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History
-------
Brian Piccolo went un\-drafted in the 1965 NFL Draft despite being named the ACC Player of the Year at [Wake Forest](/wiki/Wake_Forest_University "Wake Forest University") (1964\), where he led the nation with points (111\) and yards rushing (1,044\) as a senior. In 1965, Piccolo tried out for the Chicago Bears as a free agent and made the team. He progressed from the practice squad to the back\-up of starting tailback [Gale Sayers](/wiki/Gale_Sayers "Gale Sayers") by 1967\. For the 1969 season, Piccolo was named the starting fullback for the Chicago Bears.
On November 16, during the ninth game of the 1969 season in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta"), Piccolo voluntarily removed himself from the game due to extreme difficulty breathing on the field. When the team returned to [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), he received a medical examination and chest [x\-ray](/wiki/X-ray "X-ray") that revealed a [malignancy](/wiki/Malignancy "Malignancy"). He was then diagnosed with embryonal cell carcinoma, an aggressive form of [testicular cancer](/wiki/Testicular_cancer "Testicular cancer") that had already spread to his chest cavity. After the diagnosis, Piccolo underwent surgery at [Sloan\-Kettering](/wiki/Sloan-Kettering "Sloan-Kettering") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") to remove the tumor. He had another surgery to remove his left lung and pectoral muscle in April 1970\. Later in June of the same year, Piccolo started to feel chest pain and was re\-admitted to the hospital, where doctors determined that the cancer had spread to other organs, most notably his liver. Piccolo died on Tuesday, June 16, 1970, at the age of 26\. His courageous battle was later portrayed in the classic 1971 TV movie *[Brian's Song](/wiki/Brian%27s_Song "Brian's Song")*, starring [James Caan](/wiki/James_Caan "James Caan") as Piccolo.
When Piccolo died in 1970, embryonal cell carcinoma was 100% fatal. With advances in medicine over the years, more than 50% of patients with the disease are now cured.
The Brian Piccolo Award was originally awarded the same year as Piccolo's death (1970\) to a Chicago Bears rookie who "best exemplifies the courage, loyalty, teamwork, dedication and sense of humor of the late Brian Piccolo".
In 1990, the Chicago Bears commissioned Chicago native and artist, Tom McKee, to design and sculpt the Brian Piccolo Award that is currently awarded. Each year this bronze sculpture is given to a Bears rookie and a veteran player (since 1992\).
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Brian Piccolo went un\\-drafted in the 1965 NFL Draft despite being named the ACC Player of the Year at [Wake Forest](/wiki/Wake_Forest_University \"Wake Forest University\") (1964\\), where he led the nation with points (111\\) and yards rushing (1,044\\) as a senior. In 1965, Piccolo tried out for the Chicago Bears as a free agent and made the team. He progressed from the practice squad to the back\\-up of starting tailback [Gale Sayers](/wiki/Gale_Sayers \"Gale Sayers\") by 1967\\. For the 1969 season, Piccolo was named the starting fullback for the Chicago Bears.",
"On November 16, during the ninth game of the 1969 season in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\"), Piccolo voluntarily removed himself from the game due to extreme difficulty breathing on the field. When the team returned to [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), he received a medical examination and chest [x\\-ray](/wiki/X-ray \"X-ray\") that revealed a [malignancy](/wiki/Malignancy \"Malignancy\"). He was then diagnosed with embryonal cell carcinoma, an aggressive form of [testicular cancer](/wiki/Testicular_cancer \"Testicular cancer\") that had already spread to his chest cavity. After the diagnosis, Piccolo underwent surgery at [Sloan\\-Kettering](/wiki/Sloan-Kettering \"Sloan-Kettering\") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") to remove the tumor. He had another surgery to remove his left lung and pectoral muscle in April 1970\\. Later in June of the same year, Piccolo started to feel chest pain and was re\\-admitted to the hospital, where doctors determined that the cancer had spread to other organs, most notably his liver. Piccolo died on Tuesday, June 16, 1970, at the age of 26\\. His courageous battle was later portrayed in the classic 1971 TV movie *[Brian's Song](/wiki/Brian%27s_Song \"Brian's Song\")*, starring [James Caan](/wiki/James_Caan \"James Caan\") as Piccolo.",
"When Piccolo died in 1970, embryonal cell carcinoma was 100% fatal. With advances in medicine over the years, more than 50% of patients with the disease are now cured.",
"The Brian Piccolo Award was originally awarded the same year as Piccolo's death (1970\\) to a Chicago Bears rookie who \"best exemplifies the courage, loyalty, teamwork, dedication and sense of humor of the late Brian Piccolo\".",
"In 1990, the Chicago Bears commissioned Chicago native and artist, Tom McKee, to design and sculpt the Brian Piccolo Award that is currently awarded. Each year this bronze sculpture is given to a Bears rookie and a veteran player (since 1992\\).",
""
] |
Plot
----
***The film takes place some eight to ten years after the events of the [original film](/wiki/Peyton_Place_%28film%29 "Peyton Place (film)").***
Allison MacKenzie receives a phone call from publisher Lewis Jackman, who shows interest in publishing her book, promising to turn her into a household name whose books are exclusively bestsellers. Allison is ecstatic after hearing the news. Her best friend Selena Cross, however, continues to receive a lot of criticism from the townspeople for her "shameful" past.
Among these criticizing her is Mrs. Roberta Carter, an old\-fashioned, domineering woman who is unhappy that her son Ted has a close bond with Selena. Later that day, Mrs. Carter is visited by her son, who is in town while visiting from Boston. He surprises her with the shocking news of his having impulsively married a former Italian fashion model, Raffaella. Mrs. Carter looks down on the foreigner and contacts Selena with the couple's news, with the hope that Selena will drive the couple apart. Selena sees through Mrs. Carter's scheme and refuses, angrily leaving and getting herself involved in a car accident. At the accident scene, young ski instructor Nils Larsen helps Selena, and although she initially treats him coldly, she feels attracted to him.
Meanwhile, Constance reluctantly allows her daughter to visit New York for a meeting with her publisher, Lewis. Allison is unhappy when she finds out that he wants to make changes to her book, but she finally agrees to cooperate. Constance calls the next morning and discovers that Allison and Lewis have been working together all night, so she immediately suspects the worst.
Back in Peyton Place, Raffaella threatens to ban Ted's mother from their life, if she continues to treat her horribly. Raffaella and Ted go skiing later that day, and Ted is surprised to see Selena with Nils. Selena finally agreed to date him after bumping into him several more times following the accident.
During the following weeks, Allison spends her time promoting her book, doing TV talk shows and radio show interviews. She is slowly turned into a celebrity, and she is continually with Lewis. She is angry after their time together to discover that he is married, but after she receives the first copy of her book, she kisses him. The book soon becomes a commercial success due to its scandalous contents.
In Peyton Place the book is heavily criticized by its townspeople. Constance is soon disappointed with Allison for allowing so many changes to be made during the book's editing process. Selena is disgusted by the way she is portrayed in the book. She loses her mind, as a result, and strikes Nils with a fireplace poker, having flashed back to her past trauma and confusing him with Lucas, her abuser.
Meanwhile, Mike Rossi, principal of the local high school, husband of Constance and the only defender of Allison's book, risks being discharged by the head of the school board, Mrs. Carter, for refusing to remove Allison's book from the school library. At the Carter home, Ted confronts Raffaella about her quarrel with his mother. Realizing that Ted will never stand up to his mother, Raffaella reveals she is pregnant, before angrily leaving him. Determined, now, to terminate her pregnancy, she purposely causes a skiing accident to end it.
When Allison finds out Mike has been fired, she decides to face the wrath of Peyton Place's residents. They are still incensed by their barely disguised fictional counterparts and her book's revelations of the town's many secrets. She is immediately confronted by her mother for having sold her decency and self\-respect for success and money. Despite the quarrel with her mother, Allison decides to support Mike, who has taken his case of being fired directly to Peyton Place's town hall.
Among the people defending Mike are Lewis, Nils, and Ted. Nils points out that the bigoted townspeople have now driven away Selena, who is nowhere to be found, revealing his hope to marry her if she ever returns to Peyton Place. Selena returns and blames the small\-minded townspeople for making her feel ashamed, while thanking Allison for having written the truth about their hypocrisy. In the end Roberta is denounced and Mike is given back his job after Constance publicly points out that the older, bigoted townspeople have been manipulating the lives of their children for far too long.
Afterwards, Allison, having emotionally matured and become an adult, breaks off her affair with Lewis, explaining that she does not want to ruin his marriage. She decides to leave Peyton Place to start a new life elsewhere.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"***The film takes place some eight to ten years after the events of the [original film](/wiki/Peyton_Place_%28film%29 \"Peyton Place (film)\").***",
"Allison MacKenzie receives a phone call from publisher Lewis Jackman, who shows interest in publishing her book, promising to turn her into a household name whose books are exclusively bestsellers. Allison is ecstatic after hearing the news. Her best friend Selena Cross, however, continues to receive a lot of criticism from the townspeople for her \"shameful\" past.",
"Among these criticizing her is Mrs. Roberta Carter, an old\\-fashioned, domineering woman who is unhappy that her son Ted has a close bond with Selena. Later that day, Mrs. Carter is visited by her son, who is in town while visiting from Boston. He surprises her with the shocking news of his having impulsively married a former Italian fashion model, Raffaella. Mrs. Carter looks down on the foreigner and contacts Selena with the couple's news, with the hope that Selena will drive the couple apart. Selena sees through Mrs. Carter's scheme and refuses, angrily leaving and getting herself involved in a car accident. At the accident scene, young ski instructor Nils Larsen helps Selena, and although she initially treats him coldly, she feels attracted to him.",
"Meanwhile, Constance reluctantly allows her daughter to visit New York for a meeting with her publisher, Lewis. Allison is unhappy when she finds out that he wants to make changes to her book, but she finally agrees to cooperate. Constance calls the next morning and discovers that Allison and Lewis have been working together all night, so she immediately suspects the worst.",
"Back in Peyton Place, Raffaella threatens to ban Ted's mother from their life, if she continues to treat her horribly. Raffaella and Ted go skiing later that day, and Ted is surprised to see Selena with Nils. Selena finally agreed to date him after bumping into him several more times following the accident.",
"During the following weeks, Allison spends her time promoting her book, doing TV talk shows and radio show interviews. She is slowly turned into a celebrity, and she is continually with Lewis. She is angry after their time together to discover that he is married, but after she receives the first copy of her book, she kisses him. The book soon becomes a commercial success due to its scandalous contents.",
"In Peyton Place the book is heavily criticized by its townspeople. Constance is soon disappointed with Allison for allowing so many changes to be made during the book's editing process. Selena is disgusted by the way she is portrayed in the book. She loses her mind, as a result, and strikes Nils with a fireplace poker, having flashed back to her past trauma and confusing him with Lucas, her abuser.",
"Meanwhile, Mike Rossi, principal of the local high school, husband of Constance and the only defender of Allison's book, risks being discharged by the head of the school board, Mrs. Carter, for refusing to remove Allison's book from the school library. At the Carter home, Ted confronts Raffaella about her quarrel with his mother. Realizing that Ted will never stand up to his mother, Raffaella reveals she is pregnant, before angrily leaving him. Determined, now, to terminate her pregnancy, she purposely causes a skiing accident to end it.",
"When Allison finds out Mike has been fired, she decides to face the wrath of Peyton Place's residents. They are still incensed by their barely disguised fictional counterparts and her book's revelations of the town's many secrets. She is immediately confronted by her mother for having sold her decency and self\\-respect for success and money. Despite the quarrel with her mother, Allison decides to support Mike, who has taken his case of being fired directly to Peyton Place's town hall.",
"Among the people defending Mike are Lewis, Nils, and Ted. Nils points out that the bigoted townspeople have now driven away Selena, who is nowhere to be found, revealing his hope to marry her if she ever returns to Peyton Place. Selena returns and blames the small\\-minded townspeople for making her feel ashamed, while thanking Allison for having written the truth about their hypocrisy. In the end Roberta is denounced and Mike is given back his job after Constance publicly points out that the older, bigoted townspeople have been manipulating the lives of their children for far too long.",
"Afterwards, Allison, having emotionally matured and become an adult, breaks off her affair with Lewis, explaining that she does not want to ruin his marriage. She decides to leave Peyton Place to start a new life elsewhere.",
""
] |
Production
----------
### Development
The [1957 screen adaptation](/wiki/Peyton_Place_%28film%29 "Peyton Place (film)") of Metalious' first novel had been a critical and commercial success, ranking second at the box office and garnering nine [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award "Academy Award") nominations. Film rights to the sequel were sold to Fox for $500,000 before a word of the novel had been written. This amount also meant Fox owned the film rights to Metalious' second novel, *The Tight White Collar*.'Peyton Place' Sequel Nets $500,000
Chicago Daily Tribune 10 Oct 1958: d2\. This was part of a long range plan: [Buddy Adler](/wiki/Buddy_Adler "Buddy Adler"), head of production at Fox, was paying authors in advance to write novels that he could turn into films.HOLLYWOOD PLAN: Authors Asked to Write Novels Based On Twentieth Century\-Fox Ideas
By THOMAS M. PRYOR HOLLYWOOD. New York Times 23 Nov 1958: X9\.
### Casting
Fox wanted [Diane Varsi](/wiki/Diane_Varsi "Diane Varsi") to reprise her role of [Allison MacKenzie](/wiki/Allison_MacKenzie "Allison MacKenzie"). However, in March 1959, Varsi announced she was walking out on Hollywood, despite being only two years into a seven\-year contract with the studio. "Acting is destructive to me", she said. "I don't see any reason to be made miserable just because other people say I should go on with my career".HECTIC EXIT: Diane Varsi Flies Away, Ends Career
Ames, Walter. Los Angeles Times 20 Mar 1959: B1
In June 1959 [Hedda Hopper](/wiki/Hedda_Hopper "Hedda Hopper") announced that [Margaret Leighton](/wiki/Margaret_Leighton "Margaret Leighton") would play a woman who tries to kill her daughter\-in\-law. Producer [Jerry Wald](/wiki/Jerry_Wald "Jerry Wald") was hopeful that Varsi would play Allison but said [Diane Baker](/wiki/Diane_Baker "Diane Baker") was a possible back up. [Lana Turner](/wiki/Lana_Turner "Lana Turner") had already passed the role of [Constance MacKenzie](/wiki/Constance_MacKenzie "Constance MacKenzie"), which was then offered to [Joan Crawford](/wiki/Joan_Crawford "Joan Crawford").TV's Carl Reiner Gets a Role in 'Gazebo'
Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 27 June 1959: s\_a12\.
In August 1959, Wald announced Varsi was not reprising her role, and that he was planning on replacing her with [Anna Maria Alberghetti](/wiki/Anna_Maria_Alberghetti "Anna Maria Alberghetti"), with production slated to begin in November 1959\."Borgnine Still Looks Ahead", *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin "The Herald Bulletin")*, August 24, 1959, p. 12 By that time, producer [Buddy Adler](/wiki/Buddy_Adler "Buddy Adler") had already cast [Robert Evans](/wiki/Robert_Evans_%28producer%29 "Robert Evans (producer)") as Nils Larsen. Both Alberghetti and Evans were eventually replaced.
While shooting *[Hound\-Dog Man](/wiki/Hound-Dog_Man "Hound-Dog Man")* in the fall of 1959, Wald met [Carol Lynley](/wiki/Carol_Lynley "Carol Lynley"). With no announcement of Baker's withdrawal, Wald announced in September 1959 that Lynley was set to star as Allison MacKenzie."Hedda Hopper's Hollywood" by Hedda Hopper, *[The Lima News](/wiki/The_Lima_News "The Lima News")*, September 2, 1959, p. 9 Despite rumors that Varsi changed her mind and was signed on after all, Lynley eventually was cast. When Wald was later asked about a possible return of Varsi, he responded: "Ridiculous. She hasn't been back to Hollywood since she left here, and I doubt that she'll ever make another movie again"."'Ben Hur' Of Westerns Set With Cost Of $7,000,000" by Louella O. Parsons, *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin "The Herald Bulletin")*, June 24, 1960, p. 9
In October 1959, Wald announced [Hope Lange](/wiki/Hope_Lange "Hope Lange") would return as Selena.Entertainment Films Stage Music: Remake of 'Heaven' to Star Hope Lange
Los Angeles Times 16 Oct 1959: A7\. By November she had pulled out.Looking at Hollywood: Yul's Roles: Ancient Greece to Gangster
Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 24 Nov 1959: b6\.
In June 1959, [Brett Halsey](/wiki/Brett_Halsey "Brett Halsey") was revealed to be among the co\-stars of the film."Tony Curtis Gets Top Role In Film Of 'Great Imposter'" by [Louella O. Parsons](/wiki/Louella_O._Parsons "Louella O. Parsons"), *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin "The Herald Bulletin")*, September 8, 1959, p. 7 It is doubted if he was cast as Ted, the role he eventually played, because a February 1960 news article reported [Dean Stockwell](/wiki/Dean_Stockwell "Dean Stockwell") was cast in that role."Swamped With Offers" by Hedda Hopper, *Rocky Mount Evening Telegram*, February 11, 1960, p. 40 Later that month, it was reported he was in talks for playing the ski instructor.
In February 1960, it was reported that [Trevor Howard](/wiki/Trevor_Howard "Trevor Howard") would play a doctor who marries young bride "Stephanie", played by [Suzy Parker](/wiki/Suzy_Parker "Suzy Parker")."Hedda Hopper" by Hedda Hopper, *[Altoona Mirror](/wiki/Altoona_Mirror "Altoona Mirror")*, January 27, 1960, p. 28Howard to Star With Suzy Parker: Will Play Country Doctor; Latin Vacation for Claudette
Hopper, Hedda. Los Angeles Times 10 Feb 1960: 24\. By June Parker's role had been cut from the script; Wald announced that none of the original cast were returning.Looking at Hollywood: 'Return to Peyton Place' to Feature New Cast
Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 30 June 1960: c12\.
In January 1960, Wald said [Stephen Boyd](/wiki/Stephen_Boyd "Stephen Boyd") would play Lewis.Stephen Boyd Will Star in 'Peyton': Joan Crawford Also Probable; Los Angeles Times 14 Jan 1960: C11\. That month [Joan Crawford](/wiki/Joan_Crawford "Joan Crawford") was set to play Roberta and he was hoping for [Norma Shearer](/wiki/Norma_Shearer "Norma Shearer") as Constance, with Carol Lynley as Crawford's daughter in law and [Diane Baker](/wiki/Diane_Baker "Diane Baker") as Alison.Looking at Hollywood: Cast Set for Second 'Peyton Place' Movie
Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 22 Jan 1960: a2\.
The production was stalled in early 1960 through the following summer because of a Hollywood writer's strike."Eddie Fisher Is Signed To Produce Two Movies A Year" by Louella O. Parsons, *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin "The Herald Bulletin")*, June 2, 1960, p. 15 It allowed Wald in June 1960 to travel to the East in order to offer a role in the film to [Mary Ure](/wiki/Mary_Ure "Mary Ure"), a stage actress.Patrick and Stark Pool Properties: Mary Ure for 'Peytoni Place'; Lom Late 'Spartacus' Recruit
Scheuer, Philip K. Los Angeles Times19 Jan 1960: C7\. He announced he was planning to delay production until September 1960 "to avoid the influx of tourists"."Hollywood" by Vernon Scott, *The Daily News*, July 23, 1960, p. 7
When Norma Shearer declined the role of Constance, [Bette Davis](/wiki/Bette_Davis "Bette Davis") was offered the part in October 1960, but she had to turn it down due to previous Broadway commitments."Tuesday Weld Is In Spot To Start Being Herself" by Louella O. Parsons, *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin "The Herald Bulletin")*, October 10, 1960, p. 15 At one point in late 1960, [Gene Tierney](/wiki/Gene_Tierney "Gene Tierney") and [Lee Remick](/wiki/Lee_Remick "Lee Remick") were cast in the starring roles, but it was reported in November 1960 that both withdrew due to pregnancy."Gene Tierney Expecting, Film Delayed", *[Redlands Daily Facts](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Newspaper_Group "Los Angeles Newspaper Group")*, November 8, 1960, p. 6A Thin Veil: ... is all that's between you and mental illness, says the actress who's been there and back
By GENE TIERNEY AS TOLD TO WILLIAM A. COLEMAN. The Washington Post and Times\-Herald 18 Dec 1960: AW4\.
Eventually in November 1960, [Eleanor Parker](/wiki/Eleanor_Parker "Eleanor Parker") was cast as Constance. Parker said she would "probably do it differently" than Turner.Rag Bag Filled With Gold for Eleanor
Hopper, Hedda. Los Angeles Times 22 Jan 1961: c9\. Lynley was cast as her daughter.Eleanor Parker Lands 'Return to Peyton Place'
Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune1 Dec 1960: d6\. In December 1960 Mary Astor was cast as Roberta.Mary Astor Gets Lead in 'Peyton' Los Angeles Times 15 Dec 1960: C10\.
Joan Crawford pulled out of the film, saying she did not want to work over the Christmas holiday and be away from her family.A series for Joan Crawford?
Lowry, Cynthia. Los Angeles Times 22 Jan 1961: e46\.
[Tuesday Weld](/wiki/Tuesday_Weld "Tuesday Weld") replaced [Lois Smith](/wiki/Lois_Smith "Lois Smith") as Selena Cross at the last minute in December 1960, while [Luciana Paluzzi](/wiki/Luciana_Paluzzi "Luciana Paluzzi") took over [Barbara Steele](/wiki/Barbara_Steele "Barbara Steele")'s role as Ted's wife."Ohioan On Broadway" by Earl Wilson, *[The Lima News](/wiki/The_Lima_News "The Lima News")*, December 8, 1960, p. 12 By this time, Crawford also pulled out as Mrs. Roberta Carter, and Davis was unsuccessfully approached as her replacement. [Mary Astor](/wiki/Mary_Astor "Mary Astor") was eventually cast in the role.
### Script
In August 1959, Irene Kamp was reportedly working on the script.McIntire Assigned to 'Elmer Gantry': 'Story on Page One' Up Next on Wald's $35 Million Slate
Scheuer, Philip K. Los Angeles Times 21 Aug 1959: 23\. In September, [Walter Reisch](/wiki/Walter_Reisch "Walter Reisch") was working on it.McDowall Paged for 'Inherit'
Los Angeles Times 11 Sep 1959: B8\.
The novel came out in November 1959\. The *New York Times* called it "so labored, so repetitious of its predecessor (both literally and in terms of more of the same) that it can scarcely reward even the thrill seeker".Best Seller Revisited: RETURN TO PEYTON PLACE. By Grace Metalious. 256 pp. New York: Julian Messner. $3\.95\.
By EDMUND FULLER. New York Times 29 Nov 1959: BR62\.
### Shooting
The film was shot in CinemaScope on location in [Fitchburg, Massachusetts](/wiki/Fitchburg%2C_Massachusetts "Fitchburg, Massachusetts"). Shooting began in the Winter of 1960\. However, some of Astor’s scenes were cut before the final release. After failing to have Michael Rossi discharged, she goes home and burns her house down in order to kill Ted and his wife. In the trailer for the film we see the fire, but not in the film itself. There is even a reference to a fire, exactly as one character refers to it.
*Return to Peyton Place* was the last Fox film to shoot on what was known as "the permanent garden set". This had been built in 1935 and was sold off in 1961 for real estate development.FOX STUDIO SETS ARE BEING RAZED: Bulldozers Clearing Outdoor Areas for Century City
By MURRAY SCHUMACH Special to The New York Times. 24 Apr 1961: 36\.
### Music
The film's theme, "The Wonderful Season of Love," was written by [Paul Francis Webster](/wiki/Paul_Francis_Webster "Paul Francis Webster") and [Franz Waxman](/wiki/Franz_Waxman "Franz Waxman") and performed by Ferrer's then\-wife [Rosemary Clooney](/wiki/Rosemary_Clooney "Rosemary Clooney"). The soundtrack was later released on [CD](/wiki/Compact_disc "Compact disc") by [Varèse Sarabande](/wiki/Var%C3%A8se_Sarabande "Varèse Sarabande"),[*Return to Peyton Place* at Varèse Sarabande](http://www.varesesarabande.com/details.asp?pid=VCL-0306-1048) and the film is available on [DVD](/wiki/DVD "DVD").
|
[
"Production\n----------",
"### Development",
"The [1957 screen adaptation](/wiki/Peyton_Place_%28film%29 \"Peyton Place (film)\") of Metalious' first novel had been a critical and commercial success, ranking second at the box office and garnering nine [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award \"Academy Award\") nominations. Film rights to the sequel were sold to Fox for $500,000 before a word of the novel had been written. This amount also meant Fox owned the film rights to Metalious' second novel, *The Tight White Collar*.'Peyton Place' Sequel Nets $500,000\nChicago Daily Tribune 10 Oct 1958: d2\\. This was part of a long range plan: [Buddy Adler](/wiki/Buddy_Adler \"Buddy Adler\"), head of production at Fox, was paying authors in advance to write novels that he could turn into films.HOLLYWOOD PLAN: Authors Asked to Write Novels Based On Twentieth Century\\-Fox Ideas\nBy THOMAS M. PRYOR HOLLYWOOD. New York Times 23 Nov 1958: X9\\.",
"### Casting",
"Fox wanted [Diane Varsi](/wiki/Diane_Varsi \"Diane Varsi\") to reprise her role of [Allison MacKenzie](/wiki/Allison_MacKenzie \"Allison MacKenzie\"). However, in March 1959, Varsi announced she was walking out on Hollywood, despite being only two years into a seven\\-year contract with the studio. \"Acting is destructive to me\", she said. \"I don't see any reason to be made miserable just because other people say I should go on with my career\".HECTIC EXIT: Diane Varsi Flies Away, Ends Career\nAmes, Walter. Los Angeles Times 20 Mar 1959: B1",
"In June 1959 [Hedda Hopper](/wiki/Hedda_Hopper \"Hedda Hopper\") announced that [Margaret Leighton](/wiki/Margaret_Leighton \"Margaret Leighton\") would play a woman who tries to kill her daughter\\-in\\-law. Producer [Jerry Wald](/wiki/Jerry_Wald \"Jerry Wald\") was hopeful that Varsi would play Allison but said [Diane Baker](/wiki/Diane_Baker \"Diane Baker\") was a possible back up. [Lana Turner](/wiki/Lana_Turner \"Lana Turner\") had already passed the role of [Constance MacKenzie](/wiki/Constance_MacKenzie \"Constance MacKenzie\"), which was then offered to [Joan Crawford](/wiki/Joan_Crawford \"Joan Crawford\").TV's Carl Reiner Gets a Role in 'Gazebo'\nHopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 27 June 1959: s\\_a12\\.",
"In August 1959, Wald announced Varsi was not reprising her role, and that he was planning on replacing her with [Anna Maria Alberghetti](/wiki/Anna_Maria_Alberghetti \"Anna Maria Alberghetti\"), with production slated to begin in November 1959\\.\"Borgnine Still Looks Ahead\", *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin \"The Herald Bulletin\")*, August 24, 1959, p. 12 By that time, producer [Buddy Adler](/wiki/Buddy_Adler \"Buddy Adler\") had already cast [Robert Evans](/wiki/Robert_Evans_%28producer%29 \"Robert Evans (producer)\") as Nils Larsen. Both Alberghetti and Evans were eventually replaced.",
"While shooting *[Hound\\-Dog Man](/wiki/Hound-Dog_Man \"Hound-Dog Man\")* in the fall of 1959, Wald met [Carol Lynley](/wiki/Carol_Lynley \"Carol Lynley\"). With no announcement of Baker's withdrawal, Wald announced in September 1959 that Lynley was set to star as Allison MacKenzie.\"Hedda Hopper's Hollywood\" by Hedda Hopper, *[The Lima News](/wiki/The_Lima_News \"The Lima News\")*, September 2, 1959, p. 9 Despite rumors that Varsi changed her mind and was signed on after all, Lynley eventually was cast. When Wald was later asked about a possible return of Varsi, he responded: \"Ridiculous. She hasn't been back to Hollywood since she left here, and I doubt that she'll ever make another movie again\".\"'Ben Hur' Of Westerns Set With Cost Of $7,000,000\" by Louella O. Parsons, *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin \"The Herald Bulletin\")*, June 24, 1960, p. 9",
"In October 1959, Wald announced [Hope Lange](/wiki/Hope_Lange \"Hope Lange\") would return as Selena.Entertainment Films Stage Music: Remake of 'Heaven' to Star Hope Lange\nLos Angeles Times 16 Oct 1959: A7\\. By November she had pulled out.Looking at Hollywood: Yul's Roles: Ancient Greece to Gangster\nHopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 24 Nov 1959: b6\\.",
"In June 1959, [Brett Halsey](/wiki/Brett_Halsey \"Brett Halsey\") was revealed to be among the co\\-stars of the film.\"Tony Curtis Gets Top Role In Film Of 'Great Imposter'\" by [Louella O. Parsons](/wiki/Louella_O._Parsons \"Louella O. Parsons\"), *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin \"The Herald Bulletin\")*, September 8, 1959, p. 7 It is doubted if he was cast as Ted, the role he eventually played, because a February 1960 news article reported [Dean Stockwell](/wiki/Dean_Stockwell \"Dean Stockwell\") was cast in that role.\"Swamped With Offers\" by Hedda Hopper, *Rocky Mount Evening Telegram*, February 11, 1960, p. 40 Later that month, it was reported he was in talks for playing the ski instructor.",
"In February 1960, it was reported that [Trevor Howard](/wiki/Trevor_Howard \"Trevor Howard\") would play a doctor who marries young bride \"Stephanie\", played by [Suzy Parker](/wiki/Suzy_Parker \"Suzy Parker\").\"Hedda Hopper\" by Hedda Hopper, *[Altoona Mirror](/wiki/Altoona_Mirror \"Altoona Mirror\")*, January 27, 1960, p. 28Howard to Star With Suzy Parker: Will Play Country Doctor; Latin Vacation for Claudette\nHopper, Hedda. Los Angeles Times 10 Feb 1960: 24\\. By June Parker's role had been cut from the script; Wald announced that none of the original cast were returning.Looking at Hollywood: 'Return to Peyton Place' to Feature New Cast\nHopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 30 June 1960: c12\\.",
"In January 1960, Wald said [Stephen Boyd](/wiki/Stephen_Boyd \"Stephen Boyd\") would play Lewis.Stephen Boyd Will Star in 'Peyton': Joan Crawford Also Probable; Los Angeles Times 14 Jan 1960: C11\\. That month [Joan Crawford](/wiki/Joan_Crawford \"Joan Crawford\") was set to play Roberta and he was hoping for [Norma Shearer](/wiki/Norma_Shearer \"Norma Shearer\") as Constance, with Carol Lynley as Crawford's daughter in law and [Diane Baker](/wiki/Diane_Baker \"Diane Baker\") as Alison.Looking at Hollywood: Cast Set for Second 'Peyton Place' Movie\nHopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 22 Jan 1960: a2\\.",
"The production was stalled in early 1960 through the following summer because of a Hollywood writer's strike.\"Eddie Fisher Is Signed To Produce Two Movies A Year\" by Louella O. Parsons, *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin \"The Herald Bulletin\")*, June 2, 1960, p. 15 It allowed Wald in June 1960 to travel to the East in order to offer a role in the film to [Mary Ure](/wiki/Mary_Ure \"Mary Ure\"), a stage actress.Patrick and Stark Pool Properties: Mary Ure for 'Peytoni Place'; Lom Late 'Spartacus' Recruit\nScheuer, Philip K. Los Angeles Times19 Jan 1960: C7\\. He announced he was planning to delay production until September 1960 \"to avoid the influx of tourists\".\"Hollywood\" by Vernon Scott, *The Daily News*, July 23, 1960, p. 7",
"When Norma Shearer declined the role of Constance, [Bette Davis](/wiki/Bette_Davis \"Bette Davis\") was offered the part in October 1960, but she had to turn it down due to previous Broadway commitments.\"Tuesday Weld Is In Spot To Start Being Herself\" by Louella O. Parsons, *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin \"The Herald Bulletin\")*, October 10, 1960, p. 15 At one point in late 1960, [Gene Tierney](/wiki/Gene_Tierney \"Gene Tierney\") and [Lee Remick](/wiki/Lee_Remick \"Lee Remick\") were cast in the starring roles, but it was reported in November 1960 that both withdrew due to pregnancy.\"Gene Tierney Expecting, Film Delayed\", *[Redlands Daily Facts](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Newspaper_Group \"Los Angeles Newspaper Group\")*, November 8, 1960, p. 6A Thin Veil: ... is all that's between you and mental illness, says the actress who's been there and back\nBy GENE TIERNEY AS TOLD TO WILLIAM A. COLEMAN. The Washington Post and Times\\-Herald 18 Dec 1960: AW4\\.",
"Eventually in November 1960, [Eleanor Parker](/wiki/Eleanor_Parker \"Eleanor Parker\") was cast as Constance. Parker said she would \"probably do it differently\" than Turner.Rag Bag Filled With Gold for Eleanor\nHopper, Hedda. Los Angeles Times 22 Jan 1961: c9\\. Lynley was cast as her daughter.Eleanor Parker Lands 'Return to Peyton Place'\nHopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune1 Dec 1960: d6\\. In December 1960 Mary Astor was cast as Roberta.Mary Astor Gets Lead in 'Peyton' Los Angeles Times 15 Dec 1960: C10\\.",
"Joan Crawford pulled out of the film, saying she did not want to work over the Christmas holiday and be away from her family.A series for Joan Crawford?\nLowry, Cynthia. Los Angeles Times 22 Jan 1961: e46\\.",
"[Tuesday Weld](/wiki/Tuesday_Weld \"Tuesday Weld\") replaced [Lois Smith](/wiki/Lois_Smith \"Lois Smith\") as Selena Cross at the last minute in December 1960, while [Luciana Paluzzi](/wiki/Luciana_Paluzzi \"Luciana Paluzzi\") took over [Barbara Steele](/wiki/Barbara_Steele \"Barbara Steele\")'s role as Ted's wife.\"Ohioan On Broadway\" by Earl Wilson, *[The Lima News](/wiki/The_Lima_News \"The Lima News\")*, December 8, 1960, p. 12 By this time, Crawford also pulled out as Mrs. Roberta Carter, and Davis was unsuccessfully approached as her replacement. [Mary Astor](/wiki/Mary_Astor \"Mary Astor\") was eventually cast in the role.",
"### Script",
"In August 1959, Irene Kamp was reportedly working on the script.McIntire Assigned to 'Elmer Gantry': 'Story on Page One' Up Next on Wald's $35 Million Slate\nScheuer, Philip K. Los Angeles Times 21 Aug 1959: 23\\. In September, [Walter Reisch](/wiki/Walter_Reisch \"Walter Reisch\") was working on it.McDowall Paged for 'Inherit'\nLos Angeles Times 11 Sep 1959: B8\\.",
"The novel came out in November 1959\\. The *New York Times* called it \"so labored, so repetitious of its predecessor (both literally and in terms of more of the same) that it can scarcely reward even the thrill seeker\".Best Seller Revisited: RETURN TO PEYTON PLACE. By Grace Metalious. 256 pp. New York: Julian Messner. $3\\.95\\.\nBy EDMUND FULLER. New York Times 29 Nov 1959: BR62\\.",
"### Shooting",
"The film was shot in CinemaScope on location in [Fitchburg, Massachusetts](/wiki/Fitchburg%2C_Massachusetts \"Fitchburg, Massachusetts\"). Shooting began in the Winter of 1960\\. However, some of Astor’s scenes were cut before the final release. After failing to have Michael Rossi discharged, she goes home and burns her house down in order to kill Ted and his wife. In the trailer for the film we see the fire, but not in the film itself. There is even a reference to a fire, exactly as one character refers to it.",
"*Return to Peyton Place* was the last Fox film to shoot on what was known as \"the permanent garden set\". This had been built in 1935 and was sold off in 1961 for real estate development.FOX STUDIO SETS ARE BEING RAZED: Bulldozers Clearing Outdoor Areas for Century City\nBy MURRAY SCHUMACH Special to The New York Times. 24 Apr 1961: 36\\.",
"### Music",
"The film's theme, \"The Wonderful Season of Love,\" was written by [Paul Francis Webster](/wiki/Paul_Francis_Webster \"Paul Francis Webster\") and [Franz Waxman](/wiki/Franz_Waxman \"Franz Waxman\") and performed by Ferrer's then\\-wife [Rosemary Clooney](/wiki/Rosemary_Clooney \"Rosemary Clooney\"). The soundtrack was later released on [CD](/wiki/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\") by [Varèse Sarabande](/wiki/Var%C3%A8se_Sarabande \"Varèse Sarabande\"),[*Return to Peyton Place* at Varèse Sarabande](http://www.varesesarabande.com/details.asp?pid=VCL-0306-1048) and the film is available on [DVD](/wiki/DVD \"DVD\").",
""
] |
### Casting
Fox wanted [Diane Varsi](/wiki/Diane_Varsi "Diane Varsi") to reprise her role of [Allison MacKenzie](/wiki/Allison_MacKenzie "Allison MacKenzie"). However, in March 1959, Varsi announced she was walking out on Hollywood, despite being only two years into a seven\-year contract with the studio. "Acting is destructive to me", she said. "I don't see any reason to be made miserable just because other people say I should go on with my career".HECTIC EXIT: Diane Varsi Flies Away, Ends Career
Ames, Walter. Los Angeles Times 20 Mar 1959: B1
In June 1959 [Hedda Hopper](/wiki/Hedda_Hopper "Hedda Hopper") announced that [Margaret Leighton](/wiki/Margaret_Leighton "Margaret Leighton") would play a woman who tries to kill her daughter\-in\-law. Producer [Jerry Wald](/wiki/Jerry_Wald "Jerry Wald") was hopeful that Varsi would play Allison but said [Diane Baker](/wiki/Diane_Baker "Diane Baker") was a possible back up. [Lana Turner](/wiki/Lana_Turner "Lana Turner") had already passed the role of [Constance MacKenzie](/wiki/Constance_MacKenzie "Constance MacKenzie"), which was then offered to [Joan Crawford](/wiki/Joan_Crawford "Joan Crawford").TV's Carl Reiner Gets a Role in 'Gazebo'
Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 27 June 1959: s\_a12\.
In August 1959, Wald announced Varsi was not reprising her role, and that he was planning on replacing her with [Anna Maria Alberghetti](/wiki/Anna_Maria_Alberghetti "Anna Maria Alberghetti"), with production slated to begin in November 1959\."Borgnine Still Looks Ahead", *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin "The Herald Bulletin")*, August 24, 1959, p. 12 By that time, producer [Buddy Adler](/wiki/Buddy_Adler "Buddy Adler") had already cast [Robert Evans](/wiki/Robert_Evans_%28producer%29 "Robert Evans (producer)") as Nils Larsen. Both Alberghetti and Evans were eventually replaced.
While shooting *[Hound\-Dog Man](/wiki/Hound-Dog_Man "Hound-Dog Man")* in the fall of 1959, Wald met [Carol Lynley](/wiki/Carol_Lynley "Carol Lynley"). With no announcement of Baker's withdrawal, Wald announced in September 1959 that Lynley was set to star as Allison MacKenzie."Hedda Hopper's Hollywood" by Hedda Hopper, *[The Lima News](/wiki/The_Lima_News "The Lima News")*, September 2, 1959, p. 9 Despite rumors that Varsi changed her mind and was signed on after all, Lynley eventually was cast. When Wald was later asked about a possible return of Varsi, he responded: "Ridiculous. She hasn't been back to Hollywood since she left here, and I doubt that she'll ever make another movie again"."'Ben Hur' Of Westerns Set With Cost Of $7,000,000" by Louella O. Parsons, *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin "The Herald Bulletin")*, June 24, 1960, p. 9
In October 1959, Wald announced [Hope Lange](/wiki/Hope_Lange "Hope Lange") would return as Selena.Entertainment Films Stage Music: Remake of 'Heaven' to Star Hope Lange
Los Angeles Times 16 Oct 1959: A7\. By November she had pulled out.Looking at Hollywood: Yul's Roles: Ancient Greece to Gangster
Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 24 Nov 1959: b6\.
In June 1959, [Brett Halsey](/wiki/Brett_Halsey "Brett Halsey") was revealed to be among the co\-stars of the film."Tony Curtis Gets Top Role In Film Of 'Great Imposter'" by [Louella O. Parsons](/wiki/Louella_O._Parsons "Louella O. Parsons"), *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin "The Herald Bulletin")*, September 8, 1959, p. 7 It is doubted if he was cast as Ted, the role he eventually played, because a February 1960 news article reported [Dean Stockwell](/wiki/Dean_Stockwell "Dean Stockwell") was cast in that role."Swamped With Offers" by Hedda Hopper, *Rocky Mount Evening Telegram*, February 11, 1960, p. 40 Later that month, it was reported he was in talks for playing the ski instructor.
In February 1960, it was reported that [Trevor Howard](/wiki/Trevor_Howard "Trevor Howard") would play a doctor who marries young bride "Stephanie", played by [Suzy Parker](/wiki/Suzy_Parker "Suzy Parker")."Hedda Hopper" by Hedda Hopper, *[Altoona Mirror](/wiki/Altoona_Mirror "Altoona Mirror")*, January 27, 1960, p. 28Howard to Star With Suzy Parker: Will Play Country Doctor; Latin Vacation for Claudette
Hopper, Hedda. Los Angeles Times 10 Feb 1960: 24\. By June Parker's role had been cut from the script; Wald announced that none of the original cast were returning.Looking at Hollywood: 'Return to Peyton Place' to Feature New Cast
Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 30 June 1960: c12\.
In January 1960, Wald said [Stephen Boyd](/wiki/Stephen_Boyd "Stephen Boyd") would play Lewis.Stephen Boyd Will Star in 'Peyton': Joan Crawford Also Probable; Los Angeles Times 14 Jan 1960: C11\. That month [Joan Crawford](/wiki/Joan_Crawford "Joan Crawford") was set to play Roberta and he was hoping for [Norma Shearer](/wiki/Norma_Shearer "Norma Shearer") as Constance, with Carol Lynley as Crawford's daughter in law and [Diane Baker](/wiki/Diane_Baker "Diane Baker") as Alison.Looking at Hollywood: Cast Set for Second 'Peyton Place' Movie
Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 22 Jan 1960: a2\.
The production was stalled in early 1960 through the following summer because of a Hollywood writer's strike."Eddie Fisher Is Signed To Produce Two Movies A Year" by Louella O. Parsons, *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin "The Herald Bulletin")*, June 2, 1960, p. 15 It allowed Wald in June 1960 to travel to the East in order to offer a role in the film to [Mary Ure](/wiki/Mary_Ure "Mary Ure"), a stage actress.Patrick and Stark Pool Properties: Mary Ure for 'Peytoni Place'; Lom Late 'Spartacus' Recruit
Scheuer, Philip K. Los Angeles Times19 Jan 1960: C7\. He announced he was planning to delay production until September 1960 "to avoid the influx of tourists"."Hollywood" by Vernon Scott, *The Daily News*, July 23, 1960, p. 7
When Norma Shearer declined the role of Constance, [Bette Davis](/wiki/Bette_Davis "Bette Davis") was offered the part in October 1960, but she had to turn it down due to previous Broadway commitments."Tuesday Weld Is In Spot To Start Being Herself" by Louella O. Parsons, *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin "The Herald Bulletin")*, October 10, 1960, p. 15 At one point in late 1960, [Gene Tierney](/wiki/Gene_Tierney "Gene Tierney") and [Lee Remick](/wiki/Lee_Remick "Lee Remick") were cast in the starring roles, but it was reported in November 1960 that both withdrew due to pregnancy."Gene Tierney Expecting, Film Delayed", *[Redlands Daily Facts](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Newspaper_Group "Los Angeles Newspaper Group")*, November 8, 1960, p. 6A Thin Veil: ... is all that's between you and mental illness, says the actress who's been there and back
By GENE TIERNEY AS TOLD TO WILLIAM A. COLEMAN. The Washington Post and Times\-Herald 18 Dec 1960: AW4\.
Eventually in November 1960, [Eleanor Parker](/wiki/Eleanor_Parker "Eleanor Parker") was cast as Constance. Parker said she would "probably do it differently" than Turner.Rag Bag Filled With Gold for Eleanor
Hopper, Hedda. Los Angeles Times 22 Jan 1961: c9\. Lynley was cast as her daughter.Eleanor Parker Lands 'Return to Peyton Place'
Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune1 Dec 1960: d6\. In December 1960 Mary Astor was cast as Roberta.Mary Astor Gets Lead in 'Peyton' Los Angeles Times 15 Dec 1960: C10\.
Joan Crawford pulled out of the film, saying she did not want to work over the Christmas holiday and be away from her family.A series for Joan Crawford?
Lowry, Cynthia. Los Angeles Times 22 Jan 1961: e46\.
[Tuesday Weld](/wiki/Tuesday_Weld "Tuesday Weld") replaced [Lois Smith](/wiki/Lois_Smith "Lois Smith") as Selena Cross at the last minute in December 1960, while [Luciana Paluzzi](/wiki/Luciana_Paluzzi "Luciana Paluzzi") took over [Barbara Steele](/wiki/Barbara_Steele "Barbara Steele")'s role as Ted's wife."Ohioan On Broadway" by Earl Wilson, *[The Lima News](/wiki/The_Lima_News "The Lima News")*, December 8, 1960, p. 12 By this time, Crawford also pulled out as Mrs. Roberta Carter, and Davis was unsuccessfully approached as her replacement. [Mary Astor](/wiki/Mary_Astor "Mary Astor") was eventually cast in the role.
|
[
"### Casting",
"Fox wanted [Diane Varsi](/wiki/Diane_Varsi \"Diane Varsi\") to reprise her role of [Allison MacKenzie](/wiki/Allison_MacKenzie \"Allison MacKenzie\"). However, in March 1959, Varsi announced she was walking out on Hollywood, despite being only two years into a seven\\-year contract with the studio. \"Acting is destructive to me\", she said. \"I don't see any reason to be made miserable just because other people say I should go on with my career\".HECTIC EXIT: Diane Varsi Flies Away, Ends Career\nAmes, Walter. Los Angeles Times 20 Mar 1959: B1",
"In June 1959 [Hedda Hopper](/wiki/Hedda_Hopper \"Hedda Hopper\") announced that [Margaret Leighton](/wiki/Margaret_Leighton \"Margaret Leighton\") would play a woman who tries to kill her daughter\\-in\\-law. Producer [Jerry Wald](/wiki/Jerry_Wald \"Jerry Wald\") was hopeful that Varsi would play Allison but said [Diane Baker](/wiki/Diane_Baker \"Diane Baker\") was a possible back up. [Lana Turner](/wiki/Lana_Turner \"Lana Turner\") had already passed the role of [Constance MacKenzie](/wiki/Constance_MacKenzie \"Constance MacKenzie\"), which was then offered to [Joan Crawford](/wiki/Joan_Crawford \"Joan Crawford\").TV's Carl Reiner Gets a Role in 'Gazebo'\nHopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 27 June 1959: s\\_a12\\.",
"In August 1959, Wald announced Varsi was not reprising her role, and that he was planning on replacing her with [Anna Maria Alberghetti](/wiki/Anna_Maria_Alberghetti \"Anna Maria Alberghetti\"), with production slated to begin in November 1959\\.\"Borgnine Still Looks Ahead\", *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin \"The Herald Bulletin\")*, August 24, 1959, p. 12 By that time, producer [Buddy Adler](/wiki/Buddy_Adler \"Buddy Adler\") had already cast [Robert Evans](/wiki/Robert_Evans_%28producer%29 \"Robert Evans (producer)\") as Nils Larsen. Both Alberghetti and Evans were eventually replaced.",
"While shooting *[Hound\\-Dog Man](/wiki/Hound-Dog_Man \"Hound-Dog Man\")* in the fall of 1959, Wald met [Carol Lynley](/wiki/Carol_Lynley \"Carol Lynley\"). With no announcement of Baker's withdrawal, Wald announced in September 1959 that Lynley was set to star as Allison MacKenzie.\"Hedda Hopper's Hollywood\" by Hedda Hopper, *[The Lima News](/wiki/The_Lima_News \"The Lima News\")*, September 2, 1959, p. 9 Despite rumors that Varsi changed her mind and was signed on after all, Lynley eventually was cast. When Wald was later asked about a possible return of Varsi, he responded: \"Ridiculous. She hasn't been back to Hollywood since she left here, and I doubt that she'll ever make another movie again\".\"'Ben Hur' Of Westerns Set With Cost Of $7,000,000\" by Louella O. Parsons, *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin \"The Herald Bulletin\")*, June 24, 1960, p. 9",
"In October 1959, Wald announced [Hope Lange](/wiki/Hope_Lange \"Hope Lange\") would return as Selena.Entertainment Films Stage Music: Remake of 'Heaven' to Star Hope Lange\nLos Angeles Times 16 Oct 1959: A7\\. By November she had pulled out.Looking at Hollywood: Yul's Roles: Ancient Greece to Gangster\nHopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 24 Nov 1959: b6\\.",
"In June 1959, [Brett Halsey](/wiki/Brett_Halsey \"Brett Halsey\") was revealed to be among the co\\-stars of the film.\"Tony Curtis Gets Top Role In Film Of 'Great Imposter'\" by [Louella O. Parsons](/wiki/Louella_O._Parsons \"Louella O. Parsons\"), *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin \"The Herald Bulletin\")*, September 8, 1959, p. 7 It is doubted if he was cast as Ted, the role he eventually played, because a February 1960 news article reported [Dean Stockwell](/wiki/Dean_Stockwell \"Dean Stockwell\") was cast in that role.\"Swamped With Offers\" by Hedda Hopper, *Rocky Mount Evening Telegram*, February 11, 1960, p. 40 Later that month, it was reported he was in talks for playing the ski instructor.",
"In February 1960, it was reported that [Trevor Howard](/wiki/Trevor_Howard \"Trevor Howard\") would play a doctor who marries young bride \"Stephanie\", played by [Suzy Parker](/wiki/Suzy_Parker \"Suzy Parker\").\"Hedda Hopper\" by Hedda Hopper, *[Altoona Mirror](/wiki/Altoona_Mirror \"Altoona Mirror\")*, January 27, 1960, p. 28Howard to Star With Suzy Parker: Will Play Country Doctor; Latin Vacation for Claudette\nHopper, Hedda. Los Angeles Times 10 Feb 1960: 24\\. By June Parker's role had been cut from the script; Wald announced that none of the original cast were returning.Looking at Hollywood: 'Return to Peyton Place' to Feature New Cast\nHopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 30 June 1960: c12\\.",
"In January 1960, Wald said [Stephen Boyd](/wiki/Stephen_Boyd \"Stephen Boyd\") would play Lewis.Stephen Boyd Will Star in 'Peyton': Joan Crawford Also Probable; Los Angeles Times 14 Jan 1960: C11\\. That month [Joan Crawford](/wiki/Joan_Crawford \"Joan Crawford\") was set to play Roberta and he was hoping for [Norma Shearer](/wiki/Norma_Shearer \"Norma Shearer\") as Constance, with Carol Lynley as Crawford's daughter in law and [Diane Baker](/wiki/Diane_Baker \"Diane Baker\") as Alison.Looking at Hollywood: Cast Set for Second 'Peyton Place' Movie\nHopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 22 Jan 1960: a2\\.",
"The production was stalled in early 1960 through the following summer because of a Hollywood writer's strike.\"Eddie Fisher Is Signed To Produce Two Movies A Year\" by Louella O. Parsons, *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin \"The Herald Bulletin\")*, June 2, 1960, p. 15 It allowed Wald in June 1960 to travel to the East in order to offer a role in the film to [Mary Ure](/wiki/Mary_Ure \"Mary Ure\"), a stage actress.Patrick and Stark Pool Properties: Mary Ure for 'Peytoni Place'; Lom Late 'Spartacus' Recruit\nScheuer, Philip K. Los Angeles Times19 Jan 1960: C7\\. He announced he was planning to delay production until September 1960 \"to avoid the influx of tourists\".\"Hollywood\" by Vernon Scott, *The Daily News*, July 23, 1960, p. 7",
"When Norma Shearer declined the role of Constance, [Bette Davis](/wiki/Bette_Davis \"Bette Davis\") was offered the part in October 1960, but she had to turn it down due to previous Broadway commitments.\"Tuesday Weld Is In Spot To Start Being Herself\" by Louella O. Parsons, *[Anderson Daily Bulletin](/wiki/The_Herald_Bulletin \"The Herald Bulletin\")*, October 10, 1960, p. 15 At one point in late 1960, [Gene Tierney](/wiki/Gene_Tierney \"Gene Tierney\") and [Lee Remick](/wiki/Lee_Remick \"Lee Remick\") were cast in the starring roles, but it was reported in November 1960 that both withdrew due to pregnancy.\"Gene Tierney Expecting, Film Delayed\", *[Redlands Daily Facts](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Newspaper_Group \"Los Angeles Newspaper Group\")*, November 8, 1960, p. 6A Thin Veil: ... is all that's between you and mental illness, says the actress who's been there and back\nBy GENE TIERNEY AS TOLD TO WILLIAM A. COLEMAN. The Washington Post and Times\\-Herald 18 Dec 1960: AW4\\.",
"Eventually in November 1960, [Eleanor Parker](/wiki/Eleanor_Parker \"Eleanor Parker\") was cast as Constance. Parker said she would \"probably do it differently\" than Turner.Rag Bag Filled With Gold for Eleanor\nHopper, Hedda. Los Angeles Times 22 Jan 1961: c9\\. Lynley was cast as her daughter.Eleanor Parker Lands 'Return to Peyton Place'\nHopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune1 Dec 1960: d6\\. In December 1960 Mary Astor was cast as Roberta.Mary Astor Gets Lead in 'Peyton' Los Angeles Times 15 Dec 1960: C10\\.",
"Joan Crawford pulled out of the film, saying she did not want to work over the Christmas holiday and be away from her family.A series for Joan Crawford?\nLowry, Cynthia. Los Angeles Times 22 Jan 1961: e46\\.",
"[Tuesday Weld](/wiki/Tuesday_Weld \"Tuesday Weld\") replaced [Lois Smith](/wiki/Lois_Smith \"Lois Smith\") as Selena Cross at the last minute in December 1960, while [Luciana Paluzzi](/wiki/Luciana_Paluzzi \"Luciana Paluzzi\") took over [Barbara Steele](/wiki/Barbara_Steele \"Barbara Steele\")'s role as Ted's wife.\"Ohioan On Broadway\" by Earl Wilson, *[The Lima News](/wiki/The_Lima_News \"The Lima News\")*, December 8, 1960, p. 12 By this time, Crawford also pulled out as Mrs. Roberta Carter, and Davis was unsuccessfully approached as her replacement. [Mary Astor](/wiki/Mary_Astor \"Mary Astor\") was eventually cast in the role.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Stone was born in [Chicago, Illinois](/wiki/Chicago%2C_Illinois "Chicago, Illinois"), on May 4, 1902\. His father died in 1905 leaving his family in debt. In 1908 he [hawked](/wiki/Hawker_%28trade%29 "Hawker (trade)") newspapers on the [South Side of Chicago](/wiki/South_Side_%28Chicago%29 "South Side (Chicago)") while his mother worked as a dressmaker. By 1915 he owned his own [newsstand](/wiki/Newsstand "Newsstand"). In 1918 he moved to [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit "Detroit") to sell [casualty insurance](/wiki/Casualty_insurance "Casualty insurance") for his mother.
Stone dropped out of high school to sell insurance full\-time. He received a diploma from the [YMCA](/wiki/YMCA "YMCA") Central High School in Chicago. He took courses at [Detroit College of Law](/wiki/Michigan_State_University_College_of_Law "Michigan State University College of Law") (now, Michigan State University College of Law) and [Northwestern University](/wiki/Northwestern_University "Northwestern University").
Much of what is known about Stone comes from his autobiography *The Success System That Never Fails*.{{cite book \|last\=Stone \|first\=W. Clement \|title\=The Success System That Never Fails \|url\=https://archive.org/details/successsystemtha000781mbp \|format\=PDF \[8\.8Mb] \|publisher\=Lightning Source, Inc. \|year\=2007 \|isbn\=978\-956\-291\-406\-2}} In that book, he tells of his early business life, which started with selling newspapers in restaurants. At the time, this was a novel thing to do, a departure from the typical practice of boys hawking newspapers on street corners.
At first, restaurant managers of restaurants tried to discourage him, but he gradually won them over by his politeness, charm, persistence and the fact that most restaurant patrons had no objection to this new way of selling papers.
In 1919, he graduated to selling insurance policies in downtown business offices. His mother managed his new career. Then in 1922, he opened his own small insurance agency, [Combined Registry Company](/wiki/Combined_Insurance "Combined Insurance"), in Chicago.{{cite web \|last1\=Wilson \|first1\=Mark \|author2\=Porter, Stephen \|author3\=Reiff, Janice \|title\=Combined Insurance Co. of America \|url\=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/2619\.html \|website\=The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago \|publisher\=Chicago Historical Society \|access\-date\=12 February 2022 \|date\=2005}} By 1930, he had over 1000 agents selling insurance for him across the United States.
In 1947, after his business had grown significantly, Stone built the [Combined Insurance Company of America](/wiki/Combined_Insurance "Combined Insurance"), which provided both accident and health insurance coverage. By 1979, his insurance company exceeded $1 billion in assets. Combined later merged with the Ryan Insurance Group to form [Aon Corporation](/wiki/Aon_Corporation "Aon Corporation") in 1987, and Combined was later spun off by Aon to [ACE Limited](/wiki/ACE_Limited "ACE Limited") in April 2008 for $2\.56 billion.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.acelimited.com/acelimitedroot/media\+center/press\+releases/2008/ace\+completes\+acquisition\+of\+combined\+insurance\+company\+of\+america.htm?SelectedLanguage\=en \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927065750/http://www.acelimited.com/acelimitedroot/media\+center/press\+releases/2008/ace\+completes\+acquisition\+of\+combined\+insurance\+company\+of\+america.htm?SelectedLanguage\=en \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2010\-09\-27 \|title\=ACE Completes Acquisition of Combined Insurance Company of America \|publisher\=Acelimited.com \|date\=2011\-10\-21 \|access\-date\=2011\-12\-04}}
Stone considered his success to be an example of the [rags\-to\-riches](/wiki/Rags-to-riches "Rags-to-riches") protagonists in the [Horatio Alger](/wiki/Horatio_Alger "Horatio Alger")'s stories he admired. He mentored [Og Mandino](/wiki/Og_Mandino "Og Mandino"), an alcoholic who became the Executive Editor of [*Success Unlimited*](/wiki/Success_%28magazine%29%23Success_Unlimited "Success (magazine)#Success Unlimited") Magazine.
In 1951, Stone founded the interfaith group "The Washington Pilgrimage", which later became the "[Religious Heritage of America](/wiki/Religious_Heritage_of_America "Religious Heritage of America")". It successfully advocated the [Eisenhower administration](/wiki/Eisenhower_administration "Eisenhower administration") to add the "[under God](/wiki/Under_God "Under God")" to the [Pledge of Allegiance](/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance "Pledge of Allegiance").{{cite book \|last1\=Gaston \|first1\=K. Healan \|title\=Imagining Judeo\-Christian America : Religion, Secularism, and the Redefinition of Democracy. \|date\=2009 \|publisher\=University of Chicago Press \|isbn\=978\-0226663852 \|page\=227 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Q\_uwDwAAQBAJ\&q\=%E2%80%9CReligious\+Heritage\+of\+America%E2%80%9D\+clement\+stone\&pg\=PA227 \|access\-date\=23 January 2020}}
Stone contributed up to $10 million to President [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon")'s election campaigns in 1968 and 1972; they were cited in Congressional debates after the [Watergate scandal](/wiki/Watergate_scandal "Watergate scandal") to institute campaign spending limits.
[left\|frame\|Stone (seated at right) meets with [Gerald Ford](/wiki/Gerald_Ford "Gerald Ford") in the Oval Office.](/wiki/File:Clement_Stone_and_Gerald_Ford.jpg "Clement Stone and Gerald Ford.jpg") According to Tim Weiner, in *One Man Against the World: The Tragedy of Richard Nixon*, in 1972 President Nixon's lawyer, Herbert Kalmbach, helped raise money for Nixon's presidential campaign by selling ambassadorships to large donors, including "W. Clement Stone, \[who] pledged $3 million." Stone wanted to become ambassador to Great Britain, "which already was occupied by Ambassador [Walter Annenberg](/wiki/Walter_Annenberg "Walter Annenberg"), who gave $254,000 in order to stay on" (p. 160\).
Stone associated with Napoleon Hill to teach the *Philosophy of Personal Achievement* "Science of Success" course. Stone wrote: "One of the most important days in my life was the day I began to read *Think and Grow Rich* in 1937\.Hill, Napoleon, 1990, *The Think and Grow Rich Action Pack*, Plume, {{ISBN\|0\-452\-26660\-2}}{{cite web \|author\=John C. Maxwell \|url\=http://www.successmagazine.com/w\-clement\-stone/PARAMS/article/1007 \|title\=Success Magazine \|publisher\=Success Magazine \|access\-date\=2011\-12\-04}} Stone said that the Bible was "the world's greatest self\-help book".{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.thepositivethinking.com/how\-to\-improve\-your\-life\-by\-thinking\-with\-your\-gut\-instead\-of\-your\-brain/ \|title\=Improve Your Thinking \|access\-date\=2014\-11\-01 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101190556/http://www.thepositivethinking.com/how\-to\-improve\-your\-life\-by\-thinking\-with\-your\-gut\-instead\-of\-your\-brain/ \|archive\-date\=2014\-11\-01 \|url\-status\=dead}}
Stone died on September 3, 2002, in [Evanston, Illinois](/wiki/Evanston%2C_Illinois "Evanston, Illinois").{{cite news \|author\=Douglas Martin \|title\=Clement Stone Dies at 100\. Built Empire on Optimism \|url\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\=9904E6DE143EF936A3575AC0A9649C8B63 \|quote\=W. Clement Stone, who parlayed $100 in savings into an insurance empire that financed millions of dollars of contributions to the campaigns of Richard M. Nixon and hundreds of millions to charities, died on Tuesday in Evanston, Ill. He was 100 and lived in Winnetka, Ill.... William Clement Stone was born in Chicago on May 4, 1902\. His father died when he was 3, leaving the family impoverished by gambling losses. At the age of 6, he began hawking newspapers on Chicago's South Side, while his mother worked as a dressmaker. At 13, he owned his own newsstand. \|newspaper\=\[\[New York Times]] \|date\=September 5, 2002 \|access\-date\=2014\-07\-30}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Stone was born in [Chicago, Illinois](/wiki/Chicago%2C_Illinois \"Chicago, Illinois\"), on May 4, 1902\\. His father died in 1905 leaving his family in debt. In 1908 he [hawked](/wiki/Hawker_%28trade%29 \"Hawker (trade)\") newspapers on the [South Side of Chicago](/wiki/South_Side_%28Chicago%29 \"South Side (Chicago)\") while his mother worked as a dressmaker. By 1915 he owned his own [newsstand](/wiki/Newsstand \"Newsstand\"). In 1918 he moved to [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit \"Detroit\") to sell [casualty insurance](/wiki/Casualty_insurance \"Casualty insurance\") for his mother.",
"Stone dropped out of high school to sell insurance full\\-time. He received a diploma from the [YMCA](/wiki/YMCA \"YMCA\") Central High School in Chicago. He took courses at [Detroit College of Law](/wiki/Michigan_State_University_College_of_Law \"Michigan State University College of Law\") (now, Michigan State University College of Law) and [Northwestern University](/wiki/Northwestern_University \"Northwestern University\").",
"Much of what is known about Stone comes from his autobiography *The Success System That Never Fails*.{{cite book \\|last\\=Stone \\|first\\=W. Clement \\|title\\=The Success System That Never Fails \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/successsystemtha000781mbp \\|format\\=PDF \\[8\\.8Mb] \\|publisher\\=Lightning Source, Inc. \\|year\\=2007 \\|isbn\\=978\\-956\\-291\\-406\\-2}} In that book, he tells of his early business life, which started with selling newspapers in restaurants. At the time, this was a novel thing to do, a departure from the typical practice of boys hawking newspapers on street corners.",
"At first, restaurant managers of restaurants tried to discourage him, but he gradually won them over by his politeness, charm, persistence and the fact that most restaurant patrons had no objection to this new way of selling papers.",
"In 1919, he graduated to selling insurance policies in downtown business offices. His mother managed his new career. Then in 1922, he opened his own small insurance agency, [Combined Registry Company](/wiki/Combined_Insurance \"Combined Insurance\"), in Chicago.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Wilson \\|first1\\=Mark \\|author2\\=Porter, Stephen \\|author3\\=Reiff, Janice \\|title\\=Combined Insurance Co. of America \\|url\\=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/2619\\.html \\|website\\=The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago \\|publisher\\=Chicago Historical Society \\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2022 \\|date\\=2005}} By 1930, he had over 1000 agents selling insurance for him across the United States.",
"In 1947, after his business had grown significantly, Stone built the [Combined Insurance Company of America](/wiki/Combined_Insurance \"Combined Insurance\"), which provided both accident and health insurance coverage. By 1979, his insurance company exceeded $1 billion in assets. Combined later merged with the Ryan Insurance Group to form [Aon Corporation](/wiki/Aon_Corporation \"Aon Corporation\") in 1987, and Combined was later spun off by Aon to [ACE Limited](/wiki/ACE_Limited \"ACE Limited\") in April 2008 for $2\\.56 billion.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.acelimited.com/acelimitedroot/media\\+center/press\\+releases/2008/ace\\+completes\\+acquisition\\+of\\+combined\\+insurance\\+company\\+of\\+america.htm?SelectedLanguage\\=en \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927065750/http://www.acelimited.com/acelimitedroot/media\\+center/press\\+releases/2008/ace\\+completes\\+acquisition\\+of\\+combined\\+insurance\\+company\\+of\\+america.htm?SelectedLanguage\\=en \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-27 \\|title\\=ACE Completes Acquisition of Combined Insurance Company of America \\|publisher\\=Acelimited.com \\|date\\=2011\\-10\\-21 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-04}}",
"Stone considered his success to be an example of the [rags\\-to\\-riches](/wiki/Rags-to-riches \"Rags-to-riches\") protagonists in the [Horatio Alger](/wiki/Horatio_Alger \"Horatio Alger\")'s stories he admired. He mentored [Og Mandino](/wiki/Og_Mandino \"Og Mandino\"), an alcoholic who became the Executive Editor of [*Success Unlimited*](/wiki/Success_%28magazine%29%23Success_Unlimited \"Success (magazine)#Success Unlimited\") Magazine.",
"In 1951, Stone founded the interfaith group \"The Washington Pilgrimage\", which later became the \"[Religious Heritage of America](/wiki/Religious_Heritage_of_America \"Religious Heritage of America\")\". It successfully advocated the [Eisenhower administration](/wiki/Eisenhower_administration \"Eisenhower administration\") to add the \"[under God](/wiki/Under_God \"Under God\")\" to the [Pledge of Allegiance](/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance \"Pledge of Allegiance\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=Gaston \\|first1\\=K. Healan \\|title\\=Imagining Judeo\\-Christian America : Religion, Secularism, and the Redefinition of Democracy. \\|date\\=2009 \\|publisher\\=University of Chicago Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0226663852 \\|page\\=227 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Q\\_uwDwAAQBAJ\\&q\\=%E2%80%9CReligious\\+Heritage\\+of\\+America%E2%80%9D\\+clement\\+stone\\&pg\\=PA227 \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2020}}",
"Stone contributed up to $10 million to President [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon \"Richard Nixon\")'s election campaigns in 1968 and 1972; they were cited in Congressional debates after the [Watergate scandal](/wiki/Watergate_scandal \"Watergate scandal\") to institute campaign spending limits.\n[left\\|frame\\|Stone (seated at right) meets with [Gerald Ford](/wiki/Gerald_Ford \"Gerald Ford\") in the Oval Office.](/wiki/File:Clement_Stone_and_Gerald_Ford.jpg \"Clement Stone and Gerald Ford.jpg\") According to Tim Weiner, in *One Man Against the World: The Tragedy of Richard Nixon*, in 1972 President Nixon's lawyer, Herbert Kalmbach, helped raise money for Nixon's presidential campaign by selling ambassadorships to large donors, including \"W. Clement Stone, \\[who] pledged $3 million.\" Stone wanted to become ambassador to Great Britain, \"which already was occupied by Ambassador [Walter Annenberg](/wiki/Walter_Annenberg \"Walter Annenberg\"), who gave $254,000 in order to stay on\" (p. 160\\).",
"Stone associated with Napoleon Hill to teach the *Philosophy of Personal Achievement* \"Science of Success\" course. Stone wrote: \"One of the most important days in my life was the day I began to read *Think and Grow Rich* in 1937\\.Hill, Napoleon, 1990, *The Think and Grow Rich Action Pack*, Plume, {{ISBN\\|0\\-452\\-26660\\-2}}{{cite web \\|author\\=John C. Maxwell \\|url\\=http://www.successmagazine.com/w\\-clement\\-stone/PARAMS/article/1007 \\|title\\=Success Magazine \\|publisher\\=Success Magazine \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-04}} Stone said that the Bible was \"the world's greatest self\\-help book\".{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thepositivethinking.com/how\\-to\\-improve\\-your\\-life\\-by\\-thinking\\-with\\-your\\-gut\\-instead\\-of\\-your\\-brain/ \\|title\\=Improve Your Thinking \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-01 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101190556/http://www.thepositivethinking.com/how\\-to\\-improve\\-your\\-life\\-by\\-thinking\\-with\\-your\\-gut\\-instead\\-of\\-your\\-brain/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-01 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Stone died on September 3, 2002, in [Evanston, Illinois](/wiki/Evanston%2C_Illinois \"Evanston, Illinois\").{{cite news \\|author\\=Douglas Martin \\|title\\=Clement Stone Dies at 100\\. Built Empire on Optimism \\|url\\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\\=9904E6DE143EF936A3575AC0A9649C8B63 \\|quote\\=W. Clement Stone, who parlayed $100 in savings into an insurance empire that financed millions of dollars of contributions to the campaigns of Richard M. Nixon and hundreds of millions to charities, died on Tuesday in Evanston, Ill. He was 100 and lived in Winnetka, Ill.... William Clement Stone was born in Chicago on May 4, 1902\\. His father died when he was 3, leaving the family impoverished by gambling losses. At the age of 6, he began hawking newspapers on Chicago's South Side, while his mother worked as a dressmaker. At 13, he owned his own newsstand. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[New York Times]] \\|date\\=September 5, 2002 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-30}}",
""
] |
Career
------
Between 2002 and 2006 he formed a band [Slobodan River](/wiki/Slobodan_River "Slobodan River") with Ithaka Maria and [Tomi Rahula](/wiki/Tomi_Rahula "Tomi Rahula"). Since 2006 he has played in [Traffic](/wiki/Traffic_%28Estonian_band%29 "Traffic (Estonian band)") and also in Outloudz since 2010\. In 2011 he was a contestant in the fifth season of *Let's Dance*. He was partnered with Karina Vesman and they finished in fourth place. In 2012, Stig played Moritz in the Estonian original production of the musical *[Spring Awakening](/wiki/Spring_Awakening_%28musical%29 "Spring Awakening (musical)")*.
He is also part of electronic music duo Kisma, alongside Vallo Kikas.{{Citation \|title\=Shine Over Me (feat. Shira) \|date\=2019\-07\-05 \|url\=https://open.spotify.com/album/3XFJgqUsMfUp6WfH8HwNA4 \|access\-date\=2023\-06\-01 \|language\=en}}
### Eurovision Song Contest
Rästa tried several times to represent Estonia at the [Eurovision Song Contest](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest "Eurovision Song Contest"). He competed with Slobodan River in Eurolaul 2003 and 2004, then with Traffic in Eurolaul 2008 and Eesti Laul 2009, 2012, 2014, 2020, and he also finished runner up with Outloudz in Eesti Laul 2011\.
Rästa entered [Eesti Laul 2015](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2015 "Eesti Laul 2015") with the song "Goodbye to Yesterday", a duet with Elina Born. The song went on to win its semi final and top both the jury and the televote scores, before doing the same in the final and winning in a landslide in the superfinal, with 79% of the popular vote. In the contest itself, the entry qualified for the grand final, where it placed 7th with 106 points.
He co\-wrote the song "[Play](/wiki/Play_%28J%C3%BCri_Pootsmann_song%29 "Play (Jüri Pootsmann song)")" by [Jüri Pootsmann](/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Pootsmann "Jüri Pootsmann"), which [represented Estonia](/wiki/Estonia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2016 "Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016") at the [Eurovision Song Contest 2016](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2016 "Eurovision Song Contest 2016"), coming last in its semi and failing to qualify.
Rästa returned for the second time as a composer for Elina Born in [Eesti Laul 2017](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2017 "Eesti Laul 2017"), she finished 10th in the final with the song "In or Out". He already wrote her song for her first Eesti Laul in [2013](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2013 "Eesti Laul 2013"), "Enough" came 8th in the final.
He competed by himself in [Eesti Laul 2018](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2018 "Eesti Laul 2018") with the song "Home", which went on to place second in the contest.{{cite web\|date\=10 November 2017\|title\=Räppi, poppi ja klassikat: Eesti Laul 2018 poolfinalistid on selgunud!\|url\=http://menu.err.ee/641920/rappi\-poppi\-ja\-klassikat\-eesti\-laul\-2018\-poolfinalistid\-on\-selgunud\|access\-date\=11 November 2017\|website\=menu.err.ee\|publisher\=Eesti Laul}}
He co\-wrote the song "[Storm](/wiki/Storm_%28Victor_Crone_song%29 "Storm (Victor Crone song)")" by [Victor Crone](/wiki/Victor_Crone "Victor Crone"), which [represented Estonia](/wiki/Estonia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2019 "Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019") at the [Eurovision Song Contest 2019](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2019 "Eurovision Song Contest 2019"), placing 20th in the final with 76 points.
He participated in [Eesti Laul 2022](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2022 "Eesti Laul 2022") with the song "Interstellar", placing 9th in the final.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Between 2002 and 2006 he formed a band [Slobodan River](/wiki/Slobodan_River \"Slobodan River\") with Ithaka Maria and [Tomi Rahula](/wiki/Tomi_Rahula \"Tomi Rahula\"). Since 2006 he has played in [Traffic](/wiki/Traffic_%28Estonian_band%29 \"Traffic (Estonian band)\") and also in Outloudz since 2010\\. In 2011 he was a contestant in the fifth season of *Let's Dance*. He was partnered with Karina Vesman and they finished in fourth place. In 2012, Stig played Moritz in the Estonian original production of the musical *[Spring Awakening](/wiki/Spring_Awakening_%28musical%29 \"Spring Awakening (musical)\")*.",
"He is also part of electronic music duo Kisma, alongside Vallo Kikas.{{Citation \\|title\\=Shine Over Me (feat. Shira) \\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-05 \\|url\\=https://open.spotify.com/album/3XFJgqUsMfUp6WfH8HwNA4 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-01 \\|language\\=en}}",
"### Eurovision Song Contest",
"Rästa tried several times to represent Estonia at the [Eurovision Song Contest](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest \"Eurovision Song Contest\"). He competed with Slobodan River in Eurolaul 2003 and 2004, then with Traffic in Eurolaul 2008 and Eesti Laul 2009, 2012, 2014, 2020, and he also finished runner up with Outloudz in Eesti Laul 2011\\.",
"Rästa entered [Eesti Laul 2015](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2015 \"Eesti Laul 2015\") with the song \"Goodbye to Yesterday\", a duet with Elina Born. The song went on to win its semi final and top both the jury and the televote scores, before doing the same in the final and winning in a landslide in the superfinal, with 79% of the popular vote. In the contest itself, the entry qualified for the grand final, where it placed 7th with 106 points.",
"He co\\-wrote the song \"[Play](/wiki/Play_%28J%C3%BCri_Pootsmann_song%29 \"Play (Jüri Pootsmann song)\")\" by [Jüri Pootsmann](/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Pootsmann \"Jüri Pootsmann\"), which [represented Estonia](/wiki/Estonia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2016 \"Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016\") at the [Eurovision Song Contest 2016](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2016 \"Eurovision Song Contest 2016\"), coming last in its semi and failing to qualify.",
"Rästa returned for the second time as a composer for Elina Born in [Eesti Laul 2017](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2017 \"Eesti Laul 2017\"), she finished 10th in the final with the song \"In or Out\". He already wrote her song for her first Eesti Laul in [2013](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2013 \"Eesti Laul 2013\"), \"Enough\" came 8th in the final.",
"He competed by himself in [Eesti Laul 2018](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2018 \"Eesti Laul 2018\") with the song \"Home\", which went on to place second in the contest.{{cite web\\|date\\=10 November 2017\\|title\\=Räppi, poppi ja klassikat: Eesti Laul 2018 poolfinalistid on selgunud!\\|url\\=http://menu.err.ee/641920/rappi\\-poppi\\-ja\\-klassikat\\-eesti\\-laul\\-2018\\-poolfinalistid\\-on\\-selgunud\\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2017\\|website\\=menu.err.ee\\|publisher\\=Eesti Laul}}",
"He co\\-wrote the song \"[Storm](/wiki/Storm_%28Victor_Crone_song%29 \"Storm (Victor Crone song)\")\" by [Victor Crone](/wiki/Victor_Crone \"Victor Crone\"), which [represented Estonia](/wiki/Estonia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2019 \"Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019\") at the [Eurovision Song Contest 2019](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2019 \"Eurovision Song Contest 2019\"), placing 20th in the final with 76 points.",
"He participated in [Eesti Laul 2022](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2022 \"Eesti Laul 2022\") with the song \"Interstellar\", placing 9th in the final.",
""
] |
### Eurovision Song Contest
Rästa tried several times to represent Estonia at the [Eurovision Song Contest](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest "Eurovision Song Contest"). He competed with Slobodan River in Eurolaul 2003 and 2004, then with Traffic in Eurolaul 2008 and Eesti Laul 2009, 2012, 2014, 2020, and he also finished runner up with Outloudz in Eesti Laul 2011\.
Rästa entered [Eesti Laul 2015](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2015 "Eesti Laul 2015") with the song "Goodbye to Yesterday", a duet with Elina Born. The song went on to win its semi final and top both the jury and the televote scores, before doing the same in the final and winning in a landslide in the superfinal, with 79% of the popular vote. In the contest itself, the entry qualified for the grand final, where it placed 7th with 106 points.
He co\-wrote the song "[Play](/wiki/Play_%28J%C3%BCri_Pootsmann_song%29 "Play (Jüri Pootsmann song)")" by [Jüri Pootsmann](/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Pootsmann "Jüri Pootsmann"), which [represented Estonia](/wiki/Estonia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2016 "Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016") at the [Eurovision Song Contest 2016](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2016 "Eurovision Song Contest 2016"), coming last in its semi and failing to qualify.
Rästa returned for the second time as a composer for Elina Born in [Eesti Laul 2017](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2017 "Eesti Laul 2017"), she finished 10th in the final with the song "In or Out". He already wrote her song for her first Eesti Laul in [2013](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2013 "Eesti Laul 2013"), "Enough" came 8th in the final.
He competed by himself in [Eesti Laul 2018](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2018 "Eesti Laul 2018") with the song "Home", which went on to place second in the contest.{{cite web\|date\=10 November 2017\|title\=Räppi, poppi ja klassikat: Eesti Laul 2018 poolfinalistid on selgunud!\|url\=http://menu.err.ee/641920/rappi\-poppi\-ja\-klassikat\-eesti\-laul\-2018\-poolfinalistid\-on\-selgunud\|access\-date\=11 November 2017\|website\=menu.err.ee\|publisher\=Eesti Laul}}
He co\-wrote the song "[Storm](/wiki/Storm_%28Victor_Crone_song%29 "Storm (Victor Crone song)")" by [Victor Crone](/wiki/Victor_Crone "Victor Crone"), which [represented Estonia](/wiki/Estonia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2019 "Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019") at the [Eurovision Song Contest 2019](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2019 "Eurovision Song Contest 2019"), placing 20th in the final with 76 points.
He participated in [Eesti Laul 2022](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2022 "Eesti Laul 2022") with the song "Interstellar", placing 9th in the final.
|
[
"### Eurovision Song Contest",
"Rästa tried several times to represent Estonia at the [Eurovision Song Contest](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest \"Eurovision Song Contest\"). He competed with Slobodan River in Eurolaul 2003 and 2004, then with Traffic in Eurolaul 2008 and Eesti Laul 2009, 2012, 2014, 2020, and he also finished runner up with Outloudz in Eesti Laul 2011\\.",
"Rästa entered [Eesti Laul 2015](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2015 \"Eesti Laul 2015\") with the song \"Goodbye to Yesterday\", a duet with Elina Born. The song went on to win its semi final and top both the jury and the televote scores, before doing the same in the final and winning in a landslide in the superfinal, with 79% of the popular vote. In the contest itself, the entry qualified for the grand final, where it placed 7th with 106 points.",
"He co\\-wrote the song \"[Play](/wiki/Play_%28J%C3%BCri_Pootsmann_song%29 \"Play (Jüri Pootsmann song)\")\" by [Jüri Pootsmann](/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Pootsmann \"Jüri Pootsmann\"), which [represented Estonia](/wiki/Estonia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2016 \"Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016\") at the [Eurovision Song Contest 2016](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2016 \"Eurovision Song Contest 2016\"), coming last in its semi and failing to qualify.",
"Rästa returned for the second time as a composer for Elina Born in [Eesti Laul 2017](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2017 \"Eesti Laul 2017\"), she finished 10th in the final with the song \"In or Out\". He already wrote her song for her first Eesti Laul in [2013](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2013 \"Eesti Laul 2013\"), \"Enough\" came 8th in the final.",
"He competed by himself in [Eesti Laul 2018](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2018 \"Eesti Laul 2018\") with the song \"Home\", which went on to place second in the contest.{{cite web\\|date\\=10 November 2017\\|title\\=Räppi, poppi ja klassikat: Eesti Laul 2018 poolfinalistid on selgunud!\\|url\\=http://menu.err.ee/641920/rappi\\-poppi\\-ja\\-klassikat\\-eesti\\-laul\\-2018\\-poolfinalistid\\-on\\-selgunud\\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2017\\|website\\=menu.err.ee\\|publisher\\=Eesti Laul}}",
"He co\\-wrote the song \"[Storm](/wiki/Storm_%28Victor_Crone_song%29 \"Storm (Victor Crone song)\")\" by [Victor Crone](/wiki/Victor_Crone \"Victor Crone\"), which [represented Estonia](/wiki/Estonia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2019 \"Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019\") at the [Eurovision Song Contest 2019](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2019 \"Eurovision Song Contest 2019\"), placing 20th in the final with 76 points.",
"He participated in [Eesti Laul 2022](/wiki/Eesti_Laul_2022 \"Eesti Laul 2022\") with the song \"Interstellar\", placing 9th in the final.",
""
] |
Early life and career
---------------------
Morena was born María Cristina De Giacomi in [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires"), Argentina. She is the youngest of four siblings and grew up in [Palermo, Buenos Aires](/wiki/Palermo%2C_Buenos_Aires "Palermo, Buenos Aires") neighborhood with her upper\-class family. Her father was an engineer and her mother was a sociologist. She studied at a traditional private religious school. When she was 17, she started working as a fashion model and became the popular face for [Lee Jeans](/wiki/Lee_Jeans "Lee Jeans") in the country. While she was modeling, she also studied social assistance in university and militated alongside Padre [Carlos Mugica](/wiki/Carlos_Mugica "Carlos Mugica") during the [dictatorship in Argentina](/wiki/History_of_Argentina_%281966-1973%29 "History of Argentina (1966-1973)").{{cite web \| first\=Florencia \| last\=Canale \| url\=http://www.gacemail.com.ar/Detalle.asp?NotaID\=12680 \| title\=CRIS MORENA Y SU PASADO MILITANTE JUNTO AL PADRE MUJICA: 'ME SALVÓ LA SUPERFICIALIDAD' \| publisher\=Ventitres \| access\-date\=2 April 2009 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416032100/http://www.gacemail.com.ar/Detalle.asp?NotaID\=12680 \| archive\-date\=16 April 2009 \| df\=dmy\-all }}
When she was 17 years old, she was selected to host the youth\-oriented show *Voltop*. While working on the program, she met [Gustavo Yankelevich](/wiki/Gustavo_Yankelevich "Gustavo Yankelevich"), which was part of the staff, and they fell in love. In 1974, Morena and Gustavo married and, after giving birth to Romina and Tomás, Morena decided to retire so she could fully dedicate herself to her family. After a few years, however, she returned to work when her husband was unable to find a job due to discriminating policies against Jews implemented by the [Argentine dictatorship](/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process "National Reorganization Process"). She soon got a job at a telenovela called *[Dulce Fugitiva](/wiki/Dulce_Fugitiva "Dulce Fugitiva")* in 1979 playing Laura Moreno. Afterwards, she decided to adopt Laura's last name as her artistic name and became Cris Morena.{{cn\|date\=April 2023}}
In 1980 Morena, who was already a pianist and wrote poems as a hobby, decided to start writing music. To this day she is one of the most successful songwriters in Argentina and the one who has made most money in copyrights and albums sales in SADAIC's history (Argentina's songwriters association) alongside her former songwriting partner Carlos Nilson (the two parted ways in 2007\). In 1984, she was one of the stars of iconic comedy show *Mesa de Noticias*. From 1990 to 1991, she also had a starring role in *Amigos son los Amigos*. Morena retired as an actress after starring in the telenovela *Quereme* in 1994\. In 1995, she also retired as a [host](/wiki/Television_presenter "Television presenter") and as a TV personality and became a full\-time producer and songwriter. In a talk for TEA Imagen students, she revealed she believed her successful past in acting was due to her charisma, not her acting skills since, in her opinion, she was never a particularly good actress.{{cn\|date\=April 2023}}
Until 1991, she was mostly known as an actress due to her role in iconic comedy shows such as *Mesa de Noticias* and *Amigos son los Amigos* and as a songwriter, thanks to the hits she wrote for children show host Flavia Palmiero alongside [Carlos Nilson](/wiki/Carlos_Nilson "Carlos Nilson"). In 1991, she made her debut as a powerful name in TV production when she created, presented and produced *Jugate Conmigo*. She went on to create the biggest youth\-oriented [franchises](/wiki/Media_franchise "Media franchise") in Argentina history and her shows, such as *Chiquititas*, *Rebelde Way* and *Floricienta*, attracted huge ratings all over the world and spawned hundreds of products, albums and live concerts. Even though most of her shows were heavily panned by critics, most of them were huge commercial successes and had huge repercussion not only in Argentina but also in several other countries such as Brazil, Greece, Israel, Spain, Uruguay, Mexico and Chile.{{cn\|date\=April 2023}}
In 1995, she retired as a TV personality when she ended her successful *Jugate Conmigo* series. Since then, she has worked behind\-the\-scenes, both as a TV producer and as songwriter. Even though she is not usually seen on the media, she is a well\-known and recognizable brand in Argentina, where she is considered one of the most powerful names in television. She is also a prolific songwriter and music is an important element in all of her shows. Her productions have accumulated over 30 platinum certifications and, alongside [Carlos Nilson](/wiki/Carlos_Nilson "Carlos Nilson") (her songwriting partner until 2006\), she is the most profitable songwriter ever in [SADAIC](/wiki/SADAIC "SADAIC")'s (Argentine songwriters association) history.{{cite web \|first\=Jose \|last\=Del Rio \|url\=http://www.cronista.com/notas/129969\-el\-largo\-camino\-buenos\-aires\-broadway \|title\=El largo camino de Buenos Aires a Broadway \|publisher\=Cronista \|access\-date\=2 April 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803020208/http://www.cronista.com/notas/129969\-el\-largo\-camino\-buenos\-aires\-broadway \|archive\-date\=3 August 2008 }}
A huge fan of [Broadway musicals](/wiki/Broadway_theatre "Broadway theatre"), Morena is also known for musicals with million dollar [budgets](/wiki/Budgets "Budgets") based on her television production which are usually presented in [Teatro Gran Rex](/wiki/Teatro_Gran_Rex "Teatro Gran Rex") in Buenos Aires. With the complete cast of the TV shows, those musicals break attendance records every [Winter vacation](/wiki/Winter_vacation "Winter vacation") (July in Argentina). *[Chiquititas](/wiki/Chiquititas "Chiquititas")* alone has sold 1\.5 million tickets. She was also responsible for the Argentine version of *Spring Awakening* in 2010 for which she was awarded several Premios ACE, the most prestigious theater award the country.
In 2010, after the sudden death of her daughter, Romina Yan, Morena went on a hiatus and closed her production company. She gave her last interview at the end of the year for [Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 "Clarín (Argentine newspaper)") and has made no public appearances. In November 2012, she made her comeback at the [Grammy Latino](/wiki/Grammy_Latino "Grammy Latino") red carpet and announced her return to television after two years, with *Aliados*. *Aliados* made its debut at the last week of June in [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe "Telefe").
### Family
Morena married Gustavo Yankelevich in December 1974\. Her husband became the producer of some of the biggest hits in the country, including *Mesa de Noticias*, and, in 1989, he became director of Telefe and, under his leadership, the channel became Argentina's most\-watched TV channel. He was directly or indirectly responsible for some of Argentina's biggest television shows including *[Susana Giménez](/wiki/Susana_Gim%C3%A9nez "Susana Giménez")*, *[Showmatch](/wiki/Showmatch "Showmatch")*, among many others. He left the channel in 1999 and, in the following year, founded his own production company, [RGB Entertainment](/wiki/RGB_Entertainment "RGB Entertainment"). In 2002, so she could produce *[Rebelde Way](/wiki/Rebelde_Way "Rebelde Way")*, Morena also founded her own company, [Cris Morena Group](/wiki/Cris_Morena_Group "Cris Morena Group"). From *Floricienta* in 2004 until *Casi Angeles* in 2010, RGB was a co\-producer of all CMG ventures. Despite being associates and business partners, Morena and Gustavo have been divorced since 1996\. Their two children, [Romina Yan](/wiki/Romina_Yan "Romina Yan"), who died in 2010, and [Tomás Yankelevich](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Yankelevich "Tomás Yankelevich"), were both involved in show business.
Romina was an actress. She started her career as one of the co\-hosts in *[Jugate Conmigo](/wiki/Jugate_Conmigo "Jugate Conmigo")* and became extremely popular playing Belén, the central figure in her mother's hugely successful children\-oriented telenovela *[Chiquititas](/wiki/Chiquititas "Chiquititas")*, in which she starred from '95 to '98\. She also starred as Belén in the movie *[Chiquititas: Rincón de luz](/wiki/Chiquititas:Rinc%C3%B3n_de_luz "Rincón de luz")* in 2001\. With her mother, she did *[Jugate Conmigo](/wiki/Jugate_Conmigo "Jugate Conmigo")* (1991–1993\), *[Chiquititas](/wiki/Chiquititas "Chiquititas")* (1995–1998\), *[Amor Mío](/wiki/Amor_m%C3%ADo_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 "Amor mío (Argentine TV series)")* (2005\) and *B\&B: Bella y Bestia* (2008\). Both *Amor Mio* and *B\&B* were also co\-produced by her father which also chose her as host in *[Playhouse Disney](/wiki/Playhouse_Disney "Playhouse Disney")* (2001–2003\) and as the lead in *Abra tus Ojos* (2003\). She co\-created *[Amor Mío](/wiki/Amor_m%C3%ADo_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 "Amor mío (Argentine TV series)")*, her biggest hit since *Chiquititas*, with her mother and the show was co\-produced by her father and directed by Tomás, her brother.
Romina died from a sudden heart attack on 28 September 2010 when she was 36\. She had three kids. As an honor to Gustavo Yanklevich's contribution to the channel, Telefe suspended all of its primetime shows on the day of her death to air a tribute to Romina. Marcelo Tinelli, host of Argentina's highest\-rated show, also canceled his *Showmatch* show for the day in respect (Gustavo is Tinelli's mentor). Later, named his TV studio after Romina and also opened a pediatric hospital in her name. The day of her death, all four TV channels in Argentina suspended their primetime shows to air tributes and the news shows attracted the biggest audience of the year,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.asteriscos.tv/noticia\-30360\.html\|title \= Esta vez, la tele decidió que el show no debía seguir \- Asteriscos.Tv}} with [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe "Telefe") and [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 "Canal 13 (Argentina)") reaching a combined 40 points of ratings during their primetime newscasts. After the shock of Romina's death, Morena announced a hiatus from TV production, closing down her production company for two years.
Tomás attended [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California") film school.{{cite news \| first\=Charles \| last\=Newberry \| url\=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117903436\.html \| title\= 'Popstars' Bandana Hit Big Screen \| work\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 \| date\=18 April 2004}} He worked at both [RGB](/wiki/RGB "RGB") and Cris Morena Group and, in 2011, opened his own production company, *Utopia*. He was the director of [Bandana](/wiki/Bandana "Bandana")'s feature film *[Vivir Intentando](/wiki/Vivir_Intentando "Vivir Intentando")* and directed several episodes of *Amor Mío* and *B\&B: Bella y Bestia*. In 2011, he opened his own production company, Utopia, and filled the void left by his mother's hiatus with the kids\-oriented fiction show, *[Supertorpe](/wiki/Supertorpe "Supertorpe")*, which aired in [Disney Channel Latin America](/wiki/Disney_Channel "Disney Channel") and [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe "Telefe"). Although Morena's involvement was kept to a minimum, the show starred Candela Vetrano and Pablo Martinez — both discovered by Morena — and she contributed songs to its soundtrack. Even though the show achieved some success — spawning a live musical and winning a Martin Fierro award — it could not reach the level of success achieved by his mother's shows and only lasted one season. Tomás also co\-produced, alongside RGB, the Telefe primetime soap *Cuando Me Sonreis* starring Facundo Arana, Julieta Diaz and Morena's discoveries [Benjamín Rojas](/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Rojas "Benjamín Rojas") and [Lali Esposito](/wiki/Lali_Esposito "Lali Esposito"). In February 2011, it was announced that Tomás would become the new [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe "Telefe") director, a position held by his father from 1989 to 1999\. As of 2013, Tomás is still in charge of the channel, helping Telefe to become once again the ratings' leader after losing the top spot for two years, in 2010 and 2011, to [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 "Canal 13 (Argentina)").
Morena has five grandchildren: Valentín, Franco and Azul, from Romina's marriage with Darío Giordano; Inti and Mila, from Tomás marriage to Sofia Recca. Four characters in her new song, *Aliados*, are named after them.
|
[
"Early life and career\n---------------------",
"Morena was born María Cristina De Giacomi in [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires \"Buenos Aires\"), Argentina. She is the youngest of four siblings and grew up in [Palermo, Buenos Aires](/wiki/Palermo%2C_Buenos_Aires \"Palermo, Buenos Aires\") neighborhood with her upper\\-class family. Her father was an engineer and her mother was a sociologist. She studied at a traditional private religious school. When she was 17, she started working as a fashion model and became the popular face for [Lee Jeans](/wiki/Lee_Jeans \"Lee Jeans\") in the country. While she was modeling, she also studied social assistance in university and militated alongside Padre [Carlos Mugica](/wiki/Carlos_Mugica \"Carlos Mugica\") during the [dictatorship in Argentina](/wiki/History_of_Argentina_%281966-1973%29 \"History of Argentina (1966-1973)\").{{cite web \\| first\\=Florencia \\| last\\=Canale \\| url\\=http://www.gacemail.com.ar/Detalle.asp?NotaID\\=12680 \\| title\\=CRIS MORENA Y SU PASADO MILITANTE JUNTO AL PADRE MUJICA: 'ME SALVÓ LA SUPERFICIALIDAD' \\| publisher\\=Ventitres \\| access\\-date\\=2 April 2009 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416032100/http://www.gacemail.com.ar/Detalle.asp?NotaID\\=12680 \\| archive\\-date\\=16 April 2009 \\| df\\=dmy\\-all }}",
"When she was 17 years old, she was selected to host the youth\\-oriented show *Voltop*. While working on the program, she met [Gustavo Yankelevich](/wiki/Gustavo_Yankelevich \"Gustavo Yankelevich\"), which was part of the staff, and they fell in love. In 1974, Morena and Gustavo married and, after giving birth to Romina and Tomás, Morena decided to retire so she could fully dedicate herself to her family. After a few years, however, she returned to work when her husband was unable to find a job due to discriminating policies against Jews implemented by the [Argentine dictatorship](/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process \"National Reorganization Process\"). She soon got a job at a telenovela called *[Dulce Fugitiva](/wiki/Dulce_Fugitiva \"Dulce Fugitiva\")* in 1979 playing Laura Moreno. Afterwards, she decided to adopt Laura's last name as her artistic name and became Cris Morena.{{cn\\|date\\=April 2023}}",
"In 1980 Morena, who was already a pianist and wrote poems as a hobby, decided to start writing music. To this day she is one of the most successful songwriters in Argentina and the one who has made most money in copyrights and albums sales in SADAIC's history (Argentina's songwriters association) alongside her former songwriting partner Carlos Nilson (the two parted ways in 2007\\). In 1984, she was one of the stars of iconic comedy show *Mesa de Noticias*. From 1990 to 1991, she also had a starring role in *Amigos son los Amigos*. Morena retired as an actress after starring in the telenovela *Quereme* in 1994\\. In 1995, she also retired as a [host](/wiki/Television_presenter \"Television presenter\") and as a TV personality and became a full\\-time producer and songwriter. In a talk for TEA Imagen students, she revealed she believed her successful past in acting was due to her charisma, not her acting skills since, in her opinion, she was never a particularly good actress.{{cn\\|date\\=April 2023}}",
"Until 1991, she was mostly known as an actress due to her role in iconic comedy shows such as *Mesa de Noticias* and *Amigos son los Amigos* and as a songwriter, thanks to the hits she wrote for children show host Flavia Palmiero alongside [Carlos Nilson](/wiki/Carlos_Nilson \"Carlos Nilson\"). In 1991, she made her debut as a powerful name in TV production when she created, presented and produced *Jugate Conmigo*. She went on to create the biggest youth\\-oriented [franchises](/wiki/Media_franchise \"Media franchise\") in Argentina history and her shows, such as *Chiquititas*, *Rebelde Way* and *Floricienta*, attracted huge ratings all over the world and spawned hundreds of products, albums and live concerts. Even though most of her shows were heavily panned by critics, most of them were huge commercial successes and had huge repercussion not only in Argentina but also in several other countries such as Brazil, Greece, Israel, Spain, Uruguay, Mexico and Chile.{{cn\\|date\\=April 2023}}",
"In 1995, she retired as a TV personality when she ended her successful *Jugate Conmigo* series. Since then, she has worked behind\\-the\\-scenes, both as a TV producer and as songwriter. Even though she is not usually seen on the media, she is a well\\-known and recognizable brand in Argentina, where she is considered one of the most powerful names in television. She is also a prolific songwriter and music is an important element in all of her shows. Her productions have accumulated over 30 platinum certifications and, alongside [Carlos Nilson](/wiki/Carlos_Nilson \"Carlos Nilson\") (her songwriting partner until 2006\\), she is the most profitable songwriter ever in [SADAIC](/wiki/SADAIC \"SADAIC\")'s (Argentine songwriters association) history.{{cite web \\|first\\=Jose \\|last\\=Del Rio \\|url\\=http://www.cronista.com/notas/129969\\-el\\-largo\\-camino\\-buenos\\-aires\\-broadway \\|title\\=El largo camino de Buenos Aires a Broadway \\|publisher\\=Cronista \\|access\\-date\\=2 April 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803020208/http://www.cronista.com/notas/129969\\-el\\-largo\\-camino\\-buenos\\-aires\\-broadway \\|archive\\-date\\=3 August 2008 }}",
"A huge fan of [Broadway musicals](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\"), Morena is also known for musicals with million dollar [budgets](/wiki/Budgets \"Budgets\") based on her television production which are usually presented in [Teatro Gran Rex](/wiki/Teatro_Gran_Rex \"Teatro Gran Rex\") in Buenos Aires. With the complete cast of the TV shows, those musicals break attendance records every [Winter vacation](/wiki/Winter_vacation \"Winter vacation\") (July in Argentina). *[Chiquititas](/wiki/Chiquititas \"Chiquititas\")* alone has sold 1\\.5 million tickets. She was also responsible for the Argentine version of *Spring Awakening* in 2010 for which she was awarded several Premios ACE, the most prestigious theater award the country.",
"In 2010, after the sudden death of her daughter, Romina Yan, Morena went on a hiatus and closed her production company. She gave her last interview at the end of the year for [Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 \"Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\") and has made no public appearances. In November 2012, she made her comeback at the [Grammy Latino](/wiki/Grammy_Latino \"Grammy Latino\") red carpet and announced her return to television after two years, with *Aliados*. *Aliados* made its debut at the last week of June in [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe \"Telefe\").",
"### Family",
"Morena married Gustavo Yankelevich in December 1974\\. Her husband became the producer of some of the biggest hits in the country, including *Mesa de Noticias*, and, in 1989, he became director of Telefe and, under his leadership, the channel became Argentina's most\\-watched TV channel. He was directly or indirectly responsible for some of Argentina's biggest television shows including *[Susana Giménez](/wiki/Susana_Gim%C3%A9nez \"Susana Giménez\")*, *[Showmatch](/wiki/Showmatch \"Showmatch\")*, among many others. He left the channel in 1999 and, in the following year, founded his own production company, [RGB Entertainment](/wiki/RGB_Entertainment \"RGB Entertainment\"). In 2002, so she could produce *[Rebelde Way](/wiki/Rebelde_Way \"Rebelde Way\")*, Morena also founded her own company, [Cris Morena Group](/wiki/Cris_Morena_Group \"Cris Morena Group\"). From *Floricienta* in 2004 until *Casi Angeles* in 2010, RGB was a co\\-producer of all CMG ventures. Despite being associates and business partners, Morena and Gustavo have been divorced since 1996\\. Their two children, [Romina Yan](/wiki/Romina_Yan \"Romina Yan\"), who died in 2010, and [Tomás Yankelevich](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Yankelevich \"Tomás Yankelevich\"), were both involved in show business.",
"Romina was an actress. She started her career as one of the co\\-hosts in *[Jugate Conmigo](/wiki/Jugate_Conmigo \"Jugate Conmigo\")* and became extremely popular playing Belén, the central figure in her mother's hugely successful children\\-oriented telenovela *[Chiquititas](/wiki/Chiquititas \"Chiquititas\")*, in which she starred from '95 to '98\\. She also starred as Belén in the movie *[Chiquititas: Rincón de luz](/wiki/Chiquititas:Rinc%C3%B3n_de_luz \"Rincón de luz\")* in 2001\\. With her mother, she did *[Jugate Conmigo](/wiki/Jugate_Conmigo \"Jugate Conmigo\")* (1991–1993\\), *[Chiquititas](/wiki/Chiquititas \"Chiquititas\")* (1995–1998\\), *[Amor Mío](/wiki/Amor_m%C3%ADo_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 \"Amor mío (Argentine TV series)\")* (2005\\) and *B\\&B: Bella y Bestia* (2008\\). Both *Amor Mio* and *B\\&B* were also co\\-produced by her father which also chose her as host in *[Playhouse Disney](/wiki/Playhouse_Disney \"Playhouse Disney\")* (2001–2003\\) and as the lead in *Abra tus Ojos* (2003\\). She co\\-created *[Amor Mío](/wiki/Amor_m%C3%ADo_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 \"Amor mío (Argentine TV series)\")*, her biggest hit since *Chiquititas*, with her mother and the show was co\\-produced by her father and directed by Tomás, her brother.",
"Romina died from a sudden heart attack on 28 September 2010 when she was 36\\. She had three kids. As an honor to Gustavo Yanklevich's contribution to the channel, Telefe suspended all of its primetime shows on the day of her death to air a tribute to Romina. Marcelo Tinelli, host of Argentina's highest\\-rated show, also canceled his *Showmatch* show for the day in respect (Gustavo is Tinelli's mentor). Later, named his TV studio after Romina and also opened a pediatric hospital in her name. The day of her death, all four TV channels in Argentina suspended their primetime shows to air tributes and the news shows attracted the biggest audience of the year,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.asteriscos.tv/noticia\\-30360\\.html\\|title \\= Esta vez, la tele decidió que el show no debía seguir \\- Asteriscos.Tv}} with [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe \"Telefe\") and [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 \"Canal 13 (Argentina)\") reaching a combined 40 points of ratings during their primetime newscasts. After the shock of Romina's death, Morena announced a hiatus from TV production, closing down her production company for two years.",
"Tomás attended [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California \"University of Southern California\") film school.{{cite news \\| first\\=Charles \\| last\\=Newberry \\| url\\=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117903436\\.html \\| title\\= 'Popstars' Bandana Hit Big Screen \\| work\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 \\| date\\=18 April 2004}} He worked at both [RGB](/wiki/RGB \"RGB\") and Cris Morena Group and, in 2011, opened his own production company, *Utopia*. He was the director of [Bandana](/wiki/Bandana \"Bandana\")'s feature film *[Vivir Intentando](/wiki/Vivir_Intentando \"Vivir Intentando\")* and directed several episodes of *Amor Mío* and *B\\&B: Bella y Bestia*. In 2011, he opened his own production company, Utopia, and filled the void left by his mother's hiatus with the kids\\-oriented fiction show, *[Supertorpe](/wiki/Supertorpe \"Supertorpe\")*, which aired in [Disney Channel Latin America](/wiki/Disney_Channel \"Disney Channel\") and [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe \"Telefe\"). Although Morena's involvement was kept to a minimum, the show starred Candela Vetrano and Pablo Martinez — both discovered by Morena — and she contributed songs to its soundtrack. Even though the show achieved some success — spawning a live musical and winning a Martin Fierro award — it could not reach the level of success achieved by his mother's shows and only lasted one season. Tomás also co\\-produced, alongside RGB, the Telefe primetime soap *Cuando Me Sonreis* starring Facundo Arana, Julieta Diaz and Morena's discoveries [Benjamín Rojas](/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Rojas \"Benjamín Rojas\") and [Lali Esposito](/wiki/Lali_Esposito \"Lali Esposito\"). In February 2011, it was announced that Tomás would become the new [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe \"Telefe\") director, a position held by his father from 1989 to 1999\\. As of 2013, Tomás is still in charge of the channel, helping Telefe to become once again the ratings' leader after losing the top spot for two years, in 2010 and 2011, to [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 \"Canal 13 (Argentina)\").",
"Morena has five grandchildren: Valentín, Franco and Azul, from Romina's marriage with Darío Giordano; Inti and Mila, from Tomás marriage to Sofia Recca. Four characters in her new song, *Aliados*, are named after them.",
""
] |
### Family
Morena married Gustavo Yankelevich in December 1974\. Her husband became the producer of some of the biggest hits in the country, including *Mesa de Noticias*, and, in 1989, he became director of Telefe and, under his leadership, the channel became Argentina's most\-watched TV channel. He was directly or indirectly responsible for some of Argentina's biggest television shows including *[Susana Giménez](/wiki/Susana_Gim%C3%A9nez "Susana Giménez")*, *[Showmatch](/wiki/Showmatch "Showmatch")*, among many others. He left the channel in 1999 and, in the following year, founded his own production company, [RGB Entertainment](/wiki/RGB_Entertainment "RGB Entertainment"). In 2002, so she could produce *[Rebelde Way](/wiki/Rebelde_Way "Rebelde Way")*, Morena also founded her own company, [Cris Morena Group](/wiki/Cris_Morena_Group "Cris Morena Group"). From *Floricienta* in 2004 until *Casi Angeles* in 2010, RGB was a co\-producer of all CMG ventures. Despite being associates and business partners, Morena and Gustavo have been divorced since 1996\. Their two children, [Romina Yan](/wiki/Romina_Yan "Romina Yan"), who died in 2010, and [Tomás Yankelevich](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Yankelevich "Tomás Yankelevich"), were both involved in show business.
Romina was an actress. She started her career as one of the co\-hosts in *[Jugate Conmigo](/wiki/Jugate_Conmigo "Jugate Conmigo")* and became extremely popular playing Belén, the central figure in her mother's hugely successful children\-oriented telenovela *[Chiquititas](/wiki/Chiquititas "Chiquititas")*, in which she starred from '95 to '98\. She also starred as Belén in the movie *[Chiquititas: Rincón de luz](/wiki/Chiquititas:Rinc%C3%B3n_de_luz "Rincón de luz")* in 2001\. With her mother, she did *[Jugate Conmigo](/wiki/Jugate_Conmigo "Jugate Conmigo")* (1991–1993\), *[Chiquititas](/wiki/Chiquititas "Chiquititas")* (1995–1998\), *[Amor Mío](/wiki/Amor_m%C3%ADo_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 "Amor mío (Argentine TV series)")* (2005\) and *B\&B: Bella y Bestia* (2008\). Both *Amor Mio* and *B\&B* were also co\-produced by her father which also chose her as host in *[Playhouse Disney](/wiki/Playhouse_Disney "Playhouse Disney")* (2001–2003\) and as the lead in *Abra tus Ojos* (2003\). She co\-created *[Amor Mío](/wiki/Amor_m%C3%ADo_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 "Amor mío (Argentine TV series)")*, her biggest hit since *Chiquititas*, with her mother and the show was co\-produced by her father and directed by Tomás, her brother.
Romina died from a sudden heart attack on 28 September 2010 when she was 36\. She had three kids. As an honor to Gustavo Yanklevich's contribution to the channel, Telefe suspended all of its primetime shows on the day of her death to air a tribute to Romina. Marcelo Tinelli, host of Argentina's highest\-rated show, also canceled his *Showmatch* show for the day in respect (Gustavo is Tinelli's mentor). Later, named his TV studio after Romina and also opened a pediatric hospital in her name. The day of her death, all four TV channels in Argentina suspended their primetime shows to air tributes and the news shows attracted the biggest audience of the year,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.asteriscos.tv/noticia\-30360\.html\|title \= Esta vez, la tele decidió que el show no debía seguir \- Asteriscos.Tv}} with [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe "Telefe") and [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 "Canal 13 (Argentina)") reaching a combined 40 points of ratings during their primetime newscasts. After the shock of Romina's death, Morena announced a hiatus from TV production, closing down her production company for two years.
Tomás attended [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California") film school.{{cite news \| first\=Charles \| last\=Newberry \| url\=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117903436\.html \| title\= 'Popstars' Bandana Hit Big Screen \| work\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 \| date\=18 April 2004}} He worked at both [RGB](/wiki/RGB "RGB") and Cris Morena Group and, in 2011, opened his own production company, *Utopia*. He was the director of [Bandana](/wiki/Bandana "Bandana")'s feature film *[Vivir Intentando](/wiki/Vivir_Intentando "Vivir Intentando")* and directed several episodes of *Amor Mío* and *B\&B: Bella y Bestia*. In 2011, he opened his own production company, Utopia, and filled the void left by his mother's hiatus with the kids\-oriented fiction show, *[Supertorpe](/wiki/Supertorpe "Supertorpe")*, which aired in [Disney Channel Latin America](/wiki/Disney_Channel "Disney Channel") and [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe "Telefe"). Although Morena's involvement was kept to a minimum, the show starred Candela Vetrano and Pablo Martinez — both discovered by Morena — and she contributed songs to its soundtrack. Even though the show achieved some success — spawning a live musical and winning a Martin Fierro award — it could not reach the level of success achieved by his mother's shows and only lasted one season. Tomás also co\-produced, alongside RGB, the Telefe primetime soap *Cuando Me Sonreis* starring Facundo Arana, Julieta Diaz and Morena's discoveries [Benjamín Rojas](/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Rojas "Benjamín Rojas") and [Lali Esposito](/wiki/Lali_Esposito "Lali Esposito"). In February 2011, it was announced that Tomás would become the new [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe "Telefe") director, a position held by his father from 1989 to 1999\. As of 2013, Tomás is still in charge of the channel, helping Telefe to become once again the ratings' leader after losing the top spot for two years, in 2010 and 2011, to [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 "Canal 13 (Argentina)").
Morena has five grandchildren: Valentín, Franco and Azul, from Romina's marriage with Darío Giordano; Inti and Mila, from Tomás marriage to Sofia Recca. Four characters in her new song, *Aliados*, are named after them.
|
[
"### Family",
"Morena married Gustavo Yankelevich in December 1974\\. Her husband became the producer of some of the biggest hits in the country, including *Mesa de Noticias*, and, in 1989, he became director of Telefe and, under his leadership, the channel became Argentina's most\\-watched TV channel. He was directly or indirectly responsible for some of Argentina's biggest television shows including *[Susana Giménez](/wiki/Susana_Gim%C3%A9nez \"Susana Giménez\")*, *[Showmatch](/wiki/Showmatch \"Showmatch\")*, among many others. He left the channel in 1999 and, in the following year, founded his own production company, [RGB Entertainment](/wiki/RGB_Entertainment \"RGB Entertainment\"). In 2002, so she could produce *[Rebelde Way](/wiki/Rebelde_Way \"Rebelde Way\")*, Morena also founded her own company, [Cris Morena Group](/wiki/Cris_Morena_Group \"Cris Morena Group\"). From *Floricienta* in 2004 until *Casi Angeles* in 2010, RGB was a co\\-producer of all CMG ventures. Despite being associates and business partners, Morena and Gustavo have been divorced since 1996\\. Their two children, [Romina Yan](/wiki/Romina_Yan \"Romina Yan\"), who died in 2010, and [Tomás Yankelevich](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Yankelevich \"Tomás Yankelevich\"), were both involved in show business.",
"Romina was an actress. She started her career as one of the co\\-hosts in *[Jugate Conmigo](/wiki/Jugate_Conmigo \"Jugate Conmigo\")* and became extremely popular playing Belén, the central figure in her mother's hugely successful children\\-oriented telenovela *[Chiquititas](/wiki/Chiquititas \"Chiquititas\")*, in which she starred from '95 to '98\\. She also starred as Belén in the movie *[Chiquititas: Rincón de luz](/wiki/Chiquititas:Rinc%C3%B3n_de_luz \"Rincón de luz\")* in 2001\\. With her mother, she did *[Jugate Conmigo](/wiki/Jugate_Conmigo \"Jugate Conmigo\")* (1991–1993\\), *[Chiquititas](/wiki/Chiquititas \"Chiquititas\")* (1995–1998\\), *[Amor Mío](/wiki/Amor_m%C3%ADo_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 \"Amor mío (Argentine TV series)\")* (2005\\) and *B\\&B: Bella y Bestia* (2008\\). Both *Amor Mio* and *B\\&B* were also co\\-produced by her father which also chose her as host in *[Playhouse Disney](/wiki/Playhouse_Disney \"Playhouse Disney\")* (2001–2003\\) and as the lead in *Abra tus Ojos* (2003\\). She co\\-created *[Amor Mío](/wiki/Amor_m%C3%ADo_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 \"Amor mío (Argentine TV series)\")*, her biggest hit since *Chiquititas*, with her mother and the show was co\\-produced by her father and directed by Tomás, her brother.",
"Romina died from a sudden heart attack on 28 September 2010 when she was 36\\. She had three kids. As an honor to Gustavo Yanklevich's contribution to the channel, Telefe suspended all of its primetime shows on the day of her death to air a tribute to Romina. Marcelo Tinelli, host of Argentina's highest\\-rated show, also canceled his *Showmatch* show for the day in respect (Gustavo is Tinelli's mentor). Later, named his TV studio after Romina and also opened a pediatric hospital in her name. The day of her death, all four TV channels in Argentina suspended their primetime shows to air tributes and the news shows attracted the biggest audience of the year,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.asteriscos.tv/noticia\\-30360\\.html\\|title \\= Esta vez, la tele decidió que el show no debía seguir \\- Asteriscos.Tv}} with [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe \"Telefe\") and [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 \"Canal 13 (Argentina)\") reaching a combined 40 points of ratings during their primetime newscasts. After the shock of Romina's death, Morena announced a hiatus from TV production, closing down her production company for two years.",
"Tomás attended [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California \"University of Southern California\") film school.{{cite news \\| first\\=Charles \\| last\\=Newberry \\| url\\=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117903436\\.html \\| title\\= 'Popstars' Bandana Hit Big Screen \\| work\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 \\| date\\=18 April 2004}} He worked at both [RGB](/wiki/RGB \"RGB\") and Cris Morena Group and, in 2011, opened his own production company, *Utopia*. He was the director of [Bandana](/wiki/Bandana \"Bandana\")'s feature film *[Vivir Intentando](/wiki/Vivir_Intentando \"Vivir Intentando\")* and directed several episodes of *Amor Mío* and *B\\&B: Bella y Bestia*. In 2011, he opened his own production company, Utopia, and filled the void left by his mother's hiatus with the kids\\-oriented fiction show, *[Supertorpe](/wiki/Supertorpe \"Supertorpe\")*, which aired in [Disney Channel Latin America](/wiki/Disney_Channel \"Disney Channel\") and [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe \"Telefe\"). Although Morena's involvement was kept to a minimum, the show starred Candela Vetrano and Pablo Martinez — both discovered by Morena — and she contributed songs to its soundtrack. Even though the show achieved some success — spawning a live musical and winning a Martin Fierro award — it could not reach the level of success achieved by his mother's shows and only lasted one season. Tomás also co\\-produced, alongside RGB, the Telefe primetime soap *Cuando Me Sonreis* starring Facundo Arana, Julieta Diaz and Morena's discoveries [Benjamín Rojas](/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Rojas \"Benjamín Rojas\") and [Lali Esposito](/wiki/Lali_Esposito \"Lali Esposito\"). In February 2011, it was announced that Tomás would become the new [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe \"Telefe\") director, a position held by his father from 1989 to 1999\\. As of 2013, Tomás is still in charge of the channel, helping Telefe to become once again the ratings' leader after losing the top spot for two years, in 2010 and 2011, to [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 \"Canal 13 (Argentina)\").",
"Morena has five grandchildren: Valentín, Franco and Azul, from Romina's marriage with Darío Giordano; Inti and Mila, from Tomás marriage to Sofia Recca. Four characters in her new song, *Aliados*, are named after them.",
""
] |
Producer
--------
### *Jugate Conmigo*
{{Main\|Jugate Conmigo}}
After two important and memorable roles on television, Morena decided to give production a try. The result was *[Jugate Conmigo](/wiki/Jugate_Conmigo "Jugate Conmigo")*, which debuted in 1991 and was aired at weekdays during the 6{{nbsp}}p.m. slot at Telefe. The show concept was a mix of game show and variety show targeted to teenagers. Morena was the main host and the rest of the cast consisted of a group of ten attractive teenagers, five of each sex.
The show was taped in front of a live audience formed by tweens and teens. The main part of the show was the games with huge prizes that were played by the [audience](/wiki/Audience "Audience") and the young cast members themselves. It also had [sketches](/wiki/Sketch_comedy "Sketch comedy"), musical segments and celebrity guests. The show also featured original music. Every year, a new CD was released with about 10 new songs sung by the cast. They sang about teen issues such as gossip, jealously, love, first sexual experiences, kisses and friends. All the songs were composed by Morena herself alongside her songwriting partner [Carlos Nilson](/wiki/Carlos_Nilson "Carlos Nilson").
Soon after its debut, the show became a huge sensation and the teenagers who formed the cast became overnight [teen idols](/wiki/Teen_idols "Teen idols"). They held concerts at Estadio Obras in 1992 and at Teatro Gran Rex in 1994\. The show also spawned four album, all of them certified Platinum. In 1992, *Juntos*, the second season album, was the 8th best\-seller of the year. In both 1993 and 1994, Jugate Conmigo soundtracks were the best\-selling albums in the country according to [CAPIF](/wiki/CAPIF "CAPIF"), with *Abrazadissimos* and *Rejugadisimos* respectively.{{Cite news\|url \= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/77909\-la\-television\-tambien\-logra\-hacerse\-escuchar\|title \= La televisión también logra hacerse escuchar \- LA NACION\|newspaper \= La Nación\|access\-date \= 16 March 2013\|archive\-date \= 26 February 2014\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140226062113/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/77909\-la\-television\-tambien\-logra\-hacerse\-escuchar\|url\-status \= dead}}
Alongside the teens from the first two seasons of *Jugate*, Morena starred in the prime\-time series *Quereme*. The show did not perform as well as the channel had hoped and was canceled. It was Morena's last venture as an actress. During the third season of *Jugate*, a segment of the show was dedicated to weekly telenovelas starring members of the cast. It was Cris' first steps towards producing fiction. *Life College* was a telenovela that aired inside the fourth season of *Jugate Conmigo* following teenagers living in an elite boarding school. The plot of the show was similar to Cris' future hit *Rebelde Way* (2002\).
Instead of a fifth season, the show got a complete makeover. It became weekly, airing every Sunday, instead of daily and had the name changed to *Jugate con Todo* (1995\) becoming a big variety show targeted to the entire family instead of teenagers exclusively. The show would become the centerpiece of Telefe's Sunday schedule, replacing the extremely successful Marcelo Tinelli\-vehicle *Ritmo de la Noche*. The show was co\-hosted by Morena and Manuel Wirtz and was not well received, which prompted the show to change its time slot, co\-host and its format which became increasingly similar to the original *Jugate* format. *Jugate con Todo* lasted only five months and its final episode was aired the same week *Chiquititas* debuted in August 1995\. In fact, the *Chiquititas* cast were the guests in the last show. Since *Jugate*, Morena has retired completely as a TV personality.
It was the first of many Cris\-produced shows to be commercial successes but, at the same time, heavily panned by critics. At the time, she was criticized for acting like a teenager when she was over 30 years old. Even though the show was huge hit with the audience and moved millions of albums and merchandising, many critics declared the show was only aired because Morena was the wife of Telefe's director. Even though it was not praised by critics at the time, *Jugate Conmigo* is one of the most remembered shows of the early 1990s and the songs marked a generation. *Jugate* was also the TV debut for, among others, Romina Yan, [Michel Brown](/wiki/Michel_Brown "Michel Brown") and [Luciano Castro](/wiki/Luciano_Castro "Luciano Castro").
### *Chiquititas*
{{Main\|Chiquititas}}
*[Chiquititas](/wiki/Chiquititas "Chiquititas")* was a kids\-oriented soap opera, aired weekdays at 6{{nbsp}}p.m. from 1995 to 2000, and weekly in 2001\. It is one of the most popular franchises ever in Argentina's television and was what consolidated Morena as a renowned and powerful producer. It was the first television [franchise](/wiki/Media_franchise "Media franchise") in the country and changed the way local shows were produced, sold and exported.
The show debuted in August 1995 at the same time slot as *Jugate Conmigo* was originally aired, Weekdays at 6{{nbsp}}p.m. on Telefe. It started as a competitor to Canal 13's successful kids\-oriented soap *Amigovios* and, in a few weeks, it was already a huge phenomenon and easily winning its timeslot. The novela focused on a girls' orphanage, Rincón de Luz (Corner of Light), localized in [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires") and the girls' dramas, first loves, frustration of not having families among other issues. It borrowed elements from many children oriented movies and musicals, as *[Annie](/wiki/Annie_%28musical%29 "Annie (musical)")* to *[The Sound of Music](/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music "The Sound of Music")*. The leading character and the children mentor was Belén, played by Cris' daughter [Romina Yan](/wiki/Romina_Yan "Romina Yan"). The illain for the first three seasons was Carmen Morán, a very cruel woman who was one of the owners of the orphanage. Belén's romantic partner changed each season as the storylines was more adult and tense: Gabriel Corrado played the part in the first season; [Fernan Miras](/wiki/Fernan_Miras "Fernan Miras") between 1996 and 1997 and, finally, in 1998, [Facundo Arana](/wiki/Facundo_Arana "Facundo Arana"), which went on to become Argentina's most popular TV actor.
The title of the show, *Chiquititas* (*Tiny Girls*; the official English title is *Tiny Angels*), referred to the fact the orphanage was originally made up of 10 girls. To increase the public, during the end of the second season, boys were introduced and, by the third season, the orphanage was changed to a unisex unity and boys and girls now teenagers shared the spotlight, with romance among the cast being one of the shows' biggest themes.
The third\-season finale was shot on [Walt Disney World](/wiki/Walt_Disney_World "Walt Disney World") and the main teenage character, Mili ([Agustina Cherri](/wiki/Agustina_Cherri "Agustina Cherri")), the central orphan, said goodbye to the show and the actress who portrayed her, [Agustina Cherri](/wiki/Agustina_Cherri "Agustina Cherri"), went on to star in *[Verano del '98](/wiki/Verano_del_%2798 "Verano del '98")*, a teen soap also developed by Cris. Usually for each new season, a [soundtrack album](/wiki/Chiquititas_soundtracks "Chiquititas soundtracks") with about ten new songs was released. Exactly like *Jugate* a few years earlier, those albums were huge\-sellers.The series used the MTV format, and which song had your own musical video and was aired inside the show, when the situation demanded. Many of the songs, such as "Pimpollo", "Rinconcito de Luz" and "Corazon con Agujeritos", became extremely popular and are still remembered all over Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil.
After a series of complaints and heavy criticism, lighter and more romantic stories were introduced, during the third season (1997\). In a new plot, the Rincón de Luz original orphanage was closed and reopened on a new, even more picturesque house.At the fourth season (1998\), the show got a new visual identity. Starring alongside Romina Yan was [Facundo Arana](/wiki/Facundo_Arana "Facundo Arana") who played her romantic partner. The fourth season was the highest rated season of *Chiquititas* during its seven\-year run, and Arana went on to become Argentina's most popular leading actor and one of the biggest names in the country. The fourth season album was one of the best\-selling albums in [Sony Music](/wiki/Sony_Music "Sony Music") Argentina's history.{{cite news \| first\=Noberto \| last\=Malatesta \| url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/104689\-la\-industria\-discografica\-recupera\-posiciones\-y\-cada\-vez\-suena\-mas\-fuerte \| title\= La industria discográfica recupera posiciones y cada vez suena más fuerte\| work\=\[\[La Nación (Buenos Aires)\|La Nación]] \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }} As Yan decided not to renew her contract at the end of 1998, this season was the last in which she starred. She, Arana and a large part of the young and old cast said goodbye to the cast and the first cycle of the plot was ended and during the fourth\-season finale was the end of a cycle, with Bélen (Yan) and Alejo (Arana) adopting all kids. The final scene had the complete cast waving goodbye in the middle of the sea, boarding the iconic [Fragata Libertad](/wiki/Fragata_Libertad "Fragata Libertad") and singing the song *En el Comienzo*. Romina Yan and Facundo Arana reunited in 2001 to star in the movie version of the show.
In 1999, the show had a reebot and started with a new [setting](/wiki/Setting_%28narrative%29 "Setting (narrative)") (now Rincón de Luz is closed and during the first season reborn in a farm, many years after the first cycle ended. Now, the action alternates between the 'farm' and a rich and big mansion placed at the side of the mannor) and a partial renovated cast.Some actors from previous seasons, as the main protagonists [Camila Bordonaba](/wiki/Camila_Bordonaba "Camila Bordonaba"), [Benjamín Rojas](/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Rojas "Benjamín Rojas"), Santiago Stieben, [Guillermo Santa Cruz](/wiki/Guillermo_Santa_Cruz "Guillermo Santa Cruz") and [Nadia Di Cello](/wiki/Nadia_Di_Cello "Nadia Di Cello") continued in the show playing new characters. [Grecia Colmenares](/wiki/Grecia_Colmenares "Grecia Colmenares") played Ana, which replaced Bélen as the adult protagonist. [Darío Grandinetti](/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_Grandinetti "Darío Grandinetti") played her romantic interest Juan and [Marcela Kloosterboer](/wiki/Marcela_Kloosterboer "Marcela Kloosterboer") played Candela,one of the main character in the young cast. The link between the fifth season and the original Rincón de Luz orphanage was *El Libro de la Vida* (*The Book of Life*), a [scrapbook](/wiki/Scrapbooking "Scrapbooking") made by Belen and the kids in the fourth season where they shared their story. This book was found by the new orphans at the beginning of the season and that's why, when Joaquin decides to give them a home, they decide to call the farm/orphanage Rincón de Luz, as an homage to the orphans that had their dreams come true.
At the season 5 finale, the farm big house is burned down by the villain and most kids manage to escape and, following a shooting star, end up at the now abandoned original Rincón de Luz orphanage (the one used in the third and fourth seasons but completely reformed inside). The return to the original setting was a response to dwindling ratings during the previous season. The sixth season stars [Romina Gaetani](/wiki/Romina_Gaetani "Romina Gaetani") as Luz. Gaetani, who was very unknown actress until the series started, feel the similarly to what happened to [Facundo Arana](/wiki/Facundo_Arana "Facundo Arana"), went on to become a very popular actress following her stint as the main actress in the sixth season of *Chiquititas*, as her first TV role.
The year of 2001 was a bittersweet end for *Chiquititas* fans. At one side, [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina "Argentina") was going through [the worst period of the economic crisis that hit the country in 1999](/wiki/Argentine_economic_crisis_%281999%E2%80%932002%29 "Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002)") and the TV channels were also affected. Because of that, Telefé (which was not directed by Yankelevich anymore) decided to cut the budget for the show, a decision that was not well received by Morena. Since season 6 ended with a cliffhanger and the first few episodes were already shot, production resumed and the show became weekly. As a consequence, the number of episodes was severely shortened and the planned storylines, which were supposed to spawn for over 100 chapters, had to be rewritten in a very short period of time.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/320601\-el\-fenomeno\-de\-chiquititas\|title\=El fenómeno de "Chiquititas" \- LA NACION\|newspaper\=La Nación\|access\-date\=28 March 2013\|archive\-date\=1 December 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030627/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/320601\-el\-fenomeno\-de\-chiquititas\|url\-status\=dead}} In addition, because of disagreements between Morena and Claudio Vilarruel (Telefe's new director) the new season only saw the light in June, while it usually started in March (the beginning of fall in the [Southern Hemisphere](/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere "Southern Hemisphere")).{{cite web \| url\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2001/12/14/c\-327906\.htm \| title\= Chiquititas soy yo\| work\=\[\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\|Clarín]] \| date\= 14 December 2001\| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }}{{cite web \| url\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2001/10/08/c\-00204\.htm \| title\= Final poco feliz\| work\=\[\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\|Clarín]] \| date\= 8 October 2001\| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }}{{cite web \| url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota\_id\=399974 \| title\= Una rebelde con causa\| work\=\[\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\|Clarín]] \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }}
On the other hand, fans had more *Chiquititas* than ever before: besides the new episodes on Sundays, a retrospective of previous seasons was aired on the show traditional time slot (weekdays, 6{{nbsp}}p.m.), a movie version starring Romina Yan and Facundo Arana (Romina was the main protagonist of the first three seasions) was released in July (winter vacations in Argentina), to end the show [Agustina Cherri](/wiki/Agustina_Cherri "Agustina Cherri") was back as Mili on the show and the usual musical was staged at Teatro Gran Rex from June to September, including a series of special sessions with Romina Yan reprising her role as Belén (as a tie\-in for the movie, which starred her).{{cite web \| url\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2001/07/10/c\-01202\.htm \| title\= Chiquititas pero prolificas\| work\=\[\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\|Clarín]] \| date\= 10 July 2001\| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }}
Since it was one of the most profitable shows on the channel, Telefe planned on continuing *Chiquititas* without Morena. A new season, which would be called *Corazones en Banda*, was announced. Even though castings were done and a few names were attached to the project, the channel ended up not greenlighting it.{{Cite web\|url\=http://unibrander.com/argentina/36596AR/chiquititas\-2002\-corazones\-en\-banda.html\|title \= CHIQUITITAS 2002 \- CORAZONES EN BANDA (Trademark » Argentina)}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://magdabanach.blogspot.com.br/2009/06/corazones\-en\-banda\-te\-le\-fe.html\|title\=M a g d a b a n a c H}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/357398\-este\-ano\-la\-tv\-veranea\-en\-buenos\-aires\|title\=Este año, la TV veranea en Buenos Aires \- LA NACION\|newspaper\=La Nación\|access\-date\=28 March 2013\|archive\-date\=6 February 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206224621/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/357398\-este\-ano\-la\-tv\-veranea\-en\-buenos\-aires\|url\-status\=dead}}
Since music was such a huge part of the show and Morena is a huge admirer of Broadway musicals, it was decided *Chiquititas* would be transformed into a live musical in 1996\. The musical broke attendance records in its first year and became a yearly event. Each season held during the July school holidays, a huge production with the entire cast was staged at [Teatro Gran Rex](/wiki/Teatro_Gran_Rex "Teatro Gran Rex") in Buenos Aires. The theatral seasons were held between June and September and the scale of shows varied between 1 and 3 per day. Between 1996 and 2001, the show had a new script every season and was personally produced by Morena and they had budgets that normally exceeded US$1 million. Something that has never before been seen in Argentine showbiz industry.{{cite web \| first\=Juan \| last\=Garff \| url\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/1998/07/13/c\-00501d.htm \| title\= Show asombroso sin golpes bajos\| work\=\[\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\|Clarín]] \| date\=13 July 1998 \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }} Usually during June a one show was presented, during the month of July, two shows were presented daily and they sold out so fast in 1998 a third daily concert, held at the mornings or a noon, had to be added to satisfy the demand. In fact, the 1998 series of concerts are until today the biggest public recorded at the venue.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.extremista.com.ar/13277/entradas\-de\-casi\-angeles\-en\-el\-teatro\-gran\-rex\-agotadas/ \| title\= Entradas de Casi Ángeles en Gran Rex Agotadas\| work\=\[\[Extremista]] \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }} That year, the musical sold 280\.000 tickets during 94 concerts. While the storylines for the live version of *Chiquititas* were extremely more simple than the television series and almost non\-existent, the show was hugely impressive with its Broadway\-like sets, wardrobes, high budgets and special effects. Most concerts were sold out and it was the top grossing live event in Argentina every year, from 96 to 2001\.{{cite web \| first\=Juan \| last\=Garff \| url\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/1998/08/07/c\-01101g.htm \| title\= Con asistencia perfecta\| work\=\[\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\|Clarín]] \| date\=7 August 1998 \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }}
*Chiquititas* was also heavily critically panned by media vehicles during all produced sessions. The content of the show was criticized for being questionable, hypocritical, overly sexual and for showing an orphanage full of beautiful blond kids in expensive and fashionist clothes. The songs were also criticized for being heavily commercial. Despite the lack of critical support, *Chiquititas* had seven seasons, one feature film, over 400 licensed products, five international remakes, two [spin\-offs](/wiki/Spin-off_%28media%29 "Spin-off (media)") and over 1 million tickets sold during its six seasons at Teatro Gran Rex in [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires"). It was the first international franchise in Argentina's television history and is seen as a point of non\-return in a local television. To this day, it still on air in Latin America on [cable channel](/wiki/Cable_channel "Cable channel") [Boomerang](/wiki/Boomerang_%28TV_network%29 "Boomerang (TV network)").
### *Chiquititas* around the world
In 1997, Brazil's number\-2 net, [SBT](/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televis%C3%A3o "Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão"), made a deal with Telefe to produce its own version of *Chiquititas*. The show had an all\-Brazilian cast but was shot in [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires"), at the same studios where the original version was produced. Flavia Monteiro was cast as Carolina (Brazil's equivalent to Belen) and [Fernanda Souza](/wiki/Fernanda_Souza "Fernanda Souza") was Mili.
Unlike Argentina, where the plot took a while to settle in. In Brazil, from the first chapter the telenovela became an instant success. Since the beginning, the show became a huge sensation among kids and teenagers, becoming one of [SBT](/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televis%C3%A3o "Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão")'s most popular shows. When the cast returned to Brazil to promote the soap, the cast caused a lot of confusion, leading the children to outbreaks of collective hysteria. As the plot progressed, there was a need to cast more child actors and the casting tests attracted amazing and gigantic numbers of subscribers and the albums sold in huge quantity (the first album sold over one million copies while the second album was less successful, selling over 850\.000 copies).{{cite web \| first\=Ricardo \| last\=Valladares \| url\=http://veja.abril.com.br/101297/p\_146\.html \| title\=Guia do Orfanato \| work\=\[\[Veja (magazine)\|Veja]] \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011155728/http://veja.abril.com.br/101297/p\_146\.html \| archive\-date\=11 October 2012 }}{{cite web \| first\=Ricardo \| last\=Valladares \| url\=http://veja.abril.com.br/150498/p\_128\.html \| title\=Sonho de Gatinha \| work\=\[\[Veja (magazine)\|Veja]] \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011160104/http://veja.abril.com.br/150498/p\_128\.html \| archive\-date\=11 October 2012 }} Like in Argentina, the show spawned a huge quantity of licensed products and was the debut of some of Brazil's most popular young actors including the siblings Kayky and Sthefany Brito and Bruno Gagliasso.
As it is an adaptation, several differences occurred mainly motivated by the available budget and also for cultural reasons. In the first phase, the number of characters in several centers was reduced and several story lines were cut. The number of girls at the young cast was reduced from 10 to 8 and the early entry of the male cast into the orphanage, which in Argentina took place in the middle of the second season. In 1998, the visual identity of the two versions was standardized and unified. While in Argentina the telenovela was in its fourth season, in Brazil the telenovela was passing through the transition between the first and second seasons. The length of the seasons was also different. The first season was aired in Brazil in 1997, the second was broken between 1997 and 1998 and the third and fourth were shortened, being merged and aired between the second half of 1998 and all year of 1999\. In the Brazilian adaptation, several plots were cut or reallocated to other characters. Or new and exclusive plots were chosen that would serve as basis to the last two Argentine seasons. But the biggest difference was about the start of the fifth season, which aired in 1999 in Argentina and in 2000 in Brazil. As at the end of 1998, Romina Yan decided not to renew her contract with Telefé to dedicate herself to other more adult projects, the original version had to undergo a reboot and end the first cycle at the end of that season. And so, the so\-called first cycle ended. However, this did not happen in Brazil, as Flávia Monteiro renewed her contract for another two years at the end of 1998\.Due this, the producers of the plot decided that the Bélen/Carol would not end there and Raio de Luz could move for the third time and some and some characters would continue in the fifth season and the base of the structure of the history would be maintained. However, fully adapted and changed at the majority of the plots and for their maintenance, with Carolina and the young cast moving to a farm. Plus, the fifth season was the last one in Brazil, as the partnership between SBT and Telefé was not renewed, since the cost of the telenovela was practically all paid in US dollars, due the outsourcing of story production. Another thing was the fact that Argentinian economy already showed signs that it would collapse in a short time. Meanwhile, to SBT save money chose to produce Brazilian versions of know Televisa productions, as the Mexican network made high investments on these adaptations to compete with Globo's primetime and also because the texts had already been adapted for some years and archived due the successive financial crises of the channel. But the main factor for the non\-renewal of the contract is that the soap opera that was a profitable product for the channel began to lose audience and revenue during the previous season when most of the original characters had ended their plots. The idea of taking the production to Brazil was taken into account, because the story needed to be finished. January 2001\. Thus, the sixth and seventh seasons were not adapted in Brazil. The original sixth season was aired in SBT in 2007, seven years after the series had ended and three years since the reruns (which aired for only a few months because of legal problems) and again attracted huge ratings.
The Mexican adaptation of *Chiquititas* was the center of a bidding war among Mexico's world know television, Televisa, and the recently created TV Azteca. The latter ended up winning the rights to produce the show and, like the Brazilian version, sent the Mexican cast to Buenos Aires to shoot the first season. But while in Brazil the show became a huge hit, it flopped in Mexico, partially because [Televisa](/wiki/Televisa "Televisa") was, by far, the marketing leader and dominated children television in the country. Another change on the Mexican story was the fact that the "Rincón de Luz" was a co\-ed orphanage and the few child abuse plots were toned down or cut. Deals were also made with [Antena 3](/wiki/Antena_3_%28Spain%29 "Antena 3 (Spain)") in [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain") and with US producers, but the versions never materialized.{{cite news \| first\=Elizabeth \| last\=Guider \| url\=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117469464\.html?categoryid\=14\&cs\=1\&query\=TINY\+ANGELS \| title\= Telefe show is localized\| work\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 \| date\=6 April 1998}}
In 2000, *Chiquititas* became a massive hit in Israel. Again, a big merchandising was released, a musical with local actors was made with tickets selling out fast and several members of the cast (Nadia DiCello, Sebastian Francini, Camila Bordonaba, Felipe Colombo) visited the country to promote the show. The show was so huge in Israel, it motivated producer [Yair Dori](/wiki/Dori_Media_Group "Dori Media Group") to approach Morena to co\-produce a new Chiquititas season with her (due the legal troubles with Telefé, her created*Rebelde Way*with the same cast, but in another television).
### *Verano del '98*
{{Main\|Verano del '98}}
While *Chiquititas* was a massive hit among children and preteens, Telefe decided to create a show targeting teenagers to air alongside it. Gustavo Yankelevich was responsible for the initial plot and asked Morena to develop the show about a group of teens living in a small city called Puerto Esperanza. Cherri, who starred as Mili in *Chiquititas*, was chosen as the main actress and Patricia Maldonado, the screenwriter of *Chiquititas*, was in charge of the scripts. The show was intended to be aired exclusively during the summer (hence the title, translated as *Summer of 98*) but it was so successful it went on for three years (gaining the tagline *Verano Eterno*, *Eternal Summer*, later on). Morena and her staff were only in charge of the show during its first four months. However, Cris, alongside Carlos Nilson, was in charge of the music of the show for most of its run. The show spawned three albums of original music.
While *Verano* scored big numbers, being the leader among youth audience in the country, it provoked much controversy. First, it was accused of plagiarizing the American TV show *[Dawson's Creek](/wiki/Dawson%27s_Creek "Dawson's Creek")* although Verano premiered on Telefe a few days before Dawson made his debut on [The WB](/wiki/The_WB "The WB") in the U.S. Both shows had huge similarities and some storylines were identical in the first few months. The plagiarizing scandal was explained by Gustavo Yanklevich for *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_%28Buenos_Aires%29 "La Nación (Buenos Aires)")* newspaper. He confirmed Verano was hugely influenced by the American show and this happened because he went to a screening of the *Dawson's Creek* pilot months before the original airing, fell in love with it and because the show took so long to premier, he thought the drama was not picked up by the TV network. He thought the premise had much potential so he asked Morena and the production team to develop a teenage show with a similar story\-line. Telefe and [Sony](/wiki/Sony "Sony") (*Dawson's Creek* producer company) reached an amicable agreement when Sony was given the right to distribute Verano around the world.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota\_id\=89807\| title\= Telefé, en una inspiración de verano \| work\=\[\[La Nación (Buenos Aires)\|La Nación]] \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }}
The show also caused controversy because of its huge focus on sex with taboo themes like masturbation and plenty of sex scenes and sex talk involving the young teenagers. This issue was resolved by changing the time slot of the show: it was moved from its 7{{nbsp}}p.m. slot (following kids soap *Chiquititas*) to 10{{nbsp}}p.m., where it was still a big hit. It was the first teenage\-oriented show to air in that time slot. For its third season, the show came back to its original time slot with no controversy. *Verano* spawned three multi\-platinum albums and was the breakthrough of many respected and established actors including [Florencia Bertotti](/wiki/Florencia_Bertotti "Florencia Bertotti"), [Nancy Duplaá](/wiki/Nancy_Dupla%C3%A1 "Nancy Duplaá"), [Marcela Kloosterboer](/wiki/Marcela_Kloosterboer "Marcela Kloosterboer"), [Nicolás Vázquez](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_V%C3%A1zquez "Nicolás Vázquez"), [Carla Peterson](/wiki/Carla_Peterson_%28actress%29 "Carla Peterson (actress)"), [Guido Kaczka](/wiki/Guido_Kaczka "Guido Kaczka"), [Juan Gil Navarro](/wiki/Juan_Gil_Navarro "Juan Gil Navarro"), [Fernán Mirás](/wiki/Fern%C3%A1n_Mir%C3%A1s "Fernán Mirás"), *Mariano Torre*, [Florencia Peña](/wiki/Florencia_Pe%C3%B1a "Florencia Peña"), [Dolores Fonzi](/wiki/Dolores_Fonzi "Dolores Fonzi"), [Tomás Fonzi](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Fonzi "Tomás Fonzi") and other. Plans for a Brazilian version of *Verano* were made but never materialized.
Morena and *Chiquititas* production team only worked in *Verano* until the middle of the first season. Then, Morena and her staff decided to focus solely on *Chiquititas*, which was in the midst of its most successful season, so her ex\-husband and Telefe's director, Gustava Yanklevich, took charge. In an interview with [Mario Pergolini](/wiki/Mario_Pergolini "Mario Pergolini") (for his radio show *Cual Es?*), Morena revealed she did not like the direction *Verano* took after she left the production team. However, she owns the rights to the program and is listed as an executive producer for all its seasons.
In 2009, [Pedro Damián](/wiki/Pedro_Dami%C3%A1n "Pedro Damián"), which was responsible for the Mexican versions of *[Rebelde Way](/wiki/Rebelde_Way "Rebelde Way")* and *[Floricienta](/wiki/Floricienta "Floricienta")*, announced his next project for [Televisa](/wiki/Televisa "Televisa") was a version of Verano which would be titled *[Verano de Amor](/wiki/Verano_de_Amor "Verano de Amor")* and would star [Dulce Maria](/wiki/Dulce_Maria "Dulce Maria") and a big cast of new faces. The show finally debuted in February 2010 on the 7{{nbsp}}p.m. time slot being co\-produced by Cris Morena Group and RGB.
### *Rebelde Way*
{{Main\|Rebelde Way}}
After disagreements between Morena and Vilarruel, Telefe's chairman, she started developing a new show about a group of rich teenagers living in an elite [boarding school](/wiki/Boarding_school "Boarding school"). The project became *Rebelde Way*. [Felipe Colombo](/wiki/Felipe_Colombo "Felipe Colombo"), [Camila Bordonaba](/wiki/Camila_Bordonaba "Camila Bordonaba"), [Luisana Lopilato](/wiki/Luisana_Lopilato "Luisana Lopilato") and [Benjamin Rojas](/wiki/Benjamin_Rojas "Benjamin Rojas"), who were highly popular during Chiquititas' last three seasons, were chosen as the four leads (Rebelde means literally rebel but it also means stubborn, different, daring, revolted, problematic).
Until the late 1990s, producing companies—now very common in the country—uncommon and most shows were property of the channel. Morena had no plans to open her own production company but, after parting ways with Telefe and with a huge team following her, it was the only legal way to do it. [Cris Morena Group](/wiki/Cris_Morena_Group "Cris Morena Group") was born. However, the company was formed by creative staff and was not able to cope with the business and legal aspects by itself so she needed a partner to finance it. Initially, the show was to be co\-produced alongside [RGB Entertainment](/wiki/RGB_Entertainment "RGB Entertainment"), Morena's ex\-husband's company with whom she has a very amicable relationship. However, the association did not work out since she was looking for someone who could dedicate themselves entirely and RGB was busy managing girl group [Bandana](/wiki/Bandana_%28pop_group%29 "Bandana (pop group)") and [Mambrú](/wiki/Mambr%C3%BA "Mambrú"), which were directed at the same target group.{{Cite news\|url \= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/399974\-una\-rebelde\-con\-causa\|title \= Una rebelde con causa \- LA NACION\|newspaper \= La Nación\|access\-date \= 28 March 2013\|archive\-date \= 6 October 2013\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131006091714/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/399974\-una\-rebelde\-con\-causa\|url\-status \= dead}}
After offers from [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 "Canal 13 (Argentina)") and [Canal 9](/wiki/Canal_9_%28Argentina%29 "Canal 9 (Argentina)"), the show almost was not produced since the channels, still suffering from the Argentina's economic crisis, could not finance it and she needed an associate who could finance the project. The production resumed when Argentine\-Israeli producer [Yair Dori](/wiki/Dori_Media_Group "Dori Media Group") decided to invest heavily on the show after *Chiquititas* became popular among children in Israel. The production began before the show had a confirmed channel to be aired on. It was decided the show would premiere on Canal 9, which had success with teen\-oriented show *Popstars* the year before, and it would be aired every weekday at 8{{nbsp}}p.m. Soon after its debut, the show became the channel's highest\-rated show. It spawned a band, [Erreway](/wiki/Erreway "Erreway"), formed by the four protagonists, several licensed products (such as stationery items, a clothing line, a monthly magazine, cosmetics and sunglasses) and a triple platinum album.
After the reception of the show's first series, Morena decided to produce a second season and the group started touring Argentina and selling out arenas around the country and in other South American countries such as Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay and Peru. In 2003, Argentina still had not recovered from the crisis and Canal 9 was having some big financial troubles and could not finance the show anymore. Because of that, the show changed from Canal 9 to [America 2](/wiki/America_2 "America 2") in the middle of the second season alongside another CMG production, *Rincón de Luz*. The transition meant the show sets had to be rebuilt in a new studio and that the show would be off\-air for one month. It was the first time in Argentine television history a show changed channel in the middle of the season.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/508865\-dos\-tiras\-de\-mudanza\|title\=Dos tiras de mudanza \- LA NACION\|newspaper\=La Nación\|access\-date\=17 February 2013\|archive\-date\=6 October 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006084148/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/508865\-dos\-tiras\-de\-mudanza\|url\-status\=dead}}
Although *Rebelde Way* and *[Erreway](/wiki/Erreway "Erreway")* were popular, they were initially outshone by girl group [Bandana](/wiki/Bandana_%28pop_group%29 "Bandana (pop group)") and boy band [Mambrú](/wiki/Mambr%C3%BA "Mambrú"), winners of the first and second season of reality show *[Popstars](/wiki/Popstars "Popstars")*. Both bands were managed by Cris's ex\-husband and his company, [RGB Entertainment](/wiki/RGB_Entertainment "RGB Entertainment"). For the first time in seven years, Morena did not have the opportunity to use Teatro Gran Rex during winter vacations since the venue was occupied by Bandana. In the year\-end best\-selling ranking, Erreway's Señales ranked as the third\-best\-seller of the year, following Bandana and Mambrú.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?CodOp\=RACA\&CO\=6 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030201044143/http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?CodOp\=RACA\&CO\=6 \|archive\-date\=2003\-02\-01 \|title\=Ranking Anual 2001 \|website\=Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers}} However, Morena and Gustavo had an extremely amicable relationship: Morena directed Bandana's first series of Gran Rex concerts and Gustavo helped organize Erreway's first live show which would happen for free at Abasto shopping mall, repeating the successful Bandana's Abasto live debut in 2001\. Besides, Mambrú and Bandana songs were owned by Mardi Grass Publishing, which is the music publishing company owned by Morena and Gustavo in association. Rebelde Way's first\-season finale also featured a highly promoted [cameo](/wiki/Cameo_appearance "Cameo appearance") by Bandana.
Following the tradition, critics from Argentina's main newspapers were not exactly supportive of the program. *[Clarin](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 "Clarín (Argentine newspaper)")* criticized the four main characters. According to the paper, "they look and act like they're 12 years old. They're not in Chiquititas anymore. They have biceps and new "older" looks. And yet they still act like they're in elementary school".['El Perdedor'](http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/si/2002/05/31/3-394635.htm) [Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 "Clarín (Argentine newspaper)") In another review, it noted "the show sometimes look like soft porn and sometimes like a parody due to its absurd setting and the painful over\-acting", although it admitted the show was undoubtedly successful, concluding that "four months after its debut, the show already spawned a double platinum album, a music video that airs nonstop on music cable channels, a monthly magazine, cosmetics, a sunglasses and clothing line, stationery items and very good sales for the international market".['A Proved Formula'](http://www.clarin.com/diario/2002/09/25/c-00401.htm) [Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 "Clarín (Argentine newspaper)") In a review of the live concert at Teatro Gran Rex, Clarin described the cast wardrobe as "mini\-skirts, leather, knee\-high socks, rhinestones. What Cris Morena would love to still be able to pull off".['Ahorrate la plata!'](http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/si/2002/11/08/3-471127.htm) [Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 "Clarín (Argentine newspaper)")
The newspaper *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_%28Buenos_Aires%29 "La Nación (Buenos Aires)")* was less critical and even gave the show a positive nod. They rated the show as "Good" and, although it criticized the characters for being excessively stereotyped, it concludes the stereotypes are made acceptable because the telenovela distances itself from any realistic tone. It also commented that "you could find everything in the show. From very good young actors, such as Camila Bordonaba to terrible ones, such as Coco Maggio. There are some extremely well\-done sequences while others look cheap". It concluded that the biggest attractions for teenagers were the glamorous setting and the fun music and that the dialogues were fun and reflected the way teenager really talked.['Al Estilo de Cris Morena'](http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=401332) *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_%28Buenos_Aires%29 "La Nación (Buenos Aires)")*
However, it was not only critics that were not too fond of the show. Church organization and even the Argentine Camara de Anunciantes (Chamber of Advertisers), a self\-regulated group formed by huge ad executives in the country, protested the show. In 2002, Morena was interviewed for the TV show *Horizontal/Vertical* to promote *Rebelde Way*. Carlos Polimenni, a journalist and panelist on the program, attacked her, arguing her TV shows were "crap" and "too commercial". Morena, visibly upset, replied: "You're such an idiot. You pretend to be a serious journalist while being a panelist in a gossip show".['Frase del año ¿Moria, Mirtha, Trezeguet, Cris o Polimeni?'](http://www.terra.com.ar/ctematicos/television2002/59/59009.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002433/http://www.terra.com.ar/ctematicos/television2002/59/59009\.html \|date\=4 March 2016 }} Terra In 2003, Morena fired back at critics, saying: "Critics are increasingly distant of the general public opinion. They are so out of touch with reality they remind me of politics. And politics are not exactly doing well at their jobs right now, are they?". She continued: "Some people say my programs are too commercial. What's wrong with that? The ideal recipe in television is to do a show that's well done and successful. It does not makes any sense to do a show or a musical or an art exhibition for a minimal audience. What I want to do is to get to biggest number of people I can in the best way possible".["Soy comercial"](http://190.224.163.230/diario/2003/0724/texto/not_20030724_133867.htm){{Dead link\|date\=July 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
While *Rebelde Way* and the spawned band *Erreway* were popular in Argentina, they achieved even more in Israel, where the show benefited from the hype surrounding *Chiquititas*. *Rebelde Way* soon became the most\-watched show among children and teenagers in the country, the group was contracted by several companies, from McDonald's to Swatch, to promote their products and their concerts in [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv") were attended by over 100,000 people. Hysteria was so big that they were headlines of the country's biggest and most important newspaper on the day of their arrival in the country. A phenomenon so big was never before seen in Israel and even though several kids and teenage\-oriented shows of the same vein were aired later in the country, most of them coming from Argentina, never a show came close to the mass hysteria *Rebelde Way* caused among Israeli youth.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2003/04/20/c\-00811\.htm\| title\= Los rebeldes que conquistaron Tierra Santa\| work\=\[\[La Nación (Buenos Aires)\|La Nación]] \| date\= 20 April 2003\| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }} Argentina is still instantaneously connected with this show by Israeli natives and both the Mexican and the Brazilian versions were also aired.
[Yair Dori](/wiki/Dori_Media_Group "Dori Media Group") wanted to extend *Rebelde Way* for a third season but, due to Cris' refusal, was unable to.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota\_id\=608636\| title\= Hace hablar en español a los israelíes\| work\=\[\[La Nación (Buenos Aires)\|La Nación]] \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }} Yair tried to recreate the success with *El Refugio de los Sueños*, which had most of Rebelde's cast, but the show was a failure in Argentina and Israel. After *Rebelde Way*, Morena's partnership with Yair Dori did not go for too long. From *Floricienta* on, RGB Entertainment became her business associate.
In 2004, Erreway, the band, did their last projects together: the movie *Erreway: Cuatro Caminos*, which was released in theaters, the album *Memoria* and their goodbye tour. Three years after the end of the band and four years after the TV show, *Rebelde Way* started airing in Spain and soon became a success. With the defunct band appearing in several magazine covers and moving thousands of merchandising and albums, they decided to reunite for a Spanish arena tour. The tour caused mass polemic when it was announced Luisana would not be touring with them and had left the band. This announcement was made when tickets were already on sale and her image and name appeared on the promotional material. Even with the Luisana controversy, the tour was successful, with all shows selling out, and the three remaining members reunited to do a new album especially for the Spanish market where a new tour was also planned. While the album, titled *Vuelvo*, was recorded, legal problems with [Pol\-ka](/wiki/Pol-ka "Pol-ka"), which produced *Son de Fierro* (with Felipe and Camila on the cast), caused the new studio album and the tour to be canceled. The new material recorded by the band was used in *Atr@pados*, a soap made for cellphones and the Internet which starred [Benjamin Rojas](/wiki/Benjamin_Rojas "Benjamin Rojas") and [Felipe Colombo](/wiki/Felipe_Colombo "Felipe Colombo"), the male half of Erreway. *Atrap@dos* was shot in 2009 but the project was never officially released, airing as shorts on Yups.TV in 2012\.
A number of [copycat](/wiki/wikt:Copy_cat "Copy cat") shows with the same format and with a big chunk of the original secondary cast were aired on Argentinian television, many of them co\-produced by Yair Dori, who was still trying to recreate *Rebelde Way*{{'s}} momentum (especially in the Israeli market). Those shows included *El Refugio de los Sueños* (aired in Canal 13 against Chiquititas in 2006\), *Frecuencia '04* (aired on Telefe in 2004 against Floricienta), *Paraiso Rock* (aired in Canal 9 in 2005\) and *Romeo y Julieta* (aired in Canal 9 in 2007\). Those were all commercial failures in both Argentina and Israel and were canceled. Morena had no relation to those productions.
### *Rebelde Way* foreign versions
In 2004, [Star One](/wiki/STAR_One "STAR One") bought the rights to adapt the show for India and [REMIX](/wiki/Remix_%28STAR_One%29 "Remix (STAR One)") was a huge success and caused a big impact among the local youth.
In 2004, Mexico's Televisa debuted their own version of the show, *[Rebelde](/wiki/Rebelde_%28Mexican_telenovela%29 "Rebelde (Mexican telenovela)")*. The soap was, once again, a huge phenomenon among Latin\-American crowd and the group that spawned from the show, [RBD](/wiki/RBD "RBD") sold out Latin America's biggest stadiums and were the first group to receive a Diamond Record for sales in Mexico since OV7 in 2000\. They achieved record sales in [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia "Colombia") (were they outsold [Shakira](/wiki/Shakira "Shakira") and [Juanes](/wiki/Juanes "Juanes")), Brazil, Spain and [Chile](/wiki/Chile "Chile") and in almost every Latin\-American country.
In Brazil, where Hispanic pop is unpopular, RBD sold over 2\.5 million records. Their first concert in the country, which was free, was marked by tragedy when a much bigger crowd than expected turned out and a stampede killed two young fans. Later, they were the first Spanish language acts to do a concert at the world's biggest stadium, [Maracanã](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_do_Maracan%C3%A3 "Estádio do Maracanã"), in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro").
Ironically, one of the few markets in which [Rebelde](/wiki/Rebelde_%28Mexican_telenovela%29 "Rebelde (Mexican telenovela)") did not perform well was Argentina, where it only debuted in 2008, two years after their peak (because of contractual obligations with Cris Morena Group and Dori Media). They still managed to achieve a [Golden record](/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification "Music recording sales certification") for sales with their album, *[Empezar Desde Cero](/wiki/Empezar_Desde_Cero "Empezar Desde Cero")* according to CAPIF and their first concert in Buenos Aires (part of their goodbye tour) sold\-out. Morena was in attendance at the concert.
At the end of August, a Portuguese adaptation of the show premiered on [SIC](/wiki/Sociedade_Independente_de_Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o "Sociedade Independente de Comunicação"). It also had remakes in Brazil, by [Record](/wiki/Rede_Record "Rede Record") and Chile, by Mega. In both countries, Brazil and Chile, the Mexican version aired with huge success. In Chile, the Argentinean version was also broadcast.
In 2009, it was revealed [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company "Fox Broadcasting Company") and [Jennifer Lopez](/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez "Jennifer Lopez")'s production company had the rights for the American remake.
### *Floricienta*
{{Main\|Floricienta}}
When many doubted Morena could exceed her previous hits, she surprised again with *Floricienta*. A modern retelling of Cinderella (the title was a mix of Flor, the main character nickname, and Cenicienta, Spanish for [Cinderella](/wiki/Cinderella "Cinderella")), the story was developed by Morena as a starring\-vehicle for [Florencia Bertotti](/wiki/Florencia_Bertotti "Florencia Bertotti").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.terra.com.ar/canales/tv/87/87076\.html \|title\=Terra \- Cris Morena: "Yo no soy pacata ni hipócrita"\> 11\-3\-2004 \- Entretenimiento \|access\-date\=3 June 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329043702/http://www.terra.com.ar/canales/tv/87/87076\.html \|archive\-date\=29 March 2012 }}
After being panned by critics since 1991 with *Jugate*, Morena finally received praise. Clarin, in their first positive nod of one of her productions, rated the show as "very good" and noted that "\[w]hat Cris Morena declared is true: Floricienta is not much better than all her other children and teen\-oriented sagas that were previously on (Chiquititas, Verano del '98, Rebelde Way, Rincón de Luz). However, being only a tiny bit better, it conquered not only the public but also the very mischievous public opinion (and while both may look the same, they're definitely not)". The critic praised the actors, especially Florencia Bertotti, the editing, the story, the scripts and the pace of the show.["La Edad de la Inocencia"](http://www.clarin.com/diario/2004/04/30/c-00201.htm), *[Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 "Clarín (Argentine newspaper)")* It is important to note, however, that Clarin and Canal 13, which originally aired Floricienta, are owned by the same parent company. *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_%28Buenos_Aires%29 "La Nación (Buenos Aires)")*, which has always been more positive when it comes to Cris' shows, also rated the show as "very good" praising the production, the cast and Florencia Bertotti's charisma and comedy timing.["Florencia Bertotti se destaca"](http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=585115)
*Floricienta* started with 14 points in its first episode and, by its season finale, achieved ratings of over 30 points with the death of Federico, being the biggest Morena produced hit in history, even topping *Chiquititas* 98 ratings. The first season was the highest\-rated afternoon\-slot show in Canal 13 history.{{cite web \| first\=Veronica \| last\=Pages \| url\=http://www.quovadis.com.ar/telenovelas/2006/floricienta/noticias/20041121c.html \| title\=Sonrisas y un suspiro de alivio \| work\=\[\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\|Clarín]] \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430093825/http://www.quovadis.com.ar/telenovelas/2006/floricienta/noticias/20041121c.html \| archive\-date\=30 April 2008 \| df\=dmy\-all }} Although the ending of the first season, with the death of the prince Federico, was highly criticized, the second season continued to be hugely popular. The TV show ended with Floricienta getting married in front of a big live audience and the finale was also a hit, with 25 points.
*Floricienta*, as with most Cris Morena Group productions, had a huge Broadway\-style live musical in [Teatro Gran Rex](/wiki/Teatro_Gran_Rex "Teatro Gran Rex") during the Winter Vacations. Demand for tickets were extremely high with some concerts selling out in minutes. To satisfy the demand, the cast played two end of the year concerts at Estádio Velez Sarsifield with over 40\.000 tickets sold for each of the two performances. In 2005, a new musical debuted on Gran Rex and it was also a major success with a total of 170,000 tickets sold. Because of this, eight extra shows were played in [Luna Park](/wiki/Luna_Park%2C_Buenos_Aires "Luna Park, Buenos Aires") stadium in Buenos Aires with 80,000 tickets sold. After the show ended, the complete cast waved goodbye in front of 40\.000 people at another sold\-out concert at [Vélez Sársfield stadium](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Amalfitani_Stadium "José Amalfitani Stadium"). With over 290\.000 tickets sold, it broke attendance records for a Morena musical in Buenos Aires (however, it did not break the Teatro Gran Rex attendance record, still held by the 280\.000 tickets sold by Chiquititas in the '98 season).
*Floricienta* spawned over 300 licensed merchandising, from toys to Floricienta\-branded apples. Merchandising stands selling the show products were set up at Shopping Abasto and [Unicenter](/wiki/Unicenter_%28shopping%29 "Unicenter (shopping)"). The albums were also hugely successful, with the first album being the third best\-selling album in 2004{{cite web \|url\=http://www.capif.org.ar/default.asp?CodOp\=RACA\&CO\=6 \|title\=CAPIF \|website\=www.capif.org.ar \|access\-date\=12 January 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050213080640/http://www.capif.org.ar/default.asp?CodOp\=RACA\&CO\=6 \|archive\-date\=13 February 2005 }} and the 10th best\-selling album in 2005 (and, after achieving four times platinum, becoming the best\-selling Cris' album since *Chiquititas* 1998\). The second season soundtrack was the top\-seller in 2005\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.capif.org.ar/default.asp?CodOp\=ESCA\&CO\=6 \|title\=CAPIF ::: Representando a la Industra Argentina de la Música ::: \|website\=www.capif.org.ar \|access\-date\=12 January 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615163805/http://www.capif.org.ar/default.asp?CodOp\=ESCA\&CO\=6 \|archive\-date\=15 June 2006 }}
*Floricienta* was also a huge phenomenon in most of Latin America where it was aired by broadcast television and also at the [Disney Channel](/wiki/Disney_Channel "Disney Channel"), where it was as popular as the American shows such as *[Hannah Montana](/wiki/Hannah_Montana "Hannah Montana")*. While *[Rebelde](/wiki/Rebelde_%28Mexican_telenovela%29 "Rebelde (Mexican telenovela)")* was arguably Cris' biggest hit in Latin America, *Floricienta* was the first original CMG production to achieve such widespread success in its original format (since *Rebelde* was a remake by Televisa, co\-produced with CMG). The cast sold out huge stadiums all over Latin America, including Mexico, where no Argentine TV show had ever achieved such a huge success (even though the show had only aired on cable). Over 1 million people attended Floricienta tour in Argentina, Mexico, Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Israel, Guatemala, Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay among many other territories.*Floricienta*, alongside *Rebelde*, was the biggest youth\-oriented show in Latin America in 2004–2005 being aired in every single country and selling out stadiums in Central America, South America and North America. During those years, Morena dominated youth\-oriented TV not only in her home country but in the entire continent.
In 2004, a Brazilian version was produced, named *[Floribella](/wiki/Floribella "Floribella")*. It doubled the ratings of [Bandeirante](/wiki/Bandeirante "Bandeirante") at its time slot, over 40 products were released and the two CDs achieved platinum certifications. In 2005, a Portuguese version was also aired at [SIC](/wiki/Sociedade_Independente_de_Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o "Sociedade Independente de Comunicação") and was a massive hit. The first CD released is the best\-selling CD ever in Portugal and over 150 products were released at the country. Because of the massive success of the show, SIC bought the rights to other three Cris Morena Group shows: *Alma Pirata*, *Rebelde Way* and *Chiquititas*. A version from Chile (also called *Floribella*) was also produced with great acceptance and the Mexican version (*[Lola...Érase una vez](/wiki/Lola...%C3%89rase_una_vez "Lola...Érase una vez")*) also did well. There was also a [Colombian](/wiki/Colombia "Colombia") version and the rights were bought for Greece, Russia, among other countries. In an interview with Radio 10 in February 2009, Morena revealed [Disney](/wiki/Disney "Disney") had bought the rights for an American remake.{{cite web \| first\=Veronica \| last\=Pages \| url\=http://www.infobae.com/contenidos/431254\-100912\-0\-Rebelde\-Way\-llega\-la\-televisi%C3%B3n\-norteamericana \| title\=Cris en Diez \| publisher\=Infobae \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 \| archive\-date\=13 March 2012 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313183601/http://www.infobae.com/contenidos/431254\-100912\-0\-Rebelde\-Way\-llega\-la\-televisi%C3%B3n\-norteamericana \| url\-status\=dead }}
Floricienta was the subject of a legal battle between Morena and Florencia Bertotti when Morena accused [Niní](/wiki/Nin%C3%AD "Niní")—the grand return of Bertotti to television after four years—of [plagiarism](/wiki/Plagiarism "Plagiarism"). The judge ruled in favor of Cris Morena Group but the two parts reached an amicable agreement which permitted the show to continue being aired in [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe "Telefe") and the musical to tour across the country. *Nini* was starred and produced by Florencia and it had much of the same production team as *Floricienta*, including its scriptwriter Gabriela Fiore.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.diaadia.com.ar/content/cris\-morena\-le\-gana\-%E2%80%9Cnini%E2%80%9D\-en\-la\-justicia\-0 \|title\=Cris Morena le gana a "Niní", en la Justicia \|access\-date\=26 July 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728190923/http://www.diaadia.com.ar/content/cris\-morena\-le\-gana\-%E2%80%9Cnini%E2%80%9D\-en\-la\-justicia\-0 \|archive\-date\=28 July 2014 }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://tvycable.com/1716/cris\-morena\-denuncio\-a\-nini\-por\-plagio\-a\-floricienta/ \|title\=Cris Morena denunció a Niní por plagio a Floricienta \|access\-date\=25 March 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117205134/http://tvycable.com/1716/cris\-morena\-denuncio\-a\-nini\-por\-plagio\-a\-floricienta/ \|archive\-date\=17 November 2012 }}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ciudad.com.ar/espectaculos/64867/estoy\-aliviada\-por\-el\-fallo\-pero\-tambien\-dolida\|title \= "Estoy aliviada por el fallo, pero también dolida"\|date \= 22 June 2010}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.flashteve.com.ar/2010/03/acuerdo\-entre\-endemol\-y\-cris\-morena.html \|title\=Flash Teve: Acuerdo entre Endemol y Cris Morena por Niní \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140107055917/http://www.flashteve.com.ar/2010/03/acuerdo\-entre\-endemol\-y\-cris\-morena.html \|archive\-date\=7 January 2014 }}
In March 2012, Floricienta—originally aired at Canal 13—started being rerun during Telefe's afternoon, increasing the slot's average {{cite web \|url\=http://blogs.formulatv.com/argentina/la\-repeticion\-de\-floricienta\-se\-emite\-con\-exito/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022637/http://blogs.formulatv.com/argentina/la\-repeticion\-de\-floricienta\-se\-emite\-con\-exito/ \|archive\-date\=4 March 2016 \|title\=La repetición de Floricienta se emite con éxito \- tv argentina}} and, despite being a rerun, beating [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 "Canal 13 (Argentina)")'s *Los Unicos* second season, which targeted a similar young audience.{{cite web \|url\=http://television.com.ar/diario\-online/minuto\-a\-minuto/data/161729/los\-unicos\-no\-pudo\-contra\-la\-repeticion\-de\-floricienta/ \|title \= Television.com.ar}} Due to high ratings, the running time was extended from 60 minutes to two hours, airing from 6{{nbsp}}p.m. to 8{{nbsp}}p.m.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.comercialesdetv.com.ar/2012/03/desde\-este\-lunes\-floricienta\-estara\-2\.html \|title\=Comerciales de TV \- el portal de la tv argentina: DESDE ESTE LUNES FLORICIENTA ESTARÁ 2 HORAS \|access\-date\=14 March 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415225959/http://www.comercialesdetv.com.ar/2012/03/desde\-este\-lunes\-floricienta\-estara\-2\.html \|archive\-date\=15 April 2012 }} It was the second time the show was repeated: it also re\-aired in its original channel, Canal 13, in 2008 also achieving very satisfactory numbers.
### *Chiquititas*{{'}} spin\-offs
After exiting Telefe in 2001 due to disagreements with then content director Claudio Vilarruel, Morena had to leave the *Chiquititas* brand behind since the name was property of the channel.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.pagina12\.com.ar/2001/01\-12/01\-12\-15/pag23\.htm\|title \= Página/12}} Decided to make a new season, Morena created a spin\-off, *Rincón de Luz* (the name of the orphanage throughout all its seven seasons), to be aired in [Canal 9](/wiki/Canal_9_%28Argentina%29 "Canal 9 (Argentina)") alongside the second season of *Rebelde Way*. Similarly to Rebelde, the show was co\-produced by Israeli production compani Dori Media.
[Guido Kaczka](/wiki/Guido_Kaczka "Guido Kaczka"), which played Belen's brother from 95 to 98 in *Chiquititas* and Argentina's best\-selling singer, [Soledad Pastorutti](/wiki/Soledad_Pastorutti "Soledad Pastorutti") were chosen as the leads. Many of the young actors from previous *Chiquititas* season, such as [Agustín Sierra](/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Sierra "Agustín Sierra"), [Natalia Melcon](/wiki/Natalia_Melcon "Natalia Melcon") and [Nadia Di Cello](/wiki/Nadia_Di_Cello "Nadia Di Cello") were also part of the cast. And new young actors and actresses like [Lali Espósito](/wiki/Mariana_Esp%C3%B3sito "Mariana Espósito"), [Candela Vetrano](/wiki/Candela_Vetrano "Candela Vetrano"), [Eugenia Suárez](/wiki/Eugenia_Su%C3%A1rez "Eugenia Suárez"), [Stéfano de Gregorio](/wiki/St%C3%A9fano_de_Gregorio "Stéfano de Gregorio"), Camila Salazar and [Gastón Soffritti](/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Soffritti "Gastón Soffritti") were also introduced.
The show debuted in April 2003\. Although it rated better than Canal 9's average numbers, it could not top the success of the previous *Chiquititas* seasons and ratings were also lower than *Rebelde Way*. In the middle of the year, due to a crisis in Canal 9, the show changed to [America 2](/wiki/America_2 "America 2") alongside *Rebelde Way* and the one\-month hiatus and frequent time slot changes in the new channel affected the show greatly. Even so, it still rated better than the channel's average.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/515261\-america\-se\-acerca\-a\-canal\-9\|title \= América se acerca a Canal 9 \- LA NACION\|newspaper \= La Nación}} Even though ratings were not as big as hoped, commercially the show was still a success, being sold to over 30 countries. The soundtrack album achieved Gold certification (a modest result compared to other Chiquititas' albums). Although it underperformed in Argentina, in Israel the show was a huge success, helped by [hype](/wiki/Media_circus "Media circus") surrounding *Rebelde Way* and the original *Chiquititas*, which had exploded there only a few years prior. The complete cast of the program visited [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv") for a series of concerts at the Nokia Arena, with over 50\.000 tickets sold.
In 2005, Morena started to patch things up with Telefe when her sitcom *Amor Mío* was picked up by the channel and aired on primetime with great success. Finally, after four years working for all its competitors, Morena returned to Telefe in an exclusivity deal in 2006\. She would produce a prime\-time show and a children\-oriented show for her traditional 6{{nbsp}}p.m. slot.
For the comeback, Morena decided to produce a new season of *Chiquititas*. [Jorgelina Aruzzi](/wiki/Jorgelina_Aruzzi "Jorgelina Aruzzi") was chosen as the central figure, Lili. Jorgelina was revealed at *[Amor Mío](/wiki/Amor_m%C3%ADo_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 "Amor mío (Argentine TV series)")*. Her romantic interest was Kili, played by Gaston Ricaud. The children cast was formed by new faces fresh out of a casting and [Lali Espósito](/wiki/Mariana_Esp%C3%B3sito "Mariana Espósito") (which had starring roles in *[Rincón de Luz](/wiki/Rinc%C3%B3n_de_Luz "Rincón de Luz")* and *[Floricienta](/wiki/Floricienta "Floricienta")*), [Stéfano de Gregorio](/wiki/St%C3%A9fano_de_Gregorio "Stéfano de Gregorio") (who had starring roles in *Rincón de Luz* and *Floricienta*) and [Candela Vetrano](/wiki/Candela_Vetrano "Candela Vetrano") (who had a starring role in *Rincón de Luz*). However, even though the album achieved double platinum, spawned over 100 licensed product and was the ratings leader on its time slot, beating Canal 13 rival show *[El Refugio (de los Sueños)](/wiki/El_Refugio_%28de_los_Sue%C3%B1os%29 "El Refugio (de los Sueños)")* (which was eventually canceled), it did not matched the phenomenal level of popularity of the previous seasons, *Floricienta* or even *Rebelde Way*.
The licensed products did not sell as much and while *Floricienta* second album was the best\-selling album of 2005, *Chiquitita*{{'s}} album was only the 6th best\-selling CD in the following year. The high\-budget Gran Rex musical did not sold out as fast and it lost out to [Disney On Ice](/wiki/Disney_On_Ice "Disney On Ice") as the top\-selling even of that year{{cite web \| first\=Veronica \| last\=Pages \| url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota\_id\=103189 \| title\= Números para nada chiquitos\| work\=\[\[La Nación (Buenos Aires)\|La Nación]]\| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }} It sold 75\.000 tickets, a huge number and the second biggest event of 2006, but it could not come close to the 250\.000 tickets moved by Floricienta the previous year.
Following the tradition of previous seasons, the new *Chiquititas* was panned by critics. *[Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 "Clarín (Argentine newspaper)")* commented the acting was solid["Corazones Renovados"](http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/04/05/espectaculos/c-00402.htm) but the story\-line was weak and *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_%28Buenos_Aires%29 "La Nación (Buenos Aires)")*, which gave good reviews for *Rebelde Way*, *Floricienta* and even some of *Chiquititas* original seasons, only gave the show a "regular" rating and criticized the weak scripts and dialogues.["Un Melodrama Poco Imaginativo"](http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=794681)
Even though the show did not surpass *[Floricienta](/wiki/Floricienta "Floricienta")*, it was still profitable enough for a second season to go under production. It was, after all, Telefe best\-selling exportation product of 2006,{{cite web \| first\=Veronica \| last\=Pages \| url\=http://www.pagina12\.com.ar/diario/suplementos/espectaculos/8\-4125\-2006\-10\-13\.html \| title\= Productos de exportación\| publisher\=Pagina12\| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }} and a commercial success. Adaptations were made in Portugal and Rumania. For the second season, the show would still be under the *Chiquititas* brand but with a whole new cast and storyline. [Emilia Attias](/wiki/Emilia_Attias "Emilia Attias") and [Nicolas Vasquez](/wiki/Nicolas_Vasquez "Nicolas Vasquez") were chosen as the leads while Alejo Garcia Pinto and Julia Calvo, both highly respected theater actors, would also be part of the cast. Finally, plans for the show to be a new season of Chiquititas were scrapped and the project was renamed and redeveloped as *Casi Ángeles*.
The 2007 season of Chiquititas revealed actors like [Pedro Lanzani](/wiki/Pedro_Lanzani "Pedro Lanzani"), Guadalupe Anton, Eva Quatrocci and [Gastón Soffritti](/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Soffritti "Gastón Soffritti"). It also marked the last time Morena worked with her songwriting partner, Carlos "Rocky" Nilson. "Rocky" Nilson went on to work at [Ideas del Sur](/wiki/Ideas_del_Sur "Ideas del Sur"), doing the soundtrack for [Patito Feo](/wiki/Patito_Feo "Patito Feo"), [Atraccion x 4](/wiki/Atraccion_x_4 "Atraccion x 4") and Malcriados. The soundtrack album for Chiquititas was mostly reworked versions of popular songs from previous seasons of Chiquititas, all of them from the 1995–1998 years. The exception were the theme song, which was a reworked version of the original *Jugate Conmigo* theme from 1991, and *Dondes Estas?*, the sole brand new track.
In 2008, [SIC](/wiki/Sociedade_Independente_de_Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o "Sociedade Independente de Comunicação") aired a Portuguese remake following Floribella's huge success. After struggling on prime\-time, the show changed time slot and the audience increased drastically. Many licensed products were released and the CD also did well in sales. A video game for the [Wii](/wiki/Wii "Wii") console was also released. Romania also bought the rights and produced their own local version.
Brazilian\-net [SBT](/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televis%C3%A3o "Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão") perceived there was still appetite for *Chiquititas* franchise after the huge ratings the reruns of the original soap achieved in 2004 and bought the rights for the 6th season, being the first Argentina's soap aired (in its original format, not remake) in the country since [Manchete](/wiki/Manchete "Manchete")'s aired *Mas Alla del Horizonte* in 1995\. In 2007, the 6th season started airing and it increased rating at its time slot. Stamp albums, dolls, a CD and other products were released. In 2008, Chiquititas '06 also aired.
### *Casi Ángeles*
{{Main\|Casi Ángeles}}
Initially, Morena planned to do the eight season of *Chiquititas* with an all\-new cast but, at the last minute, she decided to rename and restructured the whole project. Morena revealed for the first time the title of the show, *Casi Ángeles*, in a November 2006 interview to Produ.com. Production started in December and, in March, the show made its debut at Telefe, in her traditional 6{{nbsp}}p.m. timeslot. Targeted to kids and teens, the show starred [Emilia Attias](/wiki/Emilia_Attias "Emilia Attias") and [Nicolás Vázquez](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_V%C3%A1zquez "Nicolás Vázquez") and, as the [Teen Angels](/wiki/Teen_Angels "Teen Angels"), the band spawned from the show, [Lali Espósito](/wiki/Mariana_Esp%C3%B3sito "Mariana Espósito"), [Peter Lanzani](/wiki/Peter_Lanzani "Peter Lanzani"), [Eugenia Suárez](/wiki/Eugenia_Su%C3%A1rez "Eugenia Suárez"), [Nicolás Riera](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Riera "Nicolás Riera") and [Gastón Dalmau](/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Dalmau "Gastón Dalmau"). Gimena Accardi, Alejo García Pintos and Julia Calvo completed the main ensemble.
*Casi Ángeles* made a good impression in the specialized press. *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n "La Nación")* rated the show as good and praised the production and the chemistry between the main couple.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota\_id\=893688\&high\=casi%20angeles](http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=893688&high=casi%20angeles) {{Dead link\|date\=February 2022}} Fans were not so positive: in boards like Los Ángeles de Cris and Telenovelas.com.ar, fans praised the production but complained the show lacked originality, with Cielo (played by [Emilia Attias](/wiki/Emilia_Attias "Emilia Attias")) resembling [Floricienta](/wiki/Floricienta "Floricienta") and with many plots being reused and resembling those from the eight previous *Chiquititas* seasons, *Alma Pirata*, *Rebelde Way* and mostly *Floricienta*, with scenes that were exactly the same as the previous Morena show.
The show debuted with 13\.7 points, on par with previous Morena shows and leading its timeslot. However, it began struggling when *[Patito Feo](/wiki/Patito_Feo "Patito Feo")* made its debut on [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 "Canal 13 (Argentina)"). The [Ideas del Sur](/wiki/Ideas_del_Sur "Ideas del Sur") production was a huge smash and, for the first time, Morena did not have the leading children project for children in the country. *Patito Feo* products were also outselling *Casi Ángeles* and, in April, *Patito* was winning with a vantage of over 2 points in rating, forcing the show to change its timeslot to 5:30{{nbsp}}p.m.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.eldia.com.ar/edis/20070506/20070506093702\.htm \|title \= Búsqueda}} After the change, *Casi Ángeles* started to considerably increase its ratings and returned to its original slot, facing *Patito* once again. This time, ratings were more stable and the show achieved its biggest numbers with the season finale which achieved 16 points, easily beating the competitor. At the end of the year, both shows had similar numbers: *Patito Feo* averaged 12\.6 points while *Casi Ángeles* averaged 12 points.{{cite web \|url\=http://television.com.ar/diario\-online/minuto\-a\-minuto/data/136408/%C2%BFcual\-fue\-la\-ficcion\-infantiljuvenil\-mas\-vista/\#.USAbNuD\-jPA \|title \= Television.com.ar}} Commercially, the show was still a success with over 50 licensed products and a Platinum\-selling album. The musical at Teatro Gran Rex attracted over 140,000 people. Even so, commercially, managed to overshadow the "Patito Feo" tour across the country, either by the volume of tickets sold, or by the sexual harassment scandal that would come to light some time later.
In January, *Casi Ángeles* second season went into production and the show made its debut in April. To present the new season, a free, special an exclusive concert was held at Luna Park stadium for 8\.000 ticket holders. The new songs were presented for the first time and a 10\-minutes trailer was shown. The second season had an innovative format – including monologues, episodes titles and other production recourses not usually used in daily fiction shows – and a bigger focus on the teenager cast. It had a 13\.6 average, a 2\-point increase from its previous season. It also easily beat all its competitors: after winning the battle in the previous years, *Patito* ratings plunged on its second season and Morena's show ended with a vantage of over 4 points in average ratings (Patito averaged 9\.4 points in its second season).{{cite web \|url\=http://television.com.ar/diario\-online/minuto\-a\-minuto/data/136408/%C2%BFcual\-fue\-la\-ficcion\-infantiljuvenil\-mas\-vista/\#.USAb2eD\-jPE \|title \= Television.com.ar}} In November, after *Patito Feo* finale, [Ideas del Sur](/wiki/Ideas_del_Sur "Ideas del Sur") debuted its new teen oriented show, *[Atracción x 4](/wiki/Atracci%C3%B3n_x_4 "Atracción x 4")* (with the highly promoted reunion of Rebelde Way's Luisana Lopilato and Camila Bordonaba) at the 7{{nbsp}}p.m. slot as to avoid a clash with *Casi Ángeles*. However, Telefe changed the show's slot to 7{{nbsp}}p.m. and *Casi Ángeles* beat the new Ideas del Sur show.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.todotelevisionblog.com.ar/2008/11/minuto\-minuto\-ratings\-de\-la\-segunda\_17\.html \|title\=Todo Televisión: Minuto a Minuto \- "Casi Ángeles" Con Picos de 15\.5 P… \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130410011445/http://www.todotelevisionblog.com.ar/2008/11/minuto\-minuto\-ratings\-de\-la\-segunda\_17\.html \|archive\-date\=10 April 2013 }} To extend *Casi Ángeles* second season—which already had wrapped its production—Telefe decided to turn the final 6 chapters into 12 (cutting each chapter in half and extending the Teen Angels segment at the end of each episode) so the show would air for an extra two weeks. The season finale was aired in the original 60\-minute format and reached 18\.4 points, a series' high and the highest\-number achieved on an afternoon slot during the year.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.chismesyfarandula.com.ar/2008/12/casi\-angeles\-promedio\-184\-puntos\-de.html \|title\=Chismes de la farándula – Casi angeles promedió 18\.4 puntos de rating \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130410011032/http://www.chismesyfarandula.com.ar/2008/12/casi\-angeles\-promedio\-184\-puntos\-de.html \|archive\-date\=10 April 2013 }}{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1076561\-casi\-angeles\-termino\-con\-final\-abierto\|title \= Casi Angeles terminó con final abierto \- LA NACION\|newspaper \= La Nación}} The second season musical, held, as usual, in Teatro Gran Rex from June to September, became the second biggest Gran Rex ticket\-seller ever (behind only Chiquititas '98\) selling 220\.000 tickets.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.extremista.com.ar/13277/entradas\-de\-casi\-angeles\-en\-el\-teatro\-gran\-rex\-agotadas/ \| title\=Entradas de Casi Ángeles en el Teatro Gran Rex agotadas \| date\=12 September 2008 }} In October, the cast went on a national tour and, in December, to satisfy the demand, they played six additional concerts at Gran Rex in Buenos Aires.
After a three\-week vacation, the cast resumed their tour with two sold\-out concerts in [Mar del Plata](/wiki/Mar_del_Plata "Mar del Plata"). The Teen Angels were also chosen as the spokespeople for [Coca\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola "Coca-Cola") in Argentina, singing Coke's 2009 summer anthem "Hoy Quiero" and opening a Coca\-Cola stand in [Pinamar](/wiki/Pinamar "Pinamar") in front of 5,000 fans. At the start of March, the first preview of the third season started airing in Yups TV, CMG new on\-line television channel which debuted on 12 March. Also in March 2009, *Casi Ángeles* debuted on [Disney Channel](/wiki/Disney_Channel "Disney Channel") in Central American Feed, and in local feeds for Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Dominican Republic and Panama. The show was aired in 2007 in sister\-channel [Jetix](/wiki/Jetix "Jetix") in Argentina, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Uruguay. The cast visited [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City "Mexico City") to promote the debut. However, Disney broadcast an edited version of the series, since for those markets scenes alluding to sex, violence were cut.
The third season started with 18\.4 points, matching the second\-season finale. With no competitor – *Patito Feo* had been canceled the previous year – the third season became the highest\-rated yet, with a 13\.9 average (0\.5 higher than the previous season). However, it could not reach the momentum and hysteria of the previous year and the finale averaged 16\.6 points, not matching the debut or the previous year finale.{{Cite web\|url\=http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2009/12/05/espectaculos/c\-02055441\.htm\|title\='Casi ángeles', final bien arriba\|date\=5 December 2009}} The show was renewed for a fourth and final season, which averaged 11\.6 points. Its final episode averaged 13 points.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.primiciasya.com/rating/Casi\-193ngeles\-se\-despidi243\-de\-Telefe\-con\-12\.9\-puntos\-de\-rating\-20101130\-85949\.html \|title\=Casi Ángeles se despidió de Telefe con 12\.9 puntos de rating \- PRIMIC… \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130419132706/http://www.primiciasya.com/rating/Casi\-193ngeles\-se\-despidi243\-de\-Telefe\-con\-12\.9\-puntos\-de\-rating\-20101130\-85949\.html \|archive\-date\=19 April 2013 }} In both years, the cast did three\-month stints at Teatro Gran Rex and toured nationwide. All four albums achieved Platinum certification. *Casi Ángeles* became the first Cris Morena Group production to reach four seasons since *Chiquititas*. The series the most watched teen\-oriented show for most of its run and had four successful seasons at Teatro Gran Rex, with over 600\.000 tickets.
In Israel, the first season of the show aired with lukewarm reception in the local [Nickelodeon feed](/wiki/Nickelodeon_%28TV_network%29 "Nickelodeon (TV network)"). As it happened before in Argentina and [Uruguay](/wiki/Uruguay "Uruguay"), the show finally exploded in popularity when the second season started airing. Following the footsteps of [Chiquititas](/wiki/Chiquititas "Chiquititas") and *[Rebelde Way](/wiki/Rebelde_Way "Rebelde Way")* in the early 2000s, *[Casi Ángeles](/wiki/Casi_%C3%81ngeles "Casi Ángeles")* became a huge phenomenon among tweens and teens. In May 2008, Mariana Esposito and Peter Lanzani visited [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv") for a four\-day promotional visit. They caused again a collective hysteria when arrived at the [Ben Gurion International Airport](/wiki/Ben_Gurion_International_Airport "Ben Gurion International Airport") and at the hotel, taped a television special, gave interviews and shot commercials for a popular hair product brand. In September 2008, Eugenia Suarez and Pablo Martínez also visited the country for extra promotion. They also gave interviews, had a signing session and played a showcase for over 20,000 fans at [Kiryat Motzkin](/wiki/Kiryat_Motzkin "Kiryat Motzkin"). In October, the cast did a series of concerts at Nokia Stadium for over 70,000 fans. They returned to the country for additional concerts in 2009\. They also held concerts in [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid "Madrid") in Spain and [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City "Mexico City") in Mexico and visited [Rede Bandeirantes](/wiki/Rede_Bandeirantes "Rede Bandeirantes") studios in São Paulo, Brazil and [Peru](/wiki/Peru "Peru").
*Casi Ángeles* fourth season marked the last Morena production before she went on a hiatus following her daughter's sudden death in October. The final episode ended with a voice\-over by Morena herself, which said: "Así como el día sigue a la noche, todo final anuncia un nuevo comienzo. ¡Que nos volvamos a ver!" (As the day follows the night, every ending announces a new beginning. We will meet again!).
Following the end of the show, the Teen Angels continued as a band and recorded a new album. Even though Morena contributed with a few songd, she did not have involvement with the project and the group was managed solely by RGB Entertainment and her son Gustavo Yankelevich. Eugenia "China" Suarez left the band after the finale and was replaced by Rocio Igarzabal, who played Vale in *Casi Ángeles*. They toured extensively across the country throughout 2011 and 2012 and made appearances at *Dulce Amor*, another successful Telefé telenovela which had two of its members (Rocio and Nico Riera) as part of its main cast. The Teen Angels held their final concert in June 2012 at Teatro Gran Rex. *Teen Angels: El Adios*, their final concert, was released as a 3D feature film in June 2013\.
### Other projects
In 2005, besides the second season of *Floricienta*, Morena debuted *[Amor Mío](/wiki/Amor_m%C3%ADo_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 "Amor mío (Argentine TV series)")*, a romantic sitcom she started developing with her daughter, Romina Yan, in 2002\. The show starred Yan alongside Damian DiSanto and was the first Morena show not targeted to a young audience. Aired in prime time, during a time the country was undergoing a [sitcom](/wiki/Sitcom "Sitcom") boom due to the success of *[Casados con Hijos](/wiki/Casados_con_Hijos_%28Argentina%29 "Casados con Hijos (Argentina)")* and *[La Niñera](/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1era_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 "La Niñera (Argentine TV series)")*, the show averaged 20\.3 points{{cite web \|url\=http://television.com.ar/diario\-online/minuto\-a\-minuto/data/134001/%C2%BFcual\-fue\-la\-comedia\-mas\-vista\-de\-telefe/\#.UUHYi1frMqs \|title \= Television.com.ar}} and ended prematurely, despite high ratings, due to Romina Yan's pregnancy.
*Amor Mío* was adapted for Mexico's [Televisa](/wiki/Televisa "Televisa") and for Russia. The Mexican version was shot in Argentina (similar to *Chiquititas Brasil* in the late 1990s) and was a hit in the country. The Mexican version had many more episodes than the Argentine version and the scripts which were not utilized due to the show's premature ending were finally used. Even after those scripts ran out, Televisa renewed the show and brand new episodes were written by the Argentine staff especially for Mexico. After *Rebelde*, *Amor Mío* and *Lola Erase Una Vez*, Televisa signed an exclusivity contract with CMG and RGB. Under the contract, the Mexican\-net would help finance CMG productions, promote the shows overseas and handle international sales and distribution, besides having exclusive remake rights in Mexico. However, Televisa cannot interfere on the creative process.{{cite web \|url\=http://economia.terra.com/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia\=200810080052\_INF\_321031 \|title \= Terra \- Notícias, esportes, coberturas ao vivo, diversão e estilo de vida}}
In 2009, Romina and Damian reunited for a musical sitcom, *B\&B* (Bella y Bestia), also produced by Morena and RGB. She played an uptight ballerina while he played a liberal rocker which lived across from each other with their kids. The show, aired at prime time, achieved decent ratings but was not a big success.
In 2006, Morena was also in charge for a primetime show at Telefe and produced *[Alma Pirata](/wiki/Alma_Pirata "Alma Pirata")*, an adventure\-style production never before seen in Argentina. For the show, she reunited Argentina's hottest young actors (three of them discovered by her): Luisana Lopilato, [Mariano Martínez](/wiki/Mariano_Mart%C3%ADnez_%28actor%29 "Mariano Martínez (actor)") (who real life romance was causing huge media attention at the time), [Benjamin Rojas](/wiki/Benjamin_Rojas "Benjamin Rojas"), [Isabel Macedo](/wiki/Isabel_Macedo "Isabel Macedo") and [Elsa Pinilla](/wiki/Elsa_Pinilla "Elsa Pinilla") among others. It had the difficult mission of beating [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 "Canal 13 (Argentina)")'s big hit *Sos Mi Vida* on the 8{{nbsp}}p.m. time slot. It could not do it and after a few months of struggling ratings, it was moved to 7 p.m. Because of that, Mariano Martínez decided to leave the show since his contract was exclusively for a prime time show. He was killed off and Nicolas Vasquez replaced him as Luisana's character love interest. Even though the show did not fulfill expectations as a primetime show, it did particularly well in the 7{{nbsp}}p.m. slot. Its finale had a 22\.1 points rating, almost matching its highest\-rated episode (22\.4 for its debut). The show averaged 16 points for its entire run and reached its lowest point during the third month of its run when it did 12\.6 points and was almost doubled by Canal 13's competitor show. Even though Alma Pirata would not have music, it did end up having an original soundtrack album with songs composed by Morena and Carlos Nilson and sung, mostly, by Benjamin Rojas.
In 2010, Morena was responsible for the Argentine version of *[Spring Awakening](/wiki/Spring_Awakening_%28musical%29 "Spring Awakening (musical)")*. After years of being ignored by theatrical critics, she received acclaim and was awarded six Premios ACE, the most prestigious award in Argentine theater. Even though she was responsible for the biggest live musical box office draws in the country since 1996, she was never nominated for an ACE before. *Despertar de Primavera* was staged from March to June at Teatro Astral in Buenos Aires.
In 2012, YUPS TV, a television channel from RGB Entertainment and Cris Morena Group, made its debut on cable TV across Latin America and on the internet. The channel airs Floricienta, Casi Angeles and B\&B.
### *Aliados*
{{main\|Aliados}}
After a two\-year hiatus, Morena announced her highly awaited return in November 2012 at the Grammy Latino red carpet.{{YouTube\|wYkHc\-236l0}} The project, titled *Aliados*, started being promoted in December with spots inviting young people to participate in a virtual casting. After a long pre\-production period, production officially begun in March 2013\. Headlining the project are former *Casi Angeles* actors [Peter Lanzani](/wiki/Peter_Lanzani "Peter Lanzani") and [Pablo Martinez](/wiki/Pablo_Mart%C3%ADnez_%28actor%29 "Pablo Martínez (actor)") and newcomer [Oriana Sabatini](/wiki/Oriana_Sabatini "Oriana Sabatini"). The project was officially unveiled at the Telefe Upfront, *Todos Juntos 2013*, at the end of May. During the presentation, a tribute to Morena was presented and the producer made her first official appearance in over two years. Its cast—formed by Peter, Pablo and 12 newcomers—was officially unveiled.{{YouTube\|c5BcIR\_mhps}} Oriana Sabatini, Mariel Percossi, Lola Moran, Joaquin Ochoa, Carolina Domenech, Nico Francella, Julian Serrano, Agustin Bernasconi, Maxi Espindola, Eliseo Renteria, Manuela "China" Viale and Jenny Martinez made their TV debut in the show. Boy Olmni, Mercedes Funes, Paula Recca and [Dolores Fonzi](/wiki/Dolores_Fonzi "Dolores Fonzi") are also part of the cast.
*Aliados* is Cris' first weekly show. There will be 40 episodes for TV and 240 webisodes.{{cite web \|url\=http://todotvnews.com/scripts/templates/estilo\_nota.asp?nota\=nuevo%2FEventos%2FTradeShows%2F2013%2F05\_mayo%2F14\_claudio\_ipolitti\_telefe\_la\_screenings\_2013 \|title\=Todotvnews \- Claudio Ipolitti: "Queremos que este contenido se viralice" \- Eventos \- TradeShows \- 14\_claudio\_ipolitti\_telefe\_la\_screenings\_2013 \|access\-date\=8 July 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016060222/http://todotvnews.com/scripts/templates/estilo\_nota.asp?nota\=nuevo%2FEventos%2FTradeShows%2F2013%2F05\_mayo%2F14\_claudio\_ipolitti\_telefe\_la\_screenings\_2013 \|archive\-date\=16 October 2013 }} The webisodes will be unveiled daily while the show will be aired every Wednesday at 9{{nbsp}}p.m. on Telefe and Thursday at 7{{nbsp}}p.m. at FOX for the Latin America continent. Leandro Calderone, *Casi Ángeles* head\-writer, is responsible for the scripts. Instead of RGB, Telefe will co\-produce the show themselves, marking the first time Morena has worked directly with the channel since the 90s. As most Cris' projects, the show will heavily feature music with lyrics by Morena and production by Pablo Durand, which has worked with Morena since 2007, and 11 times [Grammy](/wiki/Grammy "Grammy") award\-winning producer Rafa Arcaute. The show was slated to debut on 11 June but it had its premiere date postponed to 26 June.
Originally, the show was supposed to be produced in Mexico alongside [Televisa](/wiki/Televisa "Televisa"). However, Cris' had no desire to move out of Argentina and, in the end, Telefe agreed to finance the project.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1584447\-volver\-a\-empezar\|title\=Volver a empezar \- LA NACION\|newspaper\=La Nación}} To promote it, Morena gave her first interviews since 2010 to [La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n "La Nación"), [Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 "Clarín (Argentine newspaper)") and [Diario Perfil](/wiki/Diario_Perfil "Diario Perfil") and made her first TV interview since 2005 at the [Susana Gimenez](/wiki/Susana_Gimenez "Susana Gimenez") show on the 24th. A press conference was also made before its debut and the show was heavily promoted across the web, on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") and [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook"). Morena herself joined Twitter to help promote the show.
On 26 June, *Aliados* made its debut on [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe "Telefe") at 9{{nbsp}}p.m. Instead of an early evening afternoon slot, the show will be aired at primetime weekly. During its debut, it had five worldwide [trending topics](/wiki/Trending_topics "Trending topics") on Twitter and it marked 16 points in ratings, being the most\-watched show on [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe "Telefe") during the day and the second most\-watched show on the network of the week. However, after the initial buzz, ratings fell and stabilized at around 9 points.
