology*, The Wessex Astrologer Ltd, England{{Unreliable source?\|date\=December 2009}}{{rp\|61–64}} ### Zodiac {{See also\|Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar\#sauramana}} The Nirayana, or [sidereal zodiac](/wiki/Sidereal_zodiac "Sidereal zodiac"), is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees, which, like the Sāyana, or [tropical zodiac](/wiki/Tropical_zodiac "Tropical zodiac"), is divided into 12 equal parts. Each part (of 30 degrees) is called a sign or *rāśi* ([Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit"): 'part'). Vedic (Jyotiṣa) and Western [zodiacs](/wiki/Zodiac "Zodiac") differ in the method of measurement. While synchronically, the two systems are identical, Jyotiṣa primarily uses the sidereal zodiac (in which stars are considered to be the fixed background against which the motion of the planets is measured), whereas most [Western astrology](/wiki/Western_astrology "Western astrology") uses the [tropical zodiac](/wiki/Tropical_zodiac "Tropical zodiac") (the motion of the planets is measured against the position of the Sun on the [spring equinox](/wiki/Equinox "Equinox")). After two [millennia](/wiki/Millennium "Millennium"), as a result of the [precession of the equinoxes](/wiki/Precession_of_the_equinoxes "Precession of the equinoxes"), the origin of the [ecliptic longitude](/wiki/Ecliptic_longitude "Ecliptic longitude") has shifted by about 30 degrees. As a result, the placement of planets in the Jyotiṣa system is roughly aligned with the constellations, while tropical astrology is based on the solstices and equinoxes. | English | [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit"){{cite book\|last\=Dalal\|first\=Roshen\|title\=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=DH0vmD8ghdMC\&pg\=PA89\|year\=2010\|publisher\=Penguin Books India\|isbn\=978\-0\-14\-341421\-6\|page\=89\|access\-date\=11 October 2016\|archive\-date\=7 March 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307164318/https://books.google.com/books?id\=DH0vmD8ghdMC\&pg\=PA89\|url\-status\=live}} | Starting | Representation | [Element](/wiki/Tattva "Tattva") | Quality | Ruling body | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [Aries](/wiki/Aries_%28astrology%29 "Aries (astrology)") | {{lang\-sa\|मेष\|{{IAST\|meṣa}}\|label\=none}} | 0° | ram | [fire](/wiki/Agni "Agni") | movable (chara) | [Mars](/wiki/Mars "Mars") | | [Taurus](/wiki/Taurus_%28astrology%29 "Taurus (astrology)") | {{lang\-sa\|वृषभ\|{{IAST\|vṛṣabha}}\|label\=none}} | 30° | bull | [earth](/wiki/Prithivi "Prithivi") | fixed (sthira) | [Venus](/wiki/Venus "Venus") | | [Gemini](/wiki/Gemini_%28astrology%29 "Gemini (astrology)") | {{lang\-sa\|मिथुन\|{{IAST\|mithuna}}\|label\=none}} | 60° | twins | [air](/wiki/Vayu "Vayu") | dual (dvisvabhava) | [Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28planet%29 "Mercury (planet)") | | [Cancer](/wiki/Cancer_%28astrology%29 "Cancer (astrology)") | {{lang\-sa\|कर्क\|{{IAST\|karka}}\|label\=none}} | 90° | crab | [water](/wiki/Jala_%28water%29 "Jala (water)") | movable | [Moon](/wiki/Moon "Moon") | | [Leo](/wiki/Leo_%28astrology%29 "Leo (astrology)") | {{lang\-sa\|सिंह\|{{IAST\|siṃha}}\|label\=none}} | 120° | lion | fire | fixed | [Sun](/wiki/Sun "Sun") | | [Virgo](/wiki/Virgo_%28astrology%29 "Virgo (astrology)") | {{lang\-sa\|कन्या\|{{IAST\|kanyā}}\|label\=none}} | 150° | virgin girl | earth | dual | Mercury | | [Libra](/wiki/Libra_%28astrology%29 "Libra (astrology)") | {{lang\-sa\|तुला\|{{IAST\|tulā}}\|label\=none}} | 180° | balance | air | movable | Venus | | [Scorpio](/wiki/Scorpio_%28astrology%29 "Scorpio (astrology)") | {{lang\-sa\|वृश्चिक\|{{IAST\|vṛścika}}\|label\=none}} | 210° | scorpion | water | fixed | Mars, [Ketu](/wiki/Ketu_%28mythology%29 "Ketu (mythology)") | | [Sagittarius](/wiki/Sagittarius_%28astrology%29 "Sagittarius (astrology)") | {{lang\-sa\|धनुष\|{{IAST\|dhanuṣa}}\|label\=none}} | 240° | bow and arrow | fire | dual | [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter "Jupiter") | | [Capricorn](/wiki/Capricorn_%28astrology%29 "Capricorn (astrology)") | {{lang\-sa\|मकर\|{{IAST\|makara}}\|label\=none}} | 270° | crocodile | earth | movable | [Saturn](/wiki/Saturn "Saturn") | | [Aquarius](/wiki/Aquarius_%28astrology%29 "Aquarius (astrology)") | {{lang\-sa\|कुम्भ\|{{IAST\|kumbha}}\|label\=none}} | 300° | water\-bearer | air | fixed | Saturn, [Rahu](/wiki/Rahu "Rahu") | | [Pisces](/wiki/Pisces_%28astrology%29 "Pisces (astrology)") | {{lang\-sa\|मीन\|{{IAST\|mīna}}\|label\=none}} | 330° | fishes | water | dual | Jupiter | Unlike Western astrology, Hindu astrology usually disregards [Uranus](/wiki/Uranus "Uranus") (which rules Aquarius), [Neptune](/wiki/Neptune "Neptune") (which rules Pisces), and [Pluto](/wiki/Pluto "Pluto") (which rules Scorpio). ### Nakṣhatras, or lunar mansions {{See also\|Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar\#nakshatra}}[thumb\|Nakshatras](/wiki/File:Nakshatras.jpg "Nakshatras.jpg") The *[nakshatras](/wiki/Nakshatra "Nakshatra")* or [lunar mansions](/wiki/Lunar_mansion "Lunar mansion") are 27 equal divisions of the night sky used in Hindu astrology, each identified by its prominent star(s).{{rp\|168}} Historical (medieval) Hindu astrology enumerated either 27 or 28 nakṣatras. In modern astrology, a rigid system of 27 nakṣatras is generally used, each covering 13° 20′ of the [ecliptic](/wiki/Ecliptic "Ecliptic"). The missing 28th nakshatra is *Abhijeeta*. Each nakṣatra is divided into equal quarters or *padas* of 3° 20′. Of greatest importance is the Abhiśeka Nakṣatra, which is held as king over the other nakṣatras. Worshipping and gaining favour over this nakṣhatra is said to give power to remedy all the other nakṣatras, and is of concern in predictive astrology and mitigating Karma.{{Citation needed\|date\=December 2021}} The junction of two Râshis as well as Nakshatras is known as Gandanta.{{cite book \|last1\=Defouw \|first1\=Hart \|last2\=Svoboda \|first2\=Robert E. \|title\=Light on Relationships: The Synatry of Indian Astrology \|date\=1 October 2000 \|publisher\=Weiser Books \|isbn\=978\-1\-57863\-148\-3 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=cQqP0LLIRR8C\&dq\=Gandanta\&pg\=PA172 \|access\-date\=1 December 2021 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=7 March 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307164240/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Light\_on\_Relationships/cQqP0LLIRR8C?hl\=en\&gbpv\=1\&dq\=Gandanta\&pg\=PA172 \|url\-status\=live }} ### Daśās – planetary periods The word [*dasha*](/wiki/Dasha_%28astrology%29 "Dasha (astrology)") ([Devanāgarī](/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB "Devanāgarī"): दशा, [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit"),*{{IAST\|daśā}}*, 'planetary period') means 'state of being' and it is believed that the *daśā* largely governs the state of being of a person. The Daśā system shows which planets may be said to have become particularly active during the period of the Daśā. The ruling planet (the Daśānātha or 'lord of the Daśā') eclipses the mind of the person, compelling him or her to act per the nature of the planet. There are several *dasha* systems, each with its own utility and area of application. There are Daśās of *grahas* (planets) as well as Daśās of the Rāśis (zodiac signs). The primary system used by astrologers is the Viṁśottarī Daśā system, which has been considered universally applicable in the *[Kali Yuga](/wiki/Kali_Yuga "Kali Yuga")* to all horoscopes. The first Mahā\-Daśā is determined by the position of the natal Moon in a given Nakṣatra. The lord of the Nakṣatra governs the Daśā. Each Mahā\-Dāśā is divided into sub\-periods called *bhuktis*, or *antar\-daśās*, which are proportional divisions of the maha\-dasa. Further proportional sub\-divisions can be made, but error margins based on accuracy of the birth time grow exponentially. The next sub\-division is called *pratyantar\-daśā*, which can in turn be divided into *sookshma\-antardasa*, which can in turn be divided into *praana\-antardaśā*, which can be sub\-divided into *deha\-antardaśā*. Such sub\-divisions also exist in all other Daśā systems. ### Heavenly bodies The [navagraha](/wiki/Navagraha "Navagraha") ({{lang\-sa\|नवग्रह\|{{IAST\|navagraha}}\|nine planets}})*Sanskrit–English Dictionary* by Monier\-Williams, c. 1899 are the nine celestial bodies used in Hindu astrology:{{rp\|38–51}} * Surya (Sun) * Chandra (Moon) * Budha (Mercury) * Shukra (Venus) * Mangala (Mars) * Bṛhaspati or Guru (Jupiter) * Shani (Saturn) * [Rahu](/wiki/Rahu "Rahu") (North node of the Moon) * [Ketu](/wiki/Ketu_%28mythology%29 "Ketu (mythology)") (South node of the Moon) The navagraha are said to be forces that capture or eclipse the mind and the decision making of human beings. When the *grahas* are active in their *daśās*, or periodicities they are said to be particularly empowered to direct the affairs of people and events. Planets are held to signify major details,{{cite book \|last1\=Raman \|first1\=Bangalore V. \|title\=Studies in Jaimini Astrology \|date\=15 October 2003 \|publisher\=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers \|isbn\=978\-81\-208\-1397\-7 \|pages\=6 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=gW2DIFHrxfgC\&pg\=PA7 \|language\=en \|quote\=Each planet is supposed to be the karaka or indicator of certain events in life \|access\-date\=25 November 2021 \|archive\-date\=7 March 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307164248/https://books.google.com/books?id\=gW2DIFHrxfgC\&pg\=PA7 \|url\-status\=live }} such as profession, marriage and longevity.{{Cite book\|last\=Santhanam\|first\=R.\|url\=http://archive.org/details/BPHSEnglish\|title\=Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra (vol. 1\)\|publisher\=Ranjan Publications\|year\=1984\|pages\=319}} Of these indicators, known as Karakas, [Parashara](/wiki/Brihat_Parashara_Hora_Shastra "Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra") considers Atmakaraka most important, signifying broad contours of a person's life.{{r\|bphs\|p\=316}} Rahu and Ketu correspond to the points where the moon crosses the ecliptic plane (known as the ascending and descending nodes of the moon). Classically known in Indian and Western astrology as the "head and tail of the dragon", these planets are represented as a serpent\-bodied demon beheaded by the [Sudarshan Chakra](/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra "Sudarshana Chakra") of [Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu "Vishnu") after attempting to swallow the sun. They are primarily used to calculate the dates of eclipses. They are described as "shadow planets" because they are not visible in the night sky. Rahu and Ketu have an orbital cycle of 18 years and they are always retrograde in motion and 180 degrees from each other. ### Gocharas – transits A natal chart shows the position of the *grahas* at the moment of birth. Since that moment, the *grahas* have continued to move around the zodiac, interacting with the natal chart grahas. This period of interaction is called *gochara* ([Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit"): *{{IAST\|gochara}}*, 'transit').{{rp\|227}} The study of transits is based on the transit of the Moon (Chandra), which spans roughly two days, and also on the movement of Mercury (Budha) and Venus (Śukra) across the celestial sphere, which is relatively fast as viewed from Earth. The movement of the slower planets – Jupiter (Guru), Saturn (Śani) and Rāhu–Ketu — is always of considerable importance. Astrologers study the transit of the Daśā lord from various reference points in the horoscope. #### Yogas – planetary combinations In Hindu astronomy, [*yoga*](/wiki/Yoga_%28Hindu_astrology%29 "Yoga (Hindu astrology)") ([Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit"): *{{IAST\|yoga}}*, 'union') is a combination of planets placed in a specific relationship to each other.{{rp\|265}} [Rāja yogas](/wiki/Raja_yoga_%28Hindu_astrology%29 "Raja yoga (Hindu astrology)") are perceived as givers of fame, status and authority, and are typically formed by the association of the Lord of Keṅdras ('quadrants'), when reckoned from the [Lagna](/wiki/Lagna "Lagna") ('ascendant'), and the Lords of the [Trikona](/wiki/Trikona "Trikona") ('trines', 120 degrees—first, fifth and ninth houses). The Rāja yogas are culminations of the blessings of Viṣṇu and Lakṣmī. Some planets, such as Mars for Leo Lagna, do not need another *graha* (or [Navagraha](/wiki/Navagraha "Navagraha"), 'planet') to create *Rājayoga*, but are capable of giving *Rājayoga* by themselves due to their own lordship of the 4th [Bhāva](/wiki/Bh%C4%81va "Bhāva") ('astrological house') and the 9th Bhāva from the Lagna, the two being a Keṅdra ('angular house'—first, fourth, seventh and tenth houses) and Trikona Bhāva respectively. [Dhana Yogas](/wiki/Dhana_yoga_%28Hindu_astrology%29 "Dhana yoga (Hindu astrology)") are formed by the association of wealth\-giving planets such as the Dhaneśa or the 2nd Lord and the Lābheśa or the 11th Lord from the Lagna. Dhana Yogas are also formed due to the auspicious placement of the Dārāpada (from *dara*, 'spouse' and *pada*, 'foot'—one of the four divisions—3 degrees and 20 minutes—of a [Nakshatra](/wiki/Nakshatra "Nakshatra") in the 7th house), when reckoned from the Ārūḍha Lagna (AL). The combination of the Lagneśa and the Bhāgyeśa also leads to wealth through the Lakṣmī Yoga. [Sanyāsa Yogas](/wiki/Sanyasa_yoga "Sanyasa yoga") are formed due to the placement of four or more *grahas*, excluding the Sun, in a Keṅdra Bhāva from the Lagna. There are some overarching yogas in Jyotiṣa such as Amāvasyā Doṣa, Kāla Sarpa Yoga\-Kāla Amṛta Yoga and Graha Mālika Yoga that can take precedence over Yamaha yogar planetary placements in the horoscope. ### Bhāvas – houses The Hindu Jātaka or Janam Kundali or [birth chart](/wiki/Natal_chart "Natal chart"), is the [Bhāva](/wiki/Bh%C4%81va "Bhāva") Chakra ([Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit"): 'division' 'wheel'), the complete 360° circle of life, divided into houses, and represents a way of enacting the influences in the wheel. Each house has associated kāraka ([Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit"): 'significator') planets that can alter the interpretation of a particular house.{{rp\|93–167}} Each Bhāva spans an arc of 30° with twelve Bhāvas in any chart of the horoscope. These are a crucial part of any horoscopic study since the Bhāvas, understood as 'state of being', personalize the Rāśis/ Râshis to the native and each Rāśi/ Râshi apart from indicating its true nature reveals its impact on the person based on the Bhāva occupied. The best way to study the various facets of Jyotiṣa is to see their role in chart evaluation of actual persons and how these are construed. ### Dṛiṣṭis [*Drishti*](/wiki/Astrological_aspect_%28Hindu_Astrology%29 "Astrological aspect (Hindu Astrology)") ([Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit"): *{{IAST\|Dṛṣṭi}}*, 'sight') is an aspect to an entire house. *Grahas* cast only forward aspects, with the furthest aspect being considered the strongest. For example, Jupiter aspects the 5th, 7th and 9th house from its position, Mars aspects the 4th, 7th, and 8th houses from its position, and its 8th house.{{rp\|26–27}} The principle of Drishti (aspect) was devised on the basis of the aspect of an army of planets as deity and demon in a war field.Sanat Kumar Jain, *Astrology a science or myth*, Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi.Sanat Kumar Jain, "Jyotish Kitna Sahi Kitna Galat" (Hindi). Thus the Sun, a deity king with only one full aspect, is more powerful than the demon king Saturn, which has three full aspects. Aspects can be cast both by the planets (Graha Dṛṣṭi) and by the signs (Rāśi Dṛṣṭi). Planetary aspects are a function of desire, while sign aspects are a function of awareness and cognizance. There are some higher aspects of Graha Dṛṣṭi (planetary aspects) that are not limited to the Viśeṣa Dṛṣṭi or the special aspects. Rāśi Dṛṣṭi works based on the following formulaic structure: all movable signs aspect fixed signs except the one adjacent, and all dual and mutable signs aspect each other without exception.
[ "Elements\n--------", "There are sixteen [*Varga*](/wiki/Varga_%28astrology%29 \"Varga (astrology)\") ({{lang\\-sa\\|{{IAST\\|varga}}}}, 'part, division'), or divisional, charts used in Hindu astrology:Sutton, Komilla (1999\\). *The Essentials of Vedic Astrology*, The Wessex Astrologer Ltd, England{{Unreliable source?\\|date\\=December 2009}}{{rp\\|61–64}}", "### Zodiac", "{{See also\\|Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar\\#sauramana}}\nThe Nirayana, or [sidereal zodiac](/wiki/Sidereal_zodiac \"Sidereal zodiac\"), is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees, which, like the Sāyana, or [tropical zodiac](/wiki/Tropical_zodiac \"Tropical zodiac\"), is divided into 12 equal parts. Each part (of 30 degrees) is called a sign or *rāśi* ([Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit \"Sanskrit\"): 'part'). Vedic (Jyotiṣa) and Western [zodiacs](/wiki/Zodiac \"Zodiac\") differ in the method of measurement. While synchronically, the two systems are identical, Jyotiṣa primarily uses the sidereal zodiac (in which stars are considered to be the fixed background against which the motion of the planets is measured), whereas most [Western astrology](/wiki/Western_astrology \"Western astrology\") uses the [tropical zodiac](/wiki/Tropical_zodiac \"Tropical zodiac\") (the motion of the planets is measured against the position of the Sun on the [spring equinox](/wiki/Equinox \"Equinox\")). After two [millennia](/wiki/Millennium \"Millennium\"), as a result of the [precession of the equinoxes](/wiki/Precession_of_the_equinoxes \"Precession of the equinoxes\"), the origin of the [ecliptic longitude](/wiki/Ecliptic_longitude \"Ecliptic longitude\") has shifted by about 30 degrees. As a result, the placement of planets in the Jyotiṣa system is roughly aligned with the constellations, while tropical astrology is based on the solstices and equinoxes.", "", "| English | [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit \"Sanskrit\"){{cite book\\|last\\=Dalal\\|first\\=Roshen\\|title\\=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DH0vmD8ghdMC\\&pg\\=PA89\\|year\\=2010\\|publisher\\=Penguin Books India\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-14\\-341421\\-6\\|page\\=89\\|access\\-date\\=11 October 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=7 March 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307164318/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DH0vmD8ghdMC\\&pg\\=PA89\\|url\\-status\\=live}} | Starting | Representation | [Element](/wiki/Tattva \"Tattva\") | Quality | Ruling body |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Aries](/wiki/Aries_%28astrology%29 \"Aries (astrology)\") | {{lang\\-sa\\|मेष\\|{{IAST\\|meṣa}}\\|label\\=none}} | 0° | ram | [fire](/wiki/Agni \"Agni\") | movable (chara) | [Mars](/wiki/Mars \"Mars\") |\n| [Taurus](/wiki/Taurus_%28astrology%29 \"Taurus (astrology)\") | {{lang\\-sa\\|वृषभ\\|{{IAST\\|vṛṣabha}}\\|label\\=none}} | 30° | bull | [earth](/wiki/Prithivi \"Prithivi\") | fixed (sthira) | [Venus](/wiki/Venus \"Venus\") |\n| [Gemini](/wiki/Gemini_%28astrology%29 \"Gemini (astrology)\") | {{lang\\-sa\\|मिथुन\\|{{IAST\\|mithuna}}\\|label\\=none}} | 60° | twins | [air](/wiki/Vayu \"Vayu\") | dual (dvisvabhava) | [Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28planet%29 \"Mercury (planet)\") |\n| [Cancer](/wiki/Cancer_%28astrology%29 \"Cancer (astrology)\") | {{lang\\-sa\\|कर्क\\|{{IAST\\|karka}}\\|label\\=none}} | 90° | crab | [water](/wiki/Jala_%28water%29 \"Jala (water)\") | movable | [Moon](/wiki/Moon \"Moon\") |\n| [Leo](/wiki/Leo_%28astrology%29 \"Leo (astrology)\") | {{lang\\-sa\\|सिंह\\|{{IAST\\|siṃha}}\\|label\\=none}} | 120° | lion | fire | fixed | [Sun](/wiki/Sun \"Sun\") |\n| [Virgo](/wiki/Virgo_%28astrology%29 \"Virgo (astrology)\") | {{lang\\-sa\\|कन्या\\|{{IAST\\|kanyā}}\\|label\\=none}} | 150° | virgin girl | earth | dual | Mercury |\n| [Libra](/wiki/Libra_%28astrology%29 \"Libra (astrology)\") | {{lang\\-sa\\|तुला\\|{{IAST\\|tulā}}\\|label\\=none}} | 180° | balance | air | movable | Venus |\n| [Scorpio](/wiki/Scorpio_%28astrology%29 \"Scorpio (astrology)\") | {{lang\\-sa\\|वृश्चिक\\|{{IAST\\|vṛścika}}\\|label\\=none}} | 210° | scorpion | water | fixed | Mars, [Ketu](/wiki/Ketu_%28mythology%29 \"Ketu (mythology)\") |\n| [Sagittarius](/wiki/Sagittarius_%28astrology%29 \"Sagittarius (astrology)\") | {{lang\\-sa\\|धनुष\\|{{IAST\\|dhanuṣa}}\\|label\\=none}} | 240° | bow and arrow | fire | dual | [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter \"Jupiter\") |\n| [Capricorn](/wiki/Capricorn_%28astrology%29 \"Capricorn (astrology)\") | {{lang\\-sa\\|मकर\\|{{IAST\\|makara}}\\|label\\=none}} | 270° | crocodile | earth | movable | [Saturn](/wiki/Saturn \"Saturn\") |\n| [Aquarius](/wiki/Aquarius_%28astrology%29 \"Aquarius (astrology)\") | {{lang\\-sa\\|कुम्भ\\|{{IAST\\|kumbha}}\\|label\\=none}} | 300° | water\\-bearer | air | fixed | Saturn, [Rahu](/wiki/Rahu \"Rahu\") |\n| [Pisces](/wiki/Pisces_%28astrology%29 \"Pisces (astrology)\") | {{lang\\-sa\\|मीन\\|{{IAST\\|mīna}}\\|label\\=none}} | 330° | fishes | water | dual | Jupiter |", "Unlike Western astrology, Hindu astrology usually disregards [Uranus](/wiki/Uranus \"Uranus\") (which rules Aquarius), [Neptune](/wiki/Neptune \"Neptune\") (which rules Pisces), and [Pluto](/wiki/Pluto \"Pluto\") (which rules Scorpio).", "", "### Nakṣhatras, or lunar mansions", "{{See also\\|Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar\\#nakshatra}}[thumb\\|Nakshatras](/wiki/File:Nakshatras.jpg \"Nakshatras.jpg\")", "The *[nakshatras](/wiki/Nakshatra \"Nakshatra\")* or [lunar mansions](/wiki/Lunar_mansion \"Lunar mansion\") are 27 equal divisions of the night sky used in Hindu astrology, each identified by its prominent star(s).{{rp\\|168}}", "Historical (medieval) Hindu astrology enumerated either 27 or 28 nakṣatras. In modern astrology, a rigid system of 27 nakṣatras is generally used, each covering 13° 20′ of the [ecliptic](/wiki/Ecliptic \"Ecliptic\"). The missing 28th nakshatra is *Abhijeeta*. Each nakṣatra is divided into equal quarters or *padas* of 3° 20′. Of greatest importance is the Abhiśeka Nakṣatra, which is held as king over the other nakṣatras. Worshipping and gaining favour over this nakṣhatra is said to give power to remedy all the other nakṣatras, and is of concern in predictive astrology and mitigating Karma.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}", "The junction of two Râshis as well as Nakshatras is known as Gandanta.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Defouw \\|first1\\=Hart \\|last2\\=Svoboda \\|first2\\=Robert E. \\|title\\=Light on Relationships: The Synatry of Indian Astrology \\|date\\=1 October 2000 \\|publisher\\=Weiser Books \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-57863\\-148\\-3 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=cQqP0LLIRR8C\\&dq\\=Gandanta\\&pg\\=PA172 \\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2021 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=7 March 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307164240/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Light\\_on\\_Relationships/cQqP0LLIRR8C?hl\\=en\\&gbpv\\=1\\&dq\\=Gandanta\\&pg\\=PA172 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Daśās – planetary periods", "The word [*dasha*](/wiki/Dasha_%28astrology%29 \"Dasha (astrology)\") ([Devanāgarī](/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB \"Devanāgarī\"): दशा, [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit \"Sanskrit\"),*{{IAST\\|daśā}}*, 'planetary period') means 'state of being' and it is believed that the *daśā* largely governs the state of being of a person. The Daśā system shows which planets may be said to have become particularly active during the period of the Daśā. The ruling planet (the Daśānātha or 'lord of the Daśā') eclipses the mind of the person, compelling him or her to act per the nature of the planet.", "There are several *dasha* systems, each with its own utility and area of application. There are Daśās of *grahas* (planets) as well as Daśās of the Rāśis (zodiac signs). The primary system used by astrologers is the Viṁśottarī Daśā system, which has been considered universally applicable in the *[Kali Yuga](/wiki/Kali_Yuga \"Kali Yuga\")* to all horoscopes.", "The first Mahā\\-Daśā is determined by the position of the natal Moon in a given Nakṣatra. The lord of the Nakṣatra governs the Daśā. Each Mahā\\-Dāśā is divided into sub\\-periods called *bhuktis*, or *antar\\-daśās*, which are proportional divisions of the maha\\-dasa. Further proportional sub\\-divisions can be made, but error margins based on accuracy of the birth time grow exponentially. The next sub\\-division is called *pratyantar\\-daśā*, which can in turn be divided into *sookshma\\-antardasa*, which can in turn be divided into *praana\\-antardaśā*, which can be sub\\-divided into *deha\\-antardaśā*. Such sub\\-divisions also exist in all other Daśā systems.", "### Heavenly bodies", "The [navagraha](/wiki/Navagraha \"Navagraha\") ({{lang\\-sa\\|नवग्रह\\|{{IAST\\|navagraha}}\\|nine planets}})*Sanskrit–English Dictionary* by Monier\\-Williams, c. 1899 are the nine celestial bodies used in Hindu astrology:{{rp\\|38–51}}\n* Surya (Sun)\n* Chandra (Moon)\n* Budha (Mercury)\n* Shukra (Venus)\n* Mangala (Mars)\n* Bṛhaspati or Guru (Jupiter)\n* Shani (Saturn)\n* [Rahu](/wiki/Rahu \"Rahu\") (North node of the Moon)\n* [Ketu](/wiki/Ketu_%28mythology%29 \"Ketu (mythology)\") (South node of the Moon)", "The navagraha are said to be forces that capture or eclipse the mind and the decision making of human beings. When the *grahas* are active in their *daśās*, or periodicities they are said to be particularly empowered to direct the affairs of people and events.", "Planets are held to signify major details,{{cite book \\|last1\\=Raman \\|first1\\=Bangalore V. \\|title\\=Studies in Jaimini Astrology \\|date\\=15 October 2003 \\|publisher\\=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers \\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-208\\-1397\\-7 \\|pages\\=6 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gW2DIFHrxfgC\\&pg\\=PA7 \\|language\\=en \\|quote\\=Each planet is supposed to be the karaka or indicator of certain events in life \\|access\\-date\\=25 November 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 March 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307164248/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gW2DIFHrxfgC\\&pg\\=PA7 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} such as profession, marriage and longevity.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Santhanam\\|first\\=R.\\|url\\=http://archive.org/details/BPHSEnglish\\|title\\=Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra (vol. 1\\)\\|publisher\\=Ranjan Publications\\|year\\=1984\\|pages\\=319}} Of these indicators, known as Karakas, [Parashara](/wiki/Brihat_Parashara_Hora_Shastra \"Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra\") considers Atmakaraka most important, signifying broad contours of a person's life.{{r\\|bphs\\|p\\=316}}", "Rahu and Ketu correspond to the points where the moon crosses the ecliptic plane (known as the ascending and descending nodes of the moon). Classically known in Indian and Western astrology as the \"head and tail of the dragon\", these planets are represented as a serpent\\-bodied demon beheaded by the [Sudarshan Chakra](/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra \"Sudarshana Chakra\") of [Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu \"Vishnu\") after attempting to swallow the sun. They are primarily used to calculate the dates of eclipses. They are described as \"shadow planets\" because they are not visible in the night sky. Rahu and Ketu have an orbital cycle of 18 years and they are always retrograde in motion and 180 degrees from each other.", "### Gocharas – transits", "A natal chart shows the position of the *grahas* at the moment of birth. Since that moment, the *grahas* have continued to move around the zodiac, interacting with the natal chart grahas. This period of interaction is called *gochara* ([Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit \"Sanskrit\"): *{{IAST\\|gochara}}*, 'transit').{{rp\\|227}}", "The study of transits is based on the transit of the Moon (Chandra), which spans roughly two days, and also on the movement of Mercury (Budha) and Venus (Śukra) across the celestial sphere, which is relatively fast as viewed from Earth. The movement of the slower planets – Jupiter (Guru), Saturn (Śani) and Rāhu–Ketu — is always of considerable importance. Astrologers study the transit of the Daśā lord from various reference points in the horoscope.", "#### Yogas – planetary combinations", "In Hindu astronomy, [*yoga*](/wiki/Yoga_%28Hindu_astrology%29 \"Yoga (Hindu astrology)\") ([Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit \"Sanskrit\"): *{{IAST\\|yoga}}*, 'union') is a combination of planets placed in a specific relationship to each other.{{rp\\|265}}", "[Rāja yogas](/wiki/Raja_yoga_%28Hindu_astrology%29 \"Raja yoga (Hindu astrology)\") are perceived as givers of fame, status and authority, and are typically formed by the association of the Lord of Keṅdras ('quadrants'), when reckoned from the [Lagna](/wiki/Lagna \"Lagna\") ('ascendant'), and the Lords of the [Trikona](/wiki/Trikona \"Trikona\") ('trines', 120 degrees—first, fifth and ninth houses). The Rāja yogas are culminations of the blessings of Viṣṇu and Lakṣmī. Some planets, such as Mars for Leo Lagna, do not need another *graha* (or [Navagraha](/wiki/Navagraha \"Navagraha\"), 'planet') to create *Rājayoga*, but are capable of giving *Rājayoga* by themselves due to their own lordship of the 4th [Bhāva](/wiki/Bh%C4%81va \"Bhāva\") ('astrological house') and the 9th Bhāva from the Lagna, the two being a Keṅdra ('angular house'—first, fourth, seventh and tenth houses) and Trikona Bhāva respectively.", "[Dhana Yogas](/wiki/Dhana_yoga_%28Hindu_astrology%29 \"Dhana yoga (Hindu astrology)\") are formed by the association of wealth\\-giving planets such as the Dhaneśa or the 2nd Lord and the Lābheśa or the 11th Lord from the Lagna. Dhana Yogas are also formed due to the auspicious placement of the Dārāpada (from *dara*, 'spouse' and *pada*, 'foot'—one of the four divisions—3 degrees and 20 minutes—of a [Nakshatra](/wiki/Nakshatra \"Nakshatra\") in the 7th house), when reckoned from the Ārūḍha Lagna (AL). The combination of the Lagneśa and the Bhāgyeśa also leads to wealth through the Lakṣmī Yoga.", "[Sanyāsa Yogas](/wiki/Sanyasa_yoga \"Sanyasa yoga\") are formed due to the placement of four or more *grahas*, excluding the Sun, in a Keṅdra Bhāva from the Lagna.", "There are some overarching yogas in Jyotiṣa such as Amāvasyā Doṣa, Kāla Sarpa Yoga\\-Kāla Amṛta Yoga and Graha Mālika Yoga that can take precedence over Yamaha yogar planetary placements in the horoscope.", "### Bhāvas – houses", "The Hindu Jātaka or Janam Kundali or [birth chart](/wiki/Natal_chart \"Natal chart\"), is the [Bhāva](/wiki/Bh%C4%81va \"Bhāva\") Chakra ([Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit \"Sanskrit\"): 'division' 'wheel'), the complete 360° circle of life, divided into houses, and represents a way of enacting the influences in the wheel. Each house has associated kāraka ([Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit \"Sanskrit\"): 'significator') planets that can alter the interpretation of a particular house.{{rp\\|93–167}} Each Bhāva spans an arc of 30° with twelve Bhāvas in any chart of the horoscope. These are a crucial part of any horoscopic study since the Bhāvas, understood as 'state of being', personalize the Rāśis/ Râshis to the native and each Rāśi/ Râshi apart from indicating its true nature reveals its impact on the person based on the Bhāva occupied. The best way to study the various facets of Jyotiṣa is to see their role in chart evaluation of actual persons and how these are construed.", "### Dṛiṣṭis", "[*Drishti*](/wiki/Astrological_aspect_%28Hindu_Astrology%29 \"Astrological aspect (Hindu Astrology)\") ([Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit \"Sanskrit\"): *{{IAST\\|Dṛṣṭi}}*, 'sight') is an aspect to an entire house. *Grahas* cast only forward aspects, with the furthest aspect being considered the strongest. For example, Jupiter aspects the 5th, 7th and 9th house from its position, Mars aspects the 4th, 7th, and 8th houses from its position, and its 8th house.{{rp\\|26–27}}", "The principle of Drishti (aspect) was devised on the basis of the aspect of an army of planets as deity and demon in a war field.Sanat Kumar Jain, *Astrology a science or myth*, Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi.Sanat Kumar Jain, \"Jyotish Kitna Sahi Kitna Galat\" (Hindi). Thus the Sun, a deity king with only one full aspect, is more powerful than the demon king Saturn, which has three full aspects.", "Aspects can be cast both by the planets (Graha Dṛṣṭi) and by the signs (Rāśi Dṛṣṭi). Planetary aspects are a function of desire, while sign aspects are a function of awareness and cognizance.", "There are some higher aspects of Graha Dṛṣṭi (planetary aspects) that are not limited to the Viśeṣa Dṛṣṭi or the special aspects. Rāśi Dṛṣṭi works based on the following formulaic structure: all movable signs aspect fixed signs except the one adjacent, and all dual and mutable signs aspect each other without exception.", "" ]
Farm preservation and conservation ---------------------------------- Amos began soil \& land conservation in the 1930s on his own land after learning methods to prevent erosion. He was appointed to the [Pennsylvania Soil and Water Conservation Commission](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Soil_and_Water_Conservation_Commission "Pennsylvania Soil and Water Conservation Commission") by former [Pennsylvania Governors](/wiki/Governors_of_Pennsylvania "Governors of Pennsylvania") [William Scranton](/wiki/William_Scranton "William Scranton"), [Raymond P. Shafer](/wiki/Raymond_P._Shafer "Raymond P. Shafer"), [Richard Thornburgh](/wiki/Richard_Thornburgh "Richard Thornburgh") and [Robert Casey](/wiki/Robert_P._Casey "Robert P. Casey"). Former [Pennsylvania Governor](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Governor "Pennsylvania Governor") William Scranton also appointed Funk to the state's Committee on Agriculture, while former Governor Raymond Shafer placed him onto the Committee on the Preservation of Agricultural Land. [U.S. Secretary of Agriculture](/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Agriculture "U.S. Secretary of Agriculture") [Earl Butz](/wiki/Earl_Butz "Earl Butz") appointed Funk to the eighteen\-member National Advisory Committee to the [U.S. Soil Conservation Service](/wiki/U.S._Soil_Conservation_Service "U.S. Soil Conservation Service") in 1974\. Funk is credited with the creation of the [Lancaster Farmland Trust](/wiki/Lancaster_Farmland_Trust "Lancaster Farmland Trust"), which he co\-founded with three other individuals in 1985, and served as a trustee for twelve years. Funk was a recipient of numerous awards and recognitions, including the [Teddy Roosevelt](/wiki/Teddy_Roosevelt "Teddy Roosevelt") Conservation Award from [U.S. President](/wiki/U.S._President "U.S. President") [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") in 1990\. Funk also served as the president of the Conestoga Valley Watershed Conservation District for seventeen years, president of the Pennsylvania Soil and Water Conservation District Directors, Inc., and president of the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers Association.