In September, the first issue of Aliados official magazine was released. The following month, the stamps album was also released by [Panini](/wiki/Panini_%28stickers%29 "Panini (stickers)") and the soundtrack album reached Platinum certification. The cast did an acoustic session in conjunction with [Radio Disney](/wiki/Radio_Disney "Radio Disney") and also sang live at the Mis Premios Nick award show. In November, the official live musical will make its debut at Teatro Gran Rex.
|
[
"Producer\n--------",
"### *Jugate Conmigo*",
"{{Main\\|Jugate Conmigo}}",
"After two important and memorable roles on television, Morena decided to give production a try. The result was *[Jugate Conmigo](/wiki/Jugate_Conmigo \"Jugate Conmigo\")*, which debuted in 1991 and was aired at weekdays during the 6{{nbsp}}p.m. slot at Telefe. The show concept was a mix of game show and variety show targeted to teenagers. Morena was the main host and the rest of the cast consisted of a group of ten attractive teenagers, five of each sex.",
"The show was taped in front of a live audience formed by tweens and teens. The main part of the show was the games with huge prizes that were played by the [audience](/wiki/Audience \"Audience\") and the young cast members themselves. It also had [sketches](/wiki/Sketch_comedy \"Sketch comedy\"), musical segments and celebrity guests. The show also featured original music. Every year, a new CD was released with about 10 new songs sung by the cast. They sang about teen issues such as gossip, jealously, love, first sexual experiences, kisses and friends. All the songs were composed by Morena herself alongside her songwriting partner [Carlos Nilson](/wiki/Carlos_Nilson \"Carlos Nilson\").",
"Soon after its debut, the show became a huge sensation and the teenagers who formed the cast became overnight [teen idols](/wiki/Teen_idols \"Teen idols\"). They held concerts at Estadio Obras in 1992 and at Teatro Gran Rex in 1994\\. The show also spawned four album, all of them certified Platinum. In 1992, *Juntos*, the second season album, was the 8th best\\-seller of the year. In both 1993 and 1994, Jugate Conmigo soundtracks were the best\\-selling albums in the country according to [CAPIF](/wiki/CAPIF \"CAPIF\"), with *Abrazadissimos* and *Rejugadisimos* respectively.{{Cite news\\|url \\= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/77909\\-la\\-television\\-tambien\\-logra\\-hacerse\\-escuchar\\|title \\= La televisión también logra hacerse escuchar \\- LA NACION\\|newspaper \\= La Nación\\|access\\-date \\= 16 March 2013\\|archive\\-date \\= 26 February 2014\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140226062113/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/77909\\-la\\-television\\-tambien\\-logra\\-hacerse\\-escuchar\\|url\\-status \\= dead}}",
"Alongside the teens from the first two seasons of *Jugate*, Morena starred in the prime\\-time series *Quereme*. The show did not perform as well as the channel had hoped and was canceled. It was Morena's last venture as an actress. During the third season of *Jugate*, a segment of the show was dedicated to weekly telenovelas starring members of the cast. It was Cris' first steps towards producing fiction. *Life College* was a telenovela that aired inside the fourth season of *Jugate Conmigo* following teenagers living in an elite boarding school. The plot of the show was similar to Cris' future hit *Rebelde Way* (2002\\).",
"Instead of a fifth season, the show got a complete makeover. It became weekly, airing every Sunday, instead of daily and had the name changed to *Jugate con Todo* (1995\\) becoming a big variety show targeted to the entire family instead of teenagers exclusively. The show would become the centerpiece of Telefe's Sunday schedule, replacing the extremely successful Marcelo Tinelli\\-vehicle *Ritmo de la Noche*. The show was co\\-hosted by Morena and Manuel Wirtz and was not well received, which prompted the show to change its time slot, co\\-host and its format which became increasingly similar to the original *Jugate* format. *Jugate con Todo* lasted only five months and its final episode was aired the same week *Chiquititas* debuted in August 1995\\. In fact, the *Chiquititas* cast were the guests in the last show. Since *Jugate*, Morena has retired completely as a TV personality.",
"It was the first of many Cris\\-produced shows to be commercial successes but, at the same time, heavily panned by critics. At the time, she was criticized for acting like a teenager when she was over 30 years old. Even though the show was huge hit with the audience and moved millions of albums and merchandising, many critics declared the show was only aired because Morena was the wife of Telefe's director. Even though it was not praised by critics at the time, *Jugate Conmigo* is one of the most remembered shows of the early 1990s and the songs marked a generation. *Jugate* was also the TV debut for, among others, Romina Yan, [Michel Brown](/wiki/Michel_Brown \"Michel Brown\") and [Luciano Castro](/wiki/Luciano_Castro \"Luciano Castro\").",
"### *Chiquititas*",
"{{Main\\|Chiquititas}}",
"*[Chiquititas](/wiki/Chiquititas \"Chiquititas\")* was a kids\\-oriented soap opera, aired weekdays at 6{{nbsp}}p.m. from 1995 to 2000, and weekly in 2001\\. It is one of the most popular franchises ever in Argentina's television and was what consolidated Morena as a renowned and powerful producer. It was the first television [franchise](/wiki/Media_franchise \"Media franchise\") in the country and changed the way local shows were produced, sold and exported.",
"The show debuted in August 1995 at the same time slot as *Jugate Conmigo* was originally aired, Weekdays at 6{{nbsp}}p.m. on Telefe. It started as a competitor to Canal 13's successful kids\\-oriented soap *Amigovios* and, in a few weeks, it was already a huge phenomenon and easily winning its timeslot. The novela focused on a girls' orphanage, Rincón de Luz (Corner of Light), localized in [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires \"Buenos Aires\") and the girls' dramas, first loves, frustration of not having families among other issues. It borrowed elements from many children oriented movies and musicals, as *[Annie](/wiki/Annie_%28musical%29 \"Annie (musical)\")* to *[The Sound of Music](/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music \"The Sound of Music\")*. The leading character and the children mentor was Belén, played by Cris' daughter [Romina Yan](/wiki/Romina_Yan \"Romina Yan\"). The illain for the first three seasons was Carmen Morán, a very cruel woman who was one of the owners of the orphanage. Belén's romantic partner changed each season as the storylines was more adult and tense: Gabriel Corrado played the part in the first season; [Fernan Miras](/wiki/Fernan_Miras \"Fernan Miras\") between 1996 and 1997 and, finally, in 1998, [Facundo Arana](/wiki/Facundo_Arana \"Facundo Arana\"), which went on to become Argentina's most popular TV actor.",
"The title of the show, *Chiquititas* (*Tiny Girls*; the official English title is *Tiny Angels*), referred to the fact the orphanage was originally made up of 10 girls. To increase the public, during the end of the second season, boys were introduced and, by the third season, the orphanage was changed to a unisex unity and boys and girls now teenagers shared the spotlight, with romance among the cast being one of the shows' biggest themes.",
"The third\\-season finale was shot on [Walt Disney World](/wiki/Walt_Disney_World \"Walt Disney World\") and the main teenage character, Mili ([Agustina Cherri](/wiki/Agustina_Cherri \"Agustina Cherri\")), the central orphan, said goodbye to the show and the actress who portrayed her, [Agustina Cherri](/wiki/Agustina_Cherri \"Agustina Cherri\"), went on to star in *[Verano del '98](/wiki/Verano_del_%2798 \"Verano del '98\")*, a teen soap also developed by Cris. Usually for each new season, a [soundtrack album](/wiki/Chiquititas_soundtracks \"Chiquititas soundtracks\") with about ten new songs was released. Exactly like *Jugate* a few years earlier, those albums were huge\\-sellers.The series used the MTV format, and which song had your own musical video and was aired inside the show, when the situation demanded. Many of the songs, such as \"Pimpollo\", \"Rinconcito de Luz\" and \"Corazon con Agujeritos\", became extremely popular and are still remembered all over Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil.",
"After a series of complaints and heavy criticism, lighter and more romantic stories were introduced, during the third season (1997\\). In a new plot, the Rincón de Luz original orphanage was closed and reopened on a new, even more picturesque house.At the fourth season (1998\\), the show got a new visual identity. Starring alongside Romina Yan was [Facundo Arana](/wiki/Facundo_Arana \"Facundo Arana\") who played her romantic partner. The fourth season was the highest rated season of *Chiquititas* during its seven\\-year run, and Arana went on to become Argentina's most popular leading actor and one of the biggest names in the country. The fourth season album was one of the best\\-selling albums in [Sony Music](/wiki/Sony_Music \"Sony Music\") Argentina's history.{{cite news \\| first\\=Noberto \\| last\\=Malatesta \\| url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/104689\\-la\\-industria\\-discografica\\-recupera\\-posiciones\\-y\\-cada\\-vez\\-suena\\-mas\\-fuerte \\| title\\= La industria discográfica recupera posiciones y cada vez suena más fuerte\\| work\\=\\[\\[La Nación (Buenos Aires)\\|La Nación]] \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }} As Yan decided not to renew her contract at the end of 1998, this season was the last in which she starred. She, Arana and a large part of the young and old cast said goodbye to the cast and the first cycle of the plot was ended and during the fourth\\-season finale was the end of a cycle, with Bélen (Yan) and Alejo (Arana) adopting all kids. The final scene had the complete cast waving goodbye in the middle of the sea, boarding the iconic [Fragata Libertad](/wiki/Fragata_Libertad \"Fragata Libertad\") and singing the song *En el Comienzo*. Romina Yan and Facundo Arana reunited in 2001 to star in the movie version of the show.",
"In 1999, the show had a reebot and started with a new [setting](/wiki/Setting_%28narrative%29 \"Setting (narrative)\") (now Rincón de Luz is closed and during the first season reborn in a farm, many years after the first cycle ended. Now, the action alternates between the 'farm' and a rich and big mansion placed at the side of the mannor) and a partial renovated cast.Some actors from previous seasons, as the main protagonists [Camila Bordonaba](/wiki/Camila_Bordonaba \"Camila Bordonaba\"), [Benjamín Rojas](/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Rojas \"Benjamín Rojas\"), Santiago Stieben, [Guillermo Santa Cruz](/wiki/Guillermo_Santa_Cruz \"Guillermo Santa Cruz\") and [Nadia Di Cello](/wiki/Nadia_Di_Cello \"Nadia Di Cello\") continued in the show playing new characters. [Grecia Colmenares](/wiki/Grecia_Colmenares \"Grecia Colmenares\") played Ana, which replaced Bélen as the adult protagonist. [Darío Grandinetti](/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_Grandinetti \"Darío Grandinetti\") played her romantic interest Juan and [Marcela Kloosterboer](/wiki/Marcela_Kloosterboer \"Marcela Kloosterboer\") played Candela,one of the main character in the young cast. The link between the fifth season and the original Rincón de Luz orphanage was *El Libro de la Vida* (*The Book of Life*), a [scrapbook](/wiki/Scrapbooking \"Scrapbooking\") made by Belen and the kids in the fourth season where they shared their story. This book was found by the new orphans at the beginning of the season and that's why, when Joaquin decides to give them a home, they decide to call the farm/orphanage Rincón de Luz, as an homage to the orphans that had their dreams come true.",
"At the season 5 finale, the farm big house is burned down by the villain and most kids manage to escape and, following a shooting star, end up at the now abandoned original Rincón de Luz orphanage (the one used in the third and fourth seasons but completely reformed inside). The return to the original setting was a response to dwindling ratings during the previous season. The sixth season stars [Romina Gaetani](/wiki/Romina_Gaetani \"Romina Gaetani\") as Luz. Gaetani, who was very unknown actress until the series started, feel the similarly to what happened to [Facundo Arana](/wiki/Facundo_Arana \"Facundo Arana\"), went on to become a very popular actress following her stint as the main actress in the sixth season of *Chiquititas*, as her first TV role.",
"The year of 2001 was a bittersweet end for *Chiquititas* fans. At one side, [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\") was going through [the worst period of the economic crisis that hit the country in 1999](/wiki/Argentine_economic_crisis_%281999%E2%80%932002%29 \"Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002)\") and the TV channels were also affected. Because of that, Telefé (which was not directed by Yankelevich anymore) decided to cut the budget for the show, a decision that was not well received by Morena. Since season 6 ended with a cliffhanger and the first few episodes were already shot, production resumed and the show became weekly. As a consequence, the number of episodes was severely shortened and the planned storylines, which were supposed to spawn for over 100 chapters, had to be rewritten in a very short period of time.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/320601\\-el\\-fenomeno\\-de\\-chiquititas\\|title\\=El fenómeno de \"Chiquititas\" \\- LA NACION\\|newspaper\\=La Nación\\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030627/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/320601\\-el\\-fenomeno\\-de\\-chiquititas\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In addition, because of disagreements between Morena and Claudio Vilarruel (Telefe's new director) the new season only saw the light in June, while it usually started in March (the beginning of fall in the [Southern Hemisphere](/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere \"Southern Hemisphere\")).{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2001/12/14/c\\-327906\\.htm \\| title\\= Chiquititas soy yo\\| work\\=\\[\\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\\|Clarín]] \\| date\\= 14 December 2001\\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }}{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2001/10/08/c\\-00204\\.htm \\| title\\= Final poco feliz\\| work\\=\\[\\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\\|Clarín]] \\| date\\= 8 October 2001\\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }}{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota\\_id\\=399974 \\| title\\= Una rebelde con causa\\| work\\=\\[\\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\\|Clarín]] \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }}",
"On the other hand, fans had more *Chiquititas* than ever before: besides the new episodes on Sundays, a retrospective of previous seasons was aired on the show traditional time slot (weekdays, 6{{nbsp}}p.m.), a movie version starring Romina Yan and Facundo Arana (Romina was the main protagonist of the first three seasions) was released in July (winter vacations in Argentina), to end the show [Agustina Cherri](/wiki/Agustina_Cherri \"Agustina Cherri\") was back as Mili on the show and the usual musical was staged at Teatro Gran Rex from June to September, including a series of special sessions with Romina Yan reprising her role as Belén (as a tie\\-in for the movie, which starred her).{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2001/07/10/c\\-01202\\.htm \\| title\\= Chiquititas pero prolificas\\| work\\=\\[\\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\\|Clarín]] \\| date\\= 10 July 2001\\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }}",
"Since it was one of the most profitable shows on the channel, Telefe planned on continuing *Chiquititas* without Morena. A new season, which would be called *Corazones en Banda*, was announced. Even though castings were done and a few names were attached to the project, the channel ended up not greenlighting it.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://unibrander.com/argentina/36596AR/chiquititas\\-2002\\-corazones\\-en\\-banda.html\\|title \\= CHIQUITITAS 2002 \\- CORAZONES EN BANDA (Trademark » Argentina)}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://magdabanach.blogspot.com.br/2009/06/corazones\\-en\\-banda\\-te\\-le\\-fe.html\\|title\\=M a g d a b a n a c H}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/357398\\-este\\-ano\\-la\\-tv\\-veranea\\-en\\-buenos\\-aires\\|title\\=Este año, la TV veranea en Buenos Aires \\- LA NACION\\|newspaper\\=La Nación\\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=6 February 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206224621/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/357398\\-este\\-ano\\-la\\-tv\\-veranea\\-en\\-buenos\\-aires\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Since music was such a huge part of the show and Morena is a huge admirer of Broadway musicals, it was decided *Chiquititas* would be transformed into a live musical in 1996\\. The musical broke attendance records in its first year and became a yearly event. Each season held during the July school holidays, a huge production with the entire cast was staged at [Teatro Gran Rex](/wiki/Teatro_Gran_Rex \"Teatro Gran Rex\") in Buenos Aires. The theatral seasons were held between June and September and the scale of shows varied between 1 and 3 per day. Between 1996 and 2001, the show had a new script every season and was personally produced by Morena and they had budgets that normally exceeded US$1 million. Something that has never before been seen in Argentine showbiz industry.{{cite web \\| first\\=Juan \\| last\\=Garff \\| url\\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/1998/07/13/c\\-00501d.htm \\| title\\= Show asombroso sin golpes bajos\\| work\\=\\[\\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\\|Clarín]] \\| date\\=13 July 1998 \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }} Usually during June a one show was presented, during the month of July, two shows were presented daily and they sold out so fast in 1998 a third daily concert, held at the mornings or a noon, had to be added to satisfy the demand. In fact, the 1998 series of concerts are until today the biggest public recorded at the venue.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.extremista.com.ar/13277/entradas\\-de\\-casi\\-angeles\\-en\\-el\\-teatro\\-gran\\-rex\\-agotadas/ \\| title\\= Entradas de Casi Ángeles en Gran Rex Agotadas\\| work\\=\\[\\[Extremista]] \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }} That year, the musical sold 280\\.000 tickets during 94 concerts. While the storylines for the live version of *Chiquititas* were extremely more simple than the television series and almost non\\-existent, the show was hugely impressive with its Broadway\\-like sets, wardrobes, high budgets and special effects. Most concerts were sold out and it was the top grossing live event in Argentina every year, from 96 to 2001\\.{{cite web \\| first\\=Juan \\| last\\=Garff \\| url\\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/1998/08/07/c\\-01101g.htm \\| title\\= Con asistencia perfecta\\| work\\=\\[\\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\\|Clarín]] \\| date\\=7 August 1998 \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }}",
"*Chiquititas* was also heavily critically panned by media vehicles during all produced sessions. The content of the show was criticized for being questionable, hypocritical, overly sexual and for showing an orphanage full of beautiful blond kids in expensive and fashionist clothes. The songs were also criticized for being heavily commercial. Despite the lack of critical support, *Chiquititas* had seven seasons, one feature film, over 400 licensed products, five international remakes, two [spin\\-offs](/wiki/Spin-off_%28media%29 \"Spin-off (media)\") and over 1 million tickets sold during its six seasons at Teatro Gran Rex in [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires \"Buenos Aires\"). It was the first international franchise in Argentina's television history and is seen as a point of non\\-return in a local television. To this day, it still on air in Latin America on [cable channel](/wiki/Cable_channel \"Cable channel\") [Boomerang](/wiki/Boomerang_%28TV_network%29 \"Boomerang (TV network)\").",
"### *Chiquititas* around the world",
"In 1997, Brazil's number\\-2 net, [SBT](/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televis%C3%A3o \"Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão\"), made a deal with Telefe to produce its own version of *Chiquititas*. The show had an all\\-Brazilian cast but was shot in [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires \"Buenos Aires\"), at the same studios where the original version was produced. Flavia Monteiro was cast as Carolina (Brazil's equivalent to Belen) and [Fernanda Souza](/wiki/Fernanda_Souza \"Fernanda Souza\") was Mili.",
"Unlike Argentina, where the plot took a while to settle in. In Brazil, from the first chapter the telenovela became an instant success. Since the beginning, the show became a huge sensation among kids and teenagers, becoming one of [SBT](/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televis%C3%A3o \"Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão\")'s most popular shows. When the cast returned to Brazil to promote the soap, the cast caused a lot of confusion, leading the children to outbreaks of collective hysteria. As the plot progressed, there was a need to cast more child actors and the casting tests attracted amazing and gigantic numbers of subscribers and the albums sold in huge quantity (the first album sold over one million copies while the second album was less successful, selling over 850\\.000 copies).{{cite web \\| first\\=Ricardo \\| last\\=Valladares \\| url\\=http://veja.abril.com.br/101297/p\\_146\\.html \\| title\\=Guia do Orfanato \\| work\\=\\[\\[Veja (magazine)\\|Veja]] \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011155728/http://veja.abril.com.br/101297/p\\_146\\.html \\| archive\\-date\\=11 October 2012 }}{{cite web \\| first\\=Ricardo \\| last\\=Valladares \\| url\\=http://veja.abril.com.br/150498/p\\_128\\.html \\| title\\=Sonho de Gatinha \\| work\\=\\[\\[Veja (magazine)\\|Veja]] \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011160104/http://veja.abril.com.br/150498/p\\_128\\.html \\| archive\\-date\\=11 October 2012 }} Like in Argentina, the show spawned a huge quantity of licensed products and was the debut of some of Brazil's most popular young actors including the siblings Kayky and Sthefany Brito and Bruno Gagliasso.",
"As it is an adaptation, several differences occurred mainly motivated by the available budget and also for cultural reasons. In the first phase, the number of characters in several centers was reduced and several story lines were cut. The number of girls at the young cast was reduced from 10 to 8 and the early entry of the male cast into the orphanage, which in Argentina took place in the middle of the second season. In 1998, the visual identity of the two versions was standardized and unified. While in Argentina the telenovela was in its fourth season, in Brazil the telenovela was passing through the transition between the first and second seasons. The length of the seasons was also different. The first season was aired in Brazil in 1997, the second was broken between 1997 and 1998 and the third and fourth were shortened, being merged and aired between the second half of 1998 and all year of 1999\\. In the Brazilian adaptation, several plots were cut or reallocated to other characters. Or new and exclusive plots were chosen that would serve as basis to the last two Argentine seasons. But the biggest difference was about the start of the fifth season, which aired in 1999 in Argentina and in 2000 in Brazil. As at the end of 1998, Romina Yan decided not to renew her contract with Telefé to dedicate herself to other more adult projects, the original version had to undergo a reboot and end the first cycle at the end of that season. And so, the so\\-called first cycle ended. However, this did not happen in Brazil, as Flávia Monteiro renewed her contract for another two years at the end of 1998\\.Due this, the producers of the plot decided that the Bélen/Carol would not end there and Raio de Luz could move for the third time and some and some characters would continue in the fifth season and the base of the structure of the history would be maintained. However, fully adapted and changed at the majority of the plots and for their maintenance, with Carolina and the young cast moving to a farm. Plus, the fifth season was the last one in Brazil, as the partnership between SBT and Telefé was not renewed, since the cost of the telenovela was practically all paid in US dollars, due the outsourcing of story production. Another thing was the fact that Argentinian economy already showed signs that it would collapse in a short time. Meanwhile, to SBT save money chose to produce Brazilian versions of know Televisa productions, as the Mexican network made high investments on these adaptations to compete with Globo's primetime and also because the texts had already been adapted for some years and archived due the successive financial crises of the channel. But the main factor for the non\\-renewal of the contract is that the soap opera that was a profitable product for the channel began to lose audience and revenue during the previous season when most of the original characters had ended their plots. The idea of taking the production to Brazil was taken into account, because the story needed to be finished. January 2001\\. Thus, the sixth and seventh seasons were not adapted in Brazil. The original sixth season was aired in SBT in 2007, seven years after the series had ended and three years since the reruns (which aired for only a few months because of legal problems) and again attracted huge ratings.",
"The Mexican adaptation of *Chiquititas* was the center of a bidding war among Mexico's world know television, Televisa, and the recently created TV Azteca. The latter ended up winning the rights to produce the show and, like the Brazilian version, sent the Mexican cast to Buenos Aires to shoot the first season. But while in Brazil the show became a huge hit, it flopped in Mexico, partially because [Televisa](/wiki/Televisa \"Televisa\") was, by far, the marketing leader and dominated children television in the country. Another change on the Mexican story was the fact that the \"Rincón de Luz\" was a co\\-ed orphanage and the few child abuse plots were toned down or cut. Deals were also made with [Antena 3](/wiki/Antena_3_%28Spain%29 \"Antena 3 (Spain)\") in [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") and with US producers, but the versions never materialized.{{cite news \\| first\\=Elizabeth \\| last\\=Guider \\| url\\=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117469464\\.html?categoryid\\=14\\&cs\\=1\\&query\\=TINY\\+ANGELS \\| title\\= Telefe show is localized\\| work\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 \\| date\\=6 April 1998}}",
"In 2000, *Chiquititas* became a massive hit in Israel. Again, a big merchandising was released, a musical with local actors was made with tickets selling out fast and several members of the cast (Nadia DiCello, Sebastian Francini, Camila Bordonaba, Felipe Colombo) visited the country to promote the show. The show was so huge in Israel, it motivated producer [Yair Dori](/wiki/Dori_Media_Group \"Dori Media Group\") to approach Morena to co\\-produce a new Chiquititas season with her (due the legal troubles with Telefé, her created*Rebelde Way*with the same cast, but in another television).",
"### *Verano del '98*",
"{{Main\\|Verano del '98}}",
"While *Chiquititas* was a massive hit among children and preteens, Telefe decided to create a show targeting teenagers to air alongside it. Gustavo Yankelevich was responsible for the initial plot and asked Morena to develop the show about a group of teens living in a small city called Puerto Esperanza. Cherri, who starred as Mili in *Chiquititas*, was chosen as the main actress and Patricia Maldonado, the screenwriter of *Chiquititas*, was in charge of the scripts. The show was intended to be aired exclusively during the summer (hence the title, translated as *Summer of 98*) but it was so successful it went on for three years (gaining the tagline *Verano Eterno*, *Eternal Summer*, later on). Morena and her staff were only in charge of the show during its first four months. However, Cris, alongside Carlos Nilson, was in charge of the music of the show for most of its run. The show spawned three albums of original music.",
"While *Verano* scored big numbers, being the leader among youth audience in the country, it provoked much controversy. First, it was accused of plagiarizing the American TV show *[Dawson's Creek](/wiki/Dawson%27s_Creek \"Dawson's Creek\")* although Verano premiered on Telefe a few days before Dawson made his debut on [The WB](/wiki/The_WB \"The WB\") in the U.S. Both shows had huge similarities and some storylines were identical in the first few months. The plagiarizing scandal was explained by Gustavo Yanklevich for *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_%28Buenos_Aires%29 \"La Nación (Buenos Aires)\")* newspaper. He confirmed Verano was hugely influenced by the American show and this happened because he went to a screening of the *Dawson's Creek* pilot months before the original airing, fell in love with it and because the show took so long to premier, he thought the drama was not picked up by the TV network. He thought the premise had much potential so he asked Morena and the production team to develop a teenage show with a similar story\\-line. Telefe and [Sony](/wiki/Sony \"Sony\") (*Dawson's Creek* producer company) reached an amicable agreement when Sony was given the right to distribute Verano around the world.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota\\_id\\=89807\\| title\\= Telefé, en una inspiración de verano \\| work\\=\\[\\[La Nación (Buenos Aires)\\|La Nación]] \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }}",
"The show also caused controversy because of its huge focus on sex with taboo themes like masturbation and plenty of sex scenes and sex talk involving the young teenagers. This issue was resolved by changing the time slot of the show: it was moved from its 7{{nbsp}}p.m. slot (following kids soap *Chiquititas*) to 10{{nbsp}}p.m., where it was still a big hit. It was the first teenage\\-oriented show to air in that time slot. For its third season, the show came back to its original time slot with no controversy. *Verano* spawned three multi\\-platinum albums and was the breakthrough of many respected and established actors including [Florencia Bertotti](/wiki/Florencia_Bertotti \"Florencia Bertotti\"), [Nancy Duplaá](/wiki/Nancy_Dupla%C3%A1 \"Nancy Duplaá\"), [Marcela Kloosterboer](/wiki/Marcela_Kloosterboer \"Marcela Kloosterboer\"), [Nicolás Vázquez](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_V%C3%A1zquez \"Nicolás Vázquez\"), [Carla Peterson](/wiki/Carla_Peterson_%28actress%29 \"Carla Peterson (actress)\"), [Guido Kaczka](/wiki/Guido_Kaczka \"Guido Kaczka\"), [Juan Gil Navarro](/wiki/Juan_Gil_Navarro \"Juan Gil Navarro\"), [Fernán Mirás](/wiki/Fern%C3%A1n_Mir%C3%A1s \"Fernán Mirás\"), *Mariano Torre*, [Florencia Peña](/wiki/Florencia_Pe%C3%B1a \"Florencia Peña\"), [Dolores Fonzi](/wiki/Dolores_Fonzi \"Dolores Fonzi\"), [Tomás Fonzi](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Fonzi \"Tomás Fonzi\") and other. Plans for a Brazilian version of *Verano* were made but never materialized.",
"Morena and *Chiquititas* production team only worked in *Verano* until the middle of the first season. Then, Morena and her staff decided to focus solely on *Chiquititas*, which was in the midst of its most successful season, so her ex\\-husband and Telefe's director, Gustava Yanklevich, took charge. In an interview with [Mario Pergolini](/wiki/Mario_Pergolini \"Mario Pergolini\") (for his radio show *Cual Es?*), Morena revealed she did not like the direction *Verano* took after she left the production team. However, she owns the rights to the program and is listed as an executive producer for all its seasons.",
"In 2009, [Pedro Damián](/wiki/Pedro_Dami%C3%A1n \"Pedro Damián\"), which was responsible for the Mexican versions of *[Rebelde Way](/wiki/Rebelde_Way \"Rebelde Way\")* and *[Floricienta](/wiki/Floricienta \"Floricienta\")*, announced his next project for [Televisa](/wiki/Televisa \"Televisa\") was a version of Verano which would be titled *[Verano de Amor](/wiki/Verano_de_Amor \"Verano de Amor\")* and would star [Dulce Maria](/wiki/Dulce_Maria \"Dulce Maria\") and a big cast of new faces. The show finally debuted in February 2010 on the 7{{nbsp}}p.m. time slot being co\\-produced by Cris Morena Group and RGB.",
"### *Rebelde Way*",
"{{Main\\|Rebelde Way}}",
"After disagreements between Morena and Vilarruel, Telefe's chairman, she started developing a new show about a group of rich teenagers living in an elite [boarding school](/wiki/Boarding_school \"Boarding school\"). The project became *Rebelde Way*. [Felipe Colombo](/wiki/Felipe_Colombo \"Felipe Colombo\"), [Camila Bordonaba](/wiki/Camila_Bordonaba \"Camila Bordonaba\"), [Luisana Lopilato](/wiki/Luisana_Lopilato \"Luisana Lopilato\") and [Benjamin Rojas](/wiki/Benjamin_Rojas \"Benjamin Rojas\"), who were highly popular during Chiquititas' last three seasons, were chosen as the four leads (Rebelde means literally rebel but it also means stubborn, different, daring, revolted, problematic).",
"Until the late 1990s, producing companies—now very common in the country—uncommon and most shows were property of the channel. Morena had no plans to open her own production company but, after parting ways with Telefe and with a huge team following her, it was the only legal way to do it. [Cris Morena Group](/wiki/Cris_Morena_Group \"Cris Morena Group\") was born. However, the company was formed by creative staff and was not able to cope with the business and legal aspects by itself so she needed a partner to finance it. Initially, the show was to be co\\-produced alongside [RGB Entertainment](/wiki/RGB_Entertainment \"RGB Entertainment\"), Morena's ex\\-husband's company with whom she has a very amicable relationship. However, the association did not work out since she was looking for someone who could dedicate themselves entirely and RGB was busy managing girl group [Bandana](/wiki/Bandana_%28pop_group%29 \"Bandana (pop group)\") and [Mambrú](/wiki/Mambr%C3%BA \"Mambrú\"), which were directed at the same target group.{{Cite news\\|url \\= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/399974\\-una\\-rebelde\\-con\\-causa\\|title \\= Una rebelde con causa \\- LA NACION\\|newspaper \\= La Nación\\|access\\-date \\= 28 March 2013\\|archive\\-date \\= 6 October 2013\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131006091714/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/399974\\-una\\-rebelde\\-con\\-causa\\|url\\-status \\= dead}}",
"After offers from [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 \"Canal 13 (Argentina)\") and [Canal 9](/wiki/Canal_9_%28Argentina%29 \"Canal 9 (Argentina)\"), the show almost was not produced since the channels, still suffering from the Argentina's economic crisis, could not finance it and she needed an associate who could finance the project. The production resumed when Argentine\\-Israeli producer [Yair Dori](/wiki/Dori_Media_Group \"Dori Media Group\") decided to invest heavily on the show after *Chiquititas* became popular among children in Israel. The production began before the show had a confirmed channel to be aired on. It was decided the show would premiere on Canal 9, which had success with teen\\-oriented show *Popstars* the year before, and it would be aired every weekday at 8{{nbsp}}p.m. Soon after its debut, the show became the channel's highest\\-rated show. It spawned a band, [Erreway](/wiki/Erreway \"Erreway\"), formed by the four protagonists, several licensed products (such as stationery items, a clothing line, a monthly magazine, cosmetics and sunglasses) and a triple platinum album.",
"After the reception of the show's first series, Morena decided to produce a second season and the group started touring Argentina and selling out arenas around the country and in other South American countries such as Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay and Peru. In 2003, Argentina still had not recovered from the crisis and Canal 9 was having some big financial troubles and could not finance the show anymore. Because of that, the show changed from Canal 9 to [America 2](/wiki/America_2 \"America 2\") in the middle of the second season alongside another CMG production, *Rincón de Luz*. The transition meant the show sets had to be rebuilt in a new studio and that the show would be off\\-air for one month. It was the first time in Argentine television history a show changed channel in the middle of the season.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/508865\\-dos\\-tiras\\-de\\-mudanza\\|title\\=Dos tiras de mudanza \\- LA NACION\\|newspaper\\=La Nación\\|access\\-date\\=17 February 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006084148/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/508865\\-dos\\-tiras\\-de\\-mudanza\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Although *Rebelde Way* and *[Erreway](/wiki/Erreway \"Erreway\")* were popular, they were initially outshone by girl group [Bandana](/wiki/Bandana_%28pop_group%29 \"Bandana (pop group)\") and boy band [Mambrú](/wiki/Mambr%C3%BA \"Mambrú\"), winners of the first and second season of reality show *[Popstars](/wiki/Popstars \"Popstars\")*. Both bands were managed by Cris's ex\\-husband and his company, [RGB Entertainment](/wiki/RGB_Entertainment \"RGB Entertainment\"). For the first time in seven years, Morena did not have the opportunity to use Teatro Gran Rex during winter vacations since the venue was occupied by Bandana. In the year\\-end best\\-selling ranking, Erreway's Señales ranked as the third\\-best\\-seller of the year, following Bandana and Mambrú.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?CodOp\\=RACA\\&CO\\=6 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030201044143/http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?CodOp\\=RACA\\&CO\\=6 \\|archive\\-date\\=2003\\-02\\-01 \\|title\\=Ranking Anual 2001 \\|website\\=Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers}} However, Morena and Gustavo had an extremely amicable relationship: Morena directed Bandana's first series of Gran Rex concerts and Gustavo helped organize Erreway's first live show which would happen for free at Abasto shopping mall, repeating the successful Bandana's Abasto live debut in 2001\\. Besides, Mambrú and Bandana songs were owned by Mardi Grass Publishing, which is the music publishing company owned by Morena and Gustavo in association. Rebelde Way's first\\-season finale also featured a highly promoted [cameo](/wiki/Cameo_appearance \"Cameo appearance\") by Bandana.",
"Following the tradition, critics from Argentina's main newspapers were not exactly supportive of the program. *[Clarin](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 \"Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\")* criticized the four main characters. According to the paper, \"they look and act like they're 12 years old. They're not in Chiquititas anymore. They have biceps and new \"older\" looks. And yet they still act like they're in elementary school\".['El Perdedor'](http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/si/2002/05/31/3-394635.htm) [Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 \"Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\") In another review, it noted \"the show sometimes look like soft porn and sometimes like a parody due to its absurd setting and the painful over\\-acting\", although it admitted the show was undoubtedly successful, concluding that \"four months after its debut, the show already spawned a double platinum album, a music video that airs nonstop on music cable channels, a monthly magazine, cosmetics, a sunglasses and clothing line, stationery items and very good sales for the international market\".['A Proved Formula'](http://www.clarin.com/diario/2002/09/25/c-00401.htm) [Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 \"Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\") In a review of the live concert at Teatro Gran Rex, Clarin described the cast wardrobe as \"mini\\-skirts, leather, knee\\-high socks, rhinestones. What Cris Morena would love to still be able to pull off\".['Ahorrate la plata!'](http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/si/2002/11/08/3-471127.htm) [Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 \"Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\")",
"The newspaper *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_%28Buenos_Aires%29 \"La Nación (Buenos Aires)\")* was less critical and even gave the show a positive nod. They rated the show as \"Good\" and, although it criticized the characters for being excessively stereotyped, it concludes the stereotypes are made acceptable because the telenovela distances itself from any realistic tone. It also commented that \"you could find everything in the show. From very good young actors, such as Camila Bordonaba to terrible ones, such as Coco Maggio. There are some extremely well\\-done sequences while others look cheap\". It concluded that the biggest attractions for teenagers were the glamorous setting and the fun music and that the dialogues were fun and reflected the way teenager really talked.['Al Estilo de Cris Morena'](http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=401332) *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_%28Buenos_Aires%29 \"La Nación (Buenos Aires)\")*",
"However, it was not only critics that were not too fond of the show. Church organization and even the Argentine Camara de Anunciantes (Chamber of Advertisers), a self\\-regulated group formed by huge ad executives in the country, protested the show. In 2002, Morena was interviewed for the TV show *Horizontal/Vertical* to promote *Rebelde Way*. Carlos Polimenni, a journalist and panelist on the program, attacked her, arguing her TV shows were \"crap\" and \"too commercial\". Morena, visibly upset, replied: \"You're such an idiot. You pretend to be a serious journalist while being a panelist in a gossip show\".['Frase del año ¿Moria, Mirtha, Trezeguet, Cris o Polimeni?'](http://www.terra.com.ar/ctematicos/television2002/59/59009.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002433/http://www.terra.com.ar/ctematicos/television2002/59/59009\\.html \\|date\\=4 March 2016 }} Terra In 2003, Morena fired back at critics, saying: \"Critics are increasingly distant of the general public opinion. They are so out of touch with reality they remind me of politics. And politics are not exactly doing well at their jobs right now, are they?\". She continued: \"Some people say my programs are too commercial. What's wrong with that? The ideal recipe in television is to do a show that's well done and successful. It does not makes any sense to do a show or a musical or an art exhibition for a minimal audience. What I want to do is to get to biggest number of people I can in the best way possible\".[\"Soy comercial\"](http://190.224.163.230/diario/2003/0724/texto/not_20030724_133867.htm){{Dead link\\|date\\=July 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"While *Rebelde Way* and the spawned band *Erreway* were popular in Argentina, they achieved even more in Israel, where the show benefited from the hype surrounding *Chiquititas*. *Rebelde Way* soon became the most\\-watched show among children and teenagers in the country, the group was contracted by several companies, from McDonald's to Swatch, to promote their products and their concerts in [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\") were attended by over 100,000 people. Hysteria was so big that they were headlines of the country's biggest and most important newspaper on the day of their arrival in the country. A phenomenon so big was never before seen in Israel and even though several kids and teenage\\-oriented shows of the same vein were aired later in the country, most of them coming from Argentina, never a show came close to the mass hysteria *Rebelde Way* caused among Israeli youth.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2003/04/20/c\\-00811\\.htm\\| title\\= Los rebeldes que conquistaron Tierra Santa\\| work\\=\\[\\[La Nación (Buenos Aires)\\|La Nación]] \\| date\\= 20 April 2003\\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }} Argentina is still instantaneously connected with this show by Israeli natives and both the Mexican and the Brazilian versions were also aired.",
"[Yair Dori](/wiki/Dori_Media_Group \"Dori Media Group\") wanted to extend *Rebelde Way* for a third season but, due to Cris' refusal, was unable to.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota\\_id\\=608636\\| title\\= Hace hablar en español a los israelíes\\| work\\=\\[\\[La Nación (Buenos Aires)\\|La Nación]] \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }} Yair tried to recreate the success with *El Refugio de los Sueños*, which had most of Rebelde's cast, but the show was a failure in Argentina and Israel. After *Rebelde Way*, Morena's partnership with Yair Dori did not go for too long. From *Floricienta* on, RGB Entertainment became her business associate.",
"In 2004, Erreway, the band, did their last projects together: the movie *Erreway: Cuatro Caminos*, which was released in theaters, the album *Memoria* and their goodbye tour. Three years after the end of the band and four years after the TV show, *Rebelde Way* started airing in Spain and soon became a success. With the defunct band appearing in several magazine covers and moving thousands of merchandising and albums, they decided to reunite for a Spanish arena tour. The tour caused mass polemic when it was announced Luisana would not be touring with them and had left the band. This announcement was made when tickets were already on sale and her image and name appeared on the promotional material. Even with the Luisana controversy, the tour was successful, with all shows selling out, and the three remaining members reunited to do a new album especially for the Spanish market where a new tour was also planned. While the album, titled *Vuelvo*, was recorded, legal problems with [Pol\\-ka](/wiki/Pol-ka \"Pol-ka\"), which produced *Son de Fierro* (with Felipe and Camila on the cast), caused the new studio album and the tour to be canceled. The new material recorded by the band was used in *Atr@pados*, a soap made for cellphones and the Internet which starred [Benjamin Rojas](/wiki/Benjamin_Rojas \"Benjamin Rojas\") and [Felipe Colombo](/wiki/Felipe_Colombo \"Felipe Colombo\"), the male half of Erreway. *Atrap@dos* was shot in 2009 but the project was never officially released, airing as shorts on Yups.TV in 2012\\.",
"A number of [copycat](/wiki/wikt:Copy_cat \"Copy cat\") shows with the same format and with a big chunk of the original secondary cast were aired on Argentinian television, many of them co\\-produced by Yair Dori, who was still trying to recreate *Rebelde Way*{{'s}} momentum (especially in the Israeli market). Those shows included *El Refugio de los Sueños* (aired in Canal 13 against Chiquititas in 2006\\), *Frecuencia '04* (aired on Telefe in 2004 against Floricienta), *Paraiso Rock* (aired in Canal 9 in 2005\\) and *Romeo y Julieta* (aired in Canal 9 in 2007\\). Those were all commercial failures in both Argentina and Israel and were canceled. Morena had no relation to those productions.",
"### *Rebelde Way* foreign versions",
"In 2004, [Star One](/wiki/STAR_One \"STAR One\") bought the rights to adapt the show for India and [REMIX](/wiki/Remix_%28STAR_One%29 \"Remix (STAR One)\") was a huge success and caused a big impact among the local youth.",
"In 2004, Mexico's Televisa debuted their own version of the show, *[Rebelde](/wiki/Rebelde_%28Mexican_telenovela%29 \"Rebelde (Mexican telenovela)\")*. The soap was, once again, a huge phenomenon among Latin\\-American crowd and the group that spawned from the show, [RBD](/wiki/RBD \"RBD\") sold out Latin America's biggest stadiums and were the first group to receive a Diamond Record for sales in Mexico since OV7 in 2000\\. They achieved record sales in [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia \"Colombia\") (were they outsold [Shakira](/wiki/Shakira \"Shakira\") and [Juanes](/wiki/Juanes \"Juanes\")), Brazil, Spain and [Chile](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\") and in almost every Latin\\-American country.",
"In Brazil, where Hispanic pop is unpopular, RBD sold over 2\\.5 million records. Their first concert in the country, which was free, was marked by tragedy when a much bigger crowd than expected turned out and a stampede killed two young fans. Later, they were the first Spanish language acts to do a concert at the world's biggest stadium, [Maracanã](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_do_Maracan%C3%A3 \"Estádio do Maracanã\"), in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\").",
"Ironically, one of the few markets in which [Rebelde](/wiki/Rebelde_%28Mexican_telenovela%29 \"Rebelde (Mexican telenovela)\") did not perform well was Argentina, where it only debuted in 2008, two years after their peak (because of contractual obligations with Cris Morena Group and Dori Media). They still managed to achieve a [Golden record](/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification \"Music recording sales certification\") for sales with their album, *[Empezar Desde Cero](/wiki/Empezar_Desde_Cero \"Empezar Desde Cero\")* according to CAPIF and their first concert in Buenos Aires (part of their goodbye tour) sold\\-out. Morena was in attendance at the concert.",
"At the end of August, a Portuguese adaptation of the show premiered on [SIC](/wiki/Sociedade_Independente_de_Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o \"Sociedade Independente de Comunicação\"). It also had remakes in Brazil, by [Record](/wiki/Rede_Record \"Rede Record\") and Chile, by Mega. In both countries, Brazil and Chile, the Mexican version aired with huge success. In Chile, the Argentinean version was also broadcast.",
"In 2009, it was revealed [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\") and [Jennifer Lopez](/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez \"Jennifer Lopez\")'s production company had the rights for the American remake.",
"### *Floricienta*",
"{{Main\\|Floricienta}}\nWhen many doubted Morena could exceed her previous hits, she surprised again with *Floricienta*. A modern retelling of Cinderella (the title was a mix of Flor, the main character nickname, and Cenicienta, Spanish for [Cinderella](/wiki/Cinderella \"Cinderella\")), the story was developed by Morena as a starring\\-vehicle for [Florencia Bertotti](/wiki/Florencia_Bertotti \"Florencia Bertotti\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.terra.com.ar/canales/tv/87/87076\\.html \\|title\\=Terra \\- Cris Morena: \"Yo no soy pacata ni hipócrita\"\\> 11\\-3\\-2004 \\- Entretenimiento \\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329043702/http://www.terra.com.ar/canales/tv/87/87076\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=29 March 2012 }}",
"After being panned by critics since 1991 with *Jugate*, Morena finally received praise. Clarin, in their first positive nod of one of her productions, rated the show as \"very good\" and noted that \"\\[w]hat Cris Morena declared is true: Floricienta is not much better than all her other children and teen\\-oriented sagas that were previously on (Chiquititas, Verano del '98, Rebelde Way, Rincón de Luz). However, being only a tiny bit better, it conquered not only the public but also the very mischievous public opinion (and while both may look the same, they're definitely not)\". The critic praised the actors, especially Florencia Bertotti, the editing, the story, the scripts and the pace of the show.[\"La Edad de la Inocencia\"](http://www.clarin.com/diario/2004/04/30/c-00201.htm), *[Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 \"Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\")* It is important to note, however, that Clarin and Canal 13, which originally aired Floricienta, are owned by the same parent company. *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_%28Buenos_Aires%29 \"La Nación (Buenos Aires)\")*, which has always been more positive when it comes to Cris' shows, also rated the show as \"very good\" praising the production, the cast and Florencia Bertotti's charisma and comedy timing.[\"Florencia Bertotti se destaca\"](http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=585115)",
"*Floricienta* started with 14 points in its first episode and, by its season finale, achieved ratings of over 30 points with the death of Federico, being the biggest Morena produced hit in history, even topping *Chiquititas* 98 ratings. The first season was the highest\\-rated afternoon\\-slot show in Canal 13 history.{{cite web \\| first\\=Veronica \\| last\\=Pages \\| url\\=http://www.quovadis.com.ar/telenovelas/2006/floricienta/noticias/20041121c.html \\| title\\=Sonrisas y un suspiro de alivio \\| work\\=\\[\\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\\|Clarín]] \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430093825/http://www.quovadis.com.ar/telenovelas/2006/floricienta/noticias/20041121c.html \\| archive\\-date\\=30 April 2008 \\| df\\=dmy\\-all }} Although the ending of the first season, with the death of the prince Federico, was highly criticized, the second season continued to be hugely popular. The TV show ended with Floricienta getting married in front of a big live audience and the finale was also a hit, with 25 points.",
"*Floricienta*, as with most Cris Morena Group productions, had a huge Broadway\\-style live musical in [Teatro Gran Rex](/wiki/Teatro_Gran_Rex \"Teatro Gran Rex\") during the Winter Vacations. Demand for tickets were extremely high with some concerts selling out in minutes. To satisfy the demand, the cast played two end of the year concerts at Estádio Velez Sarsifield with over 40\\.000 tickets sold for each of the two performances. In 2005, a new musical debuted on Gran Rex and it was also a major success with a total of 170,000 tickets sold. Because of this, eight extra shows were played in [Luna Park](/wiki/Luna_Park%2C_Buenos_Aires \"Luna Park, Buenos Aires\") stadium in Buenos Aires with 80,000 tickets sold. After the show ended, the complete cast waved goodbye in front of 40\\.000 people at another sold\\-out concert at [Vélez Sársfield stadium](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Amalfitani_Stadium \"José Amalfitani Stadium\"). With over 290\\.000 tickets sold, it broke attendance records for a Morena musical in Buenos Aires (however, it did not break the Teatro Gran Rex attendance record, still held by the 280\\.000 tickets sold by Chiquititas in the '98 season).",
"*Floricienta* spawned over 300 licensed merchandising, from toys to Floricienta\\-branded apples. Merchandising stands selling the show products were set up at Shopping Abasto and [Unicenter](/wiki/Unicenter_%28shopping%29 \"Unicenter (shopping)\"). The albums were also hugely successful, with the first album being the third best\\-selling album in 2004{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.capif.org.ar/default.asp?CodOp\\=RACA\\&CO\\=6 \\|title\\=CAPIF \\|website\\=www.capif.org.ar \\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050213080640/http://www.capif.org.ar/default.asp?CodOp\\=RACA\\&CO\\=6 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 February 2005 }} and the 10th best\\-selling album in 2005 (and, after achieving four times platinum, becoming the best\\-selling Cris' album since *Chiquititas* 1998\\). The second season soundtrack was the top\\-seller in 2005\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.capif.org.ar/default.asp?CodOp\\=ESCA\\&CO\\=6 \\|title\\=CAPIF ::: Representando a la Industra Argentina de la Música ::: \\|website\\=www.capif.org.ar \\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615163805/http://www.capif.org.ar/default.asp?CodOp\\=ESCA\\&CO\\=6 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2006 }}",
"*Floricienta* was also a huge phenomenon in most of Latin America where it was aired by broadcast television and also at the [Disney Channel](/wiki/Disney_Channel \"Disney Channel\"), where it was as popular as the American shows such as *[Hannah Montana](/wiki/Hannah_Montana \"Hannah Montana\")*. While *[Rebelde](/wiki/Rebelde_%28Mexican_telenovela%29 \"Rebelde (Mexican telenovela)\")* was arguably Cris' biggest hit in Latin America, *Floricienta* was the first original CMG production to achieve such widespread success in its original format (since *Rebelde* was a remake by Televisa, co\\-produced with CMG). The cast sold out huge stadiums all over Latin America, including Mexico, where no Argentine TV show had ever achieved such a huge success (even though the show had only aired on cable). Over 1 million people attended Floricienta tour in Argentina, Mexico, Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Israel, Guatemala, Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay among many other territories.*Floricienta*, alongside *Rebelde*, was the biggest youth\\-oriented show in Latin America in 2004–2005 being aired in every single country and selling out stadiums in Central America, South America and North America. During those years, Morena dominated youth\\-oriented TV not only in her home country but in the entire continent.",
"In 2004, a Brazilian version was produced, named *[Floribella](/wiki/Floribella \"Floribella\")*. It doubled the ratings of [Bandeirante](/wiki/Bandeirante \"Bandeirante\") at its time slot, over 40 products were released and the two CDs achieved platinum certifications. In 2005, a Portuguese version was also aired at [SIC](/wiki/Sociedade_Independente_de_Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o \"Sociedade Independente de Comunicação\") and was a massive hit. The first CD released is the best\\-selling CD ever in Portugal and over 150 products were released at the country. Because of the massive success of the show, SIC bought the rights to other three Cris Morena Group shows: *Alma Pirata*, *Rebelde Way* and *Chiquititas*. A version from Chile (also called *Floribella*) was also produced with great acceptance and the Mexican version (*[Lola...Érase una vez](/wiki/Lola...%C3%89rase_una_vez \"Lola...Érase una vez\")*) also did well. There was also a [Colombian](/wiki/Colombia \"Colombia\") version and the rights were bought for Greece, Russia, among other countries. In an interview with Radio 10 in February 2009, Morena revealed [Disney](/wiki/Disney \"Disney\") had bought the rights for an American remake.{{cite web \\| first\\=Veronica \\| last\\=Pages \\| url\\=http://www.infobae.com/contenidos/431254\\-100912\\-0\\-Rebelde\\-Way\\-llega\\-la\\-televisi%C3%B3n\\-norteamericana \\| title\\=Cris en Diez \\| publisher\\=Infobae \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 \\| archive\\-date\\=13 March 2012 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313183601/http://www.infobae.com/contenidos/431254\\-100912\\-0\\-Rebelde\\-Way\\-llega\\-la\\-televisi%C3%B3n\\-norteamericana \\| url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Floricienta was the subject of a legal battle between Morena and Florencia Bertotti when Morena accused [Niní](/wiki/Nin%C3%AD \"Niní\")—the grand return of Bertotti to television after four years—of [plagiarism](/wiki/Plagiarism \"Plagiarism\"). The judge ruled in favor of Cris Morena Group but the two parts reached an amicable agreement which permitted the show to continue being aired in [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe \"Telefe\") and the musical to tour across the country. *Nini* was starred and produced by Florencia and it had much of the same production team as *Floricienta*, including its scriptwriter Gabriela Fiore.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.diaadia.com.ar/content/cris\\-morena\\-le\\-gana\\-%E2%80%9Cnini%E2%80%9D\\-en\\-la\\-justicia\\-0 \\|title\\=Cris Morena le gana a \"Niní\", en la Justicia \\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728190923/http://www.diaadia.com.ar/content/cris\\-morena\\-le\\-gana\\-%E2%80%9Cnini%E2%80%9D\\-en\\-la\\-justicia\\-0 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2014 }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://tvycable.com/1716/cris\\-morena\\-denuncio\\-a\\-nini\\-por\\-plagio\\-a\\-floricienta/ \\|title\\=Cris Morena denunció a Niní por plagio a Floricienta \\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117205134/http://tvycable.com/1716/cris\\-morena\\-denuncio\\-a\\-nini\\-por\\-plagio\\-a\\-floricienta/ \\|archive\\-date\\=17 November 2012 }}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ciudad.com.ar/espectaculos/64867/estoy\\-aliviada\\-por\\-el\\-fallo\\-pero\\-tambien\\-dolida\\|title \\= \"Estoy aliviada por el fallo, pero también dolida\"\\|date \\= 22 June 2010}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.flashteve.com.ar/2010/03/acuerdo\\-entre\\-endemol\\-y\\-cris\\-morena.html \\|title\\=Flash Teve: Acuerdo entre Endemol y Cris Morena por Niní \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140107055917/http://www.flashteve.com.ar/2010/03/acuerdo\\-entre\\-endemol\\-y\\-cris\\-morena.html \\|archive\\-date\\=7 January 2014 }}",
"In March 2012, Floricienta—originally aired at Canal 13—started being rerun during Telefe's afternoon, increasing the slot's average {{cite web \\|url\\=http://blogs.formulatv.com/argentina/la\\-repeticion\\-de\\-floricienta\\-se\\-emite\\-con\\-exito/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022637/http://blogs.formulatv.com/argentina/la\\-repeticion\\-de\\-floricienta\\-se\\-emite\\-con\\-exito/ \\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016 \\|title\\=La repetición de Floricienta se emite con éxito \\- tv argentina}} and, despite being a rerun, beating [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 \"Canal 13 (Argentina)\")'s *Los Unicos* second season, which targeted a similar young audience.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://television.com.ar/diario\\-online/minuto\\-a\\-minuto/data/161729/los\\-unicos\\-no\\-pudo\\-contra\\-la\\-repeticion\\-de\\-floricienta/ \\|title \\= Television.com.ar}} Due to high ratings, the running time was extended from 60 minutes to two hours, airing from 6{{nbsp}}p.m. to 8{{nbsp}}p.m.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.comercialesdetv.com.ar/2012/03/desde\\-este\\-lunes\\-floricienta\\-estara\\-2\\.html \\|title\\=Comerciales de TV \\- el portal de la tv argentina: DESDE ESTE LUNES FLORICIENTA ESTARÁ 2 HORAS \\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415225959/http://www.comercialesdetv.com.ar/2012/03/desde\\-este\\-lunes\\-floricienta\\-estara\\-2\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=15 April 2012 }} It was the second time the show was repeated: it also re\\-aired in its original channel, Canal 13, in 2008 also achieving very satisfactory numbers.",
"### *Chiquititas*{{'}} spin\\-offs",
"After exiting Telefe in 2001 due to disagreements with then content director Claudio Vilarruel, Morena had to leave the *Chiquititas* brand behind since the name was property of the channel.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pagina12\\.com.ar/2001/01\\-12/01\\-12\\-15/pag23\\.htm\\|title \\= Página/12}} Decided to make a new season, Morena created a spin\\-off, *Rincón de Luz* (the name of the orphanage throughout all its seven seasons), to be aired in [Canal 9](/wiki/Canal_9_%28Argentina%29 \"Canal 9 (Argentina)\") alongside the second season of *Rebelde Way*. Similarly to Rebelde, the show was co\\-produced by Israeli production compani Dori Media.",
"[Guido Kaczka](/wiki/Guido_Kaczka \"Guido Kaczka\"), which played Belen's brother from 95 to 98 in *Chiquititas* and Argentina's best\\-selling singer, [Soledad Pastorutti](/wiki/Soledad_Pastorutti \"Soledad Pastorutti\") were chosen as the leads. Many of the young actors from previous *Chiquititas* season, such as [Agustín Sierra](/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Sierra \"Agustín Sierra\"), [Natalia Melcon](/wiki/Natalia_Melcon \"Natalia Melcon\") and [Nadia Di Cello](/wiki/Nadia_Di_Cello \"Nadia Di Cello\") were also part of the cast. And new young actors and actresses like [Lali Espósito](/wiki/Mariana_Esp%C3%B3sito \"Mariana Espósito\"), [Candela Vetrano](/wiki/Candela_Vetrano \"Candela Vetrano\"), [Eugenia Suárez](/wiki/Eugenia_Su%C3%A1rez \"Eugenia Suárez\"), [Stéfano de Gregorio](/wiki/St%C3%A9fano_de_Gregorio \"Stéfano de Gregorio\"), Camila Salazar and [Gastón Soffritti](/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Soffritti \"Gastón Soffritti\") were also introduced.",
"The show debuted in April 2003\\. Although it rated better than Canal 9's average numbers, it could not top the success of the previous *Chiquititas* seasons and ratings were also lower than *Rebelde Way*. In the middle of the year, due to a crisis in Canal 9, the show changed to [America 2](/wiki/America_2 \"America 2\") alongside *Rebelde Way* and the one\\-month hiatus and frequent time slot changes in the new channel affected the show greatly. Even so, it still rated better than the channel's average.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/515261\\-america\\-se\\-acerca\\-a\\-canal\\-9\\|title \\= América se acerca a Canal 9 \\- LA NACION\\|newspaper \\= La Nación}} Even though ratings were not as big as hoped, commercially the show was still a success, being sold to over 30 countries. The soundtrack album achieved Gold certification (a modest result compared to other Chiquititas' albums). Although it underperformed in Argentina, in Israel the show was a huge success, helped by [hype](/wiki/Media_circus \"Media circus\") surrounding *Rebelde Way* and the original *Chiquititas*, which had exploded there only a few years prior. The complete cast of the program visited [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\") for a series of concerts at the Nokia Arena, with over 50\\.000 tickets sold.",
"In 2005, Morena started to patch things up with Telefe when her sitcom *Amor Mío* was picked up by the channel and aired on primetime with great success. Finally, after four years working for all its competitors, Morena returned to Telefe in an exclusivity deal in 2006\\. She would produce a prime\\-time show and a children\\-oriented show for her traditional 6{{nbsp}}p.m. slot.",
"For the comeback, Morena decided to produce a new season of *Chiquititas*. [Jorgelina Aruzzi](/wiki/Jorgelina_Aruzzi \"Jorgelina Aruzzi\") was chosen as the central figure, Lili. Jorgelina was revealed at *[Amor Mío](/wiki/Amor_m%C3%ADo_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 \"Amor mío (Argentine TV series)\")*. Her romantic interest was Kili, played by Gaston Ricaud. The children cast was formed by new faces fresh out of a casting and [Lali Espósito](/wiki/Mariana_Esp%C3%B3sito \"Mariana Espósito\") (which had starring roles in *[Rincón de Luz](/wiki/Rinc%C3%B3n_de_Luz \"Rincón de Luz\")* and *[Floricienta](/wiki/Floricienta \"Floricienta\")*), [Stéfano de Gregorio](/wiki/St%C3%A9fano_de_Gregorio \"Stéfano de Gregorio\") (who had starring roles in *Rincón de Luz* and *Floricienta*) and [Candela Vetrano](/wiki/Candela_Vetrano \"Candela Vetrano\") (who had a starring role in *Rincón de Luz*). However, even though the album achieved double platinum, spawned over 100 licensed product and was the ratings leader on its time slot, beating Canal 13 rival show *[El Refugio (de los Sueños)](/wiki/El_Refugio_%28de_los_Sue%C3%B1os%29 \"El Refugio (de los Sueños)\")* (which was eventually canceled), it did not matched the phenomenal level of popularity of the previous seasons, *Floricienta* or even *Rebelde Way*.",
"The licensed products did not sell as much and while *Floricienta* second album was the best\\-selling album of 2005, *Chiquitita*{{'s}} album was only the 6th best\\-selling CD in the following year. The high\\-budget Gran Rex musical did not sold out as fast and it lost out to [Disney On Ice](/wiki/Disney_On_Ice \"Disney On Ice\") as the top\\-selling even of that year{{cite web \\| first\\=Veronica \\| last\\=Pages \\| url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota\\_id\\=103189 \\| title\\= Números para nada chiquitos\\| work\\=\\[\\[La Nación (Buenos Aires)\\|La Nación]]\\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }} It sold 75\\.000 tickets, a huge number and the second biggest event of 2006, but it could not come close to the 250\\.000 tickets moved by Floricienta the previous year.",
"Following the tradition of previous seasons, the new *Chiquititas* was panned by critics. *[Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 \"Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\")* commented the acting was solid[\"Corazones Renovados\"](http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/04/05/espectaculos/c-00402.htm) but the story\\-line was weak and *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_%28Buenos_Aires%29 \"La Nación (Buenos Aires)\")*, which gave good reviews for *Rebelde Way*, *Floricienta* and even some of *Chiquititas* original seasons, only gave the show a \"regular\" rating and criticized the weak scripts and dialogues.[\"Un Melodrama Poco Imaginativo\"](http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=794681)",
"Even though the show did not surpass *[Floricienta](/wiki/Floricienta \"Floricienta\")*, it was still profitable enough for a second season to go under production. It was, after all, Telefe best\\-selling exportation product of 2006,{{cite web \\| first\\=Veronica \\| last\\=Pages \\| url\\=http://www.pagina12\\.com.ar/diario/suplementos/espectaculos/8\\-4125\\-2006\\-10\\-13\\.html \\| title\\= Productos de exportación\\| publisher\\=Pagina12\\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }} and a commercial success. Adaptations were made in Portugal and Rumania. For the second season, the show would still be under the *Chiquititas* brand but with a whole new cast and storyline. [Emilia Attias](/wiki/Emilia_Attias \"Emilia Attias\") and [Nicolas Vasquez](/wiki/Nicolas_Vasquez \"Nicolas Vasquez\") were chosen as the leads while Alejo Garcia Pinto and Julia Calvo, both highly respected theater actors, would also be part of the cast. Finally, plans for the show to be a new season of Chiquititas were scrapped and the project was renamed and redeveloped as *Casi Ángeles*.",
"The 2007 season of Chiquititas revealed actors like [Pedro Lanzani](/wiki/Pedro_Lanzani \"Pedro Lanzani\"), Guadalupe Anton, Eva Quatrocci and [Gastón Soffritti](/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Soffritti \"Gastón Soffritti\"). It also marked the last time Morena worked with her songwriting partner, Carlos \"Rocky\" Nilson. \"Rocky\" Nilson went on to work at [Ideas del Sur](/wiki/Ideas_del_Sur \"Ideas del Sur\"), doing the soundtrack for [Patito Feo](/wiki/Patito_Feo \"Patito Feo\"), [Atraccion x 4](/wiki/Atraccion_x_4 \"Atraccion x 4\") and Malcriados. The soundtrack album for Chiquititas was mostly reworked versions of popular songs from previous seasons of Chiquititas, all of them from the 1995–1998 years. The exception were the theme song, which was a reworked version of the original *Jugate Conmigo* theme from 1991, and *Dondes Estas?*, the sole brand new track.",
"In 2008, [SIC](/wiki/Sociedade_Independente_de_Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o \"Sociedade Independente de Comunicação\") aired a Portuguese remake following Floribella's huge success. After struggling on prime\\-time, the show changed time slot and the audience increased drastically. Many licensed products were released and the CD also did well in sales. A video game for the [Wii](/wiki/Wii \"Wii\") console was also released. Romania also bought the rights and produced their own local version.",
"Brazilian\\-net [SBT](/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televis%C3%A3o \"Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão\") perceived there was still appetite for *Chiquititas* franchise after the huge ratings the reruns of the original soap achieved in 2004 and bought the rights for the 6th season, being the first Argentina's soap aired (in its original format, not remake) in the country since [Manchete](/wiki/Manchete \"Manchete\")'s aired *Mas Alla del Horizonte* in 1995\\. In 2007, the 6th season started airing and it increased rating at its time slot. Stamp albums, dolls, a CD and other products were released. In 2008, Chiquititas '06 also aired.",
"### *Casi Ángeles*",
"{{Main\\|Casi Ángeles}}\nInitially, Morena planned to do the eight season of *Chiquititas* with an all\\-new cast but, at the last minute, she decided to rename and restructured the whole project. Morena revealed for the first time the title of the show, *Casi Ángeles*, in a November 2006 interview to Produ.com. Production started in December and, in March, the show made its debut at Telefe, in her traditional 6{{nbsp}}p.m. timeslot. Targeted to kids and teens, the show starred [Emilia Attias](/wiki/Emilia_Attias \"Emilia Attias\") and [Nicolás Vázquez](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_V%C3%A1zquez \"Nicolás Vázquez\") and, as the [Teen Angels](/wiki/Teen_Angels \"Teen Angels\"), the band spawned from the show, [Lali Espósito](/wiki/Mariana_Esp%C3%B3sito \"Mariana Espósito\"), [Peter Lanzani](/wiki/Peter_Lanzani \"Peter Lanzani\"), [Eugenia Suárez](/wiki/Eugenia_Su%C3%A1rez \"Eugenia Suárez\"), [Nicolás Riera](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Riera \"Nicolás Riera\") and [Gastón Dalmau](/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Dalmau \"Gastón Dalmau\"). Gimena Accardi, Alejo García Pintos and Julia Calvo completed the main ensemble.",
"*Casi Ángeles* made a good impression in the specialized press. *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n \"La Nación\")* rated the show as good and praised the production and the chemistry between the main couple.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota\\_id\\=893688\\&high\\=casi%20angeles](http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=893688&high=casi%20angeles) {{Dead link\\|date\\=February 2022}} Fans were not so positive: in boards like Los Ángeles de Cris and Telenovelas.com.ar, fans praised the production but complained the show lacked originality, with Cielo (played by [Emilia Attias](/wiki/Emilia_Attias \"Emilia Attias\")) resembling [Floricienta](/wiki/Floricienta \"Floricienta\") and with many plots being reused and resembling those from the eight previous *Chiquititas* seasons, *Alma Pirata*, *Rebelde Way* and mostly *Floricienta*, with scenes that were exactly the same as the previous Morena show.",
"The show debuted with 13\\.7 points, on par with previous Morena shows and leading its timeslot. However, it began struggling when *[Patito Feo](/wiki/Patito_Feo \"Patito Feo\")* made its debut on [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 \"Canal 13 (Argentina)\"). The [Ideas del Sur](/wiki/Ideas_del_Sur \"Ideas del Sur\") production was a huge smash and, for the first time, Morena did not have the leading children project for children in the country. *Patito Feo* products were also outselling *Casi Ángeles* and, in April, *Patito* was winning with a vantage of over 2 points in rating, forcing the show to change its timeslot to 5:30{{nbsp}}p.m.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.eldia.com.ar/edis/20070506/20070506093702\\.htm \\|title \\= Búsqueda}} After the change, *Casi Ángeles* started to considerably increase its ratings and returned to its original slot, facing *Patito* once again. This time, ratings were more stable and the show achieved its biggest numbers with the season finale which achieved 16 points, easily beating the competitor. At the end of the year, both shows had similar numbers: *Patito Feo* averaged 12\\.6 points while *Casi Ángeles* averaged 12 points.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://television.com.ar/diario\\-online/minuto\\-a\\-minuto/data/136408/%C2%BFcual\\-fue\\-la\\-ficcion\\-infantiljuvenil\\-mas\\-vista/\\#.USAbNuD\\-jPA \\|title \\= Television.com.ar}} Commercially, the show was still a success with over 50 licensed products and a Platinum\\-selling album. The musical at Teatro Gran Rex attracted over 140,000 people. Even so, commercially, managed to overshadow the \"Patito Feo\" tour across the country, either by the volume of tickets sold, or by the sexual harassment scandal that would come to light some time later.",
"In January, *Casi Ángeles* second season went into production and the show made its debut in April. To present the new season, a free, special an exclusive concert was held at Luna Park stadium for 8\\.000 ticket holders. The new songs were presented for the first time and a 10\\-minutes trailer was shown. The second season had an innovative format – including monologues, episodes titles and other production recourses not usually used in daily fiction shows – and a bigger focus on the teenager cast. It had a 13\\.6 average, a 2\\-point increase from its previous season. It also easily beat all its competitors: after winning the battle in the previous years, *Patito* ratings plunged on its second season and Morena's show ended with a vantage of over 4 points in average ratings (Patito averaged 9\\.4 points in its second season).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://television.com.ar/diario\\-online/minuto\\-a\\-minuto/data/136408/%C2%BFcual\\-fue\\-la\\-ficcion\\-infantiljuvenil\\-mas\\-vista/\\#.USAb2eD\\-jPE \\|title \\= Television.com.ar}} In November, after *Patito Feo* finale, [Ideas del Sur](/wiki/Ideas_del_Sur \"Ideas del Sur\") debuted its new teen oriented show, *[Atracción x 4](/wiki/Atracci%C3%B3n_x_4 \"Atracción x 4\")* (with the highly promoted reunion of Rebelde Way's Luisana Lopilato and Camila Bordonaba) at the 7{{nbsp}}p.m. slot as to avoid a clash with *Casi Ángeles*. However, Telefe changed the show's slot to 7{{nbsp}}p.m. and *Casi Ángeles* beat the new Ideas del Sur show.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.todotelevisionblog.com.ar/2008/11/minuto\\-minuto\\-ratings\\-de\\-la\\-segunda\\_17\\.html \\|title\\=Todo Televisión: Minuto a Minuto \\- \"Casi Ángeles\" Con Picos de 15\\.5 P… \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130410011445/http://www.todotelevisionblog.com.ar/2008/11/minuto\\-minuto\\-ratings\\-de\\-la\\-segunda\\_17\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=10 April 2013 }} To extend *Casi Ángeles* second season—which already had wrapped its production—Telefe decided to turn the final 6 chapters into 12 (cutting each chapter in half and extending the Teen Angels segment at the end of each episode) so the show would air for an extra two weeks. The season finale was aired in the original 60\\-minute format and reached 18\\.4 points, a series' high and the highest\\-number achieved on an afternoon slot during the year.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.chismesyfarandula.com.ar/2008/12/casi\\-angeles\\-promedio\\-184\\-puntos\\-de.html \\|title\\=Chismes de la farándula – Casi angeles promedió 18\\.4 puntos de rating \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130410011032/http://www.chismesyfarandula.com.ar/2008/12/casi\\-angeles\\-promedio\\-184\\-puntos\\-de.html \\|archive\\-date\\=10 April 2013 }}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1076561\\-casi\\-angeles\\-termino\\-con\\-final\\-abierto\\|title \\= Casi Angeles terminó con final abierto \\- LA NACION\\|newspaper \\= La Nación}} The second season musical, held, as usual, in Teatro Gran Rex from June to September, became the second biggest Gran Rex ticket\\-seller ever (behind only Chiquititas '98\\) selling 220\\.000 tickets.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.extremista.com.ar/13277/entradas\\-de\\-casi\\-angeles\\-en\\-el\\-teatro\\-gran\\-rex\\-agotadas/ \\| title\\=Entradas de Casi Ángeles en el Teatro Gran Rex agotadas \\| date\\=12 September 2008 }} In October, the cast went on a national tour and, in December, to satisfy the demand, they played six additional concerts at Gran Rex in Buenos Aires.",
"After a three\\-week vacation, the cast resumed their tour with two sold\\-out concerts in [Mar del Plata](/wiki/Mar_del_Plata \"Mar del Plata\"). The Teen Angels were also chosen as the spokespeople for [Coca\\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola \"Coca-Cola\") in Argentina, singing Coke's 2009 summer anthem \"Hoy Quiero\" and opening a Coca\\-Cola stand in [Pinamar](/wiki/Pinamar \"Pinamar\") in front of 5,000 fans. At the start of March, the first preview of the third season started airing in Yups TV, CMG new on\\-line television channel which debuted on 12 March. Also in March 2009, *Casi Ángeles* debuted on [Disney Channel](/wiki/Disney_Channel \"Disney Channel\") in Central American Feed, and in local feeds for Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Dominican Republic and Panama. The show was aired in 2007 in sister\\-channel [Jetix](/wiki/Jetix \"Jetix\") in Argentina, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Uruguay. The cast visited [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City \"Mexico City\") to promote the debut. However, Disney broadcast an edited version of the series, since for those markets scenes alluding to sex, violence were cut.",
"The third season started with 18\\.4 points, matching the second\\-season finale. With no competitor – *Patito Feo* had been canceled the previous year – the third season became the highest\\-rated yet, with a 13\\.9 average (0\\.5 higher than the previous season). However, it could not reach the momentum and hysteria of the previous year and the finale averaged 16\\.6 points, not matching the debut or the previous year finale.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2009/12/05/espectaculos/c\\-02055441\\.htm\\|title\\='Casi ángeles', final bien arriba\\|date\\=5 December 2009}} The show was renewed for a fourth and final season, which averaged 11\\.6 points. Its final episode averaged 13 points.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.primiciasya.com/rating/Casi\\-193ngeles\\-se\\-despidi243\\-de\\-Telefe\\-con\\-12\\.9\\-puntos\\-de\\-rating\\-20101130\\-85949\\.html \\|title\\=Casi Ángeles se despidió de Telefe con 12\\.9 puntos de rating \\- PRIMIC… \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130419132706/http://www.primiciasya.com/rating/Casi\\-193ngeles\\-se\\-despidi243\\-de\\-Telefe\\-con\\-12\\.9\\-puntos\\-de\\-rating\\-20101130\\-85949\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2013 }} In both years, the cast did three\\-month stints at Teatro Gran Rex and toured nationwide. All four albums achieved Platinum certification. *Casi Ángeles* became the first Cris Morena Group production to reach four seasons since *Chiquititas*. The series the most watched teen\\-oriented show for most of its run and had four successful seasons at Teatro Gran Rex, with over 600\\.000 tickets.",
"In Israel, the first season of the show aired with lukewarm reception in the local [Nickelodeon feed](/wiki/Nickelodeon_%28TV_network%29 \"Nickelodeon (TV network)\"). As it happened before in Argentina and [Uruguay](/wiki/Uruguay \"Uruguay\"), the show finally exploded in popularity when the second season started airing. Following the footsteps of [Chiquititas](/wiki/Chiquititas \"Chiquititas\") and *[Rebelde Way](/wiki/Rebelde_Way \"Rebelde Way\")* in the early 2000s, *[Casi Ángeles](/wiki/Casi_%C3%81ngeles \"Casi Ángeles\")* became a huge phenomenon among tweens and teens. In May 2008, Mariana Esposito and Peter Lanzani visited [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\") for a four\\-day promotional visit. They caused again a collective hysteria when arrived at the [Ben Gurion International Airport](/wiki/Ben_Gurion_International_Airport \"Ben Gurion International Airport\") and at the hotel, taped a television special, gave interviews and shot commercials for a popular hair product brand. In September 2008, Eugenia Suarez and Pablo Martínez also visited the country for extra promotion. They also gave interviews, had a signing session and played a showcase for over 20,000 fans at [Kiryat Motzkin](/wiki/Kiryat_Motzkin \"Kiryat Motzkin\"). In October, the cast did a series of concerts at Nokia Stadium for over 70,000 fans. They returned to the country for additional concerts in 2009\\. They also held concerts in [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") in Spain and [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City \"Mexico City\") in Mexico and visited [Rede Bandeirantes](/wiki/Rede_Bandeirantes \"Rede Bandeirantes\") studios in São Paulo, Brazil and [Peru](/wiki/Peru \"Peru\").",
"*Casi Ángeles* fourth season marked the last Morena production before she went on a hiatus following her daughter's sudden death in October. The final episode ended with a voice\\-over by Morena herself, which said: \"Así como el día sigue a la noche, todo final anuncia un nuevo comienzo. ¡Que nos volvamos a ver!\" (As the day follows the night, every ending announces a new beginning. We will meet again!).",
"Following the end of the show, the Teen Angels continued as a band and recorded a new album. Even though Morena contributed with a few songd, she did not have involvement with the project and the group was managed solely by RGB Entertainment and her son Gustavo Yankelevich. Eugenia \"China\" Suarez left the band after the finale and was replaced by Rocio Igarzabal, who played Vale in *Casi Ángeles*. They toured extensively across the country throughout 2011 and 2012 and made appearances at *Dulce Amor*, another successful Telefé telenovela which had two of its members (Rocio and Nico Riera) as part of its main cast. The Teen Angels held their final concert in June 2012 at Teatro Gran Rex. *Teen Angels: El Adios*, their final concert, was released as a 3D feature film in June 2013\\.",
"### Other projects",
"In 2005, besides the second season of *Floricienta*, Morena debuted *[Amor Mío](/wiki/Amor_m%C3%ADo_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 \"Amor mío (Argentine TV series)\")*, a romantic sitcom she started developing with her daughter, Romina Yan, in 2002\\. The show starred Yan alongside Damian DiSanto and was the first Morena show not targeted to a young audience. Aired in prime time, during a time the country was undergoing a [sitcom](/wiki/Sitcom \"Sitcom\") boom due to the success of *[Casados con Hijos](/wiki/Casados_con_Hijos_%28Argentina%29 \"Casados con Hijos (Argentina)\")* and *[La Niñera](/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1era_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 \"La Niñera (Argentine TV series)\")*, the show averaged 20\\.3 points{{cite web \\|url\\=http://television.com.ar/diario\\-online/minuto\\-a\\-minuto/data/134001/%C2%BFcual\\-fue\\-la\\-comedia\\-mas\\-vista\\-de\\-telefe/\\#.UUHYi1frMqs \\|title \\= Television.com.ar}} and ended prematurely, despite high ratings, due to Romina Yan's pregnancy.",
"*Amor Mío* was adapted for Mexico's [Televisa](/wiki/Televisa \"Televisa\") and for Russia. The Mexican version was shot in Argentina (similar to *Chiquititas Brasil* in the late 1990s) and was a hit in the country. The Mexican version had many more episodes than the Argentine version and the scripts which were not utilized due to the show's premature ending were finally used. Even after those scripts ran out, Televisa renewed the show and brand new episodes were written by the Argentine staff especially for Mexico. After *Rebelde*, *Amor Mío* and *Lola Erase Una Vez*, Televisa signed an exclusivity contract with CMG and RGB. Under the contract, the Mexican\\-net would help finance CMG productions, promote the shows overseas and handle international sales and distribution, besides having exclusive remake rights in Mexico. However, Televisa cannot interfere on the creative process.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://economia.terra.com/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia\\=200810080052\\_INF\\_321031 \\|title \\= Terra \\- Notícias, esportes, coberturas ao vivo, diversão e estilo de vida}}",
"In 2009, Romina and Damian reunited for a musical sitcom, *B\\&B* (Bella y Bestia), also produced by Morena and RGB. She played an uptight ballerina while he played a liberal rocker which lived across from each other with their kids. The show, aired at prime time, achieved decent ratings but was not a big success.",
"In 2006, Morena was also in charge for a primetime show at Telefe and produced *[Alma Pirata](/wiki/Alma_Pirata \"Alma Pirata\")*, an adventure\\-style production never before seen in Argentina. For the show, she reunited Argentina's hottest young actors (three of them discovered by her): Luisana Lopilato, [Mariano Martínez](/wiki/Mariano_Mart%C3%ADnez_%28actor%29 \"Mariano Martínez (actor)\") (who real life romance was causing huge media attention at the time), [Benjamin Rojas](/wiki/Benjamin_Rojas \"Benjamin Rojas\"), [Isabel Macedo](/wiki/Isabel_Macedo \"Isabel Macedo\") and [Elsa Pinilla](/wiki/Elsa_Pinilla \"Elsa Pinilla\") among others. It had the difficult mission of beating [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 \"Canal 13 (Argentina)\")'s big hit *Sos Mi Vida* on the 8{{nbsp}}p.m. time slot. It could not do it and after a few months of struggling ratings, it was moved to 7 p.m. Because of that, Mariano Martínez decided to leave the show since his contract was exclusively for a prime time show. He was killed off and Nicolas Vasquez replaced him as Luisana's character love interest. Even though the show did not fulfill expectations as a primetime show, it did particularly well in the 7{{nbsp}}p.m. slot. Its finale had a 22\\.1 points rating, almost matching its highest\\-rated episode (22\\.4 for its debut). The show averaged 16 points for its entire run and reached its lowest point during the third month of its run when it did 12\\.6 points and was almost doubled by Canal 13's competitor show. Even though Alma Pirata would not have music, it did end up having an original soundtrack album with songs composed by Morena and Carlos Nilson and sung, mostly, by Benjamin Rojas.",
"In 2010, Morena was responsible for the Argentine version of *[Spring Awakening](/wiki/Spring_Awakening_%28musical%29 \"Spring Awakening (musical)\")*. After years of being ignored by theatrical critics, she received acclaim and was awarded six Premios ACE, the most prestigious award in Argentine theater. Even though she was responsible for the biggest live musical box office draws in the country since 1996, she was never nominated for an ACE before. *Despertar de Primavera* was staged from March to June at Teatro Astral in Buenos Aires.",
"In 2012, YUPS TV, a television channel from RGB Entertainment and Cris Morena Group, made its debut on cable TV across Latin America and on the internet. The channel airs Floricienta, Casi Angeles and B\\&B.",
"### *Aliados*",
"{{main\\|Aliados}}\nAfter a two\\-year hiatus, Morena announced her highly awaited return in November 2012 at the Grammy Latino red carpet.{{YouTube\\|wYkHc\\-236l0}} The project, titled *Aliados*, started being promoted in December with spots inviting young people to participate in a virtual casting. After a long pre\\-production period, production officially begun in March 2013\\. Headlining the project are former *Casi Angeles* actors [Peter Lanzani](/wiki/Peter_Lanzani \"Peter Lanzani\") and [Pablo Martinez](/wiki/Pablo_Mart%C3%ADnez_%28actor%29 \"Pablo Martínez (actor)\") and newcomer [Oriana Sabatini](/wiki/Oriana_Sabatini \"Oriana Sabatini\"). The project was officially unveiled at the Telefe Upfront, *Todos Juntos 2013*, at the end of May. During the presentation, a tribute to Morena was presented and the producer made her first official appearance in over two years. Its cast—formed by Peter, Pablo and 12 newcomers—was officially unveiled.{{YouTube\\|c5BcIR\\_mhps}} Oriana Sabatini, Mariel Percossi, Lola Moran, Joaquin Ochoa, Carolina Domenech, Nico Francella, Julian Serrano, Agustin Bernasconi, Maxi Espindola, Eliseo Renteria, Manuela \"China\" Viale and Jenny Martinez made their TV debut in the show. Boy Olmni, Mercedes Funes, Paula Recca and [Dolores Fonzi](/wiki/Dolores_Fonzi \"Dolores Fonzi\") are also part of the cast.",
"*Aliados* is Cris' first weekly show. There will be 40 episodes for TV and 240 webisodes.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://todotvnews.com/scripts/templates/estilo\\_nota.asp?nota\\=nuevo%2FEventos%2FTradeShows%2F2013%2F05\\_mayo%2F14\\_claudio\\_ipolitti\\_telefe\\_la\\_screenings\\_2013 \\|title\\=Todotvnews \\- Claudio Ipolitti: \"Queremos que este contenido se viralice\" \\- Eventos \\- TradeShows \\- 14\\_claudio\\_ipolitti\\_telefe\\_la\\_screenings\\_2013 \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016060222/http://todotvnews.com/scripts/templates/estilo\\_nota.asp?nota\\=nuevo%2FEventos%2FTradeShows%2F2013%2F05\\_mayo%2F14\\_claudio\\_ipolitti\\_telefe\\_la\\_screenings\\_2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 October 2013 }} The webisodes will be unveiled daily while the show will be aired every Wednesday at 9{{nbsp}}p.m. on Telefe and Thursday at 7{{nbsp}}p.m. at FOX for the Latin America continent. Leandro Calderone, *Casi Ángeles* head\\-writer, is responsible for the scripts. Instead of RGB, Telefe will co\\-produce the show themselves, marking the first time Morena has worked directly with the channel since the 90s. As most Cris' projects, the show will heavily feature music with lyrics by Morena and production by Pablo Durand, which has worked with Morena since 2007, and 11 times [Grammy](/wiki/Grammy \"Grammy\") award\\-winning producer Rafa Arcaute. The show was slated to debut on 11 June but it had its premiere date postponed to 26 June.",
"Originally, the show was supposed to be produced in Mexico alongside [Televisa](/wiki/Televisa \"Televisa\"). However, Cris' had no desire to move out of Argentina and, in the end, Telefe agreed to finance the project.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1584447\\-volver\\-a\\-empezar\\|title\\=Volver a empezar \\- LA NACION\\|newspaper\\=La Nación}} To promote it, Morena gave her first interviews since 2010 to [La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n \"La Nación\"), [Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 \"Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\") and [Diario Perfil](/wiki/Diario_Perfil \"Diario Perfil\") and made her first TV interview since 2005 at the [Susana Gimenez](/wiki/Susana_Gimenez \"Susana Gimenez\") show on the 24th. A press conference was also made before its debut and the show was heavily promoted across the web, on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") and [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\"). Morena herself joined Twitter to help promote the show.",
"On 26 June, *Aliados* made its debut on [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe \"Telefe\") at 9{{nbsp}}p.m. Instead of an early evening afternoon slot, the show will be aired at primetime weekly. During its debut, it had five worldwide [trending topics](/wiki/Trending_topics \"Trending topics\") on Twitter and it marked 16 points in ratings, being the most\\-watched show on [Telefe](/wiki/Telefe \"Telefe\") during the day and the second most\\-watched show on the network of the week. However, after the initial buzz, ratings fell and stabilized at around 9 points.",
"In September, the first issue of Aliados official magazine was released. The following month, the stamps album was also released by [Panini](/wiki/Panini_%28stickers%29 \"Panini (stickers)\") and the soundtrack album reached Platinum certification. The cast did an acoustic session in conjunction with [Radio Disney](/wiki/Radio_Disney \"Radio Disney\") and also sang live at the Mis Premios Nick award show. In November, the official live musical will make its debut at Teatro Gran Rex.",
""
] |
### *Jugate Conmigo*
{{Main\|Jugate Conmigo}}
After two important and memorable roles on television, Morena decided to give production a try. The result was *[Jugate Conmigo](/wiki/Jugate_Conmigo "Jugate Conmigo")*, which debuted in 1991 and was aired at weekdays during the 6{{nbsp}}p.m. slot at Telefe. The show concept was a mix of game show and variety show targeted to teenagers. Morena was the main host and the rest of the cast consisted of a group of ten attractive teenagers, five of each sex.
The show was taped in front of a live audience formed by tweens and teens. The main part of the show was the games with huge prizes that were played by the [audience](/wiki/Audience "Audience") and the young cast members themselves. It also had [sketches](/wiki/Sketch_comedy "Sketch comedy"), musical segments and celebrity guests. The show also featured original music. Every year, a new CD was released with about 10 new songs sung by the cast. They sang about teen issues such as gossip, jealously, love, first sexual experiences, kisses and friends. All the songs were composed by Morena herself alongside her songwriting partner [Carlos Nilson](/wiki/Carlos_Nilson "Carlos Nilson").
Soon after its debut, the show became a huge sensation and the teenagers who formed the cast became overnight [teen idols](/wiki/Teen_idols "Teen idols"). They held concerts at Estadio Obras in 1992 and at Teatro Gran Rex in 1994\. The show also spawned four album, all of them certified Platinum. In 1992, *Juntos*, the second season album, was the 8th best\-seller of the year. In both 1993 and 1994, Jugate Conmigo soundtracks were the best\-selling albums in the country according to [CAPIF](/wiki/CAPIF "CAPIF"), with *Abrazadissimos* and *Rejugadisimos* respectively.{{Cite news\|url \= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/77909\-la\-television\-tambien\-logra\-hacerse\-escuchar\|title \= La televisión también logra hacerse escuchar \- LA NACION\|newspaper \= La Nación\|access\-date \= 16 March 2013\|archive\-date \= 26 February 2014\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140226062113/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/77909\-la\-television\-tambien\-logra\-hacerse\-escuchar\|url\-status \= dead}}
Alongside the teens from the first two seasons of *Jugate*, Morena starred in the prime\-time series *Quereme*. The show did not perform as well as the channel had hoped and was canceled. It was Morena's last venture as an actress. During the third season of *Jugate*, a segment of the show was dedicated to weekly telenovelas starring members of the cast. It was Cris' first steps towards producing fiction. *Life College* was a telenovela that aired inside the fourth season of *Jugate Conmigo* following teenagers living in an elite boarding school. The plot of the show was similar to Cris' future hit *Rebelde Way* (2002\).
Instead of a fifth season, the show got a complete makeover. It became weekly, airing every Sunday, instead of daily and had the name changed to *Jugate con Todo* (1995\) becoming a big variety show targeted to the entire family instead of teenagers exclusively. The show would become the centerpiece of Telefe's Sunday schedule, replacing the extremely successful Marcelo Tinelli\-vehicle *Ritmo de la Noche*. The show was co\-hosted by Morena and Manuel Wirtz and was not well received, which prompted the show to change its time slot, co\-host and its format which became increasingly similar to the original *Jugate* format. *Jugate con Todo* lasted only five months and its final episode was aired the same week *Chiquititas* debuted in August 1995\. In fact, the *Chiquititas* cast were the guests in the last show. Since *Jugate*, Morena has retired completely as a TV personality.
It was the first of many Cris\-produced shows to be commercial successes but, at the same time, heavily panned by critics. At the time, she was criticized for acting like a teenager when she was over 30 years old. Even though the show was huge hit with the audience and moved millions of albums and merchandising, many critics declared the show was only aired because Morena was the wife of Telefe's director. Even though it was not praised by critics at the time, *Jugate Conmigo* is one of the most remembered shows of the early 1990s and the songs marked a generation. *Jugate* was also the TV debut for, among others, Romina Yan, [Michel Brown](/wiki/Michel_Brown "Michel Brown") and [Luciano Castro](/wiki/Luciano_Castro "Luciano Castro").
|
[
"### *Jugate Conmigo*",
"{{Main\\|Jugate Conmigo}}",
"After two important and memorable roles on television, Morena decided to give production a try. The result was *[Jugate Conmigo](/wiki/Jugate_Conmigo \"Jugate Conmigo\")*, which debuted in 1991 and was aired at weekdays during the 6{{nbsp}}p.m. slot at Telefe. The show concept was a mix of game show and variety show targeted to teenagers. Morena was the main host and the rest of the cast consisted of a group of ten attractive teenagers, five of each sex.",
"The show was taped in front of a live audience formed by tweens and teens. The main part of the show was the games with huge prizes that were played by the [audience](/wiki/Audience \"Audience\") and the young cast members themselves. It also had [sketches](/wiki/Sketch_comedy \"Sketch comedy\"), musical segments and celebrity guests. The show also featured original music. Every year, a new CD was released with about 10 new songs sung by the cast. They sang about teen issues such as gossip, jealously, love, first sexual experiences, kisses and friends. All the songs were composed by Morena herself alongside her songwriting partner [Carlos Nilson](/wiki/Carlos_Nilson \"Carlos Nilson\").",
"Soon after its debut, the show became a huge sensation and the teenagers who formed the cast became overnight [teen idols](/wiki/Teen_idols \"Teen idols\"). They held concerts at Estadio Obras in 1992 and at Teatro Gran Rex in 1994\\. The show also spawned four album, all of them certified Platinum. In 1992, *Juntos*, the second season album, was the 8th best\\-seller of the year. In both 1993 and 1994, Jugate Conmigo soundtracks were the best\\-selling albums in the country according to [CAPIF](/wiki/CAPIF \"CAPIF\"), with *Abrazadissimos* and *Rejugadisimos* respectively.{{Cite news\\|url \\= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/77909\\-la\\-television\\-tambien\\-logra\\-hacerse\\-escuchar\\|title \\= La televisión también logra hacerse escuchar \\- LA NACION\\|newspaper \\= La Nación\\|access\\-date \\= 16 March 2013\\|archive\\-date \\= 26 February 2014\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140226062113/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/77909\\-la\\-television\\-tambien\\-logra\\-hacerse\\-escuchar\\|url\\-status \\= dead}}",
"Alongside the teens from the first two seasons of *Jugate*, Morena starred in the prime\\-time series *Quereme*. The show did not perform as well as the channel had hoped and was canceled. It was Morena's last venture as an actress. During the third season of *Jugate*, a segment of the show was dedicated to weekly telenovelas starring members of the cast. It was Cris' first steps towards producing fiction. *Life College* was a telenovela that aired inside the fourth season of *Jugate Conmigo* following teenagers living in an elite boarding school. The plot of the show was similar to Cris' future hit *Rebelde Way* (2002\\).",
"Instead of a fifth season, the show got a complete makeover. It became weekly, airing every Sunday, instead of daily and had the name changed to *Jugate con Todo* (1995\\) becoming a big variety show targeted to the entire family instead of teenagers exclusively. The show would become the centerpiece of Telefe's Sunday schedule, replacing the extremely successful Marcelo Tinelli\\-vehicle *Ritmo de la Noche*. The show was co\\-hosted by Morena and Manuel Wirtz and was not well received, which prompted the show to change its time slot, co\\-host and its format which became increasingly similar to the original *Jugate* format. *Jugate con Todo* lasted only five months and its final episode was aired the same week *Chiquititas* debuted in August 1995\\. In fact, the *Chiquititas* cast were the guests in the last show. Since *Jugate*, Morena has retired completely as a TV personality.",
"It was the first of many Cris\\-produced shows to be commercial successes but, at the same time, heavily panned by critics. At the time, she was criticized for acting like a teenager when she was over 30 years old. Even though the show was huge hit with the audience and moved millions of albums and merchandising, many critics declared the show was only aired because Morena was the wife of Telefe's director. Even though it was not praised by critics at the time, *Jugate Conmigo* is one of the most remembered shows of the early 1990s and the songs marked a generation. *Jugate* was also the TV debut for, among others, Romina Yan, [Michel Brown](/wiki/Michel_Brown \"Michel Brown\") and [Luciano Castro](/wiki/Luciano_Castro \"Luciano Castro\").",
""
] |
### *Chiquititas*
{{Main\|Chiquititas}}
*[Chiquititas](/wiki/Chiquititas "Chiquititas")* was a kids\-oriented soap opera, aired weekdays at 6{{nbsp}}p.m. from 1995 to 2000, and weekly in 2001\. It is one of the most popular franchises ever in Argentina's television and was what consolidated Morena as a renowned and powerful producer. It was the first television [franchise](/wiki/Media_franchise "Media franchise") in the country and changed the way local shows were produced, sold and exported.
The show debuted in August 1995 at the same time slot as *Jugate Conmigo* was originally aired, Weekdays at 6{{nbsp}}p.m. on Telefe. It started as a competitor to Canal 13's successful kids\-oriented soap *Amigovios* and, in a few weeks, it was already a huge phenomenon and easily winning its timeslot. The novela focused on a girls' orphanage, Rincón de Luz (Corner of Light), localized in [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires") and the girls' dramas, first loves, frustration of not having families among other issues. It borrowed elements from many children oriented movies and musicals, as *[Annie](/wiki/Annie_%28musical%29 "Annie (musical)")* to *[The Sound of Music](/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music "The Sound of Music")*. The leading character and the children mentor was Belén, played by Cris' daughter [Romina Yan](/wiki/Romina_Yan "Romina Yan"). The illain for the first three seasons was Carmen Morán, a very cruel woman who was one of the owners of the orphanage. Belén's romantic partner changed each season as the storylines was more adult and tense: Gabriel Corrado played the part in the first season; [Fernan Miras](/wiki/Fernan_Miras "Fernan Miras") between 1996 and 1997 and, finally, in 1998, [Facundo Arana](/wiki/Facundo_Arana "Facundo Arana"), which went on to become Argentina's most popular TV actor.
The title of the show, *Chiquititas* (*Tiny Girls*; the official English title is *Tiny Angels*), referred to the fact the orphanage was originally made up of 10 girls. To increase the public, during the end of the second season, boys were introduced and, by the third season, the orphanage was changed to a unisex unity and boys and girls now teenagers shared the spotlight, with romance among the cast being one of the shows' biggest themes.
The third\-season finale was shot on [Walt Disney World](/wiki/Walt_Disney_World "Walt Disney World") and the main teenage character, Mili ([Agustina Cherri](/wiki/Agustina_Cherri "Agustina Cherri")), the central orphan, said goodbye to the show and the actress who portrayed her, [Agustina Cherri](/wiki/Agustina_Cherri "Agustina Cherri"), went on to star in *[Verano del '98](/wiki/Verano_del_%2798 "Verano del '98")*, a teen soap also developed by Cris. Usually for each new season, a [soundtrack album](/wiki/Chiquititas_soundtracks "Chiquititas soundtracks") with about ten new songs was released. Exactly like *Jugate* a few years earlier, those albums were huge\-sellers.The series used the MTV format, and which song had your own musical video and was aired inside the show, when the situation demanded. Many of the songs, such as "Pimpollo", "Rinconcito de Luz" and "Corazon con Agujeritos", became extremely popular and are still remembered all over Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil.
After a series of complaints and heavy criticism, lighter and more romantic stories were introduced, during the third season (1997\). In a new plot, the Rincón de Luz original orphanage was closed and reopened on a new, even more picturesque house.At the fourth season (1998\), the show got a new visual identity. Starring alongside Romina Yan was [Facundo Arana](/wiki/Facundo_Arana "Facundo Arana") who played her romantic partner. The fourth season was the highest rated season of *Chiquititas* during its seven\-year run, and Arana went on to become Argentina's most popular leading actor and one of the biggest names in the country. The fourth season album was one of the best\-selling albums in [Sony Music](/wiki/Sony_Music "Sony Music") Argentina's history.{{cite news \| first\=Noberto \| last\=Malatesta \| url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/104689\-la\-industria\-discografica\-recupera\-posiciones\-y\-cada\-vez\-suena\-mas\-fuerte \| title\= La industria discográfica recupera posiciones y cada vez suena más fuerte\| work\=\[\[La Nación (Buenos Aires)\|La Nación]] \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }} As Yan decided not to renew her contract at the end of 1998, this season was the last in which she starred. She, Arana and a large part of the young and old cast said goodbye to the cast and the first cycle of the plot was ended and during the fourth\-season finale was the end of a cycle, with Bélen (Yan) and Alejo (Arana) adopting all kids. The final scene had the complete cast waving goodbye in the middle of the sea, boarding the iconic [Fragata Libertad](/wiki/Fragata_Libertad "Fragata Libertad") and singing the song *En el Comienzo*. Romina Yan and Facundo Arana reunited in 2001 to star in the movie version of the show.
In 1999, the show had a reebot and started with a new [setting](/wiki/Setting_%28narrative%29 "Setting (narrative)") (now Rincón de Luz is closed and during the first season reborn in a farm, many years after the first cycle ended. Now, the action alternates between the 'farm' and a rich and big mansion placed at the side of the mannor) and a partial renovated cast.Some actors from previous seasons, as the main protagonists [Camila Bordonaba](/wiki/Camila_Bordonaba "Camila Bordonaba"), [Benjamín Rojas](/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Rojas "Benjamín Rojas"), Santiago Stieben, [Guillermo Santa Cruz](/wiki/Guillermo_Santa_Cruz "Guillermo Santa Cruz") and [Nadia Di Cello](/wiki/Nadia_Di_Cello "Nadia Di Cello") continued in the show playing new characters. [Grecia Colmenares](/wiki/Grecia_Colmenares "Grecia Colmenares") played Ana, which replaced Bélen as the adult protagonist. [Darío Grandinetti](/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_Grandinetti "Darío Grandinetti") played her romantic interest Juan and [Marcela Kloosterboer](/wiki/Marcela_Kloosterboer "Marcela Kloosterboer") played Candela,one of the main character in the young cast. The link between the fifth season and the original Rincón de Luz orphanage was *El Libro de la Vida* (*The Book of Life*), a [scrapbook](/wiki/Scrapbooking "Scrapbooking") made by Belen and the kids in the fourth season where they shared their story. This book was found by the new orphans at the beginning of the season and that's why, when Joaquin decides to give them a home, they decide to call the farm/orphanage Rincón de Luz, as an homage to the orphans that had their dreams come true.
At the season 5 finale, the farm big house is burned down by the villain and most kids manage to escape and, following a shooting star, end up at the now abandoned original Rincón de Luz orphanage (the one used in the third and fourth seasons but completely reformed inside). The return to the original setting was a response to dwindling ratings during the previous season. The sixth season stars [Romina Gaetani](/wiki/Romina_Gaetani "Romina Gaetani") as Luz. Gaetani, who was very unknown actress until the series started, feel the similarly to what happened to [Facundo Arana](/wiki/Facundo_Arana "Facundo Arana"), went on to become a very popular actress following her stint as the main actress in the sixth season of *Chiquititas*, as her first TV role.
The year of 2001 was a bittersweet end for *Chiquititas* fans. At one side, [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina "Argentina") was going through [the worst period of the economic crisis that hit the country in 1999](/wiki/Argentine_economic_crisis_%281999%E2%80%932002%29 "Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002)") and the TV channels were also affected. Because of that, Telefé (which was not directed by Yankelevich anymore) decided to cut the budget for the show, a decision that was not well received by Morena. Since season 6 ended with a cliffhanger and the first few episodes were already shot, production resumed and the show became weekly. As a consequence, the number of episodes was severely shortened and the planned storylines, which were supposed to spawn for over 100 chapters, had to be rewritten in a very short period of time.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/320601\-el\-fenomeno\-de\-chiquititas\|title\=El fenómeno de "Chiquititas" \- LA NACION\|newspaper\=La Nación\|access\-date\=28 March 2013\|archive\-date\=1 December 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030627/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/320601\-el\-fenomeno\-de\-chiquititas\|url\-status\=dead}} In addition, because of disagreements between Morena and Claudio Vilarruel (Telefe's new director) the new season only saw the light in June, while it usually started in March (the beginning of fall in the [Southern Hemisphere](/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere "Southern Hemisphere")).{{cite web \| url\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2001/12/14/c\-327906\.htm \| title\= Chiquititas soy yo\| work\=\[\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\|Clarín]] \| date\= 14 December 2001\| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }}{{cite web \| url\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2001/10/08/c\-00204\.htm \| title\= Final poco feliz\| work\=\[\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\|Clarín]] \| date\= 8 October 2001\| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }}{{cite web \| url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota\_id\=399974 \| title\= Una rebelde con causa\| work\=\[\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\|Clarín]] \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }}
On the other hand, fans had more *Chiquititas* than ever before: besides the new episodes on Sundays, a retrospective of previous seasons was aired on the show traditional time slot (weekdays, 6{{nbsp}}p.m.), a movie version starring Romina Yan and Facundo Arana (Romina was the main protagonist of the first three seasions) was released in July (winter vacations in Argentina), to end the show [Agustina Cherri](/wiki/Agustina_Cherri "Agustina Cherri") was back as Mili on the show and the usual musical was staged at Teatro Gran Rex from June to September, including a series of special sessions with Romina Yan reprising her role as Belén (as a tie\-in for the movie, which starred her).{{cite web \| url\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2001/07/10/c\-01202\.htm \| title\= Chiquititas pero prolificas\| work\=\[\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\|Clarín]] \| date\= 10 July 2001\| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }}
Since it was one of the most profitable shows on the channel, Telefe planned on continuing *Chiquititas* without Morena. A new season, which would be called *Corazones en Banda*, was announced. Even though castings were done and a few names were attached to the project, the channel ended up not greenlighting it.{{Cite web\|url\=http://unibrander.com/argentina/36596AR/chiquititas\-2002\-corazones\-en\-banda.html\|title \= CHIQUITITAS 2002 \- CORAZONES EN BANDA (Trademark » Argentina)}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://magdabanach.blogspot.com.br/2009/06/corazones\-en\-banda\-te\-le\-fe.html\|title\=M a g d a b a n a c H}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/357398\-este\-ano\-la\-tv\-veranea\-en\-buenos\-aires\|title\=Este año, la TV veranea en Buenos Aires \- LA NACION\|newspaper\=La Nación\|access\-date\=28 March 2013\|archive\-date\=6 February 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206224621/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/357398\-este\-ano\-la\-tv\-veranea\-en\-buenos\-aires\|url\-status\=dead}}
Since music was such a huge part of the show and Morena is a huge admirer of Broadway musicals, it was decided *Chiquititas* would be transformed into a live musical in 1996\. The musical broke attendance records in its first year and became a yearly event. Each season held during the July school holidays, a huge production with the entire cast was staged at [Teatro Gran Rex](/wiki/Teatro_Gran_Rex "Teatro Gran Rex") in Buenos Aires. The theatral seasons were held between June and September and the scale of shows varied between 1 and 3 per day. Between 1996 and 2001, the show had a new script every season and was personally produced by Morena and they had budgets that normally exceeded US$1 million. Something that has never before been seen in Argentine showbiz industry.{{cite web \| first\=Juan \| last\=Garff \| url\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/1998/07/13/c\-00501d.htm \| title\= Show asombroso sin golpes bajos\| work\=\[\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\|Clarín]] \| date\=13 July 1998 \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }} Usually during June a one show was presented, during the month of July, two shows were presented daily and they sold out so fast in 1998 a third daily concert, held at the mornings or a noon, had to be added to satisfy the demand. In fact, the 1998 series of concerts are until today the biggest public recorded at the venue.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.extremista.com.ar/13277/entradas\-de\-casi\-angeles\-en\-el\-teatro\-gran\-rex\-agotadas/ \| title\= Entradas de Casi Ángeles en Gran Rex Agotadas\| work\=\[\[Extremista]] \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }} That year, the musical sold 280\.000 tickets during 94 concerts. While the storylines for the live version of *Chiquititas* were extremely more simple than the television series and almost non\-existent, the show was hugely impressive with its Broadway\-like sets, wardrobes, high budgets and special effects. Most concerts were sold out and it was the top grossing live event in Argentina every year, from 96 to 2001\.{{cite web \| first\=Juan \| last\=Garff \| url\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/1998/08/07/c\-01101g.htm \| title\= Con asistencia perfecta\| work\=\[\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\|Clarín]] \| date\=7 August 1998 \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }}
*Chiquititas* was also heavily critically panned by media vehicles during all produced sessions. The content of the show was criticized for being questionable, hypocritical, overly sexual and for showing an orphanage full of beautiful blond kids in expensive and fashionist clothes. The songs were also criticized for being heavily commercial. Despite the lack of critical support, *Chiquititas* had seven seasons, one feature film, over 400 licensed products, five international remakes, two [spin\-offs](/wiki/Spin-off_%28media%29 "Spin-off (media)") and over 1 million tickets sold during its six seasons at Teatro Gran Rex in [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires"). It was the first international franchise in Argentina's television history and is seen as a point of non\-return in a local television. To this day, it still on air in Latin America on [cable channel](/wiki/Cable_channel "Cable channel") [Boomerang](/wiki/Boomerang_%28TV_network%29 "Boomerang (TV network)").
|
[
"### *Chiquititas*",
"{{Main\\|Chiquititas}}",
"*[Chiquititas](/wiki/Chiquititas \"Chiquititas\")* was a kids\\-oriented soap opera, aired weekdays at 6{{nbsp}}p.m. from 1995 to 2000, and weekly in 2001\\. It is one of the most popular franchises ever in Argentina's television and was what consolidated Morena as a renowned and powerful producer. It was the first television [franchise](/wiki/Media_franchise \"Media franchise\") in the country and changed the way local shows were produced, sold and exported.",
"The show debuted in August 1995 at the same time slot as *Jugate Conmigo* was originally aired, Weekdays at 6{{nbsp}}p.m. on Telefe. It started as a competitor to Canal 13's successful kids\\-oriented soap *Amigovios* and, in a few weeks, it was already a huge phenomenon and easily winning its timeslot. The novela focused on a girls' orphanage, Rincón de Luz (Corner of Light), localized in [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires \"Buenos Aires\") and the girls' dramas, first loves, frustration of not having families among other issues. It borrowed elements from many children oriented movies and musicals, as *[Annie](/wiki/Annie_%28musical%29 \"Annie (musical)\")* to *[The Sound of Music](/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music \"The Sound of Music\")*. The leading character and the children mentor was Belén, played by Cris' daughter [Romina Yan](/wiki/Romina_Yan \"Romina Yan\"). The illain for the first three seasons was Carmen Morán, a very cruel woman who was one of the owners of the orphanage. Belén's romantic partner changed each season as the storylines was more adult and tense: Gabriel Corrado played the part in the first season; [Fernan Miras](/wiki/Fernan_Miras \"Fernan Miras\") between 1996 and 1997 and, finally, in 1998, [Facundo Arana](/wiki/Facundo_Arana \"Facundo Arana\"), which went on to become Argentina's most popular TV actor.",
"The title of the show, *Chiquititas* (*Tiny Girls*; the official English title is *Tiny Angels*), referred to the fact the orphanage was originally made up of 10 girls. To increase the public, during the end of the second season, boys were introduced and, by the third season, the orphanage was changed to a unisex unity and boys and girls now teenagers shared the spotlight, with romance among the cast being one of the shows' biggest themes.",
"The third\\-season finale was shot on [Walt Disney World](/wiki/Walt_Disney_World \"Walt Disney World\") and the main teenage character, Mili ([Agustina Cherri](/wiki/Agustina_Cherri \"Agustina Cherri\")), the central orphan, said goodbye to the show and the actress who portrayed her, [Agustina Cherri](/wiki/Agustina_Cherri \"Agustina Cherri\"), went on to star in *[Verano del '98](/wiki/Verano_del_%2798 \"Verano del '98\")*, a teen soap also developed by Cris. Usually for each new season, a [soundtrack album](/wiki/Chiquititas_soundtracks \"Chiquititas soundtracks\") with about ten new songs was released. Exactly like *Jugate* a few years earlier, those albums were huge\\-sellers.The series used the MTV format, and which song had your own musical video and was aired inside the show, when the situation demanded. Many of the songs, such as \"Pimpollo\", \"Rinconcito de Luz\" and \"Corazon con Agujeritos\", became extremely popular and are still remembered all over Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil.",
"After a series of complaints and heavy criticism, lighter and more romantic stories were introduced, during the third season (1997\\). In a new plot, the Rincón de Luz original orphanage was closed and reopened on a new, even more picturesque house.At the fourth season (1998\\), the show got a new visual identity. Starring alongside Romina Yan was [Facundo Arana](/wiki/Facundo_Arana \"Facundo Arana\") who played her romantic partner. The fourth season was the highest rated season of *Chiquititas* during its seven\\-year run, and Arana went on to become Argentina's most popular leading actor and one of the biggest names in the country. The fourth season album was one of the best\\-selling albums in [Sony Music](/wiki/Sony_Music \"Sony Music\") Argentina's history.{{cite news \\| first\\=Noberto \\| last\\=Malatesta \\| url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/104689\\-la\\-industria\\-discografica\\-recupera\\-posiciones\\-y\\-cada\\-vez\\-suena\\-mas\\-fuerte \\| title\\= La industria discográfica recupera posiciones y cada vez suena más fuerte\\| work\\=\\[\\[La Nación (Buenos Aires)\\|La Nación]] \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }} As Yan decided not to renew her contract at the end of 1998, this season was the last in which she starred. She, Arana and a large part of the young and old cast said goodbye to the cast and the first cycle of the plot was ended and during the fourth\\-season finale was the end of a cycle, with Bélen (Yan) and Alejo (Arana) adopting all kids. The final scene had the complete cast waving goodbye in the middle of the sea, boarding the iconic [Fragata Libertad](/wiki/Fragata_Libertad \"Fragata Libertad\") and singing the song *En el Comienzo*. Romina Yan and Facundo Arana reunited in 2001 to star in the movie version of the show.",
"In 1999, the show had a reebot and started with a new [setting](/wiki/Setting_%28narrative%29 \"Setting (narrative)\") (now Rincón de Luz is closed and during the first season reborn in a farm, many years after the first cycle ended. Now, the action alternates between the 'farm' and a rich and big mansion placed at the side of the mannor) and a partial renovated cast.Some actors from previous seasons, as the main protagonists [Camila Bordonaba](/wiki/Camila_Bordonaba \"Camila Bordonaba\"), [Benjamín Rojas](/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Rojas \"Benjamín Rojas\"), Santiago Stieben, [Guillermo Santa Cruz](/wiki/Guillermo_Santa_Cruz \"Guillermo Santa Cruz\") and [Nadia Di Cello](/wiki/Nadia_Di_Cello \"Nadia Di Cello\") continued in the show playing new characters. [Grecia Colmenares](/wiki/Grecia_Colmenares \"Grecia Colmenares\") played Ana, which replaced Bélen as the adult protagonist. [Darío Grandinetti](/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_Grandinetti \"Darío Grandinetti\") played her romantic interest Juan and [Marcela Kloosterboer](/wiki/Marcela_Kloosterboer \"Marcela Kloosterboer\") played Candela,one of the main character in the young cast. The link between the fifth season and the original Rincón de Luz orphanage was *El Libro de la Vida* (*The Book of Life*), a [scrapbook](/wiki/Scrapbooking \"Scrapbooking\") made by Belen and the kids in the fourth season where they shared their story. This book was found by the new orphans at the beginning of the season and that's why, when Joaquin decides to give them a home, they decide to call the farm/orphanage Rincón de Luz, as an homage to the orphans that had their dreams come true.",
"At the season 5 finale, the farm big house is burned down by the villain and most kids manage to escape and, following a shooting star, end up at the now abandoned original Rincón de Luz orphanage (the one used in the third and fourth seasons but completely reformed inside). The return to the original setting was a response to dwindling ratings during the previous season. The sixth season stars [Romina Gaetani](/wiki/Romina_Gaetani \"Romina Gaetani\") as Luz. Gaetani, who was very unknown actress until the series started, feel the similarly to what happened to [Facundo Arana](/wiki/Facundo_Arana \"Facundo Arana\"), went on to become a very popular actress following her stint as the main actress in the sixth season of *Chiquititas*, as her first TV role.",
"The year of 2001 was a bittersweet end for *Chiquititas* fans. At one side, [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\") was going through [the worst period of the economic crisis that hit the country in 1999](/wiki/Argentine_economic_crisis_%281999%E2%80%932002%29 \"Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002)\") and the TV channels were also affected. Because of that, Telefé (which was not directed by Yankelevich anymore) decided to cut the budget for the show, a decision that was not well received by Morena. Since season 6 ended with a cliffhanger and the first few episodes were already shot, production resumed and the show became weekly. As a consequence, the number of episodes was severely shortened and the planned storylines, which were supposed to spawn for over 100 chapters, had to be rewritten in a very short period of time.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/320601\\-el\\-fenomeno\\-de\\-chiquititas\\|title\\=El fenómeno de \"Chiquititas\" \\- LA NACION\\|newspaper\\=La Nación\\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030627/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/320601\\-el\\-fenomeno\\-de\\-chiquititas\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In addition, because of disagreements between Morena and Claudio Vilarruel (Telefe's new director) the new season only saw the light in June, while it usually started in March (the beginning of fall in the [Southern Hemisphere](/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere \"Southern Hemisphere\")).{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2001/12/14/c\\-327906\\.htm \\| title\\= Chiquititas soy yo\\| work\\=\\[\\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\\|Clarín]] \\| date\\= 14 December 2001\\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }}{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2001/10/08/c\\-00204\\.htm \\| title\\= Final poco feliz\\| work\\=\\[\\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\\|Clarín]] \\| date\\= 8 October 2001\\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }}{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota\\_id\\=399974 \\| title\\= Una rebelde con causa\\| work\\=\\[\\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\\|Clarín]] \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }}",
"On the other hand, fans had more *Chiquititas* than ever before: besides the new episodes on Sundays, a retrospective of previous seasons was aired on the show traditional time slot (weekdays, 6{{nbsp}}p.m.), a movie version starring Romina Yan and Facundo Arana (Romina was the main protagonist of the first three seasions) was released in July (winter vacations in Argentina), to end the show [Agustina Cherri](/wiki/Agustina_Cherri \"Agustina Cherri\") was back as Mili on the show and the usual musical was staged at Teatro Gran Rex from June to September, including a series of special sessions with Romina Yan reprising her role as Belén (as a tie\\-in for the movie, which starred her).{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2001/07/10/c\\-01202\\.htm \\| title\\= Chiquititas pero prolificas\\| work\\=\\[\\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\\|Clarín]] \\| date\\= 10 July 2001\\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }}",
"Since it was one of the most profitable shows on the channel, Telefe planned on continuing *Chiquititas* without Morena. A new season, which would be called *Corazones en Banda*, was announced. Even though castings were done and a few names were attached to the project, the channel ended up not greenlighting it.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://unibrander.com/argentina/36596AR/chiquititas\\-2002\\-corazones\\-en\\-banda.html\\|title \\= CHIQUITITAS 2002 \\- CORAZONES EN BANDA (Trademark » Argentina)}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://magdabanach.blogspot.com.br/2009/06/corazones\\-en\\-banda\\-te\\-le\\-fe.html\\|title\\=M a g d a b a n a c H}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/357398\\-este\\-ano\\-la\\-tv\\-veranea\\-en\\-buenos\\-aires\\|title\\=Este año, la TV veranea en Buenos Aires \\- LA NACION\\|newspaper\\=La Nación\\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=6 February 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206224621/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/357398\\-este\\-ano\\-la\\-tv\\-veranea\\-en\\-buenos\\-aires\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Since music was such a huge part of the show and Morena is a huge admirer of Broadway musicals, it was decided *Chiquititas* would be transformed into a live musical in 1996\\. The musical broke attendance records in its first year and became a yearly event. Each season held during the July school holidays, a huge production with the entire cast was staged at [Teatro Gran Rex](/wiki/Teatro_Gran_Rex \"Teatro Gran Rex\") in Buenos Aires. The theatral seasons were held between June and September and the scale of shows varied between 1 and 3 per day. Between 1996 and 2001, the show had a new script every season and was personally produced by Morena and they had budgets that normally exceeded US$1 million. Something that has never before been seen in Argentine showbiz industry.{{cite web \\| first\\=Juan \\| last\\=Garff \\| url\\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/1998/07/13/c\\-00501d.htm \\| title\\= Show asombroso sin golpes bajos\\| work\\=\\[\\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\\|Clarín]] \\| date\\=13 July 1998 \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }} Usually during June a one show was presented, during the month of July, two shows were presented daily and they sold out so fast in 1998 a third daily concert, held at the mornings or a noon, had to be added to satisfy the demand. In fact, the 1998 series of concerts are until today the biggest public recorded at the venue.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.extremista.com.ar/13277/entradas\\-de\\-casi\\-angeles\\-en\\-el\\-teatro\\-gran\\-rex\\-agotadas/ \\| title\\= Entradas de Casi Ángeles en Gran Rex Agotadas\\| work\\=\\[\\[Extremista]] \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }} That year, the musical sold 280\\.000 tickets during 94 concerts. While the storylines for the live version of *Chiquititas* were extremely more simple than the television series and almost non\\-existent, the show was hugely impressive with its Broadway\\-like sets, wardrobes, high budgets and special effects. Most concerts were sold out and it was the top grossing live event in Argentina every year, from 96 to 2001\\.{{cite web \\| first\\=Juan \\| last\\=Garff \\| url\\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/1998/08/07/c\\-01101g.htm \\| title\\= Con asistencia perfecta\\| work\\=\\[\\[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\\|Clarín]] \\| date\\=7 August 1998 \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }}",
"*Chiquititas* was also heavily critically panned by media vehicles during all produced sessions. The content of the show was criticized for being questionable, hypocritical, overly sexual and for showing an orphanage full of beautiful blond kids in expensive and fashionist clothes. The songs were also criticized for being heavily commercial. Despite the lack of critical support, *Chiquititas* had seven seasons, one feature film, over 400 licensed products, five international remakes, two [spin\\-offs](/wiki/Spin-off_%28media%29 \"Spin-off (media)\") and over 1 million tickets sold during its six seasons at Teatro Gran Rex in [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires \"Buenos Aires\"). It was the first international franchise in Argentina's television history and is seen as a point of non\\-return in a local television. To this day, it still on air in Latin America on [cable channel](/wiki/Cable_channel \"Cable channel\") [Boomerang](/wiki/Boomerang_%28TV_network%29 \"Boomerang (TV network)\").",
""
] |
### *Rebelde Way*
{{Main\|Rebelde Way}}
After disagreements between Morena and Vilarruel, Telefe's chairman, she started developing a new show about a group of rich teenagers living in an elite [boarding school](/wiki/Boarding_school "Boarding school"). The project became *Rebelde Way*. [Felipe Colombo](/wiki/Felipe_Colombo "Felipe Colombo"), [Camila Bordonaba](/wiki/Camila_Bordonaba "Camila Bordonaba"), [Luisana Lopilato](/wiki/Luisana_Lopilato "Luisana Lopilato") and [Benjamin Rojas](/wiki/Benjamin_Rojas "Benjamin Rojas"), who were highly popular during Chiquititas' last three seasons, were chosen as the four leads (Rebelde means literally rebel but it also means stubborn, different, daring, revolted, problematic).
Until the late 1990s, producing companies—now very common in the country—uncommon and most shows were property of the channel. Morena had no plans to open her own production company but, after parting ways with Telefe and with a huge team following her, it was the only legal way to do it. [Cris Morena Group](/wiki/Cris_Morena_Group "Cris Morena Group") was born. However, the company was formed by creative staff and was not able to cope with the business and legal aspects by itself so she needed a partner to finance it. Initially, the show was to be co\-produced alongside [RGB Entertainment](/wiki/RGB_Entertainment "RGB Entertainment"), Morena's ex\-husband's company with whom she has a very amicable relationship. However, the association did not work out since she was looking for someone who could dedicate themselves entirely and RGB was busy managing girl group [Bandana](/wiki/Bandana_%28pop_group%29 "Bandana (pop group)") and [Mambrú](/wiki/Mambr%C3%BA "Mambrú"), which were directed at the same target group.{{Cite news\|url \= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/399974\-una\-rebelde\-con\-causa\|title \= Una rebelde con causa \- LA NACION\|newspaper \= La Nación\|access\-date \= 28 March 2013\|archive\-date \= 6 October 2013\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131006091714/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/399974\-una\-rebelde\-con\-causa\|url\-status \= dead}}
After offers from [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 "Canal 13 (Argentina)") and [Canal 9](/wiki/Canal_9_%28Argentina%29 "Canal 9 (Argentina)"), the show almost was not produced since the channels, still suffering from the Argentina's economic crisis, could not finance it and she needed an associate who could finance the project. The production resumed when Argentine\-Israeli producer [Yair Dori](/wiki/Dori_Media_Group "Dori Media Group") decided to invest heavily on the show after *Chiquititas* became popular among children in Israel. The production began before the show had a confirmed channel to be aired on. It was decided the show would premiere on Canal 9, which had success with teen\-oriented show *Popstars* the year before, and it would be aired every weekday at 8{{nbsp}}p.m. Soon after its debut, the show became the channel's highest\-rated show. It spawned a band, [Erreway](/wiki/Erreway "Erreway"), formed by the four protagonists, several licensed products (such as stationery items, a clothing line, a monthly magazine, cosmetics and sunglasses) and a triple platinum album.
After the reception of the show's first series, Morena decided to produce a second season and the group started touring Argentina and selling out arenas around the country and in other South American countries such as Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay and Peru. In 2003, Argentina still had not recovered from the crisis and Canal 9 was having some big financial troubles and could not finance the show anymore. Because of that, the show changed from Canal 9 to [America 2](/wiki/America_2 "America 2") in the middle of the second season alongside another CMG production, *Rincón de Luz*. The transition meant the show sets had to be rebuilt in a new studio and that the show would be off\-air for one month. It was the first time in Argentine television history a show changed channel in the middle of the season.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/508865\-dos\-tiras\-de\-mudanza\|title\=Dos tiras de mudanza \- LA NACION\|newspaper\=La Nación\|access\-date\=17 February 2013\|archive\-date\=6 October 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006084148/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/508865\-dos\-tiras\-de\-mudanza\|url\-status\=dead}}
Although *Rebelde Way* and *[Erreway](/wiki/Erreway "Erreway")* were popular, they were initially outshone by girl group [Bandana](/wiki/Bandana_%28pop_group%29 "Bandana (pop group)") and boy band [Mambrú](/wiki/Mambr%C3%BA "Mambrú"), winners of the first and second season of reality show *[Popstars](/wiki/Popstars "Popstars")*. Both bands were managed by Cris's ex\-husband and his company, [RGB Entertainment](/wiki/RGB_Entertainment "RGB Entertainment"). For the first time in seven years, Morena did not have the opportunity to use Teatro Gran Rex during winter vacations since the venue was occupied by Bandana. In the year\-end best\-selling ranking, Erreway's Señales ranked as the third\-best\-seller of the year, following Bandana and Mambrú.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?CodOp\=RACA\&CO\=6 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030201044143/http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?CodOp\=RACA\&CO\=6 \|archive\-date\=2003\-02\-01 \|title\=Ranking Anual 2001 \|website\=Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers}} However, Morena and Gustavo had an extremely amicable relationship: Morena directed Bandana's first series of Gran Rex concerts and Gustavo helped organize Erreway's first live show which would happen for free at Abasto shopping mall, repeating the successful Bandana's Abasto live debut in 2001\. Besides, Mambrú and Bandana songs were owned by Mardi Grass Publishing, which is the music publishing company owned by Morena and Gustavo in association. Rebelde Way's first\-season finale also featured a highly promoted [cameo](/wiki/Cameo_appearance "Cameo appearance") by Bandana.
Following the tradition, critics from Argentina's main newspapers were not exactly supportive of the program. *[Clarin](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 "Clarín (Argentine newspaper)")* criticized the four main characters. According to the paper, "they look and act like they're 12 years old. They're not in Chiquititas anymore. They have biceps and new "older" looks. And yet they still act like they're in elementary school".['El Perdedor'](http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/si/2002/05/31/3-394635.htm) [Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 "Clarín (Argentine newspaper)") In another review, it noted "the show sometimes look like soft porn and sometimes like a parody due to its absurd setting and the painful over\-acting", although it admitted the show was undoubtedly successful, concluding that "four months after its debut, the show already spawned a double platinum album, a music video that airs nonstop on music cable channels, a monthly magazine, cosmetics, a sunglasses and clothing line, stationery items and very good sales for the international market".['A Proved Formula'](http://www.clarin.com/diario/2002/09/25/c-00401.htm) [Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 "Clarín (Argentine newspaper)") In a review of the live concert at Teatro Gran Rex, Clarin described the cast wardrobe as "mini\-skirts, leather, knee\-high socks, rhinestones. What Cris Morena would love to still be able to pull off".['Ahorrate la plata!'](http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/si/2002/11/08/3-471127.htm) [Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 "Clarín (Argentine newspaper)")
The newspaper *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_%28Buenos_Aires%29 "La Nación (Buenos Aires)")* was less critical and even gave the show a positive nod. They rated the show as "Good" and, although it criticized the characters for being excessively stereotyped, it concludes the stereotypes are made acceptable because the telenovela distances itself from any realistic tone. It also commented that "you could find everything in the show. From very good young actors, such as Camila Bordonaba to terrible ones, such as Coco Maggio. There are some extremely well\-done sequences while others look cheap". It concluded that the biggest attractions for teenagers were the glamorous setting and the fun music and that the dialogues were fun and reflected the way teenager really talked.['Al Estilo de Cris Morena'](http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=401332) *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_%28Buenos_Aires%29 "La Nación (Buenos Aires)")*
However, it was not only critics that were not too fond of the show. Church organization and even the Argentine Camara de Anunciantes (Chamber of Advertisers), a self\-regulated group formed by huge ad executives in the country, protested the show. In 2002, Morena was interviewed for the TV show *Horizontal/Vertical* to promote *Rebelde Way*. Carlos Polimenni, a journalist and panelist on the program, attacked her, arguing her TV shows were "crap" and "too commercial". Morena, visibly upset, replied: "You're such an idiot. You pretend to be a serious journalist while being a panelist in a gossip show".['Frase del año ¿Moria, Mirtha, Trezeguet, Cris o Polimeni?'](http://www.terra.com.ar/ctematicos/television2002/59/59009.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002433/http://www.terra.com.ar/ctematicos/television2002/59/59009\.html \|date\=4 March 2016 }} Terra In 2003, Morena fired back at critics, saying: "Critics are increasingly distant of the general public opinion. They are so out of touch with reality they remind me of politics. And politics are not exactly doing well at their jobs right now, are they?". She continued: "Some people say my programs are too commercial. What's wrong with that? The ideal recipe in television is to do a show that's well done and successful. It does not makes any sense to do a show or a musical or an art exhibition for a minimal audience. What I want to do is to get to biggest number of people I can in the best way possible".["Soy comercial"](http://190.224.163.230/diario/2003/0724/texto/not_20030724_133867.htm){{Dead link\|date\=July 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
While *Rebelde Way* and the spawned band *Erreway* were popular in Argentina, they achieved even more in Israel, where the show benefited from the hype surrounding *Chiquititas*. *Rebelde Way* soon became the most\-watched show among children and teenagers in the country, the group was contracted by several companies, from McDonald's to Swatch, to promote their products and their concerts in [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv") were attended by over 100,000 people. Hysteria was so big that they were headlines of the country's biggest and most important newspaper on the day of their arrival in the country. A phenomenon so big was never before seen in Israel and even though several kids and teenage\-oriented shows of the same vein were aired later in the country, most of them coming from Argentina, never a show came close to the mass hysteria *Rebelde Way* caused among Israeli youth.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2003/04/20/c\-00811\.htm\| title\= Los rebeldes que conquistaron Tierra Santa\| work\=\[\[La Nación (Buenos Aires)\|La Nación]] \| date\= 20 April 2003\| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }} Argentina is still instantaneously connected with this show by Israeli natives and both the Mexican and the Brazilian versions were also aired.
[Yair Dori](/wiki/Dori_Media_Group "Dori Media Group") wanted to extend *Rebelde Way* for a third season but, due to Cris' refusal, was unable to.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota\_id\=608636\| title\= Hace hablar en español a los israelíes\| work\=\[\[La Nación (Buenos Aires)\|La Nación]] \| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }} Yair tried to recreate the success with *El Refugio de los Sueños*, which had most of Rebelde's cast, but the show was a failure in Argentina and Israel. After *Rebelde Way*, Morena's partnership with Yair Dori did not go for too long. From *Floricienta* on, RGB Entertainment became her business associate.
In 2004, Erreway, the band, did their last projects together: the movie *Erreway: Cuatro Caminos*, which was released in theaters, the album *Memoria* and their goodbye tour. Three years after the end of the band and four years after the TV show, *Rebelde Way* started airing in Spain and soon became a success. With the defunct band appearing in several magazine covers and moving thousands of merchandising and albums, they decided to reunite for a Spanish arena tour. The tour caused mass polemic when it was announced Luisana would not be touring with them and had left the band. This announcement was made when tickets were already on sale and her image and name appeared on the promotional material. Even with the Luisana controversy, the tour was successful, with all shows selling out, and the three remaining members reunited to do a new album especially for the Spanish market where a new tour was also planned. While the album, titled *Vuelvo*, was recorded, legal problems with [Pol\-ka](/wiki/Pol-ka "Pol-ka"), which produced *Son de Fierro* (with Felipe and Camila on the cast), caused the new studio album and the tour to be canceled. The new material recorded by the band was used in *Atr@pados*, a soap made for cellphones and the Internet which starred [Benjamin Rojas](/wiki/Benjamin_Rojas "Benjamin Rojas") and [Felipe Colombo](/wiki/Felipe_Colombo "Felipe Colombo"), the male half of Erreway. *Atrap@dos* was shot in 2009 but the project was never officially released, airing as shorts on Yups.TV in 2012\.
A number of [copycat](/wiki/wikt:Copy_cat "Copy cat") shows with the same format and with a big chunk of the original secondary cast were aired on Argentinian television, many of them co\-produced by Yair Dori, who was still trying to recreate *Rebelde Way*{{'s}} momentum (especially in the Israeli market). Those shows included *El Refugio de los Sueños* (aired in Canal 13 against Chiquititas in 2006\), *Frecuencia '04* (aired on Telefe in 2004 against Floricienta), *Paraiso Rock* (aired in Canal 9 in 2005\) and *Romeo y Julieta* (aired in Canal 9 in 2007\). Those were all commercial failures in both Argentina and Israel and were canceled. Morena had no relation to those productions.
|
[
"### *Rebelde Way*",
"{{Main\\|Rebelde Way}}",
"After disagreements between Morena and Vilarruel, Telefe's chairman, she started developing a new show about a group of rich teenagers living in an elite [boarding school](/wiki/Boarding_school \"Boarding school\"). The project became *Rebelde Way*. [Felipe Colombo](/wiki/Felipe_Colombo \"Felipe Colombo\"), [Camila Bordonaba](/wiki/Camila_Bordonaba \"Camila Bordonaba\"), [Luisana Lopilato](/wiki/Luisana_Lopilato \"Luisana Lopilato\") and [Benjamin Rojas](/wiki/Benjamin_Rojas \"Benjamin Rojas\"), who were highly popular during Chiquititas' last three seasons, were chosen as the four leads (Rebelde means literally rebel but it also means stubborn, different, daring, revolted, problematic).",
"Until the late 1990s, producing companies—now very common in the country—uncommon and most shows were property of the channel. Morena had no plans to open her own production company but, after parting ways with Telefe and with a huge team following her, it was the only legal way to do it. [Cris Morena Group](/wiki/Cris_Morena_Group \"Cris Morena Group\") was born. However, the company was formed by creative staff and was not able to cope with the business and legal aspects by itself so she needed a partner to finance it. Initially, the show was to be co\\-produced alongside [RGB Entertainment](/wiki/RGB_Entertainment \"RGB Entertainment\"), Morena's ex\\-husband's company with whom she has a very amicable relationship. However, the association did not work out since she was looking for someone who could dedicate themselves entirely and RGB was busy managing girl group [Bandana](/wiki/Bandana_%28pop_group%29 \"Bandana (pop group)\") and [Mambrú](/wiki/Mambr%C3%BA \"Mambrú\"), which were directed at the same target group.{{Cite news\\|url \\= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/399974\\-una\\-rebelde\\-con\\-causa\\|title \\= Una rebelde con causa \\- LA NACION\\|newspaper \\= La Nación\\|access\\-date \\= 28 March 2013\\|archive\\-date \\= 6 October 2013\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131006091714/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/399974\\-una\\-rebelde\\-con\\-causa\\|url\\-status \\= dead}}",
"After offers from [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 \"Canal 13 (Argentina)\") and [Canal 9](/wiki/Canal_9_%28Argentina%29 \"Canal 9 (Argentina)\"), the show almost was not produced since the channels, still suffering from the Argentina's economic crisis, could not finance it and she needed an associate who could finance the project. The production resumed when Argentine\\-Israeli producer [Yair Dori](/wiki/Dori_Media_Group \"Dori Media Group\") decided to invest heavily on the show after *Chiquititas* became popular among children in Israel. The production began before the show had a confirmed channel to be aired on. It was decided the show would premiere on Canal 9, which had success with teen\\-oriented show *Popstars* the year before, and it would be aired every weekday at 8{{nbsp}}p.m. Soon after its debut, the show became the channel's highest\\-rated show. It spawned a band, [Erreway](/wiki/Erreway \"Erreway\"), formed by the four protagonists, several licensed products (such as stationery items, a clothing line, a monthly magazine, cosmetics and sunglasses) and a triple platinum album.",
"After the reception of the show's first series, Morena decided to produce a second season and the group started touring Argentina and selling out arenas around the country and in other South American countries such as Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay and Peru. In 2003, Argentina still had not recovered from the crisis and Canal 9 was having some big financial troubles and could not finance the show anymore. Because of that, the show changed from Canal 9 to [America 2](/wiki/America_2 \"America 2\") in the middle of the second season alongside another CMG production, *Rincón de Luz*. The transition meant the show sets had to be rebuilt in a new studio and that the show would be off\\-air for one month. It was the first time in Argentine television history a show changed channel in the middle of the season.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/508865\\-dos\\-tiras\\-de\\-mudanza\\|title\\=Dos tiras de mudanza \\- LA NACION\\|newspaper\\=La Nación\\|access\\-date\\=17 February 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006084148/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/508865\\-dos\\-tiras\\-de\\-mudanza\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Although *Rebelde Way* and *[Erreway](/wiki/Erreway \"Erreway\")* were popular, they were initially outshone by girl group [Bandana](/wiki/Bandana_%28pop_group%29 \"Bandana (pop group)\") and boy band [Mambrú](/wiki/Mambr%C3%BA \"Mambrú\"), winners of the first and second season of reality show *[Popstars](/wiki/Popstars \"Popstars\")*. Both bands were managed by Cris's ex\\-husband and his company, [RGB Entertainment](/wiki/RGB_Entertainment \"RGB Entertainment\"). For the first time in seven years, Morena did not have the opportunity to use Teatro Gran Rex during winter vacations since the venue was occupied by Bandana. In the year\\-end best\\-selling ranking, Erreway's Señales ranked as the third\\-best\\-seller of the year, following Bandana and Mambrú.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?CodOp\\=RACA\\&CO\\=6 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030201044143/http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?CodOp\\=RACA\\&CO\\=6 \\|archive\\-date\\=2003\\-02\\-01 \\|title\\=Ranking Anual 2001 \\|website\\=Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers}} However, Morena and Gustavo had an extremely amicable relationship: Morena directed Bandana's first series of Gran Rex concerts and Gustavo helped organize Erreway's first live show which would happen for free at Abasto shopping mall, repeating the successful Bandana's Abasto live debut in 2001\\. Besides, Mambrú and Bandana songs were owned by Mardi Grass Publishing, which is the music publishing company owned by Morena and Gustavo in association. Rebelde Way's first\\-season finale also featured a highly promoted [cameo](/wiki/Cameo_appearance \"Cameo appearance\") by Bandana.",
"Following the tradition, critics from Argentina's main newspapers were not exactly supportive of the program. *[Clarin](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 \"Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\")* criticized the four main characters. According to the paper, \"they look and act like they're 12 years old. They're not in Chiquititas anymore. They have biceps and new \"older\" looks. And yet they still act like they're in elementary school\".['El Perdedor'](http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/si/2002/05/31/3-394635.htm) [Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 \"Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\") In another review, it noted \"the show sometimes look like soft porn and sometimes like a parody due to its absurd setting and the painful over\\-acting\", although it admitted the show was undoubtedly successful, concluding that \"four months after its debut, the show already spawned a double platinum album, a music video that airs nonstop on music cable channels, a monthly magazine, cosmetics, a sunglasses and clothing line, stationery items and very good sales for the international market\".['A Proved Formula'](http://www.clarin.com/diario/2002/09/25/c-00401.htm) [Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 \"Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\") In a review of the live concert at Teatro Gran Rex, Clarin described the cast wardrobe as \"mini\\-skirts, leather, knee\\-high socks, rhinestones. What Cris Morena would love to still be able to pull off\".['Ahorrate la plata!'](http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/si/2002/11/08/3-471127.htm) [Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 \"Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\")",
"The newspaper *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_%28Buenos_Aires%29 \"La Nación (Buenos Aires)\")* was less critical and even gave the show a positive nod. They rated the show as \"Good\" and, although it criticized the characters for being excessively stereotyped, it concludes the stereotypes are made acceptable because the telenovela distances itself from any realistic tone. It also commented that \"you could find everything in the show. From very good young actors, such as Camila Bordonaba to terrible ones, such as Coco Maggio. There are some extremely well\\-done sequences while others look cheap\". It concluded that the biggest attractions for teenagers were the glamorous setting and the fun music and that the dialogues were fun and reflected the way teenager really talked.['Al Estilo de Cris Morena'](http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=401332) *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_%28Buenos_Aires%29 \"La Nación (Buenos Aires)\")*",
"However, it was not only critics that were not too fond of the show. Church organization and even the Argentine Camara de Anunciantes (Chamber of Advertisers), a self\\-regulated group formed by huge ad executives in the country, protested the show. In 2002, Morena was interviewed for the TV show *Horizontal/Vertical* to promote *Rebelde Way*. Carlos Polimenni, a journalist and panelist on the program, attacked her, arguing her TV shows were \"crap\" and \"too commercial\". Morena, visibly upset, replied: \"You're such an idiot. You pretend to be a serious journalist while being a panelist in a gossip show\".['Frase del año ¿Moria, Mirtha, Trezeguet, Cris o Polimeni?'](http://www.terra.com.ar/ctematicos/television2002/59/59009.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002433/http://www.terra.com.ar/ctematicos/television2002/59/59009\\.html \\|date\\=4 March 2016 }} Terra In 2003, Morena fired back at critics, saying: \"Critics are increasingly distant of the general public opinion. They are so out of touch with reality they remind me of politics. And politics are not exactly doing well at their jobs right now, are they?\". She continued: \"Some people say my programs are too commercial. What's wrong with that? The ideal recipe in television is to do a show that's well done and successful. It does not makes any sense to do a show or a musical or an art exhibition for a minimal audience. What I want to do is to get to biggest number of people I can in the best way possible\".[\"Soy comercial\"](http://190.224.163.230/diario/2003/0724/texto/not_20030724_133867.htm){{Dead link\\|date\\=July 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"While *Rebelde Way* and the spawned band *Erreway* were popular in Argentina, they achieved even more in Israel, where the show benefited from the hype surrounding *Chiquititas*. *Rebelde Way* soon became the most\\-watched show among children and teenagers in the country, the group was contracted by several companies, from McDonald's to Swatch, to promote their products and their concerts in [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\") were attended by over 100,000 people. Hysteria was so big that they were headlines of the country's biggest and most important newspaper on the day of their arrival in the country. A phenomenon so big was never before seen in Israel and even though several kids and teenage\\-oriented shows of the same vein were aired later in the country, most of them coming from Argentina, never a show came close to the mass hysteria *Rebelde Way* caused among Israeli youth.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2003/04/20/c\\-00811\\.htm\\| title\\= Los rebeldes que conquistaron Tierra Santa\\| work\\=\\[\\[La Nación (Buenos Aires)\\|La Nación]] \\| date\\= 20 April 2003\\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }} Argentina is still instantaneously connected with this show by Israeli natives and both the Mexican and the Brazilian versions were also aired.",
"[Yair Dori](/wiki/Dori_Media_Group \"Dori Media Group\") wanted to extend *Rebelde Way* for a third season but, due to Cris' refusal, was unable to.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota\\_id\\=608636\\| title\\= Hace hablar en español a los israelíes\\| work\\=\\[\\[La Nación (Buenos Aires)\\|La Nación]] \\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }} Yair tried to recreate the success with *El Refugio de los Sueños*, which had most of Rebelde's cast, but the show was a failure in Argentina and Israel. After *Rebelde Way*, Morena's partnership with Yair Dori did not go for too long. From *Floricienta* on, RGB Entertainment became her business associate.",
"In 2004, Erreway, the band, did their last projects together: the movie *Erreway: Cuatro Caminos*, which was released in theaters, the album *Memoria* and their goodbye tour. Three years after the end of the band and four years after the TV show, *Rebelde Way* started airing in Spain and soon became a success. With the defunct band appearing in several magazine covers and moving thousands of merchandising and albums, they decided to reunite for a Spanish arena tour. The tour caused mass polemic when it was announced Luisana would not be touring with them and had left the band. This announcement was made when tickets were already on sale and her image and name appeared on the promotional material. Even with the Luisana controversy, the tour was successful, with all shows selling out, and the three remaining members reunited to do a new album especially for the Spanish market where a new tour was also planned. While the album, titled *Vuelvo*, was recorded, legal problems with [Pol\\-ka](/wiki/Pol-ka \"Pol-ka\"), which produced *Son de Fierro* (with Felipe and Camila on the cast), caused the new studio album and the tour to be canceled. The new material recorded by the band was used in *Atr@pados*, a soap made for cellphones and the Internet which starred [Benjamin Rojas](/wiki/Benjamin_Rojas \"Benjamin Rojas\") and [Felipe Colombo](/wiki/Felipe_Colombo \"Felipe Colombo\"), the male half of Erreway. *Atrap@dos* was shot in 2009 but the project was never officially released, airing as shorts on Yups.TV in 2012\\.",
"A number of [copycat](/wiki/wikt:Copy_cat \"Copy cat\") shows with the same format and with a big chunk of the original secondary cast were aired on Argentinian television, many of them co\\-produced by Yair Dori, who was still trying to recreate *Rebelde Way*{{'s}} momentum (especially in the Israeli market). Those shows included *El Refugio de los Sueños* (aired in Canal 13 against Chiquititas in 2006\\), *Frecuencia '04* (aired on Telefe in 2004 against Floricienta), *Paraiso Rock* (aired in Canal 9 in 2005\\) and *Romeo y Julieta* (aired in Canal 9 in 2007\\). Those were all commercial failures in both Argentina and Israel and were canceled. Morena had no relation to those productions.",
""
] |
### *Rebelde Way* foreign versions
In 2004, [Star One](/wiki/STAR_One "STAR One") bought the rights to adapt the show for India and [REMIX](/wiki/Remix_%28STAR_One%29 "Remix (STAR One)") was a huge success and caused a big impact among the local youth.
In 2004, Mexico's Televisa debuted their own version of the show, *[Rebelde](/wiki/Rebelde_%28Mexican_telenovela%29 "Rebelde (Mexican telenovela)")*. The soap was, once again, a huge phenomenon among Latin\-American crowd and the group that spawned from the show, [RBD](/wiki/RBD "RBD") sold out Latin America's biggest stadiums and were the first group to receive a Diamond Record for sales in Mexico since OV7 in 2000\. They achieved record sales in [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia "Colombia") (were they outsold [Shakira](/wiki/Shakira "Shakira") and [Juanes](/wiki/Juanes "Juanes")), Brazil, Spain and [Chile](/wiki/Chile "Chile") and in almost every Latin\-American country.
In Brazil, where Hispanic pop is unpopular, RBD sold over 2\.5 million records. Their first concert in the country, which was free, was marked by tragedy when a much bigger crowd than expected turned out and a stampede killed two young fans. Later, they were the first Spanish language acts to do a concert at the world's biggest stadium, [Maracanã](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_do_Maracan%C3%A3 "Estádio do Maracanã"), in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro").
Ironically, one of the few markets in which [Rebelde](/wiki/Rebelde_%28Mexican_telenovela%29 "Rebelde (Mexican telenovela)") did not perform well was Argentina, where it only debuted in 2008, two years after their peak (because of contractual obligations with Cris Morena Group and Dori Media). They still managed to achieve a [Golden record](/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification "Music recording sales certification") for sales with their album, *[Empezar Desde Cero](/wiki/Empezar_Desde_Cero "Empezar Desde Cero")* according to CAPIF and their first concert in Buenos Aires (part of their goodbye tour) sold\-out. Morena was in attendance at the concert.
At the end of August, a Portuguese adaptation of the show premiered on [SIC](/wiki/Sociedade_Independente_de_Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o "Sociedade Independente de Comunicação"). It also had remakes in Brazil, by [Record](/wiki/Rede_Record "Rede Record") and Chile, by Mega. In both countries, Brazil and Chile, the Mexican version aired with huge success. In Chile, the Argentinean version was also broadcast.
In 2009, it was revealed [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company "Fox Broadcasting Company") and [Jennifer Lopez](/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez "Jennifer Lopez")'s production company had the rights for the American remake.
|
[
"### *Rebelde Way* foreign versions",
"In 2004, [Star One](/wiki/STAR_One \"STAR One\") bought the rights to adapt the show for India and [REMIX](/wiki/Remix_%28STAR_One%29 \"Remix (STAR One)\") was a huge success and caused a big impact among the local youth.",
"In 2004, Mexico's Televisa debuted their own version of the show, *[Rebelde](/wiki/Rebelde_%28Mexican_telenovela%29 \"Rebelde (Mexican telenovela)\")*. The soap was, once again, a huge phenomenon among Latin\\-American crowd and the group that spawned from the show, [RBD](/wiki/RBD \"RBD\") sold out Latin America's biggest stadiums and were the first group to receive a Diamond Record for sales in Mexico since OV7 in 2000\\. They achieved record sales in [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia \"Colombia\") (were they outsold [Shakira](/wiki/Shakira \"Shakira\") and [Juanes](/wiki/Juanes \"Juanes\")), Brazil, Spain and [Chile](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\") and in almost every Latin\\-American country.",
"In Brazil, where Hispanic pop is unpopular, RBD sold over 2\\.5 million records. Their first concert in the country, which was free, was marked by tragedy when a much bigger crowd than expected turned out and a stampede killed two young fans. Later, they were the first Spanish language acts to do a concert at the world's biggest stadium, [Maracanã](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_do_Maracan%C3%A3 \"Estádio do Maracanã\"), in [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\").",
"Ironically, one of the few markets in which [Rebelde](/wiki/Rebelde_%28Mexican_telenovela%29 \"Rebelde (Mexican telenovela)\") did not perform well was Argentina, where it only debuted in 2008, two years after their peak (because of contractual obligations with Cris Morena Group and Dori Media). They still managed to achieve a [Golden record](/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification \"Music recording sales certification\") for sales with their album, *[Empezar Desde Cero](/wiki/Empezar_Desde_Cero \"Empezar Desde Cero\")* according to CAPIF and their first concert in Buenos Aires (part of their goodbye tour) sold\\-out. Morena was in attendance at the concert.",
"At the end of August, a Portuguese adaptation of the show premiered on [SIC](/wiki/Sociedade_Independente_de_Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o \"Sociedade Independente de Comunicação\"). It also had remakes in Brazil, by [Record](/wiki/Rede_Record \"Rede Record\") and Chile, by Mega. In both countries, Brazil and Chile, the Mexican version aired with huge success. In Chile, the Argentinean version was also broadcast.",
"In 2009, it was revealed [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\") and [Jennifer Lopez](/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez \"Jennifer Lopez\")'s production company had the rights for the American remake.",
""
] |
### *Chiquititas*{{'}} spin\-offs
After exiting Telefe in 2001 due to disagreements with then content director Claudio Vilarruel, Morena had to leave the *Chiquititas* brand behind since the name was property of the channel.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.pagina12\.com.ar/2001/01\-12/01\-12\-15/pag23\.htm\|title \= Página/12}} Decided to make a new season, Morena created a spin\-off, *Rincón de Luz* (the name of the orphanage throughout all its seven seasons), to be aired in [Canal 9](/wiki/Canal_9_%28Argentina%29 "Canal 9 (Argentina)") alongside the second season of *Rebelde Way*. Similarly to Rebelde, the show was co\-produced by Israeli production compani Dori Media.
[Guido Kaczka](/wiki/Guido_Kaczka "Guido Kaczka"), which played Belen's brother from 95 to 98 in *Chiquititas* and Argentina's best\-selling singer, [Soledad Pastorutti](/wiki/Soledad_Pastorutti "Soledad Pastorutti") were chosen as the leads. Many of the young actors from previous *Chiquititas* season, such as [Agustín Sierra](/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Sierra "Agustín Sierra"), [Natalia Melcon](/wiki/Natalia_Melcon "Natalia Melcon") and [Nadia Di Cello](/wiki/Nadia_Di_Cello "Nadia Di Cello") were also part of the cast. And new young actors and actresses like [Lali Espósito](/wiki/Mariana_Esp%C3%B3sito "Mariana Espósito"), [Candela Vetrano](/wiki/Candela_Vetrano "Candela Vetrano"), [Eugenia Suárez](/wiki/Eugenia_Su%C3%A1rez "Eugenia Suárez"), [Stéfano de Gregorio](/wiki/St%C3%A9fano_de_Gregorio "Stéfano de Gregorio"), Camila Salazar and [Gastón Soffritti](/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Soffritti "Gastón Soffritti") were also introduced.
The show debuted in April 2003\. Although it rated better than Canal 9's average numbers, it could not top the success of the previous *Chiquititas* seasons and ratings were also lower than *Rebelde Way*. In the middle of the year, due to a crisis in Canal 9, the show changed to [America 2](/wiki/America_2 "America 2") alongside *Rebelde Way* and the one\-month hiatus and frequent time slot changes in the new channel affected the show greatly. Even so, it still rated better than the channel's average.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/515261\-america\-se\-acerca\-a\-canal\-9\|title \= América se acerca a Canal 9 \- LA NACION\|newspaper \= La Nación}} Even though ratings were not as big as hoped, commercially the show was still a success, being sold to over 30 countries. The soundtrack album achieved Gold certification (a modest result compared to other Chiquititas' albums). Although it underperformed in Argentina, in Israel the show was a huge success, helped by [hype](/wiki/Media_circus "Media circus") surrounding *Rebelde Way* and the original *Chiquititas*, which had exploded there only a few years prior. The complete cast of the program visited [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv") for a series of concerts at the Nokia Arena, with over 50\.000 tickets sold.
In 2005, Morena started to patch things up with Telefe when her sitcom *Amor Mío* was picked up by the channel and aired on primetime with great success. Finally, after four years working for all its competitors, Morena returned to Telefe in an exclusivity deal in 2006\. She would produce a prime\-time show and a children\-oriented show for her traditional 6{{nbsp}}p.m. slot.
For the comeback, Morena decided to produce a new season of *Chiquititas*. [Jorgelina Aruzzi](/wiki/Jorgelina_Aruzzi "Jorgelina Aruzzi") was chosen as the central figure, Lili. Jorgelina was revealed at *[Amor Mío](/wiki/Amor_m%C3%ADo_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 "Amor mío (Argentine TV series)")*. Her romantic interest was Kili, played by Gaston Ricaud. The children cast was formed by new faces fresh out of a casting and [Lali Espósito](/wiki/Mariana_Esp%C3%B3sito "Mariana Espósito") (which had starring roles in *[Rincón de Luz](/wiki/Rinc%C3%B3n_de_Luz "Rincón de Luz")* and *[Floricienta](/wiki/Floricienta "Floricienta")*), [Stéfano de Gregorio](/wiki/St%C3%A9fano_de_Gregorio "Stéfano de Gregorio") (who had starring roles in *Rincón de Luz* and *Floricienta*) and [Candela Vetrano](/wiki/Candela_Vetrano "Candela Vetrano") (who had a starring role in *Rincón de Luz*). However, even though the album achieved double platinum, spawned over 100 licensed product and was the ratings leader on its time slot, beating Canal 13 rival show *[El Refugio (de los Sueños)](/wiki/El_Refugio_%28de_los_Sue%C3%B1os%29 "El Refugio (de los Sueños)")* (which was eventually canceled), it did not matched the phenomenal level of popularity of the previous seasons, *Floricienta* or even *Rebelde Way*.
The licensed products did not sell as much and while *Floricienta* second album was the best\-selling album of 2005, *Chiquitita*{{'s}} album was only the 6th best\-selling CD in the following year. The high\-budget Gran Rex musical did not sold out as fast and it lost out to [Disney On Ice](/wiki/Disney_On_Ice "Disney On Ice") as the top\-selling even of that year{{cite web \| first\=Veronica \| last\=Pages \| url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota\_id\=103189 \| title\= Números para nada chiquitos\| work\=\[\[La Nación (Buenos Aires)\|La Nación]]\| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }} It sold 75\.000 tickets, a huge number and the second biggest event of 2006, but it could not come close to the 250\.000 tickets moved by Floricienta the previous year.
Following the tradition of previous seasons, the new *Chiquititas* was panned by critics. *[Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 "Clarín (Argentine newspaper)")* commented the acting was solid["Corazones Renovados"](http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/04/05/espectaculos/c-00402.htm) but the story\-line was weak and *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_%28Buenos_Aires%29 "La Nación (Buenos Aires)")*, which gave good reviews for *Rebelde Way*, *Floricienta* and even some of *Chiquititas* original seasons, only gave the show a "regular" rating and criticized the weak scripts and dialogues.["Un Melodrama Poco Imaginativo"](http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=794681)
Even though the show did not surpass *[Floricienta](/wiki/Floricienta "Floricienta")*, it was still profitable enough for a second season to go under production. It was, after all, Telefe best\-selling exportation product of 2006,{{cite web \| first\=Veronica \| last\=Pages \| url\=http://www.pagina12\.com.ar/diario/suplementos/espectaculos/8\-4125\-2006\-10\-13\.html \| title\= Productos de exportación\| publisher\=Pagina12\| access\-date\=21 June 2008 }} and a commercial success. Adaptations were made in Portugal and Rumania. For the second season, the show would still be under the *Chiquititas* brand but with a whole new cast and storyline. [Emilia Attias](/wiki/Emilia_Attias "Emilia Attias") and [Nicolas Vasquez](/wiki/Nicolas_Vasquez "Nicolas Vasquez") were chosen as the leads while Alejo Garcia Pinto and Julia Calvo, both highly respected theater actors, would also be part of the cast. Finally, plans for the show to be a new season of Chiquititas were scrapped and the project was renamed and redeveloped as *Casi Ángeles*.
The 2007 season of Chiquititas revealed actors like [Pedro Lanzani](/wiki/Pedro_Lanzani "Pedro Lanzani"), Guadalupe Anton, Eva Quatrocci and [Gastón Soffritti](/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Soffritti "Gastón Soffritti"). It also marked the last time Morena worked with her songwriting partner, Carlos "Rocky" Nilson. "Rocky" Nilson went on to work at [Ideas del Sur](/wiki/Ideas_del_Sur "Ideas del Sur"), doing the soundtrack for [Patito Feo](/wiki/Patito_Feo "Patito Feo"), [Atraccion x 4](/wiki/Atraccion_x_4 "Atraccion x 4") and Malcriados. The soundtrack album for Chiquititas was mostly reworked versions of popular songs from previous seasons of Chiquititas, all of them from the 1995–1998 years. The exception were the theme song, which was a reworked version of the original *Jugate Conmigo* theme from 1991, and *Dondes Estas?*, the sole brand new track.
In 2008, [SIC](/wiki/Sociedade_Independente_de_Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o "Sociedade Independente de Comunicação") aired a Portuguese remake following Floribella's huge success. After struggling on prime\-time, the show changed time slot and the audience increased drastically. Many licensed products were released and the CD also did well in sales. A video game for the [Wii](/wiki/Wii "Wii") console was also released. Romania also bought the rights and produced their own local version.
Brazilian\-net [SBT](/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televis%C3%A3o "Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão") perceived there was still appetite for *Chiquititas* franchise after the huge ratings the reruns of the original soap achieved in 2004 and bought the rights for the 6th season, being the first Argentina's soap aired (in its original format, not remake) in the country since [Manchete](/wiki/Manchete "Manchete")'s aired *Mas Alla del Horizonte* in 1995\. In 2007, the 6th season started airing and it increased rating at its time slot. Stamp albums, dolls, a CD and other products were released. In 2008, Chiquititas '06 also aired.
|
[
"### *Chiquititas*{{'}} spin\\-offs",
"After exiting Telefe in 2001 due to disagreements with then content director Claudio Vilarruel, Morena had to leave the *Chiquititas* brand behind since the name was property of the channel.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pagina12\\.com.ar/2001/01\\-12/01\\-12\\-15/pag23\\.htm\\|title \\= Página/12}} Decided to make a new season, Morena created a spin\\-off, *Rincón de Luz* (the name of the orphanage throughout all its seven seasons), to be aired in [Canal 9](/wiki/Canal_9_%28Argentina%29 \"Canal 9 (Argentina)\") alongside the second season of *Rebelde Way*. Similarly to Rebelde, the show was co\\-produced by Israeli production compani Dori Media.",
"[Guido Kaczka](/wiki/Guido_Kaczka \"Guido Kaczka\"), which played Belen's brother from 95 to 98 in *Chiquititas* and Argentina's best\\-selling singer, [Soledad Pastorutti](/wiki/Soledad_Pastorutti \"Soledad Pastorutti\") were chosen as the leads. Many of the young actors from previous *Chiquititas* season, such as [Agustín Sierra](/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Sierra \"Agustín Sierra\"), [Natalia Melcon](/wiki/Natalia_Melcon \"Natalia Melcon\") and [Nadia Di Cello](/wiki/Nadia_Di_Cello \"Nadia Di Cello\") were also part of the cast. And new young actors and actresses like [Lali Espósito](/wiki/Mariana_Esp%C3%B3sito \"Mariana Espósito\"), [Candela Vetrano](/wiki/Candela_Vetrano \"Candela Vetrano\"), [Eugenia Suárez](/wiki/Eugenia_Su%C3%A1rez \"Eugenia Suárez\"), [Stéfano de Gregorio](/wiki/St%C3%A9fano_de_Gregorio \"Stéfano de Gregorio\"), Camila Salazar and [Gastón Soffritti](/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Soffritti \"Gastón Soffritti\") were also introduced.",
"The show debuted in April 2003\\. Although it rated better than Canal 9's average numbers, it could not top the success of the previous *Chiquititas* seasons and ratings were also lower than *Rebelde Way*. In the middle of the year, due to a crisis in Canal 9, the show changed to [America 2](/wiki/America_2 \"America 2\") alongside *Rebelde Way* and the one\\-month hiatus and frequent time slot changes in the new channel affected the show greatly. Even so, it still rated better than the channel's average.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/515261\\-america\\-se\\-acerca\\-a\\-canal\\-9\\|title \\= América se acerca a Canal 9 \\- LA NACION\\|newspaper \\= La Nación}} Even though ratings were not as big as hoped, commercially the show was still a success, being sold to over 30 countries. The soundtrack album achieved Gold certification (a modest result compared to other Chiquititas' albums). Although it underperformed in Argentina, in Israel the show was a huge success, helped by [hype](/wiki/Media_circus \"Media circus\") surrounding *Rebelde Way* and the original *Chiquititas*, which had exploded there only a few years prior. The complete cast of the program visited [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\") for a series of concerts at the Nokia Arena, with over 50\\.000 tickets sold.",
"In 2005, Morena started to patch things up with Telefe when her sitcom *Amor Mío* was picked up by the channel and aired on primetime with great success. Finally, after four years working for all its competitors, Morena returned to Telefe in an exclusivity deal in 2006\\. She would produce a prime\\-time show and a children\\-oriented show for her traditional 6{{nbsp}}p.m. slot.",
"For the comeback, Morena decided to produce a new season of *Chiquititas*. [Jorgelina Aruzzi](/wiki/Jorgelina_Aruzzi \"Jorgelina Aruzzi\") was chosen as the central figure, Lili. Jorgelina was revealed at *[Amor Mío](/wiki/Amor_m%C3%ADo_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 \"Amor mío (Argentine TV series)\")*. Her romantic interest was Kili, played by Gaston Ricaud. The children cast was formed by new faces fresh out of a casting and [Lali Espósito](/wiki/Mariana_Esp%C3%B3sito \"Mariana Espósito\") (which had starring roles in *[Rincón de Luz](/wiki/Rinc%C3%B3n_de_Luz \"Rincón de Luz\")* and *[Floricienta](/wiki/Floricienta \"Floricienta\")*), [Stéfano de Gregorio](/wiki/St%C3%A9fano_de_Gregorio \"Stéfano de Gregorio\") (who had starring roles in *Rincón de Luz* and *Floricienta*) and [Candela Vetrano](/wiki/Candela_Vetrano \"Candela Vetrano\") (who had a starring role in *Rincón de Luz*). However, even though the album achieved double platinum, spawned over 100 licensed product and was the ratings leader on its time slot, beating Canal 13 rival show *[El Refugio (de los Sueños)](/wiki/El_Refugio_%28de_los_Sue%C3%B1os%29 \"El Refugio (de los Sueños)\")* (which was eventually canceled), it did not matched the phenomenal level of popularity of the previous seasons, *Floricienta* or even *Rebelde Way*.",
"The licensed products did not sell as much and while *Floricienta* second album was the best\\-selling album of 2005, *Chiquitita*{{'s}} album was only the 6th best\\-selling CD in the following year. The high\\-budget Gran Rex musical did not sold out as fast and it lost out to [Disney On Ice](/wiki/Disney_On_Ice \"Disney On Ice\") as the top\\-selling even of that year{{cite web \\| first\\=Veronica \\| last\\=Pages \\| url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota\\_id\\=103189 \\| title\\= Números para nada chiquitos\\| work\\=\\[\\[La Nación (Buenos Aires)\\|La Nación]]\\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }} It sold 75\\.000 tickets, a huge number and the second biggest event of 2006, but it could not come close to the 250\\.000 tickets moved by Floricienta the previous year.",
"Following the tradition of previous seasons, the new *Chiquititas* was panned by critics. *[Clarín](/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_%28Argentine_newspaper%29 \"Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\")* commented the acting was solid[\"Corazones Renovados\"](http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/04/05/espectaculos/c-00402.htm) but the story\\-line was weak and *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_%28Buenos_Aires%29 \"La Nación (Buenos Aires)\")*, which gave good reviews for *Rebelde Way*, *Floricienta* and even some of *Chiquititas* original seasons, only gave the show a \"regular\" rating and criticized the weak scripts and dialogues.[\"Un Melodrama Poco Imaginativo\"](http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=794681)",
"Even though the show did not surpass *[Floricienta](/wiki/Floricienta \"Floricienta\")*, it was still profitable enough for a second season to go under production. It was, after all, Telefe best\\-selling exportation product of 2006,{{cite web \\| first\\=Veronica \\| last\\=Pages \\| url\\=http://www.pagina12\\.com.ar/diario/suplementos/espectaculos/8\\-4125\\-2006\\-10\\-13\\.html \\| title\\= Productos de exportación\\| publisher\\=Pagina12\\| access\\-date\\=21 June 2008 }} and a commercial success. Adaptations were made in Portugal and Rumania. For the second season, the show would still be under the *Chiquititas* brand but with a whole new cast and storyline. [Emilia Attias](/wiki/Emilia_Attias \"Emilia Attias\") and [Nicolas Vasquez](/wiki/Nicolas_Vasquez \"Nicolas Vasquez\") were chosen as the leads while Alejo Garcia Pinto and Julia Calvo, both highly respected theater actors, would also be part of the cast. Finally, plans for the show to be a new season of Chiquititas were scrapped and the project was renamed and redeveloped as *Casi Ángeles*.",
"The 2007 season of Chiquititas revealed actors like [Pedro Lanzani](/wiki/Pedro_Lanzani \"Pedro Lanzani\"), Guadalupe Anton, Eva Quatrocci and [Gastón Soffritti](/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Soffritti \"Gastón Soffritti\"). It also marked the last time Morena worked with her songwriting partner, Carlos \"Rocky\" Nilson. \"Rocky\" Nilson went on to work at [Ideas del Sur](/wiki/Ideas_del_Sur \"Ideas del Sur\"), doing the soundtrack for [Patito Feo](/wiki/Patito_Feo \"Patito Feo\"), [Atraccion x 4](/wiki/Atraccion_x_4 \"Atraccion x 4\") and Malcriados. The soundtrack album for Chiquititas was mostly reworked versions of popular songs from previous seasons of Chiquititas, all of them from the 1995–1998 years. The exception were the theme song, which was a reworked version of the original *Jugate Conmigo* theme from 1991, and *Dondes Estas?*, the sole brand new track.",
"In 2008, [SIC](/wiki/Sociedade_Independente_de_Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o \"Sociedade Independente de Comunicação\") aired a Portuguese remake following Floribella's huge success. After struggling on prime\\-time, the show changed time slot and the audience increased drastically. Many licensed products were released and the CD also did well in sales. A video game for the [Wii](/wiki/Wii \"Wii\") console was also released. Romania also bought the rights and produced their own local version.",
"Brazilian\\-net [SBT](/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televis%C3%A3o \"Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão\") perceived there was still appetite for *Chiquititas* franchise after the huge ratings the reruns of the original soap achieved in 2004 and bought the rights for the 6th season, being the first Argentina's soap aired (in its original format, not remake) in the country since [Manchete](/wiki/Manchete \"Manchete\")'s aired *Mas Alla del Horizonte* in 1995\\. In 2007, the 6th season started airing and it increased rating at its time slot. Stamp albums, dolls, a CD and other products were released. In 2008, Chiquititas '06 also aired.",
""
] |
### *Casi Ángeles*
{{Main\|Casi Ángeles}}
Initially, Morena planned to do the eight season of *Chiquititas* with an all\-new cast but, at the last minute, she decided to rename and restructured the whole project. Morena revealed for the first time the title of the show, *Casi Ángeles*, in a November 2006 interview to Produ.com. Production started in December and, in March, the show made its debut at Telefe, in her traditional 6{{nbsp}}p.m. timeslot. Targeted to kids and teens, the show starred [Emilia Attias](/wiki/Emilia_Attias "Emilia Attias") and [Nicolás Vázquez](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_V%C3%A1zquez "Nicolás Vázquez") and, as the [Teen Angels](/wiki/Teen_Angels "Teen Angels"), the band spawned from the show, [Lali Espósito](/wiki/Mariana_Esp%C3%B3sito "Mariana Espósito"), [Peter Lanzani](/wiki/Peter_Lanzani "Peter Lanzani"), [Eugenia Suárez](/wiki/Eugenia_Su%C3%A1rez "Eugenia Suárez"), [Nicolás Riera](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Riera "Nicolás Riera") and [Gastón Dalmau](/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Dalmau "Gastón Dalmau"). Gimena Accardi, Alejo García Pintos and Julia Calvo completed the main ensemble.
*Casi Ángeles* made a good impression in the specialized press. *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n "La Nación")* rated the show as good and praised the production and the chemistry between the main couple.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota\_id\=893688\&high\=casi%20angeles](http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=893688&high=casi%20angeles) {{Dead link\|date\=February 2022}} Fans were not so positive: in boards like Los Ángeles de Cris and Telenovelas.com.ar, fans praised the production but complained the show lacked originality, with Cielo (played by [Emilia Attias](/wiki/Emilia_Attias "Emilia Attias")) resembling [Floricienta](/wiki/Floricienta "Floricienta") and with many plots being reused and resembling those from the eight previous *Chiquititas* seasons, *Alma Pirata*, *Rebelde Way* and mostly *Floricienta*, with scenes that were exactly the same as the previous Morena show.
The show debuted with 13\.7 points, on par with previous Morena shows and leading its timeslot. However, it began struggling when *[Patito Feo](/wiki/Patito_Feo "Patito Feo")* made its debut on [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 "Canal 13 (Argentina)"). The [Ideas del Sur](/wiki/Ideas_del_Sur "Ideas del Sur") production was a huge smash and, for the first time, Morena did not have the leading children project for children in the country. *Patito Feo* products were also outselling *Casi Ángeles* and, in April, *Patito* was winning with a vantage of over 2 points in rating, forcing the show to change its timeslot to 5:30{{nbsp}}p.m.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.eldia.com.ar/edis/20070506/20070506093702\.htm \|title \= Búsqueda}} After the change, *Casi Ángeles* started to considerably increase its ratings and returned to its original slot, facing *Patito* once again. This time, ratings were more stable and the show achieved its biggest numbers with the season finale which achieved 16 points, easily beating the competitor. At the end of the year, both shows had similar numbers: *Patito Feo* averaged 12\.6 points while *Casi Ángeles* averaged 12 points.{{cite web \|url\=http://television.com.ar/diario\-online/minuto\-a\-minuto/data/136408/%C2%BFcual\-fue\-la\-ficcion\-infantiljuvenil\-mas\-vista/\#.USAbNuD\-jPA \|title \= Television.com.ar}} Commercially, the show was still a success with over 50 licensed products and a Platinum\-selling album. The musical at Teatro Gran Rex attracted over 140,000 people. Even so, commercially, managed to overshadow the "Patito Feo" tour across the country, either by the volume of tickets sold, or by the sexual harassment scandal that would come to light some time later.
In January, *Casi Ángeles* second season went into production and the show made its debut in April. To present the new season, a free, special an exclusive concert was held at Luna Park stadium for 8\.000 ticket holders. The new songs were presented for the first time and a 10\-minutes trailer was shown. The second season had an innovative format – including monologues, episodes titles and other production recourses not usually used in daily fiction shows – and a bigger focus on the teenager cast. It had a 13\.6 average, a 2\-point increase from its previous season. It also easily beat all its competitors: after winning the battle in the previous years, *Patito* ratings plunged on its second season and Morena's show ended with a vantage of over 4 points in average ratings (Patito averaged 9\.4 points in its second season).{{cite web \|url\=http://television.com.ar/diario\-online/minuto\-a\-minuto/data/136408/%C2%BFcual\-fue\-la\-ficcion\-infantiljuvenil\-mas\-vista/\#.USAb2eD\-jPE \|title \= Television.com.ar}} In November, after *Patito Feo* finale, [Ideas del Sur](/wiki/Ideas_del_Sur "Ideas del Sur") debuted its new teen oriented show, *[Atracción x 4](/wiki/Atracci%C3%B3n_x_4 "Atracción x 4")* (with the highly promoted reunion of Rebelde Way's Luisana Lopilato and Camila Bordonaba) at the 7{{nbsp}}p.m. slot as to avoid a clash with *Casi Ángeles*. However, Telefe changed the show's slot to 7{{nbsp}}p.m. and *Casi Ángeles* beat the new Ideas del Sur show.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.todotelevisionblog.com.ar/2008/11/minuto\-minuto\-ratings\-de\-la\-segunda\_17\.html \|title\=Todo Televisión: Minuto a Minuto \- "Casi Ángeles" Con Picos de 15\.5 P… \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130410011445/http://www.todotelevisionblog.com.ar/2008/11/minuto\-minuto\-ratings\-de\-la\-segunda\_17\.html \|archive\-date\=10 April 2013 }} To extend *Casi Ángeles* second season—which already had wrapped its production—Telefe decided to turn the final 6 chapters into 12 (cutting each chapter in half and extending the Teen Angels segment at the end of each episode) so the show would air for an extra two weeks. The season finale was aired in the original 60\-minute format and reached 18\.4 points, a series' high and the highest\-number achieved on an afternoon slot during the year.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.chismesyfarandula.com.ar/2008/12/casi\-angeles\-promedio\-184\-puntos\-de.html \|title\=Chismes de la farándula – Casi angeles promedió 18\.4 puntos de rating \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130410011032/http://www.chismesyfarandula.com.ar/2008/12/casi\-angeles\-promedio\-184\-puntos\-de.html \|archive\-date\=10 April 2013 }}{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1076561\-casi\-angeles\-termino\-con\-final\-abierto\|title \= Casi Angeles terminó con final abierto \- LA NACION\|newspaper \= La Nación}} The second season musical, held, as usual, in Teatro Gran Rex from June to September, became the second biggest Gran Rex ticket\-seller ever (behind only Chiquititas '98\) selling 220\.000 tickets.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.extremista.com.ar/13277/entradas\-de\-casi\-angeles\-en\-el\-teatro\-gran\-rex\-agotadas/ \| title\=Entradas de Casi Ángeles en el Teatro Gran Rex agotadas \| date\=12 September 2008 }} In October, the cast went on a national tour and, in December, to satisfy the demand, they played six additional concerts at Gran Rex in Buenos Aires.
After a three\-week vacation, the cast resumed their tour with two sold\-out concerts in [Mar del Plata](/wiki/Mar_del_Plata "Mar del Plata"). The Teen Angels were also chosen as the spokespeople for [Coca\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola "Coca-Cola") in Argentina, singing Coke's 2009 summer anthem "Hoy Quiero" and opening a Coca\-Cola stand in [Pinamar](/wiki/Pinamar "Pinamar") in front of 5,000 fans. At the start of March, the first preview of the third season started airing in Yups TV, CMG new on\-line television channel which debuted on 12 March. Also in March 2009, *Casi Ángeles* debuted on [Disney Channel](/wiki/Disney_Channel "Disney Channel") in Central American Feed, and in local feeds for Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Dominican Republic and Panama. The show was aired in 2007 in sister\-channel [Jetix](/wiki/Jetix "Jetix") in Argentina, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Uruguay. The cast visited [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City "Mexico City") to promote the debut. However, Disney broadcast an edited version of the series, since for those markets scenes alluding to sex, violence were cut.
The third season started with 18\.4 points, matching the second\-season finale. With no competitor – *Patito Feo* had been canceled the previous year – the third season became the highest\-rated yet, with a 13\.9 average (0\.5 higher than the previous season). However, it could not reach the momentum and hysteria of the previous year and the finale averaged 16\.6 points, not matching the debut or the previous year finale.{{Cite web\|url\=http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2009/12/05/espectaculos/c\-02055441\.htm\|title\='Casi ángeles', final bien arriba\|date\=5 December 2009}} The show was renewed for a fourth and final season, which averaged 11\.6 points. Its final episode averaged 13 points.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.primiciasya.com/rating/Casi\-193ngeles\-se\-despidi243\-de\-Telefe\-con\-12\.9\-puntos\-de\-rating\-20101130\-85949\.html \|title\=Casi Ángeles se despidió de Telefe con 12\.9 puntos de rating \- PRIMIC… \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130419132706/http://www.primiciasya.com/rating/Casi\-193ngeles\-se\-despidi243\-de\-Telefe\-con\-12\.9\-puntos\-de\-rating\-20101130\-85949\.html \|archive\-date\=19 April 2013 }} In both years, the cast did three\-month stints at Teatro Gran Rex and toured nationwide. All four albums achieved Platinum certification. *Casi Ángeles* became the first Cris Morena Group production to reach four seasons since *Chiquititas*. The series the most watched teen\-oriented show for most of its run and had four successful seasons at Teatro Gran Rex, with over 600\.000 tickets.
In Israel, the first season of the show aired with lukewarm reception in the local [Nickelodeon feed](/wiki/Nickelodeon_%28TV_network%29 "Nickelodeon (TV network)"). As it happened before in Argentina and [Uruguay](/wiki/Uruguay "Uruguay"), the show finally exploded in popularity when the second season started airing. Following the footsteps of [Chiquititas](/wiki/Chiquititas "Chiquititas") and *[Rebelde Way](/wiki/Rebelde_Way "Rebelde Way")* in the early 2000s, *[Casi Ángeles](/wiki/Casi_%C3%81ngeles "Casi Ángeles")* became a huge phenomenon among tweens and teens. In May 2008, Mariana Esposito and Peter Lanzani visited [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv") for a four\-day promotional visit. They caused again a collective hysteria when arrived at the [Ben Gurion International Airport](/wiki/Ben_Gurion_International_Airport "Ben Gurion International Airport") and at the hotel, taped a television special, gave interviews and shot commercials for a popular hair product brand. In September 2008, Eugenia Suarez and Pablo Martínez also visited the country for extra promotion. They also gave interviews, had a signing session and played a showcase for over 20,000 fans at [Kiryat Motzkin](/wiki/Kiryat_Motzkin "Kiryat Motzkin"). In October, the cast did a series of concerts at Nokia Stadium for over 70,000 fans. They returned to the country for additional concerts in 2009\. They also held concerts in [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid "Madrid") in Spain and [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City "Mexico City") in Mexico and visited [Rede Bandeirantes](/wiki/Rede_Bandeirantes "Rede Bandeirantes") studios in São Paulo, Brazil and [Peru](/wiki/Peru "Peru").
*Casi Ángeles* fourth season marked the last Morena production before she went on a hiatus following her daughter's sudden death in October. The final episode ended with a voice\-over by Morena herself, which said: "Así como el día sigue a la noche, todo final anuncia un nuevo comienzo. ¡Que nos volvamos a ver!" (As the day follows the night, every ending announces a new beginning. We will meet again!).
Following the end of the show, the Teen Angels continued as a band and recorded a new album. Even though Morena contributed with a few songd, she did not have involvement with the project and the group was managed solely by RGB Entertainment and her son Gustavo Yankelevich. Eugenia "China" Suarez left the band after the finale and was replaced by Rocio Igarzabal, who played Vale in *Casi Ángeles*. They toured extensively across the country throughout 2011 and 2012 and made appearances at *Dulce Amor*, another successful Telefé telenovela which had two of its members (Rocio and Nico Riera) as part of its main cast. The Teen Angels held their final concert in June 2012 at Teatro Gran Rex. *Teen Angels: El Adios*, their final concert, was released as a 3D feature film in June 2013\.
|
[
"### *Casi Ángeles*",
"{{Main\\|Casi Ángeles}}\nInitially, Morena planned to do the eight season of *Chiquititas* with an all\\-new cast but, at the last minute, she decided to rename and restructured the whole project. Morena revealed for the first time the title of the show, *Casi Ángeles*, in a November 2006 interview to Produ.com. Production started in December and, in March, the show made its debut at Telefe, in her traditional 6{{nbsp}}p.m. timeslot. Targeted to kids and teens, the show starred [Emilia Attias](/wiki/Emilia_Attias \"Emilia Attias\") and [Nicolás Vázquez](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_V%C3%A1zquez \"Nicolás Vázquez\") and, as the [Teen Angels](/wiki/Teen_Angels \"Teen Angels\"), the band spawned from the show, [Lali Espósito](/wiki/Mariana_Esp%C3%B3sito \"Mariana Espósito\"), [Peter Lanzani](/wiki/Peter_Lanzani \"Peter Lanzani\"), [Eugenia Suárez](/wiki/Eugenia_Su%C3%A1rez \"Eugenia Suárez\"), [Nicolás Riera](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Riera \"Nicolás Riera\") and [Gastón Dalmau](/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Dalmau \"Gastón Dalmau\"). Gimena Accardi, Alejo García Pintos and Julia Calvo completed the main ensemble.",
"*Casi Ángeles* made a good impression in the specialized press. *[La Nación](/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n \"La Nación\")* rated the show as good and praised the production and the chemistry between the main couple.[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota\\_id\\=893688\\&high\\=casi%20angeles](http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=893688&high=casi%20angeles) {{Dead link\\|date\\=February 2022}} Fans were not so positive: in boards like Los Ángeles de Cris and Telenovelas.com.ar, fans praised the production but complained the show lacked originality, with Cielo (played by [Emilia Attias](/wiki/Emilia_Attias \"Emilia Attias\")) resembling [Floricienta](/wiki/Floricienta \"Floricienta\") and with many plots being reused and resembling those from the eight previous *Chiquititas* seasons, *Alma Pirata*, *Rebelde Way* and mostly *Floricienta*, with scenes that were exactly the same as the previous Morena show.",
"The show debuted with 13\\.7 points, on par with previous Morena shows and leading its timeslot. However, it began struggling when *[Patito Feo](/wiki/Patito_Feo \"Patito Feo\")* made its debut on [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 \"Canal 13 (Argentina)\"). The [Ideas del Sur](/wiki/Ideas_del_Sur \"Ideas del Sur\") production was a huge smash and, for the first time, Morena did not have the leading children project for children in the country. *Patito Feo* products were also outselling *Casi Ángeles* and, in April, *Patito* was winning with a vantage of over 2 points in rating, forcing the show to change its timeslot to 5:30{{nbsp}}p.m.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.eldia.com.ar/edis/20070506/20070506093702\\.htm \\|title \\= Búsqueda}} After the change, *Casi Ángeles* started to considerably increase its ratings and returned to its original slot, facing *Patito* once again. This time, ratings were more stable and the show achieved its biggest numbers with the season finale which achieved 16 points, easily beating the competitor. At the end of the year, both shows had similar numbers: *Patito Feo* averaged 12\\.6 points while *Casi Ángeles* averaged 12 points.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://television.com.ar/diario\\-online/minuto\\-a\\-minuto/data/136408/%C2%BFcual\\-fue\\-la\\-ficcion\\-infantiljuvenil\\-mas\\-vista/\\#.USAbNuD\\-jPA \\|title \\= Television.com.ar}} Commercially, the show was still a success with over 50 licensed products and a Platinum\\-selling album. The musical at Teatro Gran Rex attracted over 140,000 people. Even so, commercially, managed to overshadow the \"Patito Feo\" tour across the country, either by the volume of tickets sold, or by the sexual harassment scandal that would come to light some time later.",
"In January, *Casi Ángeles* second season went into production and the show made its debut in April. To present the new season, a free, special an exclusive concert was held at Luna Park stadium for 8\\.000 ticket holders. The new songs were presented for the first time and a 10\\-minutes trailer was shown. The second season had an innovative format – including monologues, episodes titles and other production recourses not usually used in daily fiction shows – and a bigger focus on the teenager cast. It had a 13\\.6 average, a 2\\-point increase from its previous season. It also easily beat all its competitors: after winning the battle in the previous years, *Patito* ratings plunged on its second season and Morena's show ended with a vantage of over 4 points in average ratings (Patito averaged 9\\.4 points in its second season).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://television.com.ar/diario\\-online/minuto\\-a\\-minuto/data/136408/%C2%BFcual\\-fue\\-la\\-ficcion\\-infantiljuvenil\\-mas\\-vista/\\#.USAb2eD\\-jPE \\|title \\= Television.com.ar}} In November, after *Patito Feo* finale, [Ideas del Sur](/wiki/Ideas_del_Sur \"Ideas del Sur\") debuted its new teen oriented show, *[Atracción x 4](/wiki/Atracci%C3%B3n_x_4 \"Atracción x 4\")* (with the highly promoted reunion of Rebelde Way's Luisana Lopilato and Camila Bordonaba) at the 7{{nbsp}}p.m. slot as to avoid a clash with *Casi Ángeles*. However, Telefe changed the show's slot to 7{{nbsp}}p.m. and *Casi Ángeles* beat the new Ideas del Sur show.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.todotelevisionblog.com.ar/2008/11/minuto\\-minuto\\-ratings\\-de\\-la\\-segunda\\_17\\.html \\|title\\=Todo Televisión: Minuto a Minuto \\- \"Casi Ángeles\" Con Picos de 15\\.5 P… \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130410011445/http://www.todotelevisionblog.com.ar/2008/11/minuto\\-minuto\\-ratings\\-de\\-la\\-segunda\\_17\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=10 April 2013 }} To extend *Casi Ángeles* second season—which already had wrapped its production—Telefe decided to turn the final 6 chapters into 12 (cutting each chapter in half and extending the Teen Angels segment at the end of each episode) so the show would air for an extra two weeks. The season finale was aired in the original 60\\-minute format and reached 18\\.4 points, a series' high and the highest\\-number achieved on an afternoon slot during the year.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.chismesyfarandula.com.ar/2008/12/casi\\-angeles\\-promedio\\-184\\-puntos\\-de.html \\|title\\=Chismes de la farándula – Casi angeles promedió 18\\.4 puntos de rating \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130410011032/http://www.chismesyfarandula.com.ar/2008/12/casi\\-angeles\\-promedio\\-184\\-puntos\\-de.html \\|archive\\-date\\=10 April 2013 }}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1076561\\-casi\\-angeles\\-termino\\-con\\-final\\-abierto\\|title \\= Casi Angeles terminó con final abierto \\- LA NACION\\|newspaper \\= La Nación}} The second season musical, held, as usual, in Teatro Gran Rex from June to September, became the second biggest Gran Rex ticket\\-seller ever (behind only Chiquititas '98\\) selling 220\\.000 tickets.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.extremista.com.ar/13277/entradas\\-de\\-casi\\-angeles\\-en\\-el\\-teatro\\-gran\\-rex\\-agotadas/ \\| title\\=Entradas de Casi Ángeles en el Teatro Gran Rex agotadas \\| date\\=12 September 2008 }} In October, the cast went on a national tour and, in December, to satisfy the demand, they played six additional concerts at Gran Rex in Buenos Aires.",
"After a three\\-week vacation, the cast resumed their tour with two sold\\-out concerts in [Mar del Plata](/wiki/Mar_del_Plata \"Mar del Plata\"). The Teen Angels were also chosen as the spokespeople for [Coca\\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola \"Coca-Cola\") in Argentina, singing Coke's 2009 summer anthem \"Hoy Quiero\" and opening a Coca\\-Cola stand in [Pinamar](/wiki/Pinamar \"Pinamar\") in front of 5,000 fans. At the start of March, the first preview of the third season started airing in Yups TV, CMG new on\\-line television channel which debuted on 12 March. Also in March 2009, *Casi Ángeles* debuted on [Disney Channel](/wiki/Disney_Channel \"Disney Channel\") in Central American Feed, and in local feeds for Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Dominican Republic and Panama. The show was aired in 2007 in sister\\-channel [Jetix](/wiki/Jetix \"Jetix\") in Argentina, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Uruguay. The cast visited [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City \"Mexico City\") to promote the debut. However, Disney broadcast an edited version of the series, since for those markets scenes alluding to sex, violence were cut.",
"The third season started with 18\\.4 points, matching the second\\-season finale. With no competitor – *Patito Feo* had been canceled the previous year – the third season became the highest\\-rated yet, with a 13\\.9 average (0\\.5 higher than the previous season). However, it could not reach the momentum and hysteria of the previous year and the finale averaged 16\\.6 points, not matching the debut or the previous year finale.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2009/12/05/espectaculos/c\\-02055441\\.htm\\|title\\='Casi ángeles', final bien arriba\\|date\\=5 December 2009}} The show was renewed for a fourth and final season, which averaged 11\\.6 points. Its final episode averaged 13 points.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.primiciasya.com/rating/Casi\\-193ngeles\\-se\\-despidi243\\-de\\-Telefe\\-con\\-12\\.9\\-puntos\\-de\\-rating\\-20101130\\-85949\\.html \\|title\\=Casi Ángeles se despidió de Telefe con 12\\.9 puntos de rating \\- PRIMIC… \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130419132706/http://www.primiciasya.com/rating/Casi\\-193ngeles\\-se\\-despidi243\\-de\\-Telefe\\-con\\-12\\.9\\-puntos\\-de\\-rating\\-20101130\\-85949\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2013 }} In both years, the cast did three\\-month stints at Teatro Gran Rex and toured nationwide. All four albums achieved Platinum certification. *Casi Ángeles* became the first Cris Morena Group production to reach four seasons since *Chiquititas*. The series the most watched teen\\-oriented show for most of its run and had four successful seasons at Teatro Gran Rex, with over 600\\.000 tickets.",
"In Israel, the first season of the show aired with lukewarm reception in the local [Nickelodeon feed](/wiki/Nickelodeon_%28TV_network%29 \"Nickelodeon (TV network)\"). As it happened before in Argentina and [Uruguay](/wiki/Uruguay \"Uruguay\"), the show finally exploded in popularity when the second season started airing. Following the footsteps of [Chiquititas](/wiki/Chiquititas \"Chiquititas\") and *[Rebelde Way](/wiki/Rebelde_Way \"Rebelde Way\")* in the early 2000s, *[Casi Ángeles](/wiki/Casi_%C3%81ngeles \"Casi Ángeles\")* became a huge phenomenon among tweens and teens. In May 2008, Mariana Esposito and Peter Lanzani visited [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\") for a four\\-day promotional visit. They caused again a collective hysteria when arrived at the [Ben Gurion International Airport](/wiki/Ben_Gurion_International_Airport \"Ben Gurion International Airport\") and at the hotel, taped a television special, gave interviews and shot commercials for a popular hair product brand. In September 2008, Eugenia Suarez and Pablo Martínez also visited the country for extra promotion. They also gave interviews, had a signing session and played a showcase for over 20,000 fans at [Kiryat Motzkin](/wiki/Kiryat_Motzkin \"Kiryat Motzkin\"). In October, the cast did a series of concerts at Nokia Stadium for over 70,000 fans. They returned to the country for additional concerts in 2009\\. They also held concerts in [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") in Spain and [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City \"Mexico City\") in Mexico and visited [Rede Bandeirantes](/wiki/Rede_Bandeirantes \"Rede Bandeirantes\") studios in São Paulo, Brazil and [Peru](/wiki/Peru \"Peru\").",
"*Casi Ángeles* fourth season marked the last Morena production before she went on a hiatus following her daughter's sudden death in October. The final episode ended with a voice\\-over by Morena herself, which said: \"Así como el día sigue a la noche, todo final anuncia un nuevo comienzo. ¡Que nos volvamos a ver!\" (As the day follows the night, every ending announces a new beginning. We will meet again!).",
"Following the end of the show, the Teen Angels continued as a band and recorded a new album. Even though Morena contributed with a few songd, she did not have involvement with the project and the group was managed solely by RGB Entertainment and her son Gustavo Yankelevich. Eugenia \"China\" Suarez left the band after the finale and was replaced by Rocio Igarzabal, who played Vale in *Casi Ángeles*. They toured extensively across the country throughout 2011 and 2012 and made appearances at *Dulce Amor*, another successful Telefé telenovela which had two of its members (Rocio and Nico Riera) as part of its main cast. The Teen Angels held their final concert in June 2012 at Teatro Gran Rex. *Teen Angels: El Adios*, their final concert, was released as a 3D feature film in June 2013\\.",
""
] |
### Other projects
In 2005, besides the second season of *Floricienta*, Morena debuted *[Amor Mío](/wiki/Amor_m%C3%ADo_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 "Amor mío (Argentine TV series)")*, a romantic sitcom she started developing with her daughter, Romina Yan, in 2002\. The show starred Yan alongside Damian DiSanto and was the first Morena show not targeted to a young audience. Aired in prime time, during a time the country was undergoing a [sitcom](/wiki/Sitcom "Sitcom") boom due to the success of *[Casados con Hijos](/wiki/Casados_con_Hijos_%28Argentina%29 "Casados con Hijos (Argentina)")* and *[La Niñera](/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1era_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 "La Niñera (Argentine TV series)")*, the show averaged 20\.3 points{{cite web \|url\=http://television.com.ar/diario\-online/minuto\-a\-minuto/data/134001/%C2%BFcual\-fue\-la\-comedia\-mas\-vista\-de\-telefe/\#.UUHYi1frMqs \|title \= Television.com.ar}} and ended prematurely, despite high ratings, due to Romina Yan's pregnancy.
*Amor Mío* was adapted for Mexico's [Televisa](/wiki/Televisa "Televisa") and for Russia. The Mexican version was shot in Argentina (similar to *Chiquititas Brasil* in the late 1990s) and was a hit in the country. The Mexican version had many more episodes than the Argentine version and the scripts which were not utilized due to the show's premature ending were finally used. Even after those scripts ran out, Televisa renewed the show and brand new episodes were written by the Argentine staff especially for Mexico. After *Rebelde*, *Amor Mío* and *Lola Erase Una Vez*, Televisa signed an exclusivity contract with CMG and RGB. Under the contract, the Mexican\-net would help finance CMG productions, promote the shows overseas and handle international sales and distribution, besides having exclusive remake rights in Mexico. However, Televisa cannot interfere on the creative process.{{cite web \|url\=http://economia.terra.com/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia\=200810080052\_INF\_321031 \|title \= Terra \- Notícias, esportes, coberturas ao vivo, diversão e estilo de vida}}
In 2009, Romina and Damian reunited for a musical sitcom, *B\&B* (Bella y Bestia), also produced by Morena and RGB. She played an uptight ballerina while he played a liberal rocker which lived across from each other with their kids. The show, aired at prime time, achieved decent ratings but was not a big success.
In 2006, Morena was also in charge for a primetime show at Telefe and produced *[Alma Pirata](/wiki/Alma_Pirata "Alma Pirata")*, an adventure\-style production never before seen in Argentina. For the show, she reunited Argentina's hottest young actors (three of them discovered by her): Luisana Lopilato, [Mariano Martínez](/wiki/Mariano_Mart%C3%ADnez_%28actor%29 "Mariano Martínez (actor)") (who real life romance was causing huge media attention at the time), [Benjamin Rojas](/wiki/Benjamin_Rojas "Benjamin Rojas"), [Isabel Macedo](/wiki/Isabel_Macedo "Isabel Macedo") and [Elsa Pinilla](/wiki/Elsa_Pinilla "Elsa Pinilla") among others. It had the difficult mission of beating [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 "Canal 13 (Argentina)")'s big hit *Sos Mi Vida* on the 8{{nbsp}}p.m. time slot. It could not do it and after a few months of struggling ratings, it was moved to 7 p.m. Because of that, Mariano Martínez decided to leave the show since his contract was exclusively for a prime time show. He was killed off and Nicolas Vasquez replaced him as Luisana's character love interest. Even though the show did not fulfill expectations as a primetime show, it did particularly well in the 7{{nbsp}}p.m. slot. Its finale had a 22\.1 points rating, almost matching its highest\-rated episode (22\.4 for its debut). The show averaged 16 points for its entire run and reached its lowest point during the third month of its run when it did 12\.6 points and was almost doubled by Canal 13's competitor show. Even though Alma Pirata would not have music, it did end up having an original soundtrack album with songs composed by Morena and Carlos Nilson and sung, mostly, by Benjamin Rojas.
In 2010, Morena was responsible for the Argentine version of *[Spring Awakening](/wiki/Spring_Awakening_%28musical%29 "Spring Awakening (musical)")*. After years of being ignored by theatrical critics, she received acclaim and was awarded six Premios ACE, the most prestigious award in Argentine theater. Even though she was responsible for the biggest live musical box office draws in the country since 1996, she was never nominated for an ACE before. *Despertar de Primavera* was staged from March to June at Teatro Astral in Buenos Aires.
In 2012, YUPS TV, a television channel from RGB Entertainment and Cris Morena Group, made its debut on cable TV across Latin America and on the internet. The channel airs Floricienta, Casi Angeles and B\&B.
|
[
"### Other projects",
"In 2005, besides the second season of *Floricienta*, Morena debuted *[Amor Mío](/wiki/Amor_m%C3%ADo_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 \"Amor mío (Argentine TV series)\")*, a romantic sitcom she started developing with her daughter, Romina Yan, in 2002\\. The show starred Yan alongside Damian DiSanto and was the first Morena show not targeted to a young audience. Aired in prime time, during a time the country was undergoing a [sitcom](/wiki/Sitcom \"Sitcom\") boom due to the success of *[Casados con Hijos](/wiki/Casados_con_Hijos_%28Argentina%29 \"Casados con Hijos (Argentina)\")* and *[La Niñera](/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1era_%28Argentine_TV_series%29 \"La Niñera (Argentine TV series)\")*, the show averaged 20\\.3 points{{cite web \\|url\\=http://television.com.ar/diario\\-online/minuto\\-a\\-minuto/data/134001/%C2%BFcual\\-fue\\-la\\-comedia\\-mas\\-vista\\-de\\-telefe/\\#.UUHYi1frMqs \\|title \\= Television.com.ar}} and ended prematurely, despite high ratings, due to Romina Yan's pregnancy.",
"*Amor Mío* was adapted for Mexico's [Televisa](/wiki/Televisa \"Televisa\") and for Russia. The Mexican version was shot in Argentina (similar to *Chiquititas Brasil* in the late 1990s) and was a hit in the country. The Mexican version had many more episodes than the Argentine version and the scripts which were not utilized due to the show's premature ending were finally used. Even after those scripts ran out, Televisa renewed the show and brand new episodes were written by the Argentine staff especially for Mexico. After *Rebelde*, *Amor Mío* and *Lola Erase Una Vez*, Televisa signed an exclusivity contract with CMG and RGB. Under the contract, the Mexican\\-net would help finance CMG productions, promote the shows overseas and handle international sales and distribution, besides having exclusive remake rights in Mexico. However, Televisa cannot interfere on the creative process.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://economia.terra.com/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia\\=200810080052\\_INF\\_321031 \\|title \\= Terra \\- Notícias, esportes, coberturas ao vivo, diversão e estilo de vida}}",
"In 2009, Romina and Damian reunited for a musical sitcom, *B\\&B* (Bella y Bestia), also produced by Morena and RGB. She played an uptight ballerina while he played a liberal rocker which lived across from each other with their kids. The show, aired at prime time, achieved decent ratings but was not a big success.",
"In 2006, Morena was also in charge for a primetime show at Telefe and produced *[Alma Pirata](/wiki/Alma_Pirata \"Alma Pirata\")*, an adventure\\-style production never before seen in Argentina. For the show, she reunited Argentina's hottest young actors (three of them discovered by her): Luisana Lopilato, [Mariano Martínez](/wiki/Mariano_Mart%C3%ADnez_%28actor%29 \"Mariano Martínez (actor)\") (who real life romance was causing huge media attention at the time), [Benjamin Rojas](/wiki/Benjamin_Rojas \"Benjamin Rojas\"), [Isabel Macedo](/wiki/Isabel_Macedo \"Isabel Macedo\") and [Elsa Pinilla](/wiki/Elsa_Pinilla \"Elsa Pinilla\") among others. It had the difficult mission of beating [Canal 13](/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29 \"Canal 13 (Argentina)\")'s big hit *Sos Mi Vida* on the 8{{nbsp}}p.m. time slot. It could not do it and after a few months of struggling ratings, it was moved to 7 p.m. Because of that, Mariano Martínez decided to leave the show since his contract was exclusively for a prime time show. He was killed off and Nicolas Vasquez replaced him as Luisana's character love interest. Even though the show did not fulfill expectations as a primetime show, it did particularly well in the 7{{nbsp}}p.m. slot. Its finale had a 22\\.1 points rating, almost matching its highest\\-rated episode (22\\.4 for its debut). The show averaged 16 points for its entire run and reached its lowest point during the third month of its run when it did 12\\.6 points and was almost doubled by Canal 13's competitor show. Even though Alma Pirata would not have music, it did end up having an original soundtrack album with songs composed by Morena and Carlos Nilson and sung, mostly, by Benjamin Rojas.",
"In 2010, Morena was responsible for the Argentine version of *[Spring Awakening](/wiki/Spring_Awakening_%28musical%29 \"Spring Awakening (musical)\")*. After years of being ignored by theatrical critics, she received acclaim and was awarded six Premios ACE, the most prestigious award in Argentine theater. Even though she was responsible for the biggest live musical box office draws in the country since 1996, she was never nominated for an ACE before. *Despertar de Primavera* was staged from March to June at Teatro Astral in Buenos Aires.",
"In 2012, YUPS TV, a television channel from RGB Entertainment and Cris Morena Group, made its debut on cable TV across Latin America and on the internet. The channel airs Floricienta, Casi Angeles and B\\&B.",
""
] |
Facilities and aircraft
-----------------------
[thumb\|An [Antonov An\-124 Ruslan](/wiki/Antonov_An-124_Ruslan "Antonov An-124 Ruslan") at the airport in 2007](/wiki/File:Antonov_An-124-100_Ruslan%2C_Polet_Airlines_AN1565762.jpg "Antonov An-124-100 Ruslan, Polet Airlines AN1565762.jpg")
[thumb\|A private [Boeing 747SP](/wiki/Boeing_747SP "Boeing 747SP") at the airport in 2003](/wiki/File:Boeing_747SP-09%2C_Private_JP97258.jpg "Boeing 747SP-09, Private JP97258.jpg")
Harrisburg International Airport covers {{convert\|680\|acre\|ha}} at an elevation of 310 feet (94 m) above [mean sea level](/wiki/Mean_sea_level "Mean sea level"). It has one [asphalt](/wiki/Asphalt_concrete "Asphalt concrete") [runway](/wiki/Runway "Runway"), 13/31, {{convert\|10001\|by\|200\|ft}}.{{cite web\|url\=https://skyvector.com/airport/MDT/Harrisburg\-International\-Airport\|title\=MDT airport data at skyvector.com\|website\=skyvector.com\|access\-date\=September 16, 2022}}
Runway 13 has a CAT III approach allowing operations down to {{convert\|600\|ft\|m}} RVR ([Runway Visual Range](/wiki/Runway_Visual_Range "Runway Visual Range")). The airport has a Surface Movement Guidance Control System (SMGCS) that allows aircraft and vehicle ground movements during reduced visibility (below {{convert\|1200\|ft\|m}} RVR down to {{convert\|600\|ft\|m}} RVR).
The airfield also boasts a 140\-foot control tower and associated approach control staffed and operated by FAA air traffic controllers.
In the year ending December 31, 2021, the airport had 48,788 aircraft operations, an average of 134 per day: 26% [air taxi](/wiki/Air_taxi "Air taxi"), 29% [general aviation](/wiki/General_aviation "General aviation"), 27% [scheduled commercial](/wiki/Airline "Airline") and 18% [military](/wiki/Military_aviation "Military aviation"). 29 aircraft were then based at this airport: 6 single\-[engine](/wiki/Aircraft_engine "Aircraft engine"), 4 multi\-engine, 11 [jet](/wiki/Jet_aircraft "Jet aircraft"), and 8 [military](/wiki/Military_aircraft "Military aircraft").
The terminal has 12 gates and is a pier finger layout near the middle of the airfield, almost parallel to the runway. [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines "Delta Air Lines") uses A1 and A3\. [United Airlines](/wiki/United_Airlines "United Airlines") uses B1 and B3\. [Allegiant Air](/wiki/Allegiant_Air "Allegiant Air") uses B6\. [American Airlines](/wiki/American_Airlines "American Airlines") uses B2, and C1–C3\. Gate A2, B4, and B5 are currently unused.{{FAA\-diagram\|00188\|Harrisburg International (MDT)}}
### Ground transportation
Built in 2004, and attached to the new terminal building via a climate\-controlled sky bridge, the [Multi\-Modal Transportation](/wiki/Intermodal_passenger_transport "Intermodal passenger transport") Facility (MMTF) is a four\-story facility that handles all [ground transportation](/wiki/Land_transport "Land transport"). The top three levels have 2,504 parking places for Short\-Term Hourly, Daily, and Long\-Term public parking. The first level accommodates all limos, taxis, hotel shuttles, public and charter buses, plus the rental car ready/return lot.[Multi\-Modal Transportation Facility](http://www.flyhia.com/home/parking/mmtf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221101257/http://www.flyhia.com/home/parking/mmtf \|date\=February 21, 2010 }} SARAA, accessed February 12, 2010\.
In the first floor lobby area are six rental car counters, restrooms, flight and bus information displays, and a seating area. On the second floor of the lobby area, climate\-controlled moving sidewalks connect to the aerial walkway to the terminal.
Route 7 of the [Capital Area Transit](/wiki/Capital_Area_Transit_%28Harrisburg%29 "Capital Area Transit (Harrisburg)") System runs to [downtown](/wiki/Downtown_Harrisburg%2C_Pennsylvania "Downtown Harrisburg, Pennsylvania") Harrisburg and surrounding communities. The [Middletown Amtrak Station](/wiki/Middletown_station_%28Pennsylvania%29 "Middletown station (Pennsylvania)"), about {{convert\|3\|mi\|km\|0}} east of the terminal, has [Amtrak](/wiki/Amtrak "Amtrak") service via the [Keystone Corridor](/wiki/Keystone_Corridor "Keystone Corridor"). There had been a proposal to construct a new rail terminal adjacent to the MMTF, but the final location chosen for the new station is about {{convert\|2\|mi}} east, in [Middletown](/wiki/Middletown%2C_Dauphin_County%2C_Pennsylvania "Middletown, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2010/12/new\_middletown\_amtrak\_station.html\|title\=New Middletown Amtrak station site will be at Ann Street and Route 230\|date\=December 6, 2010}}
|
[
"Facilities and aircraft\n-----------------------",
"[thumb\\|An [Antonov An\\-124 Ruslan](/wiki/Antonov_An-124_Ruslan \"Antonov An-124 Ruslan\") at the airport in 2007](/wiki/File:Antonov_An-124-100_Ruslan%2C_Polet_Airlines_AN1565762.jpg \"Antonov An-124-100 Ruslan, Polet Airlines AN1565762.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|A private [Boeing 747SP](/wiki/Boeing_747SP \"Boeing 747SP\") at the airport in 2003](/wiki/File:Boeing_747SP-09%2C_Private_JP97258.jpg \"Boeing 747SP-09, Private JP97258.jpg\")\nHarrisburg International Airport covers {{convert\\|680\\|acre\\|ha}} at an elevation of 310 feet (94 m) above [mean sea level](/wiki/Mean_sea_level \"Mean sea level\"). It has one [asphalt](/wiki/Asphalt_concrete \"Asphalt concrete\") [runway](/wiki/Runway \"Runway\"), 13/31, {{convert\\|10001\\|by\\|200\\|ft}}.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://skyvector.com/airport/MDT/Harrisburg\\-International\\-Airport\\|title\\=MDT airport data at skyvector.com\\|website\\=skyvector.com\\|access\\-date\\=September 16, 2022}}",
"Runway 13 has a CAT III approach allowing operations down to {{convert\\|600\\|ft\\|m}} RVR ([Runway Visual Range](/wiki/Runway_Visual_Range \"Runway Visual Range\")). The airport has a Surface Movement Guidance Control System (SMGCS) that allows aircraft and vehicle ground movements during reduced visibility (below {{convert\\|1200\\|ft\\|m}} RVR down to {{convert\\|600\\|ft\\|m}} RVR).",
"The airfield also boasts a 140\\-foot control tower and associated approach control staffed and operated by FAA air traffic controllers.",
"In the year ending December 31, 2021, the airport had 48,788 aircraft operations, an average of 134 per day: 26% [air taxi](/wiki/Air_taxi \"Air taxi\"), 29% [general aviation](/wiki/General_aviation \"General aviation\"), 27% [scheduled commercial](/wiki/Airline \"Airline\") and 18% [military](/wiki/Military_aviation \"Military aviation\"). 29 aircraft were then based at this airport: 6 single\\-[engine](/wiki/Aircraft_engine \"Aircraft engine\"), 4 multi\\-engine, 11 [jet](/wiki/Jet_aircraft \"Jet aircraft\"), and 8 [military](/wiki/Military_aircraft \"Military aircraft\").",
"The terminal has 12 gates and is a pier finger layout near the middle of the airfield, almost parallel to the runway. [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines \"Delta Air Lines\") uses A1 and A3\\. [United Airlines](/wiki/United_Airlines \"United Airlines\") uses B1 and B3\\. [Allegiant Air](/wiki/Allegiant_Air \"Allegiant Air\") uses B6\\. [American Airlines](/wiki/American_Airlines \"American Airlines\") uses B2, and C1–C3\\. Gate A2, B4, and B5 are currently unused.{{FAA\\-diagram\\|00188\\|Harrisburg International (MDT)}}",
"### Ground transportation",
"Built in 2004, and attached to the new terminal building via a climate\\-controlled sky bridge, the [Multi\\-Modal Transportation](/wiki/Intermodal_passenger_transport \"Intermodal passenger transport\") Facility (MMTF) is a four\\-story facility that handles all [ground transportation](/wiki/Land_transport \"Land transport\"). The top three levels have 2,504 parking places for Short\\-Term Hourly, Daily, and Long\\-Term public parking. The first level accommodates all limos, taxis, hotel shuttles, public and charter buses, plus the rental car ready/return lot.[Multi\\-Modal Transportation Facility](http://www.flyhia.com/home/parking/mmtf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221101257/http://www.flyhia.com/home/parking/mmtf \\|date\\=February 21, 2010 }} SARAA, accessed February 12, 2010\\.",
"In the first floor lobby area are six rental car counters, restrooms, flight and bus information displays, and a seating area. On the second floor of the lobby area, climate\\-controlled moving sidewalks connect to the aerial walkway to the terminal.",
"Route 7 of the [Capital Area Transit](/wiki/Capital_Area_Transit_%28Harrisburg%29 \"Capital Area Transit (Harrisburg)\") System runs to [downtown](/wiki/Downtown_Harrisburg%2C_Pennsylvania \"Downtown Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\") Harrisburg and surrounding communities. The [Middletown Amtrak Station](/wiki/Middletown_station_%28Pennsylvania%29 \"Middletown station (Pennsylvania)\"), about {{convert\\|3\\|mi\\|km\\|0}} east of the terminal, has [Amtrak](/wiki/Amtrak \"Amtrak\") service via the [Keystone Corridor](/wiki/Keystone_Corridor \"Keystone Corridor\"). There had been a proposal to construct a new rail terminal adjacent to the MMTF, but the final location chosen for the new station is about {{convert\\|2\\|mi}} east, in [Middletown](/wiki/Middletown%2C_Dauphin_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Middletown, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2010/12/new\\_middletown\\_amtrak\\_station.html\\|title\\=New Middletown Amtrak station site will be at Ann Street and Route 230\\|date\\=December 6, 2010}}",
""
] |
Career
------
### Recordings
Schofield has recorded five studio albums and four live albums. The first of the live discs, *The Trio, Live* was [recorded](/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction "Sound recording and reproduction") at the Bishop's Blues club at The Half Moon, [Bishop's Stortford](/wiki/Bishop%27s_Stortford "Bishop's Stortford") in 2004 and, funded and released by Richard Pavitt on his Nugene record label, gave the band their first breakthrough. The first studio album, *Siftin' Thru Ashes* was released in 2005\. This album showcased Schofield as a songwriter, writing or co\-writing eight out of eleven of the tracks. [AllMusic](/wiki/AllMusic "AllMusic") called Schofield's approach "an enjoyable demonstration of what can happen when blues\-rock and blues\-jazz are united". The second live album, *Live at the Jazz Cafe!* was recorded at the [London Jazz Cafe](/wiki/The_Jazz_Caf%C3%A9 "The Jazz Café") in April 2005, and was made available as a web only release. Schofield is one of only two living British artists to be given a four star (excellent) rating in the *Penguin Book of Blues Recordings*.{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2011}}
The release of *The Trio, Live* prompted Schofield to be featured in a *[Guitarist](/wiki/Guitarist_%28magazine%29 "Guitarist (magazine)")* magazine article, listing the nine notable up and coming blues guitarists, Schofield being the only non\-American. Of the album they said "britblues meets jazz via N'Orleans – all played with the kind of sizzling guitar that just does not often surface in Fairford, Gloucestershire".{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2011}} In 2007, *Guitar \& Bass Magazine* picked Schofield as one of the "Top 10 British Blues Guitarists of All Time". In August 2009, Schofield released *Heads, Tails, \& Aces*, his third studio effort. The next year (2010\) the band collected the Album of the Year award at the British Blues Awards{{cite web\|url\=http://britishbluesawards.com \|title\=Home Page \|publisher\=British Blues Awards \|date\= \|accessdate\=11 December 2012}} for this album, and released *Live from the Archive*,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mattschofield.com/albums/live\-from\-the\-archive/ \|title\=Live From The Archive \|publisher\=Matt Schofield \|date\=2010\-07\-12 \|accessdate\=2017\-07\-18}} recorded in 2007 in the Netherlands. Schofield won the British Blues Guitarist and Jonny Henderson won the British Keyboard Player award, and they both won these awards in 2011, too.
In 2011, the trio released their fourth album *Anything but Time*, with Kevin Hayes on drums and John Porter as record producer.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mattschofield.net/captcha/index.php?d\=mattschofield.net\&pg\=bad\|archiveurl\=https://archive.today/20140826193346/http://www.mattschofield.net/captcha/index.php?d\=mattschofield.net\&pg\=bad\|url\-status\=dead\|title\=banned interdit verboden prohibido vietato proibido\|date\=26 August 2014\|archivedate\=26 August 2014\|website\=archive.is\|accessdate\=21 June 2018}} Guitarinstructor.com, a part of the Hal Leonard organisation, has this album as No 5 in their top 10 albums of 2011, while *Mojo* magazine picked it as No 1 of Blues albums in 2011\.
In 2012, Schofield made available a third live album *Ten From The Road*, consisting of material performed live in November 2011 by Schofield with Henderson \& Hayes.
He released his fifth studio album, called *Far As I Can See*, in February 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/far\-as\-i\-can\-see\-mw0002611582/releases \|title\=Far as I Can See \- Matt Schofield \| Releases \|publisher\=\[\[AllMusic]] \|date\= \|accessdate\=2016\-02\-29}}
Schofield has played guitar for a number of [Dana Gillespie](/wiki/Dana_Gillespie "Dana Gillespie")'s albums, including *Back to the Blues* (1998\), *Experienced* (2000\), *Songs of Love* (2001\), *Staying Power* (2002\), *These Blue Nights* (2006\), and *Live With the London Blues Band* (2007\), and with The Lee Sankey Group's *My Day Is Just Beginning* (2000\) and *She's Not Alone (EP)* (2000\). He has also played guitar on Dino Baptiste's *Two Timing Lover Boy* (1999\), The Lester Butler Tribute Band's *So Lowdown Tour* (2002\), Earl Green's *A Different Picture* (2005\), The Backbones' *New Road Sessions Vol. 1* (2006\), JL Fulks' *On Down the Road* (2016\), and Federico Luiu's *Walkin' The Blues*. He co\-produced [Ian Siegal](/wiki/Ian_Siegal "Ian Siegal")'s *Meat \& Potatoes* (2005\) and produced Siegal's *At The North Sea Jazz Festival (DVD)* (2006\), *Swagger* (2007\), and *Broadside* (2009\). Schofield appears on the compilation albums *Mustique Blues Festival* (1999, 2000, 2004\), *Basil´s Bar Blues* (2003\), and *The Six Sessions* (2010\).
### Band
Schofield performs with an [organ trio](/wiki/Organ_trio "Organ trio") (guitar, [organ](/wiki/Electronic_organ "Electronic organ"), and drums). Organ trios are mostly associated with the 1950s and 1960s US [soul jazz](/wiki/Soul_jazz "Soul jazz") groups led by organists such as [Jimmy Smith](/wiki/Jimmy_Smith_%28musician%29 "Jimmy Smith (musician)"). Blues bands more commonly use trios of guitar, bass and drums, quartets (guitar, keyboards, bass, and drums) or quintets (guitar, rhythm guitar, keyboards, bass, and drums). In Schofield's organ trio, organist [Jonny Henderson](/wiki/Jonny_Henderson "Jonny Henderson") plays a [Hammond organ](/wiki/Hammond_organ "Hammond organ"), performing basslines using his left hand, and playing chords and lead lines with his right hand. The trio's drummer is Evan Jenkins. Jeff Walker played bass on the final track of *Siftin' Thru' Ashes*. In 2009, as of the recording of *Heads, Tails \& Aces*, The Matt Schofield Trio became The Matt Schofield Band, a four\-piece, featuring Jeff 'The Funk' Walker on bass, and also replacing Evan Jenkins with Alain Baudry. Jeff Walker was later replaced by Spanish bassist Javier Garcia Vicente. At a concert at the Swindon Arts Centre{{cite web \|url\=http://www.swindon.gov.uk/artscentre \|title\=Arts Centre – Swindon Borough Council \|publisher\=Swindon.gov.uk \|accessdate\=11 December 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201045950/http://www.swindon.gov.uk/artscentre \|archivedate\=1 December 2012 \|df\=dmy\-all }} on 22 October 2009, the band reverted to a trio. In June 2010, Kevin Hayes, replaced Evan Jenkins in the band. The 2012 Europe Tour, the trio was back with its original formation, with Matt Schofield, Evan Jenkins and Jonny Henderson.
### Endorsements and gear
Boutique amplifier company Two\-Rock developed the Schofield Signature amplifier for Matt. According to Matt, the amplifier is "simply the best amplifier I've ever plugged into, and I'm honoured it carries my name".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.two\-rock.com/models/schofield\-signature/ \|title\=Retired Models \- Two\-Rock Amplification \|website\=Two\-rock.com \|date\=2014\-06\-20 \|accessdate\=2016\-02\-29}}
Japanese Effects Pedal company Free The Tone also developed the custom MS SOV SPECIAL overdrive pedal for him and released it as a limited edition product in 2013\. A full production version, the MS SOV MS\-2V, was later released in 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.freethetone.com/en/products/effects\_signature/ \|title\=Free The Tone – English \| EFFECTS – SIGNATURE \|website\=Freethetone.com \|date\=2014\-06\-20 \|accessdate\=2016\-02\-29 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229152723/http://www.freethetone.com/en/products/effects\_signature/ \|archivedate\=29 February 2016 }}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Recordings",
"Schofield has recorded five studio albums and four live albums. The first of the live discs, *The Trio, Live* was [recorded](/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction \"Sound recording and reproduction\") at the Bishop's Blues club at The Half Moon, [Bishop's Stortford](/wiki/Bishop%27s_Stortford \"Bishop's Stortford\") in 2004 and, funded and released by Richard Pavitt on his Nugene record label, gave the band their first breakthrough. The first studio album, *Siftin' Thru Ashes* was released in 2005\\. This album showcased Schofield as a songwriter, writing or co\\-writing eight out of eleven of the tracks. [AllMusic](/wiki/AllMusic \"AllMusic\") called Schofield's approach \"an enjoyable demonstration of what can happen when blues\\-rock and blues\\-jazz are united\". The second live album, *Live at the Jazz Cafe!* was recorded at the [London Jazz Cafe](/wiki/The_Jazz_Caf%C3%A9 \"The Jazz Café\") in April 2005, and was made available as a web only release. Schofield is one of only two living British artists to be given a four star (excellent) rating in the *Penguin Book of Blues Recordings*.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2011}}",
"The release of *The Trio, Live* prompted Schofield to be featured in a *[Guitarist](/wiki/Guitarist_%28magazine%29 \"Guitarist (magazine)\")* magazine article, listing the nine notable up and coming blues guitarists, Schofield being the only non\\-American. Of the album they said \"britblues meets jazz via N'Orleans – all played with the kind of sizzling guitar that just does not often surface in Fairford, Gloucestershire\".{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2011}} In 2007, *Guitar \\& Bass Magazine* picked Schofield as one of the \"Top 10 British Blues Guitarists of All Time\". In August 2009, Schofield released *Heads, Tails, \\& Aces*, his third studio effort. The next year (2010\\) the band collected the Album of the Year award at the British Blues Awards{{cite web\\|url\\=http://britishbluesawards.com \\|title\\=Home Page \\|publisher\\=British Blues Awards \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=11 December 2012}} for this album, and released *Live from the Archive*,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mattschofield.com/albums/live\\-from\\-the\\-archive/ \\|title\\=Live From The Archive \\|publisher\\=Matt Schofield \\|date\\=2010\\-07\\-12 \\|accessdate\\=2017\\-07\\-18}} recorded in 2007 in the Netherlands. Schofield won the British Blues Guitarist and Jonny Henderson won the British Keyboard Player award, and they both won these awards in 2011, too.",
"In 2011, the trio released their fourth album *Anything but Time*, with Kevin Hayes on drums and John Porter as record producer.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mattschofield.net/captcha/index.php?d\\=mattschofield.net\\&pg\\=bad\\|archiveurl\\=https://archive.today/20140826193346/http://www.mattschofield.net/captcha/index.php?d\\=mattschofield.net\\&pg\\=bad\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=banned interdit verboden prohibido vietato proibido\\|date\\=26 August 2014\\|archivedate\\=26 August 2014\\|website\\=archive.is\\|accessdate\\=21 June 2018}} Guitarinstructor.com, a part of the Hal Leonard organisation, has this album as No 5 in their top 10 albums of 2011, while *Mojo* magazine picked it as No 1 of Blues albums in 2011\\.",
"In 2012, Schofield made available a third live album *Ten From The Road*, consisting of material performed live in November 2011 by Schofield with Henderson \\& Hayes.",
"He released his fifth studio album, called *Far As I Can See*, in February 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/far\\-as\\-i\\-can\\-see\\-mw0002611582/releases \\|title\\=Far as I Can See \\- Matt Schofield \\| Releases \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]] \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-02\\-29}}",
"Schofield has played guitar for a number of [Dana Gillespie](/wiki/Dana_Gillespie \"Dana Gillespie\")'s albums, including *Back to the Blues* (1998\\), *Experienced* (2000\\), *Songs of Love* (2001\\), *Staying Power* (2002\\), *These Blue Nights* (2006\\), and *Live With the London Blues Band* (2007\\), and with The Lee Sankey Group's *My Day Is Just Beginning* (2000\\) and *She's Not Alone (EP)* (2000\\). He has also played guitar on Dino Baptiste's *Two Timing Lover Boy* (1999\\), The Lester Butler Tribute Band's *So Lowdown Tour* (2002\\), Earl Green's *A Different Picture* (2005\\), The Backbones' *New Road Sessions Vol. 1* (2006\\), JL Fulks' *On Down the Road* (2016\\), and Federico Luiu's *Walkin' The Blues*. He co\\-produced [Ian Siegal](/wiki/Ian_Siegal \"Ian Siegal\")'s *Meat \\& Potatoes* (2005\\) and produced Siegal's *At The North Sea Jazz Festival (DVD)* (2006\\), *Swagger* (2007\\), and *Broadside* (2009\\). Schofield appears on the compilation albums *Mustique Blues Festival* (1999, 2000, 2004\\), *Basil´s Bar Blues* (2003\\), and *The Six Sessions* (2010\\).",
"### Band",
"Schofield performs with an [organ trio](/wiki/Organ_trio \"Organ trio\") (guitar, [organ](/wiki/Electronic_organ \"Electronic organ\"), and drums). Organ trios are mostly associated with the 1950s and 1960s US [soul jazz](/wiki/Soul_jazz \"Soul jazz\") groups led by organists such as [Jimmy Smith](/wiki/Jimmy_Smith_%28musician%29 \"Jimmy Smith (musician)\"). Blues bands more commonly use trios of guitar, bass and drums, quartets (guitar, keyboards, bass, and drums) or quintets (guitar, rhythm guitar, keyboards, bass, and drums). In Schofield's organ trio, organist [Jonny Henderson](/wiki/Jonny_Henderson \"Jonny Henderson\") plays a [Hammond organ](/wiki/Hammond_organ \"Hammond organ\"), performing basslines using his left hand, and playing chords and lead lines with his right hand. The trio's drummer is Evan Jenkins. Jeff Walker played bass on the final track of *Siftin' Thru' Ashes*. In 2009, as of the recording of *Heads, Tails \\& Aces*, The Matt Schofield Trio became The Matt Schofield Band, a four\\-piece, featuring Jeff 'The Funk' Walker on bass, and also replacing Evan Jenkins with Alain Baudry. Jeff Walker was later replaced by Spanish bassist Javier Garcia Vicente. At a concert at the Swindon Arts Centre{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.swindon.gov.uk/artscentre \\|title\\=Arts Centre – Swindon Borough Council \\|publisher\\=Swindon.gov.uk \\|accessdate\\=11 December 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201045950/http://www.swindon.gov.uk/artscentre \\|archivedate\\=1 December 2012 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} on 22 October 2009, the band reverted to a trio. In June 2010, Kevin Hayes, replaced Evan Jenkins in the band. The 2012 Europe Tour, the trio was back with its original formation, with Matt Schofield, Evan Jenkins and Jonny Henderson.",
"### Endorsements and gear",
"Boutique amplifier company Two\\-Rock developed the Schofield Signature amplifier for Matt. According to Matt, the amplifier is \"simply the best amplifier I've ever plugged into, and I'm honoured it carries my name\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.two\\-rock.com/models/schofield\\-signature/ \\|title\\=Retired Models \\- Two\\-Rock Amplification \\|website\\=Two\\-rock.com \\|date\\=2014\\-06\\-20 \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-02\\-29}}",
"Japanese Effects Pedal company Free The Tone also developed the custom MS SOV SPECIAL overdrive pedal for him and released it as a limited edition product in 2013\\. A full production version, the MS SOV MS\\-2V, was later released in 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.freethetone.com/en/products/effects\\_signature/ \\|title\\=Free The Tone – English \\| EFFECTS – SIGNATURE \\|website\\=Freethetone.com \\|date\\=2014\\-06\\-20 \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-02\\-29 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229152723/http://www.freethetone.com/en/products/effects\\_signature/ \\|archivedate\\=29 February 2016 }}",
""
] |
Napoleonic Wars
---------------
[thumb\|*Active* at the attack on Boulogne October 1804](/wiki/File:Plan_and_key._The_Attack_on_Boulogne_Oct_1804_RMG_PZ6989.jpg "Plan and key. The Attack on Boulogne Oct 1804 RMG PZ6989.jpg")
In August 1804, *Active* was under the command of Captain Richard Mowbray, for the blockade of [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon "Toulon"), in the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean "Mediterranean").{{sfnp\|Winfield\|2008\|p\=151\-2}} (Captain Davers had resigned his command due to ill\-health caused by yellow fever, which he had caught on the Leeward Islands station. He died in 1805\.) On 27 April *Active* captured the French [letter of marque](/wiki/Letter_of_marque "Letter of marque") schooner *Les Amis*. *Les Amis* was armed with four 6\-pounder guns, had a crew of 20 men, and was carrying a cargo of wine and merchandise from Bordeaux to her home port of Cayenne.{{London Gazette\|page\=633 \|issue\=15921\|date\=20 May 1806}}
At some point *Active* captured the Prussian vessels *Ida Margaretta*, *Anna Dorothea*, and *Norberg*.{{London Gazette\|issue\=16249\|page\=548\|date\=18 April 1809}} On 12 March 1807, *Active* and [*Endymion*](/wiki/HMS_Endymion_%281797%29 "HMS Endymion (1797)") captured the Danish vessel *Henrie and Maria*. The prize money was remitted from Malta.{{London Gazette\|issue\=16378\|page\=869\|date\=12 June 1810}}
In 1807, *Active* returned to the Mediterranean. An initial assignment was her participation in [Thomas Louis](/wiki/Thomas_Louis "Thomas Louis")'s squadron in Admiral [Duckworth's](/wiki/Sir_John_Duckworth%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir John Duckworth, 1st Baronet") [Dardanelles Operation](/wiki/Dardanelles_Operation "Dardanelles Operation").{{London Gazette\|issue\=16026\|pages\=595–597\|date\=5 May 1807}} On the way in on 19 February *Active* drove a frigate aground and then burnt her, all without suffering any casualties. However, *Active* had eight men wounded on 3 March during the withdrawal from the Dardanelles, one of whom, the boatswain, later died. During the withdrawal she suffered a hit from an 800\-pound stone cannonball, 6'6" in diameter, which did damage but caused no casualties.Marshall, (1823\), Vol. 1, Part 2, p.809\.
Almost a year later, on 26 March 1808, she and the 64\-gun [*Standard*](/wiki/HMS_Standard_%281782%29 "HMS Standard (1782)") captured the Franco\-Italian brig {{ship\|French brig\|Friedland \|1807\|2}} off Cape Blanco. Mowbray took possession of *Friedland* after a chase of several hours. The brig might have escaped had she not lost her topmast. She was one year old and was armed with 16 French 12\-pounder guns. *Active* took her prize to Malta, together with the prisoners, who included Commodore Don Amilcar Paolucci, commander in chief of the Italian Marine, and Knight of the Iron Crown.{{London Gazette\|issue\=16148\|pages\=734–735\|date\=24 May 1808}} The Royal Navy took *Friedland* into service as HMS *Delight*.
In 1809 *Active* returned to Britain and was paid off. She was recommissioned in June 1809 under Captain [James Alexander Gordon](/wiki/James_Alexander_Gordon "James Alexander Gordon"), who sailed for the [Adriatic](/wiki/Adriatic "Adriatic") on 4 October.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship\_Histories\_Vessels\_v.pdf\|archive\-url\=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110802041628/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship\_Histories\_Vessels\_v.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2 August 2011\|title\=NMM, vessel ID 379345\|work\=Warship Histories, vol v\|publisher\=\[\[National Maritime Museum]]\|accessdate\=30 July 2011}}
In 1810 she participated in a raid on [Grao](/wiki/Grado%2C_Italy "Grado, Italy"), near [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste "Trieste"). Together with {{HMS\|Cerberus\|1794\|2}} and {{HMS\|Amphion\|1798\|2}} she seized a coastal convoy of [trabaccolos](/wiki/Trabaccolo "Trabaccolo") and other vessels. *Active* did not report casualties.{{London Gazette\|issue\=16427\|pages\=1857–1859\|date\=20 November 1810}} In 1847 the Admiralty issued the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "28 June Boat Service 1810" to all surviving claimants from the action.
On 14 June *Cerberus*, in company with *Active* and [*Swallow*](/wiki/HMS_Swallow_%281805%29 "HMS Swallow (1805)"), captured three [gunboats](/wiki/Gunboat "Gunboat") \- the *Vincentina*, *Modanese* and *Elvetica* (or *Elvetria*).{{London Gazette\|issue\=16667\|page\=2275\|date\=10 November 1812}}
On 4 February 1811 *Active* and *Cerbrus* sent in their boats to raid [Pescara](/wiki/Pescara "Pescara"). The British destroyed one trabaccalo, after first transferring its cargo to *Active*, and sent another three to Lissa. All four were from Ancona. *Active* lost one man wounded.{{London Gazette\|issue\=16490\|pages\=996–998\|date\=28 May 1811}}
Five days later the boats from *Active* and *Cerbrus* raided [Ortona](/wiki/Ortona "Ortona"). Despite facing heavy fire, the British suffered only four men wounded. They captured one trabaccolo and ten Venetian transports that were carrying supplies from Ancona to the French at Corfu. The British sent all the vessels they captured to Lissa, or destroyed them. The vessels were:
* *Eugenie*, of six guns, commanded by a Lieutenant;
* Transport *Fortunée*, No. 52, laden with Corn, burnt after her cargo was transferred to another vessel;
* Transport, name unknown, laden with Oil;
* Transport, name unknown, No. 2, laden with plank and corn;
* Transport *St. Anongiato*, laden with Hemp and Cordage;
* Transport, name unknown, No. 50, laden with Wheat;
* Transport, name unknown, No. 55, partly laden with sundries;
* Transport *Anime del Purgatorio*, laden with rice, cargo taken on board and vessel burnt;
* Transport, name, unknown, laden with wheat.
* Two transports, names unknown, burnt in the port.
In addition, the British were able to burn two warehouses holding oil, soldiers' clothing, ammunition, and naval stores, including cables, blocks, hawsers, hemp, and the like.
[thumb\|HMS *Amphion*, *Cerberus*, *Volage*, and *Active* attacking the United French and Italian Squadrons at the [Battle of Lissa](/wiki/Battle_of_Lissa_%281811%29 "Battle of Lissa (1811)") in the Adriatic, on 13 March 1811](/wiki/File:Battle_of_Lissa.jpg "Battle of Lissa.jpg")
On 14 March *Active* participated in the [Battle of Lissa](/wiki/Battle_of_Lissa_%281811%29 "Battle of Lissa (1811)"), where she lost nine men killed and 26 wounded, but together with *Cerberus* captured the [French frigate *Corona*](/wiki/French_frigate_Corona_%281807%29 "French frigate Corona (1807)"). *Active*, *Amphion*, *Cerberus*, and {{HMS\|Volage\|1807\|2}} encountered a French force consisting of five frigates, one corvette, one brig, two schooners, one gun boat, and one [xebec](/wiki/Xebec "Xebec"), all under M. Dubourdieu, Captain de Vaisseux. The French force had double the guns and triple the number of men relative to the British force. The British also captured the frigate [*Bellona*](/wiki/HMS_Dover_%281811%29 "HMS Dover (1811)") and caused the frigate *Favorite* to run ashore where she blew up. *Flora* (or *Flore*) also surrendered but then sailed off again while *Amphion*, to which she had [struck](/wiki/Striking_the_colours "Striking the colours"), was capturing *Bellona*. Captain William Hoste wrote a letter to the captain of *Flora* arguing that he was honor bound to give up his vessel to *Amphion*.{{London Gazette\|issue\=16485\|pages\=893–896\|date\=14 May 1811}} The acting captain of *Flora* replied that she had not struck but rather that a shot had carried away her flag and that therefore the French were not going to surrender her.{{efn\|In November ''Flora'' was reported to have been lost while sailing from Trieste to Venice. A storm apparently caused her to run aground near Chiossa. All but a handful of the men aboard her drowned.{{London Gazette\|issue\=16581\|date\=7 March 1812\|page\=450}}}} *Active* lost nine men killed and 26 wounded in the battle. In 1847 the Admiralty issued the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Lissa" to all surviving claimants.
On 23 July *Active*, *Alceste*, and *Acorn* captured French property on Lissa.{{London Gazette\|issue\=16874\|page\=660\|date\=26 March 1814}}
On 27 July *Active{{'}}*s boats attacked a convoy in the port of [Rogoznica](/wiki/Rogoznica "Rogoznica") on the [Dalmatian](/wiki/Dalmatia "Dalmatia") coast that was carrying grain to the garrison at Ragusa. A landing party captured a fort on a hill overlooking the port and the remaining boats then entered. There they found three [gunboats](/wiki/Gunboat "Gunboat") and 28 transports. The British brought out the three gunboats and 18 transports after burning 10 of the transports. *Active* suffered only four men wounded; the French appeared to have lost a number of men killed and wounded.{{London Gazette\|issue\=16540\|pages\=2192–2193\|date\=12 November 1811}}
Next, *Active* participated in the destruction of a French convoy at the [action of 29 November 1811](/wiki/Action_of_29_November_1811 "Action of 29 November 1811"). In the engagement, the British captured the frigate {{ship\|French frigate\|Pomone\|1805\|2}} and the storeship {{ship\|French ship\|Persanne\|1809\|2}}.{{London Gazette\|issue\=16581\|page\=450\|date\=7 March 1812}} The action cost *Active* eight men dead and 27 wounded, with Captain Gordon hit by a cannonball that severed his knee,{{London Gazette\|issue\=16586\|pages\=565–567\|date\=24 March 1812}} leaving his leg hanging by a thread.{{sfnp\|''Famous Ships''\|1868\|pp\=269\-70}} Amputation proved necessary but Captain Gordon, complete with a wooden leg, was still able to sail {{HMS\|Seahorse\|1794\|2}} within the year.{{sfnp\|''The Living Age''\|1869\|p\=573, Vol. 10}} *Active* shared the prize money with {{HMS\|Alceste\|1806\|2}}, [*Unite*](/wiki/HMS_Imperieuse_%281793%29 "HMS Imperieuse (1793)"), {{HMS\|Kingfisher\|1804\|2}}, and {{HMS\|Acorn\|1808\|2}}, which were either in sight, or sharing by agreement.{{London Gazette\|issue\=16692\|page\=113\|date\=12 January 1813}}{{efn\|The prize money for Gordon for ''Persanne'' was £477 9s 10d; for an ordinary seaman it was £5 5s 4d.{{London Gazette\|issue\=17053\|page\=1701\|date\=19 August 1815}} For an ordinary seaman this represented about three\-month's wages.}} In 1847 the Admiralty issued the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Pelagosa 29 Novr. 1811" to all surviving claimants from the action.
In 1812 *Active* returned to Britain.
|
[
"Napoleonic Wars\n---------------",
"[thumb\\|*Active* at the attack on Boulogne October 1804](/wiki/File:Plan_and_key._The_Attack_on_Boulogne_Oct_1804_RMG_PZ6989.jpg \"Plan and key. The Attack on Boulogne Oct 1804 RMG PZ6989.jpg\")\nIn August 1804, *Active* was under the command of Captain Richard Mowbray, for the blockade of [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon \"Toulon\"), in the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean \"Mediterranean\").{{sfnp\\|Winfield\\|2008\\|p\\=151\\-2}} (Captain Davers had resigned his command due to ill\\-health caused by yellow fever, which he had caught on the Leeward Islands station. He died in 1805\\.) On 27 April *Active* captured the French [letter of marque](/wiki/Letter_of_marque \"Letter of marque\") schooner *Les Amis*. *Les Amis* was armed with four 6\\-pounder guns, had a crew of 20 men, and was carrying a cargo of wine and merchandise from Bordeaux to her home port of Cayenne.{{London Gazette\\|page\\=633 \\|issue\\=15921\\|date\\=20 May 1806}}",
"At some point *Active* captured the Prussian vessels *Ida Margaretta*, *Anna Dorothea*, and *Norberg*.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16249\\|page\\=548\\|date\\=18 April 1809}} On 12 March 1807, *Active* and [*Endymion*](/wiki/HMS_Endymion_%281797%29 \"HMS Endymion (1797)\") captured the Danish vessel *Henrie and Maria*. The prize money was remitted from Malta.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16378\\|page\\=869\\|date\\=12 June 1810}}",
"In 1807, *Active* returned to the Mediterranean. An initial assignment was her participation in [Thomas Louis](/wiki/Thomas_Louis \"Thomas Louis\")'s squadron in Admiral [Duckworth's](/wiki/Sir_John_Duckworth%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir John Duckworth, 1st Baronet\") [Dardanelles Operation](/wiki/Dardanelles_Operation \"Dardanelles Operation\").{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16026\\|pages\\=595–597\\|date\\=5 May 1807}} On the way in on 19 February *Active* drove a frigate aground and then burnt her, all without suffering any casualties. However, *Active* had eight men wounded on 3 March during the withdrawal from the Dardanelles, one of whom, the boatswain, later died. During the withdrawal she suffered a hit from an 800\\-pound stone cannonball, 6'6\" in diameter, which did damage but caused no casualties.Marshall, (1823\\), Vol. 1, Part 2, p.809\\.",
"Almost a year later, on 26 March 1808, she and the 64\\-gun [*Standard*](/wiki/HMS_Standard_%281782%29 \"HMS Standard (1782)\") captured the Franco\\-Italian brig {{ship\\|French brig\\|Friedland \\|1807\\|2}} off Cape Blanco. Mowbray took possession of *Friedland* after a chase of several hours. The brig might have escaped had she not lost her topmast. She was one year old and was armed with 16 French 12\\-pounder guns. *Active* took her prize to Malta, together with the prisoners, who included Commodore Don Amilcar Paolucci, commander in chief of the Italian Marine, and Knight of the Iron Crown.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16148\\|pages\\=734–735\\|date\\=24 May 1808}} The Royal Navy took *Friedland* into service as HMS *Delight*.",
"In 1809 *Active* returned to Britain and was paid off. She was recommissioned in June 1809 under Captain [James Alexander Gordon](/wiki/James_Alexander_Gordon \"James Alexander Gordon\"), who sailed for the [Adriatic](/wiki/Adriatic \"Adriatic\") on 4 October.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship\\_Histories\\_Vessels\\_v.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110802041628/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship\\_Histories\\_Vessels\\_v.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2 August 2011\\|title\\=NMM, vessel ID 379345\\|work\\=Warship Histories, vol v\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Maritime Museum]]\\|accessdate\\=30 July 2011}}",
"In 1810 she participated in a raid on [Grao](/wiki/Grado%2C_Italy \"Grado, Italy\"), near [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste \"Trieste\"). Together with {{HMS\\|Cerberus\\|1794\\|2}} and {{HMS\\|Amphion\\|1798\\|2}} she seized a coastal convoy of [trabaccolos](/wiki/Trabaccolo \"Trabaccolo\") and other vessels. *Active* did not report casualties.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16427\\|pages\\=1857–1859\\|date\\=20 November 1810}} In 1847 the Admiralty issued the Naval General Service Medal with clasp \"28 June Boat Service 1810\" to all surviving claimants from the action.",
"On 14 June *Cerberus*, in company with *Active* and [*Swallow*](/wiki/HMS_Swallow_%281805%29 \"HMS Swallow (1805)\"), captured three [gunboats](/wiki/Gunboat \"Gunboat\") \\- the *Vincentina*, *Modanese* and *Elvetica* (or *Elvetria*).{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16667\\|page\\=2275\\|date\\=10 November 1812}}",
"On 4 February 1811 *Active* and *Cerbrus* sent in their boats to raid [Pescara](/wiki/Pescara \"Pescara\"). The British destroyed one trabaccalo, after first transferring its cargo to *Active*, and sent another three to Lissa. All four were from Ancona. *Active* lost one man wounded.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16490\\|pages\\=996–998\\|date\\=28 May 1811}}",
"Five days later the boats from *Active* and *Cerbrus* raided [Ortona](/wiki/Ortona \"Ortona\"). Despite facing heavy fire, the British suffered only four men wounded. They captured one trabaccolo and ten Venetian transports that were carrying supplies from Ancona to the French at Corfu. The British sent all the vessels they captured to Lissa, or destroyed them. The vessels were:\n* *Eugenie*, of six guns, commanded by a Lieutenant;\n* Transport *Fortunée*, No. 52, laden with Corn, burnt after her cargo was transferred to another vessel;\n* Transport, name unknown, laden with Oil;\n* Transport, name unknown, No. 2, laden with plank and corn;\n* Transport *St. Anongiato*, laden with Hemp and Cordage;\n* Transport, name unknown, No. 50, laden with Wheat;\n* Transport, name unknown, No. 55, partly laden with sundries;\n* Transport *Anime del Purgatorio*, laden with rice, cargo taken on board and vessel burnt;\n* Transport, name, unknown, laden with wheat.\n* Two transports, names unknown, burnt in the port.\nIn addition, the British were able to burn two warehouses holding oil, soldiers' clothing, ammunition, and naval stores, including cables, blocks, hawsers, hemp, and the like.\n[thumb\\|HMS *Amphion*, *Cerberus*, *Volage*, and *Active* attacking the United French and Italian Squadrons at the [Battle of Lissa](/wiki/Battle_of_Lissa_%281811%29 \"Battle of Lissa (1811)\") in the Adriatic, on 13 March 1811](/wiki/File:Battle_of_Lissa.jpg \"Battle of Lissa.jpg\")\nOn 14 March *Active* participated in the [Battle of Lissa](/wiki/Battle_of_Lissa_%281811%29 \"Battle of Lissa (1811)\"), where she lost nine men killed and 26 wounded, but together with *Cerberus* captured the [French frigate *Corona*](/wiki/French_frigate_Corona_%281807%29 \"French frigate Corona (1807)\"). *Active*, *Amphion*, *Cerberus*, and {{HMS\\|Volage\\|1807\\|2}} encountered a French force consisting of five frigates, one corvette, one brig, two schooners, one gun boat, and one [xebec](/wiki/Xebec \"Xebec\"), all under M. Dubourdieu, Captain de Vaisseux. The French force had double the guns and triple the number of men relative to the British force. The British also captured the frigate [*Bellona*](/wiki/HMS_Dover_%281811%29 \"HMS Dover (1811)\") and caused the frigate *Favorite* to run ashore where she blew up. *Flora* (or *Flore*) also surrendered but then sailed off again while *Amphion*, to which she had [struck](/wiki/Striking_the_colours \"Striking the colours\"), was capturing *Bellona*. Captain William Hoste wrote a letter to the captain of *Flora* arguing that he was honor bound to give up his vessel to *Amphion*.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16485\\|pages\\=893–896\\|date\\=14 May 1811}} The acting captain of *Flora* replied that she had not struck but rather that a shot had carried away her flag and that therefore the French were not going to surrender her.{{efn\\|In November ''Flora'' was reported to have been lost while sailing from Trieste to Venice. A storm apparently caused her to run aground near Chiossa. All but a handful of the men aboard her drowned.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16581\\|date\\=7 March 1812\\|page\\=450}}}} *Active* lost nine men killed and 26 wounded in the battle. In 1847 the Admiralty issued the Naval General Service Medal with clasp \"Lissa\" to all surviving claimants.",
"On 23 July *Active*, *Alceste*, and *Acorn* captured French property on Lissa.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16874\\|page\\=660\\|date\\=26 March 1814}}",
"On 27 July *Active{{'}}*s boats attacked a convoy in the port of [Rogoznica](/wiki/Rogoznica \"Rogoznica\") on the [Dalmatian](/wiki/Dalmatia \"Dalmatia\") coast that was carrying grain to the garrison at Ragusa. A landing party captured a fort on a hill overlooking the port and the remaining boats then entered. There they found three [gunboats](/wiki/Gunboat \"Gunboat\") and 28 transports. The British brought out the three gunboats and 18 transports after burning 10 of the transports. *Active* suffered only four men wounded; the French appeared to have lost a number of men killed and wounded.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16540\\|pages\\=2192–2193\\|date\\=12 November 1811}}",
"Next, *Active* participated in the destruction of a French convoy at the [action of 29 November 1811](/wiki/Action_of_29_November_1811 \"Action of 29 November 1811\"). In the engagement, the British captured the frigate {{ship\\|French frigate\\|Pomone\\|1805\\|2}} and the storeship {{ship\\|French ship\\|Persanne\\|1809\\|2}}.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16581\\|page\\=450\\|date\\=7 March 1812}} The action cost *Active* eight men dead and 27 wounded, with Captain Gordon hit by a cannonball that severed his knee,{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16586\\|pages\\=565–567\\|date\\=24 March 1812}} leaving his leg hanging by a thread.{{sfnp\\|''Famous Ships''\\|1868\\|pp\\=269\\-70}} Amputation proved necessary but Captain Gordon, complete with a wooden leg, was still able to sail {{HMS\\|Seahorse\\|1794\\|2}} within the year.{{sfnp\\|''The Living Age''\\|1869\\|p\\=573, Vol. 10}} *Active* shared the prize money with {{HMS\\|Alceste\\|1806\\|2}}, [*Unite*](/wiki/HMS_Imperieuse_%281793%29 \"HMS Imperieuse (1793)\"), {{HMS\\|Kingfisher\\|1804\\|2}}, and {{HMS\\|Acorn\\|1808\\|2}}, which were either in sight, or sharing by agreement.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16692\\|page\\=113\\|date\\=12 January 1813}}{{efn\\|The prize money for Gordon for ''Persanne'' was £477 9s 10d; for an ordinary seaman it was £5 5s 4d.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=17053\\|page\\=1701\\|date\\=19 August 1815}} For an ordinary seaman this represented about three\\-month's wages.}} In 1847 the Admiralty issued the Naval General Service Medal with clasp \"Pelagosa 29 Novr. 1811\" to all surviving claimants from the action.",
"In 1812 *Active* returned to Britain.",
""
] |
History
-------
De Kooning started *Woman\-Ochre*, an extension of his earlier [*Woman* series](/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning%23The_Woman_series "Willem de Kooning#The Woman series"), in 1954 while living in the [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan") neighborhood of [Greenwich Village](/wiki/Greenwich_Village "Greenwich Village") along with other artists and intellectuals of the [New York School](/wiki/New_York_School_%28art%29 "New York School (art)"). He finished it the following year.
Like the other paintings in the series, it depicted a female figure, recognizable albeit highly stylized into abstract shapes. They were controversial both among de Kooning's fellow artists and critics. The former, especially [Jackson Pollock](/wiki/Jackson_Pollock "Jackson Pollock"), felt the artist had been unable to sustain [abstract expressionism](/wiki/Abstract_expressionism "Abstract expressionism")'s goal of pure painting by resorting to what was still recognizably [figurative art](/wiki/Figurative_art "Figurative art"). [John Elderfield](/wiki/John_Elderfield "John Elderfield"), who curated a 2011\-2012 de Kooning retrospective at the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art") in New York, says that the series' power stems from its use of the thick brushes and broad strokes associated with [Venetian painting](/wiki/Venetian_painting "Venetian painting") juxtaposed with its subject matter: "He was using traditional techniques to make alarmingly modern paintings, and I think this hybrid quality made people uncomfortable."{{cite news\|last\=Finkel\|first\=Jori\|authorlink\=Jori Finkel\|title\=Seeing de Kooning in a New Light, After a Violent Theft\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/arts/design/de\-kooning\-getty\-restoration\-theft\-art.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=May 25, 2022\|access\-date\=June 10, 2022}}
From outside the arts community, critic [Emily Genauer](/wiki/Emily_Genauer "Emily Genauer") attacked the works from a [feminist perspective](/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism "Feminist art criticism"), calling them [misogynistic](/wiki/Misogyny "Misogyny") depictions of women being tortured. De Kooning's comments on the paintings did not allay that criticism. "Women irritate me sometimes", he said. "I painted that irritation in the 'Woman' series." His wife Elaine said her mother\-in\-law, not she, was the inspiration.
[thumb\|left\|University of Arizona Art Museum, in 2019](/wiki/File:Museum_of_Art_-_University_of_Arizona_-_Tucson%2C_AZ_-_DSC07990.jpg "Museum of Art - University of Arizona - Tucson, AZ - DSC07990.jpg")
After de Kooning completed *Woman\-Ochre* in 1955, it was displayed at the [Martha Jackson Gallery](/wiki/Martha_Jackson_Gallery "Martha Jackson Gallery") in New York for two years, part of a one\-man show of 21 works, mostly oils but with a few sketches, only two of them [abstract](/wiki/Abstract_art "Abstract art").{{cite book \|last1\=de Kooning \|first1\=Willem \|last2\=Elderfield \|first2\=John \|last3\=Mahony \|first3\=Lauren \|last4\=Field \|first4\=Jennifer \|last5\=Huisinga \|first5\=Delphine \|last6\=Field \|first6\=Susan \|title\=Willem de Kooning: A Retrospective \|date\=2011 \|publisher\=\[\[Museum of Modern Art]] \|isbn\=9780870707971 \|page\=245 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=4ltLViRTXQAC\&pg\=PA245 \|accessdate\=September 20, 2018}} Edward Joseph Gallagher Jr., an architect{{cite news\|last\=Ryman\|first\=Anne\|title\=Meet 'Good Samaritans' who got stolen de Kooning painting back to UA\|url\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona\-investigations/2017/08/15/willem\-de\-kooning\-woman\-ochre\-stolen\-painting\-university\-of\-arizona\-david\-van\-auker/561465001/\|newspaper\=\[\[The Arizona Republic]]\|date\=August 15, 2017\|accessdate\=September 21, 2018}} and [collector](/wiki/Art_collector "Art collector") from [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore "Baltimore"), bought it in 1957\. Another pastime of his was vacationing at [dude ranches](/wiki/Dude_ranch "Dude ranch") in [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona "Arizona"). The following year, after reading an article in *[Life](/wiki/Life_%28magazine%29 "Life (magazine)")* about the [University of Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona "University of Arizona")'s new [art museum](/wiki/University_of_Arizona_Museum_of_Art "University of Arizona Museum of Art") and its collection of [Renaissance art](/wiki/Renaissance_art "Renaissance art"), Gallagher called the university's president and offered to donate some of his [modern](/wiki/Modern_art "Modern art") paintings to the museum in honor of his son, who had recently died in a boating accident. Ultimately, he gave UAMA 200 works including *Woman\-Ochre*, many of which were by de Kooning and other abstract expressionist painters such as Pollock and [Mark Rothko](/wiki/Mark_Rothko "Mark Rothko"). His gift came with the stipulation that the museum could never sell or give the paintings, including *Woman\-Ochre*, to anyone else.
During the 1960s, the museum loaned it to several exhibitions elsewhere. It was displayed at the [Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts](/wiki/Cantonal_Museum_of_Fine_Arts "Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts") in [Lausanne](/wiki/Lausanne "Lausanne"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") in 1963, and then at several colleges in [New England](/wiki/New_England "New England") over the next two years. The [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art") (MoMA) included it in one of its own [traveling exhibitions](/wiki/Travelling_exhibition "Travelling exhibition"), *Two Decades of American Painting*, during 1966 and 1967\. A 1969 [Smithsonian](/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution "Smithsonian Institution") exhibit, *The Disappearance and Reappearance of the Image*, introduced the painting to museumgoers in several [Eastern European](/wiki/Eastern_Europe "Eastern Europe") countries, [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") and [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels "Brussels").{{cite web\|title\=Object record, ''Woman\-Ochre''\|url\=https://uarizona.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/0C256DB4\-8049\-48B0\-AC81\-893343290445\|publisher\=\[\[University of Arizona]]\|accessdate\=September 19, 2018}}
*Woman\-Ochre* largely remained in Arizona after that. It was loaned to another MoMA traveling exhibit, *Four Contemporary Masters*, in 1975\. For two weeks at the end of August 1981, it was displayed at the [Guild Hall of East Hampton](/wiki/Guild_Hall_of_East_Hampton "Guild Hall of East Hampton"), New York, which had exhibited many of de Kooning's other works and helped popularize him.
### Theft
On November 29, 1985, the day after [Thanksgiving](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 "Thanksgiving (United States)"), an older woman and younger man, wearing heavy winter coats against the {{convert\|55\|F\|C\|adj\=on}} late November chill, were waiting outside the museum shortly before its 9 a.m. opening time. When security guards let a staff member in, the couple followed. The guards decided to let them in anyway.
The couple went upstairs. Midway up the stairs, the woman began asking the guard on duty about some of the artwork in the museum, while the man continued upstairs. Shortly afterwards, he returned and the two left.
This very short visit to the museum seemed unusual to the guard, and he went upstairs to see if anything was amiss. He found that *Woman\-Ochre* had been cut from its frame.{{efn\|For a video made for the Getty Museum's post\-restoration exhibit of the painting, senior conservator Ulrich Birkmaier re\-enacted the removal of the painting from its frame, using a life\-size photographic copy and a box cutter.{{cite AV media \|people\=Ulrich Birkmaier, Laura Rivers\|date\=June 2022\|title\=Conserving de Kooning: Theft and Recovery\|type\=Internet video\|url\=https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/de\_kooning/index.html\|access\-date\=June 11, 2022\|publisher\=\[\[Getty Conservation Institute]]}}{{rp\|0:53–1:00}} "To go at it with a knife was upsetting", he recalled. "It went against everything we are trained to do."}} It appeared that the man had hidden the painting under his coat before leaving. A witness later recalled seeing the two drive off in a [rust](/wiki/Rust_%28color%29 "Rust (color)")\-colored two\-door [sports car](/wiki/Sports_car "Sports car").
No fingerprints were found at the scene. At the time the museum had no [security cameras](/wiki/Security_camera "Security camera"), so investigators had to rely on eyewitness accounts which described the man as in his late 20s, with dark brown hair, glasses and a mustache, wearing sunglasses and a dark blue water\-repellent coat with a hood; the woman was said to be older, with a scarf and granny glasses, reddish\-blonde hair, wearing a red water\-repellent coat and tan [bell\-bottoms](/wiki/Bell-bottoms "Bell-bottoms"). [Sketches](/wiki/Facial_composite "Facial composite") were made and distributed to the public. The university's police department turned the case over to the [Federal Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation "Federal Bureau of Investigation"), but no leads materialized.
The museum's insurance company paid $400,000, the painting's estimated market value at the time, on the [claim](/wiki/Insurance%23Claims "Insurance#Claims"). It used the money to buy security cameras; the museum also revised its schedule to stay closed on the day after Thanksgiving in the future. Like many other art museums that have suffered thefts of works on display, it did not replace *Woman\-Ochre*, instead placing a blank [ochre](/wiki/Ochre "Ochre")\-colored canvas on the wall behind the frame, where the cut fibers were still visible, to call attention to the loss. By 2015, when another 1955 de Kooning, *[Interchange](/wiki/Interchange_%28de_Kooning%29 "Interchange (de Kooning)")*, was sold for $300 million, making it [the most expensive painting ever](/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings "List of most expensive paintings") at that time, the museum estimated the value of the still\-missing work at $160 million.{{efn\|After its recovery, the museum said it had no plans to sell it. Art advisor Allan Schwartzman told ''The New York Times'' that if it were to be put on the market, it would probably "occupy the top end of the market, because the series is so singular in its significance and examples are so rare" and mostly held by museums. The notoriety attached to the painting due to the theft would probably increase its value as well, he added, as it did for the ''\[\[Mona Lisa]]'' in 1911\.}}
### Recovery
In June 2017, Rita Alter, a former [speech pathologist](/wiki/Speech_pathologist "Speech pathologist") in the [New York City public school system](/wiki/New_York_City_public_school_system "New York City public school system") as well as the local school district in [Cliff, New Mexico](/wiki/Cliff%2C_New_Mexico "Cliff, New Mexico"), died. She and her husband, Jerry, who had predeceased her in 2012, a former [clarinetist](/wiki/Clarinet "Clarinet") and music teacher in the New York City schools, had retired to the area in 1977 and built a house on {{convert\|20\|acre}} of land near [Gila National Forest](/wiki/Gila_National_Forest "Gila National Forest"){{cite AV media\|people\=\|date\=January 1, 2018\|title\=Discovering the de Kooning: A WFAA Documentary – Part 2\|medium\=Internet video\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=GqJo5ByX3Jk\|access\-date\=September 22, 2018\|time\=0:55\|location\=\[\[Dallas, Texas]]\|publisher\=\[\[WFAA\-TV]]\|quote\=Jerry retired at age 48 and moved to New Mexico}} that included a [sculpture garden](/wiki/Sculpture_garden "Sculpture garden") with busts of [Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven "Ludwig van Beethoven") and [Molière](/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re "Molière"), where they raised their own chickens and ducks. Her nephew, Ron Roseman, was named [executor](/wiki/Executor "Executor") of her [estate](/wiki/Estate_%28law%29 "Estate (law)").{{cite news\|last\=Fisher\|first\=Benjamin\|title\=Bedroom of late Cliff couple held stolen de Kooning\|url\=http://www.scdailypress.com/site/2017/08/12/the\-people\-with\-the\-painting/\|newspaper\=\[\[Silver City Daily Press]]\|date\=August 12, 2017\|accessdate\=September 21, 2018}}
Roseman sent photos of the Alter's artwork and statues to a dozen museums and auction houses. Roseman then hired a local [realtor](/wiki/Realtor "Realtor"), Ruth Seawolf, to sell the Alters' house. As the two were touring the house to prepare for the sale, Seawolf noticed several items in the house that might be of interest to someone she knew, mainly pottery and [African](/wiki/African_art "African art") pieces. She called up a friend, David Van Auker, who ran an [antique](/wiki/Antique "Antique") store in nearby [Silver City](/wiki/Silver_City%2C_New_Mexico "Silver City, New Mexico"), and Roseman hired him to appraise the art and furniture in the house that the family itself had not wanted. He sought to sell them those items in bulk so the family could then sell the emptied house and dispose of the estate.{{cite news\|last\=Olson\|first\=Jennifer\|title\=A (hundred) million dollar find: The tale of the missing de Kooning\|url\=http://www.scdailypress.com/site/2017/08/12/a\-hundred\-million\-dollar\-find/\|newspaper\=\[\[Silver City Daily Press]]\|date\=August 12, 2017\|accessdate\=September 21, 2018}} Van Auker went to the house to inspect the contents in August.
During Van Auker's tour, in addition to the art Seawolf had told him about, he found another painting in the Alters' [master bedroom](/wiki/Master_bedroom "Master bedroom"), hung on the wall next to the door in such a way that it was visible only when the door was closed, a discovery he made only when he closed the door to get a better look at a broken dresser drawer, part of the room's mid\-century furniture set, which he thought could be sold together at a good price. While he did not recognize the painting, it appeared to him to be the work of a mid\-20th century artist as well, which he thought was "great" and "cool", although he thought very little of its frame.
Van Auker bought the contents of the house for $2,000 and returned the next day with some friends to take the artwork and furniture back to his store. They put the painting atop the pile in their truck and drove it back to Silver City, where he put it on display, propping it up against the wall on the floor. He intended to change the frame, which he disliked, and hang it in his [guesthouse](/wiki/Guesthouse "Guesthouse").
Silver City has [a large population of artists](/wiki/Art_colony "Art colony"), and shortly after Van Auker put it on display, a customer recognized it as a work by de Kooning, a remark the proprietors dismissed. But within an hour, two other customers had made the same assessment; one man even returned several times and offered to buy the painting for $200,000\. Van Auker, realizing he might have acquired something more valuable than he appreciated, decided to put the painting in a bathroom, the only room in the store that could be locked. He did an Internet search, which eventually led him to a 2015 article about *Woman\-Ochre* in *[The Arizona Republic](/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic "The Arizona Republic")*.
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\|quote \= "It was really a shock. Prior to having our store, we were antique dealers, and every single antique dealer around the world has the fantasy of doing exactly this. This is something you fantasize about your entire career, and here it is—not only did you find this very valuable object, it's a part of history."
\|author \= David Van Auker
\|source \= {{cite news\|last\=Ryman\|first\=Anne\|title\=These antique dealers found a stolen de Kooning painting. Now they're the toast of the art world\|url\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2022/06/16/antique\-dealers\-who\-found\-stolen\-willem\-de\-kooning\-painting\-honored/7611863001/\|newspaper\=\[\[Arizona Republic]]\|date\=June 16, 2022\|access\-date\=July 2, 2022}}
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The painting Van Auker had bought from the Alters' house looked exactly like the stolen work, when he compared it to an online image, down to the drips and splatters. He called UAMA and told the receptionist he thought he had a painting that had been stolen from them. She immediately put him through to [curator](/wiki/Curator "Curator") Olivia Miller, who asked him to measure it. It was one inch off from its {{convert\|40\|x\|30\|inch\|cm\|adj\=on}} dimensions, consistent with having been cut from its original frame. After Van Auker also described how [the paint had been cracked](/wiki/Craquelure "Craquelure"), as it might have been if it had been rolled up for some time, Miller asked him to take pictures of the painting's rear with his cellphone and send them to her. The marks on them matched the ones on file for de Kooning's work.
News that a masterpiece of modern art had somehow ended up in a local antique shop got around Silver City, and by the end of the day 40 people had shown up to ask if they could see it. On the advice of the [Albuquerque](/wiki/Albuquerque "Albuquerque") FBI office, which told him to put it in "a very safe place", Van Auker took the painting back to his [Pinos Altos](/wiki/Pinos_Altos%2C_New_Mexico "Pinos Altos, New Mexico") home and hid it behind his sofa, staying up all night and guarding it with his guns. The next day, needing to keep it somewhere while he ran the shop, Van Auker and his partners drove it around town, looking for someone whom they could temporarily place it with. A lawyer they were acquainted with doubted the story until he saw the painting, and agreed to take it for the day.
FBI agents from the [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona "Phoenix, Arizona") office, who had been investigating the theft since university police turned the case over to them, made the {{convert\|225\|mi\|km\|adj\=on}} trip east along with Miller and a UAMA team later in that day. At the lawyer's house, where he was having a small party for family and friends, the [Grant County](/wiki/Grant_County%2C_New_Mexico "Grant County, New Mexico") [sheriff](/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States "Sheriffs in the United States") greeted Van Auker, Miller and the FBI agents. When she saw *Woman\-Ochre* in the lawyer's home office upstairs, Miller fell to her knees and gasped, a moment Van Auker recalled as "electric". "Holy shitballs!" she said, as during her entire tenure at the museum she had come to know the painting well, yet never actually seen it in person.{{efn\|Miller has since described the painting as having taken on the status of a "sacred object." She told ''\[\[The New York Times]]'' that "\[i]t became so treasured—the museum wanted it back so badly, and so much time was dedicated to looking at this image and thinking about this image ... And then to have it returned, have so many people rally around it and have the Getty spend years taking care of it, this human element has imbued the painting with new significance."}} They had brought the frame that originally housed the painting, and its remaining threads matched those still on the painting.
The law enforcement officers present promptly moved the painting to a vault for the coming weekend. Afterwards a UAMA van arrived to take the painting back to Tucson. [New Mexico State Police](/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Police "New Mexico State Police") escorted it to the state line, where [their Arizona counterparts](/wiki/Arizona_Department_of_Public_Safety%23Arizona_Highway_Patrol "Arizona Department of Public Safety#Arizona Highway Patrol") took over as it made the journey down [Interstate 10](/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Arizona "Interstate 10 in Arizona") to the museum.
After its return, *Woman\-Ochre* was allowed to rest for a few days. Following that period, Nancy Odegaard, a [conservator](/wiki/Conservator-restorer "Conservator-restorer") at the nearby [Arizona State Museum](/wiki/Arizona_State_Museum "Arizona State Museum"), began the final process of authentication. She and her graduate student found a sticker from the 1969 traveling Smithsonian exhibit on the painting's rear. An [ultraviolet](/wiki/Ultraviolet "Ultraviolet") light detected an [acrylic](/wiki/Acrylic_paint "Acrylic paint") [varnish](/wiki/Varnish "Varnish"). There was also evidence of repairs the museum had made, and recorded, before 1985\.
Finally, Odegaard and her student put the painting over the original frame it had been cut from and compared the canvas. The damage to the painting and the damage to the threads that had remained matched perfectly, including the colors of stray paint. A large stray black stroke in the upper left corner that matched that on the remnants provided the final confirmation, and Odegaard formally authenticated the painting. On August 11 the museum held a [news conference](/wiki/News_conference "News conference") announcing that *Woman\-Ochre* had been recovered after 31 years.
University police chief Brian Seastone, who had investigated the case in 1987, was elated. "Somebody saw something, they said something, and today she's home." Van Auker, who was also present, described how he had come to find the painting and his role in the process of its recovery. He declined a reward, and brushed aside suggestions that he was somehow heroic. "We returned something that was stolen, and that's something everyone should do."
The university gave Van Auker the gold wooden frame the painting had been hung in when it was stolen. He and the shop's co\-owner, Buck Burns, have hung it in a guest house they own, where they had originally planned to hang the painting before they learned of its true origin. Van Auker said visitors to their shop ask about the painting at least once a day; they also still receive calls expressing gratitude.
In 2022 they visited the Getty to see the painting after its restoration. Miller observed that if the theft represented people at their worst, its recovery showed "the best of people". A photo of the two is on display at the Getty with the painting.
#### Repair and restoration
In August of 2019 Miller told the *[Arizona Daily Star](/wiki/Arizona_Daily_Star "Arizona Daily Star")* that she could not say when it could be restored to exhibit as it could not be taken from the museum to the conservator's shop until the FBI closed the case.{{cite news\|last\=Allen\|first\=Kathleen\|title\=A year after stolen de Kooning's return to Tucson: Case unsolved, painting not restored\|url\=https://tucson.com/news/local/a\-year\-after\-stolen\-de\-kooning\-s\-return\-to\-tucson/article\_74316ee9\-7e8e\-5969\-a32d\-357f38643586\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[Arizona Daily Star]]\|date\=August 7, 2018\|accessdate\=September 22, 2018}}
The instrument used during the theft to remove the painting from its frame was sharp enough to cut cleanly through the canvas, but for that same reason it would take a long time to match the threads exactly and reattach them, Miller explained. One of the corners had torn, she added. She and Odegaard both commented on the many small sections of paint that had flaked off the horizontal creases formed across the painting when it was rolled up.
At some point after the theft, the painting had been reframed into the one that Van Auker had found so unappealing when he first saw it. Whoever had done that work had done it crudely, using flat screws to attach the canvas to the wood, causing further damage. The lack of temperature and humidity controls at the Alter house also left the paint brittle; Miller said it was fortunate that more paint had not been lost.
Nevertheless, the Alters appeared to have taken some measures to protect it while it hung in their bedroom. A reporter from [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas "Dallas")\-based television station [WFAA](/wiki/WFAA "WFAA") was able to tour the house for a short documentary about the case, and noted that a heavy screw had been partially driven into the [baseboard](/wiki/Baseboard "Baseboard") at the floor level below the wall where the painting hung, effectively serving as a [doorstop](/wiki/Doorstop "Doorstop") that prevented the door from opening fully and inadvertently damaging the painting. Likewise, the window on the side of the room that faced the setting sun was equipped with a heavy [blackout](/wiki/Blackout_%28fabric%29 "Blackout (fabric)") curtain that would have blocked sunlight from the direction when drawn.*Discovering the de Kooning*, 2:30–3 mins.
Shortly after its return the museum took the painting to a conservator's studio for the repair and restoration process. It originally expected to take a year, but near the end of that period, Miller said she was no longer so certain. UAMA started a fundraising drive to raise the $1 million it expected the restoration would cost.
In March 2019, the museum announced it had chosen experts at the [Getty Conservation Institute](/wiki/Getty_Conservation_Institute "Getty Conservation Institute"), associated with the [J. Paul Getty Museum](/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum "J. Paul Getty Museum") in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), to repair *Woman\-Ochre*. Before it went there, the museum put the painting on public display on [St. Patrick's Day](/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day "St. Patrick's Day"), an event for which a special fee was charged. Among the 250 people who attended was actor [Hal Linden](/wiki/Hal_Linden "Hal Linden"), who was performing in a nearby production of [A.R. Gurney](/wiki/A.R._Gurney "A.R. Gurney")'s play *[Love Letters](/wiki/Love_Letters_%28play%29 "Love Letters (play)")*. "I'm really taken by the drama of the story", he told the *Republic*. "I would love to know the story of the people who lived with it in their home."{{cite news\|last\=Ryman\|first\=Anne\|title\=Take a last look at University of Arizona's $100M de Kooning painting before it's restored\|url\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2019/03/18/last\-look\-at\-university\-of\-arizona\-100\-million\-de\-kooning\-painting\-stolen\-1985\-before\-repairs\-start/3135149002/\|newspaper\=\[\[The Arizona Republic]]\|date\=March 18, 2019\|accessdate\=March 21, 2019}}
Experts at the Getty, who were present, said they expected it would take 14 or 15 months to fully repair *Woman\-Ochre*. During the restoration, conservators had to decide to what degree they would leave damage related to the theft intact, since the theft is now part of the painting's history. They would also have to avoid over\-restoring the work to the point where it would look too artificial.
The institute did the work for free in exchange for the Getty museum being allowed to exhibit the work after it was restored. Originally, UAMA expected to have *Woman\-Ochre* back on its walls where it was stolen from after Thanksgiving 2020, around the 35th anniversary of its theft; those plans were postponed by the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona "COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona") and the closure of many art museums at that time. At one point the conservators at the Getty could only spend one day a week working on the painting.{{cite news\|last\=Ryman\|first\=Ann\|title\=From dusty bedroom to the Getty Museum: Long\-lost de Kooning painting is back on exhibit\|url\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2022/06/08/stolen\-and\-recovered\-de\-kooning\-painting\-makes\-big\-debut\-at\-getty\-museum/7502347001/\|newspaper\=\[\[Arizona Republic]]\|date\=June 8, 2022\|access\-date\=June 10, 2022}}
The conservators' primary task was to stabilize the paint surface. Damage done during the theft had been compounded by the thieves' having rolled it up immediately afterwards, cracking the paint in many places. Since the thieves had not been aware of the secondary canvas attached to the back with a wax resin, they had not cut it completely and had ripped the painting out where they could not cut,in addition to rolling the primary canvas off the secondary one, an action that led to a later patch on the back of the primary canvas put there with common white glue.{{rp\|1:20–1:30}} "There was a lot of violence to the way the canvas was pulled away from the backing canvas. The word trauma comes to mind", said Tom Learner, the Getty's head of science.
One conservator, Laura Rivers, used "gentle heat and tiny dental tools" to reattach paint flakes, "It was ... the most damaged painting that I have ever worked on," she said. She found those flakes with a microscope, scattered across the entire painting like "[visual noise](/wiki/Image_noise "Image noise")". Rivers was often able to work on only an inch (2\.5 cm) of the painting a day.
Once she had finished that task, Rivers removed two layers of [varnish](/wiki/Varnish "Varnish"), one added by MoMA in 1974 and the other by the thieves,{{efn\|She believes the latter did that to improve the painting's appearance.{{rp\|1:20–1:30}}}} with solvent mixtures, allowing de Kooning's original colors to return. She noted that one of the two varnishes was slightly fluid at room temperature, which had led to the painting collecting much of the dust in the desert air during the time it was in the Alters' home.
After flattening the canvas so that it could be reattached to the portions left behind in the original frame during the theft, a process that the institute's senior conservator, Ulrich Birkmaier, says took two years,{{rp\|2:53}} he completed the restoration by reattaching all the sliced canvas fibers. Using a very small paintbrush that barely touched the canvas, he painted in gaps left by the cracks, always avoiding any of de Kooning's original work; although he did remove and paint over some areas where the thieves had made "amateurish restoration attempts" of their own. In an interview with the *[Arizona Republic](/wiki/Arizona_Republic "Arizona Republic")*, he compared the painting to a puzzle, where "you only fill in the pieces that are missing."
While modern viewers will know the painting was stolen, recovered and restored, Birkmaier said, viewers later in the century may not. "Hopefully, there's just a painting with some slight scars (that) to the casual viewer won't be visible really", he said of the restoration. Writing in *The New York Times*, [Jori Finkel](/wiki/Jori_Finkel "Jori Finkel") noted a close observer can discern the impressions left by the staples the thieves used to attach the canvas to a new [stretcher bar](/wiki/Stretcher_bar "Stretcher bar") and some unevenness close to the frame where the reattached fibers did not perfectly match. "And, if you know where to look, you can probably make out a few of the tears that were repaired, like one beneath the artist's signature."
Learner was proud that there was not a single remnant of the damage from the theft that would blatantly mar the painting. It would, he told the *Times*, take a very large one since "There's so much action in the painting, \[it] works to our advantage." Finkel agreed, commenting that "maybe in this strange way the violence of the theft and the violence of de Kooning's imagery will now work together, woven into the very fabric of this newly conserved painting."
From June to August 2022 *Woman\-Ochre* was on temporary exhibit at the [J. Paul Getty Museum](/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum "J. Paul Getty Museum") in Los Angeles.{{cite web\|title\=Conserving de Kooning: Theft and Recovery\|url\=https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/de\_kooning/index.html\|website\=\[\[J. Paul Getty Museum]]\|access\-date\=June 10, 2022}}
#### Investigation
Although the painting was recovered, the investigation into the theft has continued, as the FBI cannot say for certain that the Alters had anything to do with the theft or that they knew *Woman\-Ochre* was stolen when they took possession of it. A considerable amount of [circumstantial evidence](/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence "Circumstantial evidence"), some of which has emerged since the recovery, connects the Alters to the crime, however.{{cite news\|last\=Udero\|first\=Danny\|title\=The mystery remains on how the $160 million dollar painting got to a bedroom in Cliff\|url\=https://www.scsun\-news.com/story/news/crime/2018/01/03/mystery\-remains\-how\-160\-million\-dollar\-painting\-got\-bedroom\-cliff/1002575001/\|newspaper\=\[\[Las Cruces Sun\-News\|Silver City Sun\-News]]\|date\=January 3, 2018\|accessdate\=September 24, 2018}} They were apparently fans of de Kooning's work, as several replica sketches of drawings by the artist were also found in their home.*Discovering the de Kooning*, 2–2:30 mins.
While going through his aunt and uncle's estate, Roseman, who still strongly doubts that they were the thieves, found a picture taken showing the couple at a family Thanksgiving dinner in 1985, the day before the painting was stolen. When the photo is compared side by side with the sketches distributed after the crime, they did show an apparent resemblance. Three people *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* spoke with confirmed that in the mid\-1980s, the Alters primarily traveled in a red two\-door [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan") sports car, and the FBI found home movies they took showing them traveling in that car then.
The Alters kept, at that time of their lives, a [day planner](/wiki/Personal_organizer "Personal organizer") which they used as a diary, documenting the medications they took, where they went, and what they ate on a regular basis. But the entry for Thanksgiving 1985 is uncharacteristically blank.{{cite news\|last\=Ramirez\|first\=Chris\|title\=Decades\-long stolen painting cold case finally solved\|url\=https://www.kob.com/new\-mexico\-news/woman\-ochre\-willem\-de\-kooning\-stolen\-painting\-cold\-case\-solved/4779465/\|newspaper\=\[\[KOB\-TV]]\|location\=\[\[Albuquerque, New Mexico]]\|date\=February 8, 2018\|accessdate\=September 24, 2018}} In one piece of luggage in the house, Seawolf found a small compartment containing a scarf and glasses she believed were similar to those the female thief wore to the museum. The FBI, however, did not appear interested when she contacted them about the items, she said.
Seawolf has speculated that the woman may actually have been a [man in disguise](/wiki/Transvestism "Transvestism"), perhaps Jerry Alter, since descriptions of the man involved suggest he appeared to be in his late 20s or early 30s, half the age Jerry would have been at the time. The man could have been one of the Alters' children, Joseph, who also appears in the 1985 Tucson Thanksgiving dinner photos; at the time he was 23\. Roseman said Joseph, who also has lived in Silver City, has had psychiatric issues that have required lengthy hospital stays throughout his life, including at the time Roseman talked to the *Times* about the case. Roseman did, however, tell the *Republic* that at some point after the painting's recovery he had taken a picture of *Woman\-Ochre* to show Joseph while visiting him, which made him laugh hysterically. "That's one of the ugliest paintings I've ever seen!" he said.
Journalists also discovered another apparent link between the Alters and the theft of the painting in the three books the couple published. In one, about their extensive travels, two chapters discussed museums where thefts had occurred. And in 2011, a year before he died, Jerry had self\-published through [Amazon](/wiki/Amazon_%28company%29 "Amazon (company)") a collection of short stories called *The Cup and the Lip: Exotic Tales*, which he called "an amalgamation of fantasy and reality" in his introduction. One, "The Eye of the Jaguar", particularly struck readers after the missing *Woman\-Ochre* was found in the Alters' house.
In it, a grandmother and granddaughter visit an art museum near their homes and are taken by a 120\-[carat](/wiki/Carat_%28mass%29 "Carat (mass)") [emerald](/wiki/Emerald "Emerald") on display. They ask the guard, Lou, for the history of the stone. Six months later, Lou sees them return and then leave again quickly. After he sees that the emerald has been taken, he runs out to stop them as the women flee in the grandmother's car, but is killed when she runs him over, leaving "absolutely no clues which police could use". At the end, the emerald is kept in a hidden display case in the grandmother's house "where two pairs of eyes, exclusively, are there to see!"
The fictional theft has a similar *[modus operandi](/wiki/Modus_operandi "Modus operandi")* to the theft of *Woman\-Ochre*, and its display where only two people can see it also recalls how the Alters kept the painting in their bedroom such that they were the only people likely to know it was there. One other person who did, an artist neighbor who went into the bedroom with the Alters' permission to photograph a painting she had made of them on horseback in the [Himalayas](/wiki/Himalayas "Himalayas"), then hung there, recalled seeing the de Kooning and asking the couple about it; they did not answer her questions and did not want to talk about it.
Other relatives of the Alters who have talked to the media dismiss the possibility the couple could have stolen the painting. "\[They wouldn't] risk something as wild and crazy as grand larceny—risk the possibility of winding up in prison, for God's sake—they wouldn't do that", Rita's younger sister told the *Times*. "My driving instinct is to say: 'This couldn't be my aunt and uncle who had it since the beginning'" Roseman said, although he allowed that it was possible since he knew little more about their lives than their neighbors did. He said of the people he had shown the sketches to, about half thought it might be them, although he himself did not, but he admitted he probably could not be objective.
Roseman, who also saw the painting behind his aunt and uncle's door when he began arranging support services for Rita due to her worsening [dementia](/wiki/Dementia "Dementia") early in 2017, but did not recognize it, has offered an alternative theory as to how the couple came into possession of *Woman\-Ochre*. They liked to visit galleries and museums, he recalled, and believed that someone might have seen them appreciating a de Kooning at one and offered them a better painting, the stolen one, from their personal collection. The Alters might even have believed it was a copy.
However, other evidence suggests the painting had been in the Alter house since its theft. Van Auker recalled that not only were there dusty [cobwebs](/wiki/Cobweb "Cobweb") between the frame and the wall, the space behind the painting was lighter and free from dust, with a visible outline where the painting had hung, suggesting it had been there for a long time. UAMA staff also found evidence of only one reframing.
Roseman said that when he was a student at [Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona "University of Arizona") himself during the late 1970s and early 1980s, he visited them at least once a month, visits he recalled fondly as they would share stories and pictures from their travels. But since his graduation and eventual relocation to Houston, he was not able to make the trip as frequently. He concluded that he was not as close to them as he thought.
After the rediscovery of *Woman\-Ochre* in the Alters' house, their neighbors, who described the couple as pleasant but generally keeping their own company, also noted that it seemed strange that they had been able to travel so much—their book jackets said they had visited "140 countries on all seven continents, including both [polar regions](/wiki/Polar_region "Polar region")"—on their salaries as public school teachers, or (later) their pensions, often being away from Cliff for weeks at a time. After Rita's death, bank records showed the couple had over a million dollars in their account. "I guess they figured they were being frugal", Roseman told *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"De Kooning started *Woman\\-Ochre*, an extension of his earlier [*Woman* series](/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning%23The_Woman_series \"Willem de Kooning#The Woman series\"), in 1954 while living in the [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\") neighborhood of [Greenwich Village](/wiki/Greenwich_Village \"Greenwich Village\") along with other artists and intellectuals of the [New York School](/wiki/New_York_School_%28art%29 \"New York School (art)\"). He finished it the following year.",
"Like the other paintings in the series, it depicted a female figure, recognizable albeit highly stylized into abstract shapes. They were controversial both among de Kooning's fellow artists and critics. The former, especially [Jackson Pollock](/wiki/Jackson_Pollock \"Jackson Pollock\"), felt the artist had been unable to sustain [abstract expressionism](/wiki/Abstract_expressionism \"Abstract expressionism\")'s goal of pure painting by resorting to what was still recognizably [figurative art](/wiki/Figurative_art \"Figurative art\"). [John Elderfield](/wiki/John_Elderfield \"John Elderfield\"), who curated a 2011\\-2012 de Kooning retrospective at the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Museum of Modern Art\") in New York, says that the series' power stems from its use of the thick brushes and broad strokes associated with [Venetian painting](/wiki/Venetian_painting \"Venetian painting\") juxtaposed with its subject matter: \"He was using traditional techniques to make alarmingly modern paintings, and I think this hybrid quality made people uncomfortable.\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Finkel\\|first\\=Jori\\|authorlink\\=Jori Finkel\\|title\\=Seeing de Kooning in a New Light, After a Violent Theft\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/arts/design/de\\-kooning\\-getty\\-restoration\\-theft\\-art.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=May 25, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 10, 2022}}",
"From outside the arts community, critic [Emily Genauer](/wiki/Emily_Genauer \"Emily Genauer\") attacked the works from a [feminist perspective](/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism \"Feminist art criticism\"), calling them [misogynistic](/wiki/Misogyny \"Misogyny\") depictions of women being tortured. De Kooning's comments on the paintings did not allay that criticism. \"Women irritate me sometimes\", he said. \"I painted that irritation in the 'Woman' series.\" His wife Elaine said her mother\\-in\\-law, not she, was the inspiration.\n[thumb\\|left\\|University of Arizona Art Museum, in 2019](/wiki/File:Museum_of_Art_-_University_of_Arizona_-_Tucson%2C_AZ_-_DSC07990.jpg \"Museum of Art - University of Arizona - Tucson, AZ - DSC07990.jpg\")\nAfter de Kooning completed *Woman\\-Ochre* in 1955, it was displayed at the [Martha Jackson Gallery](/wiki/Martha_Jackson_Gallery \"Martha Jackson Gallery\") in New York for two years, part of a one\\-man show of 21 works, mostly oils but with a few sketches, only two of them [abstract](/wiki/Abstract_art \"Abstract art\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=de Kooning \\|first1\\=Willem \\|last2\\=Elderfield \\|first2\\=John \\|last3\\=Mahony \\|first3\\=Lauren \\|last4\\=Field \\|first4\\=Jennifer \\|last5\\=Huisinga \\|first5\\=Delphine \\|last6\\=Field \\|first6\\=Susan \\|title\\=Willem de Kooning: A Retrospective \\|date\\=2011 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Museum of Modern Art]] \\|isbn\\=9780870707971 \\|page\\=245 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=4ltLViRTXQAC\\&pg\\=PA245 \\|accessdate\\=September 20, 2018}} Edward Joseph Gallagher Jr., an architect{{cite news\\|last\\=Ryman\\|first\\=Anne\\|title\\=Meet 'Good Samaritans' who got stolen de Kooning painting back to UA\\|url\\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona\\-investigations/2017/08/15/willem\\-de\\-kooning\\-woman\\-ochre\\-stolen\\-painting\\-university\\-of\\-arizona\\-david\\-van\\-auker/561465001/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Arizona Republic]]\\|date\\=August 15, 2017\\|accessdate\\=September 21, 2018}} and [collector](/wiki/Art_collector \"Art collector\") from [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore \"Baltimore\"), bought it in 1957\\. Another pastime of his was vacationing at [dude ranches](/wiki/Dude_ranch \"Dude ranch\") in [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona \"Arizona\"). The following year, after reading an article in *[Life](/wiki/Life_%28magazine%29 \"Life (magazine)\")* about the [University of Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona \"University of Arizona\")'s new [art museum](/wiki/University_of_Arizona_Museum_of_Art \"University of Arizona Museum of Art\") and its collection of [Renaissance art](/wiki/Renaissance_art \"Renaissance art\"), Gallagher called the university's president and offered to donate some of his [modern](/wiki/Modern_art \"Modern art\") paintings to the museum in honor of his son, who had recently died in a boating accident. Ultimately, he gave UAMA 200 works including *Woman\\-Ochre*, many of which were by de Kooning and other abstract expressionist painters such as Pollock and [Mark Rothko](/wiki/Mark_Rothko \"Mark Rothko\"). His gift came with the stipulation that the museum could never sell or give the paintings, including *Woman\\-Ochre*, to anyone else.",
"During the 1960s, the museum loaned it to several exhibitions elsewhere. It was displayed at the [Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts](/wiki/Cantonal_Museum_of_Fine_Arts \"Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts\") in [Lausanne](/wiki/Lausanne \"Lausanne\"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\") in 1963, and then at several colleges in [New England](/wiki/New_England \"New England\") over the next two years. The [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Museum of Modern Art\") (MoMA) included it in one of its own [traveling exhibitions](/wiki/Travelling_exhibition \"Travelling exhibition\"), *Two Decades of American Painting*, during 1966 and 1967\\. A 1969 [Smithsonian](/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution \"Smithsonian Institution\") exhibit, *The Disappearance and Reappearance of the Image*, introduced the painting to museumgoers in several [Eastern European](/wiki/Eastern_Europe \"Eastern Europe\") countries, [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") and [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Object record, ''Woman\\-Ochre''\\|url\\=https://uarizona.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/0C256DB4\\-8049\\-48B0\\-AC81\\-893343290445\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of Arizona]]\\|accessdate\\=September 19, 2018}}",
"*Woman\\-Ochre* largely remained in Arizona after that. It was loaned to another MoMA traveling exhibit, *Four Contemporary Masters*, in 1975\\. For two weeks at the end of August 1981, it was displayed at the [Guild Hall of East Hampton](/wiki/Guild_Hall_of_East_Hampton \"Guild Hall of East Hampton\"), New York, which had exhibited many of de Kooning's other works and helped popularize him.",
"### Theft",
"On November 29, 1985, the day after [Thanksgiving](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 \"Thanksgiving (United States)\"), an older woman and younger man, wearing heavy winter coats against the {{convert\\|55\\|F\\|C\\|adj\\=on}} late November chill, were waiting outside the museum shortly before its 9 a.m. opening time. When security guards let a staff member in, the couple followed. The guards decided to let them in anyway.",
"The couple went upstairs. Midway up the stairs, the woman began asking the guard on duty about some of the artwork in the museum, while the man continued upstairs. Shortly afterwards, he returned and the two left.",
"This very short visit to the museum seemed unusual to the guard, and he went upstairs to see if anything was amiss. He found that *Woman\\-Ochre* had been cut from its frame.{{efn\\|For a video made for the Getty Museum's post\\-restoration exhibit of the painting, senior conservator Ulrich Birkmaier re\\-enacted the removal of the painting from its frame, using a life\\-size photographic copy and a box cutter.{{cite AV media \\|people\\=Ulrich Birkmaier, Laura Rivers\\|date\\=June 2022\\|title\\=Conserving de Kooning: Theft and Recovery\\|type\\=Internet video\\|url\\=https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/de\\_kooning/index.html\\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2022\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Getty Conservation Institute]]}}{{rp\\|0:53–1:00}} \"To go at it with a knife was upsetting\", he recalled. \"It went against everything we are trained to do.\"}} It appeared that the man had hidden the painting under his coat before leaving. A witness later recalled seeing the two drive off in a [rust](/wiki/Rust_%28color%29 \"Rust (color)\")\\-colored two\\-door [sports car](/wiki/Sports_car \"Sports car\").",
"No fingerprints were found at the scene. At the time the museum had no [security cameras](/wiki/Security_camera \"Security camera\"), so investigators had to rely on eyewitness accounts which described the man as in his late 20s, with dark brown hair, glasses and a mustache, wearing sunglasses and a dark blue water\\-repellent coat with a hood; the woman was said to be older, with a scarf and granny glasses, reddish\\-blonde hair, wearing a red water\\-repellent coat and tan [bell\\-bottoms](/wiki/Bell-bottoms \"Bell-bottoms\"). [Sketches](/wiki/Facial_composite \"Facial composite\") were made and distributed to the public. The university's police department turned the case over to the [Federal Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation \"Federal Bureau of Investigation\"), but no leads materialized.",
"The museum's insurance company paid $400,000, the painting's estimated market value at the time, on the [claim](/wiki/Insurance%23Claims \"Insurance#Claims\"). It used the money to buy security cameras; the museum also revised its schedule to stay closed on the day after Thanksgiving in the future. Like many other art museums that have suffered thefts of works on display, it did not replace *Woman\\-Ochre*, instead placing a blank [ochre](/wiki/Ochre \"Ochre\")\\-colored canvas on the wall behind the frame, where the cut fibers were still visible, to call attention to the loss. By 2015, when another 1955 de Kooning, *[Interchange](/wiki/Interchange_%28de_Kooning%29 \"Interchange (de Kooning)\")*, was sold for $300 million, making it [the most expensive painting ever](/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings \"List of most expensive paintings\") at that time, the museum estimated the value of the still\\-missing work at $160 million.{{efn\\|After its recovery, the museum said it had no plans to sell it. Art advisor Allan Schwartzman told ''The New York Times'' that if it were to be put on the market, it would probably \"occupy the top end of the market, because the series is so singular in its significance and examples are so rare\" and mostly held by museums. The notoriety attached to the painting due to the theft would probably increase its value as well, he added, as it did for the ''\\[\\[Mona Lisa]]'' in 1911\\.}}",
"### Recovery",
"In June 2017, Rita Alter, a former [speech pathologist](/wiki/Speech_pathologist \"Speech pathologist\") in the [New York City public school system](/wiki/New_York_City_public_school_system \"New York City public school system\") as well as the local school district in [Cliff, New Mexico](/wiki/Cliff%2C_New_Mexico \"Cliff, New Mexico\"), died. She and her husband, Jerry, who had predeceased her in 2012, a former [clarinetist](/wiki/Clarinet \"Clarinet\") and music teacher in the New York City schools, had retired to the area in 1977 and built a house on {{convert\\|20\\|acre}} of land near [Gila National Forest](/wiki/Gila_National_Forest \"Gila National Forest\"){{cite AV media\\|people\\=\\|date\\=January 1, 2018\\|title\\=Discovering the de Kooning: A WFAA Documentary – Part 2\\|medium\\=Internet video\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=GqJo5ByX3Jk\\|access\\-date\\=September 22, 2018\\|time\\=0:55\\|location\\=\\[\\[Dallas, Texas]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[WFAA\\-TV]]\\|quote\\=Jerry retired at age 48 and moved to New Mexico}} that included a [sculpture garden](/wiki/Sculpture_garden \"Sculpture garden\") with busts of [Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven \"Ludwig van Beethoven\") and [Molière](/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re \"Molière\"), where they raised their own chickens and ducks. Her nephew, Ron Roseman, was named [executor](/wiki/Executor \"Executor\") of her [estate](/wiki/Estate_%28law%29 \"Estate (law)\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Fisher\\|first\\=Benjamin\\|title\\=Bedroom of late Cliff couple held stolen de Kooning\\|url\\=http://www.scdailypress.com/site/2017/08/12/the\\-people\\-with\\-the\\-painting/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Silver City Daily Press]]\\|date\\=August 12, 2017\\|accessdate\\=September 21, 2018}}",
"Roseman sent photos of the Alter's artwork and statues to a dozen museums and auction houses. Roseman then hired a local [realtor](/wiki/Realtor \"Realtor\"), Ruth Seawolf, to sell the Alters' house. As the two were touring the house to prepare for the sale, Seawolf noticed several items in the house that might be of interest to someone she knew, mainly pottery and [African](/wiki/African_art \"African art\") pieces. She called up a friend, David Van Auker, who ran an [antique](/wiki/Antique \"Antique\") store in nearby [Silver City](/wiki/Silver_City%2C_New_Mexico \"Silver City, New Mexico\"), and Roseman hired him to appraise the art and furniture in the house that the family itself had not wanted. He sought to sell them those items in bulk so the family could then sell the emptied house and dispose of the estate.{{cite news\\|last\\=Olson\\|first\\=Jennifer\\|title\\=A (hundred) million dollar find: The tale of the missing de Kooning\\|url\\=http://www.scdailypress.com/site/2017/08/12/a\\-hundred\\-million\\-dollar\\-find/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Silver City Daily Press]]\\|date\\=August 12, 2017\\|accessdate\\=September 21, 2018}} Van Auker went to the house to inspect the contents in August.",
"During Van Auker's tour, in addition to the art Seawolf had told him about, he found another painting in the Alters' [master bedroom](/wiki/Master_bedroom \"Master bedroom\"), hung on the wall next to the door in such a way that it was visible only when the door was closed, a discovery he made only when he closed the door to get a better look at a broken dresser drawer, part of the room's mid\\-century furniture set, which he thought could be sold together at a good price. While he did not recognize the painting, it appeared to him to be the work of a mid\\-20th century artist as well, which he thought was \"great\" and \"cool\", although he thought very little of its frame.",
"Van Auker bought the contents of the house for $2,000 and returned the next day with some friends to take the artwork and furniture back to his store. They put the painting atop the pile in their truck and drove it back to Silver City, where he put it on display, propping it up against the wall on the floor. He intended to change the frame, which he disliked, and hang it in his [guesthouse](/wiki/Guesthouse \"Guesthouse\").",
"Silver City has [a large population of artists](/wiki/Art_colony \"Art colony\"), and shortly after Van Auker put it on display, a customer recognized it as a work by de Kooning, a remark the proprietors dismissed. But within an hour, two other customers had made the same assessment; one man even returned several times and offered to buy the painting for $200,000\\. Van Auker, realizing he might have acquired something more valuable than he appreciated, decided to put the painting in a bathroom, the only room in the store that could be locked. He did an Internet search, which eventually led him to a 2015 article about *Woman\\-Ochre* in *[The Arizona Republic](/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic \"The Arizona Republic\")*.\n{{Quote box\n \\|quote \\= \"It was really a shock. Prior to having our store, we were antique dealers, and every single antique dealer around the world has the fantasy of doing exactly this. This is something you fantasize about your entire career, and here it is—not only did you find this very valuable object, it's a part of history.\"\n \\|author \\= David Van Auker\n \\|source \\= {{cite news\\|last\\=Ryman\\|first\\=Anne\\|title\\=These antique dealers found a stolen de Kooning painting. Now they're the toast of the art world\\|url\\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2022/06/16/antique\\-dealers\\-who\\-found\\-stolen\\-willem\\-de\\-kooning\\-painting\\-honored/7611863001/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Arizona Republic]]\\|date\\=June 16, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2022}}\n \\|align \\= right\n \\|width \\= 250px\n \\|border \\= \n \\|fontsize \\= \n \\|bgcolor \\= \\#fcc898\n \\|style \\= \n \\|qalign \\= \n \\|qstyle \\= \n \\|salign \\= right\n \\|sstyle \\= \n}}\nThe painting Van Auker had bought from the Alters' house looked exactly like the stolen work, when he compared it to an online image, down to the drips and splatters. He called UAMA and told the receptionist he thought he had a painting that had been stolen from them. She immediately put him through to [curator](/wiki/Curator \"Curator\") Olivia Miller, who asked him to measure it. It was one inch off from its {{convert\\|40\\|x\\|30\\|inch\\|cm\\|adj\\=on}} dimensions, consistent with having been cut from its original frame. After Van Auker also described how [the paint had been cracked](/wiki/Craquelure \"Craquelure\"), as it might have been if it had been rolled up for some time, Miller asked him to take pictures of the painting's rear with his cellphone and send them to her. The marks on them matched the ones on file for de Kooning's work.",
"News that a masterpiece of modern art had somehow ended up in a local antique shop got around Silver City, and by the end of the day 40 people had shown up to ask if they could see it. On the advice of the [Albuquerque](/wiki/Albuquerque \"Albuquerque\") FBI office, which told him to put it in \"a very safe place\", Van Auker took the painting back to his [Pinos Altos](/wiki/Pinos_Altos%2C_New_Mexico \"Pinos Altos, New Mexico\") home and hid it behind his sofa, staying up all night and guarding it with his guns. The next day, needing to keep it somewhere while he ran the shop, Van Auker and his partners drove it around town, looking for someone whom they could temporarily place it with. A lawyer they were acquainted with doubted the story until he saw the painting, and agreed to take it for the day.",
"FBI agents from the [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona \"Phoenix, Arizona\") office, who had been investigating the theft since university police turned the case over to them, made the {{convert\\|225\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} trip east along with Miller and a UAMA team later in that day. At the lawyer's house, where he was having a small party for family and friends, the [Grant County](/wiki/Grant_County%2C_New_Mexico \"Grant County, New Mexico\") [sheriff](/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States \"Sheriffs in the United States\") greeted Van Auker, Miller and the FBI agents. When she saw *Woman\\-Ochre* in the lawyer's home office upstairs, Miller fell to her knees and gasped, a moment Van Auker recalled as \"electric\". \"Holy shitballs!\" she said, as during her entire tenure at the museum she had come to know the painting well, yet never actually seen it in person.{{efn\\|Miller has since described the painting as having taken on the status of a \"sacred object.\" She told ''\\[\\[The New York Times]]'' that \"\\[i]t became so treasured—the museum wanted it back so badly, and so much time was dedicated to looking at this image and thinking about this image ... And then to have it returned, have so many people rally around it and have the Getty spend years taking care of it, this human element has imbued the painting with new significance.\"}} They had brought the frame that originally housed the painting, and its remaining threads matched those still on the painting.",
"The law enforcement officers present promptly moved the painting to a vault for the coming weekend. Afterwards a UAMA van arrived to take the painting back to Tucson. [New Mexico State Police](/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Police \"New Mexico State Police\") escorted it to the state line, where [their Arizona counterparts](/wiki/Arizona_Department_of_Public_Safety%23Arizona_Highway_Patrol \"Arizona Department of Public Safety#Arizona Highway Patrol\") took over as it made the journey down [Interstate 10](/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Arizona \"Interstate 10 in Arizona\") to the museum.",
"After its return, *Woman\\-Ochre* was allowed to rest for a few days. Following that period, Nancy Odegaard, a [conservator](/wiki/Conservator-restorer \"Conservator-restorer\") at the nearby [Arizona State Museum](/wiki/Arizona_State_Museum \"Arizona State Museum\"), began the final process of authentication. She and her graduate student found a sticker from the 1969 traveling Smithsonian exhibit on the painting's rear. An [ultraviolet](/wiki/Ultraviolet \"Ultraviolet\") light detected an [acrylic](/wiki/Acrylic_paint \"Acrylic paint\") [varnish](/wiki/Varnish \"Varnish\"). There was also evidence of repairs the museum had made, and recorded, before 1985\\.",
"Finally, Odegaard and her student put the painting over the original frame it had been cut from and compared the canvas. The damage to the painting and the damage to the threads that had remained matched perfectly, including the colors of stray paint. A large stray black stroke in the upper left corner that matched that on the remnants provided the final confirmation, and Odegaard formally authenticated the painting. On August 11 the museum held a [news conference](/wiki/News_conference \"News conference\") announcing that *Woman\\-Ochre* had been recovered after 31 years.",
"University police chief Brian Seastone, who had investigated the case in 1987, was elated. \"Somebody saw something, they said something, and today she's home.\" Van Auker, who was also present, described how he had come to find the painting and his role in the process of its recovery. He declined a reward, and brushed aside suggestions that he was somehow heroic. \"We returned something that was stolen, and that's something everyone should do.\"",
"The university gave Van Auker the gold wooden frame the painting had been hung in when it was stolen. He and the shop's co\\-owner, Buck Burns, have hung it in a guest house they own, where they had originally planned to hang the painting before they learned of its true origin. Van Auker said visitors to their shop ask about the painting at least once a day; they also still receive calls expressing gratitude.",
"In 2022 they visited the Getty to see the painting after its restoration. Miller observed that if the theft represented people at their worst, its recovery showed \"the best of people\". A photo of the two is on display at the Getty with the painting.",
"#### Repair and restoration",
"In August of 2019 Miller told the *[Arizona Daily Star](/wiki/Arizona_Daily_Star \"Arizona Daily Star\")* that she could not say when it could be restored to exhibit as it could not be taken from the museum to the conservator's shop until the FBI closed the case.{{cite news\\|last\\=Allen\\|first\\=Kathleen\\|title\\=A year after stolen de Kooning's return to Tucson: Case unsolved, painting not restored\\|url\\=https://tucson.com/news/local/a\\-year\\-after\\-stolen\\-de\\-kooning\\-s\\-return\\-to\\-tucson/article\\_74316ee9\\-7e8e\\-5969\\-a32d\\-357f38643586\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Arizona Daily Star]]\\|date\\=August 7, 2018\\|accessdate\\=September 22, 2018}}",
"The instrument used during the theft to remove the painting from its frame was sharp enough to cut cleanly through the canvas, but for that same reason it would take a long time to match the threads exactly and reattach them, Miller explained. One of the corners had torn, she added. She and Odegaard both commented on the many small sections of paint that had flaked off the horizontal creases formed across the painting when it was rolled up.",
"At some point after the theft, the painting had been reframed into the one that Van Auker had found so unappealing when he first saw it. Whoever had done that work had done it crudely, using flat screws to attach the canvas to the wood, causing further damage. The lack of temperature and humidity controls at the Alter house also left the paint brittle; Miller said it was fortunate that more paint had not been lost.",
"Nevertheless, the Alters appeared to have taken some measures to protect it while it hung in their bedroom. A reporter from [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas \"Dallas\")\\-based television station [WFAA](/wiki/WFAA \"WFAA\") was able to tour the house for a short documentary about the case, and noted that a heavy screw had been partially driven into the [baseboard](/wiki/Baseboard \"Baseboard\") at the floor level below the wall where the painting hung, effectively serving as a [doorstop](/wiki/Doorstop \"Doorstop\") that prevented the door from opening fully and inadvertently damaging the painting. Likewise, the window on the side of the room that faced the setting sun was equipped with a heavy [blackout](/wiki/Blackout_%28fabric%29 \"Blackout (fabric)\") curtain that would have blocked sunlight from the direction when drawn.*Discovering the de Kooning*, 2:30–3 mins.",
"Shortly after its return the museum took the painting to a conservator's studio for the repair and restoration process. It originally expected to take a year, but near the end of that period, Miller said she was no longer so certain. UAMA started a fundraising drive to raise the $1 million it expected the restoration would cost.",
"In March 2019, the museum announced it had chosen experts at the [Getty Conservation Institute](/wiki/Getty_Conservation_Institute \"Getty Conservation Institute\"), associated with the [J. Paul Getty Museum](/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum \"J. Paul Getty Museum\") in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), to repair *Woman\\-Ochre*. Before it went there, the museum put the painting on public display on [St. Patrick's Day](/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day \"St. Patrick's Day\"), an event for which a special fee was charged. Among the 250 people who attended was actor [Hal Linden](/wiki/Hal_Linden \"Hal Linden\"), who was performing in a nearby production of [A.R. Gurney](/wiki/A.R._Gurney \"A.R. Gurney\")'s play *[Love Letters](/wiki/Love_Letters_%28play%29 \"Love Letters (play)\")*. \"I'm really taken by the drama of the story\", he told the *Republic*. \"I would love to know the story of the people who lived with it in their home.\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Ryman\\|first\\=Anne\\|title\\=Take a last look at University of Arizona's $100M de Kooning painting before it's restored\\|url\\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2019/03/18/last\\-look\\-at\\-university\\-of\\-arizona\\-100\\-million\\-de\\-kooning\\-painting\\-stolen\\-1985\\-before\\-repairs\\-start/3135149002/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Arizona Republic]]\\|date\\=March 18, 2019\\|accessdate\\=March 21, 2019}}",
"Experts at the Getty, who were present, said they expected it would take 14 or 15 months to fully repair *Woman\\-Ochre*. During the restoration, conservators had to decide to what degree they would leave damage related to the theft intact, since the theft is now part of the painting's history. They would also have to avoid over\\-restoring the work to the point where it would look too artificial.",
"The institute did the work for free in exchange for the Getty museum being allowed to exhibit the work after it was restored. Originally, UAMA expected to have *Woman\\-Ochre* back on its walls where it was stolen from after Thanksgiving 2020, around the 35th anniversary of its theft; those plans were postponed by the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona \"COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona\") and the closure of many art museums at that time. At one point the conservators at the Getty could only spend one day a week working on the painting.{{cite news\\|last\\=Ryman\\|first\\=Ann\\|title\\=From dusty bedroom to the Getty Museum: Long\\-lost de Kooning painting is back on exhibit\\|url\\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2022/06/08/stolen\\-and\\-recovered\\-de\\-kooning\\-painting\\-makes\\-big\\-debut\\-at\\-getty\\-museum/7502347001/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Arizona Republic]]\\|date\\=June 8, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 10, 2022}}",
"The conservators' primary task was to stabilize the paint surface. Damage done during the theft had been compounded by the thieves' having rolled it up immediately afterwards, cracking the paint in many places. Since the thieves had not been aware of the secondary canvas attached to the back with a wax resin, they had not cut it completely and had ripped the painting out where they could not cut,in addition to rolling the primary canvas off the secondary one, an action that led to a later patch on the back of the primary canvas put there with common white glue.{{rp\\|1:20–1:30}} \"There was a lot of violence to the way the canvas was pulled away from the backing canvas. The word trauma comes to mind\", said Tom Learner, the Getty's head of science.",
"One conservator, Laura Rivers, used \"gentle heat and tiny dental tools\" to reattach paint flakes, \"It was ... the most damaged painting that I have ever worked on,\" she said. She found those flakes with a microscope, scattered across the entire painting like \"[visual noise](/wiki/Image_noise \"Image noise\")\". Rivers was often able to work on only an inch (2\\.5 cm) of the painting a day.",
"Once she had finished that task, Rivers removed two layers of [varnish](/wiki/Varnish \"Varnish\"), one added by MoMA in 1974 and the other by the thieves,{{efn\\|She believes the latter did that to improve the painting's appearance.{{rp\\|1:20–1:30}}}} with solvent mixtures, allowing de Kooning's original colors to return. She noted that one of the two varnishes was slightly fluid at room temperature, which had led to the painting collecting much of the dust in the desert air during the time it was in the Alters' home.",
"After flattening the canvas so that it could be reattached to the portions left behind in the original frame during the theft, a process that the institute's senior conservator, Ulrich Birkmaier, says took two years,{{rp\\|2:53}} he completed the restoration by reattaching all the sliced canvas fibers. Using a very small paintbrush that barely touched the canvas, he painted in gaps left by the cracks, always avoiding any of de Kooning's original work; although he did remove and paint over some areas where the thieves had made \"amateurish restoration attempts\" of their own. In an interview with the *[Arizona Republic](/wiki/Arizona_Republic \"Arizona Republic\")*, he compared the painting to a puzzle, where \"you only fill in the pieces that are missing.\"",
"While modern viewers will know the painting was stolen, recovered and restored, Birkmaier said, viewers later in the century may not. \"Hopefully, there's just a painting with some slight scars (that) to the casual viewer won't be visible really\", he said of the restoration. Writing in *The New York Times*, [Jori Finkel](/wiki/Jori_Finkel \"Jori Finkel\") noted a close observer can discern the impressions left by the staples the thieves used to attach the canvas to a new [stretcher bar](/wiki/Stretcher_bar \"Stretcher bar\") and some unevenness close to the frame where the reattached fibers did not perfectly match. \"And, if you know where to look, you can probably make out a few of the tears that were repaired, like one beneath the artist's signature.\"",
"Learner was proud that there was not a single remnant of the damage from the theft that would blatantly mar the painting. It would, he told the *Times*, take a very large one since \"There's so much action in the painting, \\[it] works to our advantage.\" Finkel agreed, commenting that \"maybe in this strange way the violence of the theft and the violence of de Kooning's imagery will now work together, woven into the very fabric of this newly conserved painting.\"",
"From June to August 2022 *Woman\\-Ochre* was on temporary exhibit at the [J. Paul Getty Museum](/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum \"J. Paul Getty Museum\") in Los Angeles.{{cite web\\|title\\=Conserving de Kooning: Theft and Recovery\\|url\\=https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/de\\_kooning/index.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[J. Paul Getty Museum]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 10, 2022}}",
"#### Investigation",
"Although the painting was recovered, the investigation into the theft has continued, as the FBI cannot say for certain that the Alters had anything to do with the theft or that they knew *Woman\\-Ochre* was stolen when they took possession of it. A considerable amount of [circumstantial evidence](/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence \"Circumstantial evidence\"), some of which has emerged since the recovery, connects the Alters to the crime, however.{{cite news\\|last\\=Udero\\|first\\=Danny\\|title\\=The mystery remains on how the $160 million dollar painting got to a bedroom in Cliff\\|url\\=https://www.scsun\\-news.com/story/news/crime/2018/01/03/mystery\\-remains\\-how\\-160\\-million\\-dollar\\-painting\\-got\\-bedroom\\-cliff/1002575001/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Las Cruces Sun\\-News\\|Silver City Sun\\-News]]\\|date\\=January 3, 2018\\|accessdate\\=September 24, 2018}} They were apparently fans of de Kooning's work, as several replica sketches of drawings by the artist were also found in their home.*Discovering the de Kooning*, 2–2:30 mins.",
"While going through his aunt and uncle's estate, Roseman, who still strongly doubts that they were the thieves, found a picture taken showing the couple at a family Thanksgiving dinner in 1985, the day before the painting was stolen. When the photo is compared side by side with the sketches distributed after the crime, they did show an apparent resemblance. Three people *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* spoke with confirmed that in the mid\\-1980s, the Alters primarily traveled in a red two\\-door [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\") sports car, and the FBI found home movies they took showing them traveling in that car then.",
"The Alters kept, at that time of their lives, a [day planner](/wiki/Personal_organizer \"Personal organizer\") which they used as a diary, documenting the medications they took, where they went, and what they ate on a regular basis. But the entry for Thanksgiving 1985 is uncharacteristically blank.{{cite news\\|last\\=Ramirez\\|first\\=Chris\\|title\\=Decades\\-long stolen painting cold case finally solved\\|url\\=https://www.kob.com/new\\-mexico\\-news/woman\\-ochre\\-willem\\-de\\-kooning\\-stolen\\-painting\\-cold\\-case\\-solved/4779465/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[KOB\\-TV]]\\|location\\=\\[\\[Albuquerque, New Mexico]]\\|date\\=February 8, 2018\\|accessdate\\=September 24, 2018}} In one piece of luggage in the house, Seawolf found a small compartment containing a scarf and glasses she believed were similar to those the female thief wore to the museum. The FBI, however, did not appear interested when she contacted them about the items, she said.",
"Seawolf has speculated that the woman may actually have been a [man in disguise](/wiki/Transvestism \"Transvestism\"), perhaps Jerry Alter, since descriptions of the man involved suggest he appeared to be in his late 20s or early 30s, half the age Jerry would have been at the time. The man could have been one of the Alters' children, Joseph, who also appears in the 1985 Tucson Thanksgiving dinner photos; at the time he was 23\\. Roseman said Joseph, who also has lived in Silver City, has had psychiatric issues that have required lengthy hospital stays throughout his life, including at the time Roseman talked to the *Times* about the case. Roseman did, however, tell the *Republic* that at some point after the painting's recovery he had taken a picture of *Woman\\-Ochre* to show Joseph while visiting him, which made him laugh hysterically. \"That's one of the ugliest paintings I've ever seen!\" he said.",
"Journalists also discovered another apparent link between the Alters and the theft of the painting in the three books the couple published. In one, about their extensive travels, two chapters discussed museums where thefts had occurred. And in 2011, a year before he died, Jerry had self\\-published through [Amazon](/wiki/Amazon_%28company%29 \"Amazon (company)\") a collection of short stories called *The Cup and the Lip: Exotic Tales*, which he called \"an amalgamation of fantasy and reality\" in his introduction. One, \"The Eye of the Jaguar\", particularly struck readers after the missing *Woman\\-Ochre* was found in the Alters' house.",
"In it, a grandmother and granddaughter visit an art museum near their homes and are taken by a 120\\-[carat](/wiki/Carat_%28mass%29 \"Carat (mass)\") [emerald](/wiki/Emerald \"Emerald\") on display. They ask the guard, Lou, for the history of the stone. Six months later, Lou sees them return and then leave again quickly. After he sees that the emerald has been taken, he runs out to stop them as the women flee in the grandmother's car, but is killed when she runs him over, leaving \"absolutely no clues which police could use\". At the end, the emerald is kept in a hidden display case in the grandmother's house \"where two pairs of eyes, exclusively, are there to see!\"",
"The fictional theft has a similar *[modus operandi](/wiki/Modus_operandi \"Modus operandi\")* to the theft of *Woman\\-Ochre*, and its display where only two people can see it also recalls how the Alters kept the painting in their bedroom such that they were the only people likely to know it was there. One other person who did, an artist neighbor who went into the bedroom with the Alters' permission to photograph a painting she had made of them on horseback in the [Himalayas](/wiki/Himalayas \"Himalayas\"), then hung there, recalled seeing the de Kooning and asking the couple about it; they did not answer her questions and did not want to talk about it.",
"Other relatives of the Alters who have talked to the media dismiss the possibility the couple could have stolen the painting. \"\\[They wouldn't] risk something as wild and crazy as grand larceny—risk the possibility of winding up in prison, for God's sake—they wouldn't do that\", Rita's younger sister told the *Times*. \"My driving instinct is to say: 'This couldn't be my aunt and uncle who had it since the beginning'\" Roseman said, although he allowed that it was possible since he knew little more about their lives than their neighbors did. He said of the people he had shown the sketches to, about half thought it might be them, although he himself did not, but he admitted he probably could not be objective.",
"Roseman, who also saw the painting behind his aunt and uncle's door when he began arranging support services for Rita due to her worsening [dementia](/wiki/Dementia \"Dementia\") early in 2017, but did not recognize it, has offered an alternative theory as to how the couple came into possession of *Woman\\-Ochre*. They liked to visit galleries and museums, he recalled, and believed that someone might have seen them appreciating a de Kooning at one and offered them a better painting, the stolen one, from their personal collection. The Alters might even have believed it was a copy.",
"However, other evidence suggests the painting had been in the Alter house since its theft. Van Auker recalled that not only were there dusty [cobwebs](/wiki/Cobweb \"Cobweb\") between the frame and the wall, the space behind the painting was lighter and free from dust, with a visible outline where the painting had hung, suggesting it had been there for a long time. UAMA staff also found evidence of only one reframing.",
"Roseman said that when he was a student at [Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona \"University of Arizona\") himself during the late 1970s and early 1980s, he visited them at least once a month, visits he recalled fondly as they would share stories and pictures from their travels. But since his graduation and eventual relocation to Houston, he was not able to make the trip as frequently. He concluded that he was not as close to them as he thought.",
"After the rediscovery of *Woman\\-Ochre* in the Alters' house, their neighbors, who described the couple as pleasant but generally keeping their own company, also noted that it seemed strange that they had been able to travel so much—their book jackets said they had visited \"140 countries on all seven continents, including both [polar regions](/wiki/Polar_region \"Polar region\")\"—on their salaries as public school teachers, or (later) their pensions, often being away from Cliff for weeks at a time. After Rita's death, bank records showed the couple had over a million dollars in their account. \"I guess they figured they were being frugal\", Roseman told *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")*.",
""
] |
### Recovery
In June 2017, Rita Alter, a former [speech pathologist](/wiki/Speech_pathologist "Speech pathologist") in the [New York City public school system](/wiki/New_York_City_public_school_system "New York City public school system") as well as the local school district in [Cliff, New Mexico](/wiki/Cliff%2C_New_Mexico "Cliff, New Mexico"), died. She and her husband, Jerry, who had predeceased her in 2012, a former [clarinetist](/wiki/Clarinet "Clarinet") and music teacher in the New York City schools, had retired to the area in 1977 and built a house on {{convert\|20\|acre}} of land near [Gila National Forest](/wiki/Gila_National_Forest "Gila National Forest"){{cite AV media\|people\=\|date\=January 1, 2018\|title\=Discovering the de Kooning: A WFAA Documentary – Part 2\|medium\=Internet video\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=GqJo5ByX3Jk\|access\-date\=September 22, 2018\|time\=0:55\|location\=\[\[Dallas, Texas]]\|publisher\=\[\[WFAA\-TV]]\|quote\=Jerry retired at age 48 and moved to New Mexico}} that included a [sculpture garden](/wiki/Sculpture_garden "Sculpture garden") with busts of [Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven "Ludwig van Beethoven") and [Molière](/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re "Molière"), where they raised their own chickens and ducks. Her nephew, Ron Roseman, was named [executor](/wiki/Executor "Executor") of her [estate](/wiki/Estate_%28law%29 "Estate (law)").{{cite news\|last\=Fisher\|first\=Benjamin\|title\=Bedroom of late Cliff couple held stolen de Kooning\|url\=http://www.scdailypress.com/site/2017/08/12/the\-people\-with\-the\-painting/\|newspaper\=\[\[Silver City Daily Press]]\|date\=August 12, 2017\|accessdate\=September 21, 2018}}
Roseman sent photos of the Alter's artwork and statues to a dozen museums and auction houses. Roseman then hired a local [realtor](/wiki/Realtor "Realtor"), Ruth Seawolf, to sell the Alters' house. As the two were touring the house to prepare for the sale, Seawolf noticed several items in the house that might be of interest to someone she knew, mainly pottery and [African](/wiki/African_art "African art") pieces. She called up a friend, David Van Auker, who ran an [antique](/wiki/Antique "Antique") store in nearby [Silver City](/wiki/Silver_City%2C_New_Mexico "Silver City, New Mexico"), and Roseman hired him to appraise the art and furniture in the house that the family itself had not wanted. He sought to sell them those items in bulk so the family could then sell the emptied house and dispose of the estate.{{cite news\|last\=Olson\|first\=Jennifer\|title\=A (hundred) million dollar find: The tale of the missing de Kooning\|url\=http://www.scdailypress.com/site/2017/08/12/a\-hundred\-million\-dollar\-find/\|newspaper\=\[\[Silver City Daily Press]]\|date\=August 12, 2017\|accessdate\=September 21, 2018}} Van Auker went to the house to inspect the contents in August.
During Van Auker's tour, in addition to the art Seawolf had told him about, he found another painting in the Alters' [master bedroom](/wiki/Master_bedroom "Master bedroom"), hung on the wall next to the door in such a way that it was visible only when the door was closed, a discovery he made only when he closed the door to get a better look at a broken dresser drawer, part of the room's mid\-century furniture set, which he thought could be sold together at a good price. While he did not recognize the painting, it appeared to him to be the work of a mid\-20th century artist as well, which he thought was "great" and "cool", although he thought very little of its frame.
Van Auker bought the contents of the house for $2,000 and returned the next day with some friends to take the artwork and furniture back to his store. They put the painting atop the pile in their truck and drove it back to Silver City, where he put it on display, propping it up against the wall on the floor. He intended to change the frame, which he disliked, and hang it in his [guesthouse](/wiki/Guesthouse "Guesthouse").
Silver City has [a large population of artists](/wiki/Art_colony "Art colony"), and shortly after Van Auker put it on display, a customer recognized it as a work by de Kooning, a remark the proprietors dismissed. But within an hour, two other customers had made the same assessment; one man even returned several times and offered to buy the painting for $200,000\. Van Auker, realizing he might have acquired something more valuable than he appreciated, decided to put the painting in a bathroom, the only room in the store that could be locked. He did an Internet search, which eventually led him to a 2015 article about *Woman\-Ochre* in *[The Arizona Republic](/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic "The Arizona Republic")*.
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\|quote \= "It was really a shock. Prior to having our store, we were antique dealers, and every single antique dealer around the world has the fantasy of doing exactly this. This is something you fantasize about your entire career, and here it is—not only did you find this very valuable object, it's a part of history."
\|author \= David Van Auker
\|source \= {{cite news\|last\=Ryman\|first\=Anne\|title\=These antique dealers found a stolen de Kooning painting. Now they're the toast of the art world\|url\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2022/06/16/antique\-dealers\-who\-found\-stolen\-willem\-de\-kooning\-painting\-honored/7611863001/\|newspaper\=\[\[Arizona Republic]]\|date\=June 16, 2022\|access\-date\=July 2, 2022}}
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The painting Van Auker had bought from the Alters' house looked exactly like the stolen work, when he compared it to an online image, down to the drips and splatters. He called UAMA and told the receptionist he thought he had a painting that had been stolen from them. She immediately put him through to [curator](/wiki/Curator "Curator") Olivia Miller, who asked him to measure it. It was one inch off from its {{convert\|40\|x\|30\|inch\|cm\|adj\=on}} dimensions, consistent with having been cut from its original frame. After Van Auker also described how [the paint had been cracked](/wiki/Craquelure "Craquelure"), as it might have been if it had been rolled up for some time, Miller asked him to take pictures of the painting's rear with his cellphone and send them to her. The marks on them matched the ones on file for de Kooning's work.
News that a masterpiece of modern art had somehow ended up in a local antique shop got around Silver City, and by the end of the day 40 people had shown up to ask if they could see it. On the advice of the [Albuquerque](/wiki/Albuquerque "Albuquerque") FBI office, which told him to put it in "a very safe place", Van Auker took the painting back to his [Pinos Altos](/wiki/Pinos_Altos%2C_New_Mexico "Pinos Altos, New Mexico") home and hid it behind his sofa, staying up all night and guarding it with his guns. The next day, needing to keep it somewhere while he ran the shop, Van Auker and his partners drove it around town, looking for someone whom they could temporarily place it with. A lawyer they were acquainted with doubted the story until he saw the painting, and agreed to take it for the day.
FBI agents from the [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona "Phoenix, Arizona") office, who had been investigating the theft since university police turned the case over to them, made the {{convert\|225\|mi\|km\|adj\=on}} trip east along with Miller and a UAMA team later in that day. At the lawyer's house, where he was having a small party for family and friends, the [Grant County](/wiki/Grant_County%2C_New_Mexico "Grant County, New Mexico") [sheriff](/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States "Sheriffs in the United States") greeted Van Auker, Miller and the FBI agents. When she saw *Woman\-Ochre* in the lawyer's home office upstairs, Miller fell to her knees and gasped, a moment Van Auker recalled as "electric". "Holy shitballs!" she said, as during her entire tenure at the museum she had come to know the painting well, yet never actually seen it in person.{{efn\|Miller has since described the painting as having taken on the status of a "sacred object." She told ''\[\[The New York Times]]'' that "\[i]t became so treasured—the museum wanted it back so badly, and so much time was dedicated to looking at this image and thinking about this image ... And then to have it returned, have so many people rally around it and have the Getty spend years taking care of it, this human element has imbued the painting with new significance."}} They had brought the frame that originally housed the painting, and its remaining threads matched those still on the painting.
The law enforcement officers present promptly moved the painting to a vault for the coming weekend. Afterwards a UAMA van arrived to take the painting back to Tucson. [New Mexico State Police](/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Police "New Mexico State Police") escorted it to the state line, where [their Arizona counterparts](/wiki/Arizona_Department_of_Public_Safety%23Arizona_Highway_Patrol "Arizona Department of Public Safety#Arizona Highway Patrol") took over as it made the journey down [Interstate 10](/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Arizona "Interstate 10 in Arizona") to the museum.
After its return, *Woman\-Ochre* was allowed to rest for a few days. Following that period, Nancy Odegaard, a [conservator](/wiki/Conservator-restorer "Conservator-restorer") at the nearby [Arizona State Museum](/wiki/Arizona_State_Museum "Arizona State Museum"), began the final process of authentication. She and her graduate student found a sticker from the 1969 traveling Smithsonian exhibit on the painting's rear. An [ultraviolet](/wiki/Ultraviolet "Ultraviolet") light detected an [acrylic](/wiki/Acrylic_paint "Acrylic paint") [varnish](/wiki/Varnish "Varnish"). There was also evidence of repairs the museum had made, and recorded, before 1985\.
Finally, Odegaard and her student put the painting over the original frame it had been cut from and compared the canvas. The damage to the painting and the damage to the threads that had remained matched perfectly, including the colors of stray paint. A large stray black stroke in the upper left corner that matched that on the remnants provided the final confirmation, and Odegaard formally authenticated the painting. On August 11 the museum held a [news conference](/wiki/News_conference "News conference") announcing that *Woman\-Ochre* had been recovered after 31 years.
University police chief Brian Seastone, who had investigated the case in 1987, was elated. "Somebody saw something, they said something, and today she's home." Van Auker, who was also present, described how he had come to find the painting and his role in the process of its recovery. He declined a reward, and brushed aside suggestions that he was somehow heroic. "We returned something that was stolen, and that's something everyone should do."
The university gave Van Auker the gold wooden frame the painting had been hung in when it was stolen. He and the shop's co\-owner, Buck Burns, have hung it in a guest house they own, where they had originally planned to hang the painting before they learned of its true origin. Van Auker said visitors to their shop ask about the painting at least once a day; they also still receive calls expressing gratitude.
In 2022 they visited the Getty to see the painting after its restoration. Miller observed that if the theft represented people at their worst, its recovery showed "the best of people". A photo of the two is on display at the Getty with the painting.
#### Repair and restoration
In August of 2019 Miller told the *[Arizona Daily Star](/wiki/Arizona_Daily_Star "Arizona Daily Star")* that she could not say when it could be restored to exhibit as it could not be taken from the museum to the conservator's shop until the FBI closed the case.{{cite news\|last\=Allen\|first\=Kathleen\|title\=A year after stolen de Kooning's return to Tucson: Case unsolved, painting not restored\|url\=https://tucson.com/news/local/a\-year\-after\-stolen\-de\-kooning\-s\-return\-to\-tucson/article\_74316ee9\-7e8e\-5969\-a32d\-357f38643586\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[Arizona Daily Star]]\|date\=August 7, 2018\|accessdate\=September 22, 2018}}
The instrument used during the theft to remove the painting from its frame was sharp enough to cut cleanly through the canvas, but for that same reason it would take a long time to match the threads exactly and reattach them, Miller explained. One of the corners had torn, she added. She and Odegaard both commented on the many small sections of paint that had flaked off the horizontal creases formed across the painting when it was rolled up.
At some point after the theft, the painting had been reframed into the one that Van Auker had found so unappealing when he first saw it. Whoever had done that work had done it crudely, using flat screws to attach the canvas to the wood, causing further damage. The lack of temperature and humidity controls at the Alter house also left the paint brittle; Miller said it was fortunate that more paint had not been lost.
Nevertheless, the Alters appeared to have taken some measures to protect it while it hung in their bedroom. A reporter from [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas "Dallas")\-based television station [WFAA](/wiki/WFAA "WFAA") was able to tour the house for a short documentary about the case, and noted that a heavy screw had been partially driven into the [baseboard](/wiki/Baseboard "Baseboard") at the floor level below the wall where the painting hung, effectively serving as a [doorstop](/wiki/Doorstop "Doorstop") that prevented the door from opening fully and inadvertently damaging the painting. Likewise, the window on the side of the room that faced the setting sun was equipped with a heavy [blackout](/wiki/Blackout_%28fabric%29 "Blackout (fabric)") curtain that would have blocked sunlight from the direction when drawn.*Discovering the de Kooning*, 2:30–3 mins.
Shortly after its return the museum took the painting to a conservator's studio for the repair and restoration process. It originally expected to take a year, but near the end of that period, Miller said she was no longer so certain. UAMA started a fundraising drive to raise the $1 million it expected the restoration would cost.
In March 2019, the museum announced it had chosen experts at the [Getty Conservation Institute](/wiki/Getty_Conservation_Institute "Getty Conservation Institute"), associated with the [J. Paul Getty Museum](/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum "J. Paul Getty Museum") in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), to repair *Woman\-Ochre*. Before it went there, the museum put the painting on public display on [St. Patrick's Day](/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day "St. Patrick's Day"), an event for which a special fee was charged. Among the 250 people who attended was actor [Hal Linden](/wiki/Hal_Linden "Hal Linden"), who was performing in a nearby production of [A.R. Gurney](/wiki/A.R._Gurney "A.R. Gurney")'s play *[Love Letters](/wiki/Love_Letters_%28play%29 "Love Letters (play)")*. "I'm really taken by the drama of the story", he told the *Republic*. "I would love to know the story of the people who lived with it in their home."{{cite news\|last\=Ryman\|first\=Anne\|title\=Take a last look at University of Arizona's $100M de Kooning painting before it's restored\|url\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2019/03/18/last\-look\-at\-university\-of\-arizona\-100\-million\-de\-kooning\-painting\-stolen\-1985\-before\-repairs\-start/3135149002/\|newspaper\=\[\[The Arizona Republic]]\|date\=March 18, 2019\|accessdate\=March 21, 2019}}
Experts at the Getty, who were present, said they expected it would take 14 or 15 months to fully repair *Woman\-Ochre*. During the restoration, conservators had to decide to what degree they would leave damage related to the theft intact, since the theft is now part of the painting's history. They would also have to avoid over\-restoring the work to the point where it would look too artificial.
The institute did the work for free in exchange for the Getty museum being allowed to exhibit the work after it was restored. Originally, UAMA expected to have *Woman\-Ochre* back on its walls where it was stolen from after Thanksgiving 2020, around the 35th anniversary of its theft; those plans were postponed by the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona "COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona") and the closure of many art museums at that time. At one point the conservators at the Getty could only spend one day a week working on the painting.{{cite news\|last\=Ryman\|first\=Ann\|title\=From dusty bedroom to the Getty Museum: Long\-lost de Kooning painting is back on exhibit\|url\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2022/06/08/stolen\-and\-recovered\-de\-kooning\-painting\-makes\-big\-debut\-at\-getty\-museum/7502347001/\|newspaper\=\[\[Arizona Republic]]\|date\=June 8, 2022\|access\-date\=June 10, 2022}}
The conservators' primary task was to stabilize the paint surface. Damage done during the theft had been compounded by the thieves' having rolled it up immediately afterwards, cracking the paint in many places. Since the thieves had not been aware of the secondary canvas attached to the back with a wax resin, they had not cut it completely and had ripped the painting out where they could not cut,in addition to rolling the primary canvas off the secondary one, an action that led to a later patch on the back of the primary canvas put there with common white glue.{{rp\|1:20–1:30}} "There was a lot of violence to the way the canvas was pulled away from the backing canvas. The word trauma comes to mind", said Tom Learner, the Getty's head of science.
One conservator, Laura Rivers, used "gentle heat and tiny dental tools" to reattach paint flakes, "It was ... the most damaged painting that I have ever worked on," she said. She found those flakes with a microscope, scattered across the entire painting like "[visual noise](/wiki/Image_noise "Image noise")". Rivers was often able to work on only an inch (2\.5 cm) of the painting a day.
Once she had finished that task, Rivers removed two layers of [varnish](/wiki/Varnish "Varnish"), one added by MoMA in 1974 and the other by the thieves,{{efn\|She believes the latter did that to improve the painting's appearance.{{rp\|1:20–1:30}}}} with solvent mixtures, allowing de Kooning's original colors to return. She noted that one of the two varnishes was slightly fluid at room temperature, which had led to the painting collecting much of the dust in the desert air during the time it was in the Alters' home.
After flattening the canvas so that it could be reattached to the portions left behind in the original frame during the theft, a process that the institute's senior conservator, Ulrich Birkmaier, says took two years,{{rp\|2:53}} he completed the restoration by reattaching all the sliced canvas fibers. Using a very small paintbrush that barely touched the canvas, he painted in gaps left by the cracks, always avoiding any of de Kooning's original work; although he did remove and paint over some areas where the thieves had made "amateurish restoration attempts" of their own. In an interview with the *[Arizona Republic](/wiki/Arizona_Republic "Arizona Republic")*, he compared the painting to a puzzle, where "you only fill in the pieces that are missing."
While modern viewers will know the painting was stolen, recovered and restored, Birkmaier said, viewers later in the century may not. "Hopefully, there's just a painting with some slight scars (that) to the casual viewer won't be visible really", he said of the restoration. Writing in *The New York Times*, [Jori Finkel](/wiki/Jori_Finkel "Jori Finkel") noted a close observer can discern the impressions left by the staples the thieves used to attach the canvas to a new [stretcher bar](/wiki/Stretcher_bar "Stretcher bar") and some unevenness close to the frame where the reattached fibers did not perfectly match. "And, if you know where to look, you can probably make out a few of the tears that were repaired, like one beneath the artist's signature."
Learner was proud that there was not a single remnant of the damage from the theft that would blatantly mar the painting. It would, he told the *Times*, take a very large one since "There's so much action in the painting, \[it] works to our advantage." Finkel agreed, commenting that "maybe in this strange way the violence of the theft and the violence of de Kooning's imagery will now work together, woven into the very fabric of this newly conserved painting."
From June to August 2022 *Woman\-Ochre* was on temporary exhibit at the [J. Paul Getty Museum](/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum "J. Paul Getty Museum") in Los Angeles.{{cite web\|title\=Conserving de Kooning: Theft and Recovery\|url\=https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/de\_kooning/index.html\|website\=\[\[J. Paul Getty Museum]]\|access\-date\=June 10, 2022}}
#### Investigation
Although the painting was recovered, the investigation into the theft has continued, as the FBI cannot say for certain that the Alters had anything to do with the theft or that they knew *Woman\-Ochre* was stolen when they took possession of it. A considerable amount of [circumstantial evidence](/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence "Circumstantial evidence"), some of which has emerged since the recovery, connects the Alters to the crime, however.{{cite news\|last\=Udero\|first\=Danny\|title\=The mystery remains on how the $160 million dollar painting got to a bedroom in Cliff\|url\=https://www.scsun\-news.com/story/news/crime/2018/01/03/mystery\-remains\-how\-160\-million\-dollar\-painting\-got\-bedroom\-cliff/1002575001/\|newspaper\=\[\[Las Cruces Sun\-News\|Silver City Sun\-News]]\|date\=January 3, 2018\|accessdate\=September 24, 2018}} They were apparently fans of de Kooning's work, as several replica sketches of drawings by the artist were also found in their home.*Discovering the de Kooning*, 2–2:30 mins.
While going through his aunt and uncle's estate, Roseman, who still strongly doubts that they were the thieves, found a picture taken showing the couple at a family Thanksgiving dinner in 1985, the day before the painting was stolen. When the photo is compared side by side with the sketches distributed after the crime, they did show an apparent resemblance. Three people *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* spoke with confirmed that in the mid\-1980s, the Alters primarily traveled in a red two\-door [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan") sports car, and the FBI found home movies they took showing them traveling in that car then.
The Alters kept, at that time of their lives, a [day planner](/wiki/Personal_organizer "Personal organizer") which they used as a diary, documenting the medications they took, where they went, and what they ate on a regular basis. But the entry for Thanksgiving 1985 is uncharacteristically blank.{{cite news\|last\=Ramirez\|first\=Chris\|title\=Decades\-long stolen painting cold case finally solved\|url\=https://www.kob.com/new\-mexico\-news/woman\-ochre\-willem\-de\-kooning\-stolen\-painting\-cold\-case\-solved/4779465/\|newspaper\=\[\[KOB\-TV]]\|location\=\[\[Albuquerque, New Mexico]]\|date\=February 8, 2018\|accessdate\=September 24, 2018}} In one piece of luggage in the house, Seawolf found a small compartment containing a scarf and glasses she believed were similar to those the female thief wore to the museum. The FBI, however, did not appear interested when she contacted them about the items, she said.
Seawolf has speculated that the woman may actually have been a [man in disguise](/wiki/Transvestism "Transvestism"), perhaps Jerry Alter, since descriptions of the man involved suggest he appeared to be in his late 20s or early 30s, half the age Jerry would have been at the time. The man could have been one of the Alters' children, Joseph, who also appears in the 1985 Tucson Thanksgiving dinner photos; at the time he was 23\. Roseman said Joseph, who also has lived in Silver City, has had psychiatric issues that have required lengthy hospital stays throughout his life, including at the time Roseman talked to the *Times* about the case. Roseman did, however, tell the *Republic* that at some point after the painting's recovery he had taken a picture of *Woman\-Ochre* to show Joseph while visiting him, which made him laugh hysterically. "That's one of the ugliest paintings I've ever seen!" he said.
Journalists also discovered another apparent link between the Alters and the theft of the painting in the three books the couple published. In one, about their extensive travels, two chapters discussed museums where thefts had occurred. And in 2011, a year before he died, Jerry had self\-published through [Amazon](/wiki/Amazon_%28company%29 "Amazon (company)") a collection of short stories called *The Cup and the Lip: Exotic Tales*, which he called "an amalgamation of fantasy and reality" in his introduction. One, "The Eye of the Jaguar", particularly struck readers after the missing *Woman\-Ochre* was found in the Alters' house.
In it, a grandmother and granddaughter visit an art museum near their homes and are taken by a 120\-[carat](/wiki/Carat_%28mass%29 "Carat (mass)") [emerald](/wiki/Emerald "Emerald") on display. They ask the guard, Lou, for the history of the stone. Six months later, Lou sees them return and then leave again quickly. After he sees that the emerald has been taken, he runs out to stop them as the women flee in the grandmother's car, but is killed when she runs him over, leaving "absolutely no clues which police could use". At the end, the emerald is kept in a hidden display case in the grandmother's house "where two pairs of eyes, exclusively, are there to see!"
The fictional theft has a similar *[modus operandi](/wiki/Modus_operandi "Modus operandi")* to the theft of *Woman\-Ochre*, and its display where only two people can see it also recalls how the Alters kept the painting in their bedroom such that they were the only people likely to know it was there. One other person who did, an artist neighbor who went into the bedroom with the Alters' permission to photograph a painting she had made of them on horseback in the [Himalayas](/wiki/Himalayas "Himalayas"), then hung there, recalled seeing the de Kooning and asking the couple about it; they did not answer her questions and did not want to talk about it.
Other relatives of the Alters who have talked to the media dismiss the possibility the couple could have stolen the painting. "\[They wouldn't] risk something as wild and crazy as grand larceny—risk the possibility of winding up in prison, for God's sake—they wouldn't do that", Rita's younger sister told the *Times*. "My driving instinct is to say: 'This couldn't be my aunt and uncle who had it since the beginning'" Roseman said, although he allowed that it was possible since he knew little more about their lives than their neighbors did. He said of the people he had shown the sketches to, about half thought it might be them, although he himself did not, but he admitted he probably could not be objective.
Roseman, who also saw the painting behind his aunt and uncle's door when he began arranging support services for Rita due to her worsening [dementia](/wiki/Dementia "Dementia") early in 2017, but did not recognize it, has offered an alternative theory as to how the couple came into possession of *Woman\-Ochre*. They liked to visit galleries and museums, he recalled, and believed that someone might have seen them appreciating a de Kooning at one and offered them a better painting, the stolen one, from their personal collection. The Alters might even have believed it was a copy.
However, other evidence suggests the painting had been in the Alter house since its theft. Van Auker recalled that not only were there dusty [cobwebs](/wiki/Cobweb "Cobweb") between the frame and the wall, the space behind the painting was lighter and free from dust, with a visible outline where the painting had hung, suggesting it had been there for a long time. UAMA staff also found evidence of only one reframing.
Roseman said that when he was a student at [Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona "University of Arizona") himself during the late 1970s and early 1980s, he visited them at least once a month, visits he recalled fondly as they would share stories and pictures from their travels. But since his graduation and eventual relocation to Houston, he was not able to make the trip as frequently. He concluded that he was not as close to them as he thought.
After the rediscovery of *Woman\-Ochre* in the Alters' house, their neighbors, who described the couple as pleasant but generally keeping their own company, also noted that it seemed strange that they had been able to travel so much—their book jackets said they had visited "140 countries on all seven continents, including both [polar regions](/wiki/Polar_region "Polar region")"—on their salaries as public school teachers, or (later) their pensions, often being away from Cliff for weeks at a time. After Rita's death, bank records showed the couple had over a million dollars in their account. "I guess they figured they were being frugal", Roseman told *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*.
|
[
"### Recovery",
"In June 2017, Rita Alter, a former [speech pathologist](/wiki/Speech_pathologist \"Speech pathologist\") in the [New York City public school system](/wiki/New_York_City_public_school_system \"New York City public school system\") as well as the local school district in [Cliff, New Mexico](/wiki/Cliff%2C_New_Mexico \"Cliff, New Mexico\"), died. She and her husband, Jerry, who had predeceased her in 2012, a former [clarinetist](/wiki/Clarinet \"Clarinet\") and music teacher in the New York City schools, had retired to the area in 1977 and built a house on {{convert\\|20\\|acre}} of land near [Gila National Forest](/wiki/Gila_National_Forest \"Gila National Forest\"){{cite AV media\\|people\\=\\|date\\=January 1, 2018\\|title\\=Discovering the de Kooning: A WFAA Documentary – Part 2\\|medium\\=Internet video\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=GqJo5ByX3Jk\\|access\\-date\\=September 22, 2018\\|time\\=0:55\\|location\\=\\[\\[Dallas, Texas]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[WFAA\\-TV]]\\|quote\\=Jerry retired at age 48 and moved to New Mexico}} that included a [sculpture garden](/wiki/Sculpture_garden \"Sculpture garden\") with busts of [Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven \"Ludwig van Beethoven\") and [Molière](/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re \"Molière\"), where they raised their own chickens and ducks. Her nephew, Ron Roseman, was named [executor](/wiki/Executor \"Executor\") of her [estate](/wiki/Estate_%28law%29 \"Estate (law)\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Fisher\\|first\\=Benjamin\\|title\\=Bedroom of late Cliff couple held stolen de Kooning\\|url\\=http://www.scdailypress.com/site/2017/08/12/the\\-people\\-with\\-the\\-painting/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Silver City Daily Press]]\\|date\\=August 12, 2017\\|accessdate\\=September 21, 2018}}",
"Roseman sent photos of the Alter's artwork and statues to a dozen museums and auction houses. Roseman then hired a local [realtor](/wiki/Realtor \"Realtor\"), Ruth Seawolf, to sell the Alters' house. As the two were touring the house to prepare for the sale, Seawolf noticed several items in the house that might be of interest to someone she knew, mainly pottery and [African](/wiki/African_art \"African art\") pieces. She called up a friend, David Van Auker, who ran an [antique](/wiki/Antique \"Antique\") store in nearby [Silver City](/wiki/Silver_City%2C_New_Mexico \"Silver City, New Mexico\"), and Roseman hired him to appraise the art and furniture in the house that the family itself had not wanted. He sought to sell them those items in bulk so the family could then sell the emptied house and dispose of the estate.{{cite news\\|last\\=Olson\\|first\\=Jennifer\\|title\\=A (hundred) million dollar find: The tale of the missing de Kooning\\|url\\=http://www.scdailypress.com/site/2017/08/12/a\\-hundred\\-million\\-dollar\\-find/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Silver City Daily Press]]\\|date\\=August 12, 2017\\|accessdate\\=September 21, 2018}} Van Auker went to the house to inspect the contents in August.",
"During Van Auker's tour, in addition to the art Seawolf had told him about, he found another painting in the Alters' [master bedroom](/wiki/Master_bedroom \"Master bedroom\"), hung on the wall next to the door in such a way that it was visible only when the door was closed, a discovery he made only when he closed the door to get a better look at a broken dresser drawer, part of the room's mid\\-century furniture set, which he thought could be sold together at a good price. While he did not recognize the painting, it appeared to him to be the work of a mid\\-20th century artist as well, which he thought was \"great\" and \"cool\", although he thought very little of its frame.",
"Van Auker bought the contents of the house for $2,000 and returned the next day with some friends to take the artwork and furniture back to his store. They put the painting atop the pile in their truck and drove it back to Silver City, where he put it on display, propping it up against the wall on the floor. He intended to change the frame, which he disliked, and hang it in his [guesthouse](/wiki/Guesthouse \"Guesthouse\").",
"Silver City has [a large population of artists](/wiki/Art_colony \"Art colony\"), and shortly after Van Auker put it on display, a customer recognized it as a work by de Kooning, a remark the proprietors dismissed. But within an hour, two other customers had made the same assessment; one man even returned several times and offered to buy the painting for $200,000\\. Van Auker, realizing he might have acquired something more valuable than he appreciated, decided to put the painting in a bathroom, the only room in the store that could be locked. He did an Internet search, which eventually led him to a 2015 article about *Woman\\-Ochre* in *[The Arizona Republic](/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic \"The Arizona Republic\")*.\n{{Quote box\n \\|quote \\= \"It was really a shock. Prior to having our store, we were antique dealers, and every single antique dealer around the world has the fantasy of doing exactly this. This is something you fantasize about your entire career, and here it is—not only did you find this very valuable object, it's a part of history.\"\n \\|author \\= David Van Auker\n \\|source \\= {{cite news\\|last\\=Ryman\\|first\\=Anne\\|title\\=These antique dealers found a stolen de Kooning painting. Now they're the toast of the art world\\|url\\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2022/06/16/antique\\-dealers\\-who\\-found\\-stolen\\-willem\\-de\\-kooning\\-painting\\-honored/7611863001/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Arizona Republic]]\\|date\\=June 16, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2022}}\n \\|align \\= right\n \\|width \\= 250px\n \\|border \\= \n \\|fontsize \\= \n \\|bgcolor \\= \\#fcc898\n \\|style \\= \n \\|qalign \\= \n \\|qstyle \\= \n \\|salign \\= right\n \\|sstyle \\= \n}}\nThe painting Van Auker had bought from the Alters' house looked exactly like the stolen work, when he compared it to an online image, down to the drips and splatters. He called UAMA and told the receptionist he thought he had a painting that had been stolen from them. She immediately put him through to [curator](/wiki/Curator \"Curator\") Olivia Miller, who asked him to measure it. It was one inch off from its {{convert\\|40\\|x\\|30\\|inch\\|cm\\|adj\\=on}} dimensions, consistent with having been cut from its original frame. After Van Auker also described how [the paint had been cracked](/wiki/Craquelure \"Craquelure\"), as it might have been if it had been rolled up for some time, Miller asked him to take pictures of the painting's rear with his cellphone and send them to her. The marks on them matched the ones on file for de Kooning's work.",
"News that a masterpiece of modern art had somehow ended up in a local antique shop got around Silver City, and by the end of the day 40 people had shown up to ask if they could see it. On the advice of the [Albuquerque](/wiki/Albuquerque \"Albuquerque\") FBI office, which told him to put it in \"a very safe place\", Van Auker took the painting back to his [Pinos Altos](/wiki/Pinos_Altos%2C_New_Mexico \"Pinos Altos, New Mexico\") home and hid it behind his sofa, staying up all night and guarding it with his guns. The next day, needing to keep it somewhere while he ran the shop, Van Auker and his partners drove it around town, looking for someone whom they could temporarily place it with. A lawyer they were acquainted with doubted the story until he saw the painting, and agreed to take it for the day.",
"FBI agents from the [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona \"Phoenix, Arizona\") office, who had been investigating the theft since university police turned the case over to them, made the {{convert\\|225\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} trip east along with Miller and a UAMA team later in that day. At the lawyer's house, where he was having a small party for family and friends, the [Grant County](/wiki/Grant_County%2C_New_Mexico \"Grant County, New Mexico\") [sheriff](/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States \"Sheriffs in the United States\") greeted Van Auker, Miller and the FBI agents. When she saw *Woman\\-Ochre* in the lawyer's home office upstairs, Miller fell to her knees and gasped, a moment Van Auker recalled as \"electric\". \"Holy shitballs!\" she said, as during her entire tenure at the museum she had come to know the painting well, yet never actually seen it in person.{{efn\\|Miller has since described the painting as having taken on the status of a \"sacred object.\" She told ''\\[\\[The New York Times]]'' that \"\\[i]t became so treasured—the museum wanted it back so badly, and so much time was dedicated to looking at this image and thinking about this image ... And then to have it returned, have so many people rally around it and have the Getty spend years taking care of it, this human element has imbued the painting with new significance.\"}} They had brought the frame that originally housed the painting, and its remaining threads matched those still on the painting.",
"The law enforcement officers present promptly moved the painting to a vault for the coming weekend. Afterwards a UAMA van arrived to take the painting back to Tucson. [New Mexico State Police](/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Police \"New Mexico State Police\") escorted it to the state line, where [their Arizona counterparts](/wiki/Arizona_Department_of_Public_Safety%23Arizona_Highway_Patrol \"Arizona Department of Public Safety#Arizona Highway Patrol\") took over as it made the journey down [Interstate 10](/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Arizona \"Interstate 10 in Arizona\") to the museum.",
"After its return, *Woman\\-Ochre* was allowed to rest for a few days. Following that period, Nancy Odegaard, a [conservator](/wiki/Conservator-restorer \"Conservator-restorer\") at the nearby [Arizona State Museum](/wiki/Arizona_State_Museum \"Arizona State Museum\"), began the final process of authentication. She and her graduate student found a sticker from the 1969 traveling Smithsonian exhibit on the painting's rear. An [ultraviolet](/wiki/Ultraviolet \"Ultraviolet\") light detected an [acrylic](/wiki/Acrylic_paint \"Acrylic paint\") [varnish](/wiki/Varnish \"Varnish\"). There was also evidence of repairs the museum had made, and recorded, before 1985\\.",
"Finally, Odegaard and her student put the painting over the original frame it had been cut from and compared the canvas. The damage to the painting and the damage to the threads that had remained matched perfectly, including the colors of stray paint. A large stray black stroke in the upper left corner that matched that on the remnants provided the final confirmation, and Odegaard formally authenticated the painting. On August 11 the museum held a [news conference](/wiki/News_conference \"News conference\") announcing that *Woman\\-Ochre* had been recovered after 31 years.",
"University police chief Brian Seastone, who had investigated the case in 1987, was elated. \"Somebody saw something, they said something, and today she's home.\" Van Auker, who was also present, described how he had come to find the painting and his role in the process of its recovery. He declined a reward, and brushed aside suggestions that he was somehow heroic. \"We returned something that was stolen, and that's something everyone should do.\"",
"The university gave Van Auker the gold wooden frame the painting had been hung in when it was stolen. He and the shop's co\\-owner, Buck Burns, have hung it in a guest house they own, where they had originally planned to hang the painting before they learned of its true origin. Van Auker said visitors to their shop ask about the painting at least once a day; they also still receive calls expressing gratitude.",
"In 2022 they visited the Getty to see the painting after its restoration. Miller observed that if the theft represented people at their worst, its recovery showed \"the best of people\". A photo of the two is on display at the Getty with the painting.",
"#### Repair and restoration",
"In August of 2019 Miller told the *[Arizona Daily Star](/wiki/Arizona_Daily_Star \"Arizona Daily Star\")* that she could not say when it could be restored to exhibit as it could not be taken from the museum to the conservator's shop until the FBI closed the case.{{cite news\\|last\\=Allen\\|first\\=Kathleen\\|title\\=A year after stolen de Kooning's return to Tucson: Case unsolved, painting not restored\\|url\\=https://tucson.com/news/local/a\\-year\\-after\\-stolen\\-de\\-kooning\\-s\\-return\\-to\\-tucson/article\\_74316ee9\\-7e8e\\-5969\\-a32d\\-357f38643586\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Arizona Daily Star]]\\|date\\=August 7, 2018\\|accessdate\\=September 22, 2018}}",
"The instrument used during the theft to remove the painting from its frame was sharp enough to cut cleanly through the canvas, but for that same reason it would take a long time to match the threads exactly and reattach them, Miller explained. One of the corners had torn, she added. She and Odegaard both commented on the many small sections of paint that had flaked off the horizontal creases formed across the painting when it was rolled up.",
"At some point after the theft, the painting had been reframed into the one that Van Auker had found so unappealing when he first saw it. Whoever had done that work had done it crudely, using flat screws to attach the canvas to the wood, causing further damage. The lack of temperature and humidity controls at the Alter house also left the paint brittle; Miller said it was fortunate that more paint had not been lost.",
"Nevertheless, the Alters appeared to have taken some measures to protect it while it hung in their bedroom. A reporter from [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas \"Dallas\")\\-based television station [WFAA](/wiki/WFAA \"WFAA\") was able to tour the house for a short documentary about the case, and noted that a heavy screw had been partially driven into the [baseboard](/wiki/Baseboard \"Baseboard\") at the floor level below the wall where the painting hung, effectively serving as a [doorstop](/wiki/Doorstop \"Doorstop\") that prevented the door from opening fully and inadvertently damaging the painting. Likewise, the window on the side of the room that faced the setting sun was equipped with a heavy [blackout](/wiki/Blackout_%28fabric%29 \"Blackout (fabric)\") curtain that would have blocked sunlight from the direction when drawn.*Discovering the de Kooning*, 2:30–3 mins.",
"Shortly after its return the museum took the painting to a conservator's studio for the repair and restoration process. It originally expected to take a year, but near the end of that period, Miller said she was no longer so certain. UAMA started a fundraising drive to raise the $1 million it expected the restoration would cost.",
"In March 2019, the museum announced it had chosen experts at the [Getty Conservation Institute](/wiki/Getty_Conservation_Institute \"Getty Conservation Institute\"), associated with the [J. Paul Getty Museum](/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum \"J. Paul Getty Museum\") in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), to repair *Woman\\-Ochre*. Before it went there, the museum put the painting on public display on [St. Patrick's Day](/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day \"St. Patrick's Day\"), an event for which a special fee was charged. Among the 250 people who attended was actor [Hal Linden](/wiki/Hal_Linden \"Hal Linden\"), who was performing in a nearby production of [A.R. Gurney](/wiki/A.R._Gurney \"A.R. Gurney\")'s play *[Love Letters](/wiki/Love_Letters_%28play%29 \"Love Letters (play)\")*. \"I'm really taken by the drama of the story\", he told the *Republic*. \"I would love to know the story of the people who lived with it in their home.\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Ryman\\|first\\=Anne\\|title\\=Take a last look at University of Arizona's $100M de Kooning painting before it's restored\\|url\\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2019/03/18/last\\-look\\-at\\-university\\-of\\-arizona\\-100\\-million\\-de\\-kooning\\-painting\\-stolen\\-1985\\-before\\-repairs\\-start/3135149002/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Arizona Republic]]\\|date\\=March 18, 2019\\|accessdate\\=March 21, 2019}}",
"Experts at the Getty, who were present, said they expected it would take 14 or 15 months to fully repair *Woman\\-Ochre*. During the restoration, conservators had to decide to what degree they would leave damage related to the theft intact, since the theft is now part of the painting's history. They would also have to avoid over\\-restoring the work to the point where it would look too artificial.",
"The institute did the work for free in exchange for the Getty museum being allowed to exhibit the work after it was restored. Originally, UAMA expected to have *Woman\\-Ochre* back on its walls where it was stolen from after Thanksgiving 2020, around the 35th anniversary of its theft; those plans were postponed by the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona \"COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona\") and the closure of many art museums at that time. At one point the conservators at the Getty could only spend one day a week working on the painting.{{cite news\\|last\\=Ryman\\|first\\=Ann\\|title\\=From dusty bedroom to the Getty Museum: Long\\-lost de Kooning painting is back on exhibit\\|url\\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2022/06/08/stolen\\-and\\-recovered\\-de\\-kooning\\-painting\\-makes\\-big\\-debut\\-at\\-getty\\-museum/7502347001/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Arizona Republic]]\\|date\\=June 8, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 10, 2022}}",
"The conservators' primary task was to stabilize the paint surface. Damage done during the theft had been compounded by the thieves' having rolled it up immediately afterwards, cracking the paint in many places. Since the thieves had not been aware of the secondary canvas attached to the back with a wax resin, they had not cut it completely and had ripped the painting out where they could not cut,in addition to rolling the primary canvas off the secondary one, an action that led to a later patch on the back of the primary canvas put there with common white glue.{{rp\\|1:20–1:30}} \"There was a lot of violence to the way the canvas was pulled away from the backing canvas. The word trauma comes to mind\", said Tom Learner, the Getty's head of science.",
"One conservator, Laura Rivers, used \"gentle heat and tiny dental tools\" to reattach paint flakes, \"It was ... the most damaged painting that I have ever worked on,\" she said. She found those flakes with a microscope, scattered across the entire painting like \"[visual noise](/wiki/Image_noise \"Image noise\")\". Rivers was often able to work on only an inch (2\\.5 cm) of the painting a day.",
"Once she had finished that task, Rivers removed two layers of [varnish](/wiki/Varnish \"Varnish\"), one added by MoMA in 1974 and the other by the thieves,{{efn\\|She believes the latter did that to improve the painting's appearance.{{rp\\|1:20–1:30}}}} with solvent mixtures, allowing de Kooning's original colors to return. She noted that one of the two varnishes was slightly fluid at room temperature, which had led to the painting collecting much of the dust in the desert air during the time it was in the Alters' home.",
"After flattening the canvas so that it could be reattached to the portions left behind in the original frame during the theft, a process that the institute's senior conservator, Ulrich Birkmaier, says took two years,{{rp\\|2:53}} he completed the restoration by reattaching all the sliced canvas fibers. Using a very small paintbrush that barely touched the canvas, he painted in gaps left by the cracks, always avoiding any of de Kooning's original work; although he did remove and paint over some areas where the thieves had made \"amateurish restoration attempts\" of their own. In an interview with the *[Arizona Republic](/wiki/Arizona_Republic \"Arizona Republic\")*, he compared the painting to a puzzle, where \"you only fill in the pieces that are missing.\"",
"While modern viewers will know the painting was stolen, recovered and restored, Birkmaier said, viewers later in the century may not. \"Hopefully, there's just a painting with some slight scars (that) to the casual viewer won't be visible really\", he said of the restoration. Writing in *The New York Times*, [Jori Finkel](/wiki/Jori_Finkel \"Jori Finkel\") noted a close observer can discern the impressions left by the staples the thieves used to attach the canvas to a new [stretcher bar](/wiki/Stretcher_bar \"Stretcher bar\") and some unevenness close to the frame where the reattached fibers did not perfectly match. \"And, if you know where to look, you can probably make out a few of the tears that were repaired, like one beneath the artist's signature.\"",
"Learner was proud that there was not a single remnant of the damage from the theft that would blatantly mar the painting. It would, he told the *Times*, take a very large one since \"There's so much action in the painting, \\[it] works to our advantage.\" Finkel agreed, commenting that \"maybe in this strange way the violence of the theft and the violence of de Kooning's imagery will now work together, woven into the very fabric of this newly conserved painting.\"",
"From June to August 2022 *Woman\\-Ochre* was on temporary exhibit at the [J. Paul Getty Museum](/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum \"J. Paul Getty Museum\") in Los Angeles.{{cite web\\|title\\=Conserving de Kooning: Theft and Recovery\\|url\\=https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/de\\_kooning/index.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[J. Paul Getty Museum]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 10, 2022}}",
"#### Investigation",
"Although the painting was recovered, the investigation into the theft has continued, as the FBI cannot say for certain that the Alters had anything to do with the theft or that they knew *Woman\\-Ochre* was stolen when they took possession of it. A considerable amount of [circumstantial evidence](/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence \"Circumstantial evidence\"), some of which has emerged since the recovery, connects the Alters to the crime, however.{{cite news\\|last\\=Udero\\|first\\=Danny\\|title\\=The mystery remains on how the $160 million dollar painting got to a bedroom in Cliff\\|url\\=https://www.scsun\\-news.com/story/news/crime/2018/01/03/mystery\\-remains\\-how\\-160\\-million\\-dollar\\-painting\\-got\\-bedroom\\-cliff/1002575001/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Las Cruces Sun\\-News\\|Silver City Sun\\-News]]\\|date\\=January 3, 2018\\|accessdate\\=September 24, 2018}} They were apparently fans of de Kooning's work, as several replica sketches of drawings by the artist were also found in their home.*Discovering the de Kooning*, 2–2:30 mins.",
"While going through his aunt and uncle's estate, Roseman, who still strongly doubts that they were the thieves, found a picture taken showing the couple at a family Thanksgiving dinner in 1985, the day before the painting was stolen. When the photo is compared side by side with the sketches distributed after the crime, they did show an apparent resemblance. Three people *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* spoke with confirmed that in the mid\\-1980s, the Alters primarily traveled in a red two\\-door [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\") sports car, and the FBI found home movies they took showing them traveling in that car then.",
"The Alters kept, at that time of their lives, a [day planner](/wiki/Personal_organizer \"Personal organizer\") which they used as a diary, documenting the medications they took, where they went, and what they ate on a regular basis. But the entry for Thanksgiving 1985 is uncharacteristically blank.{{cite news\\|last\\=Ramirez\\|first\\=Chris\\|title\\=Decades\\-long stolen painting cold case finally solved\\|url\\=https://www.kob.com/new\\-mexico\\-news/woman\\-ochre\\-willem\\-de\\-kooning\\-stolen\\-painting\\-cold\\-case\\-solved/4779465/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[KOB\\-TV]]\\|location\\=\\[\\[Albuquerque, New Mexico]]\\|date\\=February 8, 2018\\|accessdate\\=September 24, 2018}} In one piece of luggage in the house, Seawolf found a small compartment containing a scarf and glasses she believed were similar to those the female thief wore to the museum. The FBI, however, did not appear interested when she contacted them about the items, she said.",
"Seawolf has speculated that the woman may actually have been a [man in disguise](/wiki/Transvestism \"Transvestism\"), perhaps Jerry Alter, since descriptions of the man involved suggest he appeared to be in his late 20s or early 30s, half the age Jerry would have been at the time. The man could have been one of the Alters' children, Joseph, who also appears in the 1985 Tucson Thanksgiving dinner photos; at the time he was 23\\. Roseman said Joseph, who also has lived in Silver City, has had psychiatric issues that have required lengthy hospital stays throughout his life, including at the time Roseman talked to the *Times* about the case. Roseman did, however, tell the *Republic* that at some point after the painting's recovery he had taken a picture of *Woman\\-Ochre* to show Joseph while visiting him, which made him laugh hysterically. \"That's one of the ugliest paintings I've ever seen!\" he said.",
"Journalists also discovered another apparent link between the Alters and the theft of the painting in the three books the couple published. In one, about their extensive travels, two chapters discussed museums where thefts had occurred. And in 2011, a year before he died, Jerry had self\\-published through [Amazon](/wiki/Amazon_%28company%29 \"Amazon (company)\") a collection of short stories called *The Cup and the Lip: Exotic Tales*, which he called \"an amalgamation of fantasy and reality\" in his introduction. One, \"The Eye of the Jaguar\", particularly struck readers after the missing *Woman\\-Ochre* was found in the Alters' house.",
"In it, a grandmother and granddaughter visit an art museum near their homes and are taken by a 120\\-[carat](/wiki/Carat_%28mass%29 \"Carat (mass)\") [emerald](/wiki/Emerald \"Emerald\") on display. They ask the guard, Lou, for the history of the stone. Six months later, Lou sees them return and then leave again quickly. After he sees that the emerald has been taken, he runs out to stop them as the women flee in the grandmother's car, but is killed when she runs him over, leaving \"absolutely no clues which police could use\". At the end, the emerald is kept in a hidden display case in the grandmother's house \"where two pairs of eyes, exclusively, are there to see!\"",
"The fictional theft has a similar *[modus operandi](/wiki/Modus_operandi \"Modus operandi\")* to the theft of *Woman\\-Ochre*, and its display where only two people can see it also recalls how the Alters kept the painting in their bedroom such that they were the only people likely to know it was there. One other person who did, an artist neighbor who went into the bedroom with the Alters' permission to photograph a painting she had made of them on horseback in the [Himalayas](/wiki/Himalayas \"Himalayas\"), then hung there, recalled seeing the de Kooning and asking the couple about it; they did not answer her questions and did not want to talk about it.",
"Other relatives of the Alters who have talked to the media dismiss the possibility the couple could have stolen the painting. \"\\[They wouldn't] risk something as wild and crazy as grand larceny—risk the possibility of winding up in prison, for God's sake—they wouldn't do that\", Rita's younger sister told the *Times*. \"My driving instinct is to say: 'This couldn't be my aunt and uncle who had it since the beginning'\" Roseman said, although he allowed that it was possible since he knew little more about their lives than their neighbors did. He said of the people he had shown the sketches to, about half thought it might be them, although he himself did not, but he admitted he probably could not be objective.",
"Roseman, who also saw the painting behind his aunt and uncle's door when he began arranging support services for Rita due to her worsening [dementia](/wiki/Dementia \"Dementia\") early in 2017, but did not recognize it, has offered an alternative theory as to how the couple came into possession of *Woman\\-Ochre*. They liked to visit galleries and museums, he recalled, and believed that someone might have seen them appreciating a de Kooning at one and offered them a better painting, the stolen one, from their personal collection. The Alters might even have believed it was a copy.",
"However, other evidence suggests the painting had been in the Alter house since its theft. Van Auker recalled that not only were there dusty [cobwebs](/wiki/Cobweb \"Cobweb\") between the frame and the wall, the space behind the painting was lighter and free from dust, with a visible outline where the painting had hung, suggesting it had been there for a long time. UAMA staff also found evidence of only one reframing.",
"Roseman said that when he was a student at [Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona \"University of Arizona\") himself during the late 1970s and early 1980s, he visited them at least once a month, visits he recalled fondly as they would share stories and pictures from their travels. But since his graduation and eventual relocation to Houston, he was not able to make the trip as frequently. He concluded that he was not as close to them as he thought.",
"After the rediscovery of *Woman\\-Ochre* in the Alters' house, their neighbors, who described the couple as pleasant but generally keeping their own company, also noted that it seemed strange that they had been able to travel so much—their book jackets said they had visited \"140 countries on all seven continents, including both [polar regions](/wiki/Polar_region \"Polar region\")\"—on their salaries as public school teachers, or (later) their pensions, often being away from Cliff for weeks at a time. After Rita's death, bank records showed the couple had over a million dollars in their account. \"I guess they figured they were being frugal\", Roseman told *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")*.",
""
] |
#### Repair and restoration
In August of 2019 Miller told the *[Arizona Daily Star](/wiki/Arizona_Daily_Star "Arizona Daily Star")* that she could not say when it could be restored to exhibit as it could not be taken from the museum to the conservator's shop until the FBI closed the case.{{cite news\|last\=Allen\|first\=Kathleen\|title\=A year after stolen de Kooning's return to Tucson: Case unsolved, painting not restored\|url\=https://tucson.com/news/local/a\-year\-after\-stolen\-de\-kooning\-s\-return\-to\-tucson/article\_74316ee9\-7e8e\-5969\-a32d\-357f38643586\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[Arizona Daily Star]]\|date\=August 7, 2018\|accessdate\=September 22, 2018}}
The instrument used during the theft to remove the painting from its frame was sharp enough to cut cleanly through the canvas, but for that same reason it would take a long time to match the threads exactly and reattach them, Miller explained. One of the corners had torn, she added. She and Odegaard both commented on the many small sections of paint that had flaked off the horizontal creases formed across the painting when it was rolled up.
At some point after the theft, the painting had been reframed into the one that Van Auker had found so unappealing when he first saw it. Whoever had done that work had done it crudely, using flat screws to attach the canvas to the wood, causing further damage. The lack of temperature and humidity controls at the Alter house also left the paint brittle; Miller said it was fortunate that more paint had not been lost.
Nevertheless, the Alters appeared to have taken some measures to protect it while it hung in their bedroom. A reporter from [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas "Dallas")\-based television station [WFAA](/wiki/WFAA "WFAA") was able to tour the house for a short documentary about the case, and noted that a heavy screw had been partially driven into the [baseboard](/wiki/Baseboard "Baseboard") at the floor level below the wall where the painting hung, effectively serving as a [doorstop](/wiki/Doorstop "Doorstop") that prevented the door from opening fully and inadvertently damaging the painting. Likewise, the window on the side of the room that faced the setting sun was equipped with a heavy [blackout](/wiki/Blackout_%28fabric%29 "Blackout (fabric)") curtain that would have blocked sunlight from the direction when drawn.*Discovering the de Kooning*, 2:30–3 mins.
Shortly after its return the museum took the painting to a conservator's studio for the repair and restoration process. It originally expected to take a year, but near the end of that period, Miller said she was no longer so certain. UAMA started a fundraising drive to raise the $1 million it expected the restoration would cost.
In March 2019, the museum announced it had chosen experts at the [Getty Conservation Institute](/wiki/Getty_Conservation_Institute "Getty Conservation Institute"), associated with the [J. Paul Getty Museum](/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum "J. Paul Getty Museum") in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), to repair *Woman\-Ochre*. Before it went there, the museum put the painting on public display on [St. Patrick's Day](/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day "St. Patrick's Day"), an event for which a special fee was charged. Among the 250 people who attended was actor [Hal Linden](/wiki/Hal_Linden "Hal Linden"), who was performing in a nearby production of [A.R. Gurney](/wiki/A.R._Gurney "A.R. Gurney")'s play *[Love Letters](/wiki/Love_Letters_%28play%29 "Love Letters (play)")*. "I'm really taken by the drama of the story", he told the *Republic*. "I would love to know the story of the people who lived with it in their home."{{cite news\|last\=Ryman\|first\=Anne\|title\=Take a last look at University of Arizona's $100M de Kooning painting before it's restored\|url\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2019/03/18/last\-look\-at\-university\-of\-arizona\-100\-million\-de\-kooning\-painting\-stolen\-1985\-before\-repairs\-start/3135149002/\|newspaper\=\[\[The Arizona Republic]]\|date\=March 18, 2019\|accessdate\=March 21, 2019}}
Experts at the Getty, who were present, said they expected it would take 14 or 15 months to fully repair *Woman\-Ochre*. During the restoration, conservators had to decide to what degree they would leave damage related to the theft intact, since the theft is now part of the painting's history. They would also have to avoid over\-restoring the work to the point where it would look too artificial.
The institute did the work for free in exchange for the Getty museum being allowed to exhibit the work after it was restored. Originally, UAMA expected to have *Woman\-Ochre* back on its walls where it was stolen from after Thanksgiving 2020, around the 35th anniversary of its theft; those plans were postponed by the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona "COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona") and the closure of many art museums at that time. At one point the conservators at the Getty could only spend one day a week working on the painting.{{cite news\|last\=Ryman\|first\=Ann\|title\=From dusty bedroom to the Getty Museum: Long\-lost de Kooning painting is back on exhibit\|url\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2022/06/08/stolen\-and\-recovered\-de\-kooning\-painting\-makes\-big\-debut\-at\-getty\-museum/7502347001/\|newspaper\=\[\[Arizona Republic]]\|date\=June 8, 2022\|access\-date\=June 10, 2022}}
The conservators' primary task was to stabilize the paint surface. Damage done during the theft had been compounded by the thieves' having rolled it up immediately afterwards, cracking the paint in many places. Since the thieves had not been aware of the secondary canvas attached to the back with a wax resin, they had not cut it completely and had ripped the painting out where they could not cut,in addition to rolling the primary canvas off the secondary one, an action that led to a later patch on the back of the primary canvas put there with common white glue.{{rp\|1:20–1:30}} "There was a lot of violence to the way the canvas was pulled away from the backing canvas. The word trauma comes to mind", said Tom Learner, the Getty's head of science.
One conservator, Laura Rivers, used "gentle heat and tiny dental tools" to reattach paint flakes, "It was ... the most damaged painting that I have ever worked on," she said. She found those flakes with a microscope, scattered across the entire painting like "[visual noise](/wiki/Image_noise "Image noise")". Rivers was often able to work on only an inch (2\.5 cm) of the painting a day.
Once she had finished that task, Rivers removed two layers of [varnish](/wiki/Varnish "Varnish"), one added by MoMA in 1974 and the other by the thieves,{{efn\|She believes the latter did that to improve the painting's appearance.{{rp\|1:20–1:30}}}} with solvent mixtures, allowing de Kooning's original colors to return. She noted that one of the two varnishes was slightly fluid at room temperature, which had led to the painting collecting much of the dust in the desert air during the time it was in the Alters' home.
After flattening the canvas so that it could be reattached to the portions left behind in the original frame during the theft, a process that the institute's senior conservator, Ulrich Birkmaier, says took two years,{{rp\|2:53}} he completed the restoration by reattaching all the sliced canvas fibers. Using a very small paintbrush that barely touched the canvas, he painted in gaps left by the cracks, always avoiding any of de Kooning's original work; although he did remove and paint over some areas where the thieves had made "amateurish restoration attempts" of their own. In an interview with the *[Arizona Republic](/wiki/Arizona_Republic "Arizona Republic")*, he compared the painting to a puzzle, where "you only fill in the pieces that are missing."
While modern viewers will know the painting was stolen, recovered and restored, Birkmaier said, viewers later in the century may not. "Hopefully, there's just a painting with some slight scars (that) to the casual viewer won't be visible really", he said of the restoration. Writing in *The New York Times*, [Jori Finkel](/wiki/Jori_Finkel "Jori Finkel") noted a close observer can discern the impressions left by the staples the thieves used to attach the canvas to a new [stretcher bar](/wiki/Stretcher_bar "Stretcher bar") and some unevenness close to the frame where the reattached fibers did not perfectly match. "And, if you know where to look, you can probably make out a few of the tears that were repaired, like one beneath the artist's signature."
Learner was proud that there was not a single remnant of the damage from the theft that would blatantly mar the painting. It would, he told the *Times*, take a very large one since "There's so much action in the painting, \[it] works to our advantage." Finkel agreed, commenting that "maybe in this strange way the violence of the theft and the violence of de Kooning's imagery will now work together, woven into the very fabric of this newly conserved painting."
From June to August 2022 *Woman\-Ochre* was on temporary exhibit at the [J. Paul Getty Museum](/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum "J. Paul Getty Museum") in Los Angeles.{{cite web\|title\=Conserving de Kooning: Theft and Recovery\|url\=https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/de\_kooning/index.html\|website\=\[\[J. Paul Getty Museum]]\|access\-date\=June 10, 2022}}
|
[
"#### Repair and restoration",
"In August of 2019 Miller told the *[Arizona Daily Star](/wiki/Arizona_Daily_Star \"Arizona Daily Star\")* that she could not say when it could be restored to exhibit as it could not be taken from the museum to the conservator's shop until the FBI closed the case.{{cite news\\|last\\=Allen\\|first\\=Kathleen\\|title\\=A year after stolen de Kooning's return to Tucson: Case unsolved, painting not restored\\|url\\=https://tucson.com/news/local/a\\-year\\-after\\-stolen\\-de\\-kooning\\-s\\-return\\-to\\-tucson/article\\_74316ee9\\-7e8e\\-5969\\-a32d\\-357f38643586\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Arizona Daily Star]]\\|date\\=August 7, 2018\\|accessdate\\=September 22, 2018}}",
"The instrument used during the theft to remove the painting from its frame was sharp enough to cut cleanly through the canvas, but for that same reason it would take a long time to match the threads exactly and reattach them, Miller explained. One of the corners had torn, she added. She and Odegaard both commented on the many small sections of paint that had flaked off the horizontal creases formed across the painting when it was rolled up.",
"At some point after the theft, the painting had been reframed into the one that Van Auker had found so unappealing when he first saw it. Whoever had done that work had done it crudely, using flat screws to attach the canvas to the wood, causing further damage. The lack of temperature and humidity controls at the Alter house also left the paint brittle; Miller said it was fortunate that more paint had not been lost.",
"Nevertheless, the Alters appeared to have taken some measures to protect it while it hung in their bedroom. A reporter from [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas \"Dallas\")\\-based television station [WFAA](/wiki/WFAA \"WFAA\") was able to tour the house for a short documentary about the case, and noted that a heavy screw had been partially driven into the [baseboard](/wiki/Baseboard \"Baseboard\") at the floor level below the wall where the painting hung, effectively serving as a [doorstop](/wiki/Doorstop \"Doorstop\") that prevented the door from opening fully and inadvertently damaging the painting. Likewise, the window on the side of the room that faced the setting sun was equipped with a heavy [blackout](/wiki/Blackout_%28fabric%29 \"Blackout (fabric)\") curtain that would have blocked sunlight from the direction when drawn.*Discovering the de Kooning*, 2:30–3 mins.",
"Shortly after its return the museum took the painting to a conservator's studio for the repair and restoration process. It originally expected to take a year, but near the end of that period, Miller said she was no longer so certain. UAMA started a fundraising drive to raise the $1 million it expected the restoration would cost.",
"In March 2019, the museum announced it had chosen experts at the [Getty Conservation Institute](/wiki/Getty_Conservation_Institute \"Getty Conservation Institute\"), associated with the [J. Paul Getty Museum](/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum \"J. Paul Getty Museum\") in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), to repair *Woman\\-Ochre*. Before it went there, the museum put the painting on public display on [St. Patrick's Day](/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day \"St. Patrick's Day\"), an event for which a special fee was charged. Among the 250 people who attended was actor [Hal Linden](/wiki/Hal_Linden \"Hal Linden\"), who was performing in a nearby production of [A.R. Gurney](/wiki/A.R._Gurney \"A.R. Gurney\")'s play *[Love Letters](/wiki/Love_Letters_%28play%29 \"Love Letters (play)\")*. \"I'm really taken by the drama of the story\", he told the *Republic*. \"I would love to know the story of the people who lived with it in their home.\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Ryman\\|first\\=Anne\\|title\\=Take a last look at University of Arizona's $100M de Kooning painting before it's restored\\|url\\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2019/03/18/last\\-look\\-at\\-university\\-of\\-arizona\\-100\\-million\\-de\\-kooning\\-painting\\-stolen\\-1985\\-before\\-repairs\\-start/3135149002/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Arizona Republic]]\\|date\\=March 18, 2019\\|accessdate\\=March 21, 2019}}",
"Experts at the Getty, who were present, said they expected it would take 14 or 15 months to fully repair *Woman\\-Ochre*. During the restoration, conservators had to decide to what degree they would leave damage related to the theft intact, since the theft is now part of the painting's history. They would also have to avoid over\\-restoring the work to the point where it would look too artificial.",
"The institute did the work for free in exchange for the Getty museum being allowed to exhibit the work after it was restored. Originally, UAMA expected to have *Woman\\-Ochre* back on its walls where it was stolen from after Thanksgiving 2020, around the 35th anniversary of its theft; those plans were postponed by the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona \"COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona\") and the closure of many art museums at that time. At one point the conservators at the Getty could only spend one day a week working on the painting.{{cite news\\|last\\=Ryman\\|first\\=Ann\\|title\\=From dusty bedroom to the Getty Museum: Long\\-lost de Kooning painting is back on exhibit\\|url\\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2022/06/08/stolen\\-and\\-recovered\\-de\\-kooning\\-painting\\-makes\\-big\\-debut\\-at\\-getty\\-museum/7502347001/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Arizona Republic]]\\|date\\=June 8, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 10, 2022}}",
"The conservators' primary task was to stabilize the paint surface. Damage done during the theft had been compounded by the thieves' having rolled it up immediately afterwards, cracking the paint in many places. Since the thieves had not been aware of the secondary canvas attached to the back with a wax resin, they had not cut it completely and had ripped the painting out where they could not cut,in addition to rolling the primary canvas off the secondary one, an action that led to a later patch on the back of the primary canvas put there with common white glue.{{rp\\|1:20–1:30}} \"There was a lot of violence to the way the canvas was pulled away from the backing canvas. The word trauma comes to mind\", said Tom Learner, the Getty's head of science.",
"One conservator, Laura Rivers, used \"gentle heat and tiny dental tools\" to reattach paint flakes, \"It was ... the most damaged painting that I have ever worked on,\" she said. She found those flakes with a microscope, scattered across the entire painting like \"[visual noise](/wiki/Image_noise \"Image noise\")\". Rivers was often able to work on only an inch (2\\.5 cm) of the painting a day.",
"Once she had finished that task, Rivers removed two layers of [varnish](/wiki/Varnish \"Varnish\"), one added by MoMA in 1974 and the other by the thieves,{{efn\\|She believes the latter did that to improve the painting's appearance.{{rp\\|1:20–1:30}}}} with solvent mixtures, allowing de Kooning's original colors to return. She noted that one of the two varnishes was slightly fluid at room temperature, which had led to the painting collecting much of the dust in the desert air during the time it was in the Alters' home.",
"After flattening the canvas so that it could be reattached to the portions left behind in the original frame during the theft, a process that the institute's senior conservator, Ulrich Birkmaier, says took two years,{{rp\\|2:53}} he completed the restoration by reattaching all the sliced canvas fibers. Using a very small paintbrush that barely touched the canvas, he painted in gaps left by the cracks, always avoiding any of de Kooning's original work; although he did remove and paint over some areas where the thieves had made \"amateurish restoration attempts\" of their own. In an interview with the *[Arizona Republic](/wiki/Arizona_Republic \"Arizona Republic\")*, he compared the painting to a puzzle, where \"you only fill in the pieces that are missing.\"",
"While modern viewers will know the painting was stolen, recovered and restored, Birkmaier said, viewers later in the century may not. \"Hopefully, there's just a painting with some slight scars (that) to the casual viewer won't be visible really\", he said of the restoration. Writing in *The New York Times*, [Jori Finkel](/wiki/Jori_Finkel \"Jori Finkel\") noted a close observer can discern the impressions left by the staples the thieves used to attach the canvas to a new [stretcher bar](/wiki/Stretcher_bar \"Stretcher bar\") and some unevenness close to the frame where the reattached fibers did not perfectly match. \"And, if you know where to look, you can probably make out a few of the tears that were repaired, like one beneath the artist's signature.\"",
"Learner was proud that there was not a single remnant of the damage from the theft that would blatantly mar the painting. It would, he told the *Times*, take a very large one since \"There's so much action in the painting, \\[it] works to our advantage.\" Finkel agreed, commenting that \"maybe in this strange way the violence of the theft and the violence of de Kooning's imagery will now work together, woven into the very fabric of this newly conserved painting.\"",
"From June to August 2022 *Woman\\-Ochre* was on temporary exhibit at the [J. Paul Getty Museum](/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum \"J. Paul Getty Museum\") in Los Angeles.{{cite web\\|title\\=Conserving de Kooning: Theft and Recovery\\|url\\=https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/de\\_kooning/index.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[J. Paul Getty Museum]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 10, 2022}}",
""
] |
#### Investigation
Although the painting was recovered, the investigation into the theft has continued, as the FBI cannot say for certain that the Alters had anything to do with the theft or that they knew *Woman\-Ochre* was stolen when they took possession of it. A considerable amount of [circumstantial evidence](/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence "Circumstantial evidence"), some of which has emerged since the recovery, connects the Alters to the crime, however.{{cite news\|last\=Udero\|first\=Danny\|title\=The mystery remains on how the $160 million dollar painting got to a bedroom in Cliff\|url\=https://www.scsun\-news.com/story/news/crime/2018/01/03/mystery\-remains\-how\-160\-million\-dollar\-painting\-got\-bedroom\-cliff/1002575001/\|newspaper\=\[\[Las Cruces Sun\-News\|Silver City Sun\-News]]\|date\=January 3, 2018\|accessdate\=September 24, 2018}} They were apparently fans of de Kooning's work, as several replica sketches of drawings by the artist were also found in their home.*Discovering the de Kooning*, 2–2:30 mins.
While going through his aunt and uncle's estate, Roseman, who still strongly doubts that they were the thieves, found a picture taken showing the couple at a family Thanksgiving dinner in 1985, the day before the painting was stolen. When the photo is compared side by side with the sketches distributed after the crime, they did show an apparent resemblance. Three people *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* spoke with confirmed that in the mid\-1980s, the Alters primarily traveled in a red two\-door [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan") sports car, and the FBI found home movies they took showing them traveling in that car then.
The Alters kept, at that time of their lives, a [day planner](/wiki/Personal_organizer "Personal organizer") which they used as a diary, documenting the medications they took, where they went, and what they ate on a regular basis. But the entry for Thanksgiving 1985 is uncharacteristically blank.{{cite news\|last\=Ramirez\|first\=Chris\|title\=Decades\-long stolen painting cold case finally solved\|url\=https://www.kob.com/new\-mexico\-news/woman\-ochre\-willem\-de\-kooning\-stolen\-painting\-cold\-case\-solved/4779465/\|newspaper\=\[\[KOB\-TV]]\|location\=\[\[Albuquerque, New Mexico]]\|date\=February 8, 2018\|accessdate\=September 24, 2018}} In one piece of luggage in the house, Seawolf found a small compartment containing a scarf and glasses she believed were similar to those the female thief wore to the museum. The FBI, however, did not appear interested when she contacted them about the items, she said.
Seawolf has speculated that the woman may actually have been a [man in disguise](/wiki/Transvestism "Transvestism"), perhaps Jerry Alter, since descriptions of the man involved suggest he appeared to be in his late 20s or early 30s, half the age Jerry would have been at the time. The man could have been one of the Alters' children, Joseph, who also appears in the 1985 Tucson Thanksgiving dinner photos; at the time he was 23\. Roseman said Joseph, who also has lived in Silver City, has had psychiatric issues that have required lengthy hospital stays throughout his life, including at the time Roseman talked to the *Times* about the case. Roseman did, however, tell the *Republic* that at some point after the painting's recovery he had taken a picture of *Woman\-Ochre* to show Joseph while visiting him, which made him laugh hysterically. "That's one of the ugliest paintings I've ever seen!" he said.
Journalists also discovered another apparent link between the Alters and the theft of the painting in the three books the couple published. In one, about their extensive travels, two chapters discussed museums where thefts had occurred. And in 2011, a year before he died, Jerry had self\-published through [Amazon](/wiki/Amazon_%28company%29 "Amazon (company)") a collection of short stories called *The Cup and the Lip: Exotic Tales*, which he called "an amalgamation of fantasy and reality" in his introduction. One, "The Eye of the Jaguar", particularly struck readers after the missing *Woman\-Ochre* was found in the Alters' house.
In it, a grandmother and granddaughter visit an art museum near their homes and are taken by a 120\-[carat](/wiki/Carat_%28mass%29 "Carat (mass)") [emerald](/wiki/Emerald "Emerald") on display. They ask the guard, Lou, for the history of the stone. Six months later, Lou sees them return and then leave again quickly. After he sees that the emerald has been taken, he runs out to stop them as the women flee in the grandmother's car, but is killed when she runs him over, leaving "absolutely no clues which police could use". At the end, the emerald is kept in a hidden display case in the grandmother's house "where two pairs of eyes, exclusively, are there to see!"
The fictional theft has a similar *[modus operandi](/wiki/Modus_operandi "Modus operandi")* to the theft of *Woman\-Ochre*, and its display where only two people can see it also recalls how the Alters kept the painting in their bedroom such that they were the only people likely to know it was there. One other person who did, an artist neighbor who went into the bedroom with the Alters' permission to photograph a painting she had made of them on horseback in the [Himalayas](/wiki/Himalayas "Himalayas"), then hung there, recalled seeing the de Kooning and asking the couple about it; they did not answer her questions and did not want to talk about it.
Other relatives of the Alters who have talked to the media dismiss the possibility the couple could have stolen the painting. "\[They wouldn't] risk something as wild and crazy as grand larceny—risk the possibility of winding up in prison, for God's sake—they wouldn't do that", Rita's younger sister told the *Times*. "My driving instinct is to say: 'This couldn't be my aunt and uncle who had it since the beginning'" Roseman said, although he allowed that it was possible since he knew little more about their lives than their neighbors did. He said of the people he had shown the sketches to, about half thought it might be them, although he himself did not, but he admitted he probably could not be objective.
Roseman, who also saw the painting behind his aunt and uncle's door when he began arranging support services for Rita due to her worsening [dementia](/wiki/Dementia "Dementia") early in 2017, but did not recognize it, has offered an alternative theory as to how the couple came into possession of *Woman\-Ochre*. They liked to visit galleries and museums, he recalled, and believed that someone might have seen them appreciating a de Kooning at one and offered them a better painting, the stolen one, from their personal collection. The Alters might even have believed it was a copy.
However, other evidence suggests the painting had been in the Alter house since its theft. Van Auker recalled that not only were there dusty [cobwebs](/wiki/Cobweb "Cobweb") between the frame and the wall, the space behind the painting was lighter and free from dust, with a visible outline where the painting had hung, suggesting it had been there for a long time. UAMA staff also found evidence of only one reframing.
Roseman said that when he was a student at [Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona "University of Arizona") himself during the late 1970s and early 1980s, he visited them at least once a month, visits he recalled fondly as they would share stories and pictures from their travels. But since his graduation and eventual relocation to Houston, he was not able to make the trip as frequently. He concluded that he was not as close to them as he thought.
After the rediscovery of *Woman\-Ochre* in the Alters' house, their neighbors, who described the couple as pleasant but generally keeping their own company, also noted that it seemed strange that they had been able to travel so much—their book jackets said they had visited "140 countries on all seven continents, including both [polar regions](/wiki/Polar_region "Polar region")"—on their salaries as public school teachers, or (later) their pensions, often being away from Cliff for weeks at a time. After Rita's death, bank records showed the couple had over a million dollars in their account. "I guess they figured they were being frugal", Roseman told *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*.
|
[
"#### Investigation",
"Although the painting was recovered, the investigation into the theft has continued, as the FBI cannot say for certain that the Alters had anything to do with the theft or that they knew *Woman\\-Ochre* was stolen when they took possession of it. A considerable amount of [circumstantial evidence](/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence \"Circumstantial evidence\"), some of which has emerged since the recovery, connects the Alters to the crime, however.{{cite news\\|last\\=Udero\\|first\\=Danny\\|title\\=The mystery remains on how the $160 million dollar painting got to a bedroom in Cliff\\|url\\=https://www.scsun\\-news.com/story/news/crime/2018/01/03/mystery\\-remains\\-how\\-160\\-million\\-dollar\\-painting\\-got\\-bedroom\\-cliff/1002575001/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Las Cruces Sun\\-News\\|Silver City Sun\\-News]]\\|date\\=January 3, 2018\\|accessdate\\=September 24, 2018}} They were apparently fans of de Kooning's work, as several replica sketches of drawings by the artist were also found in their home.*Discovering the de Kooning*, 2–2:30 mins.",
"While going through his aunt and uncle's estate, Roseman, who still strongly doubts that they were the thieves, found a picture taken showing the couple at a family Thanksgiving dinner in 1985, the day before the painting was stolen. When the photo is compared side by side with the sketches distributed after the crime, they did show an apparent resemblance. Three people *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* spoke with confirmed that in the mid\\-1980s, the Alters primarily traveled in a red two\\-door [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\") sports car, and the FBI found home movies they took showing them traveling in that car then.",
"The Alters kept, at that time of their lives, a [day planner](/wiki/Personal_organizer \"Personal organizer\") which they used as a diary, documenting the medications they took, where they went, and what they ate on a regular basis. But the entry for Thanksgiving 1985 is uncharacteristically blank.{{cite news\\|last\\=Ramirez\\|first\\=Chris\\|title\\=Decades\\-long stolen painting cold case finally solved\\|url\\=https://www.kob.com/new\\-mexico\\-news/woman\\-ochre\\-willem\\-de\\-kooning\\-stolen\\-painting\\-cold\\-case\\-solved/4779465/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[KOB\\-TV]]\\|location\\=\\[\\[Albuquerque, New Mexico]]\\|date\\=February 8, 2018\\|accessdate\\=September 24, 2018}} In one piece of luggage in the house, Seawolf found a small compartment containing a scarf and glasses she believed were similar to those the female thief wore to the museum. The FBI, however, did not appear interested when she contacted them about the items, she said.",
"Seawolf has speculated that the woman may actually have been a [man in disguise](/wiki/Transvestism \"Transvestism\"), perhaps Jerry Alter, since descriptions of the man involved suggest he appeared to be in his late 20s or early 30s, half the age Jerry would have been at the time. The man could have been one of the Alters' children, Joseph, who also appears in the 1985 Tucson Thanksgiving dinner photos; at the time he was 23\\. Roseman said Joseph, who also has lived in Silver City, has had psychiatric issues that have required lengthy hospital stays throughout his life, including at the time Roseman talked to the *Times* about the case. Roseman did, however, tell the *Republic* that at some point after the painting's recovery he had taken a picture of *Woman\\-Ochre* to show Joseph while visiting him, which made him laugh hysterically. \"That's one of the ugliest paintings I've ever seen!\" he said.",
"Journalists also discovered another apparent link between the Alters and the theft of the painting in the three books the couple published. In one, about their extensive travels, two chapters discussed museums where thefts had occurred. And in 2011, a year before he died, Jerry had self\\-published through [Amazon](/wiki/Amazon_%28company%29 \"Amazon (company)\") a collection of short stories called *The Cup and the Lip: Exotic Tales*, which he called \"an amalgamation of fantasy and reality\" in his introduction. One, \"The Eye of the Jaguar\", particularly struck readers after the missing *Woman\\-Ochre* was found in the Alters' house.",
"In it, a grandmother and granddaughter visit an art museum near their homes and are taken by a 120\\-[carat](/wiki/Carat_%28mass%29 \"Carat (mass)\") [emerald](/wiki/Emerald \"Emerald\") on display. They ask the guard, Lou, for the history of the stone. Six months later, Lou sees them return and then leave again quickly. After he sees that the emerald has been taken, he runs out to stop them as the women flee in the grandmother's car, but is killed when she runs him over, leaving \"absolutely no clues which police could use\". At the end, the emerald is kept in a hidden display case in the grandmother's house \"where two pairs of eyes, exclusively, are there to see!\"",
"The fictional theft has a similar *[modus operandi](/wiki/Modus_operandi \"Modus operandi\")* to the theft of *Woman\\-Ochre*, and its display where only two people can see it also recalls how the Alters kept the painting in their bedroom such that they were the only people likely to know it was there. One other person who did, an artist neighbor who went into the bedroom with the Alters' permission to photograph a painting she had made of them on horseback in the [Himalayas](/wiki/Himalayas \"Himalayas\"), then hung there, recalled seeing the de Kooning and asking the couple about it; they did not answer her questions and did not want to talk about it.",
"Other relatives of the Alters who have talked to the media dismiss the possibility the couple could have stolen the painting. \"\\[They wouldn't] risk something as wild and crazy as grand larceny—risk the possibility of winding up in prison, for God's sake—they wouldn't do that\", Rita's younger sister told the *Times*. \"My driving instinct is to say: 'This couldn't be my aunt and uncle who had it since the beginning'\" Roseman said, although he allowed that it was possible since he knew little more about their lives than their neighbors did. He said of the people he had shown the sketches to, about half thought it might be them, although he himself did not, but he admitted he probably could not be objective.",
"Roseman, who also saw the painting behind his aunt and uncle's door when he began arranging support services for Rita due to her worsening [dementia](/wiki/Dementia \"Dementia\") early in 2017, but did not recognize it, has offered an alternative theory as to how the couple came into possession of *Woman\\-Ochre*. They liked to visit galleries and museums, he recalled, and believed that someone might have seen them appreciating a de Kooning at one and offered them a better painting, the stolen one, from their personal collection. The Alters might even have believed it was a copy.",
"However, other evidence suggests the painting had been in the Alter house since its theft. Van Auker recalled that not only were there dusty [cobwebs](/wiki/Cobweb \"Cobweb\") between the frame and the wall, the space behind the painting was lighter and free from dust, with a visible outline where the painting had hung, suggesting it had been there for a long time. UAMA staff also found evidence of only one reframing.",
"Roseman said that when he was a student at [Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona \"University of Arizona\") himself during the late 1970s and early 1980s, he visited them at least once a month, visits he recalled fondly as they would share stories and pictures from their travels. But since his graduation and eventual relocation to Houston, he was not able to make the trip as frequently. He concluded that he was not as close to them as he thought.",
"After the rediscovery of *Woman\\-Ochre* in the Alters' house, their neighbors, who described the couple as pleasant but generally keeping their own company, also noted that it seemed strange that they had been able to travel so much—their book jackets said they had visited \"140 countries on all seven continents, including both [polar regions](/wiki/Polar_region \"Polar region\")\"—on their salaries as public school teachers, or (later) their pensions, often being away from Cliff for weeks at a time. After Rita's death, bank records showed the couple had over a million dollars in their account. \"I guess they figured they were being frugal\", Roseman told *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")*.",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|Archimedes computed the area of parabolic segments in his *[The Quadrature of the Parabola](/wiki/The_Quadrature_of_the_Parabola "The Quadrature of the Parabola")*.](/wiki/Image:Parabolic_Segment.svg "Parabolic Segment.svg")
A detailed discussion of the history, with original sources, is given in {{Harv\|Laubenbacher\|Pengelley\|1998\|loc\=Chapter 3, Analysis: Calculating Areas and Volumes}}; see also [history of calculus](/wiki/History_of_calculus "History of calculus") and [history of integration](/wiki/Integral%23History "Integral#History").
The case of the parabola was proven in antiquity by the ancient Greek mathematician [Archimedes](/wiki/Archimedes "Archimedes") in his *[The Quadrature of the Parabola](/wiki/The_Quadrature_of_the_Parabola "The Quadrature of the Parabola")* (3rd century BC), via the [method of exhaustion](/wiki/Method_of_exhaustion "Method of exhaustion"). Of note is that Archimedes computed the area *inside* a parabola – a so\-called "parabolic segment" – rather than the area under the graph *y* \= *x*2, which is instead the perspective of [Cartesian geometry](/wiki/Cartesian_geometry "Cartesian geometry"). These are equivalent computations, but reflect a difference in perspective. The Ancient Greeks, among others, also computed the volume of a [pyramid](/wiki/Pyramid_%28geometry%29 "Pyramid (geometry)") or [cone](/wiki/Cone_%28geometry%29 "Cone (geometry)"), which is mathematically equivalent.
In the 11th century, the [Islamic mathematician](/wiki/Islamic_mathematics "Islamic mathematics") [Ibn al\-Haytham](/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham "Ibn al-Haytham") (known as *Alhazen* in Europe) computed the integrals of [cubics](/wiki/Cubic_polynomial "Cubic polynomial") and [quartics](/wiki/Quartic_polynomial "Quartic polynomial") (degree three and four) via [mathematical induction](/wiki/Mathematical_induction "Mathematical induction"), in his *[Book of Optics](/wiki/Book_of_Optics "Book of Optics")*.Victor J. Katz (1995\), "Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India", *Mathematics Magazine* **68** (3\): 163–174 \[165–9 \& 173–4]
The case of higher integers was computed by Cavalieri for *n* up to 9, using his method of indivisibles ([Cavalieri's principle](/wiki/Cavalieri%27s_principle "Cavalieri's principle")).{{Harv\|Struik\|1986\|loc\=pp. 215–216}} He interpreted these as higher integrals as computing higher\-dimensional volumes, though only informally, as higher\-dimensional objects were as yet unfamiliar.{{Harv\|Laubenbacher\|Pengelley\|1998}} – see [Informal pedagogical synopsis of the Analysis chapter](http://www.math.nmsu.edu/~history/book/analysissynopsis.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826150306/https://www.math.nmsu.edu/\~history/book/analysissynopsis.html \|date\=2018\-08\-26 }} for brief form This method of quadrature was then extended by Italian mathematician [Evangelista Torricelli](/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli "Evangelista Torricelli") to other curves such as the [cycloid](/wiki/Cycloid "Cycloid"), then the formula was generalized to fractional and negative powers by English mathematician [John Wallis](/wiki/John_Wallis "John Wallis"), in his *[Arithmetica Infinitorum](/wiki/Arithmetica_Infinitorum "Arithmetica Infinitorum")* (1656\), which also standardized the notion and notation of rational powers – though Wallis incorrectly interpreted the exceptional case *n* \= −1 (quadrature of the hyperbola) – before finally being put on rigorous ground with the development of [integral calculus](/wiki/Integral_calculus "Integral calculus").
Prior to Wallis's formalization of fractional and negative powers, which allowed *explicit* functions y\=x^{p/q}, these curves were handled *implicitly,* via the equations x^p\=ky^q and x^py^q\=k (*p* and *q* always positive integers) and referred to respectively as **higher parabolae** and **higher hyperbolae** (or "higher parabolas" and "higher hyperbolas"). [Pierre de Fermat](/wiki/Pierre_de_Fermat "Pierre de Fermat") also computed these areas (except for the exceptional case of −1\) by an algebraic trick – he computed the quadrature of the higher hyperbolae via dividing the line into equal intervals, and then computed the quadrature of the higher parabolae by using a division into *unequal* intervals, presumably by inverting the divisions he used for hyperbolae.See Rickey reference for discussion and further references. However, as in the rest of his work, Fermat's techniques were more ad hoc tricks than systematic treatments, and he is not considered to have played a significant part in the subsequent development of calculus.
Of note is that Cavalieri only compared areas to areas and volumes to volumes – these always having *dimensions,* while the notion of considering an area as consisting of *units* of area (relative to a standard unit), hence being unitless, appears to have originated with Wallis;Ball, 281Britannica, 171 Wallis studied fractional and negative powers, and the alternative to treating the computed values as unitless numbers was to interpret fractional and negative dimensions.
The exceptional case of −1 (the standard hyperbola) was first successfully treated by [Grégoire de Saint\-Vincent](/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_de_Saint-Vincent "Grégoire de Saint-Vincent") in his *Opus geometricum quadrature circuli et sectionum coni* (1647\), though a formal treatment had to wait for the development of the [natural logarithm](/wiki/Natural_logarithm "Natural logarithm"), which was accomplished by [Nicholas Mercator](/wiki/Nicholas_Mercator "Nicholas Mercator") in his *Logarithmotechnia* (1668\).
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|Archimedes computed the area of parabolic segments in his *[The Quadrature of the Parabola](/wiki/The_Quadrature_of_the_Parabola \"The Quadrature of the Parabola\")*.](/wiki/Image:Parabolic_Segment.svg \"Parabolic Segment.svg\")\nA detailed discussion of the history, with original sources, is given in {{Harv\\|Laubenbacher\\|Pengelley\\|1998\\|loc\\=Chapter 3, Analysis: Calculating Areas and Volumes}}; see also [history of calculus](/wiki/History_of_calculus \"History of calculus\") and [history of integration](/wiki/Integral%23History \"Integral#History\").",
"The case of the parabola was proven in antiquity by the ancient Greek mathematician [Archimedes](/wiki/Archimedes \"Archimedes\") in his *[The Quadrature of the Parabola](/wiki/The_Quadrature_of_the_Parabola \"The Quadrature of the Parabola\")* (3rd century BC), via the [method of exhaustion](/wiki/Method_of_exhaustion \"Method of exhaustion\"). Of note is that Archimedes computed the area *inside* a parabola – a so\\-called \"parabolic segment\" – rather than the area under the graph *y* \\= *x*2, which is instead the perspective of [Cartesian geometry](/wiki/Cartesian_geometry \"Cartesian geometry\"). These are equivalent computations, but reflect a difference in perspective. The Ancient Greeks, among others, also computed the volume of a [pyramid](/wiki/Pyramid_%28geometry%29 \"Pyramid (geometry)\") or [cone](/wiki/Cone_%28geometry%29 \"Cone (geometry)\"), which is mathematically equivalent.",
"In the 11th century, the [Islamic mathematician](/wiki/Islamic_mathematics \"Islamic mathematics\") [Ibn al\\-Haytham](/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham \"Ibn al-Haytham\") (known as *Alhazen* in Europe) computed the integrals of [cubics](/wiki/Cubic_polynomial \"Cubic polynomial\") and [quartics](/wiki/Quartic_polynomial \"Quartic polynomial\") (degree three and four) via [mathematical induction](/wiki/Mathematical_induction \"Mathematical induction\"), in his *[Book of Optics](/wiki/Book_of_Optics \"Book of Optics\")*.Victor J. Katz (1995\\), \"Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India\", *Mathematics Magazine* **68** (3\\): 163–174 \\[165–9 \\& 173–4]",
"The case of higher integers was computed by Cavalieri for *n* up to 9, using his method of indivisibles ([Cavalieri's principle](/wiki/Cavalieri%27s_principle \"Cavalieri's principle\")).{{Harv\\|Struik\\|1986\\|loc\\=pp. 215–216}} He interpreted these as higher integrals as computing higher\\-dimensional volumes, though only informally, as higher\\-dimensional objects were as yet unfamiliar.{{Harv\\|Laubenbacher\\|Pengelley\\|1998}} – see [Informal pedagogical synopsis of the Analysis chapter](http://www.math.nmsu.edu/~history/book/analysissynopsis.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826150306/https://www.math.nmsu.edu/\\~history/book/analysissynopsis.html \\|date\\=2018\\-08\\-26 }} for brief form This method of quadrature was then extended by Italian mathematician [Evangelista Torricelli](/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli \"Evangelista Torricelli\") to other curves such as the [cycloid](/wiki/Cycloid \"Cycloid\"), then the formula was generalized to fractional and negative powers by English mathematician [John Wallis](/wiki/John_Wallis \"John Wallis\"), in his *[Arithmetica Infinitorum](/wiki/Arithmetica_Infinitorum \"Arithmetica Infinitorum\")* (1656\\), which also standardized the notion and notation of rational powers – though Wallis incorrectly interpreted the exceptional case *n* \\= −1 (quadrature of the hyperbola) – before finally being put on rigorous ground with the development of [integral calculus](/wiki/Integral_calculus \"Integral calculus\").",
"Prior to Wallis's formalization of fractional and negative powers, which allowed *explicit* functions y\\=x^{p/q}, these curves were handled *implicitly,* via the equations x^p\\=ky^q and x^py^q\\=k (*p* and *q* always positive integers) and referred to respectively as **higher parabolae** and **higher hyperbolae** (or \"higher parabolas\" and \"higher hyperbolas\"). [Pierre de Fermat](/wiki/Pierre_de_Fermat \"Pierre de Fermat\") also computed these areas (except for the exceptional case of −1\\) by an algebraic trick – he computed the quadrature of the higher hyperbolae via dividing the line into equal intervals, and then computed the quadrature of the higher parabolae by using a division into *unequal* intervals, presumably by inverting the divisions he used for hyperbolae.See Rickey reference for discussion and further references. However, as in the rest of his work, Fermat's techniques were more ad hoc tricks than systematic treatments, and he is not considered to have played a significant part in the subsequent development of calculus.",
"Of note is that Cavalieri only compared areas to areas and volumes to volumes – these always having *dimensions,* while the notion of considering an area as consisting of *units* of area (relative to a standard unit), hence being unitless, appears to have originated with Wallis;Ball, 281Britannica, 171 Wallis studied fractional and negative powers, and the alternative to treating the computed values as unitless numbers was to interpret fractional and negative dimensions.",
"The exceptional case of −1 (the standard hyperbola) was first successfully treated by [Grégoire de Saint\\-Vincent](/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_de_Saint-Vincent \"Grégoire de Saint-Vincent\") in his *Opus geometricum quadrature circuli et sectionum coni* (1647\\), though a formal treatment had to wait for the development of the [natural logarithm](/wiki/Natural_logarithm \"Natural logarithm\"), which was accomplished by [Nicholas Mercator](/wiki/Nicholas_Mercator \"Nicholas Mercator\") in his *Logarithmotechnia* (1668\\).",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life
M.K. Guertin was born on January 18, 1891, in [Liberty, Texas](/wiki/Liberty%2C_Texas "Liberty, Texas"), northeast of [Houston](/wiki/Houston "Houston"). He worked on the family farm and as an apprentice in the printing trade.
### Career
He left Texas for California in 1923 where he began working on marketing efforts for his sister who owned multiple hotels in [Long Beach, California](/wiki/Long_Beach%2C_California "Long Beach, California").
He was involved in the creation of the Southern California Auto Court Association and the California Auto Court Association in 1925\. He purchased the Cherry Motor Court in [Long Beach](/wiki/Long_Beach%2C_California "Long Beach, California") in 1933, and in 1938 purchased the Beach Motel, which would become the first Best Western property. Over time he built or owned 13 motels in [California](/wiki/California "California").
In 1946 he started an association of independently owned hotels to refer business to each other, which was the beginning of [Best Western](/wiki/Best_Western "Best Western").{{cite news \|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/BUSINESS/11/09/best.western/index.html \|title\=Best Western facts \|publisher\=\[\[CNN]] \|date\=2007\-11\-09 \|accessdate\=2022\-06\-11}} While taking a trip from his hotel to [Tacoma](/wiki/Tacoma%2C_Washington "Tacoma, Washington"), Washington, Guertin recorded the names and locations of motels less than a gas tank apart from each other.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ahla.com/100/content.aspx?id\=28203 \|title\=100 Years \|website\=www.ahla.com \|access\-date\=14 January 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513002602/http://www.ahla.com/100/content.aspx?id\=28203 \|archive\-date\=13 May 2012 \|url\-status\=dead}} He used the information collected to create a guide provided to the growing number of interstate travelers on trips.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.hrm.uh.edu/inductee/inductee.asp?InducteeId\=1\&id\= \|title\=Inductees \|website\=www.hrm.uh.edu \|access\-date\=14 January 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326065446/http://www.hrm.uh.edu/inductee/inductee.asp?InducteeId\=1\&id\= \|archive\-date\=26 March 2014 \|url\-status\=dead}} Members were initially recruited by Guertin who sought varied hotels from small roadside motor courts to urban hotels as long as the owners agreed to adhere to the association's high standards of quality and service. Over time, this referral program grew into [Best Western](/wiki/Best_Western "Best Western"), the world's largest hotel chain.
He was inducted into the Hospitality Industry's Hall of Honor at the [Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management](/wiki/Hilton_College_of_Hotel_and_Restaurant_Management "Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management") posthumously in 2009{{cite web\|author\=Richard L. Johnson \|url\=http://www.hotel\-online.com/News/PR2009\_3rd/Aug09\_HallofHonor.html \|title\=Hospitality Industry Hall of Honor to Induct Best Western Founder, M.K. Guertin and Houston Restaurant Family, the Pappas Brothers \|publisher\=Hotel\-online.com \|date\= \|accessdate\=2012\-07\-21}} for his many contributions to the industry. At the time of induction [David Kong](/wiki/David_Kong "David Kong"), President and CEO of Best Western, said: "M.K. understood that, while product is important, the essence of hospitality lies in service experience." Guertin was known as "Mr. Motel" to a generation of owners who were involved in building [Best Western](/wiki/Best_Western "Best Western"). Under Best Western's ownership model,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.hrm.uh.edu/newsflash/newsflash.asp?Mode\=View\&articleid\=10 \|title\=News \|website\=www.hrm.uh.edu \|access\-date\=14 January 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005022529/http://www.hrm.uh.edu/newsflash/newsflash.asp?Mode\=View\&articleid\=10 \|archive\-date\=5 October 2013 \|url\-status\=dead}} each hotel is independently owned and operated, and the brand supports hotels with marketing and supply support. [Best Western](/wiki/Best_Western "Best Western") is now a global hotel brand with 4,200 hotels in more than 100 countries.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life",
"M.K. Guertin was born on January 18, 1891, in [Liberty, Texas](/wiki/Liberty%2C_Texas \"Liberty, Texas\"), northeast of [Houston](/wiki/Houston \"Houston\"). He worked on the family farm and as an apprentice in the printing trade.",
"### Career",
"He left Texas for California in 1923 where he began working on marketing efforts for his sister who owned multiple hotels in [Long Beach, California](/wiki/Long_Beach%2C_California \"Long Beach, California\").",
"He was involved in the creation of the Southern California Auto Court Association and the California Auto Court Association in 1925\\. He purchased the Cherry Motor Court in [Long Beach](/wiki/Long_Beach%2C_California \"Long Beach, California\") in 1933, and in 1938 purchased the Beach Motel, which would become the first Best Western property. Over time he built or owned 13 motels in [California](/wiki/California \"California\").",
"In 1946 he started an association of independently owned hotels to refer business to each other, which was the beginning of [Best Western](/wiki/Best_Western \"Best Western\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/BUSINESS/11/09/best.western/index.html \\|title\\=Best Western facts \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CNN]] \\|date\\=2007\\-11\\-09 \\|accessdate\\=2022\\-06\\-11}} While taking a trip from his hotel to [Tacoma](/wiki/Tacoma%2C_Washington \"Tacoma, Washington\"), Washington, Guertin recorded the names and locations of motels less than a gas tank apart from each other.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ahla.com/100/content.aspx?id\\=28203 \\|title\\=100 Years \\|website\\=www.ahla.com \\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513002602/http://www.ahla.com/100/content.aspx?id\\=28203 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 May 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He used the information collected to create a guide provided to the growing number of interstate travelers on trips.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hrm.uh.edu/inductee/inductee.asp?InducteeId\\=1\\&id\\= \\|title\\=Inductees \\|website\\=www.hrm.uh.edu \\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326065446/http://www.hrm.uh.edu/inductee/inductee.asp?InducteeId\\=1\\&id\\= \\|archive\\-date\\=26 March 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Members were initially recruited by Guertin who sought varied hotels from small roadside motor courts to urban hotels as long as the owners agreed to adhere to the association's high standards of quality and service. Over time, this referral program grew into [Best Western](/wiki/Best_Western \"Best Western\"), the world's largest hotel chain.",
"He was inducted into the Hospitality Industry's Hall of Honor at the [Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management](/wiki/Hilton_College_of_Hotel_and_Restaurant_Management \"Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management\") posthumously in 2009{{cite web\\|author\\=Richard L. Johnson \\|url\\=http://www.hotel\\-online.com/News/PR2009\\_3rd/Aug09\\_HallofHonor.html \\|title\\=Hospitality Industry Hall of Honor to Induct Best Western Founder, M.K. Guertin and Houston Restaurant Family, the Pappas Brothers \\|publisher\\=Hotel\\-online.com \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-07\\-21}} for his many contributions to the industry. At the time of induction [David Kong](/wiki/David_Kong \"David Kong\"), President and CEO of Best Western, said: \"M.K. understood that, while product is important, the essence of hospitality lies in service experience.\" Guertin was known as \"Mr. Motel\" to a generation of owners who were involved in building [Best Western](/wiki/Best_Western \"Best Western\"). Under Best Western's ownership model,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hrm.uh.edu/newsflash/newsflash.asp?Mode\\=View\\&articleid\\=10 \\|title\\=News \\|website\\=www.hrm.uh.edu \\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005022529/http://www.hrm.uh.edu/newsflash/newsflash.asp?Mode\\=View\\&articleid\\=10 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 October 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} each hotel is independently owned and operated, and the brand supports hotels with marketing and supply support. [Best Western](/wiki/Best_Western \"Best Western\") is now a global hotel brand with 4,200 hotels in more than 100 countries.",
""
] |
Plot summary
------------
Archie Goodwin receives a phone call from an acquaintance, Austin "Dinky" Byne, asking for a favour. Byne routinely acts as a chaperone for an annual dinner hosted by his aunt, Louise Grantham Robilotti, which is given in honour of four young unwed mothers living at Grantham House, a charity supported by her late husband. Byne claims to have a cold and is unable to attend; although skeptical, Archie agrees to stand in for him, despite Mrs. Robilotti's being a former client of Nero Wolfe's who bears him a personal dislike. During the dinner, Archie learns from one of the unwed mothers that another, Faith Usher, has a bottle of cyanide in her purse; Faith has been suffering from depression, and her friend fears that she might attempt suicide. Archie promises to watch over her, but towards the end of the evening Faith collapses and dies from cyanide poisoning after drinking a glass of champagne.
Alone of the guests, Archie maintains that Faith Usher did not commit suicide, claiming that he observed her constantly throughout the evening and that she never had an opportunity to pour the cyanide from her bottle into her glass. Although the authorities and the other guests pressure Archie into changing his story, Nero Wolfe believes him and decides to settle the matter by solving the case himself. He is given further incentive to do so when Edwin Laidlaw, another of the chaperones, approaches him to hire his services; Laidlaw is the father of Faith Usher's child after a brief affair they had the previous year and, ashamed of his conduct, is desperate that his secret is not revealed.
Although Wolfe's investigation begins unpromisingly, he becomes convinced that his suspicions are correct when the police receive an anonymous tip revealing Laidlaw's secret. Although the police are skeptical due to the tip's anonymous nature, it suggests to Wolfe that someone else knows Laidlaw's secret and has become agitated by the ongoing investigation. His investigations begin to focus on both Faith Usher's estranged mother Elaine, herself an unwed mother, and Dinky Byne, whose false reasons for canceling on the party look increasingly suspect given the events. He assigns Saul Panzer and Archie to investigate the two respectively, leading to a break in the case when both Archie and Saul tail their respective targets to the same location: a nightclub where Elaine Usher and Dinky Byne are meeting with each other.
When confronted by Wolfe, both Byne and Elaine Usher attempt to lie their way out of the situation, but their stories are inconsistent. Byne admits that he knew that Laidlaw was the father of Faith Usher's child, and claims that he had them both invited to the dinner without their knowledge as a spiteful prank. During their conversation, however, Orrie Cather infiltrates Byne's apartment and discovers a letter revealing that Mrs. Robilotti's deceased first husband, Albert Grantham, was the father of Faith Usher. This, coupled with some unwittingly suggestive comments from Byne, leads Wolfe to identify the murderer.
Summoning the guests to his office, he has them reenact the circumstances under which Faith Usher received the poisoned champagne multiple times. This demonstrates that Mrs. Robilotti's son Cecil, who gave Faith the poisoned champagne, had a routine way of handing over a glass that someone who knew his habits would be able to predict. He accuses Mrs. Robilotti of poisoning Faith Usher; Byne was blackmailing her with the knowledge that her former husband was Faith's father and invited Faith to the dinner as a threat. Mrs. Robilotti murdered Faith to conceal the secret and out of resentment over her husband's affair and, learning that she was in the habit of carrying cyanide, acquired some from another source to make it look like a suicide. Archie is vindicated, and Mrs. Robilotti is taken into custody.
|
[
"Plot summary\n------------",
"Archie Goodwin receives a phone call from an acquaintance, Austin \"Dinky\" Byne, asking for a favour. Byne routinely acts as a chaperone for an annual dinner hosted by his aunt, Louise Grantham Robilotti, which is given in honour of four young unwed mothers living at Grantham House, a charity supported by her late husband. Byne claims to have a cold and is unable to attend; although skeptical, Archie agrees to stand in for him, despite Mrs. Robilotti's being a former client of Nero Wolfe's who bears him a personal dislike. During the dinner, Archie learns from one of the unwed mothers that another, Faith Usher, has a bottle of cyanide in her purse; Faith has been suffering from depression, and her friend fears that she might attempt suicide. Archie promises to watch over her, but towards the end of the evening Faith collapses and dies from cyanide poisoning after drinking a glass of champagne.",
"Alone of the guests, Archie maintains that Faith Usher did not commit suicide, claiming that he observed her constantly throughout the evening and that she never had an opportunity to pour the cyanide from her bottle into her glass. Although the authorities and the other guests pressure Archie into changing his story, Nero Wolfe believes him and decides to settle the matter by solving the case himself. He is given further incentive to do so when Edwin Laidlaw, another of the chaperones, approaches him to hire his services; Laidlaw is the father of Faith Usher's child after a brief affair they had the previous year and, ashamed of his conduct, is desperate that his secret is not revealed.",
"Although Wolfe's investigation begins unpromisingly, he becomes convinced that his suspicions are correct when the police receive an anonymous tip revealing Laidlaw's secret. Although the police are skeptical due to the tip's anonymous nature, it suggests to Wolfe that someone else knows Laidlaw's secret and has become agitated by the ongoing investigation. His investigations begin to focus on both Faith Usher's estranged mother Elaine, herself an unwed mother, and Dinky Byne, whose false reasons for canceling on the party look increasingly suspect given the events. He assigns Saul Panzer and Archie to investigate the two respectively, leading to a break in the case when both Archie and Saul tail their respective targets to the same location: a nightclub where Elaine Usher and Dinky Byne are meeting with each other.",
"When confronted by Wolfe, both Byne and Elaine Usher attempt to lie their way out of the situation, but their stories are inconsistent. Byne admits that he knew that Laidlaw was the father of Faith Usher's child, and claims that he had them both invited to the dinner without their knowledge as a spiteful prank. During their conversation, however, Orrie Cather infiltrates Byne's apartment and discovers a letter revealing that Mrs. Robilotti's deceased first husband, Albert Grantham, was the father of Faith Usher. This, coupled with some unwittingly suggestive comments from Byne, leads Wolfe to identify the murderer.",
"Summoning the guests to his office, he has them reenact the circumstances under which Faith Usher received the poisoned champagne multiple times. This demonstrates that Mrs. Robilotti's son Cecil, who gave Faith the poisoned champagne, had a routine way of handing over a glass that someone who knew his habits would be able to predict. He accuses Mrs. Robilotti of poisoning Faith Usher; Byne was blackmailing her with the knowledge that her former husband was Faith's father and invited Faith to the dinner as a threat. Mrs. Robilotti murdered Faith to conceal the secret and out of resentment over her husband's affair and, learning that she was in the habit of carrying cyanide, acquired some from another source to make it look like a suicide. Archie is vindicated, and Mrs. Robilotti is taken into custody.",
""
] |
Asia
----
Breakfasts vary widely throughout [Asia](/wiki/Asia "Asia"). In Arab countries, breakfast is often a quick meal, consisting of [bread](/wiki/Bread "Bread") and dairy products, with [tea](/wiki/Tea "Tea") and sometimes jam. Flat bread with olive oil and *[za'tar](/wiki/Za%27atar "Za'atar")* is also popular.
### Bangladesh
The typical Bangladeshi breakfast consists of flour\-based flatbreads such as [chapati](/wiki/Chapati "Chapati"), [roti](/wiki/Roti "Roti"), or [paratha](/wiki/Paratha "Paratha"), served with a curry. Usually, the curry can be mixed vegetable (sobji), home\-fried potatoes (alu vaji), lentil (dal), scrambled eggs (dim vaji). Luxurious breakfast usually includes chicken rejala, beef or mutton paya and liver curry (gila\-kolija). The breakfast varies according to location and the eater's income. In villages and rural areas, [rice](/wiki/Rice "Rice") with [curry](/wiki/Curry "Curry") (potato mash, dal) is mostly preferred by day laborers. In the city, sliced bread with jam, jelly, butter and omelette is chosen due to time efficiency. In Bangladesh tea is preferred to coffee and is an essential part of most breakfasts. Having toasted biscuits, bread or puffed rice with tea is also very popular.
### China
[thumb\|Chinese homemade congee\|alt\=Bowl of creamy white porridge with some toppings; a spoon and dish of sauce sit in background](/wiki/File:Mama%27s_congee._%28464786586%29.jpg "Mama's congee. (464786586).jpg")
As [mainland China](/wiki/Mainland_China "Mainland China") is made up of many distinct provinces, each with its own unique cuisine, breakfast in China can vary significantly from province to province. In general, basic choices include sweet or salty pancakes, soup, deep\-fried bread sticks or doughnuts ([youtiao](/wiki/Youtiao "Youtiao")), buns ([mantou](/wiki/Mantou "Mantou")), porridge ([congee](/wiki/Congee "Congee")), and fried or soup\-based noodles.{{cite web\|title\=Chinese Cuisine\|url\=http://www.saturdaymarket.com/chinabreakfast/intro.htm\|access\-date\=28 June 2012}} These options are often accompanied by tea or sweetened [soybean milk](/wiki/Soybean_milk "Soybean milk"). However, condiments for porridge and the soup base tend to vary between provinces and regions. The types of teas that are served and spices that are used can also differ significantly between the provinces.
#### Hong Kong
Due to its nearly two centuries' history as a British colony and proximity to China's [Canton region](/wiki/Guangdong "Guangdong"), both English and traditional Cantonese style breakfasts are of somewhat equal popularity in [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong"), as well as the hybrid form of breakfast commonly offered in [Cha chaan teng](/wiki/Cha_chaan_teng "Cha chaan teng"). Cha Chaan Teng breakfasts often include [Hong Kong\-style milk tea](/wiki/Hong_Kong-style_milk_tea "Hong Kong-style milk tea"), pan\-fried egg, bread, Cantonese noodles, or Hong Kong\-style macaroni in soup.{{cite news\|url\=http://travel.cnn.com/hong\-kong/eat/cha\-chaan\-teng\-cheat\-sheet\-how\-order\-hong\-kongs\-temples\-comfort\-food\-726567\|title\=Cha chaan teng cheat sheet: What to order at the most popular eateries in Hong Kong\|work\=travel.cnn.com\|access\-date\=30 December 2013}} Traditional Cantonese breakfast may include [dim sum](/wiki/Dim_sum "Dim sum"), which includes a variety of different ingredients and is prepared in numerous different forms from delicately wrapped [baby shrimp steamed dumplings](/wiki/Har_gow "Har gow") to sweet [water chestnut cake](/wiki/Water_chestnut_cake "Water chestnut cake"). Each dish is designed to be sampled and diners can go through a large selection of dim sum quickly accompanied by a generous amount of good tea. *[Tieguanyin](/wiki/Tieguanyin "Tieguanyin")* is the most common accompaniment, but other teas such as *[pu'er](/wiki/Pu%27er_tea "Pu'er tea")* and *[oolong](/wiki/Oolong "Oolong")* are also common.{{cite web\|title\=A Taste of Chinese Breakfast\|url\=http://www.china.org.cn/english/Life/35510\.htm\|access\-date\=28 June 2012}} Fried and rice\-based noodles and cakes are also popular. In modern times, dim sum is commonly prepared and served in [Yum Cha](/wiki/Yum_cha "Yum cha") restaurants rather than at home because of the skill and efforts involved in the preparation.
### India
[thumb\|right\|[Idli](/wiki/Idli "Idli") and [sambar](/wiki/Sambar_%28dish%29 "Sambar (dish)") \- a [South Indian](/wiki/South_India "South India") breakfast](/wiki/File:Breakfast_idli_sambar.jpg "Breakfast idli sambar.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|South Indian [dosa](/wiki/Dosa_%28food%29 "Dosa (food)") served with [chutney](/wiki/Chutney "Chutney") and [sambar](/wiki/Sambar_%28dish%29 "Sambar (dish)")](/wiki/File:Dosa-chutney-sambhar.jpg "Dosa-chutney-sambhar.jpg")
In all, there are at least 25 types of Indian breakfasts, each consisting of a choice of over 100 different food items.{{cite book\|last1\=Jaffrey\|first1\=Madhur\|title\=Vegetarian India\|year\= 2015\|publisher\=Penguin Random House\|location\=New Delhi\|url\=http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/247938/vegetarian\-india\-by\-madhur\-jaffrey/9781101874868\|access\-date\=28 April 2017}} Each state in India has different specialties and items for breakfast. Thus there is no single standard Indian breakfast, with items changing with regions. However, one can broadly classify breakfast varieties in India into two types: North Indian and South Indian. The eastern and western parts of India also have individual breakfast items unique to their cultures and states.
A typical south Indian breakfast consists of idli,{{cite web\|title\=Soft Idli Of TamilNadu\|url\=https://www.cookclickndevour.com/soft\-idli\-recipe\-how\-to\-make\-soft\-idli\-batter/\|access\-date\=6 February 2013}} [vada](/wiki/Vada_%28food%29 "Vada (food)"), or [dosa](/wiki/Dosa_%28food%29 "Dosa (food)"){{cite book\|title\=Regional Indian Recipes\|publisher\=Jaico Publishing House\|isbn\=978\-81\-7224\-035\-6 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=h5xXz\_UFV7QC\|date\=1 January 1970}} coupled with [chutney](/wiki/Chutney "Chutney") and [sambar](/wiki/Sambar_%28dish%29 "Sambar (dish)"). Many variations of these dishes exist such as [rava idli](/wiki/Rava_idli "Rava idli"), thayir vadai (yogurt vada), sambar vada and [masala dosa](/wiki/Masala_dosa "Masala dosa"). Other popular south Indian breakfast items are [pongal](/wiki/Pongal_%28dish%29 "Pongal (dish)"), [bisibelebath](/wiki/Bisibelebath "Bisibelebath"), [upma](/wiki/Upma "Upma"), and [poori](/wiki/Poori "Poori"). The state of [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala "Kerala") has some special breakfast items such as [appam](/wiki/Appam "Appam"), [parotta](/wiki/Parotta "Parotta"), [puttu](/wiki/Puttu "Puttu"), [idiyappam](/wiki/Idiyappam "Idiyappam"), and [palappam](/wiki/Palappam "Palappam").
The people of [Bihar](/wiki/Bihar "Bihar") in eastern India eat [litti chokha](/wiki/Litti_%28cuisine%29 "Litti (cuisine)") and [dahi chura](/wiki/Dahi_chura "Dahi chura").
A typical north Indian breakfast may either be a type of [paratha](/wiki/Paratha "Paratha") or [roti](/wiki/Roti "Roti") served with a vegetable curry, curd, and pickles. There are several varieties of parathas available depending on the type of stuffing such as [aloo paratha](/wiki/Aloo_paratha "Aloo paratha"), [paneer](/wiki/Paneer "Paneer") (cottage cheese) paratha, mooli paratha (radish paratha), etc.{{cite web\|title\=Types of Parathas\|url\=http://oyeweekend.com/articles/types\-of\-parathas/\|access\-date\=6 February 2013\|archive\-date\=3 February 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203193536/http://oyeweekend.com/articles/types\-of\-parathas/\|url\-status\=dead}} Other popular breakfast items in the north are [poori bhaji](/wiki/Puri_bhaji "Puri bhaji"), [poha](/wiki/Poha_%28rice%29 "Poha (rice)"), and bhindi bhujia.
Among Bengals roti and curry are the general variants in breakfast. The menu may also include "Indian [French toast](/wiki/French_toast "French toast")" which is also known as "Bombay toast", chire bhaja (flaked rice fried in oil with salt added to taste),[Chire Bhaja or Fried Flaked Rice (East Indian\-vegetarian)](http://www.rice-n-curry.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=103:chire-bhaja-or-fried-flaked-rice&catid=9:weekdays&Itemid=14) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406031230/http://rice\-n\-curry.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=103%3Achire\-bhaja\-or\-fried\-flaked\-rice\&catid\=9%3Aweekdays\&Itemid\=14 \|date\=6 April 2014 }} and boiled eggs.
In Western India, a [Gujarati](/wiki/Gujarati_people "Gujarati people") household may serve [dhoklas](/wiki/Dhokla "Dhokla"), [khakhras](/wiki/Khakhra "Khakhra"), or theplas for breakfast, the most popular of which is methi thepla.{{cite web\|title\=Methi Thepla of Gujarat\|url\=http://www.vegrecipesofindia.com/methi\-thepla\-gujarati\-methi\-thepla/\|access\-date\=6 February 2013}} In [Mangalore](/wiki/Mangalore "Mangalore"), the breakfast dish [oondees](/wiki/Oondees "Oondees") may be served. In [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra "Maharashtra"), the typical breakfast (*nashta*) consists of kande pohe, [upma](/wiki/Upma "Upma"), ukkad, and [thalipeeth](/wiki/Thalipeeth "Thalipeeth").{{cite web\|title\=Thalipeeth\|url\=http://www.indiasrecipe.com/thalipeeth\-multi\-grain\-pancake/\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215235817/http://www.indiasrecipe.com/thalipeeth\-multi\-grain\-pancake/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=15 December 2014\|access\-date\=15 December 2014}} Sometimes, chapati bhaji or a chapati roll with tea becomes breakfast.
In South India, a [Tamil](/wiki/Tamilian_people "Tamilian people") household may serve [idlis](/wiki/Idli "Idli"), [dosas](/wiki/Dosa_%28food%29 "Dosa (food)"), or [vadas](/wiki/Vada_%28food%29 "Vada (food)") for breakfast, the most popular of which is Idli.{{cite web\|title\=Soft and Spongy Idli\|date\=20 December 2020\|url\=https://cookingcraft.net/soft\-idli\-idli\-recipe\-how\-to\-make\-idli\-batter\-recipe\-step\-by\-step\-guide/\|access\-date\=21 December 2020\|archive\-date\=13 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113044326/https://cookingcraft.net/soft\-idli\-idli\-recipe\-how\-to\-make\-idli\-batter\-recipe\-step\-by\-step\-guide/\|url\-status\=dead}}
In Kashmir, people prefer to have their authentic traditional food items like Noon Chai, Chhir Chot, Kahwa, Girda, Lavasa Masala Tchot and Bakarkhani for breakfast. Sometimes they also eat Chochwor and Roth in their morning meal. {{citation needed\|date\=September 2023}}
Apart from traditional breakfast, factory produced bread is consumed throughout India with butter, jelly or jam or as French toast, where bread is fried with egg, onions and oil.
### Levant
[thumb\|Traditional Levantine Breakfast with a Variety of Local Delights.](/wiki/File:Traditional_Levantine_Breakfast_with_a_Variety_of_Local_Delights.jpg "Traditional Levantine Breakfast with a Variety of Local Delights.jpg")
Levantine breakfasts are renowned for their diversity and nutritional value, serving as a wholesome start to the day in the Levant region, which includes countries such as [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon"), [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria"), [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan "Jordan"), and [Palestine](/wiki/State_of_Palestine "State of Palestine"). These meals reflect the rich culinary traditions and cultural heritage of the area.{{Cite web \|title\=Discover Levantine Breakfast Dishes {{!}} Arabian fish house \|url\=https://arabianfishhouse.com/levantine\-breakfast/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-20 \|language\=en\-US}}
One of the most iconic dishes of a Levantine breakfast is the *[Manakish](/wiki/Manakish "Manakish")*. This traditional flatbread comes in a variety of flavors, ranging from the classic *[Za'atar](/wiki/Za%27atar "Za'atar")* topping to the rich, creamy *nabulsi* cheese. Typically served hot and fresh from the oven, *manakish* offers a satisfying and flavorful breakfast option, deeply rooted in the region's culinary heritage.
### Indonesia
[thumb\|Indonesian chicken porridge](/wiki/File:Bubur_ayam_chicken_porridge.JPG "Bubur ayam chicken porridge.JPG")
[Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") is a great [melting pot](/wiki/Melting_pot "Melting pot") country and [multiracial](/wiki/Multiracial "Multiracial") nation with more than [1,300 ethnic groups](/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia "Ethnic groups in Indonesia").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bps.go.id/news/2015/11/18/127/mengulik\-data\-suku\-di\-indonesia.html\|title\=Mengulik Data Suku di Indonesia\|publisher\=\[\[Statistics Indonesia\|Badan Pusat Statistik]]\|access\-date\=12 February 2020\|date\=18 November 2015}} In [Indonesian](/wiki/Indonesian_language "Indonesian language"), breakfast is known as *sarapan* or *makan pagi*, breakfast options are different in the different areas. Rice is a staple food in Indonesia["Indonesian food."](http://www.belindo.com/default.aspx?navid=84) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910074608/http://www.belindo.com/Default.aspx?NavID\=84 \|date\=10 September 2011 }} [Belindo.com](http://www.belindo.com) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907235631/http://www.belindo.com/ \|date\=7 September 2011 }}. Accessed July 2011\. and commonly served at breakfast. A typical Indonesian breakfast, *[bubur ayam](/wiki/Bubur_ayam "Bubur ayam")*{{cite book\| last1\=Tan\| first1\=M G\| title\=Etnis Tionghoa Di Indonesia: Kumpulan Tulisan\| publisher\=Yayasan Obor Indonesia\| year\=2008 \|isbn\=978\-9794616895 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=8HP9K\-GOds8C\&pg\=PT115\| page\=115}} is a [rice congee](/wiki/Rice_congee "Rice congee") with shredded chicken meat served with some condiments, such as chopped scallion, crispy fried shallot, celery, *tongcai*, fried soybean, *cakwe*, both salty and sweet soy sauce, and sometimes topped with yellow chicken broth and *krupuk*. [Steamed rice](/wiki/Steamed_rice "Steamed rice") in [coconut milk](/wiki/Coconut_milk "Coconut milk") known as *[nasi uduk](/wiki/Nasi_uduk "Nasi uduk")*{{cite news\| work \= Jakarta Post \| title \= The best nasi uduk in Kebon Kacang \| date \= 27 December 2016\| url \= http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/12/27/the\-best\-nasi\-uduk\-in\-kebon\-kacang.html }} is made by cooking rice soaked in coconut milk instead of water, along with clove, cassia bark, and lemongrass to add aroma. Sometimes knotted pandan leaves are thrown into the rice while steaming to give it more fragrance. The coconut milk and spices imparts an oily, rich taste to the rice. *[Nasi gurih](/wiki/Nasi_gurih "Nasi gurih")*,{{cite web
\|url \= http://atjehpost.com/read/2013/01/23/36591/0/60/Yuk\-Sarapan\-Pagi\-Lezat\-Nasi\-Gurih\-Bu\-Ros
\|title \= Yuk, Sarapan Pagi Lezat Nasi Gurih Bu Ros
\|author \= Cut Raisa Prillya
\|date \= 23 January 2013
\|website \= atjehpost.com
\|publisher \= Atjeh Post
\|language \= id
\|access\-date \= 22 August 2013
\|url\-status \= dead
\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130227002639/http://atjehpost.com/read/2013/01/23/36591/0/60/Yuk\-Sarapan\-Pagi\-Lezat\-Nasi\-Gurih\-Bu\-Ros
\|archive\-date \= 27 February 2013
}}
*[nasi lemak](/wiki/Nasi_lemak "Nasi lemak")*{{cite web \|url\=http://delectable.asia/recipe\-items/nasi\-lemak/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530081429/http://delectable.asia/recipe\-items/nasi\-lemak/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=30 May 2015 \|title\=Nasi Lemak \|work\=Delectable Asia }} and *[nasi liwet](/wiki/Nasi_liwet "Nasi liwet")*{{cite web \|title\=Nasi Liwet Gurih Dijamin Ketagihan \|author\= I Made Asdhiana \|date\=19 July 2011 \|url\=http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2011/07/19/1519410/Nasi.Liwet.Gurih.Dijamin.Ketagihan \|publisher\=Kompas.com \|language\=id \|access\-date\= 19 August 2014 }} are breakfast dishes that are similar to *nasi uduk*.
In eastern Indonesia, a sago congee *[papeda](/wiki/Papeda_%28food%29 "Papeda (food)")* is a staple breakfast of native people in Maluku and Papua.{{cite news\|title\=Papeda, Maluku: Bubur 'Lem' Segar Bergizi \|magazine\=Femina \|language\=id \|url\=http://www.femina.co.id/kuliner/info.kuliner/papeda.maluku.bubur.lem.segar.bergizi/004/002/234 \|access\-date\=9 March 2015}} Papeda is made up of [sago](/wiki/Sago "Sago") [starch](/wiki/Starch "Starch") and generally consumed with [mackerel](/wiki/Mackerel_as_food "Mackerel as food").
However, bread is also a popular choice for breakfast. *[Roti bakar](/wiki/Roti_bakar "Roti bakar")* is a sandwich toast filled with *[hagelslag](/wiki/Hagelslag "Hagelslag")* or [spreads](/wiki/Spread_%28food%29 "Spread (food)"). *[Kue](/wiki/Kue "Kue")* may be eaten throughout the day for light breakfast, such as *[arem\-arem](/wiki/Arem-arem "Arem-arem")*, *[bagea](/wiki/Bagea "Bagea")*, *[bahulu](/wiki/Bahulu "Bahulu")*, *[gapit](/wiki/Kue_gapit "Kue gapit")*, *[kochi](/wiki/Kue_kochi "Kue kochi")*, *[nagasari](/wiki/Nagasari "Nagasari")*, *[lemper](/wiki/Lemper "Lemper")* and *[serabi](/wiki/Serabi "Serabi")*.
Other typical Indonesian breakfasts include *[bakpau](/wiki/Bakpau "Bakpau")* (meat *bun*), *[bihun goreng](/wiki/Bihun_goreng "Bihun goreng")* (fried rice vermicelli), *[bubur cha cha](/wiki/Bubur_cha_cha "Bubur cha cha")* (*cha\-cha* porridge), *[bubur kacang hijau](/wiki/Bubur_kacang_hijau "Bubur kacang hijau")* (mung beans porridge), *bubur sumsum* (gruel), *[burgo](/wiki/Burgo_%28food%29 "Burgo (food)")* (rice pancake in coconut milk\-based soup), *[gado\-gado](/wiki/Gado-gado "Gado-gado")* (salad with rice cake in peanut sauce), *[gudeg](/wiki/Gudeg "Gudeg")* (jackfruit curry), *[ketoprak](/wiki/Ketoprak_%28dish%29 "Ketoprak (dish)")* (salad with rice vermicelli in peanut sauce), *[lontong sayur](/wiki/Lontong_sayur "Lontong sayur")* (rice cake and vegetable in coconut milk\-based soup), *[nasi campur](/wiki/Nasi_campur "Nasi campur")* (mixed rice), *[nasi goreng](/wiki/Nasi_goreng "Nasi goreng")* (fried rice), *[nasi kari](/wiki/Nasi_kari "Nasi kari")* (rice and curry), *[nasi kuning](/wiki/Nasi_kuning "Nasi kuning")* (turmeric rice), *[nasi padang](/wiki/Nasi_padang "Nasi padang")* (rice with a variety of dishes), *[nasi pecel](/wiki/Nasi_pecel "Nasi pecel")* (rice with salad in peanut sauce), *[panekuk](/wiki/Pannenkoek "Pannenkoek")* (pancake), *[roti canai](/wiki/Roti_canai "Roti canai")* (flatbread), *[roti gambang](/wiki/Roti_gambang "Roti gambang")* (herbs bread), *[roti jala](/wiki/Roti_jala "Roti jala")* (net bread), *[roti john](/wiki/Roti_john "Roti john")* (sandwich with minced meat and egg), *[sayur sop](/wiki/Sayur_sop "Sayur sop")* (vegetable soup in clear broth), *[soto](/wiki/Soto_%28food%29 "Soto (food)")* (traditional soup with different variations) and *[tinutuan](/wiki/Tinutuan "Tinutuan")* (leafy vegetables porridge).
### Iran
Breakfast in Iran can vary significantly from province to province.