[ "Farm preservation and conservation\n----------------------------------", "Amos began soil \\& land conservation in the 1930s on his own land after learning methods to prevent erosion.", "He was appointed to the [Pennsylvania Soil and Water Conservation Commission](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Soil_and_Water_Conservation_Commission \"Pennsylvania Soil and Water Conservation Commission\") by former [Pennsylvania Governors](/wiki/Governors_of_Pennsylvania \"Governors of Pennsylvania\") [William Scranton](/wiki/William_Scranton \"William Scranton\"), [Raymond P. Shafer](/wiki/Raymond_P._Shafer \"Raymond P. Shafer\"), [Richard Thornburgh](/wiki/Richard_Thornburgh \"Richard Thornburgh\") and [Robert Casey](/wiki/Robert_P._Casey \"Robert P. Casey\"). Former [Pennsylvania Governor](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Governor \"Pennsylvania Governor\") William Scranton also appointed Funk to the state's Committee on Agriculture, while former Governor Raymond Shafer placed him onto the Committee on the Preservation of Agricultural Land.", "[U.S. Secretary of Agriculture](/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Agriculture \"U.S. Secretary of Agriculture\") [Earl Butz](/wiki/Earl_Butz \"Earl Butz\") appointed Funk to the eighteen\\-member National Advisory Committee to the [U.S. Soil Conservation Service](/wiki/U.S._Soil_Conservation_Service \"U.S. Soil Conservation Service\") in 1974\\.", "Funk is credited with the creation of the [Lancaster Farmland Trust](/wiki/Lancaster_Farmland_Trust \"Lancaster Farmland Trust\"), which he co\\-founded with three other individuals in 1985, and served as a trustee for twelve years.", "Funk was a recipient of numerous awards and recognitions, including the [Teddy Roosevelt](/wiki/Teddy_Roosevelt \"Teddy Roosevelt\") Conservation Award from [U.S. President](/wiki/U.S._President \"U.S. President\") [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush \"George H. W. Bush\") in 1990\\.", "Funk also served as the president of the Conestoga Valley Watershed Conservation District for seventeen years, president of the Pennsylvania Soil and Water Conservation District Directors, Inc., and president of the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers Association.", "" ]
History ------- ### Foundation and early history [thumb\|left\|The east front of the church has a bowed [apse](/wiki/Apse "Apse") with a [pediment](/wiki/Pediment "Pediment") supporting a spire. The inscribed date "1835" commemorates the year the church's [foundation](/wiki/Foundation_%28architecture%29 "Foundation (architecture)") was laid.](/wiki/File:Armenian_Church_9%2C_Singapore%2C_Jan_06.JPG "Armenian Church 9, Singapore, Jan 06.JPG") The church was commissioned by the first twelve Armenian families that settled in Singapore.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=9QpQAAAAMAAJ \|title\= A History of Singapore Architecture: The Making of a City\|author\=Beamish, Jane\|author2\=Ferguson, Jane \|pages\=39–43 \|publisher\=Graham Brash Publishing\|date\=1985\|isbn\= 978\-9971\-947\-97\-2 }} It was designed by [George Drumgoole Coleman](/wiki/George_Drumgoole_Coleman "George Drumgoole Coleman"), the architect of many of Singapore's early buildings who also became the first [Superintendent](/wiki/Public_administration "Public administration") of Public Works. The church is dedicated to [St Gregory the Illuminator](/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator "Gregory the Illuminator"), the first [Patriarch](/wiki/Patriarch_of_Armenia "Patriarch of Armenia") of the [Armenian Church](/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church "Armenian Apostolic Church").{{cite web \|url\=https://roots.sg/Content/Places/national\-monuments/armenian\-apostolic\-church\-of\-saint\-gregory\-the\-illuminator \|title\=Armenian Apostolic Church of Saint Gregory the Illuminator \|work\=Roots \|publisher\=\[\[National Heritage Board (Singapore)\|National Heritage Board]] \|access\-date\=30 September 2016 \|archive\-date\=14 July 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714173756/https://roots.sg/Content/Places/national\-monuments/armenian\-apostolic\-church\-of\-saint\-gregory\-the\-illuminator \|url\-status\=dead }} The [Armenians](/wiki/Armenians "Armenians") were among the earliest merchants and traders to arrive in Singapore after [Sir Stamford Raffles](/wiki/Sir_Stamford_Raffles "Sir Stamford Raffles") established it as a trading port in 1819\. The community already held religious services in Singapore by 1821, and the first priest, the Reverend Krikor Hovhannes (Gregory John), arrived in July 1827\. A temporary chapel was set up at the back of John Little \& Company at Commercial Square (today's [Raffles Place](/wiki/Raffles_Place "Raffles Place")). The community started to raise funds for the construction of a new church in 1827\. Over half the construction cost of 5,058\.30 [Spanish dollars](/wiki/Spanish_dollar "Spanish dollar") was donated by the Armenian community in Singapore, with the rest coming from Armenians in [Java](/wiki/Java "Java") and [India](/wiki/India "India"), and a small portion from European and Chinese [merchants](/wiki/Merchant "Merchant") in Singapore. The Armenian community was very small – the 1824 census counted only 16 members, and 34 in 1836 when the church opened – its contribution to the Armenian Church was therefore considerable in proportion, an indication of the prosperity and religious devotion of the Armenians.{{Cite book \|title\=Singapore's 100 historic places: temples, churches, mosques, museums, battle sites and much more... \|date\=2002 \|publisher\=Archipelago Press \[u.a.] \|isbn\=978\-981\-4068\-23\-9 \|editor\-last\=Uma Devi \|editor\-first\=G. \|location\=Singapore \|pages\=10\-11 \|editor\-last2\=Danam \|editor\-first2\=Jacqueline}} A request for land to build the church was made by the Armenian community in 1833, and the government granted the land at the foot of [Fort Canning](/wiki/Fort_Canning "Fort Canning") in 1834\.{{cite web \|url\=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP\_809\_2004\-12\-23\.html \|title\=Armenian Church \|work\=Singapore Infopedia \|publisher\=\[\[National Library Board]] }} The foundation stone was laid on 1 January 1835 by the Supreme, [Archimandrite](/wiki/Archimandrite "Archimandrite") Reverend Thomas Gregorian, who also opened and consecrated the new church on [Easter Sunday](/wiki/Easter_Sunday "Easter Sunday") in 1836\. He was assisted by [Reverend](/wiki/Reverend "Reverend") Khachig Hovhannes, the priest for the local community. It is the oldest surviving Christian church built in Singapore. The church has undergone a few modifications since it was first built. A bell turret designed by Coleman was deemed structurally unsound, and it was replaced first by a square tower in 1847, then again replaced in 1853 with the spire as it appears today, which was designed by George Maddock. In 1909, the church became the first building in Singapore with electricity. ### Later history The Armenian population in Singapore dwindled, and the last Armenian parish priest left in the late 1930s. In the late 1960s, when the Christian Cemetery at Fort Canning was cleared for a park, early Armenian tombstones there were moved into the Memorial Garden at the church ground. Tombstones from [Bukit Timah](/wiki/Bukit_Timah "Bukit Timah")\-Cavenagh Road cemetery were also moved here. A number of tombstones of prominent Armenians in Singapore, such as members of the [Sarkies family](/wiki/Sarkies_brothers "Sarkies brothers") of [Raffles Hotel](/wiki/Raffles_Hotel "Raffles Hotel") fame, [Agnes Joaquim](/wiki/Agnes_Joaquim "Agnes Joaquim") who bred [Singapore's national flower](/wiki/Vanda_%27Miss_Joaquim%27 "Vanda 'Miss Joaquim'") and Catchick Moses who founded the newspaper *[Straits Times](/wiki/The_Straits_Times "The Straits Times")*, are placed here. The Memorial Garden however was never used as a burial ground. Armenian Street is named after the church and it was known earlier by its Chinese name *seng poh sin chu au* meaning "the back of Seng Poh's new building" (Tan Seng Poh was the first Chinese to serve on the Municipal Commission).{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=DTOJAAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA23 \|title\=Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics \|author\=Savage, Victor R. \|author2\= Yeoh, Brenda\|page\=23\|publisher\= \[\[Marshall Cavendish]] \|date\= 2013 \|isbn\=978\-981\-4484\-74\-9 }} The Armenian Church was [gazetted](/wiki/Gazette "Gazette") as a [national monument](/wiki/National_Monuments_of_Singapore "National Monuments of Singapore") on 6 July 1973\.{{Cite web\|title\=Armenian Apostolic Church of Saint Gregory the Illuminator \|url\=http://www.nhb.gov.sg/places/sites\-and\-monuments/national\-monuments/armenian\-apostolic\-church\-of\-saint\-gregory\-the\-illuminator \|website\=\[\[National Heritage Board (Singapore)\|National Heritage Board]] \|access\-date\=29 December 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120214459/http://www.nhb.gov.sg/places/sites\-and\-monuments/national\-monuments/armenian\-apostolic\-church\-of\-saint\-gregory\-the\-illuminator \|archive\-date\=20 January 2016 }} On 17 September 1979 *[vardapet](/wiki/Vardapet "Vardapet")* Daron Djerejian, an Armenian priest from [Nice](/wiki/Nice "Nice"), France, visited the church and conducted a [Divine Liturgy](/wiki/Divine_Liturgy "Divine Liturgy"). At that point, the church had been abandoned religiously for decades.{{cite journal \|last1\=Buniatian \|first1\=Grigoris vardapet \|title\=Այց Սինգապուրի հայոց ս. Գրիգոր Լուսավորիչ եկեղեցի \|journal\=\[\[Etchmiadzin (magazine)\|Etchmiadzin]] \|date\=1979 \|volume\=36 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=25–26 \|url\=http://echmiadzin.asj\-oa.am/10207/ \|language\=hy}} In 1985 the Armenian Church celebrated the 150th anniversary of the church. Archbishop Aghan Baliozian, the primate of the diocese of Australia, led a group of Armenian pilgrims from Australia, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Thailand, Japan, and San Francisco, U.S. to Singapore in June 1985\.{{cite journal \|editor1\-last\=Archbishop Aghan Baliozian \|title\=Սինկափուրի Սուրբ Գրիգոր Լուսավորիչ եկեղեցվո 150\-ամյակը \|journal\=\[\[Etchmiadzin (magazine)\|Etchmiadzin]] \|date\=1986 \|volume\=43 \|issue\=7–8 \|pages\=31–33 \|url\=http://echmiadzin.asj\-oa.am/10367/ \|language\=hy}} ### Current state [thumb\|right\|[President of Armenia](/wiki/President_of_Armenia "President of Armenia") [Serzh Sargsyan](/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan "Serzh Sargsyan") inside the church, during his state visit to Singapore (2012\)](/wiki/File:Sargsyan_Armenian_Church_%283%29.jpg "Sargsyan Armenian Church (3).jpg") [Divine Liturgy](/wiki/Divine_Liturgy "Divine Liturgy") was performed at the church in 2001, on the occasion of the 1700th anniversary of adoption of Christianity as a state religion of Armenia.{{cite news\|title\=Հայկական եկեղեցին Սինգապուրի խորհրդանիշերից է \[The Armenian church is one of the symbols of Singapore]\|url\=http://www.aravot.am/2010/07/29/350559/\|work\=\[\[Aravot]]\|date\=29 July 2010\|language\=hy}} On 27 March 2011 some 160 Armenians from 20 countries gathered at the church to commemorate the 175th anniversary of the church.{{cite news\|title\=Սինգապուրի հայ համայնքը մեծ շուքով նշել է երկրի ամենահին քրիստոնեական եկեղեցու 175\-ամյակը\|url\=http://panarmenian.net/m/arm/news/65449\|agency\=\[\[PanARMENIAN.Net]]\|date\=28 March 2011\|language\=hy}} On 29 March 2016 by the Pontifical Order of [Karekin II](/wiki/Karekin_II "Karekin II"), Supreme [Patriarch](/wiki/Patriarch%23Oriental_Orthodox_Churches "Patriarch#Oriental Orthodox Churches") and [Catholicos of All Armenians](/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians "Catholicos of All Armenians"), Fr. Zaven Yazichyan, a member of the Brotherhood of Holy Etchmiadzin, was appointed to serve as the Pastor of the Armenian Spiritual Pastorates of Singapore, Myanmar and Bangladesh.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.armenianchurch.org/index.jsp?sid\=3\&nid\=3141\&y\=2016\&m\=2\&d\=29\&lng\=en \|title\=New Clergy Appointments in the Far East\|publisher\=\[\[Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin]]\|date\=29 March 2016 \|access\-date\= 13 June 2016}} Yazichyan, who is based in [Yangon](/wiki/Yangon "Yangon"), Myanmar, visits Singapore five or six times a year to serve mass.{{cite news\|title\=Սինգապուրի հայկական եկեղեցու հաւատացեալները թոյլ չեն տայ, որ այն անհետանայ \[Believers of the Armenian church of Singapore will not allow it to be gone]\|url\=http://www.alikonline.ir/news/diaspora/item/39315\-%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB\-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6\-%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82\-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8\-%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AC\-%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%B6\-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5,\-%D5%B8%D6%80\-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6\-%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5\|work\=\[\[Alik (daily)\|Alik]]\|date\=21 May 2017\|language\=hy}} On 20 May 2016 the church received a grant from the government of Singapore for restoration, which was still ongoing as of February 2017\. The small [Coptic Orthodox](/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria "Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria") community in Singapore occasionally hold services in the building.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/services\-in\-singapore\-for\-copts\-started\-in\-2002\|title\=Services in Singapore for Copts started in 2002\|last\=Zaccheus\|first\=Melody\|date\=5 May 2016\|work\=\[\[The Straits Times]]\|language\=en\|access\-date\=3 February 2016}}
[ "History\n-------", "### Foundation and early history", "[thumb\\|left\\|The east front of the church has a bowed [apse](/wiki/Apse \"Apse\") with a [pediment](/wiki/Pediment \"Pediment\") supporting a spire. The inscribed date \"1835\" commemorates the year the church's [foundation](/wiki/Foundation_%28architecture%29 \"Foundation (architecture)\") was laid.](/wiki/File:Armenian_Church_9%2C_Singapore%2C_Jan_06.JPG \"Armenian Church 9, Singapore, Jan 06.JPG\")", "The church was commissioned by the first twelve Armenian families that settled in Singapore.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=9QpQAAAAMAAJ \\|title\\= A History of Singapore Architecture: The Making of a City\\|author\\=Beamish, Jane\\|author2\\=Ferguson, Jane \\|pages\\=39–43 \\|publisher\\=Graham Brash Publishing\\|date\\=1985\\|isbn\\= 978\\-9971\\-947\\-97\\-2 }} It was designed by [George Drumgoole Coleman](/wiki/George_Drumgoole_Coleman \"George Drumgoole Coleman\"), the architect of many of Singapore's early buildings who also became the first [Superintendent](/wiki/Public_administration \"Public administration\") of Public Works. The church is dedicated to [St Gregory the Illuminator](/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator \"Gregory the Illuminator\"), the first [Patriarch](/wiki/Patriarch_of_Armenia \"Patriarch of Armenia\") of the [Armenian Church](/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church \"Armenian Apostolic Church\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://roots.sg/Content/Places/national\\-monuments/armenian\\-apostolic\\-church\\-of\\-saint\\-gregory\\-the\\-illuminator \\|title\\=Armenian Apostolic Church of Saint Gregory the Illuminator \\|work\\=Roots \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Heritage Board (Singapore)\\|National Heritage Board]] \\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 July 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714173756/https://roots.sg/Content/Places/national\\-monuments/armenian\\-apostolic\\-church\\-of\\-saint\\-gregory\\-the\\-illuminator \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "The [Armenians](/wiki/Armenians \"Armenians\") were among the earliest merchants and traders to arrive in Singapore after [Sir Stamford Raffles](/wiki/Sir_Stamford_Raffles \"Sir Stamford Raffles\") established it as a trading port in 1819\\. The community already held religious services in Singapore by 1821, and the first priest, the Reverend Krikor Hovhannes (Gregory John), arrived in July 1827\\. A temporary chapel was set up at the back of John Little \\& Company at Commercial Square (today's [Raffles Place](/wiki/Raffles_Place \"Raffles Place\")). The community started to raise funds for the construction of a new church in 1827\\. Over half the construction cost of 5,058\\.30 [Spanish dollars](/wiki/Spanish_dollar \"Spanish dollar\") was donated by the Armenian community in Singapore, with the rest coming from Armenians in [Java](/wiki/Java \"Java\") and [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), and a small portion from European and Chinese [merchants](/wiki/Merchant \"Merchant\") in Singapore. The Armenian community was very small – the 1824 census counted only 16 members, and 34 in 1836 when the church opened – its contribution to the Armenian Church was therefore considerable in proportion, an indication of the prosperity and religious devotion of the Armenians.{{Cite book \\|title\\=Singapore's 100 historic places: temples, churches, mosques, museums, battle sites and much more... \\|date\\=2002 \\|publisher\\=Archipelago Press \\[u.a.] \\|isbn\\=978\\-981\\-4068\\-23\\-9 \\|editor\\-last\\=Uma Devi \\|editor\\-first\\=G. \\|location\\=Singapore \\|pages\\=10\\-11 \\|editor\\-last2\\=Danam \\|editor\\-first2\\=Jacqueline}}", "A request for land to build the church was made by the Armenian community in 1833, and the government granted the land at the foot of [Fort Canning](/wiki/Fort_Canning \"Fort Canning\") in 1834\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP\\_809\\_2004\\-12\\-23\\.html \\|title\\=Armenian Church \\|work\\=Singapore Infopedia \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Library Board]] }} The foundation stone was laid on 1 January 1835 by the Supreme, [Archimandrite](/wiki/Archimandrite \"Archimandrite\") Reverend Thomas Gregorian, who also opened and consecrated the new church on [Easter Sunday](/wiki/Easter_Sunday \"Easter Sunday\") in 1836\\. He was assisted by [Reverend](/wiki/Reverend \"Reverend\") Khachig Hovhannes, the priest for the local community. It is the oldest surviving Christian church built in Singapore.", "The church has undergone a few modifications since it was first built. A bell turret designed by Coleman was deemed structurally unsound, and it was replaced first by a square tower in 1847, then again replaced in 1853 with the spire as it appears today, which was designed by George Maddock.", "In 1909, the church became the first building in Singapore with electricity.", "### Later history", "The Armenian population in Singapore dwindled, and the last Armenian parish priest left in the late 1930s.", "In the late 1960s, when the Christian Cemetery at Fort Canning was cleared for a park, early Armenian tombstones there were moved into the Memorial Garden at the church ground. Tombstones from [Bukit Timah](/wiki/Bukit_Timah \"Bukit Timah\")\\-Cavenagh Road cemetery were also moved here. A number of tombstones of prominent Armenians in Singapore, such as members of the [Sarkies family](/wiki/Sarkies_brothers \"Sarkies brothers\") of [Raffles Hotel](/wiki/Raffles_Hotel \"Raffles Hotel\") fame, [Agnes Joaquim](/wiki/Agnes_Joaquim \"Agnes Joaquim\") who bred [Singapore's national flower](/wiki/Vanda_%27Miss_Joaquim%27 \"Vanda 'Miss Joaquim'\") and Catchick Moses who founded the newspaper *[Straits Times](/wiki/The_Straits_Times \"The Straits Times\")*, are placed here. The Memorial Garden however was never used as a burial ground.", "Armenian Street is named after the church and it was known earlier by its Chinese name *seng poh sin chu au* meaning \"the back of Seng Poh's new building\" (Tan Seng Poh was the first Chinese to serve on the Municipal Commission).{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DTOJAAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA23 \\|title\\=Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics \\|author\\=Savage, Victor R. \\|author2\\= Yeoh, Brenda\\|page\\=23\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Marshall Cavendish]] \\|date\\= 2013 \\|isbn\\=978\\-981\\-4484\\-74\\-9 }}", "The Armenian Church was [gazetted](/wiki/Gazette \"Gazette\") as a [national monument](/wiki/National_Monuments_of_Singapore \"National Monuments of Singapore\") on 6 July 1973\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Armenian Apostolic Church of Saint Gregory the Illuminator \\|url\\=http://www.nhb.gov.sg/places/sites\\-and\\-monuments/national\\-monuments/armenian\\-apostolic\\-church\\-of\\-saint\\-gregory\\-the\\-illuminator \\|website\\=\\[\\[National Heritage Board (Singapore)\\|National Heritage Board]] \\|access\\-date\\=29 December 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120214459/http://www.nhb.gov.sg/places/sites\\-and\\-monuments/national\\-monuments/armenian\\-apostolic\\-church\\-of\\-saint\\-gregory\\-the\\-illuminator \\|archive\\-date\\=20 January 2016 }}", "On 17 September 1979 *[vardapet](/wiki/Vardapet \"Vardapet\")* Daron Djerejian, an Armenian priest from [Nice](/wiki/Nice \"Nice\"), France, visited the church and conducted a [Divine Liturgy](/wiki/Divine_Liturgy \"Divine Liturgy\"). At that point, the church had been abandoned religiously for decades.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Buniatian \\|first1\\=Grigoris vardapet \\|title\\=Այց Սինգապուրի հայոց ս. Գրիգոր Լուսավորիչ եկեղեցի \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Etchmiadzin (magazine)\\|Etchmiadzin]] \\|date\\=1979 \\|volume\\=36 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=25–26 \\|url\\=http://echmiadzin.asj\\-oa.am/10207/ \\|language\\=hy}} In 1985 the Armenian Church celebrated the 150th anniversary of the church. Archbishop Aghan Baliozian, the primate of the diocese of Australia, led a group of Armenian pilgrims from Australia, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Thailand, Japan, and San Francisco, U.S. to Singapore in June 1985\\.{{cite journal \\|editor1\\-last\\=Archbishop Aghan Baliozian \\|title\\=Սինկափուրի Սուրբ Գրիգոր Լուսավորիչ եկեղեցվո 150\\-ամյակը \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Etchmiadzin (magazine)\\|Etchmiadzin]] \\|date\\=1986 \\|volume\\=43 \\|issue\\=7–8 \\|pages\\=31–33 \\|url\\=http://echmiadzin.asj\\-oa.am/10367/ \\|language\\=hy}}", "### Current state", "[thumb\\|right\\|[President of Armenia](/wiki/President_of_Armenia \"President of Armenia\") [Serzh Sargsyan](/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan \"Serzh Sargsyan\") inside the church, during his state visit to Singapore (2012\\)](/wiki/File:Sargsyan_Armenian_Church_%283%29.jpg \"Sargsyan Armenian Church (3).jpg\")\n[Divine Liturgy](/wiki/Divine_Liturgy \"Divine Liturgy\") was performed at the church in 2001, on the occasion of the 1700th anniversary of adoption of Christianity as a state religion of Armenia.{{cite news\\|title\\=Հայկական եկեղեցին Սինգապուրի խորհրդանիշերից է \\[The Armenian church is one of the symbols of Singapore]\\|url\\=http://www.aravot.am/2010/07/29/350559/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Aravot]]\\|date\\=29 July 2010\\|language\\=hy}} On 27 March 2011 some 160 Armenians from 20 countries gathered at the church to commemorate the 175th anniversary of the church.{{cite news\\|title\\=Սինգապուրի հայ համայնքը մեծ շուքով նշել է երկրի ամենահին քրիստոնեական եկեղեցու 175\\-ամյակը\\|url\\=http://panarmenian.net/m/arm/news/65449\\|agency\\=\\[\\[PanARMENIAN.Net]]\\|date\\=28 March 2011\\|language\\=hy}}", "On 29 March 2016 by the Pontifical Order of [Karekin II](/wiki/Karekin_II \"Karekin II\"), Supreme [Patriarch](/wiki/Patriarch%23Oriental_Orthodox_Churches \"Patriarch#Oriental Orthodox Churches\") and [Catholicos of All Armenians](/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians \"Catholicos of All Armenians\"), Fr. Zaven Yazichyan, a member of the Brotherhood of Holy Etchmiadzin, was appointed to serve as the Pastor of the Armenian Spiritual Pastorates of Singapore, Myanmar and Bangladesh.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.armenianchurch.org/index.jsp?sid\\=3\\&nid\\=3141\\&y\\=2016\\&m\\=2\\&d\\=29\\&lng\\=en \\|title\\=New Clergy Appointments in the Far East\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin]]\\|date\\=29 March 2016 \\|access\\-date\\= 13 June 2016}} Yazichyan, who is based in [Yangon](/wiki/Yangon \"Yangon\"), Myanmar, visits Singapore five or six times a year to serve mass.{{cite news\\|title\\=Սինգապուրի հայկական եկեղեցու հաւատացեալները թոյլ չեն տայ, որ այն անհետանայ \\[Believers of the Armenian church of Singapore will not allow it to be gone]\\|url\\=http://www.alikonline.ir/news/diaspora/item/39315\\-%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB\\-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6\\-%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82\\-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8\\-%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AC\\-%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%B6\\-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5,\\-%D5%B8%D6%80\\-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6\\-%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5\\|work\\=\\[\\[Alik (daily)\\|Alik]]\\|date\\=21 May 2017\\|language\\=hy}} On 20 May 2016 the church received a grant from the government of Singapore for restoration, which was still ongoing as of February 2017\\.", "The small [Coptic Orthodox](/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria \"Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria\") community in Singapore occasionally hold services in the building.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/services\\-in\\-singapore\\-for\\-copts\\-started\\-in\\-2002\\|title\\=Services in Singapore for Copts started in 2002\\|last\\=Zaccheus\\|first\\=Melody\\|date\\=5 May 2016\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Straits Times]]\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=3 February 2016}}", "" ]
Architecture ------------ CitySpire (also known as CitySpire Center{{Cite web \|title\=CitySpire Center \|url\=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/114433/cityspire\-center\-new\-york\-city\-ny\-usa \|access\-date\=January 1, 2021 \|publisher\=Emporis \|archive\-date\=September 29, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929161251/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id\=cityspirecenter\-newyorkcity\-ny\-usa \|url\-status\=usurped}}) was designed by [Murphy/Jahn](/wiki/Murphy/Jahn "Murphy/Jahn") and developed by [Ian Bruce Eichner](/wiki/Ian_Bruce_Eichner "Ian Bruce Eichner").{{cite web \|date\=April 7, 2016 \|title\=CitySpire \- The Skyscraper Center \|url\=http://skyscrapercenter.info/building/cityspire/895 \|access\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|website\=The Skyscraper Center \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003454/http://skyscrapercenter.info/building/cityspire/895 \|url\-status\=live}}{{harvnb\|Stern\|Fishman\|Tilove\|2006\|ps\=.\|p\=632}} It was constructed by [Tishman Realty \& Construction](/wiki/Tishman_Realty_%26_Construction "Tishman Realty & Construction"), with Robert Rosenwasser Associates as structural engineer.{{cite magazine \|last\=Donaldson \|first\=Barry \|date\=Jul 1987 \|title\=Stone: New technology and design \|url\=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR\-1987\-07\.pdf \|journal\=Architectural Record \|volume\=175 \|pages\=144 \|access\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825182553/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR\-1987\-07\.pdf \|url\-status\=live}} CitySpire is {{convert\|814\|ft}} tall with 75 above\-ground levels and two basement stories; the concrete frame reaches a height of {{convert\|800\|ft}}.{{cite book \|last1\=Žaknić \|first1\=Ivan \|title\=100 of the world's tallest buildings \|last2\=Smith \|first2\=Matthew \|last3\=Rice \|first3\=Dolores B. \|author4\=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat \|date\=1998 \|publisher\=Gingko Press \|isbn\=3\-927258\-60\-1 \|publication\-place\=Corte Madera, CA \|page\=112 \|oclc\=40110184}} When completed, CitySpire was the second\-tallest concrete tower in the United States after the [Sears Tower](/wiki/Sears_Tower "Sears Tower") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago").{{cite web \|title\=CitySpire \|url\=https://www.cityrealty.com/nyc/midtown\-west/cityspire\-150\-west\-56th\-street/review/4666 \|access\-date\=May 28, 2018 \|publisher\=CityRealty \|archive\-date\=May 29, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130128/https://www.cityrealty.com/nyc/midtown\-west/cityspire\-150\-west\-56th\-street/review/4666 \|url\-status\=live}} ### Form and facade [thumb\|Lower facade detail](/wiki/File:CitySpire_Aug_2021_03.jpg "CitySpire Aug 2021 03.jpg") CitySpire was designed from the beginning as an octagonal tower with wings on the east and west.{{cite magazine \|last\=Sachner \|first\=Paul M. \|date\=Jan 1985 \|title\=Redefining the Manhattan skyline: Three new projects by Murphy/Jahn \|url\=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR\-1985\-01\.pdf \|journal\=Architectural Record \|volume\=173 \|pages\=57 \|access\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824223010/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR\-1985\-01\.pdf \|url\-status\=live}} CitySpire has three [setbacks](/wiki/Setback_%28architecture%29 "Setback (architecture)") on the east and west they are placed at the 23rd, 46th, and 62nd floors.{{cite magazine \|date\=Oct 1990 \|title\=Cityspire, New York City \|url\=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR\-1990\-10\.pdf \|journal\=Architectural Record \|volume\=178 \|pages\=107 \|access\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-date\=July 9, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184953/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR\-1990\-10\.pdf \|url\-status\=live}} Most of the building is no more than {{convert\|80\|ft}} wide. Because the building is so narrow, the upper stories sometimes sway during heavy storms.{{cite book \|last\=Stichweh \|first\=Dirk \|title\=New York Skyscrapers \|publisher\=\[\[Prestel Publishing]] \|year\=2016 \|isbn\=978\-3\-7913\-8226\-5 \|page\=181 \|oclc\=923852487}} As proposed, the main shaft of the tower was to be clad in stone, while the wings were to be made of glass. The facade is made of Sardinian "luna pearl" that is cut into {{Convert\|13/16\|in\|adj\=on}} slabs, measuring about {{Convert\|15\|lb/ft2}}. Each slab is attached to the aluminum [curtain wall](/wiki/Curtain_wall_%28architecture%29 "Curtain wall (architecture)") frame on all sides, supported only by the curtain wall. The stone panels are entirely prefabricated and are insulated with [fiberglass](/wiki/Fiberglass "Fiberglass") panels measuring {{Convert\|2\+5/8\|in}} thick, along with [neoprene](/wiki/Neoprene "Neoprene") gaskets and silicone [caulk](/wiki/Caulk "Caulk"). The setbacks at the 46th and 62nd floors were designed with [parapets](/wiki/Parapet "Parapet") of steel and concrete, which were reduced in size as part of a 1988 lawsuit settlement concerning the building's height.{{Cite news \|last\=Dunlap \|first\=David W. \|date\=April 20, 1988 \|title\=Pact Reached On Skyscraper Built Too Tall \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/20/nyregion/pact\-reached\-on\-skyscraper\-built\-too\-tall.html \|access\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823034838/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/20/nyregion/pact\-reached\-on\-skyscraper\-built\-too\-tall.html \|url\-status\=live}} Eichner disliked the parapets; he suggested that residents on the 46th floor "can look out at it and know they're looking at a wall instead of Central Park so that Helmut Jahn can rest easy knowing that his 'artistic integrity' is intact."{{harvnb\|Stern\|Fishman\|Tilove\|2006\|ps\=.\|p\=634}}{{harvnb\|Adler\|1993\|ps\=.\|p\=69}} The roof has a copper\-faced dome which, as originally proposed, was supposed to be {{Convert\|13\|ft}} tall. When it was ultimately installed in 1988, the dome contained eight steel ribs, each measuring {{Convert\|20\|ft}} long and weighing {{Convert\|700\|lb}}. Each rib consisted of three sections.{{Cite news \|last\=Dunlap \|first\=David W. \|date\=November 9, 1988 \|title\=Cityspire To Dismantle Part of Tower \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/09/nyregion/cityspire\-to\-dismantle\-part\-of\-tower.html \|access\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823170809/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/09/nyregion/cityspire\-to\-dismantle\-part\-of\-tower.html \|url\-status\=live}} The dome itself contains [louvers](/wiki/Louver "Louver") and was designed with a green surface.{{Cite news \|last\=Gold \|first\=Allan R. \|date\=December 7, 1990 \|title\=A Manhattan Skyscraper Is Told to Stop Whistling \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/07/nyregion/a\-manhattan\-skyscraper\-is\-told\-to\-stop\-whistling.html \|access\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824182154/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/07/nyregion/a\-manhattan\-skyscraper\-is\-told\-to\-stop\-whistling.html \|url\-status\=live}} When the dome was constructed, wind created a loud whistling sound when passing through the louvers; this was remedied in 1992 with the removal of alternating panels.{{Cite news \|last\=Dunlap \|first\=David W. \|date\=June 13, 1993 \|title\=Whistle Silenced, Cityspire Sales Resume \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/13/realestate/whistle\-silenced\-cityspire\-sales\-resume.html \|access\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824182156/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/13/realestate/whistle\-silenced\-cityspire\-sales\-resume.html \|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web \|title\=This month in real estate history \|first\=Adam \|last\=Warner \|date\=December 1, 2015 \|url\=https://therealdeal.com/issues\_articles/this\-month\-in\-real\-estate\-history\-101/ \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|website\=The Real Deal New York \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825150914/https://therealdeal.com/issues\_articles/this\-month\-in\-real\-estate\-history\-101/ \|url\-status\=live}} Paul Sachner of *[Architectural Record](/wiki/Architectural_Record "Architectural Record")* initially likened the dome to that of the [Nebraska State Capitol](/wiki/Nebraska_State_Capitol "Nebraska State Capitol"), while [Paul Goldberger](/wiki/Paul_Goldberger "Paul Goldberger") of *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* said the dome was meant to relate to City Center.{{Cite news \|last\=Goldberger \|first\=Paul \|date\=January 27, 1985 \|title\=Architecture View; the Tower Blight Has Struck West 57th Street \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/27/arts/architecture\-view\-the\-tower\-blight\-has\-struck\-west\-57th\-street.html \|access\-date\=November 19, 2020 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=November 27, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127004014/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/27/arts/architecture\-view\-the\-tower\-blight\-has\-struck\-west\-57th\-street.html \|url\-status\=live}} ### Structural features The [superstructure](/wiki/Superstructure "Superstructure") is made of concrete. Because of CitySpire's mixed\-use spaces, it contains nine different structural systems, since a unified grid of columns was infeasible for apartment layouts. Further, because Eichner wanted to maximize views of the surrounding city, the wind\-resisting sections of the superstructure had to be placed in the interior. The lower stories, used as offices, were largely designed as a grid of concrete columns, allowing for flexible office layouts. While the lower stories are largely composed of grids of columns, there are also sections of rectangular concrete panels, which are staggered across several levels to create a diagonal [wind brace](/wiki/Wind_brace "Wind brace"). The upper stories are designed as a "shear wall/open tube" structural system, in which [shear walls](/wiki/Shear_wall "Shear wall") extend from the elevator core at the center of the tower, connecting to the outer columns. ### Interior CitySpire has a floor area of around {{Convert\|830000\|ft2\|\-2}}, and ten elevators rise the height of the building. Before CitySpire was developed, the site was [zoned](/wiki/Zoning "Zoning") to only allow a building of around 34 stories without any modifications.{{Cite news \|last\=Moritz \|first\=Owen \|date\=January 13, 1985 \|title\=Another tall tale of Manhattan \|pages\=188 \|work\=New York Daily News \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84015687/another\-tall\-tale\-of\-manhattan/ \|access\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|via\=newspapers.com \|archive\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823230353/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84015687/another\-tall\-tale\-of\-manhattan/ \|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news \|last\=Scardino \|first\=Albert \|date\=February 21, 1986 \|title\=Trading Air to Build Towers \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/21/business/trading\-air\-to\-build\-towers.html \|access\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823230357/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/21/business/trading\-air\-to\-build\-towers.html \|url\-status\=live}} Given the size of the lot, this would have provided up to {{Convert\|363000\|ft2}} of space. Eichner obtained unused [air rights](/wiki/Air_rights "Air rights") above City Center, which only occupied a small amount of the maximum space allowed for its lot; this allowed a 60\-story tower. On top of this, Eichner was allowed to increase the building's [floor area ratio](/wiki/Floor_area_ratio "Floor area ratio") by 20 percent in exchange for renovating City Center.{{cite news \|last\=Tumulty \|first\=Karen \|date\=May 2, 1989 \|title\=Battle for space, light high\-rises cast shadow over N.Y. \|work\=Los Angeles Times \|id\={{ProQuest\|280814454}}}} This amounted to {{Convert\|128000\|ft2}} of extra space. These bonuses allowed CitySpire to be more than twice as large as it ordinarily would have been.{{Cite news \|last\=Lessley \|first\=Sara \|date\=September 27, 1986 \|title\=Pulling Money From Thin Air \|pages\=66, \[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84017938/air\-spaces\-used\-as\-building\-blocks/ 100] \|work\=Newsday \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84017871/pulling\-money\-from\-thin\-air/ \|access\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|via\=newspapers.com \|archive\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824001735/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84017871/pulling\-money\-from\-thin\-air/ \|url\-status\=live}}{{harvnb\|Adler\|1993\|ps\=.\|p\=24}} The interior floor\-numbering system skips floors 13 and 25, so there are physically only 73 stories, though the top story is numbered 75\. The lowest 22{{Cite news \|last\=McCain \|first\=Mark \|date\=1987\-04\-19 \|title\=Commercial Property: Mixed\-Use Buildings; The Rocky Marriages of Offices and Apartments \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/19/realestate/commercial\-property\-mixed\-use\-buildings\-rocky\-marriages\-offices\-apartments.html \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-27 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152232/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/19/realestate/commercial\-property\-mixed\-use\-buildings\-rocky\-marriages\-offices\-apartments.html \|url\-status\=live}} or 23 floors of the building are for commercial use.{{Cite news \|last\=Satow \|first\=Julie \|date\=2015\-01\-09 \|title\=Why the Doorman Is Lonely \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/realestate/new\-york\-citys\-emptiest\-co\-ops\-and\-condos.html \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825142931/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/realestate/new\-york\-citys\-emptiest\-co\-ops\-and\-condos.html \|url\-status\=live}} There are luxury apartments on the remaining floors,{{efn\|This is also cited as 50 floors.}} as well as a mechanical story. The building was designed with elaborate details. The attention to detail extended to the elevator buttons, which Jahn redesigned with three buttons to a row when Eichner found two buttons per row to be unpleasing. #### Base [thumb\|Pedestrian corridor in the base](/wiki/File:CitySpire_Aug_2021_15.jpg "CitySpire Aug 2021 15.jpg") A pedestrian arcade between 56th and 55th Streets is included in CitySpire's base as part of its construction.{{Cite news \|last\=Saunders \|first\=D.J. \|date\=April 21, 1988 \|title\=A big step for dance companies \|pages\=420 \|work\=New York Daily News \|via\=newspapers.com \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83989400/a\-big\-step\-for\-dance\-companies/ \|access\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|archive\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823170815/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83989400/a\-big\-step\-for\-dance\-companies/ \|url\-status\=live}} The arcade is one of nine passageways that form [6½ Avenue](/wiki/6%C2%BD_Avenue "6½ Avenue"), a set of full\-block passageways from [51st](/wiki/51st_Street_%28Manhattan%29 "51st Street (Manhattan)") to 57th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues. It was built as a "through\-block connection" under the Special Midtown District, created in 1982\.{{harvnb\|Stern\|Fishman\|Tilove\|2006\|ps\=.\|p\=625}} The connection itself was not opened until 1997, several years after the building opened; the delay was largely due to the building's foreclosure and other disputes in the early 1990s.{{Cite news \|last\=Dunlap \|first\=David W. \|date\=September 27, 1992 \|title\=Remaking Spaces for Public Use \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/27/realestate/remaking\-spaces\-for\-public\-use.html \|access\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=April 16, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416032348/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/27/realestate/remaking\-spaces\-for\-public\-use.html \|url\-status\=live}} The arcade, designed by [Brennan Beer Gorman](/wiki/Brennan_Beer_Gorman "Brennan Beer Gorman"), consists of marble and granite walls as well as a {{Convert\|25\|ft\|adj\=on}} ceiling.{{Cite news \|last\=Dunlap \|first\=David W. \|date\=August 13, 1997 \|title\=Midtown, Midblock Walkway Nears Completion \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/13/nyregion/midtown\-midblock\-walkway\-nears\-completion.html \|access\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824234224/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/13/nyregion/midtown\-midblock\-walkway\-nears\-completion.html \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|last\=Kayden \|first\=Jerold S. \|date\=2016\-03\-31 \|title\=156 West 56th Street \|url\=https://apops.mas.org/pops/m050074/ \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|website\=Privately Owned Public Space (APOPS) \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825142937/https://apops.mas.org/pops/m050074/ \|url\-status\=live}} The passageway is decorated in an [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_Deco "Art Deco")\-inspired style, with theater posters on the walls.{{cite web \|date\=2013\-02\-28 \|title\=Midtown Arcades: 6 1/2 Avenue and other POPS \|url\=https://untappedcities.com/2013/02/28/midtown\-arcades\-pops/ \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|website\=Untapped New York \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825142944/https://untappedcities.com/2013/02/28/midtown\-arcades\-pops/ \|url\-status\=live}} The space has recessed lights on the ceiling and lights on the walls, but there is no seating since the passageway was designed merely for pedestrian movement. The office and residential lobbies are separate from each other.{{cite web \|title\=CitySpire \- Commercial Real Estate NYC \|url\=https://tishmanspeyer.com/properties/cityspire \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|website\=Tishman Speyer \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825142934/https://tishmanspeyer.com/properties/cityspire \|url\-status\=live}} The residential lobby at 150 West 56th Street has a domed ceiling as well as wooden paneling. The office portion of CitySpire has the address 156 West 56th Street. There is also a bar called Carnegie Club{{cite web \|date\=2019\-02\-20 \|title\=The Carnegie Club \- The Thousand Best \|url\=https://nymag.com/listings/bar/the\-carnegie\-club/ \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|website\=New York Magazine \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825173516/https://nymag.com/listings/bar/the\-carnegie\-club/ \|url\-status\=live}} (originally Carnegie Bar and Books). The bar, on the ground floor, has a ceiling {{Convert\|25\|ft}} high with an overhanging mezzanine.{{Cite news \|date\=1997\-06\-01 \|title\=On West 56th, Another Pub That Blends Books and Beer \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/01/nyregion/new\-yorkers\-co\-359521\.html \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825173519/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/01/nyregion/new\-yorkers\-co\-359521\.html \|url\-status\=live}} A garage and cafe was also included in the base. The building was planned with {{Convert\|305000\|ft2}} of office space. Each of the office stories typically measures {{Convert\|193\|by\|80\|ft}}, with polygonal cutouts at each corner. #### Tower The building was proposed with 355 luxury residential [condominiums](/wiki/Condominium_%28living_space%29 "Condominium (living space)"), but it was completed with 339 or 340 condos. According to the [New York City Department of City Planning](/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_City_Planning "New York City Department of City Planning"), there are 340 condominiums in the entire building, of which 337 are residential units. About 100 of the apartments were built with one bedroom, with the rest having multiple bedrooms.{{cite magazine \|last\=Sommerfield \|first\=Frank \|date\=August 31, 1987 \|title\=Cityspire's Hard Sell Falls Short \|volume\=3 \|issue\=35 \|page\=1 \|id\={{ProQuest\|219160512}}\|journal\=Crain's New York Business}} Many of the residential units are separated from each other by the building's shear walls. Due to the setbacks on the exterior, floors 47 through 61 typically measure {{Convert\|157\|by\|80\|ft}}, while floors 63 through 69 are an octagon measuring 80 feet across. The apartments at CitySpire vary in size and arrangement, though many of the units contain {{Convert\|20\|ft\|4\=\-wide\|adj\=mid}} terraces. For instance, one studio apartment has a living room, kitchen, and terrace. Some of the one\-bedroom units also have living and dining rooms with angled walls. In some of the two\-bedroom units, there is a foyer with a living/dining room, kitchens, and bedrooms leading off it. There are also duplex units with kitchens, living rooms, and dining rooms on the lower tier, as well as bedrooms on the upper tiers. One of the larger duplexes, on floors 65/66, has four bedrooms; a living/dining area with a library and breakfast area; a family room; and a terrace measuring {{Convert\|44\|by\|36\|ft}}. On upper floors, the units tend to be larger, reaching {{convert\|2200\|ft2}} below the penthouse. Eichner originally intended to occupy a penthouse apartment atop CitySpire,{{Cite news \|last\=Moss \|first\=Michael \|date\=March 30, 1989 \|title\=Board to Vote on CitySpire Deal \|pages\=6, \[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83990839/cityspire/ 47] \|work\=Newsday \|via\=newspapers.com \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83990677/board\-to\-vote\-on\-cityspire\-deal/ \|access\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|archive\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823170813/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83990677/board\-to\-vote\-on\-cityspire\-deal/ \|url\-status\=live}} but he ended up never living in the unit. The penthouse was instead purchased in 1993 by real estate developer Steven Klar for about $4\.5 million as a "raw space"; it covers floors 72 through 75, though floor 72 is a guest suite.{{Cite news \|last\=Barrionuevo \|first\=Alexei \|date\=July 27, 2012 \|title\=Reaching for $100 Million \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/realestate/exclusive\-reaching\-for\-100\-million\-at\-cityspire.html \|access\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003455/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/realestate/exclusive\-reaching\-for\-100\-million\-at\-cityspire.html \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|last\=Galante \|first\=Meredith \|date\=July 30, 2012 \|title\=House of the Day: At $100 Million, An Octagon\-Shaped Penthouse In Midtown Is The New Most Expensive Listing In New York City \|url\=https://www.businessinsider.com/100\-million\-octogon\-shaped\-apartment\-at\-cityspire\-2012\-7 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|website\=Business Insider \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003453/https://www.businessinsider.com/100\-million\-octogon\-shaped\-apartment\-at\-cityspire\-2012\-7}} Klar had hired [Juan Pablo Molyneux](/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Molyneux "Juan Pablo Molyneux") to redesign the penthouse over two and a half years. The penthouse, covering {{Convert\|8000\|ft2}}, has six bedrooms and nine bathrooms, as well as three terraces.{{Cite web \|last\=Samtani \|first\=Hiten \|date\=May 16, 2013 \|title\=CitySpire triplex resurfaces as NYC's priciest owner sale ever \|url\=https://therealdeal.com/2013/05/16/cityspire\-penthouse\-resurfaces\-as\-nycs\-priciest\-fsbo/ \|access\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|website\=The Real Deal New York \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003455/https://therealdeal.com/2013/05/16/cityspire\-penthouse\-resurfaces\-as\-nycs\-priciest\-fsbo/ \|url\-status\=live}} The master bedroom takes up an entire story, while the master bathroom has green marble cladding as well as bronze and mahogany fixtures. The penthouse also has a classical\-columned foyer, a large dining room with a chandelier, a wine closet with space for 1,000 bottles, and a private elevator. Molyneux personally disliked the design, calling it a "horror",{{cite web \|last\=Hogarty \|first\=Dave \|date\=August 31, 2012 \|title\=Is The $100M City Spire Penthouse an Embarrassing Horror? \|url\=https://ny.curbed.com/2012/8/31/10333486/is\-the\-100m\-city\-spire\-penthouse\-an\-embarrassing\-horror \|access\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|website\=Curbed NY \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003456/https://ny.curbed.com/2012/8/31/10333486/is\-the\-100m\-city\-spire\-penthouse\-an\-embarrassing\-horror \|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news \|last\=Barrionuevo \|first\=Alexei \|date\=August 30, 2012 \|title\=The Torment of High\-End Decorators \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/02/realestate/the\-torment\-of\-high\-end\-decorators.html \|access\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003452/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/02/realestate/the\-torment\-of\-high\-end\-decorators.html \|url\-status\=live}} though this was apparently because Molyneux actually never saw the design in person, having been dismissed before the design was completed. When CitySpire was built, it was advertised with amenities such as the SpireCard, a charge account to which each resident could request a luxury service for a fee.{{Cite news \|last\=Tuohy \|first\=Theesa \|date\=June 13, 1987 \|title\=The Stars Are Coming Out To Push Condos, Co\-ops \|pages\=63 \|work\=Newsday \|via\=newspapers.com \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84020269/the\-stars\-are\-coming\-out\-to\-push/ \|access\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|archive\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824001733/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84020269/the\-stars\-are\-coming\-out\-to\-push/ \|url\-status\=live}} It was also advertised with a media room containing a large\-screen TV; a lounge with bar; and a business center with [stock quote](/wiki/Ticker_tape "Ticker tape") and [telex](/wiki/Telex "Telex") machines.{{Cite news \|last\=Catalano \|first\=Joe \|date\=March 21, 1987 \|title\=Buildings Have More in Common \|pages\=69 \|work\=Newsday \|via\=newspapers.com \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84048159/buildings\-have\-more\-in\-common/ \|access\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|archive\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152237/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84048159/buildings\-have\-more\-in\-common/ \|url\-status\=live}} The modern amenities include a party and conference rooms, play area, and fitness center with pool.