Breakfast in Iran generally consists of different kinds of flatbread – such as [barbari](/wiki/Barbari_bread "Barbari bread"), [tafton](/wiki/Tafton "Tafton"), [sangak](/wiki/Sangak "Sangak"), or [lavash](/wiki/Lavash "Lavash") or [gerdeh](/wiki/Gerdeh "Gerdeh") – eaten with white cheese, butter, jam, marmalade (morabba), honey, clotted cream (sar sheer), sesame sauce (ardeh) or sesame cream or other sesame products, or nuts and fresh/dried fruits, and accompanied by black tea or coffee. Frequently, breakfast can be as simple as butter and jam on bread with tea. Iranians prefer to drink their hot black tea with sugar. Traditional cooked dishes for breakfast include [haleem](/wiki/Haleem "Haleem") (wheat and chicken/lamb/turkey porridge eaten with cinnamon), oatmeal or [kale pache](/wiki/Khash_%28dish%29 "Khash (dish)") (sheep's feet, stomach, and other offal), baked beans, adasi (green lentil soup), fried/boiled/soft\-boiled eggs, *omlet* (eggs cooked in tomato sauce).
### Israel
[thumb\|An [Israeli breakfast](/wiki/Israeli_breakfast "Israeli breakfast")\|alt\=Plates with fried eggs, green salad, and onions; basket of bread; smaller dishes filled with variety of sides.](/wiki/File:The_7_Breakfasts_-_Espresso_Bar.jpg "The 7 Breakfasts - Espresso Bar.jpg")
The Israeli breakfast is a mix of culinary influences from eastern Europe, [agrarian](/wiki/Agrarianism "Agrarianism") [Yishuv](/wiki/Yishuv "Yishuv") culture, [North African cuisine](/wiki/Maghreb_cuisine "Maghreb cuisine"), and [Levantine cuisine](/wiki/Levantine_cuisine "Levantine cuisine").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bonvoyageurs.com/2016/05/15/israeli\-breakfast/\|title\=The Israeli breakfast – Best in the world!\|last1\=Gagnon\|first1\=Lynn\|date\=15 May 2016\|website\=BonVoyageurs\|access\-date\=19 May 2016}} It usually consists of a range of cheeses along with sliced vegetables, scrambled eggs (or another kind of fried egg){{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=GDy\_1w83KEUC\&q\=%22Israeli\+breakfast%22\&pg\=PA122\|title\=Cultures of the World: Israel\|last1\=Dubois\|first1\=Jill\|last2\=Rosh\|first2\=Mair\|publisher\=\[\[Marshall Cavendish]]\|year\=2004\|isbn\=9780761416692\|location\=\[\[Singapore]]\|page\=122}}{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=gFK\_yx7Ps7cC\&q\=%22Israeli\+breakfast%22\&pg\=PT563\|title\=Encyclopedia of Jewish Food\|last\=Marks\|first\=Gil\|publisher\=\[\[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]\|year\=2010\|isbn\=9780544186316\|location\=\[\[Boston]]\|author\-link\=Gil Marks}} and bread, served with spreads like butter, jam, or honey. The most commonly used vegetables are cucumbers, tomatoes, and red bell peppers; carrots, onions and radishes may also be included.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/typical\-israeli\-breakfast\-bountiful/\|title\=Typical Israeli Breakfast: Bountiful\|date\=6 November 2009\|newspaper\=\[\[CBSNews.com]]\|location\=\[\[New York City]]}} Cheeses include, at the very least, [cottage cheese](/wiki/Cottage_cheese "Cottage cheese"), [quark](/wiki/Quark_%28dairy_product%29 "Quark (dairy product)") or [fromage blanc](/wiki/Fromage_blanc "Fromage blanc"), and a local variety of [Edam](/wiki/Edam_cheese "Edam cheese") ("yellow cheese"), and often [Tzfatit](/wiki/Tzfat_cheese "Tzfat cheese") and [labneh](/wiki/Labneh "Labneh") too. Side dishes including pickled olives and [herring](/wiki/Herring_as_food "Herring as food") may also be served. Typical Middle Eastern [mezze](/wiki/Mezze "Mezze") such as [Israeli salad](/wiki/Israeli_salad "Israeli salad"), [hummus](/wiki/Hummus "Hummus"), [tehina](/wiki/Tehina "Tehina") and [baba ghanoush](/wiki/Baba_ghanoush "Baba ghanoush"), as well as [Shakshouka](/wiki/Shakshouka "Shakshouka") and a variety of [salads](/wiki/Salads "Salads") may be served. The meal is most often accompanied by coffee, tea and orange juice. A typical Israeli meal could be either dairy\- or meat\-based, [but not both](/wiki/Kashrut%23Separation_of_meat_and_milk "Kashrut#Separation of meat and milk"). Only certain types of meat [are considered kosher](/wiki/Kashrut%23Permitted_and_forbidden_animals "Kashrut#Permitted and forbidden animals"). Israeli hotels usually present this type of breakfast as a [buffet](/wiki/Buffet "Buffet").{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=Q\_0jAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6966,2720199\&dq\=israeli\-breakfast\&hl\=en\|title\=Israeli Breakfast ... is being replaced by the continental breakfast: coffee and a roll\|last\=Torgerson\|first\=Dial\|date\=6 September 1979\|newspaper\=\[\[Sarasota Herald\-Tribune]]\|access\-date\=7 April 2013\|location\=\[\[Sarasota]]\|pages\=8–CF}} Restaurants may prefer a pre\-set "Israeli Breakfast" menu item.{{cite news\|url\=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012\-08\-10/lifestyle/35491332\_1\_breakfast\-shakshuka\-salmon\-dish\|title\=Smart Mouth: The delectable nature of Israeli breakfast\|last\=Deane\|first\=Daniela\|date\=10 August 2012\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]\|access\-date\=7 April 2013\|location\=\[\[Washington, DC]]\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728124301/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012\-08\-10/lifestyle/35491332\_1\_breakfast\-shakshuka\-salmon\-dish\|archive\-date\=28 July 2013}}
### Japan
{{redirect\|Japanese breakfast\|the pop band\|Japanese Breakfast}}
[thumb\|right\|A traditional Japanese breakfast of rice, pickles ([umeboshi](/wiki/Umeboshi "Umeboshi") and [takuan](/wiki/Takuan "Takuan")), grilled salmon, egg, [nori](/wiki/Nori "Nori"), and vegetables](/wiki/File:Chion-in_breakfast_by_Ozchin.jpg "Chion-in breakfast by Ozchin.jpg")
Breakfast in modern Japanese households comes in two major variations: Japanese style and Western style.{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Ley\_r5VldNUC\&q\=breakfast\+japan\&pg\=PA119\|title\=Food culture in Japan\|last1\=Ashkenazi\|first1\=Michael\|last2\=Jacob\|first2\=Jeanne\|year\=2003\|isbn\=9780313324383\|pages\=119–20\|publisher\=Bloomsbury Academic \|access\-date\=29 June 2012}} Japanese\-style breakfasts are eaten widely in Japan, but often only on [weekends](/wiki/Weekends "Weekends") and non\-working days. Younger Japanese couples may prefer Western\-style breakfasts because they are generally less time\-consuming to prepare. The standard Japanese breakfast consists of steamed white [rice](/wiki/Japanese_rice "Japanese rice"), a bowl of [miso soup](/wiki/Miso_soup "Miso soup"), and Japanese\-style pickles (like *[takuan](/wiki/Takuan "Takuan")* or *[umeboshi](/wiki/Umeboshi "Umeboshi")*).{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=4bzOCDzOlgIC\&q\=breakfast\+japan\&pg\=PA123\|title\=Learn Japanese (Nihongo): the fast and fun way\|last1\=Akiyama\|first1\=Nobuo\|last2\=Akiyama\|first2\=Carol\|year\=1999\|isbn\=9780764106231\|page\=123\|publisher\=Barron's \|access\-date\=29 June 2012}} A raw [egg](/wiki/Egg_%28food%29 "Egg (food)") and [nori](/wiki/Nori "Nori") are often served; the raw egg is beaten in a small bowl and poured on the hot rice to make golden colored *[tamago kake gohan](/wiki/Tamago_kake_gohan "Tamago kake gohan")*, whilst the *[nori](/wiki/Nori "Nori")* (sheets of dried seaweed) is used to wrap rice. Grilled fish and Japanese [green tea](/wiki/Green_tea "Green tea") are often served as well.
Western\-style breakfasts in Japanese households are similar to those in the United States. Japanese children often eat [corn flakes](/wiki/Corn_flake "Corn flake") and drink milk, hot chocolate or fruit juice. Japanese adults (especially younger ones) tend to have [toast](/wiki/Toast_%28food%29 "Toast (food)") with butter or jam, eggs, and slices of vegetables. They often drink coffee or [orange juice](/wiki/Orange_juice "Orange juice"). Traditional Japanese inns (like *[ryokan](/wiki/Ryokan_%28Japanese_inn%29 "Ryokan (Japanese inn)")*) serve complete traditional breakfast. Western\-style hotels and restaurants in Japan generally offer a mix of the Western and Japanese styles.
### Korea
Traditionally, [Korean](/wiki/Korea "Korea") breakfasts consist mainly of rice and soup dishes. These can include small amounts of fish or beef, and some form of broth, stew or porridge. Like all Korean meals, breakfast is usually served with *[banchan](/wiki/Banchan "Banchan")*, or side dishes consisting of *[kimchi](/wiki/Kimchi "Kimchi")*, *[Gyeran\-jjim](/wiki/Gyeran-jjim "Gyeran-jjim")* (steamed eggs) and [tofu](/wiki/Tofu "Tofu").{{cite web\|url\=http://koreanfood.about.com/od/koreanfoodbasics/ig/Korean\-Breakfast/Korean\-Brunch.htm\|title\=About\|access\-date\=2 December 2013\|archive\-date\=2 January 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102104342/http://koreanfood.about.com/od/koreanfoodbasics/ig/Korean\-Breakfast/Korean\-Brunch.htm\|url\-status\=dead}}
### Malaysia and Singapore
[249px\|thumb\|*[Nasi lemak](/wiki/Nasi_lemak "Nasi lemak")* as served in a [Penang](/wiki/Penang "Penang") restaurant](/wiki/File:Nasi_Lemak_dengan_Chili_Nasi_Lemak_dan_Sotong_Pedas%2C_di_Penang_Summer_Restaurant.jpg "Nasi Lemak dengan Chili Nasi Lemak dan Sotong Pedas, di Penang Summer Restaurant.jpg")
[249px\|thumb\|[Kaya toast](/wiki/Kaya_toast "Kaya toast"), soft\-boiled eggs and two cups of *[kopi](/wiki/Kopi_%28drink%29 "Kopi (drink)")* at a Singaporean *[kopitiam](/wiki/Kopitiam "Kopitiam")*](/wiki/File:Ya_Kun_Koya_toast%2C_eggs_and_coffee.jpg "Ya Kun Koya toast, eggs and coffee.jpg")
As multiracial nations, breakfast options vary greatly in both [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") and [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"). Breakfast is typically consumed in various establishments i.e. *gerai*, *[kopitiams](/wiki/Kopitiams "Kopitiams")* and [hawker centres](/wiki/Hawker_centres "Hawker centres").{{Cite web\| url\= https://www.travelfish.org/eatandmeet\_profile/singapore/central\_region/central\_area/downtown\_singapore/2301\|title\=Traditional breakfasts in Singapore\|website\=Travelfish.org \|language\=en\|access\-date\=15 March 2020}} A traditional Malaysian and Singaporean breakfast consists of *[nasi lemak](/wiki/Nasi_lemak "Nasi lemak")* (fragrant [coconut rice](/wiki/Coconut_rice "Coconut rice") dish served with various accompaniments, typically *[sambal](/wiki/Sambal "Sambal")*, sliced [cucumbers](/wiki/Cucumbers "Cucumbers"), [egg](/wiki/Eggs_as_food "Eggs as food"), [fried chicken](/wiki/Ayam_goreng "Ayam goreng"), roasted [peanuts](/wiki/Peanut "Peanut") and fried [anchovies](/wiki/Anchovies_as_food "Anchovies as food")), *[roti canai/prata](/wiki/Roti_canai "Roti canai")* (Indian\-influenced [flatbread](/wiki/Flatbread "Flatbread")), *[teh tarik](/wiki/Teh_tarik "Teh tarik")* (milk\-infused [black tea](/wiki/Black_tea "Black tea") with a foamy head), [kaya toast](/wiki/Kaya_toast "Kaya toast") (coconut milk jam with bread), half\-boiled eggs and *[Kopi](/wiki/Kopi_%28drink%29 "Kopi (drink)")* (coffee made from [robusta](/wiki/Robusta_coffee "Robusta coffee") beans, typically roasted with butter or [margarine](/wiki/Margarine "Margarine") and sugar).{{Cite web\| url\= https://theculturetrip.com/asia/singapore/articles/what\-makes\-singapores\-coffee\-culture\-so\-unique/ \|title\=What Makes Singapore's Coffee Culture So Unique?\|last\=Dutta\|first\=Madhurima\|website\=Culture Trip\|date\=21 February 2018 \| access\-date\=15 March 2020}} Locals usually dip the toast into the eggs mixed with [soya sauce](/wiki/Soya_sauce "Soya sauce") and [pepper](/wiki/White_pepper "White pepper"). Other commonly consumed dishes include *[nasi dagang](/wiki/Nasi_dagang "Nasi dagang")* ([Coconut rice](/wiki/Coconut_rice "Coconut rice") dish served with pickled vegetables and curried *[tongkol](/wiki/Mackerel_tuna "Mackerel tuna")*), *[nasi kerabu](/wiki/Nasi_kerabu "Nasi kerabu")* (rice dish served with fresh vegetables and herbs), *[laksa](/wiki/Laksa "Laksa")* (rice noodle dish in spicy broth), fishball noodles, *[bihun goreng](/wiki/Bihun_goreng "Bihun goreng")* (fried rice vermicelli), *[dim sum](/wiki/Dim_sum "Dim sum")* and *[appam](/wiki/Appam "Appam")* (small savoury pancakes).
### Myanmar
In [Burma](/wiki/Burmese_cuisine "Burmese cuisine"), the traditional breakfast is *htamin jaw*, fried rice with boiled [peas](/wiki/Peas "Peas") (*pè byouk*), and *yei nway jan* ([green tea](/wiki/Green_tea "Green tea")), especially among the poor.{{cite book\|title\=The Food of Asia\|last\=Kong\|first\=Foong Ling\|author2\=Ming Tsai\|author3\=Chiong Liew\|publisher\=Tuttle Publishing\|year\=2002\|isbn\=978\-0\-7946\-0146\-1\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/foodofasia0000ling/page/24 24]\|url\=https://archive.org/details/foodofasia0000ling/page/24}} [Glutinous rice](/wiki/Glutinous_rice "Glutinous rice") or *kao hnyin* is steamed and wrapped in [banana leaf](/wiki/Banana_leaf "Banana leaf") often served with peas as *kao hnyin baung* with a sprinkle of crushed and salted toasted sesame. Equally popular is the purple variety of rice known as *nga cheik* which is cooked the same way and called *nga cheik paung*. *Si damin* is sticky rice cooked with [turmeric](/wiki/Turmeric "Turmeric") and onions in peanut oil which is served with crushed and salted toasted sesame and crisp [fried onions](/wiki/Fried_onion "Fried onion"). Assorted fritters such as *baya jaw* (*[urad dal](/wiki/Urad_%28bean%29 "Urad (bean)")*) are often served as a complement.
*Nan bya* or *[naan](/wiki/Naan "Naan")* (Indian\-style flatbreads) again with *pè byouk* or simply buttered, is served with Indian tea or coffee. It goes well with *hseiksoup* (mutton soup). Fried *[chapati](/wiki/Chapati "Chapati")*, blistered like *nan bya* but crispy, with *pè byouk* and crispy fried onions is a popular alternative.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.travelwireasia.com/5870/burmese\-food/\|title\=A taste of Yangon: 6 must\-try Burmese dishes\|last\=Lane\|first\=Jo\|date\=28 February 2012\|work\=Travel Wire Asia\|access\-date\=29 April 2012\|publisher\=Hybrid News Limited\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429195118/http://www.travelwireasia.com/5870/burmese\-food/\|archive\-date\=29 April 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} *Htat ta ya*, lit. "a hundred layers", is flaky multi\-layered fried *[paratha](/wiki/Paratha "Paratha")* served with either *pè byouk* or a sprinkle of sugar.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hsaba.com/blog/new\-recipes/burmese\-paratha\|title\=burmese paratha\|author\=Tin Cho Chaw\|date\=22 May 2009\|access\-date\=29 April 2012}} *Eeja gway* (Chinese\-style fried breadsticks or *[youtiao](/wiki/Youtiao "Youtiao")*) with Indian tea or coffee is another favourite. *[Mohinga](/wiki/Mohinga "Mohinga")*,{{cite book\|title\=Myanmar (Burma)\|last\=Köllner\|first\=Helmut\|author2\=Axel Bruns\|publisher\=Hunter Publishing\|year\=1998\|page\=215}} perhaps the most popular of all, now available as an "all\-day breakfast" in many towns and cities, is rice [vermicelli](/wiki/Vermicelli "Vermicelli") in fish broth kept on the boil with [chickpea flour](/wiki/Chickpea_flour "Chickpea flour") or crushed toasted rice, [lemon grass](/wiki/Lemon_grass "Lemon grass"), sliced banana stem, onions, garlic, ginger, pepper and [fish paste](/wiki/Fish_paste "Fish paste") and served with crispy fried onions, crushed dried chilli, [coriander](/wiki/Coriander "Coriander"), [fish sauce](/wiki/Fish_sauce "Fish sauce") and lime. Add fritters such as split chickpea (*pè jan jaw*), urad dal (*baya jaw*) or [gourd](/wiki/Calabash "Calabash") (*bu jaw*), boiled egg and fried [fish cake](/wiki/Fish_cake "Fish cake") (*nga hpè jaw*).
### Pakistan
In Pakistani cuisine, a breakfast consists of fried bread called ([Paratha](/wiki/Paratha "Paratha")) and omelette with black milk tea. A more common Pakistani speciality for breakfast consist few items "[Nehari](https://www.tasteatlas.com/most-popular-breakfasts-in-pakistan)'Nihari is a popular meat\-based dish originating from Old Delhi. When Pakistan gained independence in 1947, numerous immigrants from Delhi settled in Karachi, where they established their own restaurants, so nihar is also associated with Pakistani cuisine' served with kulcha'flatbread made with wheat flour', [Halwa poori](https://www.tasteatlas.com/halwa-poori), and Siri paya.
### Philippines
[thumb\|A *tocilog* served with *[atchara](/wiki/Atchara "Atchara")*](/wiki/File:Pork_tocino_with_eggs%2C_rice%2C_and_atchara_%28typical_Filipino_breakfast%29.jpg "Pork tocino with eggs, rice, and atchara (typical Filipino breakfast).jpg")
[thumb\|*[Pandesal](/wiki/Pandesal "Pandesal")*](/wiki/File:Pan_de_sal_%28Philippines%29_02.jpg "Pan de sal (Philippines) 02.jpg")
A typical Filipino breakfast usually includes one or more fried eggs (either scrambled or sunny side\-up), [tocino](/wiki/Tocino "Tocino"), dried fish known as [tuyo](/wiki/Daing "Daing"), [tapa](/wiki/Tapa_%28Filipino_cuisine%29 "Tapa (Filipino cuisine)"), and fried rice, normally seasoned with garlic. The word *silog* is a portmanteau of *sinangag* (garlic fried rice) and *itlog* (egg), which form the basis of many breakfast combinations. These combinations include *tapsilog* (with tapa), *tocilog* (with tocino), and *longsilog* (with [longganisa](/wiki/Longaniza "Longaniza")).{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.saveur.com/filipino\-breakfast\-foods\-silog\-tsokolate\-philippines/\|title\=Everything You Need to Know About Filipino Breakfasts\|website\=Saveur\|date\=8 February 2019\|language\=en\|access\-date\=8 October 2019}} Breakfast is usually served at seven in the morning since school classes start relatively early. If a cooked breakfast is unavailable, a bread called [pandesal](/wiki/Pandesal "Pandesal") is eaten instead, together with cheese, peanut butter, jam, or [kesong puti](/wiki/Kesong_puti "Kesong puti") as [spreads](/wiki/Spread_%28food%29 "Spread (food)").{{cite web \|last1\=Thorington \|first1\=Lance \|title\=A Typical Filipino Breakfast \|url\=https://www.streetdirectory.com/food\_editorials/meals/breakfast\_meals/a\_typical\_filipino\_breakfast.html \|website\=Foodeditorial.co \|access\-date\=19 February 2019}}
### Taiwan
{{Main\|Taiwanese cuisine}}
[thumb\|right\|Taiwanese breakfast](/wiki/File:Taiwanese_breakfast_-_Zhu_Mama%2C_Haymarket_-_k850i_%283835983595%29.jpg "Taiwanese breakfast - Zhu Mama, Haymarket - k850i (3835983595).jpg")
Traditional Taiwanese breakfasts consist of a variety of dishes, usually containing a lot of carbohydrates and proteins to start off the day. In northern Taiwan, [shaobing](/wiki/Shaobing "Shaobing") and [youtiao](/wiki/Youtiao "Youtiao") are common and usually washed down by a hot or cold glass of [soymilk](/wiki/Soymilk "Soymilk") or [rice milk](/wiki/Rice_milk "Rice milk").{{cite web \|last1\=Tchea \|first1\=Michelle \|title\=Starting my day with a Taiwanese breakfast sandwich \|url\=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2021/09/14/starting\-my\-day\-taiwanese\-breakfast\-sandwich \|website\=fooddrinkdestinations.com \|access\-date\=26 October 2022\| date\=14 September 2021}} Other popular dishes include [scallion pancake](/wiki/Cong_you_bing "Cong you bing"), [turnip cake](/wiki/Turnip_cake "Turnip cake"), and [danbing](/wiki/Danbing "Danbing").{{cite web \|title\=5 Most Popular Taiwanese Breakfasts \|url\=https://www.tasteatlas.com/most\-popular\-breakfasts\-in\-taiwan \|website\=tasteatlas.com \|access\-date\=26 October 2022\| date\=13 January 2021}} Down south, typical breakfast dishes include [milkfish congee](/wiki/Milkfish_congee "Milkfish congee"), [eel noodles](/wiki/Eel_noodles "Eel noodles"), [tube rice pudding](/wiki/Tube_rice_pudding "Tube rice pudding"), beef soup and [bubble tea](/wiki/Bubble_tea "Bubble tea").{{cite web \|last1\=Hoffman \|first1\=Amber \|title\=8 Taiwanese Breakfast Dishes You Must Try \|url\=https://fooddrinkdestinations.com/taiwanese\-breakfast\-dishes/ \|website\=fooddrinkdestinations.com \|access\-date\=26 October 2022\| date\=1 February 2022}}
|
[
"Asia\n----",
"Breakfasts vary widely throughout [Asia](/wiki/Asia \"Asia\"). In Arab countries, breakfast is often a quick meal, consisting of [bread](/wiki/Bread \"Bread\") and dairy products, with [tea](/wiki/Tea \"Tea\") and sometimes jam. Flat bread with olive oil and *[za'tar](/wiki/Za%27atar \"Za'atar\")* is also popular.",
"### Bangladesh",
"The typical Bangladeshi breakfast consists of flour\\-based flatbreads such as [chapati](/wiki/Chapati \"Chapati\"), [roti](/wiki/Roti \"Roti\"), or [paratha](/wiki/Paratha \"Paratha\"), served with a curry. Usually, the curry can be mixed vegetable (sobji), home\\-fried potatoes (alu vaji), lentil (dal), scrambled eggs (dim vaji). Luxurious breakfast usually includes chicken rejala, beef or mutton paya and liver curry (gila\\-kolija). The breakfast varies according to location and the eater's income. In villages and rural areas, [rice](/wiki/Rice \"Rice\") with [curry](/wiki/Curry \"Curry\") (potato mash, dal) is mostly preferred by day laborers. In the city, sliced bread with jam, jelly, butter and omelette is chosen due to time efficiency. In Bangladesh tea is preferred to coffee and is an essential part of most breakfasts. Having toasted biscuits, bread or puffed rice with tea is also very popular.",
"### China",
"[thumb\\|Chinese homemade congee\\|alt\\=Bowl of creamy white porridge with some toppings; a spoon and dish of sauce sit in background](/wiki/File:Mama%27s_congee._%28464786586%29.jpg \"Mama's congee. (464786586).jpg\")\nAs [mainland China](/wiki/Mainland_China \"Mainland China\") is made up of many distinct provinces, each with its own unique cuisine, breakfast in China can vary significantly from province to province. In general, basic choices include sweet or salty pancakes, soup, deep\\-fried bread sticks or doughnuts ([youtiao](/wiki/Youtiao \"Youtiao\")), buns ([mantou](/wiki/Mantou \"Mantou\")), porridge ([congee](/wiki/Congee \"Congee\")), and fried or soup\\-based noodles.{{cite web\\|title\\=Chinese Cuisine\\|url\\=http://www.saturdaymarket.com/chinabreakfast/intro.htm\\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2012}} These options are often accompanied by tea or sweetened [soybean milk](/wiki/Soybean_milk \"Soybean milk\"). However, condiments for porridge and the soup base tend to vary between provinces and regions. The types of teas that are served and spices that are used can also differ significantly between the provinces.",
"#### Hong Kong",
"Due to its nearly two centuries' history as a British colony and proximity to China's [Canton region](/wiki/Guangdong \"Guangdong\"), both English and traditional Cantonese style breakfasts are of somewhat equal popularity in [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\"), as well as the hybrid form of breakfast commonly offered in [Cha chaan teng](/wiki/Cha_chaan_teng \"Cha chaan teng\"). Cha Chaan Teng breakfasts often include [Hong Kong\\-style milk tea](/wiki/Hong_Kong-style_milk_tea \"Hong Kong-style milk tea\"), pan\\-fried egg, bread, Cantonese noodles, or Hong Kong\\-style macaroni in soup.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://travel.cnn.com/hong\\-kong/eat/cha\\-chaan\\-teng\\-cheat\\-sheet\\-how\\-order\\-hong\\-kongs\\-temples\\-comfort\\-food\\-726567\\|title\\=Cha chaan teng cheat sheet: What to order at the most popular eateries in Hong Kong\\|work\\=travel.cnn.com\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2013}} Traditional Cantonese breakfast may include [dim sum](/wiki/Dim_sum \"Dim sum\"), which includes a variety of different ingredients and is prepared in numerous different forms from delicately wrapped [baby shrimp steamed dumplings](/wiki/Har_gow \"Har gow\") to sweet [water chestnut cake](/wiki/Water_chestnut_cake \"Water chestnut cake\"). Each dish is designed to be sampled and diners can go through a large selection of dim sum quickly accompanied by a generous amount of good tea. *[Tieguanyin](/wiki/Tieguanyin \"Tieguanyin\")* is the most common accompaniment, but other teas such as *[pu'er](/wiki/Pu%27er_tea \"Pu'er tea\")* and *[oolong](/wiki/Oolong \"Oolong\")* are also common.{{cite web\\|title\\=A Taste of Chinese Breakfast\\|url\\=http://www.china.org.cn/english/Life/35510\\.htm\\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2012}} Fried and rice\\-based noodles and cakes are also popular. In modern times, dim sum is commonly prepared and served in [Yum Cha](/wiki/Yum_cha \"Yum cha\") restaurants rather than at home because of the skill and efforts involved in the preparation.",
"### India",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[Idli](/wiki/Idli \"Idli\") and [sambar](/wiki/Sambar_%28dish%29 \"Sambar (dish)\") \\- a [South Indian](/wiki/South_India \"South India\") breakfast](/wiki/File:Breakfast_idli_sambar.jpg \"Breakfast idli sambar.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|South Indian [dosa](/wiki/Dosa_%28food%29 \"Dosa (food)\") served with [chutney](/wiki/Chutney \"Chutney\") and [sambar](/wiki/Sambar_%28dish%29 \"Sambar (dish)\")](/wiki/File:Dosa-chutney-sambhar.jpg \"Dosa-chutney-sambhar.jpg\")\nIn all, there are at least 25 types of Indian breakfasts, each consisting of a choice of over 100 different food items.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Jaffrey\\|first1\\=Madhur\\|title\\=Vegetarian India\\|year\\= 2015\\|publisher\\=Penguin Random House\\|location\\=New Delhi\\|url\\=http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/247938/vegetarian\\-india\\-by\\-madhur\\-jaffrey/9781101874868\\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2017}} Each state in India has different specialties and items for breakfast. Thus there is no single standard Indian breakfast, with items changing with regions. However, one can broadly classify breakfast varieties in India into two types: North Indian and South Indian. The eastern and western parts of India also have individual breakfast items unique to their cultures and states.",
"A typical south Indian breakfast consists of idli,{{cite web\\|title\\=Soft Idli Of TamilNadu\\|url\\=https://www.cookclickndevour.com/soft\\-idli\\-recipe\\-how\\-to\\-make\\-soft\\-idli\\-batter/\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2013}} [vada](/wiki/Vada_%28food%29 \"Vada (food)\"), or [dosa](/wiki/Dosa_%28food%29 \"Dosa (food)\"){{cite book\\|title\\=Regional Indian Recipes\\|publisher\\=Jaico Publishing House\\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-7224\\-035\\-6 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=h5xXz\\_UFV7QC\\|date\\=1 January 1970}} coupled with [chutney](/wiki/Chutney \"Chutney\") and [sambar](/wiki/Sambar_%28dish%29 \"Sambar (dish)\"). Many variations of these dishes exist such as [rava idli](/wiki/Rava_idli \"Rava idli\"), thayir vadai (yogurt vada), sambar vada and [masala dosa](/wiki/Masala_dosa \"Masala dosa\"). Other popular south Indian breakfast items are [pongal](/wiki/Pongal_%28dish%29 \"Pongal (dish)\"), [bisibelebath](/wiki/Bisibelebath \"Bisibelebath\"), [upma](/wiki/Upma \"Upma\"), and [poori](/wiki/Poori \"Poori\"). The state of [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\") has some special breakfast items such as [appam](/wiki/Appam \"Appam\"), [parotta](/wiki/Parotta \"Parotta\"), [puttu](/wiki/Puttu \"Puttu\"), [idiyappam](/wiki/Idiyappam \"Idiyappam\"), and [palappam](/wiki/Palappam \"Palappam\").",
"The people of [Bihar](/wiki/Bihar \"Bihar\") in eastern India eat [litti chokha](/wiki/Litti_%28cuisine%29 \"Litti (cuisine)\") and [dahi chura](/wiki/Dahi_chura \"Dahi chura\").",
"A typical north Indian breakfast may either be a type of [paratha](/wiki/Paratha \"Paratha\") or [roti](/wiki/Roti \"Roti\") served with a vegetable curry, curd, and pickles. There are several varieties of parathas available depending on the type of stuffing such as [aloo paratha](/wiki/Aloo_paratha \"Aloo paratha\"), [paneer](/wiki/Paneer \"Paneer\") (cottage cheese) paratha, mooli paratha (radish paratha), etc.{{cite web\\|title\\=Types of Parathas\\|url\\=http://oyeweekend.com/articles/types\\-of\\-parathas/\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=3 February 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203193536/http://oyeweekend.com/articles/types\\-of\\-parathas/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Other popular breakfast items in the north are [poori bhaji](/wiki/Puri_bhaji \"Puri bhaji\"), [poha](/wiki/Poha_%28rice%29 \"Poha (rice)\"), and bhindi bhujia.",
"Among Bengals roti and curry are the general variants in breakfast. The menu may also include \"Indian [French toast](/wiki/French_toast \"French toast\")\" which is also known as \"Bombay toast\", chire bhaja (flaked rice fried in oil with salt added to taste),[Chire Bhaja or Fried Flaked Rice (East Indian\\-vegetarian)](http://www.rice-n-curry.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=103:chire-bhaja-or-fried-flaked-rice&catid=9:weekdays&Itemid=14) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406031230/http://rice\\-n\\-curry.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=103%3Achire\\-bhaja\\-or\\-fried\\-flaked\\-rice\\&catid\\=9%3Aweekdays\\&Itemid\\=14 \\|date\\=6 April 2014 }} and boiled eggs.",
"In Western India, a [Gujarati](/wiki/Gujarati_people \"Gujarati people\") household may serve [dhoklas](/wiki/Dhokla \"Dhokla\"), [khakhras](/wiki/Khakhra \"Khakhra\"), or theplas for breakfast, the most popular of which is methi thepla.{{cite web\\|title\\=Methi Thepla of Gujarat\\|url\\=http://www.vegrecipesofindia.com/methi\\-thepla\\-gujarati\\-methi\\-thepla/\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2013}} In [Mangalore](/wiki/Mangalore \"Mangalore\"), the breakfast dish [oondees](/wiki/Oondees \"Oondees\") may be served. In [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra \"Maharashtra\"), the typical breakfast (*nashta*) consists of kande pohe, [upma](/wiki/Upma \"Upma\"), ukkad, and [thalipeeth](/wiki/Thalipeeth \"Thalipeeth\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Thalipeeth\\|url\\=http://www.indiasrecipe.com/thalipeeth\\-multi\\-grain\\-pancake/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215235817/http://www.indiasrecipe.com/thalipeeth\\-multi\\-grain\\-pancake/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=15 December 2014\\|access\\-date\\=15 December 2014}} Sometimes, chapati bhaji or a chapati roll with tea becomes breakfast.\nIn South India, a [Tamil](/wiki/Tamilian_people \"Tamilian people\") household may serve [idlis](/wiki/Idli \"Idli\"), [dosas](/wiki/Dosa_%28food%29 \"Dosa (food)\"), or [vadas](/wiki/Vada_%28food%29 \"Vada (food)\") for breakfast, the most popular of which is Idli.{{cite web\\|title\\=Soft and Spongy Idli\\|date\\=20 December 2020\\|url\\=https://cookingcraft.net/soft\\-idli\\-idli\\-recipe\\-how\\-to\\-make\\-idli\\-batter\\-recipe\\-step\\-by\\-step\\-guide/\\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=13 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113044326/https://cookingcraft.net/soft\\-idli\\-idli\\-recipe\\-how\\-to\\-make\\-idli\\-batter\\-recipe\\-step\\-by\\-step\\-guide/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In Kashmir, people prefer to have their authentic traditional food items like Noon Chai, Chhir Chot, Kahwa, Girda, Lavasa Masala Tchot and Bakarkhani for breakfast. Sometimes they also eat Chochwor and Roth in their morning meal. {{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2023}}",
"Apart from traditional breakfast, factory produced bread is consumed throughout India with butter, jelly or jam or as French toast, where bread is fried with egg, onions and oil.",
"### Levant",
"[thumb\\|Traditional Levantine Breakfast with a Variety of Local Delights.](/wiki/File:Traditional_Levantine_Breakfast_with_a_Variety_of_Local_Delights.jpg \"Traditional Levantine Breakfast with a Variety of Local Delights.jpg\") \nLevantine breakfasts are renowned for their diversity and nutritional value, serving as a wholesome start to the day in the Levant region, which includes countries such as [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\"), [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\"), [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan \"Jordan\"), and [Palestine](/wiki/State_of_Palestine \"State of Palestine\"). These meals reflect the rich culinary traditions and cultural heritage of the area.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Discover Levantine Breakfast Dishes {{!}} Arabian fish house \\|url\\=https://arabianfishhouse.com/levantine\\-breakfast/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-20 \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"One of the most iconic dishes of a Levantine breakfast is the *[Manakish](/wiki/Manakish \"Manakish\")*. This traditional flatbread comes in a variety of flavors, ranging from the classic *[Za'atar](/wiki/Za%27atar \"Za'atar\")* topping to the rich, creamy *nabulsi* cheese. Typically served hot and fresh from the oven, *manakish* offers a satisfying and flavorful breakfast option, deeply rooted in the region's culinary heritage.",
"### Indonesia",
"[thumb\\|Indonesian chicken porridge](/wiki/File:Bubur_ayam_chicken_porridge.JPG \"Bubur ayam chicken porridge.JPG\")\n[Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\") is a great [melting pot](/wiki/Melting_pot \"Melting pot\") country and [multiracial](/wiki/Multiracial \"Multiracial\") nation with more than [1,300 ethnic groups](/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia \"Ethnic groups in Indonesia\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bps.go.id/news/2015/11/18/127/mengulik\\-data\\-suku\\-di\\-indonesia.html\\|title\\=Mengulik Data Suku di Indonesia\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Statistics Indonesia\\|Badan Pusat Statistik]]\\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2020\\|date\\=18 November 2015}} In [Indonesian](/wiki/Indonesian_language \"Indonesian language\"), breakfast is known as *sarapan* or *makan pagi*, breakfast options are different in the different areas. Rice is a staple food in Indonesia[\"Indonesian food.\"](http://www.belindo.com/default.aspx?navid=84) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910074608/http://www.belindo.com/Default.aspx?NavID\\=84 \\|date\\=10 September 2011 }} [Belindo.com](http://www.belindo.com) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907235631/http://www.belindo.com/ \\|date\\=7 September 2011 }}. Accessed July 2011\\. and commonly served at breakfast. A typical Indonesian breakfast, *[bubur ayam](/wiki/Bubur_ayam \"Bubur ayam\")*{{cite book\\| last1\\=Tan\\| first1\\=M G\\| title\\=Etnis Tionghoa Di Indonesia: Kumpulan Tulisan\\| publisher\\=Yayasan Obor Indonesia\\| year\\=2008 \\|isbn\\=978\\-9794616895 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8HP9K\\-GOds8C\\&pg\\=PT115\\| page\\=115}} is a [rice congee](/wiki/Rice_congee \"Rice congee\") with shredded chicken meat served with some condiments, such as chopped scallion, crispy fried shallot, celery, *tongcai*, fried soybean, *cakwe*, both salty and sweet soy sauce, and sometimes topped with yellow chicken broth and *krupuk*. [Steamed rice](/wiki/Steamed_rice \"Steamed rice\") in [coconut milk](/wiki/Coconut_milk \"Coconut milk\") known as *[nasi uduk](/wiki/Nasi_uduk \"Nasi uduk\")*{{cite news\\| work \\= Jakarta Post \\| title \\= The best nasi uduk in Kebon Kacang \\| date \\= 27 December 2016\\| url \\= http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/12/27/the\\-best\\-nasi\\-uduk\\-in\\-kebon\\-kacang.html }} is made by cooking rice soaked in coconut milk instead of water, along with clove, cassia bark, and lemongrass to add aroma. Sometimes knotted pandan leaves are thrown into the rice while steaming to give it more fragrance. The coconut milk and spices imparts an oily, rich taste to the rice. *[Nasi gurih](/wiki/Nasi_gurih \"Nasi gurih\")*,{{cite web\n \\|url \\= http://atjehpost.com/read/2013/01/23/36591/0/60/Yuk\\-Sarapan\\-Pagi\\-Lezat\\-Nasi\\-Gurih\\-Bu\\-Ros\n \\|title \\= Yuk, Sarapan Pagi Lezat Nasi Gurih Bu Ros\n \\|author \\= Cut Raisa Prillya\n \\|date \\= 23 January 2013 \n \\|website \\= atjehpost.com\n \\|publisher \\= Atjeh Post\n \\|language \\= id\n \\|access\\-date \\= 22 August 2013\n\\|url\\-status \\= dead\n \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130227002639/http://atjehpost.com/read/2013/01/23/36591/0/60/Yuk\\-Sarapan\\-Pagi\\-Lezat\\-Nasi\\-Gurih\\-Bu\\-Ros\n \\|archive\\-date \\= 27 February 2013\n}}\n *[nasi lemak](/wiki/Nasi_lemak \"Nasi lemak\")*{{cite web \\|url\\=http://delectable.asia/recipe\\-items/nasi\\-lemak/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530081429/http://delectable.asia/recipe\\-items/nasi\\-lemak/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=30 May 2015 \\|title\\=Nasi Lemak \\|work\\=Delectable Asia }} and *[nasi liwet](/wiki/Nasi_liwet \"Nasi liwet\")*{{cite web \\|title\\=Nasi Liwet Gurih Dijamin Ketagihan \\|author\\= I Made Asdhiana \\|date\\=19 July 2011 \\|url\\=http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2011/07/19/1519410/Nasi.Liwet.Gurih.Dijamin.Ketagihan \\|publisher\\=Kompas.com \\|language\\=id \\|access\\-date\\= 19 August 2014 }} are breakfast dishes that are similar to *nasi uduk*.",
"In eastern Indonesia, a sago congee *[papeda](/wiki/Papeda_%28food%29 \"Papeda (food)\")* is a staple breakfast of native people in Maluku and Papua.{{cite news\\|title\\=Papeda, Maluku: Bubur 'Lem' Segar Bergizi \\|magazine\\=Femina \\|language\\=id \\|url\\=http://www.femina.co.id/kuliner/info.kuliner/papeda.maluku.bubur.lem.segar.bergizi/004/002/234 \\|access\\-date\\=9 March 2015}} Papeda is made up of [sago](/wiki/Sago \"Sago\") [starch](/wiki/Starch \"Starch\") and generally consumed with [mackerel](/wiki/Mackerel_as_food \"Mackerel as food\").",
"However, bread is also a popular choice for breakfast. *[Roti bakar](/wiki/Roti_bakar \"Roti bakar\")* is a sandwich toast filled with *[hagelslag](/wiki/Hagelslag \"Hagelslag\")* or [spreads](/wiki/Spread_%28food%29 \"Spread (food)\"). *[Kue](/wiki/Kue \"Kue\")* may be eaten throughout the day for light breakfast, such as *[arem\\-arem](/wiki/Arem-arem \"Arem-arem\")*, *[bagea](/wiki/Bagea \"Bagea\")*, *[bahulu](/wiki/Bahulu \"Bahulu\")*, *[gapit](/wiki/Kue_gapit \"Kue gapit\")*, *[kochi](/wiki/Kue_kochi \"Kue kochi\")*, *[nagasari](/wiki/Nagasari \"Nagasari\")*, *[lemper](/wiki/Lemper \"Lemper\")* and *[serabi](/wiki/Serabi \"Serabi\")*.",
"Other typical Indonesian breakfasts include *[bakpau](/wiki/Bakpau \"Bakpau\")* (meat *bun*), *[bihun goreng](/wiki/Bihun_goreng \"Bihun goreng\")* (fried rice vermicelli), *[bubur cha cha](/wiki/Bubur_cha_cha \"Bubur cha cha\")* (*cha\\-cha* porridge), *[bubur kacang hijau](/wiki/Bubur_kacang_hijau \"Bubur kacang hijau\")* (mung beans porridge), *bubur sumsum* (gruel), *[burgo](/wiki/Burgo_%28food%29 \"Burgo (food)\")* (rice pancake in coconut milk\\-based soup), *[gado\\-gado](/wiki/Gado-gado \"Gado-gado\")* (salad with rice cake in peanut sauce), *[gudeg](/wiki/Gudeg \"Gudeg\")* (jackfruit curry), *[ketoprak](/wiki/Ketoprak_%28dish%29 \"Ketoprak (dish)\")* (salad with rice vermicelli in peanut sauce), *[lontong sayur](/wiki/Lontong_sayur \"Lontong sayur\")* (rice cake and vegetable in coconut milk\\-based soup), *[nasi campur](/wiki/Nasi_campur \"Nasi campur\")* (mixed rice), *[nasi goreng](/wiki/Nasi_goreng \"Nasi goreng\")* (fried rice), *[nasi kari](/wiki/Nasi_kari \"Nasi kari\")* (rice and curry), *[nasi kuning](/wiki/Nasi_kuning \"Nasi kuning\")* (turmeric rice), *[nasi padang](/wiki/Nasi_padang \"Nasi padang\")* (rice with a variety of dishes), *[nasi pecel](/wiki/Nasi_pecel \"Nasi pecel\")* (rice with salad in peanut sauce), *[panekuk](/wiki/Pannenkoek \"Pannenkoek\")* (pancake), *[roti canai](/wiki/Roti_canai \"Roti canai\")* (flatbread), *[roti gambang](/wiki/Roti_gambang \"Roti gambang\")* (herbs bread), *[roti jala](/wiki/Roti_jala \"Roti jala\")* (net bread), *[roti john](/wiki/Roti_john \"Roti john\")* (sandwich with minced meat and egg), *[sayur sop](/wiki/Sayur_sop \"Sayur sop\")* (vegetable soup in clear broth), *[soto](/wiki/Soto_%28food%29 \"Soto (food)\")* (traditional soup with different variations) and *[tinutuan](/wiki/Tinutuan \"Tinutuan\")* (leafy vegetables porridge).",
"### Iran",
"Breakfast in Iran can vary significantly from province to province.\nBreakfast in Iran generally consists of different kinds of flatbread – such as [barbari](/wiki/Barbari_bread \"Barbari bread\"), [tafton](/wiki/Tafton \"Tafton\"), [sangak](/wiki/Sangak \"Sangak\"), or [lavash](/wiki/Lavash \"Lavash\") or [gerdeh](/wiki/Gerdeh \"Gerdeh\") – eaten with white cheese, butter, jam, marmalade (morabba), honey, clotted cream (sar sheer), sesame sauce (ardeh) or sesame cream or other sesame products, or nuts and fresh/dried fruits, and accompanied by black tea or coffee. Frequently, breakfast can be as simple as butter and jam on bread with tea. Iranians prefer to drink their hot black tea with sugar. Traditional cooked dishes for breakfast include [haleem](/wiki/Haleem \"Haleem\") (wheat and chicken/lamb/turkey porridge eaten with cinnamon), oatmeal or [kale pache](/wiki/Khash_%28dish%29 \"Khash (dish)\") (sheep's feet, stomach, and other offal), baked beans, adasi (green lentil soup), fried/boiled/soft\\-boiled eggs, *omlet* (eggs cooked in tomato sauce).",
"### Israel",
"[thumb\\|An [Israeli breakfast](/wiki/Israeli_breakfast \"Israeli breakfast\")\\|alt\\=Plates with fried eggs, green salad, and onions; basket of bread; smaller dishes filled with variety of sides.](/wiki/File:The_7_Breakfasts_-_Espresso_Bar.jpg \"The 7 Breakfasts - Espresso Bar.jpg\")\nThe Israeli breakfast is a mix of culinary influences from eastern Europe, [agrarian](/wiki/Agrarianism \"Agrarianism\") [Yishuv](/wiki/Yishuv \"Yishuv\") culture, [North African cuisine](/wiki/Maghreb_cuisine \"Maghreb cuisine\"), and [Levantine cuisine](/wiki/Levantine_cuisine \"Levantine cuisine\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bonvoyageurs.com/2016/05/15/israeli\\-breakfast/\\|title\\=The Israeli breakfast – Best in the world!\\|last1\\=Gagnon\\|first1\\=Lynn\\|date\\=15 May 2016\\|website\\=BonVoyageurs\\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2016}} It usually consists of a range of cheeses along with sliced vegetables, scrambled eggs (or another kind of fried egg){{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=GDy\\_1w83KEUC\\&q\\=%22Israeli\\+breakfast%22\\&pg\\=PA122\\|title\\=Cultures of the World: Israel\\|last1\\=Dubois\\|first1\\=Jill\\|last2\\=Rosh\\|first2\\=Mair\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Marshall Cavendish]]\\|year\\=2004\\|isbn\\=9780761416692\\|location\\=\\[\\[Singapore]]\\|page\\=122}}{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gFK\\_yx7Ps7cC\\&q\\=%22Israeli\\+breakfast%22\\&pg\\=PT563\\|title\\=Encyclopedia of Jewish Food\\|last\\=Marks\\|first\\=Gil\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]\\|year\\=2010\\|isbn\\=9780544186316\\|location\\=\\[\\[Boston]]\\|author\\-link\\=Gil Marks}} and bread, served with spreads like butter, jam, or honey. The most commonly used vegetables are cucumbers, tomatoes, and red bell peppers; carrots, onions and radishes may also be included.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/typical\\-israeli\\-breakfast\\-bountiful/\\|title\\=Typical Israeli Breakfast: Bountiful\\|date\\=6 November 2009\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[CBSNews.com]]\\|location\\=\\[\\[New York City]]}} Cheeses include, at the very least, [cottage cheese](/wiki/Cottage_cheese \"Cottage cheese\"), [quark](/wiki/Quark_%28dairy_product%29 \"Quark (dairy product)\") or [fromage blanc](/wiki/Fromage_blanc \"Fromage blanc\"), and a local variety of [Edam](/wiki/Edam_cheese \"Edam cheese\") (\"yellow cheese\"), and often [Tzfatit](/wiki/Tzfat_cheese \"Tzfat cheese\") and [labneh](/wiki/Labneh \"Labneh\") too. Side dishes including pickled olives and [herring](/wiki/Herring_as_food \"Herring as food\") may also be served. Typical Middle Eastern [mezze](/wiki/Mezze \"Mezze\") such as [Israeli salad](/wiki/Israeli_salad \"Israeli salad\"), [hummus](/wiki/Hummus \"Hummus\"), [tehina](/wiki/Tehina \"Tehina\") and [baba ghanoush](/wiki/Baba_ghanoush \"Baba ghanoush\"), as well as [Shakshouka](/wiki/Shakshouka \"Shakshouka\") and a variety of [salads](/wiki/Salads \"Salads\") may be served. The meal is most often accompanied by coffee, tea and orange juice. A typical Israeli meal could be either dairy\\- or meat\\-based, [but not both](/wiki/Kashrut%23Separation_of_meat_and_milk \"Kashrut#Separation of meat and milk\"). Only certain types of meat [are considered kosher](/wiki/Kashrut%23Permitted_and_forbidden_animals \"Kashrut#Permitted and forbidden animals\"). Israeli hotels usually present this type of breakfast as a [buffet](/wiki/Buffet \"Buffet\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=Q\\_0jAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6966,2720199\\&dq\\=israeli\\-breakfast\\&hl\\=en\\|title\\=Israeli Breakfast ... is being replaced by the continental breakfast: coffee and a roll\\|last\\=Torgerson\\|first\\=Dial\\|date\\=6 September 1979\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Sarasota Herald\\-Tribune]]\\|access\\-date\\=7 April 2013\\|location\\=\\[\\[Sarasota]]\\|pages\\=8–CF}} Restaurants may prefer a pre\\-set \"Israeli Breakfast\" menu item.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012\\-08\\-10/lifestyle/35491332\\_1\\_breakfast\\-shakshuka\\-salmon\\-dish\\|title\\=Smart Mouth: The delectable nature of Israeli breakfast\\|last\\=Deane\\|first\\=Daniela\\|date\\=10 August 2012\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\|access\\-date\\=7 April 2013\\|location\\=\\[\\[Washington, DC]]\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728124301/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012\\-08\\-10/lifestyle/35491332\\_1\\_breakfast\\-shakshuka\\-salmon\\-dish\\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2013}}",
"### Japan",
"{{redirect\\|Japanese breakfast\\|the pop band\\|Japanese Breakfast}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|A traditional Japanese breakfast of rice, pickles ([umeboshi](/wiki/Umeboshi \"Umeboshi\") and [takuan](/wiki/Takuan \"Takuan\")), grilled salmon, egg, [nori](/wiki/Nori \"Nori\"), and vegetables](/wiki/File:Chion-in_breakfast_by_Ozchin.jpg \"Chion-in breakfast by Ozchin.jpg\")\nBreakfast in modern Japanese households comes in two major variations: Japanese style and Western style.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Ley\\_r5VldNUC\\&q\\=breakfast\\+japan\\&pg\\=PA119\\|title\\=Food culture in Japan\\|last1\\=Ashkenazi\\|first1\\=Michael\\|last2\\=Jacob\\|first2\\=Jeanne\\|year\\=2003\\|isbn\\=9780313324383\\|pages\\=119–20\\|publisher\\=Bloomsbury Academic \\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2012}} Japanese\\-style breakfasts are eaten widely in Japan, but often only on [weekends](/wiki/Weekends \"Weekends\") and non\\-working days. Younger Japanese couples may prefer Western\\-style breakfasts because they are generally less time\\-consuming to prepare. The standard Japanese breakfast consists of steamed white [rice](/wiki/Japanese_rice \"Japanese rice\"), a bowl of [miso soup](/wiki/Miso_soup \"Miso soup\"), and Japanese\\-style pickles (like *[takuan](/wiki/Takuan \"Takuan\")* or *[umeboshi](/wiki/Umeboshi \"Umeboshi\")*).{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=4bzOCDzOlgIC\\&q\\=breakfast\\+japan\\&pg\\=PA123\\|title\\=Learn Japanese (Nihongo): the fast and fun way\\|last1\\=Akiyama\\|first1\\=Nobuo\\|last2\\=Akiyama\\|first2\\=Carol\\|year\\=1999\\|isbn\\=9780764106231\\|page\\=123\\|publisher\\=Barron's \\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2012}} A raw [egg](/wiki/Egg_%28food%29 \"Egg (food)\") and [nori](/wiki/Nori \"Nori\") are often served; the raw egg is beaten in a small bowl and poured on the hot rice to make golden colored *[tamago kake gohan](/wiki/Tamago_kake_gohan \"Tamago kake gohan\")*, whilst the *[nori](/wiki/Nori \"Nori\")* (sheets of dried seaweed) is used to wrap rice. Grilled fish and Japanese [green tea](/wiki/Green_tea \"Green tea\") are often served as well.",
"Western\\-style breakfasts in Japanese households are similar to those in the United States. Japanese children often eat [corn flakes](/wiki/Corn_flake \"Corn flake\") and drink milk, hot chocolate or fruit juice. Japanese adults (especially younger ones) tend to have [toast](/wiki/Toast_%28food%29 \"Toast (food)\") with butter or jam, eggs, and slices of vegetables. They often drink coffee or [orange juice](/wiki/Orange_juice \"Orange juice\"). Traditional Japanese inns (like *[ryokan](/wiki/Ryokan_%28Japanese_inn%29 \"Ryokan (Japanese inn)\")*) serve complete traditional breakfast. Western\\-style hotels and restaurants in Japan generally offer a mix of the Western and Japanese styles.",
"### Korea",
"Traditionally, [Korean](/wiki/Korea \"Korea\") breakfasts consist mainly of rice and soup dishes. These can include small amounts of fish or beef, and some form of broth, stew or porridge. Like all Korean meals, breakfast is usually served with *[banchan](/wiki/Banchan \"Banchan\")*, or side dishes consisting of *[kimchi](/wiki/Kimchi \"Kimchi\")*, *[Gyeran\\-jjim](/wiki/Gyeran-jjim \"Gyeran-jjim\")* (steamed eggs) and [tofu](/wiki/Tofu \"Tofu\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://koreanfood.about.com/od/koreanfoodbasics/ig/Korean\\-Breakfast/Korean\\-Brunch.htm\\|title\\=About\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=2 January 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102104342/http://koreanfood.about.com/od/koreanfoodbasics/ig/Korean\\-Breakfast/Korean\\-Brunch.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### Malaysia and Singapore",
"[249px\\|thumb\\|*[Nasi lemak](/wiki/Nasi_lemak \"Nasi lemak\")* as served in a [Penang](/wiki/Penang \"Penang\") restaurant](/wiki/File:Nasi_Lemak_dengan_Chili_Nasi_Lemak_dan_Sotong_Pedas%2C_di_Penang_Summer_Restaurant.jpg \"Nasi Lemak dengan Chili Nasi Lemak dan Sotong Pedas, di Penang Summer Restaurant.jpg\")",
"[249px\\|thumb\\|[Kaya toast](/wiki/Kaya_toast \"Kaya toast\"), soft\\-boiled eggs and two cups of *[kopi](/wiki/Kopi_%28drink%29 \"Kopi (drink)\")* at a Singaporean *[kopitiam](/wiki/Kopitiam \"Kopitiam\")*](/wiki/File:Ya_Kun_Koya_toast%2C_eggs_and_coffee.jpg \"Ya Kun Koya toast, eggs and coffee.jpg\") \nAs multiracial nations, breakfast options vary greatly in both [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\") and [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\"). Breakfast is typically consumed in various establishments i.e. *gerai*, *[kopitiams](/wiki/Kopitiams \"Kopitiams\")* and [hawker centres](/wiki/Hawker_centres \"Hawker centres\").{{Cite web\\| url\\= https://www.travelfish.org/eatandmeet\\_profile/singapore/central\\_region/central\\_area/downtown\\_singapore/2301\\|title\\=Traditional breakfasts in Singapore\\|website\\=Travelfish.org \\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2020}} A traditional Malaysian and Singaporean breakfast consists of *[nasi lemak](/wiki/Nasi_lemak \"Nasi lemak\")* (fragrant [coconut rice](/wiki/Coconut_rice \"Coconut rice\") dish served with various accompaniments, typically *[sambal](/wiki/Sambal \"Sambal\")*, sliced [cucumbers](/wiki/Cucumbers \"Cucumbers\"), [egg](/wiki/Eggs_as_food \"Eggs as food\"), [fried chicken](/wiki/Ayam_goreng \"Ayam goreng\"), roasted [peanuts](/wiki/Peanut \"Peanut\") and fried [anchovies](/wiki/Anchovies_as_food \"Anchovies as food\")), *[roti canai/prata](/wiki/Roti_canai \"Roti canai\")* (Indian\\-influenced [flatbread](/wiki/Flatbread \"Flatbread\")), *[teh tarik](/wiki/Teh_tarik \"Teh tarik\")* (milk\\-infused [black tea](/wiki/Black_tea \"Black tea\") with a foamy head), [kaya toast](/wiki/Kaya_toast \"Kaya toast\") (coconut milk jam with bread), half\\-boiled eggs and *[Kopi](/wiki/Kopi_%28drink%29 \"Kopi (drink)\")* (coffee made from [robusta](/wiki/Robusta_coffee \"Robusta coffee\") beans, typically roasted with butter or [margarine](/wiki/Margarine \"Margarine\") and sugar).{{Cite web\\| url\\= https://theculturetrip.com/asia/singapore/articles/what\\-makes\\-singapores\\-coffee\\-culture\\-so\\-unique/ \\|title\\=What Makes Singapore's Coffee Culture So Unique?\\|last\\=Dutta\\|first\\=Madhurima\\|website\\=Culture Trip\\|date\\=21 February 2018 \\| access\\-date\\=15 March 2020}} Locals usually dip the toast into the eggs mixed with [soya sauce](/wiki/Soya_sauce \"Soya sauce\") and [pepper](/wiki/White_pepper \"White pepper\"). Other commonly consumed dishes include *[nasi dagang](/wiki/Nasi_dagang \"Nasi dagang\")* ([Coconut rice](/wiki/Coconut_rice \"Coconut rice\") dish served with pickled vegetables and curried *[tongkol](/wiki/Mackerel_tuna \"Mackerel tuna\")*), *[nasi kerabu](/wiki/Nasi_kerabu \"Nasi kerabu\")* (rice dish served with fresh vegetables and herbs), *[laksa](/wiki/Laksa \"Laksa\")* (rice noodle dish in spicy broth), fishball noodles, *[bihun goreng](/wiki/Bihun_goreng \"Bihun goreng\")* (fried rice vermicelli), *[dim sum](/wiki/Dim_sum \"Dim sum\")* and *[appam](/wiki/Appam \"Appam\")* (small savoury pancakes).",
"### Myanmar",
"In [Burma](/wiki/Burmese_cuisine \"Burmese cuisine\"), the traditional breakfast is *htamin jaw*, fried rice with boiled [peas](/wiki/Peas \"Peas\") (*pè byouk*), and *yei nway jan* ([green tea](/wiki/Green_tea \"Green tea\")), especially among the poor.{{cite book\\|title\\=The Food of Asia\\|last\\=Kong\\|first\\=Foong Ling\\|author2\\=Ming Tsai\\|author3\\=Chiong Liew\\|publisher\\=Tuttle Publishing\\|year\\=2002\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7946\\-0146\\-1\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/foodofasia0000ling/page/24 24]\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/foodofasia0000ling/page/24}} [Glutinous rice](/wiki/Glutinous_rice \"Glutinous rice\") or *kao hnyin* is steamed and wrapped in [banana leaf](/wiki/Banana_leaf \"Banana leaf\") often served with peas as *kao hnyin baung* with a sprinkle of crushed and salted toasted sesame. Equally popular is the purple variety of rice known as *nga cheik* which is cooked the same way and called *nga cheik paung*. *Si damin* is sticky rice cooked with [turmeric](/wiki/Turmeric \"Turmeric\") and onions in peanut oil which is served with crushed and salted toasted sesame and crisp [fried onions](/wiki/Fried_onion \"Fried onion\"). Assorted fritters such as *baya jaw* (*[urad dal](/wiki/Urad_%28bean%29 \"Urad (bean)\")*) are often served as a complement.",
"*Nan bya* or *[naan](/wiki/Naan \"Naan\")* (Indian\\-style flatbreads) again with *pè byouk* or simply buttered, is served with Indian tea or coffee. It goes well with *hseiksoup* (mutton soup). Fried *[chapati](/wiki/Chapati \"Chapati\")*, blistered like *nan bya* but crispy, with *pè byouk* and crispy fried onions is a popular alternative.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.travelwireasia.com/5870/burmese\\-food/\\|title\\=A taste of Yangon: 6 must\\-try Burmese dishes\\|last\\=Lane\\|first\\=Jo\\|date\\=28 February 2012\\|work\\=Travel Wire Asia\\|access\\-date\\=29 April 2012\\|publisher\\=Hybrid News Limited\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429195118/http://www.travelwireasia.com/5870/burmese\\-food/\\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} *Htat ta ya*, lit. \"a hundred layers\", is flaky multi\\-layered fried *[paratha](/wiki/Paratha \"Paratha\")* served with either *pè byouk* or a sprinkle of sugar.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hsaba.com/blog/new\\-recipes/burmese\\-paratha\\|title\\=burmese paratha\\|author\\=Tin Cho Chaw\\|date\\=22 May 2009\\|access\\-date\\=29 April 2012}} *Eeja gway* (Chinese\\-style fried breadsticks or *[youtiao](/wiki/Youtiao \"Youtiao\")*) with Indian tea or coffee is another favourite. *[Mohinga](/wiki/Mohinga \"Mohinga\")*,{{cite book\\|title\\=Myanmar (Burma)\\|last\\=Köllner\\|first\\=Helmut\\|author2\\=Axel Bruns\\|publisher\\=Hunter Publishing\\|year\\=1998\\|page\\=215}} perhaps the most popular of all, now available as an \"all\\-day breakfast\" in many towns and cities, is rice [vermicelli](/wiki/Vermicelli \"Vermicelli\") in fish broth kept on the boil with [chickpea flour](/wiki/Chickpea_flour \"Chickpea flour\") or crushed toasted rice, [lemon grass](/wiki/Lemon_grass \"Lemon grass\"), sliced banana stem, onions, garlic, ginger, pepper and [fish paste](/wiki/Fish_paste \"Fish paste\") and served with crispy fried onions, crushed dried chilli, [coriander](/wiki/Coriander \"Coriander\"), [fish sauce](/wiki/Fish_sauce \"Fish sauce\") and lime. Add fritters such as split chickpea (*pè jan jaw*), urad dal (*baya jaw*) or [gourd](/wiki/Calabash \"Calabash\") (*bu jaw*), boiled egg and fried [fish cake](/wiki/Fish_cake \"Fish cake\") (*nga hpè jaw*).",
"### Pakistan",
"In Pakistani cuisine, a breakfast consists of fried bread called ([Paratha](/wiki/Paratha \"Paratha\")) and omelette with black milk tea. A more common Pakistani speciality for breakfast consist few items \"[Nehari](https://www.tasteatlas.com/most-popular-breakfasts-in-pakistan)'Nihari is a popular meat\\-based dish originating from Old Delhi. When Pakistan gained independence in 1947, numerous immigrants from Delhi settled in Karachi, where they established their own restaurants, so nihar is also associated with Pakistani cuisine' served with kulcha'flatbread made with wheat flour', [Halwa poori](https://www.tasteatlas.com/halwa-poori), and Siri paya.",
"### Philippines",
"[thumb\\|A *tocilog* served with *[atchara](/wiki/Atchara \"Atchara\")*](/wiki/File:Pork_tocino_with_eggs%2C_rice%2C_and_atchara_%28typical_Filipino_breakfast%29.jpg \"Pork tocino with eggs, rice, and atchara (typical Filipino breakfast).jpg\")",
"[thumb\\|*[Pandesal](/wiki/Pandesal \"Pandesal\")*](/wiki/File:Pan_de_sal_%28Philippines%29_02.jpg \"Pan de sal (Philippines) 02.jpg\")\nA typical Filipino breakfast usually includes one or more fried eggs (either scrambled or sunny side\\-up), [tocino](/wiki/Tocino \"Tocino\"), dried fish known as [tuyo](/wiki/Daing \"Daing\"), [tapa](/wiki/Tapa_%28Filipino_cuisine%29 \"Tapa (Filipino cuisine)\"), and fried rice, normally seasoned with garlic. The word *silog* is a portmanteau of *sinangag* (garlic fried rice) and *itlog* (egg), which form the basis of many breakfast combinations. These combinations include *tapsilog* (with tapa), *tocilog* (with tocino), and *longsilog* (with [longganisa](/wiki/Longaniza \"Longaniza\")).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.saveur.com/filipino\\-breakfast\\-foods\\-silog\\-tsokolate\\-philippines/\\|title\\=Everything You Need to Know About Filipino Breakfasts\\|website\\=Saveur\\|date\\=8 February 2019\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2019}} Breakfast is usually served at seven in the morning since school classes start relatively early. If a cooked breakfast is unavailable, a bread called [pandesal](/wiki/Pandesal \"Pandesal\") is eaten instead, together with cheese, peanut butter, jam, or [kesong puti](/wiki/Kesong_puti \"Kesong puti\") as [spreads](/wiki/Spread_%28food%29 \"Spread (food)\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Thorington \\|first1\\=Lance \\|title\\=A Typical Filipino Breakfast \\|url\\=https://www.streetdirectory.com/food\\_editorials/meals/breakfast\\_meals/a\\_typical\\_filipino\\_breakfast.html \\|website\\=Foodeditorial.co \\|access\\-date\\=19 February 2019}}",
"### Taiwan",
"{{Main\\|Taiwanese cuisine}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Taiwanese breakfast](/wiki/File:Taiwanese_breakfast_-_Zhu_Mama%2C_Haymarket_-_k850i_%283835983595%29.jpg \"Taiwanese breakfast - Zhu Mama, Haymarket - k850i (3835983595).jpg\")\nTraditional Taiwanese breakfasts consist of a variety of dishes, usually containing a lot of carbohydrates and proteins to start off the day. In northern Taiwan, [shaobing](/wiki/Shaobing \"Shaobing\") and [youtiao](/wiki/Youtiao \"Youtiao\") are common and usually washed down by a hot or cold glass of [soymilk](/wiki/Soymilk \"Soymilk\") or [rice milk](/wiki/Rice_milk \"Rice milk\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Tchea \\|first1\\=Michelle \\|title\\=Starting my day with a Taiwanese breakfast sandwich \\|url\\=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2021/09/14/starting\\-my\\-day\\-taiwanese\\-breakfast\\-sandwich \\|website\\=fooddrinkdestinations.com \\|access\\-date\\=26 October 2022\\| date\\=14 September 2021}} Other popular dishes include [scallion pancake](/wiki/Cong_you_bing \"Cong you bing\"), [turnip cake](/wiki/Turnip_cake \"Turnip cake\"), and [danbing](/wiki/Danbing \"Danbing\").{{cite web \\|title\\=5 Most Popular Taiwanese Breakfasts \\|url\\=https://www.tasteatlas.com/most\\-popular\\-breakfasts\\-in\\-taiwan \\|website\\=tasteatlas.com \\|access\\-date\\=26 October 2022\\| date\\=13 January 2021}} Down south, typical breakfast dishes include [milkfish congee](/wiki/Milkfish_congee \"Milkfish congee\"), [eel noodles](/wiki/Eel_noodles \"Eel noodles\"), [tube rice pudding](/wiki/Tube_rice_pudding \"Tube rice pudding\"), beef soup and [bubble tea](/wiki/Bubble_tea \"Bubble tea\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Hoffman \\|first1\\=Amber \\|title\\=8 Taiwanese Breakfast Dishes You Must Try \\|url\\=https://fooddrinkdestinations.com/taiwanese\\-breakfast\\-dishes/ \\|website\\=fooddrinkdestinations.com \\|access\\-date\\=26 October 2022\\| date\\=1 February 2022}}",
""
] |
### India
[thumb\|right\|[Idli](/wiki/Idli "Idli") and [sambar](/wiki/Sambar_%28dish%29 "Sambar (dish)") \- a [South Indian](/wiki/South_India "South India") breakfast](/wiki/File:Breakfast_idli_sambar.jpg "Breakfast idli sambar.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|South Indian [dosa](/wiki/Dosa_%28food%29 "Dosa (food)") served with [chutney](/wiki/Chutney "Chutney") and [sambar](/wiki/Sambar_%28dish%29 "Sambar (dish)")](/wiki/File:Dosa-chutney-sambhar.jpg "Dosa-chutney-sambhar.jpg")
In all, there are at least 25 types of Indian breakfasts, each consisting of a choice of over 100 different food items.{{cite book\|last1\=Jaffrey\|first1\=Madhur\|title\=Vegetarian India\|year\= 2015\|publisher\=Penguin Random House\|location\=New Delhi\|url\=http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/247938/vegetarian\-india\-by\-madhur\-jaffrey/9781101874868\|access\-date\=28 April 2017}} Each state in India has different specialties and items for breakfast. Thus there is no single standard Indian breakfast, with items changing with regions. However, one can broadly classify breakfast varieties in India into two types: North Indian and South Indian. The eastern and western parts of India also have individual breakfast items unique to their cultures and states.
A typical south Indian breakfast consists of idli,{{cite web\|title\=Soft Idli Of TamilNadu\|url\=https://www.cookclickndevour.com/soft\-idli\-recipe\-how\-to\-make\-soft\-idli\-batter/\|access\-date\=6 February 2013}} [vada](/wiki/Vada_%28food%29 "Vada (food)"), or [dosa](/wiki/Dosa_%28food%29 "Dosa (food)"){{cite book\|title\=Regional Indian Recipes\|publisher\=Jaico Publishing House\|isbn\=978\-81\-7224\-035\-6 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=h5xXz\_UFV7QC\|date\=1 January 1970}} coupled with [chutney](/wiki/Chutney "Chutney") and [sambar](/wiki/Sambar_%28dish%29 "Sambar (dish)"). Many variations of these dishes exist such as [rava idli](/wiki/Rava_idli "Rava idli"), thayir vadai (yogurt vada), sambar vada and [masala dosa](/wiki/Masala_dosa "Masala dosa"). Other popular south Indian breakfast items are [pongal](/wiki/Pongal_%28dish%29 "Pongal (dish)"), [bisibelebath](/wiki/Bisibelebath "Bisibelebath"), [upma](/wiki/Upma "Upma"), and [poori](/wiki/Poori "Poori"). The state of [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala "Kerala") has some special breakfast items such as [appam](/wiki/Appam "Appam"), [parotta](/wiki/Parotta "Parotta"), [puttu](/wiki/Puttu "Puttu"), [idiyappam](/wiki/Idiyappam "Idiyappam"), and [palappam](/wiki/Palappam "Palappam").
The people of [Bihar](/wiki/Bihar "Bihar") in eastern India eat [litti chokha](/wiki/Litti_%28cuisine%29 "Litti (cuisine)") and [dahi chura](/wiki/Dahi_chura "Dahi chura").
A typical north Indian breakfast may either be a type of [paratha](/wiki/Paratha "Paratha") or [roti](/wiki/Roti "Roti") served with a vegetable curry, curd, and pickles. There are several varieties of parathas available depending on the type of stuffing such as [aloo paratha](/wiki/Aloo_paratha "Aloo paratha"), [paneer](/wiki/Paneer "Paneer") (cottage cheese) paratha, mooli paratha (radish paratha), etc.{{cite web\|title\=Types of Parathas\|url\=http://oyeweekend.com/articles/types\-of\-parathas/\|access\-date\=6 February 2013\|archive\-date\=3 February 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203193536/http://oyeweekend.com/articles/types\-of\-parathas/\|url\-status\=dead}} Other popular breakfast items in the north are [poori bhaji](/wiki/Puri_bhaji "Puri bhaji"), [poha](/wiki/Poha_%28rice%29 "Poha (rice)"), and bhindi bhujia.
Among Bengals roti and curry are the general variants in breakfast. The menu may also include "Indian [French toast](/wiki/French_toast "French toast")" which is also known as "Bombay toast", chire bhaja (flaked rice fried in oil with salt added to taste),[Chire Bhaja or Fried Flaked Rice (East Indian\-vegetarian)](http://www.rice-n-curry.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=103:chire-bhaja-or-fried-flaked-rice&catid=9:weekdays&Itemid=14) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406031230/http://rice\-n\-curry.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=103%3Achire\-bhaja\-or\-fried\-flaked\-rice\&catid\=9%3Aweekdays\&Itemid\=14 \|date\=6 April 2014 }} and boiled eggs.
In Western India, a [Gujarati](/wiki/Gujarati_people "Gujarati people") household may serve [dhoklas](/wiki/Dhokla "Dhokla"), [khakhras](/wiki/Khakhra "Khakhra"), or theplas for breakfast, the most popular of which is methi thepla.{{cite web\|title\=Methi Thepla of Gujarat\|url\=http://www.vegrecipesofindia.com/methi\-thepla\-gujarati\-methi\-thepla/\|access\-date\=6 February 2013}} In [Mangalore](/wiki/Mangalore "Mangalore"), the breakfast dish [oondees](/wiki/Oondees "Oondees") may be served. In [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra "Maharashtra"), the typical breakfast (*nashta*) consists of kande pohe, [upma](/wiki/Upma "Upma"), ukkad, and [thalipeeth](/wiki/Thalipeeth "Thalipeeth").{{cite web\|title\=Thalipeeth\|url\=http://www.indiasrecipe.com/thalipeeth\-multi\-grain\-pancake/\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215235817/http://www.indiasrecipe.com/thalipeeth\-multi\-grain\-pancake/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=15 December 2014\|access\-date\=15 December 2014}} Sometimes, chapati bhaji or a chapati roll with tea becomes breakfast.
In South India, a [Tamil](/wiki/Tamilian_people "Tamilian people") household may serve [idlis](/wiki/Idli "Idli"), [dosas](/wiki/Dosa_%28food%29 "Dosa (food)"), or [vadas](/wiki/Vada_%28food%29 "Vada (food)") for breakfast, the most popular of which is Idli.{{cite web\|title\=Soft and Spongy Idli\|date\=20 December 2020\|url\=https://cookingcraft.net/soft\-idli\-idli\-recipe\-how\-to\-make\-idli\-batter\-recipe\-step\-by\-step\-guide/\|access\-date\=21 December 2020\|archive\-date\=13 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113044326/https://cookingcraft.net/soft\-idli\-idli\-recipe\-how\-to\-make\-idli\-batter\-recipe\-step\-by\-step\-guide/\|url\-status\=dead}}
In Kashmir, people prefer to have their authentic traditional food items like Noon Chai, Chhir Chot, Kahwa, Girda, Lavasa Masala Tchot and Bakarkhani for breakfast. Sometimes they also eat Chochwor and Roth in their morning meal. {{citation needed\|date\=September 2023}}
Apart from traditional breakfast, factory produced bread is consumed throughout India with butter, jelly or jam or as French toast, where bread is fried with egg, onions and oil.
|
[
"### India",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[Idli](/wiki/Idli \"Idli\") and [sambar](/wiki/Sambar_%28dish%29 \"Sambar (dish)\") \\- a [South Indian](/wiki/South_India \"South India\") breakfast](/wiki/File:Breakfast_idli_sambar.jpg \"Breakfast idli sambar.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|South Indian [dosa](/wiki/Dosa_%28food%29 \"Dosa (food)\") served with [chutney](/wiki/Chutney \"Chutney\") and [sambar](/wiki/Sambar_%28dish%29 \"Sambar (dish)\")](/wiki/File:Dosa-chutney-sambhar.jpg \"Dosa-chutney-sambhar.jpg\")\nIn all, there are at least 25 types of Indian breakfasts, each consisting of a choice of over 100 different food items.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Jaffrey\\|first1\\=Madhur\\|title\\=Vegetarian India\\|year\\= 2015\\|publisher\\=Penguin Random House\\|location\\=New Delhi\\|url\\=http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/247938/vegetarian\\-india\\-by\\-madhur\\-jaffrey/9781101874868\\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2017}} Each state in India has different specialties and items for breakfast. Thus there is no single standard Indian breakfast, with items changing with regions. However, one can broadly classify breakfast varieties in India into two types: North Indian and South Indian. The eastern and western parts of India also have individual breakfast items unique to their cultures and states.",
"A typical south Indian breakfast consists of idli,{{cite web\\|title\\=Soft Idli Of TamilNadu\\|url\\=https://www.cookclickndevour.com/soft\\-idli\\-recipe\\-how\\-to\\-make\\-soft\\-idli\\-batter/\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2013}} [vada](/wiki/Vada_%28food%29 \"Vada (food)\"), or [dosa](/wiki/Dosa_%28food%29 \"Dosa (food)\"){{cite book\\|title\\=Regional Indian Recipes\\|publisher\\=Jaico Publishing House\\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-7224\\-035\\-6 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=h5xXz\\_UFV7QC\\|date\\=1 January 1970}} coupled with [chutney](/wiki/Chutney \"Chutney\") and [sambar](/wiki/Sambar_%28dish%29 \"Sambar (dish)\"). Many variations of these dishes exist such as [rava idli](/wiki/Rava_idli \"Rava idli\"), thayir vadai (yogurt vada), sambar vada and [masala dosa](/wiki/Masala_dosa \"Masala dosa\"). Other popular south Indian breakfast items are [pongal](/wiki/Pongal_%28dish%29 \"Pongal (dish)\"), [bisibelebath](/wiki/Bisibelebath \"Bisibelebath\"), [upma](/wiki/Upma \"Upma\"), and [poori](/wiki/Poori \"Poori\"). The state of [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\") has some special breakfast items such as [appam](/wiki/Appam \"Appam\"), [parotta](/wiki/Parotta \"Parotta\"), [puttu](/wiki/Puttu \"Puttu\"), [idiyappam](/wiki/Idiyappam \"Idiyappam\"), and [palappam](/wiki/Palappam \"Palappam\").",
"The people of [Bihar](/wiki/Bihar \"Bihar\") in eastern India eat [litti chokha](/wiki/Litti_%28cuisine%29 \"Litti (cuisine)\") and [dahi chura](/wiki/Dahi_chura \"Dahi chura\").",
"A typical north Indian breakfast may either be a type of [paratha](/wiki/Paratha \"Paratha\") or [roti](/wiki/Roti \"Roti\") served with a vegetable curry, curd, and pickles. There are several varieties of parathas available depending on the type of stuffing such as [aloo paratha](/wiki/Aloo_paratha \"Aloo paratha\"), [paneer](/wiki/Paneer \"Paneer\") (cottage cheese) paratha, mooli paratha (radish paratha), etc.{{cite web\\|title\\=Types of Parathas\\|url\\=http://oyeweekend.com/articles/types\\-of\\-parathas/\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=3 February 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203193536/http://oyeweekend.com/articles/types\\-of\\-parathas/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Other popular breakfast items in the north are [poori bhaji](/wiki/Puri_bhaji \"Puri bhaji\"), [poha](/wiki/Poha_%28rice%29 \"Poha (rice)\"), and bhindi bhujia.",
"Among Bengals roti and curry are the general variants in breakfast. The menu may also include \"Indian [French toast](/wiki/French_toast \"French toast\")\" which is also known as \"Bombay toast\", chire bhaja (flaked rice fried in oil with salt added to taste),[Chire Bhaja or Fried Flaked Rice (East Indian\\-vegetarian)](http://www.rice-n-curry.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=103:chire-bhaja-or-fried-flaked-rice&catid=9:weekdays&Itemid=14) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406031230/http://rice\\-n\\-curry.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=103%3Achire\\-bhaja\\-or\\-fried\\-flaked\\-rice\\&catid\\=9%3Aweekdays\\&Itemid\\=14 \\|date\\=6 April 2014 }} and boiled eggs.",
"In Western India, a [Gujarati](/wiki/Gujarati_people \"Gujarati people\") household may serve [dhoklas](/wiki/Dhokla \"Dhokla\"), [khakhras](/wiki/Khakhra \"Khakhra\"), or theplas for breakfast, the most popular of which is methi thepla.{{cite web\\|title\\=Methi Thepla of Gujarat\\|url\\=http://www.vegrecipesofindia.com/methi\\-thepla\\-gujarati\\-methi\\-thepla/\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2013}} In [Mangalore](/wiki/Mangalore \"Mangalore\"), the breakfast dish [oondees](/wiki/Oondees \"Oondees\") may be served. In [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra \"Maharashtra\"), the typical breakfast (*nashta*) consists of kande pohe, [upma](/wiki/Upma \"Upma\"), ukkad, and [thalipeeth](/wiki/Thalipeeth \"Thalipeeth\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Thalipeeth\\|url\\=http://www.indiasrecipe.com/thalipeeth\\-multi\\-grain\\-pancake/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215235817/http://www.indiasrecipe.com/thalipeeth\\-multi\\-grain\\-pancake/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=15 December 2014\\|access\\-date\\=15 December 2014}} Sometimes, chapati bhaji or a chapati roll with tea becomes breakfast.\nIn South India, a [Tamil](/wiki/Tamilian_people \"Tamilian people\") household may serve [idlis](/wiki/Idli \"Idli\"), [dosas](/wiki/Dosa_%28food%29 \"Dosa (food)\"), or [vadas](/wiki/Vada_%28food%29 \"Vada (food)\") for breakfast, the most popular of which is Idli.{{cite web\\|title\\=Soft and Spongy Idli\\|date\\=20 December 2020\\|url\\=https://cookingcraft.net/soft\\-idli\\-idli\\-recipe\\-how\\-to\\-make\\-idli\\-batter\\-recipe\\-step\\-by\\-step\\-guide/\\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=13 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113044326/https://cookingcraft.net/soft\\-idli\\-idli\\-recipe\\-how\\-to\\-make\\-idli\\-batter\\-recipe\\-step\\-by\\-step\\-guide/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In Kashmir, people prefer to have their authentic traditional food items like Noon Chai, Chhir Chot, Kahwa, Girda, Lavasa Masala Tchot and Bakarkhani for breakfast. Sometimes they also eat Chochwor and Roth in their morning meal. {{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2023}}",
"Apart from traditional breakfast, factory produced bread is consumed throughout India with butter, jelly or jam or as French toast, where bread is fried with egg, onions and oil.",
""
] |
Europe
------
[thumb\|left\|Most hotels in Europe offer a diverse breakfast buffet which is included in the room price for staying guests.](/wiki/File:Hearty_breakfast_at_Clarion_Hotel_Helsinki.jpg "Hearty breakfast at Clarion Hotel Helsinki.jpg")
Continental European breakfasts are generally lighter than in the United States of America or the United Kingdom, and apart from coffee all drinks are often cold. Bread with boiled eggs, cheese and cold meat slices may be found, and pastries and preserves are normal. [Muesli](/wiki/Muesli "Muesli"), a Germanic breakfast invention, is popular in many places, and fruit and fruit juices common. Coffee or tea are near\-universal.
The apparent lightness of continental breakfast compared to much of the rest of the world and specially the [full English breakfast](/wiki/Full_breakfast "Full breakfast"), probably comes from medieval times when breakfast was [disapproved of by many clerical and medical writers](/wiki/History_of_breakfast%23Europe "History of breakfast#Europe"). The 16th century seems to have marked a change in attitude{{citation needed\|date\=October 2024}}.
In [southeast Europe](/wiki/Southeast_Europe "Southeast Europe"), in countries such as [Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria "Bulgaria"), [Bosnia](/wiki/Bosnia_%28region%29 "Bosnia (region)"), [Montenegro](/wiki/Montenegro "Montenegro"), [North Macedonia](/wiki/North_Macedonia "North Macedonia") and parts of [Croatia](/wiki/Croatia "Croatia") breakfast usually consists of various kinds of savory or sweet pastry, with cheese, meat or jam filling. The most typical breakfast consists of two slices of [burek](/wiki/Burek "Burek") and a glass of [yogurt](/wiki/Yogurt "Yogurt").Molokhovets, Elena (1998\). *Classic Russian Cooking*. [Indiana University Press](/wiki/Indiana_University_Press "Indiana University Press"). p. 331\. Breakfast also often consists of open sandwiches. The sandwich is spread with butter, with toppings added such as [prosciutto](/wiki/Prosciutto "Prosciutto") and yellow [cheese](/wiki/Cheese "Cheese").
### Continental breakfast
[thumb\|left\|A "continental breakfast" for two people\|alt\=Table set with mugs and glasses of brown liquid, carafe, plates of pastries, butter, and tiny jams.](/wiki/File:Petit_dejeuner.jpg "Petit dejeuner.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|A continental breakfast of [muffins](/wiki/Muffin "Muffin"), [croissants](/wiki/Croissant "Croissant") and bread, fruit, slices of cheese and meat](/wiki/File:Continental_Breakfast.jpg "Continental Breakfast.jpg")
The continental breakfast is a variant of lighter European styles, developed in English\-speaking countries by the hotel industry. A continental breakfast usually includes items chosen because they are shelf\-stable, and can be served in portion sizes that are appropriate for large groups of people. Typical items include coffee, tea, fruit juice, fruit, baked goods such as bread, muffins, and pastries, along with packets of butter and jam, and cold milk and cereal.{{cite web \|last1\=Gillaspa \|first1\=Daniel \|title\=Continental Breakfast Explained: List \& Ideas of What Hotels Offer \[2022] \|url\=https://www.uponarriving.com/continental\-breakfast/ \|website\=UponArriving \|access\-date\=28 January 2024}}
Other possible items include hot water and instant oatmeal packets, a toaster for making toast, and a [waffle iron](/wiki/Waffle_iron "Waffle iron") or other means to make pancakes and waffles from batter. The hospitality industry's continental breakfast is influenced by cuisine in France and the Mediterranean, whose breakfasts are lighter and more delicate than the typical [full English breakfast](/wiki/Full_English_breakfast "Full English breakfast"), which tends to consist of a large plate of eggs, bacon, sausage, toast, beans, and roasted mushrooms and tomatoes,{{cite web \|last1\=Bule \|first1\=Guise \|title\=The Traditional Full English Breakfast \|url\=https://englishbreakfastsociety.com/full\-english\-breakfast \|website\=The English Breakfast Socciety \|access\-date\=28 January 2024}} and American breakfasts featuring eggs, [preserved meats](/wiki/Food_preservation "Food preservation"), pancakes, potatoes, and toast.
The term originated in America in the late\-19th century, first used in 1896 public hygiene book *The Sanitarian*, a New York published volume with American born Agrippa Nelson Bell as its editor, in which "continent" refers to the countries of mainland [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe"). The idea itself had been around for a few decades as American hotels endeavored to appeal to the changing tastes of the emerging middle class and European travelers visiting the United States. [Economy and limited service hotels](/wiki/Hotel%23Economy_and_limited_service "Hotel#Economy and limited service"), which may not have a full restaurant, often include continental breakfast as part of the room price. Continental breakfasts are also more cost\-effective for the establishments serving them, because they require fewer staff to prepare and serve them.Goldfarb, Anna (18 January 2018\). ["What Is a Continental Breakfast, and What Makes It Continental?"](https://www.thekitchn.com/what-is-a-continental-breakfast-and-what-makes-it-continental-239400). [Kitchn](/wiki/Kitchn "Kitchn").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/dining/continential \|title\=Continental Breakfast Centers\|publisher\=\[\[Mount Holyoke College]]\|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234751/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/dining/continential \|archive\-date\=30 December 2013 }}
### Albania
In [Albania](/wiki/Albania "Albania"), the breakfast often consists of a scone, milk, tea, eggs, jam or cheese. Meat is not preferred during the breakfast and it is usually substituted for seafood such as canned sardines or tuna which is typically served with condiments such as mustard or mayonnaise. Whole grain cereals and pastries are mostly consumed by children. A shot of [raki](/wiki/Rakia "Rakia") may be added to coffee as in the Italian *[Caffè corretto](/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_corretto "Caffè corretto")*.
### Croatia
In [Croatia](/wiki/Croatia "Croatia"), the base is a continental breakfast with a variety of pastries with or without fillings ([marmalade](/wiki/Marmalade "Marmalade"), chocolate, cheese, ham, nuts, [poppy](/wiki/Poppy "Poppy")) and [fermented milk products](/wiki/Fermented_milk_products "Fermented milk products") (yogurt, soured milk, soured cream). Cold cuts, such as [prosciutto](/wiki/Prosciutto "Prosciutto"), ham, salami, [kulen](/wiki/Kulen "Kulen"), bacon, and various cheeses, are also favored.Slavic Cuisine {{ISBN\|9781156606315}} Fried eggs or [omelet](/wiki/Omelet "Omelet") and [Vienna sausage](/wiki/Vienna_sausage "Vienna sausage") with [mayonnaise](/wiki/Mayonnaise "Mayonnaise"), [mustard](/wiki/Mustard_%28condiment%29 "Mustard (condiment)") or [ajvar](/wiki/Ajvar "Ajvar") are very often consumed. In continental parts *sir i vrhnje* ([cottage cheese](/wiki/Cottage_cheese "Cottage cheese") with soured cream and some spices) is traditional. Coffee is much preferred over tea (mostly [herbal tea](/wiki/Herbal_tea "Herbal tea")).
### Denmark
A typical breakfast in [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark") consists of slices of rye bread (*[rugbrød](/wiki/Rugbr%C3%B8d "Rugbrød")*) with yellow cheese, a soft\-boiled egg – or more rarely – ham, salami or liver spread (*[leverpostej](/wiki/Leverpostej "Leverpostej")*), or it may consist of [breakfast cereals](/wiki/Breakfast_cereal "Breakfast cereal") such as [oatmeal](/wiki/Oatmeal "Oatmeal") or [corn flakes](/wiki/Corn_flakes "Corn flakes"), with yogurt being a popular alternative. White bread or [bread rolls](/wiki/Bread_roll "Bread roll") (*rundstykker*) are eaten with yellow cheese and different kinds of jams, usually made from berries or citrus fruits, and other toppings, all accompanied by coffee
or tea.
Weekends or festive occasions may call for [Danish pastries](/wiki/Danish_pastry "Danish pastry") (*wienerbrød*), [chocolate](/wiki/Chocolate "Chocolate"), or a shot of [bitters](/wiki/Bitters "Bitters"), such as [Gammel Dansk](/wiki/Gammel_Dansk "Gammel Dansk").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/About\-Denmark/The\-Danes/Traditions\-Food/Danish\-Food\-Culture/Breakfast/ \|title\=Danish Food Culture: Breakfast \|access\-date\=28 February 2009 \|publisher\=Denmark.dk \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230143643/http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/About\-Denmark/The\-Danes/Traditions\-Food/Danish\-Food\-Culture/Breakfast/ \|archive\-date\=30 December 2008 }}
### Finland
[thumb\|right\|A [Karelian pastry](/wiki/Karelian_pastry "Karelian pastry") with cheese and sausage for breakfast](/wiki/File:Quick_Finnish_breakfast.jpg "Quick Finnish breakfast.jpg")
Breakfast usually consists of coffee or tea with open sandwiches. The sandwich is often buttered, with toppings such as hard cheese or cold cuts.[www.vesijalanjalki.org: liha](http://akva.ayy.fi/vesijalanjalki/liha.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527054837/http://akva.ayy.fi/vesijalanjalki/liha.html \|date\=27 May 2013 }} Finns usually do not have sweets on their breads such as jam, or chocolate. Sour milk products such as yogurt or [viili](/wiki/Viili "Viili") are also common breakfast foods, usually served in a bowl with cereals such as corn flakes, [muesli](/wiki/Muesli "Muesli"), and sometimes with sugar, fruit, or jam. Oatmeal or mixed grain [porridge](/wiki/Porridge "Porridge") may also be served, usually topped with butter.
### France
[thumb\|A traditional French breakfast of tartines and a bowl of coffee](/wiki/File:Petit_d%C3%A9jeuner_fran%C3%A7ais.jpg "Petit déjeuner français.jpg")
In [France](/wiki/France "France"), a typical domestic breakfast consists of a cup of coffee, often [café au lait](/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_au_lait "Café au lait"), or [hot chocolate](/wiki/Hot_chocolate "Hot chocolate"), sometimes accompanied by a glass of orange or grapefruit juice. The main food consists of sweet products such as *tartines* (slices of [baguette](/wiki/Baguette "Baguette") or other breads spread with butter, jam, or chocolate paste), sometimes dunked in the hot drink. [Brioches](/wiki/Brioche "Brioche") and other pastries such as *[croissants](/wiki/Croissant "Croissant")*, *[pains au chocolat](/wiki/Pain_au_chocolat "Pain au chocolat")* and *[pains aux raisins](/wiki/Pain_aux_raisins "Pain aux raisins")* are also traditional, but more of a weekend special treat.{{Cite book \| last \= Escoffier \| first \= Georges Auguste \| title \= Escoffier: The Complete Guide to the Art of Modern Cookery \| publisher\=John Wiley and Sons \| year \= 2002 \| location \= New York \| pages \= Foreword \| isbn \= 978\-0\-471\-29016\-2}} Other products such as breakfast cereals, fruit [compote](/wiki/Compote "Compote"), [fromage blanc](/wiki/Fromage_blanc "Fromage blanc"), and yogurt are becoming increasingly common as part of the meal. A traditional French breakfast does not include any savory product, but breakfast buffets in hotels often include ham, cheese, and eggs. French people do not usually eat from plates at breakfast, preferring to savor their croissants or [tartines](/wiki/Open_sandwich "Open sandwich") over a bowl of hot chocolate.
French children often eat tartines and drink orange juice or hot chocolate for breakfast.
### Germany and Austria
[thumb\|right\|German breakfast foods](/wiki/File:Buffet_Germany.jpg "Buffet Germany.jpg")
The typical [German](/wiki/Germany "Germany") breakfast consists of bread or bread rolls, butter, jam, ham, cheeses, meat spreads, cold cuts, hard\- or soft\-boiled eggs, and coffee or tea. Cereals have become popular, and regional variation is significant. Yogurt, granola, and fruit (fresh or stewed) may appear, as well as eggs cooked to order (usually at smaller hotels or [bed\-and\-breakfasts](/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast "Bed and breakfast")).Austrian Cooking and Baking, Gretel Beer, {{ISBN\|9780486232201}} A [second breakfast](/wiki/Second_breakfast "Second breakfast") is traditional in parts of Germany, notably [Bavaria](/wiki/Bavaria "Bavaria") where it is called "[Brotzeit](/wiki/Brotzeit "Brotzeit")" (literally "bread time").
### Greece
Home breakfasts in Greece include bread with butter, [honey](/wiki/Honey "Honey"), or [marmalade](/wiki/Marmalade "Marmalade") with coffee or milk. Breakfast cereals are also eaten. Children also eat [Nutella](/wiki/Nutella "Nutella") type cream on bread. No breakfast at all is common.[Do we Greeks eat breakfast? Eleftherotypia newspaper](http://archive.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=112,dt=29.08.2007,id=31517928) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203010610/http://archive.enet.gr/online/online\_text/c%3D112%2Cdt%3D29\.08\.2007%2Cid%3D31517928 \|date\=3 February 2012 }} Various kinds of savoury pastry ([Tyropita](/wiki/Tyropita "Tyropita"), [spanakopita](/wiki/Spanakopita "Spanakopita"), and [bougatsa](/wiki/Bougatsa "Bougatsa")) are also eaten for breakfast, also by those eating out, usually accompanied with [Greek coffee](/wiki/Greek_coffee "Greek coffee") or [Frappé coffee](/wiki/Frapp%C3%A9_coffee "Frappé coffee").
Traditional Greek breakfast (hot milk, fresh bread, butter and honey, or yogurt) was also available in special "milk shops" (in Greek Galaktopoleia – Γαλακτοπωλεία [γαλακτοπωλείο](http://el.wiktionary.com/wiki/γαλακτοπωλείο)). Milk shops were phased out between 1970 and 1990 – there are very few left, one is in Athens,{{cite web\|url\=http://athens.dailysecret.com/secrets/1027\-krimmeno\-galaktopoleio/ \|title\=Hidden milk shop in Athens(in Greek) \|language\= el \|publisher\=Dailysecret.com \|access\-date\=28 March 2012}} and some exist in small towns.
### Hungary
In [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary "Hungary"), people usually have a large breakfast. Hungarian breakfast is typically an [open sandwich](/wiki/Open_sandwich "Open sandwich") made with fresh bread or toast, butter, cheese or different cream cheeses, *[túró](/wiki/T%C3%BAr%C3%B3 "Túró")* cheese or *[körözött](/wiki/Liptauer "Liptauer")* (Liptauer cheese spread), cold cuts such as ham, liver [pâté](/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9 "Pâté") (called *[májkrém](/wiki/Braunschweiger_%28sausage%29 "Braunschweiger (sausage)")*, or *[kenőmájas](/wiki/Liverwurst "Liverwurst")*), bacon, [salami](/wiki/Salami "Salami"), [beef tongue](/wiki/Beef_tongue "Beef tongue"), [mortadella](/wiki/Mortadella "Mortadella"), *[disznósajt](/wiki/Head_cheese "Head cheese")* ([head cheese](/wiki/Head_cheese "Head cheese")), and different Hungarian sausages or [kolbász](/wiki/Kolb%C3%A1sz "Kolbász").Gundel's Hungarian Cookbook, Karoly Gundel, p. 34 Eggs (fried, scrambled or boiled), [French toast](/wiki/French_toast "French toast") called *bundás kenyér* and vegetables (such as peppers, bell peppers, tomatoes, radishes, scallions, and cucumber) may also form part of a Hungarian breakfast. Sometimes a simple breakfast will consist of a cup of milk, tea, or coffee taken with one or more pastries, bread rolls (including crescent\-shaped [kifli](/wiki/Kifli "Kifli")), toast, other pastries with different fillings (sweet and savory), butter, jam, or honey and a [bun](/wiki/Bun "Bun") or a [strudel](/wiki/Strudel "Strudel")József Venesz {{ISBN\|963\-13\-0219\-9}}: Corvina Press 1977\. or cereal like [muesli](/wiki/Muesli "Muesli"), [yogurt](/wiki/Yogurt "Yogurt"), [kefir](/wiki/Kefir "Kefir"), and perhaps fruit.
### Iceland
A typical Icelandic breakfast in 1900 included [oatmeal porridge](/wiki/Oatmeal_porridge "Oatmeal porridge"), [skyr](/wiki/Skyr "Skyr"), [black pudding](/wiki/Black_pudding "Black pudding"), [rye bread](/wiki/Rye_bread "Rye bread"), and coffee.{{Cite web\|date\=10 February 2017\|title\=Morgunmatur Íslendinga í gegnum tíðina\|url\=https://www.mbl.is/matur/frettir/2017/02/10/islendingar\_attu\_heimsmet\_i\_kokopoffsati/\|access\-date\=8 October 2020\|website\=\[\[Morgunblaðið]]\|language\=is}}
In modern times, oatmeal porridge and orange juice are popular but the most common breakfast is a simple combination of bread and coffee. In 1995, over 90% of people had [soured milk](/wiki/Soured_milk "Soured milk") or [skyr](/wiki/Skyr "Skyr") for breakfast with added cereal, notably [Cheerios](/wiki/Cheerios "Cheerios") or [corn flakes](/wiki/Corn_flakes "Corn flakes"). Around 2000, Iceland was the world leader in [Cocoa Puffs](/wiki/Cocoa_Puffs "Cocoa Puffs") chocolate cereal consumption. [Cod liver oil](/wiki/Cod_liver_oil "Cod liver oil") is commonly had with breakfast as a dietary supplement.
### Italy
The modern breakfast in [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") often consists of a [caffè latte](/wiki/Latte "Latte") (hot coffee with milk) with bread or rolls, butter and jam – known as *prima colazione* or just *colazione*. *Fette biscottate* (a cookie\-like hard bread often eaten with hazelnut chocolate spread or butter and jam) and [biscotti](/wiki/Biscuit "Biscuit") (cookies) are commonly eaten. Hot coffee may be sometimes replaced by hot tea, depending on personal taste. Children often drink hot chocolate, plain milk, hot milk with [barley](/wiki/Barley "Barley") coffee, or hot milk with very little coffee. Cereals, yogurt, and fruit juices are also common. If breakfast is eaten in a *bar* (coffee shop), it is composed of *cappuccino* and *cornetto* (frothed hot milk with coffee and a pastry).The Silver Spoon {{ISBN\|88\-7212\-223\-6}}, 1997 ed.
### Latvia
Typical Latvian breakfast usually consists of open sandwiches with toppings made of vegetables, fish, eggs, or cheese. As in Finland, they are often buttered with margarine. Curd mixed with vegetables and salt as well as other sour milk products are very popular as well. Very often light oat porridge is eaten too.And the New Scandinavian Cuisine Marcus Samuelsson {{ISBN\|0618109412}} In general, light, sour, and salty tasting food is common for morning meal. Latvians usually drink coffee for breakfast.
### Malta
On the island of [Malta](/wiki/Malta "Malta"), breakfast integrates both [British](/wiki/British_cuisine "British cuisine") and [continental](/wiki/European_cuisine "European cuisine") elements. Usually, the [Maltese](/wiki/Maltese_people "Maltese people") start their day with a bowl of cereal mixed with milk, sometimes with a cup of coffee or tea. Marmalade/jams or even chocolate spreads are also common on bread or toast. Today, cereal bars are also becoming a common type of breakfast on the island. However, it is still quite common to eat traditional pastries for breakfast, usually heartier ones, such as, [Pastizz](/wiki/Pastizz "Pastizz"). The traditional English breakfast of eggs, sausages, and fried bacon was also popular among the Maltese, especially on Sundays, due to the strong British influence on the island, but this has diminished almost completely, as locals have rediscovered a more Mediterranean and continental diet over the recent years. Hotels usually serve both a continental as well as a full English breakfast. Prayers are often said before breakfast in order to bless the meal.{{cite book\|title\=A Guide To Maltese Cooking\|last\=Darmanin\|first\=Francis\|isbn\=99909\-79\-00\-6\|publisher\=Jumbo Productions\|location\=Malta\|page\=14\|date\=September 1997}}
### Netherlands and Belgium
[thumb\|A sandwich with [vlokken](/wiki/Vlokken "Vlokken")](/wiki/File:Hagelslag_vlokken.jpg "Hagelslag vlokken.jpg")
For breakfast, the Dutch and Belgians typically eat sliced bread with butter or margarine and various choices of toppings: [dairy products](/wiki/Dairy_product "Dairy product") (numerous variations of cheese), a variety of cured and sliced meats, or sweet or semi\-sweet products such as jam, [syrup](/wiki/Syrup "Syrup") (from sugar beets or fruit), [honey](/wiki/Honey "Honey"), [Kokosbrood](/wiki/Kokosbrood "Kokosbrood") (a coconut product that is served thinly sliced like sliced cheese) or [peanut butter](/wiki/Peanut_butter "Peanut butter"). Another type of sweet toppings are the chocolate toppings; the Dutch have chocolate toppings in all variations: *[hagelslag](/wiki/Hagelslag "Hagelslag")* (chocolate sprinkles), *[chocoladevlokken](/wiki/Vlokken "Vlokken")* (chocolate flakes) (both typically Dutch), and *chocoladepasta* ([chocolate spread](/wiki/Chocolate_spread "Chocolate spread")).{{cite book\|last\=Wintle\|first\=Michael\|editor\-first\=Thomas M.\|editor\-last\=Wilson\|title\=Food, Drink and Identity in Europe\|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=aFgCWevsaNcC\&pg\=PA67\|access\-date\=28 December 2012\|year\=2006\|publisher\=Rodopi\|isbn\=9789042020863\|pages\=63–84\|chapter\=Diet and Modernization in The Netherlands During the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries}} Children may eat chocolate\-topped bread or colorful [fairy bread](/wiki/Fairy_bread "Fairy bread"), which is called *vruchtenhagel*. Tea, [dripolator](/wiki/Coffeemaker%23Drip_Coffeemakers "Coffeemaker#Drip Coffeemakers") coffee, milk, and juice are the most popular breakfast beverages. Breakfast may also include raisin bread and fried or boiled eggs. On special occasions, such as Easter, Christmas, Mother's Day etc., breakfast is usually the same, but with a wider range of choices (i.e. premium cheeses, special ham, hot buns, croissants etc.).
A 2012 opinion poll concluded that the Dutch believe that breakfast should be a more important meal than it is and that more time should be spent on it; almost three\-quarters of those polled ate their sandwiches in less than fifteen minutes, and blame for an all\-too quick breakfast was placed on "fast" breakfast products. A perfect "weekend breakfast" for the Dutch contained coffee or tea, fresh\-baked bread rolls (and croissants), and a boiled egg. The poll also concluded that men are more interested than women in having breakfast with their partner.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.nu.nl/lifestyle/2934751/nederland\-wil\-ontbijt\-terug\-kaart.html\|title\=Nederland wil ontbijt terug op de kaart\|date\=16 October 2012\|publisher\=\[\[Nu.nl]]\|language\=nl\|access\-date\=6 November 2013}}
### Norway
80% of Norwegians eat breakfast (*frokost*) daily, mostly at home. The most common breakfast is open sandwiches (*smørbrød*), often [whole wheat bread](/wiki/Whole_wheat_bread "Whole wheat bread"), with cheese, often [Jarlsberg](/wiki/Jarlsberg_cheese "Jarlsberg cheese"), [Norvegia](/wiki/Norvegia "Norvegia") or [brunost](/wiki/Brunost "Brunost"), [cold cuts](/wiki/Cold_cuts "Cold cuts"),[Vil bevare brødskiven på frokostbordet](http://byavisen.net/2012/03/aktuelt/vil-bevare-brodskiven-pa-frokostbordet) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602045637/http://byavisen.net/2012/03/aktuelt/vil\-bevare\-brodskiven\-pa\-frokostbordet \|date\=2 June 2013 }} Byavisen.net {{in lang\|no}} [leverpostei](/wiki/Leverpostei "Leverpostei"), [jam](/wiki/Jam "Jam"), mackerel in tomato sauce, etc. Common drinks are water, [filter coffee](/wiki/Filter_coffee "Filter coffee"), milk and juice. Another common breakfast is breakfast cereals like [corn flakes](/wiki/Corn_flakes "Corn flakes") eaten with milk, [kulturmelk](/wiki/Cultured_milk "Cultured milk"), or yogurt. [Whole\-grain](/wiki/Whole-grain "Whole-grain") porridges (primarily [oatmeal](/wiki/Oatmeal "Oatmeal")) with regular milk or butter are also eaten by some. More ample breakfasts may include fish, a diverse array of cheese, eggs, bacon, breads, and hot and cold cereals eaten in various combinations. Pastries bought on the go, such as [croissants](/wiki/Croissants "Croissants") or *[pain au chocolat](/wiki/Pain_au_chocolat "Pain au chocolat")* have become increasingly common since the 1990s; as have vegan alternatives and replacements to traditional spreads.
### Poland
[thumb\|Polish breakfast\|alt\=Plate of veggies, bread, meats, cheese, and a sliced, soft\-boiled egg.](/wiki/File:%C5%9Aniadanie.jpg "Śniadanie.jpg")
[thumb\|Polish Easter breakfast](/wiki/File:Polish_Easter_table.jpg "Polish Easter table.jpg")
The traditional Polish breakfast is a large spread with a variety of sides eaten with bread or toast. Sides include various cold cuts, meat spreads, the [Polish sausage](/wiki/Kie%C5%82basa "Kiełbasa"), tomatoes, cheese, and sliced pickles. *[Twaróg](/wiki/Quark_%28cheese%29 "Quark (cheese)")*, a Polish white cheese, is a breakfast staple and comes in many forms. *Twaróg* can be eaten plain, with salt, sugar, or honey, or it can be mixed with [chives](/wiki/Chives "Chives") into a [cream cheese](/wiki/Cream_cheese "Cream cheese")\-like spread. Eggs are served often as the main breakfast item, mostly soft\-boiled or scrambled. For a quick winter breakfast, hot oatmeal, to which cocoa is sometimes added, is often served. Jam spreads are popular for a quick breakfast, including plum, raspberry, and black or red [currant](/wiki/Ribes "Ribes") spreads. Breakfast drinks include coffee, milk, hot cocoa, or tea. Traditionally, Poles avoid heavy\-cooked foods for breakfast.Polish Cooking Marianna Olszewska Heberle Penguin 2005 {{ISBN\|9781440624759}} For the most part, one will not see fried meats or potatoes in a classic Polish breakfast. Emphasis is placed on a large variety of foods to satisfy everyone at the breakfast table.
### Romania
The traditional Romanian breakfast is milk, tea or coffee alongside (toasted) bread with butter or margarine and on top of it, honey or fruit jams or preserves. Sometimes the buttered bread is served savory instead of sweet, in which case the Romanians add cured meats, salami, or cheese. Another option is to spread on a slice of bread some liver pâté. In recent years, Romanians have also started to serve cereal with dried fruits and milk instead of the traditional breakfast, though that is not yet very widespread.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.stiripesurse.ro/micul\-dejun\-in\-lume\-unde\-si\-ce\-se\-mananca\-dimineata\_956272\.html \|location\=Bucharest\|work\=Știri pe surse \|title\=Micul dejun în lume \- unde și ce se mănâncă dimineața\| date\= 20 May 2015}} According to a 2014 study, 35% of Romanians eat cooked dishes such as omelet or fried eggs and 15% eat sandwiches. Most people drink coffee and 67% serve Turkish coffee (made in an [ibrik](/wiki/Ibrik "Ibrik")), though more and more people are starting to use drip or filter coffee.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.economica.net/ce\-consuma\-romanii\-la\-micul\-dejun\_73664\.html \|location\=Bucharest\|work\=economica.net \|title\=Ce consumă românii la micul dejun. Studiu Ipsos Research\| date\= 14 February 2014}} While crêpes served with fruit preserves, jams, or cheese have traditionally been served as desserts, in recent years, more Romanians have started to have them as breakfast during weekends.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.slabsaugras.ro/clatite\-la\-micul\-dejun\-noul\-trend\-in\-nutritie\-art\-4418\.html\|title\=Clătite la micul dejun, noul trend în nutriție\|date\=30 August 2013}}
### Russia
Traditional Russian breakfasts are concentrated on kashas, or porridges – the most important staple in Russian nutritional culture, with buckwheat and oat, as well as semolina, serving as the three most important bases of such dishes, usually cooked using water or milk, as well as consumed with or without milk. Breakfast foods also include pancakes or oladushki.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/russianow/6727450/Russias\-national\-cuisine\-Oladi\-pancakes.html \|location\=London \|work\=The Daily Telegraph \|first1\=Irakli \|last1\=Iosebashvili \|title\=Russia's national cuisine: Oladi pancakes \|date\=4 December 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423213350/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/russianow/6727450/Russias\-national\-cuisine\-Oladi\-pancakes.html \|archive\-date\=23 April 2012 }} Oladushki are made from flour and rise on yeast. [Blini](/wiki/Blini "Blini"), or crepes, are also popular for breakfast and are also made with flour, but without yeast. [Sirniki](/wiki/Syrniki "Syrniki"), is a cheese form of pancake. Sirniki are made of [tvorog (quark cheese)](/wiki/Quark_%28dairy_product%29 "Quark (dairy product)"), which can be eaten separately with honey for breakfast. Also, a popular dish is buterbrod, open sandwiches with cold cuts and cheeses.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.gastronomicalme.com/2012/03/24/bread\-butter\-a\-la\-russe/ \|title\=The Gastronomical Me \|access\-date\=20 September 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822120404/http://www.gastronomicalme.com/2012/03/24/bread\-butter\-a\-la\-russe/ \|archive\-date\=22 August 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }}
### Serbia
[thumb\|Typical [Easter](/wiki/Orthodox_Easter "Orthodox Easter") breakfast in Serbia](/wiki/File:Serbian_Easter_breakfast.jpg "Serbian Easter breakfast.jpg")
In [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia "Serbia"), breakfast may include eggs in different forms (e.g. omelet with bacon, onion and feta cheese), canned fish or opened sandwiches with prosciutto, ham, bacon, salami, feta cheese, Serbian traditional cheese and salad (e.g. pickles) filled with sour cream or mayonnaise. Serbian traditional products such as [kajmak](/wiki/Kaymak "Kaymak") and [ajvar](/wiki/Ajvar "Ajvar") are also very popular. Fried mushrooms are also very popular for breakfast. Different types (e.g. [proja](/wiki/Proja "Proja"), [gibanica](/wiki/Gibanica "Gibanica"), [burek](/wiki/Burek "Burek")) are also served as the main dish.Bakery products such as pogačica, kiflice, projarice and paštete are ofently eaten. Yogurt, coffee, milk and tea are preferred breakfast drinks.
### Spain
In central [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain"), there is a special breakfast known as *chocolate con [churros](/wiki/Churro "Churro")* – hot chocolate with Spanish\-style fritters, which are extruded sticks of [doughnut](/wiki/Doughnut "Doughnut")\-like dough with a star\-shaped profile covered in sugar. The chocolate drink is made very thick and sweet. In [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid "Madrid"), *churros* are somewhat smaller and shaped like a [charity ribbon](/wiki/Charity_ribbon "Charity ribbon").{{clarify\|date\=October 2015}} This meal is normally served in cafeterías but it is not a regular or usual breakfast at Madrid homes. The usual one is the same as in the rest of Spain: coffee with milk or [Cola Cao](/wiki/Cola_Cao "Cola Cao"), orange juice, biscuits or toasts, with butter and jam.
In the North, East and West, it is more common to have a cup of coffee (usually with milk) or [Cola Cao](/wiki/Cola_Cao "Cola Cao") and a toast with a choice of [olive oil](/wiki/Olive_oil "Olive oil") and salt, [tomato](/wiki/Tomato "Tomato") and olive oil, [butter](/wiki/Butter "Butter"), jam, pâté, *[jamón serrano](/wiki/Jam%C3%B3n_serrano "Jamón serrano")* (cured ham), and other options like *[sobrasada](/wiki/Sobrassada "Sobrassada")* (a raw cured spiced sausage that is easy to spread),Unesco, [The Mediterranean diet](http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/00394) and in [Andalucia](/wiki/Andalucia "Andalucia"), *[pringá](/wiki/Pring%C3%A1 "Pringá")*. Freshly squeezed orange juice is widely available in most places as an alternative for coffee. The breakfast is not often larger than these two items, because usually in late morning there is a break known as *[almuerzo](/wiki/Almuerzo "Almuerzo")* when there is a snack. Sometimes, toast is replaced with *galletas* (a type of cookie made with flour, sugar, oil, and vanilla flavour), *magdalenas* (a Spanish version of the French [madeleine](/wiki/Madeleine_%28cake%29 "Madeleine (cake)") made with oil instead of butter) or buns.
### Sweden
[thumb\|right\|Toast with jelly, fresh fruit, and a cup of coffee for breakfast at a Swedish hotel](/wiki/File:Sweet_breakfast_at_Quality_Hotel_Grand_Bor%C3%A5s.jpg "Sweet breakfast at Quality Hotel Grand Borås.jpg")
Breakfast in [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") is usually an [open sandwich](/wiki/Open_sandwich "Open sandwich") of soft bread or [crisp bread](/wiki/Crisp_bread "Crisp bread"), cold cuts, [smörgåskaviar](/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5skaviar "Smörgåskaviar"), cheese, cottage cheese, cream cheese, eggs, scrambled or boiled, pâté ([leverpastej](/wiki/Leverpastej "Leverpastej")) with [pickled cucumber](/wiki/Pickled_cucumber "Pickled cucumber"), tomatoes or cucumber, or a toast with marmalade or maybe honey, juices, coffee, [hot chocolate](/wiki/Hot_chocolate "Hot chocolate") or tea. [Breakfast cereals](/wiki/Breakfast_cereals "Breakfast cereals") or [muesli](/wiki/Muesli "Muesli") with milk, yogurt or [filmjölk](/wiki/Filmj%C3%B6lk "Filmjölk"), currants, and fruits are popular or warm [whole\-grain](/wiki/Whole-grain "Whole-grain") porridge with milk and jam (for example [lingonberry jam](/wiki/Lingonberry_jam "Lingonberry jam")).Rutiga kokboken, 2002, {{ISBN\|91\-534\-1950\-2}} [Bilberry](/wiki/Bilberry "Bilberry")\-soup ([blåbärssoppa](/wiki/Bl%C3%A5b%C3%A4rssoppa "Blåbärssoppa")) and [rose hip soup](/wiki/Rose_hip_soup "Rose hip soup") are also possible breakfast alternatives.
### Switzerland
[Swiss](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") breakfasts are often similar to those eaten in neighboring countries. Traditionally, [zopf](/wiki/Zopf "Zopf") (or züpfe) is eaten on Sunday mornings and New Year's Day.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.myswitzerland.com/de/zopf\-die\-sonntagsfreude.htmlfreude.htm\|title\=Zopf: the Sunday joy\|publisher\=MySwitzerland.com, Switzerland Tourism\|date\=2018\|access\-date\=18 February 2018}} A notable breakfast food of Swiss origin, now found throughout Europe, is [muesli](/wiki/Muesli "Muesli"), (*Birchermüesli* in [Swiss German](/wiki/Swiss_German "Swiss German")), introduced in 1900 by [Maximilian Bircher\-Benner](/wiki/Maximilian_Bircher-Benner "Maximilian Bircher-Benner") for patients in his hospital.{{cite web\|first\=Mike\|last\=MacEacheran\|url\=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170808\-how\-switzerland\-transformed\-breakfast\|title\=How Switzerland transformed breakfast\|publisher\=BBC Travel\|date\=14 August 2017\|access\-date\=18 February 2018}}
### Turkey
[thumb\|right\|Turkish breakfast](/wiki/File:Vankahvalti.jpg "Vankahvalti.jpg")
In [Turkish cuisine](/wiki/Turkish_cuisine%23Breakfast "Turkish cuisine#Breakfast"), a typical breakfast consists of bread, cheese (*[beyaz peynir](/wiki/Beyaz_peynir "Beyaz peynir")*, *[kaşar](/wiki/Ka%C5%9Far "Kaşar")* etc.), butter, olives, eggs, tomatoes, cucumbers, jam, honey, and [kaymak](/wiki/Kaymak "Kaymak"). *[Sucuk](/wiki/Sucuk "Sucuk")* (spicy Turkish sausage), *[pastırma](/wiki/Past%C4%B1rma "Pastırma")*, *[börek](/wiki/B%C3%B6rek "Börek")*, *[simit](/wiki/Simit "Simit")*, *[poğaça](/wiki/Po%C4%9Fa%C3%A7a "Poğaça")* and soups are eaten as a morning meal in Turkey. A common Turkish specialty for breakfast is called *[menemen](/wiki/Menemen_%28food%29 "Menemen (food)")*, which is prepared with tomatoes, green peppers, onion, olive oil and eggs. Various soups ([çorba](/wiki/Chorba "Chorba")) are also very common and traditional for Turkish breakfast; mainly chicken broth, lentil soup, and a national delicacy, *[tarhana](/wiki/Tarhana "Tarhana")* soup (Turkish cereal food consisting of flour, yogurt and vegetables fermented then dried; it is consumed as a soup by mixing it with stock or water) are most well known soups. Tripe soup, trotter soup, and sheep's head soup are also traditionally very common all over Turkey for breakfast. The Turkish word for breakfast, *kahvaltı*, means "before coffee," (*kahve*, 'coffee'; *altı*, 'under').{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lexiophiles.com/english/coffee\-drinking\-habits\-in\-turkey\|title\=Coffee Drinking Habits in Turkey\|date\=24 September 2008\|work\=Lexio Philes\|access\-date\=12 December 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217210304/http://www.lexiophiles.com/english/coffee\-drinking\-habits\-in\-turkey\|archive\-date\=17 December 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} But after the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"), during which the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") lost its [coffee\-producing territories](/wiki/Mocha%2C_Yemen "Mocha, Yemen"), [tea](/wiki/Turkish_tea "Turkish tea") has displaced coffee as the everyday hot drink in Turkey. In the [Sirkeci neighborhood](/wiki/Sirkeci "Sirkeci") of [Istanbul](/wiki/Istanbul "Istanbul"), [pide](/wiki/Pita "Pita") is a popular morning meal.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.savisto.com/blog/world\-breakfasts\-pide\|title\=World Breakfasts: Pide\|last1\=Hasnat\|first1\=Karim\|date\=1 June 2015\|website\=www.savisto.com\|publisher\=Savisto\|location\=Instanbul\|page\=52\|access\-date\=30 July 2016\|quote\=Home and kitchen essentials\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817175522/https://www.savisto.com/blog/world\-breakfasts\-pide\|archive\-date\=17 August 2016\|url\-status\=dead}}
### United Kingdom and Ireland
{{See also\|Full breakfast}}
[thumb\|A [full English breakfast](/wiki/Full_breakfast "Full breakfast") with [fried eggs](/wiki/Fried_egg "Fried egg") on [toast](/wiki/Toast_%28food%29 "Toast (food)"), [sausage](/wiki/Sausage "Sausage"), bacon, mushrooms, baked beans, [hash browns](/wiki/Hash_browns "Hash browns"), and tomato\|alt\=Beans, sausages, hashbrowns, mushrooms, tomatoes, various meats, and two eggs sitting on toast.](/wiki/File:British_breakfast.jpg "British breakfast.jpg")
In the contemporary UK and Ireland, a weekday breakfast may involve a cereal dish, such as muesli, [porridge](/wiki/Porridge "Porridge") or cereal, or [toast](/wiki/Toast_%28food%29 "Toast (food)") or simply bread spread with [jam](/wiki/Jam "Jam") or [marmalade](/wiki/Marmalade "Marmalade"). Tea and coffee remain equally popular accompaniments. Marmalade, originally a Portuguese confection, had been a popular British spread to consume in the evening, before the Scots moved it to the breakfast table in the 18th century.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/08/19/1061261128384\.html\|title\=Spread over centuries\|date\=10 June 2015\|agency\=The Age\|issue\=19 August 2003}} It is however becoming very common to 'skip breakfast' entirely or take coffee or pastries on the morning commute. Portable quick snacks such as [granola bars](/wiki/Granola_bars "Granola bars"), ready\-cut fruit and warm takeaway foods are becoming increasingly commonly consumed away from home and are sold at commuting points and [newsagents](/wiki/Newsagents "Newsagents") and local shops in all urban areas.
The traditional breakfast most associated with Britain and Ireland remains, however, the [full breakfast](/wiki/Full_breakfast "Full breakfast") of eggs (fried, scrambled, or [poached](/wiki/Poaching_%28cooking%29 "Poaching (cooking)")) with [bacon](/wiki/Bacon "Bacon") and [sausages](/wiki/Sausages "Sausages"), usually with mushrooms, tomatoes, [baked beans](/wiki/Baked_beans "Baked beans"), fried bread, [black pudding](/wiki/Black_pudding "Black pudding") or [white pudding](/wiki/White_pudding "White pudding"), and toast. Dating from a time when hard labour was more common, calorie intakes were necessarily higher, and servant labour was more available, it is nowadays regarded as a meal for the weekend or holidays when time is available for preparation, prepared by parents to welcome children, or as a special occasion such as a birthday or anniversary, or following a night of drinking. A healthy and nutritious version consists of grilling the protein and using poached, rather than fried, eggs, and variations based on one egg, one protein, and toast abound. It remains by far the most common choice on [brunch](/wiki/Brunch "Brunch") menus and breakfast cafes across the region. The "full Scottish breakfast" tends to omit pork sausages and have beef sausages or lamb [haggis](/wiki/Haggis "Haggis") instead. At its most extensive, it consists of eggs, [square sausage](/wiki/Lorne_sausage "Lorne sausage"), fried dumpling, [potato scone](/wiki/Potato_scone "Potato scone"), tomato, mushrooms, bacon beef links, and [fried bread](/wiki/Fried_bread "Fried bread"). Originating in the British Isles during the [Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era "Victorian era"), the full breakfast is among the most internationally recognised [British dishes](/wiki/British_cuisine "British cuisine").{{cite book\|title\=British Food: An Extraordinary Thousand Years of History\|last\=Spencer\|first\=Colin\|publisher\=\[\[Columbia University Press]]\|year\=2003\|isbn\=978\-0\-231\-13110\-0}}
Another traditional British breakfast consists of [porridge](/wiki/Porridge "Porridge"), although now associated with Scotland, it has been consumed across Britain as a staple food since at least the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages"). The breakfast cereal [Scott's Porage Oats](/wiki/Scott%27s_Porage_Oats "Scott's Porage Oats") was produced in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow") in 1880\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.scottsporage.co.uk/the\-scotts\-porage\-story/our\-heritage/\#1\|title\=Scott's Porage – Our Heritage\|publisher\=Scott's Porage Oats\|access\-date\=19 October 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923232409/http://www.scottsporage.co.uk/the\-scotts\-porage\-story/our\-heritage/\#1\|archive\-date\=23 September 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} Before the arrival of American\-style breakfast cereals in the early 20th century, dried bread soaked in hot milk or tea and porridge (boiled oats) was the common daily breakfast, while leftover vegetables (often, cabbage) and potatoes not eaten the night before were often served re\-fried becoming '[bubble\-and\-squeak](/wiki/Bubble_and_squeak "Bubble and squeak")';Caroline Conran, Traditional Cooking (British Cookery)1978 {{ISBN\|0233 97053 3}} in [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland"), the dish is known as [colcannon](/wiki/Colcannon "Colcannon"). Traditionally, breakfast would be served with a small amount of fruit, such as a slice of orange, believed to prevent the onset of [scurvy](/wiki/Scurvy "Scurvy").Dr E. J. C. Kendall, (1955\) Scurvy during some British polar expeditions, 1875–1917 *[Polar Record](/wiki/Polar_Record "Polar Record")*, 7, pp. 467–85 Also traditional, but now less popular breakfasts included fish in the form of [kippers](/wiki/Kippers "Kippers") (smoked [herring](/wiki/Herring_as_food "Herring as food")) with poached egg and toast, and [kedgeree](/wiki/Kedgeree "Kedgeree") (a Scoto\-Indian smoked [haddock](/wiki/Haddock "Haddock"), egg, and rice dish originating in [Colonial India](/wiki/Colonial_India "Colonial India")). Most British breakfasts are consumed with tea, [coffee](/wiki/Coffee "Coffee"), or [fruit juice](/wiki/Fruit_juice "Fruit juice").
In [Old English](/wiki/Old_English "Old English"), breakfast was known as *morgenmete*, meaning "morning meal".Anderson, Heather Arndt (2013\). [*Breakfast: A History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=5LghYCqDJw8C). AltaMira Press. {{ISBN\|0759121656}}
A continental breakfast in UK and Irish hotels normally consists of baked goods (fresh bread, toast, pastries such as croissants or pain au chocolat etc.) slices of cheese and cold meat, cereal, [yogurts](/wiki/Yogurt "Yogurt"), fruit and drinks like [coffee](/wiki/Coffee "Coffee"), [tea](/wiki/Tea "Tea"), or fruit juices.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.travelwebdir.com/articles/breakfast\-\-continental\-english\-whats\-the\-difference\-1031\.htm\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102130045/http://www.travelwebdir.com/articles/breakfast\-\-continental\-english\-whats\-the\-difference\-1031\.htm\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2 November 2011\|title\=Difference between Continental and English breakfast\|date\=8 October 2007\|publisher\=Travelwebdir.com\|access\-date\=28 March 2012}} Although this is the traditional breakfast in parts of [continental Europe](/wiki/Continental_Europe "Continental Europe"), elsewhere these breakfasts are common only in the hospitality sector (particularly in [economy and limited service hotels](/wiki/Economy_limited_service "Economy limited service") with no restaurant, as they require little preparation).
|
[
"Europe\n------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Most hotels in Europe offer a diverse breakfast buffet which is included in the room price for staying guests.](/wiki/File:Hearty_breakfast_at_Clarion_Hotel_Helsinki.jpg \"Hearty breakfast at Clarion Hotel Helsinki.jpg\")",
"Continental European breakfasts are generally lighter than in the United States of America or the United Kingdom, and apart from coffee all drinks are often cold. Bread with boiled eggs, cheese and cold meat slices may be found, and pastries and preserves are normal. [Muesli](/wiki/Muesli \"Muesli\"), a Germanic breakfast invention, is popular in many places, and fruit and fruit juices common. Coffee or tea are near\\-universal.",
"The apparent lightness of continental breakfast compared to much of the rest of the world and specially the [full English breakfast](/wiki/Full_breakfast \"Full breakfast\"), probably comes from medieval times when breakfast was [disapproved of by many clerical and medical writers](/wiki/History_of_breakfast%23Europe \"History of breakfast#Europe\"). The 16th century seems to have marked a change in attitude{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2024}}.",
"In [southeast Europe](/wiki/Southeast_Europe \"Southeast Europe\"), in countries such as [Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria \"Bulgaria\"), [Bosnia](/wiki/Bosnia_%28region%29 \"Bosnia (region)\"), [Montenegro](/wiki/Montenegro \"Montenegro\"), [North Macedonia](/wiki/North_Macedonia \"North Macedonia\") and parts of [Croatia](/wiki/Croatia \"Croatia\") breakfast usually consists of various kinds of savory or sweet pastry, with cheese, meat or jam filling. The most typical breakfast consists of two slices of [burek](/wiki/Burek \"Burek\") and a glass of [yogurt](/wiki/Yogurt \"Yogurt\").Molokhovets, Elena (1998\\). *Classic Russian Cooking*. [Indiana University Press](/wiki/Indiana_University_Press \"Indiana University Press\"). p. 331\\. Breakfast also often consists of open sandwiches. The sandwich is spread with butter, with toppings added such as [prosciutto](/wiki/Prosciutto \"Prosciutto\") and yellow [cheese](/wiki/Cheese \"Cheese\").",
"### Continental breakfast",
"[thumb\\|left\\|A \"continental breakfast\" for two people\\|alt\\=Table set with mugs and glasses of brown liquid, carafe, plates of pastries, butter, and tiny jams.](/wiki/File:Petit_dejeuner.jpg \"Petit dejeuner.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|A continental breakfast of [muffins](/wiki/Muffin \"Muffin\"), [croissants](/wiki/Croissant \"Croissant\") and bread, fruit, slices of cheese and meat](/wiki/File:Continental_Breakfast.jpg \"Continental Breakfast.jpg\")\nThe continental breakfast is a variant of lighter European styles, developed in English\\-speaking countries by the hotel industry. A continental breakfast usually includes items chosen because they are shelf\\-stable, and can be served in portion sizes that are appropriate for large groups of people. Typical items include coffee, tea, fruit juice, fruit, baked goods such as bread, muffins, and pastries, along with packets of butter and jam, and cold milk and cereal.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Gillaspa \\|first1\\=Daniel \\|title\\=Continental Breakfast Explained: List \\& Ideas of What Hotels Offer \\[2022] \\|url\\=https://www.uponarriving.com/continental\\-breakfast/ \\|website\\=UponArriving \\|access\\-date\\=28 January 2024}}",
"Other possible items include hot water and instant oatmeal packets, a toaster for making toast, and a [waffle iron](/wiki/Waffle_iron \"Waffle iron\") or other means to make pancakes and waffles from batter. The hospitality industry's continental breakfast is influenced by cuisine in France and the Mediterranean, whose breakfasts are lighter and more delicate than the typical [full English breakfast](/wiki/Full_English_breakfast \"Full English breakfast\"), which tends to consist of a large plate of eggs, bacon, sausage, toast, beans, and roasted mushrooms and tomatoes,{{cite web \\|last1\\=Bule \\|first1\\=Guise \\|title\\=The Traditional Full English Breakfast \\|url\\=https://englishbreakfastsociety.com/full\\-english\\-breakfast \\|website\\=The English Breakfast Socciety \\|access\\-date\\=28 January 2024}} and American breakfasts featuring eggs, [preserved meats](/wiki/Food_preservation \"Food preservation\"), pancakes, potatoes, and toast.",
"The term originated in America in the late\\-19th century, first used in 1896 public hygiene book *The Sanitarian*, a New York published volume with American born Agrippa Nelson Bell as its editor, in which \"continent\" refers to the countries of mainland [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\"). The idea itself had been around for a few decades as American hotels endeavored to appeal to the changing tastes of the emerging middle class and European travelers visiting the United States. [Economy and limited service hotels](/wiki/Hotel%23Economy_and_limited_service \"Hotel#Economy and limited service\"), which may not have a full restaurant, often include continental breakfast as part of the room price. Continental breakfasts are also more cost\\-effective for the establishments serving them, because they require fewer staff to prepare and serve them.Goldfarb, Anna (18 January 2018\\). [\"What Is a Continental Breakfast, and What Makes It Continental?\"](https://www.thekitchn.com/what-is-a-continental-breakfast-and-what-makes-it-continental-239400). [Kitchn](/wiki/Kitchn \"Kitchn\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/dining/continential \\|title\\=Continental Breakfast Centers\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Mount Holyoke College]]\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234751/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/dining/continential \\|archive\\-date\\=30 December 2013 }}",
"### Albania",
"In [Albania](/wiki/Albania \"Albania\"), the breakfast often consists of a scone, milk, tea, eggs, jam or cheese. Meat is not preferred during the breakfast and it is usually substituted for seafood such as canned sardines or tuna which is typically served with condiments such as mustard or mayonnaise. Whole grain cereals and pastries are mostly consumed by children. A shot of [raki](/wiki/Rakia \"Rakia\") may be added to coffee as in the Italian *[Caffè corretto](/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_corretto \"Caffè corretto\")*.",
"### Croatia",
"In [Croatia](/wiki/Croatia \"Croatia\"), the base is a continental breakfast with a variety of pastries with or without fillings ([marmalade](/wiki/Marmalade \"Marmalade\"), chocolate, cheese, ham, nuts, [poppy](/wiki/Poppy \"Poppy\")) and [fermented milk products](/wiki/Fermented_milk_products \"Fermented milk products\") (yogurt, soured milk, soured cream). Cold cuts, such as [prosciutto](/wiki/Prosciutto \"Prosciutto\"), ham, salami, [kulen](/wiki/Kulen \"Kulen\"), bacon, and various cheeses, are also favored.Slavic Cuisine {{ISBN\\|9781156606315}} Fried eggs or [omelet](/wiki/Omelet \"Omelet\") and [Vienna sausage](/wiki/Vienna_sausage \"Vienna sausage\") with [mayonnaise](/wiki/Mayonnaise \"Mayonnaise\"), [mustard](/wiki/Mustard_%28condiment%29 \"Mustard (condiment)\") or [ajvar](/wiki/Ajvar \"Ajvar\") are very often consumed. In continental parts *sir i vrhnje* ([cottage cheese](/wiki/Cottage_cheese \"Cottage cheese\") with soured cream and some spices) is traditional. Coffee is much preferred over tea (mostly [herbal tea](/wiki/Herbal_tea \"Herbal tea\")).",
"### Denmark",
"A typical breakfast in [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\") consists of slices of rye bread (*[rugbrød](/wiki/Rugbr%C3%B8d \"Rugbrød\")*) with yellow cheese, a soft\\-boiled egg – or more rarely – ham, salami or liver spread (*[leverpostej](/wiki/Leverpostej \"Leverpostej\")*), or it may consist of [breakfast cereals](/wiki/Breakfast_cereal \"Breakfast cereal\") such as [oatmeal](/wiki/Oatmeal \"Oatmeal\") or [corn flakes](/wiki/Corn_flakes \"Corn flakes\"), with yogurt being a popular alternative. White bread or [bread rolls](/wiki/Bread_roll \"Bread roll\") (*rundstykker*) are eaten with yellow cheese and different kinds of jams, usually made from berries or citrus fruits, and other toppings, all accompanied by coffee\nor tea.",
"Weekends or festive occasions may call for [Danish pastries](/wiki/Danish_pastry \"Danish pastry\") (*wienerbrød*), [chocolate](/wiki/Chocolate \"Chocolate\"), or a shot of [bitters](/wiki/Bitters \"Bitters\"), such as [Gammel Dansk](/wiki/Gammel_Dansk \"Gammel Dansk\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/About\\-Denmark/The\\-Danes/Traditions\\-Food/Danish\\-Food\\-Culture/Breakfast/ \\|title\\=Danish Food Culture: Breakfast \\|access\\-date\\=28 February 2009 \\|publisher\\=Denmark.dk \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230143643/http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/About\\-Denmark/The\\-Danes/Traditions\\-Food/Danish\\-Food\\-Culture/Breakfast/ \\|archive\\-date\\=30 December 2008 }}",
"### Finland",
"[thumb\\|right\\|A [Karelian pastry](/wiki/Karelian_pastry \"Karelian pastry\") with cheese and sausage for breakfast](/wiki/File:Quick_Finnish_breakfast.jpg \"Quick Finnish breakfast.jpg\")\nBreakfast usually consists of coffee or tea with open sandwiches. The sandwich is often buttered, with toppings such as hard cheese or cold cuts.[www.vesijalanjalki.org: liha](http://akva.ayy.fi/vesijalanjalki/liha.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527054837/http://akva.ayy.fi/vesijalanjalki/liha.html \\|date\\=27 May 2013 }} Finns usually do not have sweets on their breads such as jam, or chocolate. Sour milk products such as yogurt or [viili](/wiki/Viili \"Viili\") are also common breakfast foods, usually served in a bowl with cereals such as corn flakes, [muesli](/wiki/Muesli \"Muesli\"), and sometimes with sugar, fruit, or jam. Oatmeal or mixed grain [porridge](/wiki/Porridge \"Porridge\") may also be served, usually topped with butter.",
"### France",
"[thumb\\|A traditional French breakfast of tartines and a bowl of coffee](/wiki/File:Petit_d%C3%A9jeuner_fran%C3%A7ais.jpg \"Petit déjeuner français.jpg\")\nIn [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), a typical domestic breakfast consists of a cup of coffee, often [café au lait](/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_au_lait \"Café au lait\"), or [hot chocolate](/wiki/Hot_chocolate \"Hot chocolate\"), sometimes accompanied by a glass of orange or grapefruit juice. The main food consists of sweet products such as *tartines* (slices of [baguette](/wiki/Baguette \"Baguette\") or other breads spread with butter, jam, or chocolate paste), sometimes dunked in the hot drink. [Brioches](/wiki/Brioche \"Brioche\") and other pastries such as *[croissants](/wiki/Croissant \"Croissant\")*, *[pains au chocolat](/wiki/Pain_au_chocolat \"Pain au chocolat\")* and *[pains aux raisins](/wiki/Pain_aux_raisins \"Pain aux raisins\")* are also traditional, but more of a weekend special treat.{{Cite book \\| last \\= Escoffier \\| first \\= Georges Auguste \\| title \\= Escoffier: The Complete Guide to the Art of Modern Cookery \\| publisher\\=John Wiley and Sons \\| year \\= 2002 \\| location \\= New York \\| pages \\= Foreword \\| isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-471\\-29016\\-2}} Other products such as breakfast cereals, fruit [compote](/wiki/Compote \"Compote\"), [fromage blanc](/wiki/Fromage_blanc \"Fromage blanc\"), and yogurt are becoming increasingly common as part of the meal. A traditional French breakfast does not include any savory product, but breakfast buffets in hotels often include ham, cheese, and eggs. French people do not usually eat from plates at breakfast, preferring to savor their croissants or [tartines](/wiki/Open_sandwich \"Open sandwich\") over a bowl of hot chocolate.",
"French children often eat tartines and drink orange juice or hot chocolate for breakfast.",
"### Germany and Austria",
"[thumb\\|right\\|German breakfast foods](/wiki/File:Buffet_Germany.jpg \"Buffet Germany.jpg\")\nThe typical [German](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") breakfast consists of bread or bread rolls, butter, jam, ham, cheeses, meat spreads, cold cuts, hard\\- or soft\\-boiled eggs, and coffee or tea. Cereals have become popular, and regional variation is significant. Yogurt, granola, and fruit (fresh or stewed) may appear, as well as eggs cooked to order (usually at smaller hotels or [bed\\-and\\-breakfasts](/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast \"Bed and breakfast\")).Austrian Cooking and Baking, Gretel Beer, {{ISBN\\|9780486232201}} A [second breakfast](/wiki/Second_breakfast \"Second breakfast\") is traditional in parts of Germany, notably [Bavaria](/wiki/Bavaria \"Bavaria\") where it is called \"[Brotzeit](/wiki/Brotzeit \"Brotzeit\")\" (literally \"bread time\").",
"### Greece",
"Home breakfasts in Greece include bread with butter, [honey](/wiki/Honey \"Honey\"), or [marmalade](/wiki/Marmalade \"Marmalade\") with coffee or milk. Breakfast cereals are also eaten. Children also eat [Nutella](/wiki/Nutella \"Nutella\") type cream on bread. No breakfast at all is common.[Do we Greeks eat breakfast? Eleftherotypia newspaper](http://archive.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=112,dt=29.08.2007,id=31517928) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203010610/http://archive.enet.gr/online/online\\_text/c%3D112%2Cdt%3D29\\.08\\.2007%2Cid%3D31517928 \\|date\\=3 February 2012 }} Various kinds of savoury pastry ([Tyropita](/wiki/Tyropita \"Tyropita\"), [spanakopita](/wiki/Spanakopita \"Spanakopita\"), and [bougatsa](/wiki/Bougatsa \"Bougatsa\")) are also eaten for breakfast, also by those eating out, usually accompanied with [Greek coffee](/wiki/Greek_coffee \"Greek coffee\") or [Frappé coffee](/wiki/Frapp%C3%A9_coffee \"Frappé coffee\").",
"Traditional Greek breakfast (hot milk, fresh bread, butter and honey, or yogurt) was also available in special \"milk shops\" (in Greek Galaktopoleia – Γαλακτοπωλεία [γαλακτοπωλείο](http://el.wiktionary.com/wiki/γαλακτοπωλείο)). Milk shops were phased out between 1970 and 1990 – there are very few left, one is in Athens,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://athens.dailysecret.com/secrets/1027\\-krimmeno\\-galaktopoleio/ \\|title\\=Hidden milk shop in Athens(in Greek) \\|language\\= el \\|publisher\\=Dailysecret.com \\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2012}} and some exist in small towns.",
"### Hungary",
"In [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary \"Hungary\"), people usually have a large breakfast. Hungarian breakfast is typically an [open sandwich](/wiki/Open_sandwich \"Open sandwich\") made with fresh bread or toast, butter, cheese or different cream cheeses, *[túró](/wiki/T%C3%BAr%C3%B3 \"Túró\")* cheese or *[körözött](/wiki/Liptauer \"Liptauer\")* (Liptauer cheese spread), cold cuts such as ham, liver [pâté](/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9 \"Pâté\") (called *[májkrém](/wiki/Braunschweiger_%28sausage%29 \"Braunschweiger (sausage)\")*, or *[kenőmájas](/wiki/Liverwurst \"Liverwurst\")*), bacon, [salami](/wiki/Salami \"Salami\"), [beef tongue](/wiki/Beef_tongue \"Beef tongue\"), [mortadella](/wiki/Mortadella \"Mortadella\"), *[disznósajt](/wiki/Head_cheese \"Head cheese\")* ([head cheese](/wiki/Head_cheese \"Head cheese\")), and different Hungarian sausages or [kolbász](/wiki/Kolb%C3%A1sz \"Kolbász\").Gundel's Hungarian Cookbook, Karoly Gundel, p. 34 Eggs (fried, scrambled or boiled), [French toast](/wiki/French_toast \"French toast\") called *bundás kenyér* and vegetables (such as peppers, bell peppers, tomatoes, radishes, scallions, and cucumber) may also form part of a Hungarian breakfast. Sometimes a simple breakfast will consist of a cup of milk, tea, or coffee taken with one or more pastries, bread rolls (including crescent\\-shaped [kifli](/wiki/Kifli \"Kifli\")), toast, other pastries with different fillings (sweet and savory), butter, jam, or honey and a [bun](/wiki/Bun \"Bun\") or a [strudel](/wiki/Strudel \"Strudel\")József Venesz {{ISBN\\|963\\-13\\-0219\\-9}}: Corvina Press 1977\\. or cereal like [muesli](/wiki/Muesli \"Muesli\"), [yogurt](/wiki/Yogurt \"Yogurt\"), [kefir](/wiki/Kefir \"Kefir\"), and perhaps fruit.",
"### Iceland",
"A typical Icelandic breakfast in 1900 included [oatmeal porridge](/wiki/Oatmeal_porridge \"Oatmeal porridge\"), [skyr](/wiki/Skyr \"Skyr\"), [black pudding](/wiki/Black_pudding \"Black pudding\"), [rye bread](/wiki/Rye_bread \"Rye bread\"), and coffee.{{Cite web\\|date\\=10 February 2017\\|title\\=Morgunmatur Íslendinga í gegnum tíðina\\|url\\=https://www.mbl.is/matur/frettir/2017/02/10/islendingar\\_attu\\_heimsmet\\_i\\_kokopoffsati/\\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2020\\|website\\=\\[\\[Morgunblaðið]]\\|language\\=is}}",
"In modern times, oatmeal porridge and orange juice are popular but the most common breakfast is a simple combination of bread and coffee. In 1995, over 90% of people had [soured milk](/wiki/Soured_milk \"Soured milk\") or [skyr](/wiki/Skyr \"Skyr\") for breakfast with added cereal, notably [Cheerios](/wiki/Cheerios \"Cheerios\") or [corn flakes](/wiki/Corn_flakes \"Corn flakes\"). Around 2000, Iceland was the world leader in [Cocoa Puffs](/wiki/Cocoa_Puffs \"Cocoa Puffs\") chocolate cereal consumption. [Cod liver oil](/wiki/Cod_liver_oil \"Cod liver oil\") is commonly had with breakfast as a dietary supplement.",
"### Italy",
"The modern breakfast in [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") often consists of a [caffè latte](/wiki/Latte \"Latte\") (hot coffee with milk) with bread or rolls, butter and jam – known as *prima colazione* or just *colazione*. *Fette biscottate* (a cookie\\-like hard bread often eaten with hazelnut chocolate spread or butter and jam) and [biscotti](/wiki/Biscuit \"Biscuit\") (cookies) are commonly eaten. Hot coffee may be sometimes replaced by hot tea, depending on personal taste. Children often drink hot chocolate, plain milk, hot milk with [barley](/wiki/Barley \"Barley\") coffee, or hot milk with very little coffee. Cereals, yogurt, and fruit juices are also common. If breakfast is eaten in a *bar* (coffee shop), it is composed of *cappuccino* and *cornetto* (frothed hot milk with coffee and a pastry).The Silver Spoon {{ISBN\\|88\\-7212\\-223\\-6}}, 1997 ed.",
"### Latvia",
"Typical Latvian breakfast usually consists of open sandwiches with toppings made of vegetables, fish, eggs, or cheese. As in Finland, they are often buttered with margarine. Curd mixed with vegetables and salt as well as other sour milk products are very popular as well. Very often light oat porridge is eaten too.And the New Scandinavian Cuisine Marcus Samuelsson {{ISBN\\|0618109412}} In general, light, sour, and salty tasting food is common for morning meal. Latvians usually drink coffee for breakfast.",
"### Malta",
"On the island of [Malta](/wiki/Malta \"Malta\"), breakfast integrates both [British](/wiki/British_cuisine \"British cuisine\") and [continental](/wiki/European_cuisine \"European cuisine\") elements. Usually, the [Maltese](/wiki/Maltese_people \"Maltese people\") start their day with a bowl of cereal mixed with milk, sometimes with a cup of coffee or tea. Marmalade/jams or even chocolate spreads are also common on bread or toast. Today, cereal bars are also becoming a common type of breakfast on the island. However, it is still quite common to eat traditional pastries for breakfast, usually heartier ones, such as, [Pastizz](/wiki/Pastizz \"Pastizz\"). The traditional English breakfast of eggs, sausages, and fried bacon was also popular among the Maltese, especially on Sundays, due to the strong British influence on the island, but this has diminished almost completely, as locals have rediscovered a more Mediterranean and continental diet over the recent years. Hotels usually serve both a continental as well as a full English breakfast. Prayers are often said before breakfast in order to bless the meal.{{cite book\\|title\\=A Guide To Maltese Cooking\\|last\\=Darmanin\\|first\\=Francis\\|isbn\\=99909\\-79\\-00\\-6\\|publisher\\=Jumbo Productions\\|location\\=Malta\\|page\\=14\\|date\\=September 1997}}",
"### Netherlands and Belgium",
"[thumb\\|A sandwich with [vlokken](/wiki/Vlokken \"Vlokken\")](/wiki/File:Hagelslag_vlokken.jpg \"Hagelslag vlokken.jpg\")\nFor breakfast, the Dutch and Belgians typically eat sliced bread with butter or margarine and various choices of toppings: [dairy products](/wiki/Dairy_product \"Dairy product\") (numerous variations of cheese), a variety of cured and sliced meats, or sweet or semi\\-sweet products such as jam, [syrup](/wiki/Syrup \"Syrup\") (from sugar beets or fruit), [honey](/wiki/Honey \"Honey\"), [Kokosbrood](/wiki/Kokosbrood \"Kokosbrood\") (a coconut product that is served thinly sliced like sliced cheese) or [peanut butter](/wiki/Peanut_butter \"Peanut butter\"). Another type of sweet toppings are the chocolate toppings; the Dutch have chocolate toppings in all variations: *[hagelslag](/wiki/Hagelslag \"Hagelslag\")* (chocolate sprinkles), *[chocoladevlokken](/wiki/Vlokken \"Vlokken\")* (chocolate flakes) (both typically Dutch), and *chocoladepasta* ([chocolate spread](/wiki/Chocolate_spread \"Chocolate spread\")).{{cite book\\|last\\=Wintle\\|first\\=Michael\\|editor\\-first\\=Thomas M.\\|editor\\-last\\=Wilson\\|title\\=Food, Drink and Identity in Europe\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=aFgCWevsaNcC\\&pg\\=PA67\\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2012\\|year\\=2006\\|publisher\\=Rodopi\\|isbn\\=9789042020863\\|pages\\=63–84\\|chapter\\=Diet and Modernization in The Netherlands During the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries}} Children may eat chocolate\\-topped bread or colorful [fairy bread](/wiki/Fairy_bread \"Fairy bread\"), which is called *vruchtenhagel*. Tea, [dripolator](/wiki/Coffeemaker%23Drip_Coffeemakers \"Coffeemaker#Drip Coffeemakers\") coffee, milk, and juice are the most popular breakfast beverages. Breakfast may also include raisin bread and fried or boiled eggs. On special occasions, such as Easter, Christmas, Mother's Day etc., breakfast is usually the same, but with a wider range of choices (i.e. premium cheeses, special ham, hot buns, croissants etc.).",
"A 2012 opinion poll concluded that the Dutch believe that breakfast should be a more important meal than it is and that more time should be spent on it; almost three\\-quarters of those polled ate their sandwiches in less than fifteen minutes, and blame for an all\\-too quick breakfast was placed on \"fast\" breakfast products. A perfect \"weekend breakfast\" for the Dutch contained coffee or tea, fresh\\-baked bread rolls (and croissants), and a boiled egg. The poll also concluded that men are more interested than women in having breakfast with their partner.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nu.nl/lifestyle/2934751/nederland\\-wil\\-ontbijt\\-terug\\-kaart.html\\|title\\=Nederland wil ontbijt terug op de kaart\\|date\\=16 October 2012\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Nu.nl]]\\|language\\=nl\\|access\\-date\\=6 November 2013}}",
"### Norway",
"80% of Norwegians eat breakfast (*frokost*) daily, mostly at home. The most common breakfast is open sandwiches (*smørbrød*), often [whole wheat bread](/wiki/Whole_wheat_bread \"Whole wheat bread\"), with cheese, often [Jarlsberg](/wiki/Jarlsberg_cheese \"Jarlsberg cheese\"), [Norvegia](/wiki/Norvegia \"Norvegia\") or [brunost](/wiki/Brunost \"Brunost\"), [cold cuts](/wiki/Cold_cuts \"Cold cuts\"),[Vil bevare brødskiven på frokostbordet](http://byavisen.net/2012/03/aktuelt/vil-bevare-brodskiven-pa-frokostbordet) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602045637/http://byavisen.net/2012/03/aktuelt/vil\\-bevare\\-brodskiven\\-pa\\-frokostbordet \\|date\\=2 June 2013 }} Byavisen.net {{in lang\\|no}} [leverpostei](/wiki/Leverpostei \"Leverpostei\"), [jam](/wiki/Jam \"Jam\"), mackerel in tomato sauce, etc. Common drinks are water, [filter coffee](/wiki/Filter_coffee \"Filter coffee\"), milk and juice. Another common breakfast is breakfast cereals like [corn flakes](/wiki/Corn_flakes \"Corn flakes\") eaten with milk, [kulturmelk](/wiki/Cultured_milk \"Cultured milk\"), or yogurt. [Whole\\-grain](/wiki/Whole-grain \"Whole-grain\") porridges (primarily [oatmeal](/wiki/Oatmeal \"Oatmeal\")) with regular milk or butter are also eaten by some. More ample breakfasts may include fish, a diverse array of cheese, eggs, bacon, breads, and hot and cold cereals eaten in various combinations. Pastries bought on the go, such as [croissants](/wiki/Croissants \"Croissants\") or *[pain au chocolat](/wiki/Pain_au_chocolat \"Pain au chocolat\")* have become increasingly common since the 1990s; as have vegan alternatives and replacements to traditional spreads.",
"### Poland",
"[thumb\\|Polish breakfast\\|alt\\=Plate of veggies, bread, meats, cheese, and a sliced, soft\\-boiled egg.](/wiki/File:%C5%9Aniadanie.jpg \"Śniadanie.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Polish Easter breakfast](/wiki/File:Polish_Easter_table.jpg \"Polish Easter table.jpg\")\nThe traditional Polish breakfast is a large spread with a variety of sides eaten with bread or toast. Sides include various cold cuts, meat spreads, the [Polish sausage](/wiki/Kie%C5%82basa \"Kiełbasa\"), tomatoes, cheese, and sliced pickles. *[Twaróg](/wiki/Quark_%28cheese%29 \"Quark (cheese)\")*, a Polish white cheese, is a breakfast staple and comes in many forms. *Twaróg* can be eaten plain, with salt, sugar, or honey, or it can be mixed with [chives](/wiki/Chives \"Chives\") into a [cream cheese](/wiki/Cream_cheese \"Cream cheese\")\\-like spread. Eggs are served often as the main breakfast item, mostly soft\\-boiled or scrambled. For a quick winter breakfast, hot oatmeal, to which cocoa is sometimes added, is often served. Jam spreads are popular for a quick breakfast, including plum, raspberry, and black or red [currant](/wiki/Ribes \"Ribes\") spreads. Breakfast drinks include coffee, milk, hot cocoa, or tea. Traditionally, Poles avoid heavy\\-cooked foods for breakfast.Polish Cooking Marianna Olszewska Heberle Penguin 2005 {{ISBN\\|9781440624759}} For the most part, one will not see fried meats or potatoes in a classic Polish breakfast. Emphasis is placed on a large variety of foods to satisfy everyone at the breakfast table.",
"### Romania",
"The traditional Romanian breakfast is milk, tea or coffee alongside (toasted) bread with butter or margarine and on top of it, honey or fruit jams or preserves. Sometimes the buttered bread is served savory instead of sweet, in which case the Romanians add cured meats, salami, or cheese. Another option is to spread on a slice of bread some liver pâté. In recent years, Romanians have also started to serve cereal with dried fruits and milk instead of the traditional breakfast, though that is not yet very widespread.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.stiripesurse.ro/micul\\-dejun\\-in\\-lume\\-unde\\-si\\-ce\\-se\\-mananca\\-dimineata\\_956272\\.html \\|location\\=Bucharest\\|work\\=Știri pe surse \\|title\\=Micul dejun în lume \\- unde și ce se mănâncă dimineața\\| date\\= 20 May 2015}} According to a 2014 study, 35% of Romanians eat cooked dishes such as omelet or fried eggs and 15% eat sandwiches. Most people drink coffee and 67% serve Turkish coffee (made in an [ibrik](/wiki/Ibrik \"Ibrik\")), though more and more people are starting to use drip or filter coffee.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.economica.net/ce\\-consuma\\-romanii\\-la\\-micul\\-dejun\\_73664\\.html \\|location\\=Bucharest\\|work\\=economica.net \\|title\\=Ce consumă românii la micul dejun. Studiu Ipsos Research\\| date\\= 14 February 2014}} While crêpes served with fruit preserves, jams, or cheese have traditionally been served as desserts, in recent years, more Romanians have started to have them as breakfast during weekends.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.slabsaugras.ro/clatite\\-la\\-micul\\-dejun\\-noul\\-trend\\-in\\-nutritie\\-art\\-4418\\.html\\|title\\=Clătite la micul dejun, noul trend în nutriție\\|date\\=30 August 2013}}",
"### Russia",
"Traditional Russian breakfasts are concentrated on kashas, or porridges – the most important staple in Russian nutritional culture, with buckwheat and oat, as well as semolina, serving as the three most important bases of such dishes, usually cooked using water or milk, as well as consumed with or without milk. Breakfast foods also include pancakes or oladushki.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/russianow/6727450/Russias\\-national\\-cuisine\\-Oladi\\-pancakes.html \\|location\\=London \\|work\\=The Daily Telegraph \\|first1\\=Irakli \\|last1\\=Iosebashvili \\|title\\=Russia's national cuisine: Oladi pancakes \\|date\\=4 December 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423213350/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/russianow/6727450/Russias\\-national\\-cuisine\\-Oladi\\-pancakes.html \\|archive\\-date\\=23 April 2012 }} Oladushki are made from flour and rise on yeast. [Blini](/wiki/Blini \"Blini\"), or crepes, are also popular for breakfast and are also made with flour, but without yeast. [Sirniki](/wiki/Syrniki \"Syrniki\"), is a cheese form of pancake. Sirniki are made of [tvorog (quark cheese)](/wiki/Quark_%28dairy_product%29 \"Quark (dairy product)\"), which can be eaten separately with honey for breakfast. Also, a popular dish is buterbrod, open sandwiches with cold cuts and cheeses.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.gastronomicalme.com/2012/03/24/bread\\-butter\\-a\\-la\\-russe/ \\|title\\=The Gastronomical Me \\|access\\-date\\=20 September 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822120404/http://www.gastronomicalme.com/2012/03/24/bread\\-butter\\-a\\-la\\-russe/ \\|archive\\-date\\=22 August 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### Serbia",
"[thumb\\|Typical [Easter](/wiki/Orthodox_Easter \"Orthodox Easter\") breakfast in Serbia](/wiki/File:Serbian_Easter_breakfast.jpg \"Serbian Easter breakfast.jpg\")\nIn [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia \"Serbia\"), breakfast may include eggs in different forms (e.g. omelet with bacon, onion and feta cheese), canned fish or opened sandwiches with prosciutto, ham, bacon, salami, feta cheese, Serbian traditional cheese and salad (e.g. pickles) filled with sour cream or mayonnaise. Serbian traditional products such as [kajmak](/wiki/Kaymak \"Kaymak\") and [ajvar](/wiki/Ajvar \"Ajvar\") are also very popular. Fried mushrooms are also very popular for breakfast. Different types (e.g. [proja](/wiki/Proja \"Proja\"), [gibanica](/wiki/Gibanica \"Gibanica\"), [burek](/wiki/Burek \"Burek\")) are also served as the main dish.Bakery products such as pogačica, kiflice, projarice and paštete are ofently eaten. Yogurt, coffee, milk and tea are preferred breakfast drinks.",
"### Spain",
"In central [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"), there is a special breakfast known as *chocolate con [churros](/wiki/Churro \"Churro\")* – hot chocolate with Spanish\\-style fritters, which are extruded sticks of [doughnut](/wiki/Doughnut \"Doughnut\")\\-like dough with a star\\-shaped profile covered in sugar. The chocolate drink is made very thick and sweet. In [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\"), *churros* are somewhat smaller and shaped like a [charity ribbon](/wiki/Charity_ribbon \"Charity ribbon\").{{clarify\\|date\\=October 2015}} This meal is normally served in cafeterías but it is not a regular or usual breakfast at Madrid homes. The usual one is the same as in the rest of Spain: coffee with milk or [Cola Cao](/wiki/Cola_Cao \"Cola Cao\"), orange juice, biscuits or toasts, with butter and jam.",
"In the North, East and West, it is more common to have a cup of coffee (usually with milk) or [Cola Cao](/wiki/Cola_Cao \"Cola Cao\") and a toast with a choice of [olive oil](/wiki/Olive_oil \"Olive oil\") and salt, [tomato](/wiki/Tomato \"Tomato\") and olive oil, [butter](/wiki/Butter \"Butter\"), jam, pâté, *[jamón serrano](/wiki/Jam%C3%B3n_serrano \"Jamón serrano\")* (cured ham), and other options like *[sobrasada](/wiki/Sobrassada \"Sobrassada\")* (a raw cured spiced sausage that is easy to spread),Unesco, [The Mediterranean diet](http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/00394) and in [Andalucia](/wiki/Andalucia \"Andalucia\"), *[pringá](/wiki/Pring%C3%A1 \"Pringá\")*. Freshly squeezed orange juice is widely available in most places as an alternative for coffee. The breakfast is not often larger than these two items, because usually in late morning there is a break known as *[almuerzo](/wiki/Almuerzo \"Almuerzo\")* when there is a snack. Sometimes, toast is replaced with *galletas* (a type of cookie made with flour, sugar, oil, and vanilla flavour), *magdalenas* (a Spanish version of the French [madeleine](/wiki/Madeleine_%28cake%29 \"Madeleine (cake)\") made with oil instead of butter) or buns.",
"### Sweden",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Toast with jelly, fresh fruit, and a cup of coffee for breakfast at a Swedish hotel](/wiki/File:Sweet_breakfast_at_Quality_Hotel_Grand_Bor%C3%A5s.jpg \"Sweet breakfast at Quality Hotel Grand Borås.jpg\")\nBreakfast in [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\") is usually an [open sandwich](/wiki/Open_sandwich \"Open sandwich\") of soft bread or [crisp bread](/wiki/Crisp_bread \"Crisp bread\"), cold cuts, [smörgåskaviar](/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5skaviar \"Smörgåskaviar\"), cheese, cottage cheese, cream cheese, eggs, scrambled or boiled, pâté ([leverpastej](/wiki/Leverpastej \"Leverpastej\")) with [pickled cucumber](/wiki/Pickled_cucumber \"Pickled cucumber\"), tomatoes or cucumber, or a toast with marmalade or maybe honey, juices, coffee, [hot chocolate](/wiki/Hot_chocolate \"Hot chocolate\") or tea. [Breakfast cereals](/wiki/Breakfast_cereals \"Breakfast cereals\") or [muesli](/wiki/Muesli \"Muesli\") with milk, yogurt or [filmjölk](/wiki/Filmj%C3%B6lk \"Filmjölk\"), currants, and fruits are popular or warm [whole\\-grain](/wiki/Whole-grain \"Whole-grain\") porridge with milk and jam (for example [lingonberry jam](/wiki/Lingonberry_jam \"Lingonberry jam\")).Rutiga kokboken, 2002, {{ISBN\\|91\\-534\\-1950\\-2}} [Bilberry](/wiki/Bilberry \"Bilberry\")\\-soup ([blåbärssoppa](/wiki/Bl%C3%A5b%C3%A4rssoppa \"Blåbärssoppa\")) and [rose hip soup](/wiki/Rose_hip_soup \"Rose hip soup\") are also possible breakfast alternatives.",
"### Switzerland",
"[Swiss](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\") breakfasts are often similar to those eaten in neighboring countries. Traditionally, [zopf](/wiki/Zopf \"Zopf\") (or züpfe) is eaten on Sunday mornings and New Year's Day.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.myswitzerland.com/de/zopf\\-die\\-sonntagsfreude.htmlfreude.htm\\|title\\=Zopf: the Sunday joy\\|publisher\\=MySwitzerland.com, Switzerland Tourism\\|date\\=2018\\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2018}} A notable breakfast food of Swiss origin, now found throughout Europe, is [muesli](/wiki/Muesli \"Muesli\"), (*Birchermüesli* in [Swiss German](/wiki/Swiss_German \"Swiss German\")), introduced in 1900 by [Maximilian Bircher\\-Benner](/wiki/Maximilian_Bircher-Benner \"Maximilian Bircher-Benner\") for patients in his hospital.{{cite web\\|first\\=Mike\\|last\\=MacEacheran\\|url\\=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170808\\-how\\-switzerland\\-transformed\\-breakfast\\|title\\=How Switzerland transformed breakfast\\|publisher\\=BBC Travel\\|date\\=14 August 2017\\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2018}}",
"### Turkey",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Turkish breakfast](/wiki/File:Vankahvalti.jpg \"Vankahvalti.jpg\")\nIn [Turkish cuisine](/wiki/Turkish_cuisine%23Breakfast \"Turkish cuisine#Breakfast\"), a typical breakfast consists of bread, cheese (*[beyaz peynir](/wiki/Beyaz_peynir \"Beyaz peynir\")*, *[kaşar](/wiki/Ka%C5%9Far \"Kaşar\")* etc.), butter, olives, eggs, tomatoes, cucumbers, jam, honey, and [kaymak](/wiki/Kaymak \"Kaymak\"). *[Sucuk](/wiki/Sucuk \"Sucuk\")* (spicy Turkish sausage), *[pastırma](/wiki/Past%C4%B1rma \"Pastırma\")*, *[börek](/wiki/B%C3%B6rek \"Börek\")*, *[simit](/wiki/Simit \"Simit\")*, *[poğaça](/wiki/Po%C4%9Fa%C3%A7a \"Poğaça\")* and soups are eaten as a morning meal in Turkey. A common Turkish specialty for breakfast is called *[menemen](/wiki/Menemen_%28food%29 \"Menemen (food)\")*, which is prepared with tomatoes, green peppers, onion, olive oil and eggs. Various soups ([çorba](/wiki/Chorba \"Chorba\")) are also very common and traditional for Turkish breakfast; mainly chicken broth, lentil soup, and a national delicacy, *[tarhana](/wiki/Tarhana \"Tarhana\")* soup (Turkish cereal food consisting of flour, yogurt and vegetables fermented then dried; it is consumed as a soup by mixing it with stock or water) are most well known soups. Tripe soup, trotter soup, and sheep's head soup are also traditionally very common all over Turkey for breakfast. The Turkish word for breakfast, *kahvaltı*, means \"before coffee,\" (*kahve*, 'coffee'; *altı*, 'under').{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lexiophiles.com/english/coffee\\-drinking\\-habits\\-in\\-turkey\\|title\\=Coffee Drinking Habits in Turkey\\|date\\=24 September 2008\\|work\\=Lexio Philes\\|access\\-date\\=12 December 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217210304/http://www.lexiophiles.com/english/coffee\\-drinking\\-habits\\-in\\-turkey\\|archive\\-date\\=17 December 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} But after the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"), during which the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\") lost its [coffee\\-producing territories](/wiki/Mocha%2C_Yemen \"Mocha, Yemen\"), [tea](/wiki/Turkish_tea \"Turkish tea\") has displaced coffee as the everyday hot drink in Turkey. In the [Sirkeci neighborhood](/wiki/Sirkeci \"Sirkeci\") of [Istanbul](/wiki/Istanbul \"Istanbul\"), [pide](/wiki/Pita \"Pita\") is a popular morning meal.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.savisto.com/blog/world\\-breakfasts\\-pide\\|title\\=World Breakfasts: Pide\\|last1\\=Hasnat\\|first1\\=Karim\\|date\\=1 June 2015\\|website\\=www.savisto.com\\|publisher\\=Savisto\\|location\\=Instanbul\\|page\\=52\\|access\\-date\\=30 July 2016\\|quote\\=Home and kitchen essentials\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817175522/https://www.savisto.com/blog/world\\-breakfasts\\-pide\\|archive\\-date\\=17 August 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### United Kingdom and Ireland",
"{{See also\\|Full breakfast}}\n[thumb\\|A [full English breakfast](/wiki/Full_breakfast \"Full breakfast\") with [fried eggs](/wiki/Fried_egg \"Fried egg\") on [toast](/wiki/Toast_%28food%29 \"Toast (food)\"), [sausage](/wiki/Sausage \"Sausage\"), bacon, mushrooms, baked beans, [hash browns](/wiki/Hash_browns \"Hash browns\"), and tomato\\|alt\\=Beans, sausages, hashbrowns, mushrooms, tomatoes, various meats, and two eggs sitting on toast.](/wiki/File:British_breakfast.jpg \"British breakfast.jpg\")",
"In the contemporary UK and Ireland, a weekday breakfast may involve a cereal dish, such as muesli, [porridge](/wiki/Porridge \"Porridge\") or cereal, or [toast](/wiki/Toast_%28food%29 \"Toast (food)\") or simply bread spread with [jam](/wiki/Jam \"Jam\") or [marmalade](/wiki/Marmalade \"Marmalade\"). Tea and coffee remain equally popular accompaniments. Marmalade, originally a Portuguese confection, had been a popular British spread to consume in the evening, before the Scots moved it to the breakfast table in the 18th century.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/08/19/1061261128384\\.html\\|title\\=Spread over centuries\\|date\\=10 June 2015\\|agency\\=The Age\\|issue\\=19 August 2003}} It is however becoming very common to 'skip breakfast' entirely or take coffee or pastries on the morning commute. Portable quick snacks such as [granola bars](/wiki/Granola_bars \"Granola bars\"), ready\\-cut fruit and warm takeaway foods are becoming increasingly commonly consumed away from home and are sold at commuting points and [newsagents](/wiki/Newsagents \"Newsagents\") and local shops in all urban areas.",
"The traditional breakfast most associated with Britain and Ireland remains, however, the [full breakfast](/wiki/Full_breakfast \"Full breakfast\") of eggs (fried, scrambled, or [poached](/wiki/Poaching_%28cooking%29 \"Poaching (cooking)\")) with [bacon](/wiki/Bacon \"Bacon\") and [sausages](/wiki/Sausages \"Sausages\"), usually with mushrooms, tomatoes, [baked beans](/wiki/Baked_beans \"Baked beans\"), fried bread, [black pudding](/wiki/Black_pudding \"Black pudding\") or [white pudding](/wiki/White_pudding \"White pudding\"), and toast. Dating from a time when hard labour was more common, calorie intakes were necessarily higher, and servant labour was more available, it is nowadays regarded as a meal for the weekend or holidays when time is available for preparation, prepared by parents to welcome children, or as a special occasion such as a birthday or anniversary, or following a night of drinking. A healthy and nutritious version consists of grilling the protein and using poached, rather than fried, eggs, and variations based on one egg, one protein, and toast abound. It remains by far the most common choice on [brunch](/wiki/Brunch \"Brunch\") menus and breakfast cafes across the region. The \"full Scottish breakfast\" tends to omit pork sausages and have beef sausages or lamb [haggis](/wiki/Haggis \"Haggis\") instead. At its most extensive, it consists of eggs, [square sausage](/wiki/Lorne_sausage \"Lorne sausage\"), fried dumpling, [potato scone](/wiki/Potato_scone \"Potato scone\"), tomato, mushrooms, bacon beef links, and [fried bread](/wiki/Fried_bread \"Fried bread\"). Originating in the British Isles during the [Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era \"Victorian era\"), the full breakfast is among the most internationally recognised [British dishes](/wiki/British_cuisine \"British cuisine\").{{cite book\\|title\\=British Food: An Extraordinary Thousand Years of History\\|last\\=Spencer\\|first\\=Colin\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Columbia University Press]]\\|year\\=2003\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-231\\-13110\\-0}}",
"Another traditional British breakfast consists of [porridge](/wiki/Porridge \"Porridge\"), although now associated with Scotland, it has been consumed across Britain as a staple food since at least the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\"). The breakfast cereal [Scott's Porage Oats](/wiki/Scott%27s_Porage_Oats \"Scott's Porage Oats\") was produced in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\") in 1880\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.scottsporage.co.uk/the\\-scotts\\-porage\\-story/our\\-heritage/\\#1\\|title\\=Scott's Porage – Our Heritage\\|publisher\\=Scott's Porage Oats\\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923232409/http://www.scottsporage.co.uk/the\\-scotts\\-porage\\-story/our\\-heritage/\\#1\\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Before the arrival of American\\-style breakfast cereals in the early 20th century, dried bread soaked in hot milk or tea and porridge (boiled oats) was the common daily breakfast, while leftover vegetables (often, cabbage) and potatoes not eaten the night before were often served re\\-fried becoming '[bubble\\-and\\-squeak](/wiki/Bubble_and_squeak \"Bubble and squeak\")';Caroline Conran, Traditional Cooking (British Cookery)1978 {{ISBN\\|0233 97053 3}} in [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\"), the dish is known as [colcannon](/wiki/Colcannon \"Colcannon\"). Traditionally, breakfast would be served with a small amount of fruit, such as a slice of orange, believed to prevent the onset of [scurvy](/wiki/Scurvy \"Scurvy\").Dr E. J. C. Kendall, (1955\\) Scurvy during some British polar expeditions, 1875–1917 *[Polar Record](/wiki/Polar_Record \"Polar Record\")*, 7, pp. 467–85 Also traditional, but now less popular breakfasts included fish in the form of [kippers](/wiki/Kippers \"Kippers\") (smoked [herring](/wiki/Herring_as_food \"Herring as food\")) with poached egg and toast, and [kedgeree](/wiki/Kedgeree \"Kedgeree\") (a Scoto\\-Indian smoked [haddock](/wiki/Haddock \"Haddock\"), egg, and rice dish originating in [Colonial India](/wiki/Colonial_India \"Colonial India\")). Most British breakfasts are consumed with tea, [coffee](/wiki/Coffee \"Coffee\"), or [fruit juice](/wiki/Fruit_juice \"Fruit juice\").",
"In [Old English](/wiki/Old_English \"Old English\"), breakfast was known as *morgenmete*, meaning \"morning meal\".Anderson, Heather Arndt (2013\\). [*Breakfast: A History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=5LghYCqDJw8C). AltaMira Press. {{ISBN\\|0759121656}}",
"A continental breakfast in UK and Irish hotels normally consists of baked goods (fresh bread, toast, pastries such as croissants or pain au chocolat etc.) slices of cheese and cold meat, cereal, [yogurts](/wiki/Yogurt \"Yogurt\"), fruit and drinks like [coffee](/wiki/Coffee \"Coffee\"), [tea](/wiki/Tea \"Tea\"), or fruit juices.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.travelwebdir.com/articles/breakfast\\-\\-continental\\-english\\-whats\\-the\\-difference\\-1031\\.htm\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102130045/http://www.travelwebdir.com/articles/breakfast\\-\\-continental\\-english\\-whats\\-the\\-difference\\-1031\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2 November 2011\\|title\\=Difference between Continental and English breakfast\\|date\\=8 October 2007\\|publisher\\=Travelwebdir.com\\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2012}} Although this is the traditional breakfast in parts of [continental Europe](/wiki/Continental_Europe \"Continental Europe\"), elsewhere these breakfasts are common only in the hospitality sector (particularly in [economy and limited service hotels](/wiki/Economy_limited_service \"Economy limited service\") with no restaurant, as they require little preparation).",
""
] |
North America
-------------
As with other [continents](/wiki/Continent "Continent") around the world, breakfasts in [North America](/wiki/North_America "North America") vary widely from country to country, depicting variations of both American and continental breakfasts.
### Canada
Traditional Canadian breakfast foods include pork sausages, bacon, maple\-cured bacon, fried potatoes, maple\-infused beans, eggs, toast, cereals, pancakes (or [French toast](/wiki/French_toast "French toast")) and [maple syrup](/wiki/Maple_syrup "Maple syrup"), or hot oatmeal.{{Cite web \|last1\=McCullough \|first1\=J.J. \|author\-link\=J.J. McCullough \|url\=http://www.thecanadaguide.com/symbols/foods/\|title\=Foods \|work\=The Canada Guide\|access\-date\=16 January 2018\|language\=en\-US}} [Peameal bacon](/wiki/Peameal_bacon "Peameal bacon") is also a Canadian breakfast food.{{cite web \|last1\=Scroble \|first1\=Devon \|title\=The History of Canadian Peameal Bacon \|url\=https://www.foodnetwork.ca/shows/great\-canadian\-cookbook/blog/the\-history\-of\-canadian\-peameal\-bacon/ \|website\=Food Network \|access\-date\=12 July 2019}} Coffee, tea and fruit juice of many varieties are widely consumed in Canada during breakfast.
### Costa Rica
In [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica "Costa Rica"), the most common breakfast is called "[gallo pinto](/wiki/Gallo_pinto "Gallo pinto")", which is made up of rice and beans (red or black) previously cooked. Sautéed in a pan with chile, onions, [culantro](/wiki/Culantro "Culantro") (an herb typical to the region) and bean stock for color. It is accompanied with fried egg, cheese, and fried plantain or [cooking plantain](/wiki/Cooking_plantain "Cooking plantain"). Black coffee or coffee with milk are traditional drinks. As this is the most common breakfast of the country, in [Limón Province](/wiki/Lim%C3%B3n_Province "Limón Province"), they prepare gallo pinto with coconut milk instead. Another popular breakfast food is the "chorreadas" which are savory sweetcorn pancakes; they are usually accompanied by cheese or a type of sour cream called "natilla".
### Cuba
Breakfast in urban areas traditionally consists of [café con leche](/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_con_leche "Café con leche") that is sweetened and includes a pinch of salt. Toasted buttered [Cuban bread](/wiki/Cuban_bread "Cuban bread"), cut into lengths, is dunked in the coffee. In rural Cuba, farmers eat roasted pork, beans and white rice, café con leche and [cuajada](/wiki/Cuajada "Cuajada") sweetened with caramel.[Grupo 2:—Span201\.002 – Patterson](https://web.archive.org/web/20060914094120/http://syllable.rice.edu/wiki/spring2006/Span201002/index.php/Grupo_2%3A)
### Dominican Republic
[thumb\|right\|[Mangú](/wiki/Mang%C3%BA "Mangú"), [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic")](/wiki/File:Mangu_dominicano_--Contenido-_-Lonjas_de_salami_fritas_-Lonjas_de_queso_blanco_-Mangu_o_pur%C3%A9_de_pl%C3%A1tano_verde_-Mantequilla_--Este_es_un_plato_t%C3%ADpico_en_el_desayuno_dominicano_--Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana_-_2013-10-08_14-28.jpg "Mangu dominicano --Contenido- -Lonjas de salami fritas -Lonjas de queso blanco -Mangu o puré de plátano verde -Mantequilla --Este es un plato típico en el desayuno dominicano --República Dominicana - 2013-10-08 14-28.jpg")
In the Dominican Republic, breakfast varies depending on the region. In the interior of the island, it is accustomed to have breakfast with a side of vegetables, the green plantain or [cooking plantain](/wiki/Cooking_plantain "Cooking plantain") being the most popular. It is served boiled or mashed known as [Mangú](/wiki/Mang%C3%BA_%28dish%29 "Mangú (dish)"). In the capital, breakfast is more light. It includes coffee with milk or hot chocolate, along with bread, butter, and cheese. Normally accompanied by orange juice and other juices of fruits typical to the region. Milk punch (milk, egg, nutmeg, and malt) boiled eggs with "harina de negrito" or some other type of [corn starch](/wiki/Corn_starch "Corn starch"). Traditional breakfast bread is a water\-based bread.
### El Salvador
A typical Salvadoran breakfast comprises fried or scrambled eggs, [refried beans](/wiki/Refried_beans "Refried beans") or casamiento (rice cooked with black beans), [fried plantains](/wiki/Fried_plantain "Fried plantain"), cheese or [crema](/wiki/Crema_%28dairy_product%29 "Crema (dairy product)"), and thick Salvadoran\-style [tortillas](/wiki/Corn_tortilla "Corn tortilla") (or bread). Sometimes sausage (chorizo) or avocado will be included on the side. Breakfast may be enjoyed with coffee or fruit juice.{{cite web \|last1\=Galdamez \|first1\=Eddie \|title\=Typical Salvadoran Breakfast. Traditional food from El Salvador. \|url\=https://elsalvadorinfo.net/typical\-salvadoran\-breakfast/ \|website\=El Salvador INFO \|date\=14 October 2020 \|publisher\=El SalvadorInfo.Net \|access\-date\=3 January 2021}}{{cite web \|title\=Eating \|url\=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/el\-salvador/narratives/in\-location/eating \|website\=Lonely Planet \|access\-date\=3 January 2021}}{{cite web \|title\=Menú típico del desayuno salvadoreño \|url\=https://www.recetassalvador.com/articulos/menu\-tipico\-del\-desayuno\-salvadoreno \|website\=Recetas del Salvador \|access\-date\=3 January 2021}}
### Guatemala
[thumb\|right\|[Huevos divorciados](/wiki/Huevos_divorciados "Huevos divorciados") from [Guatemala](/wiki/Guatemala "Guatemala")](/wiki/File:Divorciados.jpg "Divorciados.jpg")
In [Guatemala](/wiki/Guatemala "Guatemala"), breakfast consists of one or two eggs either fried, scrambled, or boiled accompanied by baked/fried beans with coffee. With this comes fresh cream, fresh cheese, and fried plantains (or [cooking plantain](/wiki/Cooking_plantain "Cooking plantain")). It is common to add hot sauce made out of "[chiltepes](/wiki/Chiltepe "Chiltepe")" (a type of pepper). They are prepared raw or boiled, then they are ground with some vinegar, chopped onions, and chopped cilantro to make the hot sauce. A traditional egg dish prepared with both green and red sauces is called "huevos divorciados". In the eastern part of the country, specifically in [Zacapa](/wiki/Zacapa "Zacapa"), you can find "huevos a caballo" or (eggs on a horse) which is basically two fried eggs over roasted steak.
Other types of breakfast include milk cereals. The most common drinks are orange juice or other fruits, milk, atol (a milk pudding with chocolate), and corn starch. The coffee is normally served with sweet bread also called "pan de manteca" (or butter bread).
### Honduras
In [Honduras](/wiki/Honduras "Honduras"), it is typical to start the day with homemade bread, with coffee or a glass of milk. Then, a plate of food with beans, alongside eggs that can be scrambled or sunny side up, slivers of fried plantain (or [cooking plantain](/wiki/Cooking_plantain "Cooking plantain")), corn, tortillas, cheese, and butter. Versions of egg preparation vary: "estrellados" which consists of just cracking the shell, in "torta" or omelette (beaten with some salt), scrambled or boiled. Another typical breakfast are the [baleadas](/wiki/Baleadas "Baleadas") and tortillas with cheese; sometimes they are fried together with cheese in between. In the "garífuna" culture, coffee is accompanied by "mínimo" bread (banana bread) or coconut bread.
### Jamaica
[thumb\|Jamaican breakfast with ackee, saltfish, and callaloo](/wiki/File:Jamaican_breakfast_ackee_saltfish_callaloo.jpg "Jamaican breakfast ackee saltfish callaloo.jpg")
A Jamaican breakfast includes [ackee and saltfish](/wiki/Ackee_and_saltfish "Ackee and saltfish"), seasoned [callaloo](/wiki/Callaloo "Callaloo"), boiled [green bananas](/wiki/Green_banana "Green banana"), and [fried dumplings](/wiki/Jonnycake "Jonnycake").Deborah S. Hartz [Authentic Jamaican breakfast](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bp0TAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PgcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1279,382584&dq=stamp+and+go+jamaica) 1 August 1991 Ocala Star\-Banner p. 44
### Mexico
[thumb\|Mexican Breakfast with avocado, hash browns, and sunny side up eggs](/wiki/File:Mexican_Breakfast.jpg "Mexican Breakfast.jpg")
Breakfast in Mexico is usually served in large portions and is sometimes the main or the second largest meal of the day. Some common dishes during breakfast are: [huevos rancheros](/wiki/Huevos_rancheros "Huevos rancheros"), [chilaquiles](/wiki/Chilaquiles "Chilaquiles"), [quesadillas](/wiki/Quesadillas "Quesadillas"), [entomatadas](/wiki/Entomatadas "Entomatadas"), [tamales](/wiki/Tamales "Tamales"), [tlayuda](/wiki/Tlayuda "Tlayuda"), [birria](/wiki/Birria "Birria"), [atole](/wiki/Atole "Atole"), [molletes](/wiki/Molletes "Molletes"), [pambazo](/wiki/Pambazo "Pambazo"), [huevos a la mexicana](/wiki/Huevos_a_la_mexicana "Huevos a la mexicana"), [enchiladas](/wiki/Enchiladas "Enchiladas"), [barbacoa](/wiki/Barbacoa "Barbacoa"), [menudo (soup)](/wiki/Menudo_%28soup%29 "Menudo (soup)") and [carnitas](/wiki/Carnitas "Carnitas").{{cite web\|url\=http://listas.20minutos.es/lista/desayunos\-tipicos\-alrededor\-del\-mundo\-317797/\|title\=Desayunos típicos alrededor del mundo\|access\-date\=5 February 2014}}
### Nicaragua
In [Nicaragua](/wiki/Nicaragua "Nicaragua"), the typical breakfast consists of "gallo pinto" (national dish made out of red beans and rice), eggs, cheese, corn tortillas, and sweet plantains. Meals are normally accompanied by different juices and coffee. On Sundays, nacatamales are the traditional breakfast. These consist of a mass of corn with rice, potatoes, pork or chicken and sliced onions wrapped in plantain leaves and is usually accompanied by cacao as a drink.{{cite web\|url\=http://gocentralamerica.about.com/od/nicaraguaguide/p/Nicaragua\_Food.htm\|title\=Nicaragua Food and Drink\|last\=Hubbard\|first\=Kirsten\|access\-date\=6 February 2014\|archive\-date\=6 October 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006142921/http://gocentralamerica.about.com/od/nicaraguaguide/p/Nicaragua\_Food.htm\|url\-status\=dead}}
### Panama
[thumb\|Corn tortillas with steak and onions, from [Panama](/wiki/Panama "Panama")\|alt\=Round, yellow cakes topped with fried meat and onions.](/wiki/File:Tortillas_con_biste_de_higado.jpg "Tortillas con biste de higado.jpg")
In [Panama](/wiki/Panama "Panama"), breakfast is a heavy meal, especially in the interior of the country where hard labor requires it. It always includes black coffee (tinto) or with milk (called pintado) with any of these sides: corn tortillas, traditional white cheese (or queso del pais), another type of tortillas or "torrejas" made of wheat flour known as "[hojaldres](/wiki/Hojaldres "Hojaldres")." Another traditional breakfast side is "[bollo](/wiki/Bollo "Bollo")" made out of either corn, white corn, or coconut that is wrapped in corn leaves and "preña'o" (meaning with child) that means it is filled with some type of meat.
As protein, a large serving of beef liver with onion, scrambled or fried eggs, beef stew or "tasajo" (a type of beef jerky), pork rinds and different kinds of sausages like chorizo or *[morcilla](/wiki/Morcilla "Morcilla")* are the most popular. These are also accompanied by: slices of green plantain or [cooking plantain](/wiki/Cooking_plantain "Cooking plantain"), "[patacones](/wiki/Patacones "Patacones")" (double fried plantain), [carimañolas](/wiki/Carima%C3%B1ola "Carimañola") (yuca filled with meat), as well as different bread pastries both savory and sweet. These large breakfasts are normally reserved for special occasions while everyday breakfasts consist of more traditional food from the west like toast, ham, cheese, jam etc.
It is important to mention that the prolonged US presence has also influenced urban areas of Panama by introducing meals like cereal with milk as well as pancakes with syrup as traditional breakfast meals.
### Puerto Rico
[Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico"), being a [commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth_%28U.S._insular_area%29 "Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)") of the United States, has adopted many American staples such as pancakes, waffles, bacon, English muffins, yogurt with fruit and nuts, French toast, eggs and steak. Pancakes and waffles can be made with plantain flour or [breadfruit](/wiki/Breadfruit "Breadfruit") flour popular in the south. A Jibarita is a typical breakfast item much like buttermilk\-banana pancakes but with sweet plantains and coconut milk. [Crêpes](/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe "Crêpe") are quite popular as a breakfast food filled with fresh fruit, jam, meats, or cheese.
Cremas come in many versions. One version is flavored with vanilla, clove, cinnamon sticks, brown sugar, star anise, orange peels, ginger, coconut milk, and butter.
Pan de Agua is a bread served aside coffee, jam, and butter.
Revoltillo is a Puerto Rican style scrambled eggs mixed with local cheese, milk, [sofrito](/wiki/Sofrito "Sofrito"), squash, ham, shrimp, and other ingredients. Backed or roasted sweet potato or sweet plantains are cooked with its skin on. When done, it is split down the middle and top with butter, sugar, cheese, and cinnamon and served with chorizo or [longanisa](/wiki/Longanisa "Longanisa") and eggs.
[Sorullos](/wiki/Sorullos "Sorullos") are sweet corn fitters made with cornmeal, flour, milk, sugar, corn kernels, stuffed with cheese, rolled in to small logs and fried. They are sometimes compared to [mozzarella sticks](/wiki/Mozzarella_sticks "Mozzarella sticks"). Sorullos are served different depending on the time. For breakfast they dunked in coffee or hot chocolate.
Orange and papaya juice are standard for breakfast with some other restaurants and eatery having other options like mango, guava, apple, and other fruits. Punche de Malta is [malta](/wiki/Malta "Malta") beverage shook with ice, eggs, evaporated milk, condensed milk, and cinnamon. Cow milk, goat milk and plant milks are also part of the breakfast. Hot chocolate and chocolate milk is enjoyed by kids and adults with breakfast.
### United States
{{See also\|List of American breakfast foods}}
[thumb\|An example of an American diner breakfast, with overeasy eggs, hashbrowns, bacon, and buttered toast\|alt\=Metal container of hash browns, eggs, bacon, and slices of white bread.](/wiki/File:NYC-Diner-ToGo-Overeasy-Eggs.jpg "NYC-Diner-ToGo-Overeasy-Eggs.jpg")
The average starting time for breakfasts in the United States has been found to be 8:12 a.m, and varies from 8:08 a.m. in the South to 8:17 a.m. in the West.{{Citation\|last\=Larson\|first\=Robert B.\|title\=When is Dinner?\|date\=2002\|volume\=33\|issue\=3\|pages\=38–45\|periodical\=Journal of Food Distribution Research\|doi\=10\.22004/ag.econ.26834\|issn\=2643\-3354}}
#### Traditional
[thumb\|A waffle breakfast in the United States\|alt\=Table covered in mugs, glasses of milk, and plates of waffles, berries, powdered sugar, and grapefruit.\|229x229px](/wiki/File:AmCountryBreakfast.JPG "AmCountryBreakfast.JPG")
There are two main types of breakfasts: traditional and quick. Traditional breakfasts, often eaten on weekends, consists of any combination of eggs, [preserved meats](/wiki/Food_preservation "Food preservation"), and breads such as [pancakes](/wiki/Pancake "Pancake"), [waffles](/wiki/Waffle "Waffle"), [toast](/wiki/Toast_%28food%29 "Toast (food)"), or [biscuits](/wiki/Biscuit "Biscuit"). Variants of the [full breakfast](/wiki/Full_breakfast "Full breakfast") and continental breakfast (see above) are also common. In the [Southern United States](/wiki/Southern_United_States "Southern United States"), [biscuits and gravy](/wiki/Biscuits_and_gravy "Biscuits and gravy") are popularly eaten at a traditional breakfast.{{Cite book\| last \= Charles L.\| first \=Cutler\|title \=Tracks that speak: the legacy of Native American words in North American culture\| publisher \= Houghton Mifflin\|year \=2002\|location \= US\| page \= 28\| url \=https://books.google.com/books?id\=CfekuKBLfpIC\&pg\=PA28\|isbn \=0\-618\-06510\-5\|access\-date\=26 September 2012}} In some regions, such as the Northeast, [bagels](/wiki/Bagel "Bagel") are a common breakfast item, and are often served sliced in half, toasted, and spread with [butter](/wiki/Butter "Butter") or [cream cheese](/wiki/Cream_cheese "Cream cheese") or other toppings. Another popular breakfast item in the United States are [doughnuts](/wiki/Doughnut "Doughnut"), which are often consumed exclusive of other breakfast foods, and commonly eaten with coffee.
[Breakfast sandwiches](/wiki/Breakfast_sandwich "Breakfast sandwich") are also a common choice. Typical sandwiches are composed of egg, cheese, and cooked [preserved meat](/wiki/Food_preservation "Food preservation") such as bacon or sausage, between bread slices or on a roll, although regional varieties are common. In New Jersey, bacon is often swapped out of the breakfast sandwich and replaced with a processed meat called [pork roll](/wiki/Pork_roll "Pork roll"). Other areas alter the breakfast sandwich medium with regional favorites, such as biscuits. A variation is the [breakfast burrito](/wiki/Breakfast_burrito "Breakfast burrito"), which originates from [Southwestern](/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States "Cuisine of the Southwestern United States") and [Tex\-Mex cuisines](/wiki/Tex-Mex "Tex-Mex").
In the early 20th century, breakfast was served at the table, each place set with a breakfast [doily](/wiki/Doily "Doily"), between nine and 12 inches square, with doilies serving as coasters for coffee and water glasses. Coffee was served on silver trays with pot, hot water pitcher, cream, milk and sugar. Different napkins were used for breakfast than for dinner. Breakfast napkins were smaller and usually made of [linen](/wiki/Linen "Linen"), fringed or hemmed by hand. For more elegant napkins, borders of heavy lace or white embroidery decorations were added. Breakfast (served with coffee) could be as much as six dishes of [salt fish](/wiki/Salt_fish "Salt fish") or meat, [omelette](/wiki/Omelette "Omelette") or other types of eggs, warm bread, [pancakes](/wiki/Pancakes "Pancakes") or [waffles](/wiki/Waffles "Waffles"), [coffee cake](/wiki/Coffee_cake_%28American%29 "Coffee cake (American)"), fruit or [cereal](/wiki/Cereal "Cereal").{{cite book \|last\=Reed \|first\=Myrtle \|title\=The Myrtle Reed cookbook \|date\=1916}}
#### Quick
Quick breakfasts are often eaten on weekdays, before school or work, when there is no time or no need for a large breakfast. This type of breakfast includes foods like oatmeal, grits, breakfast cereal, fruit and granola bars. They are often eaten with beverages such as juice or coffee. Toast, often buttered, is popular as well.
#### Drinks
Coffee is a common beverage, as is tea. 65% of coffee is drunk during breakfast hours.{{cite web \|title\=Specialty Coffee Statistics \|publisher\=e\-importz.com \|access\-date\=25 March 2012 \|url\=http://www.e\-importz.com/Support/specialty\_coffee.htm}} Fruit juices, especially [orange juice](/wiki/Orange_juice "Orange juice"), are also common. Milk is also widely consumed, drunk either plain or prepared with various flavorings, such as chocolate, [as coffee milk](/wiki/Coffee_milk "Coffee milk") (especially in the Northeast), or strawberry.
|
[
"North America\n-------------",
"As with other [continents](/wiki/Continent \"Continent\") around the world, breakfasts in [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\") vary widely from country to country, depicting variations of both American and continental breakfasts.",
"### Canada",
"Traditional Canadian breakfast foods include pork sausages, bacon, maple\\-cured bacon, fried potatoes, maple\\-infused beans, eggs, toast, cereals, pancakes (or [French toast](/wiki/French_toast \"French toast\")) and [maple syrup](/wiki/Maple_syrup \"Maple syrup\"), or hot oatmeal.{{Cite web \\|last1\\=McCullough \\|first1\\=J.J. \\|author\\-link\\=J.J. McCullough \\|url\\=http://www.thecanadaguide.com/symbols/foods/\\|title\\=Foods \\|work\\=The Canada Guide\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2018\\|language\\=en\\-US}} [Peameal bacon](/wiki/Peameal_bacon \"Peameal bacon\") is also a Canadian breakfast food.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Scroble \\|first1\\=Devon \\|title\\=The History of Canadian Peameal Bacon \\|url\\=https://www.foodnetwork.ca/shows/great\\-canadian\\-cookbook/blog/the\\-history\\-of\\-canadian\\-peameal\\-bacon/ \\|website\\=Food Network \\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2019}} Coffee, tea and fruit juice of many varieties are widely consumed in Canada during breakfast.",
"### Costa Rica",
"In [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica \"Costa Rica\"), the most common breakfast is called \"[gallo pinto](/wiki/Gallo_pinto \"Gallo pinto\")\", which is made up of rice and beans (red or black) previously cooked. Sautéed in a pan with chile, onions, [culantro](/wiki/Culantro \"Culantro\") (an herb typical to the region) and bean stock for color. It is accompanied with fried egg, cheese, and fried plantain or [cooking plantain](/wiki/Cooking_plantain \"Cooking plantain\"). Black coffee or coffee with milk are traditional drinks. As this is the most common breakfast of the country, in [Limón Province](/wiki/Lim%C3%B3n_Province \"Limón Province\"), they prepare gallo pinto with coconut milk instead. Another popular breakfast food is the \"chorreadas\" which are savory sweetcorn pancakes; they are usually accompanied by cheese or a type of sour cream called \"natilla\".",
"### Cuba",
"Breakfast in urban areas traditionally consists of [café con leche](/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_con_leche \"Café con leche\") that is sweetened and includes a pinch of salt. Toasted buttered [Cuban bread](/wiki/Cuban_bread \"Cuban bread\"), cut into lengths, is dunked in the coffee. In rural Cuba, farmers eat roasted pork, beans and white rice, café con leche and [cuajada](/wiki/Cuajada \"Cuajada\") sweetened with caramel.[Grupo 2:—Span201\\.002 – Patterson](https://web.archive.org/web/20060914094120/http://syllable.rice.edu/wiki/spring2006/Span201002/index.php/Grupo_2%3A)",
"### Dominican Republic",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[Mangú](/wiki/Mang%C3%BA \"Mangú\"), [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic \"Dominican Republic\")](/wiki/File:Mangu_dominicano_--Contenido-_-Lonjas_de_salami_fritas_-Lonjas_de_queso_blanco_-Mangu_o_pur%C3%A9_de_pl%C3%A1tano_verde_-Mantequilla_--Este_es_un_plato_t%C3%ADpico_en_el_desayuno_dominicano_--Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana_-_2013-10-08_14-28.jpg \"Mangu dominicano --Contenido- -Lonjas de salami fritas -Lonjas de queso blanco -Mangu o puré de plátano verde -Mantequilla --Este es un plato típico en el desayuno dominicano --República Dominicana - 2013-10-08 14-28.jpg\")\nIn the Dominican Republic, breakfast varies depending on the region. In the interior of the island, it is accustomed to have breakfast with a side of vegetables, the green plantain or [cooking plantain](/wiki/Cooking_plantain \"Cooking plantain\") being the most popular. It is served boiled or mashed known as [Mangú](/wiki/Mang%C3%BA_%28dish%29 \"Mangú (dish)\"). In the capital, breakfast is more light. It includes coffee with milk or hot chocolate, along with bread, butter, and cheese. Normally accompanied by orange juice and other juices of fruits typical to the region. Milk punch (milk, egg, nutmeg, and malt) boiled eggs with \"harina de negrito\" or some other type of [corn starch](/wiki/Corn_starch \"Corn starch\"). Traditional breakfast bread is a water\\-based bread.",
"### El Salvador",
"A typical Salvadoran breakfast comprises fried or scrambled eggs, [refried beans](/wiki/Refried_beans \"Refried beans\") or casamiento (rice cooked with black beans), [fried plantains](/wiki/Fried_plantain \"Fried plantain\"), cheese or [crema](/wiki/Crema_%28dairy_product%29 \"Crema (dairy product)\"), and thick Salvadoran\\-style [tortillas](/wiki/Corn_tortilla \"Corn tortilla\") (or bread). Sometimes sausage (chorizo) or avocado will be included on the side. Breakfast may be enjoyed with coffee or fruit juice.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Galdamez \\|first1\\=Eddie \\|title\\=Typical Salvadoran Breakfast. Traditional food from El Salvador. \\|url\\=https://elsalvadorinfo.net/typical\\-salvadoran\\-breakfast/ \\|website\\=El Salvador INFO \\|date\\=14 October 2020 \\|publisher\\=El SalvadorInfo.Net \\|access\\-date\\=3 January 2021}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Eating \\|url\\=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/el\\-salvador/narratives/in\\-location/eating \\|website\\=Lonely Planet \\|access\\-date\\=3 January 2021}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Menú típico del desayuno salvadoreño \\|url\\=https://www.recetassalvador.com/articulos/menu\\-tipico\\-del\\-desayuno\\-salvadoreno \\|website\\=Recetas del Salvador \\|access\\-date\\=3 January 2021}}",
"### Guatemala",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[Huevos divorciados](/wiki/Huevos_divorciados \"Huevos divorciados\") from [Guatemala](/wiki/Guatemala \"Guatemala\")](/wiki/File:Divorciados.jpg \"Divorciados.jpg\")\nIn [Guatemala](/wiki/Guatemala \"Guatemala\"), breakfast consists of one or two eggs either fried, scrambled, or boiled accompanied by baked/fried beans with coffee. With this comes fresh cream, fresh cheese, and fried plantains (or [cooking plantain](/wiki/Cooking_plantain \"Cooking plantain\")). It is common to add hot sauce made out of \"[chiltepes](/wiki/Chiltepe \"Chiltepe\")\" (a type of pepper). They are prepared raw or boiled, then they are ground with some vinegar, chopped onions, and chopped cilantro to make the hot sauce. A traditional egg dish prepared with both green and red sauces is called \"huevos divorciados\". In the eastern part of the country, specifically in [Zacapa](/wiki/Zacapa \"Zacapa\"), you can find \"huevos a caballo\" or (eggs on a horse) which is basically two fried eggs over roasted steak.",
"Other types of breakfast include milk cereals. The most common drinks are orange juice or other fruits, milk, atol (a milk pudding with chocolate), and corn starch. The coffee is normally served with sweet bread also called \"pan de manteca\" (or butter bread).",
"### Honduras",
"In [Honduras](/wiki/Honduras \"Honduras\"), it is typical to start the day with homemade bread, with coffee or a glass of milk. Then, a plate of food with beans, alongside eggs that can be scrambled or sunny side up, slivers of fried plantain (or [cooking plantain](/wiki/Cooking_plantain \"Cooking plantain\")), corn, tortillas, cheese, and butter. Versions of egg preparation vary: \"estrellados\" which consists of just cracking the shell, in \"torta\" or omelette (beaten with some salt), scrambled or boiled. Another typical breakfast are the [baleadas](/wiki/Baleadas \"Baleadas\") and tortillas with cheese; sometimes they are fried together with cheese in between. In the \"garífuna\" culture, coffee is accompanied by \"mínimo\" bread (banana bread) or coconut bread.",
"### Jamaica",
"[thumb\\|Jamaican breakfast with ackee, saltfish, and callaloo](/wiki/File:Jamaican_breakfast_ackee_saltfish_callaloo.jpg \"Jamaican breakfast ackee saltfish callaloo.jpg\")\nA Jamaican breakfast includes [ackee and saltfish](/wiki/Ackee_and_saltfish \"Ackee and saltfish\"), seasoned [callaloo](/wiki/Callaloo \"Callaloo\"), boiled [green bananas](/wiki/Green_banana \"Green banana\"), and [fried dumplings](/wiki/Jonnycake \"Jonnycake\").Deborah S. Hartz [Authentic Jamaican breakfast](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bp0TAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PgcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1279,382584&dq=stamp+and+go+jamaica) 1 August 1991 Ocala Star\\-Banner p. 44",
"### Mexico",
"[thumb\\|Mexican Breakfast with avocado, hash browns, and sunny side up eggs](/wiki/File:Mexican_Breakfast.jpg \"Mexican Breakfast.jpg\")\nBreakfast in Mexico is usually served in large portions and is sometimes the main or the second largest meal of the day. Some common dishes during breakfast are: [huevos rancheros](/wiki/Huevos_rancheros \"Huevos rancheros\"), [chilaquiles](/wiki/Chilaquiles \"Chilaquiles\"), [quesadillas](/wiki/Quesadillas \"Quesadillas\"), [entomatadas](/wiki/Entomatadas \"Entomatadas\"), [tamales](/wiki/Tamales \"Tamales\"), [tlayuda](/wiki/Tlayuda \"Tlayuda\"), [birria](/wiki/Birria \"Birria\"), [atole](/wiki/Atole \"Atole\"), [molletes](/wiki/Molletes \"Molletes\"), [pambazo](/wiki/Pambazo \"Pambazo\"), [huevos a la mexicana](/wiki/Huevos_a_la_mexicana \"Huevos a la mexicana\"), [enchiladas](/wiki/Enchiladas \"Enchiladas\"), [barbacoa](/wiki/Barbacoa \"Barbacoa\"), [menudo (soup)](/wiki/Menudo_%28soup%29 \"Menudo (soup)\") and [carnitas](/wiki/Carnitas \"Carnitas\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://listas.20minutos.es/lista/desayunos\\-tipicos\\-alrededor\\-del\\-mundo\\-317797/\\|title\\=Desayunos típicos alrededor del mundo\\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2014}}",
"### Nicaragua",
"In [Nicaragua](/wiki/Nicaragua \"Nicaragua\"), the typical breakfast consists of \"gallo pinto\" (national dish made out of red beans and rice), eggs, cheese, corn tortillas, and sweet plantains. Meals are normally accompanied by different juices and coffee. On Sundays, nacatamales are the traditional breakfast. These consist of a mass of corn with rice, potatoes, pork or chicken and sliced onions wrapped in plantain leaves and is usually accompanied by cacao as a drink.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gocentralamerica.about.com/od/nicaraguaguide/p/Nicaragua\\_Food.htm\\|title\\=Nicaragua Food and Drink\\|last\\=Hubbard\\|first\\=Kirsten\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006142921/http://gocentralamerica.about.com/od/nicaraguaguide/p/Nicaragua\\_Food.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### Panama",
"[thumb\\|Corn tortillas with steak and onions, from [Panama](/wiki/Panama \"Panama\")\\|alt\\=Round, yellow cakes topped with fried meat and onions.](/wiki/File:Tortillas_con_biste_de_higado.jpg \"Tortillas con biste de higado.jpg\")\nIn [Panama](/wiki/Panama \"Panama\"), breakfast is a heavy meal, especially in the interior of the country where hard labor requires it. It always includes black coffee (tinto) or with milk (called pintado) with any of these sides: corn tortillas, traditional white cheese (or queso del pais), another type of tortillas or \"torrejas\" made of wheat flour known as \"[hojaldres](/wiki/Hojaldres \"Hojaldres\").\" Another traditional breakfast side is \"[bollo](/wiki/Bollo \"Bollo\")\" made out of either corn, white corn, or coconut that is wrapped in corn leaves and \"preña'o\" (meaning with child) that means it is filled with some type of meat.",
"As protein, a large serving of beef liver with onion, scrambled or fried eggs, beef stew or \"tasajo\" (a type of beef jerky), pork rinds and different kinds of sausages like chorizo or *[morcilla](/wiki/Morcilla \"Morcilla\")* are the most popular. These are also accompanied by: slices of green plantain or [cooking plantain](/wiki/Cooking_plantain \"Cooking plantain\"), \"[patacones](/wiki/Patacones \"Patacones\")\" (double fried plantain), [carimañolas](/wiki/Carima%C3%B1ola \"Carimañola\") (yuca filled with meat), as well as different bread pastries both savory and sweet. These large breakfasts are normally reserved for special occasions while everyday breakfasts consist of more traditional food from the west like toast, ham, cheese, jam etc.",
"It is important to mention that the prolonged US presence has also influenced urban areas of Panama by introducing meals like cereal with milk as well as pancakes with syrup as traditional breakfast meals.",
"### Puerto Rico",
"[Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico \"Puerto Rico\"), being a [commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth_%28U.S._insular_area%29 \"Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)\") of the United States, has adopted many American staples such as pancakes, waffles, bacon, English muffins, yogurt with fruit and nuts, French toast, eggs and steak. Pancakes and waffles can be made with plantain flour or [breadfruit](/wiki/Breadfruit \"Breadfruit\") flour popular in the south. A Jibarita is a typical breakfast item much like buttermilk\\-banana pancakes but with sweet plantains and coconut milk. [Crêpes](/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe \"Crêpe\") are quite popular as a breakfast food filled with fresh fruit, jam, meats, or cheese.",
"Cremas come in many versions. One version is flavored with vanilla, clove, cinnamon sticks, brown sugar, star anise, orange peels, ginger, coconut milk, and butter.",
"Pan de Agua is a bread served aside coffee, jam, and butter.",
"Revoltillo is a Puerto Rican style scrambled eggs mixed with local cheese, milk, [sofrito](/wiki/Sofrito \"Sofrito\"), squash, ham, shrimp, and other ingredients. Backed or roasted sweet potato or sweet plantains are cooked with its skin on. When done, it is split down the middle and top with butter, sugar, cheese, and cinnamon and served with chorizo or [longanisa](/wiki/Longanisa \"Longanisa\") and eggs.",
"[Sorullos](/wiki/Sorullos \"Sorullos\") are sweet corn fitters made with cornmeal, flour, milk, sugar, corn kernels, stuffed with cheese, rolled in to small logs and fried. They are sometimes compared to [mozzarella sticks](/wiki/Mozzarella_sticks \"Mozzarella sticks\"). Sorullos are served different depending on the time. For breakfast they dunked in coffee or hot chocolate.",
"Orange and papaya juice are standard for breakfast with some other restaurants and eatery having other options like mango, guava, apple, and other fruits. Punche de Malta is [malta](/wiki/Malta \"Malta\") beverage shook with ice, eggs, evaporated milk, condensed milk, and cinnamon. Cow milk, goat milk and plant milks are also part of the breakfast. Hot chocolate and chocolate milk is enjoyed by kids and adults with breakfast.",
"### United States",
"{{See also\\|List of American breakfast foods}}\n[thumb\\|An example of an American diner breakfast, with overeasy eggs, hashbrowns, bacon, and buttered toast\\|alt\\=Metal container of hash browns, eggs, bacon, and slices of white bread.](/wiki/File:NYC-Diner-ToGo-Overeasy-Eggs.jpg \"NYC-Diner-ToGo-Overeasy-Eggs.jpg\")\nThe average starting time for breakfasts in the United States has been found to be 8:12 a.m, and varies from 8:08 a.m. in the South to 8:17 a.m. in the West.{{Citation\\|last\\=Larson\\|first\\=Robert B.\\|title\\=When is Dinner?\\|date\\=2002\\|volume\\=33\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=38–45\\|periodical\\=Journal of Food Distribution Research\\|doi\\=10\\.22004/ag.econ.26834\\|issn\\=2643\\-3354}}",
"#### Traditional",
"[thumb\\|A waffle breakfast in the United States\\|alt\\=Table covered in mugs, glasses of milk, and plates of waffles, berries, powdered sugar, and grapefruit.\\|229x229px](/wiki/File:AmCountryBreakfast.JPG \"AmCountryBreakfast.JPG\")\nThere are two main types of breakfasts: traditional and quick. Traditional breakfasts, often eaten on weekends, consists of any combination of eggs, [preserved meats](/wiki/Food_preservation \"Food preservation\"), and breads such as [pancakes](/wiki/Pancake \"Pancake\"), [waffles](/wiki/Waffle \"Waffle\"), [toast](/wiki/Toast_%28food%29 \"Toast (food)\"), or [biscuits](/wiki/Biscuit \"Biscuit\"). Variants of the [full breakfast](/wiki/Full_breakfast \"Full breakfast\") and continental breakfast (see above) are also common. In the [Southern United States](/wiki/Southern_United_States \"Southern United States\"), [biscuits and gravy](/wiki/Biscuits_and_gravy \"Biscuits and gravy\") are popularly eaten at a traditional breakfast.{{Cite book\\| last \\= Charles L.\\| first \\=Cutler\\|title \\=Tracks that speak: the legacy of Native American words in North American culture\\| publisher \\= Houghton Mifflin\\|year \\=2002\\|location \\= US\\| page \\= 28\\| url \\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=CfekuKBLfpIC\\&pg\\=PA28\\|isbn \\=0\\-618\\-06510\\-5\\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2012}} In some regions, such as the Northeast, [bagels](/wiki/Bagel \"Bagel\") are a common breakfast item, and are often served sliced in half, toasted, and spread with [butter](/wiki/Butter \"Butter\") or [cream cheese](/wiki/Cream_cheese \"Cream cheese\") or other toppings. Another popular breakfast item in the United States are [doughnuts](/wiki/Doughnut \"Doughnut\"), which are often consumed exclusive of other breakfast foods, and commonly eaten with coffee.",
"[Breakfast sandwiches](/wiki/Breakfast_sandwich \"Breakfast sandwich\") are also a common choice. Typical sandwiches are composed of egg, cheese, and cooked [preserved meat](/wiki/Food_preservation \"Food preservation\") such as bacon or sausage, between bread slices or on a roll, although regional varieties are common. In New Jersey, bacon is often swapped out of the breakfast sandwich and replaced with a processed meat called [pork roll](/wiki/Pork_roll \"Pork roll\"). Other areas alter the breakfast sandwich medium with regional favorites, such as biscuits. A variation is the [breakfast burrito](/wiki/Breakfast_burrito \"Breakfast burrito\"), which originates from [Southwestern](/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States \"Cuisine of the Southwestern United States\") and [Tex\\-Mex cuisines](/wiki/Tex-Mex \"Tex-Mex\").",
"In the early 20th century, breakfast was served at the table, each place set with a breakfast [doily](/wiki/Doily \"Doily\"), between nine and 12 inches square, with doilies serving as coasters for coffee and water glasses. Coffee was served on silver trays with pot, hot water pitcher, cream, milk and sugar. Different napkins were used for breakfast than for dinner. Breakfast napkins were smaller and usually made of [linen](/wiki/Linen \"Linen\"), fringed or hemmed by hand. For more elegant napkins, borders of heavy lace or white embroidery decorations were added. Breakfast (served with coffee) could be as much as six dishes of [salt fish](/wiki/Salt_fish \"Salt fish\") or meat, [omelette](/wiki/Omelette \"Omelette\") or other types of eggs, warm bread, [pancakes](/wiki/Pancakes \"Pancakes\") or [waffles](/wiki/Waffles \"Waffles\"), [coffee cake](/wiki/Coffee_cake_%28American%29 \"Coffee cake (American)\"), fruit or [cereal](/wiki/Cereal \"Cereal\").{{cite book \\|last\\=Reed \\|first\\=Myrtle \\|title\\=The Myrtle Reed cookbook \\|date\\=1916}}",
"#### Quick",
"Quick breakfasts are often eaten on weekdays, before school or work, when there is no time or no need for a large breakfast. This type of breakfast includes foods like oatmeal, grits, breakfast cereal, fruit and granola bars. They are often eaten with beverages such as juice or coffee. Toast, often buttered, is popular as well.",
"#### Drinks",
"Coffee is a common beverage, as is tea. 65% of coffee is drunk during breakfast hours.{{cite web \\|title\\=Specialty Coffee Statistics \\|publisher\\=e\\-importz.com \\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2012 \\|url\\=http://www.e\\-importz.com/Support/specialty\\_coffee.htm}} Fruit juices, especially [orange juice](/wiki/Orange_juice \"Orange juice\"), are also common. Milk is also widely consumed, drunk either plain or prepared with various flavorings, such as chocolate, [as coffee milk](/wiki/Coffee_milk \"Coffee milk\") (especially in the Northeast), or strawberry.",
""
] |
Interior
--------
The elevations of the interior of the church, is simplified from earlier Gothic churches; has just two levels of equal height; an upper level with large windows, and a lower level of massive arcades of pillars. flanked by double side aisles for easy circulation. The side aisles also give access to a row of small chapels.
### Choir
The choir of the church was begun in the first half of the 15th century, when the church was entirely rebuilt. It was then extensively modified in the 1650s by the architect [Antoine Lepautre](/wiki/Antoine_Lepautre "Antoine Lepautre") (1621 – about 1691\). He created the very elaborate coats of arms on the arcades, the arcades and front on of the axis, and the Corinthian capitals on the columns. The woodwork decoration of the pillars was added when the facade was rebuilt between 1862 and 1865\. The stone altar dates to 1884, and was built by A. Chertier.
The stained glass windows of the choir were created between 1932 and 1939 by the Atelier Gaudin founded by Pierre Gaudin (1908–197\). They replaced earlier windows installed in 1846 by Laminators de Nozan.
File:Eglise Saint\-Laurent @ Paris (33797248091\).jpg\|The Choir
### Transept
The transept which divides the nave from the choir is slightly elevated from the nave and choir, and features two chapels. The north chapel is dedicated to Saint Lawrence, while the south chapel is dedicated to Saint Genevieve, the patron saint of Paris. Both chapels have elaborate carved woodwork from the 19th century, and large 19th century paintings of the two saints; the portrait of Saint Lawrence is by [Louis Boulanger](/wiki/Louis_Boulanger "Louis Boulanger"), and depicts his martyrdom. The portrait of Saint Genevieve is by [Emile Leconte\-Vernet](/wiki/Emile_Leconte-Vernet "Emile Leconte-Vernet"). Above the woodwork of both chapels are bas\-relief sculptures of angels holding a coat of arms.
File:Eglise Saint\-Laurent @ Paris (33885681816\).jpg\|The transept (left) meets the choir (right).\<ref name\=patrimoine/\>
File:Eglise Saint\-Laurent @ Paris (33797201021\).jpg\|Chapel in the transept
### Nave and tribune
File:Paris, Saint\-Laurent, Innenansicht (1\).jpg\|The nave, looking toward the choir
File:Eglise Saint\-Laurent de Paris \- nef et orgue.jpg\|The nave looking toward the tribune and grand organ
File:P1300904 Paris X eglise St\-Laurent chaire rwk.jpg\|The pulpit, located in the nave
### Chapel of the Virgin
The Chapel of the Virgin is an oval chamber located in the apse of the church, behind the choir, and visible from the nave. It was built in 1712 in the classical style, with dramatic classical pilasters, and replaced an earlier chapel built in 1429\. The statue of the Virgin was made by the studio of Raffl in 1900\. It is carved of [Carrara marble](/wiki/Carrara_marble "Carrara marble"). The vault is decorated with a circular painting of the Assumption of the Virgin, in 1730, as well as a painting of the Sacrifice of Abraham, both made by Antoine\-Denis Postel. The stained glass windows of he chapel were commissioned in 1872 from the workshop of Antoine Lusson.
File:Eglise Saint\-Laurent @ Paris (33541980950\).jpg\|Chapel of the Virgin
File:P1300891 Paris X eglise St\-Laurent coupole rwk.jpg\|"The Assumption of the Virgin" by Antoine\-Denis Postel, (1730\), in the Chapel of the Virgin
|
[
"Interior\n--------",
"The elevations of the interior of the church, is simplified from earlier Gothic churches; has just two levels of equal height; an upper level with large windows, and a lower level of massive arcades of pillars. flanked by double side aisles for easy circulation. The side aisles also give access to a row of small chapels.",
"### Choir",
"The choir of the church was begun in the first half of the 15th century, when the church was entirely rebuilt. It was then extensively modified in the 1650s by the architect [Antoine Lepautre](/wiki/Antoine_Lepautre \"Antoine Lepautre\") (1621 – about 1691\\). He created the very elaborate coats of arms on the arcades, the arcades and front on of the axis, and the Corinthian capitals on the columns. The woodwork decoration of the pillars was added when the facade was rebuilt between 1862 and 1865\\. The stone altar dates to 1884, and was built by A. Chertier.",
"The stained glass windows of the choir were created between 1932 and 1939 by the Atelier Gaudin founded by Pierre Gaudin (1908–197\\). They replaced earlier windows installed in 1846 by Laminators de Nozan.",
"File:Eglise Saint\\-Laurent @ Paris (33797248091\\).jpg\\|The Choir",
"",
"### Transept",
"The transept which divides the nave from the choir is slightly elevated from the nave and choir, and features two chapels. The north chapel is dedicated to Saint Lawrence, while the south chapel is dedicated to Saint Genevieve, the patron saint of Paris. Both chapels have elaborate carved woodwork from the 19th century, and large 19th century paintings of the two saints; the portrait of Saint Lawrence is by [Louis Boulanger](/wiki/Louis_Boulanger \"Louis Boulanger\"), and depicts his martyrdom. The portrait of Saint Genevieve is by [Emile Leconte\\-Vernet](/wiki/Emile_Leconte-Vernet \"Emile Leconte-Vernet\"). Above the woodwork of both chapels are bas\\-relief sculptures of angels holding a coat of arms.",
"File:Eglise Saint\\-Laurent @ Paris (33885681816\\).jpg\\|The transept (left) meets the choir (right).\\<ref name\\=patrimoine/\\> \nFile:Eglise Saint\\-Laurent @ Paris (33797201021\\).jpg\\|Chapel in the transept",
"",
"### Nave and tribune",
"",
"File:Paris, Saint\\-Laurent, Innenansicht (1\\).jpg\\|The nave, looking toward the choir\nFile:Eglise Saint\\-Laurent de Paris \\- nef et orgue.jpg\\|The nave looking toward the tribune and grand organ \nFile:P1300904 Paris X eglise St\\-Laurent chaire rwk.jpg\\|The pulpit, located in the nave",
"",
"### Chapel of the Virgin",
"The Chapel of the Virgin is an oval chamber located in the apse of the church, behind the choir, and visible from the nave. It was built in 1712 in the classical style, with dramatic classical pilasters, and replaced an earlier chapel built in 1429\\. The statue of the Virgin was made by the studio of Raffl in 1900\\. It is carved of [Carrara marble](/wiki/Carrara_marble \"Carrara marble\"). The vault is decorated with a circular painting of the Assumption of the Virgin, in 1730, as well as a painting of the Sacrifice of Abraham, both made by Antoine\\-Denis Postel. The stained glass windows of he chapel were commissioned in 1872 from the workshop of Antoine Lusson.",
"",
"File:Eglise Saint\\-Laurent @ Paris (33541980950\\).jpg\\|Chapel of the Virgin \nFile:P1300891 Paris X eglise St\\-Laurent coupole rwk.jpg\\|\"The Assumption of the Virgin\" by Antoine\\-Denis Postel, (1730\\), in the Chapel of the Virgin",
"",
""
] |
Art and decoration
------------------
### Stained glass (19th century)
The church has a remarkable collection of stained glass windows, dating from the 19th and 20th centuries. They present a particularly complete history of development of French stained glass in the 19th century.
Before the 1850s the windows in the church were mostly clear glass or glass with simple geometric patterns. to admit a maximum of light. The windows in the chapels were oftenn covered with curtains. This began to change in the 19th century, after a visit to London by the Count of Chabrol in 1823\. He admired the London church windows, and commissioned several windows from British glassmakers for the [Saint Elizabeth of Hungary Church, Paris](/wiki/Saint_Elizabeth_of_Hungary_Church%2C_Paris "Saint Elizabeth of Hungary Church, Paris") He also brought British glassmakers to Paris to train French craftsmen at the Saint\-Laurent workshop.
One of the earliest existing windows in the church depicts [Saint Lawrence](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence "Saint Lawrence"). It was made in 1846/47 by Ernest Lami de Nozan (1801–1877\), based on a design by Auguste\-Nicolas Galimard (1813–1880\). They also made the window of the Apostles(1846–47\), depicting Saints John, Paul, and Peter, as well as Judas.
File:Paris Saint\-Laurent Glasfenster490\.JPG\|"Saint Lawrence" (1846–47\) by Ernest Lami de Nozan and Auguste\-Nicolas Galimard.
File:Paris Saint\-Laurent Glasfenster480\.JPG\|"The Apostles" (1846/47\) by Ernest Lami de Nozan (1846/47\)
File:Paris Saint\-Laurent Glasfenster483\.JPG\|"Visitation of the Virgin", signed by Lusson and Lefevre, (1874–75\).
File:Paris Saint\-Laurent Glasfenster484\.JPG\|"The Seven Sorrows of the Virgin", signed by "A. Lusson \& L. Lefèvre"
File:Paris Saint\-Laurent Glasfenster487\.JPG\|"Death of the Virgin" signed by Lusson and Lefevre, (1874\).
### Stained glass (20th century)
In the 20th century, new windows were commissioned from the family enterprise founded by Felix Gaudin (1851–1930\) in Clermont Ferrand. The first group of new windows was commissioned between 1932 and 1939 to replace earlier windows in the choir created in 1846 by Lami de Nozan.
When Felix Gaudin died in 1930 his place was taken by his son [Jean Gaudin](/wiki/Jean_Gaudin_%28glass_artist%29 "Jean Gaudin (glass artist)") (1879–1930\). In the 1950s Jean Gaudin replaced many of the windows in the chapels with modernist designs.
File:Paris Saint\-Laurent Glasfenster475\.JPG\|Scenes from life of Virgin Mary, by \[\[Jean Gaudin (glass artist)\|Jean Gaudin]] (1955\)
File:Paris Saint\-Laurent Glasfenster477\.JPG\|"The Crucifixion by \[\[Jean Gaudin (glass artist)\|Jean Gaudin]] (1953\)
File:Paris Saint\-Laurent Glasfenster473\.JPG\|Scenes from life of Saint Lawrence by \[\[Jean Gaudin (glass artist)\|Jean Gaudin]] (1950s)
### Bosses or keystones of vaults
File:Eglise Saint\-Laurent de Paris \- Clef de voute Saint\-Jean\-Baptiste (1656\).jpg\|Keystone depicting "Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence"
File:Paris Saint\-Laurent 506\.JPG\|Depicting nature
File:Paris Saint\-Laurent 500\.JPG\|"Descent from the Cross"
File:Eglise Saint\-Laurent de Paris \- Clef de voute Sainte\-Apolline (1656\).jpg\|Saint Appoline
Among the distinctive features of the church are the bosses or keystones, hanging sculptures which decorate the centers of the ceiling vaults in the nave, choir and transept. These were made in 1656\. ´They are very finely crafted, and each one is different, illustrating a Biblical story or theme.
### Painting, sculpture and woodwork
The church is a textbook of French decorative religious art in the 19th century, with good examples of wood\-carving, religious painting and sculpture.
File:Station of the cross @ Eglise Saint\-Laurent @ Paris (33927240605\).jpg\|"Stations of the Cross" series in choir
File:Eglise Saint\-Laurent @ Paris (33885671096\).jpg\|"Crucifix" in the Choir
File:Eglise Saint\-Laurent de Paris \- Chaire (Moise).jpg\|Carving if Moses on the pulpit
File:Eglise Saint\-Laurent de Paris \- Chaire (Saint\-Jean\-Baptiste).jpg\|Carving of Saint John the Baptist on the pulpit (1872\)
File:Eglise Saint\-Laurent @ Paris (33083562914\).jpg\|Bronze \[\[Pieta]] by Marrochi in the nave
File:Eglise Saint\-Laurent de Paris \- statue de Sainte\-Apolline.jpg\|"\[\[Saint Apollonia]]" by \[\[Louis\-Victor Bougron]] (1825\)
File:Église Saint\-Laurent de Paris, Monument historique, saint Jean\-Baptiste par VICTOR VILLAIN (1845\).jpg\|Saint John the Baptist by Victor Villain (1845\)
File:Saint Denis @ Eglise Saint\-Laurent @ Paris (33541984590\).jpg\|Portrait of Saint Denis, without his head
```
File:Eglise Saint-Laurent @ Paris (33114155483).jpg|Stone carving below rose window in the transept
```
|
[
"Art and decoration\n------------------",
"### Stained glass (19th century)",
"The church has a remarkable collection of stained glass windows, dating from the 19th and 20th centuries. They present a particularly complete history of development of French stained glass in the 19th century.",
"Before the 1850s the windows in the church were mostly clear glass or glass with simple geometric patterns. to admit a maximum of light. The windows in the chapels were oftenn covered with curtains. This began to change in the 19th century, after a visit to London by the Count of Chabrol in 1823\\. He admired the London church windows, and commissioned several windows from British glassmakers for the [Saint Elizabeth of Hungary Church, Paris](/wiki/Saint_Elizabeth_of_Hungary_Church%2C_Paris \"Saint Elizabeth of Hungary Church, Paris\") He also brought British glassmakers to Paris to train French craftsmen at the Saint\\-Laurent workshop.",
"One of the earliest existing windows in the church depicts [Saint Lawrence](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence \"Saint Lawrence\"). It was made in 1846/47 by Ernest Lami de Nozan (1801–1877\\), based on a design by Auguste\\-Nicolas Galimard (1813–1880\\). They also made the window of the Apostles(1846–47\\), depicting Saints John, Paul, and Peter, as well as Judas.",
"",
"File:Paris Saint\\-Laurent Glasfenster490\\.JPG\\|\"Saint Lawrence\" (1846–47\\) by Ernest Lami de Nozan and Auguste\\-Nicolas Galimard.\nFile:Paris Saint\\-Laurent Glasfenster480\\.JPG\\|\"The Apostles\" (1846/47\\) by Ernest Lami de Nozan (1846/47\\) \nFile:Paris Saint\\-Laurent Glasfenster483\\.JPG\\|\"Visitation of the Virgin\", signed by Lusson and Lefevre, (1874–75\\). \nFile:Paris Saint\\-Laurent Glasfenster484\\.JPG\\|\"The Seven Sorrows of the Virgin\", signed by \"A. Lusson \\& L. Lefèvre\"\nFile:Paris Saint\\-Laurent Glasfenster487\\.JPG\\|\"Death of the Virgin\" signed by Lusson and Lefevre, (1874\\).",
"",
"### Stained glass (20th century)",
"In the 20th century, new windows were commissioned from the family enterprise founded by Felix Gaudin (1851–1930\\) in Clermont Ferrand. The first group of new windows was commissioned between 1932 and 1939 to replace earlier windows in the choir created in 1846 by Lami de Nozan.",
"When Felix Gaudin died in 1930 his place was taken by his son [Jean Gaudin](/wiki/Jean_Gaudin_%28glass_artist%29 \"Jean Gaudin (glass artist)\") (1879–1930\\). In the 1950s Jean Gaudin replaced many of the windows in the chapels with modernist designs.",
"File:Paris Saint\\-Laurent Glasfenster475\\.JPG\\|Scenes from life of Virgin Mary, by \\[\\[Jean Gaudin (glass artist)\\|Jean Gaudin]] (1955\\)\nFile:Paris Saint\\-Laurent Glasfenster477\\.JPG\\|\"The Crucifixion by \\[\\[Jean Gaudin (glass artist)\\|Jean Gaudin]] (1953\\)\nFile:Paris Saint\\-Laurent Glasfenster473\\.JPG\\|Scenes from life of Saint Lawrence by \\[\\[Jean Gaudin (glass artist)\\|Jean Gaudin]] (1950s)",
"",
"### Bosses or keystones of vaults",
"",
"File:Eglise Saint\\-Laurent de Paris \\- Clef de voute Saint\\-Jean\\-Baptiste (1656\\).jpg\\|Keystone depicting \"Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence\"\nFile:Paris Saint\\-Laurent 506\\.JPG\\|Depicting nature \nFile:Paris Saint\\-Laurent 500\\.JPG\\|\"Descent from the Cross\"\nFile:Eglise Saint\\-Laurent de Paris \\- Clef de voute Sainte\\-Apolline (1656\\).jpg\\|Saint Appoline",
"",
"Among the distinctive features of the church are the bosses or keystones, hanging sculptures which decorate the centers of the ceiling vaults in the nave, choir and transept. These were made in 1656\\. ´They are very finely crafted, and each one is different, illustrating a Biblical story or theme.",
"### Painting, sculpture and woodwork",
"The church is a textbook of French decorative religious art in the 19th century, with good examples of wood\\-carving, religious painting and sculpture.",
"File:Station of the cross @ Eglise Saint\\-Laurent @ Paris (33927240605\\).jpg\\|\"Stations of the Cross\" series in choir \nFile:Eglise Saint\\-Laurent @ Paris (33885671096\\).jpg\\|\"Crucifix\" in the Choir \nFile:Eglise Saint\\-Laurent de Paris \\- Chaire (Moise).jpg\\|Carving if Moses on the pulpit \nFile:Eglise Saint\\-Laurent de Paris \\- Chaire (Saint\\-Jean\\-Baptiste).jpg\\|Carving of Saint John the Baptist on the pulpit (1872\\)\nFile:Eglise Saint\\-Laurent @ Paris (33083562914\\).jpg\\|Bronze \\[\\[Pieta]] by Marrochi in the nave\nFile:Eglise Saint\\-Laurent de Paris \\- statue de Sainte\\-Apolline.jpg\\|\"\\[\\[Saint Apollonia]]\" by \\[\\[Louis\\-Victor Bougron]] (1825\\)",
"File:Église Saint\\-Laurent de Paris, Monument historique, saint Jean\\-Baptiste par VICTOR VILLAIN (1845\\).jpg\\|Saint John the Baptist by Victor Villain (1845\\)\nFile:Saint Denis @ Eglise Saint\\-Laurent @ Paris (33541984590\\).jpg\\|Portrait of Saint Denis, without his head",
"```\nFile:Eglise Saint-Laurent @ Paris (33114155483).jpg|Stone carving below rose window in the transept",
"```"
] |
Early life and career
---------------------
Born in 1919, Fida Khan was educated at the [Peshawar University](/wiki/Peshawar_University "Peshawar University"), graduated and earned his BA degree in economics from the [Edwardes College](/wiki/Edwardes_College "Edwardes College"), and LLB degree in [economic law](/wiki/Economic_law "Economic law") from [Aligarh Muslim University](/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University "Aligarh Muslim University") in 1945\. During this time, Fida Khan joined [All\-India Muslim League](/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League "All-India Muslim League") and actively participated in [Pakistan Movement](/wiki/Pakistan_Movement "Pakistan Movement"), serving as the leading [activist](/wiki/Pakistan_Movement_activists "Pakistan Movement activists") of Pakistan Movement in [Khyber\-Pakhtunkhwa](/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa").[Fida Mohammad Khan's interview remembered by a veteran print journalist](https://tribune.com.pk/story/795542/transition-veteran-journalist-passes-away/), The Express Tribune (newspaper), Published 22 November 2014, Retrieved 8 August 2017 Fida Muhammad Khan was a veteran [Muslim Leaguer](/wiki/Muslim_League_%28Pakistan%29 "Muslim League (Pakistan)") and former Governor of NWFP. He had also served as an ex\-senator, federal minister, provincial minister and a member of the [National Assembly of Pakistan](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan "National Assembly of Pakistan") (MNA). He had represented Pakistan in the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") also at an early age of 27\. As a young man, Fida Mohammad Khan took part in the independence movement. As All\-India Muslim League \- Peshawar chapter president, he played an active role in the 1947 referendum in the NWFP in which majority of voters opted for their province to become part of Pakistan. The referendum was rejected and boycotted by the Pashtun nationalists led by [Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan](/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Gaffar_Khan "Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan").
He also remained active in the All\-India Muslim League's *National Guards* and *Muslim Students Federation*. He subsequently served as central and provincial president of the Muslim League. Twice during his political career, Fida Mohammad Khan was elected member of the Senate. However, he never contested an assembly election. During General Ziaul Haq's martial law regime, he served as federal housing minister. He remained governor of the NWFP from 1986 to 1988\.
Fida Mohammad was fond of narrating the story of Quaid\-i\-Azam [Mohammad Ali Jinnah](/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah "Mohammad Ali Jinnah")'s visit to Khyber Agency. Due to opposition by the [Congress party of India](/wiki/Congress_party_of_India "Congress party of India") and its ally, Khudai Khidmatgar movement, Jinnah's trip to Khyber Agency was considered risky. But Fida Mohammad Khan volunteered to drive Jinnah to [Landikotal](/wiki/Landikotal "Landikotal"), where his father Tehmas Khan was serving as political Tehsildar.
This was a historic trip as tribesmen gave a warm welcome to the Quaid\-i\-Azam and announced their allegiance to the All\-India Muslim League. Quaid\-i\-Azam was driven to Torkham on the border with Afghanistan and brought back by Fida Mohammad Khan to Peshawar. For the young Fida, this was a memorable event and he never missed an opportunity to narrate the story.
The PML under [Mohammad Khan Junejo](/wiki/Mohammad_Khan_Junejo "Mohammad Khan Junejo") formed the government in the so\-called 'non\-party' elections of March 1985, but the President, [General Zia ul Haq](/wiki/General_Zia_ul_Haq "General Zia ul Haq") dismissed it on 29 May 1988 on account of challenges to Zia's power. Following this, Fida Khan lead a break\-away faction of the PML, the so\-called PML\-F, which remained loyal to Zia. After Gen. Zia's death in a mysterious [Pakistan Air Force](/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force "Pakistan Air Force") crash in August 1988 the Supreme Court of Pakistan mandated free and fair multi\-party general elections to be held in November 1988\. The PML\-F, under pressure from [Inter\-Services Intelligence](/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence "Inter-Services Intelligence") Director\-General [Hamid Gul](/wiki/Hamid_Gul "Hamid Gul") merged with the [Jamaati Islami](/wiki/Jamaati_Islami "Jamaati Islami") and a few smaller parties to form the '[Islami Jamhoori Ittihad](/wiki/Islami_Jamhoori_Ittehad "Islami Jamhoori Ittehad").' The IJI under Fida Khan failed to achieve a majority in the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan "National Assembly of Pakistan"), but found victory in the [Punjab Provincial Assembly](/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_the_Punjab "Provincial Assembly of the Punjab") under [Nawaz Sharif](/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif "Nawaz Sharif"). As a result Sharif soon eclipsed Khan as leader of the IJI, and its main successor, the [PML\-N](/wiki/PML-N "PML-N").
|
[
"Early life and career\n---------------------",
"Born in 1919, Fida Khan was educated at the [Peshawar University](/wiki/Peshawar_University \"Peshawar University\"), graduated and earned his BA degree in economics from the [Edwardes College](/wiki/Edwardes_College \"Edwardes College\"), and LLB degree in [economic law](/wiki/Economic_law \"Economic law\") from [Aligarh Muslim University](/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University \"Aligarh Muslim University\") in 1945\\. During this time, Fida Khan joined [All\\-India Muslim League](/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League \"All-India Muslim League\") and actively participated in [Pakistan Movement](/wiki/Pakistan_Movement \"Pakistan Movement\"), serving as the leading [activist](/wiki/Pakistan_Movement_activists \"Pakistan Movement activists\") of Pakistan Movement in [Khyber\\-Pakhtunkhwa](/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa \"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa\").[Fida Mohammad Khan's interview remembered by a veteran print journalist](https://tribune.com.pk/story/795542/transition-veteran-journalist-passes-away/), The Express Tribune (newspaper), Published 22 November 2014, Retrieved 8 August 2017 Fida Muhammad Khan was a veteran [Muslim Leaguer](/wiki/Muslim_League_%28Pakistan%29 \"Muslim League (Pakistan)\") and former Governor of NWFP. He had also served as an ex\\-senator, federal minister, provincial minister and a member of the [National Assembly of Pakistan](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan \"National Assembly of Pakistan\") (MNA). He had represented Pakistan in the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") also at an early age of 27\\. As a young man, Fida Mohammad Khan took part in the independence movement. As All\\-India Muslim League \\- Peshawar chapter president, he played an active role in the 1947 referendum in the NWFP in which majority of voters opted for their province to become part of Pakistan. The referendum was rejected and boycotted by the Pashtun nationalists led by [Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan](/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Gaffar_Khan \"Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan\").",
"He also remained active in the All\\-India Muslim League's *National Guards* and *Muslim Students Federation*. He subsequently served as central and provincial president of the Muslim League. Twice during his political career, Fida Mohammad Khan was elected member of the Senate. However, he never contested an assembly election. During General Ziaul Haq's martial law regime, he served as federal housing minister. He remained governor of the NWFP from 1986 to 1988\\.",
"Fida Mohammad was fond of narrating the story of Quaid\\-i\\-Azam [Mohammad Ali Jinnah](/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah \"Mohammad Ali Jinnah\")'s visit to Khyber Agency. Due to opposition by the [Congress party of India](/wiki/Congress_party_of_India \"Congress party of India\") and its ally, Khudai Khidmatgar movement, Jinnah's trip to Khyber Agency was considered risky. But Fida Mohammad Khan volunteered to drive Jinnah to [Landikotal](/wiki/Landikotal \"Landikotal\"), where his father Tehmas Khan was serving as political Tehsildar.",
"This was a historic trip as tribesmen gave a warm welcome to the Quaid\\-i\\-Azam and announced their allegiance to the All\\-India Muslim League. Quaid\\-i\\-Azam was driven to Torkham on the border with Afghanistan and brought back by Fida Mohammad Khan to Peshawar. For the young Fida, this was a memorable event and he never missed an opportunity to narrate the story.",
"The PML under [Mohammad Khan Junejo](/wiki/Mohammad_Khan_Junejo \"Mohammad Khan Junejo\") formed the government in the so\\-called 'non\\-party' elections of March 1985, but the President, [General Zia ul Haq](/wiki/General_Zia_ul_Haq \"General Zia ul Haq\") dismissed it on 29 May 1988 on account of challenges to Zia's power. Following this, Fida Khan lead a break\\-away faction of the PML, the so\\-called PML\\-F, which remained loyal to Zia. After Gen. Zia's death in a mysterious [Pakistan Air Force](/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force \"Pakistan Air Force\") crash in August 1988 the Supreme Court of Pakistan mandated free and fair multi\\-party general elections to be held in November 1988\\. The PML\\-F, under pressure from [Inter\\-Services Intelligence](/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence \"Inter-Services Intelligence\") Director\\-General [Hamid Gul](/wiki/Hamid_Gul \"Hamid Gul\") merged with the [Jamaati Islami](/wiki/Jamaati_Islami \"Jamaati Islami\") and a few smaller parties to form the '[Islami Jamhoori Ittihad](/wiki/Islami_Jamhoori_Ittehad \"Islami Jamhoori Ittehad\").' The IJI under Fida Khan failed to achieve a majority in the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan \"National Assembly of Pakistan\"), but found victory in the [Punjab Provincial Assembly](/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_the_Punjab \"Provincial Assembly of the Punjab\") under [Nawaz Sharif](/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif \"Nawaz Sharif\"). As a result Sharif soon eclipsed Khan as leader of the IJI, and its main successor, the [PML\\-N](/wiki/PML-N \"PML-N\").",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1890\= 269
\|1900\= 234
\|1910\= 238
\|1920\= 175
\|1930\= 153
\|1940\= 110
\|1950\= 100
\|1960\= 68
\|1970\= 47
\|1980\= 59
\|1990\= 42
\|2000\= 32
\|2010\= 29
\|2020\= 30
\|estyear\=2021
\|estimate\=34
\|estref\=
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=June 24, 2012}} of 2010, there were 29 people, 13 households, and 8 families residing in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|241\.7\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 19 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|158\.3\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 100% [white](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)").
There were 13 households, of which 23\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, and 38\.5% were non\-families. 30\.8% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2\.23 and the average family size was 2\.88\.
The median age in the village was 35\.3 years. 24\.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 3\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30\.9% were from 25 to 44; 27\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 13\.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48\.3% male and 51\.7% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 32 people, 15 households, and 9 families residing in the village. The population density was {{convert\|264\.8\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 20 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|165\.5\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 100% [white](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)").
There were 15 households, out of which 20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, and 40% were non\-families. 33\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.13 and the average family size was 2\.67\.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 18\.8% under the age of 18, 9\.4% from 18 to 24, 21\.9% from 25 to 44, 40\.6% from 45 to 64, and 9\.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 100\.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116\.7 males.
As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $30,000, and the median income for a family was $31,875\. Males had a median income of $22,500 versus $24,375 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the village was $24,554\. None of the population and none of the families were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line").
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1890\\= 269\n\\|1900\\= 234\n\\|1910\\= 238\n\\|1920\\= 175\n\\|1930\\= 153\n\\|1940\\= 110\n\\|1950\\= 100\n\\|1960\\= 68\n\\|1970\\= 47\n\\|1980\\= 59\n\\|1990\\= 42\n\\|2000\\= 32\n\\|2010\\= 29\n\\|2020\\= 30\n\\|estyear\\=2021\n\\|estimate\\=34\n\\|estref\\=\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=June 24, 2012}} of 2010, there were 29 people, 13 households, and 8 families residing in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|241\\.7\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 19 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|158\\.3\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 100% [white](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\").",
"There were 13 households, of which 23\\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61\\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, and 38\\.5% were non\\-families. 30\\.8% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2\\.23 and the average family size was 2\\.88\\.",
"The median age in the village was 35\\.3 years. 24\\.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 3\\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30\\.9% were from 25 to 44; 27\\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 13\\.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48\\.3% male and 51\\.7% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 32 people, 15 households, and 9 families residing in the village. The population density was {{convert\\|264\\.8\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 20 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|165\\.5\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 100% [white](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\").",
"There were 15 households, out of which 20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53\\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, and 40% were non\\-families. 33\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.13 and the average family size was 2\\.67\\.",
"In the village, the population was spread out, with 18\\.8% under the age of 18, 9\\.4% from 18 to 24, 21\\.9% from 25 to 44, 40\\.6% from 45 to 64, and 9\\.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 100\\.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116\\.7 males.",
"As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $30,000, and the median income for a family was $31,875\\. Males had a median income of $22,500 versus $24,375 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the village was $24,554\\. None of the population and none of the families were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\").",
""
] |
Plot
----
An attempt to kidnap the [Prince](/wiki/Prince_of_Wales "Prince of Wales") and [Princess of Wales](/wiki/Princess_of_Wales "Princess of Wales") and their infant son{{refn\|group\=note\|Considering the time frame of the novel, this would refer to \[\[Charles III\|Prince Charles]] and \[\[Diana, Princess of Wales\|Princess Diana]], their infant son being the later \[\[William,\_Prince\_of\_Wales\| Prince William]].}} occurs on [the Mall in London](/wiki/The_Mall%2C_London "The Mall, London"). The attack is orchestrated by the Ulster Liberation Army, a splinter group of the [Provisional Irish Republican Army](/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army "Provisional Irish Republican Army"). However, [Jack Ryan](/wiki/Jack_Ryan_%28character%29 "Jack Ryan (character)") intervenes, incapacitating one attacker, Sean Miller. During the gun battle, Ryan is wounded by John Michael McCrory as they exchange gunfire. McCrory is killed and Miller is arrested.
While recovering, Ryan is honored by the British government and is [knighted](/wiki/Knight "Knight"). Meanwhile, Miller is sentenced to life imprisonment for the kidnapping attempt; however, his ULA compatriots led by Kevin O’Donnell free him while he is being transported to a maximum security prison. Their Libyan allies aid them in escaping to their secret camp in the North African desert; Miller vows revenge on Ryan.
Ryan returns to teach history at the [United States Naval Academy](/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy "United States Naval Academy") in [Annapolis, Maryland](/wiki/Annapolis%2C_Maryland "Annapolis, Maryland"), confident that the ULA will not attack him in the United States. Unbeknownst to him, Miller had persuaded O’Donnell to launch an operation in the U.S. aimed at targeting Ryan and his family, and had recruited the assistance of an African\-American domestic terrorist group known as “the Movement” to do so. Though primarily for revenge, the operation is also designed to reduce American support for the rival PIRA, which is to be blamed for the upcoming attack. The assassin sent to kill Ryan is intercepted before he completes his task, however his wife, Cathy, and daughter, Sally, are seriously injured when Miller causes their car to crash on a freeway; they are transported to the hospital for treatment.
After the attack on his family, Ryan returns to [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency") (CIA) as an analyst. Later, the Prince and Princess of Wales visit Ryan at the Ryan's Maryland home. However, this provides another opportunity for the ULA, once again recruiting the services of “the Movement”. They launch a sneak attack on the Ryan home to kidnap the Prince and Princess of Wales, as well as Ryan's family.
Although several guards around the house are killed, Ryan, his friend, Robert “Robby” Jackson, and the Prince dispatch several terrorists. The local police, the [United States Marines](/wiki/United_States_Marines "United States Marines"), and U.S. Naval Academy sailors prevent the remaining terrorists from escaping the country. Ryan tries to kill a cornered Miller, but is restrained. After the ULA terrorists are apprehended, Ryan arrives in Annapolis for son, [Jack Ryan, Jr.](/wiki/Jack_Ryan%2C_Jr. "Jack Ryan, Jr.")'s birth.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"An attempt to kidnap the [Prince](/wiki/Prince_of_Wales \"Prince of Wales\") and [Princess of Wales](/wiki/Princess_of_Wales \"Princess of Wales\") and their infant son{{refn\\|group\\=note\\|Considering the time frame of the novel, this would refer to \\[\\[Charles III\\|Prince Charles]] and \\[\\[Diana, Princess of Wales\\|Princess Diana]], their infant son being the later \\[\\[William,\\_Prince\\_of\\_Wales\\| Prince William]].}} occurs on [the Mall in London](/wiki/The_Mall%2C_London \"The Mall, London\"). The attack is orchestrated by the Ulster Liberation Army, a splinter group of the [Provisional Irish Republican Army](/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army \"Provisional Irish Republican Army\"). However, [Jack Ryan](/wiki/Jack_Ryan_%28character%29 \"Jack Ryan (character)\") intervenes, incapacitating one attacker, Sean Miller. During the gun battle, Ryan is wounded by John Michael McCrory as they exchange gunfire. McCrory is killed and Miller is arrested.",
"While recovering, Ryan is honored by the British government and is [knighted](/wiki/Knight \"Knight\"). Meanwhile, Miller is sentenced to life imprisonment for the kidnapping attempt; however, his ULA compatriots led by Kevin O’Donnell free him while he is being transported to a maximum security prison. Their Libyan allies aid them in escaping to their secret camp in the North African desert; Miller vows revenge on Ryan.",
"Ryan returns to teach history at the [United States Naval Academy](/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy \"United States Naval Academy\") in [Annapolis, Maryland](/wiki/Annapolis%2C_Maryland \"Annapolis, Maryland\"), confident that the ULA will not attack him in the United States. Unbeknownst to him, Miller had persuaded O’Donnell to launch an operation in the U.S. aimed at targeting Ryan and his family, and had recruited the assistance of an African\\-American domestic terrorist group known as “the Movement” to do so. Though primarily for revenge, the operation is also designed to reduce American support for the rival PIRA, which is to be blamed for the upcoming attack. The assassin sent to kill Ryan is intercepted before he completes his task, however his wife, Cathy, and daughter, Sally, are seriously injured when Miller causes their car to crash on a freeway; they are transported to the hospital for treatment.",
"After the attack on his family, Ryan returns to [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\") (CIA) as an analyst. Later, the Prince and Princess of Wales visit Ryan at the Ryan's Maryland home. However, this provides another opportunity for the ULA, once again recruiting the services of “the Movement”. They launch a sneak attack on the Ryan home to kidnap the Prince and Princess of Wales, as well as Ryan's family.",
"Although several guards around the house are killed, Ryan, his friend, Robert “Robby” Jackson, and the Prince dispatch several terrorists. The local police, the [United States Marines](/wiki/United_States_Marines \"United States Marines\"), and U.S. Naval Academy sailors prevent the remaining terrorists from escaping the country. Ryan tries to kill a cornered Miller, but is restrained. After the ULA terrorists are apprehended, Ryan arrives in Annapolis for son, [Jack Ryan, Jr.](/wiki/Jack_Ryan%2C_Jr. \"Jack Ryan, Jr.\")'s birth.",
""
] |
History
-------
The little village of Monticello is located three miles west of Richfield Springs, on the old Skaneateles turnpike. It contains a population of 140\. The business is represented by three stores, one hotel, three wagon\-shops, two blacksmith\-shops, and one cheese\-factory. The surface of this portion of the township is broken or hilly; the land is fertile, and particularly adapted to grazing. Cheese is the great staple. During the past year (1877\) 146,746 pounds were sold from the factory owned by Hiram C. Brockway. Large quantities of hops are also raised.
Among the most prominent of the early settlers were Darius Carey, Willard eddy, Obadiah Beardsley, John Woodbury, Seth Allen, Joseph Allen, Elijah Martin, Samuel Colwell, Amasa Firman, and Abner Ames.
John Woodbury lived to an advanced age, occupying until his death the farm upon which he first settled, now owned by his son, Daniel H. Woodbury.
In 1787, Seth Allen, Joseph Allen, and Elijah Martin took up a large tract of land in the vicinity of the Hyder Creek, a part of which now comprises the farms of Willis Perkins and Lydia Allen. Elijah Martin felled the first tree ever cut on this tract of land. West of the land, in this vicinity, was then owned by the Banyers of Albany, and could be purchased at the government price of $1\.25 per acre. One of the descendants of Elijah Martin, Mrs. Collins Loomis, is still living in this village. Joseph Allen has numerous descendants, some occupying the old farm at the present time. Rd Eddy lived to be ninety\-six years of age. Mrs. Elizabeth Beardsley, a daughter of Mr. Eddy, is still living, and is in her eighty\-fifth year. Samuel Colwell settled upon the farm now owned by his son, James Colwell, in 1792, where he continued to reside until his death, which occurred twenty years since. Amasa Firman, Abner Ames, and Elisha Andrus have sons still living in town, all of whom have passed the allotted age of threescore and ten years.
A town library was established at an early period; the exact date I m unable to learn. But Levi Beardsley, in his "Reminiscences of Otsego," speaks of its existence long before 1810\. This library now contains 900 volumes. There is also a circulating library containing 150 volumes.
The *Otsego Herald* was the first paper taken in town, and was the only paper for many years that the inhabitants had an opportunity of reading.
The first store was opened by Whitman Randall, and stood near the old cemetery in the western part of the village. A few rods east of this old store a house is still standing which was formerly owned by Jedediah P. Sill, and used by him for a gun\-shop. A button\-factory was also in this settlement.
The first school\-house was built in 1803\. It was located where the hotel now stands. At present, there are one public and two private schools. Jacob Brewster kept the first hotel (or tavern), in 1799\. Mrs. Ezra Carey is one of his descendants. The second hotel was built by Benjamin Rathbun, in 1816\. A. A. Jacobsen is the present proprietor. The first physician was Dr. Howes, who located here in 1814\. In 1816, Dr. Horace Manley, who is still living at Richfield Springs, became associated with him in the practice of medicine.
In 1815 there was quite a cluster of houses, and the people desired not only a habitation, but a name for this little hamlet. A meeting was called, a ballot\-box used, and one was to deposit a name to suit his fancy, and the first name drawn was to be the name of the village. Joseph Beardsley, son of Obadiah Beardsley, threw in the name of "Monticello." As this was the first drawn, it became the name. Mr. Beardsley being a staunch Democrat of the Jeffersonian order may account for his selection.
This place has always been justly celebrated for the longevity of its inhabitants. Within the radius of three\-fourths of a mile there are now living ten persons whose united ages amount to eight hundred and eleven years, viz.: Gardner Sloan, one hundred; Mrs. Calvin Eaton, eighty\-five; Mrs. Mason Corbin, eighty\-five; Mr. David Andrus, eighty; Mr. Thomas Ames, eighty; Mrs. E. M. Shepherd, seventy\-seven; Mrs. Charles Tuttle, seventy\-eight; Mr. Isaac Huntley, seventy\-seven; Mr. Albert Coats, seventy\-two; Mr. Laman Brockway, seventy\-seven. "Had Ponce de Leon extended his research to the regions of Richfield, he might not have found the fountain of immortal youth but he would have found that by breathing our invigorating mountain air his life would doubtless have been greatly prolonged."{{Cite web\|title\=Otsego NY, Monticello\|url\=https://www.newyorkroots.org/bookarchive/historyofotsego/richfield/monticello.html\|access\-date\=November 27, 2020\|website\=newyorkroots.org}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The little village of Monticello is located three miles west of Richfield Springs, on the old Skaneateles turnpike. It contains a population of 140\\. The business is represented by three stores, one hotel, three wagon\\-shops, two blacksmith\\-shops, and one cheese\\-factory. The surface of this portion of the township is broken or hilly; the land is fertile, and particularly adapted to grazing. Cheese is the great staple. During the past year (1877\\) 146,746 pounds were sold from the factory owned by Hiram C. Brockway. Large quantities of hops are also raised.",
"Among the most prominent of the early settlers were Darius Carey, Willard eddy, Obadiah Beardsley, John Woodbury, Seth Allen, Joseph Allen, Elijah Martin, Samuel Colwell, Amasa Firman, and Abner Ames.",
"John Woodbury lived to an advanced age, occupying until his death the farm upon which he first settled, now owned by his son, Daniel H. Woodbury.",
"In 1787, Seth Allen, Joseph Allen, and Elijah Martin took up a large tract of land in the vicinity of the Hyder Creek, a part of which now comprises the farms of Willis Perkins and Lydia Allen. Elijah Martin felled the first tree ever cut on this tract of land. West of the land, in this vicinity, was then owned by the Banyers of Albany, and could be purchased at the government price of $1\\.25 per acre. One of the descendants of Elijah Martin, Mrs. Collins Loomis, is still living in this village. Joseph Allen has numerous descendants, some occupying the old farm at the present time. Rd Eddy lived to be ninety\\-six years of age. Mrs. Elizabeth Beardsley, a daughter of Mr. Eddy, is still living, and is in her eighty\\-fifth year. Samuel Colwell settled upon the farm now owned by his son, James Colwell, in 1792, where he continued to reside until his death, which occurred twenty years since. Amasa Firman, Abner Ames, and Elisha Andrus have sons still living in town, all of whom have passed the allotted age of threescore and ten years.",
"A town library was established at an early period; the exact date I m unable to learn. But Levi Beardsley, in his \"Reminiscences of Otsego,\" speaks of its existence long before 1810\\. This library now contains 900 volumes. There is also a circulating library containing 150 volumes.",
"The *Otsego Herald* was the first paper taken in town, and was the only paper for many years that the inhabitants had an opportunity of reading.",
"The first store was opened by Whitman Randall, and stood near the old cemetery in the western part of the village. A few rods east of this old store a house is still standing which was formerly owned by Jedediah P. Sill, and used by him for a gun\\-shop. A button\\-factory was also in this settlement.",
"The first school\\-house was built in 1803\\. It was located where the hotel now stands. At present, there are one public and two private schools. Jacob Brewster kept the first hotel (or tavern), in 1799\\. Mrs. Ezra Carey is one of his descendants. The second hotel was built by Benjamin Rathbun, in 1816\\. A. A. Jacobsen is the present proprietor. The first physician was Dr. Howes, who located here in 1814\\. In 1816, Dr. Horace Manley, who is still living at Richfield Springs, became associated with him in the practice of medicine.",
"In 1815 there was quite a cluster of houses, and the people desired not only a habitation, but a name for this little hamlet. A meeting was called, a ballot\\-box used, and one was to deposit a name to suit his fancy, and the first name drawn was to be the name of the village. Joseph Beardsley, son of Obadiah Beardsley, threw in the name of \"Monticello.\" As this was the first drawn, it became the name. Mr. Beardsley being a staunch Democrat of the Jeffersonian order may account for his selection.",
"This place has always been justly celebrated for the longevity of its inhabitants. Within the radius of three\\-fourths of a mile there are now living ten persons whose united ages amount to eight hundred and eleven years, viz.: Gardner Sloan, one hundred; Mrs. Calvin Eaton, eighty\\-five; Mrs. Mason Corbin, eighty\\-five; Mr. David Andrus, eighty; Mr. Thomas Ames, eighty; Mrs. E. M. Shepherd, seventy\\-seven; Mrs. Charles Tuttle, seventy\\-eight; Mr. Isaac Huntley, seventy\\-seven; Mr. Albert Coats, seventy\\-two; Mr. Laman Brockway, seventy\\-seven. \"Had Ponce de Leon extended his research to the regions of Richfield, he might not have found the fountain of immortal youth but he would have found that by breathing our invigorating mountain air his life would doubtless have been greatly prolonged.\"{{Cite web\\|title\\=Otsego NY, Monticello\\|url\\=https://www.newyorkroots.org/bookarchive/historyofotsego/richfield/monticello.html\\|access\\-date\\=November 27, 2020\\|website\\=newyorkroots.org}}",
""
] |
Career
------
Mason started performing in the mid\-1950s, with his parents playing drums in their Dixieland band at 14 yrs old on New Years Eve. Later he switched to guitar playing rock and roll or rockabilly standards as well as traditional music from the Canadian [Maritimes](/wiki/Maritimes "Maritimes").*The Ducats Showband Paragon* LP ALS\-242 Mason regularly played the local twin city lounge scene, notably The Wyse Owl / Eastern Billiards, The Dartmouth Inn and The Monterey in Halifax. After discovering B. B. King and the blues, he became known as a blues artist in the 1960s, and he started to tour various parts of Canada. Into the 1970s and onwards, he became a popular act and toured the country regularly, performing at the Albert Hall in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto") and the Rising Sun in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal"). In Ottawa he played The Black Swan, The Downstairs Club, \& The Rainbow Bistro.
From 1970 until 1972, under the name The Dutch Mason Trio, comprising Dutch Mason (guitar, piano, lead vocals) Ronnie Miller (bass guitar) Ken Clattenburg (drums), recorded *At The Candlelight*. The recording was augmented with Bucky Adams (saxophone) and Joe Sealy (organ). It contained "Georgia on My Mind", "Sweet Little Angel", "Danger Zone", "The Shape I'm In", "Good Good Woman", "Boss Man", "Everybody's Talkin'" and "Soul Gravy" (which Mason and Miller wrote).
In 1972, *Putting It All Together* was released, which included the tracks "Waiting For A Train", "Here I Go Again", "You Win Again", "Steamroller Blues", "Crazy Arms", "High Heel Sneakers", "Milk Cow Blues", "Dang Me", and "What Did I Say". From 1972 until 1975, the ensemble changed personnel and had the Jeffery brothers Jack (on bass guitar) and Rick (harmonica), plus Mike Leggatt (keyboards), Gary Blair (drummer) and saw the beginnings of the Dutch Mason Blues Band. In 1975, *Janitor of The Blues* was issued with tracks including "Swing Low Sweet Cadillac", "Sludgefoot", "Goin' Down", "Down And Out", "All Blues", "Mystery Train", "St James Infirmary", "Blues in The Dark", and "All Right Ok". In 1976 the Dutch Mason Blues Band released their next album, *The Blues Ain't Bad* which was distributed by [London Records](/wiki/London_Records "London Records"). Some of the tracks were "The Thrill is Gone", "Get Out of My Life Woman", "Move Up to the Country", "I'm Ready", and "Hard Times".
*Wish Me Luck* (1979\) was released on 'London Records and re\-released on Attic Records in 1981\. Along with songs from his *The Blues Ain't Bad* album the tracks became to be the backbone of his repertoire. Attic Records then issued the next two collections as *Special Brew* and *Give Me A Break*. The musicians now consisted of Rick Jeffery (harmonica), Gary Blair (drums), Gregg Fancy (bass), Mike Leggett (piano), Donnie Muir (organ, piano), John Lee (piano) and Kenny Pineo (drums on *Give A Break* only). Eventually arthritis forced Mason off the guitar and the road and he disbanded his group and he temporarily retired. After calls of assistance from musicians across Canada, Mason relented and recommenced touring purely as a vocalist.
After almost 10 years Mason recorded again and Stony Plain Records released *I'm Back*. In 1991, Stony Plain's release of CBC's *The Great Canadian Blues Project Vol 1, Saturday Night Blues* containing his version of Walter Jacobs "Just Your Fool" won the Juno Award for "Best Roots and Traditional Album", sharing that Juno with *The Visit* by Loreena McKennitt. In 1992 *You Can't Have Everything* followed with Ottawa's The Drew Nelson Band backing Mason. Also in 1992 he won CBC's listeners poll for the 1st Annual Great Canadian Blues Award.
Mason kept touring with various bands across Canada. In Quebec it was the Boppin' Blues Band, while in Ontario and Quebec it was with Mumbo Jumbo Voodoo Combo.
In 1996, Mason issued the live album *Appearing Nightly Dutch Mason The Prime Minister Blues / Live At The Boom Boom Lounge*. He underwent a short tour promoting the album with Ottawa's Mumbo Jumbo Vodoo Combo. Near the end of the tour a documentary was made called *Bluesman Dutch Mason* at J.D.'s in Brampton, Ontario.
In 1998, *Dutchie's 60th Birthday Celebration* ([CBC](/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation")) was recorded as a live tribute album that included performances by the [Nova Scotia Mass Choir](/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Mass_Choir "Nova Scotia Mass Choir"), plus Sam Moon and Frank MacKay. In 2004, he was nominated for a Juno Award for Best Blues Album{{cite web\|url\=http://www.junoawards.ca/archive\_past.php \|title\=2008 Juno Awards \|access\-date\=17 September 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927012406/http://www.junoawards.ca/archive\_past.php \|archive\-date\=27 September 2007}} and in 2005 was nominated for Best Blues album at the [East Coast Music Awards](/wiki/East_Coast_Music_Awards "East Coast Music Awards"). In 1999, *Goodtimes with Johnny Tornado* was released which was another live album.
Live at Ottawa Bluesfest took place on July 14, 2001, where Mason performed and was honoured by CBC Radio DJ Holger Petersen and the founder of Stony Plain Records for his contribution to blues music in Canada. He was backed by his friends and bandmates from over the years. The band consisted of his son Garrett Mason (guitar), Rick Jeffery (harmonica), John Lee (organ, piano), Greg "Fish" Fancy (bass), Tony D. (guitar), Steve Lund (drums), Drew Nelson (guitar), Brian Magner (saxophone), and Zeek Gross (saxophone). In 2004, Mason recorded what turned out to be his last album, *Half Ain't Been Told* with new songs and re\-recordings of some old favourites.
Dutch Mason died on 23 December 2006 and is survived by his sons Charlie Mason and Garrett Mason, who won the 2005 Juno Award for Best Blues album.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Mason started performing in the mid\\-1950s, with his parents playing drums in their Dixieland band at 14 yrs old on New Years Eve. Later he switched to guitar playing rock and roll or rockabilly standards as well as traditional music from the Canadian [Maritimes](/wiki/Maritimes \"Maritimes\").*The Ducats Showband Paragon* LP ALS\\-242 Mason regularly played the local twin city lounge scene, notably The Wyse Owl / Eastern Billiards, The Dartmouth Inn and The Monterey in Halifax. After discovering B. B. King and the blues, he became known as a blues artist in the 1960s, and he started to tour various parts of Canada. Into the 1970s and onwards, he became a popular act and toured the country regularly, performing at the Albert Hall in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\") and the Rising Sun in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\"). In Ottawa he played The Black Swan, The Downstairs Club, \\& The Rainbow Bistro.",
"From 1970 until 1972, under the name The Dutch Mason Trio, comprising Dutch Mason (guitar, piano, lead vocals) Ronnie Miller (bass guitar) Ken Clattenburg (drums), recorded *At The Candlelight*. The recording was augmented with Bucky Adams (saxophone) and Joe Sealy (organ). It contained \"Georgia on My Mind\", \"Sweet Little Angel\", \"Danger Zone\", \"The Shape I'm In\", \"Good Good Woman\", \"Boss Man\", \"Everybody's Talkin'\" and \"Soul Gravy\" (which Mason and Miller wrote).",
"In 1972, *Putting It All Together* was released, which included the tracks \"Waiting For A Train\", \"Here I Go Again\", \"You Win Again\", \"Steamroller Blues\", \"Crazy Arms\", \"High Heel Sneakers\", \"Milk Cow Blues\", \"Dang Me\", and \"What Did I Say\". From 1972 until 1975, the ensemble changed personnel and had the Jeffery brothers Jack (on bass guitar) and Rick (harmonica), plus Mike Leggatt (keyboards), Gary Blair (drummer) and saw the beginnings of the Dutch Mason Blues Band. In 1975, *Janitor of The Blues* was issued with tracks including \"Swing Low Sweet Cadillac\", \"Sludgefoot\", \"Goin' Down\", \"Down And Out\", \"All Blues\", \"Mystery Train\", \"St James Infirmary\", \"Blues in The Dark\", and \"All Right Ok\". In 1976 the Dutch Mason Blues Band released their next album, *The Blues Ain't Bad* which was distributed by [London Records](/wiki/London_Records \"London Records\"). Some of the tracks were \"The Thrill is Gone\", \"Get Out of My Life Woman\", \"Move Up to the Country\", \"I'm Ready\", and \"Hard Times\".",
"*Wish Me Luck* (1979\\) was released on 'London Records and re\\-released on Attic Records in 1981\\. Along with songs from his *The Blues Ain't Bad* album the tracks became to be the backbone of his repertoire. Attic Records then issued the next two collections as *Special Brew* and *Give Me A Break*. The musicians now consisted of Rick Jeffery (harmonica), Gary Blair (drums), Gregg Fancy (bass), Mike Leggett (piano), Donnie Muir (organ, piano), John Lee (piano) and Kenny Pineo (drums on *Give A Break* only). Eventually arthritis forced Mason off the guitar and the road and he disbanded his group and he temporarily retired. After calls of assistance from musicians across Canada, Mason relented and recommenced touring purely as a vocalist.",
"After almost 10 years Mason recorded again and Stony Plain Records released *I'm Back*. In 1991, Stony Plain's release of CBC's *The Great Canadian Blues Project Vol 1, Saturday Night Blues* containing his version of Walter Jacobs \"Just Your Fool\" won the Juno Award for \"Best Roots and Traditional Album\", sharing that Juno with *The Visit* by Loreena McKennitt. In 1992 *You Can't Have Everything* followed with Ottawa's The Drew Nelson Band backing Mason. Also in 1992 he won CBC's listeners poll for the 1st Annual Great Canadian Blues Award.",
"Mason kept touring with various bands across Canada. In Quebec it was the Boppin' Blues Band, while in Ontario and Quebec it was with Mumbo Jumbo Voodoo Combo.",
"In 1996, Mason issued the live album *Appearing Nightly Dutch Mason The Prime Minister Blues / Live At The Boom Boom Lounge*. He underwent a short tour promoting the album with Ottawa's Mumbo Jumbo Vodoo Combo. Near the end of the tour a documentary was made called *Bluesman Dutch Mason* at J.D.'s in Brampton, Ontario.",
"In 1998, *Dutchie's 60th Birthday Celebration* ([CBC](/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\")) was recorded as a live tribute album that included performances by the [Nova Scotia Mass Choir](/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Mass_Choir \"Nova Scotia Mass Choir\"), plus Sam Moon and Frank MacKay. In 2004, he was nominated for a Juno Award for Best Blues Album{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.junoawards.ca/archive\\_past.php \\|title\\=2008 Juno Awards \\|access\\-date\\=17 September 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927012406/http://www.junoawards.ca/archive\\_past.php \\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2007}} and in 2005 was nominated for Best Blues album at the [East Coast Music Awards](/wiki/East_Coast_Music_Awards \"East Coast Music Awards\"). In 1999, *Goodtimes with Johnny Tornado* was released which was another live album.",
"Live at Ottawa Bluesfest took place on July 14, 2001, where Mason performed and was honoured by CBC Radio DJ Holger Petersen and the founder of Stony Plain Records for his contribution to blues music in Canada. He was backed by his friends and bandmates from over the years. The band consisted of his son Garrett Mason (guitar), Rick Jeffery (harmonica), John Lee (organ, piano), Greg \"Fish\" Fancy (bass), Tony D. (guitar), Steve Lund (drums), Drew Nelson (guitar), Brian Magner (saxophone), and Zeek Gross (saxophone). In 2004, Mason recorded what turned out to be his last album, *Half Ain't Been Told* with new songs and re\\-recordings of some old favourites.",
"Dutch Mason died on 23 December 2006 and is survived by his sons Charlie Mason and Garrett Mason, who won the 2005 Juno Award for Best Blues album.",
""
] |
Plot
----
In a distant future, water is so scarce and rationed that it is considered an immensely valuable substance, both as a commodity and as a currency in ice cubes. The Templars of Mithra control the water and they destroy worlds that have natural water, leaving the galaxy virtually dry. Pirates dedicate their lives to raiding ships and looting the ice from the cargo holds to make a living.
Jason is the leader of a band of pirates that raid a Templar cruiser for its ice, and discover the beautiful princess Karina in a stasis pod. He decides to kidnap her, waking her up, and alarming the Templars. Jason and his pirates flee, but are pursued by Templar ships. Jason lets some of his crew, Maida and Zeno, escape while Roscoe stays to help Jason. Both Jason and Roscoe are captured.
After their capture, they meet Killjoy on their way to become slaves but first they will be 'redesigned': castrated and lobotomized. As Roscoe and Jason are shuffled into the processing facility, Killjoy walks past in a stolen monk's habit as priests are spared "just in case". Our heroes are spared this fate, however, when Princess Karina intervenes and purchases them as her slaves, having them work as servants. That evening, they are reunited with Killjoy (disguised as a robot). Jason, Karina, Roscoe, Killjoy, Karina's servant Nanny and her robot butler Percy manage to leave the planet before the Supreme Commander arrives to arrest her.
Princess Karina hires Jason so she can find her father, who has gone missing while searching for the so\-called "Seventh World": a lost, mythic planet rumored to contain vast reserves of water. The existence of such a world would threaten the Templars' water monopoly, and therefore their hold on power. The Supreme Commander of the Templars orders Zorn to pursue Princess Karina in order to locate the Seventh World for the Templars.
At some point, Jason keeps a secret that a nasty creature is hiding in their spaceship. Later, they are about to eat a turkey when the creature bursts out of it and runs away. On their next planet, Jason and Roscoe are reunited with their fellow pirates, Maida and Zeno. They proceed to locate the "lost" planet, which contains massive amounts of water and is protected by a time\-distortion field. The planet must be approached on a specific course or the ship will be lost in time forever. As the heroes' ship enters the distortion field, Zorn pursues and attacks them with a host of Templars and robots. This results in a climactic battle as time randomly speeds up and everyone quickly ages into extreme old age.
In the end, the day is saved by the now\-adult son of Karina and Jason, the result of a romantic tryst just before entering the time distortion field. As the heroes exit the field, everyone's ages regress to what they originally were, leaving Jason and Karina with the knowledge that they will have a child together. The Templar ship has disappeared as it veered off the designated course during the attack and has now become lost in time for eternity. The crew looks on as they approach the Seventh World, which is revealed to be Earth.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In a distant future, water is so scarce and rationed that it is considered an immensely valuable substance, both as a commodity and as a currency in ice cubes. The Templars of Mithra control the water and they destroy worlds that have natural water, leaving the galaxy virtually dry. Pirates dedicate their lives to raiding ships and looting the ice from the cargo holds to make a living.",
"Jason is the leader of a band of pirates that raid a Templar cruiser for its ice, and discover the beautiful princess Karina in a stasis pod. He decides to kidnap her, waking her up, and alarming the Templars. Jason and his pirates flee, but are pursued by Templar ships. Jason lets some of his crew, Maida and Zeno, escape while Roscoe stays to help Jason. Both Jason and Roscoe are captured.",
"After their capture, they meet Killjoy on their way to become slaves but first they will be 'redesigned': castrated and lobotomized. As Roscoe and Jason are shuffled into the processing facility, Killjoy walks past in a stolen monk's habit as priests are spared \"just in case\". Our heroes are spared this fate, however, when Princess Karina intervenes and purchases them as her slaves, having them work as servants. That evening, they are reunited with Killjoy (disguised as a robot). Jason, Karina, Roscoe, Killjoy, Karina's servant Nanny and her robot butler Percy manage to leave the planet before the Supreme Commander arrives to arrest her.",
"Princess Karina hires Jason so she can find her father, who has gone missing while searching for the so\\-called \"Seventh World\": a lost, mythic planet rumored to contain vast reserves of water. The existence of such a world would threaten the Templars' water monopoly, and therefore their hold on power. The Supreme Commander of the Templars orders Zorn to pursue Princess Karina in order to locate the Seventh World for the Templars.",
"At some point, Jason keeps a secret that a nasty creature is hiding in their spaceship. Later, they are about to eat a turkey when the creature bursts out of it and runs away. On their next planet, Jason and Roscoe are reunited with their fellow pirates, Maida and Zeno. They proceed to locate the \"lost\" planet, which contains massive amounts of water and is protected by a time\\-distortion field. The planet must be approached on a specific course or the ship will be lost in time forever. As the heroes' ship enters the distortion field, Zorn pursues and attacks them with a host of Templars and robots. This results in a climactic battle as time randomly speeds up and everyone quickly ages into extreme old age.",
"In the end, the day is saved by the now\\-adult son of Karina and Jason, the result of a romantic tryst just before entering the time distortion field. As the heroes exit the field, everyone's ages regress to what they originally were, leaving Jason and Karina with the knowledge that they will have a child together. The Templar ship has disappeared as it veered off the designated course during the attack and has now become lost in time for eternity. The crew looks on as they approach the Seventh World, which is revealed to be Earth.",
""
] |
Awards and nominations
----------------------
Over the course of his career, Ashman won two Academy Awards (one posthumous) out of seven nominations. Of these nominations, four are posthumous nominations, the most in Academy Awards history.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2016}} He also won a posthumous [Laurence Olivier Award](/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award "Laurence Olivier Award") and five [Grammy Awards](/wiki/Grammy_Award "Grammy Award") (three of them posthumous), among other accolades.
### Accolades
| Award | Year | Project | Category | Outcome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **[Academy Awards](/wiki/Academy_Award "Academy Award")** | [1986](/wiki/59th_Academy_Awards "59th Academy Awards") | *[Little Shop of Horrors](/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_%281986_film%29 "Little Shop of Horrors (1986 film)")* | [Best Original Song](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song "Academy Award for Best Original Song")for the song "[Mean Green Mother from Outer Space](/wiki/Mean_Green_Mother_from_Outer_Space "Mean Green Mother from Outer Space")" | {{nom}} |
| [1989](/wiki/62nd_Academy_Awards "62nd Academy Awards") | *[The Little Mermaid](/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_%281989_film%29 "The Little Mermaid (1989 film)")* | [Best Original Song](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song "Academy Award for Best Original Song")for the song "[Under the Sea](/wiki/Under_the_Sea "Under the Sea")" | {{won}} |
| [Best Original Song](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song "Academy Award for Best Original Song")for the song "[Kiss the Girl](/wiki/Kiss_the_Girl "Kiss the Girl")" | {{nom}} |
| [1991](/wiki/64th_Academy_Awards "64th Academy Awards") | *[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%281991_film%29 "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)")* | [Best Original Song](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song "Academy Award for Best Original Song")for the song "[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%28Disney_song%29 "Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)")" (Posthumous) | {{won}} |
| [Best Original Song](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song "Academy Award for Best Original Song")for the song "[Be Our Guest](/wiki/Be_Our_Guest "Be Our Guest")" (Posthumous) | {{nom}} |
| [Best Original Song](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song "Academy Award for Best Original Song")for the song "[Belle](/wiki/Belle_%28Disney_song%29 "Belle (Disney song)")" (Posthumous) | {{nom}} |
| [1992](/wiki/65th_Academy_Awards "65th Academy Awards") | *[Aladdin](/wiki/Aladdin_%281992_Disney_film%29 "Aladdin (1992 Disney film)")* | [Best Original Song](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song "Academy Award for Best Original Song")for the song "[Friend Like Me](/wiki/Friend_Like_Me "Friend Like Me")" (Posthumous) | {{nom}} |
| **[British Academy Film Awards](/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards "British Academy Film Awards")** | [1992](/wiki/46th_British_Academy_Film_Awards "46th British Academy Film Awards") | *[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%281991_film%29 "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)")* | [Best Film Music](/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Film_Music "BAFTA Award for Best Film Music") | {{nom}} |
| **[Drama Desk Awards](/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award "Drama Desk Award")** | 1983 | *[Little Shop of Horrors](/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_%28musical%29 "Little Shop of Horrors (musical)")* | [Outstanding Lyrics](/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Lyrics "Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics") | {{won}} |
| [Outstanding Director of a Musical](/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Director_of_a_Musical "Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Musical") | {{nom}} |
| 1994 | *[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%28musical%29 "Beauty and the Beast (musical)")* | [Outstanding Lyrics](/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Lyrics "Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics")(Posthumous) | {{nom}} |
| 2014 | *[Aladdin](/wiki/Aladdin_%282011_musical%29 "Aladdin (2011 musical)")* | {{nom}} |
| **[Evening Standard Awards](/wiki/Evening_Standard_Awards "Evening Standard Awards")** | 1983 | *[Little Shop of Horrors](/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_%28musical%29 "Little Shop of Horrors (musical)")* | Best Musical | {{won}} |
| **[Golden Globe Awards](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award "Golden Globe Award")** | [1989](/wiki/47th_Golden_Globe_Awards "47th Golden Globe Awards") | *[The Little Mermaid](/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_%281989_film%29 "The Little Mermaid (1989 film)")* | [Best Original Song](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song "Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song")for the song "[Under the Sea](/wiki/Under_the_Sea "Under the Sea")" | {{won}} |
| [Best Original Song](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song "Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song")for the song "[Kiss the Girl](/wiki/Kiss_the_Girl "Kiss the Girl")" | {{nom}} |
| [1991](/wiki/49th_Golden_Globe_Awards "49th Golden Globe Awards") | *[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%281991_film%29 "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)")* | [Best Original Song](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song "Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song")for the song "[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%28Disney_song%29 "Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)")" (Posthumous) | {{won}} |
| [Best Original Song](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song "Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song")for the song "[Be Our Guest](/wiki/Be_Our_Guest "Be Our Guest")" (Posthumous) | {{nom}} |
| [1992](/wiki/50th_Golden_Globe_Awards "50th Golden Globe Awards") | *[Aladdin](/wiki/Aladdin_%281992_Disney_film%29 "Aladdin (1992 Disney film)")* | [Best Original Song](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song "Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song")for the song "[Friend Like Me](/wiki/Friend_Like_Me "Friend Like Me")" (Posthumous) | {{nom}} |
| [Best Original Song](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song "Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song")for the song "[Prince Ali](/wiki/Prince_Ali_%28song%29 "Prince Ali (song)")" (Posthumous) | {{nom}} |
| **[Grammy Awards](/wiki/Grammy_Award "Grammy Award")** | [1984](/wiki/26th_Annual_Grammy_Awards "26th Annual Grammy Awards") | *[Little Shop of Horrors](/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_%28musical%29 "Little Shop of Horrors (musical)")* | [Best Musical Cast Show Album](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Musical_Theater_Album "Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album") | {{nom}} |
| [1990](/wiki/32nd_Annual_Grammy_Awards "32nd Annual Grammy Awards") | *[Oliver and Company: Story and Songs from the Motion Picture](/wiki/Oliver_%26_Company "Oliver & Company")* | [Best Recording for Children](/wiki/Best_Recording_for_Children "Best Recording for Children") | {{nom}} |
| [1991](/wiki/33rd_Annual_Grammy_Awards "33rd Annual Grammy Awards") | *[The Little Mermaid: Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack](/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_%281989_soundtrack%29 "The Little Mermaid (1989 soundtrack)")* | {{won}} |
| *[The Little Mermaid](/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_%281989_film%29 "The Little Mermaid (1989 film)")* | [Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Song_Written_for_Visual_Media "Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media") for the song "[Under the Sea](/wiki/Under_the_Sea "Under the Sea")" | {{won}} |
| [Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Song_Written_for_Visual_Media "Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media") for the song "[Kiss the Girl](/wiki/Kiss_the_Girl "Kiss the Girl")" | {{nom}} |
| [1993](/wiki/35th_Annual_Grammy_Awards "35th Annual Grammy Awards") | *[Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%281991_soundtrack%29 "Beauty and the Beast (1991 soundtrack)")* | [Best Musical Album for Children](/wiki/Best_Musical_Album_for_Children "Best Musical Album for Children")(Posthumous) | {{won}} |
| [Album of the Year](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year "Grammy Award for Album of the Year")(Posthumous) | {{nom}} |
| *[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%281991_film%29 "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)")* | [Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Song_Written_for_Visual_Media "Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media")for the song "[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%28Disney_song%29 "Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)")" (Posthumous) | {{won}} |
| [Song of the Year](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Song_of_the_Year "Grammy Award for Song of the Year")for the song "[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%28Disney_song%29 "Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)")" (Posthumous) | {{nom}} |
| [1994](/wiki/36th_Annual_Grammy_Awards "36th Annual Grammy Awards") | *[Aladdin: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack](/wiki/Aladdin_%281992_soundtrack%29 "Aladdin (1992 soundtrack)")* | [Best Musical Album for Children](/wiki/Best_Musical_Album_for_Children "Best Musical Album for Children")(Posthumous) | {{won}} |
| *[Aladdin](/wiki/Aladdin_%281992_Disney_film%29 "Aladdin (1992 Disney film)")* | [Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Song_Written_for_Visual_Media "Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media")for the song "[Friend Like Me](/wiki/Friend_Like_Me "Friend Like Me")" (Posthumous) | {{nom}} |
| **[Laurence Olivier Awards](/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award "Laurence Olivier Award")** | 1983 | *[Little Shop of Horrors](/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_%28musical%29 "Little Shop of Horrors (musical)")* | Musical of the Year | {{nom}} |
| 1998 | *[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%28musical%29 "Beauty and the Beast (musical)")* | Best New Musical(Posthumous) | {{won}} |
| **[New York Drama Critics' Circle Awards](/wiki/New_York_Drama_Critics%27_Circle_Award "New York Drama Critics' Circle Award")** | 1983 | *[Little Shop of Horrors](/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_%28musical%29 "Little Shop of Horrors (musical)")* | Best Musical | {{won}} |
| **[Outer Critics Circle Awards](/wiki/Outer_Critics_Circle_Award "Outer Critics Circle Award")** | Best Off\-Broadway Musical | {{won}} |
| Best Score | {{won}} |
| **[Tony Awards](/wiki/Tony_Award "Tony Award")** | [1987](/wiki/41st_Tony_Awards "41st Tony Awards") | *[Smile](/wiki/Smile_%28musical%29 "Smile (musical)")* | [Best Book of a Musical](/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Book_of_a_Musical "Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical") | {{nom}} |
| [1994](/wiki/48th_Tony_Awards "48th Tony Awards") | *[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%28musical%29 "Beauty and the Beast (musical)")* | [Best Original Score](/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Original_Score "Tony Award for Best Original Score")(Posthumous) | {{nom}} |
| [2008](/wiki/62nd_Tony_Awards "62nd Tony Awards") | *[The Little Mermaid](/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_%28musical%29 "The Little Mermaid (musical)")* | {{nom}} |
| [2014](/wiki/68th_Tony_Awards "68th Tony Awards") | *[Aladdin](/wiki/Aladdin_%282011_musical%29 "Aladdin (2011 musical)")* | {{nom}} |
### Special recognitions
* 1990 – Special Award for outstanding contribution to the success of the [Academy of Television Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_and_Sciences "Academy of Television Arts and Sciences")' anti\-drug special for children, for the song "Wonderful Ways to Say No" from the TV special *[Cartoon All\-Stars to the Rescue](/wiki/Cartoon_All-Stars_to_the_Rescue "Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue")*
* 2001 – [Disney Legend Award](/wiki/Disney_Legend_Award "Disney Legend Award") (POSTHUMOUS){{Cite report\|title\=Howard Ashman Papers\|date\=January 1, 2011\|url\=https://findingaids.loc.gov/db/search/xq/searchMfer02\.xq?\_id\=loc.music.eadmus.mu013002\&\_faSection\=printDownload\&\_faSubsection\=otherfindaid\&\_dmdid\=d351e5\|pages\=13}}
### Tributes
On the 2002 Special Edition DVD of *Beauty and the Beast*, the Disney animators teamed up again and added a new song called "Human Again", which Ashman and Menken had written for the film but had been cut from the finished product. On Disc 2, there is a short documentary entitled *Howard Ashman: In Memoriam* that features many people who worked on *Beauty and the Beast* who talk about Ashman's involvement on the film and how his death was truly a loss for them.
[Jeffrey Katzenberg](/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg "Jeffrey Katzenberg") claims there are two angels watching down on them that put their magic touch on every film they made. Those two angels are Ashman and [Walt Disney](/wiki/Walt_Disney "Walt Disney") himself.{{cite AV media\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=HNrUDEqyHIc \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/HNrUDEqyHIc\| archive\-date\=December 12, 2021 \|url\-status\=live\|time\=2:19\|title\=Howard Ashman: A short tribute\|via\=YouTube\|date\=August 19, 2013}}{{cbignore}}
An album of Ashman singing his own work entitled *[Howard Sings Ashman](/wiki/Howard_Sings_Ashman "Howard Sings Ashman")* was released on November 11, 2008, by [PS Classics](/wiki/PS_Classics "PS Classics") as part of the Library of Congress "Songwriter Series".
The 2009 documentary, *[Waking Sleeping Beauty](/wiki/Waking_Sleeping_Beauty "Waking Sleeping Beauty")*, which centers around Disney's animation renaissance, is dedicated to him, as well as [Frank Wells](/wiki/Frank_Wells "Frank Wells"), [Joe Ranft](/wiki/Joe_Ranft "Joe Ranft"), and [Roy E. Disney](/wiki/Roy_E._Disney "Roy E. Disney").
In March 2017, Don Hahn confirmed he was working on a documentary biographical film about Howard Ashman.{{cite news\|title\=Beauty and the Beast Lyricist Howard Ashman Subject of New Documentary Film\|last\=Hetrick\|first\=Adam\|url\=http://www.playbill.com/article/beauty\-and\-the\-beast\-lyricist\-howard\-ashman\-subject\-of\-new\-documentary\-film\|work\=\[\[Playbill]]\|publisher\=Playbill, Inc.\|location\=New York City\|date\=March 7, 2017\|access\-date\=June 8, 2017}} The documentary film titled *[Howard](/wiki/Howard_%28film%29 "Howard (film)")* premiered at the [Tribeca Film Festival](/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival "Tribeca Film Festival") on April 22, 2018,{{cite web\|url\=https://deadline.com/2018/04/howard\-documentary\-clip\-howard\-ashman\-disney\-beauty\-and\-the\-beast\-tribeca\-1202362039/\|last\=Ramos\|first\=Dino\-Ray\|title\='Howard' Clip: Tribeca Docu Spotlights Oscar\-Winning Disney Lyricist Howard Ashman\|website\=\[\[Deadline Hollywood]]\|location\=Los Angeles, California\|date\=April 11, 2018\|access\-date\=April 20, 2018}} before having a limited theatrical run on December 18, 2018\. It was released on [Disney\+](/wiki/Disney%2B "Disney+") on August 7, 2020, and was initially slated for removal on May 26, 2023\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.theverge.com/2023/5/19/23729642/disney\-plus\-hulu\-remove\-pull\-shows\-willow\-streaming\-bob\-iger \|title\=Disney will remove over 50 shows from Disney Plus and Hulu this month \|website\=The Verge \|first\=Jess \|last\=Weatherbed \|date\=May 19, 2023 \|access\-date\=May 19, 2023}} However, Disney reversed course in response to fan outcry.{{cite news \|last1\=Andreeva \|first1\=Nellie \|last2\=Petski \|first2\=Denise \|title\='Howard' Documentary Will Remain On Disney\+; List Of Disney Streaming Removals Still Being Finalized – Update \|url\=https://deadline.com/2023/05/disney\-backlash\-removal\-howard\-documentary\-little\-mermaid\-lgbtq\-1235373329/ \|access\-date\=May 19, 2023 \|work\=Deadline \|date\=May 19, 2023}}
Like with the original *Beauty and the Beast*, the [2023 live\-action adaptation](/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_%282023_film%29 "The Little Mermaid (2023 film)") of *The Little Mermaid* was also dedicated to his memory.
|
[
"Awards and nominations\n----------------------",
"Over the course of his career, Ashman won two Academy Awards (one posthumous) out of seven nominations. Of these nominations, four are posthumous nominations, the most in Academy Awards history.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2016}} He also won a posthumous [Laurence Olivier Award](/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award \"Laurence Olivier Award\") and five [Grammy Awards](/wiki/Grammy_Award \"Grammy Award\") (three of them posthumous), among other accolades.",
"### Accolades",
"",
"| Award | Year | Project | Category | Outcome |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **[Academy Awards](/wiki/Academy_Award \"Academy Award\")** | [1986](/wiki/59th_Academy_Awards \"59th Academy Awards\") | *[Little Shop of Horrors](/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_%281986_film%29 \"Little Shop of Horrors (1986 film)\")* | [Best Original Song](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song \"Academy Award for Best Original Song\")for the song \"[Mean Green Mother from Outer Space](/wiki/Mean_Green_Mother_from_Outer_Space \"Mean Green Mother from Outer Space\")\" | {{nom}} |\n| [1989](/wiki/62nd_Academy_Awards \"62nd Academy Awards\") | *[The Little Mermaid](/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_%281989_film%29 \"The Little Mermaid (1989 film)\")* | [Best Original Song](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song \"Academy Award for Best Original Song\")for the song \"[Under the Sea](/wiki/Under_the_Sea \"Under the Sea\")\" | {{won}} |\n| [Best Original Song](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song \"Academy Award for Best Original Song\")for the song \"[Kiss the Girl](/wiki/Kiss_the_Girl \"Kiss the Girl\")\" | {{nom}} |\n| [1991](/wiki/64th_Academy_Awards \"64th Academy Awards\") | *[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%281991_film%29 \"Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)\")* | [Best Original Song](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song \"Academy Award for Best Original Song\")for the song \"[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%28Disney_song%29 \"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)\")\" (Posthumous) | {{won}} |\n| [Best Original Song](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song \"Academy Award for Best Original Song\")for the song \"[Be Our Guest](/wiki/Be_Our_Guest \"Be Our Guest\")\" (Posthumous) | {{nom}} |\n| [Best Original Song](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song \"Academy Award for Best Original Song\")for the song \"[Belle](/wiki/Belle_%28Disney_song%29 \"Belle (Disney song)\")\" (Posthumous) | {{nom}} |\n| [1992](/wiki/65th_Academy_Awards \"65th Academy Awards\") | *[Aladdin](/wiki/Aladdin_%281992_Disney_film%29 \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\")* | [Best Original Song](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song \"Academy Award for Best Original Song\")for the song \"[Friend Like Me](/wiki/Friend_Like_Me \"Friend Like Me\")\" (Posthumous) | {{nom}} |\n| **[British Academy Film Awards](/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards \"British Academy Film Awards\")** | [1992](/wiki/46th_British_Academy_Film_Awards \"46th British Academy Film Awards\") | *[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%281991_film%29 \"Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)\")* | [Best Film Music](/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Film_Music \"BAFTA Award for Best Film Music\") | {{nom}} |\n| **[Drama Desk Awards](/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award \"Drama Desk Award\")** | 1983 | *[Little Shop of Horrors](/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_%28musical%29 \"Little Shop of Horrors (musical)\")* | [Outstanding Lyrics](/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Lyrics \"Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics\") | {{won}} |\n| [Outstanding Director of a Musical](/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Director_of_a_Musical \"Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Musical\") | {{nom}} |\n| 1994 | *[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%28musical%29 \"Beauty and the Beast (musical)\")* | [Outstanding Lyrics](/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Lyrics \"Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics\")(Posthumous) | {{nom}} |\n| 2014 | *[Aladdin](/wiki/Aladdin_%282011_musical%29 \"Aladdin (2011 musical)\")* | {{nom}} |\n| **[Evening Standard Awards](/wiki/Evening_Standard_Awards \"Evening Standard Awards\")** | 1983 | *[Little Shop of Horrors](/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_%28musical%29 \"Little Shop of Horrors (musical)\")* | Best Musical | {{won}} |\n| **[Golden Globe Awards](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award \"Golden Globe Award\")** | [1989](/wiki/47th_Golden_Globe_Awards \"47th Golden Globe Awards\") | *[The Little Mermaid](/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_%281989_film%29 \"The Little Mermaid (1989 film)\")* | [Best Original Song](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song \"Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song\")for the song \"[Under the Sea](/wiki/Under_the_Sea \"Under the Sea\")\" | {{won}} |\n| [Best Original Song](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song \"Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song\")for the song \"[Kiss the Girl](/wiki/Kiss_the_Girl \"Kiss the Girl\")\" | {{nom}} |\n| [1991](/wiki/49th_Golden_Globe_Awards \"49th Golden Globe Awards\") | *[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%281991_film%29 \"Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)\")* | [Best Original Song](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song \"Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song\")for the song \"[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%28Disney_song%29 \"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)\")\" (Posthumous) | {{won}} |\n| [Best Original Song](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song \"Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song\")for the song \"[Be Our Guest](/wiki/Be_Our_Guest \"Be Our Guest\")\" (Posthumous) | {{nom}} |\n| [1992](/wiki/50th_Golden_Globe_Awards \"50th Golden Globe Awards\") | *[Aladdin](/wiki/Aladdin_%281992_Disney_film%29 \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\")* | [Best Original Song](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song \"Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song\")for the song \"[Friend Like Me](/wiki/Friend_Like_Me \"Friend Like Me\")\" (Posthumous) | {{nom}} |\n| [Best Original Song](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song \"Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song\")for the song \"[Prince Ali](/wiki/Prince_Ali_%28song%29 \"Prince Ali (song)\")\" (Posthumous) | {{nom}} |\n| **[Grammy Awards](/wiki/Grammy_Award \"Grammy Award\")** | [1984](/wiki/26th_Annual_Grammy_Awards \"26th Annual Grammy Awards\") | *[Little Shop of Horrors](/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_%28musical%29 \"Little Shop of Horrors (musical)\")* | [Best Musical Cast Show Album](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Musical_Theater_Album \"Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album\") | {{nom}} |\n| [1990](/wiki/32nd_Annual_Grammy_Awards \"32nd Annual Grammy Awards\") | *[Oliver and Company: Story and Songs from the Motion Picture](/wiki/Oliver_%26_Company \"Oliver & Company\")* | [Best Recording for Children](/wiki/Best_Recording_for_Children \"Best Recording for Children\") | {{nom}} |\n| [1991](/wiki/33rd_Annual_Grammy_Awards \"33rd Annual Grammy Awards\") | *[The Little Mermaid: Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack](/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_%281989_soundtrack%29 \"The Little Mermaid (1989 soundtrack)\")* | {{won}} |\n| *[The Little Mermaid](/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_%281989_film%29 \"The Little Mermaid (1989 film)\")* | [Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Song_Written_for_Visual_Media \"Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media\") for the song \"[Under the Sea](/wiki/Under_the_Sea \"Under the Sea\")\" | {{won}} |\n| [Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Song_Written_for_Visual_Media \"Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media\") for the song \"[Kiss the Girl](/wiki/Kiss_the_Girl \"Kiss the Girl\")\" | {{nom}} |\n| [1993](/wiki/35th_Annual_Grammy_Awards \"35th Annual Grammy Awards\") | *[Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%281991_soundtrack%29 \"Beauty and the Beast (1991 soundtrack)\")* | [Best Musical Album for Children](/wiki/Best_Musical_Album_for_Children \"Best Musical Album for Children\")(Posthumous) | {{won}} |\n| [Album of the Year](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year \"Grammy Award for Album of the Year\")(Posthumous) | {{nom}} |\n| *[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%281991_film%29 \"Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)\")* | [Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Song_Written_for_Visual_Media \"Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media\")for the song \"[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%28Disney_song%29 \"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)\")\" (Posthumous) | {{won}} |\n| [Song of the Year](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Song_of_the_Year \"Grammy Award for Song of the Year\")for the song \"[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%28Disney_song%29 \"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)\")\" (Posthumous) | {{nom}} |\n| [1994](/wiki/36th_Annual_Grammy_Awards \"36th Annual Grammy Awards\") | *[Aladdin: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack](/wiki/Aladdin_%281992_soundtrack%29 \"Aladdin (1992 soundtrack)\")* | [Best Musical Album for Children](/wiki/Best_Musical_Album_for_Children \"Best Musical Album for Children\")(Posthumous) | {{won}} |\n| *[Aladdin](/wiki/Aladdin_%281992_Disney_film%29 \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\")* | [Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Song_Written_for_Visual_Media \"Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media\")for the song \"[Friend Like Me](/wiki/Friend_Like_Me \"Friend Like Me\")\" (Posthumous) | {{nom}} |\n| **[Laurence Olivier Awards](/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award \"Laurence Olivier Award\")** | 1983 | *[Little Shop of Horrors](/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_%28musical%29 \"Little Shop of Horrors (musical)\")* | Musical of the Year | {{nom}} |\n| 1998 | *[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%28musical%29 \"Beauty and the Beast (musical)\")* | Best New Musical(Posthumous) | {{won}} |\n| **[New York Drama Critics' Circle Awards](/wiki/New_York_Drama_Critics%27_Circle_Award \"New York Drama Critics' Circle Award\")** | 1983 | *[Little Shop of Horrors](/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_%28musical%29 \"Little Shop of Horrors (musical)\")* | Best Musical | {{won}} |\n| **[Outer Critics Circle Awards](/wiki/Outer_Critics_Circle_Award \"Outer Critics Circle Award\")** | Best Off\\-Broadway Musical | {{won}} |\n| Best Score | {{won}} |\n| **[Tony Awards](/wiki/Tony_Award \"Tony Award\")** | [1987](/wiki/41st_Tony_Awards \"41st Tony Awards\") | *[Smile](/wiki/Smile_%28musical%29 \"Smile (musical)\")* | [Best Book of a Musical](/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Book_of_a_Musical \"Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical\") | {{nom}} |\n| [1994](/wiki/48th_Tony_Awards \"48th Tony Awards\") | *[Beauty and the Beast](/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_%28musical%29 \"Beauty and the Beast (musical)\")* | [Best Original Score](/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Original_Score \"Tony Award for Best Original Score\")(Posthumous) | {{nom}} |\n| [2008](/wiki/62nd_Tony_Awards \"62nd Tony Awards\") | *[The Little Mermaid](/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_%28musical%29 \"The Little Mermaid (musical)\")* | {{nom}} |\n| [2014](/wiki/68th_Tony_Awards \"68th Tony Awards\") | *[Aladdin](/wiki/Aladdin_%282011_musical%29 \"Aladdin (2011 musical)\")* | {{nom}} |",
"### Special recognitions",
"* 1990 – Special Award for outstanding contribution to the success of the [Academy of Television Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_and_Sciences \"Academy of Television Arts and Sciences\")' anti\\-drug special for children, for the song \"Wonderful Ways to Say No\" from the TV special *[Cartoon All\\-Stars to the Rescue](/wiki/Cartoon_All-Stars_to_the_Rescue \"Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue\")*\n* 2001 – [Disney Legend Award](/wiki/Disney_Legend_Award \"Disney Legend Award\") (POSTHUMOUS){{Cite report\\|title\\=Howard Ashman Papers\\|date\\=January 1, 2011\\|url\\=https://findingaids.loc.gov/db/search/xq/searchMfer02\\.xq?\\_id\\=loc.music.eadmus.mu013002\\&\\_faSection\\=printDownload\\&\\_faSubsection\\=otherfindaid\\&\\_dmdid\\=d351e5\\|pages\\=13}}",
"### Tributes",
"On the 2002 Special Edition DVD of *Beauty and the Beast*, the Disney animators teamed up again and added a new song called \"Human Again\", which Ashman and Menken had written for the film but had been cut from the finished product. On Disc 2, there is a short documentary entitled *Howard Ashman: In Memoriam* that features many people who worked on *Beauty and the Beast* who talk about Ashman's involvement on the film and how his death was truly a loss for them.",
"[Jeffrey Katzenberg](/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg \"Jeffrey Katzenberg\") claims there are two angels watching down on them that put their magic touch on every film they made. Those two angels are Ashman and [Walt Disney](/wiki/Walt_Disney \"Walt Disney\") himself.{{cite AV media\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=HNrUDEqyHIc \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/HNrUDEqyHIc\\| archive\\-date\\=December 12, 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|time\\=2:19\\|title\\=Howard Ashman: A short tribute\\|via\\=YouTube\\|date\\=August 19, 2013}}{{cbignore}}",
"An album of Ashman singing his own work entitled *[Howard Sings Ashman](/wiki/Howard_Sings_Ashman \"Howard Sings Ashman\")* was released on November 11, 2008, by [PS Classics](/wiki/PS_Classics \"PS Classics\") as part of the Library of Congress \"Songwriter Series\".",
"The 2009 documentary, *[Waking Sleeping Beauty](/wiki/Waking_Sleeping_Beauty \"Waking Sleeping Beauty\")*, which centers around Disney's animation renaissance, is dedicated to him, as well as [Frank Wells](/wiki/Frank_Wells \"Frank Wells\"), [Joe Ranft](/wiki/Joe_Ranft \"Joe Ranft\"), and [Roy E. Disney](/wiki/Roy_E._Disney \"Roy E. Disney\").",
"In March 2017, Don Hahn confirmed he was working on a documentary biographical film about Howard Ashman.{{cite news\\|title\\=Beauty and the Beast Lyricist Howard Ashman Subject of New Documentary Film\\|last\\=Hetrick\\|first\\=Adam\\|url\\=http://www.playbill.com/article/beauty\\-and\\-the\\-beast\\-lyricist\\-howard\\-ashman\\-subject\\-of\\-new\\-documentary\\-film\\|work\\=\\[\\[Playbill]]\\|publisher\\=Playbill, Inc.\\|location\\=New York City\\|date\\=March 7, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=June 8, 2017}} The documentary film titled *[Howard](/wiki/Howard_%28film%29 \"Howard (film)\")* premiered at the [Tribeca Film Festival](/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival \"Tribeca Film Festival\") on April 22, 2018,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2018/04/howard\\-documentary\\-clip\\-howard\\-ashman\\-disney\\-beauty\\-and\\-the\\-beast\\-tribeca\\-1202362039/\\|last\\=Ramos\\|first\\=Dino\\-Ray\\|title\\='Howard' Clip: Tribeca Docu Spotlights Oscar\\-Winning Disney Lyricist Howard Ashman\\|website\\=\\[\\[Deadline Hollywood]]\\|location\\=Los Angeles, California\\|date\\=April 11, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2018}} before having a limited theatrical run on December 18, 2018\\. It was released on [Disney\\+](/wiki/Disney%2B \"Disney+\") on August 7, 2020, and was initially slated for removal on May 26, 2023\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.theverge.com/2023/5/19/23729642/disney\\-plus\\-hulu\\-remove\\-pull\\-shows\\-willow\\-streaming\\-bob\\-iger \\|title\\=Disney will remove over 50 shows from Disney Plus and Hulu this month \\|website\\=The Verge \\|first\\=Jess \\|last\\=Weatherbed \\|date\\=May 19, 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=May 19, 2023}} However, Disney reversed course in response to fan outcry.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Andreeva \\|first1\\=Nellie \\|last2\\=Petski \\|first2\\=Denise \\|title\\='Howard' Documentary Will Remain On Disney\\+; List Of Disney Streaming Removals Still Being Finalized – Update \\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2023/05/disney\\-backlash\\-removal\\-howard\\-documentary\\-little\\-mermaid\\-lgbtq\\-1235373329/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 19, 2023 \\|work\\=Deadline \\|date\\=May 19, 2023}}",
"Like with the original *Beauty and the Beast*, the [2023 live\\-action adaptation](/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_%282023_film%29 \"The Little Mermaid (2023 film)\") of *The Little Mermaid* was also dedicated to his memory.",
""
] |
Style
-----
Kim's first publications generally explored basic human emotions. These are sometimes thought{{By whom\|date\=April 2017}} to be typical of Korean poetry. Basic emotions include: disappointment, sorrow, parting, illness, or grief. These emotions are considered *basic* since everyone naturally lives through these emotions as part of their life. This close relationship with everyday life, as well as the subtlety of the emotions are not only a characteristic of Korean poetry, but particularly of Kim Jong\-Chul. Kim is considered{{By whom\|date\=April 2017}} exceptionally talented at moving the reader's heart when writing about these basic emotions. There are critics{{Who\|date\=April 2017}} who argue that this talent can be explained with Kim's biography which includes extreme poverty and growing up in war time. Because he was poor, Kim joined the army to serve in the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") voluntarily.
He continuously showed an interest in themes such as desperation, death, or poverty. Kim distanced himself from these motifs in his second collection of poetry, which had a more light\-hearted approach to life matters.
In his third collection, Kim returned to darker motifs. This can be explained by Korea's long experience of military dictatorships between the 1960s and 1980s. He describes this time as "a period of universal tragedy."{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2017}} With the coming of the 1990s, the political atmosphere in Korea changed. This was also reflected in some of Kim's poems. It seemed impossible to describe all life in terms of misery and tragedy. Kim continued to recognize the matter in trivial things. He frequently chooses the most mundane objects, such as a pumpkin, a nail or even a grain of rice.
His attitude is often linked with Kim's Roman Catholic faith. It is argued that this drives the author to search for the deeper meaning in everything, even if it appears trivial or insignificant. He hints at this in the preface of his fourth collection of poetry. There are some attempts to link his poems with Christian symbols, but this is frowned upon by others{{By whom\|date\=April 2017}}.
Kim gives profound meaning to everyday objects. It is this giving meaning to ordinary objects that some people{{Who\|date\=April 2017}} regard as a special ability of Kim Jong\-Chul. Kim argues that there is no meaning in the objects themselves: "If all humanity were to disappear from this earth, a diamond would be nothing but a stone." This involvement with philosophical questions, such as of meaning, is often considered{{By whom\|date\=April 2017}} a departure from his earlier works. However, this also helped Kim to be viewed as one of the finest Korean poets of recent times.
|
[
"Style\n-----",
"Kim's first publications generally explored basic human emotions. These are sometimes thought{{By whom\\|date\\=April 2017}} to be typical of Korean poetry. Basic emotions include: disappointment, sorrow, parting, illness, or grief. These emotions are considered *basic* since everyone naturally lives through these emotions as part of their life. This close relationship with everyday life, as well as the subtlety of the emotions are not only a characteristic of Korean poetry, but particularly of Kim Jong\\-Chul. Kim is considered{{By whom\\|date\\=April 2017}} exceptionally talented at moving the reader's heart when writing about these basic emotions. There are critics{{Who\\|date\\=April 2017}} who argue that this talent can be explained with Kim's biography which includes extreme poverty and growing up in war time. Because he was poor, Kim joined the army to serve in the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\") voluntarily.",
"He continuously showed an interest in themes such as desperation, death, or poverty. Kim distanced himself from these motifs in his second collection of poetry, which had a more light\\-hearted approach to life matters.",
"In his third collection, Kim returned to darker motifs. This can be explained by Korea's long experience of military dictatorships between the 1960s and 1980s. He describes this time as \"a period of universal tragedy.\"{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2017}} With the coming of the 1990s, the political atmosphere in Korea changed. This was also reflected in some of Kim's poems. It seemed impossible to describe all life in terms of misery and tragedy. Kim continued to recognize the matter in trivial things. He frequently chooses the most mundane objects, such as a pumpkin, a nail or even a grain of rice.",
"His attitude is often linked with Kim's Roman Catholic faith. It is argued that this drives the author to search for the deeper meaning in everything, even if it appears trivial or insignificant. He hints at this in the preface of his fourth collection of poetry. There are some attempts to link his poems with Christian symbols, but this is frowned upon by others{{By whom\\|date\\=April 2017}}.",
"Kim gives profound meaning to everyday objects. It is this giving meaning to ordinary objects that some people{{Who\\|date\\=April 2017}} regard as a special ability of Kim Jong\\-Chul. Kim argues that there is no meaning in the objects themselves: \"If all humanity were to disappear from this earth, a diamond would be nothing but a stone.\" This involvement with philosophical questions, such as of meaning, is often considered{{By whom\\|date\\=April 2017}} a departure from his earlier works. However, this also helped Kim to be viewed as one of the finest Korean poets of recent times.",
""
] |
Plot summary
------------
The action takes place in Paris during the reign of King [Louis XIV of France](/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France "Louis XIV of France"). The city is under siege by what is presumed to be an organized band of thieves whose members rob citizens of costly jewelry in their homes or on the street. Some of the street victims are simply rendered unconscious by a blow to the head, but most are killed instantly by a deliberate dagger thrust to the heart. The murder victims are mostly wealthy lovers who are on their way to meet their mistresses with gifts of fine jewelry.
These are not the only terrible crimes plaguing Paris (a [series of bizarre poisonings](/wiki/Affair_of_the_Poisons "Affair of the Poisons") is described in detail), and to combat them the King establishes a special court, the [Chambre Ardente](/wiki/Chambre_Ardente "Chambre Ardente"), whose sole purpose is to investigate them and punish their perpetrators. The president of the Chambre, La Régnie (probably based on [Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie](/wiki/Gabriel_Nicolas_de_la_Reynie "Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie")), however, is consistently thwarted in his attempts to stop the evildoing, and in his blind zeal and frustration he is seduced to commit acts of terror and brutality. Because of his failures and cruelty, he quickly earns the hatred of those he was appointed to protect.
In a poem exalting the King, the lovers of Paris exhort him to do something for their safety. Mademoiselle de Scudéri (the historical [Madeleine de Scudéry](/wiki/Madeleine_de_Scud%C3%A9ry "Madeleine de Scudéry")), who is present when this appeal is presented, counters jokingly with the following verse:
Un amant, qui craint les voleurs,
N'est point digne d'amour.
A lover who is afraid of thieves
Is not worthy of love.{{clear\|left}}
The elderly de Scudéri is a well\-known poetess who lives in a modest house in Paris on the rue Saint Honoré by the grace of King Louis and his lover, the Marquise de Maintenon (the historical [Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_d%27Aubign%C3%A9%2C_Marquise_de_Maintenon "Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon")). One night, a young man bangs on the door of de Scudéri's house and pleads urgently with her maid to be granted entrance. The maid finally lets him in but denies him access to her mistress, whose life she fears is in danger. The young man eventually flees at the sound of the approach of the mounted police, but leaves behind a small jewelry box he begs the maid to deliver to the Mademoiselle. The next morning, de Scudéri opens the box and finds exquisite jewelry and a note in which the band of jewel thieves thanks her for her support in the form of the verse quoted above.
Mademoiselle de Scudéri is distraught by the contents of the jewelry box and seeks the advice of her friend de Maintenon. The Marquise immediately recognizes the jewelry as the work of the goldsmith René Cardillac. Cardillac is known not only in Paris but around the world as the best artist in his field. He is also famous, however, for a strange attribute: he creates the most beautiful pieces of jewelry but then does not want to part with them. Only after much delay does he finally deliver a piece to the customer who commissioned it, and then only under (sometimes violent) protest.
Several months later, Mademoiselle de Scudéri is riding in a glass coach over the [Pont Neuf](/wiki/Pont_Neuf "Pont Neuf") when a young man forces his way through the crowd and throws a letter into the coach. The letter adjures the Mademoiselle to find whatever pretense necessary but to return the jewelry to Cardillac at once. If she does not, the letter warns, her life is in danger. She is overcome by feelings that she is surrounded by "strange events and dark mysteries" but decides to heed the letter writer's appeal.
[thumb\|Pont Neuf](/wiki/File:Camille_Pissarro_-_The_Pont-Neuf_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg "Camille Pissarro - The Pont-Neuf - Google Art Project.jpg")
Two days later, she travels to the goldsmith's house, only to arrive just as his corpse is being carried away. Cardillac has been murdered, and Olivier Brusson, Cardillac's assistant, has been arrested for the crime. Cardillac's daughter Madelon, who is betrothed to Olivier, protests his innocence. Because of Madelon's suffering and utter despair, Mademoiselle de Scudéri takes pity on her and takes her to her house to look after her.
Touched by and believing Madelon's avowals of Olivier's innocence, the Mademoiselle tries to intercede on his behalf with La Régnie. He receives her graciously but is unmoved and presents her with circumstantial evidence that in his view proves that Olivier is the murderer. The Mademoiselle hears the evidence but cannot convince herself of the young man's guilt. La Régnie grants her permission to speak with Olivier, but when she meets him in prison she recognizes the young man who had thrown the warning letter into her coach and falls to the ground unconscious. She now is uncertain of Olivier's innocence and is torn inwardly. She curses the destiny that had made her believe in truth and virtue but now has destroyed the beautiful image she had made for her life.
In the hope that Olivier will confess, Desgrais, de Scudéri's friend and an officer in the mounted police, offers to arrange for a meeting with Olivier in her house. The mademoiselle is filled with foreboding but nevertheless decides to obey the higher powers that had marked her for the solution of some terrible mystery. Olivier is brought to her house, and while guards wait outside he falls on his knees and tells her his story:
Olivier tells the mademoiselle that he is the son of the impoverished young woman, Anne, whom de Scudéri had lovingly raised as her own daughter and from whom she has not heard since she married an industrious and skilled young watchmaker who took her and Olivier to [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva") to seek their fortune. Because of the jealousy of others in his profession, Olivier relates, his father was not able to establish himself in Geneva, and both he and his wife later died there in poverty. Olivier, who had apprenticed himself to a goldsmith, eventually became so skilled in his profession that he was hired as an assistant by René Cardillac in Paris.
All went well, Olivier tells the Mademoiselle, until Cardillac threw him out of the house because he and Cardillac's daughter, Madelon, had fallen in love. In his desperation and longing, Olivier went one night to Cardillac's house in the hope of catching a glimpse of his beloved. Instead, he saw Cardillac slip out of the house through a secret entrance and not far away attack and kill a man by thrusting a dagger into his heart. Cardillac, who knows that Olivier has seen the murder, invites him to return to his workshop and offers him his daughter in marriage. Olivier's silence had been bought, he confesses to de Scudéri, but he relates how from then on he lived with intense pangs of guilt.
One evening, Olivier tells de Scudéri, Cardillac told Olivier his own story. (The plot here becomes a [story within a story](/wiki/Story_within_a_story "Story within a story") within a story.) Cardillac tells Olivier how an experience involving a sumptuous diamond necklace (the necklace was worn by a Spanish actor with whom she later had an adulterous affair) that his mother had while she was pregnant with him had marked him for life with a love of fine jewelry. This love caused him to steal jewelry as a child and later led him to become a goldsmith. An "inborn drive," Cardillac told Olivier, forced him to create his renowned works but led him also again and again to take them back from his customers in thefts that often involved murder. Olivier tells de Scudéri that Cardillac stored the retrieved pieces, which were labeled with the names of their rightful owners, in a secret, locked chamber in his house.
Eventually, Olivier informs the mademoiselle, Cardillac decided to give Mademoiselle de Scudéri some of his best work in thanks for the verse that she had quoted to the King in response to the appeal from the threatened lovers. He asked Olivier to present the gift, and Olivier saw in the request a chance to re\-establish contact with the woman who had loved and cared for him when he was a child and to reveal to her his unfortunate situation. He was able to deliver the jewel box but was not able to meet with the Mademoiselle.
Some time later, Cardillac again was overcome by his evil star, and it is clear to Olivier that he wanted to retrieve by force the jewelry that he had given to the Mademoiselle. To prevent this, Olivier relates, he threw the letter into de Scudéri's coach, imploring her to return the jewelry as soon as possible. Two days later, because he was afraid that his master was about to attack Mademoiselle de Scudéri, Olivier secretly followed him when he left the house under cover of darkness. Instead of the mademoiselle, Cardillac attacked an officer, who stabbed Cardillac with his dagger and then fled. Olivier brought Cardillac and the murder weapon back to his house, where the master died of his injuries. Olivier was arrested and charged with the murder. His intention, he states, is to die for the murder if he must in order to spare his beloved Madelon the sorrow of learning the truth about her father. With this, Olivier ends his story and is returned to prison. Because he continues to refuse to confess, an order for his torture is issued.
Mademoiselle de Scudéri makes a number of attempts to save Olivier, including writing a letter to La Régnie, but she is unsuccessful. She even wants to plead his case before the King himself, but a famous lawyer by the name of d'Andilly, whom she has consulted, convinces her that at this stage in his case this would not be in the young man's best interest.
Unexpectedly, an officer in the King's Guard by the name of Miossens visits her and reveals that he is the person who, in self\-defense, stabbed and killed Cardillac. The astonished Mademoiselle says to him "And you have said nothing? You have not made a statement to the authorities regarding what happened?" Miossens defends himself by stating "Allow me to remark that such a statement, even if it did not cause my ruin, would at least involve me in a most loathsome trial. Would La Régnie, who scents crime everywhere, immediately believe me if I accused the honest Cardillac, the very embodiment of complete piety and virtue, of attempted murder?" Miossens refuses to consider Olivier innocent, accusing him instead of being Cardillac's accomplice.
Under a pledge of secrecy, Miossens repeats his testimony to d'Andilly, and with this information the lawyer is able to have Olivier's torture postponed. Subsequently, de Scudéri is successful in getting the King to review the case once again. After a month of uncertainty, he reveals to the Mademoiselle that Olivier has been freed, that he will be allowed to marry his beloved Madelon, and that he will receive 1,000 louis d'or as a dowery under the condition that they leave Paris. Olivier and Madelon move to Geneva, where they live happily. The jewelry stolen by Cardillac is returned to the rightful owners who still are living. The rest becomes the property of the [Church of St. Eustace](/wiki/Saint-Eustache%2C_Paris "Saint-Eustache, Paris").
|
[
"Plot summary\n------------",
"The action takes place in Paris during the reign of King [Louis XIV of France](/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France \"Louis XIV of France\"). The city is under siege by what is presumed to be an organized band of thieves whose members rob citizens of costly jewelry in their homes or on the street. Some of the street victims are simply rendered unconscious by a blow to the head, but most are killed instantly by a deliberate dagger thrust to the heart. The murder victims are mostly wealthy lovers who are on their way to meet their mistresses with gifts of fine jewelry.",
"These are not the only terrible crimes plaguing Paris (a [series of bizarre poisonings](/wiki/Affair_of_the_Poisons \"Affair of the Poisons\") is described in detail), and to combat them the King establishes a special court, the [Chambre Ardente](/wiki/Chambre_Ardente \"Chambre Ardente\"), whose sole purpose is to investigate them and punish their perpetrators. The president of the Chambre, La Régnie (probably based on [Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie](/wiki/Gabriel_Nicolas_de_la_Reynie \"Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie\")), however, is consistently thwarted in his attempts to stop the evildoing, and in his blind zeal and frustration he is seduced to commit acts of terror and brutality. Because of his failures and cruelty, he quickly earns the hatred of those he was appointed to protect.",
"In a poem exalting the King, the lovers of Paris exhort him to do something for their safety. Mademoiselle de Scudéri (the historical [Madeleine de Scudéry](/wiki/Madeleine_de_Scud%C3%A9ry \"Madeleine de Scudéry\")), who is present when this appeal is presented, counters jokingly with the following verse:",
"Un amant, qui craint les voleurs,\nN'est point digne d'amour.\nA lover who is afraid of thieves\nIs not worthy of love.{{clear\\|left}}",
"The elderly de Scudéri is a well\\-known poetess who lives in a modest house in Paris on the rue Saint Honoré by the grace of King Louis and his lover, the Marquise de Maintenon (the historical [Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_d%27Aubign%C3%A9%2C_Marquise_de_Maintenon \"Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon\")). One night, a young man bangs on the door of de Scudéri's house and pleads urgently with her maid to be granted entrance. The maid finally lets him in but denies him access to her mistress, whose life she fears is in danger. The young man eventually flees at the sound of the approach of the mounted police, but leaves behind a small jewelry box he begs the maid to deliver to the Mademoiselle. The next morning, de Scudéri opens the box and finds exquisite jewelry and a note in which the band of jewel thieves thanks her for her support in the form of the verse quoted above.",
"Mademoiselle de Scudéri is distraught by the contents of the jewelry box and seeks the advice of her friend de Maintenon. The Marquise immediately recognizes the jewelry as the work of the goldsmith René Cardillac. Cardillac is known not only in Paris but around the world as the best artist in his field. He is also famous, however, for a strange attribute: he creates the most beautiful pieces of jewelry but then does not want to part with them. Only after much delay does he finally deliver a piece to the customer who commissioned it, and then only under (sometimes violent) protest.",
"Several months later, Mademoiselle de Scudéri is riding in a glass coach over the [Pont Neuf](/wiki/Pont_Neuf \"Pont Neuf\") when a young man forces his way through the crowd and throws a letter into the coach. The letter adjures the Mademoiselle to find whatever pretense necessary but to return the jewelry to Cardillac at once. If she does not, the letter warns, her life is in danger. She is overcome by feelings that she is surrounded by \"strange events and dark mysteries\" but decides to heed the letter writer's appeal.",
"[thumb\\|Pont Neuf](/wiki/File:Camille_Pissarro_-_The_Pont-Neuf_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg \"Camille Pissarro - The Pont-Neuf - Google Art Project.jpg\")",
"Two days later, she travels to the goldsmith's house, only to arrive just as his corpse is being carried away. Cardillac has been murdered, and Olivier Brusson, Cardillac's assistant, has been arrested for the crime. Cardillac's daughter Madelon, who is betrothed to Olivier, protests his innocence. Because of Madelon's suffering and utter despair, Mademoiselle de Scudéri takes pity on her and takes her to her house to look after her.",
"Touched by and believing Madelon's avowals of Olivier's innocence, the Mademoiselle tries to intercede on his behalf with La Régnie. He receives her graciously but is unmoved and presents her with circumstantial evidence that in his view proves that Olivier is the murderer. The Mademoiselle hears the evidence but cannot convince herself of the young man's guilt. La Régnie grants her permission to speak with Olivier, but when she meets him in prison she recognizes the young man who had thrown the warning letter into her coach and falls to the ground unconscious. She now is uncertain of Olivier's innocence and is torn inwardly. She curses the destiny that had made her believe in truth and virtue but now has destroyed the beautiful image she had made for her life.",
"In the hope that Olivier will confess, Desgrais, de Scudéri's friend and an officer in the mounted police, offers to arrange for a meeting with Olivier in her house. The mademoiselle is filled with foreboding but nevertheless decides to obey the higher powers that had marked her for the solution of some terrible mystery. Olivier is brought to her house, and while guards wait outside he falls on his knees and tells her his story:",
"Olivier tells the mademoiselle that he is the son of the impoverished young woman, Anne, whom de Scudéri had lovingly raised as her own daughter and from whom she has not heard since she married an industrious and skilled young watchmaker who took her and Olivier to [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\") to seek their fortune. Because of the jealousy of others in his profession, Olivier relates, his father was not able to establish himself in Geneva, and both he and his wife later died there in poverty. Olivier, who had apprenticed himself to a goldsmith, eventually became so skilled in his profession that he was hired as an assistant by René Cardillac in Paris.",
"All went well, Olivier tells the Mademoiselle, until Cardillac threw him out of the house because he and Cardillac's daughter, Madelon, had fallen in love. In his desperation and longing, Olivier went one night to Cardillac's house in the hope of catching a glimpse of his beloved. Instead, he saw Cardillac slip out of the house through a secret entrance and not far away attack and kill a man by thrusting a dagger into his heart. Cardillac, who knows that Olivier has seen the murder, invites him to return to his workshop and offers him his daughter in marriage. Olivier's silence had been bought, he confesses to de Scudéri, but he relates how from then on he lived with intense pangs of guilt.",
"One evening, Olivier tells de Scudéri, Cardillac told Olivier his own story. (The plot here becomes a [story within a story](/wiki/Story_within_a_story \"Story within a story\") within a story.) Cardillac tells Olivier how an experience involving a sumptuous diamond necklace (the necklace was worn by a Spanish actor with whom she later had an adulterous affair) that his mother had while she was pregnant with him had marked him for life with a love of fine jewelry. This love caused him to steal jewelry as a child and later led him to become a goldsmith. An \"inborn drive,\" Cardillac told Olivier, forced him to create his renowned works but led him also again and again to take them back from his customers in thefts that often involved murder. Olivier tells de Scudéri that Cardillac stored the retrieved pieces, which were labeled with the names of their rightful owners, in a secret, locked chamber in his house.",
"Eventually, Olivier informs the mademoiselle, Cardillac decided to give Mademoiselle de Scudéri some of his best work in thanks for the verse that she had quoted to the King in response to the appeal from the threatened lovers. He asked Olivier to present the gift, and Olivier saw in the request a chance to re\\-establish contact with the woman who had loved and cared for him when he was a child and to reveal to her his unfortunate situation. He was able to deliver the jewel box but was not able to meet with the Mademoiselle.",
"Some time later, Cardillac again was overcome by his evil star, and it is clear to Olivier that he wanted to retrieve by force the jewelry that he had given to the Mademoiselle. To prevent this, Olivier relates, he threw the letter into de Scudéri's coach, imploring her to return the jewelry as soon as possible. Two days later, because he was afraid that his master was about to attack Mademoiselle de Scudéri, Olivier secretly followed him when he left the house under cover of darkness. Instead of the mademoiselle, Cardillac attacked an officer, who stabbed Cardillac with his dagger and then fled. Olivier brought Cardillac and the murder weapon back to his house, where the master died of his injuries. Olivier was arrested and charged with the murder. His intention, he states, is to die for the murder if he must in order to spare his beloved Madelon the sorrow of learning the truth about her father. With this, Olivier ends his story and is returned to prison. Because he continues to refuse to confess, an order for his torture is issued.",
"Mademoiselle de Scudéri makes a number of attempts to save Olivier, including writing a letter to La Régnie, but she is unsuccessful. She even wants to plead his case before the King himself, but a famous lawyer by the name of d'Andilly, whom she has consulted, convinces her that at this stage in his case this would not be in the young man's best interest.",
"Unexpectedly, an officer in the King's Guard by the name of Miossens visits her and reveals that he is the person who, in self\\-defense, stabbed and killed Cardillac. The astonished Mademoiselle says to him \"And you have said nothing? You have not made a statement to the authorities regarding what happened?\" Miossens defends himself by stating \"Allow me to remark that such a statement, even if it did not cause my ruin, would at least involve me in a most loathsome trial. Would La Régnie, who scents crime everywhere, immediately believe me if I accused the honest Cardillac, the very embodiment of complete piety and virtue, of attempted murder?\" Miossens refuses to consider Olivier innocent, accusing him instead of being Cardillac's accomplice.",
"Under a pledge of secrecy, Miossens repeats his testimony to d'Andilly, and with this information the lawyer is able to have Olivier's torture postponed. Subsequently, de Scudéri is successful in getting the King to review the case once again. After a month of uncertainty, he reveals to the Mademoiselle that Olivier has been freed, that he will be allowed to marry his beloved Madelon, and that he will receive 1,000 louis d'or as a dowery under the condition that they leave Paris. Olivier and Madelon move to Geneva, where they live happily. The jewelry stolen by Cardillac is returned to the rightful owners who still are living. The rest becomes the property of the [Church of St. Eustace](/wiki/Saint-Eustache%2C_Paris \"Saint-Eustache, Paris\").",
""
] |
Interpretations
---------------
As Kaiser has pointed out,{{sfn\|Kaiser\|1988\|p\=75}}
> In its apparent simplicity, \[*Mademoiselle de Scudéri*] contradistinguishes itself from those works in which Hoffmann himself was able to view the pinnacle of his aesthetic achievement (*[The Golden Pot](/wiki/The_Golden_Pot "The Golden Pot")* \[*Der goldne Topf*] and *Tomcat Murr* \[*Kater Murr*], for example). Nevertheless, the various interpretations that the story has inspired—as deserving of criticism as each may be in and of itself—have shown that, beneath the surface of a tightly organized text, the novella is truly a multilayered work.
Some of these interpretations are reviewed below.
### *Mademoiselle de Scudéri* as crime fiction
The most frequently encountered interpretation of Hoffmann's novella holds that it is an early example of [crime fiction](/wiki/Crime_fiction "Crime fiction"), perhaps the earliest in [German literature](/wiki/German_literature "German literature").{{sfn\|Kaiser\|1988\|pp\=75–6}} Crime fiction generally is divided into two main categories: the detective story and the crime story. In the detective story, as defined by *The Oxford Companion to English Literature*, "a crime (generally, though not necessarily, a murder) is committed \[...]; the puzzle of the criminal's identity is finally solved through a process of investigation, observation, and deduction by an expert detective. In a crime story, the criminal's identity is known from the start, and the interest lies in observing his psychology and his attempts to escape justice ..."{{r\|Drabble1985\_269}}
Alewyn argues that with *Mademoiselle de Scudéri* Hoffmann created not only the first German detective story, but the first detective study in any language (it appeared before Poe's *The Murders in the Rue Morgue* (1841\).{{sfn\|Alewyn\|1974\|p\=353}} He writes that
> In this story we find, in addition to several subordinate motifs, the three elements that constitute a detective novel: first, the murder, actually, a series of murders, takes place at the beginning and is resolved at the end; second, there is the innocent suspect and the unsuspected guilty party; and third, the detection, not by the police but by an outsider, an elderly poetess.
If on first reading Alwyn's thesis seems plausible, Conrad argues it is weak.{{sfn\|Conrad\|1974\|p\=109}} If Madmoiselle de Scudéri is a detective, she is an inept one. Her attempts at solving the mystery by deduction fail. It is not expert detective work but the confession of Miossens that eventually reveals to the authorities it was Cardillac who committed the many murders and jewelry thefts in Paris. de Scudéri is helpful in freeing the innocent Olivier because of her humanity, nobility of character, sympathy, and access to the king, not because of her ability to investigate, reason, and draw conclusions from evidence.
A case can be made that *Mademoiselle de Scudéri* is an example of crime fiction as defined above, but this thesis is also weak.{{r\|Segebrecht2001\_1515}} The story does briefly deal with the psychology of the criminal (revealed in Olivier's back\-story), but Cardillac's pathology plays only a minor role in the plot. Furthermore, the criminal is not known from the beginning. In fact, at least a third of the novella takes place after his death. The reader's interest centers on whether Olivier will be exonerated and reunited with his fiancée, not whether the murderer or murderers of so many Parisians will be discovered and brought to justice.
### Sociopolitical interpretations
As Miossens's behavior clearly indicates, the Chambre ardente hinders more than facilitates the solving of the mysterious series of crimes plaguing Paris. Indeed, La Régnie and his henchmen spread as much terror as the criminal who strikes under the cover of night and leaves no trace of himself. At first, the seemingly airtight case the Chambre builds against Olivier, including a suspicion of Madelon's complicity, convinces even Mademoiselle de Scudéri and the skeptical lawyer d'Andilly of his guilt in Cardillac's murder. As the reader knows, the case is completely groundless. It is only de Scudéri's sensitivity and inner voice which leads her to believe in Olivier's innocence again. The positive outcome results almost solely from her friendship with the King.
This aspect of Hoffmann's novella has been interpreted as a sharp critique of the legal institutions of France during the reign of Louis XIV and, by extension, of the reforms to the Prussian legal system of his own time.{{sfnm\|Ellis\|1969\|1p\=349\|Post\|1976\|2p\=145}}{{r\|Reinert1973\_46}} These reforms (and their accompanying police practices) had as their goal the abolition of the absolute right of the monarch to rule as he saw fit in all legal matters. Before the reforms, the king stood completely above and outside the law.{{sfn\|Conrad\|1974\|p\=111}} This interpretation sees Hoffmann as legitimatizing to some extent (using the [Ancien Régime](/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime "Ancien Régime") as an allegory) a system of absolute rather than constitutional monarchy. Hoffmann appears to favor a legal system based not on pure rationality, but instead a humanism based on intuition and empathy.
### Psychological interpretations
From a psychological standpoint, Cardillac seems much more interesting than de Scudéri. Perhaps this is why Hindemith named his opera (1926\) and Reitz his film (1968\) *Cardillac* rather than *Mademoiselle de Scudéri.*
**Dissociation**
Tölle contends that *Mademoiselle de Scudéri* contains the earliest description of a double life in the sense of the abnormal psychological phenomenon known as dissociation (segregation of a group of mental processes from the rest of a person's usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, perception, and motor behavior).{{sfn\|Tölle\|1997\|loc\=p. A\-1870}} This, the researcher points out, is by no means the same thing as the disorder commonly known as a "split personality." Goldsmith Cardillac is one of the most respected citizens of Paris but at the same time a serial killer. Tölle finds it remarkable that Hoffmann had no model for this dissociative behavior and concludes that it must have been of his own invention. As he notes, what the author described can often be observed in ordinary life: for example, lady during the day, prostitute at night; husband during the day, criminal at night; loving father on the one hand and despotic boss on the other (or the reverse).
**The artist as prostitute**
Safranski points out that the artist Cardillac finds it impossible to see his works, in which he has invested everything that he loves and everything that he is capable of, in the hands of strangers who have no other use for them than to indulge their vanity, satisfy their love of glitter, and further their amorous adventures.{{r\|Safranski2007\_423}} Ritter Gluck, in Hoffmann's work by the same name, states that "... art prostitutes itself when it sells itself." Through Gluck and Cardillac, Hoffmann seems to be saying that there is a dramatic gap between what art means to the artist and what it means to the general public. In the biblical sense, the artist who sells his art "casts pearls before swine".
### Religious interpretation
Himmel{{sfn\|Himmel\|1976\|p\=219}} sees de Scudéri as the person who Cardillac hopes will counteract the evil star that rules his life. He has chosen her rather than the Virgin Mary to be his savior. He points out that one of the items Cardillac offers the mademoiselle in his first attempt to give her jewelry is a beautiful diamond crown that he had intended for the Holy Virgin in the Church of [Saint Eustace](/wiki/Saint_Eustace "Saint Eustace"). Himmel notes that Eustace (Placidus), is said to have been an avid hunter until he was ordered by a stag bearing a cross between its horns to give up hunting. In this interpretation, Cardillac hopes that the virtuous de Scudéri could free him from his drive to hunt humans. The mademoiselle, however, is incapable of replacing either Mary or the Saint as the rescuer of the sacrilegious goldsmith.
|
[
"Interpretations\n---------------",
"As Kaiser has pointed out,{{sfn\\|Kaiser\\|1988\\|p\\=75}}",
"",
"> In its apparent simplicity, \\[*Mademoiselle de Scudéri*] contradistinguishes itself from those works in which Hoffmann himself was able to view the pinnacle of his aesthetic achievement (*[The Golden Pot](/wiki/The_Golden_Pot \"The Golden Pot\")* \\[*Der goldne Topf*] and *Tomcat Murr* \\[*Kater Murr*], for example). Nevertheless, the various interpretations that the story has inspired—as deserving of criticism as each may be in and of itself—have shown that, beneath the surface of a tightly organized text, the novella is truly a multilayered work.",
"Some of these interpretations are reviewed below.",
"### *Mademoiselle de Scudéri* as crime fiction",
"The most frequently encountered interpretation of Hoffmann's novella holds that it is an early example of [crime fiction](/wiki/Crime_fiction \"Crime fiction\"), perhaps the earliest in [German literature](/wiki/German_literature \"German literature\").{{sfn\\|Kaiser\\|1988\\|pp\\=75–6}} Crime fiction generally is divided into two main categories: the detective story and the crime story. In the detective story, as defined by *The Oxford Companion to English Literature*, \"a crime (generally, though not necessarily, a murder) is committed \\[...]; the puzzle of the criminal's identity is finally solved through a process of investigation, observation, and deduction by an expert detective. In a crime story, the criminal's identity is known from the start, and the interest lies in observing his psychology and his attempts to escape justice ...\"{{r\\|Drabble1985\\_269}}",
"Alewyn argues that with *Mademoiselle de Scudéri* Hoffmann created not only the first German detective story, but the first detective study in any language (it appeared before Poe's *The Murders in the Rue Morgue* (1841\\).{{sfn\\|Alewyn\\|1974\\|p\\=353}} He writes that",
"",
"> In this story we find, in addition to several subordinate motifs, the three elements that constitute a detective novel: first, the murder, actually, a series of murders, takes place at the beginning and is resolved at the end; second, there is the innocent suspect and the unsuspected guilty party; and third, the detection, not by the police but by an outsider, an elderly poetess.",
"If on first reading Alwyn's thesis seems plausible, Conrad argues it is weak.{{sfn\\|Conrad\\|1974\\|p\\=109}} If Madmoiselle de Scudéri is a detective, she is an inept one. Her attempts at solving the mystery by deduction fail. It is not expert detective work but the confession of Miossens that eventually reveals to the authorities it was Cardillac who committed the many murders and jewelry thefts in Paris. de Scudéri is helpful in freeing the innocent Olivier because of her humanity, nobility of character, sympathy, and access to the king, not because of her ability to investigate, reason, and draw conclusions from evidence.",
"A case can be made that *Mademoiselle de Scudéri* is an example of crime fiction as defined above, but this thesis is also weak.{{r\\|Segebrecht2001\\_1515}} The story does briefly deal with the psychology of the criminal (revealed in Olivier's back\\-story), but Cardillac's pathology plays only a minor role in the plot. Furthermore, the criminal is not known from the beginning. In fact, at least a third of the novella takes place after his death. The reader's interest centers on whether Olivier will be exonerated and reunited with his fiancée, not whether the murderer or murderers of so many Parisians will be discovered and brought to justice.",
"### Sociopolitical interpretations",
"As Miossens's behavior clearly indicates, the Chambre ardente hinders more than facilitates the solving of the mysterious series of crimes plaguing Paris. Indeed, La Régnie and his henchmen spread as much terror as the criminal who strikes under the cover of night and leaves no trace of himself. At first, the seemingly airtight case the Chambre builds against Olivier, including a suspicion of Madelon's complicity, convinces even Mademoiselle de Scudéri and the skeptical lawyer d'Andilly of his guilt in Cardillac's murder. As the reader knows, the case is completely groundless. It is only de Scudéri's sensitivity and inner voice which leads her to believe in Olivier's innocence again. The positive outcome results almost solely from her friendship with the King.",
"This aspect of Hoffmann's novella has been interpreted as a sharp critique of the legal institutions of France during the reign of Louis XIV and, by extension, of the reforms to the Prussian legal system of his own time.{{sfnm\\|Ellis\\|1969\\|1p\\=349\\|Post\\|1976\\|2p\\=145}}{{r\\|Reinert1973\\_46}} These reforms (and their accompanying police practices) had as their goal the abolition of the absolute right of the monarch to rule as he saw fit in all legal matters. Before the reforms, the king stood completely above and outside the law.{{sfn\\|Conrad\\|1974\\|p\\=111}} This interpretation sees Hoffmann as legitimatizing to some extent (using the [Ancien Régime](/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime \"Ancien Régime\") as an allegory) a system of absolute rather than constitutional monarchy. Hoffmann appears to favor a legal system based not on pure rationality, but instead a humanism based on intuition and empathy.",
"### Psychological interpretations",
"From a psychological standpoint, Cardillac seems much more interesting than de Scudéri. Perhaps this is why Hindemith named his opera (1926\\) and Reitz his film (1968\\) *Cardillac* rather than *Mademoiselle de Scudéri.*",
"**Dissociation**\nTölle contends that *Mademoiselle de Scudéri* contains the earliest description of a double life in the sense of the abnormal psychological phenomenon known as dissociation (segregation of a group of mental processes from the rest of a person's usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, perception, and motor behavior).{{sfn\\|Tölle\\|1997\\|loc\\=p. A\\-1870}} This, the researcher points out, is by no means the same thing as the disorder commonly known as a \"split personality.\" Goldsmith Cardillac is one of the most respected citizens of Paris but at the same time a serial killer. Tölle finds it remarkable that Hoffmann had no model for this dissociative behavior and concludes that it must have been of his own invention. As he notes, what the author described can often be observed in ordinary life: for example, lady during the day, prostitute at night; husband during the day, criminal at night; loving father on the one hand and despotic boss on the other (or the reverse).",
"**The artist as prostitute**\nSafranski points out that the artist Cardillac finds it impossible to see his works, in which he has invested everything that he loves and everything that he is capable of, in the hands of strangers who have no other use for them than to indulge their vanity, satisfy their love of glitter, and further their amorous adventures.{{r\\|Safranski2007\\_423}} Ritter Gluck, in Hoffmann's work by the same name, states that \"... art prostitutes itself when it sells itself.\" Through Gluck and Cardillac, Hoffmann seems to be saying that there is a dramatic gap between what art means to the artist and what it means to the general public. In the biblical sense, the artist who sells his art \"casts pearls before swine\".",
"### Religious interpretation",
"Himmel{{sfn\\|Himmel\\|1976\\|p\\=219}} sees de Scudéri as the person who Cardillac hopes will counteract the evil star that rules his life. He has chosen her rather than the Virgin Mary to be his savior. He points out that one of the items Cardillac offers the mademoiselle in his first attempt to give her jewelry is a beautiful diamond crown that he had intended for the Holy Virgin in the Church of [Saint Eustace](/wiki/Saint_Eustace \"Saint Eustace\"). Himmel notes that Eustace (Placidus), is said to have been an avid hunter until he was ordered by a stag bearing a cross between its horns to give up hunting. In this interpretation, Cardillac hopes that the virtuous de Scudéri could free him from his drive to hunt humans. The mademoiselle, however, is incapable of replacing either Mary or the Saint as the rescuer of the sacrilegious goldsmith.",
""
] |
History
-------
The town's English name derives from *Arnkell's Lág* (Arnkell was a Viking leader; a "lág" (low) was an area of land). Its Irish name, *Inbhear Mór* or *An tInbhear Mór*, means *the large estuary*. It is also known in Irish as *Inbhear Dé*, from the [River Avonmore](/wiki/River_Avoca "River Avoca")'s older name, *Abhainn Dé*.
Historically it was a major seafaring town, with both the shipping and fishing industries using the port, with shipbuilding also being a major industry.{{Cite web \|title\=Story of Arklow \|url\=https://www.arklowmaritimeheritage.ie/history.php \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-15 \|website\=www.arklowmaritimeheritage.ie}}
One of the first recorded mentions of the Arklow area concerns [Palladius](/wiki/Palladius_%28bishop_of_Ireland%29 "Palladius (bishop of Ireland)"), the first bishop of Ireland who was recorded as landing at Arklow in 431\.Stalmans, Nathalie and T.M. Charles\-Edwards. "Meath, saints of", *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*, Oxford University Press, 2004
After the arrival of the [Anglo\-Normans](/wiki/Anglo-Normans "Anglo-Normans"), their leader [Theobald Walter](/wiki/Theobald_Walter%2C_1st_Baron_Butler "Theobald Walter, 1st Baron Butler"), ancestor of the [Earls of Ormonde](/wiki/Earl_of_Ormonde_%28Irish%29 "Earl of Ormonde (Irish)"), was granted the town and castle of Arklow by [Henry II of England](/wiki/Henry_II_of_England "Henry II of England"). In 1264 the [Dominican Order](/wiki/Dominican_Order "Dominican Order") was granted a large tract of land, now known as Abbeylands, where they built [Holy Cross Abbey](/wiki/Holy_Cross_Abbey_%28Arklow%29 "Holy Cross Abbey (Arklow)"). Some time after 1416, the Manor of Arklow came into the control of the [MacMurrough](/wiki/MacMurrough "MacMurrough") Kings of [Leinster](/wiki/Leinster "Leinster"), possibly after the death of [James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond](/wiki/James_Butler%2C_4th_Earl_of_Ormond "James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond") in 1452\. In 1525, Muiris Kavanagh, King of Leinster from 1522 to 1531, returned Arklow and its lands to his nephew [Piers Butler, 8th Earl of Ormond](/wiki/Piers_Butler%2C_8th_Earl_of_Ormond "Piers Butler, 8th Earl of Ormond").
During the [Irish Confederate Wars](/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars "Irish Confederate Wars") in November 1649, a [skirmish took place outside Arklow](/wiki/Battle_of_Arklow_%281649%29 "Battle of Arklow (1649)") when [Royalist](/wiki/Cavalier "Cavalier") soldiers under [Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin](/wiki/Murrough_O%27Brien%2C_1st_Earl_of_Inchiquin "Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin"), ambushed [English Commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England "Commonwealth of England") troops marching to reinforce [Wexford](/wiki/Wexford "Wexford"). The attack was beaten off and an English garrison was installed in Arklow, while an attempt to retake the town by [Irish Confederates](/wiki/Confederate_Ireland "Confederate Ireland") in January 1650 failed.
In 1714, John Allen of Stillorgan, [County Dublin](/wiki/County_Dublin "County Dublin"), purchased the Manor of Arklow from [James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde](/wiki/James_Butler%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Ormonde "James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde"), shortly before the latter went into exile as a [Jacobite](/wiki/Jacobitism "Jacobitism"). In 1750, Allen's eldest granddaughter Elizabeth, married [John Proby, 1st Baron Carysfort](/wiki/John_Proby%2C_1st_Baron_Carysfort "John Proby, 1st Baron Carysfort"), who came into possession of the Arklow Estate as a result.
In the [Battle of Arklow](/wiki/Battle_of_Arklow "Battle of Arklow") on 9 June 1798, one of the bloodiest events of the [1798 rebellion](/wiki/1798_rebellion "1798 rebellion"), a large force of Wexford rebels attacked the town in an attempt to spread the rising to Dublin but were repulsed by the entrenched British forces with many hundreds killed.
Arklow Courthouse served as the local town hall,{{cite web\|url\= https://visitwicklow.ie/wp\-assets/uploads/2015/04/Arklow\-Tidy\-Towns\-The\-Blue\-Walk\-Tour.pdf\|title\=Arklow Tidy Towns: The Bluewalk Tour\|page\=7\| publisher\=Visit Wicklow\| year\=2013\|access\-date\=26 November 2023}} until the new Arklow library and municipal offices in Main Street were opened in April 2016\.{{cite news\|url\=https://wicklownews.net/2016/04/new\-arklow\-library\-and\-municipal\-offices\-opened/\|title\=New Arklow library and municipal offices opened\|date\=6 April 2016\|newspaper\=Wicklow News\|access\-date\=26 November 2023}}
{{Historical populations
\| title\= Population census
\| percentages \= pagr
\| align \= none
\| cols \= 3
\| 1821\|6226
\| 1831\|6511
\| 1841\|6237
\| 1851\|6122
\| 1861\|6257
\| 1871\|6377
\| 1881\|5213
\| 1891\|4482
\| 1901\|4944
\| 1911\|5042
\| 1926\|4535
\| 1936\|4680
\| 1946\|4915
\| 1951\|5203
\| 1956\|5292
\| 1961\|5390
\| 1966\|6083
\| 1971\|6948
\| 1979\|8451
\| 1981\|8646
\| 1986\|8388
\| 1991\|7987
\| 1996\|8557
\| 2002\|9959
\| 2006\|11712
\| 2011\|13009
\| 2016\|13163
\| 2022\|13399
\|footnote \= Sources:{{Cite web \|url\=http://airo.maynoothuniversity.ie/external\-content/wicklow \|title\=airo.maynoothuniversity.ie \|access\-date\=14 January 2018 \|archive\-date\=14 January 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114074601/http://airo.maynoothuniversity.ie/external\-content/wicklow \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/Show?page\=Home \|title\=Histpop \|access\-date\=28 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=28 November 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128054025/http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/Show?page\=Home \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \| url \= http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2011/Results.aspx?Geog\_Type\=ST\&Geog\_Code\=15009 \| work \= Census 2011 \| publisher \= Central Statistics Office \| title \= Settlement Arklow Legal Town And Its Environs (CSO Area Code ST 15009\) \| date \= April 2011 \| access\-date \= 28 March 2020 \| archive\-date \= 15 January 2015 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150115105706/http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2011/Results.aspx?Geog\_Type\=ST\&Geog\_Code\=15009 \| url\-status \= live }}
}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The town's English name derives from *Arnkell's Lág* (Arnkell was a Viking leader; a \"lág\" (low) was an area of land). Its Irish name, *Inbhear Mór* or *An tInbhear Mór*, means *the large estuary*. It is also known in Irish as *Inbhear Dé*, from the [River Avonmore](/wiki/River_Avoca \"River Avoca\")'s older name, *Abhainn Dé*.",
"Historically it was a major seafaring town, with both the shipping and fishing industries using the port, with shipbuilding also being a major industry.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Story of Arklow \\|url\\=https://www.arklowmaritimeheritage.ie/history.php \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-15 \\|website\\=www.arklowmaritimeheritage.ie}}",
"One of the first recorded mentions of the Arklow area concerns [Palladius](/wiki/Palladius_%28bishop_of_Ireland%29 \"Palladius (bishop of Ireland)\"), the first bishop of Ireland who was recorded as landing at Arklow in 431\\.Stalmans, Nathalie and T.M. Charles\\-Edwards. \"Meath, saints of\", *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*, Oxford University Press, 2004",
"After the arrival of the [Anglo\\-Normans](/wiki/Anglo-Normans \"Anglo-Normans\"), their leader [Theobald Walter](/wiki/Theobald_Walter%2C_1st_Baron_Butler \"Theobald Walter, 1st Baron Butler\"), ancestor of the [Earls of Ormonde](/wiki/Earl_of_Ormonde_%28Irish%29 \"Earl of Ormonde (Irish)\"), was granted the town and castle of Arklow by [Henry II of England](/wiki/Henry_II_of_England \"Henry II of England\"). In 1264 the [Dominican Order](/wiki/Dominican_Order \"Dominican Order\") was granted a large tract of land, now known as Abbeylands, where they built [Holy Cross Abbey](/wiki/Holy_Cross_Abbey_%28Arklow%29 \"Holy Cross Abbey (Arklow)\"). Some time after 1416, the Manor of Arklow came into the control of the [MacMurrough](/wiki/MacMurrough \"MacMurrough\") Kings of [Leinster](/wiki/Leinster \"Leinster\"), possibly after the death of [James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond](/wiki/James_Butler%2C_4th_Earl_of_Ormond \"James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond\") in 1452\\. In 1525, Muiris Kavanagh, King of Leinster from 1522 to 1531, returned Arklow and its lands to his nephew [Piers Butler, 8th Earl of Ormond](/wiki/Piers_Butler%2C_8th_Earl_of_Ormond \"Piers Butler, 8th Earl of Ormond\").",
"During the [Irish Confederate Wars](/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars \"Irish Confederate Wars\") in November 1649, a [skirmish took place outside Arklow](/wiki/Battle_of_Arklow_%281649%29 \"Battle of Arklow (1649)\") when [Royalist](/wiki/Cavalier \"Cavalier\") soldiers under [Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin](/wiki/Murrough_O%27Brien%2C_1st_Earl_of_Inchiquin \"Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin\"), ambushed [English Commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England \"Commonwealth of England\") troops marching to reinforce [Wexford](/wiki/Wexford \"Wexford\"). The attack was beaten off and an English garrison was installed in Arklow, while an attempt to retake the town by [Irish Confederates](/wiki/Confederate_Ireland \"Confederate Ireland\") in January 1650 failed.",
"In 1714, John Allen of Stillorgan, [County Dublin](/wiki/County_Dublin \"County Dublin\"), purchased the Manor of Arklow from [James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde](/wiki/James_Butler%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Ormonde \"James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde\"), shortly before the latter went into exile as a [Jacobite](/wiki/Jacobitism \"Jacobitism\"). In 1750, Allen's eldest granddaughter Elizabeth, married [John Proby, 1st Baron Carysfort](/wiki/John_Proby%2C_1st_Baron_Carysfort \"John Proby, 1st Baron Carysfort\"), who came into possession of the Arklow Estate as a result.",
"In the [Battle of Arklow](/wiki/Battle_of_Arklow \"Battle of Arklow\") on 9 June 1798, one of the bloodiest events of the [1798 rebellion](/wiki/1798_rebellion \"1798 rebellion\"), a large force of Wexford rebels attacked the town in an attempt to spread the rising to Dublin but were repulsed by the entrenched British forces with many hundreds killed.",
"Arklow Courthouse served as the local town hall,{{cite web\\|url\\= https://visitwicklow.ie/wp\\-assets/uploads/2015/04/Arklow\\-Tidy\\-Towns\\-The\\-Blue\\-Walk\\-Tour.pdf\\|title\\=Arklow Tidy Towns: The Bluewalk Tour\\|page\\=7\\| publisher\\=Visit Wicklow\\| year\\=2013\\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023}} until the new Arklow library and municipal offices in Main Street were opened in April 2016\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://wicklownews.net/2016/04/new\\-arklow\\-library\\-and\\-municipal\\-offices\\-opened/\\|title\\=New Arklow library and municipal offices opened\\|date\\=6 April 2016\\|newspaper\\=Wicklow News\\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023}}",
"{{Historical populations\n\\| title\\= Population census\n\\| percentages \\= pagr\n\\| align \\= none\n\\| cols \\= 3\n\\| 1821\\|6226\n\\| 1831\\|6511\n\\| 1841\\|6237\n\\| 1851\\|6122\n\\| 1861\\|6257\n\\| 1871\\|6377\n\\| 1881\\|5213\n\\| 1891\\|4482\n\\| 1901\\|4944\n\\| 1911\\|5042\n\\| 1926\\|4535\n\\| 1936\\|4680\n\\| 1946\\|4915\n\\| 1951\\|5203\n\\| 1956\\|5292\n\\| 1961\\|5390\n\\| 1966\\|6083\n\\| 1971\\|6948\n\\| 1979\\|8451\n\\| 1981\\|8646\n\\| 1986\\|8388\n\\| 1991\\|7987\n\\| 1996\\|8557\n\\| 2002\\|9959\n\\| 2006\\|11712\n\\| 2011\\|13009\n\\| 2016\\|13163\n\\| 2022\\|13399\n\\|footnote \\= Sources:{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://airo.maynoothuniversity.ie/external\\-content/wicklow \\|title\\=airo.maynoothuniversity.ie \\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114074601/http://airo.maynoothuniversity.ie/external\\-content/wicklow \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/Show?page\\=Home \\|title\\=Histpop \\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 November 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128054025/http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/Show?page\\=Home \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\| url \\= http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2011/Results.aspx?Geog\\_Type\\=ST\\&Geog\\_Code\\=15009 \\| work \\= Census 2011 \\| publisher \\= Central Statistics Office \\| title \\= Settlement Arklow Legal Town And Its Environs (CSO Area Code ST 15009\\) \\| date \\= April 2011 \\| access\\-date \\= 28 March 2020 \\| archive\\-date \\= 15 January 2015 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150115105706/http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2011/Results.aspx?Geog\\_Type\\=ST\\&Geog\\_Code\\=15009 \\| url\\-status \\= live }}\n}}",
""
] |
History
-------
Until the early 19th century, New Quay consisted of a few thatched cottages surrounded by agricultural land, the natural harbour providing a safe mooring for fishing boats and a few small trading vessels. The New Quay Harbour Act was passed in 1834 and a stone pier was constructed at a cost of £4,700\. Trading activity increased and new houses were built as economic migrants arrived. As shipbuilding started up, the town increased in size with the construction of terraced housing up the slopes of the sheltered bay.Jenkins, J. Geraint. *Ceredigion: Interpreting an Ancient County.* Gwasg Careg Gwalch (2005\) p. 63\.
By the 1840s, more than three hundred men were employed in building ships in three centres: New Quay itself; Traethgwyn, a bay just to the north; and Cei\-bach, a pebble beach further north below a wooded cliff. Here were constructed not only [smacks](/wiki/Smack_%28ship%29 "Smack (ship)") and [schooners](/wiki/Schooners "Schooners") for sailing along the coast, but also larger vessels for sailing to the Americas and Australia. At that time, as well as [shipwrights](/wiki/Shipwrights "Shipwrights"), New Quay had half a dozen blacksmith shops, three sail makers, three ropeworks and a [foundry](/wiki/Foundry "Foundry"). Most of the men of the town were mariners or employed in occupations linked with the sea.Jenkins, J. Geraint. *Ceredigion: Interpreting an Ancient County.* Gwasg Careg Gwalch (2005\) pg. 64\. Several of the old warehouses remain, having been put to new uses. Lengths of chain, metal rings and [capstans](/wiki/Capstan_%28nautical%29 "Capstan (nautical)"), and a list of tolls for exports and imports can still be seen outside the [harbourmaster](/wiki/Harbourmaster "Harbourmaster")'s office.
By 1870, shipbuilding had ceased at New Quay but most of the men living there still went to sea. There were navigation schools in the town and many of the last [square riggers](/wiki/Square_rig "Square rig") that sailed the world were captained by New Quay men. Between 1850 and 1927, the Board of Trade issued 1,380 Merchant Master and Mate certificates to New Quay men compared, for example, with 21 certificates to [Laugharne](/wiki/Laugharne "Laugharne") men and five to [Ferryside](/wiki/Ferryside "Ferryside") men.Data from the National Maritime Museum, and available on Ancestry online, and reproduced at [Llareggub 1939 War Register](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/Llareggub-and-the-1939-war-register?authuser=0)
In 1907, a local newspaper noted that “New Quay... has more retired sea captains living in it than any other place of its own size in Wales.”*Cambrian News* 12 July 1907
At the 1939 War Register, there were 58 sailors living in New Quay (of whom 30 were master mariners), compared with four living in Laugharne and one in Ferryside.58 sailors active and retired. Data from the 1939 War Register and available online at Findmypast and reproduced at [Llareggub and the 1939 War Register](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/Llareggub-and-the-1939-war-register?authuser=0)
The New Quay historian, S.C. Passmore, has noted the “zeal for learning” that was present in New Quay. This was reflected in the opening of a Newspaper Reading Room in 1854, later incorporating a Lloyds Lending Library.S.C. Passmore (2012\) *Farmers and Figureheads: the Port of New Quay and its Hinterland*, pp57 and 111, Grosvenor.
One of the first guides for tourists was published in 1885 by the Welsh Press: *Guide to New Quay: Being a short description of New Quay as a Watering\-place*.Passmore op.cit. p110
The [1904\-1905 Welsh revival](/wiki/1904-1905_Welsh_revival "1904-1905 Welsh revival") began in New Quay.For helpful overviews of New Quay’s three chapels and two churches, see R. Bryan (2012\) *New Quay: A History in Pictures*, pp77\-83, Llanina Books and W. J. Lewis (1987\) *New Quay and Llanarth*, pp28\-31, Aberystwyth. The three chapels are Bethel, Tabernacle and Towyn; the two churches are Llanllwchaearn Church at the top of the town and St. Ina Church at Llanina on the eastern end of the bay.
Coronation Gardens, at the bottom of the town next to the pier, were created in 1911 to mark the coronation of George V.
A Memorial Hall was built on Towyn Road in 1925 in memory of those killed in the First World War.[Memorial Hall Information](https://nqmh.org.uk/?page_id=15)
Pupils from the [London Nautical School](/wiki/London_Nautical_School "London Nautical School") were evacuated to New Quay during the 1939\-1945 War, and billeted around the town in residents’ homes and hotels.[Nautical School website](https://www.lns.org.uk/home/heritage-information-and-news/heritage/). See also a letter from [Dylan Thomas](/wiki/Dylan_Thomas "Dylan Thomas") to Donald Taylor, 26 October 1944, in the *Collected Letters of Dylan Thomas* in which he notes he had been asked to find films for the pupils. There is an extended online description, with photos, of the School’s time in New Quay in the School magazine.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.lns.org.uk/assets/2020\_2021\_LNS\-Content\_Folders/Navigate/Navigate\-November\-2020\_1A\_1\.pdf\|title\=Navigate, December 2020 pp11\-13}}
There were 877 residents in New Quay shown on the Register of Electors in May 1945\. Of these, 587 were women and 290 were men, figures that partly reflect the number of New Quay men, most of them sailors, who were killed in the First and Second World Wars.See [New Quay War Memorial](https://ww1.wales/ceredigion-memorials/new-quay-war-memorial).
The post\-war history of New Quay is largely that of the emergence of the town as an attractive holiday destination.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Until the early 19th century, New Quay consisted of a few thatched cottages surrounded by agricultural land, the natural harbour providing a safe mooring for fishing boats and a few small trading vessels. The New Quay Harbour Act was passed in 1834 and a stone pier was constructed at a cost of £4,700\\. Trading activity increased and new houses were built as economic migrants arrived. As shipbuilding started up, the town increased in size with the construction of terraced housing up the slopes of the sheltered bay.Jenkins, J. Geraint. *Ceredigion: Interpreting an Ancient County.* Gwasg Careg Gwalch (2005\\) p. 63\\.",
"By the 1840s, more than three hundred men were employed in building ships in three centres: New Quay itself; Traethgwyn, a bay just to the north; and Cei\\-bach, a pebble beach further north below a wooded cliff. Here were constructed not only [smacks](/wiki/Smack_%28ship%29 \"Smack (ship)\") and [schooners](/wiki/Schooners \"Schooners\") for sailing along the coast, but also larger vessels for sailing to the Americas and Australia. At that time, as well as [shipwrights](/wiki/Shipwrights \"Shipwrights\"), New Quay had half a dozen blacksmith shops, three sail makers, three ropeworks and a [foundry](/wiki/Foundry \"Foundry\"). Most of the men of the town were mariners or employed in occupations linked with the sea.Jenkins, J. Geraint. *Ceredigion: Interpreting an Ancient County.* Gwasg Careg Gwalch (2005\\) pg. 64\\. Several of the old warehouses remain, having been put to new uses. Lengths of chain, metal rings and [capstans](/wiki/Capstan_%28nautical%29 \"Capstan (nautical)\"), and a list of tolls for exports and imports can still be seen outside the [harbourmaster](/wiki/Harbourmaster \"Harbourmaster\")'s office.",
"By 1870, shipbuilding had ceased at New Quay but most of the men living there still went to sea. There were navigation schools in the town and many of the last [square riggers](/wiki/Square_rig \"Square rig\") that sailed the world were captained by New Quay men. Between 1850 and 1927, the Board of Trade issued 1,380 Merchant Master and Mate certificates to New Quay men compared, for example, with 21 certificates to [Laugharne](/wiki/Laugharne \"Laugharne\") men and five to [Ferryside](/wiki/Ferryside \"Ferryside\") men.Data from the National Maritime Museum, and available on Ancestry online, and reproduced at [Llareggub 1939 War Register](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/Llareggub-and-the-1939-war-register?authuser=0)",
"In 1907, a local newspaper noted that “New Quay... has more retired sea captains living in it than any other place of its own size in Wales.”*Cambrian News* 12 July 1907 \nAt the 1939 War Register, there were 58 sailors living in New Quay (of whom 30 were master mariners), compared with four living in Laugharne and one in Ferryside.58 sailors active and retired. Data from the 1939 War Register and available online at Findmypast and reproduced at [Llareggub and the 1939 War Register](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/Llareggub-and-the-1939-war-register?authuser=0)",
"The New Quay historian, S.C. Passmore, has noted the “zeal for learning” that was present in New Quay. This was reflected in the opening of a Newspaper Reading Room in 1854, later incorporating a Lloyds Lending Library.S.C. Passmore (2012\\) *Farmers and Figureheads: the Port of New Quay and its Hinterland*, pp57 and 111, Grosvenor.",
"One of the first guides for tourists was published in 1885 by the Welsh Press: *Guide to New Quay: Being a short description of New Quay as a Watering\\-place*.Passmore op.cit. p110",
"The [1904\\-1905 Welsh revival](/wiki/1904-1905_Welsh_revival \"1904-1905 Welsh revival\") began in New Quay.For helpful overviews of New Quay’s three chapels and two churches, see R. Bryan (2012\\) *New Quay: A History in Pictures*, pp77\\-83, Llanina Books and W. J. Lewis (1987\\) *New Quay and Llanarth*, pp28\\-31, Aberystwyth. The three chapels are Bethel, Tabernacle and Towyn; the two churches are Llanllwchaearn Church at the top of the town and St. Ina Church at Llanina on the eastern end of the bay.",
"Coronation Gardens, at the bottom of the town next to the pier, were created in 1911 to mark the coronation of George V.",
"A Memorial Hall was built on Towyn Road in 1925 in memory of those killed in the First World War.[Memorial Hall Information](https://nqmh.org.uk/?page_id=15)",
"Pupils from the [London Nautical School](/wiki/London_Nautical_School \"London Nautical School\") were evacuated to New Quay during the 1939\\-1945 War, and billeted around the town in residents’ homes and hotels.[Nautical School website](https://www.lns.org.uk/home/heritage-information-and-news/heritage/). See also a letter from [Dylan Thomas](/wiki/Dylan_Thomas \"Dylan Thomas\") to Donald Taylor, 26 October 1944, in the *Collected Letters of Dylan Thomas* in which he notes he had been asked to find films for the pupils. There is an extended online description, with photos, of the School’s time in New Quay in the School magazine.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.lns.org.uk/assets/2020\\_2021\\_LNS\\-Content\\_Folders/Navigate/Navigate\\-November\\-2020\\_1A\\_1\\.pdf\\|title\\=Navigate, December 2020 pp11\\-13}}",
"There were 877 residents in New Quay shown on the Register of Electors in May 1945\\. Of these, 587 were women and 290 were men, figures that partly reflect the number of New Quay men, most of them sailors, who were killed in the First and Second World Wars.See [New Quay War Memorial](https://ww1.wales/ceredigion-memorials/new-quay-war-memorial).",
"The post\\-war history of New Quay is largely that of the emergence of the town as an attractive holiday destination.",
""
] |
Dylan Thomas
------------
[Dylan](/wiki/Dylan_Thomas "Dylan Thomas") and [Caitlin Thomas](/wiki/Caitlin_Thomas "Caitlin Thomas") lived in New Quay from 4 September 1944 until July 1945,The dates are evident from Thomas' letters. renting a cliff\-top bungalow called Majoda \- there's a photograph here:
For photographs of Majoda, see [Majoda photos](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/majoda-and-other-photos?authuser=0). There is an architect's drawing of the room plan of Majoda made in 1945 in D.N. Thomas (2002\) *The Dylan Thomas Trail*, p98, Y Lolfa
It stood, said Thomas, “in a really wonderful bit of the bay, with a beach of its own. Terrific.” P. Ferris (ed.) (2000\) *The Collected Letters: Dylan Thomas*, p. 581, and also see pp.582 and 583, Dent. Made of wood and asbestos, Majoda's facilities were basic: it had no mains electricity, gas or water, and the lavatory and a water tap were both outside.There is a more detailed description of Majoda and its facilities in D. N. Thomas (2000\) *A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, pp97\-100, Seren. Thomas also
refers to his "wood\-and\-asbestos pagoda" in his letter\-poem of 1 September 1944 in the *Collected Letters*. It was, wrote Caitlin, "cheaply primitive,"C. Thomas (1986\) *Caitlin: Life with Dylan Thomas*, p.89, Secker and Warburg, and they were there during one of the coldest [Cardiganshire](/wiki/Cardiganshire "Cardiganshire") winters on record. D. N. Thomas (2000\) *A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, p98, Seren.
There were several other families from Swansea living in New Quay, who had come after the bombing of Swansea in February 1941,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.swansea.gov.uk/threenightsblitz?lang\=en\|title\=Three Nights' Blitz\|website\=Swansea}} including the historian and artist, Myra Evans (1883\-1972\).Elmira/Myra Evans was the daughter of Captain Thomas and Mary Rees of New Quay. She was a local historian and artist, who had also written a children's operetta. Her portrait of Dylan Thomas can be found in D. N. Thomas (2000\) *Dylan Thomas: A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow* p104, Seren. Her husband, Evan Jenkin Evans (1882\-1944\), had been professor of physics at Swansea since 1920\. For more on Myra and her work, see [Myra Evans](https://www.google.com/search?q=Myra+Evans+New+Quay&sca_esv=568015810&rlz=1C1ONGR_en-GBGB977GB977&ei=LGgQZZnCA_C4hbIP6_K02AI&ved=0ahUKEwiZiKnM2cOBAxVwXEEAHWs5DSsQ4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=Myra+Evans+New+Quay&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiE015cmEgRXZhbnMgTmV3IFF1YXkyB) Thomas' Swansea friend and distant cousin, Vera Killick,{{Cite web\|url\=https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomaspeninsularity/tom\-williams\-fernhill?authuser\=0\|title\=Dylan Thomas: A True Childhood \- Tom Williams, Fernhill\|website\=sites.google.com}} lived next to Majoda in Ffynnonfeddyg cottage, whilst her sister, Evelyn Milton, lived further along the cliff\-top.Evelyn lived in Traethina. (Register of Electors, 1945\). There is more on Thomas's friendship with Vera at [Vera and Dylan](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandtheedgeoflove/dylan-thomas-and-the-edge-of-love-the-real-story?authuser=0). Vera and Evelyn's mother, Margaret Phillips, had been born in Llanarth, the next village to New Quay. See Thomas (2000\) pp. 27–28\. Thomas also had a Swansea aunt, and four cousins, in New Quay, who had lived there since the 1920s,The aunt was Elizabeth Ann Williams née Evans who had married John Williams (1864\-1911\), the brother of Dylan’s mother, Florence. Elizabeth left Swansea to live in New Quay in the 1920s, together with her daughter, Theodosia (b.1904\), who was Dylan's first cousin. Theodosia married a master mariner, Thomas Legg, in 1930\. Their three children, Margaret, Anne and George Legg (b. 1932\), were brought up in New Quay, in a house called Wendawel, which is today part of the Dylan Thomas Trail around the town. Thomas Legg's parents, Captain George Legg OBE and his wife, Margaret, also lived in New Quay. George and Margaret are to be found in the 1945 Register of Electors for New Quay, as is their daughter\-in\-law, Theodosia. For more on Dylan Thomas' New Quay relations, see pp. 106–115 of D. N. Thomas (2002\) *The Dylan Thomas Trail*, Y Lolfa.. as well as a more distant relative, the First World War fighter pilot ace, [James Ira Thomas Jones](/wiki/James_Ira_Thomas_Jones "James Ira Thomas Jones"), aka Ira Taffy Jones.He and his wife Olive lived in Tylegwyn, New Quay, for much of the 1939\-1945 war. (Register of Electors, 1945\). There’s an interview with Olive in D. N. Thomas (2004\) p. 100 *Dylan Remembered 1935\-1953*, vol. 2, Seren. For the family tree linking Dylan and Ira, see [Ira and Dylan family tree](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomaspeninsularity/tom-williams-fernhill?authuser=0) For more on Dylan and Ira Jones in New Quay, see the index of D. N. Thomas (2000\) *A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, Seren. See also Dylan’s comment on Ira Jones in his letter about New Quay to Margaret Taylor, 29 August 1946 in *Collected Letters*
Thomas had previously visited New Quay in the 1930sD. N. Thomas (2000\) *A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, Seren pp. 45–49 and then again in 1942–43 when he and Caitlin had lived a few miles away at Plas Gelli, [Talsarn](/wiki/Talsarn "Talsarn").Plas Gelli is a Grade II listed building. The house was built in the 1680s, with a four\-room cross\-wing added in the late 18th century. Dylan and Caitlin lived in Plas Gelli with Vera Killick, Evelyn Milton and their mother, Margaret Phillips. For more on this, see D. N. Thomas (2000\) *A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, Seren pp. 51–77, 79–80\. See also Thomas' two letters from Gelli, August 1942, in the *Collected Letters*. His New Quay pub poem *Sooner than you can water milk* dates from this period,*Sooner than*... is reproduced on p. 189 of D. N. Thomas (2000\) *A Farm etc*. It can also be found on p618 of Dylan Thomas' *Collected Letters* in a letter of 28 May 1945 to T. W. Earp, where Note 1 confirms the dating of the poem to 1943\. as does his script for the filming of Cardigan Bay for the final part of *Wales \- Green Mountain, Black Mountain*.See D. N. Thomas (2000\) p57 on Plas Gelli and the film crew at Gelli in August 1942\. The film comes to an end with a panoramic sweep of Cardigan Bay from Pengraig cliff above New Quay, followed by a shot of Carreg Walltog rock on the shore below. You can view the film here: [Green Mountain etc](https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060006280)
One of Thomas's patrons was [Thomas Scott\-Ellis, 8th Baron Howard de Walden](/wiki/Thomas_Scott-Ellis%2C_8th_Baron_Howard_de_Walden "Thomas Scott-Ellis, 8th Baron Howard de Walden"), whose summer residence was Plas Llanina, an historic manor house perched on the cliffs at Cei Bach, just a short walk away from Majoda. He encouraged Thomas to use the old apple house at the bottom of the manor's walled garden as a quiet place in which to write.D. N. Thomas (2000\) *A Farm etc*. pp. 45–51 and M. de Walden (1965\) *Pages from My Life*, Sidgewick and Jackson. It would have been an inspirational setting, and one Dylan Thomas scholar has suggested that the stories about Llanina's drowned houses and cemetery are "the literal truth that inspired the imaginative and poetic truth" of *[Under Milk Wood](/wiki/Under_Milk_Wood "Under Milk Wood")*.J. Ackerman (1998\) *Welsh Dylan* p. 127, Seren. Another important aspect of that literal truth was the 60 acres of cliff\-top between Majoda and New Quay that fell into the sea in the early 1940s.Passmore (2012\), p. 26 and Passmore (2015\) p. 470, who gives a date of 1940\.
New Quay, said Caitlin, was exactly Thomas's kind of place, "with the ocean in front of him...and a pub where he felt at home in the
evenings” C. Thomas (1986\) *Caitlin: Life with Dylan Thomas*, p92 Secker and Warburg. The pub was the Black Lion and he was happy there, as his letters reveal.see, for example, his letter to [Vernon Watkins](/wiki/Vernon_Watkins "Vernon Watkins"), 28 November 1944 in *The Collected Letters* ed. Paul Ferris, 2000, Dent His ten months at Majoda were the most fertile period of his adult life, a second flowering said his first biographer, [Constantine FitzGibbon](/wiki/Constantine_FitzGibbon "Constantine FitzGibbon"), "with a great outpouring of poems."C. FitzGibbon (1963\) *The Life of Dylan Thomas*, pp266\-67, Little Brown. These Majoda poems, including making a start on *[Fern Hill](/wiki/Fern_Hill "Fern Hill")*, provided nearly half the poems of *Deaths and Entrances*, published in 1946\.Started writing *Fern Hill* in New Quay: see (1\) C. FitzGibbon (1965\) *The Life of Dylan Thomas*, p.266, Little\-Brown. (2\) C. Thomas (1986\) *Caitlin: Life with Dylan Thomas*, p92, Secker and Warburg. (3\) P. Ferris (1999\) *Dylan Thomas: The Biography*, p.4, J. M. Dent. Further work was done on *Fern Hill* in July and August 1945 at Blaencwm, the family cottage in [Carmarthenshire](/wiki/Carmarthenshire "Carmarthenshire"), [Wales](/wiki/Wales "Wales"). A draft of the poem was sent to David Tennant on 28 August 1945: see P. Ferris ed. (2000\) *The Collected Letters of Dylan Thomas*, p. 629, J. M. Dent. *Fern Hill* received its first publication in *Horizon* magazine in October 1945\. There were four film scripts as well,*Our Country*, *Suffer Little Children*, *Twenty Years A\-Growing* and *The Unconquerable People*. and a radio script, *Quite Early One Morning,* about a walk around New Quay. This radio script has been described by Professor Walford Davies as "a veritable storehouse of phrases, rhythms and details later resurrected or modified for *Under Milk Wood*."Walford Davies, in W. Davies and R. Maud eds. (1995\), *Under Milk Wood: the Definitive Edition*, p. xviii , Everyman. For example, the “done\-by\-hand water colours” of *Quite Early One Morning* appear later as First Voice's “watercolours done by hand” in *Under Milk Wood*. Not since his late teenage years had Thomas written so much. His second biographer, Paul Ferris, concluded that "on the grounds of output, the bungalow deserves a plaque of its own."P. Ferris (1997\) *Dylan Thomas: The Biography*, p. 4, Dent. Thomas’s third biographer, [George Tremlett](/wiki/George_Tremlett "George Tremlett"), concurred, describing the time in New Quay as “one of the most creative periods of Thomas’s life.”G. Tremlett (1993\) *Dylan Thomas: In the Mercy of his Means*, p. 95, Constable
New Quay is often cited as an inspiration for the village of Llareggub in *[Under Milk Wood](/wiki/Under_Milk_Wood "Under Milk Wood")*.D. N. Thomas (2004\) *Dylan Remembered 1935\-53, vol 2*, pp. 285–313, SerenS. W. Rhydderch (2015\) *Ceredigion Coast: Llareggub and the Black Lion* in *A Dylan Odessey: 15 Literary Tour Maps*, ed. S. Edmonds, Literature Wales/Graffeg. Walford Davies, for example, has concluded that New Quay "was crucial in supplementing the gallery of characters Thomas had to hand for writing *Under Milk Wood*."W. Davies and R. Maud, eds.(1995\) p. xvii, *Under Milk Wood: the Definitive Edition*, Everyman.
FitzGibbon had come to a similar conclusion, noting that "Llareggub resembles New Quay more closely \[than Laugharne] and many of the characters derive from that seaside village in Cardiganshire..."C. Fitzgibbon (1963\) The Life of Dylan Thomas, p. 237, Little Brown. Writing in January 1954, just days before the first [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") broadcast of the play, its producer, [Douglas Cleverdon](/wiki/Douglas_Cleverdon "Douglas Cleverdon"), noted that Thomas "wrote the first half within a few months; then his inspiration seemed to fail him when he left New Quay..."D. Cleverdon (1954\) *The Radio Times*, 22 January And one of Thomas's closest friends, Ivy Williams of Brown's Hotel, [Laugharne](/wiki/Laugharne "Laugharne"), has said "Of course, it wasn't really written in Laugharne at all. It was written in New Quay, most of it."D. N. Thomas (2004\) *Dylan Remembered 1935–1953, vol. 2*, p. 187, Seren. Ivy’s husband, Ebie, also recalls visiting New Quay on several occasions, staying in the Black Lion (p. 187\). Jack Patrick Evans, landlord of the Black Lion in New Quay, has provided an account of Thomas gathering material for the play in the pub: “...he seemed to do his best writing among us local people – he was always with a pad on his knees...Always busy, making notes of any local characters who came in." D. N. Thomas (2004\) *Dylan Remembered 1935–1953*, pp. 99–100, Seren.
Thomas's sketch of Llareggub is now online at the [National Library of Wales](/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales "National Library of Wales").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.library.wales/discover/digital\-gallery/manuscripts/modern\-period/dylan\-thomas\-and\-the\-map\-of\-llareggub\#?c\=\&m\=\&s\=\&cv\=\&xywh\=\-126,\-9,5675,4819\|title\=Dylan Thomas and the map of Llareggub \| The National Library of Wales\|website\=www.library.wales}} The Dylan Thomas scholar, James Davies, has written that "Thomas's drawing of Llareggub is...based on New Quay."J.A. Davies (2000\) *Dylan Thomas's Swansea, Gower and Laugharne*, University of Wales Press. pp. 103–104\. There's been very little disagreement, if any, with this view. A recent analysis[Analysis of Llareggub sketch](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/dylans-sketch-of-llareggub?authuser=0), Google Sites. First published on *Discover Dylan Thomas: the official Dylan Thomas website*, September 2021\. of the sketch has revealed that Thomas used the name of an actual New Quay resident, Cherry Jones, for one of the people living in Cockle Street.In 1933, Dan Jones, a general builder in New Quay, married Phyllis Cherry, the daughter of Walter and Edith Cherry of Margaret Street, New Quay (see Free BMD, June quarter). Dan, Phyllis and her parents are all in the 1945 Register of Electors for New Quay. Walter Cherry was a town councillor, magistrate and a Black Lion regular. Following the marriage, Dan became known as both Dan Cherry and as Cherry Jones \- see D. N. Thomas (2000\), Dylan Thomas: A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow, Seren, p. 218\. There’s more on New Quay's Cherry Jones and Llareggub’s Cherry Owen online here:[Under Milk Wood](/wiki/Under_Milk_Wood "Under Milk Wood")
Thomas also drew upon other New Quay residents, including Mrs Ogmore Davies and Mrs Pritchard\-Jones, both of Church Street, whose names when combined produce Llareggub’s Mrs Ogmore\-Pritchard.Annie Davies was the wife of Thomas Ogmore Davies whose drapery shop, Bon Marché, stood at the top of Church Street, next to the Queens Hotel. There's a period photograph of Bon Marché here: [Bon Marche](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/a-postcard-from-new-quay?authuser=0)
Eluned Pritchard\-Jones was the wife of Barclays bank manager, Richard Pritchard\-Jones, Bank House, Church Street. (1945 Register of Electors.) There's more on her household fastidiousness in the Wikipedia entry for *Under Milk Wood*, which draws on an account of Mrs Pritchard\-Jones provided by her daughter: C. Edwards\-Jones (2013\), *New Quay Wales Remembered*, pp. 60\-61, Book Guild Publishing.
Jack Lloyd Evans, a New Quay postman and the Town Crier,The New Quay historian, S.C. Passmore, has noted that the “tradition of a town\-crier persisted down to the 1950s, the last crier being Jack Lloyd.” *Farmers and Figureheads*, (2012\) p75\. In her book on New Quay, former resident, Catrin Edwards\-Jones, gives examples of the local news that Jack Lloyd would cry out e.g. forthcoming local events such as a concert or a meeting in the Memorial Hall (*New Quay Wales Remembered* (2013\), Book Guild Publishing, pp. 28–29\). also lived on Church Street.He lived at Noddfa (now Trenova) at the top end of Church Street, opposite the Queens Hotel. See S. Passmore (2015\)*The Streets of New Quay*, p. 199, Lulu Press, and the Register of Electors 1945\. He provided the character of Llareggub's postman, Willy Nilly, whose practice of opening letters, and spreading the news, reflects Lloyd's role as Town Crier, as Thomas himself noted: "Nobody minds him opening the letters and acting as \[a] kind of town\-crier. How else could they know the news?" See Davies, W. and Maud, R. eds. (1995\) *Under Milk Wood: the Definitive Edition*, p.xxxvi, Everyman. This work sheet note, together with our knowledge that Thomas knew Jack Lloyd ("an old friend"),"Jack the Post is an old friend...” Letter to Margaret Taylor of 29 August 1946, in the *Collected Letters*. make the link between Lloyd and Llareggub’s Willy Nilly.
There were also other New Quay people in the play, including Dai Fred Davies, the donkeyman on board the fishing vessel, the Alpha. He appears in the play as Tom\-Fred the donkeyman. Dai Fred was in charge of the donkey engine, an auxiliary engine used for work such as lifting and pumping. He is mentioned in Thomas' letter to Margaret Taylor of 29 August 1946 (*Collected Letters*). For more on Dai Fred see Thomas, D. N. (2000\), *Dylan Thomas: A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, Seren, pp. 219–220\.
There are, too, New Quay people who can be found in the play, but not by name. Fourth Drowned’s question “Buttermilk and whippets?” is a good example: Jack Patrick, landlord of the Black Lion, kept whippets and made buttermilk in his dairy next to the hotel. The information about Jack Patrick’s dairy came from his niece, Ann Brodie, and from a New Quay resident, Eleanor Lister. For a good deal more on Jack Patrick, consult the Index of D.N. Thomas (2000\) *Dylan Thomas: A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, Seren There’s a photo of Jack with one of his whippets here: D.N. Thomas (2000\) *Dylan Thomas: A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, p.82, Seren
At the beginning of the play, Third Drowned asks: “How’s the tenors in Dowlais?” The question reflects the close relationship that once existed between New Quay and [Dowlais](/wiki/Dowlais "Dowlais"), an industrial town in the South Wales valleys. Its workers traditionally came to New Quay for their holidays, and often sang on the pier on summer evenings. Such was the relationship between the two towns that when St Mair’s church in Dowlais was demolished in 1963, its bell was given to New Quay's parish church. For more on the special relationship between New Quay and Dowlais, see D. N. Thomas (2002\) *The Dylan Thomas Trail*, p.73, Y Lolfa.
Other names and features from New Quay in the play include Maesgwyn farm, "Fourth Drowned: Who milks the cows in Maesgwyn?" Maesgwyn's fields were on the cliff\-top between Majoda and New Quay. See S. Passmore (2012\) *Farmers and Figureheads: the Port of New Quay and its Hinterland* p. 26, Grosvenor and S. Passmore (2015\) *The Streets of New Quay*, p. 470, Lulu Press, with a photo of Maesgwyn on p. 468\. There's also another photo of Maesgwyn on p. 213 of D. N. Thomas (2000\) *A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, Seren. the Sailor's Home Arms,Always known as the Sailor's Arms locally, and in newspaper reports and in some census returns. See [Sailor's Arms](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/Llareggub-and-the-1939-war-register?authuser=0) See also D. N. Thomas (2000\) *A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow* pp. 212\-213, Seren, for more on the Sailor's Arms. the river Dewi,Ffynnon Ddewi (Dewi’s Well), supplied the town’s water until the 1930s. The river Dewi itself flows into the sea nearby. See W. J. Lewis (1987\) *New Quay and Llanarth* p. 35 Aberystwyth the quarry,Frondolau quarry at the end of Rock Street and Neuadd quarry on the headland above. As with Llareggub's Mr Waldo and Mrs Beattie Morris up in the quarry, New Quay’s Frondolau quarry had long been a favourite spot for couples, as the *New Quay Chronicle* had once reported: “Should Cupid pierce the tender hearts of the lovely maidens and brave young men, the quarry and the lonely cliffs form an unapproachable fortress to guard their faltering confessions.” August 1902\. the harbour,New Quay's harbour and pier date from the early 19th century. See chapter 2 of S. C. Passmore (2012\) *Farmers and Figureheads: the Port of New Quay and its Hinterland*, Grosvenor. They are both still in use today (2022\).
Laugharne's harbour had vanished under saltmarsh and silt long before Thomas' time. Ever since the 17th century, “…the incremental growth of the salt marsh deprived the town of both beach and harbour and landlocked its castle.” See S. Read et. al. (2021\), *The geomorphology of the Taf Estuary* at [Laugharne harbour lost to salt marsh](https://www.simonread.info/within-the-living-memory-of-the-dead/) See also [Laugharne harbour history](https://historypoints.org/index.php?page=former-port-of-laugharne)
```
Manchester House,
```
Manchester House on Margaret Street in New Quay was a draper and milliner’s shop, as it is in Llareggub but not in Laugharne, where it was a general store. Thomas mentions New Quay’s Manchester House in his broadcast, *Quite Early One Morning*. the hill of windows First Voice: “The windy town is a hill of windows…..” See W. Davies and R. Maud, eds (1995\), *Under Milk Wood: the Definitive Edition*, p59, Everyman. For two photos of New Quay as a "hill of windows", see [hill of windows](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/majoda-and-other-photos?authuser=0) with another photo in D. N. Thomas (2000\) *A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, p. 206, Seren. and the Downs.Llareggub had Donkey Down (as well as Donkey Street and Donkey Lane). In New Quay, the Downs was an area of steep grassland that stretched down from the Black Lion to the lifeboat station. It was used for grazing donkeys, including Maisie, the Black Lion’s donkey. Thomas refers to the braying of donkeys in a letter from Majoda of 21 May 1945\. For more on New Quay’s donkeys, see Thomas, D. N. (2000\), *op.cit*. p. 212, with a photo of a typical New Quay donkey cart on p. 53 of R. Bryan (2012\), *New Quay: A History in Pictures*, Llanina Books. Walter Wilkinson also mentions the town’s donkeys in his account of a visit to New Quay in 1947\. *Puppets in Wales* (1948\), Bles, p. 131\. For more on New Quay names in the play, see Thomas, D. N. (2000\), op. cit. pp. 206–216, and online at [New Quay names](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/a-postcard-from-new-quay?authuser=0)
Llareggub's occupational profile as a town of seafarers, fishermen, cocklers and farmers has been examined through an analysis of the 1939 War Register, comparing the returns for New Quay with those for Laugharne, [Ferryside](/wiki/Ferryside "Ferryside") and [Llansteffan](/wiki/Llansteffan "Llansteffan"). It shows that New Quay and Ferryside provide by far the best fit with Llareggub's occupational profile.D. N. Thomas, (2019\) *Llareggub and the 1939 War Register*, first published in 2019 on Discover Dylan Thomas, the official Dylan Thomas website. It's also online at [Llareggub/1939 War Register](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/Llareggub-and-the-1939-war-register)
The writer and puppeteer, [Walter Wilkinson](/wiki/Walter_Wilkinson_%28puppeteer%29 "Walter Wilkinson (puppeteer)"), visited New Quay in 1947; his essay on the town captures its character and atmosphere as Thomas would have found it two years earlier.W. Wilkinson (1948\) *Puppets in Wales*, Bles and online here [Wilkinson in New Quay](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/hand-puppets-in-new-quay-walter-wilkinson-1947?authuser=0) There is, too, an online 1959 [ITV](/wiki/ITV_%28TV_network%29 "ITV (TV network)") film of the town and its people during the summer holiday season.{{cite web \|last1\=Howells \|first1\=Myfanwy \|title\=Ceinewydd 1959 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=tpt8NgODHQY \|website\=YouTube \|publisher\=ITV Cymru/Wales Archive / National Library of Wales \|language\=cy \|date\=1959}}
Much of the location filming for *[The Edge of Love](/wiki/The_Edge_of_Love "The Edge of Love")*, a 2008 film based around Thomas and Caitlin's friendship with Vera Killick, was carried out in and around New Quay. It starred [Sienna Miller](/wiki/Sienna_Miller "Sienna Miller"), [Keira Knightley](/wiki/Keira_Knightley "Keira Knightley"), [Matthew Rhys](/wiki/Matthew_Rhys "Matthew Rhys") and [Cillian Murphy](/wiki/Cillian_Murphy "Cillian Murphy"). The film, said the scriptwriter, Sharman Macdonald, was a work of fiction: it was "not true, it's surmise on my part, it's a fiction… I made it up."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/writersroom/insight/sharman\_macdonald2\.shtml\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106011342/http://www.bbc.co.uk/writersroom/insight/sharman\_macdonald2\.shtml\|archivedate\=6 January 2012\|title\=BBC Writersroom \- Sharman Macdonald\|website\=BBC\|date\=6 January 2012}} One incident in the film that Macdonald did not make up was the shooting at Majoda in March 1945, after which Vera's husband, William Killick, was charged with attempted murder and later acquitted.For more on the shooting and the subsequent trial, see D. N. Thomas (2000\) ch.4, with further information at D. N. Thomas (2002\) ch. 4\.
The [Dylan Thomas Trail](/wiki/Dylan_Thomas_Trail "Dylan Thomas Trail") runs through [Ceredigion](/wiki/Ceredigion "Ceredigion"), in west Wales, with a published walking guide available.{{cite book\|author\=David N. Thomas\|year\=2002\|title\=The Dylan Thomas Trail\|publisher\=\[\[Y Lolfa]]\|isbn\= 978\-0862436094}} It was officially opened by Dylan and Caitlin's daughter, [Aeronwy Thomas](/wiki/Aeronwy_Thomas "Aeronwy Thomas"), in July 2003\. The trail is marked by blue plaques, with information boards in New Quay, [Lampeter](/wiki/Lampeter "Lampeter") and [Aberaeron](/wiki/Aberaeron "Aberaeron"). Two photographic online guides to the New Quay section of the Trail are available.See R. Atrill in External Links below.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cardigan\-bay.com/pdf/DylanThomasTrail.pdf\|title\= Dylan Thomas \- New Quay / Y Cei Newydd\|website\=cardigan\-bay.com}} There are also a number of accessible day walks, including the Rev. Eli Jenkins' Pub Walk,See D. N. Thomas (2002\) p. 85 *The Dylan Thomas Trail* Y Lolfa, for this pub walk. which follows the river Dewi to the sea, passing close to the farm of the Cilie poets.On the Cilie poets, see [Cilie poets and musicians](https://biography.wales/article/s2-JONE-CIL-1855)
Thomas and his family left New Quay in July 1945\. By September, he was writing to Caitlin about finding somewhere to live, telling her he would live in Majoda again.6 September 1945, in *Collected Letters* He came back to New Quay at least twice in 1946, the first time in March, a visit he records in his radio broadcast, *The Crumbs of One Man’s Year*, in which he writes about the “gently swilling retired sea\-captains” in the back bar of the Black Lion. Then, in early summer, he was seen in the Commercial pub (formerly the Sailor's Home ArmsBringing to mind the Sailors' Arms in *Under Milk Wood*: [Sailor's Home Arms](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/Llareggub-and-the-1939-war-register?authuser=0) and now called The Seahorse Inn) with jazz pianist, [Dill Jones](/wiki/Dill_Jones "Dill Jones"), whose paternal family came from New Quay.He was spotted in the pub by the author Jon Meirion Jones. For more on this, see D. N. Thomas (2002\) *The Dylan Thomas Trail*, p. 102, Y Lolfa. For more on Dill Jones’ family and New Quay, see Thomas, D. N. (2002\) *Striding Dill Jones – Jazz with Black Hwyl*, *Planet*, June/July. Thomas's letter in August 1946 to his patron, Margaret Taylor, provides a vivid roll\-call of some of the New Quay characters that he knew.29 August 1946, in the *Collected Letters*. The people mentioned in the letter include Jack Patrick Evans, landlord of the Black Lion; David Frederick Davies, in charge of the donkey engine on board the Alpha; Dewi “Ianthe” Evans, an electrician in [Aberaeron](/wiki/Aberaeron "Aberaeron"); Evan Joshua James, manager of New Quay’s quarry; Norman Evans, shopkeeper, London House; John (Jack) Lloyd Evans, postman and Town Crier; [James Ira Thomas Jones](/wiki/James_Ira_Thomas_Jones "James Ira Thomas Jones"), a retired fighter pilot; [Alastair Hugh Graham](/wiki/Alastair_Hugh_Graham "Alastair Hugh Graham"), a reclusive aristocrat. For more on these, see [Under Milk Wood](/wiki/Under_Milk_Wood "Under Milk Wood").
Thomas also refers to New Quay in his 1949 broadcast, *Living in Wales* (“hoofed with seaweed, did a jig on the Llanina sands...”).R. Maud (1991\) *On the Air with Dylan Thomas: The Broadcasts*, p201, New Directions. He was still in touch in 1953 with at least one New Quay friend, Skipper Rymer, who had briefly run the Dolau pub in New Quay.The Dylan Thomas Archive in the University of Texas at Austin has a list written by Thomas in June 1953 of people, including Rymer, to whom he intended to write. Capt. Walter Rymer's family lived in Sunnydale on Brongwyn Lane in New Quay (Register of Electors, 1945\). He captained trawlers for Neale and West, fish merchants of Cardiff. For more on him, see Thomas, D. N. (2002\) p. 49\.
|
[
"Dylan Thomas\n------------",
"[Dylan](/wiki/Dylan_Thomas \"Dylan Thomas\") and [Caitlin Thomas](/wiki/Caitlin_Thomas \"Caitlin Thomas\") lived in New Quay from 4 September 1944 until July 1945,The dates are evident from Thomas' letters. renting a cliff\\-top bungalow called Majoda \\- there's a photograph here:\nFor photographs of Majoda, see [Majoda photos](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/majoda-and-other-photos?authuser=0). There is an architect's drawing of the room plan of Majoda made in 1945 in D.N. Thomas (2002\\) *The Dylan Thomas Trail*, p98, Y Lolfa \nIt stood, said Thomas, “in a really wonderful bit of the bay, with a beach of its own. Terrific.” P. Ferris (ed.) (2000\\) *The Collected Letters: Dylan Thomas*, p. 581, and also see pp.582 and 583, Dent. Made of wood and asbestos, Majoda's facilities were basic: it had no mains electricity, gas or water, and the lavatory and a water tap were both outside.There is a more detailed description of Majoda and its facilities in D. N. Thomas (2000\\) *A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, pp97\\-100, Seren. Thomas also\nrefers to his \"wood\\-and\\-asbestos pagoda\" in his letter\\-poem of 1 September 1944 in the *Collected Letters*. It was, wrote Caitlin, \"cheaply primitive,\"C. Thomas (1986\\) *Caitlin: Life with Dylan Thomas*, p.89, Secker and Warburg, and they were there during one of the coldest [Cardiganshire](/wiki/Cardiganshire \"Cardiganshire\") winters on record. D. N. Thomas (2000\\) *A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, p98, Seren.",
"There were several other families from Swansea living in New Quay, who had come after the bombing of Swansea in February 1941,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.swansea.gov.uk/threenightsblitz?lang\\=en\\|title\\=Three Nights' Blitz\\|website\\=Swansea}} including the historian and artist, Myra Evans (1883\\-1972\\).Elmira/Myra Evans was the daughter of Captain Thomas and Mary Rees of New Quay. She was a local historian and artist, who had also written a children's operetta. Her portrait of Dylan Thomas can be found in D. N. Thomas (2000\\) *Dylan Thomas: A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow* p104, Seren. Her husband, Evan Jenkin Evans (1882\\-1944\\), had been professor of physics at Swansea since 1920\\. For more on Myra and her work, see [Myra Evans](https://www.google.com/search?q=Myra+Evans+New+Quay&sca_esv=568015810&rlz=1C1ONGR_en-GBGB977GB977&ei=LGgQZZnCA_C4hbIP6_K02AI&ved=0ahUKEwiZiKnM2cOBAxVwXEEAHWs5DSsQ4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=Myra+Evans+New+Quay&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiE015cmEgRXZhbnMgTmV3IFF1YXkyB) Thomas' Swansea friend and distant cousin, Vera Killick,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomaspeninsularity/tom\\-williams\\-fernhill?authuser\\=0\\|title\\=Dylan Thomas: A True Childhood \\- Tom Williams, Fernhill\\|website\\=sites.google.com}} lived next to Majoda in Ffynnonfeddyg cottage, whilst her sister, Evelyn Milton, lived further along the cliff\\-top.Evelyn lived in Traethina. (Register of Electors, 1945\\). There is more on Thomas's friendship with Vera at [Vera and Dylan](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandtheedgeoflove/dylan-thomas-and-the-edge-of-love-the-real-story?authuser=0). Vera and Evelyn's mother, Margaret Phillips, had been born in Llanarth, the next village to New Quay. See Thomas (2000\\) pp. 27–28\\. Thomas also had a Swansea aunt, and four cousins, in New Quay, who had lived there since the 1920s,The aunt was Elizabeth Ann Williams née Evans who had married John Williams (1864\\-1911\\), the brother of Dylan’s mother, Florence. Elizabeth left Swansea to live in New Quay in the 1920s, together with her daughter, Theodosia (b.1904\\), who was Dylan's first cousin. Theodosia married a master mariner, Thomas Legg, in 1930\\. Their three children, Margaret, Anne and George Legg (b. 1932\\), were brought up in New Quay, in a house called Wendawel, which is today part of the Dylan Thomas Trail around the town. Thomas Legg's parents, Captain George Legg OBE and his wife, Margaret, also lived in New Quay. George and Margaret are to be found in the 1945 Register of Electors for New Quay, as is their daughter\\-in\\-law, Theodosia. For more on Dylan Thomas' New Quay relations, see pp. 106–115 of D. N. Thomas (2002\\) *The Dylan Thomas Trail*, Y Lolfa.. as well as a more distant relative, the First World War fighter pilot ace, [James Ira Thomas Jones](/wiki/James_Ira_Thomas_Jones \"James Ira Thomas Jones\"), aka Ira Taffy Jones.He and his wife Olive lived in Tylegwyn, New Quay, for much of the 1939\\-1945 war. (Register of Electors, 1945\\). There’s an interview with Olive in D. N. Thomas (2004\\) p. 100 *Dylan Remembered 1935\\-1953*, vol. 2, Seren. For the family tree linking Dylan and Ira, see [Ira and Dylan family tree](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomaspeninsularity/tom-williams-fernhill?authuser=0) For more on Dylan and Ira Jones in New Quay, see the index of D. N. Thomas (2000\\) *A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, Seren. See also Dylan’s comment on Ira Jones in his letter about New Quay to Margaret Taylor, 29 August 1946 in *Collected Letters*",
"Thomas had previously visited New Quay in the 1930sD. N. Thomas (2000\\) *A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, Seren pp. 45–49 and then again in 1942–43 when he and Caitlin had lived a few miles away at Plas Gelli, [Talsarn](/wiki/Talsarn \"Talsarn\").Plas Gelli is a Grade II listed building. The house was built in the 1680s, with a four\\-room cross\\-wing added in the late 18th century. Dylan and Caitlin lived in Plas Gelli with Vera Killick, Evelyn Milton and their mother, Margaret Phillips. For more on this, see D. N. Thomas (2000\\) *A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, Seren pp. 51–77, 79–80\\. See also Thomas' two letters from Gelli, August 1942, in the *Collected Letters*. His New Quay pub poem *Sooner than you can water milk* dates from this period,*Sooner than*... is reproduced on p. 189 of D. N. Thomas (2000\\) *A Farm etc*. It can also be found on p618 of Dylan Thomas' *Collected Letters* in a letter of 28 May 1945 to T. W. Earp, where Note 1 confirms the dating of the poem to 1943\\. as does his script for the filming of Cardigan Bay for the final part of *Wales \\- Green Mountain, Black Mountain*.See D. N. Thomas (2000\\) p57 on Plas Gelli and the film crew at Gelli in August 1942\\. The film comes to an end with a panoramic sweep of Cardigan Bay from Pengraig cliff above New Quay, followed by a shot of Carreg Walltog rock on the shore below. You can view the film here: [Green Mountain etc](https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060006280)",
"One of Thomas's patrons was [Thomas Scott\\-Ellis, 8th Baron Howard de Walden](/wiki/Thomas_Scott-Ellis%2C_8th_Baron_Howard_de_Walden \"Thomas Scott-Ellis, 8th Baron Howard de Walden\"), whose summer residence was Plas Llanina, an historic manor house perched on the cliffs at Cei Bach, just a short walk away from Majoda. He encouraged Thomas to use the old apple house at the bottom of the manor's walled garden as a quiet place in which to write.D. N. Thomas (2000\\) *A Farm etc*. pp. 45–51 and M. de Walden (1965\\) *Pages from My Life*, Sidgewick and Jackson. It would have been an inspirational setting, and one Dylan Thomas scholar has suggested that the stories about Llanina's drowned houses and cemetery are \"the literal truth that inspired the imaginative and poetic truth\" of *[Under Milk Wood](/wiki/Under_Milk_Wood \"Under Milk Wood\")*.J. Ackerman (1998\\) *Welsh Dylan* p. 127, Seren. Another important aspect of that literal truth was the 60 acres of cliff\\-top between Majoda and New Quay that fell into the sea in the early 1940s.Passmore (2012\\), p. 26 and Passmore (2015\\) p. 470, who gives a date of 1940\\.",
"New Quay, said Caitlin, was exactly Thomas's kind of place, \"with the ocean in front of him...and a pub where he felt at home in the \nevenings” C. Thomas (1986\\) *Caitlin: Life with Dylan Thomas*, p92 Secker and Warburg. The pub was the Black Lion and he was happy there, as his letters reveal.see, for example, his letter to [Vernon Watkins](/wiki/Vernon_Watkins \"Vernon Watkins\"), 28 November 1944 in *The Collected Letters* ed. Paul Ferris, 2000, Dent His ten months at Majoda were the most fertile period of his adult life, a second flowering said his first biographer, [Constantine FitzGibbon](/wiki/Constantine_FitzGibbon \"Constantine FitzGibbon\"), \"with a great outpouring of poems.\"C. FitzGibbon (1963\\) *The Life of Dylan Thomas*, pp266\\-67, Little Brown. These Majoda poems, including making a start on *[Fern Hill](/wiki/Fern_Hill \"Fern Hill\")*, provided nearly half the poems of *Deaths and Entrances*, published in 1946\\.Started writing *Fern Hill* in New Quay: see (1\\) C. FitzGibbon (1965\\) *The Life of Dylan Thomas*, p.266, Little\\-Brown. (2\\) C. Thomas (1986\\) *Caitlin: Life with Dylan Thomas*, p92, Secker and Warburg. (3\\) P. Ferris (1999\\) *Dylan Thomas: The Biography*, p.4, J. M. Dent. Further work was done on *Fern Hill* in July and August 1945 at Blaencwm, the family cottage in [Carmarthenshire](/wiki/Carmarthenshire \"Carmarthenshire\"), [Wales](/wiki/Wales \"Wales\"). A draft of the poem was sent to David Tennant on 28 August 1945: see P. Ferris ed. (2000\\) *The Collected Letters of Dylan Thomas*, p. 629, J. M. Dent. *Fern Hill* received its first publication in *Horizon* magazine in October 1945\\. There were four film scripts as well,*Our Country*, *Suffer Little Children*, *Twenty Years A\\-Growing* and *The Unconquerable People*. and a radio script, *Quite Early One Morning,* about a walk around New Quay. This radio script has been described by Professor Walford Davies as \"a veritable storehouse of phrases, rhythms and details later resurrected or modified for *Under Milk Wood*.\"Walford Davies, in W. Davies and R. Maud eds. (1995\\), *Under Milk Wood: the Definitive Edition*, p. xviii , Everyman. For example, the “done\\-by\\-hand water colours” of *Quite Early One Morning* appear later as First Voice's “watercolours done by hand” in *Under Milk Wood*. Not since his late teenage years had Thomas written so much. His second biographer, Paul Ferris, concluded that \"on the grounds of output, the bungalow deserves a plaque of its own.\"P. Ferris (1997\\) *Dylan Thomas: The Biography*, p. 4, Dent. Thomas’s third biographer, [George Tremlett](/wiki/George_Tremlett \"George Tremlett\"), concurred, describing the time in New Quay as “one of the most creative periods of Thomas’s life.”G. Tremlett (1993\\) *Dylan Thomas: In the Mercy of his Means*, p. 95, Constable",
"New Quay is often cited as an inspiration for the village of Llareggub in *[Under Milk Wood](/wiki/Under_Milk_Wood \"Under Milk Wood\")*.D. N. Thomas (2004\\) *Dylan Remembered 1935\\-53, vol 2*, pp. 285–313, SerenS. W. Rhydderch (2015\\) *Ceredigion Coast: Llareggub and the Black Lion* in *A Dylan Odessey: 15 Literary Tour Maps*, ed. S. Edmonds, Literature Wales/Graffeg. Walford Davies, for example, has concluded that New Quay \"was crucial in supplementing the gallery of characters Thomas had to hand for writing *Under Milk Wood*.\"W. Davies and R. Maud, eds.(1995\\) p. xvii, *Under Milk Wood: the Definitive Edition*, Everyman.\nFitzGibbon had come to a similar conclusion, noting that \"Llareggub resembles New Quay more closely \\[than Laugharne] and many of the characters derive from that seaside village in Cardiganshire...\"C. Fitzgibbon (1963\\) The Life of Dylan Thomas, p. 237, Little Brown. Writing in January 1954, just days before the first [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") broadcast of the play, its producer, [Douglas Cleverdon](/wiki/Douglas_Cleverdon \"Douglas Cleverdon\"), noted that Thomas \"wrote the first half within a few months; then his inspiration seemed to fail him when he left New Quay...\"D. Cleverdon (1954\\) *The Radio Times*, 22 January And one of Thomas's closest friends, Ivy Williams of Brown's Hotel, [Laugharne](/wiki/Laugharne \"Laugharne\"), has said \"Of course, it wasn't really written in Laugharne at all. It was written in New Quay, most of it.\"D. N. Thomas (2004\\) *Dylan Remembered 1935–1953, vol. 2*, p. 187, Seren. Ivy’s husband, Ebie, also recalls visiting New Quay on several occasions, staying in the Black Lion (p. 187\\). Jack Patrick Evans, landlord of the Black Lion in New Quay, has provided an account of Thomas gathering material for the play in the pub: “...he seemed to do his best writing among us local people – he was always with a pad on his knees...Always busy, making notes of any local characters who came in.\" D. N. Thomas (2004\\) *Dylan Remembered 1935–1953*, pp. 99–100, Seren.",
"Thomas's sketch of Llareggub is now online at the [National Library of Wales](/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales \"National Library of Wales\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.library.wales/discover/digital\\-gallery/manuscripts/modern\\-period/dylan\\-thomas\\-and\\-the\\-map\\-of\\-llareggub\\#?c\\=\\&m\\=\\&s\\=\\&cv\\=\\&xywh\\=\\-126,\\-9,5675,4819\\|title\\=Dylan Thomas and the map of Llareggub \\| The National Library of Wales\\|website\\=www.library.wales}} The Dylan Thomas scholar, James Davies, has written that \"Thomas's drawing of Llareggub is...based on New Quay.\"J.A. Davies (2000\\) *Dylan Thomas's Swansea, Gower and Laugharne*, University of Wales Press. pp. 103–104\\. There's been very little disagreement, if any, with this view. A recent analysis[Analysis of Llareggub sketch](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/dylans-sketch-of-llareggub?authuser=0), Google Sites. First published on *Discover Dylan Thomas: the official Dylan Thomas website*, September 2021\\. of the sketch has revealed that Thomas used the name of an actual New Quay resident, Cherry Jones, for one of the people living in Cockle Street.In 1933, Dan Jones, a general builder in New Quay, married Phyllis Cherry, the daughter of Walter and Edith Cherry of Margaret Street, New Quay (see Free BMD, June quarter). Dan, Phyllis and her parents are all in the 1945 Register of Electors for New Quay. Walter Cherry was a town councillor, magistrate and a Black Lion regular. Following the marriage, Dan became known as both Dan Cherry and as Cherry Jones \\- see D. N. Thomas (2000\\), Dylan Thomas: A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow, Seren, p. 218\\. There’s more on New Quay's Cherry Jones and Llareggub’s Cherry Owen online here:[Under Milk Wood](/wiki/Under_Milk_Wood \"Under Milk Wood\")",
"Thomas also drew upon other New Quay residents, including Mrs Ogmore Davies and Mrs Pritchard\\-Jones, both of Church Street, whose names when combined produce Llareggub’s Mrs Ogmore\\-Pritchard.Annie Davies was the wife of Thomas Ogmore Davies whose drapery shop, Bon Marché, stood at the top of Church Street, next to the Queens Hotel. There's a period photograph of Bon Marché here: [Bon Marche](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/a-postcard-from-new-quay?authuser=0)\nEluned Pritchard\\-Jones was the wife of Barclays bank manager, Richard Pritchard\\-Jones, Bank House, Church Street. (1945 Register of Electors.) There's more on her household fastidiousness in the Wikipedia entry for *Under Milk Wood*, which draws on an account of Mrs Pritchard\\-Jones provided by her daughter: C. Edwards\\-Jones (2013\\), *New Quay Wales Remembered*, pp. 60\\-61, Book Guild Publishing.",
"Jack Lloyd Evans, a New Quay postman and the Town Crier,The New Quay historian, S.C. Passmore, has noted that the “tradition of a town\\-crier persisted down to the 1950s, the last crier being Jack Lloyd.” *Farmers and Figureheads*, (2012\\) p75\\. In her book on New Quay, former resident, Catrin Edwards\\-Jones, gives examples of the local news that Jack Lloyd would cry out e.g. forthcoming local events such as a concert or a meeting in the Memorial Hall (*New Quay Wales Remembered* (2013\\), Book Guild Publishing, pp. 28–29\\). also lived on Church Street.He lived at Noddfa (now Trenova) at the top end of Church Street, opposite the Queens Hotel. See S. Passmore (2015\\)*The Streets of New Quay*, p. 199, Lulu Press, and the Register of Electors 1945\\. He provided the character of Llareggub's postman, Willy Nilly, whose practice of opening letters, and spreading the news, reflects Lloyd's role as Town Crier, as Thomas himself noted: \"Nobody minds him opening the letters and acting as \\[a] kind of town\\-crier. How else could they know the news?\" See Davies, W. and Maud, R. eds. (1995\\) *Under Milk Wood: the Definitive Edition*, p.xxxvi, Everyman. This work sheet note, together with our knowledge that Thomas knew Jack Lloyd (\"an old friend\"),\"Jack the Post is an old friend...” Letter to Margaret Taylor of 29 August 1946, in the *Collected Letters*. make the link between Lloyd and Llareggub’s Willy Nilly.",
"There were also other New Quay people in the play, including Dai Fred Davies, the donkeyman on board the fishing vessel, the Alpha. He appears in the play as Tom\\-Fred the donkeyman. Dai Fred was in charge of the donkey engine, an auxiliary engine used for work such as lifting and pumping. He is mentioned in Thomas' letter to Margaret Taylor of 29 August 1946 (*Collected Letters*). For more on Dai Fred see Thomas, D. N. (2000\\), *Dylan Thomas: A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, Seren, pp. 219–220\\.",
"There are, too, New Quay people who can be found in the play, but not by name. Fourth Drowned’s question “Buttermilk and whippets?” is a good example: Jack Patrick, landlord of the Black Lion, kept whippets and made buttermilk in his dairy next to the hotel. The information about Jack Patrick’s dairy came from his niece, Ann Brodie, and from a New Quay resident, Eleanor Lister. For a good deal more on Jack Patrick, consult the Index of D.N. Thomas (2000\\) *Dylan Thomas: A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, Seren There’s a photo of Jack with one of his whippets here: D.N. Thomas (2000\\) *Dylan Thomas: A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, p.82, Seren",
"At the beginning of the play, Third Drowned asks: “How’s the tenors in Dowlais?” The question reflects the close relationship that once existed between New Quay and [Dowlais](/wiki/Dowlais \"Dowlais\"), an industrial town in the South Wales valleys. Its workers traditionally came to New Quay for their holidays, and often sang on the pier on summer evenings. Such was the relationship between the two towns that when St Mair’s church in Dowlais was demolished in 1963, its bell was given to New Quay's parish church. For more on the special relationship between New Quay and Dowlais, see D. N. Thomas (2002\\) *The Dylan Thomas Trail*, p.73, Y Lolfa.",
"Other names and features from New Quay in the play include Maesgwyn farm, \"Fourth Drowned: Who milks the cows in Maesgwyn?\" Maesgwyn's fields were on the cliff\\-top between Majoda and New Quay. See S. Passmore (2012\\) *Farmers and Figureheads: the Port of New Quay and its Hinterland* p. 26, Grosvenor and S. Passmore (2015\\) *The Streets of New Quay*, p. 470, Lulu Press, with a photo of Maesgwyn on p. 468\\. There's also another photo of Maesgwyn on p. 213 of D. N. Thomas (2000\\) *A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, Seren. the Sailor's Home Arms,Always known as the Sailor's Arms locally, and in newspaper reports and in some census returns. See [Sailor's Arms](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/Llareggub-and-the-1939-war-register?authuser=0) See also D. N. Thomas (2000\\) *A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow* pp. 212\\-213, Seren, for more on the Sailor's Arms. the river Dewi,Ffynnon Ddewi (Dewi’s Well), supplied the town’s water until the 1930s. The river Dewi itself flows into the sea nearby. See W. J. Lewis (1987\\) *New Quay and Llanarth* p. 35 Aberystwyth the quarry,Frondolau quarry at the end of Rock Street and Neuadd quarry on the headland above. As with Llareggub's Mr Waldo and Mrs Beattie Morris up in the quarry, New Quay’s Frondolau quarry had long been a favourite spot for couples, as the *New Quay Chronicle* had once reported: “Should Cupid pierce the tender hearts of the lovely maidens and brave young men, the quarry and the lonely cliffs form an unapproachable fortress to guard their faltering confessions.” August 1902\\. the harbour,New Quay's harbour and pier date from the early 19th century. See chapter 2 of S. C. Passmore (2012\\) *Farmers and Figureheads: the Port of New Quay and its Hinterland*, Grosvenor. They are both still in use today (2022\\).",
"Laugharne's harbour had vanished under saltmarsh and silt long before Thomas' time. Ever since the 17th century, “…the incremental growth of the salt marsh deprived the town of both beach and harbour and landlocked its castle.” See S. Read et. al. (2021\\), *The geomorphology of the Taf Estuary* at [Laugharne harbour lost to salt marsh](https://www.simonread.info/within-the-living-memory-of-the-dead/) See also [Laugharne harbour history](https://historypoints.org/index.php?page=former-port-of-laugharne)\n```\nManchester House,\n```",
"Manchester House on Margaret Street in New Quay was a draper and milliner’s shop, as it is in Llareggub but not in Laugharne, where it was a general store. Thomas mentions New Quay’s Manchester House in his broadcast, *Quite Early One Morning*. the hill of windows First Voice: “The windy town is a hill of windows…..” See W. Davies and R. Maud, eds (1995\\), *Under Milk Wood: the Definitive Edition*, p59, Everyman. For two photos of New Quay as a \"hill of windows\", see [hill of windows](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/majoda-and-other-photos?authuser=0) with another photo in D. N. Thomas (2000\\) *A Farm, Two Mansions and a Bungalow*, p. 206, Seren. and the Downs.Llareggub had Donkey Down (as well as Donkey Street and Donkey Lane). In New Quay, the Downs was an area of steep grassland that stretched down from the Black Lion to the lifeboat station. It was used for grazing donkeys, including Maisie, the Black Lion’s donkey. Thomas refers to the braying of donkeys in a letter from Majoda of 21 May 1945\\. For more on New Quay’s donkeys, see Thomas, D. N. (2000\\), *op.cit*. p. 212, with a photo of a typical New Quay donkey cart on p. 53 of R. Bryan (2012\\), *New Quay: A History in Pictures*, Llanina Books. Walter Wilkinson also mentions the town’s donkeys in his account of a visit to New Quay in 1947\\. *Puppets in Wales* (1948\\), Bles, p. 131\\. For more on New Quay names in the play, see Thomas, D. N. (2000\\), op. cit. pp. 206–216, and online at [New Quay names](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/a-postcard-from-new-quay?authuser=0)",
"Llareggub's occupational profile as a town of seafarers, fishermen, cocklers and farmers has been examined through an analysis of the 1939 War Register, comparing the returns for New Quay with those for Laugharne, [Ferryside](/wiki/Ferryside \"Ferryside\") and [Llansteffan](/wiki/Llansteffan \"Llansteffan\"). It shows that New Quay and Ferryside provide by far the best fit with Llareggub's occupational profile.D. N. Thomas, (2019\\) *Llareggub and the 1939 War Register*, first published in 2019 on Discover Dylan Thomas, the official Dylan Thomas website. It's also online at [Llareggub/1939 War Register](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/Llareggub-and-the-1939-war-register)",
"The writer and puppeteer, [Walter Wilkinson](/wiki/Walter_Wilkinson_%28puppeteer%29 \"Walter Wilkinson (puppeteer)\"), visited New Quay in 1947; his essay on the town captures its character and atmosphere as Thomas would have found it two years earlier.W. Wilkinson (1948\\) *Puppets in Wales*, Bles and online here [Wilkinson in New Quay](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/hand-puppets-in-new-quay-walter-wilkinson-1947?authuser=0) There is, too, an online 1959 [ITV](/wiki/ITV_%28TV_network%29 \"ITV (TV network)\") film of the town and its people during the summer holiday season.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Howells \\|first1\\=Myfanwy \\|title\\=Ceinewydd 1959 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=tpt8NgODHQY \\|website\\=YouTube \\|publisher\\=ITV Cymru/Wales Archive / National Library of Wales \\|language\\=cy \\|date\\=1959}}",
"Much of the location filming for *[The Edge of Love](/wiki/The_Edge_of_Love \"The Edge of Love\")*, a 2008 film based around Thomas and Caitlin's friendship with Vera Killick, was carried out in and around New Quay. It starred [Sienna Miller](/wiki/Sienna_Miller \"Sienna Miller\"), [Keira Knightley](/wiki/Keira_Knightley \"Keira Knightley\"), [Matthew Rhys](/wiki/Matthew_Rhys \"Matthew Rhys\") and [Cillian Murphy](/wiki/Cillian_Murphy \"Cillian Murphy\"). The film, said the scriptwriter, Sharman Macdonald, was a work of fiction: it was \"not true, it's surmise on my part, it's a fiction… I made it up.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/writersroom/insight/sharman\\_macdonald2\\.shtml\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106011342/http://www.bbc.co.uk/writersroom/insight/sharman\\_macdonald2\\.shtml\\|archivedate\\=6 January 2012\\|title\\=BBC Writersroom \\- Sharman Macdonald\\|website\\=BBC\\|date\\=6 January 2012}} One incident in the film that Macdonald did not make up was the shooting at Majoda in March 1945, after which Vera's husband, William Killick, was charged with attempted murder and later acquitted.For more on the shooting and the subsequent trial, see D. N. Thomas (2000\\) ch.4, with further information at D. N. Thomas (2002\\) ch. 4\\.",
"The [Dylan Thomas Trail](/wiki/Dylan_Thomas_Trail \"Dylan Thomas Trail\") runs through [Ceredigion](/wiki/Ceredigion \"Ceredigion\"), in west Wales, with a published walking guide available.{{cite book\\|author\\=David N. Thomas\\|year\\=2002\\|title\\=The Dylan Thomas Trail\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Y Lolfa]]\\|isbn\\= 978\\-0862436094}} It was officially opened by Dylan and Caitlin's daughter, [Aeronwy Thomas](/wiki/Aeronwy_Thomas \"Aeronwy Thomas\"), in July 2003\\. The trail is marked by blue plaques, with information boards in New Quay, [Lampeter](/wiki/Lampeter \"Lampeter\") and [Aberaeron](/wiki/Aberaeron \"Aberaeron\"). Two photographic online guides to the New Quay section of the Trail are available.See R. Atrill in External Links below.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cardigan\\-bay.com/pdf/DylanThomasTrail.pdf\\|title\\= Dylan Thomas \\- New Quay / Y Cei Newydd\\|website\\=cardigan\\-bay.com}} There are also a number of accessible day walks, including the Rev. Eli Jenkins' Pub Walk,See D. N. Thomas (2002\\) p. 85 *The Dylan Thomas Trail* Y Lolfa, for this pub walk. which follows the river Dewi to the sea, passing close to the farm of the Cilie poets.On the Cilie poets, see [Cilie poets and musicians](https://biography.wales/article/s2-JONE-CIL-1855)",
"Thomas and his family left New Quay in July 1945\\. By September, he was writing to Caitlin about finding somewhere to live, telling her he would live in Majoda again.6 September 1945, in *Collected Letters* He came back to New Quay at least twice in 1946, the first time in March, a visit he records in his radio broadcast, *The Crumbs of One Man’s Year*, in which he writes about the “gently swilling retired sea\\-captains” in the back bar of the Black Lion. Then, in early summer, he was seen in the Commercial pub (formerly the Sailor's Home ArmsBringing to mind the Sailors' Arms in *Under Milk Wood*: [Sailor's Home Arms](https://sites.google.com/site/dylanthomasandnewquay/Llareggub-and-the-1939-war-register?authuser=0) and now called The Seahorse Inn) with jazz pianist, [Dill Jones](/wiki/Dill_Jones \"Dill Jones\"), whose paternal family came from New Quay.He was spotted in the pub by the author Jon Meirion Jones. For more on this, see D. N. Thomas (2002\\) *The Dylan Thomas Trail*, p. 102, Y Lolfa. For more on Dill Jones’ family and New Quay, see Thomas, D. N. (2002\\) *Striding Dill Jones – Jazz with Black Hwyl*, *Planet*, June/July. Thomas's letter in August 1946 to his patron, Margaret Taylor, provides a vivid roll\\-call of some of the New Quay characters that he knew.29 August 1946, in the *Collected Letters*. The people mentioned in the letter include Jack Patrick Evans, landlord of the Black Lion; David Frederick Davies, in charge of the donkey engine on board the Alpha; Dewi “Ianthe” Evans, an electrician in [Aberaeron](/wiki/Aberaeron \"Aberaeron\"); Evan Joshua James, manager of New Quay’s quarry; Norman Evans, shopkeeper, London House; John (Jack) Lloyd Evans, postman and Town Crier; [James Ira Thomas Jones](/wiki/James_Ira_Thomas_Jones \"James Ira Thomas Jones\"), a retired fighter pilot; [Alastair Hugh Graham](/wiki/Alastair_Hugh_Graham \"Alastair Hugh Graham\"), a reclusive aristocrat. For more on these, see [Under Milk Wood](/wiki/Under_Milk_Wood \"Under Milk Wood\").",
"Thomas also refers to New Quay in his 1949 broadcast, *Living in Wales* (“hoofed with seaweed, did a jig on the Llanina sands...”).R. Maud (1991\\) *On the Air with Dylan Thomas: The Broadcasts*, p201, New Directions. He was still in touch in 1953 with at least one New Quay friend, Skipper Rymer, who had briefly run the Dolau pub in New Quay.The Dylan Thomas Archive in the University of Texas at Austin has a list written by Thomas in June 1953 of people, including Rymer, to whom he intended to write. Capt. Walter Rymer's family lived in Sunnydale on Brongwyn Lane in New Quay (Register of Electors, 1945\\). He captained trawlers for Neale and West, fish merchants of Cardiff. For more on him, see Thomas, D. N. (2002\\) p. 49\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Founding and early years
Led by John Ring, class of 1920, the first *Heights* debuted as a weekly newspaper on November 19, 1919 at a mere four pages, becoming the smallest college newspaper at the time. *The Heights* received funding from the school and ran stories about student clubs, sporting events, and lectures on campus. The first board declared *The Heights* a “news organ” that would live up to the “purity and ruggedness” of its name.{{Cite web\|url\=https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a\=d\&d\=bcheights19191119\.2\.5\&e\=\-\-\-\-\-\-\-en\-20\-\-1\-\-txt\-txIN\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\|title \= The Heights, Volume 1, Number 1 — 19 November 1919 — Boston College Newspapers}} Notably, in 1920, an editorial ran suggesting that the [mascot](/wiki/Mascot "Mascot") of BC be an [eagle](/wiki/Eagle "Eagle"); [the Eagle](/wiki/Baldwin_the_Eagle "Baldwin the Eagle") remains the mascot of Boston College.{{Cite web\|url\=https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a\=d\&d\=bcheights19201015\-02\.2\.8\&srpos\=2\&e\=\-\-\-\-\-\-192\-en\-20\-bcheights\-1\-\-txt\-txIN\-mascot\+eagle\-\-\-\-1920\-\-\|title \= The Heights, Volume II, Number 3 — 15 October 1920 Edition 02 — Boston College Newspapers}}
Through the early years of the ’30s and ’40s, *The Heights* remained focused on campus issues. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), *The Heights* began to include editorials of greater international focus, including pieces about the draft and the war, though Boston College remained the focal point. Among other issues, *The Heights* wrote heavily about the need for an active student council; *The Heights* first petitioned in 1947, predating the current undergraduate government (UGBC) by a number of years.{{Cite web\|url\=https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a\=d\&d\=bcheights19470328\.2\.10\&srpos\=4\&e\=\-\-\-\-\-\-194\-en\-20\-bcheights\-1\-\-txt\-txIN\-%22student\+council%22\-\-\-\-1947\-\-\|title\=The Heights, Volume XXVIII, Number 24 — 28 March 1947 — Boston College Newspapers}} Before the ’50s, the buildings in the Quad had no official names. What is now [Gasson](/wiki/Gasson_Hall "Gasson Hall") was simply “the tower building,” {{Cite web\|url\=https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a\=d\&d\=bcheights19481112\.2\.31\&srpos\=1\&e\=\-\-\-\-\-\-194\-en\-20\-bcheights\-1\-\-txt\-txIN\-naming\+buildings\-\-\-\-\-\-\|title\=The Heights, Volume XXX, Number 8 — 12 November 1948 — Boston College Newspapers}} and what are now Lyons, Devlin, and [Fulton](/wiki/Fulton_Hall "Fulton Hall") were also nameless. *The Heights* suggested naming the buildings after influential figures in the university's history.{{Cite web\|url\=https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a\=d\&d\=bcheights19520111\.2\.26\&srpos\=1\&e\=\-\-\-\-\-\-195\-en\-20\-bcheights\-1\-\-txt\-txIN\-naming\+buildings\-\-\-\-\-\-\|title\=The Heights, Volume XXXIII, Number 11 — 11 January 1952 — Boston College Newspapers}}
Eventually, the focus of *The Heights* was not limited to University issues, but also included national issues. In the 1950s, *The Heights* reprinted a [Martin Luther King Jr.](/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr. "Martin Luther King Jr.") article, and in 1960, accusing the University of not honoring the rights of its black students. *The Heights* also became more vocal about the Vietnam War, encouraging discussion of the war and calling for an end to it through support of protest groups.