[ "Architecture\n------------", "CitySpire (also known as CitySpire Center{{Cite web \\|title\\=CitySpire Center \\|url\\=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/114433/cityspire\\-center\\-new\\-york\\-city\\-ny\\-usa \\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2021 \\|publisher\\=Emporis \\|archive\\-date\\=September 29, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929161251/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id\\=cityspirecenter\\-newyorkcity\\-ny\\-usa \\|url\\-status\\=usurped}}) was designed by [Murphy/Jahn](/wiki/Murphy/Jahn \"Murphy/Jahn\") and developed by [Ian Bruce Eichner](/wiki/Ian_Bruce_Eichner \"Ian Bruce Eichner\").{{cite web \\|date\\=April 7, 2016 \\|title\\=CitySpire \\- The Skyscraper Center \\|url\\=http://skyscrapercenter.info/building/cityspire/895 \\|access\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|website\\=The Skyscraper Center \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003454/http://skyscrapercenter.info/building/cityspire/895 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{harvnb\\|Stern\\|Fishman\\|Tilove\\|2006\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=632}} It was constructed by [Tishman Realty \\& Construction](/wiki/Tishman_Realty_%26_Construction \"Tishman Realty & Construction\"), with Robert Rosenwasser Associates as structural engineer.{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Donaldson \\|first\\=Barry \\|date\\=Jul 1987 \\|title\\=Stone: New technology and design \\|url\\=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR\\-1987\\-07\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Architectural Record \\|volume\\=175 \\|pages\\=144 \\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825182553/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR\\-1987\\-07\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live}} CitySpire is {{convert\\|814\\|ft}} tall with 75 above\\-ground levels and two basement stories; the concrete frame reaches a height of {{convert\\|800\\|ft}}.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Žaknić \\|first1\\=Ivan \\|title\\=100 of the world's tallest buildings \\|last2\\=Smith \\|first2\\=Matthew \\|last3\\=Rice \\|first3\\=Dolores B. \\|author4\\=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat \\|date\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=Gingko Press \\|isbn\\=3\\-927258\\-60\\-1 \\|publication\\-place\\=Corte Madera, CA \\|page\\=112 \\|oclc\\=40110184}} When completed, CitySpire was the second\\-tallest concrete tower in the United States after the [Sears Tower](/wiki/Sears_Tower \"Sears Tower\") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\").{{cite web \\|title\\=CitySpire \\|url\\=https://www.cityrealty.com/nyc/midtown\\-west/cityspire\\-150\\-west\\-56th\\-street/review/4666 \\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2018 \\|publisher\\=CityRealty \\|archive\\-date\\=May 29, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130128/https://www.cityrealty.com/nyc/midtown\\-west/cityspire\\-150\\-west\\-56th\\-street/review/4666 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Form and facade", "[thumb\\|Lower facade detail](/wiki/File:CitySpire_Aug_2021_03.jpg \"CitySpire Aug 2021 03.jpg\")\nCitySpire was designed from the beginning as an octagonal tower with wings on the east and west.{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Sachner \\|first\\=Paul M. \\|date\\=Jan 1985 \\|title\\=Redefining the Manhattan skyline: Three new projects by Murphy/Jahn \\|url\\=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR\\-1985\\-01\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Architectural Record \\|volume\\=173 \\|pages\\=57 \\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824223010/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR\\-1985\\-01\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live}} CitySpire has three [setbacks](/wiki/Setback_%28architecture%29 \"Setback (architecture)\") on the east and west they are placed at the 23rd, 46th, and 62nd floors.{{cite magazine \\|date\\=Oct 1990 \\|title\\=Cityspire, New York City \\|url\\=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR\\-1990\\-10\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Architectural Record \\|volume\\=178 \\|pages\\=107 \\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184953/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR\\-1990\\-10\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Most of the building is no more than {{convert\\|80\\|ft}} wide. Because the building is so narrow, the upper stories sometimes sway during heavy storms.{{cite book \\|last\\=Stichweh \\|first\\=Dirk \\|title\\=New York Skyscrapers \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Prestel Publishing]] \\|year\\=2016 \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-7913\\-8226\\-5 \\|page\\=181 \\|oclc\\=923852487}}", "As proposed, the main shaft of the tower was to be clad in stone, while the wings were to be made of glass. The facade is made of Sardinian \"luna pearl\" that is cut into {{Convert\\|13/16\\|in\\|adj\\=on}} slabs, measuring about {{Convert\\|15\\|lb/ft2}}. Each slab is attached to the aluminum [curtain wall](/wiki/Curtain_wall_%28architecture%29 \"Curtain wall (architecture)\") frame on all sides, supported only by the curtain wall. The stone panels are entirely prefabricated and are insulated with [fiberglass](/wiki/Fiberglass \"Fiberglass\") panels measuring {{Convert\\|2\\+5/8\\|in}} thick, along with [neoprene](/wiki/Neoprene \"Neoprene\") gaskets and silicone [caulk](/wiki/Caulk \"Caulk\"). The setbacks at the 46th and 62nd floors were designed with [parapets](/wiki/Parapet \"Parapet\") of steel and concrete, which were reduced in size as part of a 1988 lawsuit settlement concerning the building's height.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Dunlap \\|first\\=David W. \\|date\\=April 20, 1988 \\|title\\=Pact Reached On Skyscraper Built Too Tall \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/20/nyregion/pact\\-reached\\-on\\-skyscraper\\-built\\-too\\-tall.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823034838/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/20/nyregion/pact\\-reached\\-on\\-skyscraper\\-built\\-too\\-tall.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Eichner disliked the parapets; he suggested that residents on the 46th floor \"can look out at it and know they're looking at a wall instead of Central Park so that Helmut Jahn can rest easy knowing that his 'artistic integrity' is intact.\"{{harvnb\\|Stern\\|Fishman\\|Tilove\\|2006\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=634}}{{harvnb\\|Adler\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=69}}", "The roof has a copper\\-faced dome which, as originally proposed, was supposed to be {{Convert\\|13\\|ft}} tall. When it was ultimately installed in 1988, the dome contained eight steel ribs, each measuring {{Convert\\|20\\|ft}} long and weighing {{Convert\\|700\\|lb}}. Each rib consisted of three sections.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Dunlap \\|first\\=David W. \\|date\\=November 9, 1988 \\|title\\=Cityspire To Dismantle Part of Tower \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/09/nyregion/cityspire\\-to\\-dismantle\\-part\\-of\\-tower.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823170809/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/09/nyregion/cityspire\\-to\\-dismantle\\-part\\-of\\-tower.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The dome itself contains [louvers](/wiki/Louver \"Louver\") and was designed with a green surface.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Gold \\|first\\=Allan R. \\|date\\=December 7, 1990 \\|title\\=A Manhattan Skyscraper Is Told to Stop Whistling \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/07/nyregion/a\\-manhattan\\-skyscraper\\-is\\-told\\-to\\-stop\\-whistling.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824182154/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/07/nyregion/a\\-manhattan\\-skyscraper\\-is\\-told\\-to\\-stop\\-whistling.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} When the dome was constructed, wind created a loud whistling sound when passing through the louvers; this was remedied in 1992 with the removal of alternating panels.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Dunlap \\|first\\=David W. \\|date\\=June 13, 1993 \\|title\\=Whistle Silenced, Cityspire Sales Resume \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/13/realestate/whistle\\-silenced\\-cityspire\\-sales\\-resume.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824182156/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/13/realestate/whistle\\-silenced\\-cityspire\\-sales\\-resume.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=This month in real estate history \\|first\\=Adam \\|last\\=Warner \\|date\\=December 1, 2015 \\|url\\=https://therealdeal.com/issues\\_articles/this\\-month\\-in\\-real\\-estate\\-history\\-101/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|website\\=The Real Deal New York \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825150914/https://therealdeal.com/issues\\_articles/this\\-month\\-in\\-real\\-estate\\-history\\-101/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Paul Sachner of *[Architectural Record](/wiki/Architectural_Record \"Architectural Record\")* initially likened the dome to that of the [Nebraska State Capitol](/wiki/Nebraska_State_Capitol \"Nebraska State Capitol\"), while [Paul Goldberger](/wiki/Paul_Goldberger \"Paul Goldberger\") of *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* said the dome was meant to relate to City Center.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Goldberger \\|first\\=Paul \\|date\\=January 27, 1985 \\|title\\=Architecture View; the Tower Blight Has Struck West 57th Street \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/27/arts/architecture\\-view\\-the\\-tower\\-blight\\-has\\-struck\\-west\\-57th\\-street.html \\|access\\-date\\=November 19, 2020 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 27, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127004014/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/27/arts/architecture\\-view\\-the\\-tower\\-blight\\-has\\-struck\\-west\\-57th\\-street.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Structural features", "The [superstructure](/wiki/Superstructure \"Superstructure\") is made of concrete. Because of CitySpire's mixed\\-use spaces, it contains nine different structural systems, since a unified grid of columns was infeasible for apartment layouts. Further, because Eichner wanted to maximize views of the surrounding city, the wind\\-resisting sections of the superstructure had to be placed in the interior.", "The lower stories, used as offices, were largely designed as a grid of concrete columns, allowing for flexible office layouts. While the lower stories are largely composed of grids of columns, there are also sections of rectangular concrete panels, which are staggered across several levels to create a diagonal [wind brace](/wiki/Wind_brace \"Wind brace\"). The upper stories are designed as a \"shear wall/open tube\" structural system, in which [shear walls](/wiki/Shear_wall \"Shear wall\") extend from the elevator core at the center of the tower, connecting to the outer columns.", "### Interior", "CitySpire has a floor area of around {{Convert\\|830000\\|ft2\\|\\-2}}, and ten elevators rise the height of the building. Before CitySpire was developed, the site was [zoned](/wiki/Zoning \"Zoning\") to only allow a building of around 34 stories without any modifications.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Moritz \\|first\\=Owen \\|date\\=January 13, 1985 \\|title\\=Another tall tale of Manhattan \\|pages\\=188 \\|work\\=New York Daily News \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84015687/another\\-tall\\-tale\\-of\\-manhattan/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|via\\=newspapers.com \\|archive\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823230353/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84015687/another\\-tall\\-tale\\-of\\-manhattan/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Scardino \\|first\\=Albert \\|date\\=February 21, 1986 \\|title\\=Trading Air to Build Towers \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/21/business/trading\\-air\\-to\\-build\\-towers.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823230357/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/21/business/trading\\-air\\-to\\-build\\-towers.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Given the size of the lot, this would have provided up to {{Convert\\|363000\\|ft2}} of space. Eichner obtained unused [air rights](/wiki/Air_rights \"Air rights\") above City Center, which only occupied a small amount of the maximum space allowed for its lot; this allowed a 60\\-story tower. On top of this, Eichner was allowed to increase the building's [floor area ratio](/wiki/Floor_area_ratio \"Floor area ratio\") by 20 percent in exchange for renovating City Center.{{cite news \\|last\\=Tumulty \\|first\\=Karen \\|date\\=May 2, 1989 \\|title\\=Battle for space, light high\\-rises cast shadow over N.Y. \\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|280814454}}}} This amounted to {{Convert\\|128000\\|ft2}} of extra space. These bonuses allowed CitySpire to be more than twice as large as it ordinarily would have been.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Lessley \\|first\\=Sara \\|date\\=September 27, 1986 \\|title\\=Pulling Money From Thin Air \\|pages\\=66, \\[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84017938/air\\-spaces\\-used\\-as\\-building\\-blocks/ 100] \\|work\\=Newsday \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84017871/pulling\\-money\\-from\\-thin\\-air/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|via\\=newspapers.com \\|archive\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824001735/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84017871/pulling\\-money\\-from\\-thin\\-air/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{harvnb\\|Adler\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=24}}", "The interior floor\\-numbering system skips floors 13 and 25, so there are physically only 73 stories, though the top story is numbered 75\\. The lowest 22{{Cite news \\|last\\=McCain \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=1987\\-04\\-19 \\|title\\=Commercial Property: Mixed\\-Use Buildings; The Rocky Marriages of Offices and Apartments \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/19/realestate/commercial\\-property\\-mixed\\-use\\-buildings\\-rocky\\-marriages\\-offices\\-apartments.html \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-27 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152232/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/19/realestate/commercial\\-property\\-mixed\\-use\\-buildings\\-rocky\\-marriages\\-offices\\-apartments.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} or 23 floors of the building are for commercial use.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Satow \\|first\\=Julie \\|date\\=2015\\-01\\-09 \\|title\\=Why the Doorman Is Lonely \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/realestate/new\\-york\\-citys\\-emptiest\\-co\\-ops\\-and\\-condos.html \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825142931/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/realestate/new\\-york\\-citys\\-emptiest\\-co\\-ops\\-and\\-condos.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} There are luxury apartments on the remaining floors,{{efn\\|This is also cited as 50 floors.}} as well as a mechanical story. The building was designed with elaborate details. The attention to detail extended to the elevator buttons, which Jahn redesigned with three buttons to a row when Eichner found two buttons per row to be unpleasing.", "#### Base", "[thumb\\|Pedestrian corridor in the base](/wiki/File:CitySpire_Aug_2021_15.jpg \"CitySpire Aug 2021 15.jpg\")\nA pedestrian arcade between 56th and 55th Streets is included in CitySpire's base as part of its construction.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Saunders \\|first\\=D.J. \\|date\\=April 21, 1988 \\|title\\=A big step for dance companies \\|pages\\=420 \\|work\\=New York Daily News \\|via\\=newspapers.com \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83989400/a\\-big\\-step\\-for\\-dance\\-companies/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823170815/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83989400/a\\-big\\-step\\-for\\-dance\\-companies/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The arcade is one of nine passageways that form [6½ Avenue](/wiki/6%C2%BD_Avenue \"6½ Avenue\"), a set of full\\-block passageways from [51st](/wiki/51st_Street_%28Manhattan%29 \"51st Street (Manhattan)\") to 57th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues. It was built as a \"through\\-block connection\" under the Special Midtown District, created in 1982\\.{{harvnb\\|Stern\\|Fishman\\|Tilove\\|2006\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=625}} The connection itself was not opened until 1997, several years after the building opened; the delay was largely due to the building's foreclosure and other disputes in the early 1990s.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Dunlap \\|first\\=David W. \\|date\\=September 27, 1992 \\|title\\=Remaking Spaces for Public Use \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/27/realestate/remaking\\-spaces\\-for\\-public\\-use.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 16, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416032348/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/27/realestate/remaking\\-spaces\\-for\\-public\\-use.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The arcade, designed by [Brennan Beer Gorman](/wiki/Brennan_Beer_Gorman \"Brennan Beer Gorman\"), consists of marble and granite walls as well as a {{Convert\\|25\\|ft\\|adj\\=on}} ceiling.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Dunlap \\|first\\=David W. \\|date\\=August 13, 1997 \\|title\\=Midtown, Midblock Walkway Nears Completion \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/13/nyregion/midtown\\-midblock\\-walkway\\-nears\\-completion.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824234224/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/13/nyregion/midtown\\-midblock\\-walkway\\-nears\\-completion.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Kayden \\|first\\=Jerold S. \\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-31 \\|title\\=156 West 56th Street \\|url\\=https://apops.mas.org/pops/m050074/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|website\\=Privately Owned Public Space (APOPS) \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825142937/https://apops.mas.org/pops/m050074/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The passageway is decorated in an [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_Deco \"Art Deco\")\\-inspired style, with theater posters on the walls.{{cite web \\|date\\=2013\\-02\\-28 \\|title\\=Midtown Arcades: 6 1/2 Avenue and other POPS \\|url\\=https://untappedcities.com/2013/02/28/midtown\\-arcades\\-pops/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|website\\=Untapped New York \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825142944/https://untappedcities.com/2013/02/28/midtown\\-arcades\\-pops/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The space has recessed lights on the ceiling and lights on the walls, but there is no seating since the passageway was designed merely for pedestrian movement.", "The office and residential lobbies are separate from each other.{{cite web \\|title\\=CitySpire \\- Commercial Real Estate NYC \\|url\\=https://tishmanspeyer.com/properties/cityspire \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|website\\=Tishman Speyer \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825142934/https://tishmanspeyer.com/properties/cityspire \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The residential lobby at 150 West 56th Street has a domed ceiling as well as wooden paneling. The office portion of CitySpire has the address 156 West 56th Street. There is also a bar called Carnegie Club{{cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-02\\-20 \\|title\\=The Carnegie Club \\- The Thousand Best \\|url\\=https://nymag.com/listings/bar/the\\-carnegie\\-club/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|website\\=New York Magazine \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825173516/https://nymag.com/listings/bar/the\\-carnegie\\-club/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} (originally Carnegie Bar and Books). The bar, on the ground floor, has a ceiling {{Convert\\|25\\|ft}} high with an overhanging mezzanine.{{Cite news \\|date\\=1997\\-06\\-01 \\|title\\=On West 56th, Another Pub That Blends Books and Beer \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/01/nyregion/new\\-yorkers\\-co\\-359521\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825173519/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/01/nyregion/new\\-yorkers\\-co\\-359521\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} A garage and cafe was also included in the base. The building was planned with {{Convert\\|305000\\|ft2}} of office space. Each of the office stories typically measures {{Convert\\|193\\|by\\|80\\|ft}}, with polygonal cutouts at each corner.", "#### Tower", "The building was proposed with 355 luxury residential [condominiums](/wiki/Condominium_%28living_space%29 \"Condominium (living space)\"), but it was completed with 339 or 340 condos. According to the [New York City Department of City Planning](/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_City_Planning \"New York City Department of City Planning\"), there are 340 condominiums in the entire building, of which 337 are residential units. About 100 of the apartments were built with one bedroom, with the rest having multiple bedrooms.{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Sommerfield \\|first\\=Frank \\|date\\=August 31, 1987 \\|title\\=Cityspire's Hard Sell Falls Short \\|volume\\=3 \\|issue\\=35 \\|page\\=1 \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|219160512}}\\|journal\\=Crain's New York Business}} Many of the residential units are separated from each other by the building's shear walls. Due to the setbacks on the exterior, floors 47 through 61 typically measure {{Convert\\|157\\|by\\|80\\|ft}}, while floors 63 through 69 are an octagon measuring 80 feet across.", "The apartments at CitySpire vary in size and arrangement, though many of the units contain {{Convert\\|20\\|ft\\|4\\=\\-wide\\|adj\\=mid}} terraces. For instance, one studio apartment has a living room, kitchen, and terrace. Some of the one\\-bedroom units also have living and dining rooms with angled walls. In some of the two\\-bedroom units, there is a foyer with a living/dining room, kitchens, and bedrooms leading off it. There are also duplex units with kitchens, living rooms, and dining rooms on the lower tier, as well as bedrooms on the upper tiers. One of the larger duplexes, on floors 65/66, has four bedrooms; a living/dining area with a library and breakfast area; a family room; and a terrace measuring {{Convert\\|44\\|by\\|36\\|ft}}. On upper floors, the units tend to be larger, reaching {{convert\\|2200\\|ft2}} below the penthouse.", "Eichner originally intended to occupy a penthouse apartment atop CitySpire,{{Cite news \\|last\\=Moss \\|first\\=Michael \\|date\\=March 30, 1989 \\|title\\=Board to Vote on CitySpire Deal \\|pages\\=6, \\[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83990839/cityspire/ 47] \\|work\\=Newsday \\|via\\=newspapers.com \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83990677/board\\-to\\-vote\\-on\\-cityspire\\-deal/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823170813/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83990677/board\\-to\\-vote\\-on\\-cityspire\\-deal/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} but he ended up never living in the unit. The penthouse was instead purchased in 1993 by real estate developer Steven Klar for about $4\\.5 million as a \"raw space\"; it covers floors 72 through 75, though floor 72 is a guest suite.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Barrionuevo \\|first\\=Alexei \\|date\\=July 27, 2012 \\|title\\=Reaching for $100 Million \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/realestate/exclusive\\-reaching\\-for\\-100\\-million\\-at\\-cityspire.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003455/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/realestate/exclusive\\-reaching\\-for\\-100\\-million\\-at\\-cityspire.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Galante \\|first\\=Meredith \\|date\\=July 30, 2012 \\|title\\=House of the Day: At $100 Million, An Octagon\\-Shaped Penthouse In Midtown Is The New Most Expensive Listing In New York City \\|url\\=https://www.businessinsider.com/100\\-million\\-octogon\\-shaped\\-apartment\\-at\\-cityspire\\-2012\\-7 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|website\\=Business Insider \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003453/https://www.businessinsider.com/100\\-million\\-octogon\\-shaped\\-apartment\\-at\\-cityspire\\-2012\\-7}} Klar had hired [Juan Pablo Molyneux](/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Molyneux \"Juan Pablo Molyneux\") to redesign the penthouse over two and a half years. The penthouse, covering {{Convert\\|8000\\|ft2}}, has six bedrooms and nine bathrooms, as well as three terraces.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Samtani \\|first\\=Hiten \\|date\\=May 16, 2013 \\|title\\=CitySpire triplex resurfaces as NYC's priciest owner sale ever \\|url\\=https://therealdeal.com/2013/05/16/cityspire\\-penthouse\\-resurfaces\\-as\\-nycs\\-priciest\\-fsbo/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|website\\=The Real Deal New York \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003455/https://therealdeal.com/2013/05/16/cityspire\\-penthouse\\-resurfaces\\-as\\-nycs\\-priciest\\-fsbo/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The master bedroom takes up an entire story, while the master bathroom has green marble cladding as well as bronze and mahogany fixtures. The penthouse also has a classical\\-columned foyer, a large dining room with a chandelier, a wine closet with space for 1,000 bottles, and a private elevator. Molyneux personally disliked the design, calling it a \"horror\",{{cite web \\|last\\=Hogarty \\|first\\=Dave \\|date\\=August 31, 2012 \\|title\\=Is The $100M City Spire Penthouse an Embarrassing Horror? \\|url\\=https://ny.curbed.com/2012/8/31/10333486/is\\-the\\-100m\\-city\\-spire\\-penthouse\\-an\\-embarrassing\\-horror \\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|website\\=Curbed NY \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003456/https://ny.curbed.com/2012/8/31/10333486/is\\-the\\-100m\\-city\\-spire\\-penthouse\\-an\\-embarrassing\\-horror \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Barrionuevo \\|first\\=Alexei \\|date\\=August 30, 2012 \\|title\\=The Torment of High\\-End Decorators \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/02/realestate/the\\-torment\\-of\\-high\\-end\\-decorators.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003452/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/02/realestate/the\\-torment\\-of\\-high\\-end\\-decorators.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} though this was apparently because Molyneux actually never saw the design in person, having been dismissed before the design was completed.", "When CitySpire was built, it was advertised with amenities such as the SpireCard, a charge account to which each resident could request a luxury service for a fee.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Tuohy \\|first\\=Theesa \\|date\\=June 13, 1987 \\|title\\=The Stars Are Coming Out To Push Condos, Co\\-ops \\|pages\\=63 \\|work\\=Newsday \\|via\\=newspapers.com \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84020269/the\\-stars\\-are\\-coming\\-out\\-to\\-push/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824001733/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84020269/the\\-stars\\-are\\-coming\\-out\\-to\\-push/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} It was also advertised with a media room containing a large\\-screen TV; a lounge with bar; and a business center with [stock quote](/wiki/Ticker_tape \"Ticker tape\") and [telex](/wiki/Telex \"Telex\") machines.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Catalano \\|first\\=Joe \\|date\\=March 21, 1987 \\|title\\=Buildings Have More in Common \\|pages\\=69 \\|work\\=Newsday \\|via\\=newspapers.com \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84048159/buildings\\-have\\-more\\-in\\-common/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152237/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84048159/buildings\\-have\\-more\\-in\\-common/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The modern amenities include a party and conference rooms, play area, and fitness center with pool.", "" ]
### Interior CitySpire has a floor area of around {{Convert\|830000\|ft2\|\-2}}, and ten elevators rise the height of the building. Before CitySpire was developed, the site was [zoned](/wiki/Zoning "Zoning") to only allow a building of around 34 stories without any modifications.{{Cite news \|last\=Moritz \|first\=Owen \|date\=January 13, 1985 \|title\=Another tall tale of Manhattan \|pages\=188 \|work\=New York Daily News \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84015687/another\-tall\-tale\-of\-manhattan/ \|access\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|via\=newspapers.com \|archive\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823230353/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84015687/another\-tall\-tale\-of\-manhattan/ \|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news \|last\=Scardino \|first\=Albert \|date\=February 21, 1986 \|title\=Trading Air to Build Towers \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/21/business/trading\-air\-to\-build\-towers.html \|access\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823230357/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/21/business/trading\-air\-to\-build\-towers.html \|url\-status\=live}} Given the size of the lot, this would have provided up to {{Convert\|363000\|ft2}} of space. Eichner obtained unused [air rights](/wiki/Air_rights "Air rights") above City Center, which only occupied a small amount of the maximum space allowed for its lot; this allowed a 60\-story tower. On top of this, Eichner was allowed to increase the building's [floor area ratio](/wiki/Floor_area_ratio "Floor area ratio") by 20 percent in exchange for renovating City Center.{{cite news \|last\=Tumulty \|first\=Karen \|date\=May 2, 1989 \|title\=Battle for space, light high\-rises cast shadow over N.Y. \|work\=Los Angeles Times \|id\={{ProQuest\|280814454}}}} This amounted to {{Convert\|128000\|ft2}} of extra space. These bonuses allowed CitySpire to be more than twice as large as it ordinarily would have been.{{Cite news \|last\=Lessley \|first\=Sara \|date\=September 27, 1986 \|title\=Pulling Money From Thin Air \|pages\=66, \[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84017938/air\-spaces\-used\-as\-building\-blocks/ 100] \|work\=Newsday \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84017871/pulling\-money\-from\-thin\-air/ \|access\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|via\=newspapers.com \|archive\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824001735/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84017871/pulling\-money\-from\-thin\-air/ \|url\-status\=live}}{{harvnb\|Adler\|1993\|ps\=.\|p\=24}} The interior floor\-numbering system skips floors 13 and 25, so there are physically only 73 stories, though the top story is numbered 75\. The lowest 22{{Cite news \|last\=McCain \|first\=Mark \|date\=1987\-04\-19 \|title\=Commercial Property: Mixed\-Use Buildings; The Rocky Marriages of Offices and Apartments \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/19/realestate/commercial\-property\-mixed\-use\-buildings\-rocky\-marriages\-offices\-apartments.html \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-27 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152232/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/19/realestate/commercial\-property\-mixed\-use\-buildings\-rocky\-marriages\-offices\-apartments.html \|url\-status\=live}} or 23 floors of the building are for commercial use.{{Cite news \|last\=Satow \|first\=Julie \|date\=2015\-01\-09 \|title\=Why the Doorman Is Lonely \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/realestate/new\-york\-citys\-emptiest\-co\-ops\-and\-condos.html \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825142931/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/realestate/new\-york\-citys\-emptiest\-co\-ops\-and\-condos.html \|url\-status\=live}} There are luxury apartments on the remaining floors,{{efn\|This is also cited as 50 floors.}} as well as a mechanical story. The building was designed with elaborate details. The attention to detail extended to the elevator buttons, which Jahn redesigned with three buttons to a row when Eichner found two buttons per row to be unpleasing. #### Base [thumb\|Pedestrian corridor in the base](/wiki/File:CitySpire_Aug_2021_15.jpg "CitySpire Aug 2021 15.jpg") A pedestrian arcade between 56th and 55th Streets is included in CitySpire's base as part of its construction.{{Cite news \|last\=Saunders \|first\=D.J. \|date\=April 21, 1988 \|title\=A big step for dance companies \|pages\=420 \|work\=New York Daily News \|via\=newspapers.com \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83989400/a\-big\-step\-for\-dance\-companies/ \|access\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|archive\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823170815/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83989400/a\-big\-step\-for\-dance\-companies/ \|url\-status\=live}} The arcade is one of nine passageways that form [6½ Avenue](/wiki/6%C2%BD_Avenue "6½ Avenue"), a set of full\-block passageways from [51st](/wiki/51st_Street_%28Manhattan%29 "51st Street (Manhattan)") to 57th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues. It was built as a "through\-block connection" under the Special Midtown District, created in 1982\.{{harvnb\|Stern\|Fishman\|Tilove\|2006\|ps\=.\|p\=625}} The connection itself was not opened until 1997, several years after the building opened; the delay was largely due to the building's foreclosure and other disputes in the early 1990s.{{Cite news \|last\=Dunlap \|first\=David W. \|date\=September 27, 1992 \|title\=Remaking Spaces for Public Use \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/27/realestate/remaking\-spaces\-for\-public\-use.html \|access\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=April 16, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416032348/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/27/realestate/remaking\-spaces\-for\-public\-use.html \|url\-status\=live}} The arcade, designed by [Brennan Beer Gorman](/wiki/Brennan_Beer_Gorman "Brennan Beer Gorman"), consists of marble and granite walls as well as a {{Convert\|25\|ft\|adj\=on}} ceiling.{{Cite news \|last\=Dunlap \|first\=David W. \|date\=August 13, 1997 \|title\=Midtown, Midblock Walkway Nears Completion \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/13/nyregion/midtown\-midblock\-walkway\-nears\-completion.html \|access\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824234224/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/13/nyregion/midtown\-midblock\-walkway\-nears\-completion.html \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|last\=Kayden \|first\=Jerold S. \|date\=2016\-03\-31 \|title\=156 West 56th Street \|url\=https://apops.mas.org/pops/m050074/ \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|website\=Privately Owned Public Space (APOPS) \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825142937/https://apops.mas.org/pops/m050074/ \|url\-status\=live}} The passageway is decorated in an [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_Deco "Art Deco")\-inspired style, with theater posters on the walls.{{cite web \|date\=2013\-02\-28 \|title\=Midtown Arcades: 6 1/2 Avenue and other POPS \|url\=https://untappedcities.com/2013/02/28/midtown\-arcades\-pops/ \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|website\=Untapped New York \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825142944/https://untappedcities.com/2013/02/28/midtown\-arcades\-pops/ \|url\-status\=live}} The space has recessed lights on the ceiling and lights on the walls, but there is no seating since the passageway was designed merely for pedestrian movement. The office and residential lobbies are separate from each other.{{cite web \|title\=CitySpire \- Commercial Real Estate NYC \|url\=https://tishmanspeyer.com/properties/cityspire \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|website\=Tishman Speyer \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825142934/https://tishmanspeyer.com/properties/cityspire \|url\-status\=live}} The residential lobby at 150 West 56th Street has a domed ceiling as well as wooden paneling. The office portion of CitySpire has the address 156 West 56th Street. There is also a bar called Carnegie Club{{cite web \|date\=2019\-02\-20 \|title\=The Carnegie Club \- The Thousand Best \|url\=https://nymag.com/listings/bar/the\-carnegie\-club/ \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|website\=New York Magazine \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825173516/https://nymag.com/listings/bar/the\-carnegie\-club/ \|url\-status\=live}} (originally Carnegie Bar and Books). The bar, on the ground floor, has a ceiling {{Convert\|25\|ft}} high with an overhanging mezzanine.{{Cite news \|date\=1997\-06\-01 \|title\=On West 56th, Another Pub That Blends Books and Beer \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/01/nyregion/new\-yorkers\-co\-359521\.html \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825173519/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/01/nyregion/new\-yorkers\-co\-359521\.html \|url\-status\=live}} A garage and cafe was also included in the base. The building was planned with {{Convert\|305000\|ft2}} of office space. Each of the office stories typically measures {{Convert\|193\|by\|80\|ft}}, with polygonal cutouts at each corner. #### Tower The building was proposed with 355 luxury residential [condominiums](/wiki/Condominium_%28living_space%29 "Condominium (living space)"), but it was completed with 339 or 340 condos. According to the [New York City Department of City Planning](/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_City_Planning "New York City Department of City Planning"), there are 340 condominiums in the entire building, of which 337 are residential units. About 100 of the apartments were built with one bedroom, with the rest having multiple bedrooms.{{cite magazine \|last\=Sommerfield \|first\=Frank \|date\=August 31, 1987 \|title\=Cityspire's Hard Sell Falls Short \|volume\=3 \|issue\=35 \|page\=1 \|id\={{ProQuest\|219160512}}\|journal\=Crain's New York Business}} Many of the residential units are separated from each other by the building's shear walls. Due to the setbacks on the exterior, floors 47 through 61 typically measure {{Convert\|157\|by\|80\|ft}}, while floors 63 through 69 are an octagon measuring 80 feet across. The apartments at CitySpire vary in size and arrangement, though many of the units contain {{Convert\|20\|ft\|4\=\-wide\|adj\=mid}} terraces. For instance, one studio apartment has a living room, kitchen, and terrace. Some of the one\-bedroom units also have living and dining rooms with angled walls. In some of the two\-bedroom units, there is a foyer with a living/dining room, kitchens, and bedrooms leading off it. There are also duplex units with kitchens, living rooms, and dining rooms on the lower tier, as well as bedrooms on the upper tiers. One of the larger duplexes, on floors 65/66, has four bedrooms; a living/dining area with a library and breakfast area; a family room; and a terrace measuring {{Convert\|44\|by\|36\|ft}}. On upper floors, the units tend to be larger, reaching {{convert\|2200\|ft2}} below the penthouse. Eichner originally intended to occupy a penthouse apartment atop CitySpire,{{Cite news \|last\=Moss \|first\=Michael \|date\=March 30, 1989 \|title\=Board to Vote on CitySpire Deal \|pages\=6, \[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83990839/cityspire/ 47] \|work\=Newsday \|via\=newspapers.com \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83990677/board\-to\-vote\-on\-cityspire\-deal/ \|access\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|archive\-date\=August 23, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823170813/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83990677/board\-to\-vote\-on\-cityspire\-deal/ \|url\-status\=live}} but he ended up never living in the unit. The penthouse was instead purchased in 1993 by real estate developer Steven Klar for about $4\.5 million as a "raw space"; it covers floors 72 through 75, though floor 72 is a guest suite.{{Cite news \|last\=Barrionuevo \|first\=Alexei \|date\=July 27, 2012 \|title\=Reaching for $100 Million \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/realestate/exclusive\-reaching\-for\-100\-million\-at\-cityspire.html \|access\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003455/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/realestate/exclusive\-reaching\-for\-100\-million\-at\-cityspire.html \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|last\=Galante \|first\=Meredith \|date\=July 30, 2012 \|title\=House of the Day: At $100 Million, An Octagon\-Shaped Penthouse In Midtown Is The New Most Expensive Listing In New York City \|url\=https://www.businessinsider.com/100\-million\-octogon\-shaped\-apartment\-at\-cityspire\-2012\-7 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|website\=Business Insider \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003453/https://www.businessinsider.com/100\-million\-octogon\-shaped\-apartment\-at\-cityspire\-2012\-7}} Klar had hired [Juan Pablo Molyneux](/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Molyneux "Juan Pablo Molyneux") to redesign the penthouse over two and a half years. The penthouse, covering {{Convert\|8000\|ft2}}, has six bedrooms and nine bathrooms, as well as three terraces.{{Cite web \|last\=Samtani \|first\=Hiten \|date\=May 16, 2013 \|title\=CitySpire triplex resurfaces as NYC's priciest owner sale ever \|url\=https://therealdeal.com/2013/05/16/cityspire\-penthouse\-resurfaces\-as\-nycs\-priciest\-fsbo/ \|access\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|website\=The Real Deal New York \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003455/https://therealdeal.com/2013/05/16/cityspire\-penthouse\-resurfaces\-as\-nycs\-priciest\-fsbo/ \|url\-status\=live}} The master bedroom takes up an entire story, while the master bathroom has green marble cladding as well as bronze and mahogany fixtures. The penthouse also has a classical\-columned foyer, a large dining room with a chandelier, a wine closet with space for 1,000 bottles, and a private elevator. Molyneux personally disliked the design, calling it a "horror",{{cite web \|last\=Hogarty \|first\=Dave \|date\=August 31, 2012 \|title\=Is The $100M City Spire Penthouse an Embarrassing Horror? \|url\=https://ny.curbed.com/2012/8/31/10333486/is\-the\-100m\-city\-spire\-penthouse\-an\-embarrassing\-horror \|access\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|website\=Curbed NY \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003456/https://ny.curbed.com/2012/8/31/10333486/is\-the\-100m\-city\-spire\-penthouse\-an\-embarrassing\-horror \|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news \|last\=Barrionuevo \|first\=Alexei \|date\=August 30, 2012 \|title\=The Torment of High\-End Decorators \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/02/realestate/the\-torment\-of\-high\-end\-decorators.html \|access\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003452/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/02/realestate/the\-torment\-of\-high\-end\-decorators.html \|url\-status\=live}} though this was apparently because Molyneux actually never saw the design in person, having been dismissed before the design was completed. When CitySpire was built, it was advertised with amenities such as the SpireCard, a charge account to which each resident could request a luxury service for a fee.{{Cite news \|last\=Tuohy \|first\=Theesa \|date\=June 13, 1987 \|title\=The Stars Are Coming Out To Push Condos, Co\-ops \|pages\=63 \|work\=Newsday \|via\=newspapers.com \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84020269/the\-stars\-are\-coming\-out\-to\-push/ \|access\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|archive\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824001733/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84020269/the\-stars\-are\-coming\-out\-to\-push/ \|url\-status\=live}} It was also advertised with a media room containing a large\-screen TV; a lounge with bar; and a business center with [stock quote](/wiki/Ticker_tape "Ticker tape") and [telex](/wiki/Telex "Telex") machines.{{Cite news \|last\=Catalano \|first\=Joe \|date\=March 21, 1987 \|title\=Buildings Have More in Common \|pages\=69 \|work\=Newsday \|via\=newspapers.com \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84048159/buildings\-have\-more\-in\-common/ \|access\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|archive\-date\=August 24, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152237/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84048159/buildings\-have\-more\-in\-common/ \|url\-status\=live}} The modern amenities include a party and conference rooms, play area, and fitness center with pool.
[ "### Interior", "CitySpire has a floor area of around {{Convert\\|830000\\|ft2\\|\\-2}}, and ten elevators rise the height of the building. Before CitySpire was developed, the site was [zoned](/wiki/Zoning \"Zoning\") to only allow a building of around 34 stories without any modifications.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Moritz \\|first\\=Owen \\|date\\=January 13, 1985 \\|title\\=Another tall tale of Manhattan \\|pages\\=188 \\|work\\=New York Daily News \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84015687/another\\-tall\\-tale\\-of\\-manhattan/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|via\\=newspapers.com \\|archive\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823230353/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84015687/another\\-tall\\-tale\\-of\\-manhattan/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Scardino \\|first\\=Albert \\|date\\=February 21, 1986 \\|title\\=Trading Air to Build Towers \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/21/business/trading\\-air\\-to\\-build\\-towers.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823230357/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/21/business/trading\\-air\\-to\\-build\\-towers.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Given the size of the lot, this would have provided up to {{Convert\\|363000\\|ft2}} of space. Eichner obtained unused [air rights](/wiki/Air_rights \"Air rights\") above City Center, which only occupied a small amount of the maximum space allowed for its lot; this allowed a 60\\-story tower. On top of this, Eichner was allowed to increase the building's [floor area ratio](/wiki/Floor_area_ratio \"Floor area ratio\") by 20 percent in exchange for renovating City Center.{{cite news \\|last\\=Tumulty \\|first\\=Karen \\|date\\=May 2, 1989 \\|title\\=Battle for space, light high\\-rises cast shadow over N.Y. \\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|280814454}}}} This amounted to {{Convert\\|128000\\|ft2}} of extra space. These bonuses allowed CitySpire to be more than twice as large as it ordinarily would have been.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Lessley \\|first\\=Sara \\|date\\=September 27, 1986 \\|title\\=Pulling Money From Thin Air \\|pages\\=66, \\[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84017938/air\\-spaces\\-used\\-as\\-building\\-blocks/ 100] \\|work\\=Newsday \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84017871/pulling\\-money\\-from\\-thin\\-air/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|via\\=newspapers.com \\|archive\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824001735/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84017871/pulling\\-money\\-from\\-thin\\-air/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{harvnb\\|Adler\\|1993\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=24}}", "The interior floor\\-numbering system skips floors 13 and 25, so there are physically only 73 stories, though the top story is numbered 75\\. The lowest 22{{Cite news \\|last\\=McCain \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=1987\\-04\\-19 \\|title\\=Commercial Property: Mixed\\-Use Buildings; The Rocky Marriages of Offices and Apartments \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/19/realestate/commercial\\-property\\-mixed\\-use\\-buildings\\-rocky\\-marriages\\-offices\\-apartments.html \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-27 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152232/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/19/realestate/commercial\\-property\\-mixed\\-use\\-buildings\\-rocky\\-marriages\\-offices\\-apartments.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} or 23 floors of the building are for commercial use.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Satow \\|first\\=Julie \\|date\\=2015\\-01\\-09 \\|title\\=Why the Doorman Is Lonely \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/realestate/new\\-york\\-citys\\-emptiest\\-co\\-ops\\-and\\-condos.html \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825142931/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/realestate/new\\-york\\-citys\\-emptiest\\-co\\-ops\\-and\\-condos.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} There are luxury apartments on the remaining floors,{{efn\\|This is also cited as 50 floors.}} as well as a mechanical story. The building was designed with elaborate details. The attention to detail extended to the elevator buttons, which Jahn redesigned with three buttons to a row when Eichner found two buttons per row to be unpleasing.", "#### Base", "[thumb\\|Pedestrian corridor in the base](/wiki/File:CitySpire_Aug_2021_15.jpg \"CitySpire Aug 2021 15.jpg\")\nA pedestrian arcade between 56th and 55th Streets is included in CitySpire's base as part of its construction.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Saunders \\|first\\=D.J. \\|date\\=April 21, 1988 \\|title\\=A big step for dance companies \\|pages\\=420 \\|work\\=New York Daily News \\|via\\=newspapers.com \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83989400/a\\-big\\-step\\-for\\-dance\\-companies/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823170815/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83989400/a\\-big\\-step\\-for\\-dance\\-companies/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The arcade is one of nine passageways that form [6½ Avenue](/wiki/6%C2%BD_Avenue \"6½ Avenue\"), a set of full\\-block passageways from [51st](/wiki/51st_Street_%28Manhattan%29 \"51st Street (Manhattan)\") to 57th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues. It was built as a \"through\\-block connection\" under the Special Midtown District, created in 1982\\.{{harvnb\\|Stern\\|Fishman\\|Tilove\\|2006\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=625}} The connection itself was not opened until 1997, several years after the building opened; the delay was largely due to the building's foreclosure and other disputes in the early 1990s.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Dunlap \\|first\\=David W. \\|date\\=September 27, 1992 \\|title\\=Remaking Spaces for Public Use \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/27/realestate/remaking\\-spaces\\-for\\-public\\-use.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 16, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416032348/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/27/realestate/remaking\\-spaces\\-for\\-public\\-use.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The arcade, designed by [Brennan Beer Gorman](/wiki/Brennan_Beer_Gorman \"Brennan Beer Gorman\"), consists of marble and granite walls as well as a {{Convert\\|25\\|ft\\|adj\\=on}} ceiling.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Dunlap \\|first\\=David W. \\|date\\=August 13, 1997 \\|title\\=Midtown, Midblock Walkway Nears Completion \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/13/nyregion/midtown\\-midblock\\-walkway\\-nears\\-completion.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824234224/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/13/nyregion/midtown\\-midblock\\-walkway\\-nears\\-completion.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Kayden \\|first\\=Jerold S. \\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-31 \\|title\\=156 West 56th Street \\|url\\=https://apops.mas.org/pops/m050074/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|website\\=Privately Owned Public Space (APOPS) \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825142937/https://apops.mas.org/pops/m050074/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The passageway is decorated in an [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_Deco \"Art Deco\")\\-inspired style, with theater posters on the walls.{{cite web \\|date\\=2013\\-02\\-28 \\|title\\=Midtown Arcades: 6 1/2 Avenue and other POPS \\|url\\=https://untappedcities.com/2013/02/28/midtown\\-arcades\\-pops/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|website\\=Untapped New York \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825142944/https://untappedcities.com/2013/02/28/midtown\\-arcades\\-pops/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The space has recessed lights on the ceiling and lights on the walls, but there is no seating since the passageway was designed merely for pedestrian movement.", "The office and residential lobbies are separate from each other.{{cite web \\|title\\=CitySpire \\- Commercial Real Estate NYC \\|url\\=https://tishmanspeyer.com/properties/cityspire \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|website\\=Tishman Speyer \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825142934/https://tishmanspeyer.com/properties/cityspire \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The residential lobby at 150 West 56th Street has a domed ceiling as well as wooden paneling. The office portion of CitySpire has the address 156 West 56th Street. There is also a bar called Carnegie Club{{cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-02\\-20 \\|title\\=The Carnegie Club \\- The Thousand Best \\|url\\=https://nymag.com/listings/bar/the\\-carnegie\\-club/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|website\\=New York Magazine \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825173516/https://nymag.com/listings/bar/the\\-carnegie\\-club/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} (originally Carnegie Bar and Books). The bar, on the ground floor, has a ceiling {{Convert\\|25\\|ft}} high with an overhanging mezzanine.{{Cite news \\|date\\=1997\\-06\\-01 \\|title\\=On West 56th, Another Pub That Blends Books and Beer \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/01/nyregion/new\\-yorkers\\-co\\-359521\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825173519/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/01/nyregion/new\\-yorkers\\-co\\-359521\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} A garage and cafe was also included in the base. The building was planned with {{Convert\\|305000\\|ft2}} of office space. Each of the office stories typically measures {{Convert\\|193\\|by\\|80\\|ft}}, with polygonal cutouts at each corner.", "#### Tower", "The building was proposed with 355 luxury residential [condominiums](/wiki/Condominium_%28living_space%29 \"Condominium (living space)\"), but it was completed with 339 or 340 condos. According to the [New York City Department of City Planning](/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_City_Planning \"New York City Department of City Planning\"), there are 340 condominiums in the entire building, of which 337 are residential units. About 100 of the apartments were built with one bedroom, with the rest having multiple bedrooms.{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Sommerfield \\|first\\=Frank \\|date\\=August 31, 1987 \\|title\\=Cityspire's Hard Sell Falls Short \\|volume\\=3 \\|issue\\=35 \\|page\\=1 \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|219160512}}\\|journal\\=Crain's New York Business}} Many of the residential units are separated from each other by the building's shear walls. Due to the setbacks on the exterior, floors 47 through 61 typically measure {{Convert\\|157\\|by\\|80\\|ft}}, while floors 63 through 69 are an octagon measuring 80 feet across.", "The apartments at CitySpire vary in size and arrangement, though many of the units contain {{Convert\\|20\\|ft\\|4\\=\\-wide\\|adj\\=mid}} terraces. For instance, one studio apartment has a living room, kitchen, and terrace. Some of the one\\-bedroom units also have living and dining rooms with angled walls. In some of the two\\-bedroom units, there is a foyer with a living/dining room, kitchens, and bedrooms leading off it. There are also duplex units with kitchens, living rooms, and dining rooms on the lower tier, as well as bedrooms on the upper tiers. One of the larger duplexes, on floors 65/66, has four bedrooms; a living/dining area with a library and breakfast area; a family room; and a terrace measuring {{Convert\\|44\\|by\\|36\\|ft}}. On upper floors, the units tend to be larger, reaching {{convert\\|2200\\|ft2}} below the penthouse.", "Eichner originally intended to occupy a penthouse apartment atop CitySpire,{{Cite news \\|last\\=Moss \\|first\\=Michael \\|date\\=March 30, 1989 \\|title\\=Board to Vote on CitySpire Deal \\|pages\\=6, \\[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83990839/cityspire/ 47] \\|work\\=Newsday \\|via\\=newspapers.com \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83990677/board\\-to\\-vote\\-on\\-cityspire\\-deal/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823170813/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83990677/board\\-to\\-vote\\-on\\-cityspire\\-deal/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} but he ended up never living in the unit. The penthouse was instead purchased in 1993 by real estate developer Steven Klar for about $4\\.5 million as a \"raw space\"; it covers floors 72 through 75, though floor 72 is a guest suite.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Barrionuevo \\|first\\=Alexei \\|date\\=July 27, 2012 \\|title\\=Reaching for $100 Million \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/realestate/exclusive\\-reaching\\-for\\-100\\-million\\-at\\-cityspire.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003455/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/realestate/exclusive\\-reaching\\-for\\-100\\-million\\-at\\-cityspire.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Galante \\|first\\=Meredith \\|date\\=July 30, 2012 \\|title\\=House of the Day: At $100 Million, An Octagon\\-Shaped Penthouse In Midtown Is The New Most Expensive Listing In New York City \\|url\\=https://www.businessinsider.com/100\\-million\\-octogon\\-shaped\\-apartment\\-at\\-cityspire\\-2012\\-7 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|website\\=Business Insider \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003453/https://www.businessinsider.com/100\\-million\\-octogon\\-shaped\\-apartment\\-at\\-cityspire\\-2012\\-7}} Klar had hired [Juan Pablo Molyneux](/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Molyneux \"Juan Pablo Molyneux\") to redesign the penthouse over two and a half years. The penthouse, covering {{Convert\\|8000\\|ft2}}, has six bedrooms and nine bathrooms, as well as three terraces.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Samtani \\|first\\=Hiten \\|date\\=May 16, 2013 \\|title\\=CitySpire triplex resurfaces as NYC's priciest owner sale ever \\|url\\=https://therealdeal.com/2013/05/16/cityspire\\-penthouse\\-resurfaces\\-as\\-nycs\\-priciest\\-fsbo/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|website\\=The Real Deal New York \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003455/https://therealdeal.com/2013/05/16/cityspire\\-penthouse\\-resurfaces\\-as\\-nycs\\-priciest\\-fsbo/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The master bedroom takes up an entire story, while the master bathroom has green marble cladding as well as bronze and mahogany fixtures. The penthouse also has a classical\\-columned foyer, a large dining room with a chandelier, a wine closet with space for 1,000 bottles, and a private elevator. Molyneux personally disliked the design, calling it a \"horror\",{{cite web \\|last\\=Hogarty \\|first\\=Dave \\|date\\=August 31, 2012 \\|title\\=Is The $100M City Spire Penthouse an Embarrassing Horror? \\|url\\=https://ny.curbed.com/2012/8/31/10333486/is\\-the\\-100m\\-city\\-spire\\-penthouse\\-an\\-embarrassing\\-horror \\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|website\\=Curbed NY \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003456/https://ny.curbed.com/2012/8/31/10333486/is\\-the\\-100m\\-city\\-spire\\-penthouse\\-an\\-embarrassing\\-horror \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Barrionuevo \\|first\\=Alexei \\|date\\=August 30, 2012 \\|title\\=The Torment of High\\-End Decorators \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/02/realestate/the\\-torment\\-of\\-high\\-end\\-decorators.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003452/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/02/realestate/the\\-torment\\-of\\-high\\-end\\-decorators.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} though this was apparently because Molyneux actually never saw the design in person, having been dismissed before the design was completed.", "When CitySpire was built, it was advertised with amenities such as the SpireCard, a charge account to which each resident could request a luxury service for a fee.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Tuohy \\|first\\=Theesa \\|date\\=June 13, 1987 \\|title\\=The Stars Are Coming Out To Push Condos, Co\\-ops \\|pages\\=63 \\|work\\=Newsday \\|via\\=newspapers.com \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84020269/the\\-stars\\-are\\-coming\\-out\\-to\\-push/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824001733/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84020269/the\\-stars\\-are\\-coming\\-out\\-to\\-push/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} It was also advertised with a media room containing a large\\-screen TV; a lounge with bar; and a business center with [stock quote](/wiki/Ticker_tape \"Ticker tape\") and [telex](/wiki/Telex \"Telex\") machines.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Catalano \\|first\\=Joe \\|date\\=March 21, 1987 \\|title\\=Buildings Have More in Common \\|pages\\=69 \\|work\\=Newsday \\|via\\=newspapers.com \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84048159/buildings\\-have\\-more\\-in\\-common/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152237/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84048159/buildings\\-have\\-more\\-in\\-common/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The modern amenities include a party and conference rooms, play area, and fitness center with pool.", "" ]
Biography --------- F. Trowbridge vom Baur was born in [Riverton, New Jersey](/wiki/Riverton%2C_New_Jersey "Riverton, New Jersey"), the son of Carl Hans vom Baur and Edith Venelia Trowbridge.Biography in "Amherst College biographical record, 1963", Class of 1929, page 389\. He received a [bachelor's degree](/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree "Bachelor's degree") from [Amherst College](/wiki/Amherst_College "Amherst College") in 1929 and a law degree from [Harvard Law School](/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School") in 1932\.Saxon, Wolfgang. ["F. Trowbridge vom Baur, 91, General Counsel of Navy Dept."](https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/23/us/f-trowbridge-vom-baur-91-general-counsel-of-navy-dept.html), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, June 23, 2000\. Accessed September 24, 2015\. "Francis Trowbridge vom Baur was born in Riverton, N.J., and received a bachelor's degree from Amherst College in 1929 and a law degree from Harvard in 1932\." After law school, vom Baur joined the [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") [law firm](/wiki/Law_firm "Law firm") of [Milbank, Tweed \& Hope](/wiki/Milbank%2C_Tweed_%26_Hope "Milbank, Tweed & Hope") as an [associate attorney](/wiki/Associate_attorney "Associate attorney"). In 1937, Milbank, Tweed sent vom Baur to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") to lobby against the [Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937](/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937 "Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937"). Vom Baur left Milbank, Tweed in 1942, joining the staff of [Nelson Rockefeller](/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller "Nelson Rockefeller")'s [Office of the Coordinator of Inter\-American Affairs](/wiki/Office_of_the_Coordinator_of_Inter-American_Affairs "Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs"). There, he was responsible for administering public and sanitation assistance in [Central America](/wiki/Central_America "Central America") and the [West Indies](/wiki/West_Indies "West Indies"). With the end of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), vom Baur left government service and formed a law firm, vom Baur, Coburn, Simmons \& Turtle, in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") He would be a senior partner with this firm \- and its successor, Gage, Tucker \& vom Baur \- until he retired in 1983\. In 1953, [President of the United States](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") nominated vom Baur as [General Counsel of the Navy](/wiki/General_Counsel_of_the_Navy "General Counsel of the Navy") and vom Baur subsequently held this office from December 15, 1953 until April 30, 1960\. In this capacity, vom Baur was instrumental in designing safeguards to protect [United States Department of the Navy](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy "United States Department of the Navy") employees and military contractors who were accused of participating in [subversive activities](/wiki/Subversive_activities "Subversive activities") while the nation was in the grip of [McCarthyism](/wiki/McCarthyism "McCarthyism"). At vom Baur's behest, the Department of the Navy set up evidentiary hearings for individuals accused of subversive activities; vom Baur also made arrangements with the [American Bar Association](/wiki/American_Bar_Association "American Bar Association") to have *[pro bono](/wiki/Pro_bono "Pro bono")* legal representation for individuals accused of subversion. In most cases, accusations of subversion could not be substantiated and individuals were cleared of wrongdoing. After leaving the Department of the Navy, vom Baur returned to legal practice until his retirement in 1983\. From 1980 to 1990, he was [General Counsel](/wiki/General_Counsel "General Counsel") of the [Naval Undersea Museum](/wiki/Naval_Undersea_Museum "Naval Undersea Museum") Foundation. Vom Baur died at a convolescant home in [Charlottesville, Virginia](/wiki/Charlottesville%2C_Virginia "Charlottesville, Virginia") on June 17, 2000\. He was 91 years old.