These more liberal attitudes at the time were a shift from Boston College's more conservative, Catholic values, and became the beginnings of a strained relationship between the paper and the University administrators.
### Loss of school funding
By the mid\-’60s, the paper began to come into conflict with the school's administration. At one point, the paper wanted to sponsor a lecture by [birth control](/wiki/Birth_control "Birth control") activist [William Baird](/wiki/William_Baird_%28activist%29 "William Baird (activist)"), but the University wouldn’t allow it, as birth control opposes stated [Jesuit](/wiki/Jesuit "Jesuit") and [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic "Catholic") values; *The Heights* still held the lecture in its office in McElroy. The University placed sanctions on five *Heights* editors for their actions. Thus began University president Fr. Joyce's somewhat tense relationship with *The Heights*.
Soon, though, the paper would be forced to divorce itself from university funding in order to maintain editorial independence. In 1971, *The Heights* had a source bug a [board of trustees](/wiki/Board_of_trustees "Board of trustees") meeting and printed a transcript of the meeting in the next issue, publicizing the University’s plans to fire Executive Vice President Fr. F. X. Shea. The administration pressed charges and had a restraining order put on the information. The paper's editors, Tom Sheehan and Michael Berkey, were arrested on charges of conspiring to obtain information by illegal means. They pleaded no contest and were assessed a small fine. Sheehan and Berkey believed they were acting in the best interest of the student body; one BC professor, Richard Hughes, described Sheehan as “a genuine crusader, passionately dedicated to his beliefs.”[http://media.www.bcheights.com/media/storage/paper144/news/2006/11/16/Features/A.Reason.To.Rally\-2462870\.shtml{{Dead link\|date\=June 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=no }}](http://media.www.bcheights.com/media/storage/paper144/news/2006/11/16/Features/A.Reason.To.Rally-2462870.shtml{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}) The administration evicted *The Heights*, and cut off all funding after the incident. In the meantime, the newspaper operated out of the office of the Undergraduate Government of Boston College (UGBC) with borrowed money. Eventually, editors cut a deal with the administration to rent out McElroy 113, its current location. From 1971 onwards, *The Heights* would be an independent college newspaper, but would occasionally still clash with the values of the Jesuit University; in 1978, the University threatened not to renew lease after the paper published ads for an abortion clinic.
### Modern\-day paper
In recent years, the board has editorialized in favor of the creation of an LGBTQ resource center and University divestment from fossil fuels.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.bcheights.com/2015/04/30/the\-time\-is\-now\-for\-a\-lgbtq\-resource\-center/ \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127132308/https://www.bcheights.com/2015/04/30/the\-time\-is\-now\-for\-a\-lgbtq\-resource\-center/ \| archive\-date\=November 27, 2022 \| title\=The Time is Now for an LGBTQ Resource Center \| date\=April 30, 2015 }}{{cite web \| url\=https://www.bcheights.com/2020/02/24/bc\-should\-divest\-from\-fossil\-fuels/ \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531234813/https://www.bcheights.com/2020/02/24/bc\-should\-divest\-from\-fossil\-fuels/ \| archive\-date\=May 31, 2023 \| title\=BC Should Divest from Fossil Fuels \- the Heights Editorial \| date\=February 24, 2020 }} As an independent student newspaper, *The Heights* may print what the editorial board chooses, but must retain a relationship with the University to retain campus distribution rights and the newspaper office's lease agreement in McElroy Commons. In 2003, this lease was called into question following publication of a sexually explicit column called “Sex and the Univer\-city.”{{cite web \| url\=https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a\=d\&d\=bcheights20091119\.2\.9\&e\=\-\-\-\-\-\-\-en\-20\-\-1\-\-txt\-txIN\-\-\-\-\-\-\- \| title\=The Heights, Volume XC, Number 42 — 19 November 2009 — Boston College Newspapers }} In 2021, *The Heights* faced similar pressure from the BC administration after reporting on University President [William P. Leahy](/wiki/William_P._Leahy "William P. Leahy")'s inaction over early warning signs of sexual abuse conducted by former BC chaplain Ted Dziak, S.J.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.bcheights.com/2021/04/26/complaints\-sent\-to\-leahy\-and\-jesuit\-years\-prior\-to\-rape\-allegations/ \| title\=Complaints About Boston College Priest Sent to Leahy and Jesuit Provincial Years Prior to Rape Allegation \| date\=April 26, 2021 }}
In 2004, the paper began printing twice weekly, Mondays and Thursdays.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.bcheights.com/about\-us\|title\=About Us}} In 2017, *The Heights* returned to a once\-a\-week print cycle, and in 2021, *The Heights* ceased printing regular editions and began publishing a weekly "E\-Edition" online instead.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.bcheights.com/to\-greater\-heights/\|title \= The Heights, To Greater Heights\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228000403/https://www.bcheights.com/to\-greater\-heights/ \| archive\-date\=February 28, 2022 }} Since then, *The Heights* has continued to print its annual commencement edition, as well as occasional special print editions for events such as [Black History Month](/wiki/Black_History_Month "Black History Month").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Founding and early years",
"Led by John Ring, class of 1920, the first *Heights* debuted as a weekly newspaper on November 19, 1919 at a mere four pages, becoming the smallest college newspaper at the time. *The Heights* received funding from the school and ran stories about student clubs, sporting events, and lectures on campus. The first board declared *The Heights* a “news organ” that would live up to the “purity and ruggedness” of its name.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a\\=d\\&d\\=bcheights19191119\\.2\\.5\\&e\\=\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-en\\-20\\-\\-1\\-\\-txt\\-txIN\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\|title \\= The Heights, Volume 1, Number 1 — 19 November 1919 — Boston College Newspapers}} Notably, in 1920, an editorial ran suggesting that the [mascot](/wiki/Mascot \"Mascot\") of BC be an [eagle](/wiki/Eagle \"Eagle\"); [the Eagle](/wiki/Baldwin_the_Eagle \"Baldwin the Eagle\") remains the mascot of Boston College.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a\\=d\\&d\\=bcheights19201015\\-02\\.2\\.8\\&srpos\\=2\\&e\\=\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-192\\-en\\-20\\-bcheights\\-1\\-\\-txt\\-txIN\\-mascot\\+eagle\\-\\-\\-\\-1920\\-\\-\\|title \\= The Heights, Volume II, Number 3 — 15 October 1920 Edition 02 — Boston College Newspapers}}",
"Through the early years of the ’30s and ’40s, *The Heights* remained focused on campus issues. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), *The Heights* began to include editorials of greater international focus, including pieces about the draft and the war, though Boston College remained the focal point. Among other issues, *The Heights* wrote heavily about the need for an active student council; *The Heights* first petitioned in 1947, predating the current undergraduate government (UGBC) by a number of years.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a\\=d\\&d\\=bcheights19470328\\.2\\.10\\&srpos\\=4\\&e\\=\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-194\\-en\\-20\\-bcheights\\-1\\-\\-txt\\-txIN\\-%22student\\+council%22\\-\\-\\-\\-1947\\-\\-\\|title\\=The Heights, Volume XXVIII, Number 24 — 28 March 1947 — Boston College Newspapers}} Before the ’50s, the buildings in the Quad had no official names. What is now [Gasson](/wiki/Gasson_Hall \"Gasson Hall\") was simply “the tower building,” {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a\\=d\\&d\\=bcheights19481112\\.2\\.31\\&srpos\\=1\\&e\\=\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-194\\-en\\-20\\-bcheights\\-1\\-\\-txt\\-txIN\\-naming\\+buildings\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\|title\\=The Heights, Volume XXX, Number 8 — 12 November 1948 — Boston College Newspapers}} and what are now Lyons, Devlin, and [Fulton](/wiki/Fulton_Hall \"Fulton Hall\") were also nameless. *The Heights* suggested naming the buildings after influential figures in the university's history.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a\\=d\\&d\\=bcheights19520111\\.2\\.26\\&srpos\\=1\\&e\\=\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-195\\-en\\-20\\-bcheights\\-1\\-\\-txt\\-txIN\\-naming\\+buildings\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\|title\\=The Heights, Volume XXXIII, Number 11 — 11 January 1952 — Boston College Newspapers}}",
"Eventually, the focus of *The Heights* was not limited to University issues, but also included national issues. In the 1950s, *The Heights* reprinted a [Martin Luther King Jr.](/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr. \"Martin Luther King Jr.\") article, and in 1960, accusing the University of not honoring the rights of its black students. *The Heights* also became more vocal about the Vietnam War, encouraging discussion of the war and calling for an end to it through support of protest groups.",
"These more liberal attitudes at the time were a shift from Boston College's more conservative, Catholic values, and became the beginnings of a strained relationship between the paper and the University administrators.",
"### Loss of school funding",
"By the mid\\-’60s, the paper began to come into conflict with the school's administration. At one point, the paper wanted to sponsor a lecture by [birth control](/wiki/Birth_control \"Birth control\") activist [William Baird](/wiki/William_Baird_%28activist%29 \"William Baird (activist)\"), but the University wouldn’t allow it, as birth control opposes stated [Jesuit](/wiki/Jesuit \"Jesuit\") and [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic \"Catholic\") values; *The Heights* still held the lecture in its office in McElroy. The University placed sanctions on five *Heights* editors for their actions. Thus began University president Fr. Joyce's somewhat tense relationship with *The Heights*.",
"Soon, though, the paper would be forced to divorce itself from university funding in order to maintain editorial independence. In 1971, *The Heights* had a source bug a [board of trustees](/wiki/Board_of_trustees \"Board of trustees\") meeting and printed a transcript of the meeting in the next issue, publicizing the University’s plans to fire Executive Vice President Fr. F. X. Shea. The administration pressed charges and had a restraining order put on the information. The paper's editors, Tom Sheehan and Michael Berkey, were arrested on charges of conspiring to obtain information by illegal means. They pleaded no contest and were assessed a small fine. Sheehan and Berkey believed they were acting in the best interest of the student body; one BC professor, Richard Hughes, described Sheehan as “a genuine crusader, passionately dedicated to his beliefs.”[http://media.www.bcheights.com/media/storage/paper144/news/2006/11/16/Features/A.Reason.To.Rally\\-2462870\\.shtml{{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=no }}](http://media.www.bcheights.com/media/storage/paper144/news/2006/11/16/Features/A.Reason.To.Rally-2462870.shtml{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}) The administration evicted *The Heights*, and cut off all funding after the incident. In the meantime, the newspaper operated out of the office of the Undergraduate Government of Boston College (UGBC) with borrowed money. Eventually, editors cut a deal with the administration to rent out McElroy 113, its current location. From 1971 onwards, *The Heights* would be an independent college newspaper, but would occasionally still clash with the values of the Jesuit University; in 1978, the University threatened not to renew lease after the paper published ads for an abortion clinic.",
"### Modern\\-day paper",
"In recent years, the board has editorialized in favor of the creation of an LGBTQ resource center and University divestment from fossil fuels.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.bcheights.com/2015/04/30/the\\-time\\-is\\-now\\-for\\-a\\-lgbtq\\-resource\\-center/ \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127132308/https://www.bcheights.com/2015/04/30/the\\-time\\-is\\-now\\-for\\-a\\-lgbtq\\-resource\\-center/ \\| archive\\-date\\=November 27, 2022 \\| title\\=The Time is Now for an LGBTQ Resource Center \\| date\\=April 30, 2015 }}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.bcheights.com/2020/02/24/bc\\-should\\-divest\\-from\\-fossil\\-fuels/ \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531234813/https://www.bcheights.com/2020/02/24/bc\\-should\\-divest\\-from\\-fossil\\-fuels/ \\| archive\\-date\\=May 31, 2023 \\| title\\=BC Should Divest from Fossil Fuels \\- the Heights Editorial \\| date\\=February 24, 2020 }} As an independent student newspaper, *The Heights* may print what the editorial board chooses, but must retain a relationship with the University to retain campus distribution rights and the newspaper office's lease agreement in McElroy Commons. In 2003, this lease was called into question following publication of a sexually explicit column called “Sex and the Univer\\-city.”{{cite web \\| url\\=https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a\\=d\\&d\\=bcheights20091119\\.2\\.9\\&e\\=\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-en\\-20\\-\\-1\\-\\-txt\\-txIN\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\- \\| title\\=The Heights, Volume XC, Number 42 — 19 November 2009 — Boston College Newspapers }} In 2021, *The Heights* faced similar pressure from the BC administration after reporting on University President [William P. Leahy](/wiki/William_P._Leahy \"William P. Leahy\")'s inaction over early warning signs of sexual abuse conducted by former BC chaplain Ted Dziak, S.J.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.bcheights.com/2021/04/26/complaints\\-sent\\-to\\-leahy\\-and\\-jesuit\\-years\\-prior\\-to\\-rape\\-allegations/ \\| title\\=Complaints About Boston College Priest Sent to Leahy and Jesuit Provincial Years Prior to Rape Allegation \\| date\\=April 26, 2021 }}",
"In 2004, the paper began printing twice weekly, Mondays and Thursdays.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bcheights.com/about\\-us\\|title\\=About Us}} In 2017, *The Heights* returned to a once\\-a\\-week print cycle, and in 2021, *The Heights* ceased printing regular editions and began publishing a weekly \"E\\-Edition\" online instead.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bcheights.com/to\\-greater\\-heights/\\|title \\= The Heights, To Greater Heights\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228000403/https://www.bcheights.com/to\\-greater\\-heights/ \\| archive\\-date\\=February 28, 2022 }} Since then, *The Heights* has continued to print its annual commencement edition, as well as occasional special print editions for events such as [Black History Month](/wiki/Black_History_Month \"Black History Month\").",
""
] |
Heritage listing
----------------
Perry House was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register "Queensland Heritage Register") on 27 October 1994 having satisfied the following criteria.
**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**
It demonstrates the evolution of a method of merchandising where retailing firms grew into large wholesaling enterprises.
**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**
The robust qualities of the lower floors, the simplicity of the materials, verticality of design and accentuation of the corners combine to give a landmark quality to the building which exhibits particular aesthetic qualities valued by the community.
**The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.**
It demonstrates a high degree of technical achievement for the period 1910–13 as an example of a very tall building in a timber\-framed construction method which was obsolescent by this period.
**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**
It has strong association with:
* the prominent hardware merchandising firm Perry Brothers who commenced business in Brisbane in 1860
* the commercial work of architects CW Chambers and Lange Powell whose contributions to the commercial buildings of Brisbane are significant.
|
[
"Heritage listing\n----------------",
"Perry House was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register \"Queensland Heritage Register\") on 27 October 1994 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**",
"It demonstrates the evolution of a method of merchandising where retailing firms grew into large wholesaling enterprises.",
"**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**",
"The robust qualities of the lower floors, the simplicity of the materials, verticality of design and accentuation of the corners combine to give a landmark quality to the building which exhibits particular aesthetic qualities valued by the community.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.**",
"It demonstrates a high degree of technical achievement for the period 1910–13 as an example of a very tall building in a timber\\-framed construction method which was obsolescent by this period.",
"**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**",
"It has strong association with:\n* the prominent hardware merchandising firm Perry Brothers who commenced business in Brisbane in 1860\n* the commercial work of architects CW Chambers and Lange Powell whose contributions to the commercial buildings of Brisbane are significant.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Founding and *Where Twilight Dwells* (2002–2007\)
Lead singer Carmen Elise Espenæs (born on September 30, 1983, in [Stavanger](/wiki/Stavanger "Stavanger"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway")) had some kind of musical training in her native hometown, and began singing in some local non\-professional bands, with whom she began writing her first songs at the same time.
In 2002, at the age of 19, Espenæs moved to [Ludwigsburg](/wiki/Ludwigsburg "Ludwigsburg"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") and sought to develop a musical project.
She stayed with her older sister [Liv Kristine](/wiki/Liv_Kristine "Liv Kristine") who, at the time, was in [Theatre of Tragedy](/wiki/Theatre_of_Tragedy "Theatre of Tragedy") (a metal band).
While Kristine was married to [Alexander Krull](/wiki/Alexander_Krull "Alexander Krull"), Espenæs collaborated frequently with their later band [Leaves' Eyes](/wiki/Leaves%27_Eyes "Leaves' Eyes").{{cite web\|url\=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/Midnattsol\-Interview\_2\.htm\|title\=Carmen Elise Espenaes Interview\|access\-date\=17 April 2014\|author\=Bowar, Chad\|date\=2 May 2011\|work\=Heavy Metal\|publisher\=\[\[About.com]]\|page\=2}}
Simultaneously, Espenæs met guitarist Christian Hector and together founded Midnattsol. They intended to start working on a new project once they found like\-minded musicians to join their band.
The other members of the first Midnattsol lineup were three of Hector's former bandmates in Penetralia, a gothic/black metal band from [Mosbach](/wiki/Mosbach "Mosbach"), disbanded in 2001: drummer Chris Merzinsky, keyboardist Daniel Fischer and guitarist [Daniel Droste](/wiki/Daniel_Droste "Daniel Droste") (who replaced Christian Fütterer in 2003\), while the bassist Birgit Öllbrunner (ex\- Commander) was added slightly later.
With this formation, the band recorded a demo financed by themselves in 2003 (self\-titled *Midnattsol*, containing two original songs) and got a record contract with [Napalm Records](/wiki/Napalm_Records "Napalm Records") in 2004, with which they released all their albums to date.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.femmemetalwebzine.net/2012/06/27/interview\-carmen\-elise\-espenaes\-midnattsol\-2008/\|title\=Interview : Carmen Elise Espenæs – Midnattsol (2008\)\|access\-date\=17 April 2014\|author\=Van Dijk, Erwin\|date\=27 June 2012\|work\=Femme Metal Webzine}} Espenæs wrote most of the band's lyrics, and contributed to the musical composition.
Their first full\-length album, *[Where Twilight Dwells](/wiki/Where_Twilight_Dwells "Where Twilight Dwells")*, was released on January 31, 2005, and was produced by Alexander Krull. This work contains nine previously unreleased tracks, and includes the two songs re\-recorded and renamed that appear in their 2003 [demo](/wiki/Demo_%28music%29 "Demo (music)"), as well as the same ghostly [cover artwork](/wiki/Cover_artwork "Cover artwork") by illustrator Ingo Römling. The sound is essentially [symphonic metal](/wiki/Symphonic_metal "Symphonic metal") with influences from [folk metal](/wiki/Folk_metal "Folk metal") and [power metal](/wiki/Power_metal "Power metal"). The band prefers to call their style "Nordic folk metal" because of the folk elements in their music and occasional Norwegian lyrics.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.poplexikon.com/bands/midnattsol \|title\=Midnattsol Portrait \- Musik\-Base \|website\=www.poplexikon.com \|access\-date\=6 June 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20110719065008/http://www.poplexikon.com/bands/midnattsol \|archive\-date\=19 July 2011 \|url\-status\=dead}} Their lyrics are largely based on [Norwegian folk tales](/wiki/Scandinavian_folklore "Scandinavian folklore").
On December 9, 2005, ZYX Music released the split video on DVD *Feuertanz Festival 2005*, with Midnattdol as the first act of six German bands that performed live on that show.
### *Nordlys* (2008–2010\)
Their next album, *[Nordlys](/wiki/Nordlys_%28album%29 "Nordlys (album)")*, was released on March 28, 2008\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.metal1\.info/reviews/reviews.php?rev\_id\=2752 \|title\=Midnattsol \- Nordlys \- CD Review bei Metal1\.info \|accessdate\=2009\-03\-05 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717033811/http://www.metal1\.info/reviews/reviews.php?rev\_id\=2752 \|archivedate\=2011\-07\-17 }}
After three years of the release of their well\-received debut album, Midnattsol decided change direction and to compose an album with dark atmospheres in a melodic and heavy sound, influenced more closely by traditional [gothic metal](/wiki/Gothic_metal "Gothic metal"). In contrast, *Nordlys* is little inspired by Nordic [folk metal](/wiki/Folk_metal "Folk metal") and it is less introspective that its predecessor.
Particularly noteworthy is the experimentation in the [soprano](/wiki/Soprano "Soprano") vocals of their lead singer Carmen Ellise Espenæs, as well as the extensive dedication in the guitar solos of [Daniel Droste](/wiki/Daniel_Droste "Daniel Droste") and Christian Hector. However, Hector (a founding member), left the group shortly after the release of the album in order to concentrate on his other band [Ahab](/wiki/Ahab_%28band%29 "Ahab (band)"), a German [funeral doom metal](/wiki/Doom_metal "Doom metal") band founded in 2004 by Hector and Droste. Hector was briefly replaced by Fabian Pospiech in the three live performances that made Midnattsol in Europe to promote the album.
The band won the "Best Hope" award at the [Metal Female Voices Fest](/wiki/Metal_Female_Voices_Fest "Metal Female Voices Fest") 2009 due to the majority of votes by the fans. In spring 2010 they announced their return to the studio to record their third album, with updates for fans via studio reports on [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") posted on their official [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter").{{Cite web\|url\=https://twitter.com/Midnattsol\_Band\|title\=Midnattsol (@Midnattsol\_Band) \| Twitter\|website\=Twitter.com}}
### *The Metamorphosis Melody* (2011–2017\)
The third album *[The Metamorphosis Melody](/wiki/The_Metamorphosis_Melody "The Metamorphosis Melody")* was released on April 22, 2011\. It was recorded with Alex Kautz as the new Midnattsol guitarist, who joined the band shortly after the release of their previous album *Nordlys* in 2008, replacing to Fabian Pospiech.
Later, guitarist and composer [Daniel Droste](/wiki/Daniel_Droste "Daniel Droste") left the band after the recording sessions for the album that finished in 2010 to focus solely on his own band [Ahab](/wiki/Ahab_%28band%29 "Ahab (band)"). To replace him, joined Matthias Schuler as official member for the respective European promotional tour, made between April and October 2011\.
*The Metamorphosis Melody* goes back to its symphonic Nordic sound and includes some themes inspired by Norwegian folk tales, with soothing vocals coming from the voice of Carmen Elise Espenæs, but less operatic.
After a year and a half of inactivity, in April 2013 Midnattsol was invited for second time since 2010 to the [Ragnarök Festival](/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k_Festival "Ragnarök Festival"), held in [Lichtenfels, Bavaria](/wiki/Lichtenfels%2C_Bavaria "Lichtenfels, Bavaria").
In June 2013 it was announced that Espenæs, with [The Sins of Thy Beloved](/wiki/The_Sins_of_Thy_Beloved "The Sins of Thy Beloved") members Anders Thue and Stig Johansen, formed the band called Savn.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/midnattsol\-the\-sins\-of\-thy\-beloved\-members\-join\-forces\-in\-savn/\|title\=MIDNATTSOL, THE SINS OF THY BELOVED Members Join Forces In SAVN\|date\=2013\-07\-17\|website\=Blabbermouth.net\|access\-date\=2018\-06\-08\|language\=en\-US}} That band released a self\-titled album in 2014\. Meanwhile, Midnattsol was on a long break between 2013 and 2017\.
### *The Aftermath* (2017–present)
In March 2017, guitarist Stephan Adolph joined as a new member. Adolph had already worked with Midnattsol on their debut album *Where Twilight Dwells*.{{Cite news\|url\=http://bravewords.com/news/midnattsol\-introduce\-new\-guitarist\-stephan\-adolph\|title\= MIDNATTSOL INTRODUCE NEW GUITARIST STEPHAN ADOLPH\|date\=2017\-03\-26\|website\=Bravewords.com\|access\-date\=2017\-03\-26\|language\=en\-US}} Previously, bassist Birgit Öllbrunner, drummer Chris Merzinsky and guitarist Matthias Schuler left the band for personal reasons before the recording sessions for the new album began at the end of 2017\.
On December 14, 2017, it was announced that [Liv Kristine](/wiki/Liv_Kristine "Liv Kristine") had become the official second vocalist for Midnattsol, she was originally announced to be a guest on their new album but after some discussions, the band added her as a permanent member. Their fourth studio album, *[The Aftermath](/wiki/The_Aftermath_%28Midnattsol_album%29 "The Aftermath (Midnattsol album)")*, was released on May 25, 2018\.
Lyrically, in comparison to all its distant predecessors, *The Aftermath* has much more [Nordic folk](/wiki/Nordic_folk_music "Nordic folk music") influences, including gothic metal songs with a somber social content.
Meanwhile, Chris Merzinsky and Birgit Öllbrunner also play in the [thrash](/wiki/Thrash_metal "Thrash metal")/[groove metal](/wiki/Groove_metal "Groove metal") band [R:I:P](/wiki/R:I:P "I:P"), among other German groups.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Founding and *Where Twilight Dwells* (2002–2007\\)",
"Lead singer Carmen Elise Espenæs (born on September 30, 1983, in [Stavanger](/wiki/Stavanger \"Stavanger\"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\")) had some kind of musical training in her native hometown, and began singing in some local non\\-professional bands, with whom she began writing her first songs at the same time.",
"In 2002, at the age of 19, Espenæs moved to [Ludwigsburg](/wiki/Ludwigsburg \"Ludwigsburg\"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") and sought to develop a musical project.\nShe stayed with her older sister [Liv Kristine](/wiki/Liv_Kristine \"Liv Kristine\") who, at the time, was in [Theatre of Tragedy](/wiki/Theatre_of_Tragedy \"Theatre of Tragedy\") (a metal band).\nWhile Kristine was married to [Alexander Krull](/wiki/Alexander_Krull \"Alexander Krull\"), Espenæs collaborated frequently with their later band [Leaves' Eyes](/wiki/Leaves%27_Eyes \"Leaves' Eyes\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/Midnattsol\\-Interview\\_2\\.htm\\|title\\=Carmen Elise Espenaes Interview\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2014\\|author\\=Bowar, Chad\\|date\\=2 May 2011\\|work\\=Heavy Metal\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[About.com]]\\|page\\=2}}",
"Simultaneously, Espenæs met guitarist Christian Hector and together founded Midnattsol. They intended to start working on a new project once they found like\\-minded musicians to join their band.",
"The other members of the first Midnattsol lineup were three of Hector's former bandmates in Penetralia, a gothic/black metal band from [Mosbach](/wiki/Mosbach \"Mosbach\"), disbanded in 2001: drummer Chris Merzinsky, keyboardist Daniel Fischer and guitarist [Daniel Droste](/wiki/Daniel_Droste \"Daniel Droste\") (who replaced Christian Fütterer in 2003\\), while the bassist Birgit Öllbrunner (ex\\- Commander) was added slightly later.",
"With this formation, the band recorded a demo financed by themselves in 2003 (self\\-titled *Midnattsol*, containing two original songs) and got a record contract with [Napalm Records](/wiki/Napalm_Records \"Napalm Records\") in 2004, with which they released all their albums to date.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.femmemetalwebzine.net/2012/06/27/interview\\-carmen\\-elise\\-espenaes\\-midnattsol\\-2008/\\|title\\=Interview : Carmen Elise Espenæs – Midnattsol (2008\\)\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2014\\|author\\=Van Dijk, Erwin\\|date\\=27 June 2012\\|work\\=Femme Metal Webzine}} Espenæs wrote most of the band's lyrics, and contributed to the musical composition.",
"Their first full\\-length album, *[Where Twilight Dwells](/wiki/Where_Twilight_Dwells \"Where Twilight Dwells\")*, was released on January 31, 2005, and was produced by Alexander Krull. This work contains nine previously unreleased tracks, and includes the two songs re\\-recorded and renamed that appear in their 2003 [demo](/wiki/Demo_%28music%29 \"Demo (music)\"), as well as the same ghostly [cover artwork](/wiki/Cover_artwork \"Cover artwork\") by illustrator Ingo Römling. The sound is essentially [symphonic metal](/wiki/Symphonic_metal \"Symphonic metal\") with influences from [folk metal](/wiki/Folk_metal \"Folk metal\") and [power metal](/wiki/Power_metal \"Power metal\"). The band prefers to call their style \"Nordic folk metal\" because of the folk elements in their music and occasional Norwegian lyrics.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.poplexikon.com/bands/midnattsol \\|title\\=Midnattsol Portrait \\- Musik\\-Base \\|website\\=www.poplexikon.com \\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20110719065008/http://www.poplexikon.com/bands/midnattsol \\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Their lyrics are largely based on [Norwegian folk tales](/wiki/Scandinavian_folklore \"Scandinavian folklore\").",
"On December 9, 2005, ZYX Music released the split video on DVD *Feuertanz Festival 2005*, with Midnattdol as the first act of six German bands that performed live on that show.",
"### *Nordlys* (2008–2010\\)",
"Their next album, *[Nordlys](/wiki/Nordlys_%28album%29 \"Nordlys (album)\")*, was released on March 28, 2008\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.metal1\\.info/reviews/reviews.php?rev\\_id\\=2752 \\|title\\=Midnattsol \\- Nordlys \\- CD Review bei Metal1\\.info \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-03\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717033811/http://www.metal1\\.info/reviews/reviews.php?rev\\_id\\=2752 \\|archivedate\\=2011\\-07\\-17 }} \nAfter three years of the release of their well\\-received debut album, Midnattsol decided change direction and to compose an album with dark atmospheres in a melodic and heavy sound, influenced more closely by traditional [gothic metal](/wiki/Gothic_metal \"Gothic metal\"). In contrast, *Nordlys* is little inspired by Nordic [folk metal](/wiki/Folk_metal \"Folk metal\") and it is less introspective that its predecessor.",
"Particularly noteworthy is the experimentation in the [soprano](/wiki/Soprano \"Soprano\") vocals of their lead singer Carmen Ellise Espenæs, as well as the extensive dedication in the guitar solos of [Daniel Droste](/wiki/Daniel_Droste \"Daniel Droste\") and Christian Hector. However, Hector (a founding member), left the group shortly after the release of the album in order to concentrate on his other band [Ahab](/wiki/Ahab_%28band%29 \"Ahab (band)\"), a German [funeral doom metal](/wiki/Doom_metal \"Doom metal\") band founded in 2004 by Hector and Droste. Hector was briefly replaced by Fabian Pospiech in the three live performances that made Midnattsol in Europe to promote the album.",
"The band won the \"Best Hope\" award at the [Metal Female Voices Fest](/wiki/Metal_Female_Voices_Fest \"Metal Female Voices Fest\") 2009 due to the majority of votes by the fans. In spring 2010 they announced their return to the studio to record their third album, with updates for fans via studio reports on [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\") posted on their official [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/Midnattsol\\_Band\\|title\\=Midnattsol (@Midnattsol\\_Band) \\| Twitter\\|website\\=Twitter.com}}",
"### *The Metamorphosis Melody* (2011–2017\\)",
"The third album *[The Metamorphosis Melody](/wiki/The_Metamorphosis_Melody \"The Metamorphosis Melody\")* was released on April 22, 2011\\. It was recorded with Alex Kautz as the new Midnattsol guitarist, who joined the band shortly after the release of their previous album *Nordlys* in 2008, replacing to Fabian Pospiech.",
"Later, guitarist and composer [Daniel Droste](/wiki/Daniel_Droste \"Daniel Droste\") left the band after the recording sessions for the album that finished in 2010 to focus solely on his own band [Ahab](/wiki/Ahab_%28band%29 \"Ahab (band)\"). To replace him, joined Matthias Schuler as official member for the respective European promotional tour, made between April and October 2011\\.",
"*The Metamorphosis Melody* goes back to its symphonic Nordic sound and includes some themes inspired by Norwegian folk tales, with soothing vocals coming from the voice of Carmen Elise Espenæs, but less operatic.",
"After a year and a half of inactivity, in April 2013 Midnattsol was invited for second time since 2010 to the [Ragnarök Festival](/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k_Festival \"Ragnarök Festival\"), held in [Lichtenfels, Bavaria](/wiki/Lichtenfels%2C_Bavaria \"Lichtenfels, Bavaria\").",
"In June 2013 it was announced that Espenæs, with [The Sins of Thy Beloved](/wiki/The_Sins_of_Thy_Beloved \"The Sins of Thy Beloved\") members Anders Thue and Stig Johansen, formed the band called Savn.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/midnattsol\\-the\\-sins\\-of\\-thy\\-beloved\\-members\\-join\\-forces\\-in\\-savn/\\|title\\=MIDNATTSOL, THE SINS OF THY BELOVED Members Join Forces In SAVN\\|date\\=2013\\-07\\-17\\|website\\=Blabbermouth.net\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-08\\|language\\=en\\-US}} That band released a self\\-titled album in 2014\\. Meanwhile, Midnattsol was on a long break between 2013 and 2017\\.",
"### *The Aftermath* (2017–present)",
"In March 2017, guitarist Stephan Adolph joined as a new member. Adolph had already worked with Midnattsol on their debut album *Where Twilight Dwells*.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://bravewords.com/news/midnattsol\\-introduce\\-new\\-guitarist\\-stephan\\-adolph\\|title\\= MIDNATTSOL INTRODUCE NEW GUITARIST STEPHAN ADOLPH\\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-26\\|website\\=Bravewords.com\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-03\\-26\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Previously, bassist Birgit Öllbrunner, drummer Chris Merzinsky and guitarist Matthias Schuler left the band for personal reasons before the recording sessions for the new album began at the end of 2017\\.",
"On December 14, 2017, it was announced that [Liv Kristine](/wiki/Liv_Kristine \"Liv Kristine\") had become the official second vocalist for Midnattsol, she was originally announced to be a guest on their new album but after some discussions, the band added her as a permanent member. Their fourth studio album, *[The Aftermath](/wiki/The_Aftermath_%28Midnattsol_album%29 \"The Aftermath (Midnattsol album)\")*, was released on May 25, 2018\\.",
"Lyrically, in comparison to all its distant predecessors, *The Aftermath* has much more [Nordic folk](/wiki/Nordic_folk_music \"Nordic folk music\") influences, including gothic metal songs with a somber social content.",
"Meanwhile, Chris Merzinsky and Birgit Öllbrunner also play in the [thrash](/wiki/Thrash_metal \"Thrash metal\")/[groove metal](/wiki/Groove_metal \"Groove metal\") band [R:I:P](/wiki/R:I:P \"I:P\"), among other German groups.",
""
] |
### Founding and *Where Twilight Dwells* (2002–2007\)
Lead singer Carmen Elise Espenæs (born on September 30, 1983, in [Stavanger](/wiki/Stavanger "Stavanger"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway")) had some kind of musical training in her native hometown, and began singing in some local non\-professional bands, with whom she began writing her first songs at the same time.
In 2002, at the age of 19, Espenæs moved to [Ludwigsburg](/wiki/Ludwigsburg "Ludwigsburg"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") and sought to develop a musical project.
She stayed with her older sister [Liv Kristine](/wiki/Liv_Kristine "Liv Kristine") who, at the time, was in [Theatre of Tragedy](/wiki/Theatre_of_Tragedy "Theatre of Tragedy") (a metal band).
While Kristine was married to [Alexander Krull](/wiki/Alexander_Krull "Alexander Krull"), Espenæs collaborated frequently with their later band [Leaves' Eyes](/wiki/Leaves%27_Eyes "Leaves' Eyes").{{cite web\|url\=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/Midnattsol\-Interview\_2\.htm\|title\=Carmen Elise Espenaes Interview\|access\-date\=17 April 2014\|author\=Bowar, Chad\|date\=2 May 2011\|work\=Heavy Metal\|publisher\=\[\[About.com]]\|page\=2}}
Simultaneously, Espenæs met guitarist Christian Hector and together founded Midnattsol. They intended to start working on a new project once they found like\-minded musicians to join their band.
The other members of the first Midnattsol lineup were three of Hector's former bandmates in Penetralia, a gothic/black metal band from [Mosbach](/wiki/Mosbach "Mosbach"), disbanded in 2001: drummer Chris Merzinsky, keyboardist Daniel Fischer and guitarist [Daniel Droste](/wiki/Daniel_Droste "Daniel Droste") (who replaced Christian Fütterer in 2003\), while the bassist Birgit Öllbrunner (ex\- Commander) was added slightly later.
With this formation, the band recorded a demo financed by themselves in 2003 (self\-titled *Midnattsol*, containing two original songs) and got a record contract with [Napalm Records](/wiki/Napalm_Records "Napalm Records") in 2004, with which they released all their albums to date.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.femmemetalwebzine.net/2012/06/27/interview\-carmen\-elise\-espenaes\-midnattsol\-2008/\|title\=Interview : Carmen Elise Espenæs – Midnattsol (2008\)\|access\-date\=17 April 2014\|author\=Van Dijk, Erwin\|date\=27 June 2012\|work\=Femme Metal Webzine}} Espenæs wrote most of the band's lyrics, and contributed to the musical composition.
Their first full\-length album, *[Where Twilight Dwells](/wiki/Where_Twilight_Dwells "Where Twilight Dwells")*, was released on January 31, 2005, and was produced by Alexander Krull. This work contains nine previously unreleased tracks, and includes the two songs re\-recorded and renamed that appear in their 2003 [demo](/wiki/Demo_%28music%29 "Demo (music)"), as well as the same ghostly [cover artwork](/wiki/Cover_artwork "Cover artwork") by illustrator Ingo Römling. The sound is essentially [symphonic metal](/wiki/Symphonic_metal "Symphonic metal") with influences from [folk metal](/wiki/Folk_metal "Folk metal") and [power metal](/wiki/Power_metal "Power metal"). The band prefers to call their style "Nordic folk metal" because of the folk elements in their music and occasional Norwegian lyrics.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.poplexikon.com/bands/midnattsol \|title\=Midnattsol Portrait \- Musik\-Base \|website\=www.poplexikon.com \|access\-date\=6 June 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20110719065008/http://www.poplexikon.com/bands/midnattsol \|archive\-date\=19 July 2011 \|url\-status\=dead}} Their lyrics are largely based on [Norwegian folk tales](/wiki/Scandinavian_folklore "Scandinavian folklore").
On December 9, 2005, ZYX Music released the split video on DVD *Feuertanz Festival 2005*, with Midnattdol as the first act of six German bands that performed live on that show.
|
[
"### Founding and *Where Twilight Dwells* (2002–2007\\)",
"Lead singer Carmen Elise Espenæs (born on September 30, 1983, in [Stavanger](/wiki/Stavanger \"Stavanger\"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\")) had some kind of musical training in her native hometown, and began singing in some local non\\-professional bands, with whom she began writing her first songs at the same time.",
"In 2002, at the age of 19, Espenæs moved to [Ludwigsburg](/wiki/Ludwigsburg \"Ludwigsburg\"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") and sought to develop a musical project.\nShe stayed with her older sister [Liv Kristine](/wiki/Liv_Kristine \"Liv Kristine\") who, at the time, was in [Theatre of Tragedy](/wiki/Theatre_of_Tragedy \"Theatre of Tragedy\") (a metal band).\nWhile Kristine was married to [Alexander Krull](/wiki/Alexander_Krull \"Alexander Krull\"), Espenæs collaborated frequently with their later band [Leaves' Eyes](/wiki/Leaves%27_Eyes \"Leaves' Eyes\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/Midnattsol\\-Interview\\_2\\.htm\\|title\\=Carmen Elise Espenaes Interview\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2014\\|author\\=Bowar, Chad\\|date\\=2 May 2011\\|work\\=Heavy Metal\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[About.com]]\\|page\\=2}}",
"Simultaneously, Espenæs met guitarist Christian Hector and together founded Midnattsol. They intended to start working on a new project once they found like\\-minded musicians to join their band.",
"The other members of the first Midnattsol lineup were three of Hector's former bandmates in Penetralia, a gothic/black metal band from [Mosbach](/wiki/Mosbach \"Mosbach\"), disbanded in 2001: drummer Chris Merzinsky, keyboardist Daniel Fischer and guitarist [Daniel Droste](/wiki/Daniel_Droste \"Daniel Droste\") (who replaced Christian Fütterer in 2003\\), while the bassist Birgit Öllbrunner (ex\\- Commander) was added slightly later.",
"With this formation, the band recorded a demo financed by themselves in 2003 (self\\-titled *Midnattsol*, containing two original songs) and got a record contract with [Napalm Records](/wiki/Napalm_Records \"Napalm Records\") in 2004, with which they released all their albums to date.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.femmemetalwebzine.net/2012/06/27/interview\\-carmen\\-elise\\-espenaes\\-midnattsol\\-2008/\\|title\\=Interview : Carmen Elise Espenæs – Midnattsol (2008\\)\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2014\\|author\\=Van Dijk, Erwin\\|date\\=27 June 2012\\|work\\=Femme Metal Webzine}} Espenæs wrote most of the band's lyrics, and contributed to the musical composition.",
"Their first full\\-length album, *[Where Twilight Dwells](/wiki/Where_Twilight_Dwells \"Where Twilight Dwells\")*, was released on January 31, 2005, and was produced by Alexander Krull. This work contains nine previously unreleased tracks, and includes the two songs re\\-recorded and renamed that appear in their 2003 [demo](/wiki/Demo_%28music%29 \"Demo (music)\"), as well as the same ghostly [cover artwork](/wiki/Cover_artwork \"Cover artwork\") by illustrator Ingo Römling. The sound is essentially [symphonic metal](/wiki/Symphonic_metal \"Symphonic metal\") with influences from [folk metal](/wiki/Folk_metal \"Folk metal\") and [power metal](/wiki/Power_metal \"Power metal\"). The band prefers to call their style \"Nordic folk metal\" because of the folk elements in their music and occasional Norwegian lyrics.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.poplexikon.com/bands/midnattsol \\|title\\=Midnattsol Portrait \\- Musik\\-Base \\|website\\=www.poplexikon.com \\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20110719065008/http://www.poplexikon.com/bands/midnattsol \\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Their lyrics are largely based on [Norwegian folk tales](/wiki/Scandinavian_folklore \"Scandinavian folklore\").",
"On December 9, 2005, ZYX Music released the split video on DVD *Feuertanz Festival 2005*, with Midnattdol as the first act of six German bands that performed live on that show.",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|left\|Exterior view of Olympic Stadium](/wiki/File:Olympic_stadium%2CAthens_18.JPG "Olympic stadium,Athens 18.JPG")
Located in the suburb of [Marousi](/wiki/Marousi "Marousi") in [Athens](/wiki/Athens "Athens"), the Olympic Stadium was originally designed in 1980 and built in 1980–1982\. At over 75,000 capacity, it became the [biggest](/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Greece "List of football stadiums in Greece") football and track stadium in Greece, well surpassing [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki "Thessaloniki")'s [Kaftanzoglio Stadium](/wiki/Kaftanzoglio_Stadium "Kaftanzoglio Stadium"), which stood at just below 45,000 capacity at the time, following the nationwide renovations after the [Karaiskakis Stadium disaster](/wiki/Karaiskakis_Stadium_disaster "Karaiskakis Stadium disaster").
It was completed in time to host the [1982 European Championships in Athletics](/wiki/1982_European_Championships_in_Athletics "1982 European Championships in Athletics"). It was inaugurated by the [President of Greece](/wiki/President_of_Greece "President of Greece") at the time, [Konstantinos Karamanlis](/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis "Konstantinos Karamanlis"), on 8 September 1982\. Considered an illustrious architectural achievement, it was dubbed by European media as "The modern [Greek Wonder](/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World "Seven Wonders of the Ancient World")". One year later, in 1983, OAKA Stadium hosted the [1983 European Cup final](/wiki/1983_European_Cup_final "1983 European Cup final") between [Hamburger SV](/wiki/Hamburger_SV "Hamburger SV") and [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC"). In 1984, [Panathinaikos](/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C. "Panathinaikos F.C.") took over the Olympic Stadium as their home ground after the [Leoforos Alexandras Stadium](/wiki/Leoforos_Alexandras_Stadium "Leoforos Alexandras Stadium"), fell into disrepair. At the same year [Olympiacos](/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C. "Olympiacos F.C.") also decided to play their home games in the Olympic Stadium instead of the [Karaiskakis Stadium](/wiki/Karaiskakis_Stadium "Karaiskakis Stadium"), which they shared with [city rivals](/wiki/Piraeus_derby "Piraeus derby") until 1989\. The club had successfully experimented with the stadium's usage in its [1982–83](/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_European_Cup "1982–83 European Cup") and [1983–84](/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_European_Cup "1983–84 European Cup") European campaigns, which included a 2–0 win against Dutch giants [AFC Ajax](/wiki/AFC_Ajax "AFC Ajax") in September 1983, and a 0–4 loss to eventual winners Hamburger in November 1982, which recorded the ground's highest official figures to date, at 75,223 spectators, although unofficial estimates for many events range higher.
In 1985 AEK Athens also moved to the Olympic Stadium until 1987, due to construction works at [AEK Stadium](/wiki/Nikos_Goumas_Stadium "Nikos Goumas Stadium"). During the club's brief stay at the stadium's initial configuration, an official attendance record of 74,465 was set in a home league [match](/wiki/A.E.K.%E2%80%93Olympiacos_rivalry "A.E.K.–Olympiacos rivalry") versus Olympiacos in February 1986, which is an all\-time record for a Greek football match.
In the 1980s, the three largest Greek football clubs temporarily played in the same stadium, so that during the [1985–86 season](/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Alpha_Ethniki "1985–86 Alpha Ethniki") the most tickets were sold in one season in Greece, with 1,784,844 tickets sold in 45 games.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.stadia.gr/oaka/oaka\-old\-gr.html\|title\=Το προ\-Ολυμπιακό ΟΑΚΑ (1982 έως 2002\)\|website\=stadia.gr}}
Olympiacos returned to the [Karaiskakis Stadium](/wiki/Karaiskakis_Stadium "Karaiskakis Stadium") in 1989, but as their contract for the stadium rent expired in 1997, the team returned to the Olympic Stadium, which ushered an era of unprecedented success, as the team would win five consecutive league titles and reach the quarter\-finals of the [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League") in the [1998–99](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_UEFA_Champions_League "1998–99 UEFA Champions League") season, establishing a long period of dominance in Greek football, characterised by famous club players such as [Christian Karembeu](/wiki/Christian_Karembeu "Christian Karembeu") and [Giovanni](/wiki/Giovanni_%28footballer%2C_born_1972%29 "Giovanni (footballer, born 1972)"), before departing in 2002 to make way for the Olympic renovations. As the plans for a total renovation of the aging Karaiskakis Stadium commenced, the team played in the [Georgios Kamaras Stadium](/wiki/Georgios_Kamaras_Stadium "Georgios Kamaras Stadium"), commonly known as Rizoupoli, from 2002 to 2004, before settling in the rebuilt Karaiskakis, where the club has been situated since.
In 1987, the stadium hosted the [1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup](/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup "1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup") final between [Ajax](/wiki/AFC_Ajax "AFC Ajax") and [Lokomotiv Leipzig](/wiki/1._FC_Lokomotive_Leipzig "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig"). Olympic Stadium is an UEFA category four stadium and is the largest stadium in Greece. In 1994, the stadium hosted their second [European Cup Final](/wiki/1994_UEFA_Champions_League_final "1994 UEFA Champions League final"), this time contested between [Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan "AC Milan") and [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona "FC Barcelona"). It also hosted several events of the [1991 Mediterranean Games](/wiki/1991_Mediterranean_Games "1991 Mediterranean Games") and the [1997 World Championships in Athletics](/wiki/1997_World_Championships_in_Athletics "1997 World Championships in Athletics"), sought in order to prove that it was capable of hosting major sporting events after the failure of Athens to win the [1996 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics "1996 Summer Olympics"), but successfully hosting the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics "2004 Summer Olympics"). As a result, the construction works for the stadium which begun in 2002 resulted in Panathinaikos and Olympiacos, who had returned to the Olympic Stadium in 1997, to return to their original homegrounds by the same year. In addition, every final of the [Greek Football Cup](/wiki/Greek_Football_Cup "Greek Football Cup") between 1983 and 2002 took place in the arena intermittently, while it also hosted the only final of the [Greek League Cup](/wiki/Greek_League_Cup "Greek League Cup") in 1990\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesg/grkcuphistfull.html\|title\=Greece \- Cup Data (from Quarterfinals on)\|website\=\[\[RSSSF]]}}
### 2004 Summer Olympics
[thumb\|right\|The Olympic flame at the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics "2004 Summer Olympics") opening ceremony](/wiki/File:Olympic_flame_at_opening_ceremony.jpg "Olympic flame at opening ceremony.jpg")
It was extensively renovated in time for the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics "2004 Summer Olympics") and the [2004 Summer Paralympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Paralympics "2004 Summer Paralympics"), including a roof designed by [Santiago Calatrava](/wiki/Santiago_Calatrava "Santiago Calatrava"), and innovatively positioned with [Enerpac](/wiki/Enerpac "Enerpac") hydraulics.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ien.com/article/olympic\-size\-solution/3970\|title\=Olympic\-Size Solution Raises Athens Stadium Roof\|access\-date\=7 March 2014\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503031851/http://www.ien.com/article/olympic\-size\-solution/3970\|archive\-date\=3 May 2012 }} The roof was added atop the sidelines and completed just in time for the opening of the Games. The stadium was then officially re\-opened on 30 July 2004\. It hosted the [athletics](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics") events and the [football](/wiki/Football_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics") finals at the Olympics and the [athletics](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Paralympics "Athletics at the 2004 Summer Paralympics") at the Paralympics.[2004 Summer Olympics official report.](http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2004/or2004b.pdf) Volume 2\. pp. 242, 324\. It also hosted the [opening ceremony](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony "2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony") on 13 August 2004, and the [closing ceremony](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics%23Closing_ceremony "2004 Summer Olympics#Closing ceremony") on 29 August 2004 along the Paralympics ceremonies on 17 and 28 September.
### Aftermath
After the Olympic Games, AEK Athens and Panathinaikos, whose stadiums had become dilapidated and no longer met safety regulations, moved again to the Olympic Stadium. AEK's move back to the stadium after 17 years came as the [Nikos Goumas Stadium](/wiki/Nikos_Goumas_Stadium "Nikos Goumas Stadium"), the club's traditional home ground since 1930, was demolished in 2003\. After spending the first half of the [2003–04 season](/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_AEK_Athens_F.C._season "2003–04 AEK Athens F.C. season") at the [Nea Smyrni Stadium](/wiki/Nea_Smyrni_Stadium "Nea Smyrni Stadium") and then primarily at the [Giannis Pathiakakis Stadium](/wiki/Yiannis_Pathiakakis_Stadium "Yiannis Pathiakakis Stadium"), due to fan incidents,[https://www.aek365\.org/a\-900130/otan\-h\-aek\-htan\-ghpedouxo\-ston\-tauro\-fwto\-video.htm](https://www.aek365.org/a-900130/otan-h-aek-htan-ghpedouxo-ston-tauro-fwto-video.htm) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} the club completed its move at the end of the Olympic Games as a temporary stay,{{Cite web\|url\=https://sportday.gr/podosfairo/146015\_aek\-i\-odysseia\-teleionei\-meta\-19\-chronia\-kai\-102\-imeres\-kai\-10\-diaforetikes\-edres.html\|title\=ΑΕΚ: Η «οδύσσεια» τελειώνει μετά από 19 χρόνια και 102 ημέρες και 10 διαφορετικές έδρες\|date\=4 September 2022\|website\=sportday.gr}} which became permanent as AEK's plans for a [new stadium](/wiki/AEK_Arena_%28cancelled_project%29 "AEK Arena (cancelled project)") were put on halt in the 2000s, due to the club's financial condition.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aek1924\.gr/podosfairo/podosfairo\-andrwn/item/7229\-%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82\-%CE%B3%CE%AE%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF\-%CE%B1%CE%B5%CE%BA\|title\=Φάκελος: Γήπεδο ΑΕΚ\|last\=Χορτάτος\|first\=Τόλης\|date\=5 May 2013\|access\-date\=28 August 2015\|language\=el\|trans\-title\=File AEK Stadium\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121001837/http://www.aek1924\.gr/podosfairo/podosfairo\-andrwn/item/7229\-%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82\-%CE%B3%CE%AE%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF\-%CE%B1%CE%B5%CE%BA\|archive\-date\=21 January 2016\|url\-status\=dead}}
In 2007, OAKA Stadium hosted the [2007 UEFA Champions League final](/wiki/2007_UEFA_Champions_League_final "2007 UEFA Champions League final") between Milan and [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. "Liverpool F.C."). The stadium's attendance was reduced to 72,000 for the Olympics, the initial capacity was some 75,000, though only 69,618 seats were made publicly available for the track and field events and slightly more for the football final. The turf system consists of natural grass in modular containers which incorporate irrigation and drainage systems. Greece applied together with Turkey to host the 2008 and 2012 European Football Championships, with the finals supposed to have taken place in the Athens Olympic Stadium. However, the applications failed: in 2008 the competition went to Austria and Switzerland and for 2012 UEFA decided in favor of Poland and Ukraine.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.tanea.gr/2005/02/02/sports/me\-ennea\-antipaloys\-i\-ellada\-stin\-afetiria/\|title\=Mε εννέα αντιπάλους η Eλλάδα στην αφετηρία\|date\=2 February 2005\|website\=tanea.gr}}
On 18 March 2012, wild incidents occurred in the [derby](/wiki/Derby_of_the_eternal_enemies "Derby of the eternal enemies") between Panathinaikos and Olympiacos, as after the goal from the red and whites at the eleventh minute, hooligans from the home team threw Molotov cocktails at the stands, which were filled with around 50,000 spectators, and the pitch. The game had to be abandoned and was awarded 3–0 to Olympiacos and Panathinaikos were deducted five points. There were 30 fires in the arena and 57 arrests.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.tovima.gr/2012/03/18/sports/ektetamena\-epeisodia\-sto\-oaka\-kai\-diakopi\-toy\-aiwnioy\-ntermpi/\|title\=Εκτεταμένα επεισόδια στο ΟΑΚΑ και διακοπή του «αιώνιου» ντέρμπι\|date\=18 March 2012\|website\=ΤΟ ΒΗΜΑ}} On 14 April 2013, several AEK Athens ultras stormed the pitch during the game against [Panthrakikos](/wiki/Panthrakikos_F.C. "Panthrakikos F.C."), who had taken the lead in the 87th minute. The game was subsequently cancelled and awarded 0–3 for Panthrakikos, as AEK Athens were eventually relegated for the first time in their history after being deducted an additional three points.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sport24\.gr/football/aytogkol\-ntoy\-kai\-diakopi.8099756\.html\|title\=Αυτογκόλ, ντου και διακοπή στο ΑΕΚ\-Πανθρακικός!\|website\=sport24\.gr}} Nevertheless, they continued using the stadium as their home ground.
In 2013, Panathinaikos, unable to afford the rent for the Olympic Stadium, due to the club's deteriorating financial situation, returned in the renovated Leoforos Alexandras Stadium,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sport24\.gr/football/leoforos\-i\-epistrofi.8102751\.html\|title\=Λεωφόρος, η επιστροφή\|website\=sport24\.gr}} however the green used again the Olympic Stadium as their home ground from 2018 to 2020\. In 2022, as [Agia Sophia Stadium](/wiki/Agia_Sophia_Stadium "Agia Sophia Stadium") was completed, AEK Athens left the Olympic Stadium, after a stay for nearly two decades characterised by major ups and downs for the club's history.{{Cite web\|url\=https://regista.gr/%CE%B7\-%CE%B1%CE%B5%CE%BA\-%CF%84%CE%B7\-%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%BD\-2022\-23\-%CE%B8%CE%B1\-%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%B5%CE%B9\-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD\-%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC\-%CF%83%CE%BF/\|title\="Η ΑΕΚ τη σεζόν 2022\-23 θα παίζει στην Αγιά Σοφιά"\|website\=regista.gr}} After the Olympics, the Olympic Stadium hosted again the Greek Football Cup finals from 2009 to 2016 and in 2018, 2019, 2021 and 2022 respectively.
In 2023, an inspection of the stadium's roof and a preliminary study of upgrades were organized to prepare stadium for the first renovation since 2004\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.dnews.gr/eidhseis/koinonia/425229/ksepsaxnizoun\-ti\-stegi\-kalatrava\-sto\-oaka\-se\-ekseliksi\-elegxos\-ton\-metallikon\-kataskevon\|title\=«Ξεψαχνίζουν» τη στέγη Καλατράβα στο ΟΑΚΑ \- Σε εξέλιξη έλεγχος των μεταλλικών κατασκευών\|website\=dnews.gr\|date\=10 April 2023 }} After the inspection, the stadium and the nearby [Athens Olympic Velodrome](/wiki/Athens_Olympic_Velodrome "Athens Olympic Velodrome") were subsequently ordered to stop instituting any sort of organized events inside the venues and effectively shut down over safety failures.{{cite news\|title\=Greece shuts landmark Olympic stadium over roof safety concerns\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/sports/greece\-shuts\-landmark\-olympic\-stadium\-over\-roof\-safety\-concerns\-2023\-10\-02/\|access\-date\=2 October 2023\|website\=reuters.com\|date\=2 October 2023}}
Following the removal of unsafe panels on the roof, the stadium reopened in May 2024\. The renovations are expected to be completed by 2026\.{{Cite web\|date\=11 February 2024\|title\=Έτσι θ' ανοίξει το ΟΑΚΑ: Οι εργασίες\-εξπρές και η συντήρηση εν λειτουργία \- Πώς αποφεύχθηκε το φιάσκο με τους Coldplay\|url\=https://www.protothema.gr/greece/article/1465342/etsi\-th\-anoixei\-to\-oaka\-oi\-ergasies\-expres\-kai\-i\-sudirisi\-en\-leitourgia\-pos\-apofeuhthike\-to\-fiasko\-me\-tous\-coldplay/\|access\-date\=12 February 2024\|website\=protothema.gr\|language\=el}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Exterior view of Olympic Stadium](/wiki/File:Olympic_stadium%2CAthens_18.JPG \"Olympic stadium,Athens 18.JPG\")\nLocated in the suburb of [Marousi](/wiki/Marousi \"Marousi\") in [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\"), the Olympic Stadium was originally designed in 1980 and built in 1980–1982\\. At over 75,000 capacity, it became the [biggest](/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Greece \"List of football stadiums in Greece\") football and track stadium in Greece, well surpassing [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki \"Thessaloniki\")'s [Kaftanzoglio Stadium](/wiki/Kaftanzoglio_Stadium \"Kaftanzoglio Stadium\"), which stood at just below 45,000 capacity at the time, following the nationwide renovations after the [Karaiskakis Stadium disaster](/wiki/Karaiskakis_Stadium_disaster \"Karaiskakis Stadium disaster\").",
"It was completed in time to host the [1982 European Championships in Athletics](/wiki/1982_European_Championships_in_Athletics \"1982 European Championships in Athletics\"). It was inaugurated by the [President of Greece](/wiki/President_of_Greece \"President of Greece\") at the time, [Konstantinos Karamanlis](/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis \"Konstantinos Karamanlis\"), on 8 September 1982\\. Considered an illustrious architectural achievement, it was dubbed by European media as \"The modern [Greek Wonder](/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World \"Seven Wonders of the Ancient World\")\". One year later, in 1983, OAKA Stadium hosted the [1983 European Cup final](/wiki/1983_European_Cup_final \"1983 European Cup final\") between [Hamburger SV](/wiki/Hamburger_SV \"Hamburger SV\") and [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\"). In 1984, [Panathinaikos](/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C. \"Panathinaikos F.C.\") took over the Olympic Stadium as their home ground after the [Leoforos Alexandras Stadium](/wiki/Leoforos_Alexandras_Stadium \"Leoforos Alexandras Stadium\"), fell into disrepair. At the same year [Olympiacos](/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C. \"Olympiacos F.C.\") also decided to play their home games in the Olympic Stadium instead of the [Karaiskakis Stadium](/wiki/Karaiskakis_Stadium \"Karaiskakis Stadium\"), which they shared with [city rivals](/wiki/Piraeus_derby \"Piraeus derby\") until 1989\\. The club had successfully experimented with the stadium's usage in its [1982–83](/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_European_Cup \"1982–83 European Cup\") and [1983–84](/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_European_Cup \"1983–84 European Cup\") European campaigns, which included a 2–0 win against Dutch giants [AFC Ajax](/wiki/AFC_Ajax \"AFC Ajax\") in September 1983, and a 0–4 loss to eventual winners Hamburger in November 1982, which recorded the ground's highest official figures to date, at 75,223 spectators, although unofficial estimates for many events range higher.",
"In 1985 AEK Athens also moved to the Olympic Stadium until 1987, due to construction works at [AEK Stadium](/wiki/Nikos_Goumas_Stadium \"Nikos Goumas Stadium\"). During the club's brief stay at the stadium's initial configuration, an official attendance record of 74,465 was set in a home league [match](/wiki/A.E.K.%E2%80%93Olympiacos_rivalry \"A.E.K.–Olympiacos rivalry\") versus Olympiacos in February 1986, which is an all\\-time record for a Greek football match.",
"In the 1980s, the three largest Greek football clubs temporarily played in the same stadium, so that during the [1985–86 season](/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Alpha_Ethniki \"1985–86 Alpha Ethniki\") the most tickets were sold in one season in Greece, with 1,784,844 tickets sold in 45 games.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stadia.gr/oaka/oaka\\-old\\-gr.html\\|title\\=Το προ\\-Ολυμπιακό ΟΑΚΑ (1982 έως 2002\\)\\|website\\=stadia.gr}}",
"Olympiacos returned to the [Karaiskakis Stadium](/wiki/Karaiskakis_Stadium \"Karaiskakis Stadium\") in 1989, but as their contract for the stadium rent expired in 1997, the team returned to the Olympic Stadium, which ushered an era of unprecedented success, as the team would win five consecutive league titles and reach the quarter\\-finals of the [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\") in the [1998–99](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_UEFA_Champions_League \"1998–99 UEFA Champions League\") season, establishing a long period of dominance in Greek football, characterised by famous club players such as [Christian Karembeu](/wiki/Christian_Karembeu \"Christian Karembeu\") and [Giovanni](/wiki/Giovanni_%28footballer%2C_born_1972%29 \"Giovanni (footballer, born 1972)\"), before departing in 2002 to make way for the Olympic renovations. As the plans for a total renovation of the aging Karaiskakis Stadium commenced, the team played in the [Georgios Kamaras Stadium](/wiki/Georgios_Kamaras_Stadium \"Georgios Kamaras Stadium\"), commonly known as Rizoupoli, from 2002 to 2004, before settling in the rebuilt Karaiskakis, where the club has been situated since.",
"In 1987, the stadium hosted the [1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup](/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup \"1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup\") final between [Ajax](/wiki/AFC_Ajax \"AFC Ajax\") and [Lokomotiv Leipzig](/wiki/1._FC_Lokomotive_Leipzig \"1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig\"). Olympic Stadium is an UEFA category four stadium and is the largest stadium in Greece. In 1994, the stadium hosted their second [European Cup Final](/wiki/1994_UEFA_Champions_League_final \"1994 UEFA Champions League final\"), this time contested between [Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan \"AC Milan\") and [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona \"FC Barcelona\"). It also hosted several events of the [1991 Mediterranean Games](/wiki/1991_Mediterranean_Games \"1991 Mediterranean Games\") and the [1997 World Championships in Athletics](/wiki/1997_World_Championships_in_Athletics \"1997 World Championships in Athletics\"), sought in order to prove that it was capable of hosting major sporting events after the failure of Athens to win the [1996 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics \"1996 Summer Olympics\"), but successfully hosting the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics \"2004 Summer Olympics\"). As a result, the construction works for the stadium which begun in 2002 resulted in Panathinaikos and Olympiacos, who had returned to the Olympic Stadium in 1997, to return to their original homegrounds by the same year. In addition, every final of the [Greek Football Cup](/wiki/Greek_Football_Cup \"Greek Football Cup\") between 1983 and 2002 took place in the arena intermittently, while it also hosted the only final of the [Greek League Cup](/wiki/Greek_League_Cup \"Greek League Cup\") in 1990\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesg/grkcuphistfull.html\\|title\\=Greece \\- Cup Data (from Quarterfinals on)\\|website\\=\\[\\[RSSSF]]}}",
"### 2004 Summer Olympics",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The Olympic flame at the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics \"2004 Summer Olympics\") opening ceremony](/wiki/File:Olympic_flame_at_opening_ceremony.jpg \"Olympic flame at opening ceremony.jpg\")\nIt was extensively renovated in time for the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics \"2004 Summer Olympics\") and the [2004 Summer Paralympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Paralympics \"2004 Summer Paralympics\"), including a roof designed by [Santiago Calatrava](/wiki/Santiago_Calatrava \"Santiago Calatrava\"), and innovatively positioned with [Enerpac](/wiki/Enerpac \"Enerpac\") hydraulics.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ien.com/article/olympic\\-size\\-solution/3970\\|title\\=Olympic\\-Size Solution Raises Athens Stadium Roof\\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503031851/http://www.ien.com/article/olympic\\-size\\-solution/3970\\|archive\\-date\\=3 May 2012 }} The roof was added atop the sidelines and completed just in time for the opening of the Games. The stadium was then officially re\\-opened on 30 July 2004\\. It hosted the [athletics](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics \"Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics\") events and the [football](/wiki/Football_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics \"Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics\") finals at the Olympics and the [athletics](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Paralympics \"Athletics at the 2004 Summer Paralympics\") at the Paralympics.[2004 Summer Olympics official report.](http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2004/or2004b.pdf) Volume 2\\. pp. 242, 324\\. It also hosted the [opening ceremony](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony \"2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony\") on 13 August 2004, and the [closing ceremony](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics%23Closing_ceremony \"2004 Summer Olympics#Closing ceremony\") on 29 August 2004 along the Paralympics ceremonies on 17 and 28 September.",
"### Aftermath",
"After the Olympic Games, AEK Athens and Panathinaikos, whose stadiums had become dilapidated and no longer met safety regulations, moved again to the Olympic Stadium. AEK's move back to the stadium after 17 years came as the [Nikos Goumas Stadium](/wiki/Nikos_Goumas_Stadium \"Nikos Goumas Stadium\"), the club's traditional home ground since 1930, was demolished in 2003\\. After spending the first half of the [2003–04 season](/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_AEK_Athens_F.C._season \"2003–04 AEK Athens F.C. season\") at the [Nea Smyrni Stadium](/wiki/Nea_Smyrni_Stadium \"Nea Smyrni Stadium\") and then primarily at the [Giannis Pathiakakis Stadium](/wiki/Yiannis_Pathiakakis_Stadium \"Yiannis Pathiakakis Stadium\"), due to fan incidents,[https://www.aek365\\.org/a\\-900130/otan\\-h\\-aek\\-htan\\-ghpedouxo\\-ston\\-tauro\\-fwto\\-video.htm](https://www.aek365.org/a-900130/otan-h-aek-htan-ghpedouxo-ston-tauro-fwto-video.htm) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} the club completed its move at the end of the Olympic Games as a temporary stay,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://sportday.gr/podosfairo/146015\\_aek\\-i\\-odysseia\\-teleionei\\-meta\\-19\\-chronia\\-kai\\-102\\-imeres\\-kai\\-10\\-diaforetikes\\-edres.html\\|title\\=ΑΕΚ: Η «οδύσσεια» τελειώνει μετά από 19 χρόνια και 102 ημέρες και 10 διαφορετικές έδρες\\|date\\=4 September 2022\\|website\\=sportday.gr}} which became permanent as AEK's plans for a [new stadium](/wiki/AEK_Arena_%28cancelled_project%29 \"AEK Arena (cancelled project)\") were put on halt in the 2000s, due to the club's financial condition.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aek1924\\.gr/podosfairo/podosfairo\\-andrwn/item/7229\\-%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82\\-%CE%B3%CE%AE%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF\\-%CE%B1%CE%B5%CE%BA\\|title\\=Φάκελος: Γήπεδο ΑΕΚ\\|last\\=Χορτάτος\\|first\\=Τόλης\\|date\\=5 May 2013\\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2015\\|language\\=el\\|trans\\-title\\=File AEK Stadium\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121001837/http://www.aek1924\\.gr/podosfairo/podosfairo\\-andrwn/item/7229\\-%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82\\-%CE%B3%CE%AE%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF\\-%CE%B1%CE%B5%CE%BA\\|archive\\-date\\=21 January 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In 2007, OAKA Stadium hosted the [2007 UEFA Champions League final](/wiki/2007_UEFA_Champions_League_final \"2007 UEFA Champions League final\") between Milan and [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\"). The stadium's attendance was reduced to 72,000 for the Olympics, the initial capacity was some 75,000, though only 69,618 seats were made publicly available for the track and field events and slightly more for the football final. The turf system consists of natural grass in modular containers which incorporate irrigation and drainage systems. Greece applied together with Turkey to host the 2008 and 2012 European Football Championships, with the finals supposed to have taken place in the Athens Olympic Stadium. However, the applications failed: in 2008 the competition went to Austria and Switzerland and for 2012 UEFA decided in favor of Poland and Ukraine.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tanea.gr/2005/02/02/sports/me\\-ennea\\-antipaloys\\-i\\-ellada\\-stin\\-afetiria/\\|title\\=Mε εννέα αντιπάλους η Eλλάδα στην αφετηρία\\|date\\=2 February 2005\\|website\\=tanea.gr}}",
"On 18 March 2012, wild incidents occurred in the [derby](/wiki/Derby_of_the_eternal_enemies \"Derby of the eternal enemies\") between Panathinaikos and Olympiacos, as after the goal from the red and whites at the eleventh minute, hooligans from the home team threw Molotov cocktails at the stands, which were filled with around 50,000 spectators, and the pitch. The game had to be abandoned and was awarded 3–0 to Olympiacos and Panathinaikos were deducted five points. There were 30 fires in the arena and 57 arrests.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tovima.gr/2012/03/18/sports/ektetamena\\-epeisodia\\-sto\\-oaka\\-kai\\-diakopi\\-toy\\-aiwnioy\\-ntermpi/\\|title\\=Εκτεταμένα επεισόδια στο ΟΑΚΑ και διακοπή του «αιώνιου» ντέρμπι\\|date\\=18 March 2012\\|website\\=ΤΟ ΒΗΜΑ}} On 14 April 2013, several AEK Athens ultras stormed the pitch during the game against [Panthrakikos](/wiki/Panthrakikos_F.C. \"Panthrakikos F.C.\"), who had taken the lead in the 87th minute. The game was subsequently cancelled and awarded 0–3 for Panthrakikos, as AEK Athens were eventually relegated for the first time in their history after being deducted an additional three points.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sport24\\.gr/football/aytogkol\\-ntoy\\-kai\\-diakopi.8099756\\.html\\|title\\=Αυτογκόλ, ντου και διακοπή στο ΑΕΚ\\-Πανθρακικός!\\|website\\=sport24\\.gr}} Nevertheless, they continued using the stadium as their home ground.",
"In 2013, Panathinaikos, unable to afford the rent for the Olympic Stadium, due to the club's deteriorating financial situation, returned in the renovated Leoforos Alexandras Stadium,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sport24\\.gr/football/leoforos\\-i\\-epistrofi.8102751\\.html\\|title\\=Λεωφόρος, η επιστροφή\\|website\\=sport24\\.gr}} however the green used again the Olympic Stadium as their home ground from 2018 to 2020\\. In 2022, as [Agia Sophia Stadium](/wiki/Agia_Sophia_Stadium \"Agia Sophia Stadium\") was completed, AEK Athens left the Olympic Stadium, after a stay for nearly two decades characterised by major ups and downs for the club's history.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://regista.gr/%CE%B7\\-%CE%B1%CE%B5%CE%BA\\-%CF%84%CE%B7\\-%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%BD\\-2022\\-23\\-%CE%B8%CE%B1\\-%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%B5%CE%B9\\-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD\\-%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC\\-%CF%83%CE%BF/\\|title\\=\"Η ΑΕΚ τη σεζόν 2022\\-23 θα παίζει στην Αγιά Σοφιά\"\\|website\\=regista.gr}} After the Olympics, the Olympic Stadium hosted again the Greek Football Cup finals from 2009 to 2016 and in 2018, 2019, 2021 and 2022 respectively.",
"In 2023, an inspection of the stadium's roof and a preliminary study of upgrades were organized to prepare stadium for the first renovation since 2004\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dnews.gr/eidhseis/koinonia/425229/ksepsaxnizoun\\-ti\\-stegi\\-kalatrava\\-sto\\-oaka\\-se\\-ekseliksi\\-elegxos\\-ton\\-metallikon\\-kataskevon\\|title\\=«Ξεψαχνίζουν» τη στέγη Καλατράβα στο ΟΑΚΑ \\- Σε εξέλιξη έλεγχος των μεταλλικών κατασκευών\\|website\\=dnews.gr\\|date\\=10 April 2023 }} After the inspection, the stadium and the nearby [Athens Olympic Velodrome](/wiki/Athens_Olympic_Velodrome \"Athens Olympic Velodrome\") were subsequently ordered to stop instituting any sort of organized events inside the venues and effectively shut down over safety failures.{{cite news\\|title\\=Greece shuts landmark Olympic stadium over roof safety concerns\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/sports/greece\\-shuts\\-landmark\\-olympic\\-stadium\\-over\\-roof\\-safety\\-concerns\\-2023\\-10\\-02/\\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2023\\|website\\=reuters.com\\|date\\=2 October 2023}}",
"Following the removal of unsafe panels on the roof, the stadium reopened in May 2024\\. The renovations are expected to be completed by 2026\\.{{Cite web\\|date\\=11 February 2024\\|title\\=Έτσι θ' ανοίξει το ΟΑΚΑ: Οι εργασίες\\-εξπρές και η συντήρηση εν λειτουργία \\- Πώς αποφεύχθηκε το φιάσκο με τους Coldplay\\|url\\=https://www.protothema.gr/greece/article/1465342/etsi\\-th\\-anoixei\\-to\\-oaka\\-oi\\-ergasies\\-expres\\-kai\\-i\\-sudirisi\\-en\\-leitourgia\\-pos\\-apofeuhthike\\-to\\-fiasko\\-me\\-tous\\-coldplay/\\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2024\\|website\\=protothema.gr\\|language\\=el}}",
""
] |
Regimental history
------------------
### Varnum's Regiment (1775\)
The 1st Rhode Island was initially formed by the [Colonial government](/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations "Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations") before being taken into the Continental Army. The revolutionary [Rhode Island Assembly](/wiki/Rhode_Island_Assembly "Rhode Island Assembly") authorized the regiment on May 6, 1775, as part of the Rhode Island Army of Observation. The regiment was organized on May 8, 1775, under Colonel [James Mitchell Varnum](/wiki/James_Mitchell_Varnum "James Mitchell Varnum") and was therefore often known as "Varnum's Regiment." It originally consisted of eight [companies](/wiki/Company_%28military%29 "Company (military)") of volunteers from [Kent](/wiki/Kent_County%2C_Rhode_Island "Kent County, Rhode Island") and [Kings](/wiki/Washington_County%2C_Rhode_Island "Washington County, Rhode Island") Counties.
Varnum marched the regiment to [Roxbury, Massachusetts](/wiki/Roxbury%2C_Massachusetts "Roxbury, Massachusetts") in June 1775, where it took part in the [siege of Boston](/wiki/Siege_of_Boston "Siege of Boston") as part of the [Army of Observation](/wiki/Army_of_Observation "Army of Observation"). It was adopted into the [Continental Army](/wiki/Continental_Army "Continental Army") by an act of Congress on June 14, 1775\. It was expanded to ten companies on June 28 and was assigned to General [Nathanael Greene](/wiki/Nathanael_Greene "Nathanael Greene")'s Brigade in General [George Washington](/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington")'s Main Army on July 28\. Greene's Brigade was encamped at Prospect Hill in [Somerville](/wiki/Somerville%2C_Massachusetts "Somerville, Massachusetts"). General Washington officially took command of the Continental Army upon his arrival in [Cambridge, Massachusetts](/wiki/Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts") on July 3, 1775\.
The soldiers of Varnum's Regiment had enlisted until the end of 1775, like all others in the Continental Army, and the regiment was discharged on December 31, along with the remainder of the army.
### 9th Continental Regiment (1776\)
The Continental Army was completely reorganized at the beginning of 1776, with many regiments receiving new names and others being disbanded. Enlistments were for one year. Varnum's Regiment was reorganized with eight companies on January 1, 1776, and re\-designated as the 9th Continental Regiment. Under Colonel Varnum, the regiment remained near Boston until the British evacuated the city in March. It was then ordered to Long Island and took part in the disastrous [New York and New Jersey campaign](/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign "New York and New Jersey campaign"), including the [Battle of Long Island](/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island "Battle of Long Island") and the [Battle of Harlem Heights](/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights "Battle of Harlem Heights"), retreating from New York with the Main Army. The Continental Army was reorganized at the end of the year, as was the case in 1775\. Still, soldiers were now allowed to enlist for "three years or the war", unlike the previous practice of enlisting only until the end of the year.
### 1st Rhode Island Regiment (1777–80\)
The Continental Army was reorganized in 1777, and the 9th Continental Regiment was re\-designated as the 1st Rhode Island Regiment. Colonel Varnum was promoted to brigadier general on February 27, 1777, and was succeeded by Colonel [Christopher Greene](/wiki/Christopher_Greene "Christopher Greene"), a distant cousin of General [Nathanael Greene](/wiki/Nathanael_Greene "Nathanael Greene"). Under Colonel Greene, the regiment, along with the 2nd Rhode Island Regiment, successfully defended [Fort Mercer](/wiki/Fort_Mercer "Fort Mercer") at the [Battle of Red Bank](/wiki/Battle_of_Red_Bank "Battle of Red Bank") on October 22, 1777, against an assault by 2,000 [Hessians](/wiki/Hessian_%28soldiers%29 "Hessian (soldiers)").
The regiment spent the winter of 1777 to 1778 at [Valley Forge](/wiki/Valley_Forge "Valley Forge") near Philadelphia. It endured the hardships of hunger, disease, and exposure to cold along with other units of the Continental Army. In early 1778, the regiment and the 2nd Rhode Island returned to Rhode Island to prepare for an upcoming expedition to dislodge British and Hessian forces occupying the city of Newport.
[thumb\|right\|250px\|1781 watercolor drawing of American soldiers from the [Yorktown campaign](/wiki/Yorktown_campaign "Yorktown campaign"), showing a Black infantryman from the 1st Rhode Island Regiment on the far left](/wiki/File:Soldiers_at_the_siege_of_Yorktown_%281781%29%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Antoine_DeVerger.png "Soldiers at the siege of Yorktown (1781), by Jean-Baptiste-Antoine DeVerger.png")
#### The "Black Regiment" (1778–81\)
Black soldiers had been a part of the Continental Army since the first shots at Lexington and Concord in April 1775\. The Black soldiers in those integrated militias served throughout the war. However, Black recruits were technically barred from military service in the [Continental Army](/wiki/Continental_Army "Continental Army") from November 12, 1775, until February 23, 1778\. Even so, many slave owners who did not want to serve sent slaves to serve in their place. As Frederick Mackenzie reported on June 30, 1777, the rebels "find it so difficult to raise men for the Continental Army, that they enlist Negroes, for whom their owners receive a bounty of 180 dollars, and half their pay; and the Negro gets the other half, and a promise of freedom after three years." Rhode Island continued to have difficulties recruiting enough white men to meet the troop quotas set by the [Continental Congress](/wiki/Continental_Congress "Continental Congress") in 1778, so the Rhode Island Assembly decided to pursue a suggestion made by General Varnum to enlist slaves men into the 1st Rhode Island Regiment. Varnum had raised the idea in a letter to George Washington, who forwarded it to the governor of Rhode Island without explicitly approving or disapproving of the plan.Lengel, *General George Washington*, p. 314\. On February 14, 1778, the [Rhode Island General Assembly](/wiki/Rhode_Island_General_Assembly "Rhode Island General Assembly") voted to allow the enlistment of "every able\-bodied negro, mulatto, or Indian man slave" who chose to do so, and voted that "every slave so enlisting shall, upon his passing muster before Colonel [Christopher Greene](/wiki/Christopher_Greene "Christopher Greene"), be immediately discharged from the service of his master or mistress, and be absolutely free."Lanning, *African Americans in the Revolutionary War*, p. 205\. The owners of enlisted slaves were to be compensated by the Assembly equal to their market value.
Eighty\-eight slaves enlisted in the regiment over the next four months, as well as some free Black and native men. The regiment eventually totaled about 225 men; as many as 140 were Black.Lanning, *African Americans in the Revolutionary War*, pp. 75–76\. The 1st Rhode Island became the only regiment of the Continental Army to have segregated companies of Black soldiers; other regiments that allowed Black men to enlist were integrated. The enlistment of slaves had been controversial, and no more non\-white men were enlisted after June 1778\. The unit continued to be known as the "Black Regiment", even though only white men were recruited to replace losses, a process which eventually made it an integrated unit.Lanning, *African Americans in the Revolutionary War*, p. 78\.
#### Battle of Rhode Island
The regiment fought in the [Battle of Rhode Island](/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island "Battle of Rhode Island") in August 1778 under the command of Major [Samuel Ward Jr.](/wiki/Samuel_Ward_Jr. "Samuel Ward Jr."), as Colonel Greene had been assigned as a brigade commander for the campaign. It played an important role by defending a redoubt on West Main Road, where it successfully repelled three charges by the Hessians. Repeated attacks from British regulars and Hessian forces failed to break the line of the Patriot forces and allowed the successful withdrawal of Sullivan's army the following night. Historian Sidney Rider notes that the Hessians charged three times and were repulsed each time.{{cite journal\|last\=Rider\|first\=Sidney\|title\=Rhode Island Historical Tracts\|journal\=Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center\|date\=1880\|volume\=10\|page\=59}} According to Rider, the Hessian Colonel "applied to exchange his command and go to New York, because he dared not lead his regiment" into battle again, "lest his men should shoot him for having caused them so much loss." The First Rhode Island suffered three killed, nine wounded, and eleven missing.{{cite journal\|last1\=Adams\|first1\=Gretchen\|title\=Deeds of Desperate Valor: The First Rhode Island Regiment\|journal\=UNH}}
After a day of battle, General Sullivan decided that his forces were insufficient and ordered an orderly withdrawal at night. His soldiers left their campfires burning to make the British and Hessians think that they were still in place. The operation lasted a total of four hours for six Continental brigades.{{cite book\|last1\=Abdul\-Jabbar\|first1\=Kareem\|last2\=Steinberg\|first2\=Alan\|title\=Black Profiles in Courage: A Legacy of African American Achievement\|date\=2000\|publisher\=Perennial\|location\=New York, NY\|page\=31}} Sullivan praised the Rhode Island Regiment for its actions, saying that they bore "a proper share of the day's honors." [General Lafayette](/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier%2C_Marquis_de_Lafayette "Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette") proclaimed the battle as "the best fought action of the war."
The regiment saw little action over the next three years since the focus of the war shifted to the south. It remained in Rhode Island to defend against a possible attack by the British forces in Newport. It was later sent to Westchester County in New York, where the Continental Army was located.
### Rhode Island Regiment (1781–1783\)
On January 1, 1781, the regiment was consolidated with the [2nd Rhode Island Regiment](/wiki/2nd_Rhode_Island_Regiment "2nd Rhode Island Regiment") at West Point, New York, and was re\-designated as the Rhode Island Regiment. The regiment spent the early months of 1781 in an area of the Hudson River Valley called the "Neutral Zone" by some historians.
#### Campaign in the Neutral Zone
The "Neutral Zone" was an area in the [Hudson River Valley](/wiki/Hudson_River_Valley "Hudson River Valley") east of the river described as "a desolate, sparsely populated buffer zone between the forces of the English to the South and the Americans to the North."{{cite journal\|last1\=Williams\-Myers\|first1\=A.J\|title\=Out of the Shadows: African Descendants \-\- Revolutionary Combatants in The Hudson River Valley; A Preliminary Historical Sketch\|journal\=Afro\-Americans in New York Life and History\|date\=2007\|volume\=31\|issue\=1\|page\=96}} People who continued to live in the area had to deal with "theft, murder, and destruction" by renegade groups, such as the "cowboys" or the "skinners."{{cite journal\|last1\=Williams\-Myers\|first1\=A.J\|title\=Out of the Shadows: African Descendants \-\- Revolutionary Combatants in The Hudson River Valley; A Preliminary Historical Sketch\|journal\=Afro\-Americans in New York Life and History\|date\=2007\|volume\=31\|issue\=1\|page\=97}} These renegade groups "cloaked their plundering under an alleged allegiance to one of the combatants." To whichever side the renegade groups leaned, they would forage for goods to sustain "both men and beasts of burden."
The constant foraging and raiding in the neutral zone, especially by the British supporting "cowboys" (loyalist militia), caused Major\-General Heath to command [Colonel Greene](/wiki/Christopher_Greene "Christopher Greene") and the Rhode Island Regiment to defend Pine's Bridge on the Croton River from "marauding Cowboys" who frequently made incursions from their base in Morrisiania (South Bronx), under the command of loyalist leader Brigadier General [James Delancy](/wiki/James_Delancey_%28loyalist%29 "James Delancey (loyalist)").
#### Battle of Pines Bridge
On May 14 1781, Colonel Delancey and his unit of loyalist militia, [De Lancey's Refugee Corps](/wiki/De_Lancey%27s_Brigade "De Lancey's Brigade"), [assaulted Pine's Bridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Pine%27s_Bridge "Battle of Pine's Bridge") (near present\-day [Yorktown, New York](/wiki/Yorktown%2C_New_York "Yorktown, New York")) and caught Colonel Greene and a small detachment of the Rhode Island Regiment by surprise. Delancey's troops killed Colonel Greene, Major Ebenezer Flagg and eight African\-American soldiers of the Rhode Island Regiment. The Black soldiers were reported to have "defended their beloved Col. Greene so well that it was only over their dead bodies that the enemy reached and murdered him." Greene's body was purportedly mutilated by the Loyalists as punishment for having led Black soldiers against them.Lanning, *African Americans in the Revolutionary War*, p. 79\. Colonel Greene and Major Flagg were buried at the First Presbyterian Church in Yorktown.
### Last years
Following the death of Colonel Greene, Lieutenant Colonel [Jeremiah Olney](/wiki/Jeremiah_Olney "Jeremiah Olney") took command of the regiment. Under Olney's command, the regiment took part in the [Siege of Yorktown](/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown "Siege of Yorktown") in October 1781, the last major battle of the Revolution. After Yorktown, the regiment moved with the Main Army to [Newburgh, New York](/wiki/Newburgh%2C_New_York "Newburgh, New York"), where its primary purpose was to be ready to react if British forces in the city went on the offensive.
On January 22, 1783, the regiment was placed under the command of Colonel [Marinus Willett](/wiki/Marinus_Willett "Marinus Willett") of the New York Militia, along with other units, to capture [Fort Ontario](/wiki/Fort_Ontario "Fort Ontario") in the town of [Oswego, New York](/wiki/Oswego%2C_New_York "Oswego, New York") on the shore of [Lake Ontario](/wiki/Lake_Ontario "Lake Ontario"). On February 8, the force of about 500 soldiers, with 120 horse\-drawn sleighs, left [Fort Herkimer](/wiki/Fort_Herkimer "Fort Herkimer") near [Utica](/wiki/Utica%2C_New_York "Utica, New York"). Although the expedition got within a mile of Fort Ontario, the attack was called off at the last minute as the moon was not due to set with enough time before daybreak to make a surprise attack. After the expedition, the Rhode Island Regiment returned to Newburgh, where it remained for the remainder of its service.
### Rhode Island Battalion (1783\)
On March 1, 1783, the regiment was reorganized into six companies and designated as the Rhode Island Battalion (a.k.a. "Olney's Rhode Island Battalion"). On June 15, the Rhode Island Regiment veterans with at least three years of service were discharged at Saratoga, New York, and the remaining soldiers of the battalion who were enlisted for three years were organized into a small battalion of two companies. The British evacuated New York on November 25, and the Rhode Island Battalion disbanded on December 25 at [Saratoga, New York](/wiki/Saratoga%2C_New_York "Saratoga, New York"). It was one of the few units in the Continental Army to have served through its entire existence.
|
[
"Regimental history\n------------------",
"### Varnum's Regiment (1775\\)",
"The 1st Rhode Island was initially formed by the [Colonial government](/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations \"Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations\") before being taken into the Continental Army. The revolutionary [Rhode Island Assembly](/wiki/Rhode_Island_Assembly \"Rhode Island Assembly\") authorized the regiment on May 6, 1775, as part of the Rhode Island Army of Observation. The regiment was organized on May 8, 1775, under Colonel [James Mitchell Varnum](/wiki/James_Mitchell_Varnum \"James Mitchell Varnum\") and was therefore often known as \"Varnum's Regiment.\" It originally consisted of eight [companies](/wiki/Company_%28military%29 \"Company (military)\") of volunteers from [Kent](/wiki/Kent_County%2C_Rhode_Island \"Kent County, Rhode Island\") and [Kings](/wiki/Washington_County%2C_Rhode_Island \"Washington County, Rhode Island\") Counties.",
"Varnum marched the regiment to [Roxbury, Massachusetts](/wiki/Roxbury%2C_Massachusetts \"Roxbury, Massachusetts\") in June 1775, where it took part in the [siege of Boston](/wiki/Siege_of_Boston \"Siege of Boston\") as part of the [Army of Observation](/wiki/Army_of_Observation \"Army of Observation\"). It was adopted into the [Continental Army](/wiki/Continental_Army \"Continental Army\") by an act of Congress on June 14, 1775\\. It was expanded to ten companies on June 28 and was assigned to General [Nathanael Greene](/wiki/Nathanael_Greene \"Nathanael Greene\")'s Brigade in General [George Washington](/wiki/George_Washington \"George Washington\")'s Main Army on July 28\\. Greene's Brigade was encamped at Prospect Hill in [Somerville](/wiki/Somerville%2C_Massachusetts \"Somerville, Massachusetts\"). General Washington officially took command of the Continental Army upon his arrival in [Cambridge, Massachusetts](/wiki/Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts \"Cambridge, Massachusetts\") on July 3, 1775\\.",
"The soldiers of Varnum's Regiment had enlisted until the end of 1775, like all others in the Continental Army, and the regiment was discharged on December 31, along with the remainder of the army.",
"### 9th Continental Regiment (1776\\)",
"The Continental Army was completely reorganized at the beginning of 1776, with many regiments receiving new names and others being disbanded. Enlistments were for one year. Varnum's Regiment was reorganized with eight companies on January 1, 1776, and re\\-designated as the 9th Continental Regiment. Under Colonel Varnum, the regiment remained near Boston until the British evacuated the city in March. It was then ordered to Long Island and took part in the disastrous [New York and New Jersey campaign](/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign \"New York and New Jersey campaign\"), including the [Battle of Long Island](/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island \"Battle of Long Island\") and the [Battle of Harlem Heights](/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights \"Battle of Harlem Heights\"), retreating from New York with the Main Army. The Continental Army was reorganized at the end of the year, as was the case in 1775\\. Still, soldiers were now allowed to enlist for \"three years or the war\", unlike the previous practice of enlisting only until the end of the year.",
"### 1st Rhode Island Regiment (1777–80\\)",
"The Continental Army was reorganized in 1777, and the 9th Continental Regiment was re\\-designated as the 1st Rhode Island Regiment. Colonel Varnum was promoted to brigadier general on February 27, 1777, and was succeeded by Colonel [Christopher Greene](/wiki/Christopher_Greene \"Christopher Greene\"), a distant cousin of General [Nathanael Greene](/wiki/Nathanael_Greene \"Nathanael Greene\"). Under Colonel Greene, the regiment, along with the 2nd Rhode Island Regiment, successfully defended [Fort Mercer](/wiki/Fort_Mercer \"Fort Mercer\") at the [Battle of Red Bank](/wiki/Battle_of_Red_Bank \"Battle of Red Bank\") on October 22, 1777, against an assault by 2,000 [Hessians](/wiki/Hessian_%28soldiers%29 \"Hessian (soldiers)\").",
"The regiment spent the winter of 1777 to 1778 at [Valley Forge](/wiki/Valley_Forge \"Valley Forge\") near Philadelphia. It endured the hardships of hunger, disease, and exposure to cold along with other units of the Continental Army. In early 1778, the regiment and the 2nd Rhode Island returned to Rhode Island to prepare for an upcoming expedition to dislodge British and Hessian forces occupying the city of Newport.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|1781 watercolor drawing of American soldiers from the [Yorktown campaign](/wiki/Yorktown_campaign \"Yorktown campaign\"), showing a Black infantryman from the 1st Rhode Island Regiment on the far left](/wiki/File:Soldiers_at_the_siege_of_Yorktown_%281781%29%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Antoine_DeVerger.png \"Soldiers at the siege of Yorktown (1781), by Jean-Baptiste-Antoine DeVerger.png\")",
"#### The \"Black Regiment\" (1778–81\\)",
"Black soldiers had been a part of the Continental Army since the first shots at Lexington and Concord in April 1775\\. The Black soldiers in those integrated militias served throughout the war. However, Black recruits were technically barred from military service in the [Continental Army](/wiki/Continental_Army \"Continental Army\") from November 12, 1775, until February 23, 1778\\. Even so, many slave owners who did not want to serve sent slaves to serve in their place. As Frederick Mackenzie reported on June 30, 1777, the rebels \"find it so difficult to raise men for the Continental Army, that they enlist Negroes, for whom their owners receive a bounty of 180 dollars, and half their pay; and the Negro gets the other half, and a promise of freedom after three years.\" Rhode Island continued to have difficulties recruiting enough white men to meet the troop quotas set by the [Continental Congress](/wiki/Continental_Congress \"Continental Congress\") in 1778, so the Rhode Island Assembly decided to pursue a suggestion made by General Varnum to enlist slaves men into the 1st Rhode Island Regiment. Varnum had raised the idea in a letter to George Washington, who forwarded it to the governor of Rhode Island without explicitly approving or disapproving of the plan.Lengel, *General George Washington*, p. 314\\. On February 14, 1778, the [Rhode Island General Assembly](/wiki/Rhode_Island_General_Assembly \"Rhode Island General Assembly\") voted to allow the enlistment of \"every able\\-bodied negro, mulatto, or Indian man slave\" who chose to do so, and voted that \"every slave so enlisting shall, upon his passing muster before Colonel [Christopher Greene](/wiki/Christopher_Greene \"Christopher Greene\"), be immediately discharged from the service of his master or mistress, and be absolutely free.\"Lanning, *African Americans in the Revolutionary War*, p. 205\\. The owners of enlisted slaves were to be compensated by the Assembly equal to their market value.",
"Eighty\\-eight slaves enlisted in the regiment over the next four months, as well as some free Black and native men. The regiment eventually totaled about 225 men; as many as 140 were Black.Lanning, *African Americans in the Revolutionary War*, pp. 75–76\\. The 1st Rhode Island became the only regiment of the Continental Army to have segregated companies of Black soldiers; other regiments that allowed Black men to enlist were integrated. The enlistment of slaves had been controversial, and no more non\\-white men were enlisted after June 1778\\. The unit continued to be known as the \"Black Regiment\", even though only white men were recruited to replace losses, a process which eventually made it an integrated unit.Lanning, *African Americans in the Revolutionary War*, p. 78\\.",
"#### Battle of Rhode Island",
"The regiment fought in the [Battle of Rhode Island](/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island \"Battle of Rhode Island\") in August 1778 under the command of Major [Samuel Ward Jr.](/wiki/Samuel_Ward_Jr. \"Samuel Ward Jr.\"), as Colonel Greene had been assigned as a brigade commander for the campaign. It played an important role by defending a redoubt on West Main Road, where it successfully repelled three charges by the Hessians. Repeated attacks from British regulars and Hessian forces failed to break the line of the Patriot forces and allowed the successful withdrawal of Sullivan's army the following night. Historian Sidney Rider notes that the Hessians charged three times and were repulsed each time.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Rider\\|first\\=Sidney\\|title\\=Rhode Island Historical Tracts\\|journal\\=Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center\\|date\\=1880\\|volume\\=10\\|page\\=59}} According to Rider, the Hessian Colonel \"applied to exchange his command and go to New York, because he dared not lead his regiment\" into battle again, \"lest his men should shoot him for having caused them so much loss.\" The First Rhode Island suffered three killed, nine wounded, and eleven missing.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Adams\\|first1\\=Gretchen\\|title\\=Deeds of Desperate Valor: The First Rhode Island Regiment\\|journal\\=UNH}}",
"After a day of battle, General Sullivan decided that his forces were insufficient and ordered an orderly withdrawal at night. His soldiers left their campfires burning to make the British and Hessians think that they were still in place. The operation lasted a total of four hours for six Continental brigades.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Abdul\\-Jabbar\\|first1\\=Kareem\\|last2\\=Steinberg\\|first2\\=Alan\\|title\\=Black Profiles in Courage: A Legacy of African American Achievement\\|date\\=2000\\|publisher\\=Perennial\\|location\\=New York, NY\\|page\\=31}} Sullivan praised the Rhode Island Regiment for its actions, saying that they bore \"a proper share of the day's honors.\" [General Lafayette](/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier%2C_Marquis_de_Lafayette \"Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette\") proclaimed the battle as \"the best fought action of the war.\"",
"The regiment saw little action over the next three years since the focus of the war shifted to the south. It remained in Rhode Island to defend against a possible attack by the British forces in Newport. It was later sent to Westchester County in New York, where the Continental Army was located.",
"### Rhode Island Regiment (1781–1783\\)",
"On January 1, 1781, the regiment was consolidated with the [2nd Rhode Island Regiment](/wiki/2nd_Rhode_Island_Regiment \"2nd Rhode Island Regiment\") at West Point, New York, and was re\\-designated as the Rhode Island Regiment. The regiment spent the early months of 1781 in an area of the Hudson River Valley called the \"Neutral Zone\" by some historians.",
"#### Campaign in the Neutral Zone",
"The \"Neutral Zone\" was an area in the [Hudson River Valley](/wiki/Hudson_River_Valley \"Hudson River Valley\") east of the river described as \"a desolate, sparsely populated buffer zone between the forces of the English to the South and the Americans to the North.\"{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Williams\\-Myers\\|first1\\=A.J\\|title\\=Out of the Shadows: African Descendants \\-\\- Revolutionary Combatants in The Hudson River Valley; A Preliminary Historical Sketch\\|journal\\=Afro\\-Americans in New York Life and History\\|date\\=2007\\|volume\\=31\\|issue\\=1\\|page\\=96}} People who continued to live in the area had to deal with \"theft, murder, and destruction\" by renegade groups, such as the \"cowboys\" or the \"skinners.\"{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Williams\\-Myers\\|first1\\=A.J\\|title\\=Out of the Shadows: African Descendants \\-\\- Revolutionary Combatants in The Hudson River Valley; A Preliminary Historical Sketch\\|journal\\=Afro\\-Americans in New York Life and History\\|date\\=2007\\|volume\\=31\\|issue\\=1\\|page\\=97}} These renegade groups \"cloaked their plundering under an alleged allegiance to one of the combatants.\" To whichever side the renegade groups leaned, they would forage for goods to sustain \"both men and beasts of burden.\"",
"The constant foraging and raiding in the neutral zone, especially by the British supporting \"cowboys\" (loyalist militia), caused Major\\-General Heath to command [Colonel Greene](/wiki/Christopher_Greene \"Christopher Greene\") and the Rhode Island Regiment to defend Pine's Bridge on the Croton River from \"marauding Cowboys\" who frequently made incursions from their base in Morrisiania (South Bronx), under the command of loyalist leader Brigadier General [James Delancy](/wiki/James_Delancey_%28loyalist%29 \"James Delancey (loyalist)\").",
"#### Battle of Pines Bridge",
"On May 14 1781, Colonel Delancey and his unit of loyalist militia, [De Lancey's Refugee Corps](/wiki/De_Lancey%27s_Brigade \"De Lancey's Brigade\"), [assaulted Pine's Bridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Pine%27s_Bridge \"Battle of Pine's Bridge\") (near present\\-day [Yorktown, New York](/wiki/Yorktown%2C_New_York \"Yorktown, New York\")) and caught Colonel Greene and a small detachment of the Rhode Island Regiment by surprise. Delancey's troops killed Colonel Greene, Major Ebenezer Flagg and eight African\\-American soldiers of the Rhode Island Regiment. The Black soldiers were reported to have \"defended their beloved Col. Greene so well that it was only over their dead bodies that the enemy reached and murdered him.\" Greene's body was purportedly mutilated by the Loyalists as punishment for having led Black soldiers against them.Lanning, *African Americans in the Revolutionary War*, p. 79\\. Colonel Greene and Major Flagg were buried at the First Presbyterian Church in Yorktown.",
"### Last years",
"Following the death of Colonel Greene, Lieutenant Colonel [Jeremiah Olney](/wiki/Jeremiah_Olney \"Jeremiah Olney\") took command of the regiment. Under Olney's command, the regiment took part in the [Siege of Yorktown](/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown \"Siege of Yorktown\") in October 1781, the last major battle of the Revolution. After Yorktown, the regiment moved with the Main Army to [Newburgh, New York](/wiki/Newburgh%2C_New_York \"Newburgh, New York\"), where its primary purpose was to be ready to react if British forces in the city went on the offensive.",
"On January 22, 1783, the regiment was placed under the command of Colonel [Marinus Willett](/wiki/Marinus_Willett \"Marinus Willett\") of the New York Militia, along with other units, to capture [Fort Ontario](/wiki/Fort_Ontario \"Fort Ontario\") in the town of [Oswego, New York](/wiki/Oswego%2C_New_York \"Oswego, New York\") on the shore of [Lake Ontario](/wiki/Lake_Ontario \"Lake Ontario\"). On February 8, the force of about 500 soldiers, with 120 horse\\-drawn sleighs, left [Fort Herkimer](/wiki/Fort_Herkimer \"Fort Herkimer\") near [Utica](/wiki/Utica%2C_New_York \"Utica, New York\"). Although the expedition got within a mile of Fort Ontario, the attack was called off at the last minute as the moon was not due to set with enough time before daybreak to make a surprise attack. After the expedition, the Rhode Island Regiment returned to Newburgh, where it remained for the remainder of its service.",
"### Rhode Island Battalion (1783\\)",
"On March 1, 1783, the regiment was reorganized into six companies and designated as the Rhode Island Battalion (a.k.a. \"Olney's Rhode Island Battalion\"). On June 15, the Rhode Island Regiment veterans with at least three years of service were discharged at Saratoga, New York, and the remaining soldiers of the battalion who were enlisted for three years were organized into a small battalion of two companies. The British evacuated New York on November 25, and the Rhode Island Battalion disbanded on December 25 at [Saratoga, New York](/wiki/Saratoga%2C_New_York \"Saratoga, New York\"). It was one of the few units in the Continental Army to have served through its entire existence.",
"",
"",
""
] |
### 1st Rhode Island Regiment (1777–80\)
The Continental Army was reorganized in 1777, and the 9th Continental Regiment was re\-designated as the 1st Rhode Island Regiment. Colonel Varnum was promoted to brigadier general on February 27, 1777, and was succeeded by Colonel [Christopher Greene](/wiki/Christopher_Greene "Christopher Greene"), a distant cousin of General [Nathanael Greene](/wiki/Nathanael_Greene "Nathanael Greene"). Under Colonel Greene, the regiment, along with the 2nd Rhode Island Regiment, successfully defended [Fort Mercer](/wiki/Fort_Mercer "Fort Mercer") at the [Battle of Red Bank](/wiki/Battle_of_Red_Bank "Battle of Red Bank") on October 22, 1777, against an assault by 2,000 [Hessians](/wiki/Hessian_%28soldiers%29 "Hessian (soldiers)").
The regiment spent the winter of 1777 to 1778 at [Valley Forge](/wiki/Valley_Forge "Valley Forge") near Philadelphia. It endured the hardships of hunger, disease, and exposure to cold along with other units of the Continental Army. In early 1778, the regiment and the 2nd Rhode Island returned to Rhode Island to prepare for an upcoming expedition to dislodge British and Hessian forces occupying the city of Newport.
[thumb\|right\|250px\|1781 watercolor drawing of American soldiers from the [Yorktown campaign](/wiki/Yorktown_campaign "Yorktown campaign"), showing a Black infantryman from the 1st Rhode Island Regiment on the far left](/wiki/File:Soldiers_at_the_siege_of_Yorktown_%281781%29%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Antoine_DeVerger.png "Soldiers at the siege of Yorktown (1781), by Jean-Baptiste-Antoine DeVerger.png")
#### The "Black Regiment" (1778–81\)
Black soldiers had been a part of the Continental Army since the first shots at Lexington and Concord in April 1775\. The Black soldiers in those integrated militias served throughout the war. However, Black recruits were technically barred from military service in the [Continental Army](/wiki/Continental_Army "Continental Army") from November 12, 1775, until February 23, 1778\. Even so, many slave owners who did not want to serve sent slaves to serve in their place. As Frederick Mackenzie reported on June 30, 1777, the rebels "find it so difficult to raise men for the Continental Army, that they enlist Negroes, for whom their owners receive a bounty of 180 dollars, and half their pay; and the Negro gets the other half, and a promise of freedom after three years." Rhode Island continued to have difficulties recruiting enough white men to meet the troop quotas set by the [Continental Congress](/wiki/Continental_Congress "Continental Congress") in 1778, so the Rhode Island Assembly decided to pursue a suggestion made by General Varnum to enlist slaves men into the 1st Rhode Island Regiment. Varnum had raised the idea in a letter to George Washington, who forwarded it to the governor of Rhode Island without explicitly approving or disapproving of the plan.Lengel, *General George Washington*, p. 314\. On February 14, 1778, the [Rhode Island General Assembly](/wiki/Rhode_Island_General_Assembly "Rhode Island General Assembly") voted to allow the enlistment of "every able\-bodied negro, mulatto, or Indian man slave" who chose to do so, and voted that "every slave so enlisting shall, upon his passing muster before Colonel [Christopher Greene](/wiki/Christopher_Greene "Christopher Greene"), be immediately discharged from the service of his master or mistress, and be absolutely free."Lanning, *African Americans in the Revolutionary War*, p. 205\. The owners of enlisted slaves were to be compensated by the Assembly equal to their market value.
Eighty\-eight slaves enlisted in the regiment over the next four months, as well as some free Black and native men. The regiment eventually totaled about 225 men; as many as 140 were Black.Lanning, *African Americans in the Revolutionary War*, pp. 75–76\. The 1st Rhode Island became the only regiment of the Continental Army to have segregated companies of Black soldiers; other regiments that allowed Black men to enlist were integrated. The enlistment of slaves had been controversial, and no more non\-white men were enlisted after June 1778\. The unit continued to be known as the "Black Regiment", even though only white men were recruited to replace losses, a process which eventually made it an integrated unit.Lanning, *African Americans in the Revolutionary War*, p. 78\.
#### Battle of Rhode Island
The regiment fought in the [Battle of Rhode Island](/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island "Battle of Rhode Island") in August 1778 under the command of Major [Samuel Ward Jr.](/wiki/Samuel_Ward_Jr. "Samuel Ward Jr."), as Colonel Greene had been assigned as a brigade commander for the campaign. It played an important role by defending a redoubt on West Main Road, where it successfully repelled three charges by the Hessians. Repeated attacks from British regulars and Hessian forces failed to break the line of the Patriot forces and allowed the successful withdrawal of Sullivan's army the following night. Historian Sidney Rider notes that the Hessians charged three times and were repulsed each time.{{cite journal\|last\=Rider\|first\=Sidney\|title\=Rhode Island Historical Tracts\|journal\=Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center\|date\=1880\|volume\=10\|page\=59}} According to Rider, the Hessian Colonel "applied to exchange his command and go to New York, because he dared not lead his regiment" into battle again, "lest his men should shoot him for having caused them so much loss." The First Rhode Island suffered three killed, nine wounded, and eleven missing.{{cite journal\|last1\=Adams\|first1\=Gretchen\|title\=Deeds of Desperate Valor: The First Rhode Island Regiment\|journal\=UNH}}
After a day of battle, General Sullivan decided that his forces were insufficient and ordered an orderly withdrawal at night. His soldiers left their campfires burning to make the British and Hessians think that they were still in place. The operation lasted a total of four hours for six Continental brigades.{{cite book\|last1\=Abdul\-Jabbar\|first1\=Kareem\|last2\=Steinberg\|first2\=Alan\|title\=Black Profiles in Courage: A Legacy of African American Achievement\|date\=2000\|publisher\=Perennial\|location\=New York, NY\|page\=31}} Sullivan praised the Rhode Island Regiment for its actions, saying that they bore "a proper share of the day's honors." [General Lafayette](/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier%2C_Marquis_de_Lafayette "Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette") proclaimed the battle as "the best fought action of the war."
The regiment saw little action over the next three years since the focus of the war shifted to the south. It remained in Rhode Island to defend against a possible attack by the British forces in Newport. It was later sent to Westchester County in New York, where the Continental Army was located.
|
[
"### 1st Rhode Island Regiment (1777–80\\)",
"The Continental Army was reorganized in 1777, and the 9th Continental Regiment was re\\-designated as the 1st Rhode Island Regiment. Colonel Varnum was promoted to brigadier general on February 27, 1777, and was succeeded by Colonel [Christopher Greene](/wiki/Christopher_Greene \"Christopher Greene\"), a distant cousin of General [Nathanael Greene](/wiki/Nathanael_Greene \"Nathanael Greene\"). Under Colonel Greene, the regiment, along with the 2nd Rhode Island Regiment, successfully defended [Fort Mercer](/wiki/Fort_Mercer \"Fort Mercer\") at the [Battle of Red Bank](/wiki/Battle_of_Red_Bank \"Battle of Red Bank\") on October 22, 1777, against an assault by 2,000 [Hessians](/wiki/Hessian_%28soldiers%29 \"Hessian (soldiers)\").",
"The regiment spent the winter of 1777 to 1778 at [Valley Forge](/wiki/Valley_Forge \"Valley Forge\") near Philadelphia. It endured the hardships of hunger, disease, and exposure to cold along with other units of the Continental Army. In early 1778, the regiment and the 2nd Rhode Island returned to Rhode Island to prepare for an upcoming expedition to dislodge British and Hessian forces occupying the city of Newport.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|1781 watercolor drawing of American soldiers from the [Yorktown campaign](/wiki/Yorktown_campaign \"Yorktown campaign\"), showing a Black infantryman from the 1st Rhode Island Regiment on the far left](/wiki/File:Soldiers_at_the_siege_of_Yorktown_%281781%29%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Antoine_DeVerger.png \"Soldiers at the siege of Yorktown (1781), by Jean-Baptiste-Antoine DeVerger.png\")",
"#### The \"Black Regiment\" (1778–81\\)",
"Black soldiers had been a part of the Continental Army since the first shots at Lexington and Concord in April 1775\\. The Black soldiers in those integrated militias served throughout the war. However, Black recruits were technically barred from military service in the [Continental Army](/wiki/Continental_Army \"Continental Army\") from November 12, 1775, until February 23, 1778\\. Even so, many slave owners who did not want to serve sent slaves to serve in their place. As Frederick Mackenzie reported on June 30, 1777, the rebels \"find it so difficult to raise men for the Continental Army, that they enlist Negroes, for whom their owners receive a bounty of 180 dollars, and half their pay; and the Negro gets the other half, and a promise of freedom after three years.\" Rhode Island continued to have difficulties recruiting enough white men to meet the troop quotas set by the [Continental Congress](/wiki/Continental_Congress \"Continental Congress\") in 1778, so the Rhode Island Assembly decided to pursue a suggestion made by General Varnum to enlist slaves men into the 1st Rhode Island Regiment. Varnum had raised the idea in a letter to George Washington, who forwarded it to the governor of Rhode Island without explicitly approving or disapproving of the plan.Lengel, *General George Washington*, p. 314\\. On February 14, 1778, the [Rhode Island General Assembly](/wiki/Rhode_Island_General_Assembly \"Rhode Island General Assembly\") voted to allow the enlistment of \"every able\\-bodied negro, mulatto, or Indian man slave\" who chose to do so, and voted that \"every slave so enlisting shall, upon his passing muster before Colonel [Christopher Greene](/wiki/Christopher_Greene \"Christopher Greene\"), be immediately discharged from the service of his master or mistress, and be absolutely free.\"Lanning, *African Americans in the Revolutionary War*, p. 205\\. The owners of enlisted slaves were to be compensated by the Assembly equal to their market value.",
"Eighty\\-eight slaves enlisted in the regiment over the next four months, as well as some free Black and native men. The regiment eventually totaled about 225 men; as many as 140 were Black.Lanning, *African Americans in the Revolutionary War*, pp. 75–76\\. The 1st Rhode Island became the only regiment of the Continental Army to have segregated companies of Black soldiers; other regiments that allowed Black men to enlist were integrated. The enlistment of slaves had been controversial, and no more non\\-white men were enlisted after June 1778\\. The unit continued to be known as the \"Black Regiment\", even though only white men were recruited to replace losses, a process which eventually made it an integrated unit.Lanning, *African Americans in the Revolutionary War*, p. 78\\.",
"#### Battle of Rhode Island",
"The regiment fought in the [Battle of Rhode Island](/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island \"Battle of Rhode Island\") in August 1778 under the command of Major [Samuel Ward Jr.](/wiki/Samuel_Ward_Jr. \"Samuel Ward Jr.\"), as Colonel Greene had been assigned as a brigade commander for the campaign. It played an important role by defending a redoubt on West Main Road, where it successfully repelled three charges by the Hessians. Repeated attacks from British regulars and Hessian forces failed to break the line of the Patriot forces and allowed the successful withdrawal of Sullivan's army the following night. Historian Sidney Rider notes that the Hessians charged three times and were repulsed each time.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Rider\\|first\\=Sidney\\|title\\=Rhode Island Historical Tracts\\|journal\\=Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center\\|date\\=1880\\|volume\\=10\\|page\\=59}} According to Rider, the Hessian Colonel \"applied to exchange his command and go to New York, because he dared not lead his regiment\" into battle again, \"lest his men should shoot him for having caused them so much loss.\" The First Rhode Island suffered three killed, nine wounded, and eleven missing.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Adams\\|first1\\=Gretchen\\|title\\=Deeds of Desperate Valor: The First Rhode Island Regiment\\|journal\\=UNH}}",
"After a day of battle, General Sullivan decided that his forces were insufficient and ordered an orderly withdrawal at night. His soldiers left their campfires burning to make the British and Hessians think that they were still in place. The operation lasted a total of four hours for six Continental brigades.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Abdul\\-Jabbar\\|first1\\=Kareem\\|last2\\=Steinberg\\|first2\\=Alan\\|title\\=Black Profiles in Courage: A Legacy of African American Achievement\\|date\\=2000\\|publisher\\=Perennial\\|location\\=New York, NY\\|page\\=31}} Sullivan praised the Rhode Island Regiment for its actions, saying that they bore \"a proper share of the day's honors.\" [General Lafayette](/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier%2C_Marquis_de_Lafayette \"Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette\") proclaimed the battle as \"the best fought action of the war.\"",
"The regiment saw little action over the next three years since the focus of the war shifted to the south. It remained in Rhode Island to defend against a possible attack by the British forces in Newport. It was later sent to Westchester County in New York, where the Continental Army was located.",
""
] |
History
-------
### First era (1980–1989\)
The band was formed in [Florence](/wiki/Florence "Florence") in 1980,{{cite web \| url\=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/litfiba\-mn0000303552 \| title\=Litfiba Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio \& More\| website\=\[\[AllMusic]] }} and was named after the [telex](/wiki/Telex "Telex") code for Via dei Bardi, Florence, where the band rehearsed (Località ITalia FIrenze via dei BArdi).
The early line\-up consisted of Federico Renzulli (nicknamed Ghigo) on guitars and lead vocals, Gianni Maroccolo on bass, Sandro Dotta on lead guitar (who left the band after a few weeks) and Francesco Calamai on drums.
Antonio Aiazzi on keyboards and [Piero Pelù](/wiki/Piero_Pel%C3%B9 "Piero Pelù") on vocals joined the band shortly after. [Punk](/wiki/Punk_rock "Punk rock") and [new wave](/wiki/New_wave_music "New wave music") were a huge influence on the band's early songs, which often had English lyrics.
Their first show took place on 6 December 1980 in [Settignano](/wiki/Settignano "Settignano"), near Florence.
The band's first recording was a five\-track [EP](/wiki/Extended_play "Extended play") titled *Guerra* (1982\), followed one year later by a 7\-inch single, "Luna/La preda", which won the band first place at the 2° *Festival Rock Italiano*.
Meanwhile, Calamai was replaced on drums by Renzo Franchi; with this line\-up, the band worked on a soundtrack album, *Eneide di Krypton*.
After a while, Franchi then left the band, to be replaced by Luca De Benedectis, known as Ringo De Palma with whom the band recorded *Yassassin*, a {{convert\|12\|in\|mm\|adj\=on}} single containing a brand new track, "Electrica Danza", and a David Bowie cover.
#### Trilogy of power
The band released their first full\-length album, *Desaparecido* (Spanish for "Disappeared") in 1985\.
Following the [EP](/wiki/Extended_play "Extended play"), *Transea* (1986\) and the second full\-length *17 RE* (*17 Kings* in Italian), Litfiba toured for the first time, subsequently releasing *12/5/87 (aprite i vostri occhi)*, their first live album.
*Litfiba 3* (1988\) was the last recording featuring Maroccolo, de Palma et Aiazzi as permanent members, although the latter would stay as session musician until 1996\.
The first three albums form the "Trilogy of power" (in Italian, "Trilogia del potere"), stating the refusal of every kind of [totalitarianism](/wiki/Totalitarianism "Totalitarianism").
The release of the *Pirata* live album, recorded on the 1988–89 tour, marked the end of the "Trilogy of power" years.
### Second era (1989–1999\)
The second leg of the tour was filmed and released as a VHS tape titled "Pirata Tour", featuring Roberto Terzani on [bass](/wiki/Bass_guitar "Bass guitar"), Daniele Trambusti on drums and Candelo Cabezas on percussions besides Pelù, Renzulli and Aiazzi.
Pelù and Renzulli then went back to the studio to record *[El Diablo](/wiki/El_Diablo_%28album%29 "El Diablo (album)")*, which achieved Platinum sales in Italy.
The following tour, with Federico Poggipollini on rhythm guitar, was also filmed for home video release.
*Sogno Ribelle* (1992\) was a compilation of re\-arranged songs from previous albums, live tracks and a previously unreleased song titled "Linea d'ombra". It was once more followed by a VHS featuring music videos, live performances samples and interviews. The year after, the band released *Terremoto* ("Earthquake"), soon followed by the double live CD *Colpo di coda*.
When changing their label from [CGD](/wiki/Compagnia_Generale_del_Disco "Compagnia Generale del Disco") to [EMI](/wiki/EMI "EMI") (with legal complications due to the release of unauthorized compilations), the band hired a new bass player, Daniele "Barny" Bagni, and recorded the third volume of its "[tetralogy](/wiki/Tetralogy "Tetralogy") of elements": *El Diablo* was celebrating fire, *Terremoto* soil, the new album *Spirito* (1994\) celebrates the air. The record was, as usual, followed by a VHS: *Lacio drom* which contains extracts from the "Spirito tour".
The 1997 *Mondi Sommersi* album brought out the missing element, water, as Aiazzi left the band, replaced on keyboards by Terzani, who also remained the second guitar player (as it appears to be in the last tour). Litfiba's biggest tour was immortalized on a VHS, whose profits went to the victims of earthquakes in [Umbria](/wiki/Umbria "Umbria") and [Marche](/wiki/Marche "Marche") regions, and on a double live CD both titled *Croce e delizia*. *Infinito* (1999\) was the very last chapter of the band's history with frontman Piero Pelù as a vocalist. The last show with Pelù took place at the "Monza Rock Festival 1999".
### Third era (1999–2009\)
When Pelù said farewell to the band three of Litfiba's musicians also left with him: Bagni, Terzani and Caforio. Renzulli lost the rights to the band's logo, a horned heart, but kept the name Litfiba, which is copyrighted under his name. The guitarist then decided to follow on immediately with a renewed and rejuvenated band, including the new singer [Gianluigi "Cabo" Cavallo](/wiki/Gianluigi_Cavallo "Gianluigi Cavallo"), bass and drums player Gianluca Venier, and Ugo Nativi, coming from the [funk](/wiki/Funk "Funk")\-[rock](/wiki/Rock_music "Rock music") band Malfunk.
The 2000 album was titled *Elettromacumba*. On the following "Elettro tour", Litfiba, with Mauro Sabbione, who had already played on the [*El Diablo*](/wiki/El_Diablo_%28album%29 "El Diablo (album)") album, on keyboards, played in smaller halls than before. After the tour, the band released *Live on Line*, including 15 tracks recorded during the last tour available only for download under [MP3](/wiki/MP3 "MP3") format through web portal [Lycos](/wiki/Lycos "Lycos").
The musicians went back to the studio, with Nativi replaced on drums by Gianmarco Colzi, who had played with band Rockgalileo and singer [Biagio Antonacci](/wiki/Biagio_Antonacci "Biagio Antonacci"), for the recording of the *Insidia* album (2001\). The record was much different from the previous album, due to darker lyrics with many symbolic references and the significant use of electronics. It was soon followed by the "Insidia tour", a 73 concerts tour that was the first part of the "Never ending tour". The band was then requested to release the soundtrack for the Italian version of the *[Tomb raider 6 – The Angel of Darkness](/wiki/Tomb_Raider:The_Angel_of_Darkness "The Angel of Darkness")* video game, resulting in the issue of "Larasong", a stand\-alone single. Former keyboards player Antonio Aiazzi returned to the band for the 2003 "Lara Tour" and 2004 "04 Tour", the second and third part of the "Never ending tour". The last concert was recorded for the release of Litfiba's official first DVD.
The last album to date, *Essere o sembrare* (2005\), appeared to be moderately inspired and had a relative success. The release of the record was followed by a short tour, almost 15 concerts, followed by others during 2006 summer. In late 2006 singer [Gianluigi "Cabo" Cavallo](/wiki/Gianluigi_Cavallo "Gianluigi Cavallo") leaves the band, followed by bass player Gianluca Venier and keyboard player Antonio Aiazzi. Filippo Margheri, who previously fronted Miir, replaced Cavallo, while Roberto Terzani, who had previously played with Litfiba, and Pino Fidanza join respectively at bass and drums.
### Fourth era (2009–2022\)
[thumb\|Litfiba performing in 2010](/wiki/File:LitfibaTorino.JPG "LitfibaTorino.JPG")
In November 2009, the long\-time manager of the band Alberto Pirelli announced Litfiba was going to break up. One month later, on 11 December 2009, a message posted on the official website of the band announced the surprising reunion of the two historical founders: Piero Pelù and Ghigo Renzulli. They played four concerts in spring 2010 as Litfiba: Milan (13 April), Florence (16 April), Rome (19 April), and Acireale (21 April). A longer tour and a new album was expected in the second half of the year. The band published the successful live album *[Stato libero di Litfiba](/wiki/Stato_libero_di_Litfiba "Stato libero di Litfiba")* which also included two unreleased tracks: "Sole Nero" and "Barcollo".
On 17 January 2012 the new album *Grande nazione* came out, led by the singles *Squalo* (25 November 2011\) and *La mia valigia* (13 January 2012\).
In January 2013 the band reunited with original founders Gianni Maroccolo and Antonio Aiazzi, as well as new addition on drums Luca Martelli (from Giorgio Canali's Rossofuoco) and started a tour called "Trilogia 1983\-1989", playing only songs from the historical "Trilogy Of Power" plus some related singles from the same period. The band produced a live CD ("Trilogia '83\-'89") at the end of the historical reunion. Later in 2013, Litfiba began a hiatus to permit its members to pursue their personal and artistic projects. After a last gig with the "Trilogia" line\-up in Sardinia, the band announces a tour for 2015 which celebrated the following era of the band. The "Tetralogia Tour" focused on the 4 albums "El Diablo", "Terremoto", "Spirito" and "Mondi Sommersi", dedicated to the elements of fire, earth, air and water respectively. Ghigo and Piero hit the stage with a renewed line\-up which included drummer Luca Martelli, keyboardist Federico Sagona (already on "Stato Libero" and "Grande Nazione") and new bass player Franco Li Causi. New album "Eutopia" follows, followed by some last tours in which keyboard player Fabrizio Simoncioni (already with the band as musician and engineer in the 1990s) and bass player Dado Neri are involved.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### First era (1980–1989\\)",
"The band was formed in [Florence](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\") in 1980,{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/litfiba\\-mn0000303552 \\| title\\=Litfiba Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio \\& More\\| website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]] }} and was named after the [telex](/wiki/Telex \"Telex\") code for Via dei Bardi, Florence, where the band rehearsed (Località ITalia FIrenze via dei BArdi).\nThe early line\\-up consisted of Federico Renzulli (nicknamed Ghigo) on guitars and lead vocals, Gianni Maroccolo on bass, Sandro Dotta on lead guitar (who left the band after a few weeks) and Francesco Calamai on drums.\nAntonio Aiazzi on keyboards and [Piero Pelù](/wiki/Piero_Pel%C3%B9 \"Piero Pelù\") on vocals joined the band shortly after. [Punk](/wiki/Punk_rock \"Punk rock\") and [new wave](/wiki/New_wave_music \"New wave music\") were a huge influence on the band's early songs, which often had English lyrics.",
"Their first show took place on 6 December 1980 in [Settignano](/wiki/Settignano \"Settignano\"), near Florence.",
"The band's first recording was a five\\-track [EP](/wiki/Extended_play \"Extended play\") titled *Guerra* (1982\\), followed one year later by a 7\\-inch single, \"Luna/La preda\", which won the band first place at the 2° *Festival Rock Italiano*.",
"Meanwhile, Calamai was replaced on drums by Renzo Franchi; with this line\\-up, the band worked on a soundtrack album, *Eneide di Krypton*.",
"After a while, Franchi then left the band, to be replaced by Luca De Benedectis, known as Ringo De Palma with whom the band recorded *Yassassin*, a {{convert\\|12\\|in\\|mm\\|adj\\=on}} single containing a brand new track, \"Electrica Danza\", and a David Bowie cover.",
"#### Trilogy of power",
"The band released their first full\\-length album, *Desaparecido* (Spanish for \"Disappeared\") in 1985\\.\nFollowing the [EP](/wiki/Extended_play \"Extended play\"), *Transea* (1986\\) and the second full\\-length *17 RE* (*17 Kings* in Italian), Litfiba toured for the first time, subsequently releasing *12/5/87 (aprite i vostri occhi)*, their first live album.\n*Litfiba 3* (1988\\) was the last recording featuring Maroccolo, de Palma et Aiazzi as permanent members, although the latter would stay as session musician until 1996\\.",
"The first three albums form the \"Trilogy of power\" (in Italian, \"Trilogia del potere\"), stating the refusal of every kind of [totalitarianism](/wiki/Totalitarianism \"Totalitarianism\").\nThe release of the *Pirata* live album, recorded on the 1988–89 tour, marked the end of the \"Trilogy of power\" years.",
"### Second era (1989–1999\\)",
"The second leg of the tour was filmed and released as a VHS tape titled \"Pirata Tour\", featuring Roberto Terzani on [bass](/wiki/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\"), Daniele Trambusti on drums and Candelo Cabezas on percussions besides Pelù, Renzulli and Aiazzi.\nPelù and Renzulli then went back to the studio to record *[El Diablo](/wiki/El_Diablo_%28album%29 \"El Diablo (album)\")*, which achieved Platinum sales in Italy.\nThe following tour, with Federico Poggipollini on rhythm guitar, was also filmed for home video release.",
"*Sogno Ribelle* (1992\\) was a compilation of re\\-arranged songs from previous albums, live tracks and a previously unreleased song titled \"Linea d'ombra\". It was once more followed by a VHS featuring music videos, live performances samples and interviews. The year after, the band released *Terremoto* (\"Earthquake\"), soon followed by the double live CD *Colpo di coda*.",
"When changing their label from [CGD](/wiki/Compagnia_Generale_del_Disco \"Compagnia Generale del Disco\") to [EMI](/wiki/EMI \"EMI\") (with legal complications due to the release of unauthorized compilations), the band hired a new bass player, Daniele \"Barny\" Bagni, and recorded the third volume of its \"[tetralogy](/wiki/Tetralogy \"Tetralogy\") of elements\": *El Diablo* was celebrating fire, *Terremoto* soil, the new album *Spirito* (1994\\) celebrates the air. The record was, as usual, followed by a VHS: *Lacio drom* which contains extracts from the \"Spirito tour\".",
"The 1997 *Mondi Sommersi* album brought out the missing element, water, as Aiazzi left the band, replaced on keyboards by Terzani, who also remained the second guitar player (as it appears to be in the last tour). Litfiba's biggest tour was immortalized on a VHS, whose profits went to the victims of earthquakes in [Umbria](/wiki/Umbria \"Umbria\") and [Marche](/wiki/Marche \"Marche\") regions, and on a double live CD both titled *Croce e delizia*. *Infinito* (1999\\) was the very last chapter of the band's history with frontman Piero Pelù as a vocalist. The last show with Pelù took place at the \"Monza Rock Festival 1999\".",
"### Third era (1999–2009\\)",
"When Pelù said farewell to the band three of Litfiba's musicians also left with him: Bagni, Terzani and Caforio. Renzulli lost the rights to the band's logo, a horned heart, but kept the name Litfiba, which is copyrighted under his name. The guitarist then decided to follow on immediately with a renewed and rejuvenated band, including the new singer [Gianluigi \"Cabo\" Cavallo](/wiki/Gianluigi_Cavallo \"Gianluigi Cavallo\"), bass and drums player Gianluca Venier, and Ugo Nativi, coming from the [funk](/wiki/Funk \"Funk\")\\-[rock](/wiki/Rock_music \"Rock music\") band Malfunk.",
"The 2000 album was titled *Elettromacumba*. On the following \"Elettro tour\", Litfiba, with Mauro Sabbione, who had already played on the [*El Diablo*](/wiki/El_Diablo_%28album%29 \"El Diablo (album)\") album, on keyboards, played in smaller halls than before. After the tour, the band released *Live on Line*, including 15 tracks recorded during the last tour available only for download under [MP3](/wiki/MP3 \"MP3\") format through web portal [Lycos](/wiki/Lycos \"Lycos\").",
"The musicians went back to the studio, with Nativi replaced on drums by Gianmarco Colzi, who had played with band Rockgalileo and singer [Biagio Antonacci](/wiki/Biagio_Antonacci \"Biagio Antonacci\"), for the recording of the *Insidia* album (2001\\). The record was much different from the previous album, due to darker lyrics with many symbolic references and the significant use of electronics. It was soon followed by the \"Insidia tour\", a 73 concerts tour that was the first part of the \"Never ending tour\". The band was then requested to release the soundtrack for the Italian version of the *[Tomb raider 6 – The Angel of Darkness](/wiki/Tomb_Raider:The_Angel_of_Darkness \"The Angel of Darkness\")* video game, resulting in the issue of \"Larasong\", a stand\\-alone single. Former keyboards player Antonio Aiazzi returned to the band for the 2003 \"Lara Tour\" and 2004 \"04 Tour\", the second and third part of the \"Never ending tour\". The last concert was recorded for the release of Litfiba's official first DVD.",
"The last album to date, *Essere o sembrare* (2005\\), appeared to be moderately inspired and had a relative success. The release of the record was followed by a short tour, almost 15 concerts, followed by others during 2006 summer. In late 2006 singer [Gianluigi \"Cabo\" Cavallo](/wiki/Gianluigi_Cavallo \"Gianluigi Cavallo\") leaves the band, followed by bass player Gianluca Venier and keyboard player Antonio Aiazzi. Filippo Margheri, who previously fronted Miir, replaced Cavallo, while Roberto Terzani, who had previously played with Litfiba, and Pino Fidanza join respectively at bass and drums.",
"### Fourth era (2009–2022\\)",
"[thumb\\|Litfiba performing in 2010](/wiki/File:LitfibaTorino.JPG \"LitfibaTorino.JPG\")\nIn November 2009, the long\\-time manager of the band Alberto Pirelli announced Litfiba was going to break up. One month later, on 11 December 2009, a message posted on the official website of the band announced the surprising reunion of the two historical founders: Piero Pelù and Ghigo Renzulli. They played four concerts in spring 2010 as Litfiba: Milan (13 April), Florence (16 April), Rome (19 April), and Acireale (21 April). A longer tour and a new album was expected in the second half of the year. The band published the successful live album *[Stato libero di Litfiba](/wiki/Stato_libero_di_Litfiba \"Stato libero di Litfiba\")* which also included two unreleased tracks: \"Sole Nero\" and \"Barcollo\".\nOn 17 January 2012 the new album *Grande nazione* came out, led by the singles *Squalo* (25 November 2011\\) and *La mia valigia* (13 January 2012\\).\nIn January 2013 the band reunited with original founders Gianni Maroccolo and Antonio Aiazzi, as well as new addition on drums Luca Martelli (from Giorgio Canali's Rossofuoco) and started a tour called \"Trilogia 1983\\-1989\", playing only songs from the historical \"Trilogy Of Power\" plus some related singles from the same period. The band produced a live CD (\"Trilogia '83\\-'89\") at the end of the historical reunion. Later in 2013, Litfiba began a hiatus to permit its members to pursue their personal and artistic projects. After a last gig with the \"Trilogia\" line\\-up in Sardinia, the band announces a tour for 2015 which celebrated the following era of the band. The \"Tetralogia Tour\" focused on the 4 albums \"El Diablo\", \"Terremoto\", \"Spirito\" and \"Mondi Sommersi\", dedicated to the elements of fire, earth, air and water respectively. Ghigo and Piero hit the stage with a renewed line\\-up which included drummer Luca Martelli, keyboardist Federico Sagona (already on \"Stato Libero\" and \"Grande Nazione\") and new bass player Franco Li Causi. New album \"Eutopia\" follows, followed by some last tours in which keyboard player Fabrizio Simoncioni (already with the band as musician and engineer in the 1990s) and bass player Dado Neri are involved.",
""
] |
### First era (1980–1989\)
The band was formed in [Florence](/wiki/Florence "Florence") in 1980,{{cite web \| url\=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/litfiba\-mn0000303552 \| title\=Litfiba Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio \& More\| website\=\[\[AllMusic]] }} and was named after the [telex](/wiki/Telex "Telex") code for Via dei Bardi, Florence, where the band rehearsed (Località ITalia FIrenze via dei BArdi).
The early line\-up consisted of Federico Renzulli (nicknamed Ghigo) on guitars and lead vocals, Gianni Maroccolo on bass, Sandro Dotta on lead guitar (who left the band after a few weeks) and Francesco Calamai on drums.
Antonio Aiazzi on keyboards and [Piero Pelù](/wiki/Piero_Pel%C3%B9 "Piero Pelù") on vocals joined the band shortly after. [Punk](/wiki/Punk_rock "Punk rock") and [new wave](/wiki/New_wave_music "New wave music") were a huge influence on the band's early songs, which often had English lyrics.
Their first show took place on 6 December 1980 in [Settignano](/wiki/Settignano "Settignano"), near Florence.
The band's first recording was a five\-track [EP](/wiki/Extended_play "Extended play") titled *Guerra* (1982\), followed one year later by a 7\-inch single, "Luna/La preda", which won the band first place at the 2° *Festival Rock Italiano*.
Meanwhile, Calamai was replaced on drums by Renzo Franchi; with this line\-up, the band worked on a soundtrack album, *Eneide di Krypton*.
After a while, Franchi then left the band, to be replaced by Luca De Benedectis, known as Ringo De Palma with whom the band recorded *Yassassin*, a {{convert\|12\|in\|mm\|adj\=on}} single containing a brand new track, "Electrica Danza", and a David Bowie cover.
#### Trilogy of power
The band released their first full\-length album, *Desaparecido* (Spanish for "Disappeared") in 1985\.
Following the [EP](/wiki/Extended_play "Extended play"), *Transea* (1986\) and the second full\-length *17 RE* (*17 Kings* in Italian), Litfiba toured for the first time, subsequently releasing *12/5/87 (aprite i vostri occhi)*, their first live album.
*Litfiba 3* (1988\) was the last recording featuring Maroccolo, de Palma et Aiazzi as permanent members, although the latter would stay as session musician until 1996\.
The first three albums form the "Trilogy of power" (in Italian, "Trilogia del potere"), stating the refusal of every kind of [totalitarianism](/wiki/Totalitarianism "Totalitarianism").
The release of the *Pirata* live album, recorded on the 1988–89 tour, marked the end of the "Trilogy of power" years.
|
[
"### First era (1980–1989\\)",
"The band was formed in [Florence](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\") in 1980,{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/litfiba\\-mn0000303552 \\| title\\=Litfiba Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio \\& More\\| website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]] }} and was named after the [telex](/wiki/Telex \"Telex\") code for Via dei Bardi, Florence, where the band rehearsed (Località ITalia FIrenze via dei BArdi).\nThe early line\\-up consisted of Federico Renzulli (nicknamed Ghigo) on guitars and lead vocals, Gianni Maroccolo on bass, Sandro Dotta on lead guitar (who left the band after a few weeks) and Francesco Calamai on drums.\nAntonio Aiazzi on keyboards and [Piero Pelù](/wiki/Piero_Pel%C3%B9 \"Piero Pelù\") on vocals joined the band shortly after. [Punk](/wiki/Punk_rock \"Punk rock\") and [new wave](/wiki/New_wave_music \"New wave music\") were a huge influence on the band's early songs, which often had English lyrics.",
"Their first show took place on 6 December 1980 in [Settignano](/wiki/Settignano \"Settignano\"), near Florence.",
"The band's first recording was a five\\-track [EP](/wiki/Extended_play \"Extended play\") titled *Guerra* (1982\\), followed one year later by a 7\\-inch single, \"Luna/La preda\", which won the band first place at the 2° *Festival Rock Italiano*.",
"Meanwhile, Calamai was replaced on drums by Renzo Franchi; with this line\\-up, the band worked on a soundtrack album, *Eneide di Krypton*.",
"After a while, Franchi then left the band, to be replaced by Luca De Benedectis, known as Ringo De Palma with whom the band recorded *Yassassin*, a {{convert\\|12\\|in\\|mm\\|adj\\=on}} single containing a brand new track, \"Electrica Danza\", and a David Bowie cover.",
"#### Trilogy of power",
"The band released their first full\\-length album, *Desaparecido* (Spanish for \"Disappeared\") in 1985\\.\nFollowing the [EP](/wiki/Extended_play \"Extended play\"), *Transea* (1986\\) and the second full\\-length *17 RE* (*17 Kings* in Italian), Litfiba toured for the first time, subsequently releasing *12/5/87 (aprite i vostri occhi)*, their first live album.\n*Litfiba 3* (1988\\) was the last recording featuring Maroccolo, de Palma et Aiazzi as permanent members, although the latter would stay as session musician until 1996\\.",
"The first three albums form the \"Trilogy of power\" (in Italian, \"Trilogia del potere\"), stating the refusal of every kind of [totalitarianism](/wiki/Totalitarianism \"Totalitarianism\").\nThe release of the *Pirata* live album, recorded on the 1988–89 tour, marked the end of the \"Trilogy of power\" years.",
""
] |
Episcopate
----------
Monsignor Dolinay became the first [auxiliary](/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop "Auxiliary bishop") [bishop](/wiki/Bishop_%28Catholic_Church%29 "Bishop (Catholic Church)") of the Passaic Eparchy on November 23, 1976\. His installation was held at St. Peter's Roman Catholic Cathedral in [Scranton](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Scranton "Roman Catholic Diocese of Scranton"), Pennsylvania. As auxiliary to Bishop [Michael Dudick](/wiki/Michael_Dudick "Michael Dudick"), he served as the Vicar for the churches located in Eastern Pennsylvania.
### Eparchy of Van Nuys
Since the 1950s the Byzantine Catholic Church had experienced growth in the [western United States](/wiki/Western_United_States "Western United States"), establishing parishes there. On December 3, 1981, [Pope John Paul II](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II "Pope John Paul II") by decree established a new eparchy, the [Eparchy of Van Nuys](/wiki/Byzantine_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Van_Nuys "Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Van Nuys"), composed of 13 western states. Its center was [Van Nuys, California](/wiki/Van_Nuys%2C_California "Van Nuys, California"), a suburb of [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), and its cathedral would be at St. Mary's Church, the first Byzantine Catholic parish formed in the western United States. John Paul II appointed the auxiliary bishop of the Passaic Eparchy, Dolinay, to head the newly created Van Nuys Eparchy.
The Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Van Nuys was canonically erected on March 9, 1982\. At the same time [Metropolitan Archbishop](/wiki/Metropolitan_Archbishop "Metropolitan Archbishop") [Stephen Kocisko](/wiki/Stephen_Kocisko "Stephen Kocisko") installed Dolinay as the first Bishop at a ceremony in [St. Cyril of Jerusalem Roman Catholic Church](/wiki/St._Cyril_of_Jerusalem_Church_and_School "St. Cyril of Jerusalem Church and School") in [Encino, California](/wiki/Encino%2C_California "Encino, California"). Archbishop [Pio Laghi](/wiki/Pio_Laghi "Pio Laghi"), the Apostolic Delegate to the United States, read the papal decrees. [Timothy Manning](/wiki/Timothy_Manning "Timothy Manning"), the Cardinal Archbishop of Los Angeles, was the homilist.
In 1990, with the retirement of Archbishop Kocisko of Pittsburgh approaching, Pope John Paul II relieved Dolinay of his duties as Bishop of Van Nuys and appointed him [Coadjutor Archbishop](/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop "Coadjutor bishop") of the [Byzantine Catholic Archeparchy of Pittsburgh](/wiki/Byzantine_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Pittsburgh "Byzantine Catholic Archeparchy of Pittsburgh") on February 19, 1990\.[Thomas Dolinay bio sketch at Catholic\-Hierarchy.org](http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdolinay.html). Retrieved 2011\-02\-13\. The Pope appointed the Auxiliary Bishop of Passaic, George Kuzma, to succeed Bishop Dolinay.
### Metropolitan Dolinay
Kocisko submitted his resignation and entered into retirement on May 16, 1991, automatically making Dolinay the second Metropolitan of the Byzantine Catholic Metropolia.
After a brief illness he unexpectedly died at age 69 on April 13, 1993\. He is buried in the cemetery of [Mount Saint Macrina Monastery](/wiki/Mount_Saint_Macrina "Mount Saint Macrina") in Uniontown, Pennsylvania.
|
[
"Episcopate\n----------",
"Monsignor Dolinay became the first [auxiliary](/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop \"Auxiliary bishop\") [bishop](/wiki/Bishop_%28Catholic_Church%29 \"Bishop (Catholic Church)\") of the Passaic Eparchy on November 23, 1976\\. His installation was held at St. Peter's Roman Catholic Cathedral in [Scranton](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Scranton \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Scranton\"), Pennsylvania. As auxiliary to Bishop [Michael Dudick](/wiki/Michael_Dudick \"Michael Dudick\"), he served as the Vicar for the churches located in Eastern Pennsylvania.",
"### Eparchy of Van Nuys",
"Since the 1950s the Byzantine Catholic Church had experienced growth in the [western United States](/wiki/Western_United_States \"Western United States\"), establishing parishes there. On December 3, 1981, [Pope John Paul II](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II \"Pope John Paul II\") by decree established a new eparchy, the [Eparchy of Van Nuys](/wiki/Byzantine_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Van_Nuys \"Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Van Nuys\"), composed of 13 western states. Its center was [Van Nuys, California](/wiki/Van_Nuys%2C_California \"Van Nuys, California\"), a suburb of [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), and its cathedral would be at St. Mary's Church, the first Byzantine Catholic parish formed in the western United States. John Paul II appointed the auxiliary bishop of the Passaic Eparchy, Dolinay, to head the newly created Van Nuys Eparchy.",
"The Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Van Nuys was canonically erected on March 9, 1982\\. At the same time [Metropolitan Archbishop](/wiki/Metropolitan_Archbishop \"Metropolitan Archbishop\") [Stephen Kocisko](/wiki/Stephen_Kocisko \"Stephen Kocisko\") installed Dolinay as the first Bishop at a ceremony in [St. Cyril of Jerusalem Roman Catholic Church](/wiki/St._Cyril_of_Jerusalem_Church_and_School \"St. Cyril of Jerusalem Church and School\") in [Encino, California](/wiki/Encino%2C_California \"Encino, California\"). Archbishop [Pio Laghi](/wiki/Pio_Laghi \"Pio Laghi\"), the Apostolic Delegate to the United States, read the papal decrees. [Timothy Manning](/wiki/Timothy_Manning \"Timothy Manning\"), the Cardinal Archbishop of Los Angeles, was the homilist.",
"In 1990, with the retirement of Archbishop Kocisko of Pittsburgh approaching, Pope John Paul II relieved Dolinay of his duties as Bishop of Van Nuys and appointed him [Coadjutor Archbishop](/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop \"Coadjutor bishop\") of the [Byzantine Catholic Archeparchy of Pittsburgh](/wiki/Byzantine_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Pittsburgh \"Byzantine Catholic Archeparchy of Pittsburgh\") on February 19, 1990\\.[Thomas Dolinay bio sketch at Catholic\\-Hierarchy.org](http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdolinay.html). Retrieved 2011\\-02\\-13\\. The Pope appointed the Auxiliary Bishop of Passaic, George Kuzma, to succeed Bishop Dolinay.",
"### Metropolitan Dolinay",
"Kocisko submitted his resignation and entered into retirement on May 16, 1991, automatically making Dolinay the second Metropolitan of the Byzantine Catholic Metropolia.",
"After a brief illness he unexpectedly died at age 69 on April 13, 1993\\. He is buried in the cemetery of [Mount Saint Macrina Monastery](/wiki/Mount_Saint_Macrina \"Mount Saint Macrina\") in Uniontown, Pennsylvania.",
""
] |
Hellenistic and Greco\-Bactrian art (265–145 BC)
------------------------------------------------
The [Greco\-Bactrians](/wiki/Greco-Bactrians "Greco-Bactrians") ruled the southern part of Central Asia from the 3rd to the 2nd century BC, with their capital at [Ai\-Khanoum](/wiki/Ai-Khanoum "Ai-Khanoum")."[Bopearachchi](/wiki/Bopearachchi "Bopearachchi") attributes the destruction of Ai Khanoum to the Yuezhi, rather than to the alternative 'conquerors' and destroyers of the last vestiges of Greek power in Bactria, the Sakas..." {{cite book \|last1\=Benjamin \|first1\=Craig \|title\=The Yuezhi: Origin, Migration and the Conquest of Northern Bactria \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=Isd \|isbn\=9782503524290 \|page\=180 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=VT1uAAAAMAAJ \|language\=en}}{{cite book \|last1\=Singh \|first1\=Upinder \|title\=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century \|date\=2008 \|publisher\=Pearson Education India \|isbn\=9788131716779 \|page\=373 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA373 \|language\=en}}{{cite book \|last1\=Holt \|first1\=Frank Lee \|title\=Thundering Zeus : the making of Hellenistic Bactria \|date\=1999 \|publisher\=University of California Press \|isbn\=9780520920095 \|pages\=135–136 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=RZGi\_RRZ6EIC\&pg\=PA135}}
The main known remains from this period are the ruins and artifacts of their city of [Ai\-Khanoum](/wiki/Ai-Khanoum "Ai-Khanoum"), a [Greco\-Bactrian](/wiki/Greco-Bactrian "Greco-Bactrian") city founded circa 280 BC which continued to flourish during the first 55 years of the Indo\-Greek period until its destruction by nomadic invaders in 145 BC, and their coinage, which is often bilingual, combining [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language "Greek language") with the Indian [Brahmi script](/wiki/Brahmi_script "Brahmi script") or [Kharoshthi](/wiki/Kharoshthi "Kharoshthi").{{cite book \|last1\=Singh \|first1\=Upinder \|title\=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century \|date\=2008 \|publisher\=Pearson Education India \|isbn\=9788131716779 \|page\=374 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA374 \|language\=en}} Apart from Ai\-Khanoum, Indo\-Greek ruins have been positively identified in few cities such as [Barikot](/wiki/Barikot "Barikot") or [Taxila](/wiki/Taxila "Taxila"), with generally much fewer known artistic remains.{{cite book \|last\=Behrendt \|first\=Kurt A. \|title\=The Art of Gandhara in the Metropolitan Museum of Art \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=Metropolitan Museum of Art \|isbn\=9781588392244 \|page\=7 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=MJ3eCZVlT48C\&pg\=PA7 \|language\=en}}
### Architecture in Bactria
[thumb\|[Corinthian](/wiki/Corinthian_order "Corinthian order") capital, found at Ai\-Khanoum in the citadel by the troops of Commander [Massoud](/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud "Ahmad Shah Massoud"), 2nd century BC.](/wiki/File:CapitalSharp.jpg "CapitalSharp.jpg")
Numerous artefacts and structures were found, particularly in Ai\-Khanoum, pointing to a high Hellenistic culture, combined with Eastern influences, starting from the 280–250 BC period."It has all the hallmarks of a Hellenistic city, with a Greek theatre, gymnasium and some Greek houses with colonnaded courtyards" (Boardman).{{cite book \|last1\=Singh \|first1\=Upinder \|title\=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century \|date\=2008 \|publisher\=Pearson Education India \|isbn\=9788131716779 \|page\=375 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA375 \|language\=en}}{{cite book \|last1\=Holt \|first1\=Frank Lee \|title\=Thundering Zeus: The Making of Hellenistic Bactria \|date\=1999 \|publisher\=University of California Press \|isbn\=9780520920095 \|pages\=43–44 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=RZGi\_RRZ6EIC\&pg\=PA43 \|language\=en}} Overall, Aï\-Khanoum was an extremely important Greek city (1\.5 sq kilometer), characteristic of the [Seleucid Empire](/wiki/Seleucid_Empire "Seleucid Empire") and then the [Greco\-Bactrian Kingdom](/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom"), remaining one of the major cities at the time when the Greek kings started to occupy parts of India, from 200 to 145 BC. It seems the city was destroyed, never to be rebuilt, about the time of the death of king [Eucratides](/wiki/Eucratides "Eucratides") around 145 BC.
Archaeological missions unearthed various structures, some of them perfectly Hellenistic, some other integrating elements of [Persian architecture](/wiki/Persian_architecture "Persian architecture"), including a citadel, a Classical theater, a huge palace in Greco\-Bactrian architecture, somehow reminiscent of formal Persian palatial architecture, a [gymnasium](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28ancient_Greece%29 "Gymnasium (ancient Greece)") (100 × 100m), one of the largest of Antiquity, various temples, a mosaic representing the Macedonian sun, [acanthus](/wiki/Acanthus_%28ornament%29 "Acanthus (ornament)") leaves and various animals (crabs, dolphins etc...), numerous remains of Classical [Corinthian](/wiki/Corinthian_order "Corinthian order") columns. Many artifacts are dated to the 2nd century BC, which corresponds to the early Indo\-Greek period.
File:Ai Khanum mosaic 2nd 3rd century BC.jpg\|Ai\- Khanoum mosaic (central detail in color).
File:AntefixSharp.jpg\|Architectural \[\[antefix]]ae with Hellenistic "\[\[Flame palmette]]" design, Ai\-Khanoum.
File:SunDialAiKhanoum.jpg\|Sun dial within two sculpted lion feet.
File:Ai Khanum Antefix from the administrative palace.jpg\|Winged \[\[antefix]], a type only known from Ai\-Khanoum.
### Sculpture
[thumb\|[Stucco](/wiki/Stucco "Stucco") face found in the administrative palace. Ai\-Khanoum, 2nd century BC](/wiki/File:Ai_Khanoum_Portrait_of_a_man%2C_found_in_the_administrative_palace.jpg "Ai Khanoum Portrait of a man, found in the administrative palace.jpg")
Various sculptural fragments were also found at [Ai\-Khanoum](/wiki/Ai-Khanoum "Ai-Khanoum"), in a rather conventional, classical style, rather impervious to the Hellenizing innovations occurring at the same time in the Mediterranean world. Of special notice, a huge foot fragment in excellent Hellenistic style was recovered, which is estimated to have belonged to a 5–6 meter tall statue (which had to be seated to fit within the height of the columns supporting the Temple). Since the sandal of the foot fragment bears the symbolic depiction of [Zeus](/wiki/Zeus "Zeus")' [thunderbolt](/wiki/Thunderbolt "Thunderbolt"), the statue is thought to have been a smaller version of the [Statue of Zeus at Olympia](/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia "Statue of Zeus at Olympia").{{cite book \|last1\=Thapar \|first1\=Romila \|title\=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 \|date\=2004 \|publisher\=University of California Press \|isbn\=9780520242258 \|pages\=215–216 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-5irrXX0apQC\&pg\=PA215 \|language\=en}}{{cite journal \|last1\=Bernard \|first1\=Paul \|title\=Deuxième campagne de fouilles d'Aï Khanoum en Bactriane \|journal\=Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles\-Lettres \|date\=1967 \|volume\=111 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=306–324 \|doi\=10\.3406/crai.1967\.12124 \|url\=https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai\_0065\-0536\_1967\_num\_111\_2\_12124}}
Due to the lack of proper stones for sculptural work in the area of Ai\-Khanoum, unbaked [clay](/wiki/Clay "Clay") and [stucco](/wiki/Stucco "Stucco") modeled on a wooden frame were often used, a technique which would become widespread in Central Asia and the East, especially in [Buddhist art](/wiki/Buddhist_art "Buddhist art"). In some cases, only the hands and feet would be made in marble.
In India, only a few Hellenistic sculptural remains have been found, mainly small items in the excavations of Sirkap.
File:Philosopher2\.JPG\|Sculpture of an old man. Ai\-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.
File:PhilosopherBust.jpg\|Close\-up of the same statue.
File:ManWithChlamys5\.jpg\|Frieze of a naked man wearing a \[\[chlamys]]. Ai\-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.
File:GorgoyleSharp.jpg\|Hellenistic gargoyle. Ai\-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.
### Artefacts
[thumb\|Plate depicting [Cybele](/wiki/Cybele "Cybele") pulled by lions, a votive sacrifice and the [Sun God](/wiki/Sun_God "Sun God"). Ai\-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.](/wiki/File:AiKhanoumPlateSharp.jpg "AiKhanoumPlateSharp.jpg")
A variety of artefacts of Hellenistic style, often with Persian influence, were also excavated at Ai\-Khanoum, such as a round medallion plate describing the goddess [Cybele](/wiki/Cybele "Cybele") on a chariot, in front of a fire altar, and under a depiction of [Helios](/wiki/Helios "Helios"), a fully preserved bronze statue of [Herakles](/wiki/Herakles "Herakles"), various golden serpentine arm jewellery and earrings, a toilet tray representing a seated [Aphrodite](/wiki/Aphrodite "Aphrodite"), a mold representing a bearded and diademed middle\-aged man. Various artefacts of daily life are also clearly Hellenistic: [sundials](/wiki/Sundial "Sundial"), ink wells, tableware. An almost life\-sized dark green glass [phallus](/wiki/Phallus "Phallus") with a small owl on the back side and other treasures are said to have been discovered at Ai\-Khanoum, possibly along with a stone with an inscription, which was not recovered. The artefacts have now been returned to the [Kabul Museum](/wiki/Kabul_Museum "Kabul Museum") after several years in Switzerland by Paul Bucherer\-Dietschi, Director of the Swiss Afghanistan Institute.[Source, BBC News](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6452787.stm), [Another article](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6462433.stm). German story with photographs [here](http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/0,1518,472307,00.html) (translation [here](https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fkultur%2Fgesellschaft%2F0%2C1518%2C472307%2C00.html&langpair=de%7Cen&hl=ja&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&prev=%2Flanguage_tools)).
File:Ai Khanum, Heracles.jpg\|Bronze Herakles statuette. Ai\-Khanoum. 2nd century BC.
File:AiKhanoumBracelet.jpg\|Bracelet with horned female busts. Ai\-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.
File:PlatesAiKhanoum.jpg\|Stone recipients from Ai\-Khanoum. 3rd\-2nd century BC.
File:AyKhanoumWoman.png\|Imprint from a mold found in Ai\-Khanoum. 3rd\-2nd century BC.
|
[
"Hellenistic and Greco\\-Bactrian art (265–145 BC)\n------------------------------------------------",
"The [Greco\\-Bactrians](/wiki/Greco-Bactrians \"Greco-Bactrians\") ruled the southern part of Central Asia from the 3rd to the 2nd century BC, with their capital at [Ai\\-Khanoum](/wiki/Ai-Khanoum \"Ai-Khanoum\").\"[Bopearachchi](/wiki/Bopearachchi \"Bopearachchi\") attributes the destruction of Ai Khanoum to the Yuezhi, rather than to the alternative 'conquerors' and destroyers of the last vestiges of Greek power in Bactria, the Sakas...\" {{cite book \\|last1\\=Benjamin \\|first1\\=Craig \\|title\\=The Yuezhi: Origin, Migration and the Conquest of Northern Bactria \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Isd \\|isbn\\=9782503524290 \\|page\\=180 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=VT1uAAAAMAAJ \\|language\\=en}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Singh \\|first1\\=Upinder \\|title\\=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century \\|date\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=Pearson Education India \\|isbn\\=9788131716779 \\|page\\=373 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA373 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Holt \\|first1\\=Frank Lee \\|title\\=Thundering Zeus : the making of Hellenistic Bactria \\|date\\=1999 \\|publisher\\=University of California Press \\|isbn\\=9780520920095 \\|pages\\=135–136 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=RZGi\\_RRZ6EIC\\&pg\\=PA135}}",
"The main known remains from this period are the ruins and artifacts of their city of [Ai\\-Khanoum](/wiki/Ai-Khanoum \"Ai-Khanoum\"), a [Greco\\-Bactrian](/wiki/Greco-Bactrian \"Greco-Bactrian\") city founded circa 280 BC which continued to flourish during the first 55 years of the Indo\\-Greek period until its destruction by nomadic invaders in 145 BC, and their coinage, which is often bilingual, combining [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language \"Greek language\") with the Indian [Brahmi script](/wiki/Brahmi_script \"Brahmi script\") or [Kharoshthi](/wiki/Kharoshthi \"Kharoshthi\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=Singh \\|first1\\=Upinder \\|title\\=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century \\|date\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=Pearson Education India \\|isbn\\=9788131716779 \\|page\\=374 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA374 \\|language\\=en}} Apart from Ai\\-Khanoum, Indo\\-Greek ruins have been positively identified in few cities such as [Barikot](/wiki/Barikot \"Barikot\") or [Taxila](/wiki/Taxila \"Taxila\"), with generally much fewer known artistic remains.{{cite book \\|last\\=Behrendt \\|first\\=Kurt A. \\|title\\=The Art of Gandhara in the Metropolitan Museum of Art \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Metropolitan Museum of Art \\|isbn\\=9781588392244 \\|page\\=7 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=MJ3eCZVlT48C\\&pg\\=PA7 \\|language\\=en}}",
"### Architecture in Bactria",
"[thumb\\|[Corinthian](/wiki/Corinthian_order \"Corinthian order\") capital, found at Ai\\-Khanoum in the citadel by the troops of Commander [Massoud](/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud \"Ahmad Shah Massoud\"), 2nd century BC.](/wiki/File:CapitalSharp.jpg \"CapitalSharp.jpg\")\nNumerous artefacts and structures were found, particularly in Ai\\-Khanoum, pointing to a high Hellenistic culture, combined with Eastern influences, starting from the 280–250 BC period.\"It has all the hallmarks of a Hellenistic city, with a Greek theatre, gymnasium and some Greek houses with colonnaded courtyards\" (Boardman).{{cite book \\|last1\\=Singh \\|first1\\=Upinder \\|title\\=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century \\|date\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=Pearson Education India \\|isbn\\=9788131716779 \\|page\\=375 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA375 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Holt \\|first1\\=Frank Lee \\|title\\=Thundering Zeus: The Making of Hellenistic Bactria \\|date\\=1999 \\|publisher\\=University of California Press \\|isbn\\=9780520920095 \\|pages\\=43–44 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=RZGi\\_RRZ6EIC\\&pg\\=PA43 \\|language\\=en}} Overall, Aï\\-Khanoum was an extremely important Greek city (1\\.5 sq kilometer), characteristic of the [Seleucid Empire](/wiki/Seleucid_Empire \"Seleucid Empire\") and then the [Greco\\-Bactrian Kingdom](/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom \"Greco-Bactrian Kingdom\"), remaining one of the major cities at the time when the Greek kings started to occupy parts of India, from 200 to 145 BC. It seems the city was destroyed, never to be rebuilt, about the time of the death of king [Eucratides](/wiki/Eucratides \"Eucratides\") around 145 BC.",
"Archaeological missions unearthed various structures, some of them perfectly Hellenistic, some other integrating elements of [Persian architecture](/wiki/Persian_architecture \"Persian architecture\"), including a citadel, a Classical theater, a huge palace in Greco\\-Bactrian architecture, somehow reminiscent of formal Persian palatial architecture, a [gymnasium](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28ancient_Greece%29 \"Gymnasium (ancient Greece)\") (100 × 100m), one of the largest of Antiquity, various temples, a mosaic representing the Macedonian sun, [acanthus](/wiki/Acanthus_%28ornament%29 \"Acanthus (ornament)\") leaves and various animals (crabs, dolphins etc...), numerous remains of Classical [Corinthian](/wiki/Corinthian_order \"Corinthian order\") columns. Many artifacts are dated to the 2nd century BC, which corresponds to the early Indo\\-Greek period.",
"",
"",
"File:Ai Khanum mosaic 2nd 3rd century BC.jpg\\|Ai\\- Khanoum mosaic (central detail in color).\nFile:AntefixSharp.jpg\\|Architectural \\[\\[antefix]]ae with Hellenistic \"\\[\\[Flame palmette]]\" design, Ai\\-Khanoum.\nFile:SunDialAiKhanoum.jpg\\|Sun dial within two sculpted lion feet.\nFile:Ai Khanum Antefix from the administrative palace.jpg\\|Winged \\[\\[antefix]], a type only known from Ai\\-Khanoum.",
"### Sculpture",
"[thumb\\|[Stucco](/wiki/Stucco \"Stucco\") face found in the administrative palace. Ai\\-Khanoum, 2nd century BC](/wiki/File:Ai_Khanoum_Portrait_of_a_man%2C_found_in_the_administrative_palace.jpg \"Ai Khanoum Portrait of a man, found in the administrative palace.jpg\")\nVarious sculptural fragments were also found at [Ai\\-Khanoum](/wiki/Ai-Khanoum \"Ai-Khanoum\"), in a rather conventional, classical style, rather impervious to the Hellenizing innovations occurring at the same time in the Mediterranean world. Of special notice, a huge foot fragment in excellent Hellenistic style was recovered, which is estimated to have belonged to a 5–6 meter tall statue (which had to be seated to fit within the height of the columns supporting the Temple). Since the sandal of the foot fragment bears the symbolic depiction of [Zeus](/wiki/Zeus \"Zeus\")' [thunderbolt](/wiki/Thunderbolt \"Thunderbolt\"), the statue is thought to have been a smaller version of the [Statue of Zeus at Olympia](/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia \"Statue of Zeus at Olympia\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=Thapar \\|first1\\=Romila \\|title\\=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 \\|date\\=2004 \\|publisher\\=University of California Press \\|isbn\\=9780520242258 \\|pages\\=215–216 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-5irrXX0apQC\\&pg\\=PA215 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Bernard \\|first1\\=Paul \\|title\\=Deuxième campagne de fouilles d'Aï Khanoum en Bactriane \\|journal\\=Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles\\-Lettres \\|date\\=1967 \\|volume\\=111 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=306–324 \\|doi\\=10\\.3406/crai.1967\\.12124 \\|url\\=https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai\\_0065\\-0536\\_1967\\_num\\_111\\_2\\_12124}}",
"Due to the lack of proper stones for sculptural work in the area of Ai\\-Khanoum, unbaked [clay](/wiki/Clay \"Clay\") and [stucco](/wiki/Stucco \"Stucco\") modeled on a wooden frame were often used, a technique which would become widespread in Central Asia and the East, especially in [Buddhist art](/wiki/Buddhist_art \"Buddhist art\"). In some cases, only the hands and feet would be made in marble.",
"In India, only a few Hellenistic sculptural remains have been found, mainly small items in the excavations of Sirkap.",
"",
"",
"File:Philosopher2\\.JPG\\|Sculpture of an old man. Ai\\-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.\nFile:PhilosopherBust.jpg\\|Close\\-up of the same statue.\nFile:ManWithChlamys5\\.jpg\\|Frieze of a naked man wearing a \\[\\[chlamys]]. Ai\\-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.\nFile:GorgoyleSharp.jpg\\|Hellenistic gargoyle. Ai\\-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.",
"### Artefacts",
"[thumb\\|Plate depicting [Cybele](/wiki/Cybele \"Cybele\") pulled by lions, a votive sacrifice and the [Sun God](/wiki/Sun_God \"Sun God\"). Ai\\-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.](/wiki/File:AiKhanoumPlateSharp.jpg \"AiKhanoumPlateSharp.jpg\")\nA variety of artefacts of Hellenistic style, often with Persian influence, were also excavated at Ai\\-Khanoum, such as a round medallion plate describing the goddess [Cybele](/wiki/Cybele \"Cybele\") on a chariot, in front of a fire altar, and under a depiction of [Helios](/wiki/Helios \"Helios\"), a fully preserved bronze statue of [Herakles](/wiki/Herakles \"Herakles\"), various golden serpentine arm jewellery and earrings, a toilet tray representing a seated [Aphrodite](/wiki/Aphrodite \"Aphrodite\"), a mold representing a bearded and diademed middle\\-aged man. Various artefacts of daily life are also clearly Hellenistic: [sundials](/wiki/Sundial \"Sundial\"), ink wells, tableware. An almost life\\-sized dark green glass [phallus](/wiki/Phallus \"Phallus\") with a small owl on the back side and other treasures are said to have been discovered at Ai\\-Khanoum, possibly along with a stone with an inscription, which was not recovered. The artefacts have now been returned to the [Kabul Museum](/wiki/Kabul_Museum \"Kabul Museum\") after several years in Switzerland by Paul Bucherer\\-Dietschi, Director of the Swiss Afghanistan Institute.[Source, BBC News](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6452787.stm), [Another article](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6462433.stm). German story with photographs [here](http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/0,1518,472307,00.html) (translation [here](https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fkultur%2Fgesellschaft%2F0%2C1518%2C472307%2C00.html&langpair=de%7Cen&hl=ja&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&prev=%2Flanguage_tools)).",
"",
"",
"File:Ai Khanum, Heracles.jpg\\|Bronze Herakles statuette. Ai\\-Khanoum. 2nd century BC.\nFile:AiKhanoumBracelet.jpg\\|Bracelet with horned female busts. Ai\\-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.\nFile:PlatesAiKhanoum.jpg\\|Stone recipients from Ai\\-Khanoum. 3rd\\-2nd century BC.\nFile:AyKhanoumWoman.png\\|Imprint from a mold found in Ai\\-Khanoum. 3rd\\-2nd century BC."
] |
Proposed routes
---------------
### North Island Main Trunk line
The first time consideration was made to link Taupō with a railway was in 1884 when routes for extending the [North Island Main Trunk](/wiki/North_Island_Main_Trunk "North Island Main Trunk") (NIMT) railway south from [Te Awamutu](/wiki/Te_Awamutu "Te Awamutu") to [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington "Wellington") were being explored and surveyed. One of the proposed routes was from just south of Te Awamutu following the course of the [Puniu River](/wiki/Puniu_River "Puniu River") inland through to Taupō, and onwards east to link at Hastings with the proposed [Palmerston North \- Gisborne Line](/wiki/Palmerston_North_-_Gisborne_Line "Palmerston North - Gisborne Line").{{sfn\|Wood\|1996\|p\=45}} This route did not eventuate and the present route via [Taumarunui](/wiki/Taumarunui "Taumarunui") was chosen.
### Taupo Totara Timber Company Railway
[thumb\|Taupo Totara Timber Company sawmill at [Mokai](/wiki/Mokai "Mokai")](/wiki/File:Taupo_Totara_Timber_Company_sawmill_at_Mokai_ATLIB_314138.png "Taupo Totara Timber Company sawmill at Mokai ATLIB 314138.png")
[thumb\|Railway line of the Taupo Totara Timber Company showing "the corkscrew", with five different levels](/wiki/File:Railway_line_owned_by_the_Taupo_Totara_Timber_Company_showing_%22the_corkscrew%22%2C_with_five_different_levels_visible_at_this_point._ATLIB_293639.png "Railway line owned by the Taupo Totara Timber Company showing ")
[thumb\|[ALCO](/wiki/ALCO "ALCO") [mallett](/wiki/Mallett "Mallett") steam locomotive No 7](/wiki/File:Private_line_bush_locomotive_%28Mallett%29_beside_a_station_with_a_board_advertising_the_Taupo_Totara_Timber_Company_ATLIB_314220_%28cropped%29.png "Private line bush locomotive (Mallett) beside a station with a board advertising the Taupo Totara Timber Company ATLIB 314220 (cropped).png")
In 1903 the Taupo Totara Timber Company (TTT Co) built the {{convert \|82\|km\|mi}} [Taupo Totara Timber Company railway](/wiki/Taupo_Totara_Timber_Railway "Taupo Totara Timber Railway") to link their milling centre at [Mokai](/wiki/Mokai "Mokai") with the [New Zealand Government Railways](/wiki/New_Zealand_Railways_Department "New Zealand Railways Department") line (NZR) at [Putāruru](/wiki/Put%C4%81ruru "Putāruru"). The line was built over the former [Lichfield Branch](/wiki/Kinleith_Branch "Kinleith Branch") line, which was originally built by the [Thames Valley and Rotorua Railway Company](/wiki/Thames_Valley_and_Rotorua_Railway_Company "Thames Valley and Rotorua Railway Company") to be part of the line to [Rotorua](/wiki/Rotorua "Rotorua"). The TTT Co line then went onwards south of Lichfield through what is now [Tokoroa](/wiki/Tokoroa "Tokoroa") and Kinleith and crossed the [Waikato River](/wiki/Waikato_River "Waikato River") at Ongaroto.
The TTT Co line was constructed as a contour railway, with tight curves designed for later alignment improvement and a ruling grade of 1 in 35\. Some TTT directors hoped the railway might help "open up the district" for settlement.
In 1911 the TTT Co put forward a proposal to extend their line from Mokai into Taupō township via Oruanui. The station, and terminus of the line, were to be on Spa Road where Taupo\-nui\-a\-Tia College now stands. This would have required another bridge across the Waikato River.{{Cite web\|url\=https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\-bin/atojs?a\=d\&d\=AJHR1911\-I.2\.5\.2\.13\|title\=Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives — 1911 Session I — I\-10 TAUPO TOTARA TIMBER COMPANY COMMITTEE (REPORT OF) TOGETHER WITH MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS\|website\=atojs.natlib.govt.nz\|language\=en\-NZ\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-08}}
The proposal was quickly endorsed and praised by many in Taupō, and to support the extension the Taupo District Railway League was formed with powers to support the scheme and ensure it succeeded. The TTT Co proposed running the railway as a private trust\-owned company.
However, considerable objection was made to this proposal by the people of Rotorua, particularly the Rotorua Chamber of Commerce. They believed that any railway to Taupō should be from the railhead at Rotorua, running south via Waiotapu. The Rotorua Chamber of Commerce lodged a complaint to Parliament regarding the proposal.{{Cite news\|url\=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\-bin/paperspast?a\=d\&cl\=search\&d\=EP19120910\.2\.44\&srpos\=101\&zto\=1\|title\=A Light Railway\|date\=1912\-09\-10\|newspaper\=Evening Post\|pages\=7\|access\-date\=2016\-06\-24}} The Taupo District Railway League consequently lodged a complaint to the Member of Parliament for the district, Mr MacDonald, protesting the opposition being made by the Rotorua Chamber of Commerce.
As time passed, the proposal for the TTT Co scheme was eventually shelved, largely due to the outbreak of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") and the considerable objections made by the Rotorua Chamber of Commerce. The line would have required considerable improvements to bring it up to NZR standard as it was only built to carry timber and it consequently had very tight curves, narrow cuttings and light rails. It was not a fast railway line at all and the passengers that the TTT Co trains carried were noted to be able to climb off the train and walk alongside the train as it slowly crawled along.
The TTT Co line eventually closed on 26 October 1944\. The Government saw that the line had greater potential and in September 1946 acquired the first 29 km between Putāruru and Kinleith. This section of line opened again on 9 June 1947 under the control of the [Public Works Department](/wiki/New_Zealand_Ministry_of_Works "New Zealand Ministry of Works") using steam locomotives purchased from the TTT Co.
Around the same time plans were being made for a large pulp and paper mill to be constructed at Kinleith. The line with its sharp curves, steep grades and light rails, needed to be significantly upgraded to enable heavy traffic. Reconstruction of the line began in 1949, reducing grades from 1 in 44 to 1 in 70 and curves from a 201\-metre radius to 322\-metre radius. The rebuilt line was handed over to NZR on 12 June 1950\.
Around this time there was a proposal to rebuild the line and extend it to Taupō. Nothing further was heard of this proposal after the [1949 election](/wiki/1949_New_Zealand_general_election "1949 New Zealand general election"). This proposal has been brought up many times since.
### 1980 Kinleith\-Taupō line
In 1980 NZR investigated four possible routes for an extension of the Kinleith Branch to Taupō. The principal route ran south from the railhead at Kinleith following a route similar to State Highway 1 through to Atiamuri, then followed the western side of the Waikato River through Ohakuri and Orakei Korako to Aratiatia, where the line would cross the river over the rapids, before descending in an arc like curve heading north, then south in the vicinity of View Road and Broadlands Road, to terminate at the Fletchers Taupō Mill on Centennial Drive.
### Rotorua–Taupō line
Proposals to link Taupō with Rotorua and the greater [Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty "Bay of Plenty") with a railway date back to 1911\. It had long been intended that the [Rotorua Branch](/wiki/Rotorua_Branch "Rotorua Branch") would be extended into the Bay of Plenty to connect with the line being built from [Gisborne](/wiki/Gisborne%2C_New_Zealand "Gisborne, New Zealand").{{sfn\|Wood\|1996\|p\=45}} A railway into the Bay of Plenty would link Rotorua and surrounding regions to the [Port of Tauranga](/wiki/Port_of_Tauranga "Port of Tauranga"). Rotorua interests at the time lobbied very hard to have a line built between Rotorua and the Bay of Plenty, claiming the considerable amounts of land that would be opened up and linked to the port, particularly if the line were to be extended to Taupō.
When the TTT Co announced a proposal in 1911 to extend its line running from Putāruru to Mokai into Taupō, this caused much upset in Rotorua, as it weakened Rotorua's case to have a line built to link Rotorua with the Port of Tauranga. The Rotorua Chamber of Commence consequently voiced strong opposition to the TTT Co proposal, and said that "any railway connection to Taupō should be from the Government railway at Rotorua".
The Government however was more focused on completing the [East Coast Main Trunk Railway](/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Trunk_Railway "East Coast Main Trunk Railway") linking Tauranga and Gisborne, and would not consider linking Rotorua to the Bay of Plenty until that line was completed. The outbreak of World War I temporarily put a stop to the Rotorua proposal but once the war was over, enthusiasm for a line to link Rotorua and Taupō with the Port of Tauranga was renewed.
In 1920 a Royal Commission was set up to investigate the viability of the government purchasing either the entire TTT Co or just the TTT Co tramway and options for building a railway into Taupō. The commission consisted of H.J.H. Blow, chief engineer of the Public Works Department, as chairman; [Mr. F.W. Furkert](/wiki/Frederick_Furkert "Frederick Furkert"), chief engineer of the TTT Co; Mr. H. Buxton of NZR; and Mr. G.H.M. McClure, Commissioner of Crown Lands for Wellington, with Mr. H.H. Sterling as secretary. In 1921 the commission brought forward a unanimous finding "There is urgent necessity in order to avoid great national waste, for an extension of the Rotorua Government Railway to Waiotapu with as little delay as possible". Despite this finding, no further action was taken by the government. The Rotorua Taupō Railway League, led by [Edward Earle Vaile](/wiki/Edward_Earle_Vaile "Edward Earle Vaile"), continued to vigorously campaign for the Rotorua–Taupo railway to be built.{{Cite web\|url\=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei\-VaiPion\-t1\-body\-d1\-d16\.html\|title\=Chapter XV: Rotorua\-Taupō Railway\|last\=Vaile\|first\=Edward\|date\=1939\|website\=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz\|access\-date\=2018\-06\-02}}
In May 1922 a Royal Commission was set up to investigate the construction and working of a Rotorua–Taupō railway, with five members: H. Buxton, G. T. Murray, L.M. Ellis, J.D. Ritchie and H. Munro. Its terms of reference were to access anticipated traffic and profitability and assess the area's settlement potential and a possible route. A favourable report was returned by the commission; despite this, no further action was taken by the government.
In 1924 a line from Rotorua to Reporoa was authorised by Parliament in the *Railways Authorisation Act, 1924* as the Rotorua\-Taupō (Line): *an extension of the authorised line from Rotorua southward to Reporoa. Length about 28 miles (45 km)*.{{cite web\|url\= http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/raa192415gv1924n36357/ \|title\= Railways Authorisation Act, 1924 \|publisher\= New Zealand Law online }} However construction was not started as the Government's focus at the time was on completing the construction of the [East Coast Main Trunk Line](/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Trunk_Line "East Coast Main Trunk Line").
Much lobbying continued by Rotorua interests and by the Rotorua Taupō Railway League, which consisted of settlers living between [Taupō](/wiki/Taup%C5%8D "Taupō") and [Rotorua](/wiki/Rotorua "Rotorua"). By 1928 support for the Rotorua–Taupō line was very strong.
#### Cabinet approval
In June 1928 the Coates government [cabinet](/wiki/New_Zealand_Cabinet "New Zealand Cabinet") approved the construction of the Rotorua–Taupō railway. The line was to be constructed initially as far as Waiotapu, and then onwards to Taupō via Reporoa. Work began almost immediately with teams of construction workers transferred from the extension of the [East Coast Main Trunk](/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Trunk "East Coast Main Trunk") from Taneatua to [Ōpōtiki](/wiki/%C5%8Cp%C5%8Dtiki "Ōpōtiki"), which had been stopped.
{{cite web\|url\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\-bin/paperspast?a\=d\&cl\=search\&d\=AS19280628\.2\.131\&srpos\=55\&e\=01\-01\-1928\-20\-07\-1929\-\-100\-\-1\-byDA\-on\-\-0Taupo\+railway\-ARTICLE\- \|title\= Rail to Taupo: Cabinet decision, work to start at once \|publisher\= Auckland Star \|date\= 28 June 1928}}
{{cite news\|url\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\-bin/paperspast?a\=d\&cl\=search\&d\=NZH19280806\.2\.10\.9\&srpos\=13\&e\=01\-01\-1928\-20\-07\-1930\-\-100\-\-1\-byDA\-on\-\-0Taupo\-ILLUSTRATION\- \|title \= Important new railway work commenced, photo of PWD staff \|newspaper\= New Zealand Herald \|date\= 6 August 1928}}{{cite news\|url\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\-bin/paperspast?a\=d\&cl\=search\&d\=NZH19280629\.2\.17\.7\&srpos\=1\&e\=01\-01\-1928\-20\-07\-1936\-\-100\-\-1\-byDA\-on\-\-0Taupo\+railway\-ILLUSTRATION\- \|title \= Work on new line to start immediately \|newspaper\= New Zealand Herald \|date\= 29 June 1928}} An ex\-railways employee doubted whether the new line would be economic.{{cite web\|url\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\-bin/paperspast?a\=d\&cl\=search\&d\=AS19280628\.2\.104\&srpos\=54\&e\=01\-01\-1928\-20\-07\-1929\-\-100\-\-1\-byDA\-on\-\-0Taupo\+railway\-ARTICLE\-\|title\= Line will not pay: ex\-railwayman \|publisher\= Auckland Star \|date\= 28 June 1928}}
In Rotorua, it had been hoped that work on the line would go to Rotorua people, as unemployment was very high in the town. For approximately one year from the date of approval by cabinet, men worked on constructing embankments and cuttings along the proposed route a short distance out of Rotorua between Waipa and Waiotapu.
However, in 1929, as a result of the depression and a downturn in economic activity, the Forbes government cabinet announced that work on the Rotorua–Taupō railway would cease as soon as jobs could be found in other parts of the country for the men working on this scheme.{{cite news\|url\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\-bin/paperspast?a\=d\&cl\=search\&d\=NZH19290319\.2\.14\.7\&srpos\=4\&e\=01\-01\-1928\-20\-07\-1936\-\-100\-\-1\-byDA\-on\-\-0Taupo\+railway\-ILLUSTRATION\- \|title \= Railway construction work stopped by government \|newspaper\= New Zealand Herald \|date\= 28 March 1929}}
This was a real blow to the supporters of the railway and did not help Rotorua at a time of high unemployment. There was much vocal opposition in Rotorua at the line being stopped and calls for the work to be resumed. The Rotorua Taupō Railway League produced a pamphlet titled "The truth about the Taupō Railway \- the story of a great crime" arguing the need for and numerous benefits this line would bring, and the unjust stopping of the project by the government. The work did not resume and the formation and cuttings were abandoned. Some of this work can still be seen between Rotorua and Taupō along State Highway 5, on the western side of the road, a short distance out of Rotorua.
From 1929 onwards there were various calls for the railway between Rotorua and Taupō to be restarted but nothing of any great significance occurred until 1968\.
### Paengaroa\-Rotorua\-Taupō line
In 1968 NZR announced a proposal to construct a new line to Rotorua from Paengaroa on the East Coast Main Trunk, with an extension to the Waipa State Mill. An extension to Taupō was also seen by NZR "as being very attractive". This proposal followed from the recommendations of a 1963 Commission of Inquiry report to investigate "Improved Access by Land to the Port of Tauranga and Bay of Plenty", which had recommended:
* The construction of a deviation from Waharoa to Apata through the Kaimai Range, and the closure of the Paeroa to Apata section of the East Coast Main Trunk.
* The construction of a Rotorua to [Paengaroa](/wiki/Paengaroa "Paengaroa") deviation to eliminate the Mamaku Bank on the Rotorua Branch.
* An extension of the Rotorua Branch to the Waipa State Mill.
The proposal created much attention both in support and against the idea. NZR wanted a better link into the Rotorua region to tap into and serve the central North Island pine forests with the Port of Tauranga and a line with easier grades than the steep line over the Mamaku ranges.
The route of the proposed new line and in particular, the proposed siting of new marshalling yards at Rotorua was the reason for much of the objections. NZR wanted to extend the existing Rotorua Branch line from the central city station, across Fenton Street to Ngapuna where they proposed having a large marshalling yard, along with a spur line running south to the Waipa State Mill. Many people in Rotorua objected to having a railway crossing Fenton Street and wanted the railway marshalling yards located at Waipa instead of Ngapuna. NZR objected to shifting the marshalling yards to Waipa, as it would significantly increase the cost of the project by around $6m. However an equally great number of people in Rotorua supported the railway proposal and consequently it became a hot political debate. By 1973 NZR started to back down on the proposal and stated that the scheme would only proceed if the people of Rotorua agreed upon where the marshalling yards would be located. The scheme fell through shortly after.
### 1980 Rotorua\-Taupō line
In 1980 NZR carried out a number of investigations into possible rail routes to Taupō, one of which was a route between Tarukenga on the Rotorua Branch, via Paradise Valley and the western side of Pukehangi Road through to the Waipa State Mill, and then onwards south to the Fletchers Taupō Mill via the Reporoa dairy factory.
The route proposed was considered an improvement on the original 1920s route and was said to address the contentious issues raised with the earlier route of the proposed Paengaroa\-Rotorua line, such as the location of marshalling yards in Rotorua and avoiding having the line running through the urban area in Rotorua city. This new route however was still limited by the steep grades of the existing Rotorua Branch over the Mamaku ranges, to which it would connect to. A northern extension of the proposed new line from Tarukenga onwards around the northern side of Lake Rotorua to Paengaroa on the ECMT was said to address this if included, and would also provide a shorter and more direct link between Taupō and the Port of Tauranga.
In 1989 the central city station and railway yard at Rotorua closed, and along with the last 2 km of the line were lifted and relocated to Koutu.
### Kakahi\-Pukawa line
A proposal to construct a railway between [Kakahi](/wiki/Kakahi%2C_New_Zealand "Kakahi, New Zealand") on the North Island Main Trunk and [Pukawa](/wiki/Pukawa "Pukawa") on the shores of [Lake Taupō](/wiki/Lake_Taup%C5%8D "Lake Taupō"), near [Tokaanu](/wiki/Tokaanu "Tokaanu"), was made by a group of three people \- [Te Heuheu Tukino](/wiki/T%C5%ABreiti_Te_Heuheu_T%C5%ABkino_V "Tūreiti Te Heuheu Tūkino V"), Paramount chief of the [Ngati Tuwharetoa](/wiki/Ngati_Tuwharetoa "Ngati Tuwharetoa") iwi (tribe); Lawrence Grace, who was closely related through marriage to the tribe; and Tudor Atkinson, the founder of the TTT Co.
The three set up a company called the Tongariro Timber Company Limited with the intention to construct the railway and to have branch lines heading into the bush at various points along the route to harvest the native timber along the way. The railway was intended to be paid for using some of the large sums of money expected to be earned from the timber to be harvested. It was agreed that the land would remain in Māori ownership and that the Tongariro Timber Company Limited would operate the railway. Once the railway was built the company would carry freight other than timber, such as dressed flax and grain, and passengers at Government rates. The railway would connect with a ferry service on Lake Taupō.
In January 1908 an Order in Council was made allowing the Māori owners to sell land for the construction of the railway. Work began immediately on surveying the proposed railway line. Tudor Atkinson tried locally to raise the necessary capital to build the railway. His efforts proved unsuccessful, and in 1916 he went to London where he formed a separate company to finance the railway. However World War I intervened and the company ended up being dissolved with all money being returned to the prospective shareholders.
[thumb\|Kakahi cutting and Whakapapa River about 1914\. The incline appears to have been rope worked](/wiki/File:Kakahi_cutting_and_Whakapapa_River_about_1914.jpg "Kakahi cutting and Whakapapa River about 1914.jpg")
In 1913 the Egmont Box Company Limited arrived at Kakahi in search of white pine ([Kahikatea](/wiki/Kahikatea "Kahikatea")) for constructing boxes for dairy products. The company found suitable quantities of white pine on land next to which the Tongariro Timber Company held cutting rights to. The company obtained the cutting rights to this land, however it was found that the Egmont Box Company would need to construct a light railway to haul the logs out on. With the Tongariro Timber Company already having plans to build such a railway, it was proposed that the railway be constructed jointly by the two companies.
It was agreed that the Egmont Box Company would construct the railway as far as the land that they were to harvest logs from, and then the Tongariro Timber Company would construct the rest of the line to Pukawa. Work started immediately and soon various cuttings, bridging, and track had been laid. However, with [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") by now claiming many of the necessary fit and able men needed to do the job, work began to slow and it was becoming increasingly difficult to obtain materials, though cuttings and embankments had been built by 1916\.{{Cite web \|date\=14 Mar 1916 \|title\=ALONG THE MAIN TRUNK. WANGANUI HERALD \|url\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WH19160314\.2\.39 \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-18 \|website\=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}}
In 1916 progress was further hindered with the New Zealand Government Railways (NZR) changing its mind on how the line was to connect with their line at Kakahi station. This meant that the Egmont Box Company would need to spend a very large amount of money to change the route to that now required to join up with the NZR line at Kakahi. This was money the company did not have and nor did the Tongariro Timber Company. Tudor Atkinson tried very hard to obtain the necessary capital but from this time onwards it was to be the end of the scheme as far as the Tongariro Timber Company and Egmont Box Company were concerned.
[thumb\|The railway cutting east of Kakahi is now Te Rena Road and best known for its glowworms](/wiki/File:Kakahi_tramway_cutting%2C_now_Te_Rena_Road.jpg "Kakahi tramway cutting, now Te Rena Road.jpg")
Other parties tried to carry out and construct the railway, but all failed to do so with either not being able to obtain the necessary capital or the economic viability of the scheme prevented them making any progress. One group in the 1920s however did raise the necessary capital and gained the support from the Māori landowners but not the Government. Consequently, this lack of support from the Government was why their scheme did not eventuate. A 1921 Order in Council said the line was to be completed within 7 years,{{Cite web \|date\=26 Sep 1921 \|title\=AUCKLAND STAR \|url\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19210926\.2\.38 \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-18 \|website\=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}} money was raised in 1922{{Cite web \|date\=12 Sep 1922 \|title\=EVENING STAR \|url\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ESD19220912\.2\.44 \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-18 \|website\=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}} and there was a report of a £500,000 contract for [Cammell Laird](/wiki/Cammell_Laird "Cammell Laird") to build it in 1924,{{Cite web \|date\=7 Nov 1924 \|title\=HALF\-MILLION CONTRACT. EVENING POST \|url\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP19241107\.2\.82 \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-18 \|website\=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}} but which was then said to be only at the negotiating stage.{{Cite web \|date\=11 Nov 1924 \|title\=TAUPO RAILWAY. EVENING POST \|url\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP19241111\.2\.72 \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-18 \|website\=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}} In 1927 there was a complaint that construction hadn't started.{{Cite web \|date\=13 Aug 1927 \|title\=TIMBER CONCESSION. AUCKLAND STAR \|url\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19270813\.2\.115 \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-18 \|website\=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}} An attempt was made to form another company in 1928\.{{Cite web \|date\=19 Sep 1928 \|title\=GREAT MILLING PROJECT. SUN \|url\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/SUNAK19280919\.2\.45 \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-18 \|website\=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}}
The forest between Kakahi and Lake Taupō remained standing until after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") when it was felled. By then the railway proposal had given way to road transport. Today all that can be seen of this scheme is the rail formation and large cutting built from Kakahi to the [Whakapapa River](/wiki/Whakapapa_River "Whakapapa River") (better known for its glowworms){{Cite web \|last\= \|title\=What to Do in Owhango \|url\=https://www.owhango.co.nz/what\-to\-do\-in\-owhango/ \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-18 \|website\=Owhango \|language\=en\-US}} and a concrete pier on the river bed. A 1923 map shows the line extending to a bridge over the [Whanganui River](/wiki/Whanganui_River "Whanganui River") at Whangapeki.{{Cite web \|date\=1923 \|title\=1:63360 map Sheet: WN3\-9 \|url\=http://www.mapspast.org.nz/?zoom\=13\&x\=1809930\&y\=5686985\&layerid\=NZMS13%201939 \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-18 \|website\=www.mapspast.org.nz}} In 1927 the suggestion to link the line to Taupō via Tokaanu was briefly revived.{{Cite web \|date\=17 Sep 1927 \|title\=PUMICE PROGRESS. EVENING POST \|url\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/evening\-post/1927/09/17/17 \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-18 \|website\=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}}
### Murupara Branch line
Since 1980 there have been proposals to extend the Murupara Branch line to Taupō. The principal reason for extending this line has been to tap into the plantation pine forests in the central North Island and in particular those in the Taupō region.
#### 1980 proposal
In 1980 a report was produced by NZR on possible rail routes to Taupō, which included two possible routes from the railhead at Murupara. The principal route of the line was to be constructed from the railhead at Murupara by way of two possible routes to address the steep climb up onto the Kaingaroa plains, where it would cross towards the State Highway 5 Napier\-Taupō Road, then sweep around the southern flank of Mt Tauhara in an arc like shape and then head north towards the Taupō industrial area before sweeping around in another arc in the Broadlands Road area and terminating at the Fletchers Taupō Mill on Centennial Drive.
The report also suggested possible extensions could be made from this proposed route to Napier, Waiouru and National Park.
The route to Napier would run from Te Awa (near High Level Road) through to Waikoau (north of Napier) on the Palmerston North\-Gisborne line.
The routes to Waiouru and National Park would run from Waimihia on the State Highway 5 Napier\-Taupō Road, south through to Rangipo, with the route to Waiouru following a similar route south to the State Highway 1 Desert Road, and the route to National Park running east from Rangipo following a similar route to State Highway 47 and 46 along the northern boarder of the Tongaririo National Park to join the NIMT just south of National Park station.
#### 1983 proposal
In 1983 a study by town and country planners of the [Ministry of Works](/wiki/New_Zealand_Ministry_of_Works "New Zealand Ministry of Works") found that if a railway were to be constructed into the Taupō region, it would be very beneficial in transporting logs and sawn timber out of the region to the Pulp and Paper Mill at Kawerau and for export through the Port of Tauranga. It was also found that such a line would break even with revenue made from it covering the costs of constructing it.
The line was to be constructed from the present railhead at Murupara, across the Kaingaroa plains where it would sweep around the southern flank of Mt Tauhara in an arc like shape and then head north towards the Taupō industrial area before sweeping around in another arc in the Broadlands Road area and terminating at the Taupō Mill on Centennial Drive. It was also suggested that there be a second stage to construct a line from the first stage line, near the State Highway 5 Napier\-Taupō Road through to Rangipo, so as to tap into forests in the Turangi area.
#### 1985 proposal
In 1985 Deputy General Manager of the [New Zealand Railways Corporation](/wiki/New_Zealand_Railways_Corporation "New Zealand Railways Corporation"), [Bob Henare](/wiki/Bob_Henare "Bob Henare"), stated that a proposed extension of the Murupara Branch line to Taupō would be a "no frills" style of railway with sharper curves and steeper grades so as to keep costs down. The line was to be a forestry style railway similar to the Murupara Branch, with its key role being to transport timber. Predicted increases in the number of logging trucks on public roads would also become a major problem when logging commenced in the region. He also said that the line would need to be constructed quickly as the rapidly maturing forests would not wait while people argued over whether or not to build the line.{{cite journal\|title\=Railway extension to Taupo\|journal\=New Zealand Railway Observer\|publisher\=\[\[New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society]]\|date\=Autumn 1986\|volume\=43\| issue \= 1\|issn\=0028\-8624\|page\=28}} It was also intended for the line to be electrified from Taupō through to Mt Maunganui, once men who were at the time working on the electrification of the North Island Main Trunk, could be transferred on completion of the project.{{cite news \|last\=Stott\|first\=Bob\|title\=Rails Magazine\|year\=1985}}
The 1985 proposal did not eventuate following the large scale restructuring and downsizing of NZR in the mid 1980s, as part of the large scale economic reforms being undertaken the Fourth Labour Government at this time. Proposals to have the line extended to Taupō have been raised since that time, the last being in 1998\.
#### 1998 proposal
In 1998 the findings of a study by consultants Woodward\-Clyde for [Environment Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Environment_Bay_of_Plenty "Environment Bay of Plenty"), [Environment Waikato](/wiki/Environment_Waikato "Environment Waikato"), the [Taupō District Council](/wiki/Taup%C5%8D_District_Council "Taupō District Council") and [Tranz Rail](/wiki/Tranz_Rail "Tranz Rail") Limited were published to evaluate the various proposals to deal with transporting forestry products out of the Taupō region. The report stated that railheads could be accessed at Waiouru, National Park, Kinleith, and Murupara. The report said that it would be unlikely that rail connections would be made at National Park or Waiouru as the distance to forestry ports and processing plants would increase. A connection from Kinleith was a possibility but it would need to traverse difficult terrain and two crossings of the Waikato River may be needed. The report recommended an extension of the Murupara Branch line as being the best rail option.
The route recommended was similar to the 1985 proposal. The line would have travelled across the Kaingaroa Plains and followed the route more or less presently taken by the private forestry road, High Level Road. Stage one of the proposal would terminate at the junction between the two private forestry roads, High Level Road and the Off\-Highway road leading from the Taupō Mill, near the State Highway 5 Napier\-Taupō road. A recommendation was made that a log\-processing yard be built at the junction of these two roads in conjunction with the rail line extension from Murupara.
The second stage of the proposal was to extend the line into the Taupō industrial area. The line would extend from the proposed log\-processing yard around the southern flank of Mount Tauhara and head north towards Broadlands Road before completing a horseshoe like curve south into the Taupō Mill on Centennial Drive. The report said the line would be used for transporting sawn timber from the processing yard to the mill on Centennial Drive. Forest industry people did not express an interest in this option, as they did not believe it would bring any new opportunities to them.
The report concluded in respect to the rail options that Tranz Rail (now [KiwiRail](/wiki/KiwiRail "KiwiRail")) and [Fletcher Forests](/wiki/Tenon_Limited "Tenon Limited") (now Tenon) would need to check the opportunities in extending a line south from the Murupara railhead.
A roading option was consequently chosen and the rail proposal did not eventuate. The roading option involved a network of private forestry roads and did not use the proposed rail route.
### Kinleith\-Rotorua\-Taupō line
In 2014 the New Zealand First political party included a proposal to investigate a Kinleith\-Rotorua\-Taupō line as part of its transport policy. The proposal consists of an extension of the Kinleith Branch line east across to Waipa mill at Rotorua, before heading south to Taupō via Reporoa and Broadlands, terminating at the Taupō mill.
|
[
"Proposed routes\n---------------",
"### North Island Main Trunk line",
"The first time consideration was made to link Taupō with a railway was in 1884 when routes for extending the [North Island Main Trunk](/wiki/North_Island_Main_Trunk \"North Island Main Trunk\") (NIMT) railway south from [Te Awamutu](/wiki/Te_Awamutu \"Te Awamutu\") to [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington \"Wellington\") were being explored and surveyed. One of the proposed routes was from just south of Te Awamutu following the course of the [Puniu River](/wiki/Puniu_River \"Puniu River\") inland through to Taupō, and onwards east to link at Hastings with the proposed [Palmerston North \\- Gisborne Line](/wiki/Palmerston_North_-_Gisborne_Line \"Palmerston North - Gisborne Line\").{{sfn\\|Wood\\|1996\\|p\\=45}} This route did not eventuate and the present route via [Taumarunui](/wiki/Taumarunui \"Taumarunui\") was chosen.",
"### Taupo Totara Timber Company Railway",
"[thumb\\|Taupo Totara Timber Company sawmill at [Mokai](/wiki/Mokai \"Mokai\")](/wiki/File:Taupo_Totara_Timber_Company_sawmill_at_Mokai_ATLIB_314138.png \"Taupo Totara Timber Company sawmill at Mokai ATLIB 314138.png\")\n[thumb\\|Railway line of the Taupo Totara Timber Company showing \"the corkscrew\", with five different levels](/wiki/File:Railway_line_owned_by_the_Taupo_Totara_Timber_Company_showing_%22the_corkscrew%22%2C_with_five_different_levels_visible_at_this_point._ATLIB_293639.png \"Railway line owned by the Taupo Totara Timber Company showing \")\n[thumb\\|[ALCO](/wiki/ALCO \"ALCO\") [mallett](/wiki/Mallett \"Mallett\") steam locomotive No 7](/wiki/File:Private_line_bush_locomotive_%28Mallett%29_beside_a_station_with_a_board_advertising_the_Taupo_Totara_Timber_Company_ATLIB_314220_%28cropped%29.png \"Private line bush locomotive (Mallett) beside a station with a board advertising the Taupo Totara Timber Company ATLIB 314220 (cropped).png\")",
"In 1903 the Taupo Totara Timber Company (TTT Co) built the {{convert \\|82\\|km\\|mi}} [Taupo Totara Timber Company railway](/wiki/Taupo_Totara_Timber_Railway \"Taupo Totara Timber Railway\") to link their milling centre at [Mokai](/wiki/Mokai \"Mokai\") with the [New Zealand Government Railways](/wiki/New_Zealand_Railways_Department \"New Zealand Railways Department\") line (NZR) at [Putāruru](/wiki/Put%C4%81ruru \"Putāruru\"). The line was built over the former [Lichfield Branch](/wiki/Kinleith_Branch \"Kinleith Branch\") line, which was originally built by the [Thames Valley and Rotorua Railway Company](/wiki/Thames_Valley_and_Rotorua_Railway_Company \"Thames Valley and Rotorua Railway Company\") to be part of the line to [Rotorua](/wiki/Rotorua \"Rotorua\"). The TTT Co line then went onwards south of Lichfield through what is now [Tokoroa](/wiki/Tokoroa \"Tokoroa\") and Kinleith and crossed the [Waikato River](/wiki/Waikato_River \"Waikato River\") at Ongaroto.",
"The TTT Co line was constructed as a contour railway, with tight curves designed for later alignment improvement and a ruling grade of 1 in 35\\. Some TTT directors hoped the railway might help \"open up the district\" for settlement.",
"In 1911 the TTT Co put forward a proposal to extend their line from Mokai into Taupō township via Oruanui. The station, and terminus of the line, were to be on Spa Road where Taupo\\-nui\\-a\\-Tia College now stands. This would have required another bridge across the Waikato River.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\\-bin/atojs?a\\=d\\&d\\=AJHR1911\\-I.2\\.5\\.2\\.13\\|title\\=Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives — 1911 Session I — I\\-10 TAUPO TOTARA TIMBER COMPANY COMMITTEE (REPORT OF) TOGETHER WITH MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS\\|website\\=atojs.natlib.govt.nz\\|language\\=en\\-NZ\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-08}}",
"The proposal was quickly endorsed and praised by many in Taupō, and to support the extension the Taupo District Railway League was formed with powers to support the scheme and ensure it succeeded. The TTT Co proposed running the railway as a private trust\\-owned company.",
"However, considerable objection was made to this proposal by the people of Rotorua, particularly the Rotorua Chamber of Commerce. They believed that any railway to Taupō should be from the railhead at Rotorua, running south via Waiotapu. The Rotorua Chamber of Commerce lodged a complaint to Parliament regarding the proposal.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\\-bin/paperspast?a\\=d\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=EP19120910\\.2\\.44\\&srpos\\=101\\&zto\\=1\\|title\\=A Light Railway\\|date\\=1912\\-09\\-10\\|newspaper\\=Evening Post\\|pages\\=7\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-24}} The Taupo District Railway League consequently lodged a complaint to the Member of Parliament for the district, Mr MacDonald, protesting the opposition being made by the Rotorua Chamber of Commerce.",
"As time passed, the proposal for the TTT Co scheme was eventually shelved, largely due to the outbreak of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") and the considerable objections made by the Rotorua Chamber of Commerce. The line would have required considerable improvements to bring it up to NZR standard as it was only built to carry timber and it consequently had very tight curves, narrow cuttings and light rails. It was not a fast railway line at all and the passengers that the TTT Co trains carried were noted to be able to climb off the train and walk alongside the train as it slowly crawled along.",
"The TTT Co line eventually closed on 26 October 1944\\. The Government saw that the line had greater potential and in September 1946 acquired the first 29 km between Putāruru and Kinleith. This section of line opened again on 9 June 1947 under the control of the [Public Works Department](/wiki/New_Zealand_Ministry_of_Works \"New Zealand Ministry of Works\") using steam locomotives purchased from the TTT Co.",
"Around the same time plans were being made for a large pulp and paper mill to be constructed at Kinleith. The line with its sharp curves, steep grades and light rails, needed to be significantly upgraded to enable heavy traffic. Reconstruction of the line began in 1949, reducing grades from 1 in 44 to 1 in 70 and curves from a 201\\-metre radius to 322\\-metre radius. The rebuilt line was handed over to NZR on 12 June 1950\\.",
"Around this time there was a proposal to rebuild the line and extend it to Taupō. Nothing further was heard of this proposal after the [1949 election](/wiki/1949_New_Zealand_general_election \"1949 New Zealand general election\"). This proposal has been brought up many times since.",
"### 1980 Kinleith\\-Taupō line",
"In 1980 NZR investigated four possible routes for an extension of the Kinleith Branch to Taupō. The principal route ran south from the railhead at Kinleith following a route similar to State Highway 1 through to Atiamuri, then followed the western side of the Waikato River through Ohakuri and Orakei Korako to Aratiatia, where the line would cross the river over the rapids, before descending in an arc like curve heading north, then south in the vicinity of View Road and Broadlands Road, to terminate at the Fletchers Taupō Mill on Centennial Drive.",
"### Rotorua–Taupō line",
"Proposals to link Taupō with Rotorua and the greater [Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty \"Bay of Plenty\") with a railway date back to 1911\\. It had long been intended that the [Rotorua Branch](/wiki/Rotorua_Branch \"Rotorua Branch\") would be extended into the Bay of Plenty to connect with the line being built from [Gisborne](/wiki/Gisborne%2C_New_Zealand \"Gisborne, New Zealand\").{{sfn\\|Wood\\|1996\\|p\\=45}} A railway into the Bay of Plenty would link Rotorua and surrounding regions to the [Port of Tauranga](/wiki/Port_of_Tauranga \"Port of Tauranga\"). Rotorua interests at the time lobbied very hard to have a line built between Rotorua and the Bay of Plenty, claiming the considerable amounts of land that would be opened up and linked to the port, particularly if the line were to be extended to Taupō.",
"When the TTT Co announced a proposal in 1911 to extend its line running from Putāruru to Mokai into Taupō, this caused much upset in Rotorua, as it weakened Rotorua's case to have a line built to link Rotorua with the Port of Tauranga. The Rotorua Chamber of Commence consequently voiced strong opposition to the TTT Co proposal, and said that \"any railway connection to Taupō should be from the Government railway at Rotorua\".",
"The Government however was more focused on completing the [East Coast Main Trunk Railway](/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Trunk_Railway \"East Coast Main Trunk Railway\") linking Tauranga and Gisborne, and would not consider linking Rotorua to the Bay of Plenty until that line was completed. The outbreak of World War I temporarily put a stop to the Rotorua proposal but once the war was over, enthusiasm for a line to link Rotorua and Taupō with the Port of Tauranga was renewed.",
"In 1920 a Royal Commission was set up to investigate the viability of the government purchasing either the entire TTT Co or just the TTT Co tramway and options for building a railway into Taupō. The commission consisted of H.J.H. Blow, chief engineer of the Public Works Department, as chairman; [Mr. F.W. Furkert](/wiki/Frederick_Furkert \"Frederick Furkert\"), chief engineer of the TTT Co; Mr. H. Buxton of NZR; and Mr. G.H.M. McClure, Commissioner of Crown Lands for Wellington, with Mr. H.H. Sterling as secretary. In 1921 the commission brought forward a unanimous finding \"There is urgent necessity in order to avoid great national waste, for an extension of the Rotorua Government Railway to Waiotapu with as little delay as possible\". Despite this finding, no further action was taken by the government. The Rotorua Taupō Railway League, led by [Edward Earle Vaile](/wiki/Edward_Earle_Vaile \"Edward Earle Vaile\"), continued to vigorously campaign for the Rotorua–Taupo railway to be built.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei\\-VaiPion\\-t1\\-body\\-d1\\-d16\\.html\\|title\\=Chapter XV: Rotorua\\-Taupō Railway\\|last\\=Vaile\\|first\\=Edward\\|date\\=1939\\|website\\=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-02}}",
"In May 1922 a Royal Commission was set up to investigate the construction and working of a Rotorua–Taupō railway, with five members: H. Buxton, G. T. Murray, L.M. Ellis, J.D. Ritchie and H. Munro. Its terms of reference were to access anticipated traffic and profitability and assess the area's settlement potential and a possible route. A favourable report was returned by the commission; despite this, no further action was taken by the government.",
"In 1924 a line from Rotorua to Reporoa was authorised by Parliament in the *Railways Authorisation Act, 1924* as the Rotorua\\-Taupō (Line): *an extension of the authorised line from Rotorua southward to Reporoa. Length about 28 miles (45 km)*.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\\_act/raa192415gv1924n36357/ \\|title\\= Railways Authorisation Act, 1924 \\|publisher\\= New Zealand Law online }} However construction was not started as the Government's focus at the time was on completing the construction of the [East Coast Main Trunk Line](/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Trunk_Line \"East Coast Main Trunk Line\").",
"Much lobbying continued by Rotorua interests and by the Rotorua Taupō Railway League, which consisted of settlers living between [Taupō](/wiki/Taup%C5%8D \"Taupō\") and [Rotorua](/wiki/Rotorua \"Rotorua\"). By 1928 support for the Rotorua–Taupō line was very strong.",
"#### Cabinet approval",
"In June 1928 the Coates government [cabinet](/wiki/New_Zealand_Cabinet \"New Zealand Cabinet\") approved the construction of the Rotorua–Taupō railway. The line was to be constructed initially as far as Waiotapu, and then onwards to Taupō via Reporoa. Work began almost immediately with teams of construction workers transferred from the extension of the [East Coast Main Trunk](/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Trunk \"East Coast Main Trunk\") from Taneatua to [Ōpōtiki](/wiki/%C5%8Cp%C5%8Dtiki \"Ōpōtiki\"), which had been stopped. \n{{cite web\\|url\\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\\-bin/paperspast?a\\=d\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=AS19280628\\.2\\.131\\&srpos\\=55\\&e\\=01\\-01\\-1928\\-20\\-07\\-1929\\-\\-100\\-\\-1\\-byDA\\-on\\-\\-0Taupo\\+railway\\-ARTICLE\\- \\|title\\= Rail to Taupo: Cabinet decision, work to start at once \\|publisher\\= Auckland Star \\|date\\= 28 June 1928}}\n{{cite news\\|url\\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\\-bin/paperspast?a\\=d\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=NZH19280806\\.2\\.10\\.9\\&srpos\\=13\\&e\\=01\\-01\\-1928\\-20\\-07\\-1930\\-\\-100\\-\\-1\\-byDA\\-on\\-\\-0Taupo\\-ILLUSTRATION\\- \\|title \\= Important new railway work commenced, photo of PWD staff \\|newspaper\\= New Zealand Herald \\|date\\= 6 August 1928}}{{cite news\\|url\\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\\-bin/paperspast?a\\=d\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=NZH19280629\\.2\\.17\\.7\\&srpos\\=1\\&e\\=01\\-01\\-1928\\-20\\-07\\-1936\\-\\-100\\-\\-1\\-byDA\\-on\\-\\-0Taupo\\+railway\\-ILLUSTRATION\\- \\|title \\= Work on new line to start immediately \\|newspaper\\= New Zealand Herald \\|date\\= 29 June 1928}} An ex\\-railways employee doubted whether the new line would be economic.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\\-bin/paperspast?a\\=d\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=AS19280628\\.2\\.104\\&srpos\\=54\\&e\\=01\\-01\\-1928\\-20\\-07\\-1929\\-\\-100\\-\\-1\\-byDA\\-on\\-\\-0Taupo\\+railway\\-ARTICLE\\-\\|title\\= Line will not pay: ex\\-railwayman \\|publisher\\= Auckland Star \\|date\\= 28 June 1928}}",
"In Rotorua, it had been hoped that work on the line would go to Rotorua people, as unemployment was very high in the town. For approximately one year from the date of approval by cabinet, men worked on constructing embankments and cuttings along the proposed route a short distance out of Rotorua between Waipa and Waiotapu.",
"However, in 1929, as a result of the depression and a downturn in economic activity, the Forbes government cabinet announced that work on the Rotorua–Taupō railway would cease as soon as jobs could be found in other parts of the country for the men working on this scheme.{{cite news\\|url\\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\\-bin/paperspast?a\\=d\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=NZH19290319\\.2\\.14\\.7\\&srpos\\=4\\&e\\=01\\-01\\-1928\\-20\\-07\\-1936\\-\\-100\\-\\-1\\-byDA\\-on\\-\\-0Taupo\\+railway\\-ILLUSTRATION\\- \\|title \\= Railway construction work stopped by government \\|newspaper\\= New Zealand Herald \\|date\\= 28 March 1929}}\nThis was a real blow to the supporters of the railway and did not help Rotorua at a time of high unemployment. There was much vocal opposition in Rotorua at the line being stopped and calls for the work to be resumed. The Rotorua Taupō Railway League produced a pamphlet titled \"The truth about the Taupō Railway \\- the story of a great crime\" arguing the need for and numerous benefits this line would bring, and the unjust stopping of the project by the government. The work did not resume and the formation and cuttings were abandoned. Some of this work can still be seen between Rotorua and Taupō along State Highway 5, on the western side of the road, a short distance out of Rotorua.",
"From 1929 onwards there were various calls for the railway between Rotorua and Taupō to be restarted but nothing of any great significance occurred until 1968\\.",
"### Paengaroa\\-Rotorua\\-Taupō line",
"In 1968 NZR announced a proposal to construct a new line to Rotorua from Paengaroa on the East Coast Main Trunk, with an extension to the Waipa State Mill. An extension to Taupō was also seen by NZR \"as being very attractive\". This proposal followed from the recommendations of a 1963 Commission of Inquiry report to investigate \"Improved Access by Land to the Port of Tauranga and Bay of Plenty\", which had recommended:\n* The construction of a deviation from Waharoa to Apata through the Kaimai Range, and the closure of the Paeroa to Apata section of the East Coast Main Trunk.\n* The construction of a Rotorua to [Paengaroa](/wiki/Paengaroa \"Paengaroa\") deviation to eliminate the Mamaku Bank on the Rotorua Branch.\n* An extension of the Rotorua Branch to the Waipa State Mill.",
"The proposal created much attention both in support and against the idea. NZR wanted a better link into the Rotorua region to tap into and serve the central North Island pine forests with the Port of Tauranga and a line with easier grades than the steep line over the Mamaku ranges.",
"The route of the proposed new line and in particular, the proposed siting of new marshalling yards at Rotorua was the reason for much of the objections. NZR wanted to extend the existing Rotorua Branch line from the central city station, across Fenton Street to Ngapuna where they proposed having a large marshalling yard, along with a spur line running south to the Waipa State Mill. Many people in Rotorua objected to having a railway crossing Fenton Street and wanted the railway marshalling yards located at Waipa instead of Ngapuna. NZR objected to shifting the marshalling yards to Waipa, as it would significantly increase the cost of the project by around $6m. However an equally great number of people in Rotorua supported the railway proposal and consequently it became a hot political debate. By 1973 NZR started to back down on the proposal and stated that the scheme would only proceed if the people of Rotorua agreed upon where the marshalling yards would be located. The scheme fell through shortly after.",
"### 1980 Rotorua\\-Taupō line",
"In 1980 NZR carried out a number of investigations into possible rail routes to Taupō, one of which was a route between Tarukenga on the Rotorua Branch, via Paradise Valley and the western side of Pukehangi Road through to the Waipa State Mill, and then onwards south to the Fletchers Taupō Mill via the Reporoa dairy factory.",
"The route proposed was considered an improvement on the original 1920s route and was said to address the contentious issues raised with the earlier route of the proposed Paengaroa\\-Rotorua line, such as the location of marshalling yards in Rotorua and avoiding having the line running through the urban area in Rotorua city. This new route however was still limited by the steep grades of the existing Rotorua Branch over the Mamaku ranges, to which it would connect to. A northern extension of the proposed new line from Tarukenga onwards around the northern side of Lake Rotorua to Paengaroa on the ECMT was said to address this if included, and would also provide a shorter and more direct link between Taupō and the Port of Tauranga.",
"In 1989 the central city station and railway yard at Rotorua closed, and along with the last 2 km of the line were lifted and relocated to Koutu.",
"### Kakahi\\-Pukawa line",
"A proposal to construct a railway between [Kakahi](/wiki/Kakahi%2C_New_Zealand \"Kakahi, New Zealand\") on the North Island Main Trunk and [Pukawa](/wiki/Pukawa \"Pukawa\") on the shores of [Lake Taupō](/wiki/Lake_Taup%C5%8D \"Lake Taupō\"), near [Tokaanu](/wiki/Tokaanu \"Tokaanu\"), was made by a group of three people \\- [Te Heuheu Tukino](/wiki/T%C5%ABreiti_Te_Heuheu_T%C5%ABkino_V \"Tūreiti Te Heuheu Tūkino V\"), Paramount chief of the [Ngati Tuwharetoa](/wiki/Ngati_Tuwharetoa \"Ngati Tuwharetoa\") iwi (tribe); Lawrence Grace, who was closely related through marriage to the tribe; and Tudor Atkinson, the founder of the TTT Co.",
"The three set up a company called the Tongariro Timber Company Limited with the intention to construct the railway and to have branch lines heading into the bush at various points along the route to harvest the native timber along the way. The railway was intended to be paid for using some of the large sums of money expected to be earned from the timber to be harvested. It was agreed that the land would remain in Māori ownership and that the Tongariro Timber Company Limited would operate the railway. Once the railway was built the company would carry freight other than timber, such as dressed flax and grain, and passengers at Government rates. The railway would connect with a ferry service on Lake Taupō.",
"In January 1908 an Order in Council was made allowing the Māori owners to sell land for the construction of the railway. Work began immediately on surveying the proposed railway line. Tudor Atkinson tried locally to raise the necessary capital to build the railway. His efforts proved unsuccessful, and in 1916 he went to London where he formed a separate company to finance the railway. However World War I intervened and the company ended up being dissolved with all money being returned to the prospective shareholders.\n[thumb\\|Kakahi cutting and Whakapapa River about 1914\\. The incline appears to have been rope worked](/wiki/File:Kakahi_cutting_and_Whakapapa_River_about_1914.jpg \"Kakahi cutting and Whakapapa River about 1914.jpg\")\nIn 1913 the Egmont Box Company Limited arrived at Kakahi in search of white pine ([Kahikatea](/wiki/Kahikatea \"Kahikatea\")) for constructing boxes for dairy products. The company found suitable quantities of white pine on land next to which the Tongariro Timber Company held cutting rights to. The company obtained the cutting rights to this land, however it was found that the Egmont Box Company would need to construct a light railway to haul the logs out on. With the Tongariro Timber Company already having plans to build such a railway, it was proposed that the railway be constructed jointly by the two companies.",
"It was agreed that the Egmont Box Company would construct the railway as far as the land that they were to harvest logs from, and then the Tongariro Timber Company would construct the rest of the line to Pukawa. Work started immediately and soon various cuttings, bridging, and track had been laid. However, with [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") by now claiming many of the necessary fit and able men needed to do the job, work began to slow and it was becoming increasingly difficult to obtain materials, though cuttings and embankments had been built by 1916\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=14 Mar 1916 \\|title\\=ALONG THE MAIN TRUNK. WANGANUI HERALD \\|url\\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WH19160314\\.2\\.39 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-18 \\|website\\=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}}",
"In 1916 progress was further hindered with the New Zealand Government Railways (NZR) changing its mind on how the line was to connect with their line at Kakahi station. This meant that the Egmont Box Company would need to spend a very large amount of money to change the route to that now required to join up with the NZR line at Kakahi. This was money the company did not have and nor did the Tongariro Timber Company. Tudor Atkinson tried very hard to obtain the necessary capital but from this time onwards it was to be the end of the scheme as far as the Tongariro Timber Company and Egmont Box Company were concerned.\n[thumb\\|The railway cutting east of Kakahi is now Te Rena Road and best known for its glowworms](/wiki/File:Kakahi_tramway_cutting%2C_now_Te_Rena_Road.jpg \"Kakahi tramway cutting, now Te Rena Road.jpg\")\nOther parties tried to carry out and construct the railway, but all failed to do so with either not being able to obtain the necessary capital or the economic viability of the scheme prevented them making any progress. One group in the 1920s however did raise the necessary capital and gained the support from the Māori landowners but not the Government. Consequently, this lack of support from the Government was why their scheme did not eventuate. A 1921 Order in Council said the line was to be completed within 7 years,{{Cite web \\|date\\=26 Sep 1921 \\|title\\=AUCKLAND STAR \\|url\\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19210926\\.2\\.38 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-18 \\|website\\=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}} money was raised in 1922{{Cite web \\|date\\=12 Sep 1922 \\|title\\=EVENING STAR \\|url\\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ESD19220912\\.2\\.44 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-18 \\|website\\=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}} and there was a report of a £500,000 contract for [Cammell Laird](/wiki/Cammell_Laird \"Cammell Laird\") to build it in 1924,{{Cite web \\|date\\=7 Nov 1924 \\|title\\=HALF\\-MILLION CONTRACT. EVENING POST \\|url\\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP19241107\\.2\\.82 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-18 \\|website\\=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}} but which was then said to be only at the negotiating stage.{{Cite web \\|date\\=11 Nov 1924 \\|title\\=TAUPO RAILWAY. EVENING POST \\|url\\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP19241111\\.2\\.72 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-18 \\|website\\=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}} In 1927 there was a complaint that construction hadn't started.{{Cite web \\|date\\=13 Aug 1927 \\|title\\=TIMBER CONCESSION. AUCKLAND STAR \\|url\\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19270813\\.2\\.115 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-18 \\|website\\=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}} An attempt was made to form another company in 1928\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=19 Sep 1928 \\|title\\=GREAT MILLING PROJECT. SUN \\|url\\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/SUNAK19280919\\.2\\.45 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-18 \\|website\\=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}}",
"The forest between Kakahi and Lake Taupō remained standing until after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") when it was felled. By then the railway proposal had given way to road transport. Today all that can be seen of this scheme is the rail formation and large cutting built from Kakahi to the [Whakapapa River](/wiki/Whakapapa_River \"Whakapapa River\") (better known for its glowworms){{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|title\\=What to Do in Owhango \\|url\\=https://www.owhango.co.nz/what\\-to\\-do\\-in\\-owhango/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-18 \\|website\\=Owhango \\|language\\=en\\-US}} and a concrete pier on the river bed. A 1923 map shows the line extending to a bridge over the [Whanganui River](/wiki/Whanganui_River \"Whanganui River\") at Whangapeki.{{Cite web \\|date\\=1923 \\|title\\=1:63360 map Sheet: WN3\\-9 \\|url\\=http://www.mapspast.org.nz/?zoom\\=13\\&x\\=1809930\\&y\\=5686985\\&layerid\\=NZMS13%201939 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-18 \\|website\\=www.mapspast.org.nz}} In 1927 the suggestion to link the line to Taupō via Tokaanu was briefly revived.{{Cite web \\|date\\=17 Sep 1927 \\|title\\=PUMICE PROGRESS. EVENING POST \\|url\\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/evening\\-post/1927/09/17/17 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-18 \\|website\\=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}}",
"### Murupara Branch line",
"Since 1980 there have been proposals to extend the Murupara Branch line to Taupō. The principal reason for extending this line has been to tap into the plantation pine forests in the central North Island and in particular those in the Taupō region.",
"#### 1980 proposal",
"In 1980 a report was produced by NZR on possible rail routes to Taupō, which included two possible routes from the railhead at Murupara. The principal route of the line was to be constructed from the railhead at Murupara by way of two possible routes to address the steep climb up onto the Kaingaroa plains, where it would cross towards the State Highway 5 Napier\\-Taupō Road, then sweep around the southern flank of Mt Tauhara in an arc like shape and then head north towards the Taupō industrial area before sweeping around in another arc in the Broadlands Road area and terminating at the Fletchers Taupō Mill on Centennial Drive.",
"The report also suggested possible extensions could be made from this proposed route to Napier, Waiouru and National Park.",
"The route to Napier would run from Te Awa (near High Level Road) through to Waikoau (north of Napier) on the Palmerston North\\-Gisborne line.",
"The routes to Waiouru and National Park would run from Waimihia on the State Highway 5 Napier\\-Taupō Road, south through to Rangipo, with the route to Waiouru following a similar route south to the State Highway 1 Desert Road, and the route to National Park running east from Rangipo following a similar route to State Highway 47 and 46 along the northern boarder of the Tongaririo National Park to join the NIMT just south of National Park station.",
"#### 1983 proposal",
"In 1983 a study by town and country planners of the [Ministry of Works](/wiki/New_Zealand_Ministry_of_Works \"New Zealand Ministry of Works\") found that if a railway were to be constructed into the Taupō region, it would be very beneficial in transporting logs and sawn timber out of the region to the Pulp and Paper Mill at Kawerau and for export through the Port of Tauranga. It was also found that such a line would break even with revenue made from it covering the costs of constructing it.",
"The line was to be constructed from the present railhead at Murupara, across the Kaingaroa plains where it would sweep around the southern flank of Mt Tauhara in an arc like shape and then head north towards the Taupō industrial area before sweeping around in another arc in the Broadlands Road area and terminating at the Taupō Mill on Centennial Drive. It was also suggested that there be a second stage to construct a line from the first stage line, near the State Highway 5 Napier\\-Taupō Road through to Rangipo, so as to tap into forests in the Turangi area.",
"#### 1985 proposal",
"In 1985 Deputy General Manager of the [New Zealand Railways Corporation](/wiki/New_Zealand_Railways_Corporation \"New Zealand Railways Corporation\"), [Bob Henare](/wiki/Bob_Henare \"Bob Henare\"), stated that a proposed extension of the Murupara Branch line to Taupō would be a \"no frills\" style of railway with sharper curves and steeper grades so as to keep costs down. The line was to be a forestry style railway similar to the Murupara Branch, with its key role being to transport timber. Predicted increases in the number of logging trucks on public roads would also become a major problem when logging commenced in the region. He also said that the line would need to be constructed quickly as the rapidly maturing forests would not wait while people argued over whether or not to build the line.{{cite journal\\|title\\=Railway extension to Taupo\\|journal\\=New Zealand Railway Observer\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society]]\\|date\\=Autumn 1986\\|volume\\=43\\| issue \\= 1\\|issn\\=0028\\-8624\\|page\\=28}} It was also intended for the line to be electrified from Taupō through to Mt Maunganui, once men who were at the time working on the electrification of the North Island Main Trunk, could be transferred on completion of the project.{{cite news \\|last\\=Stott\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Rails Magazine\\|year\\=1985}}",
"The 1985 proposal did not eventuate following the large scale restructuring and downsizing of NZR in the mid 1980s, as part of the large scale economic reforms being undertaken the Fourth Labour Government at this time. Proposals to have the line extended to Taupō have been raised since that time, the last being in 1998\\.",
"#### 1998 proposal",
"In 1998 the findings of a study by consultants Woodward\\-Clyde for [Environment Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Environment_Bay_of_Plenty \"Environment Bay of Plenty\"), [Environment Waikato](/wiki/Environment_Waikato \"Environment Waikato\"), the [Taupō District Council](/wiki/Taup%C5%8D_District_Council \"Taupō District Council\") and [Tranz Rail](/wiki/Tranz_Rail \"Tranz Rail\") Limited were published to evaluate the various proposals to deal with transporting forestry products out of the Taupō region. The report stated that railheads could be accessed at Waiouru, National Park, Kinleith, and Murupara. The report said that it would be unlikely that rail connections would be made at National Park or Waiouru as the distance to forestry ports and processing plants would increase. A connection from Kinleith was a possibility but it would need to traverse difficult terrain and two crossings of the Waikato River may be needed. The report recommended an extension of the Murupara Branch line as being the best rail option.",
"The route recommended was similar to the 1985 proposal. The line would have travelled across the Kaingaroa Plains and followed the route more or less presently taken by the private forestry road, High Level Road. Stage one of the proposal would terminate at the junction between the two private forestry roads, High Level Road and the Off\\-Highway road leading from the Taupō Mill, near the State Highway 5 Napier\\-Taupō road. A recommendation was made that a log\\-processing yard be built at the junction of these two roads in conjunction with the rail line extension from Murupara.",
"The second stage of the proposal was to extend the line into the Taupō industrial area. The line would extend from the proposed log\\-processing yard around the southern flank of Mount Tauhara and head north towards Broadlands Road before completing a horseshoe like curve south into the Taupō Mill on Centennial Drive. The report said the line would be used for transporting sawn timber from the processing yard to the mill on Centennial Drive. Forest industry people did not express an interest in this option, as they did not believe it would bring any new opportunities to them.",
"The report concluded in respect to the rail options that Tranz Rail (now [KiwiRail](/wiki/KiwiRail \"KiwiRail\")) and [Fletcher Forests](/wiki/Tenon_Limited \"Tenon Limited\") (now Tenon) would need to check the opportunities in extending a line south from the Murupara railhead.",
"A roading option was consequently chosen and the rail proposal did not eventuate. The roading option involved a network of private forestry roads and did not use the proposed rail route.",
"### Kinleith\\-Rotorua\\-Taupō line",
"In 2014 the New Zealand First political party included a proposal to investigate a Kinleith\\-Rotorua\\-Taupō line as part of its transport policy. The proposal consists of an extension of the Kinleith Branch line east across to Waipa mill at Rotorua, before heading south to Taupō via Reporoa and Broadlands, terminating at the Taupō mill.",
""
] |
### Taupo Totara Timber Company Railway
[thumb\|Taupo Totara Timber Company sawmill at [Mokai](/wiki/Mokai "Mokai")](/wiki/File:Taupo_Totara_Timber_Company_sawmill_at_Mokai_ATLIB_314138.png "Taupo Totara Timber Company sawmill at Mokai ATLIB 314138.png")
[thumb\|Railway line of the Taupo Totara Timber Company showing "the corkscrew", with five different levels](/wiki/File:Railway_line_owned_by_the_Taupo_Totara_Timber_Company_showing_%22the_corkscrew%22%2C_with_five_different_levels_visible_at_this_point._ATLIB_293639.png "Railway line owned by the Taupo Totara Timber Company showing ")
[thumb\|[ALCO](/wiki/ALCO "ALCO") [mallett](/wiki/Mallett "Mallett") steam locomotive No 7](/wiki/File:Private_line_bush_locomotive_%28Mallett%29_beside_a_station_with_a_board_advertising_the_Taupo_Totara_Timber_Company_ATLIB_314220_%28cropped%29.png "Private line bush locomotive (Mallett) beside a station with a board advertising the Taupo Totara Timber Company ATLIB 314220 (cropped).png")
In 1903 the Taupo Totara Timber Company (TTT Co) built the {{convert \|82\|km\|mi}} [Taupo Totara Timber Company railway](/wiki/Taupo_Totara_Timber_Railway "Taupo Totara Timber Railway") to link their milling centre at [Mokai](/wiki/Mokai "Mokai") with the [New Zealand Government Railways](/wiki/New_Zealand_Railways_Department "New Zealand Railways Department") line (NZR) at [Putāruru](/wiki/Put%C4%81ruru "Putāruru"). The line was built over the former [Lichfield Branch](/wiki/Kinleith_Branch "Kinleith Branch") line, which was originally built by the [Thames Valley and Rotorua Railway Company](/wiki/Thames_Valley_and_Rotorua_Railway_Company "Thames Valley and Rotorua Railway Company") to be part of the line to [Rotorua](/wiki/Rotorua "Rotorua"). The TTT Co line then went onwards south of Lichfield through what is now [Tokoroa](/wiki/Tokoroa "Tokoroa") and Kinleith and crossed the [Waikato River](/wiki/Waikato_River "Waikato River") at Ongaroto.
The TTT Co line was constructed as a contour railway, with tight curves designed for later alignment improvement and a ruling grade of 1 in 35\. Some TTT directors hoped the railway might help "open up the district" for settlement.
In 1911 the TTT Co put forward a proposal to extend their line from Mokai into Taupō township via Oruanui. The station, and terminus of the line, were to be on Spa Road where Taupo\-nui\-a\-Tia College now stands. This would have required another bridge across the Waikato River.{{Cite web\|url\=https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\-bin/atojs?a\=d\&d\=AJHR1911\-I.2\.5\.2\.13\|title\=Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives — 1911 Session I — I\-10 TAUPO TOTARA TIMBER COMPANY COMMITTEE (REPORT OF) TOGETHER WITH MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS\|website\=atojs.natlib.govt.nz\|language\=en\-NZ\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-08}}
The proposal was quickly endorsed and praised by many in Taupō, and to support the extension the Taupo District Railway League was formed with powers to support the scheme and ensure it succeeded. The TTT Co proposed running the railway as a private trust\-owned company.
However, considerable objection was made to this proposal by the people of Rotorua, particularly the Rotorua Chamber of Commerce. They believed that any railway to Taupō should be from the railhead at Rotorua, running south via Waiotapu. The Rotorua Chamber of Commerce lodged a complaint to Parliament regarding the proposal.{{Cite news\|url\=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\-bin/paperspast?a\=d\&cl\=search\&d\=EP19120910\.2\.44\&srpos\=101\&zto\=1\|title\=A Light Railway\|date\=1912\-09\-10\|newspaper\=Evening Post\|pages\=7\|access\-date\=2016\-06\-24}} The Taupo District Railway League consequently lodged a complaint to the Member of Parliament for the district, Mr MacDonald, protesting the opposition being made by the Rotorua Chamber of Commerce.
As time passed, the proposal for the TTT Co scheme was eventually shelved, largely due to the outbreak of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") and the considerable objections made by the Rotorua Chamber of Commerce. The line would have required considerable improvements to bring it up to NZR standard as it was only built to carry timber and it consequently had very tight curves, narrow cuttings and light rails. It was not a fast railway line at all and the passengers that the TTT Co trains carried were noted to be able to climb off the train and walk alongside the train as it slowly crawled along.
The TTT Co line eventually closed on 26 October 1944\. The Government saw that the line had greater potential and in September 1946 acquired the first 29 km between Putāruru and Kinleith. This section of line opened again on 9 June 1947 under the control of the [Public Works Department](/wiki/New_Zealand_Ministry_of_Works "New Zealand Ministry of Works") using steam locomotives purchased from the TTT Co.
Around the same time plans were being made for a large pulp and paper mill to be constructed at Kinleith. The line with its sharp curves, steep grades and light rails, needed to be significantly upgraded to enable heavy traffic. Reconstruction of the line began in 1949, reducing grades from 1 in 44 to 1 in 70 and curves from a 201\-metre radius to 322\-metre radius. The rebuilt line was handed over to NZR on 12 June 1950\.
Around this time there was a proposal to rebuild the line and extend it to Taupō. Nothing further was heard of this proposal after the [1949 election](/wiki/1949_New_Zealand_general_election "1949 New Zealand general election"). This proposal has been brought up many times since.
|
[
"### Taupo Totara Timber Company Railway",
"[thumb\\|Taupo Totara Timber Company sawmill at [Mokai](/wiki/Mokai \"Mokai\")](/wiki/File:Taupo_Totara_Timber_Company_sawmill_at_Mokai_ATLIB_314138.png \"Taupo Totara Timber Company sawmill at Mokai ATLIB 314138.png\")\n[thumb\\|Railway line of the Taupo Totara Timber Company showing \"the corkscrew\", with five different levels](/wiki/File:Railway_line_owned_by_the_Taupo_Totara_Timber_Company_showing_%22the_corkscrew%22%2C_with_five_different_levels_visible_at_this_point._ATLIB_293639.png \"Railway line owned by the Taupo Totara Timber Company showing \")\n[thumb\\|[ALCO](/wiki/ALCO \"ALCO\") [mallett](/wiki/Mallett \"Mallett\") steam locomotive No 7](/wiki/File:Private_line_bush_locomotive_%28Mallett%29_beside_a_station_with_a_board_advertising_the_Taupo_Totara_Timber_Company_ATLIB_314220_%28cropped%29.png \"Private line bush locomotive (Mallett) beside a station with a board advertising the Taupo Totara Timber Company ATLIB 314220 (cropped).png\")",
"In 1903 the Taupo Totara Timber Company (TTT Co) built the {{convert \\|82\\|km\\|mi}} [Taupo Totara Timber Company railway](/wiki/Taupo_Totara_Timber_Railway \"Taupo Totara Timber Railway\") to link their milling centre at [Mokai](/wiki/Mokai \"Mokai\") with the [New Zealand Government Railways](/wiki/New_Zealand_Railways_Department \"New Zealand Railways Department\") line (NZR) at [Putāruru](/wiki/Put%C4%81ruru \"Putāruru\"). The line was built over the former [Lichfield Branch](/wiki/Kinleith_Branch \"Kinleith Branch\") line, which was originally built by the [Thames Valley and Rotorua Railway Company](/wiki/Thames_Valley_and_Rotorua_Railway_Company \"Thames Valley and Rotorua Railway Company\") to be part of the line to [Rotorua](/wiki/Rotorua \"Rotorua\"). The TTT Co line then went onwards south of Lichfield through what is now [Tokoroa](/wiki/Tokoroa \"Tokoroa\") and Kinleith and crossed the [Waikato River](/wiki/Waikato_River \"Waikato River\") at Ongaroto.",
"The TTT Co line was constructed as a contour railway, with tight curves designed for later alignment improvement and a ruling grade of 1 in 35\\. Some TTT directors hoped the railway might help \"open up the district\" for settlement.",
"In 1911 the TTT Co put forward a proposal to extend their line from Mokai into Taupō township via Oruanui. The station, and terminus of the line, were to be on Spa Road where Taupo\\-nui\\-a\\-Tia College now stands. This would have required another bridge across the Waikato River.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\\-bin/atojs?a\\=d\\&d\\=AJHR1911\\-I.2\\.5\\.2\\.13\\|title\\=Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives — 1911 Session I — I\\-10 TAUPO TOTARA TIMBER COMPANY COMMITTEE (REPORT OF) TOGETHER WITH MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS\\|website\\=atojs.natlib.govt.nz\\|language\\=en\\-NZ\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-08}}",
"The proposal was quickly endorsed and praised by many in Taupō, and to support the extension the Taupo District Railway League was formed with powers to support the scheme and ensure it succeeded. The TTT Co proposed running the railway as a private trust\\-owned company.",
"However, considerable objection was made to this proposal by the people of Rotorua, particularly the Rotorua Chamber of Commerce. They believed that any railway to Taupō should be from the railhead at Rotorua, running south via Waiotapu. The Rotorua Chamber of Commerce lodged a complaint to Parliament regarding the proposal.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\\-bin/paperspast?a\\=d\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=EP19120910\\.2\\.44\\&srpos\\=101\\&zto\\=1\\|title\\=A Light Railway\\|date\\=1912\\-09\\-10\\|newspaper\\=Evening Post\\|pages\\=7\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-24}} The Taupo District Railway League consequently lodged a complaint to the Member of Parliament for the district, Mr MacDonald, protesting the opposition being made by the Rotorua Chamber of Commerce.",
"As time passed, the proposal for the TTT Co scheme was eventually shelved, largely due to the outbreak of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") and the considerable objections made by the Rotorua Chamber of Commerce. The line would have required considerable improvements to bring it up to NZR standard as it was only built to carry timber and it consequently had very tight curves, narrow cuttings and light rails. It was not a fast railway line at all and the passengers that the TTT Co trains carried were noted to be able to climb off the train and walk alongside the train as it slowly crawled along.",
"The TTT Co line eventually closed on 26 October 1944\\. The Government saw that the line had greater potential and in September 1946 acquired the first 29 km between Putāruru and Kinleith. This section of line opened again on 9 June 1947 under the control of the [Public Works Department](/wiki/New_Zealand_Ministry_of_Works \"New Zealand Ministry of Works\") using steam locomotives purchased from the TTT Co.",
"Around the same time plans were being made for a large pulp and paper mill to be constructed at Kinleith. The line with its sharp curves, steep grades and light rails, needed to be significantly upgraded to enable heavy traffic. Reconstruction of the line began in 1949, reducing grades from 1 in 44 to 1 in 70 and curves from a 201\\-metre radius to 322\\-metre radius. The rebuilt line was handed over to NZR on 12 June 1950\\.",
"Around this time there was a proposal to rebuild the line and extend it to Taupō. Nothing further was heard of this proposal after the [1949 election](/wiki/1949_New_Zealand_general_election \"1949 New Zealand general election\"). This proposal has been brought up many times since.",
""
] |
### Rotorua–Taupō line
Proposals to link Taupō with Rotorua and the greater [Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty "Bay of Plenty") with a railway date back to 1911\. It had long been intended that the [Rotorua Branch](/wiki/Rotorua_Branch "Rotorua Branch") would be extended into the Bay of Plenty to connect with the line being built from [Gisborne](/wiki/Gisborne%2C_New_Zealand "Gisborne, New Zealand").{{sfn\|Wood\|1996\|p\=45}} A railway into the Bay of Plenty would link Rotorua and surrounding regions to the [Port of Tauranga](/wiki/Port_of_Tauranga "Port of Tauranga"). Rotorua interests at the time lobbied very hard to have a line built between Rotorua and the Bay of Plenty, claiming the considerable amounts of land that would be opened up and linked to the port, particularly if the line were to be extended to Taupō.
When the TTT Co announced a proposal in 1911 to extend its line running from Putāruru to Mokai into Taupō, this caused much upset in Rotorua, as it weakened Rotorua's case to have a line built to link Rotorua with the Port of Tauranga. The Rotorua Chamber of Commence consequently voiced strong opposition to the TTT Co proposal, and said that "any railway connection to Taupō should be from the Government railway at Rotorua".
The Government however was more focused on completing the [East Coast Main Trunk Railway](/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Trunk_Railway "East Coast Main Trunk Railway") linking Tauranga and Gisborne, and would not consider linking Rotorua to the Bay of Plenty until that line was completed. The outbreak of World War I temporarily put a stop to the Rotorua proposal but once the war was over, enthusiasm for a line to link Rotorua and Taupō with the Port of Tauranga was renewed.
In 1920 a Royal Commission was set up to investigate the viability of the government purchasing either the entire TTT Co or just the TTT Co tramway and options for building a railway into Taupō. The commission consisted of H.J.H. Blow, chief engineer of the Public Works Department, as chairman; [Mr. F.W. Furkert](/wiki/Frederick_Furkert "Frederick Furkert"), chief engineer of the TTT Co; Mr. H. Buxton of NZR; and Mr. G.H.M. McClure, Commissioner of Crown Lands for Wellington, with Mr. H.H. Sterling as secretary. In 1921 the commission brought forward a unanimous finding "There is urgent necessity in order to avoid great national waste, for an extension of the Rotorua Government Railway to Waiotapu with as little delay as possible". Despite this finding, no further action was taken by the government. The Rotorua Taupō Railway League, led by [Edward Earle Vaile](/wiki/Edward_Earle_Vaile "Edward Earle Vaile"), continued to vigorously campaign for the Rotorua–Taupo railway to be built.{{Cite web\|url\=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei\-VaiPion\-t1\-body\-d1\-d16\.html\|title\=Chapter XV: Rotorua\-Taupō Railway\|last\=Vaile\|first\=Edward\|date\=1939\|website\=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz\|access\-date\=2018\-06\-02}}
In May 1922 a Royal Commission was set up to investigate the construction and working of a Rotorua–Taupō railway, with five members: H. Buxton, G. T. Murray, L.M. Ellis, J.D. Ritchie and H. Munro. Its terms of reference were to access anticipated traffic and profitability and assess the area's settlement potential and a possible route. A favourable report was returned by the commission; despite this, no further action was taken by the government.
In 1924 a line from Rotorua to Reporoa was authorised by Parliament in the *Railways Authorisation Act, 1924* as the Rotorua\-Taupō (Line): *an extension of the authorised line from Rotorua southward to Reporoa. Length about 28 miles (45 km)*.{{cite web\|url\= http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/raa192415gv1924n36357/ \|title\= Railways Authorisation Act, 1924 \|publisher\= New Zealand Law online }} However construction was not started as the Government's focus at the time was on completing the construction of the [East Coast Main Trunk Line](/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Trunk_Line "East Coast Main Trunk Line").
Much lobbying continued by Rotorua interests and by the Rotorua Taupō Railway League, which consisted of settlers living between [Taupō](/wiki/Taup%C5%8D "Taupō") and [Rotorua](/wiki/Rotorua "Rotorua"). By 1928 support for the Rotorua–Taupō line was very strong.
#### Cabinet approval
In June 1928 the Coates government [cabinet](/wiki/New_Zealand_Cabinet "New Zealand Cabinet") approved the construction of the Rotorua–Taupō railway. The line was to be constructed initially as far as Waiotapu, and then onwards to Taupō via Reporoa. Work began almost immediately with teams of construction workers transferred from the extension of the [East Coast Main Trunk](/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Trunk "East Coast Main Trunk") from Taneatua to [Ōpōtiki](/wiki/%C5%8Cp%C5%8Dtiki "Ōpōtiki"), which had been stopped.
{{cite web\|url\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\-bin/paperspast?a\=d\&cl\=search\&d\=AS19280628\.2\.131\&srpos\=55\&e\=01\-01\-1928\-20\-07\-1929\-\-100\-\-1\-byDA\-on\-\-0Taupo\+railway\-ARTICLE\- \|title\= Rail to Taupo: Cabinet decision, work to start at once \|publisher\= Auckland Star \|date\= 28 June 1928}}
{{cite news\|url\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\-bin/paperspast?a\=d\&cl\=search\&d\=NZH19280806\.2\.10\.9\&srpos\=13\&e\=01\-01\-1928\-20\-07\-1930\-\-100\-\-1\-byDA\-on\-\-0Taupo\-ILLUSTRATION\- \|title \= Important new railway work commenced, photo of PWD staff \|newspaper\= New Zealand Herald \|date\= 6 August 1928}}{{cite news\|url\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\-bin/paperspast?a\=d\&cl\=search\&d\=NZH19280629\.2\.17\.7\&srpos\=1\&e\=01\-01\-1928\-20\-07\-1936\-\-100\-\-1\-byDA\-on\-\-0Taupo\+railway\-ILLUSTRATION\- \|title \= Work on new line to start immediately \|newspaper\= New Zealand Herald \|date\= 29 June 1928}} An ex\-railways employee doubted whether the new line would be economic.{{cite web\|url\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\-bin/paperspast?a\=d\&cl\=search\&d\=AS19280628\.2\.104\&srpos\=54\&e\=01\-01\-1928\-20\-07\-1929\-\-100\-\-1\-byDA\-on\-\-0Taupo\+railway\-ARTICLE\-\|title\= Line will not pay: ex\-railwayman \|publisher\= Auckland Star \|date\= 28 June 1928}}
In Rotorua, it had been hoped that work on the line would go to Rotorua people, as unemployment was very high in the town. For approximately one year from the date of approval by cabinet, men worked on constructing embankments and cuttings along the proposed route a short distance out of Rotorua between Waipa and Waiotapu.
However, in 1929, as a result of the depression and a downturn in economic activity, the Forbes government cabinet announced that work on the Rotorua–Taupō railway would cease as soon as jobs could be found in other parts of the country for the men working on this scheme.{{cite news\|url\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\-bin/paperspast?a\=d\&cl\=search\&d\=NZH19290319\.2\.14\.7\&srpos\=4\&e\=01\-01\-1928\-20\-07\-1936\-\-100\-\-1\-byDA\-on\-\-0Taupo\+railway\-ILLUSTRATION\- \|title \= Railway construction work stopped by government \|newspaper\= New Zealand Herald \|date\= 28 March 1929}}
This was a real blow to the supporters of the railway and did not help Rotorua at a time of high unemployment. There was much vocal opposition in Rotorua at the line being stopped and calls for the work to be resumed. The Rotorua Taupō Railway League produced a pamphlet titled "The truth about the Taupō Railway \- the story of a great crime" arguing the need for and numerous benefits this line would bring, and the unjust stopping of the project by the government. The work did not resume and the formation and cuttings were abandoned. Some of this work can still be seen between Rotorua and Taupō along State Highway 5, on the western side of the road, a short distance out of Rotorua.
From 1929 onwards there were various calls for the railway between Rotorua and Taupō to be restarted but nothing of any great significance occurred until 1968\.
|
[
"### Rotorua–Taupō line",
"Proposals to link Taupō with Rotorua and the greater [Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty \"Bay of Plenty\") with a railway date back to 1911\\. It had long been intended that the [Rotorua Branch](/wiki/Rotorua_Branch \"Rotorua Branch\") would be extended into the Bay of Plenty to connect with the line being built from [Gisborne](/wiki/Gisborne%2C_New_Zealand \"Gisborne, New Zealand\").{{sfn\\|Wood\\|1996\\|p\\=45}} A railway into the Bay of Plenty would link Rotorua and surrounding regions to the [Port of Tauranga](/wiki/Port_of_Tauranga \"Port of Tauranga\"). Rotorua interests at the time lobbied very hard to have a line built between Rotorua and the Bay of Plenty, claiming the considerable amounts of land that would be opened up and linked to the port, particularly if the line were to be extended to Taupō.",
"When the TTT Co announced a proposal in 1911 to extend its line running from Putāruru to Mokai into Taupō, this caused much upset in Rotorua, as it weakened Rotorua's case to have a line built to link Rotorua with the Port of Tauranga. The Rotorua Chamber of Commence consequently voiced strong opposition to the TTT Co proposal, and said that \"any railway connection to Taupō should be from the Government railway at Rotorua\".",
"The Government however was more focused on completing the [East Coast Main Trunk Railway](/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Trunk_Railway \"East Coast Main Trunk Railway\") linking Tauranga and Gisborne, and would not consider linking Rotorua to the Bay of Plenty until that line was completed. The outbreak of World War I temporarily put a stop to the Rotorua proposal but once the war was over, enthusiasm for a line to link Rotorua and Taupō with the Port of Tauranga was renewed.",
"In 1920 a Royal Commission was set up to investigate the viability of the government purchasing either the entire TTT Co or just the TTT Co tramway and options for building a railway into Taupō. The commission consisted of H.J.H. Blow, chief engineer of the Public Works Department, as chairman; [Mr. F.W. Furkert](/wiki/Frederick_Furkert \"Frederick Furkert\"), chief engineer of the TTT Co; Mr. H. Buxton of NZR; and Mr. G.H.M. McClure, Commissioner of Crown Lands for Wellington, with Mr. H.H. Sterling as secretary. In 1921 the commission brought forward a unanimous finding \"There is urgent necessity in order to avoid great national waste, for an extension of the Rotorua Government Railway to Waiotapu with as little delay as possible\". Despite this finding, no further action was taken by the government. The Rotorua Taupō Railway League, led by [Edward Earle Vaile](/wiki/Edward_Earle_Vaile \"Edward Earle Vaile\"), continued to vigorously campaign for the Rotorua–Taupo railway to be built.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei\\-VaiPion\\-t1\\-body\\-d1\\-d16\\.html\\|title\\=Chapter XV: Rotorua\\-Taupō Railway\\|last\\=Vaile\\|first\\=Edward\\|date\\=1939\\|website\\=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-02}}",
"In May 1922 a Royal Commission was set up to investigate the construction and working of a Rotorua–Taupō railway, with five members: H. Buxton, G. T. Murray, L.M. Ellis, J.D. Ritchie and H. Munro. Its terms of reference were to access anticipated traffic and profitability and assess the area's settlement potential and a possible route. A favourable report was returned by the commission; despite this, no further action was taken by the government.",
"In 1924 a line from Rotorua to Reporoa was authorised by Parliament in the *Railways Authorisation Act, 1924* as the Rotorua\\-Taupō (Line): *an extension of the authorised line from Rotorua southward to Reporoa. Length about 28 miles (45 km)*.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\\_act/raa192415gv1924n36357/ \\|title\\= Railways Authorisation Act, 1924 \\|publisher\\= New Zealand Law online }} However construction was not started as the Government's focus at the time was on completing the construction of the [East Coast Main Trunk Line](/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Trunk_Line \"East Coast Main Trunk Line\").",
"Much lobbying continued by Rotorua interests and by the Rotorua Taupō Railway League, which consisted of settlers living between [Taupō](/wiki/Taup%C5%8D \"Taupō\") and [Rotorua](/wiki/Rotorua \"Rotorua\"). By 1928 support for the Rotorua–Taupō line was very strong.",
"#### Cabinet approval",
"In June 1928 the Coates government [cabinet](/wiki/New_Zealand_Cabinet \"New Zealand Cabinet\") approved the construction of the Rotorua–Taupō railway. The line was to be constructed initially as far as Waiotapu, and then onwards to Taupō via Reporoa. Work began almost immediately with teams of construction workers transferred from the extension of the [East Coast Main Trunk](/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Trunk \"East Coast Main Trunk\") from Taneatua to [Ōpōtiki](/wiki/%C5%8Cp%C5%8Dtiki \"Ōpōtiki\"), which had been stopped. \n{{cite web\\|url\\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\\-bin/paperspast?a\\=d\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=AS19280628\\.2\\.131\\&srpos\\=55\\&e\\=01\\-01\\-1928\\-20\\-07\\-1929\\-\\-100\\-\\-1\\-byDA\\-on\\-\\-0Taupo\\+railway\\-ARTICLE\\- \\|title\\= Rail to Taupo: Cabinet decision, work to start at once \\|publisher\\= Auckland Star \\|date\\= 28 June 1928}}\n{{cite news\\|url\\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\\-bin/paperspast?a\\=d\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=NZH19280806\\.2\\.10\\.9\\&srpos\\=13\\&e\\=01\\-01\\-1928\\-20\\-07\\-1930\\-\\-100\\-\\-1\\-byDA\\-on\\-\\-0Taupo\\-ILLUSTRATION\\- \\|title \\= Important new railway work commenced, photo of PWD staff \\|newspaper\\= New Zealand Herald \\|date\\= 6 August 1928}}{{cite news\\|url\\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\\-bin/paperspast?a\\=d\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=NZH19280629\\.2\\.17\\.7\\&srpos\\=1\\&e\\=01\\-01\\-1928\\-20\\-07\\-1936\\-\\-100\\-\\-1\\-byDA\\-on\\-\\-0Taupo\\+railway\\-ILLUSTRATION\\- \\|title \\= Work on new line to start immediately \\|newspaper\\= New Zealand Herald \\|date\\= 29 June 1928}} An ex\\-railways employee doubted whether the new line would be economic.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\\-bin/paperspast?a\\=d\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=AS19280628\\.2\\.104\\&srpos\\=54\\&e\\=01\\-01\\-1928\\-20\\-07\\-1929\\-\\-100\\-\\-1\\-byDA\\-on\\-\\-0Taupo\\+railway\\-ARTICLE\\-\\|title\\= Line will not pay: ex\\-railwayman \\|publisher\\= Auckland Star \\|date\\= 28 June 1928}}",
"In Rotorua, it had been hoped that work on the line would go to Rotorua people, as unemployment was very high in the town. For approximately one year from the date of approval by cabinet, men worked on constructing embankments and cuttings along the proposed route a short distance out of Rotorua between Waipa and Waiotapu.",
"However, in 1929, as a result of the depression and a downturn in economic activity, the Forbes government cabinet announced that work on the Rotorua–Taupō railway would cease as soon as jobs could be found in other parts of the country for the men working on this scheme.{{cite news\\|url\\= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi\\-bin/paperspast?a\\=d\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=NZH19290319\\.2\\.14\\.7\\&srpos\\=4\\&e\\=01\\-01\\-1928\\-20\\-07\\-1936\\-\\-100\\-\\-1\\-byDA\\-on\\-\\-0Taupo\\+railway\\-ILLUSTRATION\\- \\|title \\= Railway construction work stopped by government \\|newspaper\\= New Zealand Herald \\|date\\= 28 March 1929}}\nThis was a real blow to the supporters of the railway and did not help Rotorua at a time of high unemployment. There was much vocal opposition in Rotorua at the line being stopped and calls for the work to be resumed. The Rotorua Taupō Railway League produced a pamphlet titled \"The truth about the Taupō Railway \\- the story of a great crime\" arguing the need for and numerous benefits this line would bring, and the unjust stopping of the project by the government. The work did not resume and the formation and cuttings were abandoned. Some of this work can still be seen between Rotorua and Taupō along State Highway 5, on the western side of the road, a short distance out of Rotorua.",
"From 1929 onwards there were various calls for the railway between Rotorua and Taupō to be restarted but nothing of any great significance occurred until 1968\\.",
""
] |
### Murupara Branch line
Since 1980 there have been proposals to extend the Murupara Branch line to Taupō. The principal reason for extending this line has been to tap into the plantation pine forests in the central North Island and in particular those in the Taupō region.
#### 1980 proposal
In 1980 a report was produced by NZR on possible rail routes to Taupō, which included two possible routes from the railhead at Murupara. The principal route of the line was to be constructed from the railhead at Murupara by way of two possible routes to address the steep climb up onto the Kaingaroa plains, where it would cross towards the State Highway 5 Napier\-Taupō Road, then sweep around the southern flank of Mt Tauhara in an arc like shape and then head north towards the Taupō industrial area before sweeping around in another arc in the Broadlands Road area and terminating at the Fletchers Taupō Mill on Centennial Drive.
The report also suggested possible extensions could be made from this proposed route to Napier, Waiouru and National Park.
The route to Napier would run from Te Awa (near High Level Road) through to Waikoau (north of Napier) on the Palmerston North\-Gisborne line.
The routes to Waiouru and National Park would run from Waimihia on the State Highway 5 Napier\-Taupō Road, south through to Rangipo, with the route to Waiouru following a similar route south to the State Highway 1 Desert Road, and the route to National Park running east from Rangipo following a similar route to State Highway 47 and 46 along the northern boarder of the Tongaririo National Park to join the NIMT just south of National Park station.
#### 1983 proposal
In 1983 a study by town and country planners of the [Ministry of Works](/wiki/New_Zealand_Ministry_of_Works "New Zealand Ministry of Works") found that if a railway were to be constructed into the Taupō region, it would be very beneficial in transporting logs and sawn timber out of the region to the Pulp and Paper Mill at Kawerau and for export through the Port of Tauranga. It was also found that such a line would break even with revenue made from it covering the costs of constructing it.
The line was to be constructed from the present railhead at Murupara, across the Kaingaroa plains where it would sweep around the southern flank of Mt Tauhara in an arc like shape and then head north towards the Taupō industrial area before sweeping around in another arc in the Broadlands Road area and terminating at the Taupō Mill on Centennial Drive. It was also suggested that there be a second stage to construct a line from the first stage line, near the State Highway 5 Napier\-Taupō Road through to Rangipo, so as to tap into forests in the Turangi area.
#### 1985 proposal
In 1985 Deputy General Manager of the [New Zealand Railways Corporation](/wiki/New_Zealand_Railways_Corporation "New Zealand Railways Corporation"), [Bob Henare](/wiki/Bob_Henare "Bob Henare"), stated that a proposed extension of the Murupara Branch line to Taupō would be a "no frills" style of railway with sharper curves and steeper grades so as to keep costs down. The line was to be a forestry style railway similar to the Murupara Branch, with its key role being to transport timber. Predicted increases in the number of logging trucks on public roads would also become a major problem when logging commenced in the region. He also said that the line would need to be constructed quickly as the rapidly maturing forests would not wait while people argued over whether or not to build the line.{{cite journal\|title\=Railway extension to Taupo\|journal\=New Zealand Railway Observer\|publisher\=\[\[New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society]]\|date\=Autumn 1986\|volume\=43\| issue \= 1\|issn\=0028\-8624\|page\=28}} It was also intended for the line to be electrified from Taupō through to Mt Maunganui, once men who were at the time working on the electrification of the North Island Main Trunk, could be transferred on completion of the project.{{cite news \|last\=Stott\|first\=Bob\|title\=Rails Magazine\|year\=1985}}
The 1985 proposal did not eventuate following the large scale restructuring and downsizing of NZR in the mid 1980s, as part of the large scale economic reforms being undertaken the Fourth Labour Government at this time. Proposals to have the line extended to Taupō have been raised since that time, the last being in 1998\.
#### 1998 proposal
In 1998 the findings of a study by consultants Woodward\-Clyde for [Environment Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Environment_Bay_of_Plenty "Environment Bay of Plenty"), [Environment Waikato](/wiki/Environment_Waikato "Environment Waikato"), the [Taupō District Council](/wiki/Taup%C5%8D_District_Council "Taupō District Council") and [Tranz Rail](/wiki/Tranz_Rail "Tranz Rail") Limited were published to evaluate the various proposals to deal with transporting forestry products out of the Taupō region. The report stated that railheads could be accessed at Waiouru, National Park, Kinleith, and Murupara. The report said that it would be unlikely that rail connections would be made at National Park or Waiouru as the distance to forestry ports and processing plants would increase. A connection from Kinleith was a possibility but it would need to traverse difficult terrain and two crossings of the Waikato River may be needed. The report recommended an extension of the Murupara Branch line as being the best rail option.
The route recommended was similar to the 1985 proposal. The line would have travelled across the Kaingaroa Plains and followed the route more or less presently taken by the private forestry road, High Level Road. Stage one of the proposal would terminate at the junction between the two private forestry roads, High Level Road and the Off\-Highway road leading from the Taupō Mill, near the State Highway 5 Napier\-Taupō road. A recommendation was made that a log\-processing yard be built at the junction of these two roads in conjunction with the rail line extension from Murupara.
The second stage of the proposal was to extend the line into the Taupō industrial area. The line would extend from the proposed log\-processing yard around the southern flank of Mount Tauhara and head north towards Broadlands Road before completing a horseshoe like curve south into the Taupō Mill on Centennial Drive. The report said the line would be used for transporting sawn timber from the processing yard to the mill on Centennial Drive. Forest industry people did not express an interest in this option, as they did not believe it would bring any new opportunities to them.
The report concluded in respect to the rail options that Tranz Rail (now [KiwiRail](/wiki/KiwiRail "KiwiRail")) and [Fletcher Forests](/wiki/Tenon_Limited "Tenon Limited") (now Tenon) would need to check the opportunities in extending a line south from the Murupara railhead.
A roading option was consequently chosen and the rail proposal did not eventuate. The roading option involved a network of private forestry roads and did not use the proposed rail route.
|
[
"### Murupara Branch line",
"Since 1980 there have been proposals to extend the Murupara Branch line to Taupō. The principal reason for extending this line has been to tap into the plantation pine forests in the central North Island and in particular those in the Taupō region.",
"#### 1980 proposal",
"In 1980 a report was produced by NZR on possible rail routes to Taupō, which included two possible routes from the railhead at Murupara. The principal route of the line was to be constructed from the railhead at Murupara by way of two possible routes to address the steep climb up onto the Kaingaroa plains, where it would cross towards the State Highway 5 Napier\\-Taupō Road, then sweep around the southern flank of Mt Tauhara in an arc like shape and then head north towards the Taupō industrial area before sweeping around in another arc in the Broadlands Road area and terminating at the Fletchers Taupō Mill on Centennial Drive.",
"The report also suggested possible extensions could be made from this proposed route to Napier, Waiouru and National Park.",
"The route to Napier would run from Te Awa (near High Level Road) through to Waikoau (north of Napier) on the Palmerston North\\-Gisborne line.",
"The routes to Waiouru and National Park would run from Waimihia on the State Highway 5 Napier\\-Taupō Road, south through to Rangipo, with the route to Waiouru following a similar route south to the State Highway 1 Desert Road, and the route to National Park running east from Rangipo following a similar route to State Highway 47 and 46 along the northern boarder of the Tongaririo National Park to join the NIMT just south of National Park station.",
"#### 1983 proposal",
"In 1983 a study by town and country planners of the [Ministry of Works](/wiki/New_Zealand_Ministry_of_Works \"New Zealand Ministry of Works\") found that if a railway were to be constructed into the Taupō region, it would be very beneficial in transporting logs and sawn timber out of the region to the Pulp and Paper Mill at Kawerau and for export through the Port of Tauranga. It was also found that such a line would break even with revenue made from it covering the costs of constructing it.",
"The line was to be constructed from the present railhead at Murupara, across the Kaingaroa plains where it would sweep around the southern flank of Mt Tauhara in an arc like shape and then head north towards the Taupō industrial area before sweeping around in another arc in the Broadlands Road area and terminating at the Taupō Mill on Centennial Drive. It was also suggested that there be a second stage to construct a line from the first stage line, near the State Highway 5 Napier\\-Taupō Road through to Rangipo, so as to tap into forests in the Turangi area.",
"#### 1985 proposal",
"In 1985 Deputy General Manager of the [New Zealand Railways Corporation](/wiki/New_Zealand_Railways_Corporation \"New Zealand Railways Corporation\"), [Bob Henare](/wiki/Bob_Henare \"Bob Henare\"), stated that a proposed extension of the Murupara Branch line to Taupō would be a \"no frills\" style of railway with sharper curves and steeper grades so as to keep costs down. The line was to be a forestry style railway similar to the Murupara Branch, with its key role being to transport timber. Predicted increases in the number of logging trucks on public roads would also become a major problem when logging commenced in the region. He also said that the line would need to be constructed quickly as the rapidly maturing forests would not wait while people argued over whether or not to build the line.{{cite journal\\|title\\=Railway extension to Taupo\\|journal\\=New Zealand Railway Observer\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society]]\\|date\\=Autumn 1986\\|volume\\=43\\| issue \\= 1\\|issn\\=0028\\-8624\\|page\\=28}} It was also intended for the line to be electrified from Taupō through to Mt Maunganui, once men who were at the time working on the electrification of the North Island Main Trunk, could be transferred on completion of the project.{{cite news \\|last\\=Stott\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Rails Magazine\\|year\\=1985}}",
"The 1985 proposal did not eventuate following the large scale restructuring and downsizing of NZR in the mid 1980s, as part of the large scale economic reforms being undertaken the Fourth Labour Government at this time. Proposals to have the line extended to Taupō have been raised since that time, the last being in 1998\\.",
"#### 1998 proposal",
"In 1998 the findings of a study by consultants Woodward\\-Clyde for [Environment Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Environment_Bay_of_Plenty \"Environment Bay of Plenty\"), [Environment Waikato](/wiki/Environment_Waikato \"Environment Waikato\"), the [Taupō District Council](/wiki/Taup%C5%8D_District_Council \"Taupō District Council\") and [Tranz Rail](/wiki/Tranz_Rail \"Tranz Rail\") Limited were published to evaluate the various proposals to deal with transporting forestry products out of the Taupō region. The report stated that railheads could be accessed at Waiouru, National Park, Kinleith, and Murupara. The report said that it would be unlikely that rail connections would be made at National Park or Waiouru as the distance to forestry ports and processing plants would increase. A connection from Kinleith was a possibility but it would need to traverse difficult terrain and two crossings of the Waikato River may be needed. The report recommended an extension of the Murupara Branch line as being the best rail option.",
"The route recommended was similar to the 1985 proposal. The line would have travelled across the Kaingaroa Plains and followed the route more or less presently taken by the private forestry road, High Level Road. Stage one of the proposal would terminate at the junction between the two private forestry roads, High Level Road and the Off\\-Highway road leading from the Taupō Mill, near the State Highway 5 Napier\\-Taupō road. A recommendation was made that a log\\-processing yard be built at the junction of these two roads in conjunction with the rail line extension from Murupara.",
"The second stage of the proposal was to extend the line into the Taupō industrial area. The line would extend from the proposed log\\-processing yard around the southern flank of Mount Tauhara and head north towards Broadlands Road before completing a horseshoe like curve south into the Taupō Mill on Centennial Drive. The report said the line would be used for transporting sawn timber from the processing yard to the mill on Centennial Drive. Forest industry people did not express an interest in this option, as they did not believe it would bring any new opportunities to them.",
"The report concluded in respect to the rail options that Tranz Rail (now [KiwiRail](/wiki/KiwiRail \"KiwiRail\")) and [Fletcher Forests](/wiki/Tenon_Limited \"Tenon Limited\") (now Tenon) would need to check the opportunities in extending a line south from the Murupara railhead.",
"A roading option was consequently chosen and the rail proposal did not eventuate. The roading option involved a network of private forestry roads and did not use the proposed rail route.",
""
] |
#### 1998 proposal
In 1998 the findings of a study by consultants Woodward\-Clyde for [Environment Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Environment_Bay_of_Plenty "Environment Bay of Plenty"), [Environment Waikato](/wiki/Environment_Waikato "Environment Waikato"), the [Taupō District Council](/wiki/Taup%C5%8D_District_Council "Taupō District Council") and [Tranz Rail](/wiki/Tranz_Rail "Tranz Rail") Limited were published to evaluate the various proposals to deal with transporting forestry products out of the Taupō region. The report stated that railheads could be accessed at Waiouru, National Park, Kinleith, and Murupara. The report said that it would be unlikely that rail connections would be made at National Park or Waiouru as the distance to forestry ports and processing plants would increase. A connection from Kinleith was a possibility but it would need to traverse difficult terrain and two crossings of the Waikato River may be needed. The report recommended an extension of the Murupara Branch line as being the best rail option.
The route recommended was similar to the 1985 proposal. The line would have travelled across the Kaingaroa Plains and followed the route more or less presently taken by the private forestry road, High Level Road. Stage one of the proposal would terminate at the junction between the two private forestry roads, High Level Road and the Off\-Highway road leading from the Taupō Mill, near the State Highway 5 Napier\-Taupō road. A recommendation was made that a log\-processing yard be built at the junction of these two roads in conjunction with the rail line extension from Murupara.
The second stage of the proposal was to extend the line into the Taupō industrial area. The line would extend from the proposed log\-processing yard around the southern flank of Mount Tauhara and head north towards Broadlands Road before completing a horseshoe like curve south into the Taupō Mill on Centennial Drive. The report said the line would be used for transporting sawn timber from the processing yard to the mill on Centennial Drive. Forest industry people did not express an interest in this option, as they did not believe it would bring any new opportunities to them.
The report concluded in respect to the rail options that Tranz Rail (now [KiwiRail](/wiki/KiwiRail "KiwiRail")) and [Fletcher Forests](/wiki/Tenon_Limited "Tenon Limited") (now Tenon) would need to check the opportunities in extending a line south from the Murupara railhead.
A roading option was consequently chosen and the rail proposal did not eventuate. The roading option involved a network of private forestry roads and did not use the proposed rail route.
|
[
"#### 1998 proposal",
"In 1998 the findings of a study by consultants Woodward\\-Clyde for [Environment Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Environment_Bay_of_Plenty \"Environment Bay of Plenty\"), [Environment Waikato](/wiki/Environment_Waikato \"Environment Waikato\"), the [Taupō District Council](/wiki/Taup%C5%8D_District_Council \"Taupō District Council\") and [Tranz Rail](/wiki/Tranz_Rail \"Tranz Rail\") Limited were published to evaluate the various proposals to deal with transporting forestry products out of the Taupō region. The report stated that railheads could be accessed at Waiouru, National Park, Kinleith, and Murupara. The report said that it would be unlikely that rail connections would be made at National Park or Waiouru as the distance to forestry ports and processing plants would increase. A connection from Kinleith was a possibility but it would need to traverse difficult terrain and two crossings of the Waikato River may be needed. The report recommended an extension of the Murupara Branch line as being the best rail option.",
"The route recommended was similar to the 1985 proposal. The line would have travelled across the Kaingaroa Plains and followed the route more or less presently taken by the private forestry road, High Level Road. Stage one of the proposal would terminate at the junction between the two private forestry roads, High Level Road and the Off\\-Highway road leading from the Taupō Mill, near the State Highway 5 Napier\\-Taupō road. A recommendation was made that a log\\-processing yard be built at the junction of these two roads in conjunction with the rail line extension from Murupara.",
"The second stage of the proposal was to extend the line into the Taupō industrial area. The line would extend from the proposed log\\-processing yard around the southern flank of Mount Tauhara and head north towards Broadlands Road before completing a horseshoe like curve south into the Taupō Mill on Centennial Drive. The report said the line would be used for transporting sawn timber from the processing yard to the mill on Centennial Drive. Forest industry people did not express an interest in this option, as they did not believe it would bring any new opportunities to them.",
"The report concluded in respect to the rail options that Tranz Rail (now [KiwiRail](/wiki/KiwiRail \"KiwiRail\")) and [Fletcher Forests](/wiki/Tenon_Limited \"Tenon Limited\") (now Tenon) would need to check the opportunities in extending a line south from the Murupara railhead.",
"A roading option was consequently chosen and the rail proposal did not eventuate. The roading option involved a network of private forestry roads and did not use the proposed rail route.",
""
] |
History
-------
The world's first private rhino sanctuary, Solio Game Reserve was started in 1970 when Courtland Parfet, the owner of Solio cattle ranch, fenced off a large section of land and dedicated it to conservation; since then, breeding has been so successful that rhino from Solio have stocked game reserves all over Africa.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/travel/homeliness\-and\-exclusivity\-at\-kenyas\-solio\-rhino\-reserve \| title\=Homeliness and exclusivity at Kenya's Solio rhino reserve \| publisher\=The National \| date\=20 May 2011 \| accessdate\=22 May 2011 \| author\=Rosemay Behan \| page\=4}}
Originally a cattle ranch, Solio Game Reserve was formed as part of a conservation effort initiated by the owners, The Parfet Family. They apportioned a huge part of the land for conservation and breeding of rhinos, in particular the threatened black rhino. It was the first of its kind in Africa with an ambitious objective to protect and breed rhinos, given rhino poaching was increasing at a rate that would surely wipe out the species in Kenya. Black rhino populations in Kenya dropped from around 18,000 in the late 1960’s to less than 1,500 by 1980 and about 400 in 1990\. The Kenyan Government in the 1970s supported and helped with the protection of the sanctuary with the Kenyan Armed Forces as well as Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS).{{cite web \| url\=https://chagsphotography.com/blog/close\-encounters \| title\=Close Encounters: A Bright Spot \| publisher\=Chags Photography by Amish Chhagan}} April 2023
From 1970 through to 2003, the world population of the African black rhinoceros declined from about 65,000 to an estimated 3,725\. It was estimated that in Kenya, the population dropped from 18,000 to 1500 in 1980 and only 400 in 1990\. In percentage terms the population dropped from 28% to a mere 12% of the world population.Emslie R. "Rhino population and trends", *Pachyderm*,Issue 37, pages 107–110, 2004 This sharp decline was caused by poaching in all areas during the 1970s and the early 1980s, both inside and outside of the national parks and reserves, with few controls and little enforcement.Patton, Felix; Campbell Petra; Parfet, Edward; ["Establishing a monitoring system for black rhinos in the Solio Game Reserve, central Kenya"](http://www.pachydermjournal.org/index.php/pachy/article/view/71/42), *Pachyderm*, No. 43 July–December 2007\. Retrieved 2011\-2\-1
One outcome of the intensive killing was to leave small remnant populations, sometimes just a single individual, scattered across the country with no hope of long\-term survival and often endangering nearby human settlements while still under threat from poaching.
Kenya's Wildlife and Conservation Management Department approached Mr Courtland Parfet, owner of the Solio cattle ranch located on the Laikipia plateau in central Kenya, for assistance. With a commitment to conservation, a 13,500 acre area of the ranch had already been fenced off to protect indigenous wildlife and allow them to live their natural life without interference or threat from humans. The Solio Game Reserve was home to many buffalos, zebras, gazelles and leopards but there were no rhinos.
The Wildlife and Conservation Management Department, the forerunner of today's Kenya Wildlife Service, requested Solio to take in some remnant black rhinos while a permanent home was found for them. The first five individuals were moved in from Kiboko in the south\-east of Kenya in 1970 and the country's first sanctuary for rhinos was established. With no other secure areas available, over the next 10 years the department continued to move in more rhinos. By 1980, 23 founders from nine different areas had been introduced into Solio Game Reserve.
With excellent habitat and securely hidden from view, this new group of rhinos bred and prospered, and the reserve had to be extended to 17,000 acres in 1991\. In the meantime other areas in Kenya in national parks and private ranches were made sufficiently secure to take in rhinos, and Solio became the prime founder source for many populations.
By 1992 there were 66 black rhinosBrett RA, "Conservation strategy and management plan for the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)in Kenya", *Kenya Wildlife Service*, [Nairobi](/wiki/Nairobi "Nairobi"), ed. 1993\. in the reserve, and this after some 30 individuals had been moved out to help form nucleus populations in other new reserves including [Nakuru National Park](/wiki/Lake_Nakuru "Lake Nakuru"), Sweetwaters Game Reserve, Lewa Downs Conservancy and Ol Jogi. The rhinos continued to thrive, and by the end of 2005 there had been 67 translocations to other areas. However, at the start of 2000 the reserve became a major target for professional poachers and in a five\-year period nine black rhinos were either shot or caught in snares.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The world's first private rhino sanctuary, Solio Game Reserve was started in 1970 when Courtland Parfet, the owner of Solio cattle ranch, fenced off a large section of land and dedicated it to conservation; since then, breeding has been so successful that rhino from Solio have stocked game reserves all over Africa.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/travel/homeliness\\-and\\-exclusivity\\-at\\-kenyas\\-solio\\-rhino\\-reserve \\| title\\=Homeliness and exclusivity at Kenya's Solio rhino reserve \\| publisher\\=The National \\| date\\=20 May 2011 \\| accessdate\\=22 May 2011 \\| author\\=Rosemay Behan \\| page\\=4}}",
"Originally a cattle ranch, Solio Game Reserve was formed as part of a conservation effort initiated by the owners, The Parfet Family. They apportioned a huge part of the land for conservation and breeding of rhinos, in particular the threatened black rhino. It was the first of its kind in Africa with an ambitious objective to protect and breed rhinos, given rhino poaching was increasing at a rate that would surely wipe out the species in Kenya. Black rhino populations in Kenya dropped from around 18,000 in the late 1960’s to less than 1,500 by 1980 and about 400 in 1990\\. The Kenyan Government in the 1970s supported and helped with the protection of the sanctuary with the Kenyan Armed Forces as well as Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS).{{cite web \\| url\\=https://chagsphotography.com/blog/close\\-encounters \\| title\\=Close Encounters: A Bright Spot \\| publisher\\=Chags Photography by Amish Chhagan}} April 2023",
"From 1970 through to 2003, the world population of the African black rhinoceros declined from about 65,000 to an estimated 3,725\\. It was estimated that in Kenya, the population dropped from 18,000 to 1500 in 1980 and only 400 in 1990\\. In percentage terms the population dropped from 28% to a mere 12% of the world population.Emslie R. \"Rhino population and trends\", *Pachyderm*,Issue 37, pages 107–110, 2004 This sharp decline was caused by poaching in all areas during the 1970s and the early 1980s, both inside and outside of the national parks and reserves, with few controls and little enforcement.Patton, Felix; Campbell Petra; Parfet, Edward; [\"Establishing a monitoring system for black rhinos in the Solio Game Reserve, central Kenya\"](http://www.pachydermjournal.org/index.php/pachy/article/view/71/42), *Pachyderm*, No. 43 July–December 2007\\. Retrieved 2011\\-2\\-1",
"One outcome of the intensive killing was to leave small remnant populations, sometimes just a single individual, scattered across the country with no hope of long\\-term survival and often endangering nearby human settlements while still under threat from poaching.",
"Kenya's Wildlife and Conservation Management Department approached Mr Courtland Parfet, owner of the Solio cattle ranch located on the Laikipia plateau in central Kenya, for assistance. With a commitment to conservation, a 13,500 acre area of the ranch had already been fenced off to protect indigenous wildlife and allow them to live their natural life without interference or threat from humans. The Solio Game Reserve was home to many buffalos, zebras, gazelles and leopards but there were no rhinos.",
"The Wildlife and Conservation Management Department, the forerunner of today's Kenya Wildlife Service, requested Solio to take in some remnant black rhinos while a permanent home was found for them. The first five individuals were moved in from Kiboko in the south\\-east of Kenya in 1970 and the country's first sanctuary for rhinos was established. With no other secure areas available, over the next 10 years the department continued to move in more rhinos. By 1980, 23 founders from nine different areas had been introduced into Solio Game Reserve.",
"With excellent habitat and securely hidden from view, this new group of rhinos bred and prospered, and the reserve had to be extended to 17,000 acres in 1991\\. In the meantime other areas in Kenya in national parks and private ranches were made sufficiently secure to take in rhinos, and Solio became the prime founder source for many populations.",
"By 1992 there were 66 black rhinosBrett RA, \"Conservation strategy and management plan for the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)in Kenya\", *Kenya Wildlife Service*, [Nairobi](/wiki/Nairobi \"Nairobi\"), ed. 1993\\. in the reserve, and this after some 30 individuals had been moved out to help form nucleus populations in other new reserves including [Nakuru National Park](/wiki/Lake_Nakuru \"Lake Nakuru\"), Sweetwaters Game Reserve, Lewa Downs Conservancy and Ol Jogi. The rhinos continued to thrive, and by the end of 2005 there had been 67 translocations to other areas. However, at the start of 2000 the reserve became a major target for professional poachers and in a five\\-year period nine black rhinos were either shot or caught in snares.",
""
] |
Digital model railway control system basics
-------------------------------------------
Some digital control systems provide the ability to independently control all aspects of operating a model railway using a minimum of wiring, the rails themselves can be the only wiring required. Other systems are wireless. Control is achieved by sending a digital signal as well as power down the rails or wirelessly. These digital signals can control all aspects of the model trains and accessories, including signals, [turnouts](/wiki/Railroad_switch "Railroad switch"), lighting, [level crossings](/wiki/Level_crossing "Level crossing"), cranes, turntables, etc.
Constant power is supplied to the track and digital signals are sent which require electronic decoders to be fitted to locomotives and other devices to interpret the commands.
### Controllers
Controllers manage operation of locomotives with buttons for additional model features such as lighting and sound.
### Central unit
A digital system usually requires a central unit to generate digital address and command signals, these are known as command stations. Many command stations also incorporate one or more locomotive controllers and a booster unit to generate the power necessary to run locomotives. Central units also have connections for additional controllers and accessory switch boxes, as well as connections for computer control and interfaces with other digital controllers.
### Boosters
In most systems boosters are available to provide additional track power for larger layouts. Boosters are connected to the central unit by special cables that relay the digital commands.
### Locomotive decoders
Locomotive decoders are small electronic circuits fitted inside locomotives to interpret the digital signals and provide individual control. Although all active decoders receive commands, only the addressed decoder will respond.
### Accessory decoders
Accessory decoders are used to control devices which are fixed in position, such as turnouts, signals, and level crossings. Since the devices do not move, stationary decoders can be mounted under the layout, and therefore can be significantly larger than locomotive decoders. Accessory decoders can receive their signals from an accessory data bus or from the track.
### Sound and function decoders
Basic locomotive decoders provide control of speed and direction while supplemental function decoders control headlights, ditch lights, or movable non\-traction components such as remote\-controlled pantographs.
Sound decoders play pre\-recorded sound effects which may be synchronised with the locomotive speed, so that as a diesel locomotive starts from standstill, the sound decoder plays sounds of a diesel engine starting up. Sound decoders for [steam locomotives](/wiki/Steam_locomotive "Steam locomotive") can play "chuff" sounds synchronised with the driving wheels.
Some decoders have all three functions—locomotive control, sound effects, and function control, in a single circuit.
### Feedback
In some automated systems, the central unit needs to know when trains reach their destination or a certain point. This information is detected by a sensor, such as an [infrared](/wiki/Infrared "Infrared") device placed between the tracks, a [reed switch](/wiki/Reed_switch "Reed switch") or a device which senses current draw in an isolated section of track.
Feedback relays an electrical signal from the sensor hardware back to the digital central unit. The central unit can then issue commands appropriate for the specific sensor, such as triggering a signal, or level crossing.
Feedback allows fully automated control of model trains.
### Computer interface
Some central units allow connection to a computer, and a program can then fully automatically control all model train movements and accessories. This facility is particularly useful for display layouts.
Programs have been developed allowing mobile devices to be used as controllers, which also requires the central unit to be connected to a computer.
|
[
"Digital model railway control system basics\n-------------------------------------------",
"Some digital control systems provide the ability to independently control all aspects of operating a model railway using a minimum of wiring, the rails themselves can be the only wiring required. Other systems are wireless. Control is achieved by sending a digital signal as well as power down the rails or wirelessly. These digital signals can control all aspects of the model trains and accessories, including signals, [turnouts](/wiki/Railroad_switch \"Railroad switch\"), lighting, [level crossings](/wiki/Level_crossing \"Level crossing\"), cranes, turntables, etc.",
"Constant power is supplied to the track and digital signals are sent which require electronic decoders to be fitted to locomotives and other devices to interpret the commands.",
"### Controllers",
"Controllers manage operation of locomotives with buttons for additional model features such as lighting and sound.",
"### Central unit",
"A digital system usually requires a central unit to generate digital address and command signals, these are known as command stations. Many command stations also incorporate one or more locomotive controllers and a booster unit to generate the power necessary to run locomotives. Central units also have connections for additional controllers and accessory switch boxes, as well as connections for computer control and interfaces with other digital controllers.",
"### Boosters",
"In most systems boosters are available to provide additional track power for larger layouts. Boosters are connected to the central unit by special cables that relay the digital commands.",
"### Locomotive decoders",
"Locomotive decoders are small electronic circuits fitted inside locomotives to interpret the digital signals and provide individual control. Although all active decoders receive commands, only the addressed decoder will respond.",
"### Accessory decoders",
"Accessory decoders are used to control devices which are fixed in position, such as turnouts, signals, and level crossings. Since the devices do not move, stationary decoders can be mounted under the layout, and therefore can be significantly larger than locomotive decoders. Accessory decoders can receive their signals from an accessory data bus or from the track.",
"### Sound and function decoders",
"Basic locomotive decoders provide control of speed and direction while supplemental function decoders control headlights, ditch lights, or movable non\\-traction components such as remote\\-controlled pantographs.",
"Sound decoders play pre\\-recorded sound effects which may be synchronised with the locomotive speed, so that as a diesel locomotive starts from standstill, the sound decoder plays sounds of a diesel engine starting up. Sound decoders for [steam locomotives](/wiki/Steam_locomotive \"Steam locomotive\") can play \"chuff\" sounds synchronised with the driving wheels.",
"Some decoders have all three functions—locomotive control, sound effects, and function control, in a single circuit.",
"### Feedback",
"In some automated systems, the central unit needs to know when trains reach their destination or a certain point. This information is detected by a sensor, such as an [infrared](/wiki/Infrared \"Infrared\") device placed between the tracks, a [reed switch](/wiki/Reed_switch \"Reed switch\") or a device which senses current draw in an isolated section of track.",
"Feedback relays an electrical signal from the sensor hardware back to the digital central unit. The central unit can then issue commands appropriate for the specific sensor, such as triggering a signal, or level crossing.",
"Feedback allows fully automated control of model trains.",
"### Computer interface",
"Some central units allow connection to a computer, and a program can then fully automatically control all model train movements and accessories. This facility is particularly useful for display layouts.",
"Programs have been developed allowing mobile devices to be used as controllers, which also requires the central unit to be connected to a computer.",
""
] |
Systems
-------
### Digital Command Control
{{main\|Digital Command Control}}
Digital Command Control (DCC) systems are used to operate locomotives on a model railroad (railway). Equipped with DCC, locomotives on the same electrical section of track can be independently controlled. While DCC is only one of several alternative systems for digital model train control, it is often misinterpreted to be a generic term for such systems. Several major manufacturers offer DCC systems.
### Digital Command System
Digital Command System (DCS) is an electronic system developed by [MTH Electric Trains](/wiki/MTH_Electric_Trains "MTH Electric Trains") and released in April 2002\. DCS controls locomotives equipped with Protosound 2, Protosound 3, or Protosound 3E\+ decoders. Protosound 3 locomotives are compatible with both DCS and DCC command systems. Protosound 3E\+ locomotives are compatible with DCS and Märklin Digital command systems. All DCS compatible decoders are manufactured by MTH. Factory installed decoders have been offered in [H0 scale](/wiki/H0_scale "H0 scale"), two\-rail [0 scale](/wiki/0_scale "0 scale"), 3\-rail 0 gauge, [Gauge 1](/wiki/Gauge_1 "Gauge 1"), and three\-rail [Standard Gauge](/wiki/Standard_Gauge_%28toy_trains%29 "Standard Gauge (toy trains)") models. MTH has announced their intention to install DCS compatible decoders in S scale trains beginning in 2013\.[mthtrains.com](http://www.mthtrains.com/news/499) Separate sale decoder kits have been offered for installation in all of the above noted scales except H0 and S. DCS is predominantly used in three\-rail O gauge. Its chief competitors in three\-rail O are Lionel's TMCC and Legacy systems.
DCS uses proprietary command codes and transmission technology covered under US patent 6,457,681\.[protosound2\.com](http://www.protosound2.com/dcs/Patent.pdf) The principal differences between DCS and DCC transmission technologies include bidirectional communications and the separation of the command signal from track power. DCS command signals are transmitted at 10\.7 MHz using [spread spectrum](/wiki/Spread_spectrum "Spread spectrum") technology.
DCS can operate TMCC equipped models by means of an interface cable that connects the Lionel CB\-1 command base to the DCS Track Interface Unit. DCS can coexist on the same track at the same time with either Lionel TMCC or Legacy command systems. Engines with either system can be operated simultaneously as long as both command control units are installed on the track.
### Direct WiFi Control
Direct WiFi Control (DWiC) is an emerging technology for model railway control utilizing the concept of "the internet of things". The availability of miniature web server modules in 2014, led to the formation of a DWiC Working group to explore the possibility of using this technology in model railways. WiFi technology is well established and proven. Although it is considerably more complex than any previous model railway control system it largely transparent to the user with tasks such as bi\-directional communication being seamless. DWiC does not use any model rail specific items such as command stations and boosters and so is much lower in cost. This technology is also useful outside the model rail world as a DWiC controller could open a garage door or remotely turn on sprinklers. The web server/controller is similar to a DCC decoder in hardware and cost. The great advantage occurs on the client side where the "throttle" can be any WiFi device with a web browser. DWiC can run on DC, AC or DCC track power or a battery.
The DWiC controller has a web page loaded on board tailored to the particular "item" \- loco, accessory etc. The users browser loads the page off the items web server and by pressing buttons directly controls the item via WiFi using HTML, JavaScript, JQuery and C.
### Märklin Digital
{{main\|Märklin Digital}}
Märklin Digital was one of the first digital model railway control systems. It consisted of a full system including locomotive decoders (based on a Motorola chip), central control, a computer interface, turnout decoders, digital relays and s88 feedback modules. For controlling 2\-rail DC locomotives, like Märklin's Z and 1 gauge rolling stock, a special version of the system was introduced in 1988 developed by Lenz jointly for Märklin and Arnold. Arnold sold the system under name Arnold Digital while Märklin called it "Märklin Digital", this system was the predecessor of DCC\-standard. Apart from the locomotive decoders and central units, all the other system components were identical between 3\-rail and 2\-rail versions.
### Selectrix
{{redirect\-distinguish\|Selectrix\|IBM Selectric\|Scalextric}}
Selectrix is an early digital model train command control system developed by German company [Döhler \& Haas](/wiki/D%C3%B6hler_%26_Haas "Döhler & Haas") for model railway manufacturer [Trix](/wiki/Trix_%28company%29 "Trix (company)") in the early 1980s. Since 1999 Selectrix is an open system supported by several manufacturers and standardized by MOROP. Technically Selectrix differs from competing bus systems by being fully synchronized and bi\-directional. The same data bus protocol and data buses are shared by the rolling stock, accessories and feedback information.
### Trainmaster Command Control
{{main\|Trainmaster Command Control}}
Trainmaster Command Control (TMCC) is Lionel's original command control system. It was introduced exclusively in Lionel trains in 1995\. Beginning in 2000, Lionel offered licenses to other manufacturers. Licensees that formerly or currently install TMCC decoders in their models include Atlas O, K\-Line, Weaver, and Sunset Models 3rd Rail Division. Licensees that formerly or currently offer separate sale decoders include Train America Studios, Digital Dynamics, and Electric RR Co. TMCC decoders have mostly been installed in 3\-rail O gauge models, but it has also been offered in 2\-rail O scale and S scale.
TMCC utilizes the same command codes as Digital Command Control (DCC). However, unlike DCC, it uses a 455 kHz radio transmission to carry the command codes separate from track power. The locomotive decoders are dependent on AC track power (50 or 60 Hz) to synchronize the command receiver. Thus, TMCC can only operate on AC track power. Because TMCC utilizes the DCC command codes, it is possible to control TMCC with DCC compatible software. MTH Electric Trains included support to interface and control TMCC with its DCS system. Unlike DCC, TMCC\-equipped locomotives can run simultaneously with non\-TMCC locomotives. Lionel ceased the sale of TMCC command systems in 2010, but continues to introduce models equipped with TMCC decoders. TMCC has been superseded by Lionel's Legacy command system.[digitdynam.com](http://www.digitdynam.com/command_control.html)
### Legacy Control System
Legacy Control System (Legacy) is Lionel's current electronic control system. It was introduced as a successor to Lionel's Trainmaster Command Control (TMCC) in December 2007\. Legacy is backwards compatible with all TMCC decoder equipped engines. Models with Legacy sound decoders and/or Odyssey II speed control can be operated with earlier TMCC control systems but also have additional features only accessible with Legacy. The command codes for these additional features differ from the DCC command codes. Lionel has not published or licensed access to the Legacy specific command codes.
### Hornby Railways Zero 1
[Hornby Railways](/wiki/Hornby_Railways "Hornby Railways") Zero 1 was a forerunner to the modern digital model railway control system, developed by Hornby in the late 1970s. It was based around the [TMS1000](/wiki/TMS1000 "TMS1000") four\-bit [microprocessor](/wiki/Microprocessor "Microprocessor"). The Zero 1 system enabled the simultaneous control of up to 16 locomotives and up to 99 accessories such as points and signals.
Zero 1 was based on digital, not analogue, technology. This really was the first digital system[Digital system Zero 1 by Hornby Hobbies and Hammant \& Morgan](https://www.merg.org.uk/merg_wiki/doku.php?id=glossary:glossary_z) on the website of Model Electronic Railway Group (MERG). Retrieved 8 April 2024\. and as such was a forerunner to the [Märklin Digital](/wiki/M%C3%A4rklin_Digital "Märklin Digital") which appeared in the mid\-1980s and the [National Model Railroad Association](/wiki/National_Model_Railroad_Association "National Model Railroad Association") (NMRA) [Digital Command Control](/wiki/Digital_Command_Control "Digital Command Control") (DCC) system, which appeared around 1990 and was standardized internationally in the mid\-1990s.
Though an important milestone, Zero 1 was not widely successful. Both the controller units and the decoder modules required for the locomotives and accessories were expensive, but with a clean track and well\-serviced locos the system worked as advertised.
Prices of Zero 1 articles according to the Hornby Railways price list from 1980[Detail of the price list Hornby Railways catalog 1980 in £](https://up.picr.de/47358861vy.jpeg) in picr.de, Retrieved 2024\-04\.03\.
* R.950 Master Controller: 46\.35 [£](/wiki/Pound_sterling "Pound sterling")
* R.951 Slave Controller: 13\.35 £
* R.952 Hand Slave Controller (NEW) Autumn: 13\.35 £
* R.955 Loco Operating Module: 7\.15 £
* R.956 Accessory Operating Module (NEW) Summer: [TBA](/wiki/To_be_announced "To be announced")
For comparison:
* R.842 [LMS Class 5 4\-6\-0](/wiki/LMS_Stanier_Class_5_4-6-0 "LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0"): 23\.15 £
* R.474 [LMS Composite Coach](/wiki/Coaches_of_the_London%2C_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway "Coaches of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway"): 4\.35 £
The system was mains frequency dependent, so a 50 Hz and 60 Hz versions were available (50 Hz in the UK, 60 Hz in the US and Canada). The Zero 1 system supplied the track with a 18 V sinusoidal alternating current at the local mains frequency with a 32\-bit control word replacing every third cycle.
The decoder module in the locomotive would switch either the positive or the negative half\-cycle of the square wave to the motor according to the desired direction of travel. During the transmission of the control word, it would remain switched off. Speed control was achieved by [pulse\-width modulation](/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation "Pulse-width modulation"), varying the width of the portion of the half\-cycle, which was switched in 14 steps.
This system allowed for straightforward implementation with the semiconductor technology of the time, but had the disadvantage that the power supplied to the motor was highly discontinuous \- as can be seen from the description above, it took the form of square pulses of a maximum width of 10 ms, recurring at intervals which alternated between 20 ms and 40 ms (for a 50 Hz mains supply). This caused the motor to be extremely noisy and rough. Fine control of a locomotive at low speed was also difficult, partly due to the rough running, partly due to the inherent coarseness of a 14\-step speed scale, and partly because there was a significant delay between operator input to the controller and response from the locomotive.
Locomotives equipped with a Zero 1 decoder according to Hornby's instructions could not be used on conventional direct current systems, making it difficult to run one's locomotives on friends' layouts or club layouts. This was a common issue with command control systems in that time period. Locomotives with no decoder could not be used on a Zero 1 layout either.
It was possible to include a miniature [DPDT switch](/wiki/DPDT_switch "DPDT switch") in the installation to enable the Zero 1 decoder to be switched out for use on a conventional system.
Control of points and other accessories was available in a very simple manner. For solenoid\-operated accessories (e.g. points, mechanical signals) or accessories involving lights (e.g. colour light signals), track\-powered accessory decoder modules, each providing four outputs, were available. Each output could be configured either for burst operation or continuous output, for use with solenoids or lights respectively. Accessories were switched by entering a numeric code on the controller. Up to 99 accessories could be controlled.
Accessories based around motors rather than solenoids or lights, such as turntables, could be fitted with a locomotive module and controlled in the same manner as a locomotive.
Zero 1 had 3 'phased' introductions:
Phase 1 \= Master controlle unit, slave control unit, hand held slave controller and locomotive module (Locomotives)
Phase 2 \= Accessory modules (Points, Signals etc.)
Phase 3 \= Micromimic display and micromimic display panel (Allowed for LED'S to represent status of points and signals on a display)
The master control unit last appeared in the catalog in 1985\. The system is very reliable, the basic 1980s keyboard design being the main problem on older badly stored master control units.
Loco modules were available in two types. The pre\-1981 types were based on a single [triac](/wiki/TRIAC "TRIAC") but the square\-wave supply and the presence of spikes from the motor and from poor contacts rendered the dV/dt rating of the triac marginal and these units would sometimes self\-trigger on the wrong polarity half\-cycle, resulting in damage both to the unit itself and to the locomotive motor. The later type, made by H\&M, used two [SCRs](/wiki/Silicon-controlled_rectifier "Silicon-controlled rectifier"), one for "forward" and one for "reverse", to avoid this problem. The system is still used today by many modellers.
#### Hammant \& Morgan digital train control system
The Hammant \& Morgan (H\&M) digital train control system is totally compatible with the Zero 1, the master controller,"HM5000 Advanced Power Transmitter" boasted two sliders, direction LEDs, a power LED bar graph, timer clocks, digital display of locos under control, readout of accessories controlled, and ability to attach two "Hi\-Tec Speed Transmitter" slave controllers HM5500\.
### Airfix Railway System Multiple Train Control
[Airfix](/wiki/Airfix "Airfix") Railway System *Multiple Train Control* (MTC) was an analog system introduced in 1979 and used 20 V sinusoidal alternating current on the track with a superimposed control signal. It can control up to 16 locomotives, which a maximum of 4 at a time be controlled simultaneously.[Airfix Railway System Multiple Train Control (MTC)](http://www.airfixrailways.co.uk/MTC.htm). Retrieved 2024\-03\-13\.[Airfix Railway Systems](https://www.revelstonemodels.com/airfix/gmr.htm). Retrieved 2024\-03\-13\.
Unfortunately it was only produced for about 18 months when Airfix went into [receivership](/wiki/Receivership "Receivership") and the concept was dropped.[traincollectors.org.uk](http://www.traincollectors.org.uk/airfix_mtc.htm)[Airfix World](http://airfixworld.blogspot.com/2010/03/airfix-model-railways.html)
### DYNATROL
DYNATROL is a 15\-channel command control system from Power Systems Inc. The track voltage is 13\.5 volts d.c. It was introduced late 1970s.[Model Railroader](/wiki/Model_Railroader "Model Railroader"), November 1979 p80
### Digitrack 1600
Digitrack 1600 is one of the first generation digital model railway control system developed and marketed by Chuck Balmer and Dick Robbins in 1972\.Model Railroader, August 1972 p37\-40 CTC\-16 is a second\-generation design based on the Digitrack 1600, a commercial system marketed from 1972 to 1976\.Model Railroader, December 1979 p64 The CTC\-16 digital train control system is totally compatible with the Digitrack 1600\.
Digitrack 1600 was analog in nature, with pulses riding on a constant DC track voltage. The width and timing of the pulse determined speed and direction.
### Rail\-Command 816
Introduced in the late 1970s, the RAIL\-COMMAND 816 is an eight\-channel digital signal system using a constant 12 VDC track voltage.
### CTC\-16
CTC\-16 system offered simultaneous control of up to 16 locomotives.Model Railroader, December 1979\-April 1980 A series of 16 variable width pulses is sent out to the track 125 times each second. A receiver mounted in each locomotive is *programmed* to respond to only one of the 16 pulses. The voltage and polarity applied to the motor depend on the width/timing of the pulse corresponding to that particular receiver. The receiver determines the speed and direction information from that specific pulse. The receiver is essentially a transistor throttle built right into the locomotive. The command station is not expandable beyond 16 channels.
CTC\-16 was completely compatible with the Digitrack 1600 receivers, as it was an improved and cost reduced version of the Digitrack 1600\. It was presented as a 'build it yourself' project, commercial versions would appear as well. At the time, the project was estimated to cost US$200 for the parts.
### PROTRAC
PROTRACR/C system 9000 offers 8\-channel command control. It was introduced in the late 1970s.
### SALOTA 5300
SALOTA 5300 offers 5\-channel command control with a 16\-18 VDC constant track voltage.
It was introduced in the late 1970s.
### PMP\-112
PMP\-112 system offered simultaneous control of up to 112 locomotives. It was based CTC\-16\.[Railroad Model Craftsman](/wiki/Railroad_Model_Craftsman "Railroad Model Craftsman") March 1986\-June 1986
### RFPT
RFPT offers 9\-channel command control system using high\-frequency control signals and a 12 VAC constant track voltage.
### KATO Digital
Introduced in the late 1980s, [KATO](/wiki/Kato_Precision_Railroad_Models "Kato Precision Railroad Models") Digital is KATO's electronic control system for H0 scale model trains that is conceptually similar to Digital Command Control (DCC).[KATO Digital](http://www.xs4all.nl/~raicho/model/control/katoctrl/katodigital/Katodigital.html)
|
[
"Systems\n-------",
"### Digital Command Control",
"{{main\\|Digital Command Control}}\nDigital Command Control (DCC) systems are used to operate locomotives on a model railroad (railway). Equipped with DCC, locomotives on the same electrical section of track can be independently controlled. While DCC is only one of several alternative systems for digital model train control, it is often misinterpreted to be a generic term for such systems. Several major manufacturers offer DCC systems.",
"### Digital Command System",
"Digital Command System (DCS) is an electronic system developed by [MTH Electric Trains](/wiki/MTH_Electric_Trains \"MTH Electric Trains\") and released in April 2002\\. DCS controls locomotives equipped with Protosound 2, Protosound 3, or Protosound 3E\\+ decoders. Protosound 3 locomotives are compatible with both DCS and DCC command systems. Protosound 3E\\+ locomotives are compatible with DCS and Märklin Digital command systems. All DCS compatible decoders are manufactured by MTH. Factory installed decoders have been offered in [H0 scale](/wiki/H0_scale \"H0 scale\"), two\\-rail [0 scale](/wiki/0_scale \"0 scale\"), 3\\-rail 0 gauge, [Gauge 1](/wiki/Gauge_1 \"Gauge 1\"), and three\\-rail [Standard Gauge](/wiki/Standard_Gauge_%28toy_trains%29 \"Standard Gauge (toy trains)\") models. MTH has announced their intention to install DCS compatible decoders in S scale trains beginning in 2013\\.[mthtrains.com](http://www.mthtrains.com/news/499) Separate sale decoder kits have been offered for installation in all of the above noted scales except H0 and S. DCS is predominantly used in three\\-rail O gauge. Its chief competitors in three\\-rail O are Lionel's TMCC and Legacy systems.",
"DCS uses proprietary command codes and transmission technology covered under US patent 6,457,681\\.[protosound2\\.com](http://www.protosound2.com/dcs/Patent.pdf) The principal differences between DCS and DCC transmission technologies include bidirectional communications and the separation of the command signal from track power. DCS command signals are transmitted at 10\\.7 MHz using [spread spectrum](/wiki/Spread_spectrum \"Spread spectrum\") technology.",
"DCS can operate TMCC equipped models by means of an interface cable that connects the Lionel CB\\-1 command base to the DCS Track Interface Unit. DCS can coexist on the same track at the same time with either Lionel TMCC or Legacy command systems. Engines with either system can be operated simultaneously as long as both command control units are installed on the track.",
"### Direct WiFi Control",
"Direct WiFi Control (DWiC) is an emerging technology for model railway control utilizing the concept of \"the internet of things\". The availability of miniature web server modules in 2014, led to the formation of a DWiC Working group to explore the possibility of using this technology in model railways. WiFi technology is well established and proven. Although it is considerably more complex than any previous model railway control system it largely transparent to the user with tasks such as bi\\-directional communication being seamless. DWiC does not use any model rail specific items such as command stations and boosters and so is much lower in cost. This technology is also useful outside the model rail world as a DWiC controller could open a garage door or remotely turn on sprinklers. The web server/controller is similar to a DCC decoder in hardware and cost. The great advantage occurs on the client side where the \"throttle\" can be any WiFi device with a web browser. DWiC can run on DC, AC or DCC track power or a battery.",
"The DWiC controller has a web page loaded on board tailored to the particular \"item\" \\- loco, accessory etc. The users browser loads the page off the items web server and by pressing buttons directly controls the item via WiFi using HTML, JavaScript, JQuery and C.",
"### Märklin Digital",
"{{main\\|Märklin Digital}}\nMärklin Digital was one of the first digital model railway control systems. It consisted of a full system including locomotive decoders (based on a Motorola chip), central control, a computer interface, turnout decoders, digital relays and s88 feedback modules. For controlling 2\\-rail DC locomotives, like Märklin's Z and 1 gauge rolling stock, a special version of the system was introduced in 1988 developed by Lenz jointly for Märklin and Arnold. Arnold sold the system under name Arnold Digital while Märklin called it \"Märklin Digital\", this system was the predecessor of DCC\\-standard. Apart from the locomotive decoders and central units, all the other system components were identical between 3\\-rail and 2\\-rail versions.",
"### Selectrix",
"{{redirect\\-distinguish\\|Selectrix\\|IBM Selectric\\|Scalextric}}\nSelectrix is an early digital model train command control system developed by German company [Döhler \\& Haas](/wiki/D%C3%B6hler_%26_Haas \"Döhler & Haas\") for model railway manufacturer [Trix](/wiki/Trix_%28company%29 \"Trix (company)\") in the early 1980s. Since 1999 Selectrix is an open system supported by several manufacturers and standardized by MOROP. Technically Selectrix differs from competing bus systems by being fully synchronized and bi\\-directional. The same data bus protocol and data buses are shared by the rolling stock, accessories and feedback information.",
"### Trainmaster Command Control",
"{{main\\|Trainmaster Command Control}}\nTrainmaster Command Control (TMCC) is Lionel's original command control system. It was introduced exclusively in Lionel trains in 1995\\. Beginning in 2000, Lionel offered licenses to other manufacturers. Licensees that formerly or currently install TMCC decoders in their models include Atlas O, K\\-Line, Weaver, and Sunset Models 3rd Rail Division. Licensees that formerly or currently offer separate sale decoders include Train America Studios, Digital Dynamics, and Electric RR Co. TMCC decoders have mostly been installed in 3\\-rail O gauge models, but it has also been offered in 2\\-rail O scale and S scale.",
"TMCC utilizes the same command codes as Digital Command Control (DCC). However, unlike DCC, it uses a 455 kHz radio transmission to carry the command codes separate from track power. The locomotive decoders are dependent on AC track power (50 or 60 Hz) to synchronize the command receiver. Thus, TMCC can only operate on AC track power. Because TMCC utilizes the DCC command codes, it is possible to control TMCC with DCC compatible software. MTH Electric Trains included support to interface and control TMCC with its DCS system. Unlike DCC, TMCC\\-equipped locomotives can run simultaneously with non\\-TMCC locomotives. Lionel ceased the sale of TMCC command systems in 2010, but continues to introduce models equipped with TMCC decoders. TMCC has been superseded by Lionel's Legacy command system.[digitdynam.com](http://www.digitdynam.com/command_control.html)",
"### Legacy Control System",
"Legacy Control System (Legacy) is Lionel's current electronic control system. It was introduced as a successor to Lionel's Trainmaster Command Control (TMCC) in December 2007\\. Legacy is backwards compatible with all TMCC decoder equipped engines. Models with Legacy sound decoders and/or Odyssey II speed control can be operated with earlier TMCC control systems but also have additional features only accessible with Legacy. The command codes for these additional features differ from the DCC command codes. Lionel has not published or licensed access to the Legacy specific command codes.",
"### Hornby Railways Zero 1",
"[Hornby Railways](/wiki/Hornby_Railways \"Hornby Railways\") Zero 1 was a forerunner to the modern digital model railway control system, developed by Hornby in the late 1970s. It was based around the [TMS1000](/wiki/TMS1000 \"TMS1000\") four\\-bit [microprocessor](/wiki/Microprocessor \"Microprocessor\"). The Zero 1 system enabled the simultaneous control of up to 16 locomotives and up to 99 accessories such as points and signals.",
"Zero 1 was based on digital, not analogue, technology. This really was the first digital system[Digital system Zero 1 by Hornby Hobbies and Hammant \\& Morgan](https://www.merg.org.uk/merg_wiki/doku.php?id=glossary:glossary_z) on the website of Model Electronic Railway Group (MERG). Retrieved 8 April 2024\\. and as such was a forerunner to the [Märklin Digital](/wiki/M%C3%A4rklin_Digital \"Märklin Digital\") which appeared in the mid\\-1980s and the [National Model Railroad Association](/wiki/National_Model_Railroad_Association \"National Model Railroad Association\") (NMRA) [Digital Command Control](/wiki/Digital_Command_Control \"Digital Command Control\") (DCC) system, which appeared around 1990 and was standardized internationally in the mid\\-1990s.",
"Though an important milestone, Zero 1 was not widely successful. Both the controller units and the decoder modules required for the locomotives and accessories were expensive, but with a clean track and well\\-serviced locos the system worked as advertised.",
"Prices of Zero 1 articles according to the Hornby Railways price list from 1980[Detail of the price list Hornby Railways catalog 1980 in £](https://up.picr.de/47358861vy.jpeg) in picr.de, Retrieved 2024\\-04\\.03\\.\n* R.950 Master Controller: 46\\.35 [£](/wiki/Pound_sterling \"Pound sterling\")\n* R.951 Slave Controller: 13\\.35 £\n* R.952 Hand Slave Controller (NEW) Autumn: 13\\.35 £\n* R.955 Loco Operating Module: 7\\.15 £\n* R.956 Accessory Operating Module (NEW) Summer: [TBA](/wiki/To_be_announced \"To be announced\")",
"For comparison:",
"* R.842 [LMS Class 5 4\\-6\\-0](/wiki/LMS_Stanier_Class_5_4-6-0 \"LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0\"): 23\\.15 £\n* R.474 [LMS Composite Coach](/wiki/Coaches_of_the_London%2C_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway \"Coaches of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway\"): 4\\.35 £",
"The system was mains frequency dependent, so a 50 Hz and 60 Hz versions were available (50 Hz in the UK, 60 Hz in the US and Canada). The Zero 1 system supplied the track with a 18 V sinusoidal alternating current at the local mains frequency with a 32\\-bit control word replacing every third cycle.",
"The decoder module in the locomotive would switch either the positive or the negative half\\-cycle of the square wave to the motor according to the desired direction of travel. During the transmission of the control word, it would remain switched off. Speed control was achieved by [pulse\\-width modulation](/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation \"Pulse-width modulation\"), varying the width of the portion of the half\\-cycle, which was switched in 14 steps.",
"This system allowed for straightforward implementation with the semiconductor technology of the time, but had the disadvantage that the power supplied to the motor was highly discontinuous \\- as can be seen from the description above, it took the form of square pulses of a maximum width of 10 ms, recurring at intervals which alternated between 20 ms and 40 ms (for a 50 Hz mains supply). This caused the motor to be extremely noisy and rough. Fine control of a locomotive at low speed was also difficult, partly due to the rough running, partly due to the inherent coarseness of a 14\\-step speed scale, and partly because there was a significant delay between operator input to the controller and response from the locomotive.",
"Locomotives equipped with a Zero 1 decoder according to Hornby's instructions could not be used on conventional direct current systems, making it difficult to run one's locomotives on friends' layouts or club layouts. This was a common issue with command control systems in that time period. Locomotives with no decoder could not be used on a Zero 1 layout either.",
"It was possible to include a miniature [DPDT switch](/wiki/DPDT_switch \"DPDT switch\") in the installation to enable the Zero 1 decoder to be switched out for use on a conventional system.",
"Control of points and other accessories was available in a very simple manner. For solenoid\\-operated accessories (e.g. points, mechanical signals) or accessories involving lights (e.g. colour light signals), track\\-powered accessory decoder modules, each providing four outputs, were available. Each output could be configured either for burst operation or continuous output, for use with solenoids or lights respectively. Accessories were switched by entering a numeric code on the controller. Up to 99 accessories could be controlled.",
"Accessories based around motors rather than solenoids or lights, such as turntables, could be fitted with a locomotive module and controlled in the same manner as a locomotive.",
"Zero 1 had 3 'phased' introductions:\nPhase 1 \\= Master controlle unit, slave control unit, hand held slave controller and locomotive module (Locomotives)\nPhase 2 \\= Accessory modules (Points, Signals etc.)\nPhase 3 \\= Micromimic display and micromimic display panel (Allowed for LED'S to represent status of points and signals on a display)",
"The master control unit last appeared in the catalog in 1985\\. The system is very reliable, the basic 1980s keyboard design being the main problem on older badly stored master control units.",
"Loco modules were available in two types. The pre\\-1981 types were based on a single [triac](/wiki/TRIAC \"TRIAC\") but the square\\-wave supply and the presence of spikes from the motor and from poor contacts rendered the dV/dt rating of the triac marginal and these units would sometimes self\\-trigger on the wrong polarity half\\-cycle, resulting in damage both to the unit itself and to the locomotive motor. The later type, made by H\\&M, used two [SCRs](/wiki/Silicon-controlled_rectifier \"Silicon-controlled rectifier\"), one for \"forward\" and one for \"reverse\", to avoid this problem. The system is still used today by many modellers.",
"#### Hammant \\& Morgan digital train control system",
"The Hammant \\& Morgan (H\\&M) digital train control system is totally compatible with the Zero 1, the master controller,\"HM5000 Advanced Power Transmitter\" boasted two sliders, direction LEDs, a power LED bar graph, timer clocks, digital display of locos under control, readout of accessories controlled, and ability to attach two \"Hi\\-Tec Speed Transmitter\" slave controllers HM5500\\.",
"### Airfix Railway System Multiple Train Control",
"[Airfix](/wiki/Airfix \"Airfix\") Railway System *Multiple Train Control* (MTC) was an analog system introduced in 1979 and used 20 V sinusoidal alternating current on the track with a superimposed control signal. It can control up to 16 locomotives, which a maximum of 4 at a time be controlled simultaneously.[Airfix Railway System Multiple Train Control (MTC)](http://www.airfixrailways.co.uk/MTC.htm). Retrieved 2024\\-03\\-13\\.[Airfix Railway Systems](https://www.revelstonemodels.com/airfix/gmr.htm). Retrieved 2024\\-03\\-13\\.",
"Unfortunately it was only produced for about 18 months when Airfix went into [receivership](/wiki/Receivership \"Receivership\") and the concept was dropped.[traincollectors.org.uk](http://www.traincollectors.org.uk/airfix_mtc.htm)[Airfix World](http://airfixworld.blogspot.com/2010/03/airfix-model-railways.html)",
"### DYNATROL",
"DYNATROL is a 15\\-channel command control system from Power Systems Inc. The track voltage is 13\\.5 volts d.c. It was introduced late 1970s.[Model Railroader](/wiki/Model_Railroader \"Model Railroader\"), November 1979 p80",
"### Digitrack 1600",
"Digitrack 1600 is one of the first generation digital model railway control system developed and marketed by Chuck Balmer and Dick Robbins in 1972\\.Model Railroader, August 1972 p37\\-40 CTC\\-16 is a second\\-generation design based on the Digitrack 1600, a commercial system marketed from 1972 to 1976\\.Model Railroader, December 1979 p64 The CTC\\-16 digital train control system is totally compatible with the Digitrack 1600\\.",
"Digitrack 1600 was analog in nature, with pulses riding on a constant DC track voltage. The width and timing of the pulse determined speed and direction.",
"### Rail\\-Command 816",
"Introduced in the late 1970s, the RAIL\\-COMMAND 816 is an eight\\-channel digital signal system using a constant 12 VDC track voltage.",
"### CTC\\-16",
"CTC\\-16 system offered simultaneous control of up to 16 locomotives.Model Railroader, December 1979\\-April 1980 A series of 16 variable width pulses is sent out to the track 125 times each second. A receiver mounted in each locomotive is *programmed* to respond to only one of the 16 pulses. The voltage and polarity applied to the motor depend on the width/timing of the pulse corresponding to that particular receiver. The receiver determines the speed and direction information from that specific pulse. The receiver is essentially a transistor throttle built right into the locomotive. The command station is not expandable beyond 16 channels.",
"CTC\\-16 was completely compatible with the Digitrack 1600 receivers, as it was an improved and cost reduced version of the Digitrack 1600\\. It was presented as a 'build it yourself' project, commercial versions would appear as well. At the time, the project was estimated to cost US$200 for the parts.",
"### PROTRAC",
"PROTRACR/C system 9000 offers 8\\-channel command control. It was introduced in the late 1970s.",
"### SALOTA 5300",
"SALOTA 5300 offers 5\\-channel command control with a 16\\-18 VDC constant track voltage.\nIt was introduced in the late 1970s.",
"### PMP\\-112",
"PMP\\-112 system offered simultaneous control of up to 112 locomotives. It was based CTC\\-16\\.[Railroad Model Craftsman](/wiki/Railroad_Model_Craftsman \"Railroad Model Craftsman\") March 1986\\-June 1986",
"### RFPT",
"RFPT offers 9\\-channel command control system using high\\-frequency control signals and a 12 VAC constant track voltage.",
"### KATO Digital",
"Introduced in the late 1980s, [KATO](/wiki/Kato_Precision_Railroad_Models \"Kato Precision Railroad Models\") Digital is KATO's electronic control system for H0 scale model trains that is conceptually similar to Digital Command Control (DCC).[KATO Digital](http://www.xs4all.nl/~raicho/model/control/katoctrl/katodigital/Katodigital.html)",
""
] |
### Hornby Railways Zero 1
[Hornby Railways](/wiki/Hornby_Railways "Hornby Railways") Zero 1 was a forerunner to the modern digital model railway control system, developed by Hornby in the late 1970s. It was based around the [TMS1000](/wiki/TMS1000 "TMS1000") four\-bit [microprocessor](/wiki/Microprocessor "Microprocessor"). The Zero 1 system enabled the simultaneous control of up to 16 locomotives and up to 99 accessories such as points and signals.
Zero 1 was based on digital, not analogue, technology. This really was the first digital system[Digital system Zero 1 by Hornby Hobbies and Hammant \& Morgan](https://www.merg.org.uk/merg_wiki/doku.php?id=glossary:glossary_z) on the website of Model Electronic Railway Group (MERG). Retrieved 8 April 2024\. and as such was a forerunner to the [Märklin Digital](/wiki/M%C3%A4rklin_Digital "Märklin Digital") which appeared in the mid\-1980s and the [National Model Railroad Association](/wiki/National_Model_Railroad_Association "National Model Railroad Association") (NMRA) [Digital Command Control](/wiki/Digital_Command_Control "Digital Command Control") (DCC) system, which appeared around 1990 and was standardized internationally in the mid\-1990s.
Though an important milestone, Zero 1 was not widely successful. Both the controller units and the decoder modules required for the locomotives and accessories were expensive, but with a clean track and well\-serviced locos the system worked as advertised.
Prices of Zero 1 articles according to the Hornby Railways price list from 1980[Detail of the price list Hornby Railways catalog 1980 in £](https://up.picr.de/47358861vy.jpeg) in picr.de, Retrieved 2024\-04\.03\.
* R.950 Master Controller: 46\.35 [£](/wiki/Pound_sterling "Pound sterling")
* R.951 Slave Controller: 13\.35 £
* R.952 Hand Slave Controller (NEW) Autumn: 13\.35 £
* R.955 Loco Operating Module: 7\.15 £
* R.956 Accessory Operating Module (NEW) Summer: [TBA](/wiki/To_be_announced "To be announced")
For comparison:
* R.842 [LMS Class 5 4\-6\-0](/wiki/LMS_Stanier_Class_5_4-6-0 "LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0"): 23\.15 £
* R.474 [LMS Composite Coach](/wiki/Coaches_of_the_London%2C_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway "Coaches of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway"): 4\.35 £
The system was mains frequency dependent, so a 50 Hz and 60 Hz versions were available (50 Hz in the UK, 60 Hz in the US and Canada). The Zero 1 system supplied the track with a 18 V sinusoidal alternating current at the local mains frequency with a 32\-bit control word replacing every third cycle.
The decoder module in the locomotive would switch either the positive or the negative half\-cycle of the square wave to the motor according to the desired direction of travel. During the transmission of the control word, it would remain switched off. Speed control was achieved by [pulse\-width modulation](/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation "Pulse-width modulation"), varying the width of the portion of the half\-cycle, which was switched in 14 steps.
This system allowed for straightforward implementation with the semiconductor technology of the time, but had the disadvantage that the power supplied to the motor was highly discontinuous \- as can be seen from the description above, it took the form of square pulses of a maximum width of 10 ms, recurring at intervals which alternated between 20 ms and 40 ms (for a 50 Hz mains supply). This caused the motor to be extremely noisy and rough. Fine control of a locomotive at low speed was also difficult, partly due to the rough running, partly due to the inherent coarseness of a 14\-step speed scale, and partly because there was a significant delay between operator input to the controller and response from the locomotive.
Locomotives equipped with a Zero 1 decoder according to Hornby's instructions could not be used on conventional direct current systems, making it difficult to run one's locomotives on friends' layouts or club layouts. This was a common issue with command control systems in that time period. Locomotives with no decoder could not be used on a Zero 1 layout either.
It was possible to include a miniature [DPDT switch](/wiki/DPDT_switch "DPDT switch") in the installation to enable the Zero 1 decoder to be switched out for use on a conventional system.
Control of points and other accessories was available in a very simple manner. For solenoid\-operated accessories (e.g. points, mechanical signals) or accessories involving lights (e.g. colour light signals), track\-powered accessory decoder modules, each providing four outputs, were available. Each output could be configured either for burst operation or continuous output, for use with solenoids or lights respectively. Accessories were switched by entering a numeric code on the controller. Up to 99 accessories could be controlled.
Accessories based around motors rather than solenoids or lights, such as turntables, could be fitted with a locomotive module and controlled in the same manner as a locomotive.
Zero 1 had 3 'phased' introductions:
Phase 1 \= Master controlle unit, slave control unit, hand held slave controller and locomotive module (Locomotives)
Phase 2 \= Accessory modules (Points, Signals etc.)
Phase 3 \= Micromimic display and micromimic display panel (Allowed for LED'S to represent status of points and signals on a display)
The master control unit last appeared in the catalog in 1985\. The system is very reliable, the basic 1980s keyboard design being the main problem on older badly stored master control units.
Loco modules were available in two types. The pre\-1981 types were based on a single [triac](/wiki/TRIAC "TRIAC") but the square\-wave supply and the presence of spikes from the motor and from poor contacts rendered the dV/dt rating of the triac marginal and these units would sometimes self\-trigger on the wrong polarity half\-cycle, resulting in damage both to the unit itself and to the locomotive motor. The later type, made by H\&M, used two [SCRs](/wiki/Silicon-controlled_rectifier "Silicon-controlled rectifier"), one for "forward" and one for "reverse", to avoid this problem. The system is still used today by many modellers.
#### Hammant \& Morgan digital train control system
The Hammant \& Morgan (H\&M) digital train control system is totally compatible with the Zero 1, the master controller,"HM5000 Advanced Power Transmitter" boasted two sliders, direction LEDs, a power LED bar graph, timer clocks, digital display of locos under control, readout of accessories controlled, and ability to attach two "Hi\-Tec Speed Transmitter" slave controllers HM5500\.
|
[
"### Hornby Railways Zero 1",
"[Hornby Railways](/wiki/Hornby_Railways \"Hornby Railways\") Zero 1 was a forerunner to the modern digital model railway control system, developed by Hornby in the late 1970s. It was based around the [TMS1000](/wiki/TMS1000 \"TMS1000\") four\\-bit [microprocessor](/wiki/Microprocessor \"Microprocessor\"). The Zero 1 system enabled the simultaneous control of up to 16 locomotives and up to 99 accessories such as points and signals.",
"Zero 1 was based on digital, not analogue, technology. This really was the first digital system[Digital system Zero 1 by Hornby Hobbies and Hammant \\& Morgan](https://www.merg.org.uk/merg_wiki/doku.php?id=glossary:glossary_z) on the website of Model Electronic Railway Group (MERG). Retrieved 8 April 2024\\. and as such was a forerunner to the [Märklin Digital](/wiki/M%C3%A4rklin_Digital \"Märklin Digital\") which appeared in the mid\\-1980s and the [National Model Railroad Association](/wiki/National_Model_Railroad_Association \"National Model Railroad Association\") (NMRA) [Digital Command Control](/wiki/Digital_Command_Control \"Digital Command Control\") (DCC) system, which appeared around 1990 and was standardized internationally in the mid\\-1990s.",
"Though an important milestone, Zero 1 was not widely successful. Both the controller units and the decoder modules required for the locomotives and accessories were expensive, but with a clean track and well\\-serviced locos the system worked as advertised.",
"Prices of Zero 1 articles according to the Hornby Railways price list from 1980[Detail of the price list Hornby Railways catalog 1980 in £](https://up.picr.de/47358861vy.jpeg) in picr.de, Retrieved 2024\\-04\\.03\\.\n* R.950 Master Controller: 46\\.35 [£](/wiki/Pound_sterling \"Pound sterling\")\n* R.951 Slave Controller: 13\\.35 £\n* R.952 Hand Slave Controller (NEW) Autumn: 13\\.35 £\n* R.955 Loco Operating Module: 7\\.15 £\n* R.956 Accessory Operating Module (NEW) Summer: [TBA](/wiki/To_be_announced \"To be announced\")",
"For comparison:",
"* R.842 [LMS Class 5 4\\-6\\-0](/wiki/LMS_Stanier_Class_5_4-6-0 \"LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0\"): 23\\.15 £\n* R.474 [LMS Composite Coach](/wiki/Coaches_of_the_London%2C_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway \"Coaches of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway\"): 4\\.35 £",
"The system was mains frequency dependent, so a 50 Hz and 60 Hz versions were available (50 Hz in the UK, 60 Hz in the US and Canada). The Zero 1 system supplied the track with a 18 V sinusoidal alternating current at the local mains frequency with a 32\\-bit control word replacing every third cycle.",
"The decoder module in the locomotive would switch either the positive or the negative half\\-cycle of the square wave to the motor according to the desired direction of travel. During the transmission of the control word, it would remain switched off. Speed control was achieved by [pulse\\-width modulation](/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation \"Pulse-width modulation\"), varying the width of the portion of the half\\-cycle, which was switched in 14 steps.",
"This system allowed for straightforward implementation with the semiconductor technology of the time, but had the disadvantage that the power supplied to the motor was highly discontinuous \\- as can be seen from the description above, it took the form of square pulses of a maximum width of 10 ms, recurring at intervals which alternated between 20 ms and 40 ms (for a 50 Hz mains supply). This caused the motor to be extremely noisy and rough. Fine control of a locomotive at low speed was also difficult, partly due to the rough running, partly due to the inherent coarseness of a 14\\-step speed scale, and partly because there was a significant delay between operator input to the controller and response from the locomotive.",
"Locomotives equipped with a Zero 1 decoder according to Hornby's instructions could not be used on conventional direct current systems, making it difficult to run one's locomotives on friends' layouts or club layouts. This was a common issue with command control systems in that time period. Locomotives with no decoder could not be used on a Zero 1 layout either.",
"It was possible to include a miniature [DPDT switch](/wiki/DPDT_switch \"DPDT switch\") in the installation to enable the Zero 1 decoder to be switched out for use on a conventional system.",
"Control of points and other accessories was available in a very simple manner. For solenoid\\-operated accessories (e.g. points, mechanical signals) or accessories involving lights (e.g. colour light signals), track\\-powered accessory decoder modules, each providing four outputs, were available. Each output could be configured either for burst operation or continuous output, for use with solenoids or lights respectively. Accessories were switched by entering a numeric code on the controller. Up to 99 accessories could be controlled.",
"Accessories based around motors rather than solenoids or lights, such as turntables, could be fitted with a locomotive module and controlled in the same manner as a locomotive.",
"Zero 1 had 3 'phased' introductions:\nPhase 1 \\= Master controlle unit, slave control unit, hand held slave controller and locomotive module (Locomotives)\nPhase 2 \\= Accessory modules (Points, Signals etc.)\nPhase 3 \\= Micromimic display and micromimic display panel (Allowed for LED'S to represent status of points and signals on a display)",
"The master control unit last appeared in the catalog in 1985\\. The system is very reliable, the basic 1980s keyboard design being the main problem on older badly stored master control units.",
"Loco modules were available in two types. The pre\\-1981 types were based on a single [triac](/wiki/TRIAC \"TRIAC\") but the square\\-wave supply and the presence of spikes from the motor and from poor contacts rendered the dV/dt rating of the triac marginal and these units would sometimes self\\-trigger on the wrong polarity half\\-cycle, resulting in damage both to the unit itself and to the locomotive motor. The later type, made by H\\&M, used two [SCRs](/wiki/Silicon-controlled_rectifier \"Silicon-controlled rectifier\"), one for \"forward\" and one for \"reverse\", to avoid this problem. The system is still used today by many modellers.",
"#### Hammant \\& Morgan digital train control system",
"The Hammant \\& Morgan (H\\&M) digital train control system is totally compatible with the Zero 1, the master controller,\"HM5000 Advanced Power Transmitter\" boasted two sliders, direction LEDs, a power LED bar graph, timer clocks, digital display of locos under control, readout of accessories controlled, and ability to attach two \"Hi\\-Tec Speed Transmitter\" slave controllers HM5500\\.",
""
] |
Plot
----
In ancient times a simple plowman lives in Russia by the name of Finist who is friends with a falcon. The falcon warns Finist about enemies who want to capture Russia. Finist successfully chases the foreign invaders away. The other side is unhappy with the emergence of a [bogatyr\-defender](/wiki/Bogatyr "Bogatyr") in Russia. Their chief, sorcerer Kartaus\-Red Mustache sends his henchman Kastryuk the werewolf to get rid of the hero. Using deception he lures Finist into a dungeon where he enchants him and turns him into a monster.
At the Russian outpost a [voivode](/wiki/Voivode "Voivode") with [druzhina](/wiki/Druzhina "Druzhina") prepare to repel raiding enemies. For this purpose city clerk Yashku is sent to search for Finist. During his journey, Yashka meets Finist's bride Alyonushka. As they go along the road together to find Finist, they meet peasant Agathon and his wife Anfisa, who at that were about to go to the fair, but fearing a monster's roar were forced to stay in the forest. Suddenly an old woman appears, Neninla, who proclaims that it is possible to make a wish on a fern and that it would be fulfilled this night. Also, the old woman says that the monster is a bewitched person and the curse will be undone if under a monster's guise he will be loved by a fair maiden. In a debate about what kind of a wish to make, Anfisa heatedly tells Agathon to "disappear off the face of the earth". Blaming Yashka for this, the next day she returns him to the outpost demanding the return of Agathon and Alyonushka follows them.
Meanwhile, Kartaus sends Kastryuk to the frontier, so that he disguised as a merchant gets inside and opens the gates to the enemies of the war\-leader. But Kastryuk is uncovered by jocular old women and he is pushed into the pantry together with shrewish Anfisa.
Soon Kartaus sends his servants to capture the outpost. But this time the monster gets through by a breach to the outpost. Alyonushka, knowing that this monster is Finist, covers him with a red cloak which she wanted to gift him. The curse is coming off and Finist becomes a man again. Together with druzhina he drives away his enemies.
Sitting in a pantry, Kastryuk attempts to persuade Anfisa to help him fulfill his nefarious plans, giving her a magic comb to send the hero to sleep. Anfisa untangles Kastryuk's hands and sticks a comb into Finist's hair. Kastryuk transports Anfisa and sleeping Finist to Kartaus' den.
Again Alyonushka goes to rescue the bogatyr, and Voevoda sends Yashka to protect her. With the help of jocular old women who miraculously appear in Kartaus' den, Alyonushka and Yashka free Finist. Finist sends them home and he deals with Kartaus.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In ancient times a simple plowman lives in Russia by the name of Finist who is friends with a falcon. The falcon warns Finist about enemies who want to capture Russia. Finist successfully chases the foreign invaders away. The other side is unhappy with the emergence of a [bogatyr\\-defender](/wiki/Bogatyr \"Bogatyr\") in Russia. Their chief, sorcerer Kartaus\\-Red Mustache sends his henchman Kastryuk the werewolf to get rid of the hero. Using deception he lures Finist into a dungeon where he enchants him and turns him into a monster.",
"At the Russian outpost a [voivode](/wiki/Voivode \"Voivode\") with [druzhina](/wiki/Druzhina \"Druzhina\") prepare to repel raiding enemies. For this purpose city clerk Yashku is sent to search for Finist. During his journey, Yashka meets Finist's bride Alyonushka. As they go along the road together to find Finist, they meet peasant Agathon and his wife Anfisa, who at that were about to go to the fair, but fearing a monster's roar were forced to stay in the forest. Suddenly an old woman appears, Neninla, who proclaims that it is possible to make a wish on a fern and that it would be fulfilled this night. Also, the old woman says that the monster is a bewitched person and the curse will be undone if under a monster's guise he will be loved by a fair maiden. In a debate about what kind of a wish to make, Anfisa heatedly tells Agathon to \"disappear off the face of the earth\". Blaming Yashka for this, the next day she returns him to the outpost demanding the return of Agathon and Alyonushka follows them.",
"Meanwhile, Kartaus sends Kastryuk to the frontier, so that he disguised as a merchant gets inside and opens the gates to the enemies of the war\\-leader. But Kastryuk is uncovered by jocular old women and he is pushed into the pantry together with shrewish Anfisa.",
"Soon Kartaus sends his servants to capture the outpost. But this time the monster gets through by a breach to the outpost. Alyonushka, knowing that this monster is Finist, covers him with a red cloak which she wanted to gift him. The curse is coming off and Finist becomes a man again. Together with druzhina he drives away his enemies.",
"Sitting in a pantry, Kastryuk attempts to persuade Anfisa to help him fulfill his nefarious plans, giving her a magic comb to send the hero to sleep. Anfisa untangles Kastryuk's hands and sticks a comb into Finist's hair. Kastryuk transports Anfisa and sleeping Finist to Kartaus' den.",
"Again Alyonushka goes to rescue the bogatyr, and Voevoda sends Yashka to protect her. With the help of jocular old women who miraculously appear in Kartaus' den, Alyonushka and Yashka free Finist. Finist sends them home and he deals with Kartaus.",
""
] |
Release and packaging
---------------------
[Converge](/wiki/Converge_%28band%29 "Converge (band)") vocalist [Jacob Bannon](/wiki/Jacob_Bannon "Jacob Bannon") was originally consulted to design the artwork for *Tear from the Red*, through his graphic design company Atomic! Information Design. Banon had designed the artwork for the band's two prior releases, *[The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation](/wiki/The_Opposite_of_December..._A_Season_of_Separation "The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation")* and the reissue of *[Distance Makes the Heart Grow Fonder](/wiki/Distance_Makes_the_Heart_Grow_Fonder "Distance Makes the Heart Grow Fonder")*, but the band ultimately hired [Demon Hunter](/wiki/Demon_Hunter_%28band%29 "Demon Hunter (band)") bassist [Don Clark](/wiki/Don_Clark_%28musician%29 "Don Clark (musician)") at Asterik Studio to do the job.{{cite book\|title\=Tear from the Red''liner notes''\|publisher\=\[\[Trustkill Records]]\|year\=2002}} The compact disc edition booklet pressed through Trustkill Records was designed to include a semi\-transparent parchment paper before and after every page, including one before the front cover. This resulted with a more desaturated look and feel, an effect embellished by the use of heavyweight paper.
Poison the Well planned to release *Tear from the Red* on Valentine's Day, February 14, 2002\. However, the date fell on a Thursday and Trustkill Records was forced to work with music industry standards of releasing new music on Tuesdays. The date was therefore set for the first Tuesday after Valentine's Day, February 19, 2002\.{{Cite web\|last\=Grabelle\|first\=Josh\|date\=February 19, 2002\|title\=Tear from the Red\|url\=http://www.trustkill.com/store/catalog/releases/37\.php\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20020203142934/http://www.trustkill.com/store/catalog/releases/37\.php\|archive\-date\=February 3, 2002\|access\-date\=March 18, 2021\|website\=\[\[Trustkill Records]]}} Trustkill Records began accepting pre\-orders on February 8, 2002, and any orders placed prior to the release date included a free 18" by 24" poster.
The vinyl version was licensed to Good Life Recordings in Belgium and Ides of March in the United States. Ides of March, operated by [Matt Fox](/wiki/Matt_Fox_%28musician%29 "Matt Fox (musician)") of the band [Shai Hulud](/wiki/Shai_Hulud "Shai Hulud"), released *Tear from the Red* on 12" vinyl in mid\-March 2002 under catalog number NCC1709, pressed on a choice of solid red vinyl (limited to 1000 copies) and clear gold vinyl (limited to 1000 copies). The artwork used for the Ides of March vinyl had a darker red, almost burgundy, with no birds on the bottom. These sold out in a matter of weeks and on May 14, 2002, a second pressing was available on a choice of clear vinyl (limited to 1000 copies) and pink vinyl (limited to 300 copies).{{Cite web\|date\=May 12, 2002\|title\=Poison the Well limited press\|url\=http://www.atdawnwewagewar.com/frame.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20020601104637/http://www.atdawnwewagewar.com:80/frame.html\|archive\-date\=June 1, 2002\|access\-date\=March 18, 2021\|website\=Ides of March}} Good Life Recordings pressed the album on a pictured 12" vinyl under catalog number GL078 in the summer of 2002\.{{Cite web\|date\=2002\-08\-02\|title\=Goodlife Recordings\|url\=http://www.goodliferecordings.com/index2\.php\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-18\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20020802035616/http://www.goodliferecordings.com/index2\.php\|archive\-date\=August 2, 2002}}{{Cite web\|last\=Grabelle\|first\=Josh\|date\=June 16, 2004\|title\=Vinyl Pressings\|url\=http://www.trustkill.com/funstuff/vinyl/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616202432/http://www.trustkill.com/funstuff/vinyl/\|archive\-date\=June 16, 2004\|access\-date\=March 23, 2021\|website\=\[\[Trustkill Records]]}} The first pressing (limited to 2000 copies) featured an orange Good Life Recordings logo while the second pressing (also limited to 2000 copies) changed it to a blue logo.{{Cite web\|date\=2002\-10\-03\|title\=Tear from the Red\|url\=http://www.goodliferecordings.com:80/html/disco\_result.php?catalog\_id\=GL\+078\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20021003045030/http://www.goodliferecordings.com:80/html/disco\_result.php?catalog\_id\=GL\+078\|archive\-date\=October 3, 2002\|access\-date\=March 13, 2021\|website\=\[\[Good Life Recordings]]}}
In the spring of 2002, Trustkill Records signed a deal with Indonesia's Undying Records for a selection of their releases to be reissued in Asia on cassette tape.{{Cite web\|last\=Grabelle\|first\=Josh\|date\=July 31, 2002\|title\=You might remember what a cassette it\|url\=http://www.trustkill.com/news/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20031224082935/http://www.trustkill.com/news/\|archive\-date\=December 24, 2003\|access\-date\=March 18, 2021\|website\=\[\[Trustkill Records]]}} Through this licensing deal, Poison the Well's *Tear from the Red* was pressed on tape and released in July 2002 under catalog number UM003\.{{Cite web\|title\=Releases\|url\=http://www.undyingmusic.com/releases.html\#UM003\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20021202135420if\_/http://www.undyingmusic.com/releases.html\#UM003\|archive\-date\=December 2, 2002\|access\-date\=March 18, 2021\|website\=Undying Music}} Most copies were sold in Asia but Trustkill Records received a number of copies for sale in North America through their webstore.
In addition to pressing compact discs (catalog number TK37\), Trustkill Records offered a limited edition *Tear from the Red* 7" vinyl containing the songs "Turn Down Elliot" and "Pieces of You in Me". The 7" vinyl was released on August 27, 2002, under catalog number TK37\.5, and was available on a choice of transparent red vinyl (limited to 1000 copies), transparent orange vinyl (limited to 1000 copies) and transparent gold vinyl (limited to 200 copies).{{Cite web\|last\=Grabelle\|first\=Josh\|date\=August 27, 2002\|title\=Tear from the Red 7\|url\=http://www.trustkill.com/store/music.php?id\=519\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040109153341/http://www.trustkill.com/store/music.php?id\=519\|archive\-date\=January 9, 2004\|access\-date\=March 18, 2021\|website\=\[\[Trustkill Records]]}}{{Cite web\|title\=Poison The Well \- Tear From The Red\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/Poison\-The\-Well\-Tear\-From\-The\-Red/master/832191\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-18\|website\=Discogs\|language\=en}}
In August 2004, Trustkill Records signed a deal with [Roadrunner Records](/wiki/Roadrunner_Records "Roadrunner Records") for a selection of their releases to be reissued in foreign markets such as the United Kingdom and Europe.{{Cite web\|date\=September 20, 2004\|title\=Poison the Well\|url\=http://roadrunnerrecords.co.uk/artists/PoisonTheWell/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20041211215453/http://roadrunnerrecords.co.uk/artists/PoisonTheWell/\|archive\-date\=December 11, 2004\|access\-date\=February 17, 2021\|website\=\[\[Roadrunner Records\|Roadrunner Records UK]]}} Through this licensing deal, Poison the Well's *Tear from the Red* was finally made available locally for those regions. The album was re\-released in France, Germany and the Netherlands on October 11, 2004{{Cite web\|date\=January 7, 2005\|title\=ROADRUNNER RECORDS FRANCE \- NOUVELLES SORTIES\|url\=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.fr/sorties.htm\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107202100/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.fr/sorties.htm\|archive\-date\=January 7, 2005\|access\-date\=February 17, 2021\|website\=\[\[Roadrunner Records\|Roadrunner Records France]]}}{{Cite web\|date\=2004\-12\-04\|title\=ROADRUNNER MUSIC\|url\=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.de/newreleases/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204064944/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.de/newreleases/\|archive\-date\=December 4, 2004\|access\-date\=February 17, 2021\|website\=\[\[Roadrunner Records\|Roadrunner Records Germany]]}}{{Cite web\|date\=2004\-12\-06\|title\=ROADRUNNER MUSIC\|url\=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.nl/newreleases/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20041206065450/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.nl/newreleases/\|archive\-date\=December 6, 2004\|access\-date\=February 17, 2021\|website\=\[\[Roadrunner Records\|Roadrunner Records Netherlands]]}} and in the United Kingdom on October 25, 2004 under catalog number RR8221\. The Roadrunner Records version of *Tear from the Red* did not include the parchment paper in the booklet and was printed with more vibrant colors. It also included a [parental advisory](/wiki/Parental_Advisory "Parental Advisory") printed on the bottom right of the front cover and included the "Botchla" music video in an [enhanced multimedia](/wiki/Enhanced_CD "Enhanced CD") section.
In early 2007, Trustkill Records signed a deal with [Shock Records](/wiki/Shock_Records "Shock Records") for a selection of their past releases to be distributed in Australasia.{{Cite web\|last\=Janes\|first\=Tim\|date\=May 25, 2007\|title\=Trustkill Joins the Shock Family\|url\=http://www.shock.com.au/default.aspx?s\=newsdisplay\&id\=525\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724082929/http://www.shock.com.au/default.aspx?s\=newsdisplay\&id\=525\|archive\-date\=July 24, 2008\|access\-date\=March 11, 2021\|website\=\[\[Shock Records]]}}{{Cite web\|last\=Grabelle\|first\=Josh\|date\=June 18, 2007\|title\=Exclusive distribution deal with Shock Records\|url\=http://www.trustkill.com.au/label/news/index.php?page\=5\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080816072348/http://www.trustkill.com.au/label/news/index.php?page\=5\|archive\-date\=August 16, 2008\|access\-date\=March 11, 2021\|website\=\[\[Trustkill Records]]}} Through this distribution deal, Poison the Well's album *Tear from the Red* was finally made available locally in Australia and New Zealand. The distribution deal originally had Trustkill Records ship a container of already\-pressed compact discs to Shock Records for retail marketing through their chain of stores. These American\-made compact discs were released to the Australasia market on June 2, 2007 and were identical to the ones sold in the United States.{{Cite web\|date\=June 2, 2007\|title\=Poison The Well \- The Opposite Of December\|url\=http://shock.com.au/default.aspx?s\=releasedisplay\&artistid\=9903\&releaseid\=32381\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912053050/http://shock.com.au/default.aspx?s\=releasedisplay\&artistid\=9903\&releaseid\=32381\|archive\-date\=September 12, 2007\|access\-date\=March 11, 2021\|website\=\[\[Shock Records]]}}{{Cite web\|date\=June 2, 2007\|title\=Poison The Well \- Tear From The Red\|url\=http://shock.com.au/default.aspx?s\=releasedisplay\&artistid\=9903\&releaseid\=32371\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912052821/http://shock.com.au/default.aspx?s\=releasedisplay\&artistid\=9903\&releaseid\=32371\|archive\-date\=September 12, 2007\|access\-date\=March 11, 2021\|website\=\[\[Shock Records]]}} After quickly selling out of the American\-made discs, Shock Records began repressing the release directly in Australia. *The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation* and *Tear from the Red* were each pressed in separate jewel cases baring no barcodes on the back cover; each was given the same catalog number TK24103\. The two jewel cases were packaged together in a slipcase which contained the barcode for retail stores and the catalog number TK24103, and the double\-disc release was sold as a single unit starting on February 16, 2008\. Shock Records simultaneously released similar packages for Trustkill Records' [Terror](/wiki/Terror_%28band%29 "Terror (band)"), [Hopesfall](/wiki/Hopesfall "Hopesfall"), [Throwdown](/wiki/Throwdown_%28band%29 "Throwdown (band)"), [Walls of Jericho](/wiki/Walls_of_Jericho_%28band%29 "Walls of Jericho (band)"), [Most Precious Blood](/wiki/Most_Precious_Blood_%28band%29 "Most Precious Blood (band)") and [Bleeding Through](/wiki/Bleeding_Through "Bleeding Through"). The Shock Records version did not include the parchment paper in the booklet and instead printed the artwork on a textured paper. The yellow colored artwork on the upper\-hand portion of the artwork was desaturated to an off\-white.
On March 25, 2008, Trustkill Records re\-released *The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation* and *Tear from the Red* in a special double\-LP gatefold packaging under catalog number TK110\.{{Cite web\|last\=Grabelle\|first\=Josh\|date\=March 25, 2008\|title\=Poison The Well "Opposite Of December / Tear From The Red" 12" LPx2\|url\=http://www.trustkill.com/webstore/music.php?id\=927\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218041808/http://www.trustkill.com/webstore/music.php?id\=927\|archive\-date\=December 18, 2008\|access\-date\=March 10, 2021\|website\=\[\[Trustkill Records]]}} Each side of the gatefold cover featured the front artwork of each album (*The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation* on the front and *Tear from the Red* on the back). The release was pressed on a choice of blue and red vinyl (limited to 331 copies), white and yellow vinyl (limited to 336 copies), and white and pink vinyl (limited to 661 copies). Trustkill Records simultaneously re\-released two other double\-LP packages from its past roster: Throwdown's *Haymaker / Vendetta* and Walls of Jericho's *With Devils Amongst Us All / All Hail the Dead*.{{Cite web\|date\=2008\-04\-19\|title\=Trustkill Records \- Complete Discography\|url\=http://www.trustkill.com.au/discography/\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-11\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419053234/http://www.trustkill.com.au/discography/\|archive\-date\=April 19, 2008}}
In 2011, [Sumerian Records](/wiki/Sumerian_Records "Sumerian Records") attempted to purchase a license to reissue *The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation* and *Tear from the Red* from Trustkill Records but was unsuccessful.{{Cite web\|title\=Ash Avildsen (Sumerian Records) interview {{!}} Lambgoat\|url\=https://lambgoat.com/features/interviews/153/Ash\-Avildsen\-Sumerian\-Records\-interview\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-10\|website\=lambgoat.com}}{{Cite web\|title\=Poison The Well teases news\|url\=https://lambgoat.com/news/18200/Poison\-The\-Well\-teases\-news\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-10\|website\=lambgoat.com}} On May 4, 2012, it was revealed that [Rise Records](/wiki/Rise_Records "Rise Records") had secured the rights to the reissues and would be releasing them in the summer of 2012\.{{Cite web\|title\=Poison The Well re\-releases officially announced\|url\=https://lambgoat.com/news/18258/Poison\-The\-Well\-re\-releases\-officially\-announced\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-10\|website\=lambgoat.com}}{{Cite web\|date\=May 4, 2012\|title\=Rise Records and Poison the Well are proud to announce the re\-release of The Opposite of December and Tear From The Red.\|url\=http://www.riserecords.com/index3\.htm\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414003135/http://www.riserecords.com/index3\.htm\|archive\-date\=April 14, 2012\|access\-date\=March 10, 2021\|website\=\[\[Rise Records]]}} Unlike Trustkill Records' 2008 gatefold vinyl repress, Rise Records went to the extent of having all of the audio content remastered and designing a new artwork and layout. The two albums were digitally remastered by Will Putney at The Machine Shop in Hoboken, New Jersey, while the artwork was adapted by merging two releases' original artworks together. After some delays, Rise Records reissued the 19\-song, double\-release compilation *The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation / Tear from the Red* on November 20, 2012 as catalog number RR176\.{{cite web\|last\=Yancey\|first\=Bryne\|date\=May 4, 2012\|title\=Rise Records to reissue two Poison The Well albums\|url\=http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/rise\_records\_to\_reissue\_two\_poison\_the\_well\_albums\|access\-date\=May 4, 2012\|work\=\[\[Alternative Press (music magazine)\|Alternative Press]]}}{{Cite web\|title\=Poison The Well reissues set for release\|url\=https://lambgoat.com/news/19170/Poison\-The\-Well\-reissues\-set\-for\-release\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-10\|website\=lambgoat.com}} The set was offered as a single compact disc edition packaged in a digipak, a gatefold double LP and digitally through streaming and download.{{Cite web\|title\=Poison The Well Re\-issue Opposite of December and Tear From The Red through Rise Records – Heavy Blog Is Heavy\|url\=https://www.heavyblogisheavy.com/2012/11/20/poison\-the\-well\-re\-issue\-opposite\-of\-december\-and\-tear\-from\-the\-red\-through\-rise\-records/\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-07\|website\=www.heavyblogisheavy.com}}{{Cite web\|last\=Kraus\|first\=Brian\|date\=2012\-11\-25\|title\=Poison The Well remastered reissues streaming\|url\=https://www.altpress.com/news/poison\_the\_well\_remastered\_reissues\_streaming/\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-07\|website\=Alternative Press\|language\=en\-US}} The double LP was originally offered on a choice of transparent blue swirl and transparent red swirl (limited to 500 copies), or clear (limited to 1000 copies) vinyl color. A second pressing was done on blue and red starburst coloured vinyl (limited to 1000 copies).
|
[
"Release and packaging\n---------------------",
"[Converge](/wiki/Converge_%28band%29 \"Converge (band)\") vocalist [Jacob Bannon](/wiki/Jacob_Bannon \"Jacob Bannon\") was originally consulted to design the artwork for *Tear from the Red*, through his graphic design company Atomic! Information Design. Banon had designed the artwork for the band's two prior releases, *[The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation](/wiki/The_Opposite_of_December..._A_Season_of_Separation \"The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation\")* and the reissue of *[Distance Makes the Heart Grow Fonder](/wiki/Distance_Makes_the_Heart_Grow_Fonder \"Distance Makes the Heart Grow Fonder\")*, but the band ultimately hired [Demon Hunter](/wiki/Demon_Hunter_%28band%29 \"Demon Hunter (band)\") bassist [Don Clark](/wiki/Don_Clark_%28musician%29 \"Don Clark (musician)\") at Asterik Studio to do the job.{{cite book\\|title\\=Tear from the Red''liner notes''\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Trustkill Records]]\\|year\\=2002}} The compact disc edition booklet pressed through Trustkill Records was designed to include a semi\\-transparent parchment paper before and after every page, including one before the front cover. This resulted with a more desaturated look and feel, an effect embellished by the use of heavyweight paper.",
"Poison the Well planned to release *Tear from the Red* on Valentine's Day, February 14, 2002\\. However, the date fell on a Thursday and Trustkill Records was forced to work with music industry standards of releasing new music on Tuesdays. The date was therefore set for the first Tuesday after Valentine's Day, February 19, 2002\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Grabelle\\|first\\=Josh\\|date\\=February 19, 2002\\|title\\=Tear from the Red\\|url\\=http://www.trustkill.com/store/catalog/releases/37\\.php\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20020203142934/http://www.trustkill.com/store/catalog/releases/37\\.php\\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2002\\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Trustkill Records]]}} Trustkill Records began accepting pre\\-orders on February 8, 2002, and any orders placed prior to the release date included a free 18\" by 24\" poster.",
"The vinyl version was licensed to Good Life Recordings in Belgium and Ides of March in the United States. Ides of March, operated by [Matt Fox](/wiki/Matt_Fox_%28musician%29 \"Matt Fox (musician)\") of the band [Shai Hulud](/wiki/Shai_Hulud \"Shai Hulud\"), released *Tear from the Red* on 12\" vinyl in mid\\-March 2002 under catalog number NCC1709, pressed on a choice of solid red vinyl (limited to 1000 copies) and clear gold vinyl (limited to 1000 copies). The artwork used for the Ides of March vinyl had a darker red, almost burgundy, with no birds on the bottom. These sold out in a matter of weeks and on May 14, 2002, a second pressing was available on a choice of clear vinyl (limited to 1000 copies) and pink vinyl (limited to 300 copies).{{Cite web\\|date\\=May 12, 2002\\|title\\=Poison the Well limited press\\|url\\=http://www.atdawnwewagewar.com/frame.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20020601104637/http://www.atdawnwewagewar.com:80/frame.html\\|archive\\-date\\=June 1, 2002\\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2021\\|website\\=Ides of March}} Good Life Recordings pressed the album on a pictured 12\" vinyl under catalog number GL078 in the summer of 2002\\.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2002\\-08\\-02\\|title\\=Goodlife Recordings\\|url\\=http://www.goodliferecordings.com/index2\\.php\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-18\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20020802035616/http://www.goodliferecordings.com/index2\\.php\\|archive\\-date\\=August 2, 2002}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Grabelle\\|first\\=Josh\\|date\\=June 16, 2004\\|title\\=Vinyl Pressings\\|url\\=http://www.trustkill.com/funstuff/vinyl/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616202432/http://www.trustkill.com/funstuff/vinyl/\\|archive\\-date\\=June 16, 2004\\|access\\-date\\=March 23, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Trustkill Records]]}} The first pressing (limited to 2000 copies) featured an orange Good Life Recordings logo while the second pressing (also limited to 2000 copies) changed it to a blue logo.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2002\\-10\\-03\\|title\\=Tear from the Red\\|url\\=http://www.goodliferecordings.com:80/html/disco\\_result.php?catalog\\_id\\=GL\\+078\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20021003045030/http://www.goodliferecordings.com:80/html/disco\\_result.php?catalog\\_id\\=GL\\+078\\|archive\\-date\\=October 3, 2002\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Good Life Recordings]]}}",
"In the spring of 2002, Trustkill Records signed a deal with Indonesia's Undying Records for a selection of their releases to be reissued in Asia on cassette tape.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Grabelle\\|first\\=Josh\\|date\\=July 31, 2002\\|title\\=You might remember what a cassette it\\|url\\=http://www.trustkill.com/news/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20031224082935/http://www.trustkill.com/news/\\|archive\\-date\\=December 24, 2003\\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Trustkill Records]]}} Through this licensing deal, Poison the Well's *Tear from the Red* was pressed on tape and released in July 2002 under catalog number UM003\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Releases\\|url\\=http://www.undyingmusic.com/releases.html\\#UM003\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20021202135420if\\_/http://www.undyingmusic.com/releases.html\\#UM003\\|archive\\-date\\=December 2, 2002\\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2021\\|website\\=Undying Music}} Most copies were sold in Asia but Trustkill Records received a number of copies for sale in North America through their webstore.",
"In addition to pressing compact discs (catalog number TK37\\), Trustkill Records offered a limited edition *Tear from the Red* 7\" vinyl containing the songs \"Turn Down Elliot\" and \"Pieces of You in Me\". The 7\" vinyl was released on August 27, 2002, under catalog number TK37\\.5, and was available on a choice of transparent red vinyl (limited to 1000 copies), transparent orange vinyl (limited to 1000 copies) and transparent gold vinyl (limited to 200 copies).{{Cite web\\|last\\=Grabelle\\|first\\=Josh\\|date\\=August 27, 2002\\|title\\=Tear from the Red 7\\|url\\=http://www.trustkill.com/store/music.php?id\\=519\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040109153341/http://www.trustkill.com/store/music.php?id\\=519\\|archive\\-date\\=January 9, 2004\\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Trustkill Records]]}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Poison The Well \\- Tear From The Red\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/Poison\\-The\\-Well\\-Tear\\-From\\-The\\-Red/master/832191\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-18\\|website\\=Discogs\\|language\\=en}}",
"In August 2004, Trustkill Records signed a deal with [Roadrunner Records](/wiki/Roadrunner_Records \"Roadrunner Records\") for a selection of their releases to be reissued in foreign markets such as the United Kingdom and Europe.{{Cite web\\|date\\=September 20, 2004\\|title\\=Poison the Well\\|url\\=http://roadrunnerrecords.co.uk/artists/PoisonTheWell/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20041211215453/http://roadrunnerrecords.co.uk/artists/PoisonTheWell/\\|archive\\-date\\=December 11, 2004\\|access\\-date\\=February 17, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Roadrunner Records\\|Roadrunner Records UK]]}} Through this licensing deal, Poison the Well's *Tear from the Red* was finally made available locally for those regions. The album was re\\-released in France, Germany and the Netherlands on October 11, 2004{{Cite web\\|date\\=January 7, 2005\\|title\\=ROADRUNNER RECORDS FRANCE \\- NOUVELLES SORTIES\\|url\\=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.fr/sorties.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107202100/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.fr/sorties.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=January 7, 2005\\|access\\-date\\=February 17, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Roadrunner Records\\|Roadrunner Records France]]}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=2004\\-12\\-04\\|title\\=ROADRUNNER MUSIC\\|url\\=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.de/newreleases/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204064944/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.de/newreleases/\\|archive\\-date\\=December 4, 2004\\|access\\-date\\=February 17, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Roadrunner Records\\|Roadrunner Records Germany]]}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=2004\\-12\\-06\\|title\\=ROADRUNNER MUSIC\\|url\\=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.nl/newreleases/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20041206065450/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.nl/newreleases/\\|archive\\-date\\=December 6, 2004\\|access\\-date\\=February 17, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Roadrunner Records\\|Roadrunner Records Netherlands]]}} and in the United Kingdom on October 25, 2004 under catalog number RR8221\\. The Roadrunner Records version of *Tear from the Red* did not include the parchment paper in the booklet and was printed with more vibrant colors. It also included a [parental advisory](/wiki/Parental_Advisory \"Parental Advisory\") printed on the bottom right of the front cover and included the \"Botchla\" music video in an [enhanced multimedia](/wiki/Enhanced_CD \"Enhanced CD\") section.",
"In early 2007, Trustkill Records signed a deal with [Shock Records](/wiki/Shock_Records \"Shock Records\") for a selection of their past releases to be distributed in Australasia.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Janes\\|first\\=Tim\\|date\\=May 25, 2007\\|title\\=Trustkill Joins the Shock Family\\|url\\=http://www.shock.com.au/default.aspx?s\\=newsdisplay\\&id\\=525\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724082929/http://www.shock.com.au/default.aspx?s\\=newsdisplay\\&id\\=525\\|archive\\-date\\=July 24, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Shock Records]]}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Grabelle\\|first\\=Josh\\|date\\=June 18, 2007\\|title\\=Exclusive distribution deal with Shock Records\\|url\\=http://www.trustkill.com.au/label/news/index.php?page\\=5\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080816072348/http://www.trustkill.com.au/label/news/index.php?page\\=5\\|archive\\-date\\=August 16, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Trustkill Records]]}} Through this distribution deal, Poison the Well's album *Tear from the Red* was finally made available locally in Australia and New Zealand. The distribution deal originally had Trustkill Records ship a container of already\\-pressed compact discs to Shock Records for retail marketing through their chain of stores. These American\\-made compact discs were released to the Australasia market on June 2, 2007 and were identical to the ones sold in the United States.{{Cite web\\|date\\=June 2, 2007\\|title\\=Poison The Well \\- The Opposite Of December\\|url\\=http://shock.com.au/default.aspx?s\\=releasedisplay\\&artistid\\=9903\\&releaseid\\=32381\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912053050/http://shock.com.au/default.aspx?s\\=releasedisplay\\&artistid\\=9903\\&releaseid\\=32381\\|archive\\-date\\=September 12, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Shock Records]]}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=June 2, 2007\\|title\\=Poison The Well \\- Tear From The Red\\|url\\=http://shock.com.au/default.aspx?s\\=releasedisplay\\&artistid\\=9903\\&releaseid\\=32371\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912052821/http://shock.com.au/default.aspx?s\\=releasedisplay\\&artistid\\=9903\\&releaseid\\=32371\\|archive\\-date\\=September 12, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Shock Records]]}} After quickly selling out of the American\\-made discs, Shock Records began repressing the release directly in Australia. *The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation* and *Tear from the Red* were each pressed in separate jewel cases baring no barcodes on the back cover; each was given the same catalog number TK24103\\. The two jewel cases were packaged together in a slipcase which contained the barcode for retail stores and the catalog number TK24103, and the double\\-disc release was sold as a single unit starting on February 16, 2008\\. Shock Records simultaneously released similar packages for Trustkill Records' [Terror](/wiki/Terror_%28band%29 \"Terror (band)\"), [Hopesfall](/wiki/Hopesfall \"Hopesfall\"), [Throwdown](/wiki/Throwdown_%28band%29 \"Throwdown (band)\"), [Walls of Jericho](/wiki/Walls_of_Jericho_%28band%29 \"Walls of Jericho (band)\"), [Most Precious Blood](/wiki/Most_Precious_Blood_%28band%29 \"Most Precious Blood (band)\") and [Bleeding Through](/wiki/Bleeding_Through \"Bleeding Through\"). The Shock Records version did not include the parchment paper in the booklet and instead printed the artwork on a textured paper. The yellow colored artwork on the upper\\-hand portion of the artwork was desaturated to an off\\-white.",
"On March 25, 2008, Trustkill Records re\\-released *The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation* and *Tear from the Red* in a special double\\-LP gatefold packaging under catalog number TK110\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Grabelle\\|first\\=Josh\\|date\\=March 25, 2008\\|title\\=Poison The Well \"Opposite Of December / Tear From The Red\" 12\" LPx2\\|url\\=http://www.trustkill.com/webstore/music.php?id\\=927\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218041808/http://www.trustkill.com/webstore/music.php?id\\=927\\|archive\\-date\\=December 18, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Trustkill Records]]}} Each side of the gatefold cover featured the front artwork of each album (*The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation* on the front and *Tear from the Red* on the back). The release was pressed on a choice of blue and red vinyl (limited to 331 copies), white and yellow vinyl (limited to 336 copies), and white and pink vinyl (limited to 661 copies). Trustkill Records simultaneously re\\-released two other double\\-LP packages from its past roster: Throwdown's *Haymaker / Vendetta* and Walls of Jericho's *With Devils Amongst Us All / All Hail the Dead*.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2008\\-04\\-19\\|title\\=Trustkill Records \\- Complete Discography\\|url\\=http://www.trustkill.com.au/discography/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-11\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419053234/http://www.trustkill.com.au/discography/\\|archive\\-date\\=April 19, 2008}}",
"In 2011, [Sumerian Records](/wiki/Sumerian_Records \"Sumerian Records\") attempted to purchase a license to reissue *The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation* and *Tear from the Red* from Trustkill Records but was unsuccessful.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Ash Avildsen (Sumerian Records) interview {{!}} Lambgoat\\|url\\=https://lambgoat.com/features/interviews/153/Ash\\-Avildsen\\-Sumerian\\-Records\\-interview\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-10\\|website\\=lambgoat.com}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Poison The Well teases news\\|url\\=https://lambgoat.com/news/18200/Poison\\-The\\-Well\\-teases\\-news\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-10\\|website\\=lambgoat.com}} On May 4, 2012, it was revealed that [Rise Records](/wiki/Rise_Records \"Rise Records\") had secured the rights to the reissues and would be releasing them in the summer of 2012\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Poison The Well re\\-releases officially announced\\|url\\=https://lambgoat.com/news/18258/Poison\\-The\\-Well\\-re\\-releases\\-officially\\-announced\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-10\\|website\\=lambgoat.com}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=May 4, 2012\\|title\\=Rise Records and Poison the Well are proud to announce the re\\-release of The Opposite of December and Tear From The Red.\\|url\\=http://www.riserecords.com/index3\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414003135/http://www.riserecords.com/index3\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=April 14, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Rise Records]]}} Unlike Trustkill Records' 2008 gatefold vinyl repress, Rise Records went to the extent of having all of the audio content remastered and designing a new artwork and layout. The two albums were digitally remastered by Will Putney at The Machine Shop in Hoboken, New Jersey, while the artwork was adapted by merging two releases' original artworks together. After some delays, Rise Records reissued the 19\\-song, double\\-release compilation *The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation / Tear from the Red* on November 20, 2012 as catalog number RR176\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Yancey\\|first\\=Bryne\\|date\\=May 4, 2012\\|title\\=Rise Records to reissue two Poison The Well albums\\|url\\=http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/rise\\_records\\_to\\_reissue\\_two\\_poison\\_the\\_well\\_albums\\|access\\-date\\=May 4, 2012\\|work\\=\\[\\[Alternative Press (music magazine)\\|Alternative Press]]}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Poison The Well reissues set for release\\|url\\=https://lambgoat.com/news/19170/Poison\\-The\\-Well\\-reissues\\-set\\-for\\-release\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-10\\|website\\=lambgoat.com}} The set was offered as a single compact disc edition packaged in a digipak, a gatefold double LP and digitally through streaming and download.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Poison The Well Re\\-issue Opposite of December and Tear From The Red through Rise Records – Heavy Blog Is Heavy\\|url\\=https://www.heavyblogisheavy.com/2012/11/20/poison\\-the\\-well\\-re\\-issue\\-opposite\\-of\\-december\\-and\\-tear\\-from\\-the\\-red\\-through\\-rise\\-records/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-07\\|website\\=www.heavyblogisheavy.com}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Kraus\\|first\\=Brian\\|date\\=2012\\-11\\-25\\|title\\=Poison The Well remastered reissues streaming\\|url\\=https://www.altpress.com/news/poison\\_the\\_well\\_remastered\\_reissues\\_streaming/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-07\\|website\\=Alternative Press\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The double LP was originally offered on a choice of transparent blue swirl and transparent red swirl (limited to 500 copies), or clear (limited to 1000 copies) vinyl color. A second pressing was done on blue and red starburst coloured vinyl (limited to 1000 copies).",
""
] |
Career highlights
-----------------
Bruno Pauletto, MS, CSCS, FNSCA, grew up in [Portogruaro](/wiki/Portogruaro "Portogruaro"), Italy, and [Sept\-Îles](/wiki/Sept-%C3%8Eles%2C_Quebec "Sept-Îles, Quebec"), [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec "Quebec"), and he graduated as [exercise physiologist](/wiki/Exercise_physiology "Exercise physiology") from the [University of Tennessee](/wiki/University_of_Tennessee "University of Tennessee"). Bruno Pauletto represented Canada at two consecutive [Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Commonwealth_Games "Commonwealth Games"): he won the gold medal in the men's shot put event at the XII [Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1982_Commonwealth_Games "Athletics at the 1982 Commonwealth Games") in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane") in 1982, after striking silver in 1978\. A year later he participated in the [1979 Pan American Games](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1979_Pan_American_Games "Athletics at the 1979 Pan American Games") and placed third. He also took part in the first [IAAF World Cup](/wiki/IAAF_World_Cup "IAAF World Cup") in [Düsseldorf](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf "Düsseldorf") in 1977 and the first [IAAF World Championships in Athletics](/wiki/IAAF_World_Championships_in_Athletics "IAAF World Championships in Athletics") in [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki "Helsinki") in 1983 as a member of the Canadian team and was selected twice for the [Olympic Games](/wiki/Olympic_Games "Olympic Games"). He also competed in [discus throw](/wiki/Discus_throw "Discus throw").
Having already practiced as coach for [strength training](/wiki/Strength_training "Strength training") and conditioning since 1981, Pauletto devoted his life to coaching as from the 1984 season. He created his own company in 1986, published several articles, videos and three textbooks on strength training, and ultimately was nominated president of the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) where he also was a member of several committees.
Bruno Pauletto received two national awards for his coaching performances and was inducted into the [Hall of Fame](/wiki/Hall_of_Fame "Hall of Fame") of the [Central Michigan Chippewas](/wiki/Central_Michigan_Chippewas "Central Michigan Chippewas").
### Collegiate and university career
Bruno Pauletto earned his Bachelor of Science in [Exercise Physiology](/wiki/Exercise_physiology "Exercise physiology") in 1978 from the [Central Michigan University](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University "Central Michigan University") (CMU), where he was on a track and field scholarship. In 1980 he took his [Master of Science](/wiki/Master_of_Science "Master of Science") in Exercise Physiology at the [University of Tennessee](/wiki/University_of_Tennessee "University of Tennessee") (UT).
While at [Central Michigan University](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University "Central Michigan University") he competed in the shot put [collegiately](/wiki/Collegiate_athletics "Collegiate athletics") for their team, the [Central Michigan Chippewas](/wiki/Central_Michigan_Chippewas "Central Michigan Chippewas"), and:
* came fifth in the shot put event at the 1977 [NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championship "NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship")
* won the 1978 American collegiate [NCAA's](/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association "National Collegiate Athletic Association") indoor shot put [championships (Division I)](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships "NCAA Men's Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships") with a toss of 64\-1 ¼,{{cite news \|title\= NCAA's first indoor track championship \|date\=1978 \|publisher\= hickoksports }} See section "Shot Put".{{cite web \|url\= http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/track\_indoor\_champs\_records/2011\-12/2011\-12\_mitfd1\.pdf \|title\= NCAA – Indoor Track and Field – Division I Men's – History\|date\= 2011\|publisher\=NCAA \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}} See "Individual Champions", page 6: Shot Put, year 1978\.{{cite news \|title\= Chippewas Athletics\|date\= 2007\|publisher\=CMU Chippewas}} See "Chippewas Pride", page 2: "two individuals won national Division I Championships in the Maroon and Gold – shot putter Bruno Pauletto in the 1978 indoor championships and ...". earning the title of "National Champion"{{cite web \|url\= https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/12323578/2012\-chippewa\-track\-and\-field\-central\-michigan\-university\-athletics\|title\= 2012 Track \& Field Record Book \|date\= 2012\|publisher\= Central Michigan Chippewas\|format\=pdf \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}} See "National Champions" on page 10\.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.cm\-life.com/2011/06/08/rose\-set\-to\-compete\-for\-a\-national\-championship/ \|title\= Rose attempts to win national championship \|author\= Kristopher Lodes \|date\= June 8, 2011 \|publisher\= Track \& Field \|accessdate\= August 11, 2017 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120804032807/http://www.cm\-life.com/2011/06/08/rose\-set\-to\-compete\-for\-a\-national\-championship/ \|archive\-date\= August 4, 2012 \|url\-status\= dead }}
* took the runner\-up spot at the NCAA Outdoors in 1978\.
Representing [CMU](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University "Central Michigan University") he had much success in the [Mid\-American Conference](/wiki/Mid-American_Conference "Mid-American Conference"):
* he was a [MAC](/wiki/Mid-American_Conference "Mid-American Conference") outdoor individual champion in shot put in 1976
* he won the title in shot put again in 1977 (with 63\-3 ¾)
* the same year won the conference title in discus as well, with 160\-5
* and in 1978 he took his fourth title and set a conference record in shot put with {{T\&Fcalc\|19\.89}}.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/12323578/2012\-chippewa\-track\-and\-field\-central\-michigan\-university\-athletics\|title\= 2012 Track \& Field Record Book \|date\= 2012\|publisher\= Central Michigan Chippewas\|format\=pdf \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}} See "MAC Individual Champions" on page 11\. The latter record was still unmatched in 2009\.{{cite web \|url\=http://oh.milesplit.com/meets/48066/results/92216 \|title\= Mid American Conference Championships \- 5/14/2009 to 5/16/2009 \|date\= May 16, 2009 \|publisher\= MileSplit \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}}
In the year 1978 he furthermore:
* established the [MAC record](/wiki/Mid-American_Conference "Mid-American Conference") (outdoor) posting 65\-3, which was still unmatched in 2009{{cite web \|url\=http://oh.milesplit.com/meets/48066/results/92216 \|title\= Mid American Conference Championships \- 5/14/2009 to 5/16/2009 \|date\= May 16, 2009 \|publisher\= MileSplit \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}}
* was named outdoor "MAC Outstanding Performer"{{cite web \|url\= https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/12323578/2012\-chippewa\-track\-and\-field\-central\-michigan\-university\-athletics\|title\= 2012 Track \& Field Record Book \|date\= 2012\|publisher\= Central Michigan Chippewas\|format\=pdf \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}} See "Outstanding Performer" on page 10\.
* earned his own university's indoor record by throwing 64\-1 and outdoor record with his aforementioned 65\-3 throw, both still unmatched in 2012\.{{cite web \|url\=http://lssulakers.com/sports/c\-track/2009\-10/stats/Skoog\_Open\_Track\_Meet.htm\|title\=Results LSSU 2010 – Event 4 \|date\=May 19, 2010 \|publisher\= lssu\|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}}{{cite web \|url\= https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/12323578/2012\-chippewa\-track\-and\-field\-central\-michigan\-university\-athletics\|title\= 2012 Track \& Field Record Book \|date\= 2012\|publisher\= Central Michigan Chippewas\|format\=pdf \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}} See "School records" on page 13\.
Altogether Bruno Pauletto was a three\-time [All\-America](/wiki/All-America "All-America") shot putter: indoor in 1978 and outdoor in 1977 and 1978\.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/12323578/2012\-chippewa\-track\-and\-field\-central\-michigan\-university\-athletics\|title\= 2012 Track \& Field Record Book \|date\= 2012\|publisher\= Central Michigan Chippewas\|format\=pdf \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}} See "All\-Americans" on page 10\.{{cite web \|url\= http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/fbpro/main.php?bid\=738\&pg\=38\|title\= 1985 Football Guide (Sep 1, 1985\) \|date\= 1985\|publisher\= University of Tennessee \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}} See page 37 Biography of Bruno Pauletto.
Since 1990 Pauletto is an inductee of the Hall of Fame of the [Central Michigan Chippewas](/wiki/Central_Michigan_Chippewas "Central Michigan Chippewas").{{cite web \|url\= http://www.cmuchippewas.com/genrel/pauletto\_bruno00\.html \|title\= Bio of Bruno Pauletto on the site of Central Michigan Chippewas \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}}
### Professional athlete career
Internationally, Pauletto competed for Canada after taking Canadian citizenship. At his first major competition for his adoptive country he placed fifth with {{T\&Fcalc\|18\.30}} at the [first IAAF World Cup](/wiki/1977_IAAF_World_Cup "1977 IAAF World Cup"), in [Düsseldorf](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf "Düsseldorf") on September 2, 1977,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.athleticsdb.com/1977\-world\-cup\-athletics.php \|title\= 1st World Cup in Athletics, Dusseldorf 1977 \|author\= Athletics DB – the Athletics Results Database\|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}}{{cite web \|url\= http://trackfield.brinkster.net/Tournaments.asp?TourCode\=C\&Year\=1977\&Gender\=M\&TF\=T\&P\=F \|title\= I World Cup, Düsseldorf 1977\|author\= Track and Field Brinkster \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}} and in the same year was runner\-up at the [1977 Pacific Conference Games](/wiki/1977_Pacific_Conference_Games "1977 Pacific Conference Games"), behind American [Colin Anderson](/wiki/Colin_Anderson_%28athlete%29 "Colin Anderson (athlete)").{{ cite web \|url\= http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/pcg.htm \|title\= Pacific Conference Games \| author \= GBR Athletics \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}}
Later Pauletto set the best Italian shot put mark in 1979 with a {{T\&Fcalc\|20\.13}} throw during an outdoor event in [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan"), Italy, on June 23\.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.yumpu.com/it/document/view/20827175/liste\-italiane\-all\-time\-fidal/20 \|title\= ''Liste italiane all time al 19 dicembre 2011'' – Italian list of all times best performances \|author\= Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera (FIDAL) \|date\= December 19, 2011 \|language\= it \|format\= pdf \|accessdate\= August 11, 2017 \|archive\-date\= 12 August 2017 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170812210807/https://www.yumpu.com/it/document/view/20827175/liste\-italiane\-all\-time\-fidal/20 \|url\-status\= dead }} See on page 20, Section "Peso" – 20\.13\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fidal.it/upload/old\_files/italiaalltimeal24giugno2011\_to.pdf\|title\=''Liste italiane all time al 24 giugno 2011'' – Italian list of all times best performances\|author\=Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera (FIDAL) – Italian Track and Field Federation\|date\=June 24, 2011\|language\=it\|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}}{{Dead link\|date\=June 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Pauletto, who was then competing with the club *Telettra\-Atletica Rieti*, contributed with this throw to place his team sixth at the 1979 National [Club Championship](/wiki/Club_Championship "Club Championship").{{cite news \|title\=L'italo\-canadese campione di peso \|url\= http://www.digibess.it/fedora/repository/asfiat:AFIAT\-00253\-0034 \|format\=jpeg \|newspaper\= Illustratofiat \|year\= 1979\|volume\= XXVII \|issue\=7 / July–August \|page\= 26\|accessdate\=August 11, 2017 \|language\=it }} (Open the JPEG link to document)
Transcription of the article {{cite web \|url\=http://www.digibess.it/fedora/repository/asfiat:AFIAT\-00253\-0034/OCR/asfiat\_AFIAT\-00253\-0034\.txt \|title\=L'italo\-canadese campione di peso \|publisher\= BESS digital Archive: Biblioteca elettronica di scienze sociali ed economiche del Piemonte \|language\=it \|format\=txt \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}} This performance remained the [national Italian record](/wiki/Athletics_in_Italy "Athletics in Italy") until [Marco Montelatici](/wiki/Marco_Montelatici "Marco Montelatici") beat it in May 1985 with 20\.90 m.
Pauletto's first Canadian Championship participation was in [Edmundston](/wiki/Edmundston "Edmundston") on March 2–3, 1974\.{{cite web\|url\= http://collections.banq.qc.ca:81/jrn03/devoir/src/1974/02/26/5226335\_1974\-02\-26\.txt\|title\= L'athlétisme québécois en plein essor\|date\= February 26, 1974\|publisher\= Le Devoir (stored on the banq.qc electronic archive, Québec)\|language\= fr\|accessdate\= August 11, 2017\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170812172534/http://collections.banq.qc.ca:81/jrn03/devoir/src/1974/02/26/5226335\_1974\-02\-26\.txt\|archive\-date\= August 12, 2017\|url\-status\= dead}} In 1980 he broke the Canadian record in [Sherbrooke](/wiki/Sherbrooke "Sherbrooke") with a {{T\&Fcalc\|20\.33}} throw.{{cite news \|title\= Cdn Champ Recor: 20\.33m Bruno Pauletto Sherbrooke 1980 \|date\= 2000\|work\= Championnats Canada\|publisher\= Athletissimo.net}} On 22 May 1983 he established his personal best in shot put with a {{T\&Fcalc\|20\.61}} throw, achieved at an outdoor event in [Knoxville](/wiki/Knoxville%2C_Tennessee "Knoxville, Tennessee"), [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee") and reaching a new Canadian national senior record. Between 1976 and 1983, only he and [Bishop Dolegiewicz](/wiki/Bishop_Dolegiewicz "Bishop Dolegiewicz") won the honour, with the pair dominating the national scene.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.gbrathletics.com/nc/can.htm \|title\= Canadian Championships \| publisher\= GBR Athletics \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}} Pauletto's 1983 record was to stay for 18 years, until [Brad Snyder](/wiki/Brad_Snyder_%28athlete%29 "Brad Snyder (athlete)") broke it by 2 cm at the [2001 World Championships](/wiki/2001_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_shot_put "2001 World Championships in Athletics – Men's shot put"), with a heave of {{T\&Fcalc\|20\.63}}.{{cite news \|title\= Snyder sets Canadian shot put record \|url\= https://www.cbc.ca/sports/snyder\-sets\-canadian\-shot\-put\-record\-1\.296345 \|newspaper\= CBCSports – CBC/Radio\-Canada \|date\= April 19, 2001 \|access\-date\=August 11, 2017 \|quote\= Snyder broke the previous Canadian record of 20\.61 set in 1983 at Knoxville by Bruno Pauletto}} Thanks to that performance Bruno Pauletto ranks fourth in the list of the top 10 Canadian all\-time outdoor ranking (as of 23 July 2012\),{{cite news \|title\= Canada track \& Field, London Olympic Games 2012 Media Guide \|language\=fr\|date\= July 25, 2012\| publisher\= Athletics Canada – Canada Athlétisme }} See page 71\. and he still holds (as of 2013\) the outdoor provincial record of Quebec.{{cite web \|url\= http://athletisme\-quebec.ca/medias/records\-et\-mpq\-hommes\-plein\-air\-seniorsoct2013\.pdf \|title\= Records du Québec et meilleures performances québécoises (MPQ) en plein air – Hommes seniors\| date\= 2013\| publisher\= Fédération québécoise d'athlétisme – Comité des records\|language\=fr\|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}} On page 2\.
His first medal at a major game came in 1978 at the [Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1978_Commonwealth_Games "Athletics at the 1978 Commonwealth Games") held in [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton "Edmonton"), Alberta, Canada. On home turf, he took the silver medal behind England's [Geoff Capes](/wiki/Geoff_Capes "Geoff Capes") with a throw of {{T\&Fcalc\|19\.33}}, and national rival Dolegiewicz completed the podium in third. He gave a better performance at the [Pan American Games](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1979_Pan_American_Games "Athletics at the 1979 Pan American Games") in [San Juan](/wiki/San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico "San Juan, Puerto Rico"), [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico") in July 1979, clearing {{T\&Fcalc\|19\.61}}, but on that occasion his placing with Dolegiewicz was reversed, as Pauletto claimed the bronze while American [Dave Laut](/wiki/Dave_Laut "Dave Laut") won with a throw beyond twenty metres.{{cite web \|url\= http://athletisme\-quebec.ca/histoire\-de\-lathletisme\-au\-quebec.php \|title\= Histoire de l'athlétisme au Québec \|publisher\= Fédération Québécoise d'Athlétisme\|language\=fr \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}}{{cite web \|url\= http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/pag.htm \|title\= Pan American Games \| publisher\= GBR Athletics \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}} Pauletto captured the gold medal at the [XII Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1982_Commonwealth_Games "Athletics at the 1982 Commonwealth Games") in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane") in 1982 with a mark of {{T\&Fcalc\|19\.55}} ahead of the English champion [Mike Winch](/wiki/Mike_Winch "Mike Winch").{{cite web \|url\= http://athletisme\-quebec.ca/histoire\-de\-lathletisme\-au\-quebec.php \|title\= Histoire de l'athlétisme au Québec \|publisher\= Fédération Québécoise d'Athlétisme\|language\=fr \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}} This made him the third Canadian to win the shot put at the [Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Commonwealth_Games "Athletics at the Commonwealth Games") after [Dave Steen](/wiki/Dave_Steen_%28shot_putter%29 "Dave Steen (shot putter)") in 1970 and women's champion [Jane Haist](/wiki/Jane_Haist "Jane Haist") in 1974;{{cite web \|url\= http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/cg.htm \|title\= Commonwealth Games \| publisher\= GBR Athletics \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}} Canada had to wait for 28 years until another shot putter, [Dylan Armstrong](/wiki/Dylan_Armstrong "Dylan Armstrong"), brought back a Commonwealth gold medal again.{{cite news \|title \=Armstrong (CAN) ends Canada's 28 year medal drought \|url \=http://results.cwgdelhi2010\.org/en/News.mvc/Detail/CompEventDetail/1eaa6cd2\-f55a\-45e3\-8f3b\-8dca2d5ba6ce\|publisher \=Newsletter of the cwg Delhi 2010\.org (official website)\|date\= October 7, 2010\|accessdate \=August 11, 2017}}{{cite news \|title \= Canadian shot\-putter strikes gold at Games: Kamloops man wins first medal in event at Commonwealth Games since 1982 \|url \= http://www2\.canada.com/albernivalleytimes/news/sports/story.html?id\=ed76dab4\-cdbd\-477e\-a03f\-4403520e0dd1\|publisher \= Alberni Valley Times\|date\=October 8, 2010\|accessdate \=August 11, 2017}}
Pauletto also took part at the First [IAAF World Championships in Athletics](/wiki/IAAF_World_Championships_in_Athletics "IAAF World Championships in Athletics") in [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki "Helsinki") in 1983 as a member of the Canadian team, where he participated in the shot put event ranking 17th in qualifying.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf\-world\-championships/1st\-iaaf\-world\-championships\-in\-athletics\-3/results/men/shot\-put/qualification/series\#resultheader \|title\=Results Men Qualification – 1st IAAF World Championships in Athletics Helsinki\|publisher\= IAAF\|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}}
Bruno Pauletto was selected twice for the [Olympic Games](/wiki/Olympic_Games "Olympic Games"), in 1980 and in 1984\.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.olympic.ca/en/athletes/bruno\-pauletto/\|title\= Selections of Bruno Pauletto\|date\= 18 September 2011\|publisher\= Canadian Olympic Committee \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}} He could not participate to the 1980 Olympics due to the [Olympic boycott](/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott "1980 Summer Olympics boycott") of the [Moscow Games](/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics "1980 Summer Olympics"), which was a part of a package of actions led by the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") to protest against the [Soviet–Afghan War](/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War "Soviet–Afghan War"). By 1984 he had already started a new career as coach and exercise physiologist and eventually did not compete in any actual Olympic events.
### Coaching career, author and business manager
After graduation at [UT](/wiki/University_of_Tennessee "University of Tennessee") Bruno Pauletto was hired as full\-time conditioning coach in 1980 and soon became the university's head strength and conditioning coach of the Athletic Department, with a staff of three graduate assistants. He also was the strength coach of the [1985 Tennessee Volunteers football team](/wiki/1985_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team "1985 Tennessee Volunteers football team") to represent UT in the NCAA Division I–A football season.{{cite web \|url\= http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/fbpro/main.php?bid\=738\&pg\=38\|title\= 1985 Football Guide (Sep 1, 1985\) \|date\= 1985\|publisher\= University of Tennessee \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}}. See page 37 Biography of Bruno Pauletto. While he was UT's coach he also became NSCA Director for the State of [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee") and, in 1985, he published his first articles on strength training including on [Power Clean](/wiki/Clean_and_jerk%23power_clean "Clean and jerk#power clean").
He left that position to manage his and his wife's own company headquartered in [Knoxville](/wiki/Knoxville%2C_Tennessee "Knoxville, Tennessee"), Tennessee, founded in 1986 and registered under the name *Power Systems*.{{cite web \|url\=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId\=51515960\&privcapId\=36593578\&previousCapId\=36593578\&previousTitle\=Power%20Systems,%20Inc. \|title\= Bruno Pauletto MS, CSCS, Co\-Founder and Chief Executive Officer, Power Systems, Inc. \|author\= Bloomberg Businessweek \|publisher\= Bloomberg Businessweek \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}}{{dead link\|date\=April 2023\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} The company is specialized in supplying fitness and sports performance training equipment and solutions for clients ranging from sports teams and health clubs to schools, fitness specialists and other professionals of the exercise industry.{{cite web \|url\= http://ackermannpr.com/power\-systems\-focused\-on\-making\-a\-real\-difference\-in\-fitness\-industry/ \|title\= Power Systems focused on making a real difference in fitness industry \|author\= Shane Rhyne \|date\= March 15, 2012 \|publisher\= ackermannwire \|accessdate\= August 11, 2017 \|archive\-date\= 13 August 2017 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170813222113/http://ackermannpr.com/power\-systems\-focused\-on\-making\-a\-real\-difference\-in\-fitness\-industry/ \|url\-status\= dead }}{{cite web \|url\= http://www.coachad.com/pages/Breaking\-News\-\-\-Power\-Systems\-President\-Pauletto\-Celebrates\-25\-Years\-Of\-Service.php \|title\= Power Systems' President Pauletto Celebrates 25 Years of Service \|date\= March 9, 2011 \|publisher\= coachad \|accessdate\= August 11, 2017 }}{{Dead link\|date\=June 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} In 2012 *Power Systems* signed a cooperation agreement with *[Life Fitness](/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation%23Divisions "Brunswick Corporation#Divisions")*, a division of *[Brunswick Corporation](/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation "Brunswick Corporation")*.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.lifefitness.com/pressreleases/life\-fitness\-teams\-with\-power\-systems\-to\-offer\-branded\-fitness\-accessories \|title\= Brunswick Corporation : Life Fitness Teams With Power Systems To Offer Branded Fitness Accessories \|date\= August 29, 2012 \|publisher\= Life Fitness \|accessdate\= August 11, 2017 \|archive\-date\= 13 August 2017 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170813223317/https://www.lifefitness.com/pressreleases/life\-fitness\-teams\-with\-power\-systems\-to\-offer\-branded\-fitness\-accessories \|url\-status\= dead }}{{cite web \|url\= http://phx.corporate\-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c\=97828\&p\=irol\-newsArticle\_Print\&ID\=1729595\&highlight\= \|title\= Brunswick Corporation : Life Fitness Teams With Power Systems To Offer Branded Fitness Accessories \|date\= August 29, 2012 \|publisher\= Brunswick Corporation \|accessdate\= August 11, 2017 }}{{Dead link\|date\=July 2020 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} «*Power Systems* is a Christian\-based business and we follow those guidelines in all aspects of the company; All of our business transactions reflect a firm commitment to our core value… Integrity», Bruno Pauletto says.{{cite web \|url\= http://clubsolutionsmagazine.com/2004/10/specialized\-training\-equipment\-and\-programs\-for\-your\-members/ \|title\= Specialized Training Equipment and Programs for Your Members \|date\=October 1, 2004 \|publisher\= ClubSolutions: the business resource for health \& fitness clubs \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}} See last paragraph of the page.
From June 1991 to June 1994 Bruno Pauletto was elected President of the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA). In view of the financial imbalance of the Association in 1991 Pauletto introduced a tighter cost control, and the efficiency gains achieved under his management allowed to consolidate a sound financial situation.{{cite journal \|last1\=Pauletto \|first1\=Bruno \|title\=PRESIDENTʼS MESSAGE: The 'new' NSCA \|journal\=National Strength \& Conditioning Association Journal \|date\=1992 \|volume\=14 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=83 \|doi\=10\.1519/0744\-0049(1992\)014\<0083:TNN\>2\.3\.CO;2 \|doi\-broken\-date\=25 April 2024 }}{{cite web \|url\= https://www.nsca.com/about\-us/history/\|title\= Bruno Pauletto – President 1991 – 1994 \|publisher\=NSCA \|accessdate\=August 11, 2017}} Click "1990's".{{cite news \|title\= Bruno Pauletto – President June, 1991, to June, 1994 \|publisher\=NSCA }} He also was a member of several NSCA committees.
During that period of time Bruno Pauletto published three books on [strength training](/wiki/Strength_training "Strength training"): for coaches, for [football](/wiki/American_football "American football") and for [basketball](/wiki/Basketball "Basketball"). In 2007 he invented and patented a new type of exercise hurdle.{{cite web \|url\= https://patents.google.com/patent/US20080085816 \|title\= Fitness training hurdle Patent US 20080085816 A1\|publisher\= Google Patents \|access\-date\=August 11, 2017}}
He was also a member of the editorial board of the magazine *Training \& Conditioning* (T\&C).
|
[
"Career highlights\n-----------------",
"Bruno Pauletto, MS, CSCS, FNSCA, grew up in [Portogruaro](/wiki/Portogruaro \"Portogruaro\"), Italy, and [Sept\\-Îles](/wiki/Sept-%C3%8Eles%2C_Quebec \"Sept-Îles, Quebec\"), [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\"), and he graduated as [exercise physiologist](/wiki/Exercise_physiology \"Exercise physiology\") from the [University of Tennessee](/wiki/University_of_Tennessee \"University of Tennessee\"). Bruno Pauletto represented Canada at two consecutive [Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Commonwealth_Games \"Commonwealth Games\"): he won the gold medal in the men's shot put event at the XII [Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1982_Commonwealth_Games \"Athletics at the 1982 Commonwealth Games\") in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\") in 1982, after striking silver in 1978\\. A year later he participated in the [1979 Pan American Games](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1979_Pan_American_Games \"Athletics at the 1979 Pan American Games\") and placed third. He also took part in the first [IAAF World Cup](/wiki/IAAF_World_Cup \"IAAF World Cup\") in [Düsseldorf](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf \"Düsseldorf\") in 1977 and the first [IAAF World Championships in Athletics](/wiki/IAAF_World_Championships_in_Athletics \"IAAF World Championships in Athletics\") in [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki \"Helsinki\") in 1983 as a member of the Canadian team and was selected twice for the [Olympic Games](/wiki/Olympic_Games \"Olympic Games\"). He also competed in [discus throw](/wiki/Discus_throw \"Discus throw\").",
"Having already practiced as coach for [strength training](/wiki/Strength_training \"Strength training\") and conditioning since 1981, Pauletto devoted his life to coaching as from the 1984 season. He created his own company in 1986, published several articles, videos and three textbooks on strength training, and ultimately was nominated president of the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) where he also was a member of several committees.",
"Bruno Pauletto received two national awards for his coaching performances and was inducted into the [Hall of Fame](/wiki/Hall_of_Fame \"Hall of Fame\") of the [Central Michigan Chippewas](/wiki/Central_Michigan_Chippewas \"Central Michigan Chippewas\").",
"### Collegiate and university career",
"Bruno Pauletto earned his Bachelor of Science in [Exercise Physiology](/wiki/Exercise_physiology \"Exercise physiology\") in 1978 from the [Central Michigan University](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University \"Central Michigan University\") (CMU), where he was on a track and field scholarship. In 1980 he took his [Master of Science](/wiki/Master_of_Science \"Master of Science\") in Exercise Physiology at the [University of Tennessee](/wiki/University_of_Tennessee \"University of Tennessee\") (UT).",
"While at [Central Michigan University](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University \"Central Michigan University\") he competed in the shot put [collegiately](/wiki/Collegiate_athletics \"Collegiate athletics\") for their team, the [Central Michigan Chippewas](/wiki/Central_Michigan_Chippewas \"Central Michigan Chippewas\"), and:\n* came fifth in the shot put event at the 1977 [NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championship \"NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship\")\n* won the 1978 American collegiate [NCAA's](/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association \"National Collegiate Athletic Association\") indoor shot put [championships (Division I)](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships \"NCAA Men's Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships\") with a toss of 64\\-1 ¼,{{cite news \\|title\\= NCAA's first indoor track championship \\|date\\=1978 \\|publisher\\= hickoksports }} See section \"Shot Put\".{{cite web \\|url\\= http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/track\\_indoor\\_champs\\_records/2011\\-12/2011\\-12\\_mitfd1\\.pdf \\|title\\= NCAA – Indoor Track and Field – Division I Men's – History\\|date\\= 2011\\|publisher\\=NCAA \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}} See \"Individual Champions\", page 6: Shot Put, year 1978\\.{{cite news \\|title\\= Chippewas Athletics\\|date\\= 2007\\|publisher\\=CMU Chippewas}} See \"Chippewas Pride\", page 2: \"two individuals won national Division I Championships in the Maroon and Gold – shot putter Bruno Pauletto in the 1978 indoor championships and ...\". earning the title of \"National Champion\"{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/12323578/2012\\-chippewa\\-track\\-and\\-field\\-central\\-michigan\\-university\\-athletics\\|title\\= 2012 Track \\& Field Record Book \\|date\\= 2012\\|publisher\\= Central Michigan Chippewas\\|format\\=pdf \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}} See \"National Champions\" on page 10\\.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.cm\\-life.com/2011/06/08/rose\\-set\\-to\\-compete\\-for\\-a\\-national\\-championship/ \\|title\\= Rose attempts to win national championship \\|author\\= Kristopher Lodes \\|date\\= June 8, 2011 \\|publisher\\= Track \\& Field \\|accessdate\\= August 11, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120804032807/http://www.cm\\-life.com/2011/06/08/rose\\-set\\-to\\-compete\\-for\\-a\\-national\\-championship/ \\|archive\\-date\\= August 4, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\= dead }}\n* took the runner\\-up spot at the NCAA Outdoors in 1978\\.",
"Representing [CMU](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University \"Central Michigan University\") he had much success in the [Mid\\-American Conference](/wiki/Mid-American_Conference \"Mid-American Conference\"):\n* he was a [MAC](/wiki/Mid-American_Conference \"Mid-American Conference\") outdoor individual champion in shot put in 1976\n* he won the title in shot put again in 1977 (with 63\\-3 ¾)\n* the same year won the conference title in discus as well, with 160\\-5\n* and in 1978 he took his fourth title and set a conference record in shot put with {{T\\&Fcalc\\|19\\.89}}.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/12323578/2012\\-chippewa\\-track\\-and\\-field\\-central\\-michigan\\-university\\-athletics\\|title\\= 2012 Track \\& Field Record Book \\|date\\= 2012\\|publisher\\= Central Michigan Chippewas\\|format\\=pdf \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}} See \"MAC Individual Champions\" on page 11\\. The latter record was still unmatched in 2009\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://oh.milesplit.com/meets/48066/results/92216 \\|title\\= Mid American Conference Championships \\- 5/14/2009 to 5/16/2009 \\|date\\= May 16, 2009 \\|publisher\\= MileSplit \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}}",
"In the year 1978 he furthermore:\n* established the [MAC record](/wiki/Mid-American_Conference \"Mid-American Conference\") (outdoor) posting 65\\-3, which was still unmatched in 2009{{cite web \\|url\\=http://oh.milesplit.com/meets/48066/results/92216 \\|title\\= Mid American Conference Championships \\- 5/14/2009 to 5/16/2009 \\|date\\= May 16, 2009 \\|publisher\\= MileSplit \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}}\n* was named outdoor \"MAC Outstanding Performer\"{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/12323578/2012\\-chippewa\\-track\\-and\\-field\\-central\\-michigan\\-university\\-athletics\\|title\\= 2012 Track \\& Field Record Book \\|date\\= 2012\\|publisher\\= Central Michigan Chippewas\\|format\\=pdf \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}} See \"Outstanding Performer\" on page 10\\.\n* earned his own university's indoor record by throwing 64\\-1 and outdoor record with his aforementioned 65\\-3 throw, both still unmatched in 2012\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://lssulakers.com/sports/c\\-track/2009\\-10/stats/Skoog\\_Open\\_Track\\_Meet.htm\\|title\\=Results LSSU 2010 – Event 4 \\|date\\=May 19, 2010 \\|publisher\\= lssu\\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}}{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/12323578/2012\\-chippewa\\-track\\-and\\-field\\-central\\-michigan\\-university\\-athletics\\|title\\= 2012 Track \\& Field Record Book \\|date\\= 2012\\|publisher\\= Central Michigan Chippewas\\|format\\=pdf \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}} See \"School records\" on page 13\\.",
"Altogether Bruno Pauletto was a three\\-time [All\\-America](/wiki/All-America \"All-America\") shot putter: indoor in 1978 and outdoor in 1977 and 1978\\.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/12323578/2012\\-chippewa\\-track\\-and\\-field\\-central\\-michigan\\-university\\-athletics\\|title\\= 2012 Track \\& Field Record Book \\|date\\= 2012\\|publisher\\= Central Michigan Chippewas\\|format\\=pdf \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}} See \"All\\-Americans\" on page 10\\.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/fbpro/main.php?bid\\=738\\&pg\\=38\\|title\\= 1985 Football Guide (Sep 1, 1985\\) \\|date\\= 1985\\|publisher\\= University of Tennessee \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}} See page 37 Biography of Bruno Pauletto.",
"Since 1990 Pauletto is an inductee of the Hall of Fame of the [Central Michigan Chippewas](/wiki/Central_Michigan_Chippewas \"Central Michigan Chippewas\").{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.cmuchippewas.com/genrel/pauletto\\_bruno00\\.html \\|title\\= Bio of Bruno Pauletto on the site of Central Michigan Chippewas \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}}",
"### Professional athlete career",
"Internationally, Pauletto competed for Canada after taking Canadian citizenship. At his first major competition for his adoptive country he placed fifth with {{T\\&Fcalc\\|18\\.30}} at the [first IAAF World Cup](/wiki/1977_IAAF_World_Cup \"1977 IAAF World Cup\"), in [Düsseldorf](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf \"Düsseldorf\") on September 2, 1977,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.athleticsdb.com/1977\\-world\\-cup\\-athletics.php \\|title\\= 1st World Cup in Athletics, Dusseldorf 1977 \\|author\\= Athletics DB – the Athletics Results Database\\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}}{{cite web \\|url\\= http://trackfield.brinkster.net/Tournaments.asp?TourCode\\=C\\&Year\\=1977\\&Gender\\=M\\&TF\\=T\\&P\\=F \\|title\\= I World Cup, Düsseldorf 1977\\|author\\= Track and Field Brinkster \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}} and in the same year was runner\\-up at the [1977 Pacific Conference Games](/wiki/1977_Pacific_Conference_Games \"1977 Pacific Conference Games\"), behind American [Colin Anderson](/wiki/Colin_Anderson_%28athlete%29 \"Colin Anderson (athlete)\").{{ cite web \\|url\\= http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/pcg.htm \\|title\\= Pacific Conference Games \\| author \\= GBR Athletics \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}}",
"Later Pauletto set the best Italian shot put mark in 1979 with a {{T\\&Fcalc\\|20\\.13}} throw during an outdoor event in [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\"), Italy, on June 23\\.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.yumpu.com/it/document/view/20827175/liste\\-italiane\\-all\\-time\\-fidal/20 \\|title\\= ''Liste italiane all time al 19 dicembre 2011'' – Italian list of all times best performances \\|author\\= Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera (FIDAL) \\|date\\= December 19, 2011 \\|language\\= it \\|format\\= pdf \\|accessdate\\= August 11, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\= 12 August 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170812210807/https://www.yumpu.com/it/document/view/20827175/liste\\-italiane\\-all\\-time\\-fidal/20 \\|url\\-status\\= dead }} See on page 20, Section \"Peso\" – 20\\.13\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fidal.it/upload/old\\_files/italiaalltimeal24giugno2011\\_to.pdf\\|title\\=''Liste italiane all time al 24 giugno 2011'' – Italian list of all times best performances\\|author\\=Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera (FIDAL) – Italian Track and Field Federation\\|date\\=June 24, 2011\\|language\\=it\\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Pauletto, who was then competing with the club *Telettra\\-Atletica Rieti*, contributed with this throw to place his team sixth at the 1979 National [Club Championship](/wiki/Club_Championship \"Club Championship\").{{cite news \\|title\\=L'italo\\-canadese campione di peso \\|url\\= http://www.digibess.it/fedora/repository/asfiat:AFIAT\\-00253\\-0034 \\|format\\=jpeg \\|newspaper\\= Illustratofiat \\|year\\= 1979\\|volume\\= XXVII \\|issue\\=7 / July–August \\|page\\= 26\\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017 \\|language\\=it }} (Open the JPEG link to document) \n Transcription of the article {{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.digibess.it/fedora/repository/asfiat:AFIAT\\-00253\\-0034/OCR/asfiat\\_AFIAT\\-00253\\-0034\\.txt \\|title\\=L'italo\\-canadese campione di peso \\|publisher\\= BESS digital Archive: Biblioteca elettronica di scienze sociali ed economiche del Piemonte \\|language\\=it \\|format\\=txt \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}} This performance remained the [national Italian record](/wiki/Athletics_in_Italy \"Athletics in Italy\") until [Marco Montelatici](/wiki/Marco_Montelatici \"Marco Montelatici\") beat it in May 1985 with 20\\.90 m.",
"Pauletto's first Canadian Championship participation was in [Edmundston](/wiki/Edmundston \"Edmundston\") on March 2–3, 1974\\.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://collections.banq.qc.ca:81/jrn03/devoir/src/1974/02/26/5226335\\_1974\\-02\\-26\\.txt\\|title\\= L'athlétisme québécois en plein essor\\|date\\= February 26, 1974\\|publisher\\= Le Devoir (stored on the banq.qc electronic archive, Québec)\\|language\\= fr\\|accessdate\\= August 11, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170812172534/http://collections.banq.qc.ca:81/jrn03/devoir/src/1974/02/26/5226335\\_1974\\-02\\-26\\.txt\\|archive\\-date\\= August 12, 2017\\|url\\-status\\= dead}} In 1980 he broke the Canadian record in [Sherbrooke](/wiki/Sherbrooke \"Sherbrooke\") with a {{T\\&Fcalc\\|20\\.33}} throw.{{cite news \\|title\\= Cdn Champ Recor: 20\\.33m Bruno Pauletto Sherbrooke 1980 \\|date\\= 2000\\|work\\= Championnats Canada\\|publisher\\= Athletissimo.net}} On 22 May 1983 he established his personal best in shot put with a {{T\\&Fcalc\\|20\\.61}} throw, achieved at an outdoor event in [Knoxville](/wiki/Knoxville%2C_Tennessee \"Knoxville, Tennessee\"), [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee \"Tennessee\") and reaching a new Canadian national senior record. Between 1976 and 1983, only he and [Bishop Dolegiewicz](/wiki/Bishop_Dolegiewicz \"Bishop Dolegiewicz\") won the honour, with the pair dominating the national scene.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.gbrathletics.com/nc/can.htm \\|title\\= Canadian Championships \\| publisher\\= GBR Athletics \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}} Pauletto's 1983 record was to stay for 18 years, until [Brad Snyder](/wiki/Brad_Snyder_%28athlete%29 \"Brad Snyder (athlete)\") broke it by 2 cm at the [2001 World Championships](/wiki/2001_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_shot_put \"2001 World Championships in Athletics – Men's shot put\"), with a heave of {{T\\&Fcalc\\|20\\.63}}.{{cite news \\|title\\= Snyder sets Canadian shot put record \\|url\\= https://www.cbc.ca/sports/snyder\\-sets\\-canadian\\-shot\\-put\\-record\\-1\\.296345 \\|newspaper\\= CBCSports – CBC/Radio\\-Canada \\|date\\= April 19, 2001 \\|access\\-date\\=August 11, 2017 \\|quote\\= Snyder broke the previous Canadian record of 20\\.61 set in 1983 at Knoxville by Bruno Pauletto}} Thanks to that performance Bruno Pauletto ranks fourth in the list of the top 10 Canadian all\\-time outdoor ranking (as of 23 July 2012\\),{{cite news \\|title\\= Canada track \\& Field, London Olympic Games 2012 Media Guide \\|language\\=fr\\|date\\= July 25, 2012\\| publisher\\= Athletics Canada – Canada Athlétisme }} See page 71\\. and he still holds (as of 2013\\) the outdoor provincial record of Quebec.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://athletisme\\-quebec.ca/medias/records\\-et\\-mpq\\-hommes\\-plein\\-air\\-seniorsoct2013\\.pdf \\|title\\= Records du Québec et meilleures performances québécoises (MPQ) en plein air – Hommes seniors\\| date\\= 2013\\| publisher\\= Fédération québécoise d'athlétisme – Comité des records\\|language\\=fr\\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}} On page 2\\.",
"His first medal at a major game came in 1978 at the [Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1978_Commonwealth_Games \"Athletics at the 1978 Commonwealth Games\") held in [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton \"Edmonton\"), Alberta, Canada. On home turf, he took the silver medal behind England's [Geoff Capes](/wiki/Geoff_Capes \"Geoff Capes\") with a throw of {{T\\&Fcalc\\|19\\.33}}, and national rival Dolegiewicz completed the podium in third. He gave a better performance at the [Pan American Games](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1979_Pan_American_Games \"Athletics at the 1979 Pan American Games\") in [San Juan](/wiki/San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico \"San Juan, Puerto Rico\"), [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico \"Puerto Rico\") in July 1979, clearing {{T\\&Fcalc\\|19\\.61}}, but on that occasion his placing with Dolegiewicz was reversed, as Pauletto claimed the bronze while American [Dave Laut](/wiki/Dave_Laut \"Dave Laut\") won with a throw beyond twenty metres.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://athletisme\\-quebec.ca/histoire\\-de\\-lathletisme\\-au\\-quebec.php \\|title\\= Histoire de l'athlétisme au Québec \\|publisher\\= Fédération Québécoise d'Athlétisme\\|language\\=fr \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}}{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/pag.htm \\|title\\= Pan American Games \\| publisher\\= GBR Athletics \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}} Pauletto captured the gold medal at the [XII Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1982_Commonwealth_Games \"Athletics at the 1982 Commonwealth Games\") in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\") in 1982 with a mark of {{T\\&Fcalc\\|19\\.55}} ahead of the English champion [Mike Winch](/wiki/Mike_Winch \"Mike Winch\").{{cite web \\|url\\= http://athletisme\\-quebec.ca/histoire\\-de\\-lathletisme\\-au\\-quebec.php \\|title\\= Histoire de l'athlétisme au Québec \\|publisher\\= Fédération Québécoise d'Athlétisme\\|language\\=fr \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}} This made him the third Canadian to win the shot put at the [Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Commonwealth_Games \"Athletics at the Commonwealth Games\") after [Dave Steen](/wiki/Dave_Steen_%28shot_putter%29 \"Dave Steen (shot putter)\") in 1970 and women's champion [Jane Haist](/wiki/Jane_Haist \"Jane Haist\") in 1974;{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/cg.htm \\|title\\= Commonwealth Games \\| publisher\\= GBR Athletics \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}} Canada had to wait for 28 years until another shot putter, [Dylan Armstrong](/wiki/Dylan_Armstrong \"Dylan Armstrong\"), brought back a Commonwealth gold medal again.{{cite news \\|title \\=Armstrong (CAN) ends Canada's 28 year medal drought \\|url \\=http://results.cwgdelhi2010\\.org/en/News.mvc/Detail/CompEventDetail/1eaa6cd2\\-f55a\\-45e3\\-8f3b\\-8dca2d5ba6ce\\|publisher \\=Newsletter of the cwg Delhi 2010\\.org (official website)\\|date\\= October 7, 2010\\|accessdate \\=August 11, 2017}}{{cite news \\|title \\= Canadian shot\\-putter strikes gold at Games: Kamloops man wins first medal in event at Commonwealth Games since 1982 \\|url \\= http://www2\\.canada.com/albernivalleytimes/news/sports/story.html?id\\=ed76dab4\\-cdbd\\-477e\\-a03f\\-4403520e0dd1\\|publisher \\= Alberni Valley Times\\|date\\=October 8, 2010\\|accessdate \\=August 11, 2017}}",
"Pauletto also took part at the First [IAAF World Championships in Athletics](/wiki/IAAF_World_Championships_in_Athletics \"IAAF World Championships in Athletics\") in [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki \"Helsinki\") in 1983 as a member of the Canadian team, where he participated in the shot put event ranking 17th in qualifying.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf\\-world\\-championships/1st\\-iaaf\\-world\\-championships\\-in\\-athletics\\-3/results/men/shot\\-put/qualification/series\\#resultheader \\|title\\=Results Men Qualification – 1st IAAF World Championships in Athletics Helsinki\\|publisher\\= IAAF\\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}}",
"Bruno Pauletto was selected twice for the [Olympic Games](/wiki/Olympic_Games \"Olympic Games\"), in 1980 and in 1984\\.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.olympic.ca/en/athletes/bruno\\-pauletto/\\|title\\= Selections of Bruno Pauletto\\|date\\= 18 September 2011\\|publisher\\= Canadian Olympic Committee \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}} He could not participate to the 1980 Olympics due to the [Olympic boycott](/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott \"1980 Summer Olympics boycott\") of the [Moscow Games](/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics \"1980 Summer Olympics\"), which was a part of a package of actions led by the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") to protest against the [Soviet–Afghan War](/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War \"Soviet–Afghan War\"). By 1984 he had already started a new career as coach and exercise physiologist and eventually did not compete in any actual Olympic events.",
"### Coaching career, author and business manager",
"After graduation at [UT](/wiki/University_of_Tennessee \"University of Tennessee\") Bruno Pauletto was hired as full\\-time conditioning coach in 1980 and soon became the university's head strength and conditioning coach of the Athletic Department, with a staff of three graduate assistants. He also was the strength coach of the [1985 Tennessee Volunteers football team](/wiki/1985_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team \"1985 Tennessee Volunteers football team\") to represent UT in the NCAA Division I–A football season.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/fbpro/main.php?bid\\=738\\&pg\\=38\\|title\\= 1985 Football Guide (Sep 1, 1985\\) \\|date\\= 1985\\|publisher\\= University of Tennessee \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}}. See page 37 Biography of Bruno Pauletto. While he was UT's coach he also became NSCA Director for the State of [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee \"Tennessee\") and, in 1985, he published his first articles on strength training including on [Power Clean](/wiki/Clean_and_jerk%23power_clean \"Clean and jerk#power clean\").",
"He left that position to manage his and his wife's own company headquartered in [Knoxville](/wiki/Knoxville%2C_Tennessee \"Knoxville, Tennessee\"), Tennessee, founded in 1986 and registered under the name *Power Systems*.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId\\=51515960\\&privcapId\\=36593578\\&previousCapId\\=36593578\\&previousTitle\\=Power%20Systems,%20Inc. \\|title\\= Bruno Pauletto MS, CSCS, Co\\-Founder and Chief Executive Officer, Power Systems, Inc. \\|author\\= Bloomberg Businessweek \\|publisher\\= Bloomberg Businessweek \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}}{{dead link\\|date\\=April 2023\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} The company is specialized in supplying fitness and sports performance training equipment and solutions for clients ranging from sports teams and health clubs to schools, fitness specialists and other professionals of the exercise industry.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://ackermannpr.com/power\\-systems\\-focused\\-on\\-making\\-a\\-real\\-difference\\-in\\-fitness\\-industry/ \\|title\\= Power Systems focused on making a real difference in fitness industry \\|author\\= Shane Rhyne \\|date\\= March 15, 2012 \\|publisher\\= ackermannwire \\|accessdate\\= August 11, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\= 13 August 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170813222113/http://ackermannpr.com/power\\-systems\\-focused\\-on\\-making\\-a\\-real\\-difference\\-in\\-fitness\\-industry/ \\|url\\-status\\= dead }}{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.coachad.com/pages/Breaking\\-News\\-\\-\\-Power\\-Systems\\-President\\-Pauletto\\-Celebrates\\-25\\-Years\\-Of\\-Service.php \\|title\\= Power Systems' President Pauletto Celebrates 25 Years of Service \\|date\\= March 9, 2011 \\|publisher\\= coachad \\|accessdate\\= August 11, 2017 }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} In 2012 *Power Systems* signed a cooperation agreement with *[Life Fitness](/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation%23Divisions \"Brunswick Corporation#Divisions\")*, a division of *[Brunswick Corporation](/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation \"Brunswick Corporation\")*.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.lifefitness.com/pressreleases/life\\-fitness\\-teams\\-with\\-power\\-systems\\-to\\-offer\\-branded\\-fitness\\-accessories \\|title\\= Brunswick Corporation : Life Fitness Teams With Power Systems To Offer Branded Fitness Accessories \\|date\\= August 29, 2012 \\|publisher\\= Life Fitness \\|accessdate\\= August 11, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\= 13 August 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170813223317/https://www.lifefitness.com/pressreleases/life\\-fitness\\-teams\\-with\\-power\\-systems\\-to\\-offer\\-branded\\-fitness\\-accessories \\|url\\-status\\= dead }}{{cite web \\|url\\= http://phx.corporate\\-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c\\=97828\\&p\\=irol\\-newsArticle\\_Print\\&ID\\=1729595\\&highlight\\= \\|title\\= Brunswick Corporation : Life Fitness Teams With Power Systems To Offer Branded Fitness Accessories \\|date\\= August 29, 2012 \\|publisher\\= Brunswick Corporation \\|accessdate\\= August 11, 2017 }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=July 2020 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} «*Power Systems* is a Christian\\-based business and we follow those guidelines in all aspects of the company; All of our business transactions reflect a firm commitment to our core value… Integrity», Bruno Pauletto says.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://clubsolutionsmagazine.com/2004/10/specialized\\-training\\-equipment\\-and\\-programs\\-for\\-your\\-members/ \\|title\\= Specialized Training Equipment and Programs for Your Members \\|date\\=October 1, 2004 \\|publisher\\= ClubSolutions: the business resource for health \\& fitness clubs \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}} See last paragraph of the page.",
"From June 1991 to June 1994 Bruno Pauletto was elected President of the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA). In view of the financial imbalance of the Association in 1991 Pauletto introduced a tighter cost control, and the efficiency gains achieved under his management allowed to consolidate a sound financial situation.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Pauletto \\|first1\\=Bruno \\|title\\=PRESIDENTʼS MESSAGE: The 'new' NSCA \\|journal\\=National Strength \\& Conditioning Association Journal \\|date\\=1992 \\|volume\\=14 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=83 \\|doi\\=10\\.1519/0744\\-0049(1992\\)014\\<0083:TNN\\>2\\.3\\.CO;2 \\|doi\\-broken\\-date\\=25 April 2024 }}{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.nsca.com/about\\-us/history/\\|title\\= Bruno Pauletto – President 1991 – 1994 \\|publisher\\=NSCA \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2017}} Click \"1990's\".{{cite news \\|title\\= Bruno Pauletto – President June, 1991, to June, 1994 \\|publisher\\=NSCA }} He also was a member of several NSCA committees.",
"During that period of time Bruno Pauletto published three books on [strength training](/wiki/Strength_training \"Strength training\"): for coaches, for [football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") and for [basketball](/wiki/Basketball \"Basketball\"). In 2007 he invented and patented a new type of exercise hurdle.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://patents.google.com/patent/US20080085816 \\|title\\= Fitness training hurdle Patent US 20080085816 A1\\|publisher\\= Google Patents \\|access\\-date\\=August 11, 2017}}",
"He was also a member of the editorial board of the magazine *Training \\& Conditioning* (T\\&C).",
""
] |
Phonology
---------
Mandinka is here represented by the variety spoken in [Casamance](/wiki/Casamance "Casamance").Maŋ Lafi Dramé (c. 2003\) *Parlons Mandinka* There is little dialectical diversity.
### Tone
Mandinka has two tones, high and low. Unmodified nouns are either high tone on all syllables or low tone on all syllables. The definite suffix *\-o* takes a low tone on high\-tone nouns and a falling tone on low\-tone nouns. It also assimilates any preceding short vowel, resulting in a long /oo/ with either low or falling tone. It shortens a preceding long high vowel (*ii* \> *io*, *uu* \> *uo*; *ee* optionally \> either *eo* or *ee*) or assimilates itself (*aa* remains *aa*) leaving only its tone:
/búŋ/ 'a room' \> /búŋò/ 'the room'
/tèŋ/ 'a palm tree' \> /tèŋô/ 'the palm tree'
/kídí/ 'a gun' \> /kídòò/ 'the gun'
/kòrdàà/ 'a house' \> /kòrdáà/ 'the house'
In Senegal and Gambia, Mandinka is approaching a system of [pitch accent](/wiki/Pitch_accent "Pitch accent") under the influence of local non\-tonal languages such as [Wolof](/wiki/Wolof_language "Wolof language"), [Serer](/wiki/Serer_language "Serer language"), and [Jola](/wiki/Jola_languages "Jola languages").
The tonal system remains more robust in the Eastern and Southern Mandinka dialects (Tilibo) spoken in the Guinea\-Bissau, Guinea and Eastern Senegal. These conservative dialects merge into other conservative Manding languages like [Maninka](/wiki/Maninka_language "Maninka language"), the once official language of the [Mali Empire](/wiki/Mali_Empire "Mali Empire"), [Bambara](/wiki/Bambara_language "Bambara language"), and [Susu](/wiki/Susu_language "Susu language"). All of these preserve the typical West African terraced downstep in tonality that is only lightly alluded to in the Western Mandinka dialects spoken in much of Gambia and Senegal.
### Vowels
Vowel qualities are {{IPA\|/i e a o u/}}. All may be long or short. There are no [nasal vowels](/wiki/Nasal_vowel "Nasal vowel"); instead, there is a coda consonant /ŋ/. Long vowels are written double: *aa*, *ee*, *ii*, *oo*, *uu*.
### Consonants
The following table gives the consonants in the Latin orthography, and their IPA equivalent when they differ.
| | | [Labial](/wiki/Labial_consonant "Labial consonant") | [Alveolar](/wiki/Alveolar_consonant "Alveolar consonant") | [Palatal](/wiki/Palatal_consonant "Palatal consonant") | [Velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant "Velar consonant") | [Glottal](/wiki/Glottal_consonant "Glottal consonant") |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [Nasal](/wiki/Nasal_consonant "Nasal consonant") | | {{IPA link\|m}} | {{IPA link\|n}} | {{IPA link\|ɲ}} {{angle bracket\|ñ}} | {{IPA link\|ŋ}} | |
| [Stop](/wiki/Stop_consonant "Stop consonant") | {{small\|\[\[voicelessness\|voiceless]]}} | ({{IPA link\|p}}){{efn\|name\=French loans\|/g/ and /p/ are found in French loans.}} | {{IPA link\|t}} | {{IPA link\|t͡ʃ}} {{angle bracket\|c}} | {{IPA link\|k}} | |
| {{small\|\[\[voice (phonetics)\|voiced]]}} | {{IPA link\|b}} | {{IPA link\|d}} | {{IPA link\|d͡ʒ}} {{angle bracket\|j}} | ({{IPA link\|g}}){{efn\|name\=French loans}} | |
| [Fricative](/wiki/Fricative_consonant "Fricative consonant") | {{small\|\[\[voicelessness\|voiceless]]}} | {{IPA link\|f}} | {{IPA link\|s}} | | | {{IPA link\|h}} |
| [Approximant](/wiki/Approximant "Approximant") | | {{IPA link\|w}} | {{IPA link\|l}} ({{IPA link\|r}}){{efn\|/r/ is only found initially in loans and onomatopoeia. Otherwise it is the intervocalic allophone of /d/.}} | {{IPA link\|j}} {{angle bracket\|y}} | | |
{{Notelist}}
Syllabic nasals occur, such as in *nnààm* 'yes!' (response), *ŋte* "I, me". Word\-initial *mb, nd, ndy, ng* occur but are not particularly common; it is not clear whether they should be considered syllabic nasals or additional consonants.
Consonants may be geminated in the middles of words (at least /pp, cc, jj, kk, ll, mm, nn, ññ/). The only other consonant found at the ends of syllables in native words is {{IPA\|/ŋ/}}. It assimilates to the following consonant: /ns, nc, mb/ etc. Syllable\-final /r/ and /s/ are found in French loans (e.g. /kùrtù/ "pants").
|
[
"Phonology\n---------",
"Mandinka is here represented by the variety spoken in [Casamance](/wiki/Casamance \"Casamance\").Maŋ Lafi Dramé (c. 2003\\) *Parlons Mandinka* There is little dialectical diversity.",
"### Tone",
"Mandinka has two tones, high and low. Unmodified nouns are either high tone on all syllables or low tone on all syllables. The definite suffix *\\-o* takes a low tone on high\\-tone nouns and a falling tone on low\\-tone nouns. It also assimilates any preceding short vowel, resulting in a long /oo/ with either low or falling tone. It shortens a preceding long high vowel (*ii* \\> *io*, *uu* \\> *uo*; *ee* optionally \\> either *eo* or *ee*) or assimilates itself (*aa* remains *aa*) leaving only its tone:\n/búŋ/ 'a room' \\> /búŋò/ 'the room'\n/tèŋ/ 'a palm tree' \\> /tèŋô/ 'the palm tree'\n/kídí/ 'a gun' \\> /kídòò/ 'the gun'\n/kòrdàà/ 'a house' \\> /kòrdáà/ 'the house'",
"In Senegal and Gambia, Mandinka is approaching a system of [pitch accent](/wiki/Pitch_accent \"Pitch accent\") under the influence of local non\\-tonal languages such as [Wolof](/wiki/Wolof_language \"Wolof language\"), [Serer](/wiki/Serer_language \"Serer language\"), and [Jola](/wiki/Jola_languages \"Jola languages\").",
"The tonal system remains more robust in the Eastern and Southern Mandinka dialects (Tilibo) spoken in the Guinea\\-Bissau, Guinea and Eastern Senegal. These conservative dialects merge into other conservative Manding languages like [Maninka](/wiki/Maninka_language \"Maninka language\"), the once official language of the [Mali Empire](/wiki/Mali_Empire \"Mali Empire\"), [Bambara](/wiki/Bambara_language \"Bambara language\"), and [Susu](/wiki/Susu_language \"Susu language\"). All of these preserve the typical West African terraced downstep in tonality that is only lightly alluded to in the Western Mandinka dialects spoken in much of Gambia and Senegal.",
"### Vowels",
"Vowel qualities are {{IPA\\|/i e a o u/}}. All may be long or short. There are no [nasal vowels](/wiki/Nasal_vowel \"Nasal vowel\"); instead, there is a coda consonant /ŋ/. Long vowels are written double: *aa*, *ee*, *ii*, *oo*, *uu*.",
"### Consonants",
"The following table gives the consonants in the Latin orthography, and their IPA equivalent when they differ.",
"| | | [Labial](/wiki/Labial_consonant \"Labial consonant\") | [Alveolar](/wiki/Alveolar_consonant \"Alveolar consonant\") | [Palatal](/wiki/Palatal_consonant \"Palatal consonant\") | [Velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant \"Velar consonant\") | [Glottal](/wiki/Glottal_consonant \"Glottal consonant\") |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Nasal](/wiki/Nasal_consonant \"Nasal consonant\") | | {{IPA link\\|m}} | {{IPA link\\|n}} | {{IPA link\\|ɲ}} {{angle bracket\\|ñ}} | {{IPA link\\|ŋ}} | |\n| [Stop](/wiki/Stop_consonant \"Stop consonant\") | {{small\\|\\[\\[voicelessness\\|voiceless]]}} | ({{IPA link\\|p}}){{efn\\|name\\=French loans\\|/g/ and /p/ are found in French loans.}} | {{IPA link\\|t}} | {{IPA link\\|t͡ʃ}} {{angle bracket\\|c}} | {{IPA link\\|k}} | |\n| {{small\\|\\[\\[voice (phonetics)\\|voiced]]}} | {{IPA link\\|b}} | {{IPA link\\|d}} | {{IPA link\\|d͡ʒ}} {{angle bracket\\|j}} | ({{IPA link\\|g}}){{efn\\|name\\=French loans}} | |\n| [Fricative](/wiki/Fricative_consonant \"Fricative consonant\") | {{small\\|\\[\\[voicelessness\\|voiceless]]}} | {{IPA link\\|f}} | {{IPA link\\|s}} | | | {{IPA link\\|h}} |\n| [Approximant](/wiki/Approximant \"Approximant\") | | {{IPA link\\|w}} | {{IPA link\\|l}} ({{IPA link\\|r}}){{efn\\|/r/ is only found initially in loans and onomatopoeia. Otherwise it is the intervocalic allophone of /d/.}} | {{IPA link\\|j}} {{angle bracket\\|y}} | | |",
"{{Notelist}}",
"Syllabic nasals occur, such as in *nnààm* 'yes!' (response), *ŋte* \"I, me\". Word\\-initial *mb, nd, ndy, ng* occur but are not particularly common; it is not clear whether they should be considered syllabic nasals or additional consonants.",
"Consonants may be geminated in the middles of words (at least /pp, cc, jj, kk, ll, mm, nn, ññ/). The only other consonant found at the ends of syllables in native words is {{IPA\\|/ŋ/}}. It assimilates to the following consonant: /ns, nc, mb/ etc. Syllable\\-final /r/ and /s/ are found in French loans (e.g. /kùrtù/ \"pants\").",
""
] |
Appearances
-----------
### *Arrow*
Sara Lance first appears in the pilot episode of *[Arrow](/wiki/Arrow_%28TV_series%29 "Arrow (TV series)")* as the younger sister of [Laurel Lance](/wiki/Laurel_Lance_%28Arrowverse%29 "Laurel Lance (Arrowverse)"). It's shown that five years prior to the beginning of the series, she was having a secret affair with her sister's boyfriend [Oliver Queen](/wiki/Oliver_Queen_%28Arrowverse%29 "Oliver Queen (Arrowverse)") and was with him on his family yacht when it shipwrecked.{{Cite episode \|title\=Pilot \|episode\-link\=Pilot (Arrow) \|series\=Arrow \|series\-link\=Arrow (TV series) \|network\=\[\[The CW]] \|date\=October 10, 2012 \|season\=1 \|number\=1}} Everyone on board was presumed dead but flashbacks in season two reveal that, like Oliver, Sara actually survived the experience. She was rescued by a research boat, the *[Amazo](/wiki/Amazo "Amazo")*, and when Oliver was captured by the ship's crew, Sara helped him escape. Together, along with Oliver's friend [Slade Wilson](/wiki/Slade_Wilson_%28Arrowverse%29 "Slade Wilson (Arrowverse)"), they attacked the ship. Due to Slade's love for [Shado](/wiki/Shado_%28Arrowverse%29 "Shado (Arrowverse)"), an ally who was killed indirectly because of Oliver who was being forced to choose who to live between Sara and Shado, Slade betrayed Oliver and took over both the ship and Oliver as his prisoner. Oliver and Sara confronted him on the freighter and Sara was swept away in the current, causing Oliver to believe that she died once again. However, Sara was found by [Nyssa al Ghul](/wiki/Nyssa_al_Ghul_%28Arrowverse%29 "Nyssa al Ghul (Arrowverse)"), who took her to [Nanda Parbat](/wiki/Nanda_Parbat "Nanda Parbat"). She and Nyssa became lovers, and Sara became a deadly fighter with the [League of Assassins](/wiki/League_of_Assassins_%28Arrowverse%29 "League of Assassins (Arrowverse)") under the name *Ta\-er al\-Sahfer*, roughly translated to "Yellow Bird" or "Canary" from Arabic.