[ "Biography\n---------", "F. Trowbridge vom Baur was born in [Riverton, New Jersey](/wiki/Riverton%2C_New_Jersey \"Riverton, New Jersey\"), the son of Carl Hans vom Baur and Edith Venelia Trowbridge.Biography in \"Amherst College biographical record, 1963\", Class of 1929, page 389\\. He received a [bachelor's degree](/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree \"Bachelor's degree\") from [Amherst College](/wiki/Amherst_College \"Amherst College\") in 1929 and a law degree from [Harvard Law School](/wiki/Harvard_Law_School \"Harvard Law School\") in 1932\\.Saxon, Wolfgang. [\"F. Trowbridge vom Baur, 91, General Counsel of Navy Dept.\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/23/us/f-trowbridge-vom-baur-91-general-counsel-of-navy-dept.html), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, June 23, 2000\\. Accessed September 24, 2015\\. \"Francis Trowbridge vom Baur was born in Riverton, N.J., and received a bachelor's degree from Amherst College in 1929 and a law degree from Harvard in 1932\\.\"", "After law school, vom Baur joined the [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") [law firm](/wiki/Law_firm \"Law firm\") of [Milbank, Tweed \\& Hope](/wiki/Milbank%2C_Tweed_%26_Hope \"Milbank, Tweed & Hope\") as an [associate attorney](/wiki/Associate_attorney \"Associate attorney\"). In 1937, Milbank, Tweed sent vom Baur to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") to lobby against the [Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937](/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937 \"Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937\").", "Vom Baur left Milbank, Tweed in 1942, joining the staff of [Nelson Rockefeller](/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller \"Nelson Rockefeller\")'s [Office of the Coordinator of Inter\\-American Affairs](/wiki/Office_of_the_Coordinator_of_Inter-American_Affairs \"Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs\"). There, he was responsible for administering public and sanitation assistance in [Central America](/wiki/Central_America \"Central America\") and the [West Indies](/wiki/West_Indies \"West Indies\").", "With the end of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), vom Baur left government service and formed a law firm, vom Baur, Coburn, Simmons \\& Turtle, in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") He would be a senior partner with this firm \\- and its successor, Gage, Tucker \\& vom Baur \\- until he retired in 1983\\.", "In 1953, [President of the United States](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower \"Dwight D. Eisenhower\") nominated vom Baur as [General Counsel of the Navy](/wiki/General_Counsel_of_the_Navy \"General Counsel of the Navy\") and vom Baur subsequently held this office from December 15, 1953 until April 30, 1960\\. In this capacity, vom Baur was instrumental in designing safeguards to protect [United States Department of the Navy](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy \"United States Department of the Navy\") employees and military contractors who were accused of participating in [subversive activities](/wiki/Subversive_activities \"Subversive activities\") while the nation was in the grip of [McCarthyism](/wiki/McCarthyism \"McCarthyism\"). At vom Baur's behest, the Department of the Navy set up evidentiary hearings for individuals accused of subversive activities; vom Baur also made arrangements with the [American Bar Association](/wiki/American_Bar_Association \"American Bar Association\") to have *[pro bono](/wiki/Pro_bono \"Pro bono\")* legal representation for individuals accused of subversion. In most cases, accusations of subversion could not be substantiated and individuals were cleared of wrongdoing.", "After leaving the Department of the Navy, vom Baur returned to legal practice until his retirement in 1983\\. From 1980 to 1990, he was [General Counsel](/wiki/General_Counsel \"General Counsel\") of the [Naval Undersea Museum](/wiki/Naval_Undersea_Museum \"Naval Undersea Museum\") Foundation.", "Vom Baur died at a convolescant home in [Charlottesville, Virginia](/wiki/Charlottesville%2C_Virginia \"Charlottesville, Virginia\") on June 17, 2000\\. He was 91 years old.", "" ]
Paris economy by sector ----------------------- ### Banking and insurance [thumb\|right\|150px\|Headquarters of BNP Paribas, 14 rue Bergére, 9th arrondissement](/wiki/File:Si%C3%A8ge_CNEP_facade.jpg "Siège CNEP facade.jpg") Six of the twelve largest companies in the Paris Region are banks and insurance companies. The largest banks, in order of 2014 revenue, are [BNP Paribas](/wiki/BNP_Paribas "BNP Paribas"); [Société Générale](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale "Société Générale"); [Credit Agricole](/wiki/Credit_Agricole "Credit Agricole"), and [Groupe BPCE](/wiki/Groupe_BPCE "Groupe BPCE"). The largest insurance companies are [AXA](/wiki/AXA "AXA") (the second largest French company, by revenue, in 2014\) and [CNP Assurances](/wiki/CNP_Assurances "CNP Assurances"). A 2015 survey ranking banks around the world by assets ranked BNP Paribas the 7th largest bank in the world; Credit Agricole in tenth place, and Societe Generale in 20th place.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/halahtouryalai/2014/02/12/worlds\-100\-biggest\-banks\-chinas\-icbc\-1\-no\-u\-s\-banks\-in\-top\-5/ \|title\=World's 100 Biggest Banks: China's ICBC \#1 \|date\=12 February 2014 \|work\=Forbes}} French banks have traditionally had their main offices in the center of Paris, not far from the Opera and the [Banque de France](/wiki/Banque_de_France "Banque de France"), the French central bank. The headquarters of BNP Paribas is in the 9th arrondissement on rue Bergére. [Société Générale](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale "Société Générale") has its registered main office on Boulevard Haussmann in the 9th arrondissement, but has its operational headquarters in [Nanterre](/wiki/Nanterre "Nanterre"), in [La Defense](/wiki/La_Defense "La Defense"). Credit Agricole has its main office in [Montrouge](/wiki/Montrouge "Montrouge") in the southern Paris suburbs. BPCE has its main office on Avenue Pierre Mendès in the 1st arrondissement. ### Automobiles Paris was the birthplace of the French automobile industry, and in 2014 France was the 13th largest automobile manufacturer in the world by unit production, and the third\-largest in Europe, after Germany and Spain. Paris is home to two major auto\-manufacturing firms; [PSA Group](/wiki/PSA_Group "PSA Group"), which owns the [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot "Peugeot") and [Citroën](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn "Citroën") brands, and Renault, which owns both the [Renault](/wiki/Renault "Renault") brand and [Dacia](/wiki/Automobile_Dacia "Automobile Dacia") of Romania, [Renault Samsung Motors](/wiki/Renault_Samsung_Motors "Renault Samsung Motors") of South Korea, and 43 percent of [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan"). The headquarters of Renault is in [Boulogne\-Billancourt](/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt "Boulogne-Billancourt"), in the Paris Region, where for decades the company had a huge assembly plant, now closed. [Renault Trucks](/wiki/Renault_Trucks "Renault Trucks") is a major producer of commercial vehicles and is owned by [Volvo](/wiki/Volvo "Volvo"). In 2015 the French government increased its share of ownership in Renault to 19\.73 percent, in order to have more control over the social policy of the company.France raises Renault stake to ensure long\-term control *[Reuters](/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")* 8 April 2015 In 2012 PSA Group was the second\-largest automobile manufacturer in Europe, and the ninth\-largest in the world, with 2\.9 million units. In 2009 it had been the 6th largest automobile manufacturer. The headquarters of the company is in the 16th arrondissement of Paris. A large part of the automobiles of both companies are made outside France. ### Energy The Paris Region is the home of [Total](/wiki/Total_S.A. "Total S.A."), one of the five largest oil companies in the world. It is the largest enterprise in France by revenue, and the 14th largest company in the 2015 [Fortune Global 500](/wiki/Fortune_Global_500 "Fortune Global 500"). Total operates in 130 countries around the world, Its headquarters is located in [Courbevoie](/wiki/Courbevoie "Courbevoie"), in the business district of [La Defense](/wiki/La_Defense "La Defense"). [Engie](/wiki/Engie "Engie") is the second\-largest energy company in France and in the Paris Region. Formerly known before April 2015 as GDF\-Suez, it is a multinational electric utility company, involved in electric generation and distribution, natural gas and renewable energy. It was founded in 1858 as the Universal Suez Canal Company, to build the [Suez Canal](/wiki/Suez_Canal "Suez Canal"). It purchased the solar power electricity producer [Solairedirect](/wiki/Solairedirect "Solairedirect") in 2015, making it the largest provider in France. Its headquarters is located in [Courbevoie](/wiki/Courbevoie "Courbevoie"), in the business district of [La Defense](/wiki/La_Defense "La Defense"). According to the [Fortune Global 500](/wiki/Fortune_Global_500 "Fortune Global 500") in 2015, it is the 7th largest company in France by revenue, and the 73rd in the world. [Électricité de France](/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_de_France "Électricité de France"), or EDF, is the 8th largest French company by revenue and the 78th in the 2015 Global 500\. Mostly owned by French government, the company operates 58 nuclear reactors located on twenty sites around France. The headquarters is at 22\-30 Avenue Wagram in the 8th arrondissement in Paris, while it also has a large office building in [Courbevoie](/wiki/Courbevoie "Courbevoie") in the [La Defense](/wiki/La_Defense "La Defense") business district. ### Food and drugstores Paris hosts the headquarters of [Carrefour S.A.](/wiki/Carrefour_S.A. "Carrefour S.A."), the largest food and drug store chain in France, and fourth in the world according to the 2015 Fortune Global 500, after [Wal\-Mart](/wiki/Wal-Mart "Wal-Mart") and [Costco](/wiki/Costco "Costco") in the U.S. and [Tesco](/wiki/Tesco "Tesco") in Britain. Carrefour is a multinational company with 1,452 hypermarkets at the end of 2011\. It ranked 64t in the Fortune 500\. The headquarters is located in Boulogne\-Billancourt, in the Paris suburbs. The second\-largest French chain, [Auchan](/wiki/Auchan "Auchan"), is in Croix, in northern France, but the third, Finatis, or [Groupe Casino](/wiki/Groupe_Casino "Groupe Casino"), is headquartered in the Paris Region. It ranked 148 in the Fortune Global 500 in 2015\. ### Luxury goods, fashion and cosmetics [thumb\|right\|200px\|[Louis Vuitton](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton "Louis Vuitton") boutique on the Champs\-Élysées](/wiki/File:Louis-Vuitton-Paris.jpg "Louis-Vuitton-Paris.jpg") Paris has a long history, dating back to the Middle Ages, of producing [luxury goods](/wiki/Luxury_goods "Luxury goods") for the aristocracy and the wealthy. Today the most important luxury goods firm in Paris is [LVMH](/wiki/LVMH "LVMH"), headed by [Bernard Arnault](/wiki/Bernard_Arnault "Bernard Arnault"), who also heads [Christian Dior S.A.](/wiki/Christian_Dior_S.A. "Christian Dior S.A."), a major international fashion company, which has its headquarters at 30 [Avenue Montaigne](/wiki/Avenue_Montaigne "Avenue Montaigne") in the 8th arrondissement. Dior holds 42\.36 percent of the stock of LVMH and 59\.01 percent of the voting rights in LVMH. The LVMH group includes [Louis Vuitton](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton "Louis Vuitton") and the champagne maker Moët Hennessy, which merged in 1987\. LVMH has sixty subsidiaries, including [Bulgari](/wiki/Bulgari "Bulgari"), the cosmetics store [Sephora](/wiki/Sephora "Sephora"), and the department stores [Bon Marché](/wiki/Bon_March%C3%A9 "Bon Marché") and [Samaritaine](/wiki/Samaritaine "Samaritaine"). The products of the group include ready\-to\-wear, fashion accessories, footwear, timepieces, perfumes, cosmetics and skincare products. The group had revenue of 53\.7 billion euros in 2018\.{{cite press release \|date\=3 February 2015 \|title\=Excellent performance of LVMH in 2014 \|publisher\=LVMH \|url\=http://www.lvmh.com/news\-documents/press\-releases/excellent\-performance\-of\-lvmh\-in\-2014/ \|access\-date\=1 December 2015}} The great rival of LVMH is the luxury group [Kering](/wiki/Kering "Kering"), founded in 1963 by [François Pinault](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pinault "François Pinault"), and now run by his son, [François\-Henri Pinault](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Henri_Pinault "François-Henri Pinault"). It controls many well\-known brands, including [Saint\-Laurent](/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_%28brand%29 "Yves Saint Laurent (brand)"), [Gucci](/wiki/Gucci "Gucci"), [Brioni](/wiki/Brioni_%28brand%29 "Brioni (brand)"), [Boucheron](/wiki/Boucheron "Boucheron"), [Balenciaga](/wiki/Balenciaga "Balenciaga"), [Bottega Veneta](/wiki/Bottega_Veneta "Bottega Veneta"), and had revenues in 2020 of 13\.1 billion euros.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.kering.com/en/finance/group/group\-key\-figures\#anchor0\|title\=Kering web site key figures\|access\-date\=1 December 2015\|archive\-date\=12 February 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212060013/http://www.kering.com/en/finance/group/group\-key\-figures\#anchor0\|url\-status\=dead}} Kering has its headquarters at 40 rue de Sèvres in the [7th arrondissement of Paris](/wiki/7th_arrondissement_of_Paris "7th arrondissement of Paris"), in the former Hôpital Laennec.Miles Socha, [Inside Kering \& Balenciaga’s New Palatial Headquarters](https://footwearnews.com/2016/business/designers/kering-balenciaga-new-paris-headquarters-laennec-hospital-photos-257399/), *Footwearnews.com*, 15 September 2016 [L'Oreal](/wiki/L%27Oreal "L'Oreal") is the world's largest cosmetics company, and ranked 395 in the Fortune Global 500\. Founded in 1909, its headquarters is located in [Clichy](/wiki/Clichy%2C_Hauts-de-Seine "Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine"), in the [Hauts\-de\-Seine](/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine "Hauts-de-Seine") Department.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.loreal\-finance.com/\_docs/0000000035/RA2014\_Web\_VGB\_10042015\_liens.pdf\|title\=L'Oreal press release\|access\-date\=1 December 2015 \|publisher\=L'Oreal}} ### Internet and telecommunications The largest telecom company and internet provider in France is [Orange S.A.](/wiki/Orange_S.A. "Orange S.A."), known until 2000 as [France Télécom](/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com "France Télécom"). It is the 15th largest telecom company in the world, and number 43 in the Fortune Global 500\. It had revenue of 39\.445 billion Euros in 2014, and has 230 million customers worldwide. It was founded in 1994, and acquired by France Telecom in 2000\. The headquarters of Orange is at 78 rue Olivier des Serres in the 15th arrondissement. The second giant telecom in Paris is [Numericable\-SFR](/wiki/Numericable-SFR "Numericable-SFR"), with 22\.39 million subscribers, and revenue of 12\.63 billion dollars in 2014\. The SFR stands for *Societé française du radiotéléphone*, or French radio\-telephone company, founded in 1987 before the Internet age. It is currently owned by a Luxembourg\-based conglomerate, the [Altice](/wiki/Altice_%28company%29 "Altice (company)") group. The company's registered headquarters is on 1 square Bela Bartok in the 15th arrondissement, while its new administrative headquarters is in the suburb of [Saint\-Denis](/wiki/Saint-Denis%2C_Seine-Saint-Denis "Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis"), just north of Paris.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2015/03/05/numericable\-sfr\-revenue\-down\-5\-in\-2014\-despite\-subscriber\-growth/\|title\=Numericable\-sfr revenue down 5 in 2014 despite subscriber growth\|publisher\=TeleGeography\|access\-date\=3 December 2015}} Other major telecom companies in the Paris Region include [Bouygues Telecom](/wiki/Bouygues_Telecom "Bouygues Telecom"). The company, part of the Bouygues Group, primarily a construction company, had revenue of 4\.32 billion Euros in 2014 and 13\.549 million subscribers. The main office of Bouygues Telcom is at 37\-39 rue Boissiére in the 16th arrondissement.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2015/02/25/bouygues\-telecoms\-revenue\-down\-5\-in\-2014/\|publisher\=TeleGeography\|title\=Bouygues revenue down in 2014\|access\-date\=3 December 2015}} [Free Mobile](/wiki/Free_Mobile "Free Mobile") is the newest and 4th largest internet provider in France, founded in 2007, with 11 million subscribers and revenue of 1\.6 billion Euros in 2014\. It is part of the [Iliad SA](/wiki/Iliad_SA "Iliad SA") group, founded by [Xavier Niel](/wiki/Xavier_Niel "Xavier Niel") in 1990\. The headquarters of Free Mobile is the Free Center, 8 rue de la Ville\-Évéque in the 8th arrondissement. ### Media and entertainment The major digital media company located in Paris is [Vivendi](/wiki/Vivendi "Vivendi"), which is the leading film and audiovisual production company in the EU. It owns the TV channel and movie producer [Canal\+](/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B "Groupe Canal+"), as well as the [Universal Music](/wiki/Universal_Music "Universal Music") group in the United States, and the video\-sharing website [Dailymotion](/wiki/Dailymotion "Dailymotion"). It had revenue in 2013 of 22\.135 billion euros. Its headquarters is located on Avenue de Friedland in the 8th arrondissement. Canal Plus has its headquarters in the business district of [Issy\-les\-Moulineaux](/wiki/Issy-les-Moulineaux "Issy-les-Moulineaux"), where several TV channels and major media companies have their offices, including [France 24](/wiki/France_24 "France 24"), [Eurosport](/wiki/Eurosport "Eurosport"), [Technicolor SA](/wiki/Technicolor_SA "Technicolor SA"), and Microsoft France. The major French film studios are also located in the Paris Region. The [Gaumont Film Company](/wiki/Gaumont_Film_Company "Gaumont Film Company") was the first motion picture company in the world, founded in 1896\. Along with its television production company, [Gaumont International Television](/wiki/Gaumont_International_Television "Gaumont International Television"), it earned revenue of 169 million euros in 2013\. It is located in [Neuilly\-sur\-Seine](/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine "Neuilly-sur-Seine"), just west of Paris. In 2008, [Disneynature](/wiki/Disneynature "Disneynature"), a subsidiary of the United States\-based [The Walt Disney Company](/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company "The Walt Disney Company"), was established to produce independent nature documentary films. [Pathé](/wiki/Path%C3%A9 "Pathé") was the second film studio established in the world, after Gaumont. Together with Pathé, it owns a chain of multiplex movie theaters in France and throughout Europe. [Disneyland Paris](/wiki/Disneyland_Paris "Disneyland Paris") is an amusement park and resort complex located in [Marne\-la\-Vallée](/wiki/Marne-la-Vall%C3%A9e "Marne-la-Vallée"), twenty miles east of Paris, which opened in 1992\. It attracted 15 million visitors in 2014, making it one of the most visited tourist sites in the Paris Region. It earned revenue of 1\.309 billion dollars, but lost 27\.5 million euro, due to the weak European economy.{{cite web\|url\=http://disneylandparis\-news.com/wp\-content/uploads/2014/11/Euro\-DISNEY\-SCA\-Reports\-Annual\-Results\-For\-Fiscal\-Year\-2014\.pdf\|title\=Eurdisney S.C.A. Annual Report 2014\|access\-date\=2 December 2015}} ### Transportation The [SNCF](/wiki/SNCF "SNCF") (*Société nationale des chemins de fer français*, or "French National Railway Company") is [France](/wiki/France "France")'s national railway company which manages the [rail traffic in France](/wiki/Rail_transport_in_France "Rail transport in France") and the Principality of [Monaco](/wiki/Monaco "Monaco"). It operates about 14,000 trains daily. It operates all of France's rail services, including the [TGV](/wiki/TGV "TGV"), France's high\-speed rail network. It owns 70 percent of the [Thalys](/wiki/Thalys "Thalys") high\-speed train to Belgium and the Netherlands, and 55 percent of the [Eurostar](/wiki/Eurostar "Eurostar") from Paris to London. The SNCF is owned by the France state. In 2014 it had revenues of 36\.138 million dollars, but this represented a drop of 15 percent from 2013\. The SNCF has fallen from 214 in the Global 500 in 2010 to 253 in 2013, then down to 322 in 2014\. The headquarters of the SNCF was formerly in the 14th arrondissement of Paris, but in July 2013 it was moved to the suburb of [Saint\-Denis](/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis "Seine-Saint-Denis"). [Air France](/wiki/Air_France "Air France") is the national airline of France. In 2014 it had revenues of 33\.12 billion dollars, representing a loss of 262 million dollars, due to high costs and stiff competition from low\-cost airlines and the new airlines from the Persian Gulf. Air France dropped in rank in the Fortune Global 500 from 351 in 2013 to 365 in 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://fortune.com/global500/air\-france\-klm\-group\-365/\|title\=Fortune Global 500 2015\|access\-date\=2 December 2015}} The headquarters of Air France is located at [Charles DeGaulle Airport](/wiki/Charles_DeGaulle_Airport "Charles DeGaulle Airport"), in the Commune of [Roissy\-en\-France](/wiki/Roissy-en-France "Roissy-en-France"); A company called [Airports of Paris](/wiki/Airports_of_Paris "Airports of Paris") manages all of the civilian airports in the Paris Region, including [Charles de Gaulle Airport](/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport "Charles de Gaulle Airport"), [Le Bourget Airport](/wiki/Le_Bourget_Airport "Le Bourget Airport") and [Orly Airport](/wiki/Orly_Airport "Orly Airport"). It also manages a number of overseas airports, particularly in the Middle East, including the airports of [Tripoli](/wiki/Tripoli%2C_Libya "Tripoli, Libya"), [Zagreb](/wiki/Zagreb "Zagreb"), [Amman](/wiki/Amman "Amman"), [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers "Algiers") and [Islamabad](/wiki/Islamabad "Islamabad"). The company has 9,500 employees in the Paris Region. Its headquarters is located at 291 boulevard Raspail, in the 14th arrondissement.
[ "Paris economy by sector\n-----------------------", "### Banking and insurance", "[thumb\\|right\\|150px\\|Headquarters of BNP Paribas, 14 rue Bergére, 9th arrondissement](/wiki/File:Si%C3%A8ge_CNEP_facade.jpg \"Siège CNEP facade.jpg\") \nSix of the twelve largest companies in the Paris Region are banks and insurance companies. The largest banks, in order of 2014 revenue, are [BNP Paribas](/wiki/BNP_Paribas \"BNP Paribas\"); [Société Générale](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale \"Société Générale\"); [Credit Agricole](/wiki/Credit_Agricole \"Credit Agricole\"), and [Groupe BPCE](/wiki/Groupe_BPCE \"Groupe BPCE\"). The largest insurance companies are [AXA](/wiki/AXA \"AXA\") (the second largest French company, by revenue, in 2014\\) and [CNP Assurances](/wiki/CNP_Assurances \"CNP Assurances\").", "A 2015 survey ranking banks around the world by assets ranked BNP Paribas the 7th largest bank in the world; Credit Agricole in tenth place, and Societe Generale in 20th place.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/halahtouryalai/2014/02/12/worlds\\-100\\-biggest\\-banks\\-chinas\\-icbc\\-1\\-no\\-u\\-s\\-banks\\-in\\-top\\-5/ \\|title\\=World's 100 Biggest Banks: China's ICBC \\#1 \\|date\\=12 February 2014 \\|work\\=Forbes}}", "French banks have traditionally had their main offices in the center of Paris, not far from the Opera and the [Banque de France](/wiki/Banque_de_France \"Banque de France\"), the French central bank. The headquarters of BNP Paribas is in the 9th arrondissement on rue Bergére. [Société Générale](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale \"Société Générale\") has its registered main office on Boulevard Haussmann in the 9th arrondissement, but has its operational headquarters in [Nanterre](/wiki/Nanterre \"Nanterre\"), in [La Defense](/wiki/La_Defense \"La Defense\"). Credit Agricole has its main office in [Montrouge](/wiki/Montrouge \"Montrouge\") in the southern Paris suburbs. BPCE has its main office on Avenue Pierre Mendès in the 1st arrondissement.", "### Automobiles", "Paris was the birthplace of the French automobile industry, and in 2014 France was the 13th largest automobile manufacturer in the world by unit production, and the third\\-largest in Europe, after Germany and Spain. Paris is home to two major auto\\-manufacturing firms; [PSA Group](/wiki/PSA_Group \"PSA Group\"), which owns the [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot \"Peugeot\") and [Citroën](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn \"Citroën\") brands, and Renault, which owns both the [Renault](/wiki/Renault \"Renault\") brand and [Dacia](/wiki/Automobile_Dacia \"Automobile Dacia\") of Romania, [Renault Samsung Motors](/wiki/Renault_Samsung_Motors \"Renault Samsung Motors\") of South Korea, and 43 percent of [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\"). The headquarters of Renault is in [Boulogne\\-Billancourt](/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt \"Boulogne-Billancourt\"), in the Paris Region, where for decades the company had a huge assembly plant, now closed. [Renault Trucks](/wiki/Renault_Trucks \"Renault Trucks\") is a major producer of commercial vehicles and is owned by [Volvo](/wiki/Volvo \"Volvo\"). In 2015 the French government increased its share of ownership in Renault to 19\\.73 percent, in order to have more control over the social policy of the company.France raises Renault stake to ensure long\\-term control *[Reuters](/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")* 8 April 2015 In 2012 PSA Group was the second\\-largest automobile manufacturer in Europe, and the ninth\\-largest in the world, with 2\\.9 million units. In 2009 it had been the 6th largest automobile manufacturer. The headquarters of the company is in the 16th arrondissement of Paris. A large part of the automobiles of both companies are made outside France.", "### Energy", "The Paris Region is the home of [Total](/wiki/Total_S.A. \"Total S.A.\"), one of the five largest oil companies in the world. It is the largest enterprise in France by revenue, and the 14th largest company in the 2015 [Fortune Global 500](/wiki/Fortune_Global_500 \"Fortune Global 500\"). Total operates in 130 countries around the world, Its headquarters is located in [Courbevoie](/wiki/Courbevoie \"Courbevoie\"), in the business district of [La Defense](/wiki/La_Defense \"La Defense\").", "[Engie](/wiki/Engie \"Engie\") is the second\\-largest energy company in France and in the Paris Region. Formerly known before April 2015 as GDF\\-Suez, it is a multinational electric utility company, involved in electric generation and distribution, natural gas and renewable energy. It was founded in 1858 as the Universal Suez Canal Company, to build the [Suez Canal](/wiki/Suez_Canal \"Suez Canal\"). It purchased the solar power electricity producer [Solairedirect](/wiki/Solairedirect \"Solairedirect\") in 2015, making it the largest provider in France. Its headquarters is located in [Courbevoie](/wiki/Courbevoie \"Courbevoie\"), in the business district of [La Defense](/wiki/La_Defense \"La Defense\"). According to the [Fortune Global 500](/wiki/Fortune_Global_500 \"Fortune Global 500\") in 2015, it is the 7th largest company in France by revenue, and the 73rd in the world.", "[Électricité de France](/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_de_France \"Électricité de France\"), or EDF, is the 8th largest French company by revenue and the 78th in the 2015 Global 500\\. Mostly owned by French government, the company operates 58 nuclear reactors located on twenty sites around France. The headquarters is at 22\\-30 Avenue Wagram in the 8th arrondissement in Paris, while it also has a large office building in [Courbevoie](/wiki/Courbevoie \"Courbevoie\") in the [La Defense](/wiki/La_Defense \"La Defense\") business district.", "### Food and drugstores", "Paris hosts the headquarters of [Carrefour S.A.](/wiki/Carrefour_S.A. \"Carrefour S.A.\"), the largest food and drug store chain in France, and fourth in the world according to the 2015 Fortune Global 500, after [Wal\\-Mart](/wiki/Wal-Mart \"Wal-Mart\") and [Costco](/wiki/Costco \"Costco\") in the U.S. and [Tesco](/wiki/Tesco \"Tesco\") in Britain. Carrefour is a multinational company with 1,452 hypermarkets at the end of 2011\\. It ranked 64t in the Fortune 500\\. The headquarters is located in Boulogne\\-Billancourt, in the Paris suburbs.", "The second\\-largest French chain, [Auchan](/wiki/Auchan \"Auchan\"), is in Croix, in northern France, but the third, Finatis, or [Groupe Casino](/wiki/Groupe_Casino \"Groupe Casino\"), is headquartered in the Paris Region. It ranked 148 in the Fortune Global 500 in 2015\\.", "### Luxury goods, fashion and cosmetics", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|[Louis Vuitton](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton \"Louis Vuitton\") boutique on the Champs\\-Élysées](/wiki/File:Louis-Vuitton-Paris.jpg \"Louis-Vuitton-Paris.jpg\")\nParis has a long history, dating back to the Middle Ages, of producing [luxury goods](/wiki/Luxury_goods \"Luxury goods\") for the aristocracy and the wealthy. Today the most important luxury goods firm in Paris is [LVMH](/wiki/LVMH \"LVMH\"), headed by [Bernard Arnault](/wiki/Bernard_Arnault \"Bernard Arnault\"), who also heads [Christian Dior S.A.](/wiki/Christian_Dior_S.A. \"Christian Dior S.A.\"), a major international fashion company, which has its headquarters at 30 [Avenue Montaigne](/wiki/Avenue_Montaigne \"Avenue Montaigne\") in the 8th arrondissement. Dior holds 42\\.36 percent of the stock of LVMH and 59\\.01 percent of the voting rights in LVMH. The LVMH group includes [Louis Vuitton](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton \"Louis Vuitton\") and the champagne maker Moët Hennessy, which merged in 1987\\. LVMH has sixty subsidiaries, including [Bulgari](/wiki/Bulgari \"Bulgari\"), the cosmetics store [Sephora](/wiki/Sephora \"Sephora\"), and the department stores [Bon Marché](/wiki/Bon_March%C3%A9 \"Bon Marché\") and [Samaritaine](/wiki/Samaritaine \"Samaritaine\"). The products of the group include ready\\-to\\-wear, fashion accessories, footwear, timepieces, perfumes, cosmetics and skincare products. The group had revenue of 53\\.7 billion euros in 2018\\.{{cite press release \\|date\\=3 February 2015 \\|title\\=Excellent performance of LVMH in 2014 \\|publisher\\=LVMH \\|url\\=http://www.lvmh.com/news\\-documents/press\\-releases/excellent\\-performance\\-of\\-lvmh\\-in\\-2014/ \\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2015}}", "The great rival of LVMH is the luxury group [Kering](/wiki/Kering \"Kering\"), founded in 1963 by [François Pinault](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pinault \"François Pinault\"), and now run by his son, [François\\-Henri Pinault](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Henri_Pinault \"François-Henri Pinault\"). It controls many well\\-known brands, including [Saint\\-Laurent](/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_%28brand%29 \"Yves Saint Laurent (brand)\"), [Gucci](/wiki/Gucci \"Gucci\"), [Brioni](/wiki/Brioni_%28brand%29 \"Brioni (brand)\"), [Boucheron](/wiki/Boucheron \"Boucheron\"), [Balenciaga](/wiki/Balenciaga \"Balenciaga\"), [Bottega Veneta](/wiki/Bottega_Veneta \"Bottega Veneta\"), and had revenues in 2020 of 13\\.1 billion euros.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kering.com/en/finance/group/group\\-key\\-figures\\#anchor0\\|title\\=Kering web site key figures\\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=12 February 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212060013/http://www.kering.com/en/finance/group/group\\-key\\-figures\\#anchor0\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Kering has its headquarters at 40 rue de Sèvres in the [7th arrondissement of Paris](/wiki/7th_arrondissement_of_Paris \"7th arrondissement of Paris\"), in the former Hôpital Laennec.Miles Socha, [Inside Kering \\& Balenciaga’s New Palatial Headquarters](https://footwearnews.com/2016/business/designers/kering-balenciaga-new-paris-headquarters-laennec-hospital-photos-257399/), *Footwearnews.com*, 15 September 2016", "[L'Oreal](/wiki/L%27Oreal \"L'Oreal\") is the world's largest cosmetics company, and ranked 395 in the Fortune Global 500\\. Founded in 1909, its headquarters is located in [Clichy](/wiki/Clichy%2C_Hauts-de-Seine \"Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine\"), in the [Hauts\\-de\\-Seine](/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine \"Hauts-de-Seine\") Department.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.loreal\\-finance.com/\\_docs/0000000035/RA2014\\_Web\\_VGB\\_10042015\\_liens.pdf\\|title\\=L'Oreal press release\\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2015 \\|publisher\\=L'Oreal}}", "### Internet and telecommunications", "The largest telecom company and internet provider in France is [Orange S.A.](/wiki/Orange_S.A. \"Orange S.A.\"), known until 2000 as [France Télécom](/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com \"France Télécom\"). It is the 15th largest telecom company in the world, and number 43 in the Fortune Global 500\\. It had revenue of 39\\.445 billion Euros in 2014, and has 230 million customers worldwide. It was founded in 1994, and acquired by France Telecom in 2000\\. The headquarters of Orange is at 78 rue Olivier des Serres in the 15th arrondissement.", "The second giant telecom in Paris is [Numericable\\-SFR](/wiki/Numericable-SFR \"Numericable-SFR\"), with 22\\.39 million subscribers, and revenue of 12\\.63 billion dollars in 2014\\. The SFR stands for *Societé française du radiotéléphone*, or French radio\\-telephone company, founded in 1987 before the Internet age. It is currently owned by a Luxembourg\\-based conglomerate, the [Altice](/wiki/Altice_%28company%29 \"Altice (company)\") group. The company's registered headquarters is on 1 square Bela Bartok in the 15th arrondissement, while its new administrative headquarters is in the suburb of [Saint\\-Denis](/wiki/Saint-Denis%2C_Seine-Saint-Denis \"Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis\"), just north of Paris.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2015/03/05/numericable\\-sfr\\-revenue\\-down\\-5\\-in\\-2014\\-despite\\-subscriber\\-growth/\\|title\\=Numericable\\-sfr revenue down 5 in 2014 despite subscriber growth\\|publisher\\=TeleGeography\\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2015}}", "Other major telecom companies in the Paris Region include [Bouygues Telecom](/wiki/Bouygues_Telecom \"Bouygues Telecom\"). The company, part of the Bouygues Group, primarily a construction company, had revenue of 4\\.32 billion Euros in 2014 and 13\\.549 million subscribers. The main office of Bouygues Telcom is at 37\\-39 rue Boissiére in the 16th arrondissement.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2015/02/25/bouygues\\-telecoms\\-revenue\\-down\\-5\\-in\\-2014/\\|publisher\\=TeleGeography\\|title\\=Bouygues revenue down in 2014\\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2015}} [Free Mobile](/wiki/Free_Mobile \"Free Mobile\") is the newest and 4th largest internet provider in France, founded in 2007, with 11 million subscribers and revenue of 1\\.6 billion Euros in 2014\\. It is part of the [Iliad SA](/wiki/Iliad_SA \"Iliad SA\") group, founded by [Xavier Niel](/wiki/Xavier_Niel \"Xavier Niel\") in 1990\\. The headquarters of Free Mobile is the Free Center, 8 rue de la Ville\\-Évéque in the 8th arrondissement.", "### Media and entertainment", "The major digital media company located in Paris is [Vivendi](/wiki/Vivendi \"Vivendi\"), which is the leading film and audiovisual production company in the EU. It owns the TV channel and movie producer [Canal\\+](/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B \"Groupe Canal+\"), as well as the [Universal Music](/wiki/Universal_Music \"Universal Music\") group in the United States, and the video\\-sharing website [Dailymotion](/wiki/Dailymotion \"Dailymotion\"). It had revenue in 2013 of 22\\.135 billion euros. Its headquarters is located on Avenue de Friedland in the 8th arrondissement. Canal Plus has its headquarters in the business district of [Issy\\-les\\-Moulineaux](/wiki/Issy-les-Moulineaux \"Issy-les-Moulineaux\"), where several TV channels and major media companies have their offices, including [France 24](/wiki/France_24 \"France 24\"), [Eurosport](/wiki/Eurosport \"Eurosport\"), [Technicolor SA](/wiki/Technicolor_SA \"Technicolor SA\"), and Microsoft France.", "The major French film studios are also located in the Paris Region. The [Gaumont Film Company](/wiki/Gaumont_Film_Company \"Gaumont Film Company\") was the first motion picture company in the world, founded in 1896\\. Along with its television production company, [Gaumont International Television](/wiki/Gaumont_International_Television \"Gaumont International Television\"), it earned revenue of 169 million euros in 2013\\. It is located in [Neuilly\\-sur\\-Seine](/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine \"Neuilly-sur-Seine\"), just west of Paris. In 2008, [Disneynature](/wiki/Disneynature \"Disneynature\"), a subsidiary of the United States\\-based [The Walt Disney Company](/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company \"The Walt Disney Company\"), was established to produce independent nature documentary films.", "[Pathé](/wiki/Path%C3%A9 \"Pathé\") was the second film studio established in the world, after Gaumont. Together with Pathé, it owns a chain of multiplex movie theaters in France and throughout Europe.", "[Disneyland Paris](/wiki/Disneyland_Paris \"Disneyland Paris\") is an amusement park and resort complex located in [Marne\\-la\\-Vallée](/wiki/Marne-la-Vall%C3%A9e \"Marne-la-Vallée\"), twenty miles east of Paris, which opened in 1992\\. It attracted 15 million visitors in 2014, making it one of the most visited tourist sites in the Paris Region. It earned revenue of 1\\.309 billion dollars, but lost 27\\.5 million euro, due to the weak European economy.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://disneylandparis\\-news.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2014/11/Euro\\-DISNEY\\-SCA\\-Reports\\-Annual\\-Results\\-For\\-Fiscal\\-Year\\-2014\\.pdf\\|title\\=Eurdisney S.C.A. Annual Report 2014\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2015}}", "### Transportation", "The [SNCF](/wiki/SNCF \"SNCF\") (*Société nationale des chemins de fer français*, or \"French National Railway Company\") is [France](/wiki/France \"France\")'s national railway company which manages the [rail traffic in France](/wiki/Rail_transport_in_France \"Rail transport in France\") and the Principality of [Monaco](/wiki/Monaco \"Monaco\"). It operates about 14,000 trains daily. It operates all of France's rail services, including the [TGV](/wiki/TGV \"TGV\"), France's high\\-speed rail network. It owns 70 percent of the [Thalys](/wiki/Thalys \"Thalys\") high\\-speed train to Belgium and the Netherlands, and 55 percent of the [Eurostar](/wiki/Eurostar \"Eurostar\") from Paris to London.", "The SNCF is owned by the France state. In 2014 it had revenues of 36\\.138 million dollars, but this represented a drop of 15 percent from 2013\\. The SNCF has fallen from 214 in the Global 500 in 2010 to 253 in 2013, then down to 322 in 2014\\.", "The headquarters of the SNCF was formerly in the 14th arrondissement of Paris, but in July 2013 it was moved to the suburb of [Saint\\-Denis](/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis \"Seine-Saint-Denis\").", "[Air France](/wiki/Air_France \"Air France\") is the national airline of France. In 2014 it had revenues of 33\\.12 billion dollars, representing a loss of 262 million dollars, due to high costs and stiff competition from low\\-cost airlines and the new airlines from the Persian Gulf. Air France dropped in rank in the Fortune Global 500 from 351 in 2013 to 365 in 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://fortune.com/global500/air\\-france\\-klm\\-group\\-365/\\|title\\=Fortune Global 500 2015\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2015}}", "The headquarters of Air France is located at [Charles DeGaulle Airport](/wiki/Charles_DeGaulle_Airport \"Charles DeGaulle Airport\"), in the Commune of [Roissy\\-en\\-France](/wiki/Roissy-en-France \"Roissy-en-France\");", "A company called [Airports of Paris](/wiki/Airports_of_Paris \"Airports of Paris\") manages all of the civilian airports in the Paris Region, including [Charles de Gaulle Airport](/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport \"Charles de Gaulle Airport\"), [Le Bourget Airport](/wiki/Le_Bourget_Airport \"Le Bourget Airport\") and [Orly Airport](/wiki/Orly_Airport \"Orly Airport\"). It also manages a number of overseas airports, particularly in the Middle East, including the airports of [Tripoli](/wiki/Tripoli%2C_Libya \"Tripoli, Libya\"), [Zagreb](/wiki/Zagreb \"Zagreb\"), [Amman](/wiki/Amman \"Amman\"), [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers \"Algiers\") and [Islamabad](/wiki/Islamabad \"Islamabad\"). The company has 9,500 employees in the Paris Region. Its headquarters is located at 291 boulevard Raspail, in the 14th arrondissement.", "" ]
Economic history ---------------- ### Lutece The location of Lutece, the Gallo\-Roman town that became Paris, made it prosperous; It was on the main river trade route, via the Seine and [Rhône](/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne "Rhône") rivers, between Britain and to the Roman colony of [Provence](/wiki/Provence "Provence") and the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea"); and it was also the easiest place to cross the Seine; the residents collected fees for crossing the bridge. The people of Lutece minted their own gold coins which were used for trade across Europe. Coins from the towns along the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine "Rhine") and [Danube](/wiki/Danube "Danube") and even from [Cádiz](/wiki/C%C3%A1diz "Cádiz") in [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain") were found in the excavations of the ancient city. They also were known throughout Gaul for the quality of their jewelry and other ornaments made by the town's craftsmen.{{sfn\|Schmidt\|2009\|p\=69\-70}} ### Medieval Paris [thumb\|right\|200px\|The Coat of Arms of the league of Paris river merchants in the Middle Ages became the emblem of the city of Paris.](/wiki/File:%C3%89cusson_de_la_ville_de_Paris.jpg "Écusson de la ville de Paris.jpg") Commerce was also a major source of the wealth and influence of Paris in the Middle Ages. In 1121, during the reign of Louis VI, the King accorded to the league of boatmen of Paris a fee of sixty centimes for each boatload of wine which arrived in the city during the harvest. In 1170, Louis VII extended the privileges of the river merchants even further; only the boatmen of Paris were allowed to conduct commerce on the river between the bridge of Mantes and the two bridges of Paris.{{sfn\|Fierro\|1996\|p\=455}} The large monasteries also played an important role in the growth of commerce in the Middle Ages by holding large fairs, which attracted merchants from as far away as Saxony and Italy. The Abbey of Saint Denis had been holding a large annual fair since the seventh century; the fair of Saint\-Mathias dated to the 8th century; the Lenit Fair appeared in the 10th century, and the Fair of the Abbey of Saint\-Germain\-des\-Pres began in the 12th century.{{sfn\|Fierro\|1996\|p\=455}} By the 15th century separate ports were established along the river for the delivery of wine, grain, plaster, paving stones, hay, fish, and charcoal. Wood for cooking fires and heating was unloaded at one port, while wood for construction arrived at another. The merchants engaged in each kind of commerce gathered around that port; in 1421, of the twenty\-one wine merchants registered in Paris, eleven were located between the Pont Notre\-Dame and the hotel Saint\-Paul, the neighborhood where their port was located.{{sfn\|Fierro\|1996\|pp\=456\-457}} [thumb\|left\|300px\|A Paris market, from *Le Chevalier Errant* by Thomas de Saluces (about 1403\)](/wiki/File:F577.jpg "F577.jpg") In the early Middle Ages, the principal market of Paris was located on the parvis, or square in front of the Cathedral of Notre\-Dame. Other markets took place in the vicinity of the two bridges, the Grand Pont and the Petit Pont, while a smaller market called Palu or Palud, took place in the eastern neighborhood of the city. The most important market appeared in 1137 when Louis VI purchased a piece of land called Les Champeaux not far from the Place de Grève to create a [grain market](/wiki/Grain_trade "Grain trade"); over the course of the Middle Ages halls for meat, fish, fruits and vegetables and other food products were built around the grain market, and it became the main food market, and was known as [Les Halles](/wiki/Les_Halles "Les Halles"). It continued to be the main produce market until the late 20th century, when it was transferred to [Rungis](/wiki/Rungis "Rungis") in the Paris suburbs.{{sfn\|Fierro\|1996\|p\=973}} After the merchants, the second important business community in Paris were the artisans and craftsmen, who produced and sold goods of all kinds. They were organized into guilds, or corporations, which had strict rules and regulations to protect their members against competition and unemployment. The oldest four corporations were the {{lang\|fro\|drapiers}}, who made cloth; the {{lang\|fro\|merciers}}, who made and sold clothing, the {{lang\|fro\|epiciers}}, who sold food and spices, and the *pelletiers*, who made fur garments. But there were many more specialized professions, ranging from shoemakers and jewelers to those who made armor and swords. The guilds strictly limited the number of apprentices in each trade, and the number of years of apprenticeship. Certain guilds tended to gather on the same streets, though this was not a strict rule. The *drapers* had their shops on the rue de la Vielle\-Draperie on the Ile de la Cité, while the *Pelletiers* were just north of them; the *armorers* north of the Châtelet fortress and east of rue saint\-Denis. Money\-changers were active in Paris since at least 1141; they knew the exact values of all the different silver and gold coins in circulation in Europe. They had their establishments primarily on the Grand Pont, which became known as the pont aux Changeurs and then simply the Post au Change. Tax Records show that in 1423 the money\-changers were among the wealthiest persons in the city; of the twenty persons with the highest incomes, ten were money\-changers, Between 1412 and 1450, four Changers occupied the position of Provost of the Merchants. But by the end of the 15th century, the system of wealth had changed; the wealthiest Parisians were those who had bought land or positions in the royal administration and were close to the King. Some money\-changers branched into a new trade, that of lending money for interest. Since this was officially forbidden by the Catholic Church, most in the profession were either Jews or Lombards from Italy. The Lombards, connected to a well\-organizer banking system in Italy, specialized in loans to the wealthy and the nobility, Their activities were recorded in Paris archives from 1292 onwards; they made important loans to King [Philip IV](/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France "Philip IV of France") and [Philip VI](/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France "Philip VI of France").{{sfn\|Fierro\|1996\|pp\=472\-474}} ### 17th and 18th centuries At the beginning of the 17th century, the most important industry of the city was textiles; weaving and dyeing cloth, and making bonnets, belts, ribbons, and an assortment of other items of clothing. The dyeing industry was located in the Faubourg Saint\-Marcel, along the River Bievre, which was quickly polluted by the workshops and dye vats along its banks. The largest workshops there, which made the fortunes of the families Gobelin, Canaye and Le Peultre, were dyeing six hundred thousand pieces of cloth a year in the mid\-16th century, but, because of growing foreign competition, their output dropped to one hundred thousand pieces at the start of the 17th century, and the whole textile industry was struggling. Henry IV and Louis XIII observed that wealthy Parisians were spending huge sums to import silks, tapestries, glassware leather goods and carpets from Flanders, Spain, Italy and Turkey. They encouraged French businessmen to make the same luxury products in Paris.{{sfn\|Fierro\|1996\|page\=466}} [thumb\|left\|300px\|Colbert visits the Gobelins tapestry workshop (1665\)](/wiki/File:S%C3%A9bastien_Leclerc_I%2C_Colbert_Visiting_the_Gobelins%2C_ca._1665.jpg "Sébastien Leclerc I, Colbert Visiting the Gobelins, ca. 1665.jpg") With this royal encouragement, the financier Moisset launched an enterprise to make cloth woven with threads of gold, silver and silk. It failed, but was replaced by other successful ventures. The first tapestry workshop was opened, with royal assistance, in the Louvre, then at the [Savonnerie](/wiki/Savonnerie "Savonnerie") and at Chaillot. The Gobelins enterprise of dyers brought in two Flemish tapestry makers in 1601 and began to make its own tapestries in the Flemish style. Master craftsmen from Spain and Italy opened small enterprises to make high\-quality leather goods. Workshops making fine furniture were opened by German craftsmen in the [faubourg Saint\-Antoine](/wiki/Faubourg_Saint-Antoine "Faubourg Saint-Antoine"). A royal glass factory was opened 1601 in Saint\-Germain\-des\-Prés to compete with Venetian glassmakers. A large factory was opened at Reuilly to produce and polish mirrors made by [Saint\-Gobain](/wiki/Saint-Gobain "Saint-Gobain").{{sfn\|Fierro\|1996\|page\=466}} [thumb\|right\|200px\|A carpet made by the royal [Savonnerie](/wiki/Savonnerie "Savonnerie") workshop for the Louvre](/wiki/File:Tapis_de_Savonnerie_Louis_XIV_apres_Charles_Le_Brun_pour_la_Grande_Galerie_du_Louvre.jpg "Tapis de Savonnerie Louis XIV apres Charles Le Brun pour la Grande Galerie du Louvre.jpg") Under Louis XIV and his minister of finance, [Jean\-Baptiste Colbert](/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert "Jean-Baptiste Colbert"), the royal manufacturies were expanded. The most skilled artisans in Europe were recruited and brought to Paris. In 1665 the enterprise of Hindret, located in the old château de Madrid in the Bois de Boulogne, produced the first French silk stockings. The Gobelins workshops began to produce furniture for the royal residences as well as tapestries, while the [Savonnerie](/wiki/Savonnerie "Savonnerie") Manufactory produced magnificent carpets for the royal palaces. The quality of the carpets, tapestries, furniture, glass and other products was unmatched; the problem was that it was nearly all destined for a single client, the King, and his new residence at Versailles. The royal manufacturies were kept going by enormous subsidies from the royal treasury.{{sfn\|Fierro\|1996\|page\=468}} [thumb\|left\|300px\|Gallery of shops in the Palais de Paris, by Abraham Bosse (1638\)](/wiki/File:Abraham_Bosse%2C_The_Gallery_of_the_Palace_of_Justice%2C_ca._1638.jpg "Abraham Bosse, The Gallery of the Palace of Justice, ca. 1638.jpg") The most important market for luxury goods was located on the Île\-de\-la\-Cité, in the spacious gallery of the old royal palace, where it had been since at least the fourteenth century. The palace was no longer occupied by the King, and had become the administrative headquarters of the Kingdom, occupied by the courts, the treasury, and other government offices. The small shops in the gallery sold a wide variety of expensive gowns, cloaks, perfumes, hats, bonnets, children's wear, gloves, and other items of clothing. Books were another luxury items sold there; they were hand\-printed, expensively bound, and rare. Clocks and watches were another important luxury good made in Paris shops. Access to the profession was strictly controlled; at the beginning of the 17th century, the guild of *horlogers* had twenty\-five members. Each horloger was allowed to have no more than one apprentice, and apprenticeship lasted six years. Nearly all the clock and watchmakers were Protestants; when Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685, most of the *horlogers* refused to renounce their faith and emigrated to Geneva, England and Holland, and France no longer dominated the industry.{{sfn\|Fierro\|1996\|page\=936}} [thumb\|right\|300px\|Illustration of paper manufacturing, from Diderot's *[Encyclopédie](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die "Encyclopédie")*](/wiki/File:Encyclop%C3%A9die_Paper_manufacturing.jpg "Encyclopédie Paper manufacturing.jpg") During most of the 18th century, the Parisian economy was based on thousands of small workshops, where skilled artisans produced products. The workshops were clustered in particular neighborhoods; furniture makers in the faubourg Saint\-Antoine; cutlery and small metal\-work in neighborhood called the [*Quinze Vingts*](/wiki/Quinze-Vingts_National_Eye_Hospital "Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital") near the [Bastille](/wiki/Bastille "Bastille"). There were a few large enterprises, including the dye factory of Gobelins, next to the Bièvre river, which made scarlet dye for the Gobelin royal tapestry workshop, the oldest factory in the city, founded at the end of the 17th century; the royal manufactory of Sèvres, making porcelain; the royal mirror factory in the faubourg Saint\-Antoine, which employed a thousand workers; and the factory of [Réveillon](/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_R%C3%A9veillon "Jean-Baptiste Réveillon") on *rue de Montreuil*, which made painted wallpaper. In the second half of the 18th century, new scientific discoveries and new technologies changed the scale of Paris industry. Between 1778 and 1782, large steam engines were installed at [Chaillot](/wiki/16th_arrondissement_of_Paris "16th arrondissement of Paris") and *Gros\-Caillou* to pump drinking water from the Seine. Major changes took place between 1770 and 1790 in chemical manufacturing, due to the pioneering work of French chemists. The first chemical factories were built between 1770 and 1779, based on the work of [Lavoisier](/wiki/Lavoisier "Lavoisier"), an innovative chemist who was head of the laboratory of the Paris Arsenal and was also the head of the royal administration for making gunpowder. He modernized the production of [saltpeter](/wiki/Saltpeter "Saltpeter"), the main ingredient of black powder, in large factories around Paris. The French chemist [Berthollet](/wiki/Berthollet "Berthollet") discovered [chlorine](/wiki/Chlorine "Chlorine") in 1785, creating a new industry for the manufacture of [potassium chloride](/wiki/Potassium_chloride "Potassium chloride").{{sfn\|Le Roux\|2013\|page\=18}}{{sfn\|Petitfils\|2005\|page\=99}} New discoveries about acids, used extensively in fabric dyeing and metallurgy, led to the creation of new industries in Paris; the first French plant to manufacture [sulfuric acid](/wiki/Sulfuric_acid "Sulfuric acid") was opened in 1779\. It was owned by the brother of king [Louis XVI](/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France "Louis XVI of France"), the [Count of Artois](/wiki/Charles_X_of_France "Charles X of France"); the King himself promoted it, eager that France complete successfully with England in industrial manufacturing. The chemical factory at *Javel* branched out to make other chemical products, including [chlorine](/wiki/Chlorine "Chlorine") and [hydrogen](/wiki/Hydrogen "Hydrogen") gas; the hydrogen made possible the first manned balloon flights by the [Montgolfier Brothers](/wiki/Montgolfier_Brothers "Montgolfier Brothers") shortly before the Revolution.{{sfn\|Le Roux\|2013\|page\=18}} In the domain of finance and banking, Paris was far behind other European capitals, and even other French cities. The first venture of Paris into modern finance was launched by the Scottish economist [John Law](/wiki/John_Law_%28economist%29 "John Law (economist)"), who, encouraged by the Regent, in 1716 started a private bank and issued paper money. Law invested heavily in the [Mississippi Company](/wiki/Mississippi_Company "Mississippi Company"), causing wild speculation, with shares rising to sixty times their original value. The bubble burst in 1720, and Law closed the bank and fled the country, ruining many Parisian investors. Thereafter, Parisians were suspicious of banks and bankers. The [*Bourse*](/wiki/Paris_Bourse "Paris Bourse"), or Paris stock market, did not open until 24 September 1724 on *rue Vivienne*, in the former *hôtel de Nevers*, long after stock markets had existed in Lyon, Marseille, Bordeaux, Toulouse and other cities. The *[Banque de France](/wiki/Banque_de_France "Banque de France")* was not founded until 1800, long after the [Bank of Amsterdam](/wiki/Bank_of_Amsterdam "Bank of Amsterdam") (1609\), and the [Bank of England](/wiki/Bank_of_England "Bank of England") (1694\). Fashion and [haute couture](/wiki/Haute_couture "Haute couture") was a flourishing business in the mid and late 18th century, as the aristocrats copied the styles of clothing worn by the Queen and her court, and the wives of Paris bankers and wealthy merchants copied the styles worn by the aristocrats. The fashion industry was formally born in 1776, when the guild of fashion merchants (*marchands de mode*), along with plume merchants and florists, was officially separated from the *mercers*, those who sold ordinary clothing. By 1779 two hundred different models of hat were being sold in Paris, at prices ranging from ten to one hundred pounds, along with every other possible fashion item.{{sfn\|Fierro\|1996\|page\=999}} The Paris perfume industry also emerged in its modern form in the second part the 18th century, after the guild of perfumers separated from the guild of glove\-makers. The perfumes were usually made in [Grasse](/wiki/Grasse "Grasse"), in Provence, but the shops that sold them were opened in Paris. In 1798 the perfumer of the Queen, Pierre\-François Lubin, opened a perfume shop at 53 rue Helvétius (now rue Sainte\-Anne), with the name *au Bouquet de Roses.* Other perfumers opened similar shops catering to wealthy Parisians and visitors. ### 19th century [thumb\|right\|300px\|Paris stock exchange, [*La Bourse*](/wiki/Paris_Bourse "Paris Bourse") (1831\)](/wiki/File:La_Bourse%2C_1831.jpg "La Bourse, 1831.jpg") The metric system was introduced in 1803, as was the [franc](/wiki/Franc "Franc"), worth one hundred [centimes](/wiki/Centime "Centime"), and the *[sou](/wiki/Sou_%28coin%29 "Sou (coin)")*, worth five centimes. The gold Napoleon coin was worth either 20 or 40 francs, and the government also issued silver coins worth five, two and one franc. The government did not have the resources to collect and remake all the coins of the former regimes, so the gold Louis, with an image of the King, worth 24 pounds, and the [écu](/wiki/%C3%89cu "Écu"), a silver count worth three of six pounds, were also legal currency. The coins of all the states within the Empire were also in circulation, including those of the German states, northern and central Italy, the Netherlands, and the Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium).{{sfn\|Fierro\|2003\|page\=191}} During the Restoration, Paris became the cradle of the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution "Industrial Revolution") in France. The textile industry had already been installed in the faubourg Saint\-Antoine by the firm of Richard and Lenoir, and by Albert in the Faubourg Saint\-Denis. In 1812, [Benjamin Delessert](/wiki/Benjamin_Delessert "Benjamin Delessert") had built the first refinery of sugar beets at [Passy](/wiki/Passy "Passy"), which became one of the largest industrial enterprises in the Paris Region. In 1818, he joined forces with [Baron Jean\-Conrad Hottinguer](/wiki/Baron_Jean-Conrad_Hottinguer "Baron Jean-Conrad Hottinguer") to create the Caisse d'Epargne et de Prévoyance de Paris, France's first savings bank. French scientists made important advances in new technologies, including the manufacture of rubber, aluminum, and gilded products, which were turned into industries. Even before the Revolution, in 1779 the Count of Artois, the brother of the King, had built the first chemical plant on the plain of Javel, next to the Seine, making sulfuric acid, potash, and chlorine, called "Eau de Javel." The plant also made hydrogen gas, used in the first manned balloon flights, and varnish, used to seal the fabric of balloons. During the Restoration, inspired by the work of the chemist [Jean\-Antoine Chaptal](/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal "Jean-Antoine Chaptal") and other scientists, new factories were built along the left bank of the Seine, making a wide variety of new chemical products, but also heavily polluting the river.{{sfn\|Le Roux\|2013\|pages\=18\-19}} [thumb\|right\|300px\|*Galerie d'Orléans* of the Palais\-Royal in 1840](/wiki/File:Galerie_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_en_1840.jpg "Galerie d'Orléans en 1840.jpg") The commerce in luxury goods had suffered greatly during the Revolution, as the chief buyers, the aristocracy, had been driven into exile. Their return during the Restoration and especially the rapid growth of the number of wealthy Parisians revived the business in jewelry, furniture, fine clothing, watches and other luxury products. The finest shops of Paris were lined up along the Rue Saint\-Honoré. {{sfn\|Héron de Villefosse\|1959\|page\=313}} The [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution "Industrial Revolution") steadily changed the economy and the appearance of Paris, as new factories were built along the Seine and in the outer neighborhoods of the city. The textile industry was in decline, but the chemical industry was expanding around the edges of the city, at [Javel](/wiki/Javel%2C_Paris "Javel, Paris"), [Grenelle](/wiki/Grenelle "Grenelle"), [Passy](/wiki/Passy "Passy"), [Clichy](/wiki/Clichy%2C_Hauts-de-Seine "Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine"), [Belleville](/wiki/Belleville_%28commune%29 "Belleville (commune)") and [Pantin](/wiki/Pantin "Pantin"). It was joined by mills and factories making steel, machines and tools, especially for the new railroad industry. Paris ranked third in France in metallurgy, after Saint\-Étienne and the [Nord department](/wiki/Nord_%28French_department%29 "Nord (French department)"). Between 1830 and 1847, twenty percent of all the steam engines produced in France were made in Paris. Many of these were produced at the locomotive factory built by [Jean\-François Cail](/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cail "Jean-François Cail") in 1844, first at [Chaillot](/wiki/16th_arrondissement_of_Paris "16th arrondissement of Paris"), then at Grenelle, which became one of the largest enterprises in Paris. One example of the new factories in Paris was the cigarette and cigar factory of Philippon, between rue de l'Université and the quai d'Orsay. Napoleon's soldiers had brought the habit of smoking from Spain, and it had spread among all classes of Parisians. The government had a monopoly on the manufacture of tobacco products, and the government\-owned factory opened in 1812\. It employed 1,200 workers, a large number of them women, and also included a school and laboratory, run by the *École Polytechnique*, to develop new methods of tobacco production.{{sfn\|Fierro\|1996\|page\=1165}} Despite the surge of industrialization, most Parisian workers were employed in small workshops and enterprises. In 1847, there were 350,000 workers in Paris employed in 65,000 businesses. Only seven thousand businesses employed more than ten workers. For example, in 1848 there were 377 small workshops in Paris making and selling umbrellas, employing a total of 1,442 workers.{{sfn\|Fierro\|1996\|page\=470}} With the surge of industrialization, the importance of banking and finance in the Paris economy also grew. As [Stendhal](/wiki/Stendhal "Stendhal") wrote at the time, the bankers were the new aristocracy of Paris. In 1837, [Jacques Laffitte](/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte "Jacques Laffitte") founded the first business bank in Paris, the *Caisse générale du commerce et de l'industrie*. In 1842, Hippolyte Ganneron founded a rival commercial bank, the *Comptoir général du commerce*. The banks provided the funding for the most important economic event of the July Monarchy, the arrival of the railroads. The brothers Émile and Issac Péreire, the grandchildren of an immigrant from [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal"), founded the first railway line to Paris. [James Mayer de Rothschild](/wiki/James_Mayer_de_Rothschild "James Mayer de Rothschild"), the chief rival of the Péreire brothers, was the most famous banker of the July Monarchy. He gave loans to the government of Louis\-Philippe and played a key role in the construction of the French mining industry and railroad network. The reign of Louis\-Philippe became known as "the reign of the boutique". During the July Monarchy, Paris continued to be the marketplace of luxury goods for wealthiest of Europe, and the leader in fashion. The perfumer [Pierre\-François\-Pascal Guerlain](/wiki/Guerlain "Guerlain") had opened his first shop on the *[rue de Rivoli](/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli "Rue de Rivoli")* in 1828\. In 1840, he opened a larger shop at 145 *[rue de la Paix](/wiki/Rue_de_la_Paix "Rue de la Paix")*, which was also the first street in Paris to be lit with gaslight. The porcelain factory at [Sèvres](/wiki/S%C3%A8vres "Sèvres"), which had long made table settings for the royal courts of Europe, began to make them for the bankers and industrialists of Paris. The *[Passage des Panoramas](/wiki/Passage_des_Panoramas "Passage des Panoramas")* and other covered shopping galleries were ancestors of the modern shopping center. Another new kind of store was the *Magasin de Nouveautés*, or novelty store. The *Grand Colbert* in the *Galerie Colbert* on *rue Vivienne* was decorated and organized like an oriental bazaar; it had large plate glass windows and window displays, fixed prices and price tags, and sold a wide variety of products for women, from cashmere and lace to hosiery and hats. It was an ancestor to the modern department store, which first opened in Paris in the 1850s. Other novel marketing techniques were introduced in Paris at this time: the illuminated sign, and advertising goods in newspapers. The arrival of the railroad made it possible for people from the provinces to come to Paris simply to shop.{{sfn\|Fierro\|1996\|page\=464}} [thumb\|right\|250px\|Bon Marché, the first modern department store, in 1867](/wiki/File:Le_Bon_March%C3%A9_department_store_in_Paris_1867.jpg "Le Bon Marché department store in Paris 1867.jpg") The Second Empire saw a revolution in retail commerce, as the Paris middle class and consumer demand grew rapidly. The revolution was fuelled in large part by Paris fashions, especially the crinoline, which demanded enormous quantities of silk, satin, velour, cashmere, percale, mohair, ribbons, lace and other fabrics and decorations. Prior to the Second Empire, clothing and luxury shops were small and catered to a very small clientele; their windows were covered with shutters or curtains. Any who entered had to explain his presence to the clerks, and prices were never posted; customers had to ask. Under [Napoleon III](/wiki/Napoleon_III "Napoleon III"), The new Haussmann boulevards created space for new stores, and it was easier for customers to cross the city to shop. In a short time, the commerce in novelties, fabrics and clothing began to be concentrated in a few very large department stores. [Bon Marché](/wiki/Bon_March%C3%A9 "Bon Marché"), was opened in 1852 by [Aristide Boucicaut](/wiki/Aristide_Boucicaut "Aristide Boucicaut"), the former chief of the *Petit Thomas* variety store, in a modest building, and expanded rapidly, its income going from 450,000 francs a year to 20 million. Boucicaut commissioned a new building with a glass and iron framework designed in part by [Gustave Eiffel](/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel "Gustave Eiffel"), which opened in 1869, and became the model for the modern department store. The *Grand Magasin du Louvre* opened in 1855, inside the vast luxury hotel built by the Pereire Brothers next to the Louvre and the Place Royale. It was the first department store that concentrated on luxury goods, and tried to both provide bargains and be snobbish. Other department stores quickly appeared: [Printemps](/wiki/Printemps "Printemps") in 1865, the Grand Bazaar de l'Hôtel de Ville (BHV) in 1869, and [La Samaritaine](/wiki/La_Samaritaine "La Samaritaine") in 1870\. They were soon imitated around the world.Milza, Pierre, *Napoleon III*, p. 486 The new stores pioneered new methods of marketing, from holding annual sales to giving bouquets of violets to customers or boxes of chocolates to those who spent more than 25 francs. They offered a wide variety of products and prices; Bon Marché offered fifty\-four kinds of crinolines, and thirty different kinds of silk. The Grand Magasin du Louvre sold shawls ranging in price from 30 francs to 600 francs.Maneglier, Hervé, *Paris Impérial*, p. 84\-85 [thumb\|right\|300px\|The Moisant workshop on *Boulevard de Vaugirard* (1889\) made the metal structure of the *Bon Marché* department store.](/wiki/File:Ateliers_A.Moisant%2C_Bd_de_Vaugirard%2C_Paris_15%C3%A8.jpg "Ateliers A.Moisant, Bd de Vaugirard, Paris 15è.jpg") The economy of Paris suffered an economic crisis in the early 1870s, followed by a long, slow recovery; then a period of rapid growth beginning in 1895 until the First World War. Between 1872 and 1895, in the capital, 139 large enterprises closed their doors, particularly textile and furniture factories, those in the metallurgy sector, and printing houses, four industries which for sixty years had been the major employers in the city. Most of these enterprises had employed, each, between 100 and 200 workers. Half of the large enterprises on the center of the city's right bank moved out, in part because of the high cost of real estate, and also to get better access to transportation on the river and railroads. Several moved to less\-expensive areas at the edges of the city, around Monparnasse and La Salpêtriére, while others went to the [18th arrondissement](/wiki/18th_arrondissement_of_Paris "18th arrondissement of Paris"), [La Villette](/wiki/La_Villette%2C_Seine "La Villette, Seine") and the [Canal Saint\-Denis](/wiki/Canal_Saint-Denis "Canal Saint-Denis"), to be closer to the river ports and the new railroad freight yards, to Picpus and [Charonne](/wiki/Charonne_quarter "Charonne quarter") in the southeast, or near [Grenelle](/wiki/Grenelle "Grenelle") and [Javel](/wiki/Javel%2C_Paris "Javel, Paris") in the southwest. The total number of enterprises in Paris dropped from 76,000 in 1872 to 60,000 in 1896, while in the suburbs their number grew from 11,000 to 13,000\. In the heart of Paris, many workers were still employed in traditional industries such as textiles (18,000 workers), garment production (45,000 workers), and in the new industries which required highly skilled workers, such as mechanical and electrical engineering, and automobile manufacturing.{{sfn\|Marchand\|1993\|page\=126}} [thumb\|right\|[Louis Renault](/wiki/Louis_Renault_%28industrialist%29 "Louis Renault (industrialist)") and his first car (1903\)](/wiki/File:Louis_Renault_with_his_first_car.jpg "Louis Renault with his first car.jpg") Three major new French industries were born in and around Paris at almost the same time, taking advantage of the abundance of skilled engineers and technicians, and money from Paris banks. They produced the first French automobiles, aircraft, and motion pictures. In 1898, [Louis Renault](/wiki/Louis_Renault_%28industrialist%29 "Louis Renault (industrialist)") and his brother Marcel built their first automobile, and founded a new company to produce them. They established their first factory at [Boulogne\-Billancourt](/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt "Boulogne-Billancourt"), just outside the city, and made the first French truck in 1906 in 1908, they built 3,595 cars, making them the largest car manufacturer in France. They received an important contract to make taxicabs for the largest Paris taxi company. When the first World War began in 1914, the Renault taxis of Paris were mobilized to carry French soldiers to the front at the [First Battle of the Marne](/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne "First Battle of the Marne"). [thumb\|left\|250px\|[Louis Bleriot](/wiki/Louis_Bleriot "Louis Bleriot") and his aircraft (1909\)](/wiki/File:Bleriot.jpg "Bleriot.jpg") The French aviation pioneer [Louis Blériot](/wiki/Louis_Bl%C3%A9riot "Louis Blériot") also established a company, Blériot Aéronautique, on *boulevard Victor\-Hugo* in [Neuilly](/wiki/Neuilly "Neuilly"), where he manufactured the first French airplanes. On 25 July 1909, he became the first man to fly across the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel "English Channel"). Blériot moved his company to [Buc](/wiki/Buc%2C_Yvelines "Buc, Yvelines"), near [Versailles](/wiki/Versailles_%28city%29 "Versailles (city)"), where he established a private airport and a flying school. In 1910, he built the *Aérobus*, one of the first passenger aircraft, which could carry seven persons, the most of any aircraft of the time. The [Lumière Brothers](/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re_Brothers "Lumière Brothers") had given the first projected showing of a motion picture [*La Sortie de l'usine Lumière*](/wiki/Workers_Leaving_the_Lumi%C3%A8re_Factory "Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory"), at the *[Salon Indien du Grand Café](/wiki/Salon_Indien_du_Grand_Caf%C3%A9 "Salon Indien du Grand Café")* of the *Hôtel Scribe*, *boulevard des Capucines*, on 28 December 1895\. A young French entrepreneur, [Georges Méliès](/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s "Georges Méliès"), attended the first showing, and asked the Lumière brothers for a license to make films. The Lumière Brothers politely declined, telling him that the cinema was for scientific purposes, and had no commercial value. Méliès persisted, and established his own small studio in 1897 in [Montreuil](/wiki/Montreuil%2C_Seine-Saint-Denis "Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis"), just east of Paris. He became a producer, director, scenarist, set designer and actor, and made hundreds of short films, including the first science\-fiction film, [A Trip to the Moon](/wiki/A_Trip_to_the_Moon "A Trip to the Moon") (*Le Voyage dans la Lune*), in 1902\. Another French cinema pioneer and producer [Charles Pathé](/wiki/Charles_Path%C3%A9 "Charles Pathé"), also built a studio in Montreuil, then moved to *rue des Vignerons* in [Vincennes](/wiki/Vincennes "Vincennes"), east of Paris. His chief rival in the early French film industry, [Léon Gaumont](/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gaumont "Léon Gaumont"), opened his first studio at about the same time at *rue des Alouettes* in the 19th arrondissement, near the Buttes\-Chaumont.{{sfn\|Fierro\|1996\|page\=777}} ### 20th century [thumb\|right\|300px\|A Renault FT tank, made at Boulogne\-Billancourt (1917\), now in the Museum of the French Army](/wiki/File:Renault_FT-17_tank_at_Les_Invalides%2C_France_-_20111007.jpg "Renault FT-17 tank at Les Invalides, France - 20111007.jpg") [thumb\|left\|300px\|*Munitionettes* making artillery shells (1917\)](/wiki/File:Munitions_Manufacturing_NGM-v31-p322.jpg "Munitions Manufacturing NGM-v31-p322.jpg") The coal mines and major industrial cities of the north were behind German lines, forcing the government to reorganize the industry of Paris to provide the enormous quantities of weapons and ammunition that the army needed. The munitions factories of Paris had to produce one hundred thousand 75\-millimeter artillery shells every day, in addition to other munitions, cannon, rifles, trucks, ambulances, and aircraft, as well as building the machine tools and factory equipment needed to expand production. The effort was led by Albert Thomas, a socialist politician who became the Secretary of State for Artillery. In 1915 more than a thousand Paris enterprises were working in the sector of National Defense. Most of the defense factories were located in the outer neighborhoods of the city, particularly the 13th, 14th, 15th and 18th arrondissements. A large [Citroen](/wiki/Citroen "Citroen") factory was built at [Javel](/wiki/Javel%2C_Paris "Javel, Paris"), and the [Renault](/wiki/Renault "Renault") factory at [Boulogne\-Billancourt](/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt "Boulogne-Billancourt") was converted from making automobiles to making a revolutionary new weapon, the tank. The aviation firm [Blériot Aéronautique](/wiki/Bl%C3%A9riot_A%C3%A9ronautique "Blériot Aéronautique") built an enormous aircraft factory, covering 28,000 square meters, at [Suresnes](/wiki/Suresnes "Suresnes") in 1917\. The traditional small workshops of French industry were re\-organized into huge assembly lines following the model of factory of [Henry Ford](/wiki/Henry_Ford "Henry Ford") in the United States and the productivity studies of [Frederick Taylor](/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor "Frederick Winslow Taylor") on [scientific management](/wiki/Scientific_management "Scientific management").{{sfn\|Le Roux\|2013\|page\=93}} As factory workers were drafted and sent to the front, their places were taken by women as well as 183,000 colonials from Africa and Indo\-China who were closely watched by the government.{{cite book\|last1\=Tucker\|first1\=Spencer C.\|last2\=Roberts\|first2\=Priscilla Mary\|title\=Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=2YqjfHLyyj8C\&pg\=PA437\|year\=2005\|publisher\=ABC\-CLIO\|page\=437\|isbn\=9781851094202}}John Horne, "Immigrant Workers in France during World War I," French Historical Studies, 14/1 (1985\), 57–88\. On 27 August 1915, 1,700 Chinese workers arrived at the Gare de Lyon to take positions in the Renault tank factory and other defense works.{{sfn\|Fierro\|1996\|page\=219}} The work in the defense factories was intense and dangerous, as inexperienced workers handled dangerous chemicals and high explosives. On 20 October 1915, a workshop making hand grenades at 173 rue de Tolbiac exploded, killing about fifty workers and injuring a hundred. In April 1918, a new factory in Vincennes making shells and mustard gas exploded, poisoning three hundred ten workers.{{sfn\|Le Roux\|2013\|page\=93}} [thumb\|left\|250px\|Advertising sign for [Citroën](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn "Citroën") cars on the Eiffel Tower (1925\-1934\)](/wiki/File:Tour_Eiffel_Citroen.jpg "Tour Eiffel Citroen.jpg") As a result of the war, the French government was deeply in debt; the debt had multiplied six times from what it was before the War. Inflation was rampant; the amount of money in circulation had increased by five times during the War. The low value of the Franc against the dollar made the city attractive for foreign visitors such as Ernest Hemingway, who found prices for housing and food affordable, but it was difficult for the Parisians. Energy was in short supply; before leaving their front lines, the Germans had flooded the coal mines of northern France; coal production was not fully restored for five years. A large part of the government budget went to repaying the war debts, and another large part went to paying the pensions of widows, orphans, and wounded soldiers. The weak franc was helpful for the major enterprises of Paris, which converted to making new products which had been developed during the war; automobiles, electric generators and motors, and chemical products. Due to low French costs, exports jumped by forty\-two percent between 1923 and 1927\. A good example of a successful new Paris enterprise was the automobile company founded in 1919 by [André Citroën](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn "André Citroën") (1878\-1935\). He was an industrial engineer who developed assembly lines to produce armaments during the First World War. In 1919 he put these technologies to work to mass\-produce automobiles on a site next to Seine; he created the first automobile assembly line outside the United States. By 1927 Citroën was the leader car manufacturer in Europe, and fourth in the world. In addition to his engineering talents, he was also a skilled publicist. He organized a series of highly publicized automobile expeditions to remote parts of Africa, Asia and Australia, and, from 1925 until 1934, had a large illuminated Citroën sign on the side of the Eiffel Tower. The site of Citroën's old factory is now the [Parc André Citroën](/wiki/Parc_Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn "Parc André Citroën"). During the early 20th century, the inner eleven arrondissements of Paris (with the exception of the 7th) became the centers of commerce; their populations were a smaller and smaller share of the total population of the city. About a quarter of Paris workers were engaged in commerce, wholesale and retail. The motors of the city economy were the great department stores, founded in the Belle Époque; [Bon Marché](/wiki/Bon_March%C3%A9 "Bon Marché"), [Galeries Lafayette](/wiki/Galeries_Lafayette "Galeries Lafayette"), [BHV](/wiki/Bazar_de_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville "Bazar de l'Hôtel de Ville"), [Printemps](/wiki/Printemps "Printemps"), [La Samaritaine](/wiki/La_Samaritaine "La Samaritaine"), and several others, grouped in the center. They employed tens of thousands of workers, many of them women, and attracted customers from around the world. [thumb\|right\|250px\|[Coco Chanel](/wiki/Coco_Chanel "Coco Chanel") in 1920](/wiki/File:Coco_Chanel%2C_1920.jpg "Coco Chanel, 1920.jpg") The 1920s were a glorious period for Paris high fashion. The 1925 Exposition of Decorative arts featured the work of seventy\-two Paris fashion designers; the leading figures included [Paul Poiret](/wiki/Paul_Poiret "Paul Poiret"), [Jeanne Lanvin](/wiki/Jeanne_Lanvin "Jeanne Lanvin"), who opened a boutique in 1909 on the Rue du Faubourg Saint\-Honoré, and who also branched out into perfume, introducing a fragrance called Arpège in 1927; and the [House of Worth](/wiki/House_of_Worth "House of Worth"), which also introduced perfumes, with bottles designed by [René Lalique](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lalique "René Lalique"). The reign of the old houses was challenged by the arrival of new designers, most notably [Coco Chanel](/wiki/Coco_Chanel "Coco Chanel") who put her own perfume, called [Chanel No. 5](/wiki/Chanel_No._5 "Chanel No. 5") on the market in 1920\. She introduced her famous "little black dress" in 1925\. Other major Paris designers of the period included [Jean Patou](/wiki/Jean_Patou "Jean Patou"), [Elsa Schiaparelli](/wiki/Elsa_Schiaparelli "Elsa Schiaparelli"), [Madeleine Vionnet](/wiki/Madeleine_Vionnet "Madeleine Vionnet"), [Cristóbal Balenciaga](/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Balenciaga "Cristóbal Balenciaga"), who fled the Spanish Civil War and opened a shop on the Avenue George V in 1937; [Jacques Heim](/wiki/Jacques_Heim "Jacques Heim"), and [Nina Ricci](/wiki/Nina_Ricci_%28designer%29 "Nina Ricci (designer)"), who opened her shop in Paris in 1932\. By the late 1930s, the dismal economy had greatly reduced the number of customers. The fashion house of Paul Poiret, which had dominated Paris fashion before World War I, closed in 1929\. In the Pavilion of Elegance at the 1937 Exposition, only twenty\-nine designers remained to show their collections. During this period, the center of the Paris high fashion world gradually moved west from the center, closer to its wealthy clients; it became established around the Champs\-Élysées, particularly on avenue Montaigne, rue Francois\-I, rue Marbeuf and the rue du Faubourg\-Sant\-Honoré.{{Sfn\|Fierro\|1996\|page\=809}} [thumb\|left\|300px\|Soup kitchen for the unemployed (1932\)](/wiki/File:Agence_Mondial_1932_-_Soupe_populaire_offerte_aux_ch%C3%B4meurs_en_1932_2.jpg "Agence Mondial 1932 - Soupe populaire offerte aux chômeurs en 1932 2.jpg") The stock market crash in New York in 1929 was the beginning of a series of economic downturns which reached Paris in 1931 and 1932\. Paris factories produced more goods than European or American consumers could buy, and exports declined. As other European countries devalued their currencies to meet the crisis, French exports became too expensive, and factories cut back production and laid off workers. Fewer wealthy tourists came to Paris, reducing the demand for luxury goods. A socialist prime minister, [Leon Blum](/wiki/Leon_Blum "Leon Blum"), was elected in 1936, and formed a [Popular Front](/wiki/Popular_Front_%28France%29 "Popular Front (France)") government. He introduced a forty\-hour week and two weeks of paid vacation for French workers, and devalued the Franc by 29 percent, but industrial production continued to fall and inflation erased the gains in salaries. A new government under radical politician [Édouard Daladier](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier "Édouard Daladier") took office in August 1938, and changed economic policies, encouraging investment and raising prices. Inflation stopped, the Franc stabilized, and production increased by 15 percent between November 1938 and June 1939\. As the threat of war loomed, the government increased military spending, stimulating the economy further and increasing employment, until the beginning of the war in September 1939\. [thumb\|right\|300px\|The gateway of the Renault Factory in Boulogne\-Billancourt, once among the largest factories in the Paris Region, closed in 1992](/wiki/File:Portail_de_l%27ancienne_usine_Renault_Quai_Georges_Gorse_%C3%A0_Boulogne-Billancourt_le_28_d%C3%A9cembre_2014_-_04.jpg "Portail de l'ancienne usine Renault Quai Georges Gorse à Boulogne-Billancourt le 28 décembre 2014 - 04.jpg") World War II ruined the engines of the Paris economy; the factories, train stations and railroad yards around the city had been bombed by the Allies, there was little coal for heat, electricity was sporadic at best. Nonetheless, the reconstruction went ahead rapidly, aided by 2\.6 billion dollars in grants and loans from the United States given under the [Marshall Plan](/wiki/Marshall_Plan "Marshall Plan") between 1948 and 1953, administered locally from the Hotel Talleyrand on the Place de la Concorde, which allowed France to finance two\-thirds of its exterior debt and to buy new machinery for its factories.{{Sfn\|Bezbakh\|2004\|page\=702}} Even before the war ended, the government had begun nationalizing much of the Paris industry; between 1944 and 1946 it nationalized the Renault factory, the coal mines and oil companies, Air France, and all the major banks and insurance companies. An important part of the planning of the new economy was conducted by [Jean Monnet](/wiki/Jean_Monnet "Jean Monnet") between 1946 and 1951; Monnet used the lessons learned to create the European Common Market. By 1948, French industrial production had come back to its prewar level. The 1950s were the beginning of the *Trente Glorieuses*, almost thirty years of rapid and steady growth. Between 1951 and 1968, the French economy grew at an average rate of 5 percent a year, reaching 6\.5 percent between 1966 and 1968\. The need for more workers led to increasing numbers of immigrants, coming mostly from North Africa on labor contracts.{{Sfn\|Bezbakh\|2004\|pages\=750\-752}} In the 1970s, the *Trente Glorieuses* came to an end. Under the pressure from trade unions, salaries and the cost of production grew quickly (7\.1 percent in 1969, 6\.3 percent in 1970, 8\.5 percent in 1973\), even faster than inflation (4 percent between 1960 and 1968\); gradually, even with increases in productivity, goods made in France were more expensive than those made in Germany, Britain, the United States and Japan. French industry had difficult being competitive, even with modernization. The Citroen assembly line in Paris had closed in the 1970s. The Renault assembly line at Billancourt, one of the biggest factories in the Paris Region, closed permanently in 1992\. The rapid and unexpected increase in oil prices after the 1973 Arab\-Israeli War also hit the French economy hard. In the early 1980s the cost of imports into France grew twice as quickly as the value of French exports. The Mitterrand government responded with a new wave of nationalizations of major French banks, industrial companies, and manufacturers including Thomson, Saint\-Gobain, and Rhone\-Poulenc. However, beginning 1986, the Mitterrand government decided to reverse course, and privatized most of the companies it had earlier taken over. Between 1983 and 1986, the unemployment rate passed 10 percent and the number of unemployed grew from 1\.9 million to 2\.5 million.{{Sfn\|Bezbakh\|2004\|pages\=832\-833}} Between 1988 and 1995, the Paris economy recovered some of its earlier growth; inflation was kept low, labor costs grew less quickly, but unemployment remained stubbornly high, particularly in the Paris suburbs.
[ "Economic history\n----------------", "### Lutece", "The location of Lutece, the Gallo\\-Roman town that became Paris, made it prosperous; It was on the main river trade route, via the Seine and [Rhône](/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne \"Rhône\") rivers, between Britain and to the Roman colony of [Provence](/wiki/Provence \"Provence\") and the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea \"Mediterranean Sea\"); and it was also the easiest place to cross the Seine; the residents collected fees for crossing the bridge. The people of Lutece minted their own gold coins which were used for trade across Europe. Coins from the towns along the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine \"Rhine\") and [Danube](/wiki/Danube \"Danube\") and even from [Cádiz](/wiki/C%C3%A1diz \"Cádiz\") in [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") were found in the excavations of the ancient city. They also were known throughout Gaul for the quality of their jewelry and other ornaments made by the town's craftsmen.{{sfn\\|Schmidt\\|2009\\|p\\=69\\-70}}", "### Medieval Paris", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|The Coat of Arms of the league of Paris river merchants in the Middle Ages became the emblem of the city of Paris.](/wiki/File:%C3%89cusson_de_la_ville_de_Paris.jpg \"Écusson de la ville de Paris.jpg\")\nCommerce was also a major source of the wealth and influence of Paris in the Middle Ages. In 1121, during the reign of Louis VI, the King accorded to the league of boatmen of Paris a fee of sixty centimes for each boatload of wine which arrived in the city during the harvest. In 1170, Louis VII extended the privileges of the river merchants even further; only the boatmen of Paris were allowed to conduct commerce on the river between the bridge of Mantes and the two bridges of Paris.{{sfn\\|Fierro\\|1996\\|p\\=455}}", "The large monasteries also played an important role in the growth of commerce in the Middle Ages by holding large fairs, which attracted merchants from as far away as Saxony and Italy. The Abbey of Saint Denis had been holding a large annual fair since the seventh century; the fair of Saint\\-Mathias dated to the 8th century; the Lenit Fair appeared in the 10th century, and the Fair of the Abbey of Saint\\-Germain\\-des\\-Pres began in the 12th century.{{sfn\\|Fierro\\|1996\\|p\\=455}}", "By the 15th century separate ports were established along the river for the delivery of wine, grain, plaster, paving stones, hay, fish, and charcoal. Wood for cooking fires and heating was unloaded at one port, while wood for construction arrived at another. The merchants engaged in each kind of commerce gathered around that port; in 1421, of the twenty\\-one wine merchants registered in Paris, eleven were located between the Pont Notre\\-Dame and the hotel Saint\\-Paul, the neighborhood where their port was located.{{sfn\\|Fierro\\|1996\\|pp\\=456\\-457}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|300px\\|A Paris market, from *Le Chevalier Errant* by Thomas de Saluces (about 1403\\)](/wiki/File:F577.jpg \"F577.jpg\")\nIn the early Middle Ages, the principal market of Paris was located on the parvis, or square in front of the Cathedral of Notre\\-Dame. Other markets took place in the vicinity of the two bridges, the Grand Pont and the Petit Pont, while a smaller market called Palu or Palud, took place in the eastern neighborhood of the city. The most important market appeared in 1137 when Louis VI purchased a piece of land called Les Champeaux not far from the Place de Grève to create a [grain market](/wiki/Grain_trade \"Grain trade\"); over the course of the Middle Ages halls for meat, fish, fruits and vegetables and other food products were built around the grain market, and it became the main food market, and was known as [Les Halles](/wiki/Les_Halles \"Les Halles\"). It continued to be the main produce market until the late 20th century, when it was transferred to [Rungis](/wiki/Rungis \"Rungis\") in the Paris suburbs.{{sfn\\|Fierro\\|1996\\|p\\=973}}", "After the merchants, the second important business community in Paris were the artisans and craftsmen, who produced and sold goods of all kinds. They were organized into guilds, or corporations, which had strict rules and regulations to protect their members against competition and unemployment. The oldest four corporations were the {{lang\\|fro\\|drapiers}}, who made cloth; the {{lang\\|fro\\|merciers}}, who made and sold clothing, the {{lang\\|fro\\|epiciers}}, who sold food and spices, and the *pelletiers*, who made fur garments. But there were many more specialized professions, ranging from shoemakers and jewelers to those who made armor and swords. The guilds strictly limited the number of apprentices in each trade, and the number of years of apprenticeship. Certain guilds tended to gather on the same streets, though this was not a strict rule. The *drapers* had their shops on the rue de la Vielle\\-Draperie on the Ile de la Cité, while the *Pelletiers* were just north of them; the *armorers* north of the Châtelet fortress and east of rue saint\\-Denis.", "Money\\-changers were active in Paris since at least 1141; they knew the exact values of all the different silver and gold coins in circulation in Europe. They had their establishments primarily on the Grand Pont, which became known as the pont aux Changeurs and then simply the Post au Change. Tax Records show that in 1423 the money\\-changers were among the wealthiest persons in the city; of the twenty persons with the highest incomes, ten were money\\-changers, Between 1412 and 1450, four Changers occupied the position of Provost of the Merchants. But by the end of the 15th century, the system of wealth had changed; the wealthiest Parisians were those who had bought land or positions in the royal administration and were close to the King. Some money\\-changers branched into a new trade, that of lending money for interest. Since this was officially forbidden by the Catholic Church, most in the profession were either Jews or Lombards from Italy. The Lombards, connected to a well\\-organizer banking system in Italy, specialized in loans to the wealthy and the nobility, Their activities were recorded in Paris archives from 1292 onwards; they made important loans to King [Philip IV](/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France \"Philip IV of France\") and [Philip VI](/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France \"Philip VI of France\").{{sfn\\|Fierro\\|1996\\|pp\\=472\\-474}}", "### 17th and 18th centuries", "At the beginning of the 17th century, the most important industry of the city was textiles; weaving and dyeing cloth, and making bonnets, belts, ribbons, and an assortment of other items of clothing. The dyeing industry was located in the Faubourg Saint\\-Marcel, along the River Bievre, which was quickly polluted by the workshops and dye vats along its banks. The largest workshops there, which made the fortunes of the families Gobelin, Canaye and Le Peultre, were dyeing six hundred thousand pieces of cloth a year in the mid\\-16th century, but, because of growing foreign competition, their output dropped to one hundred thousand pieces at the start of the 17th century, and the whole textile industry was struggling. Henry IV and Louis XIII observed that wealthy Parisians were spending huge sums to import silks, tapestries, glassware leather goods and carpets from Flanders, Spain, Italy and Turkey. They encouraged French businessmen to make the same luxury products in Paris.{{sfn\\|Fierro\\|1996\\|page\\=466}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|300px\\|Colbert visits the Gobelins tapestry workshop (1665\\)](/wiki/File:S%C3%A9bastien_Leclerc_I%2C_Colbert_Visiting_the_Gobelins%2C_ca._1665.jpg \"Sébastien Leclerc I, Colbert Visiting the Gobelins, ca. 1665.jpg\")", "With this royal encouragement, the financier Moisset launched an enterprise to make cloth woven with threads of gold, silver and silk. It failed, but was replaced by other successful ventures. The first tapestry workshop was opened, with royal assistance, in the Louvre, then at the [Savonnerie](/wiki/Savonnerie \"Savonnerie\") and at Chaillot. The Gobelins enterprise of dyers brought in two Flemish tapestry makers in 1601 and began to make its own tapestries in the Flemish style. Master craftsmen from Spain and Italy opened small enterprises to make high\\-quality leather goods. Workshops making fine furniture were opened by German craftsmen in the [faubourg Saint\\-Antoine](/wiki/Faubourg_Saint-Antoine \"Faubourg Saint-Antoine\"). A royal glass factory was opened 1601 in Saint\\-Germain\\-des\\-Prés to compete with Venetian glassmakers. A large factory was opened at Reuilly to produce and polish mirrors made by [Saint\\-Gobain](/wiki/Saint-Gobain \"Saint-Gobain\").{{sfn\\|Fierro\\|1996\\|page\\=466}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|A carpet made by the royal [Savonnerie](/wiki/Savonnerie \"Savonnerie\") workshop for the Louvre](/wiki/File:Tapis_de_Savonnerie_Louis_XIV_apres_Charles_Le_Brun_pour_la_Grande_Galerie_du_Louvre.jpg \"Tapis de Savonnerie Louis XIV apres Charles Le Brun pour la Grande Galerie du Louvre.jpg\")", "Under Louis XIV and his minister of finance, [Jean\\-Baptiste Colbert](/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert \"Jean-Baptiste Colbert\"), the royal manufacturies were expanded. The most skilled artisans in Europe were recruited and brought to Paris. In 1665 the enterprise of Hindret, located in the old château de Madrid in the Bois de Boulogne, produced the first French silk stockings. The Gobelins workshops began to produce furniture for the royal residences as well as tapestries, while the [Savonnerie](/wiki/Savonnerie \"Savonnerie\") Manufactory produced magnificent carpets for the royal palaces. The quality of the carpets, tapestries, furniture, glass and other products was unmatched; the problem was that it was nearly all destined for a single client, the King, and his new residence at Versailles. The royal manufacturies were kept going by enormous subsidies from the royal treasury.{{sfn\\|Fierro\\|1996\\|page\\=468}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|300px\\|Gallery of shops in the Palais de Paris, by Abraham Bosse (1638\\)](/wiki/File:Abraham_Bosse%2C_The_Gallery_of_the_Palace_of_Justice%2C_ca._1638.jpg \"Abraham Bosse, The Gallery of the Palace of Justice, ca. 1638.jpg\")\nThe most important market for luxury goods was located on the Île\\-de\\-la\\-Cité, in the spacious gallery of the old royal palace, where it had been since at least the fourteenth century. The palace was no longer occupied by the King, and had become the administrative headquarters of the Kingdom, occupied by the courts, the treasury, and other government offices. The small shops in the gallery sold a wide variety of expensive gowns, cloaks, perfumes, hats, bonnets, children's wear, gloves, and other items of clothing. Books were another luxury items sold there; they were hand\\-printed, expensively bound, and rare.", "Clocks and watches were another important luxury good made in Paris shops. Access to the profession was strictly controlled; at the beginning of the 17th century, the guild of *horlogers* had twenty\\-five members. Each horloger was allowed to have no more than one apprentice, and apprenticeship lasted six years. Nearly all the clock and watchmakers were Protestants; when Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685, most of the *horlogers* refused to renounce their faith and emigrated to Geneva, England and Holland, and France no longer dominated the industry.{{sfn\\|Fierro\\|1996\\|page\\=936}}", "[thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|Illustration of paper manufacturing, from Diderot's *[Encyclopédie](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die \"Encyclopédie\")*](/wiki/File:Encyclop%C3%A9die_Paper_manufacturing.jpg \"Encyclopédie Paper manufacturing.jpg\")\nDuring most of the 18th century, the Parisian economy was based on thousands of small workshops, where skilled artisans produced products. The workshops were clustered in particular neighborhoods; furniture makers in the faubourg Saint\\-Antoine; cutlery and small metal\\-work in neighborhood called the [*Quinze Vingts*](/wiki/Quinze-Vingts_National_Eye_Hospital \"Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital\") near the [Bastille](/wiki/Bastille \"Bastille\"). There were a few large enterprises, including the dye factory of Gobelins, next to the Bièvre river, which made scarlet dye for the Gobelin royal tapestry workshop, the oldest factory in the city, founded at the end of the 17th century; the royal manufactory of Sèvres, making porcelain; the royal mirror factory in the faubourg Saint\\-Antoine, which employed a thousand workers; and the factory of [Réveillon](/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_R%C3%A9veillon \"Jean-Baptiste Réveillon\") on *rue de Montreuil*, which made painted wallpaper.", "In the second half of the 18th century, new scientific discoveries and new technologies changed the scale of Paris industry. Between 1778 and 1782, large steam engines were installed at [Chaillot](/wiki/16th_arrondissement_of_Paris \"16th arrondissement of Paris\") and *Gros\\-Caillou* to pump drinking water from the Seine. Major changes took place between 1770 and 1790 in chemical manufacturing, due to the pioneering work of French chemists. The first chemical factories were built between 1770 and 1779, based on the work of [Lavoisier](/wiki/Lavoisier \"Lavoisier\"), an innovative chemist who was head of the laboratory of the Paris Arsenal and was also the head of the royal administration for making gunpowder. He modernized the production of [saltpeter](/wiki/Saltpeter \"Saltpeter\"), the main ingredient of black powder, in large factories around Paris. The French chemist [Berthollet](/wiki/Berthollet \"Berthollet\") discovered [chlorine](/wiki/Chlorine \"Chlorine\") in 1785, creating a new industry for the manufacture of [potassium chloride](/wiki/Potassium_chloride \"Potassium chloride\").{{sfn\\|Le Roux\\|2013\\|page\\=18}}{{sfn\\|Petitfils\\|2005\\|page\\=99}}", "New discoveries about acids, used extensively in fabric dyeing and metallurgy, led to the creation of new industries in Paris; the first French plant to manufacture [sulfuric acid](/wiki/Sulfuric_acid \"Sulfuric acid\") was opened in 1779\\. It was owned by the brother of king [Louis XVI](/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France \"Louis XVI of France\"), the [Count of Artois](/wiki/Charles_X_of_France \"Charles X of France\"); the King himself promoted it, eager that France complete successfully with England in industrial manufacturing. The chemical factory at *Javel* branched out to make other chemical products, including [chlorine](/wiki/Chlorine \"Chlorine\") and [hydrogen](/wiki/Hydrogen \"Hydrogen\") gas; the hydrogen made possible the first manned balloon flights by the [Montgolfier Brothers](/wiki/Montgolfier_Brothers \"Montgolfier Brothers\") shortly before the Revolution.{{sfn\\|Le Roux\\|2013\\|page\\=18}}", "In the domain of finance and banking, Paris was far behind other European capitals, and even other French cities. The first venture of Paris into modern finance was launched by the Scottish economist [John Law](/wiki/John_Law_%28economist%29 \"John Law (economist)\"), who, encouraged by the Regent, in 1716 started a private bank and issued paper money. Law invested heavily in the [Mississippi Company](/wiki/Mississippi_Company \"Mississippi Company\"), causing wild speculation, with shares rising to sixty times their original value. The bubble burst in 1720, and Law closed the bank and fled the country, ruining many Parisian investors. Thereafter, Parisians were suspicious of banks and bankers. The [*Bourse*](/wiki/Paris_Bourse \"Paris Bourse\"), or Paris stock market, did not open until 24 September 1724 on *rue Vivienne*, in the former *hôtel de Nevers*, long after stock markets had existed in Lyon, Marseille, Bordeaux, Toulouse and other cities. The *[Banque de France](/wiki/Banque_de_France \"Banque de France\")* was not founded until 1800, long after the [Bank of Amsterdam](/wiki/Bank_of_Amsterdam \"Bank of Amsterdam\") (1609\\), and the [Bank of England](/wiki/Bank_of_England \"Bank of England\") (1694\\).", "Fashion and [haute couture](/wiki/Haute_couture \"Haute couture\") was a flourishing business in the mid and late 18th century, as the aristocrats copied the styles of clothing worn by the Queen and her court, and the wives of Paris bankers and wealthy merchants copied the styles worn by the aristocrats. The fashion industry was formally born in 1776, when the guild of fashion merchants (*marchands de mode*), along with plume merchants and florists, was officially separated from the *mercers*, those who sold ordinary clothing. By 1779 two hundred different models of hat were being sold in Paris, at prices ranging from ten to one hundred pounds, along with every other possible fashion item.{{sfn\\|Fierro\\|1996\\|page\\=999}}", "The Paris perfume industry also emerged in its modern form in the second part the 18th century, after the guild of perfumers separated from the guild of glove\\-makers. The perfumes were usually made in [Grasse](/wiki/Grasse \"Grasse\"), in Provence, but the shops that sold them were opened in Paris. In 1798 the perfumer of the Queen, Pierre\\-François Lubin, opened a perfume shop at 53 rue Helvétius (now rue Sainte\\-Anne), with the name *au Bouquet de Roses.* Other perfumers opened similar shops catering to wealthy Parisians and visitors.", "### 19th century", "[thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|Paris stock exchange, [*La Bourse*](/wiki/Paris_Bourse \"Paris Bourse\") (1831\\)](/wiki/File:La_Bourse%2C_1831.jpg \"La Bourse, 1831.jpg\")\nThe metric system was introduced in 1803, as was the [franc](/wiki/Franc \"Franc\"), worth one hundred [centimes](/wiki/Centime \"Centime\"), and the *[sou](/wiki/Sou_%28coin%29 \"Sou (coin)\")*, worth five centimes. The gold Napoleon coin was worth either 20 or 40 francs, and the government also issued silver coins worth five, two and one franc. The government did not have the resources to collect and remake all the coins of the former regimes, so the gold Louis, with an image of the King, worth 24 pounds, and the [écu](/wiki/%C3%89cu \"Écu\"), a silver count worth three of six pounds, were also legal currency. The coins of all the states within the Empire were also in circulation, including those of the German states, northern and central Italy, the Netherlands, and the Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium).{{sfn\\|Fierro\\|2003\\|page\\=191}}", "During the Restoration, Paris became the cradle of the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution \"Industrial Revolution\") in France. The textile industry had already been installed in the faubourg Saint\\-Antoine by the firm of Richard and Lenoir, and by Albert in the Faubourg Saint\\-Denis. In 1812, [Benjamin Delessert](/wiki/Benjamin_Delessert \"Benjamin Delessert\") had built the first refinery of sugar beets at [Passy](/wiki/Passy \"Passy\"), which became one of the largest industrial enterprises in the Paris Region. In 1818, he joined forces with [Baron Jean\\-Conrad Hottinguer](/wiki/Baron_Jean-Conrad_Hottinguer \"Baron Jean-Conrad Hottinguer\") to create the Caisse d'Epargne et de Prévoyance de Paris, France's first savings bank. French scientists made important advances in new technologies, including the manufacture of rubber, aluminum, and gilded products, which were turned into industries. Even before the Revolution, in 1779 the Count of Artois, the brother of the King, had built the first chemical plant on the plain of Javel, next to the Seine, making sulfuric acid, potash, and chlorine, called \"Eau de Javel.\" The plant also made hydrogen gas, used in the first manned balloon flights, and varnish, used to seal the fabric of balloons. During the Restoration, inspired by the work of the chemist [Jean\\-Antoine Chaptal](/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal \"Jean-Antoine Chaptal\") and other scientists, new factories were built along the left bank of the Seine, making a wide variety of new chemical products, but also heavily polluting the river.{{sfn\\|Le Roux\\|2013\\|pages\\=18\\-19}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|*Galerie d'Orléans* of the Palais\\-Royal in 1840](/wiki/File:Galerie_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_en_1840.jpg \"Galerie d'Orléans en 1840.jpg\")\nThe commerce in luxury goods had suffered greatly during the Revolution, as the chief buyers, the aristocracy, had been driven into exile. Their return during the Restoration and especially the rapid growth of the number of wealthy Parisians revived the business in jewelry, furniture, fine clothing, watches and other luxury products. The finest shops of Paris were lined up along the Rue Saint\\-Honoré. {{sfn\\|Héron de Villefosse\\|1959\\|page\\=313}}", "The [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution \"Industrial Revolution\") steadily changed the economy and the appearance of Paris, as new factories were built along the Seine and in the outer neighborhoods of the city. The textile industry was in decline, but the chemical industry was expanding around the edges of the city, at [Javel](/wiki/Javel%2C_Paris \"Javel, Paris\"), [Grenelle](/wiki/Grenelle \"Grenelle\"), [Passy](/wiki/Passy \"Passy\"), [Clichy](/wiki/Clichy%2C_Hauts-de-Seine \"Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine\"), [Belleville](/wiki/Belleville_%28commune%29 \"Belleville (commune)\") and [Pantin](/wiki/Pantin \"Pantin\"). It was joined by mills and factories making steel, machines and tools, especially for the new railroad industry. Paris ranked third in France in metallurgy, after Saint\\-Étienne and the [Nord department](/wiki/Nord_%28French_department%29 \"Nord (French department)\"). Between 1830 and 1847, twenty percent of all the steam engines produced in France were made in Paris. Many of these were produced at the locomotive factory built by [Jean\\-François Cail](/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cail \"Jean-François Cail\") in 1844, first at [Chaillot](/wiki/16th_arrondissement_of_Paris \"16th arrondissement of Paris\"), then at Grenelle, which became one of the largest enterprises in Paris.", "One example of the new factories in Paris was the cigarette and cigar factory of Philippon, between rue de l'Université and the quai d'Orsay. Napoleon's soldiers had brought the habit of smoking from Spain, and it had spread among all classes of Parisians. The government had a monopoly on the manufacture of tobacco products, and the government\\-owned factory opened in 1812\\. It employed 1,200 workers, a large number of them women, and also included a school and laboratory, run by the *École Polytechnique*, to develop new methods of tobacco production.{{sfn\\|Fierro\\|1996\\|page\\=1165}}", "Despite the surge of industrialization, most Parisian workers were employed in small workshops and enterprises. In 1847, there were 350,000 workers in Paris employed in 65,000 businesses. Only seven thousand businesses employed more than ten workers. For example, in 1848 there were 377 small workshops in Paris making and selling umbrellas, employing a total of 1,442 workers.{{sfn\\|Fierro\\|1996\\|page\\=470}}", "With the surge of industrialization, the importance of banking and finance in the Paris economy also grew. As [Stendhal](/wiki/Stendhal \"Stendhal\") wrote at the time, the bankers were the new aristocracy of Paris. In 1837, [Jacques Laffitte](/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte \"Jacques Laffitte\") founded the first business bank in Paris, the *Caisse générale du commerce et de l'industrie*. In 1842, Hippolyte Ganneron founded a rival commercial bank, the *Comptoir général du commerce*. The banks provided the funding for the most important economic event of the July Monarchy, the arrival of the railroads. The brothers Émile and Issac Péreire, the grandchildren of an immigrant from [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\"), founded the first railway line to Paris. [James Mayer de Rothschild](/wiki/James_Mayer_de_Rothschild \"James Mayer de Rothschild\"), the chief rival of the Péreire brothers, was the most famous banker of the July Monarchy. He gave loans to the government of Louis\\-Philippe and played a key role in the construction of the French mining industry and railroad network.", "The reign of Louis\\-Philippe became known as \"the reign of the boutique\". During the July Monarchy, Paris continued to be the marketplace of luxury goods for wealthiest of Europe, and the leader in fashion. The perfumer [Pierre\\-François\\-Pascal Guerlain](/wiki/Guerlain \"Guerlain\") had opened his first shop on the *[rue de Rivoli](/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli \"Rue de Rivoli\")* in 1828\\. In 1840, he opened a larger shop at 145 *[rue de la Paix](/wiki/Rue_de_la_Paix \"Rue de la Paix\")*, which was also the first street in Paris to be lit with gaslight. The porcelain factory at [Sèvres](/wiki/S%C3%A8vres \"Sèvres\"), which had long made table settings for the royal courts of Europe, began to make them for the bankers and industrialists of Paris.", "The *[Passage des Panoramas](/wiki/Passage_des_Panoramas \"Passage des Panoramas\")* and other covered shopping galleries were ancestors of the modern shopping center. Another new kind of store was the *Magasin de Nouveautés*, or novelty store. The *Grand Colbert* in the *Galerie Colbert* on *rue Vivienne* was decorated and organized like an oriental bazaar; it had large plate glass windows and window displays, fixed prices and price tags, and sold a wide variety of products for women, from cashmere and lace to hosiery and hats. It was an ancestor to the modern department store, which first opened in Paris in the 1850s. Other novel marketing techniques were introduced in Paris at this time: the illuminated sign, and advertising goods in newspapers. The arrival of the railroad made it possible for people from the provinces to come to Paris simply to shop.{{sfn\\|Fierro\\|1996\\|page\\=464}}", "[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Bon Marché, the first modern department store, in 1867](/wiki/File:Le_Bon_March%C3%A9_department_store_in_Paris_1867.jpg \"Le Bon Marché department store in Paris 1867.jpg\")\nThe Second Empire saw a revolution in retail commerce, as the Paris middle class and consumer demand grew rapidly. The revolution was fuelled in large part by Paris fashions, especially the crinoline, which demanded enormous quantities of silk, satin, velour, cashmere, percale, mohair, ribbons, lace and other fabrics and decorations. Prior to the Second Empire, clothing and luxury shops were small and catered to a very small clientele; their windows were covered with shutters or curtains. Any who entered had to explain his presence to the clerks, and prices were never posted; customers had to ask.", "Under [Napoleon III](/wiki/Napoleon_III \"Napoleon III\"), The new Haussmann boulevards created space for new stores, and it was easier for customers to cross the city to shop. In a short time, the commerce in novelties, fabrics and clothing began to be concentrated in a few very large department stores. [Bon Marché](/wiki/Bon_March%C3%A9 \"Bon Marché\"), was opened in 1852 by [Aristide Boucicaut](/wiki/Aristide_Boucicaut \"Aristide Boucicaut\"), the former chief of the *Petit Thomas* variety store, in a modest building, and expanded rapidly, its income going from 450,000 francs a year to 20 million. Boucicaut commissioned a new building with a glass and iron framework designed in part by [Gustave Eiffel](/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel \"Gustave Eiffel\"), which opened in 1869, and became the model for the modern department store. The *Grand Magasin du Louvre* opened in 1855, inside the vast luxury hotel built by the Pereire Brothers next to the Louvre and the Place Royale. It was the first department store that concentrated on luxury goods, and tried to both provide bargains and be snobbish. Other department stores quickly appeared: [Printemps](/wiki/Printemps \"Printemps\") in 1865, the Grand Bazaar de l'Hôtel de Ville (BHV) in 1869, and [La Samaritaine](/wiki/La_Samaritaine \"La Samaritaine\") in 1870\\. They were soon imitated around the world.Milza, Pierre, *Napoleon III*, p. 486", "The new stores pioneered new methods of marketing, from holding annual sales to giving bouquets of violets to customers or boxes of chocolates to those who spent more than 25 francs. They offered a wide variety of products and prices; Bon Marché offered fifty\\-four kinds of crinolines, and thirty different kinds of silk. The Grand Magasin du Louvre sold shawls ranging in price from 30 francs to 600 francs.Maneglier, Hervé, *Paris Impérial*, p. 84\\-85", "[thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|The Moisant workshop on *Boulevard de Vaugirard* (1889\\) made the metal structure of the *Bon Marché* department store.](/wiki/File:Ateliers_A.Moisant%2C_Bd_de_Vaugirard%2C_Paris_15%C3%A8.jpg \"Ateliers A.Moisant, Bd de Vaugirard, Paris 15è.jpg\")\nThe economy of Paris suffered an economic crisis in the early 1870s, followed by a long, slow recovery; then a period of rapid growth beginning in 1895 until the First World War. Between 1872 and 1895, in the capital, 139 large enterprises closed their doors, particularly textile and furniture factories, those in the metallurgy sector, and printing houses, four industries which for sixty years had been the major employers in the city. Most of these enterprises had employed, each, between 100 and 200 workers. Half of the large enterprises on the center of the city's right bank moved out, in part because of the high cost of real estate, and also to get better access to transportation on the river and railroads. Several moved to less\\-expensive areas at the edges of the city, around Monparnasse and La Salpêtriére, while others went to the [18th arrondissement](/wiki/18th_arrondissement_of_Paris \"18th arrondissement of Paris\"), [La Villette](/wiki/La_Villette%2C_Seine \"La Villette, Seine\") and the [Canal Saint\\-Denis](/wiki/Canal_Saint-Denis \"Canal Saint-Denis\"), to be closer to the river ports and the new railroad freight yards, to Picpus and [Charonne](/wiki/Charonne_quarter \"Charonne quarter\") in the southeast, or near [Grenelle](/wiki/Grenelle \"Grenelle\") and [Javel](/wiki/Javel%2C_Paris \"Javel, Paris\") in the southwest. The total number of enterprises in Paris dropped from 76,000 in 1872 to 60,000 in 1896, while in the suburbs their number grew from 11,000 to 13,000\\. In the heart of Paris, many workers were still employed in traditional industries such as textiles (18,000 workers), garment production (45,000 workers), and in the new industries which required highly skilled workers, such as mechanical and electrical engineering, and automobile manufacturing.{{sfn\\|Marchand\\|1993\\|page\\=126}}", "[thumb\\|right\\|[Louis Renault](/wiki/Louis_Renault_%28industrialist%29 \"Louis Renault (industrialist)\") and his first car (1903\\)](/wiki/File:Louis_Renault_with_his_first_car.jpg \"Louis Renault with his first car.jpg\")\nThree major new French industries were born in and around Paris at almost the same time, taking advantage of the abundance of skilled engineers and technicians, and money from Paris banks. They produced the first French automobiles, aircraft, and motion pictures. In 1898, [Louis Renault](/wiki/Louis_Renault_%28industrialist%29 \"Louis Renault (industrialist)\") and his brother Marcel built their first automobile, and founded a new company to produce them. They established their first factory at [Boulogne\\-Billancourt](/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt \"Boulogne-Billancourt\"), just outside the city, and made the first French truck in 1906 in 1908, they built 3,595 cars, making them the largest car manufacturer in France. They received an important contract to make taxicabs for the largest Paris taxi company. When the first World War began in 1914, the Renault taxis of Paris were mobilized to carry French soldiers to the front at the [First Battle of the Marne](/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne \"First Battle of the Marne\"). \n[thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|[Louis Bleriot](/wiki/Louis_Bleriot \"Louis Bleriot\") and his aircraft (1909\\)](/wiki/File:Bleriot.jpg \"Bleriot.jpg\")\nThe French aviation pioneer [Louis Blériot](/wiki/Louis_Bl%C3%A9riot \"Louis Blériot\") also established a company, Blériot Aéronautique, on *boulevard Victor\\-Hugo* in [Neuilly](/wiki/Neuilly \"Neuilly\"), where he manufactured the first French airplanes. On 25 July 1909, he became the first man to fly across the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel \"English Channel\"). Blériot moved his company to [Buc](/wiki/Buc%2C_Yvelines \"Buc, Yvelines\"), near [Versailles](/wiki/Versailles_%28city%29 \"Versailles (city)\"), where he established a private airport and a flying school. In 1910, he built the *Aérobus*, one of the first passenger aircraft, which could carry seven persons, the most of any aircraft of the time.", "The [Lumière Brothers](/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re_Brothers \"Lumière Brothers\") had given the first projected showing of a motion picture [*La Sortie de l'usine Lumière*](/wiki/Workers_Leaving_the_Lumi%C3%A8re_Factory \"Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory\"), at the *[Salon Indien du Grand Café](/wiki/Salon_Indien_du_Grand_Caf%C3%A9 \"Salon Indien du Grand Café\")* of the *Hôtel Scribe*, *boulevard des Capucines*, on 28 December 1895\\. A young French entrepreneur, [Georges Méliès](/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s \"Georges Méliès\"), attended the first showing, and asked the Lumière brothers for a license to make films. The Lumière Brothers politely declined, telling him that the cinema was for scientific purposes, and had no commercial value. Méliès persisted, and established his own small studio in 1897 in [Montreuil](/wiki/Montreuil%2C_Seine-Saint-Denis \"Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis\"), just east of Paris. He became a producer, director, scenarist, set designer and actor, and made hundreds of short films, including the first science\\-fiction film, [A Trip to the Moon](/wiki/A_Trip_to_the_Moon \"A Trip to the Moon\") (*Le Voyage dans la Lune*), in 1902\\. Another French cinema pioneer and producer [Charles Pathé](/wiki/Charles_Path%C3%A9 \"Charles Pathé\"), also built a studio in Montreuil, then moved to *rue des Vignerons* in [Vincennes](/wiki/Vincennes \"Vincennes\"), east of Paris. His chief rival in the early French film industry, [Léon Gaumont](/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gaumont \"Léon Gaumont\"), opened his first studio at about the same time at *rue des Alouettes* in the 19th arrondissement, near the Buttes\\-Chaumont.{{sfn\\|Fierro\\|1996\\|page\\=777}}", "### 20th century", "[thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|A Renault FT tank, made at Boulogne\\-Billancourt (1917\\), now in the Museum of the French Army](/wiki/File:Renault_FT-17_tank_at_Les_Invalides%2C_France_-_20111007.jpg \"Renault FT-17 tank at Les Invalides, France - 20111007.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|300px\\|*Munitionettes* making artillery shells (1917\\)](/wiki/File:Munitions_Manufacturing_NGM-v31-p322.jpg \"Munitions Manufacturing NGM-v31-p322.jpg\")\nThe coal mines and major industrial cities of the north were behind German lines, forcing the government to reorganize the industry of Paris to provide the enormous quantities of weapons and ammunition that the army needed. The munitions factories of Paris had to produce one hundred thousand 75\\-millimeter artillery shells every day, in addition to other munitions, cannon, rifles, trucks, ambulances, and aircraft, as well as building the machine tools and factory equipment needed to expand production. The effort was led by Albert Thomas, a socialist politician who became the Secretary of State for Artillery. In 1915 more than a thousand Paris enterprises were working in the sector of National Defense. \nMost of the defense factories were located in the outer neighborhoods of the city, particularly the 13th, 14th, 15th and 18th arrondissements. A large [Citroen](/wiki/Citroen \"Citroen\") factory was built at [Javel](/wiki/Javel%2C_Paris \"Javel, Paris\"), and the [Renault](/wiki/Renault \"Renault\") factory at [Boulogne\\-Billancourt](/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt \"Boulogne-Billancourt\") was converted from making automobiles to making a revolutionary new weapon, the tank. The aviation firm [Blériot Aéronautique](/wiki/Bl%C3%A9riot_A%C3%A9ronautique \"Blériot Aéronautique\") built an enormous aircraft factory, covering 28,000 square meters, at [Suresnes](/wiki/Suresnes \"Suresnes\") in 1917\\. The traditional small workshops of French industry were re\\-organized into huge assembly lines following the model of factory of [Henry Ford](/wiki/Henry_Ford \"Henry Ford\") in the United States and the productivity studies of [Frederick Taylor](/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor \"Frederick Winslow Taylor\") on [scientific management](/wiki/Scientific_management \"Scientific management\").{{sfn\\|Le Roux\\|2013\\|page\\=93}}", "As factory workers were drafted and sent to the front, their places were taken by women as well as 183,000 colonials from Africa and Indo\\-China who were closely watched by the government.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Tucker\\|first1\\=Spencer C.\\|last2\\=Roberts\\|first2\\=Priscilla Mary\\|title\\=Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=2YqjfHLyyj8C\\&pg\\=PA437\\|year\\=2005\\|publisher\\=ABC\\-CLIO\\|page\\=437\\|isbn\\=9781851094202}}John Horne, \"Immigrant Workers in France during World War I,\" French Historical Studies, 14/1 (1985\\), 57–88\\. On 27 August 1915, 1,700 Chinese workers arrived at the Gare de Lyon to take positions in the Renault tank factory and other defense works.{{sfn\\|Fierro\\|1996\\|page\\=219}}", "The work in the defense factories was intense and dangerous, as inexperienced workers handled dangerous chemicals and high explosives. On 20 October 1915, a workshop making hand grenades at 173 rue de Tolbiac exploded, killing about fifty workers and injuring a hundred. In April 1918, a new factory in Vincennes making shells and mustard gas exploded, poisoning three hundred ten workers.{{sfn\\|Le Roux\\|2013\\|page\\=93}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|Advertising sign for [Citroën](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn \"Citroën\") cars on the Eiffel Tower (1925\\-1934\\)](/wiki/File:Tour_Eiffel_Citroen.jpg \"Tour Eiffel Citroen.jpg\")\nAs a result of the war, the French government was deeply in debt; the debt had multiplied six times from what it was before the War. Inflation was rampant; the amount of money in circulation had increased by five times during the War. The low value of the Franc against the dollar made the city attractive for foreign visitors such as Ernest Hemingway, who found prices for housing and food affordable, but it was difficult for the Parisians. Energy was in short supply; before leaving their front lines, the Germans had flooded the coal mines of northern France; coal production was not fully restored for five years. A large part of the government budget went to repaying the war debts, and another large part went to paying the pensions of widows, orphans, and wounded soldiers.", "The weak franc was helpful for the major enterprises of Paris, which converted to making new products which had been developed during the war; automobiles, electric generators and motors, and chemical products. Due to low French costs, exports jumped by forty\\-two percent between 1923 and 1927\\.", "A good example of a successful new Paris enterprise was the automobile company founded in 1919 by [André Citroën](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn \"André Citroën\") (1878\\-1935\\). He was an industrial engineer who developed assembly lines to produce armaments during the First World War. In 1919 he put these technologies to work to mass\\-produce automobiles on a site next to Seine; he created the first automobile assembly line outside the United States. By 1927 Citroën was the leader car manufacturer in Europe, and fourth in the world. In addition to his engineering talents, he was also a skilled publicist. He organized a series of highly publicized automobile expeditions to remote parts of Africa, Asia and Australia, and, from 1925 until 1934, had a large illuminated Citroën sign on the side of the Eiffel Tower. The site of Citroën's old factory is now the [Parc André Citroën](/wiki/Parc_Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn \"Parc André Citroën\").", "During the early 20th century, the inner eleven arrondissements of Paris (with the exception of the 7th) became the centers of commerce; their populations were a smaller and smaller share of the total population of the city. About a quarter of Paris workers were engaged in commerce, wholesale and retail. The motors of the city economy were the great department stores, founded in the Belle Époque; [Bon Marché](/wiki/Bon_March%C3%A9 \"Bon Marché\"), [Galeries Lafayette](/wiki/Galeries_Lafayette \"Galeries Lafayette\"), [BHV](/wiki/Bazar_de_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville \"Bazar de l'Hôtel de Ville\"), [Printemps](/wiki/Printemps \"Printemps\"), [La Samaritaine](/wiki/La_Samaritaine \"La Samaritaine\"), and several others, grouped in the center. They employed tens of thousands of workers, many of them women, and attracted customers from around the world.", "[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|[Coco Chanel](/wiki/Coco_Chanel \"Coco Chanel\") in 1920](/wiki/File:Coco_Chanel%2C_1920.jpg \"Coco Chanel, 1920.jpg\")\nThe 1920s were a glorious period for Paris high fashion. The 1925 Exposition of Decorative arts featured the work of seventy\\-two Paris fashion designers; the leading figures included [Paul Poiret](/wiki/Paul_Poiret \"Paul Poiret\"), [Jeanne Lanvin](/wiki/Jeanne_Lanvin \"Jeanne Lanvin\"), who opened a boutique in 1909 on the Rue du Faubourg Saint\\-Honoré, and who also branched out into perfume, introducing a fragrance called Arpège in 1927; and the [House of Worth](/wiki/House_of_Worth \"House of Worth\"), which also introduced perfumes, with bottles designed by [René Lalique](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lalique \"René Lalique\"). The reign of the old houses was challenged by the arrival of new designers, most notably [Coco Chanel](/wiki/Coco_Chanel \"Coco Chanel\") who put her own perfume, called [Chanel No. 5](/wiki/Chanel_No._5 \"Chanel No. 5\") on the market in 1920\\. She introduced her famous \"little black dress\" in 1925\\. Other major Paris designers of the period included [Jean Patou](/wiki/Jean_Patou \"Jean Patou\"), [Elsa Schiaparelli](/wiki/Elsa_Schiaparelli \"Elsa Schiaparelli\"), [Madeleine Vionnet](/wiki/Madeleine_Vionnet \"Madeleine Vionnet\"), [Cristóbal Balenciaga](/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Balenciaga \"Cristóbal Balenciaga\"), who fled the Spanish Civil War and opened a shop on the Avenue George V in 1937; [Jacques Heim](/wiki/Jacques_Heim \"Jacques Heim\"), and [Nina Ricci](/wiki/Nina_Ricci_%28designer%29 \"Nina Ricci (designer)\"), who opened her shop in Paris in 1932\\.", "By the late 1930s, the dismal economy had greatly reduced the number of customers. The fashion house of Paul Poiret, which had dominated Paris fashion before World War I, closed in 1929\\. In the Pavilion of Elegance at the 1937 Exposition, only twenty\\-nine designers remained to show their collections. During this period, the center of the Paris high fashion world gradually moved west from the center, closer to its wealthy clients; it became established around the Champs\\-Élysées, particularly on avenue Montaigne, rue Francois\\-I, rue Marbeuf and the rue du Faubourg\\-Sant\\-Honoré.{{Sfn\\|Fierro\\|1996\\|page\\=809}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|300px\\|Soup kitchen for the unemployed (1932\\)](/wiki/File:Agence_Mondial_1932_-_Soupe_populaire_offerte_aux_ch%C3%B4meurs_en_1932_2.jpg \"Agence Mondial 1932 - Soupe populaire offerte aux chômeurs en 1932 2.jpg\")\nThe stock market crash in New York in 1929 was the beginning of a series of economic downturns which reached Paris in 1931 and 1932\\. Paris factories produced more goods than European or American consumers could buy, and exports declined. As other European countries devalued their currencies to meet the crisis, French exports became too expensive, and factories cut back production and laid off workers. Fewer wealthy tourists came to Paris, reducing the demand for luxury goods. A socialist prime minister, [Leon Blum](/wiki/Leon_Blum \"Leon Blum\"), was elected in 1936, and formed a [Popular Front](/wiki/Popular_Front_%28France%29 \"Popular Front (France)\") government. He introduced a forty\\-hour week and two weeks of paid vacation for French workers, and devalued the Franc by 29 percent, but industrial production continued to fall and inflation erased the gains in salaries. A new government under radical politician [Édouard Daladier](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier \"Édouard Daladier\") took office in August 1938, and changed economic policies, encouraging investment and raising prices. Inflation stopped, the Franc stabilized, and production increased by 15 percent between November 1938 and June 1939\\. As the threat of war loomed, the government increased military spending, stimulating the economy further and increasing employment, until the beginning of the war in September 1939\\.", "[thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|The gateway of the Renault Factory in Boulogne\\-Billancourt, once among the largest factories in the Paris Region, closed in 1992](/wiki/File:Portail_de_l%27ancienne_usine_Renault_Quai_Georges_Gorse_%C3%A0_Boulogne-Billancourt_le_28_d%C3%A9cembre_2014_-_04.jpg \"Portail de l'ancienne usine Renault Quai Georges Gorse à Boulogne-Billancourt le 28 décembre 2014 - 04.jpg\")\nWorld War II ruined the engines of the Paris economy; the factories, train stations and railroad yards around the city had been bombed by the Allies, there was little coal for heat, electricity was sporadic at best. Nonetheless, the reconstruction went ahead rapidly, aided by 2\\.6 billion dollars in grants and loans from the United States given under the [Marshall Plan](/wiki/Marshall_Plan \"Marshall Plan\") between 1948 and 1953, administered locally from the Hotel Talleyrand on the Place de la Concorde, which allowed France to finance two\\-thirds of its exterior debt and to buy new machinery for its factories.{{Sfn\\|Bezbakh\\|2004\\|page\\=702}}", "Even before the war ended, the government had begun nationalizing much of the Paris industry; between 1944 and 1946 it nationalized the Renault factory, the coal mines and oil companies, Air France, and all the major banks and insurance companies. An important part of the planning of the new economy was conducted by [Jean Monnet](/wiki/Jean_Monnet \"Jean Monnet\") between 1946 and 1951; Monnet used the lessons learned to create the European Common Market. By 1948, French industrial production had come back to its prewar level. The 1950s were the beginning of the *Trente Glorieuses*, almost thirty years of rapid and steady growth. Between 1951 and 1968, the French economy grew at an average rate of 5 percent a year, reaching 6\\.5 percent between 1966 and 1968\\. The need for more workers led to increasing numbers of immigrants, coming mostly from North Africa on labor contracts.{{Sfn\\|Bezbakh\\|2004\\|pages\\=750\\-752}}", "In the 1970s, the *Trente Glorieuses* came to an end. Under the pressure from trade unions, salaries and the cost of production grew quickly (7\\.1 percent in 1969, 6\\.3 percent in 1970, 8\\.5 percent in 1973\\), even faster than inflation (4 percent between 1960 and 1968\\); gradually, even with increases in productivity, goods made in France were more expensive than those made in Germany, Britain, the United States and Japan. French industry had difficult being competitive, even with modernization. The Citroen assembly line in Paris had closed in the 1970s. The Renault assembly line at Billancourt, one of the biggest factories in the Paris Region, closed permanently in 1992\\. The rapid and unexpected increase in oil prices after the 1973 Arab\\-Israeli War also hit the French economy hard. In the early 1980s the cost of imports into France grew twice as quickly as the value of French exports. The Mitterrand government responded with a new wave of nationalizations of major French banks, industrial companies, and manufacturers including Thomson, Saint\\-Gobain, and Rhone\\-Poulenc. However, beginning 1986, the Mitterrand government decided to reverse course, and privatized most of the companies it had earlier taken over. Between 1983 and 1986, the unemployment rate passed 10 percent and the number of unemployed grew from 1\\.9 million to 2\\.5 million.{{Sfn\\|Bezbakh\\|2004\\|pages\\=832\\-833}}", "Between 1988 and 1995, the Paris economy recovered some of its earlier growth; inflation was kept low, labor costs grew less quickly, but unemployment remained stubbornly high, particularly in the Paris suburbs.", "" ]
TV appearances -------------- In January 2006, Preston appeared on [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4")'s [fourth series](/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_%28British_series_4%29 "Celebrity Big Brother (British series 4)") of *[Celebrity Big Brother](/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_%28British_TV_series%29 "Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series)")*. During his time in the house he became close to the eventual winner, [Chantelle Houghton](/wiki/Chantelle_Houghton "Chantelle Houghton"). Preston was evicted during the final episode on 27 January 2006, finishing in fourth place. In 2007, Preston filmed a documentary on voodoo for [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.channel4\.com/programmes/the\-beginners\-guide\-to/episode\-guide/series\-3/episode\-1\|title\=The Beginner's Guide to Voodoo\|publisher\=\[\[Channel 4]]\|date\=18 October 2007}} He has also presented *[Top of the Pops](/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops "Top of the Pops")* and *[CD:UK](/wiki/CD:UK "UK")*. In January 2007, Preston appeared as a guest panellist on comedy gameshow *[Never Mind the Buzzcocks](/wiki/Never_Mind_the_Buzzcocks "Never Mind the Buzzcocks")* (Series 20, Episode 3\). He walked out of the studio during the programme's recording, offended by jokes made at Houghton's expense by the show's host [Simon Amstell](/wiki/Simon_Amstell "Simon Amstell"), who read extracts from Chantelle's autobiography. In an interview with NME after the incident, he claimed that Simon Amstell didn't write his own jokes, and called him a "snotty little posh boy".{{cite web\|url\=https://noisey.vice.com/en\_uk/article/53jbd5/what\-can\-we\-learn\-from\-preston\-walking\-off\-never\-mind\-the\-buzzcocks\-ten\-years\-ago\|title\=What Can We Learn from Preston Walking off 'Never Mind the Buzzcocks' Ten Years Ago?\|date\=16 February 2017}} He later regretted this, reflecting to the BBC "I'm struggling to think why I would have acted so weird." Speaking of Amstell, Preston said he is "funny, charming and likeable, which made it \[walking off] all the more embarrassing".\<ref\>{{cite web\|url\=[http://www.nme.com/news/the\-ordinary\-boys/46537\|title\=Ordinary](http://www.nme.com/news/the-ordinary-boys/46537|title=Ordinary) Boys' Preston: 'I regret walking off 'Never Mind The Buzzcocks *\- NME\|website\=[NME](/wiki/NME "NME") \|date\=6 August 2009}}\</ref\>* On 24 August 2010, he returned to the Big Brother franchise for [Ultimate Big Brother](/wiki/Ultimate_Big_Brother "Ultimate Big Brother")*, along with his now ex\-wife Chantelle; he finished sixth.* Personal life ------------- A week after the end of Celebrity Big Brother,'' Preston became engaged to his longtime French girlfriend, Camille Aznar. He kept in contact with Houghton from the Big Brother show, and broke up with Aznar a month later to allow Houghton to move into his [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton "Brighton") flat. He and Houghton got engaged on 11 April 2006 and,{{cite news\| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4901556\.stm\| work\=BBC News\|title\=Chantelle and Preston get engaged\|date\=12 April 2006}} in an exclusive £300,000 each deal with [OK! magazine](/wiki/OK%21_magazine "OK! magazine"),{{cite web \| url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1311317/ \| title\=Chantelle Houghton: The Dark Side of Fame with Piers Morgan: Season 1, Episode 8 \| website\=\[\[IMDb]] \| date\=27 October 2008 \| access\-date\=11 November 2013}} they were married on 25 August 2006 at [Dartmouth House](/wiki/Dartmouth_House "Dartmouth House") in [Mayfair, London](/wiki/Mayfair "Mayfair"). After their honeymoon, the couple moved to Preston's flat in [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton "Brighton"), East Sussex. Preston and Houghton announced their separation on 27 June 2007,{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6245940\.stm\|title\=Big Brother couple end marriage\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=27 June 2007}} and received the [decree nisi](/wiki/Decree_nisi "Decree nisi") for their divorce on 21 November 2007\.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7107005\.stm\|title\=Big Brother pair granted divorce\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=22 November 2007}} Preston moved to Philadelphia in 2008, where he lived for three years. He is a citizen of the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") by virtue of being born to an American mother. In 2017, he was hospitalised following a fall from a balcony while on holiday in [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/ordinary\-boys\-preston\-hospitalised\-falling\-balcony\-drunk\-2139782\|work\=NME\|title\=The Ordinary Boys' Preston hospitalised after falling from balcony while drunk\|last\=Trendell\|first\=Andrew\|date\=12 September 2017}} As of 2018, Preston is engaged to Emily Smith.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ok.co.uk/celebrity\-news/sam\-prestons\-cbb\-balcony\-fall\-14420773\|work\=OK!\|title\=Sam Preston's fiancé Emily offers fans an update on his progress after the CBB star's horrifying balcony fall\|date\=1 January 2018}}{{update inline\|date\=June 2020}}
[ "TV appearances\n--------------", "In January 2006, Preston appeared on [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 \"Channel 4\")'s [fourth series](/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_%28British_series_4%29 \"Celebrity Big Brother (British series 4)\") of *[Celebrity Big Brother](/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_%28British_TV_series%29 \"Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series)\")*. During his time in the house he became close to the eventual winner, [Chantelle Houghton](/wiki/Chantelle_Houghton \"Chantelle Houghton\"). Preston was evicted during the final episode on 27 January 2006, finishing in fourth place.", "In 2007, Preston filmed a documentary on voodoo for [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 \"Channel 4\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.channel4\\.com/programmes/the\\-beginners\\-guide\\-to/episode\\-guide/series\\-3/episode\\-1\\|title\\=The Beginner's Guide to Voodoo\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Channel 4]]\\|date\\=18 October 2007}} He has also presented *[Top of the Pops](/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops \"Top of the Pops\")* and *[CD:UK](/wiki/CD:UK \"UK\")*.", "In January 2007, Preston appeared as a guest panellist on comedy gameshow *[Never Mind the Buzzcocks](/wiki/Never_Mind_the_Buzzcocks \"Never Mind the Buzzcocks\")* (Series 20, Episode 3\\). He walked out of the studio during the programme's recording, offended by jokes made at Houghton's expense by the show's host [Simon Amstell](/wiki/Simon_Amstell \"Simon Amstell\"), who read extracts from Chantelle's autobiography. In an interview with NME after the incident, he claimed that Simon Amstell didn't write his own jokes, and called him a \"snotty little posh boy\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://noisey.vice.com/en\\_uk/article/53jbd5/what\\-can\\-we\\-learn\\-from\\-preston\\-walking\\-off\\-never\\-mind\\-the\\-buzzcocks\\-ten\\-years\\-ago\\|title\\=What Can We Learn from Preston Walking off 'Never Mind the Buzzcocks' Ten Years Ago?\\|date\\=16 February 2017}} He later regretted this, reflecting to the BBC \"I'm struggling to think why I would have acted so weird.\" Speaking of Amstell, Preston said he is \"funny, charming and likeable, which made it \\[walking off] all the more embarrassing\".\\<ref\\>{{cite web\\|url\\=[http://www.nme.com/news/the\\-ordinary\\-boys/46537\\|title\\=Ordinary](http://www.nme.com/news/the-ordinary-boys/46537|title=Ordinary) Boys' Preston: 'I regret walking off 'Never Mind The Buzzcocks *\\- NME\\|website\\=[NME](/wiki/NME \"NME\") \\|date\\=6 August 2009}}\\</ref\\>*", "On 24 August 2010, he returned to the Big Brother franchise for [Ultimate Big Brother](/wiki/Ultimate_Big_Brother \"Ultimate Big Brother\")*, along with his now ex\\-wife Chantelle; he finished sixth.*", "Personal life\n-------------", "A week after the end of Celebrity Big Brother,'' Preston became engaged to his longtime French girlfriend, Camille Aznar. He kept in contact with Houghton from the Big Brother show, and broke up with Aznar a month later to allow Houghton to move into his [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton \"Brighton\") flat. He and Houghton got engaged on 11 April 2006 and,{{cite news\\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4901556\\.stm\\| work\\=BBC News\\|title\\=Chantelle and Preston get engaged\\|date\\=12 April 2006}} in an exclusive £300,000 each deal with [OK! magazine](/wiki/OK%21_magazine \"OK! magazine\"),{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1311317/ \\| title\\=Chantelle Houghton: The Dark Side of Fame with Piers Morgan: Season 1, Episode 8 \\| website\\=\\[\\[IMDb]] \\| date\\=27 October 2008 \\| access\\-date\\=11 November 2013}} they were married on 25 August 2006 at [Dartmouth House](/wiki/Dartmouth_House \"Dartmouth House\") in [Mayfair, London](/wiki/Mayfair \"Mayfair\").", "After their honeymoon, the couple moved to Preston's flat in [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton \"Brighton\"), East Sussex.", "Preston and Houghton announced their separation on 27 June 2007,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6245940\\.stm\\|title\\=Big Brother couple end marriage\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=27 June 2007}} and received the [decree nisi](/wiki/Decree_nisi \"Decree nisi\") for their divorce on 21 November 2007\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7107005\\.stm\\|title\\=Big Brother pair granted divorce\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=22 November 2007}}", "Preston moved to Philadelphia in 2008, where he lived for three years. He is a citizen of the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") by virtue of being born to an American mother.", "In 2017, he was hospitalised following a fall from a balcony while on holiday in [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/ordinary\\-boys\\-preston\\-hospitalised\\-falling\\-balcony\\-drunk\\-2139782\\|work\\=NME\\|title\\=The Ordinary Boys' Preston hospitalised after falling from balcony while drunk\\|last\\=Trendell\\|first\\=Andrew\\|date\\=12 September 2017}} As of 2018, Preston is engaged to Emily Smith.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ok.co.uk/celebrity\\-news/sam\\-prestons\\-cbb\\-balcony\\-fall\\-14420773\\|work\\=OK!\\|title\\=Sam Preston's fiancé Emily offers fans an update on his progress after the CBB star's horrifying balcony fall\\|date\\=1 January 2018}}{{update inline\\|date\\=June 2020}}", "" ]
Palatine Gallery ---------------- [thumb\|left\|Cornice of the Jupiter Room, showing [lunette](/wiki/Lunette "Lunette") frescoes and [stucco](/wiki/Stucco "Stucco") work by Pietro da Cortona](/wiki/File:Florenz_-_Palazzo_Pitti_-_Innen.JPG "Florenz - Palazzo Pitti - Innen.JPG") The Palatine Gallery, the main gallery of Palazzo Pitti, contains a large ensemble of [over 500 principally Renaissance paintings](/wiki/List_of_works_in_the_palatine_gallery "List of works in the palatine gallery"), which were once part of the Medicis' and their successors' private art collection. The gallery, which overflows into the royal apartments, contains works by [Raphael](/wiki/Raphael "Raphael"), [Titian](/wiki/Titian "Titian"), [Perugino](/wiki/Perugino "Perugino") (*[Lamentation over the Dead Christ](/wiki/Lamentation_over_the_Dead_Christ_%28Perugino%29 "Lamentation over the Dead Christ (Perugino)")*), [Correggio](/wiki/Correggio "Correggio"), [Peter Paul Rubens](/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens "Peter Paul Rubens"), and [Pietro da Cortona](/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona "Pietro da Cortona").{{cite web\|author \=Polo Museale Fiorentino\| title \= The Palatine Gallery and Royal Apartments\| work \= Polo Museale Fiorentino\| publisher \= Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali\| year \= 2007\| url \=http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/palatina/default.asp\| access\-date \=8 January 2008\| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009141544/http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/palatina/Default.asp \| archive\-date \=9 October 2007}} The character of the gallery is still that of a private collection, and the works of art are displayed and hung much as they would have been in the grand rooms for which they were intended rather than following a chronological sequence, or arranged according to school of art. The finest rooms were decorated by Pietro da Cortona in the high [baroque](/wiki/Baroque "Baroque") style. Initially Cortona frescoed a small room on the *piano nobile* called the Sala della Stufa with a series depicting the Four Ages of Man which were very well received; the *Age of Gold* and *Age of Silver* were painted in 1637, followed in 1641 by the *Age of Bronze* and *Age of Iron*. They are regarded among his masterpieces. The artist was subsequently asked to fresco the grand ducal reception rooms; a suite of five rooms at the front of the palazzo. In these five Planetary Rooms, the hierarchical sequence of the deities is based on [Ptolomeic cosmology](/wiki/Geocentric_model "Geocentric model"); Venus, Apollo, Mars, Jupiter (the Medici Throne room) and Saturn, but minus Mercury and the Moon which should have come before Venus. These highly ornate ceilings with frescoes and elaborate stucco work essentially celebrate the Medici lineage and the bestowal of virtuous leadership.{{cite book\|last\=Campbell\|first\= Malcolm\|year\=1977\|title\=Pietro da Cortona at the Pitti Palace. A Study of the Planetary Rooms and Related Projects\|publisher\=Princeton University Press\|page\= 78}} Cortona left Florence in 1647, and his pupil and collaborator, [Ciro Ferri](/wiki/Ciro_Ferri "Ciro Ferri"), completed the cycle by the 1660s. They were to inspire the later Planet Rooms at [Louis XIV](/wiki/Louis_XIV "Louis XIV")'s [Palace of Versailles](/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles "Palace of Versailles"), designed by [Charles Le Brun](/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun "Charles Le Brun"). The collection was first opened to the public in the late 18th century, albeit rather reluctantly, by Grand Duke [Leopold I](/wiki/Leopold_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor"), Tuscany's first enlightened ruler, keen to obtain popularity after the demise of the Medici. ### Rooms of Palatine Gallery [thumb\|[Artemisia Gentileschi](/wiki/Artemisia_Gentileschi "Artemisia Gentileschi"), *Judith and her hand servant with the head of Holofernes*, 1613–1618](/wiki/File:Gentileschi_judith1.jpg "Gentileschi judith1.jpg") [thumb\|Close\-up of [Canova](/wiki/Antonio_Canova "Antonio Canova")'s *Venere Italica* (1810\) as seen in *Room of Venus*](/wiki/File:Close-up_of_Venere_Italica_by_Antonio_Canova.jpg "Close-up of Venere Italica by Antonio Canova.jpg") The Palatine Gallery has 28 rooms, among them:[Palatine Gallery Rooms](http://www.firenze-oltrarno.net/english/arte/galleriapalatina.php) * **Room of [Castagnoli](/wiki/Giuseppe_Castagnoli "Giuseppe Castagnoli")**: named after the painter of the ceiling frescoes. In this room are exposed Portraits of the Medici and Lorraine ruling families, and the *Table of the Muses*, a masterwork of stone\-inlaid table realized by the [Opificio delle Pietre Dure](/wiki/Opificio_delle_Pietre_Dure "Opificio delle Pietre Dure") between 1837 and 1851\. * **Room of the Ark**: contains a painting by [Giovan Battista Caracciolo](/wiki/Giovan_Battista_Caracciolo "Giovan Battista Caracciolo") (17th century). In 1816, the ceiling was frescoed by [Luigi Ademollo](/wiki/Luigi_Ademollo "Luigi Ademollo") with *Transportation of the Ark of the Covenant Containing the Tablets of the Law*. * **Room of Psyche**: was named after ceiling frescoes by [Giuseppe Collignon](/wiki/Giuseppe_Collignon "Giuseppe Collignon"); it contains paintings by [Salvator Rosa](/wiki/Salvator_Rosa "Salvator Rosa") from 1640–1650\. * **Hall of Poccetti**: The frescoes on the vault were once ascribed to [Bernardino Poccetti](/wiki/Bernardino_Poccetti "Bernardino Poccetti"), but now attributed to [Matteo Rosselli](/wiki/Matteo_Rosselli "Matteo Rosselli"). In the center of the hall is a table (1716\) commissioned by Cosimo III. In the hall are also some works by Rubens and [Pontormo](/wiki/Pontormo "Pontormo"). * **Room of Prometheus**: was named after the subject of the frescoes by [Collignon](/wiki/Giuseppe_Collignon "Giuseppe Collignon") (19th century) and contains a large collection of round\-shaped paintings: among them is the *Madonna with the Child* by [Filippino Lippi](/wiki/Filippino_Lippi "Filippino Lippi") (15th century), two portraits by [Botticelli](/wiki/Botticelli "Botticelli") and paintings by Pontormo and [Domenico Beccafumi](/wiki/Domenico_Beccafumi "Domenico Beccafumi"). * **Room of Justice**: has a ceiling frescoed by [Antonio Fedi](/wiki/Antonio_Fedi "Antonio Fedi") (1771–1843\), and displays portraits (16th century) by [Titian](/wiki/Titian "Titian"), [Tintoretto](/wiki/Tintoretto "Tintoretto") and [Paolo Veronese](/wiki/Paolo_Veronese "Paolo Veronese"). * **Room of Ulysses**: was frescoed in 1815 by [Gaspare Martellini](/wiki/Gaspare_Martellini "Gaspare Martellini"), it contains early works by Filippino Lippi and [Raphael](/wiki/Raphael "Raphael"). * **Room of Iliad**: contains the *[Madonna of the Family Panciatichi](/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Family_Panciatichi "Madonna of the Family Panciatichi")* and the *[Madonna Passerini](/wiki/Madonna_Passerini "Madonna Passerini")* ({{Circa\|1522}}–1523 and 1526 respectively) by [Andrea del Sarto](/wiki/Andrea_del_Sarto "Andrea del Sarto"), and paintings by [Artemisia Gentileschi](/wiki/Artemisia_Gentileschi "Artemisia Gentileschi") (17th century). * **Room of Saturn**: contains a *Portrait of [Agnolo Doni](/wiki/Agnolo_Doni "Agnolo Doni")* (1506\), the *Madonna of the chair* (1516\), and *Portrait of Cardinal Inghirami* (1516\) by [Raphael](/wiki/Raphael_Sanzio "Raphael Sanzio"); it also contains an *Annunciation* (1528\) by Andrea del Sarto, and *Jesus and the Evangelists* (1516\) by [Fra Bartolomeo](/wiki/Fra_Bartolomeo "Fra Bartolomeo"). * **Room of Jupiter**: contains the *Veiled Lady*, the famous portrait by Raphael (1516\) that, according to Vasari, represents the woman loved by the artist. Among the other works in the room, Paintings by Rubens, Andrea del Sarto and Perugino * **Room of Mars**: is characterized by works by Rubens: the allegories representing the *Consequences of War* (hence the name of the room) and the *Four Philosophers* (among them Rubens portrayed himself, on the left). On the vault is a fresco by [Pietro da Cortona](/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona "Pietro da Cortona"), *Triumph of the Medici*. * **Room of Apollo**: contains a [*Madonna with Saints*](/wiki/Dei_Altarpiece "Dei Altarpiece") (1522\) by [Il Rosso](/wiki/Rosso_Fiorentino "Rosso Fiorentino"), originally from the Church of [Santo Spirito](/wiki/Santo_Spirito%2C_Florence "Santo Spirito, Florence"), and two paintings by Titian: a *Magdalen* and *Portrait of an English Nobleman* (between 1530 and 1540\). * **Room of Venus**: contains the *[Venus Italica](/wiki/Venus_Italica "Venus Italica")* (1810\) by [Canova](/wiki/Antonio_Canova "Antonio Canova") commissioned by Napoleon. On the walls are landscapes (1640–1650\) by [Salvator Rosa](/wiki/Salvator_Rosa "Salvator Rosa") and four paintings by Titian, 1510–1545\. Among the Titian paintings is a *Portrait of Pope Julius II* (1545\) and *La Bella* (1535\). * **White Hall**: once the ball room of the palace, is characterized by the white decorations and is often used for temporary exhibitions. The Royal Apartments include 14 rooms. Their decoration was changed to [Empire style](/wiki/Empire_style "Empire style") by the Savoy monarchs, but there are still some rooms maintaining decorations and furniture from the age of the Medici. The Green Room, was frescoed by [Castagnoli](/wiki/Giuseppe_Castagnoli "Giuseppe Castagnoli") in early 19th Century. It exhibits an intarsia cabinet from the 17th century and a collection of gilded bronzes; the throne room was decorated for King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and is characterized by the red brocade on the walls and by the Japanese and Chinese vases (17th–18th century). The Blue Room contains collected furniture (17th–18th century) and the portraits of members of the Medici family painted by [Sustermans](/wiki/Justus_Sustermans "Justus Sustermans") (1597–1681\). ### Principal works of art {{main\|List of works in the Palatine Gallery}} File:Madona del gran duque, por Rafael.jpg\|Raphael\<br\>''\[\[Madonna del Granduca]]''. 84 × 55 cm. File:Madonna del Baldacchino.jpg\|Raphael\<br\>''Madonna of the Canopy''. 276 × 224 cm. File:Agnolo Doni's portrait paintings by Raffaello Sanzio.jpg\|Raphael\<br\>''\[\[Portrait of Agnolo Doni]]''. 63 × 45 cm. File:La velada, por Rafael.jpg\|Raphael\<br\>''\[\[La velata\|Woman with a Veil]]''. 82 × 60 cm. File:Raphael Madonna della seggiola.jpg\|Raphael\<br\>''\[\[Madonna della seggiola\|Madonna della Seggiola]]''. Diameter 71 cm. File:Raphael \- Ezekiel's Vision.jpg\|Raphael\<br\>''\[\[Ezekiel's Vision (Raphael)\|Vision of Ezekiel]]''. 41 × 30 cm. File:Inghirami Raphael.jpg\|Raphael\<br\>''\[\[Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami]]''. 90 × 62 cm. File:Madonna Impannata.jpg\|Raphael and Assistants\<br\>''\[\[Madonna dell'Impannata]]''. 158 × 125 cm. File:Raphael\-LaDonnaGravida(1505\-1506\).jpg\|Raphael\<br\>''\[\[La donna gravida\|La Donna Gravida]]''. 66 × 52 cm. File:Titian \- Christ the Redeemer \- WGA22796\.jpg\|Titian\<br\>''Christ the Redeemer''. 78 × 55 cm. File:Tizian 013\.jpg\|Titian\<br\>''\[\[The Concert (Titian)\|The Concert]]''. 87 × 124 cm. File:Tizian 034\.jpg\|Titian\<br\>''\[\[La Bella]]''. 100 × 75 cm. File:Tizian 071\.jpg\|Titian\<br\>''\[\[Portrait of Vincenzo Mosti]]''. 85 × 67 cm. File:Titian \- Portrait of Pope Julius II \- WGA22961\.jpg\|Titian\<br\>''Portrait of Pope Julius II''. 99 × 82 cm. File:Magdalena penitente, por Tiziano.jpg\|Titian\<br\>''\[\[Penitent Magdalene (Titian, 1531\)\|Penitent Magdalene]]''. 84 × 69 cm. File:Peter Paul Rubens 118\.jpg\|Peter Paul Rubens\<br\>''\[\[The Four Philosophers]]''. 167 × 143 cm. File:Rubens \- The Consequences of War.jpg\|Peter Paul Rubens\<br\>''\[\[Consequences of War]]''. 206 × 342 cm. File:Rubens, sacra famiglia, pitti.jpg\|Peter Paul Rubens\<br\>''\[\[Madonna of the Basket (Rubens)\|Madonna of the Basket]]''. 114 × 80 cm. File:Anthony van Dyck \- Portrait of Cardinal Guido Bentivoglio, 1623 \- Galleria Palatina, Florence.jpg\|Anthony van Dyck\<br\>''\[\[Portrait of Cardinal Guido Bentivoglio]]''. 195 × 147 cm. File:Lippi, tondo bartolini.jpg\|Filippo Lippi\<br\>''\[\[Bartolini Tondo]]''. Diameter 135 cm File:Portrait of Fra Antonio Martelli\-Caravaggio (1610\).jpg\|Caravaggio\<br\>''\[\[Portrait of Fra Antonio Martelli (Caravaggio)\|Portrait of Fra Antonio Martelli]]''. 118 × 95 cm. File:Giorgione, Three Ages.jpg\|Giorgione\<br\>''\[\[The Three Ages of Man (Giorgione)\|The Three Ages of Man]]''. 62 × 77 cm. File:San Jerónimo, por Andrea del Verrocchio.jpg\|Verrocchio\<br\>''St. Jerome''. 41 × 27 cm. File:Sleeping Cupid\-Caravaggio (1608\).jpg\|Caravaggio\<br\>''\[\[Sleeping Cupid (Caravaggio)\|Sleeping Cupid]]''. 72 × 105 cm. File:Paolo Veronese \- Gentleman in a Lynx Fur \- WGA24981\.jpg\|Paolo Veronese\<br\>''\[\[Portrait of a Gentleman in a Fur]]''. 140 × 107 cm. File:Fra Bartolomeo \- Lamentation \- WGA1369\.jpg\|Fra Bartolomeo\<br\>''Lamentation''. 158 × 199 cm. File:Andrea del Sarto \- Pietà with Saints \- WGA0395\.jpg\|Andrea del Sarto\<br\>''Pietà with Saints''. 239 × 199 cm.
[ "Palatine Gallery\n----------------", "[thumb\\|left\\|Cornice of the Jupiter Room, showing [lunette](/wiki/Lunette \"Lunette\") frescoes and [stucco](/wiki/Stucco \"Stucco\") work by Pietro da Cortona](/wiki/File:Florenz_-_Palazzo_Pitti_-_Innen.JPG \"Florenz - Palazzo Pitti - Innen.JPG\")", "The Palatine Gallery, the main gallery of Palazzo Pitti, contains a large ensemble of [over 500 principally Renaissance paintings](/wiki/List_of_works_in_the_palatine_gallery \"List of works in the palatine gallery\"), which were once part of the Medicis' and their successors' private art collection. The gallery, which overflows into the royal apartments, contains works by [Raphael](/wiki/Raphael \"Raphael\"), [Titian](/wiki/Titian \"Titian\"), [Perugino](/wiki/Perugino \"Perugino\") (*[Lamentation over the Dead Christ](/wiki/Lamentation_over_the_Dead_Christ_%28Perugino%29 \"Lamentation over the Dead Christ (Perugino)\")*), [Correggio](/wiki/Correggio \"Correggio\"), [Peter Paul Rubens](/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens \"Peter Paul Rubens\"), and [Pietro da Cortona](/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona \"Pietro da Cortona\").{{cite web\\|author \\=Polo Museale Fiorentino\\| title \\= The Palatine Gallery and Royal Apartments\\| work \\= Polo Museale Fiorentino\\| publisher \\= Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali\\| year \\= 2007\\| url \\=http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/palatina/default.asp\\| access\\-date \\=8 January 2008\\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009141544/http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/palatina/Default.asp \\| archive\\-date \\=9 October 2007}} The character of the gallery is still that of a private collection, and the works of art are displayed and hung much as they would have been in the grand rooms for which they were intended rather than following a chronological sequence, or arranged according to school of art.", "The finest rooms were decorated by Pietro da Cortona in the high [baroque](/wiki/Baroque \"Baroque\") style. Initially Cortona frescoed a small room on the *piano nobile* called the Sala della Stufa with a series depicting the Four Ages of Man which were very well received; the *Age of Gold* and *Age of Silver* were painted in 1637, followed in 1641 by the *Age of Bronze* and *Age of Iron*. They are regarded among his masterpieces. The artist was subsequently asked to fresco the grand ducal reception rooms; a suite of five rooms at the front of the palazzo. In these five Planetary Rooms, the hierarchical sequence of the deities is based on [Ptolomeic cosmology](/wiki/Geocentric_model \"Geocentric model\"); Venus, Apollo, Mars, Jupiter (the Medici Throne room) and Saturn, but minus Mercury and the Moon which should have come before Venus. These highly ornate ceilings with frescoes and elaborate stucco work essentially celebrate the Medici lineage and the bestowal of virtuous leadership.{{cite book\\|last\\=Campbell\\|first\\= Malcolm\\|year\\=1977\\|title\\=Pietro da Cortona at the Pitti Palace. A Study of the Planetary Rooms and Related Projects\\|publisher\\=Princeton University Press\\|page\\= 78}} Cortona left Florence in 1647, and his pupil and collaborator, [Ciro Ferri](/wiki/Ciro_Ferri \"Ciro Ferri\"), completed the cycle by the 1660s. They were to inspire the later Planet Rooms at [Louis XIV](/wiki/Louis_XIV \"Louis XIV\")'s [Palace of Versailles](/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles \"Palace of Versailles\"), designed by [Charles Le Brun](/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun \"Charles Le Brun\").", "The collection was first opened to the public in the late 18th century, albeit rather reluctantly, by Grand Duke [Leopold I](/wiki/Leopold_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor\"), Tuscany's first enlightened ruler, keen to obtain popularity after the demise of the Medici.", "### Rooms of Palatine Gallery", "[thumb\\|[Artemisia Gentileschi](/wiki/Artemisia_Gentileschi \"Artemisia Gentileschi\"), *Judith and her hand servant with the head of Holofernes*, 1613–1618](/wiki/File:Gentileschi_judith1.jpg \"Gentileschi judith1.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Close\\-up of [Canova](/wiki/Antonio_Canova \"Antonio Canova\")'s *Venere Italica* (1810\\) as seen in *Room of Venus*](/wiki/File:Close-up_of_Venere_Italica_by_Antonio_Canova.jpg \"Close-up of Venere Italica by Antonio Canova.jpg\")", "The Palatine Gallery has 28 rooms, among them:[Palatine Gallery Rooms](http://www.firenze-oltrarno.net/english/arte/galleriapalatina.php)\n* **Room of [Castagnoli](/wiki/Giuseppe_Castagnoli \"Giuseppe Castagnoli\")**: named after the painter of the ceiling frescoes. In this room are exposed Portraits of the Medici and Lorraine ruling families, and the *Table of the Muses*, a masterwork of stone\\-inlaid table realized by the [Opificio delle Pietre Dure](/wiki/Opificio_delle_Pietre_Dure \"Opificio delle Pietre Dure\") between 1837 and 1851\\.\n* **Room of the Ark**: contains a painting by [Giovan Battista Caracciolo](/wiki/Giovan_Battista_Caracciolo \"Giovan Battista Caracciolo\") (17th century). In 1816, the ceiling was frescoed by [Luigi Ademollo](/wiki/Luigi_Ademollo \"Luigi Ademollo\") with *Transportation of the Ark of the Covenant Containing the Tablets of the Law*.\n* **Room of Psyche**: was named after ceiling frescoes by [Giuseppe Collignon](/wiki/Giuseppe_Collignon \"Giuseppe Collignon\"); it contains paintings by [Salvator Rosa](/wiki/Salvator_Rosa \"Salvator Rosa\") from 1640–1650\\.\n* **Hall of Poccetti**: The frescoes on the vault were once ascribed to [Bernardino Poccetti](/wiki/Bernardino_Poccetti \"Bernardino Poccetti\"), but now attributed to [Matteo Rosselli](/wiki/Matteo_Rosselli \"Matteo Rosselli\"). In the center of the hall is a table (1716\\) commissioned by Cosimo III. In the hall are also some works by Rubens and [Pontormo](/wiki/Pontormo \"Pontormo\").\n* **Room of Prometheus**: was named after the subject of the frescoes by [Collignon](/wiki/Giuseppe_Collignon \"Giuseppe Collignon\") (19th century) and contains a large collection of round\\-shaped paintings: among them is the *Madonna with the Child* by [Filippino Lippi](/wiki/Filippino_Lippi \"Filippino Lippi\") (15th century), two portraits by [Botticelli](/wiki/Botticelli \"Botticelli\") and paintings by Pontormo and [Domenico Beccafumi](/wiki/Domenico_Beccafumi \"Domenico Beccafumi\").\n* **Room of Justice**: has a ceiling frescoed by [Antonio Fedi](/wiki/Antonio_Fedi \"Antonio Fedi\") (1771–1843\\), and displays portraits (16th century) by [Titian](/wiki/Titian \"Titian\"), [Tintoretto](/wiki/Tintoretto \"Tintoretto\") and [Paolo Veronese](/wiki/Paolo_Veronese \"Paolo Veronese\").\n* **Room of Ulysses**: was frescoed in 1815 by [Gaspare Martellini](/wiki/Gaspare_Martellini \"Gaspare Martellini\"), it contains early works by Filippino Lippi and [Raphael](/wiki/Raphael \"Raphael\").\n* **Room of Iliad**: contains the *[Madonna of the Family Panciatichi](/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Family_Panciatichi \"Madonna of the Family Panciatichi\")* and the *[Madonna Passerini](/wiki/Madonna_Passerini \"Madonna Passerini\")* ({{Circa\\|1522}}–1523 and 1526 respectively) by [Andrea del Sarto](/wiki/Andrea_del_Sarto \"Andrea del Sarto\"), and paintings by [Artemisia Gentileschi](/wiki/Artemisia_Gentileschi \"Artemisia Gentileschi\") (17th century).\n* **Room of Saturn**: contains a *Portrait of [Agnolo Doni](/wiki/Agnolo_Doni \"Agnolo Doni\")* (1506\\), the *Madonna of the chair* (1516\\), and *Portrait of Cardinal Inghirami* (1516\\) by [Raphael](/wiki/Raphael_Sanzio \"Raphael Sanzio\"); it also contains an *Annunciation* (1528\\) by Andrea del Sarto, and *Jesus and the Evangelists* (1516\\) by [Fra Bartolomeo](/wiki/Fra_Bartolomeo \"Fra Bartolomeo\").\n* **Room of Jupiter**: contains the *Veiled Lady*, the famous portrait by Raphael (1516\\) that, according to Vasari, represents the woman loved by the artist. Among the other works in the room, Paintings by Rubens, Andrea del Sarto and Perugino\n* **Room of Mars**: is characterized by works by Rubens: the allegories representing the *Consequences of War* (hence the name of the room) and the *Four Philosophers* (among them Rubens portrayed himself, on the left). On the vault is a fresco by [Pietro da Cortona](/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona \"Pietro da Cortona\"), *Triumph of the Medici*.\n* **Room of Apollo**: contains a [*Madonna with Saints*](/wiki/Dei_Altarpiece \"Dei Altarpiece\") (1522\\) by [Il Rosso](/wiki/Rosso_Fiorentino \"Rosso Fiorentino\"), originally from the Church of [Santo Spirito](/wiki/Santo_Spirito%2C_Florence \"Santo Spirito, Florence\"), and two paintings by Titian: a *Magdalen* and *Portrait of an English Nobleman* (between 1530 and 1540\\).\n* **Room of Venus**: contains the *[Venus Italica](/wiki/Venus_Italica \"Venus Italica\")* (1810\\) by [Canova](/wiki/Antonio_Canova \"Antonio Canova\") commissioned by Napoleon. On the walls are landscapes (1640–1650\\) by [Salvator Rosa](/wiki/Salvator_Rosa \"Salvator Rosa\") and four paintings by Titian, 1510–1545\\. Among the Titian paintings is a *Portrait of Pope Julius II* (1545\\) and *La Bella* (1535\\).\n* **White Hall**: once the ball room of the palace, is characterized by the white decorations and is often used for temporary exhibitions.", "The Royal Apartments include 14 rooms. Their decoration was changed to [Empire style](/wiki/Empire_style \"Empire style\") by the Savoy monarchs, but there are still some rooms maintaining decorations and furniture from the age of the Medici.", "The Green Room, was frescoed by [Castagnoli](/wiki/Giuseppe_Castagnoli \"Giuseppe Castagnoli\") in early 19th Century. It exhibits an intarsia cabinet from the 17th century and a collection of gilded bronzes; the throne room was decorated for King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and is characterized by the red brocade on the walls and by the Japanese and Chinese vases (17th–18th century).", "The Blue Room contains collected furniture (17th–18th century) and the portraits of members of the Medici family painted by [Sustermans](/wiki/Justus_Sustermans \"Justus Sustermans\") (1597–1681\\).", "### Principal works of art", "{{main\\|List of works in the Palatine Gallery}}", "File:Madona del gran duque, por Rafael.jpg\\|Raphael\\<br\\>''\\[\\[Madonna del Granduca]]''. 84 × 55 cm.\nFile:Madonna del Baldacchino.jpg\\|Raphael\\<br\\>''Madonna of the Canopy''. 276 × 224 cm.\nFile:Agnolo Doni's portrait paintings by Raffaello Sanzio.jpg\\|Raphael\\<br\\>''\\[\\[Portrait of Agnolo Doni]]''. 63 × 45 cm.\nFile:La velada, por Rafael.jpg\\|Raphael\\<br\\>''\\[\\[La velata\\|Woman with a Veil]]''. 82 × 60 cm.\nFile:Raphael Madonna della seggiola.jpg\\|Raphael\\<br\\>''\\[\\[Madonna della seggiola\\|Madonna della Seggiola]]''. Diameter 71 cm.\nFile:Raphael \\- Ezekiel's Vision.jpg\\|Raphael\\<br\\>''\\[\\[Ezekiel's Vision (Raphael)\\|Vision of Ezekiel]]''. 41 × 30 cm.\nFile:Inghirami Raphael.jpg\\|Raphael\\<br\\>''\\[\\[Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami]]''. 90 × 62 cm.\nFile:Madonna Impannata.jpg\\|Raphael and Assistants\\<br\\>''\\[\\[Madonna dell'Impannata]]''. 158 × 125 cm.\nFile:Raphael\\-LaDonnaGravida(1505\\-1506\\).jpg\\|Raphael\\<br\\>''\\[\\[La donna gravida\\|La Donna Gravida]]''. 66 × 52 cm.\nFile:Titian \\- Christ the Redeemer \\- WGA22796\\.jpg\\|Titian\\<br\\>''Christ the Redeemer''. 78 × 55 cm.\nFile:Tizian 013\\.jpg\\|Titian\\<br\\>''\\[\\[The Concert (Titian)\\|The Concert]]''. 87 × 124 cm.\nFile:Tizian 034\\.jpg\\|Titian\\<br\\>''\\[\\[La Bella]]''. 100 × 75 cm.\nFile:Tizian 071\\.jpg\\|Titian\\<br\\>''\\[\\[Portrait of Vincenzo Mosti]]''. 85 × 67 cm.\nFile:Titian \\- Portrait of Pope Julius II \\- WGA22961\\.jpg\\|Titian\\<br\\>''Portrait of Pope Julius II''. 99 × 82 cm.\nFile:Magdalena penitente, por Tiziano.jpg\\|Titian\\<br\\>''\\[\\[Penitent Magdalene (Titian, 1531\\)\\|Penitent Magdalene]]''. 84 × 69 cm.\nFile:Peter Paul Rubens 118\\.jpg\\|Peter Paul Rubens\\<br\\>''\\[\\[The Four Philosophers]]''. 167 × 143 cm.\nFile:Rubens \\- The Consequences of War.jpg\\|Peter Paul Rubens\\<br\\>''\\[\\[Consequences of War]]''. 206 × 342 cm.\nFile:Rubens, sacra famiglia, pitti.jpg\\|Peter Paul Rubens\\<br\\>''\\[\\[Madonna of the Basket (Rubens)\\|Madonna of the Basket]]''. 114 × 80 cm.\nFile:Anthony van Dyck \\- Portrait of Cardinal Guido Bentivoglio, 1623 \\- Galleria Palatina, Florence.jpg\\|Anthony van Dyck\\<br\\>''\\[\\[Portrait of Cardinal Guido Bentivoglio]]''. 195 × 147 cm.\nFile:Lippi, tondo bartolini.jpg\\|Filippo Lippi\\<br\\>''\\[\\[Bartolini Tondo]]''. Diameter 135 cm\nFile:Portrait of Fra Antonio Martelli\\-Caravaggio (1610\\).jpg\\|Caravaggio\\<br\\>''\\[\\[Portrait of Fra Antonio Martelli (Caravaggio)\\|Portrait of Fra Antonio Martelli]]''. 118 × 95 cm.\nFile:Giorgione, Three Ages.jpg\\|Giorgione\\<br\\>''\\[\\[The Three Ages of Man (Giorgione)\\|The Three Ages of Man]]''. 62 × 77 cm.\nFile:San Jerónimo, por Andrea del Verrocchio.jpg\\|Verrocchio\\<br\\>''St. Jerome''. 41 × 27 cm.\nFile:Sleeping Cupid\\-Caravaggio (1608\\).jpg\\|Caravaggio\\<br\\>''\\[\\[Sleeping Cupid (Caravaggio)\\|Sleeping Cupid]]''. 72 × 105 cm.\nFile:Paolo Veronese \\- Gentleman in a Lynx Fur \\- WGA24981\\.jpg\\|Paolo Veronese\\<br\\>''\\[\\[Portrait of a Gentleman in a Fur]]''. 140 × 107 cm.\nFile:Fra Bartolomeo \\- Lamentation \\- WGA1369\\.jpg\\|Fra Bartolomeo\\<br\\>''Lamentation''. 158 × 199 cm.\nFile:Andrea del Sarto \\- Pietà with Saints \\- WGA0395\\.jpg\\|Andrea del Sarto\\<br\\>''Pietà with Saints''. 239 × 199 cm.", "", "" ]
Other galleries --------------- ### Royal Apartments This is a suite of 14 rooms, formerly used by the Medici family, and lived in by their successors. These rooms have been largely altered since the era of the Medici, most recently in the 19th century. They contain a collection of Medici portraits, many of them by the artist [Giusto Sustermans](/wiki/Giusto_Sustermans "Giusto Sustermans").Perlove, Shelley. "An Unpublished Medici Gamepiece by Justus Sustermans". *The Burlington Magazine*; 131, 1035, 1989\. pp. 411–414 In contrast to the great salons containing the Palatine collection, some of these rooms are much smaller and more intimate, and, while still grand and gilded, are more suited to day\-to\-day living requirements. Period furnishings include four\-poster beds and other necessary furnishings not found elsewhere in the palazzo. The Kings of Italy last used the Palazzo Pitti in the 1920s.Levey, p. 416\. By that time it had already been converted to a museum, but a suite of rooms in the Meridian wing (now the Gallery of Modern Art) was reserved for them when visiting Florence officially. ### Gallery of Modern Art [thumb\|upright\=1\.3\|left\|*[Mary Stuart](/wiki/Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots "Mary, Queen of Scots") [at Crookstone](/wiki/Battle_of_Langside "Battle of Langside")*, by [Giovanni Fattori](/wiki/Giovanni_Fattori "Giovanni Fattori"), in the Gallery of Modern Art at the Palazzo Pitti](/wiki/File:Mary_Queen_of_Scots%2C_at_the_Battle_of_Langside%2C_fought_on_13_May_1568_%281861%29%2C_by_Giovanni_Fattori.jpg "Mary Queen of Scots, at the Battle of Langside, fought on 13 May 1568 (1861), by Giovanni Fattori.jpg") This gallery originates from the remodeling of the Florentine academy in 1748, when a gallery of Modern Art was established.Chiarini, p. 77 The gallery was intended to hold those art works which were prize\-winners in the academy's competitions. The Palazzo Pitti was being redecorated on a grand scale at this time and the new works of art were being collected to adorn the newly decorated salons. By the mid\-19th century so numerous were the grand ducal paintings of modern art that many were transferred to the {{Interlanguage link multi\|Palazzo della Crocetta\|it}}, which became the first home of the newly formed "Modern Art Museum". Following the [Risorgimento](/wiki/Risorgimento "Risorgimento") and the expulsion of the grand ducal family from the palazzo, all the grand ducal modern art works were brought together under one roof in the newly titled "Modern gallery of the Academy". The collection continued to expand, particularly so under the patronage of Victor Emmanuel II. However it was not until 1922 that this gallery was moved to the Palazzo Pitti where it was complemented by further modern works of art in the ownership of both the state and the municipality of Florence. The collection was housed in apartments recently vacated by members of the Italian royal family.Chiarini, p. 78 The gallery was first opened to public viewing in 1928\. Today, further enlarged and spread over 30 rooms, this large collection includes works by artists of the [Macchiaioli](/wiki/Macchiaioli "Macchiaioli") movement and other modern Italian schools of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.{{cite web\|author \=Polo Museale Fiorentino\| title \= The Gallery of Modern Art\| work \= Polo Museale Fiorentino\| publisher \= Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali\| year \= 2007\| url \=http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/artemoderna/default.asp\| access\-date \=8 January 2008\| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009235032/http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/artemoderna/default.asp \| archive\-date \=9 October 2007}} The pictures by the Macchiaioli artists are of particular note, as this school of 19th\-century Tuscan painters led by [Giovanni Fattori](/wiki/Giovanni_Fattori "Giovanni Fattori") were early pioneers and the founders of the impressionist movement.[Broude, Norma](/wiki/Norma_Broude "Norma Broude") (1987\). *The Macchiaioli: Italian Painters of the Nineteenth Century*. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. {{ISBN\|0\-300\-03547\-0}} The title "gallery of modern art" to some may sound incorrect, as the art in the gallery covers the period from the 18th to the early 20th century. No examples of later art are included in the collection since in Italy, "modern art" refers to the period before World War II; what has followed is generally known as "contemporary art" (*arte contemporanea*). In Tuscany this art can be found at the [Centro per l'arte contemporanea Luigi Pecci](/wiki/Centro_per_l%27arte_contemporanea_Luigi_Pecci "Centro per l'arte contemporanea Luigi Pecci") at [Prato](/wiki/Prato "Prato"), a city about {{convert\|15\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr\=on}} from Florence. ### Treasury of the Grand Dukes The Treasury of the Grand Dukes (Tesoro dei Granduchi), formerly called the Silver Museum (Museo degli Argenti), contains a collection of priceless silver, [cameos](/wiki/Cameo_%28carving%29 "Cameo (carving)"), and works in semi\-precious [gemstones](/wiki/Gemstone "Gemstone"), many of the latter from the collection of [Lorenzo de' Medici](/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici "Lorenzo de' Medici"), including his collection of ancient vases, many with delicate silver gilt mounts added for display purposes in the 15th century. These rooms, formerly part of the private royal apartments, are decorated with 17th\-century [frescoes](/wiki/Fresco "Fresco"), the most splendid being by [Giovanni da San Giovanni](/wiki/Giovanni_da_San_Giovanni "Giovanni da San Giovanni"), from 1635 to 1636\. The Silver Museum also contains a fine collection of German gold and silver artefacts purchased by Grand Duke [Ferdinand III](/wiki/Ferdinand_III%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany "Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany") after his return from exile in 1815, following the French occupation.{{cite web\|author \=Polo Museale Fiorentino\| title \= The "museo degli Argenti" (The Medici Treasury)\| work \= Polo Museale Fiorentino\| publisher \= Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali\| year \= 2007\| url \=http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/argenti/default.asp\| access\-date \=8 January 2008\| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009141713/http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/argenti/Default.asp \| archive\-date \=9 October 2007}} ### Porcelain Museum {{main\|Museo delle Porcellane}} [thumb\|upright\=1\.3\|The "Casino del Cavaliere" in the [Boboli Gardens](/wiki/Boboli_Gardens "Boboli Gardens") now houses the [porcelain museum](/wiki/Museo_delle_Porcellane "Museo delle Porcellane")](/wiki/File:Gianoboboliporcelaine.jpg "Gianoboboliporcelaine.jpg") First opened in 1973, this museum is housed in the Casino del Cavaliere in the Boboli Gardens.{{cite web\|author \=Polo Museale Fiorentino\| title \= The Porcelain museum\| work \= Polo Museale Fiorentino\| publisher \= Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali\| year \= 2007\| url \=http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/porcellane/default.asp\| access\-date \=8 January 2008\| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009235056/http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/porcellane/default.asp \| archive\-date \=9 October 2007}} The porcelain is from many of the most notable European porcelain factories, with [Sèvres porcelain](/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_porcelain "Sèvres porcelain") and [Meissen porcelain](/wiki/Meissen_porcelain "Meissen porcelain") being well represented. Many items in the collection were gifts to the Florentine rulers from other European sovereigns, while other works were specially commissioned by the grand ducal court. Of particular note are several large dinner services by the [Vincennes](/wiki/Vincennes_porcelain "Vincennes porcelain") factory, later renamed Sèvres, and a collection of small [biscuit](/wiki/Bisque_%28pottery%29 "Bisque (pottery)") [figurines](/wiki/Figurine "Figurine"). ### Costume Gallery Situated in a wing known as the "{{Interlanguage link multi\|Palazzina della Meridiana\|it\|3\=Palazzina della Meridiana}}", this gallery contains a collection of theatrical costumes dating from the 16th century until the present. It is also the only museum in Italy detailing the history of Italian fashions.{{cite web\|author \=Polo Museale Fiorentino\| title \= The Costume Gallery\| work \= Polo Museale Fiorentino\| publisher \= Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali\| year \= 2007\| url \=http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/costume/default.asp\| access\-date \=8 January 2008\| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009235014/http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/costume/default.asp \| archive\-date \=9 October 2007}} One of the newer collections to the palazzo, it was founded in 1983 by [Kirsten Aschengreen Piacenti](/wiki/Kirsten_Aschengreen_Piacenti "Kirsten Aschengreen Piacenti"); a suite of fourteen rooms, the Meridiana apartments, were completed in 1858\.{{cite journal \|last\=Arnold \|first\=Janet \|date\=June 1984 \|title\=Review: Costumes at Palazzo Pitti. Florence \|journal\=The Burlington Magazine \|volume\=126 \|issue\=975 \|pages\=371 \+ 378 \|jstor\=881642}} In addition to theatrical costumes, the gallery displays garments worn between the 18th century and the present day. Some of the exhibits are unique to the Palazzo Pitti; these include the 16th\-century funeral clothes of Grand Duke [Cosimo I de' Medici](/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici "Cosimo I de' Medici"), and his wife [Eleonora of Toledo](/wiki/Eleonora_of_Toledo "Eleonora of Toledo") and their son [Garzia](/wiki/Garzia_de%27_Medici "Garzia de' Medici"), both of whom died of [malaria](/wiki/Malaria "Malaria"). Their bodies would have been displayed [in state](/wiki/Lying_in_state "Lying in state") wearing their finest clothes, before being reclad in plainer attire before [interment](/wiki/Burial "Burial"). The gallery also exhibits a collection of mid\-20th century [costume jewellery](/wiki/Costume_jewellery "Costume jewellery"). The *Sala Meridiana* originally sponsored a functional solar meridian instrument, built into the fresco decoration by [Anton Domenico Gabbiani](/wiki/Anton_Domenico_Gabbiani "Anton Domenico Gabbiani"). ### Carriages Museum This ground floor museum exhibits [carriages](/wiki/Carriage "Carriage") and other conveyances used by the Grand Ducal court mainly in the late 18th and 19th century. The extent of the exhibition prompted one visitor in the 19th century to wonder, "In the name of all that is extraordinary, how can they find room for all these carriages and horses"."The Parterre of fiction, poetry, history \[\&c.]". Oxford University, 1836\. p. 144\. Some of the carriages are highly decorative, being adorned not only by gilt but by painted landscapes on their panels. Those used on the grandest occasions, such as the "Carrozza d'Oro" (golden carriage), are surmounted by gilt crowns which would have indicated the rank and station of the carriage's occupants. Other carriages on view are those used by the [King of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies"), and [Archbishops](/wiki/Archbishop "Archbishop") and other Florentine dignitaries.
[ "Other galleries\n---------------", "### Royal Apartments", "This is a suite of 14 rooms, formerly used by the Medici family, and lived in by their successors. These rooms have been largely altered since the era of the Medici, most recently in the 19th century. They contain a collection of Medici portraits, many of them by the artist [Giusto Sustermans](/wiki/Giusto_Sustermans \"Giusto Sustermans\").Perlove, Shelley. \"An Unpublished Medici Gamepiece by Justus Sustermans\". *The Burlington Magazine*; 131, 1035, 1989\\. pp. 411–414 In contrast to the great salons containing the Palatine collection, some of these rooms are much smaller and more intimate, and, while still grand and gilded, are more suited to day\\-to\\-day living requirements. Period furnishings include four\\-poster beds and other necessary furnishings not found elsewhere in the palazzo. The Kings of Italy last used the Palazzo Pitti in the 1920s.Levey, p. 416\\. By that time it had already been converted to a museum, but a suite of rooms in the Meridian wing (now the Gallery of Modern Art) was reserved for them when visiting Florence officially.", "### Gallery of Modern Art", "[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.3\\|left\\|*[Mary Stuart](/wiki/Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots \"Mary, Queen of Scots\") [at Crookstone](/wiki/Battle_of_Langside \"Battle of Langside\")*, by [Giovanni Fattori](/wiki/Giovanni_Fattori \"Giovanni Fattori\"), in the Gallery of Modern Art at the Palazzo Pitti](/wiki/File:Mary_Queen_of_Scots%2C_at_the_Battle_of_Langside%2C_fought_on_13_May_1568_%281861%29%2C_by_Giovanni_Fattori.jpg \"Mary Queen of Scots, at the Battle of Langside, fought on 13 May 1568 (1861), by Giovanni Fattori.jpg\")", "This gallery originates from the remodeling of the Florentine academy in 1748, when a gallery of Modern Art was established.Chiarini, p. 77 The gallery was intended to hold those art works which were prize\\-winners in the academy's competitions. The Palazzo Pitti was being redecorated on a grand scale at this time and the new works of art were being collected to adorn the newly decorated salons. By the mid\\-19th century so numerous were the grand ducal paintings of modern art that many were transferred to the {{Interlanguage link multi\\|Palazzo della Crocetta\\|it}}, which became the first home of the newly formed \"Modern Art Museum\".", "Following the [Risorgimento](/wiki/Risorgimento \"Risorgimento\") and the expulsion of the grand ducal family from the palazzo, all the grand ducal modern art works were brought together under one roof in the newly titled \"Modern gallery of the Academy\". The collection continued to expand, particularly so under the patronage of Victor Emmanuel II. However it was not until 1922 that this gallery was moved to the Palazzo Pitti where it was complemented by further modern works of art in the ownership of both the state and the municipality of Florence. The collection was housed in apartments recently vacated by members of the Italian royal family.Chiarini, p. 78 The gallery was first opened to public viewing in 1928\\.", "Today, further enlarged and spread over 30 rooms, this large collection includes works by artists of the [Macchiaioli](/wiki/Macchiaioli \"Macchiaioli\") movement and other modern Italian schools of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.{{cite web\\|author \\=Polo Museale Fiorentino\\| title \\= The Gallery of Modern Art\\| work \\= Polo Museale Fiorentino\\| publisher \\= Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali\\| year \\= 2007\\| url \\=http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/artemoderna/default.asp\\| access\\-date \\=8 January 2008\\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009235032/http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/artemoderna/default.asp \\| archive\\-date \\=9 October 2007}} The pictures by the Macchiaioli artists are of particular note, as this school of 19th\\-century Tuscan painters led by [Giovanni Fattori](/wiki/Giovanni_Fattori \"Giovanni Fattori\") were early pioneers and the founders of the impressionist movement.[Broude, Norma](/wiki/Norma_Broude \"Norma Broude\") (1987\\). *The Macchiaioli: Italian Painters of the Nineteenth Century*. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. {{ISBN\\|0\\-300\\-03547\\-0}} The title \"gallery of modern art\" to some may sound incorrect, as the art in the gallery covers the period from the 18th to the early 20th century. No examples of later art are included in the collection since in Italy, \"modern art\" refers to the period before World War II; what has followed is generally known as \"contemporary art\" (*arte contemporanea*). In Tuscany this art can be found at the [Centro per l'arte contemporanea Luigi Pecci](/wiki/Centro_per_l%27arte_contemporanea_Luigi_Pecci \"Centro per l'arte contemporanea Luigi Pecci\") at [Prato](/wiki/Prato \"Prato\"), a city about {{convert\\|15\\|km\\|mi\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} from Florence.", "### Treasury of the Grand Dukes", "The Treasury of the Grand Dukes (Tesoro dei Granduchi), formerly called the Silver Museum (Museo degli Argenti), contains a collection of priceless silver, [cameos](/wiki/Cameo_%28carving%29 \"Cameo (carving)\"), and works in semi\\-precious [gemstones](/wiki/Gemstone \"Gemstone\"), many of the latter from the collection of [Lorenzo de' Medici](/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici \"Lorenzo de' Medici\"), including his collection of ancient vases, many with delicate silver gilt mounts added for display purposes in the 15th century. These rooms, formerly part of the private royal apartments, are decorated with 17th\\-century [frescoes](/wiki/Fresco \"Fresco\"), the most splendid being by [Giovanni da San Giovanni](/wiki/Giovanni_da_San_Giovanni \"Giovanni da San Giovanni\"), from 1635 to 1636\\. The Silver Museum also contains a fine collection of German gold and silver artefacts purchased by Grand Duke [Ferdinand III](/wiki/Ferdinand_III%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany \"Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany\") after his return from exile in 1815, following the French occupation.{{cite web\\|author \\=Polo Museale Fiorentino\\| title \\= The \"museo degli Argenti\" (The Medici Treasury)\\| work \\= Polo Museale Fiorentino\\| publisher \\= Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali\\| year \\= 2007\\| url \\=http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/argenti/default.asp\\| access\\-date \\=8 January 2008\\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009141713/http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/argenti/Default.asp \\| archive\\-date \\=9 October 2007}}", "### Porcelain Museum", "{{main\\|Museo delle Porcellane}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.3\\|The \"Casino del Cavaliere\" in the [Boboli Gardens](/wiki/Boboli_Gardens \"Boboli Gardens\") now houses the [porcelain museum](/wiki/Museo_delle_Porcellane \"Museo delle Porcellane\")](/wiki/File:Gianoboboliporcelaine.jpg \"Gianoboboliporcelaine.jpg\")", "First opened in 1973, this museum is housed in the Casino del Cavaliere in the Boboli Gardens.{{cite web\\|author \\=Polo Museale Fiorentino\\| title \\= The Porcelain museum\\| work \\= Polo Museale Fiorentino\\| publisher \\= Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali\\| year \\= 2007\\| url \\=http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/porcellane/default.asp\\| access\\-date \\=8 January 2008\\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009235056/http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/porcellane/default.asp \\| archive\\-date \\=9 October 2007}} The porcelain is from many of the most notable European porcelain factories, with [Sèvres porcelain](/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_porcelain \"Sèvres porcelain\") and [Meissen porcelain](/wiki/Meissen_porcelain \"Meissen porcelain\") being well represented. Many items in the collection were gifts to the Florentine rulers from other European sovereigns, while other works were specially commissioned by the grand ducal court. Of particular note are several large dinner services by the [Vincennes](/wiki/Vincennes_porcelain \"Vincennes porcelain\") factory, later renamed Sèvres, and a collection of small [biscuit](/wiki/Bisque_%28pottery%29 \"Bisque (pottery)\") [figurines](/wiki/Figurine \"Figurine\").", "### Costume Gallery", "Situated in a wing known as the \"{{Interlanguage link multi\\|Palazzina della Meridiana\\|it\\|3\\=Palazzina della Meridiana}}\", this gallery contains a collection of theatrical costumes dating from the 16th century until the present. It is also the only museum in Italy detailing the history of Italian fashions.{{cite web\\|author \\=Polo Museale Fiorentino\\| title \\= The Costume Gallery\\| work \\= Polo Museale Fiorentino\\| publisher \\= Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali\\| year \\= 2007\\| url \\=http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/costume/default.asp\\| access\\-date \\=8 January 2008\\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009235014/http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/english/musei/costume/default.asp \\| archive\\-date \\=9 October 2007}} One of the newer collections to the palazzo, it was founded in 1983 by [Kirsten Aschengreen Piacenti](/wiki/Kirsten_Aschengreen_Piacenti \"Kirsten Aschengreen Piacenti\"); a suite of fourteen rooms, the Meridiana apartments, were completed in 1858\\.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Arnold \\|first\\=Janet \\|date\\=June 1984 \\|title\\=Review: Costumes at Palazzo Pitti. Florence \\|journal\\=The Burlington Magazine \\|volume\\=126 \\|issue\\=975 \\|pages\\=371 \\+ 378 \\|jstor\\=881642}}", "In addition to theatrical costumes, the gallery displays garments worn between the 18th century and the present day. Some of the exhibits are unique to the Palazzo Pitti; these include the 16th\\-century funeral clothes of Grand Duke [Cosimo I de' Medici](/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici \"Cosimo I de' Medici\"), and his wife [Eleonora of Toledo](/wiki/Eleonora_of_Toledo \"Eleonora of Toledo\") and their son [Garzia](/wiki/Garzia_de%27_Medici \"Garzia de' Medici\"), both of whom died of [malaria](/wiki/Malaria \"Malaria\"). Their bodies would have been displayed [in state](/wiki/Lying_in_state \"Lying in state\") wearing their finest clothes, before being reclad in plainer attire before [interment](/wiki/Burial \"Burial\"). The gallery also exhibits a collection of mid\\-20th century [costume jewellery](/wiki/Costume_jewellery \"Costume jewellery\"). The *Sala Meridiana* originally sponsored a functional solar meridian instrument, built into the fresco decoration by [Anton Domenico Gabbiani](/wiki/Anton_Domenico_Gabbiani \"Anton Domenico Gabbiani\").", "### Carriages Museum", "This ground floor museum exhibits [carriages](/wiki/Carriage \"Carriage\") and other conveyances used by the Grand Ducal court mainly in the late 18th and 19th century. The extent of the exhibition prompted one visitor in the 19th century to wonder, \"In the name of all that is extraordinary, how can they find room for all these carriages and horses\".\"The Parterre of fiction, poetry, history \\[\\&c.]\". Oxford University, 1836\\. p. 144\\. Some of the carriages are highly decorative, being adorned not only by gilt but by painted landscapes on their panels. Those used on the grandest occasions, such as the \"Carrozza d'Oro\" (golden carriage), are surmounted by gilt crowns which would have indicated the rank and station of the carriage's occupants. Other carriages on view are those used by the [King of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Kingdom of the Two Sicilies\"), and [Archbishops](/wiki/Archbishop \"Archbishop\") and other Florentine dignitaries.", "" ]
Military career --------------- ### Pilot On 2 June 1993, Goodwin was commissioned as a [second lieutenant](/wiki/Second_lieutenant%23Air_Force "Second lieutenant#Air Force") in the [United States Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force"); from August 1993 through January 1994, her first assignment was as the Assistant Deputy Executive Officer for Professional Military Studies at her alma mater, the Air Force Academy. She then underwent [flight training](/wiki/Flight_training "Flight training") for the [Cessna T\-37 Tweet](/wiki/Cessna_T-37_Tweet "Cessna T-37 Tweet"), [Raytheon T\-1 Jayhawk](/wiki/Raytheon_T-1_Jayhawk "Raytheon T-1 Jayhawk"), and [Lockheed C\-130 Hercules](/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules "Lockheed C-130 Hercules") at [Laughlin](/wiki/Laughlin_Air_Force_Base "Laughlin Air Force Base") and [Little Rock Air Force Bases](/wiki/Little_Rock_Air_Force_Base "Little Rock Air Force Base") from January 1994 through August 1995\. [thumb\|An EC\-130H in 2010](/wiki/File:Compass_Call_Unit_Departs_386th_AEW_As_a_Result_of_Drawdown_in_Iraq_DVIDS314240.jpg "Compass Call Unit Departs 386th AEW As a Result of Drawdown in Iraq DVIDS314240.jpg") That August, then\-[First Lieutenant](/wiki/First_lieutenant%23U.S._Army%2C_U.S._Marine_Corps%2C_U.S._Air_Force%2C_and_U.S._Space_Force "First lieutenant#U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Space Force") Goodwin was assigned to the [41st Electronic Combat Squadron](/wiki/41st_Electronic_Combat_Squadron "41st Electronic Combat Squadron") at [Davis–Monthan Air Force Base](/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Monthan_Air_Force_Base "Davis–Monthan Air Force Base") as the commander of a [Lockheed EC\-130H Compass Call](/wiki/Lockheed_EC-130H_Compass_Call "Lockheed EC-130H Compass Call"). In February 1998, now a [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28United_States_O-3%29 "Captain (United States O-3)"), she became an [EC\-130](/wiki/Lockheed_EC-130 "Lockheed EC-130") instructor and the Operations Executive Officer of Davis–Monthan's [355th Operations Group](/wiki/355th_Operations_Group "355th Operations Group"). From July 1999 through June 2001, Captain Goodwin worked in [the Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon "The Pentagon") offices of the [Secretary of the Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force "United States Secretary of the Air Force") and the [Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff](/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff "Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff"), [General](/wiki/General_%28United_States%29 "General (United States)") [Hugh Shelton](/wiki/Hugh_Shelton "Hugh Shelton"), as part of the [Air Force Intern Program](/wiki/Air_Force_Intern_Program "Air Force Intern Program"). [thumb\|A B\-2 at Whiteman](/wiki/File:US_Air_Force_080618-F-1333S-105_Whiteman_Airmen_make_first_all-air_Guard_B-2_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg "US Air Force 080618-F-1333S-105 Whiteman Airmen make first all-air Guard B-2 flight (cropped).jpg") Goodwin was stationed at [Whiteman Air Force Base](/wiki/Whiteman_Air_Force_Base "Whiteman Air Force Base") from June 2001 through July 2006\. For her first year, Goodwin's duties with the [394th Combat Training Squadron](/wiki/394th_Combat_Training_Squadron "394th Combat Training Squadron") included training on the [Northrop Grumman B\-2 Spirit](/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit "Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit") and flying the [Northrop T\-38 Talon](/wiki/Northrop_T-38_Talon "Northrop T-38 Talon"). From June 2002 through November 2004, Goodwin was a flight commander with the [325th Bomb Squadron](/wiki/325th_Weapons_Squadron "325th Weapons Squadron"), flying T\-38s and acting as mission commander on B\-2 sorties. November 2004 through December 2005 saw then\-[Major](/wiki/Major_%28United_States%29 "Major (United States)") Goodwin teaching B\-2 pilots and still flying T\-38s with the [509th Operations Support Squadron](/wiki/509th_Operations_Support_Squadron "509th Operations Support Squadron") (509 OSS); through July 2006 she added to her plate: Chief of Combat Plans for the [509th Bomb Wing](/wiki/509th_Bomb_Wing "509th Bomb Wing"). {{as of\|2018\|11}}, Goodwin was rated as a [command pilot](/wiki/Command_pilot "Command pilot"), having over 2900 [flight hours](/wiki/Flight_time "Flight time") in the T\-37, T\-1, C\-130, EC\-130, B\-2, T\-38, and B\-52\. Her B\-2 [aviator call sign](/wiki/Aviator_call_sign "Aviator call sign") is "Duchess". ### Command Major Goodwin returned to the Pentagon in July 2006 to work under the [Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force](/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force "Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force"), General [T. Michael Moseley](/wiki/T._Michael_Moseley "T. Michael Moseley"). A year later, she was hand\-picked to [transfer](/wiki/Permanent_change_of_station "Permanent change of station") to [Camp H. M. Smith](/wiki/Camp_H._M._Smith "Camp H. M. Smith") and work as the deputy director of the [United States Pacific Command](/wiki/United_States_Indo-Pacific_Command "United States Indo-Pacific Command")'s Commander's Action Group under [Admiral](/wiki/Admiral_%28United_States%29 "Admiral (United States)") [Timothy J. Keating](/wiki/Timothy_J._Keating "Timothy J. Keating"). Come August 2009, [Lieutenant Colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_States%29 "Lieutenant colonel (United States)") Goodwin returned to Whiteman as the director of operations for the [393rd Bomb Squadron](/wiki/393rd_Bomb_Squadron "393rd Bomb Squadron") while evaluating B\-2 pilots. After eleven months, she was elevated to [commander](/wiki/Commander%23United_States_Air_Force "Commander#United States Air Force") of the 509th OSS. [thumb\|Col Goodwin, CC, 2 BW (2016\)](/wiki/File:Colonel_Goodwin%2C_Barksdale_AFB%2C_2016-05-20.jpg "Colonel Goodwin, Barksdale AFB, 2016-05-20.jpg") From June 2011 through June 2012, Goodwin served as the [executive officer](/wiki/Executive_officer%23United_States_Air_Force "Executive officer#United States Air Force") to the [Air Combat Command](/wiki/Air_Combat_Command "Air Combat Command") commander, General [Gilmary M. Hostage III](/wiki/Gilmary_M._Hostage_III "Gilmary M. Hostage III"), after which she was a [Center for Strategic and International Studies](/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies "Center for Strategic and International Studies") [fellow](/wiki/Fellow "Fellow") from June 2012 through June 2013\. [Colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 "Colonel (United States)") Goodwin was then reassigned to Whiteman as the vice commander of the [509th Bomb Wing](/wiki/509th_Bomb_Wing "509th Bomb Wing") from June 2013 through August 2014, before becoming commander of the [2nd Bomb Wing](/wiki/2nd_Bomb_Wing "2nd Bomb Wing") at [Barksdale Air Force Base](/wiki/Barksdale_Air_Force_Base "Barksdale Air Force Base") for 22 months. While heading the 2nd Bomb Wing as its first female commander, Goodwin oversaw the first reintroduction of the [Boeing B\-52 Stratofortress](/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress "Boeing B-52 Stratofortress") to combat in ten years, as well as helped plan [Operation Odyssey Dawn](/wiki/Operation_Odyssey_Dawn "Operation Odyssey Dawn")'s first night of [shock and awe](/wiki/Shock_and_awe "Shock and awe") operations. After leaving [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana") in May 2016, Goodwin was the senior military assistant to Secretaries of the Air Force [Deborah Lee James](/wiki/Deborah_Lee_James "Deborah Lee James") and [Lisa Disbrow](/wiki/Lisa_Disbrow "Lisa Disbrow"). #### Academy commandant [thumb\|Comdt. Goodwin in February 2019](/wiki/File:Former_412th_Test_Wing_commander_embodies_%E2%80%98Captain_Marvel%E2%80%99_spirit_%28Goodwin_crop%29.jpg "Former 412th Test Wing commander embodies ‘Captain Marvel’ spirit (Goodwin crop).jpg") The Air Force announced on 21 March 2017 that Colonel Goodwin was to be the next [commandant of cadets](/wiki/Commandant_of_Cadets_of_the_United_States_Air_Force_Academy "Commandant of Cadets of the United States Air Force Academy") at the Air Force Academy (also commander of the [34th Training Wing](/wiki/34th_Training_Wing "34th Training Wing")). [Michael L. Weinstein](/wiki/Michael_L._Weinstein "Michael L. Weinstein") of the [Military Religious Freedom Foundation](/wiki/Military_Religious_Freedom_Foundation "Military Religious Freedom Foundation") lauded the installation of an [openly](/wiki/Coming_out "Coming out")\-homosexual leader at the academy. In contrast, [Kayla Moore](/wiki/Kayla_Moore "Kayla Moore") of the [Foundation for Moral Law](/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law "Foundation for Moral Law") decried the selection in her letter to [United States Secretary of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense "United States Secretary of Defense") [Jim Mattis](/wiki/Jim_Mattis "Jim Mattis"), claiming that Goodwin "does not set a proper moral example" in accordance with Moore's [Christian](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") interpretations of [marriage](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") and [human sexuality](/wiki/Human_sexuality "Human sexuality"). Goodwin arrived in [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado "Colorado") in May 2017; she was still serving as commandant on 2 June 2018 when she received her first star upon promotion to [brigadier general](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 "Brigadier general (United States)"). As commandant, Goodwin was credited with instituting new cadet discipline policies, but was reported to have a "stormy relationship with subordinates and colleagues". Anonymous [officers](/wiki/Officer_%28armed_forces%29 "Officer (armed forces)") at the academy told [*The Gazette*](/wiki/The_Gazette_%28Colorado_Springs%29 "The Gazette (Colorado Springs)") that "Goodwin was a caustic leader who treated those under her roughly and was easily riled." After the graduation of the academy's 2019 class on 30 May, Goodwin was expected to transfer to the Pentagon, work as director of current operations under [Air Force Vice Chief of Staff](/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force "Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force") General [Stephen W. Wilson](/wiki/Stephen_W._Wilson "Stephen W. Wilson"), and be replaced as commandant by Brigadier General [Michele C. Edmondson](/wiki/Michele_C._Edmondson "Michele C. Edmondson"). In April 2019, however, Goodwin was relieved of her command by [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28United_States%29 "Lieutenant general (United States)") [Jay B. Silveria](/wiki/Jay_B._Silveria "Jay B. Silveria") "pending the results of an \[unspecified] ongoing investigation" by the [Inspector General of the Department of the Air Force](/wiki/Inspector_General_of_the_Department_of_the_Air_Force "Inspector General of the Department of the Air Force"). [NPR](/wiki/NPR "NPR") was told by unnamed officials that "there were 'climate and leadership issues' at the academy." On 21 November 2019, the inspector general released its investigative report, substantiating claims that Goodwin blamed others for her failures, failed to engender an acceptable workplace environment, traveled on government time for personal purposes to the tune of {{US$\|5300\|2018}}, made inappropriate charges to a cadet's government credit card while on [temporary duty assignment](/wiki/Temporary_duty_assignment "Temporary duty assignment") to the [*Captain Marvel* premiere](/wiki/Captain_Marvel_%28film%29%23Theatrical "Captain Marvel (film)#Theatrical"), and more. In response, Goodwin's civilian attorney announced that the general would pursue redress for Silveria's decision in accordance with [Article 138](/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice%23Complaints_of_wrongs_and_loss_of_property "Uniform Code of Military Justice#Complaints of wrongs and loss of property") of the [Uniform Code of Military Justice](/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice "Uniform Code of Military Justice") as it was based on [hearsay](/wiki/Hearsay "Hearsay") and therefore {{nowrap\|"\[w]e}} assess his actions were arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of his discretion as superintendent." Goodwin also maintains that she endured [homophobic](/wiki/Homophobia "Homophobia") "bigotry, bias and discrimination". #### Post\-investigation According to Goodwin's official Air Force biography, she was the chief of staff of the [Joint Force Space Component Command](/wiki/Joint_Force_Space_Component_Commander "Joint Force Space Component Commander") at [Peterson Air Force Base](/wiki/Peterson_Air_Force_Base "Peterson Air Force Base") from May to August 2019 before becoming director of the [North American Aerospace Defense Command](/wiki/NORAD "NORAD") and [United States Northern Command](/wiki/United_States_Northern_Command "United States Northern Command") Transformation Office at Peterson. After one year, Goodwin remained at Peterson and was posted to [Space Operations Command](/wiki/Space_Operations_Command "Space Operations Command"): first as chief of staff from August 2020 to June 2021, and then as Deputy Commanding General for Support. According to [KOAA\-TV](/wiki/KOAA-TV "KOAA-TV"), Goodwin was retired from the Air Force by April 2024, and volunteering with [Honor Flight](/wiki/Honor_Flight "Honor Flight"). ### Awards and decorations {{as of\|2021\|08}}, Goodwin was a recipient of two [Legion of Merits](/wiki/Legion_of_Merit "Legion of Merit"), the [Defense Meritorious Service Medal](/wiki/Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal "Defense Meritorious Service Medal"), three [Meritorious Service Medals](/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_%28United_States%29 "Meritorious Service Medal (United States)"), an [Air Medal](/wiki/Air_Medal "Air Medal"), an [Air Force Commendation Medal](/wiki/Air_Force_Commendation_Medal "Air Force Commendation Medal"), four [Air Force Achievement Medals](/wiki/Air_Force_Achievement_Medal "Air Force Achievement Medal"), a [Joint Meritorious Unit Award](/wiki/Joint_Meritorious_Unit_Award "Joint Meritorious Unit Award"), four [Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards](/wiki/Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Award "Air Force Outstanding Unit Award") (with ["V" device](/wiki/%22V%22_device)), an [Air Force Organizational Excellence Award](/wiki/Air_Force_Organizational_Excellence_Award "Air Force Organizational Excellence Award"), four [Combat Readiness Medals](/wiki/Combat_Readiness_Medal "Combat Readiness Medal"), two [National Defense Service Medals](/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal "National Defense Service Medal"), an [Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal](/wiki/Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal "Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal"), the [Global War on Terrorism Service Medal](/wiki/Global_War_on_Terrorism_Service_Medal "Global War on Terrorism Service Medal"), four [Nuclear Deterrence Operations Service Medals](/wiki/Nuclear_Deterrence_Operations_Service_Medal "Nuclear Deterrence Operations Service Medal") (with N device), and a [NATO Medal](/wiki/NATO_Medal "NATO Medal").
[ "Military career\n---------------", "### Pilot", "On 2 June 1993, Goodwin was commissioned as a [second lieutenant](/wiki/Second_lieutenant%23Air_Force \"Second lieutenant#Air Force\") in the [United States Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force \"United States Air Force\"); from August 1993 through January 1994, her first assignment was as the Assistant Deputy Executive Officer for Professional Military Studies at her alma mater, the Air Force Academy. She then underwent [flight training](/wiki/Flight_training \"Flight training\") for the [Cessna T\\-37 Tweet](/wiki/Cessna_T-37_Tweet \"Cessna T-37 Tweet\"), [Raytheon T\\-1 Jayhawk](/wiki/Raytheon_T-1_Jayhawk \"Raytheon T-1 Jayhawk\"), and [Lockheed C\\-130 Hercules](/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules \"Lockheed C-130 Hercules\") at [Laughlin](/wiki/Laughlin_Air_Force_Base \"Laughlin Air Force Base\") and [Little Rock Air Force Bases](/wiki/Little_Rock_Air_Force_Base \"Little Rock Air Force Base\") from January 1994 through August 1995\\.", "[thumb\\|An EC\\-130H in 2010](/wiki/File:Compass_Call_Unit_Departs_386th_AEW_As_a_Result_of_Drawdown_in_Iraq_DVIDS314240.jpg \"Compass Call Unit Departs 386th AEW As a Result of Drawdown in Iraq DVIDS314240.jpg\")\nThat August, then\\-[First Lieutenant](/wiki/First_lieutenant%23U.S._Army%2C_U.S._Marine_Corps%2C_U.S._Air_Force%2C_and_U.S._Space_Force \"First lieutenant#U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Space Force\") Goodwin was assigned to the [41st Electronic Combat Squadron](/wiki/41st_Electronic_Combat_Squadron \"41st Electronic Combat Squadron\") at [Davis–Monthan Air Force Base](/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Monthan_Air_Force_Base \"Davis–Monthan Air Force Base\") as the commander of a [Lockheed EC\\-130H Compass Call](/wiki/Lockheed_EC-130H_Compass_Call \"Lockheed EC-130H Compass Call\"). In February 1998, now a [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28United_States_O-3%29 \"Captain (United States O-3)\"), she became an [EC\\-130](/wiki/Lockheed_EC-130 \"Lockheed EC-130\") instructor and the Operations Executive Officer of Davis–Monthan's [355th Operations Group](/wiki/355th_Operations_Group \"355th Operations Group\"). From July 1999 through June 2001, Captain Goodwin worked in [the Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon \"The Pentagon\") offices of the [Secretary of the Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force \"United States Secretary of the Air Force\") and the [Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff](/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff \"Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff\"), [General](/wiki/General_%28United_States%29 \"General (United States)\") [Hugh Shelton](/wiki/Hugh_Shelton \"Hugh Shelton\"), as part of the [Air Force Intern Program](/wiki/Air_Force_Intern_Program \"Air Force Intern Program\").", "[thumb\\|A B\\-2 at Whiteman](/wiki/File:US_Air_Force_080618-F-1333S-105_Whiteman_Airmen_make_first_all-air_Guard_B-2_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg \"US Air Force 080618-F-1333S-105 Whiteman Airmen make first all-air Guard B-2 flight (cropped).jpg\")\nGoodwin was stationed at [Whiteman Air Force Base](/wiki/Whiteman_Air_Force_Base \"Whiteman Air Force Base\") from June 2001 through July 2006\\. For her first year, Goodwin's duties with the [394th Combat Training Squadron](/wiki/394th_Combat_Training_Squadron \"394th Combat Training Squadron\") included training on the [Northrop Grumman B\\-2 Spirit](/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit \"Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit\") and flying the [Northrop T\\-38 Talon](/wiki/Northrop_T-38_Talon \"Northrop T-38 Talon\"). From June 2002 through November 2004, Goodwin was a flight commander with the [325th Bomb Squadron](/wiki/325th_Weapons_Squadron \"325th Weapons Squadron\"), flying T\\-38s and acting as mission commander on B\\-2 sorties. November 2004 through December 2005 saw then\\-[Major](/wiki/Major_%28United_States%29 \"Major (United States)\") Goodwin teaching B\\-2 pilots and still flying T\\-38s with the [509th Operations Support Squadron](/wiki/509th_Operations_Support_Squadron \"509th Operations Support Squadron\") (509 OSS); through July 2006 she added to her plate: Chief of Combat Plans for the [509th Bomb Wing](/wiki/509th_Bomb_Wing \"509th Bomb Wing\").", "{{as of\\|2018\\|11}}, Goodwin was rated as a [command pilot](/wiki/Command_pilot \"Command pilot\"), having over 2900 [flight hours](/wiki/Flight_time \"Flight time\") in the T\\-37, T\\-1, C\\-130, EC\\-130, B\\-2, T\\-38, and B\\-52\\. Her B\\-2 [aviator call sign](/wiki/Aviator_call_sign \"Aviator call sign\") is \"Duchess\".", "### Command", "Major Goodwin returned to the Pentagon in July 2006 to work under the [Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force](/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force \"Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force\"), General [T. Michael Moseley](/wiki/T._Michael_Moseley \"T. Michael Moseley\"). A year later, she was hand\\-picked to [transfer](/wiki/Permanent_change_of_station \"Permanent change of station\") to [Camp H. M. Smith](/wiki/Camp_H._M._Smith \"Camp H. M. Smith\") and work as the deputy director of the [United States Pacific Command](/wiki/United_States_Indo-Pacific_Command \"United States Indo-Pacific Command\")'s Commander's Action Group under [Admiral](/wiki/Admiral_%28United_States%29 \"Admiral (United States)\") [Timothy J. Keating](/wiki/Timothy_J._Keating \"Timothy J. Keating\"). Come August 2009, [Lieutenant Colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_States%29 \"Lieutenant colonel (United States)\") Goodwin returned to Whiteman as the director of operations for the [393rd Bomb Squadron](/wiki/393rd_Bomb_Squadron \"393rd Bomb Squadron\") while evaluating B\\-2 pilots. After eleven months, she was elevated to [commander](/wiki/Commander%23United_States_Air_Force \"Commander#United States Air Force\") of the 509th OSS.", "[thumb\\|Col Goodwin, CC, 2 BW (2016\\)](/wiki/File:Colonel_Goodwin%2C_Barksdale_AFB%2C_2016-05-20.jpg \"Colonel Goodwin, Barksdale AFB, 2016-05-20.jpg\")\nFrom June 2011 through June 2012, Goodwin served as the [executive officer](/wiki/Executive_officer%23United_States_Air_Force \"Executive officer#United States Air Force\") to the [Air Combat Command](/wiki/Air_Combat_Command \"Air Combat Command\") commander, General [Gilmary M. Hostage III](/wiki/Gilmary_M._Hostage_III \"Gilmary M. Hostage III\"), after which she was a [Center for Strategic and International Studies](/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies \"Center for Strategic and International Studies\") [fellow](/wiki/Fellow \"Fellow\") from June 2012 through June 2013\\. [Colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 \"Colonel (United States)\") Goodwin was then reassigned to Whiteman as the vice commander of the [509th Bomb Wing](/wiki/509th_Bomb_Wing \"509th Bomb Wing\") from June 2013 through August 2014, before becoming commander of the [2nd Bomb Wing](/wiki/2nd_Bomb_Wing \"2nd Bomb Wing\") at [Barksdale Air Force Base](/wiki/Barksdale_Air_Force_Base \"Barksdale Air Force Base\") for 22 months. While heading the 2nd Bomb Wing as its first female commander, Goodwin oversaw the first reintroduction of the [Boeing B\\-52 Stratofortress](/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress \"Boeing B-52 Stratofortress\") to combat in ten years, as well as helped plan [Operation Odyssey Dawn](/wiki/Operation_Odyssey_Dawn \"Operation Odyssey Dawn\")'s first night of [shock and awe](/wiki/Shock_and_awe \"Shock and awe\") operations. After leaving [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana \"Louisiana\") in May 2016, Goodwin was the senior military assistant to Secretaries of the Air Force [Deborah Lee James](/wiki/Deborah_Lee_James \"Deborah Lee James\") and [Lisa Disbrow](/wiki/Lisa_Disbrow \"Lisa Disbrow\").", "#### Academy commandant", "[thumb\\|Comdt. Goodwin in February 2019](/wiki/File:Former_412th_Test_Wing_commander_embodies_%E2%80%98Captain_Marvel%E2%80%99_spirit_%28Goodwin_crop%29.jpg \"Former 412th Test Wing commander embodies ‘Captain Marvel’ spirit (Goodwin crop).jpg\")\nThe Air Force announced on 21 March 2017 that Colonel Goodwin was to be the next [commandant of cadets](/wiki/Commandant_of_Cadets_of_the_United_States_Air_Force_Academy \"Commandant of Cadets of the United States Air Force Academy\") at the Air Force Academy (also commander of the [34th Training Wing](/wiki/34th_Training_Wing \"34th Training Wing\")). [Michael L. Weinstein](/wiki/Michael_L._Weinstein \"Michael L. Weinstein\") of the [Military Religious Freedom Foundation](/wiki/Military_Religious_Freedom_Foundation \"Military Religious Freedom Foundation\") lauded the installation of an [openly](/wiki/Coming_out \"Coming out\")\\-homosexual leader at the academy. In contrast, [Kayla Moore](/wiki/Kayla_Moore \"Kayla Moore\") of the [Foundation for Moral Law](/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law \"Foundation for Moral Law\") decried the selection in her letter to [United States Secretary of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense \"United States Secretary of Defense\") [Jim Mattis](/wiki/Jim_Mattis \"Jim Mattis\"), claiming that Goodwin \"does not set a proper moral example\" in accordance with Moore's [Christian](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") interpretations of [marriage](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") and [human sexuality](/wiki/Human_sexuality \"Human sexuality\"). Goodwin arrived in [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado \"Colorado\") in May 2017; she was still serving as commandant on 2 June 2018 when she received her first star upon promotion to [brigadier general](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 \"Brigadier general (United States)\").", "As commandant, Goodwin was credited with instituting new cadet discipline policies, but was reported to have a \"stormy relationship with subordinates and colleagues\". Anonymous [officers](/wiki/Officer_%28armed_forces%29 \"Officer (armed forces)\") at the academy told [*The Gazette*](/wiki/The_Gazette_%28Colorado_Springs%29 \"The Gazette (Colorado Springs)\") that \"Goodwin was a caustic leader who treated those under her roughly and was easily riled.\"", "After the graduation of the academy's 2019 class on 30 May, Goodwin was expected to transfer to the Pentagon, work as director of current operations under [Air Force Vice Chief of Staff](/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force \"Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force\") General [Stephen W. Wilson](/wiki/Stephen_W._Wilson \"Stephen W. Wilson\"), and be replaced as commandant by Brigadier General [Michele C. Edmondson](/wiki/Michele_C._Edmondson \"Michele C. Edmondson\"). In April 2019, however, Goodwin was relieved of her command by [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28United_States%29 \"Lieutenant general (United States)\") [Jay B. Silveria](/wiki/Jay_B._Silveria \"Jay B. Silveria\") \"pending the results of an \\[unspecified] ongoing investigation\" by the [Inspector General of the Department of the Air Force](/wiki/Inspector_General_of_the_Department_of_the_Air_Force \"Inspector General of the Department of the Air Force\"). [NPR](/wiki/NPR \"NPR\") was told by unnamed officials that \"there were 'climate and leadership issues' at the academy.\"", "On 21 November 2019, the inspector general released its investigative report, substantiating claims that Goodwin blamed others for her failures, failed to engender an acceptable workplace environment, traveled on government time for personal purposes to the tune of {{US$\\|5300\\|2018}}, made inappropriate charges to a cadet's government credit card while on [temporary duty assignment](/wiki/Temporary_duty_assignment \"Temporary duty assignment\") to the [*Captain Marvel* premiere](/wiki/Captain_Marvel_%28film%29%23Theatrical \"Captain Marvel (film)#Theatrical\"), and more. In response, Goodwin's civilian attorney announced that the general would pursue redress for Silveria's decision in accordance with [Article 138](/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice%23Complaints_of_wrongs_and_loss_of_property \"Uniform Code of Military Justice#Complaints of wrongs and loss of property\") of the [Uniform Code of Military Justice](/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice \"Uniform Code of Military Justice\") as it was based on [hearsay](/wiki/Hearsay \"Hearsay\") and therefore {{nowrap\\|\"\\[w]e}} assess his actions were arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of his discretion as superintendent.\" Goodwin also maintains that she endured [homophobic](/wiki/Homophobia \"Homophobia\") \"bigotry, bias and discrimination\".", "#### Post\\-investigation", "According to Goodwin's official Air Force biography, she was the chief of staff of the [Joint Force Space Component Command](/wiki/Joint_Force_Space_Component_Commander \"Joint Force Space Component Commander\") at [Peterson Air Force Base](/wiki/Peterson_Air_Force_Base \"Peterson Air Force Base\") from May to August 2019 before becoming director of the [North American Aerospace Defense Command](/wiki/NORAD \"NORAD\") and [United States Northern Command](/wiki/United_States_Northern_Command \"United States Northern Command\") Transformation Office at Peterson. After one year, Goodwin remained at Peterson and was posted to [Space Operations Command](/wiki/Space_Operations_Command \"Space Operations Command\"): first as chief of staff from August 2020 to June 2021, and then as Deputy Commanding General for Support.", "According to [KOAA\\-TV](/wiki/KOAA-TV \"KOAA-TV\"), Goodwin was retired from the Air Force by April 2024, and volunteering with [Honor Flight](/wiki/Honor_Flight \"Honor Flight\").", "### Awards and decorations", "{{as of\\|2021\\|08}}, Goodwin was a recipient of two [Legion of Merits](/wiki/Legion_of_Merit \"Legion of Merit\"), the [Defense Meritorious Service Medal](/wiki/Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal \"Defense Meritorious Service Medal\"), three [Meritorious Service Medals](/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_%28United_States%29 \"Meritorious Service Medal (United States)\"), an [Air Medal](/wiki/Air_Medal \"Air Medal\"), an [Air Force Commendation Medal](/wiki/Air_Force_Commendation_Medal \"Air Force Commendation Medal\"), four [Air Force Achievement Medals](/wiki/Air_Force_Achievement_Medal \"Air Force Achievement Medal\"), a [Joint Meritorious Unit Award](/wiki/Joint_Meritorious_Unit_Award \"Joint Meritorious Unit Award\"), four [Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards](/wiki/Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Award \"Air Force Outstanding Unit Award\") (with [\"V\" device](/wiki/%22V%22_device)), an [Air Force Organizational Excellence Award](/wiki/Air_Force_Organizational_Excellence_Award \"Air Force Organizational Excellence Award\"), four [Combat Readiness Medals](/wiki/Combat_Readiness_Medal \"Combat Readiness Medal\"), two [National Defense Service Medals](/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal \"National Defense Service Medal\"), an [Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal](/wiki/Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal \"Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal\"), the [Global War on Terrorism Service Medal](/wiki/Global_War_on_Terrorism_Service_Medal \"Global War on Terrorism Service Medal\"), four [Nuclear Deterrence Operations Service Medals](/wiki/Nuclear_Deterrence_Operations_Service_Medal \"Nuclear Deterrence Operations Service Medal\") (with N device), and a [NATO Medal](/wiki/NATO_Medal \"NATO Medal\").", "" ]
History ------- ### Founding and early years In the year 1900, a [pipeline](/wiki/Pipeline_transport "Pipeline transport") [salesman](/wiki/Salesman "Salesman") by the name of W.S. Porter convinced the presidents of the five largest companies in the [Kern River Oil Field](/wiki/Kern_River_Oil_Field "Kern River Oil Field") of California to enter into an agreement to turn over their oil interests to form a new company in exchange for [stocks](/wiki/Stock "Stock") and [bonds](/wiki/Bond_%28finance%29 "Bond (finance)") for the appraised value of their properties. The presidents of the companies were: W. G. Kerckhoff for Reed Crude Oil Company; [Burton E. Green](/wiki/Burton_E._Green "Burton E. Green") for Green\-Whittier Oil Company; [Charles A. Canfield](/wiki/Charles_A._Canfield "Charles A. Canfield") for Canfield Oil Company; [M. H. Whittier](/wiki/Max_Whittier "Max Whittier") for Kern Oil Company; John A. Bunting for San Joaquin Oil \& Development Company. Securing agreements from 34 other oil companies in the area the Associated Oil Company was incorporated on October 7, 1901, and on January 1, 1902, began actively producing and marketing [crude oil](/wiki/Crude_oil "Crude oil"). The [Standard Oil Company](/wiki/Standard_Oil_Company "Standard Oil Company") and the [Southern Pacific](/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Transportation_Company "Southern Pacific Transportation Company") Railroad acquired an interest in Associated Oil for the purposes of transporting their own oil to the [San Francisco Bay Area](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area "San Francisco Bay Area") where it would be refined and marketed; jointly, the Southern Pacific needed fuel for its [railroad](/wiki/Railroad "Railroad") [steam engines](/wiki/Steam_engines "Steam engines"). The Matson's Pacific Oil and Transportation Company was acquired in 1905, which included the Coalinga\-Monterey pipeline and a [refinery](/wiki/Oil_refinery "Oil refinery") at [Gaviota, California](/wiki/Gaviota%2C_California "Gaviota, California"), including other marine facilities. ### Subsidiaries In 1907, the Associated Pipe Line Company was formed as a [subsidiary](/wiki/Subsidiary "Subsidiary") of the Associated Oil Company with the Southern Pacific Company providing property along its railroad tracks which ran from the [Bakersfield](/wiki/Bakersfield "Bakersfield") Kern River oil fields to [Port Costa, California](/wiki/Port_Costa%2C_California "Port Costa, California"), later being shipped to [China](/wiki/China "China") and other parts of the [world](/wiki/World "World"). The Southern Pacific Company attained the controlling interest of the Associated Oil Company's stock. [right\|238px\|thumb\|The Kern River Oil Field (purple) in south\-central California. Other oil fields are shown in gray.](/wiki/Image:KernRiver.jpg "KernRiver.jpg") There was a fast\-growing market on the Pacific for [petroleum](/wiki/Petroleum "Petroleum") [distillates](/wiki/Distillates "Distillates") as well as crude oil and since the high gravity crude oil from the [San Joaquin Valley](/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley "San Joaquin Valley") required some sort of refining to make fuel usable for [locomotives](/wiki/Locomotives "Locomotives") and ship burners, the Associated Oil Company decided to construct a topping plant called the Avon Refinery (now the [Golden Eagle Refinery](/wiki/Golden_Eagle_Refinery "Golden Eagle Refinery")) in 1913\. Until then the company had produced and marketed fuel oils only and with the completion of the refinery were launched into the manufacture of [gasoline](/wiki/Gasoline "Gasoline") and [kerosene](/wiki/Kerosene "Kerosene"). Also in 1913, unfavorable commuting conditions prompted the Associated Oil Company to build a company town called the [Avon Village](/wiki/Avon%2C_Contra_Costa_County%2C_California "Avon, Contra Costa County, California") and by 1920 consisted of 65 [cottages](/wiki/Cottages "Cottages"), a one\-room [schoolhouse](/wiki/One-room_school "One-room school"), worker's [bunkhouse](/wiki/Bunkhouse "Bunkhouse"), a [dining hall](/wiki/Dining_hall "Dining hall") and a [clubhouse](/wiki/Community_centre "Community centre") that included an indoor [swimming pool](/wiki/Swimming_pool "Swimming pool"), [auditorium](/wiki/Auditorium "Auditorium") and a two\-lane [bowling alley](/wiki/Bowling_alley "Bowling alley") which serves today as the Refinery Museum. A branch of the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") [Post Office](/wiki/Post_Office "Post Office") was established and named the Associated Post Office. Associated purchased the Amoroco Terminal in 1923 from the American\-Oriental Refining Company (AMORCO) and consisted of a topping plant, [storage tanks](/wiki/Storage_tanks "Storage tanks"), a [wharf](/wiki/Wharf "Wharf"), pipelines and pumping equipment. The next year a clarifying plant and an [Edeleanu liquid dioxide plant](/wiki/Edeleanu_process "Edeleanu process"), the first in the United States, were constructed at the Avon Refinery. The quality of the oils treated was so excellent that it prompted the [U.S. Navy](/wiki/U.S._Navy "U.S. Navy") to purchase these [lubricants](/wiki/Lubricants "Lubricants") exclusively from the Avon Refinery for many years. By 1925 the Avon Refinery became the first West Coast refinery to produce [gasoline](/wiki/Gasoline "Gasoline") with [tetraethyl lead](/wiki/Tetraethyllead "Tetraethyllead") additive and in 1926 the [tanker](/wiki/Oil_tanker "Oil tanker") ship S.S. McKittrick received the first crude receipt at the Amorco Wharf. The Southern Pacific Company bought the terminal in 1929 to construct a new railroad [drawbridge](/wiki/Drawbridge "Drawbridge") a year later. [thumb\|right\|Associated Oil service station from 1927, restored and moved to [History Park at Kelley Park](/wiki/History_Park_at_Kelley_Park "History Park at Kelley Park") in [San Jose, California](/wiki/San_Jose%2C_California "San Jose, California")](/wiki/File:History_Park_%284527120330%29.jpg "History Park (4527120330).jpg") In 1926, the Associated Oil Company stock owned by the Pacific Oil Company,Walker's Manual of Pacific Coast Securities, 1927 which was formed by Southern Pacific Company to handle their oil interests, was sold to a new holding company, the Tide Water Associated Oil Company, which also acquired the Tide Water Oil Company at the same time. Standard Oil of New Jersey, the largest stockholder in Tide Water at the time, later formed a holding company, Mission Corporation, to hold the stocks of Tide Water and Associated. In 1931, the Associated Oil Company joined with [Mitsubishi](/wiki/Mitsubishi "Mitsubishi") to establish [Mitsubishi Oil](/wiki/ENEOS "ENEOS") in Japan, before establishing the [Manchurian Oil Company](/wiki/Manchurian_Oil_Company "Manchurian Oil Company") in [Dalian](/wiki/Dalian "Dalian") under the Japanese wartime regime in 1934\.[Eneos](/wiki/Eneos "Eneos"), *[Corporate History \- Nippon Oil Corporation](https://www.eneos.co.jp/english/company/history/noc.html).* Beginning in 1934, Associated Oil Company commissioned a series of photographs to be taken to record the progress of construction on the [Golden Gate Bridge](/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge "Golden Gate Bridge") and [San\-Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge](/wiki/San_Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland_Bay_Bridge "San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge") projects. The projects were of special interest to the Associated Oil Company because they provided **Flying A Gasoline** and **Cycol Motor Oil** almost entirely for the projects. ### Formation into Tidewater Associated Oil Company Getty acquired control of the Mission Corporation in 1937\. The previous year, the Tide Water and Associated companies were dissolved to form the Tidewater Associated Oil Company.Walker's Manual of Pacific Coast Securities, 1937 Across the West Pacific service stations became "Associated Flying A" while stations in the East became "Tydol Flying A". Eventually, the Tydol and Associated brands faded and simply became "Flying A". The company dropped "Associated" from its name in 1956\.
[ "History\n-------", "### Founding and early years", "In the year 1900, a [pipeline](/wiki/Pipeline_transport \"Pipeline transport\") [salesman](/wiki/Salesman \"Salesman\") by the name of W.S. Porter convinced the presidents of the five largest companies in the [Kern River Oil Field](/wiki/Kern_River_Oil_Field \"Kern River Oil Field\") of California to enter into an agreement to turn over their oil interests to form a new company in exchange for [stocks](/wiki/Stock \"Stock\") and [bonds](/wiki/Bond_%28finance%29 \"Bond (finance)\") for the appraised value of their properties. The presidents of the companies were: W. G. Kerckhoff for Reed Crude Oil Company; [Burton E. Green](/wiki/Burton_E._Green \"Burton E. Green\") for Green\\-Whittier Oil Company; [Charles A. Canfield](/wiki/Charles_A._Canfield \"Charles A. Canfield\") for Canfield Oil Company; [M. H. Whittier](/wiki/Max_Whittier \"Max Whittier\") for Kern Oil Company; John A. Bunting for San Joaquin Oil \\& Development Company. Securing agreements from 34 other oil companies in the area the Associated Oil Company was incorporated on October 7, 1901, and on January 1, 1902, began actively producing and marketing [crude oil](/wiki/Crude_oil \"Crude oil\").", "The [Standard Oil Company](/wiki/Standard_Oil_Company \"Standard Oil Company\") and the [Southern Pacific](/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Transportation_Company \"Southern Pacific Transportation Company\") Railroad acquired an interest in Associated Oil for the purposes of transporting their own oil to the [San Francisco Bay Area](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area \"San Francisco Bay Area\") where it would be refined and marketed; jointly, the Southern Pacific needed fuel for its [railroad](/wiki/Railroad \"Railroad\") [steam engines](/wiki/Steam_engines \"Steam engines\"). The Matson's Pacific Oil and Transportation Company was acquired in 1905, which included the Coalinga\\-Monterey pipeline and a [refinery](/wiki/Oil_refinery \"Oil refinery\") at [Gaviota, California](/wiki/Gaviota%2C_California \"Gaviota, California\"), including other marine facilities.", "### Subsidiaries", "In 1907, the Associated Pipe Line Company was formed as a [subsidiary](/wiki/Subsidiary \"Subsidiary\") of the Associated Oil Company with the Southern Pacific Company providing property along its railroad tracks which ran from the [Bakersfield](/wiki/Bakersfield \"Bakersfield\") Kern River oil fields to [Port Costa, California](/wiki/Port_Costa%2C_California \"Port Costa, California\"), later being shipped to [China](/wiki/China \"China\") and other parts of the [world](/wiki/World \"World\"). The Southern Pacific Company attained the controlling interest of the Associated Oil Company's stock.", "[right\\|238px\\|thumb\\|The Kern River Oil Field (purple) in south\\-central California. Other oil fields are shown in gray.](/wiki/Image:KernRiver.jpg \"KernRiver.jpg\")", "There was a fast\\-growing market on the Pacific for [petroleum](/wiki/Petroleum \"Petroleum\") [distillates](/wiki/Distillates \"Distillates\") as well as crude oil and since the high gravity crude oil from the [San Joaquin Valley](/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley \"San Joaquin Valley\") required some sort of refining to make fuel usable for [locomotives](/wiki/Locomotives \"Locomotives\") and ship burners, the Associated Oil Company decided to construct a topping plant called the Avon Refinery (now the [Golden Eagle Refinery](/wiki/Golden_Eagle_Refinery \"Golden Eagle Refinery\")) in 1913\\. Until then the company had produced and marketed fuel oils only and with the completion of the refinery were launched into the manufacture of [gasoline](/wiki/Gasoline \"Gasoline\") and [kerosene](/wiki/Kerosene \"Kerosene\").", "Also in 1913, unfavorable commuting conditions prompted the Associated Oil Company to build a company town called the [Avon Village](/wiki/Avon%2C_Contra_Costa_County%2C_California \"Avon, Contra Costa County, California\") and by 1920 consisted of 65 [cottages](/wiki/Cottages \"Cottages\"), a one\\-room [schoolhouse](/wiki/One-room_school \"One-room school\"), worker's [bunkhouse](/wiki/Bunkhouse \"Bunkhouse\"), a [dining hall](/wiki/Dining_hall \"Dining hall\") and a [clubhouse](/wiki/Community_centre \"Community centre\") that included an indoor [swimming pool](/wiki/Swimming_pool \"Swimming pool\"), [auditorium](/wiki/Auditorium \"Auditorium\") and a two\\-lane [bowling alley](/wiki/Bowling_alley \"Bowling alley\") which serves today as the Refinery Museum. A branch of the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") [Post Office](/wiki/Post_Office \"Post Office\") was established and named the Associated Post Office.", "Associated purchased the Amoroco Terminal in 1923 from the American\\-Oriental Refining Company (AMORCO) and consisted of a topping plant, [storage tanks](/wiki/Storage_tanks \"Storage tanks\"), a [wharf](/wiki/Wharf \"Wharf\"), pipelines and pumping equipment. The next year a clarifying plant and an [Edeleanu liquid dioxide plant](/wiki/Edeleanu_process \"Edeleanu process\"), the first in the United States, were constructed at the Avon Refinery. The quality of the oils treated was so excellent that it prompted the [U.S. Navy](/wiki/U.S._Navy \"U.S. Navy\") to purchase these [lubricants](/wiki/Lubricants \"Lubricants\") exclusively from the Avon Refinery for many years. By 1925 the Avon Refinery became the first West Coast refinery to produce [gasoline](/wiki/Gasoline \"Gasoline\") with [tetraethyl lead](/wiki/Tetraethyllead \"Tetraethyllead\") additive and in 1926 the [tanker](/wiki/Oil_tanker \"Oil tanker\") ship S.S. McKittrick received the first crude receipt at the Amorco Wharf. The Southern Pacific Company bought the terminal in 1929 to construct a new railroad [drawbridge](/wiki/Drawbridge \"Drawbridge\") a year later.", "[thumb\\|right\\|Associated Oil service station from 1927, restored and moved to [History Park at Kelley Park](/wiki/History_Park_at_Kelley_Park \"History Park at Kelley Park\") in [San Jose, California](/wiki/San_Jose%2C_California \"San Jose, California\")](/wiki/File:History_Park_%284527120330%29.jpg \"History Park (4527120330).jpg\")\nIn 1926, the Associated Oil Company stock owned by the Pacific Oil Company,Walker's Manual of Pacific Coast Securities, 1927 which was formed by Southern Pacific Company to handle their oil interests, was sold to a new holding company, the Tide Water Associated Oil Company, which also acquired the Tide Water Oil Company at the same time. Standard Oil of New Jersey, the largest stockholder in Tide Water at the time, later formed a holding company, Mission Corporation, to hold the stocks of Tide Water and Associated.", "In 1931, the Associated Oil Company joined with [Mitsubishi](/wiki/Mitsubishi \"Mitsubishi\") to establish [Mitsubishi Oil](/wiki/ENEOS \"ENEOS\") in Japan, before establishing the [Manchurian Oil Company](/wiki/Manchurian_Oil_Company \"Manchurian Oil Company\") in [Dalian](/wiki/Dalian \"Dalian\") under the Japanese wartime regime in 1934\\.[Eneos](/wiki/Eneos \"Eneos\"), *[Corporate History \\- Nippon Oil Corporation](https://www.eneos.co.jp/english/company/history/noc.html).*", "Beginning in 1934, Associated Oil Company commissioned a series of photographs to be taken to record the progress of construction on the [Golden Gate Bridge](/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge \"Golden Gate Bridge\") and [San\\-Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge](/wiki/San_Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland_Bay_Bridge \"San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge\") projects. The projects were of special interest to the Associated Oil Company because they provided **Flying A Gasoline** and **Cycol Motor Oil** almost entirely for the projects.", "### Formation into Tidewater Associated Oil Company", "Getty acquired control of the Mission Corporation in 1937\\. The previous year, the Tide Water and Associated companies were dissolved to form the Tidewater Associated Oil Company.Walker's Manual of Pacific Coast Securities, 1937 Across the West Pacific service stations became \"Associated Flying A\" while stations in the East became \"Tydol Flying A\". Eventually, the Tydol and Associated brands faded and simply became \"Flying A\". The company dropped \"Associated\" from its name in 1956\\.", "" ]