In season two, Sara returns to [Starling City](/wiki/Starling_City "Starling City") after a six\-year absence as "The Canary" to protect her family. In keeping with a promise, she also befriends wayward teenager [Sin](/wiki/Sin_%28Arrowverse%29 "Sin (Arrowverse)") and watches over her. Oliver manages to capture and unmask The Canary, revealing Sara to be alive. She eventually informs her father, SCPD Detective [Quentin Lance](/wiki/Quentin_Lance "Quentin Lance"), and looks after him and Laurel (who also later discovers she's alive and is a vigilante). Sara joins Team Arrow and revisits a brief relationship with Oliver. She aids him and his colleagues [Felicity Smoak](/wiki/Felicity_Smoak_%28Arrowverse%29 "Felicity Smoak (Arrowverse)"), [John Diggle](/wiki/John_Diggle_%28Arrowverse%29 "John Diggle (Arrowverse)"), and [Roy Harper](/wiki/Roy_Harper_%28Arrowverse%29 "Roy Harper (Arrowverse)") in taking down a drug\-enhanced Slade Wilson, with help from the League of Assassins, which requires Sara to return to Nanda Parbat.
In season three, Sara is killed on a rooftop with three arrows to the chest. Some time later, it is revealed that [Thea Queen](/wiki/Thea_Queen "Thea Queen") killed Sara after being drugged by her father [Malcolm Merlyn/Dark Archer](/wiki/Malcolm_Merlyn_%28Arrowverse%29 "Malcolm Merlyn (Arrowverse)") as part of a plot to pit Oliver against [Ra's al Ghul](/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul_%28Arrowverse%29 "Ra's al Ghul (Arrowverse)").{{Cite web \|last\=Stone \|first\=Sam \|date\=2019\-09\-01 \|title\=Arrow: Who Really Killed Sara Lance? \|url\=https://www.cbr.com/arrow\-who\-killed\-sara\-lance/ \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-10 \|website\=CBR \|language\=en}} Meanwhile, Laurel takes up Sara's mantle to fight crime as the Black Canary.
In season four, Laurel resurrects Sara using the League's mystical Lazarus Pit. The process is successful, but Sara is brought back to life without a soul, making her feral and dangerous. Oliver calls his old friend [John Constantine](/wiki/John_Constantine_%28Arrowverse%29 "John Constantine (Arrowverse)") to assist them in restoring Sara's soul. Days later, Sara aids in rescuing [Ray Palmer/The Atom](/wiki/Ray_Palmer_%28Arrowverse%29 "Ray Palmer (Arrowverse)") from the hands of [Damien Darhk](/wiki/Damien_Darhk_%28Arrowverse%29 "Damien Darhk (Arrowverse)"), before leaving town to find herself, eventually joining the [Legends](/wiki/Legends_%28superhero_team%29 "Legends (superhero team)") along with Ray. During her time away with the Legends, Laurel is killed by Darhk and Sara is later made aware of it by Quentin when she briefly returns to present\-day Star City at the end of season one of [Legends of Tomorrow](/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow "Legends of Tomorrow"), where she and Quentin mourn Laurel together.
Sara, along with Ray and the rest of the Legends, return for the season five crossover "[Invasion!](/wiki/Invasion%21_%28Arrowverse%29 "Invasion! (Arrowverse)")" when [Barry Allen/The Flash](/wiki/Barry_Allen_%28Arrowverse%29 "Barry Allen (Arrowverse)") and his team contact her, informing her and the Legends that they and the rest of the heroes in the present day need help fighting an invasion from an alien race known as the [Dominators](/wiki/Dominators_%28Arrowverse%29 "Dominators (Arrowverse)"). The Legends arrive and meet up with Team Flash and Team Arrow, then introduce themselves to Barry's friend from Earth\-38 [Kara Danvers/Supergirl](/wiki/Kara_Zor-El_%28Arrowverse%29 "Kara Zor-El (Arrowverse)"), whom he had brought over to help combat the Dominators. After Oliver appoints Barry leader of the group, they all spar with Kara to practice fighting aliens, and are repeatedly defeated. Meanwhile, Sara develops a small friendship with Kara. When Barry is forced to reveal that he had gone back in time to save his mother and then reversed the decision, which has now altered some of the group's lives a bit, Sara scolds him and everyone except Oliver and a few others lose faith in Barry. Kara leads Sara and the others, while Barry and Oliver stay behind to rescue the president from the Dominators. This ends with the president being killed and the Dominators using a device to mind\-control the entire group. Sara returns with the rest of the mind\-controlled heroes and attacks Barry and Oliver, until Barry tricks Kara into destroying the device, freeing them. They regroup and after they reaffirm their faith in Barry, five of them (Sara, Oliver, Ray, Thea, and Diggle) are abducted by the Dominators and placed in pods that put them in a shared dream world, where Sara, Oliver, and Oliver's father never got on the *[Queen's Gambit](/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_%28Arrowverse%29 "Queen's Gambit (Arrowverse)")* and all of Oliver fallen friends, including Laurel, are still alive. In this dream world, Oliver and Laurel are engaged, and while Sara helps Laurel get ready for their wedding, she begins having memory flashes of her actual life. Sara later saves Oliver and Diggle from a manifestation of Deathstroke, and the three realize that the world they're in isn't real. They later rally Ray and Thea and attempt to leave, but are forced to fight manifestations of Malcolm, Slade, Darhk, and their mercenaries before killing all of them. Sara and Oliver share a heartbreaking goodbye with Laurel. They wake up on the Dominator ship in the real world and escape in a pod before being rescued by the Legends' timeship Waverider. They conclude that the dream world was a distraction meant to keep them busy while the Dominators probed their minds for information on metahumans. They return to earth, and as some of the Legends—along with Felicity and [Cisco Ramon](/wiki/Cisco_Ramon_%28Arrowverse%29 "Cisco Ramon (Arrowverse)")—head to the past and attempt to abduct a dominator, Sara, Barry, Oliver, and Ray confront a group of secret service agents who attempt to kill them. They defeat the agents, whose leader informs them that the Dominators are after metahumans because they are aware that Barry has changed the timeline. The Dominators now perceive them as a threat. Barry attempts to surrender himself to the Dominators in exchange for their leaving earth, but Sara and the rest of the heroes persuade him not to. She pilots the Waverider with Cisco to hold the Dominator's freefalling metabomb in place with a tractor beam while [Jefferson Jackson/Firestorm](/wiki/Jefferson_Jackson_%28Arrowverse%29 "Jefferson Jackson (Arrowverse)") transforms it into harmless water and the heroes on the ground use a pain\-inflicting device to force the Dominators to flee. Sara and the other heroes are honored by the new president later that night and they celebrate, before sharing a hug with Oliver and returning to the Waverider with the rest of the Legends.
Sara briefly returns in season six when she receives a call from her sister's doppelgänger, the recently reformed criminal from Earth\-2 [Laurel Lance / Black Siren](/wiki/Laurel_Lance_%28Arrowverse_Earth-2%29 "Laurel Lance (Arrowverse Earth-2)"), who informs her that Quentin had been seriously injured in the battle against [Ricardo Diaz](/wiki/Ricardo_Diaz_%28Arrowverse%29 "Ricardo Diaz (Arrowverse)") and is in the hospital. Sara arrives and meets her deceased sister's doppelgänger, who had developed a genuine father\-daughter relationship with Quentin; they refer to each other as such. Sara thanks Earth\-2 Laurel for calling her; Laurel thanks her for coming. Laurel tells her that the doctors are optimistic that Quentin will make it and asks Sara if it's weird seeing her. Sara replies that it is, a little. Sara asks if she is like her Laurel, and Laurel replies that she hardly is at all, clearly disappointed with herself. The two witness Oliver being arrested for being the Green Arrow per the condition of his agreement with the FBI, in exchange for their help in the fight against Diaz and his allies. The doctor comes and informs everyone present that Quentin has died from lack of oxygen to his brain during surgery, leaving Sara, Laurel, Oliver, and the rest of Team Arrow devastated. Later, as Oliver (under the direction of the FBI) announces to the world on live TV that he is the Green Arrow, before being taken to prison, Sara and Laurel mourn together over Quentin's body.{{Cite episode \|title\=Life Sentence \|episode\-link\=Life Sentence (Arrow) \|series\=Arrow \|series\-link\=Arrow (TV series) \|network\=\[\[The CW]] \|date\=May 17, 2018 \|season\=6 \|number\=23}}
In season seven, Sara returns when Felicity summons her to convince Black Siren to stop her crime spree after her crimes and being framed for murder. After they and Dinah stop Shadow Thief. Sara helps Black Siren come to terms with Quention's death.
In season eight, Sara witnesses Oliver's sacrifice to create Earth\-Prime and attends his funeral.
### *Legends of Tomorrow*
In the spin\-off series, *[Legends of Tomorrow](/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow "Legends of Tomorrow")*, Sara is recruited by [Rip Hunter](/wiki/Rip_Hunter_%28Arrowverse%29 "Rip Hunter (Arrowverse)") to a [time travelling](/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction "Time travel in fiction") team of rejects aimed at defeating the immortal villain [Vandal Savage](/wiki/Vandal_Savage_%28Arrowverse%29 "Vandal Savage (Arrowverse)"). Before she departs, Laurel gives Sara the [White Canary](/wiki/White_Canary "White Canary") name and outfit to signify her new start. Over the course of the first season, Sara continues her battle with blood\-lust and [sets in motion](/wiki/Causal_loop "Causal loop") the events that will lead to her own rescue by Nyssa. While she romances or flirts with numerous people throughout history, among them a younger Martin Stein and a closeted lesbian 1950s nurse, she develops a budding relationship with teammate [Leonard Snart](/wiki/Leonard_Snart_%28Arrowverse%29 "Leonard Snart (Arrowverse)"), who bonds with her due to their common history as killers and desire to redeem themselves. Though Sara is slow to return his feelings, Snart eventually hints at his love for her and expresses a desire to have a future with her near the end of the season after they destroy the Occulus. Snart, however, ends up sacrificing himself to destroy the Occulus in Ray Palmer's place, and Sara kisses him for the first and final time before leaving with the rest of the team before the Vanishing Point explodes. Sara subsequently mourns Snart's death and admits that he died a hero. The Legends return to 2016 a few months after they left, where Sara learns from her father that [Laurel was killed by Damien Dhark](/wiki/Arrow_season_4 "Arrow season 4"). Sara confronts Rip about deliberately returning her to after Laurel's death to stop her from trying to save her, but Rip tells her that Laurel's death is a fixed point in time, and attempting to change it will only get herself and her father killed.
In season two, Sara becomes [captain](/wiki/Pilot_in_command "Pilot in command") of the timeship *Waverider* and [leader](/wiki/Team_leader "Team leader") of the Legends following Rip's disappearance. She mercilessly hunts Darhk throughout history before accepting that she cannot bring Laurel back due to the delicacy of time. In the "[Invasion!](/wiki/Invasion%21_%28Arrowverse%29 "Invasion! (Arrowverse)")" crossover event, Sara and the Legends return to 2016 to aid Team Arrow, Team Flash, and Earth\-38's [Supergirl](/wiki/Supergirl_%28Arrowverse%29 "Supergirl (Arrowverse)") in repelling the Dominators' alien invasion. She subsequently learns of the subtle changes in the timeline due to [Barry Allen](/wiki/Barry_Allen_%28Arrowverse%29 "Barry Allen (Arrowverse)") [travelling back in time to save his mother from Eobard Thawne](/wiki/The_Flash_season_3 "The Flash season 3") out of grief for his father's death at the hands of Zoom, subsequently creating and undoing the *Flashpoint* timeline which has alerted the Dominators, and scolds Barry for his carelessness, while still using her own experience losing Laurel to sympathize with Barry. In the second\-season finale, Sara is forced to use the [Spear of Destiny](/wiki/Holy_Lance "Holy Lance") to save reality from the [Legion of Doom](/wiki/Legion_of_Doom_%28Arrowverse%29 "Legion of Doom (Arrowverse)"). While tempted to rewrite her own tragic history, the Spear briefly reunites Sara with a projection of Laurel, who encourages Sara to do what's right and make peace with her death. Sara then chooses to render the Spear itself inert, foiling the plans of [Thawne](/wiki/Eobard_Thawne_%28Arrowverse%29 "Eobard Thawne (Arrowverse)") himself (whose death as a result of [Eddie Thawne's suicide](/wiki/The_Flash_season_1 "The Flash season 1") had also been undone due to Barry creating and reverting *Flashpoint*) and allowing him to be killed by the [Black Flash](/wiki/Black_Flash_%28Arrowverse%29 "Black Flash (Arrowverse)"), who has been hunting him all season.
In season three of *Legends*, Sara continues to lead the *Waverider* crew as they track down and repair anachronisms throughout time, working in an antagonistic partnership with Rip Hunter's new bureaucratic organization, the Time Bureau. In the four\-part crossover "[Crisis on Earth\-X](/wiki/Crisis_on_Earth-X "Crisis on Earth-X")", Sara travels to 2017 to attend the wedding of Barry Allen and [Iris West](/wiki/Iris_West_%28Arrowverse%29 "Iris West (Arrowverse)"), where she has a one\-night stand with Supergirl's adoptive sister [Alex Danvers](/wiki/Alex_Danvers "Alex Danvers"). The assembled heroes work together to repel an invading [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi "Nazi") army from the alternate world of [Earth\-X](/wiki/Earth-X_%28Arrowverse%29 "Earth-X (Arrowverse)"). While confronting the demonic entity [Mallus](/wiki/Mallus_%28Arrowverse%29 "Mallus (Arrowverse)") alongside her old friend John Constantine, Sara and Constantine hook up, despite her ongoing romantic tension with Time Bureau agent [Ava Sharpe](/wiki/Ava_Sharpe "Ava Sharpe"). Ava and Sara begin dating in subsequent episodes, but break up after Sara is temporarily possessed by Mallus through the death totem and reasons that, given her history with death and destruction, she poses a danger to Ava.
Despite this setback, they soon get back together, with the two shown to be in a stable relationship by the time of the Legends removing [Paul Revere](/wiki/Paul_Revere "Paul Revere") from the height of [Beatlemania](/wiki/Beatlemania "Beatlemania"). Season four of *Legends* focuses on Sara leading the team to track down magical "fugitives" of mythology from around the timestream, with the support of Ava and the Time Bureau. In season five, after the Time Bureau is no more, Ava is co\-captain of the *Waverider* and helps the team track down the "encores", evil criminals returned from hell to different points on the timeline. In season six, Sara is abducted by aliens, later revealed to be employed by Bishop, a scientist from the 22nd century and Ava's creator, who wants Sara to work with him in an attempt to restart the human race with alien\-human hybrids. After being fatally poisoned by an alien, Bishop clones Sara and transfers her dying mind into her new body that is spliced with alien DNA granting Sara regenerative abilities. Although horrified by what Bishop has done to her and no longer sure of who she is, Mick convinces her that she is still herself. After escaping the alien world with Mick and Gary, Sara returns to Earth and proposes to Ava who gladly accepts. The two eventually wed in 1925, during an alien invasion caused by Bishop which the Legends eventually manage to stop. However, before the Legends able to leave 1925, an unknown second Waverider destroyed the original Waverider.
During season seven, Sara is stranded in 1925 with the rest of the Legends. While trying to get back to 2021, they learn that the second Waverider was commanded by Bishop along with an evil version of Gideon, who later deploys robot versions of themselves to eliminate the Legends. Sara and the Legends try to get to [Gwyn Davies](/wiki/List_of_Legends_of_Tomorrow_characters%23Gwyn_Davies "List of Legends of Tomorrow characters#Gwyn Davies") in New York, the person who invented time travel, in order to help them get back home. At the end of season seven, it is revealed that Sara is pregnant with Ava's baby. When she returned to the Waverider, she was arrested by the Time Police alongside her team for breaking the timeline.
|
[
"Appearances\n-----------",
"### *Arrow*",
"Sara Lance first appears in the pilot episode of *[Arrow](/wiki/Arrow_%28TV_series%29 \"Arrow (TV series)\")* as the younger sister of [Laurel Lance](/wiki/Laurel_Lance_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Laurel Lance (Arrowverse)\"). It's shown that five years prior to the beginning of the series, she was having a secret affair with her sister's boyfriend [Oliver Queen](/wiki/Oliver_Queen_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Oliver Queen (Arrowverse)\") and was with him on his family yacht when it shipwrecked.{{Cite episode \\|title\\=Pilot \\|episode\\-link\\=Pilot (Arrow) \\|series\\=Arrow \\|series\\-link\\=Arrow (TV series) \\|network\\=\\[\\[The CW]] \\|date\\=October 10, 2012 \\|season\\=1 \\|number\\=1}} Everyone on board was presumed dead but flashbacks in season two reveal that, like Oliver, Sara actually survived the experience. She was rescued by a research boat, the *[Amazo](/wiki/Amazo \"Amazo\")*, and when Oliver was captured by the ship's crew, Sara helped him escape. Together, along with Oliver's friend [Slade Wilson](/wiki/Slade_Wilson_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Slade Wilson (Arrowverse)\"), they attacked the ship. Due to Slade's love for [Shado](/wiki/Shado_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Shado (Arrowverse)\"), an ally who was killed indirectly because of Oliver who was being forced to choose who to live between Sara and Shado, Slade betrayed Oliver and took over both the ship and Oliver as his prisoner. Oliver and Sara confronted him on the freighter and Sara was swept away in the current, causing Oliver to believe that she died once again. However, Sara was found by [Nyssa al Ghul](/wiki/Nyssa_al_Ghul_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Nyssa al Ghul (Arrowverse)\"), who took her to [Nanda Parbat](/wiki/Nanda_Parbat \"Nanda Parbat\"). She and Nyssa became lovers, and Sara became a deadly fighter with the [League of Assassins](/wiki/League_of_Assassins_%28Arrowverse%29 \"League of Assassins (Arrowverse)\") under the name *Ta\\-er al\\-Sahfer*, roughly translated to \"Yellow Bird\" or \"Canary\" from Arabic.",
"In season two, Sara returns to [Starling City](/wiki/Starling_City \"Starling City\") after a six\\-year absence as \"The Canary\" to protect her family. In keeping with a promise, she also befriends wayward teenager [Sin](/wiki/Sin_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Sin (Arrowverse)\") and watches over her. Oliver manages to capture and unmask The Canary, revealing Sara to be alive. She eventually informs her father, SCPD Detective [Quentin Lance](/wiki/Quentin_Lance \"Quentin Lance\"), and looks after him and Laurel (who also later discovers she's alive and is a vigilante). Sara joins Team Arrow and revisits a brief relationship with Oliver. She aids him and his colleagues [Felicity Smoak](/wiki/Felicity_Smoak_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Felicity Smoak (Arrowverse)\"), [John Diggle](/wiki/John_Diggle_%28Arrowverse%29 \"John Diggle (Arrowverse)\"), and [Roy Harper](/wiki/Roy_Harper_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Roy Harper (Arrowverse)\") in taking down a drug\\-enhanced Slade Wilson, with help from the League of Assassins, which requires Sara to return to Nanda Parbat.",
"In season three, Sara is killed on a rooftop with three arrows to the chest. Some time later, it is revealed that [Thea Queen](/wiki/Thea_Queen \"Thea Queen\") killed Sara after being drugged by her father [Malcolm Merlyn/Dark Archer](/wiki/Malcolm_Merlyn_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Malcolm Merlyn (Arrowverse)\") as part of a plot to pit Oliver against [Ra's al Ghul](/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Ra's al Ghul (Arrowverse)\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Stone \\|first\\=Sam \\|date\\=2019\\-09\\-01 \\|title\\=Arrow: Who Really Killed Sara Lance? \\|url\\=https://www.cbr.com/arrow\\-who\\-killed\\-sara\\-lance/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-10 \\|website\\=CBR \\|language\\=en}} Meanwhile, Laurel takes up Sara's mantle to fight crime as the Black Canary.",
"In season four, Laurel resurrects Sara using the League's mystical Lazarus Pit. The process is successful, but Sara is brought back to life without a soul, making her feral and dangerous. Oliver calls his old friend [John Constantine](/wiki/John_Constantine_%28Arrowverse%29 \"John Constantine (Arrowverse)\") to assist them in restoring Sara's soul. Days later, Sara aids in rescuing [Ray Palmer/The Atom](/wiki/Ray_Palmer_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Ray Palmer (Arrowverse)\") from the hands of [Damien Darhk](/wiki/Damien_Darhk_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Damien Darhk (Arrowverse)\"), before leaving town to find herself, eventually joining the [Legends](/wiki/Legends_%28superhero_team%29 \"Legends (superhero team)\") along with Ray. During her time away with the Legends, Laurel is killed by Darhk and Sara is later made aware of it by Quentin when she briefly returns to present\\-day Star City at the end of season one of [Legends of Tomorrow](/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow \"Legends of Tomorrow\"), where she and Quentin mourn Laurel together.",
"Sara, along with Ray and the rest of the Legends, return for the season five crossover \"[Invasion!](/wiki/Invasion%21_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Invasion! (Arrowverse)\")\" when [Barry Allen/The Flash](/wiki/Barry_Allen_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Barry Allen (Arrowverse)\") and his team contact her, informing her and the Legends that they and the rest of the heroes in the present day need help fighting an invasion from an alien race known as the [Dominators](/wiki/Dominators_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Dominators (Arrowverse)\"). The Legends arrive and meet up with Team Flash and Team Arrow, then introduce themselves to Barry's friend from Earth\\-38 [Kara Danvers/Supergirl](/wiki/Kara_Zor-El_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Kara Zor-El (Arrowverse)\"), whom he had brought over to help combat the Dominators. After Oliver appoints Barry leader of the group, they all spar with Kara to practice fighting aliens, and are repeatedly defeated. Meanwhile, Sara develops a small friendship with Kara. When Barry is forced to reveal that he had gone back in time to save his mother and then reversed the decision, which has now altered some of the group's lives a bit, Sara scolds him and everyone except Oliver and a few others lose faith in Barry. Kara leads Sara and the others, while Barry and Oliver stay behind to rescue the president from the Dominators. This ends with the president being killed and the Dominators using a device to mind\\-control the entire group. Sara returns with the rest of the mind\\-controlled heroes and attacks Barry and Oliver, until Barry tricks Kara into destroying the device, freeing them. They regroup and after they reaffirm their faith in Barry, five of them (Sara, Oliver, Ray, Thea, and Diggle) are abducted by the Dominators and placed in pods that put them in a shared dream world, where Sara, Oliver, and Oliver's father never got on the *[Queen's Gambit](/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Queen's Gambit (Arrowverse)\")* and all of Oliver fallen friends, including Laurel, are still alive. In this dream world, Oliver and Laurel are engaged, and while Sara helps Laurel get ready for their wedding, she begins having memory flashes of her actual life. Sara later saves Oliver and Diggle from a manifestation of Deathstroke, and the three realize that the world they're in isn't real. They later rally Ray and Thea and attempt to leave, but are forced to fight manifestations of Malcolm, Slade, Darhk, and their mercenaries before killing all of them. Sara and Oliver share a heartbreaking goodbye with Laurel. They wake up on the Dominator ship in the real world and escape in a pod before being rescued by the Legends' timeship Waverider. They conclude that the dream world was a distraction meant to keep them busy while the Dominators probed their minds for information on metahumans. They return to earth, and as some of the Legends—along with Felicity and [Cisco Ramon](/wiki/Cisco_Ramon_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Cisco Ramon (Arrowverse)\")—head to the past and attempt to abduct a dominator, Sara, Barry, Oliver, and Ray confront a group of secret service agents who attempt to kill them. They defeat the agents, whose leader informs them that the Dominators are after metahumans because they are aware that Barry has changed the timeline. The Dominators now perceive them as a threat. Barry attempts to surrender himself to the Dominators in exchange for their leaving earth, but Sara and the rest of the heroes persuade him not to. She pilots the Waverider with Cisco to hold the Dominator's freefalling metabomb in place with a tractor beam while [Jefferson Jackson/Firestorm](/wiki/Jefferson_Jackson_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Jefferson Jackson (Arrowverse)\") transforms it into harmless water and the heroes on the ground use a pain\\-inflicting device to force the Dominators to flee. Sara and the other heroes are honored by the new president later that night and they celebrate, before sharing a hug with Oliver and returning to the Waverider with the rest of the Legends.",
"Sara briefly returns in season six when she receives a call from her sister's doppelgänger, the recently reformed criminal from Earth\\-2 [Laurel Lance / Black Siren](/wiki/Laurel_Lance_%28Arrowverse_Earth-2%29 \"Laurel Lance (Arrowverse Earth-2)\"), who informs her that Quentin had been seriously injured in the battle against [Ricardo Diaz](/wiki/Ricardo_Diaz_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Ricardo Diaz (Arrowverse)\") and is in the hospital. Sara arrives and meets her deceased sister's doppelgänger, who had developed a genuine father\\-daughter relationship with Quentin; they refer to each other as such. Sara thanks Earth\\-2 Laurel for calling her; Laurel thanks her for coming. Laurel tells her that the doctors are optimistic that Quentin will make it and asks Sara if it's weird seeing her. Sara replies that it is, a little. Sara asks if she is like her Laurel, and Laurel replies that she hardly is at all, clearly disappointed with herself. The two witness Oliver being arrested for being the Green Arrow per the condition of his agreement with the FBI, in exchange for their help in the fight against Diaz and his allies. The doctor comes and informs everyone present that Quentin has died from lack of oxygen to his brain during surgery, leaving Sara, Laurel, Oliver, and the rest of Team Arrow devastated. Later, as Oliver (under the direction of the FBI) announces to the world on live TV that he is the Green Arrow, before being taken to prison, Sara and Laurel mourn together over Quentin's body.{{Cite episode \\|title\\=Life Sentence \\|episode\\-link\\=Life Sentence (Arrow) \\|series\\=Arrow \\|series\\-link\\=Arrow (TV series) \\|network\\=\\[\\[The CW]] \\|date\\=May 17, 2018 \\|season\\=6 \\|number\\=23}}",
"In season seven, Sara returns when Felicity summons her to convince Black Siren to stop her crime spree after her crimes and being framed for murder. After they and Dinah stop Shadow Thief. Sara helps Black Siren come to terms with Quention's death.",
"In season eight, Sara witnesses Oliver's sacrifice to create Earth\\-Prime and attends his funeral.",
"### *Legends of Tomorrow*",
"In the spin\\-off series, *[Legends of Tomorrow](/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow \"Legends of Tomorrow\")*, Sara is recruited by [Rip Hunter](/wiki/Rip_Hunter_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Rip Hunter (Arrowverse)\") to a [time travelling](/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction \"Time travel in fiction\") team of rejects aimed at defeating the immortal villain [Vandal Savage](/wiki/Vandal_Savage_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Vandal Savage (Arrowverse)\"). Before she departs, Laurel gives Sara the [White Canary](/wiki/White_Canary \"White Canary\") name and outfit to signify her new start. Over the course of the first season, Sara continues her battle with blood\\-lust and [sets in motion](/wiki/Causal_loop \"Causal loop\") the events that will lead to her own rescue by Nyssa. While she romances or flirts with numerous people throughout history, among them a younger Martin Stein and a closeted lesbian 1950s nurse, she develops a budding relationship with teammate [Leonard Snart](/wiki/Leonard_Snart_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Leonard Snart (Arrowverse)\"), who bonds with her due to their common history as killers and desire to redeem themselves. Though Sara is slow to return his feelings, Snart eventually hints at his love for her and expresses a desire to have a future with her near the end of the season after they destroy the Occulus. Snart, however, ends up sacrificing himself to destroy the Occulus in Ray Palmer's place, and Sara kisses him for the first and final time before leaving with the rest of the team before the Vanishing Point explodes. Sara subsequently mourns Snart's death and admits that he died a hero. The Legends return to 2016 a few months after they left, where Sara learns from her father that [Laurel was killed by Damien Dhark](/wiki/Arrow_season_4 \"Arrow season 4\"). Sara confronts Rip about deliberately returning her to after Laurel's death to stop her from trying to save her, but Rip tells her that Laurel's death is a fixed point in time, and attempting to change it will only get herself and her father killed.",
"In season two, Sara becomes [captain](/wiki/Pilot_in_command \"Pilot in command\") of the timeship *Waverider* and [leader](/wiki/Team_leader \"Team leader\") of the Legends following Rip's disappearance. She mercilessly hunts Darhk throughout history before accepting that she cannot bring Laurel back due to the delicacy of time. In the \"[Invasion!](/wiki/Invasion%21_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Invasion! (Arrowverse)\")\" crossover event, Sara and the Legends return to 2016 to aid Team Arrow, Team Flash, and Earth\\-38's [Supergirl](/wiki/Supergirl_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Supergirl (Arrowverse)\") in repelling the Dominators' alien invasion. She subsequently learns of the subtle changes in the timeline due to [Barry Allen](/wiki/Barry_Allen_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Barry Allen (Arrowverse)\") [travelling back in time to save his mother from Eobard Thawne](/wiki/The_Flash_season_3 \"The Flash season 3\") out of grief for his father's death at the hands of Zoom, subsequently creating and undoing the *Flashpoint* timeline which has alerted the Dominators, and scolds Barry for his carelessness, while still using her own experience losing Laurel to sympathize with Barry. In the second\\-season finale, Sara is forced to use the [Spear of Destiny](/wiki/Holy_Lance \"Holy Lance\") to save reality from the [Legion of Doom](/wiki/Legion_of_Doom_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Legion of Doom (Arrowverse)\"). While tempted to rewrite her own tragic history, the Spear briefly reunites Sara with a projection of Laurel, who encourages Sara to do what's right and make peace with her death. Sara then chooses to render the Spear itself inert, foiling the plans of [Thawne](/wiki/Eobard_Thawne_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Eobard Thawne (Arrowverse)\") himself (whose death as a result of [Eddie Thawne's suicide](/wiki/The_Flash_season_1 \"The Flash season 1\") had also been undone due to Barry creating and reverting *Flashpoint*) and allowing him to be killed by the [Black Flash](/wiki/Black_Flash_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Black Flash (Arrowverse)\"), who has been hunting him all season.",
"In season three of *Legends*, Sara continues to lead the *Waverider* crew as they track down and repair anachronisms throughout time, working in an antagonistic partnership with Rip Hunter's new bureaucratic organization, the Time Bureau. In the four\\-part crossover \"[Crisis on Earth\\-X](/wiki/Crisis_on_Earth-X \"Crisis on Earth-X\")\", Sara travels to 2017 to attend the wedding of Barry Allen and [Iris West](/wiki/Iris_West_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Iris West (Arrowverse)\"), where she has a one\\-night stand with Supergirl's adoptive sister [Alex Danvers](/wiki/Alex_Danvers \"Alex Danvers\"). The assembled heroes work together to repel an invading [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi \"Nazi\") army from the alternate world of [Earth\\-X](/wiki/Earth-X_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Earth-X (Arrowverse)\"). While confronting the demonic entity [Mallus](/wiki/Mallus_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Mallus (Arrowverse)\") alongside her old friend John Constantine, Sara and Constantine hook up, despite her ongoing romantic tension with Time Bureau agent [Ava Sharpe](/wiki/Ava_Sharpe \"Ava Sharpe\"). Ava and Sara begin dating in subsequent episodes, but break up after Sara is temporarily possessed by Mallus through the death totem and reasons that, given her history with death and destruction, she poses a danger to Ava.",
"Despite this setback, they soon get back together, with the two shown to be in a stable relationship by the time of the Legends removing [Paul Revere](/wiki/Paul_Revere \"Paul Revere\") from the height of [Beatlemania](/wiki/Beatlemania \"Beatlemania\"). Season four of *Legends* focuses on Sara leading the team to track down magical \"fugitives\" of mythology from around the timestream, with the support of Ava and the Time Bureau. In season five, after the Time Bureau is no more, Ava is co\\-captain of the *Waverider* and helps the team track down the \"encores\", evil criminals returned from hell to different points on the timeline. In season six, Sara is abducted by aliens, later revealed to be employed by Bishop, a scientist from the 22nd century and Ava's creator, who wants Sara to work with him in an attempt to restart the human race with alien\\-human hybrids. After being fatally poisoned by an alien, Bishop clones Sara and transfers her dying mind into her new body that is spliced with alien DNA granting Sara regenerative abilities. Although horrified by what Bishop has done to her and no longer sure of who she is, Mick convinces her that she is still herself. After escaping the alien world with Mick and Gary, Sara returns to Earth and proposes to Ava who gladly accepts. The two eventually wed in 1925, during an alien invasion caused by Bishop which the Legends eventually manage to stop. However, before the Legends able to leave 1925, an unknown second Waverider destroyed the original Waverider.",
"During season seven, Sara is stranded in 1925 with the rest of the Legends. While trying to get back to 2021, they learn that the second Waverider was commanded by Bishop along with an evil version of Gideon, who later deploys robot versions of themselves to eliminate the Legends. Sara and the Legends try to get to [Gwyn Davies](/wiki/List_of_Legends_of_Tomorrow_characters%23Gwyn_Davies \"List of Legends of Tomorrow characters#Gwyn Davies\") in New York, the person who invented time travel, in order to help them get back home. At the end of season seven, it is revealed that Sara is pregnant with Ava's baby. When she returned to the Waverider, she was arrested by the Time Police alongside her team for breaking the timeline.",
""
] |
### *Arrow*
Sara Lance first appears in the pilot episode of *[Arrow](/wiki/Arrow_%28TV_series%29 "Arrow (TV series)")* as the younger sister of [Laurel Lance](/wiki/Laurel_Lance_%28Arrowverse%29 "Laurel Lance (Arrowverse)"). It's shown that five years prior to the beginning of the series, she was having a secret affair with her sister's boyfriend [Oliver Queen](/wiki/Oliver_Queen_%28Arrowverse%29 "Oliver Queen (Arrowverse)") and was with him on his family yacht when it shipwrecked.{{Cite episode \|title\=Pilot \|episode\-link\=Pilot (Arrow) \|series\=Arrow \|series\-link\=Arrow (TV series) \|network\=\[\[The CW]] \|date\=October 10, 2012 \|season\=1 \|number\=1}} Everyone on board was presumed dead but flashbacks in season two reveal that, like Oliver, Sara actually survived the experience. She was rescued by a research boat, the *[Amazo](/wiki/Amazo "Amazo")*, and when Oliver was captured by the ship's crew, Sara helped him escape. Together, along with Oliver's friend [Slade Wilson](/wiki/Slade_Wilson_%28Arrowverse%29 "Slade Wilson (Arrowverse)"), they attacked the ship. Due to Slade's love for [Shado](/wiki/Shado_%28Arrowverse%29 "Shado (Arrowverse)"), an ally who was killed indirectly because of Oliver who was being forced to choose who to live between Sara and Shado, Slade betrayed Oliver and took over both the ship and Oliver as his prisoner. Oliver and Sara confronted him on the freighter and Sara was swept away in the current, causing Oliver to believe that she died once again. However, Sara was found by [Nyssa al Ghul](/wiki/Nyssa_al_Ghul_%28Arrowverse%29 "Nyssa al Ghul (Arrowverse)"), who took her to [Nanda Parbat](/wiki/Nanda_Parbat "Nanda Parbat"). She and Nyssa became lovers, and Sara became a deadly fighter with the [League of Assassins](/wiki/League_of_Assassins_%28Arrowverse%29 "League of Assassins (Arrowverse)") under the name *Ta\-er al\-Sahfer*, roughly translated to "Yellow Bird" or "Canary" from Arabic.
In season two, Sara returns to [Starling City](/wiki/Starling_City "Starling City") after a six\-year absence as "The Canary" to protect her family. In keeping with a promise, she also befriends wayward teenager [Sin](/wiki/Sin_%28Arrowverse%29 "Sin (Arrowverse)") and watches over her. Oliver manages to capture and unmask The Canary, revealing Sara to be alive. She eventually informs her father, SCPD Detective [Quentin Lance](/wiki/Quentin_Lance "Quentin Lance"), and looks after him and Laurel (who also later discovers she's alive and is a vigilante). Sara joins Team Arrow and revisits a brief relationship with Oliver. She aids him and his colleagues [Felicity Smoak](/wiki/Felicity_Smoak_%28Arrowverse%29 "Felicity Smoak (Arrowverse)"), [John Diggle](/wiki/John_Diggle_%28Arrowverse%29 "John Diggle (Arrowverse)"), and [Roy Harper](/wiki/Roy_Harper_%28Arrowverse%29 "Roy Harper (Arrowverse)") in taking down a drug\-enhanced Slade Wilson, with help from the League of Assassins, which requires Sara to return to Nanda Parbat.
In season three, Sara is killed on a rooftop with three arrows to the chest. Some time later, it is revealed that [Thea Queen](/wiki/Thea_Queen "Thea Queen") killed Sara after being drugged by her father [Malcolm Merlyn/Dark Archer](/wiki/Malcolm_Merlyn_%28Arrowverse%29 "Malcolm Merlyn (Arrowverse)") as part of a plot to pit Oliver against [Ra's al Ghul](/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul_%28Arrowverse%29 "Ra's al Ghul (Arrowverse)").{{Cite web \|last\=Stone \|first\=Sam \|date\=2019\-09\-01 \|title\=Arrow: Who Really Killed Sara Lance? \|url\=https://www.cbr.com/arrow\-who\-killed\-sara\-lance/ \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-10 \|website\=CBR \|language\=en}} Meanwhile, Laurel takes up Sara's mantle to fight crime as the Black Canary.
In season four, Laurel resurrects Sara using the League's mystical Lazarus Pit. The process is successful, but Sara is brought back to life without a soul, making her feral and dangerous. Oliver calls his old friend [John Constantine](/wiki/John_Constantine_%28Arrowverse%29 "John Constantine (Arrowverse)") to assist them in restoring Sara's soul. Days later, Sara aids in rescuing [Ray Palmer/The Atom](/wiki/Ray_Palmer_%28Arrowverse%29 "Ray Palmer (Arrowverse)") from the hands of [Damien Darhk](/wiki/Damien_Darhk_%28Arrowverse%29 "Damien Darhk (Arrowverse)"), before leaving town to find herself, eventually joining the [Legends](/wiki/Legends_%28superhero_team%29 "Legends (superhero team)") along with Ray. During her time away with the Legends, Laurel is killed by Darhk and Sara is later made aware of it by Quentin when she briefly returns to present\-day Star City at the end of season one of [Legends of Tomorrow](/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow "Legends of Tomorrow"), where she and Quentin mourn Laurel together.
Sara, along with Ray and the rest of the Legends, return for the season five crossover "[Invasion!](/wiki/Invasion%21_%28Arrowverse%29 "Invasion! (Arrowverse)")" when [Barry Allen/The Flash](/wiki/Barry_Allen_%28Arrowverse%29 "Barry Allen (Arrowverse)") and his team contact her, informing her and the Legends that they and the rest of the heroes in the present day need help fighting an invasion from an alien race known as the [Dominators](/wiki/Dominators_%28Arrowverse%29 "Dominators (Arrowverse)"). The Legends arrive and meet up with Team Flash and Team Arrow, then introduce themselves to Barry's friend from Earth\-38 [Kara Danvers/Supergirl](/wiki/Kara_Zor-El_%28Arrowverse%29 "Kara Zor-El (Arrowverse)"), whom he had brought over to help combat the Dominators. After Oliver appoints Barry leader of the group, they all spar with Kara to practice fighting aliens, and are repeatedly defeated. Meanwhile, Sara develops a small friendship with Kara. When Barry is forced to reveal that he had gone back in time to save his mother and then reversed the decision, which has now altered some of the group's lives a bit, Sara scolds him and everyone except Oliver and a few others lose faith in Barry. Kara leads Sara and the others, while Barry and Oliver stay behind to rescue the president from the Dominators. This ends with the president being killed and the Dominators using a device to mind\-control the entire group. Sara returns with the rest of the mind\-controlled heroes and attacks Barry and Oliver, until Barry tricks Kara into destroying the device, freeing them. They regroup and after they reaffirm their faith in Barry, five of them (Sara, Oliver, Ray, Thea, and Diggle) are abducted by the Dominators and placed in pods that put them in a shared dream world, where Sara, Oliver, and Oliver's father never got on the *[Queen's Gambit](/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_%28Arrowverse%29 "Queen's Gambit (Arrowverse)")* and all of Oliver fallen friends, including Laurel, are still alive. In this dream world, Oliver and Laurel are engaged, and while Sara helps Laurel get ready for their wedding, she begins having memory flashes of her actual life. Sara later saves Oliver and Diggle from a manifestation of Deathstroke, and the three realize that the world they're in isn't real. They later rally Ray and Thea and attempt to leave, but are forced to fight manifestations of Malcolm, Slade, Darhk, and their mercenaries before killing all of them. Sara and Oliver share a heartbreaking goodbye with Laurel. They wake up on the Dominator ship in the real world and escape in a pod before being rescued by the Legends' timeship Waverider. They conclude that the dream world was a distraction meant to keep them busy while the Dominators probed their minds for information on metahumans. They return to earth, and as some of the Legends—along with Felicity and [Cisco Ramon](/wiki/Cisco_Ramon_%28Arrowverse%29 "Cisco Ramon (Arrowverse)")—head to the past and attempt to abduct a dominator, Sara, Barry, Oliver, and Ray confront a group of secret service agents who attempt to kill them. They defeat the agents, whose leader informs them that the Dominators are after metahumans because they are aware that Barry has changed the timeline. The Dominators now perceive them as a threat. Barry attempts to surrender himself to the Dominators in exchange for their leaving earth, but Sara and the rest of the heroes persuade him not to. She pilots the Waverider with Cisco to hold the Dominator's freefalling metabomb in place with a tractor beam while [Jefferson Jackson/Firestorm](/wiki/Jefferson_Jackson_%28Arrowverse%29 "Jefferson Jackson (Arrowverse)") transforms it into harmless water and the heroes on the ground use a pain\-inflicting device to force the Dominators to flee. Sara and the other heroes are honored by the new president later that night and they celebrate, before sharing a hug with Oliver and returning to the Waverider with the rest of the Legends.
Sara briefly returns in season six when she receives a call from her sister's doppelgänger, the recently reformed criminal from Earth\-2 [Laurel Lance / Black Siren](/wiki/Laurel_Lance_%28Arrowverse_Earth-2%29 "Laurel Lance (Arrowverse Earth-2)"), who informs her that Quentin had been seriously injured in the battle against [Ricardo Diaz](/wiki/Ricardo_Diaz_%28Arrowverse%29 "Ricardo Diaz (Arrowverse)") and is in the hospital. Sara arrives and meets her deceased sister's doppelgänger, who had developed a genuine father\-daughter relationship with Quentin; they refer to each other as such. Sara thanks Earth\-2 Laurel for calling her; Laurel thanks her for coming. Laurel tells her that the doctors are optimistic that Quentin will make it and asks Sara if it's weird seeing her. Sara replies that it is, a little. Sara asks if she is like her Laurel, and Laurel replies that she hardly is at all, clearly disappointed with herself. The two witness Oliver being arrested for being the Green Arrow per the condition of his agreement with the FBI, in exchange for their help in the fight against Diaz and his allies. The doctor comes and informs everyone present that Quentin has died from lack of oxygen to his brain during surgery, leaving Sara, Laurel, Oliver, and the rest of Team Arrow devastated. Later, as Oliver (under the direction of the FBI) announces to the world on live TV that he is the Green Arrow, before being taken to prison, Sara and Laurel mourn together over Quentin's body.{{Cite episode \|title\=Life Sentence \|episode\-link\=Life Sentence (Arrow) \|series\=Arrow \|series\-link\=Arrow (TV series) \|network\=\[\[The CW]] \|date\=May 17, 2018 \|season\=6 \|number\=23}}
In season seven, Sara returns when Felicity summons her to convince Black Siren to stop her crime spree after her crimes and being framed for murder. After they and Dinah stop Shadow Thief. Sara helps Black Siren come to terms with Quention's death.
In season eight, Sara witnesses Oliver's sacrifice to create Earth\-Prime and attends his funeral.
|
[
"### *Arrow*",
"Sara Lance first appears in the pilot episode of *[Arrow](/wiki/Arrow_%28TV_series%29 \"Arrow (TV series)\")* as the younger sister of [Laurel Lance](/wiki/Laurel_Lance_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Laurel Lance (Arrowverse)\"). It's shown that five years prior to the beginning of the series, she was having a secret affair with her sister's boyfriend [Oliver Queen](/wiki/Oliver_Queen_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Oliver Queen (Arrowverse)\") and was with him on his family yacht when it shipwrecked.{{Cite episode \\|title\\=Pilot \\|episode\\-link\\=Pilot (Arrow) \\|series\\=Arrow \\|series\\-link\\=Arrow (TV series) \\|network\\=\\[\\[The CW]] \\|date\\=October 10, 2012 \\|season\\=1 \\|number\\=1}} Everyone on board was presumed dead but flashbacks in season two reveal that, like Oliver, Sara actually survived the experience. She was rescued by a research boat, the *[Amazo](/wiki/Amazo \"Amazo\")*, and when Oliver was captured by the ship's crew, Sara helped him escape. Together, along with Oliver's friend [Slade Wilson](/wiki/Slade_Wilson_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Slade Wilson (Arrowverse)\"), they attacked the ship. Due to Slade's love for [Shado](/wiki/Shado_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Shado (Arrowverse)\"), an ally who was killed indirectly because of Oliver who was being forced to choose who to live between Sara and Shado, Slade betrayed Oliver and took over both the ship and Oliver as his prisoner. Oliver and Sara confronted him on the freighter and Sara was swept away in the current, causing Oliver to believe that she died once again. However, Sara was found by [Nyssa al Ghul](/wiki/Nyssa_al_Ghul_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Nyssa al Ghul (Arrowverse)\"), who took her to [Nanda Parbat](/wiki/Nanda_Parbat \"Nanda Parbat\"). She and Nyssa became lovers, and Sara became a deadly fighter with the [League of Assassins](/wiki/League_of_Assassins_%28Arrowverse%29 \"League of Assassins (Arrowverse)\") under the name *Ta\\-er al\\-Sahfer*, roughly translated to \"Yellow Bird\" or \"Canary\" from Arabic.",
"In season two, Sara returns to [Starling City](/wiki/Starling_City \"Starling City\") after a six\\-year absence as \"The Canary\" to protect her family. In keeping with a promise, she also befriends wayward teenager [Sin](/wiki/Sin_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Sin (Arrowverse)\") and watches over her. Oliver manages to capture and unmask The Canary, revealing Sara to be alive. She eventually informs her father, SCPD Detective [Quentin Lance](/wiki/Quentin_Lance \"Quentin Lance\"), and looks after him and Laurel (who also later discovers she's alive and is a vigilante). Sara joins Team Arrow and revisits a brief relationship with Oliver. She aids him and his colleagues [Felicity Smoak](/wiki/Felicity_Smoak_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Felicity Smoak (Arrowverse)\"), [John Diggle](/wiki/John_Diggle_%28Arrowverse%29 \"John Diggle (Arrowverse)\"), and [Roy Harper](/wiki/Roy_Harper_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Roy Harper (Arrowverse)\") in taking down a drug\\-enhanced Slade Wilson, with help from the League of Assassins, which requires Sara to return to Nanda Parbat.",
"In season three, Sara is killed on a rooftop with three arrows to the chest. Some time later, it is revealed that [Thea Queen](/wiki/Thea_Queen \"Thea Queen\") killed Sara after being drugged by her father [Malcolm Merlyn/Dark Archer](/wiki/Malcolm_Merlyn_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Malcolm Merlyn (Arrowverse)\") as part of a plot to pit Oliver against [Ra's al Ghul](/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Ra's al Ghul (Arrowverse)\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Stone \\|first\\=Sam \\|date\\=2019\\-09\\-01 \\|title\\=Arrow: Who Really Killed Sara Lance? \\|url\\=https://www.cbr.com/arrow\\-who\\-killed\\-sara\\-lance/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-10 \\|website\\=CBR \\|language\\=en}} Meanwhile, Laurel takes up Sara's mantle to fight crime as the Black Canary.",
"In season four, Laurel resurrects Sara using the League's mystical Lazarus Pit. The process is successful, but Sara is brought back to life without a soul, making her feral and dangerous. Oliver calls his old friend [John Constantine](/wiki/John_Constantine_%28Arrowverse%29 \"John Constantine (Arrowverse)\") to assist them in restoring Sara's soul. Days later, Sara aids in rescuing [Ray Palmer/The Atom](/wiki/Ray_Palmer_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Ray Palmer (Arrowverse)\") from the hands of [Damien Darhk](/wiki/Damien_Darhk_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Damien Darhk (Arrowverse)\"), before leaving town to find herself, eventually joining the [Legends](/wiki/Legends_%28superhero_team%29 \"Legends (superhero team)\") along with Ray. During her time away with the Legends, Laurel is killed by Darhk and Sara is later made aware of it by Quentin when she briefly returns to present\\-day Star City at the end of season one of [Legends of Tomorrow](/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow \"Legends of Tomorrow\"), where she and Quentin mourn Laurel together.",
"Sara, along with Ray and the rest of the Legends, return for the season five crossover \"[Invasion!](/wiki/Invasion%21_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Invasion! (Arrowverse)\")\" when [Barry Allen/The Flash](/wiki/Barry_Allen_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Barry Allen (Arrowverse)\") and his team contact her, informing her and the Legends that they and the rest of the heroes in the present day need help fighting an invasion from an alien race known as the [Dominators](/wiki/Dominators_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Dominators (Arrowverse)\"). The Legends arrive and meet up with Team Flash and Team Arrow, then introduce themselves to Barry's friend from Earth\\-38 [Kara Danvers/Supergirl](/wiki/Kara_Zor-El_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Kara Zor-El (Arrowverse)\"), whom he had brought over to help combat the Dominators. After Oliver appoints Barry leader of the group, they all spar with Kara to practice fighting aliens, and are repeatedly defeated. Meanwhile, Sara develops a small friendship with Kara. When Barry is forced to reveal that he had gone back in time to save his mother and then reversed the decision, which has now altered some of the group's lives a bit, Sara scolds him and everyone except Oliver and a few others lose faith in Barry. Kara leads Sara and the others, while Barry and Oliver stay behind to rescue the president from the Dominators. This ends with the president being killed and the Dominators using a device to mind\\-control the entire group. Sara returns with the rest of the mind\\-controlled heroes and attacks Barry and Oliver, until Barry tricks Kara into destroying the device, freeing them. They regroup and after they reaffirm their faith in Barry, five of them (Sara, Oliver, Ray, Thea, and Diggle) are abducted by the Dominators and placed in pods that put them in a shared dream world, where Sara, Oliver, and Oliver's father never got on the *[Queen's Gambit](/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Queen's Gambit (Arrowverse)\")* and all of Oliver fallen friends, including Laurel, are still alive. In this dream world, Oliver and Laurel are engaged, and while Sara helps Laurel get ready for their wedding, she begins having memory flashes of her actual life. Sara later saves Oliver and Diggle from a manifestation of Deathstroke, and the three realize that the world they're in isn't real. They later rally Ray and Thea and attempt to leave, but are forced to fight manifestations of Malcolm, Slade, Darhk, and their mercenaries before killing all of them. Sara and Oliver share a heartbreaking goodbye with Laurel. They wake up on the Dominator ship in the real world and escape in a pod before being rescued by the Legends' timeship Waverider. They conclude that the dream world was a distraction meant to keep them busy while the Dominators probed their minds for information on metahumans. They return to earth, and as some of the Legends—along with Felicity and [Cisco Ramon](/wiki/Cisco_Ramon_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Cisco Ramon (Arrowverse)\")—head to the past and attempt to abduct a dominator, Sara, Barry, Oliver, and Ray confront a group of secret service agents who attempt to kill them. They defeat the agents, whose leader informs them that the Dominators are after metahumans because they are aware that Barry has changed the timeline. The Dominators now perceive them as a threat. Barry attempts to surrender himself to the Dominators in exchange for their leaving earth, but Sara and the rest of the heroes persuade him not to. She pilots the Waverider with Cisco to hold the Dominator's freefalling metabomb in place with a tractor beam while [Jefferson Jackson/Firestorm](/wiki/Jefferson_Jackson_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Jefferson Jackson (Arrowverse)\") transforms it into harmless water and the heroes on the ground use a pain\\-inflicting device to force the Dominators to flee. Sara and the other heroes are honored by the new president later that night and they celebrate, before sharing a hug with Oliver and returning to the Waverider with the rest of the Legends.",
"Sara briefly returns in season six when she receives a call from her sister's doppelgänger, the recently reformed criminal from Earth\\-2 [Laurel Lance / Black Siren](/wiki/Laurel_Lance_%28Arrowverse_Earth-2%29 \"Laurel Lance (Arrowverse Earth-2)\"), who informs her that Quentin had been seriously injured in the battle against [Ricardo Diaz](/wiki/Ricardo_Diaz_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Ricardo Diaz (Arrowverse)\") and is in the hospital. Sara arrives and meets her deceased sister's doppelgänger, who had developed a genuine father\\-daughter relationship with Quentin; they refer to each other as such. Sara thanks Earth\\-2 Laurel for calling her; Laurel thanks her for coming. Laurel tells her that the doctors are optimistic that Quentin will make it and asks Sara if it's weird seeing her. Sara replies that it is, a little. Sara asks if she is like her Laurel, and Laurel replies that she hardly is at all, clearly disappointed with herself. The two witness Oliver being arrested for being the Green Arrow per the condition of his agreement with the FBI, in exchange for their help in the fight against Diaz and his allies. The doctor comes and informs everyone present that Quentin has died from lack of oxygen to his brain during surgery, leaving Sara, Laurel, Oliver, and the rest of Team Arrow devastated. Later, as Oliver (under the direction of the FBI) announces to the world on live TV that he is the Green Arrow, before being taken to prison, Sara and Laurel mourn together over Quentin's body.{{Cite episode \\|title\\=Life Sentence \\|episode\\-link\\=Life Sentence (Arrow) \\|series\\=Arrow \\|series\\-link\\=Arrow (TV series) \\|network\\=\\[\\[The CW]] \\|date\\=May 17, 2018 \\|season\\=6 \\|number\\=23}}",
"In season seven, Sara returns when Felicity summons her to convince Black Siren to stop her crime spree after her crimes and being framed for murder. After they and Dinah stop Shadow Thief. Sara helps Black Siren come to terms with Quention's death.",
"In season eight, Sara witnesses Oliver's sacrifice to create Earth\\-Prime and attends his funeral.",
""
] |
### *Legends of Tomorrow*
In the spin\-off series, *[Legends of Tomorrow](/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow "Legends of Tomorrow")*, Sara is recruited by [Rip Hunter](/wiki/Rip_Hunter_%28Arrowverse%29 "Rip Hunter (Arrowverse)") to a [time travelling](/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction "Time travel in fiction") team of rejects aimed at defeating the immortal villain [Vandal Savage](/wiki/Vandal_Savage_%28Arrowverse%29 "Vandal Savage (Arrowverse)"). Before she departs, Laurel gives Sara the [White Canary](/wiki/White_Canary "White Canary") name and outfit to signify her new start. Over the course of the first season, Sara continues her battle with blood\-lust and [sets in motion](/wiki/Causal_loop "Causal loop") the events that will lead to her own rescue by Nyssa. While she romances or flirts with numerous people throughout history, among them a younger Martin Stein and a closeted lesbian 1950s nurse, she develops a budding relationship with teammate [Leonard Snart](/wiki/Leonard_Snart_%28Arrowverse%29 "Leonard Snart (Arrowverse)"), who bonds with her due to their common history as killers and desire to redeem themselves. Though Sara is slow to return his feelings, Snart eventually hints at his love for her and expresses a desire to have a future with her near the end of the season after they destroy the Occulus. Snart, however, ends up sacrificing himself to destroy the Occulus in Ray Palmer's place, and Sara kisses him for the first and final time before leaving with the rest of the team before the Vanishing Point explodes. Sara subsequently mourns Snart's death and admits that he died a hero. The Legends return to 2016 a few months after they left, where Sara learns from her father that [Laurel was killed by Damien Dhark](/wiki/Arrow_season_4 "Arrow season 4"). Sara confronts Rip about deliberately returning her to after Laurel's death to stop her from trying to save her, but Rip tells her that Laurel's death is a fixed point in time, and attempting to change it will only get herself and her father killed.
In season two, Sara becomes [captain](/wiki/Pilot_in_command "Pilot in command") of the timeship *Waverider* and [leader](/wiki/Team_leader "Team leader") of the Legends following Rip's disappearance. She mercilessly hunts Darhk throughout history before accepting that she cannot bring Laurel back due to the delicacy of time. In the "[Invasion!](/wiki/Invasion%21_%28Arrowverse%29 "Invasion! (Arrowverse)")" crossover event, Sara and the Legends return to 2016 to aid Team Arrow, Team Flash, and Earth\-38's [Supergirl](/wiki/Supergirl_%28Arrowverse%29 "Supergirl (Arrowverse)") in repelling the Dominators' alien invasion. She subsequently learns of the subtle changes in the timeline due to [Barry Allen](/wiki/Barry_Allen_%28Arrowverse%29 "Barry Allen (Arrowverse)") [travelling back in time to save his mother from Eobard Thawne](/wiki/The_Flash_season_3 "The Flash season 3") out of grief for his father's death at the hands of Zoom, subsequently creating and undoing the *Flashpoint* timeline which has alerted the Dominators, and scolds Barry for his carelessness, while still using her own experience losing Laurel to sympathize with Barry. In the second\-season finale, Sara is forced to use the [Spear of Destiny](/wiki/Holy_Lance "Holy Lance") to save reality from the [Legion of Doom](/wiki/Legion_of_Doom_%28Arrowverse%29 "Legion of Doom (Arrowverse)"). While tempted to rewrite her own tragic history, the Spear briefly reunites Sara with a projection of Laurel, who encourages Sara to do what's right and make peace with her death. Sara then chooses to render the Spear itself inert, foiling the plans of [Thawne](/wiki/Eobard_Thawne_%28Arrowverse%29 "Eobard Thawne (Arrowverse)") himself (whose death as a result of [Eddie Thawne's suicide](/wiki/The_Flash_season_1 "The Flash season 1") had also been undone due to Barry creating and reverting *Flashpoint*) and allowing him to be killed by the [Black Flash](/wiki/Black_Flash_%28Arrowverse%29 "Black Flash (Arrowverse)"), who has been hunting him all season.
In season three of *Legends*, Sara continues to lead the *Waverider* crew as they track down and repair anachronisms throughout time, working in an antagonistic partnership with Rip Hunter's new bureaucratic organization, the Time Bureau. In the four\-part crossover "[Crisis on Earth\-X](/wiki/Crisis_on_Earth-X "Crisis on Earth-X")", Sara travels to 2017 to attend the wedding of Barry Allen and [Iris West](/wiki/Iris_West_%28Arrowverse%29 "Iris West (Arrowverse)"), where she has a one\-night stand with Supergirl's adoptive sister [Alex Danvers](/wiki/Alex_Danvers "Alex Danvers"). The assembled heroes work together to repel an invading [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi "Nazi") army from the alternate world of [Earth\-X](/wiki/Earth-X_%28Arrowverse%29 "Earth-X (Arrowverse)"). While confronting the demonic entity [Mallus](/wiki/Mallus_%28Arrowverse%29 "Mallus (Arrowverse)") alongside her old friend John Constantine, Sara and Constantine hook up, despite her ongoing romantic tension with Time Bureau agent [Ava Sharpe](/wiki/Ava_Sharpe "Ava Sharpe"). Ava and Sara begin dating in subsequent episodes, but break up after Sara is temporarily possessed by Mallus through the death totem and reasons that, given her history with death and destruction, she poses a danger to Ava.
Despite this setback, they soon get back together, with the two shown to be in a stable relationship by the time of the Legends removing [Paul Revere](/wiki/Paul_Revere "Paul Revere") from the height of [Beatlemania](/wiki/Beatlemania "Beatlemania"). Season four of *Legends* focuses on Sara leading the team to track down magical "fugitives" of mythology from around the timestream, with the support of Ava and the Time Bureau. In season five, after the Time Bureau is no more, Ava is co\-captain of the *Waverider* and helps the team track down the "encores", evil criminals returned from hell to different points on the timeline. In season six, Sara is abducted by aliens, later revealed to be employed by Bishop, a scientist from the 22nd century and Ava's creator, who wants Sara to work with him in an attempt to restart the human race with alien\-human hybrids. After being fatally poisoned by an alien, Bishop clones Sara and transfers her dying mind into her new body that is spliced with alien DNA granting Sara regenerative abilities. Although horrified by what Bishop has done to her and no longer sure of who she is, Mick convinces her that she is still herself. After escaping the alien world with Mick and Gary, Sara returns to Earth and proposes to Ava who gladly accepts. The two eventually wed in 1925, during an alien invasion caused by Bishop which the Legends eventually manage to stop. However, before the Legends able to leave 1925, an unknown second Waverider destroyed the original Waverider.
During season seven, Sara is stranded in 1925 with the rest of the Legends. While trying to get back to 2021, they learn that the second Waverider was commanded by Bishop along with an evil version of Gideon, who later deploys robot versions of themselves to eliminate the Legends. Sara and the Legends try to get to [Gwyn Davies](/wiki/List_of_Legends_of_Tomorrow_characters%23Gwyn_Davies "List of Legends of Tomorrow characters#Gwyn Davies") in New York, the person who invented time travel, in order to help them get back home. At the end of season seven, it is revealed that Sara is pregnant with Ava's baby. When she returned to the Waverider, she was arrested by the Time Police alongside her team for breaking the timeline.
|
[
"### *Legends of Tomorrow*",
"In the spin\\-off series, *[Legends of Tomorrow](/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow \"Legends of Tomorrow\")*, Sara is recruited by [Rip Hunter](/wiki/Rip_Hunter_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Rip Hunter (Arrowverse)\") to a [time travelling](/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction \"Time travel in fiction\") team of rejects aimed at defeating the immortal villain [Vandal Savage](/wiki/Vandal_Savage_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Vandal Savage (Arrowverse)\"). Before she departs, Laurel gives Sara the [White Canary](/wiki/White_Canary \"White Canary\") name and outfit to signify her new start. Over the course of the first season, Sara continues her battle with blood\\-lust and [sets in motion](/wiki/Causal_loop \"Causal loop\") the events that will lead to her own rescue by Nyssa. While she romances or flirts with numerous people throughout history, among them a younger Martin Stein and a closeted lesbian 1950s nurse, she develops a budding relationship with teammate [Leonard Snart](/wiki/Leonard_Snart_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Leonard Snart (Arrowverse)\"), who bonds with her due to their common history as killers and desire to redeem themselves. Though Sara is slow to return his feelings, Snart eventually hints at his love for her and expresses a desire to have a future with her near the end of the season after they destroy the Occulus. Snart, however, ends up sacrificing himself to destroy the Occulus in Ray Palmer's place, and Sara kisses him for the first and final time before leaving with the rest of the team before the Vanishing Point explodes. Sara subsequently mourns Snart's death and admits that he died a hero. The Legends return to 2016 a few months after they left, where Sara learns from her father that [Laurel was killed by Damien Dhark](/wiki/Arrow_season_4 \"Arrow season 4\"). Sara confronts Rip about deliberately returning her to after Laurel's death to stop her from trying to save her, but Rip tells her that Laurel's death is a fixed point in time, and attempting to change it will only get herself and her father killed.",
"In season two, Sara becomes [captain](/wiki/Pilot_in_command \"Pilot in command\") of the timeship *Waverider* and [leader](/wiki/Team_leader \"Team leader\") of the Legends following Rip's disappearance. She mercilessly hunts Darhk throughout history before accepting that she cannot bring Laurel back due to the delicacy of time. In the \"[Invasion!](/wiki/Invasion%21_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Invasion! (Arrowverse)\")\" crossover event, Sara and the Legends return to 2016 to aid Team Arrow, Team Flash, and Earth\\-38's [Supergirl](/wiki/Supergirl_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Supergirl (Arrowverse)\") in repelling the Dominators' alien invasion. She subsequently learns of the subtle changes in the timeline due to [Barry Allen](/wiki/Barry_Allen_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Barry Allen (Arrowverse)\") [travelling back in time to save his mother from Eobard Thawne](/wiki/The_Flash_season_3 \"The Flash season 3\") out of grief for his father's death at the hands of Zoom, subsequently creating and undoing the *Flashpoint* timeline which has alerted the Dominators, and scolds Barry for his carelessness, while still using her own experience losing Laurel to sympathize with Barry. In the second\\-season finale, Sara is forced to use the [Spear of Destiny](/wiki/Holy_Lance \"Holy Lance\") to save reality from the [Legion of Doom](/wiki/Legion_of_Doom_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Legion of Doom (Arrowverse)\"). While tempted to rewrite her own tragic history, the Spear briefly reunites Sara with a projection of Laurel, who encourages Sara to do what's right and make peace with her death. Sara then chooses to render the Spear itself inert, foiling the plans of [Thawne](/wiki/Eobard_Thawne_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Eobard Thawne (Arrowverse)\") himself (whose death as a result of [Eddie Thawne's suicide](/wiki/The_Flash_season_1 \"The Flash season 1\") had also been undone due to Barry creating and reverting *Flashpoint*) and allowing him to be killed by the [Black Flash](/wiki/Black_Flash_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Black Flash (Arrowverse)\"), who has been hunting him all season.",
"In season three of *Legends*, Sara continues to lead the *Waverider* crew as they track down and repair anachronisms throughout time, working in an antagonistic partnership with Rip Hunter's new bureaucratic organization, the Time Bureau. In the four\\-part crossover \"[Crisis on Earth\\-X](/wiki/Crisis_on_Earth-X \"Crisis on Earth-X\")\", Sara travels to 2017 to attend the wedding of Barry Allen and [Iris West](/wiki/Iris_West_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Iris West (Arrowverse)\"), where she has a one\\-night stand with Supergirl's adoptive sister [Alex Danvers](/wiki/Alex_Danvers \"Alex Danvers\"). The assembled heroes work together to repel an invading [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi \"Nazi\") army from the alternate world of [Earth\\-X](/wiki/Earth-X_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Earth-X (Arrowverse)\"). While confronting the demonic entity [Mallus](/wiki/Mallus_%28Arrowverse%29 \"Mallus (Arrowverse)\") alongside her old friend John Constantine, Sara and Constantine hook up, despite her ongoing romantic tension with Time Bureau agent [Ava Sharpe](/wiki/Ava_Sharpe \"Ava Sharpe\"). Ava and Sara begin dating in subsequent episodes, but break up after Sara is temporarily possessed by Mallus through the death totem and reasons that, given her history with death and destruction, she poses a danger to Ava.",
"Despite this setback, they soon get back together, with the two shown to be in a stable relationship by the time of the Legends removing [Paul Revere](/wiki/Paul_Revere \"Paul Revere\") from the height of [Beatlemania](/wiki/Beatlemania \"Beatlemania\"). Season four of *Legends* focuses on Sara leading the team to track down magical \"fugitives\" of mythology from around the timestream, with the support of Ava and the Time Bureau. In season five, after the Time Bureau is no more, Ava is co\\-captain of the *Waverider* and helps the team track down the \"encores\", evil criminals returned from hell to different points on the timeline. In season six, Sara is abducted by aliens, later revealed to be employed by Bishop, a scientist from the 22nd century and Ava's creator, who wants Sara to work with him in an attempt to restart the human race with alien\\-human hybrids. After being fatally poisoned by an alien, Bishop clones Sara and transfers her dying mind into her new body that is spliced with alien DNA granting Sara regenerative abilities. Although horrified by what Bishop has done to her and no longer sure of who she is, Mick convinces her that she is still herself. After escaping the alien world with Mick and Gary, Sara returns to Earth and proposes to Ava who gladly accepts. The two eventually wed in 1925, during an alien invasion caused by Bishop which the Legends eventually manage to stop. However, before the Legends able to leave 1925, an unknown second Waverider destroyed the original Waverider.",
"During season seven, Sara is stranded in 1925 with the rest of the Legends. While trying to get back to 2021, they learn that the second Waverider was commanded by Bishop along with an evil version of Gideon, who later deploys robot versions of themselves to eliminate the Legends. Sara and the Legends try to get to [Gwyn Davies](/wiki/List_of_Legends_of_Tomorrow_characters%23Gwyn_Davies \"List of Legends of Tomorrow characters#Gwyn Davies\") in New York, the person who invented time travel, in order to help them get back home. At the end of season seven, it is revealed that Sara is pregnant with Ava's baby. When she returned to the Waverider, she was arrested by the Time Police alongside her team for breaking the timeline.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Formation
In 1995, with the arrival of [professionalism](/wiki/Professionalism "Professionalism") in rugby union, the [Scottish Rugby Union](/wiki/Scottish_Rugby_Union "Scottish Rugby Union") (SRU) realised their existing clubs would not be able to compete in the modern era alongside their English and French counterparts. After a year of debate of how to deal with professionalism, in 1996 they decided the best solution would be to create four professional provincial clubs based on the existing traditional amateur district sides of Scotland.
{{Main\|Scottish District rugby structure}}
The amateur Edinburgh District was professionalised as [Edinburgh Rugby](/wiki/Edinburgh_Rugby "Edinburgh Rugby"); the amateur [Glasgow District](/wiki/Glasgow_District_%28rugby_union%29 "Glasgow District (rugby union)") became [Glasgow Rugby](/wiki/Glasgow_Warriors "Glasgow Warriors"); the amateur [South](/wiki/South_of_Scotland_rugby_union_team "South of Scotland rugby union team") district became [Border Reivers](/wiki/Border_Reivers_%28rugby%29 "Border Reivers (rugby)"). The largest district by area covering north and central Scotland was represented by the amateur district side [North and Midlands](/wiki/North_and_Midlands "North and Midlands") – and this was professionalised to become Caledonia Reds.
The Reds struggled most out of the new professional teams for three main reasons. Demographically, the population was too scattered to support a single team, which wasn't helped by having both Aberdeen and Perth homes. The 90 miles between the two cities meant that the team couldn't create a devoted and central heartland of support. The popularity of football in the area meant the club found it hard to get the numbers of supporters they needed to sustain themselves.
### Early success and a glimmer of hope
Even with the doubts over the district's potential, they won the first [Inter\-District Championship](/wiki/Scottish_Inter-District_Championship "Scottish Inter-District Championship") of Scotland's Professional era in [1996–97](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Scottish_Inter-District_Championship "1996–97 Scottish Inter-District Championship"). This came as a great surprise to everyone and there was great hope that this would show when the side was entered into the [1996–97 Heineken Cup](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Heineken_Cup "1996–97 Heineken Cup"). This hope did not come to fruition and the team came out without a win and bottom of their pool, though being involved in some very close scoring matches against teams such as eventual winners [CA Brive](/wiki/CA_Brive "CA Brive"). In the next season's competition they started to show potential with some more close\-scoring matches but once again failed to qualify for the knockout stages.
### Decline and merger
By 1998 the news emerged that the [SRU](/wiki/Scottish_Rugby_Union "Scottish Rugby Union") had become laden with over £20 million of debt, largely due to the expensive redevelopment of the national stadium, [Murrayfield](/wiki/Murrayfield_Stadium "Murrayfield Stadium").
The decision was taken that the continuation of four professional district teams was uneconomical. A plan was drawn up to create two new 'super\-clubs' with the mergers of the four existing teams. Edinburgh Rugby and the [Border Reivers](/wiki/Border_Reivers_%28rugby%29 "Border Reivers (rugby)") were merged to create the [Edinburgh Reivers](/wiki/Edinburgh_Reivers "Edinburgh Reivers") while the Caledonia Reds and Glasgow Rugby were merged to create the [Glasgow Caledonian Reds](/wiki/Glasgow_Warriors "Glasgow Warriors").
Despite the mergers, the new 'super\-clubs' continued to struggle. [Glasgow Caledonians](/wiki/Glasgow_Warriors "Glasgow Warriors") initially played matches in Aberdeen, Perth and Glasgow but this proved unsustainable in terms of support. Later matches were solely based in Glasgow and after only three\-years the club dropped the Caledonian element and reverted to 'Glasgow Rugby'. This rebranding was also short\-lived and the club was renamed to take into account of Glasgow's warrior logo and thus became [Glasgow Warriors](/wiki/Glasgow_Warriors "Glasgow Warriors").
### Reds revival
In April 2014, 16 years after being disbanded, a Caledonia Reds team played a couple of invitation matches against Co\-Optimist RFC and [Newcastle Falcons](/wiki/Newcastle_Falcons "Newcastle Falcons").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thecourier.co.uk/sport/rugby/reborn\-caledonia\-reds\-out\-to\-reclaim\-their\-role\-in\-scottish\-rugby\-1\.334354 \|title\=Reborn Caledonia Reds out to reclaim their role in Scottish rugby \|first\=Steve \|last\=Scott \|work\=\[\[The Courier (Dundee)\|The Courier]] \|date\=24 April 2014 \|access\-date\=15 September 2014}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Formation",
"In 1995, with the arrival of [professionalism](/wiki/Professionalism \"Professionalism\") in rugby union, the [Scottish Rugby Union](/wiki/Scottish_Rugby_Union \"Scottish Rugby Union\") (SRU) realised their existing clubs would not be able to compete in the modern era alongside their English and French counterparts. After a year of debate of how to deal with professionalism, in 1996 they decided the best solution would be to create four professional provincial clubs based on the existing traditional amateur district sides of Scotland.",
"{{Main\\|Scottish District rugby structure}}",
"The amateur Edinburgh District was professionalised as [Edinburgh Rugby](/wiki/Edinburgh_Rugby \"Edinburgh Rugby\"); the amateur [Glasgow District](/wiki/Glasgow_District_%28rugby_union%29 \"Glasgow District (rugby union)\") became [Glasgow Rugby](/wiki/Glasgow_Warriors \"Glasgow Warriors\"); the amateur [South](/wiki/South_of_Scotland_rugby_union_team \"South of Scotland rugby union team\") district became [Border Reivers](/wiki/Border_Reivers_%28rugby%29 \"Border Reivers (rugby)\"). The largest district by area covering north and central Scotland was represented by the amateur district side [North and Midlands](/wiki/North_and_Midlands \"North and Midlands\") – and this was professionalised to become Caledonia Reds.",
"The Reds struggled most out of the new professional teams for three main reasons. Demographically, the population was too scattered to support a single team, which wasn't helped by having both Aberdeen and Perth homes. The 90 miles between the two cities meant that the team couldn't create a devoted and central heartland of support. The popularity of football in the area meant the club found it hard to get the numbers of supporters they needed to sustain themselves.",
"### Early success and a glimmer of hope",
"Even with the doubts over the district's potential, they won the first [Inter\\-District Championship](/wiki/Scottish_Inter-District_Championship \"Scottish Inter-District Championship\") of Scotland's Professional era in [1996–97](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Scottish_Inter-District_Championship \"1996–97 Scottish Inter-District Championship\"). This came as a great surprise to everyone and there was great hope that this would show when the side was entered into the [1996–97 Heineken Cup](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Heineken_Cup \"1996–97 Heineken Cup\"). This hope did not come to fruition and the team came out without a win and bottom of their pool, though being involved in some very close scoring matches against teams such as eventual winners [CA Brive](/wiki/CA_Brive \"CA Brive\"). In the next season's competition they started to show potential with some more close\\-scoring matches but once again failed to qualify for the knockout stages.",
"### Decline and merger",
"By 1998 the news emerged that the [SRU](/wiki/Scottish_Rugby_Union \"Scottish Rugby Union\") had become laden with over £20 million of debt, largely due to the expensive redevelopment of the national stadium, [Murrayfield](/wiki/Murrayfield_Stadium \"Murrayfield Stadium\").",
"The decision was taken that the continuation of four professional district teams was uneconomical. A plan was drawn up to create two new 'super\\-clubs' with the mergers of the four existing teams. Edinburgh Rugby and the [Border Reivers](/wiki/Border_Reivers_%28rugby%29 \"Border Reivers (rugby)\") were merged to create the [Edinburgh Reivers](/wiki/Edinburgh_Reivers \"Edinburgh Reivers\") while the Caledonia Reds and Glasgow Rugby were merged to create the [Glasgow Caledonian Reds](/wiki/Glasgow_Warriors \"Glasgow Warriors\").",
"Despite the mergers, the new 'super\\-clubs' continued to struggle. [Glasgow Caledonians](/wiki/Glasgow_Warriors \"Glasgow Warriors\") initially played matches in Aberdeen, Perth and Glasgow but this proved unsustainable in terms of support. Later matches were solely based in Glasgow and after only three\\-years the club dropped the Caledonian element and reverted to 'Glasgow Rugby'. This rebranding was also short\\-lived and the club was renamed to take into account of Glasgow's warrior logo and thus became [Glasgow Warriors](/wiki/Glasgow_Warriors \"Glasgow Warriors\").",
"### Reds revival",
"In April 2014, 16 years after being disbanded, a Caledonia Reds team played a couple of invitation matches against Co\\-Optimist RFC and [Newcastle Falcons](/wiki/Newcastle_Falcons \"Newcastle Falcons\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thecourier.co.uk/sport/rugby/reborn\\-caledonia\\-reds\\-out\\-to\\-reclaim\\-their\\-role\\-in\\-scottish\\-rugby\\-1\\.334354 \\|title\\=Reborn Caledonia Reds out to reclaim their role in Scottish rugby \\|first\\=Steve \\|last\\=Scott \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Courier (Dundee)\\|The Courier]] \\|date\\=24 April 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=15 September 2014}}",
""
] |
History
-------
WKRG\-TV first signed on the air September 5, 1955\. The station was founded by the architect and movie theater owner [Kenneth R. Giddens](/wiki/Kenneth_R._Giddens "Kenneth R. Giddens"), who also put WKRG radio (710 AM, now [WNTM](/wiki/WNTM "WNTM"), and 99\.9 FM, now [WMXC](/wiki/WMXC "WMXC")) on the air. Owing to the radio station's ties with the [CBS Radio Network](/wiki/CBS_Radio_Network "CBS Radio Network"), WKRG\-TV has served as the market's CBS affiliate from its sign\-on. It is the only commercial station in the market that has never changed its primary affiliation. WKRG\-TV originally operated from studios located on St. Louis Street in downtown Mobile until around 1982, when it relocated its operations to an area near the [Bel Air Mall](/wiki/Bel_Air_Mall "Bel Air Mall"), which Giddens also had a hand in developing. The TV station operates on the bottom floor while the radio stations operate on the second and third floors of the building.
Giddens originally had a 20% stake in WKRG\-TV, and the other stakes were held by local businesses and colleges.{{Cite web \|title\=not found \|url\=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive\-BC\-YB/1957\-1958%20TV/AL\-MT\-BC%20TV%20Annual%201957\-58\.pdf}} On April 4, 1958, Giddens sold 50% of the station to *[Mobile Press\-Register](/wiki/Mobile_Press-Register "Mobile Press-Register")*, Inc.{{Cite web \|title\=section A TV Broadcasting Yearbook 1963 \|url\=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive\-BC\-YB/1963/section%20A%20TV%20Broadcasting%20Yearbook%201963\.pdf}} He regained full control of the station in 1966\.{{Cite web \|title\=A TV Broadcasting Yearbook 1967\-2 \|url\=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive\-BC\-YB/1967/A%20TV%20Broadcasting%20Yearbook%201967\-2\.pdf}}
For years, WKRG\-TV was the only locally owned station in the Mobile–[Pensacola](/wiki/Pensacola "Pensacola")–[Pascagoula](/wiki/Pascagoula%2C_Mississippi "Pascagoula, Mississippi") area. This changed after the death of Giddens in 1993\. The radio stations were sold off in 1994, although they remain housed in the same building as the television station. [Spartan Communications](/wiki/Spartan_Communications "Spartan Communications") purchased WKRG\-TV in 1998; the station then came under the ownership of [Media General](/wiki/Media_General "Media General") after it purchased Spartan in 2000\. The station celebrated its 60th year of broadcasting in 2015\.
In 2007, WKRG entered into a radio partnership with Clear Channel Communications (now [iHeartMedia](/wiki/IHeartMedia "IHeartMedia")), in effect re\-establishing ties with former sister stations WNTM and WMXC, as well as [WKSJ\-FM](/wiki/WKSJ-FM "WKSJ-FM") (94\.9 FM) and [WRKH](/wiki/WRKH "WRKH") (96\.1 FM). The radio stations were previously partnered with [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC") affiliate [WPMI\-TV](/wiki/WPMI-TV "WPMI-TV") (channel 15\), an association that ended as a result of Clear Channel selling its television stations (including WPMI) to [Newport Television](/wiki/Newport_Television "Newport Television") in 2008\.
Between the early 1980s and 2012, WKRG served as the default CBS affiliate for the eastern half of the Pascagoula–[Biloxi, Mississippi](/wiki/Biloxi%2C_Mississippi "Biloxi, Mississippi") market as that market did not have a CBS affiliate of its own; WKRG was available to cable subscribers in Biloxi and [Gulfport, Mississippi](/wiki/Gulfport%2C_Mississippi "Gulfport, Mississippi"), and usually serves the area's "B" CBS station behind [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans "New Orleans") affiliate [WWL\-TV](/wiki/WWL-TV "WWL-TV"). This changed in 2012, when [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company") affiliate [WLOX](/wiki/WLOX "WLOX") signed an affiliation agreement to carry CBS programming on one of its digital subchannels.
On March 21, 2014, [LIN Media](/wiki/LIN_Media "LIN Media") entered into an agreement to merge with Media General in a $1\.6 billion deal. Because LIN had already owned [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company "Fox Broadcasting Company") affiliate [WALA\-TV](/wiki/WALA-TV "WALA-TV") and [CW](/wiki/The_CW "The CW") affiliate [WFNA](/wiki/WFNA_%28TV%29 "WFNA (TV)") (channel 55\), and WKRG and WALA rank among the four highest\-rated stations in the Mobile–Pensacola market in total day viewership, the companies were required to sell either WKRG or WALA to another station owner in order to comply with FCC ownership rules as well as planned changes to those rules regarding same\-market television stations which would prohibit [sharing agreements](/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement "Local marketing agreement").{{Cite web \|last\=Littleton \|first\=Cynthia \|date\=March 21, 2014 \|title\=TV Station Mega Merger: Media General, LIN Set $1\.6 Billion Deal \|url\=https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/tv\-station\-mega\-merger\-media\-general\-lin\-set\-1\-6\-billion\-deal\-1201141567/ \|access\-date\=January 25, 2024 \|website\=Variety \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|last\=Times \|first\=Joe Flint Joe Flint is a former staff writer for the Los Angeles \|date\=March 21, 2014 \|title\=Media General acquiring LIN Media for $1\.6 billion \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la\-et\-ct\-lin\-media\-general\-merge\-20140321\-story.html \|access\-date\=January 25, 2024 \|website\=Los Angeles Times \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|date\=January 25, 2024 \|title\=TV News Check \|url\=https://tvnewscheck.com/ \|access\-date\=January 25, 2024 \|website\=TV News Check \|language\=en}} On August 20, 2014, Media General announced that it would keep WKRG and WFNA, and sell WALA to [Meredith Corporation](/wiki/Meredith_Corporation "Meredith Corporation").{{cite news\|title\=Media General, LIN Sell Stations In 5 Markets\|url\=http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/78615/media\-general\-lin\-sell\-stations\-in\-5\-markets\|access\-date\=August 20, 2014\|work\=TVNewsCheck\|date\=August 20, 2014}}{{cite news\|last1\=Malone\|first1\=Michael\|title\=Media General, LIN Divest Stations in Five Markets\|url\=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/currency/media\-general\-lin\-divest\-stations\-five\-markets/133323\|access\-date\=August 20, 2014\|work\=\[\[Broadcasting \& Cable]]\|date\=August 20, 2014}}
On September 8, 2015, less than nine months after the previous purchase was approved and finalized, Media General announced that it would acquire the Meredith Corporation for $2\.4 billion, with the combined group to be renamed Meredith Media General if the sale had been finalized. Because Meredith recently acquired WALA as a required divestment from the LIN Media acquisition, and the two stations continue to rank among the four highest\-rated stations in the Mobile–Pensacola market in total day viewership, the companies would once again have been required to sell either WKRG or WALA to comply with FCC ownership rules as well as recent changes to those rules regarding same\-market television stations that restrict sharing agreements; sister station WFNA could have legally been acquired by Meredith Media General either by maintaining its new duopoly with WKRG or reuniting it with WALA, as its total day viewership ranks below the top\-four ratings threshold.{{cite web\|title\=Media General Acquiring Meredith For 2\.4 Billion\|url\=http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/88230/media\-general\-acquiring\-meredith\-for\-24b\|website\=TVNewsCheck\|publisher\=NewsCheck Media\|date\=September 8, 2015}}{{cite web\|title\=TV Station Mega Merger: Media General Sets $2\.4 Billion Acquisition of Meredith Corp.\|url\=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/tv\-station\-meredith\-media\-general\-merger\-1201587744/\|author\=Cynthia Littleton\|periodical\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|publisher\=\[\[Penske Media Corporation]]\|date\=September 8, 2015\|access\-date\=September 9, 2015}} However, on January 27, 2016, [Nexstar Broadcasting Group](/wiki/Nexstar_Broadcasting_Group "Nexstar Broadcasting Group") announced that it had reached an agreement to acquire Media General, resulting in the termination of Meredith's acquisition by Media General. The merger with Nexstar reunited WKRG with [Panama City](/wiki/Panama_City%2C_Florida "Panama City, Florida") sister station [WMBB](/wiki/WMBB "WMBB"), which was sold by Media General in 2008 to Hoak Media and eventually was acquired by Nexstar after Hoak merged with [Gray Television](/wiki/Gray_Television "Gray Television"), the owner of its closest competitor, which required its sale.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"WKRG\\-TV first signed on the air September 5, 1955\\. The station was founded by the architect and movie theater owner [Kenneth R. Giddens](/wiki/Kenneth_R._Giddens \"Kenneth R. Giddens\"), who also put WKRG radio (710 AM, now [WNTM](/wiki/WNTM \"WNTM\"), and 99\\.9 FM, now [WMXC](/wiki/WMXC \"WMXC\")) on the air. Owing to the radio station's ties with the [CBS Radio Network](/wiki/CBS_Radio_Network \"CBS Radio Network\"), WKRG\\-TV has served as the market's CBS affiliate from its sign\\-on. It is the only commercial station in the market that has never changed its primary affiliation. WKRG\\-TV originally operated from studios located on St. Louis Street in downtown Mobile until around 1982, when it relocated its operations to an area near the [Bel Air Mall](/wiki/Bel_Air_Mall \"Bel Air Mall\"), which Giddens also had a hand in developing. The TV station operates on the bottom floor while the radio stations operate on the second and third floors of the building.",
"Giddens originally had a 20% stake in WKRG\\-TV, and the other stakes were held by local businesses and colleges.{{Cite web \\|title\\=not found \\|url\\=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive\\-BC\\-YB/1957\\-1958%20TV/AL\\-MT\\-BC%20TV%20Annual%201957\\-58\\.pdf}} On April 4, 1958, Giddens sold 50% of the station to *[Mobile Press\\-Register](/wiki/Mobile_Press-Register \"Mobile Press-Register\")*, Inc.{{Cite web \\|title\\=section A TV Broadcasting Yearbook 1963 \\|url\\=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive\\-BC\\-YB/1963/section%20A%20TV%20Broadcasting%20Yearbook%201963\\.pdf}} He regained full control of the station in 1966\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=A TV Broadcasting Yearbook 1967\\-2 \\|url\\=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive\\-BC\\-YB/1967/A%20TV%20Broadcasting%20Yearbook%201967\\-2\\.pdf}}",
"For years, WKRG\\-TV was the only locally owned station in the Mobile–[Pensacola](/wiki/Pensacola \"Pensacola\")–[Pascagoula](/wiki/Pascagoula%2C_Mississippi \"Pascagoula, Mississippi\") area. This changed after the death of Giddens in 1993\\. The radio stations were sold off in 1994, although they remain housed in the same building as the television station. [Spartan Communications](/wiki/Spartan_Communications \"Spartan Communications\") purchased WKRG\\-TV in 1998; the station then came under the ownership of [Media General](/wiki/Media_General \"Media General\") after it purchased Spartan in 2000\\. The station celebrated its 60th year of broadcasting in 2015\\.",
"In 2007, WKRG entered into a radio partnership with Clear Channel Communications (now [iHeartMedia](/wiki/IHeartMedia \"IHeartMedia\")), in effect re\\-establishing ties with former sister stations WNTM and WMXC, as well as [WKSJ\\-FM](/wiki/WKSJ-FM \"WKSJ-FM\") (94\\.9 FM) and [WRKH](/wiki/WRKH \"WRKH\") (96\\.1 FM). The radio stations were previously partnered with [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\") affiliate [WPMI\\-TV](/wiki/WPMI-TV \"WPMI-TV\") (channel 15\\), an association that ended as a result of Clear Channel selling its television stations (including WPMI) to [Newport Television](/wiki/Newport_Television \"Newport Television\") in 2008\\.",
"Between the early 1980s and 2012, WKRG served as the default CBS affiliate for the eastern half of the Pascagoula–[Biloxi, Mississippi](/wiki/Biloxi%2C_Mississippi \"Biloxi, Mississippi\") market as that market did not have a CBS affiliate of its own; WKRG was available to cable subscribers in Biloxi and [Gulfport, Mississippi](/wiki/Gulfport%2C_Mississippi \"Gulfport, Mississippi\"), and usually serves the area's \"B\" CBS station behind [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\") affiliate [WWL\\-TV](/wiki/WWL-TV \"WWL-TV\"). This changed in 2012, when [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\") affiliate [WLOX](/wiki/WLOX \"WLOX\") signed an affiliation agreement to carry CBS programming on one of its digital subchannels.",
"On March 21, 2014, [LIN Media](/wiki/LIN_Media \"LIN Media\") entered into an agreement to merge with Media General in a $1\\.6 billion deal. Because LIN had already owned [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\") affiliate [WALA\\-TV](/wiki/WALA-TV \"WALA-TV\") and [CW](/wiki/The_CW \"The CW\") affiliate [WFNA](/wiki/WFNA_%28TV%29 \"WFNA (TV)\") (channel 55\\), and WKRG and WALA rank among the four highest\\-rated stations in the Mobile–Pensacola market in total day viewership, the companies were required to sell either WKRG or WALA to another station owner in order to comply with FCC ownership rules as well as planned changes to those rules regarding same\\-market television stations which would prohibit [sharing agreements](/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement \"Local marketing agreement\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Littleton \\|first\\=Cynthia \\|date\\=March 21, 2014 \\|title\\=TV Station Mega Merger: Media General, LIN Set $1\\.6 Billion Deal \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/tv\\-station\\-mega\\-merger\\-media\\-general\\-lin\\-set\\-1\\-6\\-billion\\-deal\\-1201141567/ \\|access\\-date\\=January 25, 2024 \\|website\\=Variety \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Times \\|first\\=Joe Flint Joe Flint is a former staff writer for the Los Angeles \\|date\\=March 21, 2014 \\|title\\=Media General acquiring LIN Media for $1\\.6 billion \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la\\-et\\-ct\\-lin\\-media\\-general\\-merge\\-20140321\\-story.html \\|access\\-date\\=January 25, 2024 \\|website\\=Los Angeles Times \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 25, 2024 \\|title\\=TV News Check \\|url\\=https://tvnewscheck.com/ \\|access\\-date\\=January 25, 2024 \\|website\\=TV News Check \\|language\\=en}} On August 20, 2014, Media General announced that it would keep WKRG and WFNA, and sell WALA to [Meredith Corporation](/wiki/Meredith_Corporation \"Meredith Corporation\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Media General, LIN Sell Stations In 5 Markets\\|url\\=http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/78615/media\\-general\\-lin\\-sell\\-stations\\-in\\-5\\-markets\\|access\\-date\\=August 20, 2014\\|work\\=TVNewsCheck\\|date\\=August 20, 2014}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Malone\\|first1\\=Michael\\|title\\=Media General, LIN Divest Stations in Five Markets\\|url\\=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/currency/media\\-general\\-lin\\-divest\\-stations\\-five\\-markets/133323\\|access\\-date\\=August 20, 2014\\|work\\=\\[\\[Broadcasting \\& Cable]]\\|date\\=August 20, 2014}}",
"On September 8, 2015, less than nine months after the previous purchase was approved and finalized, Media General announced that it would acquire the Meredith Corporation for $2\\.4 billion, with the combined group to be renamed Meredith Media General if the sale had been finalized. Because Meredith recently acquired WALA as a required divestment from the LIN Media acquisition, and the two stations continue to rank among the four highest\\-rated stations in the Mobile–Pensacola market in total day viewership, the companies would once again have been required to sell either WKRG or WALA to comply with FCC ownership rules as well as recent changes to those rules regarding same\\-market television stations that restrict sharing agreements; sister station WFNA could have legally been acquired by Meredith Media General either by maintaining its new duopoly with WKRG or reuniting it with WALA, as its total day viewership ranks below the top\\-four ratings threshold.{{cite web\\|title\\=Media General Acquiring Meredith For 2\\.4 Billion\\|url\\=http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/88230/media\\-general\\-acquiring\\-meredith\\-for\\-24b\\|website\\=TVNewsCheck\\|publisher\\=NewsCheck Media\\|date\\=September 8, 2015}}{{cite web\\|title\\=TV Station Mega Merger: Media General Sets $2\\.4 Billion Acquisition of Meredith Corp.\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/tv\\-station\\-meredith\\-media\\-general\\-merger\\-1201587744/\\|author\\=Cynthia Littleton\\|periodical\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Penske Media Corporation]]\\|date\\=September 8, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2015}} However, on January 27, 2016, [Nexstar Broadcasting Group](/wiki/Nexstar_Broadcasting_Group \"Nexstar Broadcasting Group\") announced that it had reached an agreement to acquire Media General, resulting in the termination of Meredith's acquisition by Media General. The merger with Nexstar reunited WKRG with [Panama City](/wiki/Panama_City%2C_Florida \"Panama City, Florida\") sister station [WMBB](/wiki/WMBB \"WMBB\"), which was sold by Media General in 2008 to Hoak Media and eventually was acquired by Nexstar after Hoak merged with [Gray Television](/wiki/Gray_Television \"Gray Television\"), the owner of its closest competitor, which required its sale.",
""
] |
Programming
-----------
Shows that aired on WKRG in the past include *[Woman's World](/wiki/Woman%27s_World_%28TV_program%29 "Woman's World (TV program)")*,[http://www.mobilechamber.com/view/2005/5\-2005\.pdf](http://www.mobilechamber.com/view/2005/5-2005.pdf) page 7, 8 The Business View May 2005 Mobile Area Chamber of CommerceLanier, Kim. "Television cook Estella Payton dies at age 95\." Mobile Press\-Register \[Mobile, Alabama] December 16, 1999: B1\."The Mobile version of Julia Child and Martha Stewart. Had a long run cooking show on channel Five (formerly one of only two channels in the City)." [Culture "Cul\-cha"; How to Speak Mobile](http://www.mobile.org/pdf/stats/Culture.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518065449/http://www.mobile.org/pdf/stats/Culture.pdf \|date\=May 18, 2008 }} Connie Bea and Estelle Mobile Bay Convention and Visitor's BureauHerman W. Land Associates Inc. *Television and the Wired City a Study of the Implications of a Change in the Mode of Transmission* 1968, July (1111\) ASIN: B000RL0X18 *The [Popeye](/wiki/Popeye "Popeye") Show*,page 8 The Business View May 2005 Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce *Rosie's Place* and *Small Fry News*, a show featuring local fifth graders. WKRG\-TV was also the longtime home of *[Congressional Report](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Congressional_Report "Gulf Coast Congressional Report")* from 1973 to 2006, billed as the longest\-running program of its kind in the nation, featuring local members of [Congress](/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress") giving viewers a local perspective of [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), and the central Gulf Coast from their standpoint.
### News operation
{{expand section\|further information on the history of WKRG's news operation\|date\=September 2011}}
WKRG\-TV presently broadcasts {{frac\|37\|1\|2}} hours of local newscasts each week (with {{frac\|6\|1\|2}} hours each weekday, two hours on Saturdays and three hours on Sundays).
In 2002, the focus of the station's programming switched to weather and news, and the station's branding was changed to reflect it: it rebranded from "WKRG 5" to *WKRG News 5* (based on the station's *NewsCenter* branding in the 1980s and 1990s) and its slogan touted it as Mobile's "Weather Authority". On October 18, 2010, starting with its 6 p.m. newscast, WKRG became the second television station in the Mobile–Pensacola market and the first Mobile\-based station to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in [high definition](/wiki/High-definition_television "High-definition television").
At one time, WKRG ran an expanded morning newscast until 8 a.m. on weekdays, which preempted the first hour of *[The Early Show](/wiki/The_Early_Show "The Early Show")*, as well as a weekday 9 a.m. newscast. The 7 a.m. newscast was canceled in 2008 at CBS' request for its affiliates to air both hours of *The Early Show* and the 9 a.m. newscast was canceled in 2009 due to low viewership and staff reductions by parent company Media General. This newscast returned to the 9 a.m. slot on March 30, 2015, as a half\-hour newscast on weekdays. Future newscast expansion has been touted by the station by way of news promos.
WKRG is one of the two remaining stations in the market to start their daily morning newscast at 5 a.m., along with WPMI, which ran a 4:30 a.m. show from September 2013 to June 2015\.
On April 20, 2015, the morning newscast began to be simulcast on WFNA, mainly as a stopgap solution due to the sudden cancellation of that station's syndicated morning show, *[The Daily Buzz](/wiki/The_Daily_Buzz "The Daily Buzz")*.
WKRG became the first Mobile station (second in market overall) to launch weekend morning newscasts on June 20, 2015, from 5 to 6 a.m. Saturdays and 6 to 8 a.m. Sundays.
On December 5, 2016, WKRG added newscasts at 4:30 a.m. and 6:30 p.m. The latter replaced *[The Andy Griffith Show](/wiki/The_Andy_Griffith_Show "The Andy Griffith Show")*, which moved to sister station WFNA to weeknights at 9:30 following their 9 p.m. news which is also produced by WKRG.
On September 7, 2017, a video of WKRG meteorologist Alan Sealls covering [Hurricane Irma](/wiki/Hurricane_Irma "Hurricane Irma"), [Hurricane Jose](/wiki/Hurricane_Jose_%282017%29 "Hurricane Jose (2017)"), and [Hurricane Katia](/wiki/Hurricane_Katia_%282017%29 "Hurricane Katia (2017)") went viral on Reddit and YouTube.{{cite web \|last\=Vultaggio \|first\=Maria \|url\=http://www.ibtimes.com/who\-alan\-sealls\-hurricanes\-irma\-jose\-katia\-update\-weatherman\-goes\-viral\-2587407 \|title\=Who Is Alan Sealls? Hurricanes Irma, Jose And Katia Update From Weatherman Goes Viral \|date\=September 7, 2017 \|work\=International Business Times \|access\-date\=September 8, 2017}}
#### Notable former on\-air staff
* [Jack Drees](/wiki/Jack_Drees "Jack Drees") (deceased)
* [Estella Payton](/wiki/Estella_Payton "Estella Payton") (deceased)
* [Alan Sealls](/wiki/Alan_Sealls "Alan Sealls") (later at [WPMI\-TV](/wiki/WPMI-TV "WPMI-TV"), now retired)
* [Mel Showers](/wiki/Mel_Showers "Mel Showers") (deceased)
* [John Edd Thompson](/wiki/John_Edd_Thompson "John Edd Thompson")
|
[
"Programming\n-----------",
"Shows that aired on WKRG in the past include *[Woman's World](/wiki/Woman%27s_World_%28TV_program%29 \"Woman's World (TV program)\")*,[http://www.mobilechamber.com/view/2005/5\\-2005\\.pdf](http://www.mobilechamber.com/view/2005/5-2005.pdf) page 7, 8 The Business View May 2005 Mobile Area Chamber of CommerceLanier, Kim. \"Television cook Estella Payton dies at age 95\\.\" Mobile Press\\-Register \\[Mobile, Alabama] December 16, 1999: B1\\.\"The Mobile version of Julia Child and Martha Stewart. Had a long run cooking show on channel Five (formerly one of only two channels in the City).\" [Culture \"Cul\\-cha\"; How to Speak Mobile](http://www.mobile.org/pdf/stats/Culture.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518065449/http://www.mobile.org/pdf/stats/Culture.pdf \\|date\\=May 18, 2008 }} Connie Bea and Estelle Mobile Bay Convention and Visitor's BureauHerman W. Land Associates Inc. *Television and the Wired City a Study of the Implications of a Change in the Mode of Transmission* 1968, July (1111\\) ASIN: B000RL0X18 *The [Popeye](/wiki/Popeye \"Popeye\") Show*,page 8 The Business View May 2005 Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce *Rosie's Place* and *Small Fry News*, a show featuring local fifth graders. WKRG\\-TV was also the longtime home of *[Congressional Report](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Congressional_Report \"Gulf Coast Congressional Report\")* from 1973 to 2006, billed as the longest\\-running program of its kind in the nation, featuring local members of [Congress](/wiki/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\") giving viewers a local perspective of [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), and the central Gulf Coast from their standpoint.",
"### News operation",
"{{expand section\\|further information on the history of WKRG's news operation\\|date\\=September 2011}}\nWKRG\\-TV presently broadcasts {{frac\\|37\\|1\\|2}} hours of local newscasts each week (with {{frac\\|6\\|1\\|2}} hours each weekday, two hours on Saturdays and three hours on Sundays).",
"In 2002, the focus of the station's programming switched to weather and news, and the station's branding was changed to reflect it: it rebranded from \"WKRG 5\" to *WKRG News 5* (based on the station's *NewsCenter* branding in the 1980s and 1990s) and its slogan touted it as Mobile's \"Weather Authority\". On October 18, 2010, starting with its 6 p.m. newscast, WKRG became the second television station in the Mobile–Pensacola market and the first Mobile\\-based station to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in [high definition](/wiki/High-definition_television \"High-definition television\").",
"At one time, WKRG ran an expanded morning newscast until 8 a.m. on weekdays, which preempted the first hour of *[The Early Show](/wiki/The_Early_Show \"The Early Show\")*, as well as a weekday 9 a.m. newscast. The 7 a.m. newscast was canceled in 2008 at CBS' request for its affiliates to air both hours of *The Early Show* and the 9 a.m. newscast was canceled in 2009 due to low viewership and staff reductions by parent company Media General. This newscast returned to the 9 a.m. slot on March 30, 2015, as a half\\-hour newscast on weekdays. Future newscast expansion has been touted by the station by way of news promos.",
"WKRG is one of the two remaining stations in the market to start their daily morning newscast at 5 a.m., along with WPMI, which ran a 4:30 a.m. show from September 2013 to June 2015\\.",
"On April 20, 2015, the morning newscast began to be simulcast on WFNA, mainly as a stopgap solution due to the sudden cancellation of that station's syndicated morning show, *[The Daily Buzz](/wiki/The_Daily_Buzz \"The Daily Buzz\")*.",
"WKRG became the first Mobile station (second in market overall) to launch weekend morning newscasts on June 20, 2015, from 5 to 6 a.m. Saturdays and 6 to 8 a.m. Sundays.",
"On December 5, 2016, WKRG added newscasts at 4:30 a.m. and 6:30 p.m. The latter replaced *[The Andy Griffith Show](/wiki/The_Andy_Griffith_Show \"The Andy Griffith Show\")*, which moved to sister station WFNA to weeknights at 9:30 following their 9 p.m. news which is also produced by WKRG.",
"On September 7, 2017, a video of WKRG meteorologist Alan Sealls covering [Hurricane Irma](/wiki/Hurricane_Irma \"Hurricane Irma\"), [Hurricane Jose](/wiki/Hurricane_Jose_%282017%29 \"Hurricane Jose (2017)\"), and [Hurricane Katia](/wiki/Hurricane_Katia_%282017%29 \"Hurricane Katia (2017)\") went viral on Reddit and YouTube.{{cite web \\|last\\=Vultaggio \\|first\\=Maria \\|url\\=http://www.ibtimes.com/who\\-alan\\-sealls\\-hurricanes\\-irma\\-jose\\-katia\\-update\\-weatherman\\-goes\\-viral\\-2587407 \\|title\\=Who Is Alan Sealls? Hurricanes Irma, Jose And Katia Update From Weatherman Goes Viral \\|date\\=September 7, 2017 \\|work\\=International Business Times \\|access\\-date\\=September 8, 2017}}",
"#### Notable former on\\-air staff",
"* [Jack Drees](/wiki/Jack_Drees \"Jack Drees\") (deceased)\n* [Estella Payton](/wiki/Estella_Payton \"Estella Payton\") (deceased)\n* [Alan Sealls](/wiki/Alan_Sealls \"Alan Sealls\") (later at [WPMI\\-TV](/wiki/WPMI-TV \"WPMI-TV\"), now retired)\n* [Mel Showers](/wiki/Mel_Showers \"Mel Showers\") (deceased)\n* [John Edd Thompson](/wiki/John_Edd_Thompson \"John Edd Thompson\")"
] |
### News operation
{{expand section\|further information on the history of WKRG's news operation\|date\=September 2011}}
WKRG\-TV presently broadcasts {{frac\|37\|1\|2}} hours of local newscasts each week (with {{frac\|6\|1\|2}} hours each weekday, two hours on Saturdays and three hours on Sundays).
In 2002, the focus of the station's programming switched to weather and news, and the station's branding was changed to reflect it: it rebranded from "WKRG 5" to *WKRG News 5* (based on the station's *NewsCenter* branding in the 1980s and 1990s) and its slogan touted it as Mobile's "Weather Authority". On October 18, 2010, starting with its 6 p.m. newscast, WKRG became the second television station in the Mobile–Pensacola market and the first Mobile\-based station to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in [high definition](/wiki/High-definition_television "High-definition television").
At one time, WKRG ran an expanded morning newscast until 8 a.m. on weekdays, which preempted the first hour of *[The Early Show](/wiki/The_Early_Show "The Early Show")*, as well as a weekday 9 a.m. newscast. The 7 a.m. newscast was canceled in 2008 at CBS' request for its affiliates to air both hours of *The Early Show* and the 9 a.m. newscast was canceled in 2009 due to low viewership and staff reductions by parent company Media General. This newscast returned to the 9 a.m. slot on March 30, 2015, as a half\-hour newscast on weekdays. Future newscast expansion has been touted by the station by way of news promos.
WKRG is one of the two remaining stations in the market to start their daily morning newscast at 5 a.m., along with WPMI, which ran a 4:30 a.m. show from September 2013 to June 2015\.
On April 20, 2015, the morning newscast began to be simulcast on WFNA, mainly as a stopgap solution due to the sudden cancellation of that station's syndicated morning show, *[The Daily Buzz](/wiki/The_Daily_Buzz "The Daily Buzz")*.
WKRG became the first Mobile station (second in market overall) to launch weekend morning newscasts on June 20, 2015, from 5 to 6 a.m. Saturdays and 6 to 8 a.m. Sundays.
On December 5, 2016, WKRG added newscasts at 4:30 a.m. and 6:30 p.m. The latter replaced *[The Andy Griffith Show](/wiki/The_Andy_Griffith_Show "The Andy Griffith Show")*, which moved to sister station WFNA to weeknights at 9:30 following their 9 p.m. news which is also produced by WKRG.
On September 7, 2017, a video of WKRG meteorologist Alan Sealls covering [Hurricane Irma](/wiki/Hurricane_Irma "Hurricane Irma"), [Hurricane Jose](/wiki/Hurricane_Jose_%282017%29 "Hurricane Jose (2017)"), and [Hurricane Katia](/wiki/Hurricane_Katia_%282017%29 "Hurricane Katia (2017)") went viral on Reddit and YouTube.{{cite web \|last\=Vultaggio \|first\=Maria \|url\=http://www.ibtimes.com/who\-alan\-sealls\-hurricanes\-irma\-jose\-katia\-update\-weatherman\-goes\-viral\-2587407 \|title\=Who Is Alan Sealls? Hurricanes Irma, Jose And Katia Update From Weatherman Goes Viral \|date\=September 7, 2017 \|work\=International Business Times \|access\-date\=September 8, 2017}}
#### Notable former on\-air staff
* [Jack Drees](/wiki/Jack_Drees "Jack Drees") (deceased)
* [Estella Payton](/wiki/Estella_Payton "Estella Payton") (deceased)
* [Alan Sealls](/wiki/Alan_Sealls "Alan Sealls") (later at [WPMI\-TV](/wiki/WPMI-TV "WPMI-TV"), now retired)
* [Mel Showers](/wiki/Mel_Showers "Mel Showers") (deceased)
* [John Edd Thompson](/wiki/John_Edd_Thompson "John Edd Thompson")
|
[
"### News operation",
"{{expand section\\|further information on the history of WKRG's news operation\\|date\\=September 2011}}\nWKRG\\-TV presently broadcasts {{frac\\|37\\|1\\|2}} hours of local newscasts each week (with {{frac\\|6\\|1\\|2}} hours each weekday, two hours on Saturdays and three hours on Sundays).",
"In 2002, the focus of the station's programming switched to weather and news, and the station's branding was changed to reflect it: it rebranded from \"WKRG 5\" to *WKRG News 5* (based on the station's *NewsCenter* branding in the 1980s and 1990s) and its slogan touted it as Mobile's \"Weather Authority\". On October 18, 2010, starting with its 6 p.m. newscast, WKRG became the second television station in the Mobile–Pensacola market and the first Mobile\\-based station to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in [high definition](/wiki/High-definition_television \"High-definition television\").",
"At one time, WKRG ran an expanded morning newscast until 8 a.m. on weekdays, which preempted the first hour of *[The Early Show](/wiki/The_Early_Show \"The Early Show\")*, as well as a weekday 9 a.m. newscast. The 7 a.m. newscast was canceled in 2008 at CBS' request for its affiliates to air both hours of *The Early Show* and the 9 a.m. newscast was canceled in 2009 due to low viewership and staff reductions by parent company Media General. This newscast returned to the 9 a.m. slot on March 30, 2015, as a half\\-hour newscast on weekdays. Future newscast expansion has been touted by the station by way of news promos.",
"WKRG is one of the two remaining stations in the market to start their daily morning newscast at 5 a.m., along with WPMI, which ran a 4:30 a.m. show from September 2013 to June 2015\\.",
"On April 20, 2015, the morning newscast began to be simulcast on WFNA, mainly as a stopgap solution due to the sudden cancellation of that station's syndicated morning show, *[The Daily Buzz](/wiki/The_Daily_Buzz \"The Daily Buzz\")*.",
"WKRG became the first Mobile station (second in market overall) to launch weekend morning newscasts on June 20, 2015, from 5 to 6 a.m. Saturdays and 6 to 8 a.m. Sundays.",
"On December 5, 2016, WKRG added newscasts at 4:30 a.m. and 6:30 p.m. The latter replaced *[The Andy Griffith Show](/wiki/The_Andy_Griffith_Show \"The Andy Griffith Show\")*, which moved to sister station WFNA to weeknights at 9:30 following their 9 p.m. news which is also produced by WKRG.",
"On September 7, 2017, a video of WKRG meteorologist Alan Sealls covering [Hurricane Irma](/wiki/Hurricane_Irma \"Hurricane Irma\"), [Hurricane Jose](/wiki/Hurricane_Jose_%282017%29 \"Hurricane Jose (2017)\"), and [Hurricane Katia](/wiki/Hurricane_Katia_%282017%29 \"Hurricane Katia (2017)\") went viral on Reddit and YouTube.{{cite web \\|last\\=Vultaggio \\|first\\=Maria \\|url\\=http://www.ibtimes.com/who\\-alan\\-sealls\\-hurricanes\\-irma\\-jose\\-katia\\-update\\-weatherman\\-goes\\-viral\\-2587407 \\|title\\=Who Is Alan Sealls? Hurricanes Irma, Jose And Katia Update From Weatherman Goes Viral \\|date\\=September 7, 2017 \\|work\\=International Business Times \\|access\\-date\\=September 8, 2017}}",
"#### Notable former on\\-air staff",
"* [Jack Drees](/wiki/Jack_Drees \"Jack Drees\") (deceased)\n* [Estella Payton](/wiki/Estella_Payton \"Estella Payton\") (deceased)\n* [Alan Sealls](/wiki/Alan_Sealls \"Alan Sealls\") (later at [WPMI\\-TV](/wiki/WPMI-TV \"WPMI-TV\"), now retired)\n* [Mel Showers](/wiki/Mel_Showers \"Mel Showers\") (deceased)\n* [John Edd Thompson](/wiki/John_Edd_Thompson \"John Edd Thompson\")"
] |
Phonology
---------
Studies of the phonology of Cypriot Greek are few and tend to examine very specific phenomena, e.g. [gemination](/wiki/Gemination "Gemination"), "glide hardening". A general overview of the phonology of Cypriot Greek has ever been attempted only once, by {{harvnb\|Newton\|1972}}, but parts of it are now contested.
### Consonants
Cypriot Greek has geminate and [palato\-alveolar consonants](/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant "Palato-alveolar consonant"), which Standard Modern Greek lacks, as well as a contrast between {{IPA\|\[ɾ]}} and {{IPA\|\[r]}}, which Standard Modern Greek also lacks.{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|2010\|pp\=3–4}} The table below, adapted from {{harvnb\|Arvaniti\|2010\|p\=4}}, depicts the consonantal inventory of Cypriot Greek.
| \+ **Consonant [phonemes](/wiki/Phoneme "Phoneme")** | | | [Labial](/wiki/Labial_consonant "Labial consonant") | | [Dental](/wiki/Dental_consonant "Dental consonant") | | [Alveolar](/wiki/Alveolar_consonant "Alveolar consonant") | | [Post\-alveolar](/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant "Postalveolar consonant") | | [Palatal](/wiki/Palatal_consonant "Palatal consonant") | | [Velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant "Velar consonant") | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| short | [long](/wiki/Length_%28phonetics%29 "Length (phonetics)") | short | [long](/wiki/Length_%28phonetics%29 "Length (phonetics)") | short | [long](/wiki/Length_%28phonetics%29 "Length (phonetics)") | short | [long](/wiki/Length_%28phonetics%29 "Length (phonetics)") | short | [long](/wiki/Length_%28phonetics%29 "Length (phonetics)") | short | [long](/wiki/Length_%28phonetics%29 "Length (phonetics)") |
| [Nasal](/wiki/Nasal_consonant "Nasal consonant") | | {{IPA link\|m}} | {{IPA\|mː}} | {{IPA link\|n}} | {{IPA\|nː}} |
| [Stop](/wiki/Stop_consonant "Stop consonant") | | {{IPA link\|p}} | {{IPA\|pʰː}} | {{IPA link\|t}} | {{IPA\|tʰː}} | | {{IPA link\|t͡s}} | {{IPA link\|t͡ʃ}} | {{IPA\|t͡ʃʰː}} | {{IPA link\|c}} | {{IPA\|cʰː}} | {{IPA link\|k}} | {{IPA\|kʰː}} |
| [Fricative](/wiki/Fricative_consonant "Fricative consonant") | [voiceless](/wiki/Voicelessness "Voicelessness") | {{IPA link\|f}} | {{IPA\|fː}} | {{IPA link\|θ}} | {{IPA\|θː}} | {{IPA link\|s}} | {{IPA\|sː}} | {{IPA link\|ʃ}} | {{IPA\|ʃː}} | {{IPA link\|ç}} | {{IPA\|çː}} | {{IPA link\|x}} | {{IPA\|xː}} |
| [voiced](/wiki/Voice_%28phonetics%29 "Voice (phonetics)") | {{IPA link\|v}} | | {{IPA link\|ð}} | | {{IPA link\|z}} | | {{IPA link\|ʒ}} | | {{IPA link\|ʝ}} | | {{IPA link\|ɣ}} | |
| [Lateral](/wiki/Lateral_consonant "Lateral consonant") | |
{{IPA link\|l}} | {{IPA\|lː}} |
| [Rhotic](/wiki/Rhotic_consonant "Rhotic consonant") | |
{{IPA link\|ɾ}} | {{IPA link\|r}} |
Stops {{IPA\|/p t c k/}} and affricate {{IPA\|/t͡ʃ/}} are [unaspirated](/wiki/Aspiration_%28phonetics%29 "Aspiration (phonetics)") and may be pronounced weakly [voiced](/wiki/Voicing_%28phonetics%29 "Voicing (phonetics)") in fast speech.{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|1999\|pp\=2–3}} {{IPA\|/pʰː tʰː cʰː kʰː/}} are always heavily [aspirated](/wiki/Aspiration_%28phonetics%29 "Aspiration (phonetics)") and they are never preceded by nasals,{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|1999\|p\=2}} with the exception of some [loans](/wiki/Loanword "Loanword"), e.g. {{IPA\|/ʃamˈpʰːu/}} "shampoo".{{sfn\|Davy\|Ioannou\|Panayotou\|1996\|p\=134}} {{IPA\|/t͡ʃ/}} and {{IPA\|/t͡ʃʰː/}} are [laminal](/wiki/Laminal "Laminal") post\-alveolars.{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|1999\|p\=3}} {{IPA\|/t͡s/}} is pronounced similarly to {{IPA\|/t͡ʃʰː/}}, in terms of closure duration and aspiration.{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|1999\|p\=3}}
Voiced fricatives {{IPA\|/v ð ɣ/}} are often pronounced as [approximants](/wiki/Approximant_consonant "Approximant consonant") and they are regularly [elided](/wiki/Elision "Elision") when [intervocalic](/wiki/Intervocalic_consonant "Intervocalic consonant").{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|1999\|pp\=2–3}} {{IPA\|/ʝ/}} is similarly often realised as an approximant {{IPA link\|j\|\[j]}} in weak positions.{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|2010\|p\=11}}
The palatal lateral approximant {{IPA\|\[ʎ]}} is most often realised as a singleton or geminate lateral {{IPA\|\[ʎ(ː)]}} or a singleton or geminate fricative {{IPA\|\[ʝ(ː)]}}, and sometimes as a glide {{IPA\|\[j]}} ([cf.](/wiki/Cf. "Cf.") [yeísmo](/wiki/Ye%C3%ADsmo%23Similar_phenomena_in_other_languages "Yeísmo#Similar phenomena in other languages")).{{sfn\|Pappas\|2009\|p\=307}} The circumstances under which all the different variants surface are not very well understood, but {{IPA\|\[ʝ(ː)]}} appear to be favoured in stressed syllables and word\-finally, and before {{IPA\|/a e/}}.{{sfn\|Pappas\|2009\|p\=309}} {{harvnb\|Pappas\|2009}} identifies the following phonological and non\-phonological influencing factors: stress, preceding vowel, following vowel, position inside word; and sex, education, region, and time spent living in Greece (where {{IPA\|\[ʎ]}} is standard).{{sfn\|Pappas\|2009\|p\=309}} {{harvnb\|Arvaniti\|2010}} notes that speakers of some local varieties, notably that of [Larnaca](/wiki/Larnaca "Larnaca"), "substitute" the geminate fricative for {{IPA\|/ʎ/}},{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|2010\|pp\=10–11}} but {{harvnb\|Pappas\|2009}} contests this, saying that, "{{IPA\|\[ʝ(ː)]}} is robustly present in the three urban areas of Lefkosia, Lemesos and Larnaka as well as the rural Kokinohoria region, especially among teenaged speakers ... the innovative pronunciation {{IPA\|\[ʝ(ː)]}} is not a feature of any local [patois](/wiki/Patois "Patois"), but rather a supra\-local feature."{{sfn\|Pappas\|2009\|p\=313}}
The palatal nasal {{IPA\|\[ɲ]}} is produced somewhat longer than other single nasals, though not as long as geminates. {{IPA\|/z/}} is similarly "rather long".{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|1999\|pp\=2–3}}
The alveolar trill {{IPA\|/r/}} is the geminate counterpart of the tap {{IPA\|/ɾ/}}.{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|1999\|p\=3}}
#### Palatalisation and glide hardening
In analyses that posit a phonemic (but not phonetic) [glide](/wiki/Glide_%28linguistics%29 "Glide (linguistics)") {{IPA\|/j/}}, palatals and postalveolars arise from {{mono\|CJV}} (consonant–glide–vowel) clusters, namely:{{sfn\|Nevins\|Chirotan\|2008\|pp\=13–14}}
* + - * + - * + - {{columns\-list\|colwidth\=20em\|
\* {{IPA\|/mj}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|/}} → {{IPA\|\[mɲ}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|]}}
\* {{IPA\|/nj}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|/}} → {{IPA\|\[ɲː}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|]}}
\* {{IPA\|/lj}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|/}} → {{IPA\|\[ʎː}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|]}} or {{IPA\|\[ʝː}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|]}}
\* {{IPA\|/kj}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|/}} → {{IPA\|\[t͡ʃ}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|]}} or {{IPA\|\[c}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|]}}
\* {{IPA\|/xj}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|/}} → {{IPA\|\[ʃ}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|]}} or {{IPA\|\[ç}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|]}}
\* {{IPA\|/ɣj}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|/}} → {{IPA\|\[ʝ}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|]}}
\* {{IPA\|/zj}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|/}} → {{IPA\|\[ʒː}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|]}}
\* {{IPA\|/t͡sj}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|/}} → {{IPA\|\[t͡ʃʰː}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|]}}
\* {{IPA\|/sj}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|/}} → {{IPA\|\[ʃː}}{{mono\|V}}{{IPA\|]}}}}
The glide is not assimilated, but hardens to an [obstruent](/wiki/Obstruent "Obstruent") {{IPA\|\[c]}} after {{IPA\|/p t f v θ ð/}} and to {{IPA\|\[k]}} after {{IPA\|/ɾ/}}.{{sfn\|Nevins\|Chirotan\|2008\|pp\=13–14}} At any rate, velar stops and fricatives are in [complementary distribution](/wiki/Complementary_distribution "Complementary distribution") with palatals and postalveolars before front vowels {{IPA\|/e i/}};{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|1999\|p\=3}} that is to say, broadly, {{IPA\|/k kʰː/}} are [palatalised](/wiki/Palatalization_%28sound_change%29 "Palatalization (sound change)") to either {{IPA\|\[c cʰː]}} or {{IPA\|\[t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰː]}}; {{IPA\|/x xː/}} to {{IPA\|\[{{IPAplink\|ç}} çː]}} or {{IPA\|\[ʃ ʃː]}}; and {{IPA\|/ɣ/}} to {{IPA\|\[ʝ]}}.
#### Geminates
There is considerable disagreement on how to classify Cypriot Greek geminates, though they are now generally understood to be "geminates proper" (rather than clusters of identical phonemes or "[fortis](/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis "Fortis and lenis")" consonants).{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|2010\|p\=12}} Geminates are 1\.5 to 2 times longer than singletons, depending, primarily, on position and stress.{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|2010\|pp\=4–5}} Geminates occur both word\-initially and word\-medially. Word\-initial geminates tend to be somewhat longer.{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|2010\|p\=5}} {{harvnb\|Tserdanelis\|Arvaniti\|2001}} have found that "for stops, in particular, this lengthening affects both closure duration and [VOT](/wiki/Voice_onset_time "Voice onset time")",{{sfn\|Tserdanelis\|Arvaniti\|2001\|p\=35}} but {{harvnb\|Davy\|Panayotou\|2003}} claim that stops contrast only in aspiration, and not duration.{{sfn\|Davy\|Panayotou\|2003\|p\=8\|ps\=: "...there is no evidence for the assumption that CG {{IPA\|/pʰ/}} is distinctively long (or geminate). The CGasp system contains simply tense aspirated and lax unaspirated stops."}} {{harvnb\|Armosti\|2010}} undertook a perceptual study with thirty native speakers of Cypriot Greek,{{sfn\|Armosti\|2010\|pp\=37}} and has found that both closure duration and (the duration and properties of) aspiration provide important cues in distinguishing between the two kinds of stops, but aspiration is slightly more significant.{{sfn\|Armosti\|2010\|pp\=52–53}}
#### Assimilatory processes
Word\-final {{IPA\|/n/}} [assimilates](/wiki/Assimilation_%28linguistics%29 "Assimilation (linguistics)") with succeeding consonants—other than stops and affricates—at word boundaries producing post\-lexical geminates.{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|2010\|p\=8}} Consequently, geminate voiced fricatives, though generally not phonemic, do occur as allophones. Below are some examples of geminates to arise from [sandhi](/wiki/Sandhi "Sandhi").
* {{IPA\|/ton ˈluka/}} → {{IPA\|\[to‿ˈlˑuka]}} {{lang\|el\|τον Λούκα}} "Lucas" (acc.)
* {{IPA\|/en ˈða/}} → {{IPA\|\[e‿ˈðːa]}} {{lang\|el\|εν δα}} "\[s/he] is here"
* {{IPA\|/pu tin ˈɾiza/}} → {{IPA\|\[pu ti‿ˈriza]}} {{lang\|el\|που την ρίζα}} "from the root"
In contrast, singleton stops and affricates do not undergo gemination, but become fully voiced when preceded by a nasal, with the nasal becoming [homorganic](/wiki/Homorganic_consonants "Homorganic consonants").{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|1999\|pp\=2–3}} This process is not restricted to terminal nasals; singleton stops and affricates always become voiced following a nasal.{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|1999\|p\=4}}
* {{IPA\|/kaˈpnizumen ˈpuɾa/}} → {{IPA\|\[kaˈpnizumem‿ˈbuɾa]}} {{lang\|el\|καπνίζουμεν πούρα}} "\[we] smoke cigars"
* {{IPA\|/an ˈt͡ʃe/}} → {{IPA\|\[an‿ˈd͡ʒe]}} {{lang\|el\|αν τζ̌αι}} "even though"
* {{IPA\|/tin ciɾi.aˈcin/}} → {{IPA\|\[tiɲ‿ɟirĭ.aˈcin]}} {{lang\|el\|την Κυριακήν}} "on Sunday"
Word\-final {{IPA\|/n/}} is altogether [elided](/wiki/Elision "Elision") before geminate stops and consonant clusters:{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|1999\|p\=5}}
* {{IPA\|/eˈpiasamen ˈfcoɾa/}} → {{IPA\|\[eˈpcasame‿ˈfcoɾa]}} {{lang\|el\|επιάσαμεν φκιόρα}} "\[we] bought flowers"
* {{IPA\|/ˈpa‿stin cʰːeˈlːe/}} → {{IPA\|\[ˈpa‿sti‿cʰːeˈlːe]}} {{lang\|el\|πα' στην κκελλέ}} "on the head"
Like with {{IPA\|/n/}}, word\-final {{IPA\|/s/}} assimilates to following {{IPA\|\[s]}} and {{IPA\|\[ʃ]}} producing geminates:{{sfn\|Armosti\|2011\|p\=97}}
* {{IPA\|/as ʃoˈnisi/}} → {{IPA\|\[a‿ʃːoˈnisi]}} {{lang\|el\|ας σ̌ονίσει}} "let it snow"
Lastly, word\-final {{IPA\|/s/}} becomes voiced when followed by a voiced consonant belonging to the same phrase, like in Standard Greek:{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|1999\|p\=5}}
* {{IPA\|/tis ˈmaltas/}} → {{IPA\|\[tiz‿ˈmaltas]}} {{lang\|el\|της Μάλτας}} "of [Malta](/wiki/Malta "Malta")"
* {{IPA\|/aˈɣonas ˈðromu/}} → {{IPA\|\[aˈɣonaz‿ˈðromu]}} {{lang\|el\|αγώνας δρόμου}} "race"
### Vowels
[thumb\|250px\|The [vowels](/wiki/Vowel_diagram "Vowel diagram") of Cypriot Greek. Adapted from {{harvnb\|Arvaniti\|1999\|p\=4}}.](/wiki/File:Cypriot_Greek_vowel_chart.svg "Cypriot Greek vowel chart.svg")
Cypriot Greek has a five\-vowel system {{IPA\|/{{IPAplink\|i}}, {{IPAplink\|u}}, {{IPAplink\|e̞\|e}}, {{IPAplink\|o̞\|o}}, {{IPAplink\|ɐ\|a}}/}}{{sfn\|Georgiou\|2018\|p\=70}} {{sfn\|Georgiou\|2019\|p\=4}} that is nearly identical to that of Standard Modern Greek.{{efn\|group\=note\|For an acoustic comparison of the two vowel systems see {{harvnb\|Themistocleous\|2017a}} and {{harvnb\|Themistocleous\|2017b}}.}}
Close vowels {{IPA\|/i u/}} following {{IPA\|/t/}} at the end of an utterance are regularly reduced (50% of all cases presented in study) to "fricated vowels" (40% of all cases, cf. Slavic [yers](/wiki/Yer "Yer")), and are sometimes [elided](/wiki/Elision "Elision") altogether (5% of all cases).{{sfn\|Eftychiou\|2007\|p\=518}}
In glide\-less analyses, {{IPA\|/i/}} may alternate with {{IPA\|\[k]}} or {{IPA\|\[c]}},{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|2010\|p\=1}} e.g. {{IPA\|\[kluvi]}} "cage" → {{IPA\|\[klufca]}} "cages", or {{IPA\|\[kulːuɾi]}} "[koulouri](/wiki/wikt:Koulouri "Koulouri")" → {{IPA\|\[kulːuɾ̥ka]}} "koulouria"; and, like in Standard Modern Greek, it is pronounced {{IPA\|\[ɲ]}} when found between {{IPA\|/m/}} and another vowel that belongs to the same syllable,{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|1999\|p\=4}} e.g. {{IPA\|\[mɲa]}} "one" (f.).
### Stress
Cypriot Greek has ["dynamic" stress](/wiki/Stress_%28linguistics%29 "Stress (linguistics)").{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|1999\|p\=5}} Both consonants and vowels are longer in stressed than in unstressed syllables, and the effect is stronger word\-initially.{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|2010\|pp\=17–18}} There is only one stress per word, and it can fall on any of the last four syllables. Stress on the fourth\-last syllable in a word is rare and normally limited to certain verb forms. Because of that possibility, however, when words with antepenultimate stress are followed by an enclitic in Cypriot Greek, no extra stress is added unlike Standard Modern Greek in which stress falls only on one of the last three syllables),{{sfn\|Arvaniti\|1999\|p\=5}} e.g. Cypriot Greek {{lang\|el\|το ποδήλατον μου}} {{IPA\|\[to poˈðilato‿mːu]}}, Standard Modern Greek {{lang\|el\|το ποδήλατό μου}} {{IPA\|\[to poˌðilaˈto‿mu]}} "my bicycle".
|
[
"Phonology\n---------",
"Studies of the phonology of Cypriot Greek are few and tend to examine very specific phenomena, e.g. [gemination](/wiki/Gemination \"Gemination\"), \"glide hardening\". A general overview of the phonology of Cypriot Greek has ever been attempted only once, by {{harvnb\\|Newton\\|1972}}, but parts of it are now contested.",
"### Consonants",
"Cypriot Greek has geminate and [palato\\-alveolar consonants](/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant \"Palato-alveolar consonant\"), which Standard Modern Greek lacks, as well as a contrast between {{IPA\\|\\[ɾ]}} and {{IPA\\|\\[r]}}, which Standard Modern Greek also lacks.{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|2010\\|pp\\=3–4}} The table below, adapted from {{harvnb\\|Arvaniti\\|2010\\|p\\=4}}, depicts the consonantal inventory of Cypriot Greek.",
"",
"| \\+ **Consonant [phonemes](/wiki/Phoneme \"Phoneme\")** | | | [Labial](/wiki/Labial_consonant \"Labial consonant\") | | [Dental](/wiki/Dental_consonant \"Dental consonant\") | | [Alveolar](/wiki/Alveolar_consonant \"Alveolar consonant\") | | [Post\\-alveolar](/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant \"Postalveolar consonant\") | | [Palatal](/wiki/Palatal_consonant \"Palatal consonant\") | | [Velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant \"Velar consonant\") | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n| short | [long](/wiki/Length_%28phonetics%29 \"Length (phonetics)\") | short | [long](/wiki/Length_%28phonetics%29 \"Length (phonetics)\") | short | [long](/wiki/Length_%28phonetics%29 \"Length (phonetics)\") | short | [long](/wiki/Length_%28phonetics%29 \"Length (phonetics)\") | short | [long](/wiki/Length_%28phonetics%29 \"Length (phonetics)\") | short | [long](/wiki/Length_%28phonetics%29 \"Length (phonetics)\") |\n| [Nasal](/wiki/Nasal_consonant \"Nasal consonant\") | | {{IPA link\\|m}} | {{IPA\\|mː}} | {{IPA link\\|n}} | {{IPA\\|nː}} |",
"",
"",
"",
"| [Stop](/wiki/Stop_consonant \"Stop consonant\") | | {{IPA link\\|p}} | {{IPA\\|pʰː}} | {{IPA link\\|t}} | {{IPA\\|tʰː}} | | {{IPA link\\|t͡s}} | {{IPA link\\|t͡ʃ}} | {{IPA\\|t͡ʃʰː}} | {{IPA link\\|c}} | {{IPA\\|cʰː}} | {{IPA link\\|k}} | {{IPA\\|kʰː}} |\n| [Fricative](/wiki/Fricative_consonant \"Fricative consonant\") | [voiceless](/wiki/Voicelessness \"Voicelessness\") | {{IPA link\\|f}} | {{IPA\\|fː}} | {{IPA link\\|θ}} | {{IPA\\|θː}} | {{IPA link\\|s}} | {{IPA\\|sː}} | {{IPA link\\|ʃ}} | {{IPA\\|ʃː}} | {{IPA link\\|ç}} | {{IPA\\|çː}} | {{IPA link\\|x}} | {{IPA\\|xː}} |\n| [voiced](/wiki/Voice_%28phonetics%29 \"Voice (phonetics)\") | {{IPA link\\|v}} | | {{IPA link\\|ð}} | | {{IPA link\\|z}} | | {{IPA link\\|ʒ}} | | {{IPA link\\|ʝ}} | | {{IPA link\\|ɣ}} | |\n| [Lateral](/wiki/Lateral_consonant \"Lateral consonant\") | |",
"",
"{{IPA link\\|l}} | {{IPA\\|lː}} |",
"",
"",
"| [Rhotic](/wiki/Rhotic_consonant \"Rhotic consonant\") | |",
"",
"{{IPA link\\|ɾ}} | {{IPA link\\|r}} |",
"",
"",
"",
"Stops {{IPA\\|/p t c k/}} and affricate {{IPA\\|/t͡ʃ/}} are [unaspirated](/wiki/Aspiration_%28phonetics%29 \"Aspiration (phonetics)\") and may be pronounced weakly [voiced](/wiki/Voicing_%28phonetics%29 \"Voicing (phonetics)\") in fast speech.{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|1999\\|pp\\=2–3}} {{IPA\\|/pʰː tʰː cʰː kʰː/}} are always heavily [aspirated](/wiki/Aspiration_%28phonetics%29 \"Aspiration (phonetics)\") and they are never preceded by nasals,{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|1999\\|p\\=2}} with the exception of some [loans](/wiki/Loanword \"Loanword\"), e.g. {{IPA\\|/ʃamˈpʰːu/}} \"shampoo\".{{sfn\\|Davy\\|Ioannou\\|Panayotou\\|1996\\|p\\=134}} {{IPA\\|/t͡ʃ/}} and {{IPA\\|/t͡ʃʰː/}} are [laminal](/wiki/Laminal \"Laminal\") post\\-alveolars.{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|1999\\|p\\=3}} {{IPA\\|/t͡s/}} is pronounced similarly to {{IPA\\|/t͡ʃʰː/}}, in terms of closure duration and aspiration.{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|1999\\|p\\=3}}",
"Voiced fricatives {{IPA\\|/v ð ɣ/}} are often pronounced as [approximants](/wiki/Approximant_consonant \"Approximant consonant\") and they are regularly [elided](/wiki/Elision \"Elision\") when [intervocalic](/wiki/Intervocalic_consonant \"Intervocalic consonant\").{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|1999\\|pp\\=2–3}} {{IPA\\|/ʝ/}} is similarly often realised as an approximant {{IPA link\\|j\\|\\[j]}} in weak positions.{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|2010\\|p\\=11}}",
"The palatal lateral approximant {{IPA\\|\\[ʎ]}} is most often realised as a singleton or geminate lateral {{IPA\\|\\[ʎ(ː)]}} or a singleton or geminate fricative {{IPA\\|\\[ʝ(ː)]}}, and sometimes as a glide {{IPA\\|\\[j]}} ([cf.](/wiki/Cf. \"Cf.\") [yeísmo](/wiki/Ye%C3%ADsmo%23Similar_phenomena_in_other_languages \"Yeísmo#Similar phenomena in other languages\")).{{sfn\\|Pappas\\|2009\\|p\\=307}} The circumstances under which all the different variants surface are not very well understood, but {{IPA\\|\\[ʝ(ː)]}} appear to be favoured in stressed syllables and word\\-finally, and before {{IPA\\|/a e/}}.{{sfn\\|Pappas\\|2009\\|p\\=309}} {{harvnb\\|Pappas\\|2009}} identifies the following phonological and non\\-phonological influencing factors: stress, preceding vowel, following vowel, position inside word; and sex, education, region, and time spent living in Greece (where {{IPA\\|\\[ʎ]}} is standard).{{sfn\\|Pappas\\|2009\\|p\\=309}} {{harvnb\\|Arvaniti\\|2010}} notes that speakers of some local varieties, notably that of [Larnaca](/wiki/Larnaca \"Larnaca\"), \"substitute\" the geminate fricative for {{IPA\\|/ʎ/}},{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|2010\\|pp\\=10–11}} but {{harvnb\\|Pappas\\|2009}} contests this, saying that, \"{{IPA\\|\\[ʝ(ː)]}} is robustly present in the three urban areas of Lefkosia, Lemesos and Larnaka as well as the rural Kokinohoria region, especially among teenaged speakers ... the innovative pronunciation {{IPA\\|\\[ʝ(ː)]}} is not a feature of any local [patois](/wiki/Patois \"Patois\"), but rather a supra\\-local feature.\"{{sfn\\|Pappas\\|2009\\|p\\=313}}",
"The palatal nasal {{IPA\\|\\[ɲ]}} is produced somewhat longer than other single nasals, though not as long as geminates. {{IPA\\|/z/}} is similarly \"rather long\".{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|1999\\|pp\\=2–3}}",
"The alveolar trill {{IPA\\|/r/}} is the geminate counterpart of the tap {{IPA\\|/ɾ/}}.{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|1999\\|p\\=3}}",
"#### Palatalisation and glide hardening",
"In analyses that posit a phonemic (but not phonetic) [glide](/wiki/Glide_%28linguistics%29 \"Glide (linguistics)\") {{IPA\\|/j/}}, palatals and postalveolars arise from {{mono\\|CJV}} (consonant–glide–vowel) clusters, namely:{{sfn\\|Nevins\\|Chirotan\\|2008\\|pp\\=13–14}}",
"* + - * + - * + - {{columns\\-list\\|colwidth\\=20em\\|\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{IPA\\|/mj}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[mɲ}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|]}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{IPA\\|/nj}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[ɲː}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|]}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{IPA\\|/lj}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[ʎː}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|]}} or {{IPA\\|\\[ʝː}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|]}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{IPA\\|/kj}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[t͡ʃ}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|]}} or {{IPA\\|\\[c}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|]}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{IPA\\|/xj}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[ʃ}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|]}} or {{IPA\\|\\[ç}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|]}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{IPA\\|/ɣj}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[ʝ}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|]}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{IPA\\|/zj}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[ʒː}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|]}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{IPA\\|/t͡sj}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[t͡ʃʰː}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|]}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{IPA\\|/sj}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[ʃː}}{{mono\\|V}}{{IPA\\|]}}}}",
"The glide is not assimilated, but hardens to an [obstruent](/wiki/Obstruent \"Obstruent\") {{IPA\\|\\[c]}} after {{IPA\\|/p t f v θ ð/}} and to {{IPA\\|\\[k]}} after {{IPA\\|/ɾ/}}.{{sfn\\|Nevins\\|Chirotan\\|2008\\|pp\\=13–14}} At any rate, velar stops and fricatives are in [complementary distribution](/wiki/Complementary_distribution \"Complementary distribution\") with palatals and postalveolars before front vowels {{IPA\\|/e i/}};{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|1999\\|p\\=3}} that is to say, broadly, {{IPA\\|/k kʰː/}} are [palatalised](/wiki/Palatalization_%28sound_change%29 \"Palatalization (sound change)\") to either {{IPA\\|\\[c cʰː]}} or {{IPA\\|\\[t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰː]}}; {{IPA\\|/x xː/}} to {{IPA\\|\\[{{IPAplink\\|ç}} çː]}} or {{IPA\\|\\[ʃ ʃː]}}; and {{IPA\\|/ɣ/}} to {{IPA\\|\\[ʝ]}}.",
"#### Geminates",
"There is considerable disagreement on how to classify Cypriot Greek geminates, though they are now generally understood to be \"geminates proper\" (rather than clusters of identical phonemes or \"[fortis](/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis \"Fortis and lenis\")\" consonants).{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|2010\\|p\\=12}} Geminates are 1\\.5 to 2 times longer than singletons, depending, primarily, on position and stress.{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|2010\\|pp\\=4–5}} Geminates occur both word\\-initially and word\\-medially. Word\\-initial geminates tend to be somewhat longer.{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|2010\\|p\\=5}} {{harvnb\\|Tserdanelis\\|Arvaniti\\|2001}} have found that \"for stops, in particular, this lengthening affects both closure duration and [VOT](/wiki/Voice_onset_time \"Voice onset time\")\",{{sfn\\|Tserdanelis\\|Arvaniti\\|2001\\|p\\=35}} but {{harvnb\\|Davy\\|Panayotou\\|2003}} claim that stops contrast only in aspiration, and not duration.{{sfn\\|Davy\\|Panayotou\\|2003\\|p\\=8\\|ps\\=: \"...there is no evidence for the assumption that CG {{IPA\\|/pʰ/}} is distinctively long (or geminate). The CGasp system contains simply tense aspirated and lax unaspirated stops.\"}} {{harvnb\\|Armosti\\|2010}} undertook a perceptual study with thirty native speakers of Cypriot Greek,{{sfn\\|Armosti\\|2010\\|pp\\=37}} and has found that both closure duration and (the duration and properties of) aspiration provide important cues in distinguishing between the two kinds of stops, but aspiration is slightly more significant.{{sfn\\|Armosti\\|2010\\|pp\\=52–53}}",
"#### Assimilatory processes",
"Word\\-final {{IPA\\|/n/}} [assimilates](/wiki/Assimilation_%28linguistics%29 \"Assimilation (linguistics)\") with succeeding consonants—other than stops and affricates—at word boundaries producing post\\-lexical geminates.{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|2010\\|p\\=8}} Consequently, geminate voiced fricatives, though generally not phonemic, do occur as allophones. Below are some examples of geminates to arise from [sandhi](/wiki/Sandhi \"Sandhi\").\n* {{IPA\\|/ton ˈluka/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[to‿ˈlˑuka]}} {{lang\\|el\\|τον Λούκα}} \"Lucas\" (acc.)\n* {{IPA\\|/en ˈða/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[e‿ˈðːa]}} {{lang\\|el\\|εν δα}} \"\\[s/he] is here\"\n* {{IPA\\|/pu tin ˈɾiza/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[pu ti‿ˈriza]}} {{lang\\|el\\|που την ρίζα}} \"from the root\"",
"In contrast, singleton stops and affricates do not undergo gemination, but become fully voiced when preceded by a nasal, with the nasal becoming [homorganic](/wiki/Homorganic_consonants \"Homorganic consonants\").{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|1999\\|pp\\=2–3}} This process is not restricted to terminal nasals; singleton stops and affricates always become voiced following a nasal.{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|1999\\|p\\=4}}\n* {{IPA\\|/kaˈpnizumen ˈpuɾa/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[kaˈpnizumem‿ˈbuɾa]}} {{lang\\|el\\|καπνίζουμεν πούρα}} \"\\[we] smoke cigars\"\n* {{IPA\\|/an ˈt͡ʃe/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[an‿ˈd͡ʒe]}} {{lang\\|el\\|αν τζ̌αι}} \"even though\"\n* {{IPA\\|/tin ciɾi.aˈcin/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[tiɲ‿ɟirĭ.aˈcin]}} {{lang\\|el\\|την Κυριακήν}} \"on Sunday\"",
"Word\\-final {{IPA\\|/n/}} is altogether [elided](/wiki/Elision \"Elision\") before geminate stops and consonant clusters:{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|1999\\|p\\=5}}\n* {{IPA\\|/eˈpiasamen ˈfcoɾa/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[eˈpcasame‿ˈfcoɾa]}} {{lang\\|el\\|επιάσαμεν φκιόρα}} \"\\[we] bought flowers\"\n* {{IPA\\|/ˈpa‿stin cʰːeˈlːe/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[ˈpa‿sti‿cʰːeˈlːe]}} {{lang\\|el\\|πα' στην κκελλέ}} \"on the head\"",
"Like with {{IPA\\|/n/}}, word\\-final {{IPA\\|/s/}} assimilates to following {{IPA\\|\\[s]}} and {{IPA\\|\\[ʃ]}} producing geminates:{{sfn\\|Armosti\\|2011\\|p\\=97}}\n* {{IPA\\|/as ʃoˈnisi/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[a‿ʃːoˈnisi]}} {{lang\\|el\\|ας σ̌ονίσει}} \"let it snow\"",
"Lastly, word\\-final {{IPA\\|/s/}} becomes voiced when followed by a voiced consonant belonging to the same phrase, like in Standard Greek:{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|1999\\|p\\=5}}\n* {{IPA\\|/tis ˈmaltas/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[tiz‿ˈmaltas]}} {{lang\\|el\\|της Μάλτας}} \"of [Malta](/wiki/Malta \"Malta\")\"\n* {{IPA\\|/aˈɣonas ˈðromu/}} → {{IPA\\|\\[aˈɣonaz‿ˈðromu]}} {{lang\\|el\\|αγώνας δρόμου}} \"race\"",
"### Vowels",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|The [vowels](/wiki/Vowel_diagram \"Vowel diagram\") of Cypriot Greek. Adapted from {{harvnb\\|Arvaniti\\|1999\\|p\\=4}}.](/wiki/File:Cypriot_Greek_vowel_chart.svg \"Cypriot Greek vowel chart.svg\")",
"Cypriot Greek has a five\\-vowel system {{IPA\\|/{{IPAplink\\|i}}, {{IPAplink\\|u}}, {{IPAplink\\|e̞\\|e}}, {{IPAplink\\|o̞\\|o}}, {{IPAplink\\|ɐ\\|a}}/}}{{sfn\\|Georgiou\\|2018\\|p\\=70}} {{sfn\\|Georgiou\\|2019\\|p\\=4}} that is nearly identical to that of Standard Modern Greek.{{efn\\|group\\=note\\|For an acoustic comparison of the two vowel systems see {{harvnb\\|Themistocleous\\|2017a}} and {{harvnb\\|Themistocleous\\|2017b}}.}}",
"Close vowels {{IPA\\|/i u/}} following {{IPA\\|/t/}} at the end of an utterance are regularly reduced (50% of all cases presented in study) to \"fricated vowels\" (40% of all cases, cf. Slavic [yers](/wiki/Yer \"Yer\")), and are sometimes [elided](/wiki/Elision \"Elision\") altogether (5% of all cases).{{sfn\\|Eftychiou\\|2007\\|p\\=518}}",
"In glide\\-less analyses, {{IPA\\|/i/}} may alternate with {{IPA\\|\\[k]}} or {{IPA\\|\\[c]}},{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|2010\\|p\\=1}} e.g. {{IPA\\|\\[kluvi]}} \"cage\" → {{IPA\\|\\[klufca]}} \"cages\", or {{IPA\\|\\[kulːuɾi]}} \"[koulouri](/wiki/wikt:Koulouri \"Koulouri\")\" → {{IPA\\|\\[kulːuɾ̥ka]}} \"koulouria\"; and, like in Standard Modern Greek, it is pronounced {{IPA\\|\\[ɲ]}} when found between {{IPA\\|/m/}} and another vowel that belongs to the same syllable,{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|1999\\|p\\=4}} e.g. {{IPA\\|\\[mɲa]}} \"one\" (f.).",
"### Stress",
"Cypriot Greek has [\"dynamic\" stress](/wiki/Stress_%28linguistics%29 \"Stress (linguistics)\").{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|1999\\|p\\=5}} Both consonants and vowels are longer in stressed than in unstressed syllables, and the effect is stronger word\\-initially.{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|2010\\|pp\\=17–18}} There is only one stress per word, and it can fall on any of the last four syllables. Stress on the fourth\\-last syllable in a word is rare and normally limited to certain verb forms. Because of that possibility, however, when words with antepenultimate stress are followed by an enclitic in Cypriot Greek, no extra stress is added unlike Standard Modern Greek in which stress falls only on one of the last three syllables),{{sfn\\|Arvaniti\\|1999\\|p\\=5}} e.g. Cypriot Greek {{lang\\|el\\|το ποδήλατον μου}} {{IPA\\|\\[to poˈðilato‿mːu]}}, Standard Modern Greek {{lang\\|el\\|το ποδήλατό μου}} {{IPA\\|\\[to poˌðilaˈto‿mu]}} \"my bicycle\".",
""
] |
Solution
--------
Usually solvers try to find the unique stabilizing solution, if such a solution exists. A solution is stabilizing if using it for controlling the associated LQR system makes the closed loop system stable.
For the CARE, the control is
K \= R^{\-1} B^T P
and the closed loop state transfer matrix is
A \- BK \= A \- B R^{\-1} B^T P
which is stable if and only if all of its eigenvalues have strictly negative real part.
For the DARE, the control is
K \= (R \+ B^T P B)^{\-1} B^T P A
and the closed loop state transfer matrix is
A \- BK \= A \- B (R \+ B^T P B)^{\-1} B^T P A
which is stable if and only if all of its eigenvalues are strictly inside the unit circle of the complex plane.
A solution to the algebraic Riccati equation can be obtained by matrix factorizations or by iterating on the Riccati equation. One type of iteration can be obtained in the discrete time case by using the *dynamic* Riccati equation that arises in the finite\-horizon problem: in the latter type of problem each iteration of the value of the matrix is relevant for optimal choice at each period that is a finite distance in time from a final time period, and if it is iterated infinitely far back in time it converges to the specific matrix that is relevant for optimal choice an infinite length of time prior to a final period—that is, for when there is an infinite horizon.
It is also possible to find the solution by finding the eigendecomposition of a larger system. For the CARE, we define the [Hamiltonian matrix](/wiki/Hamiltonian_matrix "Hamiltonian matrix")
Z \= \\begin{pmatrix} A \& \-B R^{\-1} B^T \\\\ \-Q \& \-A^T \\end{pmatrix}
Since Z is Hamiltonian, if it does not have any eigenvalues on the imaginary axis, then exactly half of its eigenvalues have a negative real part. If we denote the 2n \\times n matrix whose columns form a basis of the corresponding subspace, in block\-matrix notation, as
\\begin{pmatrix} U\_{1,1} \\\\ U\_{2,1} \\end{pmatrix}
then
P \= U\_{2,1} U\_{1,1}^{\-1}
is a solution of the Riccati equation; furthermore, the eigenvalues of A \- B R^{\-1} B^T P are the eigenvalues of Z with negative real part.
For the DARE, when A is invertible, we define the [symplectic matrix](/wiki/Symplectic_matrix "Symplectic matrix")
Z \= \\begin{pmatrix} A \+ B R^{\-1} B^T (A^{\-1})^T Q \& \-B R^{\-1} B^T (A^{\-1})^T \\\\ \-(A^{\-1})^T Q \& (A^{\-1})^T \\end{pmatrix}
Since Z is symplectic, if it does not have any eigenvalues on the unit circle, then exactly half of its eigenvalues are inside the unit circle. If we denote the 2n \\times n matrix whose columns form a basis of the corresponding subspace, in block\-matrix notation, as
\\begin{pmatrix} U\_{1,1} \\\\ U\_{2,1} \\end{pmatrix}
where U\_{1,1} and U\_{2,1} result from the decomposition{{cite news \|author1\=William Arnold\|author2\=Alan Laub\|title\=Generalized Eigenproblem Algorithms and Software for Algebraic Riccati Equations\|url\=https://engineering.purdue.edu/AAECourses/aae564/2008/fall/Notes/ArnoldLaub1984\|year\=1984 }}
Z \= \\begin{pmatrix} U\_{1,1} \& U\_{1,2} \\\\ U\_{2,1} \& U\_{2,2} \\end{pmatrix} \\begin{pmatrix} \\Lambda\_{1,1} \& \\Lambda\_{1,2} \\\\ 0 \& \\Lambda\_{2,2} \\end{pmatrix} \\begin{pmatrix} U\_{1,1}^T \& U\_{2,1}^T \\\\ U\_{1,2}^T \& U\_{2,2}^T \\end{pmatrix}
then
P \= U\_{2,1} U\_{1,1}^{\-1}
is a solution of the Riccati equation; furthermore, the eigenvalues of A \- B (R \+ B^T P B)^{\-1} B^T P A are the eigenvalues of Z which are inside the unit circle.
|
[
"Solution\n--------",
"Usually solvers try to find the unique stabilizing solution, if such a solution exists. A solution is stabilizing if using it for controlling the associated LQR system makes the closed loop system stable.",
"For the CARE, the control is\nK \\= R^{\\-1} B^T P\nand the closed loop state transfer matrix is\n A \\- BK \\= A \\- B R^{\\-1} B^T P\nwhich is stable if and only if all of its eigenvalues have strictly negative real part.",
"For the DARE, the control is\n K \\= (R \\+ B^T P B)^{\\-1} B^T P A\nand the closed loop state transfer matrix is\n A \\- BK \\= A \\- B (R \\+ B^T P B)^{\\-1} B^T P A\nwhich is stable if and only if all of its eigenvalues are strictly inside the unit circle of the complex plane.",
"A solution to the algebraic Riccati equation can be obtained by matrix factorizations or by iterating on the Riccati equation. One type of iteration can be obtained in the discrete time case by using the *dynamic* Riccati equation that arises in the finite\\-horizon problem: in the latter type of problem each iteration of the value of the matrix is relevant for optimal choice at each period that is a finite distance in time from a final time period, and if it is iterated infinitely far back in time it converges to the specific matrix that is relevant for optimal choice an infinite length of time prior to a final period—that is, for when there is an infinite horizon.",
"It is also possible to find the solution by finding the eigendecomposition of a larger system. For the CARE, we define the [Hamiltonian matrix](/wiki/Hamiltonian_matrix \"Hamiltonian matrix\")\n Z \\= \\\\begin{pmatrix} A \\& \\-B R^{\\-1} B^T \\\\\\\\ \\-Q \\& \\-A^T \\\\end{pmatrix} \nSince Z is Hamiltonian, if it does not have any eigenvalues on the imaginary axis, then exactly half of its eigenvalues have a negative real part. If we denote the 2n \\\\times n matrix whose columns form a basis of the corresponding subspace, in block\\-matrix notation, as\n \\\\begin{pmatrix} U\\_{1,1} \\\\\\\\ U\\_{2,1} \\\\end{pmatrix} \nthen\n P \\= U\\_{2,1} U\\_{1,1}^{\\-1}\nis a solution of the Riccati equation; furthermore, the eigenvalues of A \\- B R^{\\-1} B^T P are the eigenvalues of Z with negative real part.",
"For the DARE, when A is invertible, we define the [symplectic matrix](/wiki/Symplectic_matrix \"Symplectic matrix\")\n Z \\= \\\\begin{pmatrix} A \\+ B R^{\\-1} B^T (A^{\\-1})^T Q \\& \\-B R^{\\-1} B^T (A^{\\-1})^T \\\\\\\\ \\-(A^{\\-1})^T Q \\& (A^{\\-1})^T \\\\end{pmatrix} \nSince Z is symplectic, if it does not have any eigenvalues on the unit circle, then exactly half of its eigenvalues are inside the unit circle. If we denote the 2n \\\\times n matrix whose columns form a basis of the corresponding subspace, in block\\-matrix notation, as\n \\\\begin{pmatrix} U\\_{1,1} \\\\\\\\ U\\_{2,1} \\\\end{pmatrix} \nwhere U\\_{1,1} and U\\_{2,1} result from the decomposition{{cite news \\|author1\\=William Arnold\\|author2\\=Alan Laub\\|title\\=Generalized Eigenproblem Algorithms and Software for Algebraic Riccati Equations\\|url\\=https://engineering.purdue.edu/AAECourses/aae564/2008/fall/Notes/ArnoldLaub1984\\|year\\=1984 }}\n Z \\= \\\\begin{pmatrix} U\\_{1,1} \\& U\\_{1,2} \\\\\\\\ U\\_{2,1} \\& U\\_{2,2} \\\\end{pmatrix} \\\\begin{pmatrix} \\\\Lambda\\_{1,1} \\& \\\\Lambda\\_{1,2} \\\\\\\\ 0 \\& \\\\Lambda\\_{2,2} \\\\end{pmatrix} \\\\begin{pmatrix} U\\_{1,1}^T \\& U\\_{2,1}^T \\\\\\\\ U\\_{1,2}^T \\& U\\_{2,2}^T \\\\end{pmatrix} \nthen\n P \\= U\\_{2,1} U\\_{1,1}^{\\-1}\nis a solution of the Riccati equation; furthermore, the eigenvalues of A \\- B (R \\+ B^T P B)^{\\-1} B^T P A are the eigenvalues of Z which are inside the unit circle.",
""
] |
Births
------
January
* **17** – [Vido Musso](/wiki/Vido_Musso "Vido Musso"), Italian\-American tenor saxophonist, clarinetist, and bandleader (died [1982](/wiki/1982_in_jazz "1982 in jazz")).
* **27** – [Milton Adolphus](/wiki/Milton_Adolphus "Milton Adolphus"), American pianist and composer (died [1998](/wiki/1998_in_jazz "1998 in jazz")).
February
* **5** – [Rozelle Claxton](/wiki/Rozelle_Claxton "Rozelle Claxton"), American pianist (died [1995](/wiki/1995_in_jazz "1995 in jazz")).
* **22** – [Buddy Tate](/wiki/Buddy_Tate "Buddy Tate"), American saxophonist and clarinetist (died [2001](/wiki/2001_in_jazz "2001 in jazz")).
March
* **1** – [Ralph Ellison](/wiki/Ralph_Ellison "Ralph Ellison"), American novelist and literary critic (died [1994](/wiki/1994_in_jazz "1994 in jazz")).
* **31** – [Etta Baker](/wiki/Etta_Baker "Etta Baker"), American guitarist and singer (died [2006](/wiki/2006_in_jazz "2006 in jazz")).
April
* **4**
+ [Gene Ramey](/wiki/Gene_Ramey "Gene Ramey"), American upright bassist (died [1984](/wiki/1984_in_jazz "1984 in jazz")).
+ [Muddy Waters](/wiki/Muddy_Waters "Muddy Waters"), American blues guitarist and singer\-songwriter (died [1983](/wiki/1983_in_jazz "1983 in jazz")).
* **25** – [Earl Bostic](/wiki/Earl_Bostic "Earl Bostic"), American alto saxophonist (died [1965](/wiki/1965_in_jazz "1965 in jazz")).
* **29** – [Jack Bentley](/wiki/Jack_Bentley_%28musician%29 "Jack Bentley (musician)"), English trombonist, journalist, and scriptwriter (died [1994](/wiki/1994_in_jazz "1994 in jazz")).
May
* **16** – [Woody Herman](/wiki/Woody_Herman "Woody Herman"), American clarinetist, saxophonist, singer, and big band leader (died [1987](/wiki/1987_in_jazz "1987 in jazz")).{{cite web \| url\=https://www.discogs.com/artist/239399\-Woody\-Herman \| title\=Woody Herman \| publisher\=\[\[Discogs.com]] \| accessdate\=2017\-12\-08}}
June
* **14** – [Stanley Black](/wiki/Stanley_Black "Stanley Black"), English bandleader, composer, conductor, arranger and pianist (died [2002](/wiki/2002_in_jazz "2002 in jazz")).
* **20** – [Alfred Gallodoro](/wiki/Alfred_Gallodoro "Alfred Gallodoro"), American musician (died [2008](/wiki/2008_in_jazz "2008 in jazz")).{{cite news \| url\=http://www.jazzreview.com/jazz\-news/musician\-obituaries/alfred\-j.\-gallodoro\-dies\-at\-age\-95\.html \| title\=Alfred J. Gallodoro Dies at Age 95 \| first\=Peter \| last\=Westbrook \| newspaper\=\[\[Jazz Review]] \| date\=2011\-01\-29 \| accessdate\=2016\-02\-27 }}{{Dead link\|date\=February 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
* **23** – [Helen Humes](/wiki/Helen_Humes "Helen Humes"), American singer (died [1981](/wiki/1981_in_jazz "1981 in jazz")).
* **25** – [Adele Girard](/wiki/Adele_Girard "Adele Girard"), American harpist (died [1993](/wiki/1993_in_jazz "1993 in jazz")).{{cite web \| url\=https://www.discogs.com/artist/2074344\-Adele\-Girard \| title\=Adele Girard \| publisher\=\[\[Discogs.com]] \| accessdate\=2017\-12\-08}}
July
* **5** – [Smiley Lewis](/wiki/Smiley_Lewis "Smiley Lewis"), American singer and guitarist (died [1966](/wiki/1966_in_jazz "1966 in jazz")).
* **18** – [Nat Temple](/wiki/Nat_Temple "Nat Temple"), British big band leader (died [2008](/wiki/2008_in_jazz "2008 in jazz")).{{cite news \| url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/2076382/Nat\-Temple.html \| title\=Nat Temple \| newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]] \| date\=2008\-06\-04 \| accessdate\=2016\-02\-27}}
August
* **7** – [George Van Eps](/wiki/George_Van_Eps "George Van Eps"), American guitarist (died [1998](/wiki/1998_in_jazz "1998 in jazz")).
* **13** – [Anna Mae Winburn](/wiki/Anna_Mae_Winburn "Anna Mae Winburn"), African\-American vocalist and bandleader (died [1999](/wiki/1999_in_jazz "1999 in jazz")).
* **23** – [Bob Crosby](/wiki/Bob_Crosby "Bob Crosby"), American singer and bandleader (died [1993](/wiki/1993_in_jazz "1993 in jazz")).{{cite web \| url\=https://www.discogs.com/artist/527956\-Bob\-Crosby \| title\=Bob Crosby \| publisher\=\[\[Discogs.com]] \| accessdate\=2017\-12\-08}}
September
* **10** – [Cliff Leeman](/wiki/Cliff_Leeman "Cliff Leeman"), American drummer (died [1986](/wiki/1986_in_jazz "1986 in jazz")).
* **19** – [Helen Ward](/wiki/Helen_Ward_%28singer%29 "Helen Ward (singer)"), American singer (died [1998](/wiki/1998_in_jazz "1998 in jazz")).
* **20** – [John Collins](/wiki/John_Collins_%28jazz_guitarist%29 "John Collins (jazz guitarist)"), American guitarist (died [2001](/wiki/2001_in_jazz "2001 in jazz")).
* **24** – [Herb Jeffries](/wiki/Herb_Jeffries "Herb Jeffries"), African\-American actor and singer\-songwriter (died [2014](/wiki/2014_in_jazz "2014 in jazz")).
* **26** – [Dorothy Sloop](/wiki/Dorothy_Sloop "Dorothy Sloop"), American pianist (died [1998](/wiki/1998_in_jazz "1998 in jazz")).
October
* **1** – [Harry Lookofsky](/wiki/Harry_Lookofsky "Harry Lookofsky"), American violinist (died [1998](/wiki/1998_in_jazz "1998 in jazz")).
* **2** – [Wally Rose](/wiki/Wally_Rose "Wally Rose"), American pianist (died [1997](/wiki/1997_in_jazz "1997 in jazz")).
* **15** – [Thore Jederby](/wiki/Thore_Jederby "Thore Jederby"), Swedish upright bassist, record producer, and radio broadcaster (died [1984](/wiki/1984_in_jazz "1984 in jazz")).
* **19** – [Vinicius de Moraes](/wiki/Vinicius_de_Moraes "Vinicius de Moraes"), Brazilian singer, poet, lyricist, essayist, and playwright (died [1980](/wiki/1980_in_jazz "1980 in jazz")).
* **21**
+ [Cosimo Di Ceglie](/wiki/Cosimo_Di_Ceglie "Cosimo Di Ceglie"), Italian guitarist (died [1980](/wiki/1980_in_jazz "1980 in jazz")).
+ [Gus Clark](/wiki/Gus_Clark "Gus Clark"), Belgian pianist (died [1979](/wiki/1979_in_jazz "1979 in jazz")).
* **26** – [Charlie Barnet](/wiki/Charlie_Barnet "Charlie Barnet"), American saxophonist, composer, and bandleader (died [1991](/wiki/1991_in_jazz "1991 in jazz")).{{cite news \| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/06/arts/charlie\-barnet\-77\-saxophonist\-and\-a\-band\-leader\-of\-swing\-era.html \| title\=Charlie Barnet, 77, Saxophonist And a Band Leader of Swing Era \| newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \| date\=1991\-09\-06 \| accessdate\=2017\-11\-01}}
* **27** – [Boyd Raeburn](/wiki/Boyd_Raeburn "Boyd Raeburn"), American bandleader and bass saxophonist (heart attack) (died [1966](/wiki/1966_in_jazz "1966 in jazz")).
November
* **13**
+ [Singleton Palmer](/wiki/Singleton_Palmer "Singleton Palmer"), American bassist, cornetist, tubist, and bandleader (died [1993](/wiki/1993_in_jazz "1993 in jazz")).{{cite web \| url\=https://www.discogs.com/artist/401554\-Singleton\-Palmer \| title\=Singleton Palmer \| publisher\=\[\[Discogs.com]] \| accessdate\=2017\-12\-08}}
+ [Blue Lu Barker](/wiki/Blue_Lu_Barker "Blue Lu Barker"), American singer (died [1998](/wiki/1998_in_jazz "1998 in jazz")).
* **15** – [Gus Johnson](/wiki/Gus_Johnson_%28jazz_musician%29 "Gus Johnson (jazz musician)"), American drummer (died [2000](/wiki/2000_in_jazz "2000 in jazz")).
* **19** – [Blue Barron](/wiki/Blue_Barron "Blue Barron"), American orchestra leader (died [2005](/wiki/2005_in_jazz "2005 in jazz")).
December
* **7** – [Blind John Davis](/wiki/Blind_John_Davis "Blind John Davis"), African\-American, blues, jazz and boogie\-woogie pianist and singer (died [1985](/wiki/1985_in_jazz "1985 in jazz")).
* **10**
+ [Pannonica de Koenigswarter](/wiki/Pannonica_de_Koenigswarter "Pannonica de Koenigswarter"), British\-born jazz patron and writer (died [1988](/wiki/1988_in_jazz "1988 in jazz")).
+ [Ray Nance](/wiki/Ray_Nance "Ray Nance"), American trumpeter, violinist and singer (died [1976](/wiki/1976_in_jazz "1976 in jazz")).
* **12** – [Don Stovall](/wiki/Don_Stovall "Don Stovall"), American alto saxophonist (died [1970](/wiki/1970_in_jazz "1970 in jazz")).{{cite web \| url\=https://www.discogs.com/artist/843811\-Don\-Stovall \| title\=Don Stovall \| publisher\=\[\[Discogs.com]] \| accessdate\=2017\-12\-08}}
* **14** – [Ted Buckner](/wiki/Ted_Buckner "Ted Buckner"), American saxophonist (died [1976](/wiki/1976_in_jazz "1976 in jazz")).
* **25** – [Candy Candido](/wiki/Candy_Candido "Candy Candido"), American bassist and vocalist (died [1999](/wiki/1999_in_jazz "1999 in jazz")).
|
[
"Births\n------",
"January\n* **17** – [Vido Musso](/wiki/Vido_Musso \"Vido Musso\"), Italian\\-American tenor saxophonist, clarinetist, and bandleader (died [1982](/wiki/1982_in_jazz \"1982 in jazz\")).\n* **27** – [Milton Adolphus](/wiki/Milton_Adolphus \"Milton Adolphus\"), American pianist and composer (died [1998](/wiki/1998_in_jazz \"1998 in jazz\")).",
"February\n* **5** – [Rozelle Claxton](/wiki/Rozelle_Claxton \"Rozelle Claxton\"), American pianist (died [1995](/wiki/1995_in_jazz \"1995 in jazz\")).\n* **22** – [Buddy Tate](/wiki/Buddy_Tate \"Buddy Tate\"), American saxophonist and clarinetist (died [2001](/wiki/2001_in_jazz \"2001 in jazz\")).",
"March\n* **1** – [Ralph Ellison](/wiki/Ralph_Ellison \"Ralph Ellison\"), American novelist and literary critic (died [1994](/wiki/1994_in_jazz \"1994 in jazz\")).\n* **31** – [Etta Baker](/wiki/Etta_Baker \"Etta Baker\"), American guitarist and singer (died [2006](/wiki/2006_in_jazz \"2006 in jazz\")).",
"April\n* **4**\n\t+ [Gene Ramey](/wiki/Gene_Ramey \"Gene Ramey\"), American upright bassist (died [1984](/wiki/1984_in_jazz \"1984 in jazz\")).\n\t+ [Muddy Waters](/wiki/Muddy_Waters \"Muddy Waters\"), American blues guitarist and singer\\-songwriter (died [1983](/wiki/1983_in_jazz \"1983 in jazz\")).\n* **25** – [Earl Bostic](/wiki/Earl_Bostic \"Earl Bostic\"), American alto saxophonist (died [1965](/wiki/1965_in_jazz \"1965 in jazz\")).\n* **29** – [Jack Bentley](/wiki/Jack_Bentley_%28musician%29 \"Jack Bentley (musician)\"), English trombonist, journalist, and scriptwriter (died [1994](/wiki/1994_in_jazz \"1994 in jazz\")).",
"May\n* **16** – [Woody Herman](/wiki/Woody_Herman \"Woody Herman\"), American clarinetist, saxophonist, singer, and big band leader (died [1987](/wiki/1987_in_jazz \"1987 in jazz\")).{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.discogs.com/artist/239399\\-Woody\\-Herman \\| title\\=Woody Herman \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Discogs.com]] \\| accessdate\\=2017\\-12\\-08}}",
"June\n* **14** – [Stanley Black](/wiki/Stanley_Black \"Stanley Black\"), English bandleader, composer, conductor, arranger and pianist (died [2002](/wiki/2002_in_jazz \"2002 in jazz\")).\n* **20** – [Alfred Gallodoro](/wiki/Alfred_Gallodoro \"Alfred Gallodoro\"), American musician (died [2008](/wiki/2008_in_jazz \"2008 in jazz\")).{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.jazzreview.com/jazz\\-news/musician\\-obituaries/alfred\\-j.\\-gallodoro\\-dies\\-at\\-age\\-95\\.html \\| title\\=Alfred J. Gallodoro Dies at Age 95 \\| first\\=Peter \\| last\\=Westbrook \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Jazz Review]] \\| date\\=2011\\-01\\-29 \\| accessdate\\=2016\\-02\\-27 }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=February 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}\n* **23** – [Helen Humes](/wiki/Helen_Humes \"Helen Humes\"), American singer (died [1981](/wiki/1981_in_jazz \"1981 in jazz\")).\n* **25** – [Adele Girard](/wiki/Adele_Girard \"Adele Girard\"), American harpist (died [1993](/wiki/1993_in_jazz \"1993 in jazz\")).{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.discogs.com/artist/2074344\\-Adele\\-Girard \\| title\\=Adele Girard \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Discogs.com]] \\| accessdate\\=2017\\-12\\-08}}",
"July\n* **5** – [Smiley Lewis](/wiki/Smiley_Lewis \"Smiley Lewis\"), American singer and guitarist (died [1966](/wiki/1966_in_jazz \"1966 in jazz\")).\n* **18** – [Nat Temple](/wiki/Nat_Temple \"Nat Temple\"), British big band leader (died [2008](/wiki/2008_in_jazz \"2008 in jazz\")).{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/2076382/Nat\\-Temple.html \\| title\\=Nat Temple \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]] \\| date\\=2008\\-06\\-04 \\| accessdate\\=2016\\-02\\-27}}",
"August\n* **7** – [George Van Eps](/wiki/George_Van_Eps \"George Van Eps\"), American guitarist (died [1998](/wiki/1998_in_jazz \"1998 in jazz\")).\n* **13** – [Anna Mae Winburn](/wiki/Anna_Mae_Winburn \"Anna Mae Winburn\"), African\\-American vocalist and bandleader (died [1999](/wiki/1999_in_jazz \"1999 in jazz\")).\n* **23** – [Bob Crosby](/wiki/Bob_Crosby \"Bob Crosby\"), American singer and bandleader (died [1993](/wiki/1993_in_jazz \"1993 in jazz\")).{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.discogs.com/artist/527956\\-Bob\\-Crosby \\| title\\=Bob Crosby \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Discogs.com]] \\| accessdate\\=2017\\-12\\-08}}",
"September\n* **10** – [Cliff Leeman](/wiki/Cliff_Leeman \"Cliff Leeman\"), American drummer (died [1986](/wiki/1986_in_jazz \"1986 in jazz\")).\n* **19** – [Helen Ward](/wiki/Helen_Ward_%28singer%29 \"Helen Ward (singer)\"), American singer (died [1998](/wiki/1998_in_jazz \"1998 in jazz\")).\n* **20** – [John Collins](/wiki/John_Collins_%28jazz_guitarist%29 \"John Collins (jazz guitarist)\"), American guitarist (died [2001](/wiki/2001_in_jazz \"2001 in jazz\")).\n* **24** – [Herb Jeffries](/wiki/Herb_Jeffries \"Herb Jeffries\"), African\\-American actor and singer\\-songwriter (died [2014](/wiki/2014_in_jazz \"2014 in jazz\")).\n* **26** – [Dorothy Sloop](/wiki/Dorothy_Sloop \"Dorothy Sloop\"), American pianist (died [1998](/wiki/1998_in_jazz \"1998 in jazz\")).",
"October\n* **1** – [Harry Lookofsky](/wiki/Harry_Lookofsky \"Harry Lookofsky\"), American violinist (died [1998](/wiki/1998_in_jazz \"1998 in jazz\")).\n* **2** – [Wally Rose](/wiki/Wally_Rose \"Wally Rose\"), American pianist (died [1997](/wiki/1997_in_jazz \"1997 in jazz\")).\n* **15** – [Thore Jederby](/wiki/Thore_Jederby \"Thore Jederby\"), Swedish upright bassist, record producer, and radio broadcaster (died [1984](/wiki/1984_in_jazz \"1984 in jazz\")).\n* **19** – [Vinicius de Moraes](/wiki/Vinicius_de_Moraes \"Vinicius de Moraes\"), Brazilian singer, poet, lyricist, essayist, and playwright (died [1980](/wiki/1980_in_jazz \"1980 in jazz\")).\n* **21**\n\t+ [Cosimo Di Ceglie](/wiki/Cosimo_Di_Ceglie \"Cosimo Di Ceglie\"), Italian guitarist (died [1980](/wiki/1980_in_jazz \"1980 in jazz\")).\n\t+ [Gus Clark](/wiki/Gus_Clark \"Gus Clark\"), Belgian pianist (died [1979](/wiki/1979_in_jazz \"1979 in jazz\")).\n* **26** – [Charlie Barnet](/wiki/Charlie_Barnet \"Charlie Barnet\"), American saxophonist, composer, and bandleader (died [1991](/wiki/1991_in_jazz \"1991 in jazz\")).{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/06/arts/charlie\\-barnet\\-77\\-saxophonist\\-and\\-a\\-band\\-leader\\-of\\-swing\\-era.html \\| title\\=Charlie Barnet, 77, Saxophonist And a Band Leader of Swing Era \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\| date\\=1991\\-09\\-06 \\| accessdate\\=2017\\-11\\-01}}\n* **27** – [Boyd Raeburn](/wiki/Boyd_Raeburn \"Boyd Raeburn\"), American bandleader and bass saxophonist (heart attack) (died [1966](/wiki/1966_in_jazz \"1966 in jazz\")).",
"November\n* **13**\n\t+ [Singleton Palmer](/wiki/Singleton_Palmer \"Singleton Palmer\"), American bassist, cornetist, tubist, and bandleader (died [1993](/wiki/1993_in_jazz \"1993 in jazz\")).{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.discogs.com/artist/401554\\-Singleton\\-Palmer \\| title\\=Singleton Palmer \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Discogs.com]] \\| accessdate\\=2017\\-12\\-08}}\n\t+ [Blue Lu Barker](/wiki/Blue_Lu_Barker \"Blue Lu Barker\"), American singer (died [1998](/wiki/1998_in_jazz \"1998 in jazz\")).\n* **15** – [Gus Johnson](/wiki/Gus_Johnson_%28jazz_musician%29 \"Gus Johnson (jazz musician)\"), American drummer (died [2000](/wiki/2000_in_jazz \"2000 in jazz\")).\n* **19** – [Blue Barron](/wiki/Blue_Barron \"Blue Barron\"), American orchestra leader (died [2005](/wiki/2005_in_jazz \"2005 in jazz\")).",
"December\n* **7** – [Blind John Davis](/wiki/Blind_John_Davis \"Blind John Davis\"), African\\-American, blues, jazz and boogie\\-woogie pianist and singer (died [1985](/wiki/1985_in_jazz \"1985 in jazz\")).\n* **10**\n\t+ [Pannonica de Koenigswarter](/wiki/Pannonica_de_Koenigswarter \"Pannonica de Koenigswarter\"), British\\-born jazz patron and writer (died [1988](/wiki/1988_in_jazz \"1988 in jazz\")).\n\t+ [Ray Nance](/wiki/Ray_Nance \"Ray Nance\"), American trumpeter, violinist and singer (died [1976](/wiki/1976_in_jazz \"1976 in jazz\")).\n* **12** – [Don Stovall](/wiki/Don_Stovall \"Don Stovall\"), American alto saxophonist (died [1970](/wiki/1970_in_jazz \"1970 in jazz\")).{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.discogs.com/artist/843811\\-Don\\-Stovall \\| title\\=Don Stovall \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Discogs.com]] \\| accessdate\\=2017\\-12\\-08}}\n* **14** – [Ted Buckner](/wiki/Ted_Buckner \"Ted Buckner\"), American saxophonist (died [1976](/wiki/1976_in_jazz \"1976 in jazz\")).\n* **25** – [Candy Candido](/wiki/Candy_Candido \"Candy Candido\"), American bassist and vocalist (died [1999](/wiki/1999_in_jazz \"1999 in jazz\"))."
] |
History
-------
{{Main\|History of the United States women's national soccer team}}
### Origins in the 1980s
The passing of [Title IX](/wiki/Title_IX "Title IX") in 1972, which outlawed gender\-based discrimination for federally\-funded education programs, spurred the creation of college soccer teams across the United States at a time when women's soccer was rising in popularity internationally.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Chuck \|first\=Elizabeth \|date\=July 5, 2015 \|title\=A Level Playing Field: Why the USA Is So Strong in Women's Soccer \|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/world\-cup/level\-playing\-field\-why\-usa\-so\-strong\-womens\-soccer\-n385346 \|publisher\=\[\[NBC News]] \|access\-date\=June 11, 2019 \|archive\-date\=November 12, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032048/https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/world\-cup/level\-playing\-field\-why\-usa\-so\-strong\-womens\-soccer\-n385346 \|url\-status\=live }} The U.S. Soccer Federation tasked coach [Mike Ryan](/wiki/Mike_Ryan_%28soccer_coach%29 "Mike Ryan (soccer coach)") to select a roster of college players to participate in the 1985 [Mundialito](/wiki/Mundialito_%28women%29 "Mundialito (women)") tournament in Italy, its first foray into women's international soccer.{{cite book \|last\=Murray \|first\=Caitlin \|year\=2019 \|title\=The National Team: The Inside Story of the Women Who Changed Soccer \|pages\=4–6 \|publisher\=\[\[Abrams Books\|Abrams Press]] \|location\=New York \|isbn\=978\-1\-4197\-3449\-6 \|oclc\=1090417335 }} The team played its [first match](/wiki/1985_United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team "1985 United States women's national soccer team") on August 18, 1985, losing 1–0 to [Italy](/wiki/Italy_women%27s_national_football_team "Italy women's national football team"), and finished the tournament in fourth place after failing to win its remaining matches against [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark_women%27s_national_football_team "Denmark women's national football team") and [England](/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team "England women's national football team").{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|date\=August 18, 2005 \|title\=U.S. WNT Flashback – 20th Anniversary of First\-Ever Match: Player Reflections \|url\=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/16/02/34/u\-s\-wnt\-flashback\-20th\-anniversary\-of\-first\-ever\-match\-player\-reflections \|publisher\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406234815/http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/16/02/34/u\-s\-wnt\-flashback\-20th\-anniversary\-of\-first\-ever\-match\-player\-reflections \|archive\-date\=April 6, 2016 \|access\-date\=June 11, 2019}}{{cite magazine \|last\=Wahl \|first\=Grant \|author\-link\=Grant Wahl \|date\=June 6, 2019 \|title\=How the Women's World Cup and USWNT Were Built From Scratch \|url\=https://www.si.com/soccer/2019/06/06/first\-womens\-world\-cup\-1991\-uswnt\-usa\-sepp\-blatter \|magazine\=\[\[Sports Illustrated]] \|access\-date\=June 11, 2019 \|archive\-date\=November 4, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104173821/https://www.si.com/soccer/2019/06/06/first\-womens\-world\-cup\-1991\-uswnt\-usa\-sepp\-blatter \|url\-status\=live }}
[University of North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_women%27s_soccer "North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer") coach [Anson Dorrance](/wiki/Anson_Dorrance "Anson Dorrance") was hired as the team's first full\-time head coach in 1986 with the goal of fielding a competitive women's team at the next Mundialito and at future tournaments. In their first Mundialito under Dorrance, the United States defeated [China](/wiki/China_women%27s_national_football_team "China women's national football team"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_football_team "Brazil women's national football team"), and [Japan](/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_football_team "Japan women's national football team") before finishing as runners\-up to Italy.{{cite book \|last\=Lisi \|first\=Clemente A. \|year\=2010 \|title\=The U.S. Women's Soccer Team: An American Success Story \|url\=https://archive.org/details/uswomenssoccerte0000lisi \|url\-access\=registration \|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/uswomenssoccerte0000lisi/page/5 5–7] \|publisher\=\[\[Scarecrow Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-8108\-7415\-2 \|oclc\=1030358776 }} Dorrance gave national team appearances to teenage players, including future stars [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm "Mia Hamm"), [Julie Foudy](/wiki/Julie_Foudy "Julie Foudy"), and [Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly "Kristine Lilly"), instead of the college players preferred by the federation, and called into camp the first African\-American player on the team, [Kim Crabbe](/wiki/Kim_Crabbe "Kim Crabbe").{{harvp\|Lisi\|2010\|pages\=7–9}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|last\=Wine II\|first\=Donald\|date\=February 20, 2020\|title\=Black History Month: Kim Crabbe becomes first black woman called into USWNT\|url\=https://www.starsandstripesfc.com/2020/2/20/21143935/black\-history\-month\-kim\-crabbe\-usa\-uswnt\-color\-barrier\-first\-black\-woman\-player\|access\-date\=August 11, 2021\|website\=Stars and Stripes FC\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=August 11, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811203302/https://www.starsandstripesfc.com/2020/2/20/21143935/black\-history\-month\-kim\-crabbe\-usa\-uswnt\-color\-barrier\-first\-black\-woman\-player\|url\-status\=live}} The United States played in the [1988 FIFA Women's Invitation Tournament](/wiki/1988_FIFA_Women%27s_Invitation_Tournament "1988 FIFA Women's Invitation Tournament") in China, a FIFA\-sanctioned competition to test the feasibility of a regular women's championship, and lost in the quarterfinals to eventual champions [Norway](/wiki/Norway_women%27s_national_football_team "Norway women's national football team").
### 1990s
Following the 1988 tournament, FIFA announced plans for a new women's tournament, named the [1st FIFA World Championship for Women's Football for the M\&M's Cup](/wiki/1991_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "1991 FIFA Women's World Cup") until it was retroactively named the "World Cup". The United States qualified for the tournament by winning the [inaugural CONCACAF Women's Championship](/wiki/1991_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship "1991 CONCACAF Women's Championship"), hosted by Haiti in April 1991, outscoring their opponents 49–0 for the sole [CONCACAF](/wiki/CONCACAF "CONCACAF") berth in the tournament.{{harvp\|Murray\|2019\|pages\=9–10}} The team played several exhibition matches abroad against European opponents to prepare for the world championship, while its players quit their regular jobs to train full\-time with meager compensation.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Bondy \|first\=Filip \|date\=June 9, 1991 \|title\=U.S. Women's Team May Be World's Best \|page\=B1 \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/09/sports/soccer\-us\-women\-s\-team\-may\-be\-world\-s\-best.html \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|access\-date\=June 12, 2019 \|archive\-date\=January 7, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107170605/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/09/sports/soccer\-us\-women\-s\-team\-may\-be\-world\-s\-best.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Davidson \|first\=Gary \|date\=November 16, 1991 \|title\=U.S. women's team takes shot at first goal Play for world crown starts in China today \|page\=C3 \|work\=\[\[The Baltimore Sun]] \|url\=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs\-xpm\-1991\-11\-16\-1991320089\-story.html \|access\-date\=June 12, 2019 \|archive\-date\=November 30, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130154244/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs\-xpm\-1991\-11\-16\-1991320089\-story.html \|url\-status\=live }} Dorrance utilized a 4–3–3 formation that was spearheaded by the "[Triple\-Edged Sword](/wiki/Triple-Edged_Sword "Triple-Edged Sword")" of forward [Michelle Akers](/wiki/Michelle_Akers "Michelle Akers") and wingers [Carin Jennings](/wiki/Carin_Jennings "Carin Jennings") and [April Heinrichs](/wiki/April_Heinrichs "April Heinrichs").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Jones \|first\=Grahame L. \|date\=August 27, 2000 \|title\=There's Just No Replacing Akers \|page\=D3 \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2000\-aug\-27\-sp\-11245\-story.html \|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \|access\-date\=June 12, 2019 \|archive\-date\=January 16, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116185255/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2000\-aug\-27\-sp\-11245\-story.html \|url\-status\=live }}
At the Women's World Cup, the United States won all three of its group stage matches and outscored its opponents 11–2\. In the opening match against [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_football_team "Sweden women's national football team"), the U.S. took a 3–0 lead early in the second half, but conceded two goals to end the match with a narrower 3–2 victory. The U.S. proceeded to win 5–0 in its second match against Brazil and 3–0 in its third match against Japan, clinching first place in the group and a quarterfinal berth.{{harvp\|Lisi\|2010\|pages\=11–14}} The United States proceeded with a 7–0 victory in the quarterfinals over [Chinese Taipei](/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_women%27s_national_football_team "Chinese Taipei women's national football team"), fueled by a five\-goal performance by Akers in the first fifty minutes of the match.
In the semi\-finals against [Germany](/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_football_team "Germany women's national football team"), Jennings scored a [hattrick](/wiki/Hat-trick_%28association_football%29 "Hat-trick (association football)") in the first half as the team clinched a place in the final with a 5–2 victory.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Basler \|first\=Barbara \|date\=November 28, 1991 \|title\=American Women In Final In Soccer \|page\=B2 \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/28/sports/american\-women\-in\-final\-in\-soccer.html \|work\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=June 12, 2019 \|archive\-date\=November 21, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121211321/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/28/sports/american\-women\-in\-final\-in\-soccer.html \|url\-status\=live }} The team's lopsided victories in the earlier rounds had brought attention from American media outlets, but the final match was not televised live in the U.S. The United States won the inaugural Women's World Cup title by defeating [Norway](/wiki/Norway_women%27s_national_football_team "Norway women's national football team") 2–1 in the [final](/wiki/1991_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final "1991 FIFA Women's World Cup final"), played in front of 65,000 spectators at [Tianhe Stadium](/wiki/Tianhe_Stadium "Tianhe Stadium") in [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou"), as Akers scored twice to create and restore a lead for the Americans.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Basler \|first\=Barbara \|date\=December 1, 1991 \|title\=U.S. Women Beat Norway To Capture World Cup \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/01/sports/soccer\-us\-women\-beat\-norway\-to\-capture\-world\-cup.html \|work\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=June 12, 2019 \|archive\-date\=February 11, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211125925/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/01/sports/soccer\-us\-women\-beat\-norway\-to\-capture\-world\-cup.html \|url\-status\=live }} Akers finished as the top goalscorer at the tournament, with ten goals, and Jennings was awarded the Golden Ball as the tournament's best player.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=March 22, 2007 \|title\=USA triumph as history made in China PR \|url\=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/fifa\-women\-world\-cup\-china\-1991\-501995 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608141039/https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/fifa\-women\-world\-cup\-china\-1991\-501995 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=June 8, 2019 \|publisher\=FIFA \|access\-date\=June 12, 2019}}
[thumb\|left\|[Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm "Mia Hamm") with [Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly "Kristine Lilly") (left)](/wiki/Image:Lilly356.jpg "Lilly356.jpg")
Despite their Women's World Cup victory, the U.S. team remained in relative obscurity and received a small welcome from several U.S. Soccer Federation officials upon arrival at [John F. Kennedy International Airport](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport "John F. Kennedy International Airport") in New York City.{{harvp\|Lisi\|2010\|page\=20}} The team were given fewer resources and little attention from the federation as they focused on improving the [men's national team](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team "United States men's national soccer team") in preparation for the [1994 men's World Cup](/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup "1994 FIFA World Cup") that would be hosted in the United States.{{harvp\|Lisi\|2010\|pages\=23–25}} The women's team was placed on hiatus after the tournament, only playing twice in 1992, but returned the following year to play in several tournaments hosted in [Cyprus](/wiki/Cyprus "Cyprus"), Canada, and the United States, including a second [CONCACAF Championship](/wiki/1993_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship "1993 CONCACAF Women's Championship") title. The program was still supported better than those of the former Soviet Union, where soccer was considered a "men's game".{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.amnestyusa.org/homophobia\-olympics\-in\-the\-former\-soviet\-union/\|title\=Homophobia Olympics in the Former Soviet Union\|date\=May 24, 2012\|website\=Amnesty International USA\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=July 9, 2019\|archive\-date\=November 26, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126154813/https://www.amnestyusa.org/homophobia\-olympics\-in\-the\-former\-soviet\-union/\|url\-status\=live}}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|last\=Litterer \|first\=David \|date\=May 30, 2008 \|title\=The Year in American Soccer, 1993 \|url\=http://homepages.sover.net/\~spectrum/year/1993\.html \|publisher\=American Soccer History Archives \|access\-date\=June 14, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317072336/http://homepages.sover.net/\~spectrum/year/1993\.html \|archive\-date\=March 17, 2015 \|url\-status\=dead }}
The United States played in several friendly tournaments to prepare for the [1995 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/1995_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "1995 FIFA Women's World Cup") and its qualification campaign. The first was the [inaugural staging](/wiki/1994_Algarve_Cup "1994 Algarve Cup") of the [Algarve Cup](/wiki/Algarve_Cup "Algarve Cup") in Portugal, which saw the team win its two group stage matches but lose 1–0 to Norway in the final. It was followed by a victory in the [Chiquita Cup](/wiki/Chiquita_Cup "Chiquita Cup"), an exhibition tournament hosted in August on the U.S. East Coast against Germany, China, and Norway.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|last\=Litterer \|first\=David \|date\=May 30, 2008 \|title\=The Year in American Soccer, 1994 \|url\=http://homepages.sover.net/\~spectrum/year/1994\.html \|publisher\=American Soccer History Archives \|access\-date\=June 14, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504134208/http://homepages.sover.net/\~spectrum/year/1994\.html \|archive\-date\=May 4, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Trecker \|first\=Jerry \|date\=August 8, 1994 \|title\=U.S. women win in a crowd \|page\=C1 \|work\=\[\[Hartford Courant]] \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32881255/us\_women\_win\_in\_a\_crowd/ \|via\=Newspapers.com \|access\-date\=June 14, 2019 \|archive\-date\=July 7, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707181040/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32881255/us\_women\_win\_in\_a\_crowd/ \|url\-status\=live }} {{free access}} Dorrance resigned from his position as head coach in early August and was replaced by his assistant, [Tony DiCicco](/wiki/Tony_DiCicco "Tony DiCicco"), a former professional goalkeeper who played in the [American Soccer League](/wiki/American_Soccer_League_%281933%E2%80%9383%29 "American Soccer League (1933–83)").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|date\=August 4, 1994 \|title\=Coach's resignation a big blow to U.S. women's team \|page\=D2 \|work\=\[\[Tallahassee Democrat]] \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32881395/coachs\_resignation\_a\_big\_blow\_to\_us/ \|via\=Newspapers.com \|access\-date\=June 14, 2019 \|archive\-date\=July 7, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707181040/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32881395/coachs\_resignation\_a\_big\_blow\_to\_us/ \|url\-status\=live }} {{free access}} DiCicco led the United States to a berth in the Women's World Cup by winning the [1994 CONCACAF Championship](/wiki/1994_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship "1994 CONCACAF Women's Championship"), where the team scored 36 goals and conceded only one.
In February 1995, the U.S. women's program opened a permanent training and treatment facility in [Sanford, Florida](/wiki/Sanford%2C_Florida "Sanford, Florida"), and began a series of warm\-up friendlies that were paid for by American company [Nike](/wiki/Nike%2C_Inc. "Nike, Inc.").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Ward \|first\=Bill \|date\=February 26, 1995 \|title\=U.S. Women's Team settles in at facility \|page\=9 \|work\=\[\[The Tampa Tribune]] \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33002099/us\_womens\_team\_settles\_in\_at\_facility/ \|via\=Newspapers.com \|access\-date\=June 18, 2019 \|archive\-date\=July 30, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730102132/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33002099/us\_womens\_team\_settles\_in\_at\_facility/ \|url\-status\=live }} {{free access}} The team topped their group in the Women's World Cup, despite a 3–3 tie with China in the opening match and losing goalkeeper [Briana Scurry](/wiki/Briana_Scurry "Briana Scurry") to a red card in their second match. The United States proceeded to beat Japan 4–0 in the quarterfinals, but lost 1–0 to eventual champions Norway in the semifinals. The team finished in third place, winning 2–0 in its consolation match against China.
The team won the gold medal in the [inaugural Olympic women's soccer tournament](/wiki/Football_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") in the [1996 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics "1996 Summer Olympics"), defeating China 2–1 in the final before a crowd of 76,481 fans.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Roberson\|first\=Doug\|title\=U.S. women blazed trail with inaugural soccer gold\|newspaper\=\[\[The Atlanta Journal\-Constitution]]\|date\=July 24, 2016\|url\=https://www.ajc.com/sports/women\-blazed\-trail\-with\-inaugural\-soccer\-gold/LhErlJ3xkvD2UFsY225UNM/\|access\-date\=August 20, 2019\|archive\-date\=December 5, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205025732/https://www.ajc.com/sports/women\-blazed\-trail\-with\-inaugural\-soccer\-gold/LhErlJ3xkvD2UFsY225UNM/\|url\-status\=live}} An influential victory came in the [1999 World Cup](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "1999 FIFA Women's World Cup"), when the team defeated China 5–4 in a [penalty shootout](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 "Penalty shoot-out (association football)") following a 0–0 draw after [extended time](/wiki/Extra_time_%28association_football%29 "Extra time (association football)").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/20/sports/soccer\-1999\-women\-s\-world\-cup\-beautiful\-game\-takes\-flight.html \|title\=Soccer: 1999 Women's World Cup: Beautiful Game Takes Flight \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=May 20, 1999 \|access\-date\=August 3, 2012 \|last1\=Longman \|first1\=Jere \|archive\-date\=May 12, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512002433/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/20/sports/soccer\-1999\-women\-s\-world\-cup\-beautiful\-game\-takes\-flight.html \|url\-status\=live }} Foudy, Lilly, and the rest of the 1999 team started a revolution towards women's team sports in America. With this win they emerged onto the world stage and brought significant media attention to women's soccer and athletics. On July 10, 1999, over 90,000 people (the largest ever for a women's sporting event and one of the largest attendances in the world for a tournament game final) filled the [Rose Bowl](/wiki/Rose_Bowl_%28stadium%29 "Rose Bowl (stadium)") to watch the United States play China in the Final. After a back and forth game, the score was tied 0–0 at full\-time, and remained so after extra time, leading to a penalty kick shootout. With Scurry's save of China's third kick, the score was 4–4 with only [Brandi Chastain](/wiki/Brandi_Chastain "Brandi Chastain") left to shoot. She scored and won the game for the United States. Chastain dropped to her knees and whipped off her shirt, celebrating in her [sports bra](/wiki/Sports_bra "Sports bra"), which later made the cover of *Sports Illustrated* and the front pages of newspapers around the country and world.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=http://insidesportsillustrated.com/tag/brandi\-chastain/ \|title\=Brandi Chastain « Inside Sports Illustrated \|date\=May 4, 2012 \|publisher\=Insidesportsillustrated.com \|access\-date\=August 20, 2012}} This win influenced many girls to want to play on a soccer team.*Dare to Dream*. Ouisie Shapiro. HBO Productions, September 19, 2007\. Video In the [2000 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics "2000 Summer Olympics"), the USWNT were close to defending their gold medal but were controversially defeated by Norway in the final with a golden goal in extra time, which involved an alleged handball in the lead\-up.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Lewis \|first1\=Samantha \|title\=Julie Foudy remembers USWNT's Sydney 2000 Gold Medal match: 'I can't even watch that game again' \|url\=https://www.espn.com/soccer/womens\-olympic\-tournament/story/4190714/julie\-foudy\-remembers\-uswnts\-sydney\-2000\-gold\-medal\-match\-on\-20th\-anniversary \|access\-date\=August 31, 2021 \|publisher\=ESPN \|date\=September 28, 2020 \|archive\-date\=November 27, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127080315/https://www.espn.com/soccer/womens\-olympic\-tournament/story/4190714/julie\-foudy\-remembers\-uswnts\-sydney\-2000\-gold\-medal\-match\-on\-20th\-anniversary \|url\-status\=live }}
### 2000s
[thumb\|right\|[Abby Wambach](/wiki/Abby_Wambach "Abby Wambach") plays off a corner kick at the [2003 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/2003_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2003 FIFA Women's World Cup") bronze medal game against Canada\|alt\=A soccer game between the United States and Canada, seen from behind one of the goals](/wiki/File:Wambach_2003.jpg "Wambach 2003.jpg")
In the [2003 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/2003_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2003 FIFA Women's World Cup"), the U.S. defeated Norway 1–0 in the quarterfinals but lost 3–0 to Germany in the semifinals. The team then defeated Canada 3–1 to claim third place.[FIFA Women's World Cup USA 2003](https://web.archive.org/web/20150607210909/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/archive/usa2003/index.html), FIFA. [Abby Wambach](/wiki/Abby_Wambach "Abby Wambach") was the team's top scorer with three goals, while [Joy Fawcett](/wiki/Joy_Fawcett "Joy Fawcett") and [Shannon Boxx](/wiki/Shannon_Boxx "Shannon Boxx") made the tournament's all\-star team. In the [2004 Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament"), the last major international tournament for Hamm and Foudy, the U.S. earned the gold medal, winning 2–1 over Brazil in the final on an extra time goal by Wambach.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=U.S. Defeats Brazil in Extra Time to Win the Gold\|work\=The New York Times\|agency\=Associated Press\|date\=August 26, 2004\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/26/sports/olympics/us\-defeats\-brazil\-in\-extra\-time\-to\-win\-the\-gold.html\|access\-date\=February 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=February 18, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218013955/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/26/sports/olympics/us\-defeats\-brazil\-in\-extra\-time\-to\-win\-the\-gold.html\|url\-status\=live}}
At the [2007 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/2007_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2007 FIFA Women's World Cup"), the U.S. defeated England 3–0 in the quarterfinals but then suffered its most lopsided loss in team history when it lost to Brazil 4–0 in the semifinals.["Ending The Drought: What did the USWNT Learn From 2007 World Cup Loss?"](http://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/2015worldcup/article/12966173/ending-drought-uswnt-learned-2007-world-cup-loss) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005121151/http://www.espn.com/espnw/news\-commentary/2015worldcup/article/12966173/ending\-drought\-uswnt\-learned\-2007\-world\-cup\-loss \|date\=October 5, 2016 }}, ESPN, Julie Foudy, June 3, 2015\. The U.S. recovered to defeat Norway to take third place.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Wade\|first\=Stephen\|title\=Americans deliver with 4–1 win over Norway for 3rd place at World Cup\|work\=Lincoln Journal Star\|agency\=Associated Press\|date\=September 29, 2007\|url\=https://journalstar.com/sports/americans\-deliver\-with\-\-\-win\-over\-norway\-for\-rd/article\_7c8e6de1\-3cd9\-5506\-99a1\-b445d30bce46\.html\|access\-date\=May 20, 2020\|archive\-date\=March 7, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307084059/https://journalstar.com/sports/americans\-deliver\-with\-\-\-win\-over\-norway\-for\-rd/article\_7c8e6de1\-3cd9\-5506\-99a1\-b445d30bce46\.html\|url\-status\=live}} Wambach was the team's leading scorer with 6 goals, and Lilly was the only American named to the tournament's all\-star team.
The team won another gold medal in the 2008 Olympics,{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|last\=Homewood\|first\=Brian\|title\=U.S. retain soccer gold against Brazil\|publisher\=Reuters\|date\=August 21, 2008\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-olympics\-soccer\-women/u\-s\-retain\-soccer\-gold\-against\-brazil\-idUSPEK19359120080821\|access\-date\=January 8, 2021\|archive\-date\=January 11, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020810/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-olympics\-soccer\-women/u\-s\-retain\-soccer\-gold\-against\-brazil\-idUSPEK19359120080821\|url\-status\=live}} but interest in the Women's National Team had diminished since their performance in the 1999 World Cup. However, the second women's professional league was created in March 2009, [Women's Professional Soccer](/wiki/Women%27s_Professional_Soccer "Women's Professional Soccer").
### 2010s
[thumb\|left\|The USWNT at the [2011 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/2011_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2011 FIFA Women's World Cup")](/wiki/File:Jogadoras_dos_Estados_Unidos_no_momento_da_cobran%C3%A7a_dos_p%C3%AAnaltis_%28DSC01176%29.jpg "Jogadoras dos Estados Unidos no momento da cobrança dos pênaltis (DSC01176).jpg")
In the quarterfinal of the [2011 Women's World Cup](/wiki/2011_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2011 FIFA Women's World Cup") in Germany, the U.S. defeated [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_soccer_team "Brazil women's national soccer team") 5–3 on penalty kicks. Wambach's goal in the 122nd minute to tie the game 2–2 has been voted the greatest goal in U.S. soccer history and the greatest goal in Women's World Cup history.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=http://espn.go.com/espnw/news\-commentary/2015worldcup/article/13075090/abby\-wambach\-2011\-header\-heard\-round\-world \|title\=The Header Heard Round The World \|date\=June 15, 2015 \|access\-date\=May 29, 2016 \|archive\-date\=June 11, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611040410/http://espn.go.com/espnw/news\-commentary/2015worldcup/article/13075090/abby\-wambach\-2011\-header\-heard\-round\-world \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y\=2015/m\=6/news\=wambach\-s\-header\-voted\-greatest\-goal\-2618374\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607173851/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y\=2015/m\=6/news\=wambach\-s\-header\-voted\-greatest\-goal\-2618374\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=June 7, 2015 \|title\=Wambach's header voted greatest goal \|date\=June 5, 2015}} The U.S. then beat France 3–1 in the semifinal, but lost to Japan 3–1 on penalty kicks in the Final after drawing 1–1 in regulation and 2–2 in [overtime](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 "Overtime (sports)"). [Hope Solo](/wiki/Hope_Solo "Hope Solo") was named the tournament's best goalkeeper and Wambach won the silver ball as the tournament's second\-best player.
In the [2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics"), the U.S. won the gold medal for the fourth time in five Olympics by defeating Japan 2–1 in front of 80,203 fans at [Wembley Stadium](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium "Wembley Stadium"), a record for a women's soccer game at the Olympics.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=http://espn.go.com/olympics/summer/2012/soccer/story/\_/id/8252773/2012\-london\-olympics\-carli\-lloyd\-2\-goals\-give\-us\-women\-soccer\-gold \|title\=U.S. tops Japan for soccer gold \|publisher\=ESPN \|access\-date\=September 20, 2012 \|archive\-date\=September 5, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905090701/http://espn.go.com/olympics/summer/2012/soccer/story/\_/id/8252773/2012\-london\-olympics\-carli\-lloyd\-2\-goals\-give\-us\-women\-soccer\-gold \|url\-status\=live }} The United States advanced to face Japan for the gold medal by winning the semifinal against Canada, a 4–3 victory at the end of extra time.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens\-National\-Team/2012/09/USWNT\-Squares\-Off\-Against\-Australia\-on\-Wednesday\-in\-Fan\-Tribute\-Tour\-Presented\-by\-Panasonic.aspx \|title\=U.S. Women's National Team Squares Off Against Australia on Wednesday in Fan Tribute Tour \|website\=USSoccer.com \|access\-date\=September 20, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920031148/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens\-National\-Team/2012/09/USWNT\-Squares\-Off\-Against\-Australia\-on\-Wednesday\-in\-Fan\-Tribute\-Tour\-Presented\-by\-Panasonic.aspx \|archive\-date\=September 20, 2012}} The 2012 London Olympics marked the first time the USWNT won every game en route to the gold medal and set an Olympic women's team record of 16 goals scored.
[thumb\|A [ticker tape parade](/wiki/Ticker_tape_parade "Ticker tape parade") in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan") celebrating the team's [2015 World Cup](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup") victory](/wiki/File:Womens_World_Cup_parade_July_2015.JPG "Womens World Cup parade July 2015.JPG")
The [National Women's Soccer League](/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League "National Women's Soccer League") started in 2013, and provided competitive games as well as opportunities to players on the fringes of the squad.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|last\=Lauletta \|first\=Dan \|url\=http://womens.soccerly.com/2012/11/21/eight\-teams\-to\-start\-new\-womens\-pro\-soccer\-league\-in\-2013/ \|title\=Eight teams to start new women's pro soccer league in 2013 \|website\=soccerly.com \|publisher\=The Equalizer \|date\=November 21, 2012 \|access\-date\=November 3, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009165358/http://womens.soccerly.com/2012/11/21/eight\-teams\-to\-start\-new\-womens\-pro\-soccer\-league\-in\-2013/ \|archive\-date\=October 9, 2014 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Bell \|first\=Jack \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/sports/soccer/national\-womens\-soccer\-league\-to\-begin\-play.html \|title\=Another Attempt at Women's Circuit, but With a Twist \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=April 13, 2013 \|access\-date\=November 3, 2014 \|archive\-date\=April 28, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428030136/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/sports/soccer/national\-womens\-soccer\-league\-to\-begin\-play.html \|url\-status\=live }} The U.S. had a 43\-game unbeaten streak that spanned two years{{snd}}the streak began with a 4–0 win over Sweden in the [2012 Algarve Cup](/wiki/2012_Algarve_Cup "2012 Algarve Cup"), and came to an end after a 1–0 loss against Sweden in the [2014 Algarve Cup](/wiki/2014_Algarve_Cup "2014 Algarve Cup").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=http://equalizersoccer.com/2014/03/07/uswnt\-us\-women\-loss\-to\-sweden\-streak\-snapped\-lessons\-learned/ \|title\=Streak's snapped, but US must regroup in Algarve \|publisher\=Equalizer soccer \|access\-date\=March 10, 2014 \|archive\-date\=March 10, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310221303/http://equalizersoccer.com/2014/03/07/uswnt\-us\-women\-loss\-to\-sweden\-streak\-snapped\-lessons\-learned/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=http://equalizersoccer.com/2014/03/08/swedish\-newspaper\-win\-over\-uswnt\-crown\-fallen\-front\-page/ \|title\=Newspaper reminder of magnitude of Sweden's win \|publisher\=Equalizer soccer \|access\-date\=March 10, 2014 \|archive\-date\=March 10, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310171714/http://equalizersoccer.com/2014/03/08/swedish\-newspaper\-win\-over\-uswnt\-crown\-fallen\-front\-page/ \|url\-status\=live }}
The U.S. defeated Japan 5–2 in the [final](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup final") of the [2015 World Cup](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup"), becoming the first team in history to win three Women's World Cup titles. In the 16th minute, [Carli Lloyd](/wiki/Carli_Lloyd "Carli Lloyd") achieved the fastest [hat\-trick](/wiki/Hat-trick "Hat-trick") from kick\-off in World Cup history, and Wambach was greeted with a standing ovation for her last World Cup match.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=http://espn.go.com/espnw/news\-commentary/2015worldcup/article/13216056/us\-women\-world\-cup\-team\-memorable\-moments\-field\-play\-including\-abby\-wambach\-kiss \|title\=U.S Women's World Cup team – Memorable moments outside field of play, including Abby Wambach's kiss \|last\=Andrews \|first\=Adena \|date\=July 8, 2015 \|publisher\=ESPN \|access\-date\=June 2, 2016 \|archive\-date\=June 9, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609200045/http://espn.go.com/espnw/news\-commentary/2015worldcup/article/13216056/us\-women\-world\-cup\-team\-memorable\-moments\-field\-play\-including\-abby\-wambach\-kiss \|url\-status\=live }} Following their 2015 World Cup win, the team was honored with a [ticker tape parade](/wiki/Ticker_tape_parade "Ticker tape parade") in New York City, the first for a women's sports team, and honored by President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") at the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House").{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Obama welcomes women's US World Cup team to White House \|url\=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/obama\-welcomes\-women\-s\-us/2222252\.html \|publisher\=Channel NewsAsia \|access\-date\=November 3, 2015 \|archive\-date\=October 28, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028204905/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/obama\-welcomes\-women\-s\-us/2222252\.html \|url\-status\=dead }} On December 16, 2015, however, a 1–0 loss to China in Wambach's last game meant the team's first home loss since 2004, ending their 104\-game home unbeaten streak.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Varney \|first\=Jim \|title\=China ends USA's 104\-game home unbeaten streak in Abby Wambach's finale \|work\=USA Today \|date\=December 17, 2015 \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2015/12/16/usa\-loses\-china\-abby\-wambach\-final\-game/77462640/ \|access\-date\=April 23, 2017 \|archive\-date\=December 31, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231073956/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2015/12/16/usa\-loses\-china\-abby\-wambach\-final\-game/77462640/ \|url\-status\=live }}
In the [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics"), the U.S. drew against [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_football_team "Sweden women's national football team") in the quarterfinal; in the following penalty kick phase, Sweden won the game 4–3\. The loss marked the first time that the USWNT did not advance to the gold medal game of the Olympics, and the first time that the USWNT failed to advance to the semifinal round of a major tournament.["U.S. bounced from women's soccer tournament by Sweden on penalty kicks"](http://touch.latimes.com/#section/-1/article/p2p-88092933/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://archive.today/20151025104941/http://touch.latimes.com/%23section/\-1/article/p2p\-84807726/\#section/\-1/article/p2p\-88092933/ \|date\=October 25, 2015 }}, *Los Angeles Times*, August 12, 2016\.
After the defeat in the 2016 Olympics, the USWNT underwent a year of experimentation which saw them losing three home games. If not for a comeback win against Brazil, the USWNT was on the brink of losing four home games in one year, a low never before seen by the USWNT. 2017 saw the USWNT play 12 games against teams ranked in the top\-15 in the world.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Fall Games Conclude Competitive 2017 as Road to 2019 World Cup Continues \|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/09/12/03/24/20170911\-feat\-wnt\-fall\-matches\-set\-to\-conclude\-competitive\-2017\-schedule \|publisher\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \|access\-date\=February 1, 2018 \|date\=September 11, 2017 \|archive\-date\=February 2, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202073441/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/09/12/03/24/20170911\-feat\-wnt\-fall\-matches\-set\-to\-conclude\-competitive\-2017\-schedule \|url\-status\=live }}
[thumb\|[Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan "Alex Morgan") being challenged by [Hikari Takagi](/wiki/Hikari_Takagi "Hikari Takagi") (15\) during a match against Japan in Cleveland on June 5, 2016](/wiki/File:Alex_morgan_2016.jpg "Alex morgan 2016.jpg")
Throughout 2018, the U.S. would pick up two major tournament wins, winning both the [SheBelieves Cup](/wiki/SheBelieves_Cup "SheBelieves Cup"){{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/03/wnt\-wins\-2018\-shebelieves\-cup\-with\-10\-victory\-vs\-england \|title\=WNT Wins 2018 SheBelieves Cup with 1–0 Victory vs. England \|website\=ussoccer.com \|access\-date\=October 9, 2023 \|archive\-date\=January 31, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131010010/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/03/wnt\-wins\-2018\-shebelieves\-cup\-with\-10\-victory\-vs\-england \|url\-status\=live}} and the [Tournament of Nations](/wiki/Tournament_of_Nations "Tournament of Nations").{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/08/03/02/46/20180802\-recap\-wnt\-beats\-brazil\-wins\-first\-tournament\-of\-nations\-title \|title\=USA Beats Brazil, 4–1, to Claim First Tournament of Nations Title \|website\=ussoccer.com \|access\-date\=January 31, 2019 \|archive\-date\=April 24, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424201152/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/08/03/02/46/20180802\-recap\-wnt\-beats\-brazil\-wins\-first\-tournament\-of\-nations\-title \|url\-status\=live }} The team would enter qualifying for the [2019 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2019 FIFA Women's World Cup") on a 21\-game unbeaten streak and dominated the competition, winning all five of its games and the tournament whilst qualifying for the World Cup as well as scoring 18 goals and conceding none.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/news/usa\-vs\-canada\-final\-score\-recap\-uswnt\-wins\-concacaf\-womens\-championship/ \|title\=USA vs. Canada final score, recap: USWNT wins CONCACAF Women's Championship \|work\=CBS Sports \|date\=October 18, 2018 \|access\-date\=January 31, 2019 \|archive\-date\=September 22, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922201943/https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/news/usa\-vs\-canada\-final\-score\-recap\-uswnt\-wins\-concacaf\-womens\-championship/ \|url\-status\=live }} On March 7, 2018, Alyssa Alhadeff, the captain of the Parkland Soccer Club, who was killed by gunman [Nikolas Cruz](/wiki/Nikolas_Cruz "Nikolas Cruz") in the [Parkland High School shooting](/wiki/Parkland_High_School_shooting "Parkland High School shooting") nearly three weeks earlier, was honored by the U.S. prior to a game against [England](/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team "England women's national football team") in [Orlando](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida "Orlando, Florida") during the [2018 SheBelieves Cup](/wiki/2018_SheBelieves_Cup "2018 SheBelieves Cup"). Alhadeff's teammates and family were invited to the game and presented with official jerseys that featured her name.{{cite news \|last1\=Hays \|first1\=Graham \|title\=For grieving family and friends of Alyssa Alhadeff, U.S. women's soccer provides joyous interlude \|url\=http://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/22681814/for\-grieving\-family\-friends\-alyssa\-alhadeff\-us\-women\-national\-soccer\-team\-provides\-joyous\-interlude \|access\-date\=March 8, 2018 \|publisher\=\[\[ESPN]] \|location\=\[\[Orlando, Florida\|Orlando]], Florida \|date\=March 8, 2018 \|archive\-date\=March 9, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309092746/http://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/22681814/for\-grieving\-family\-friends\-alyssa\-alhadeff\-us\-women\-national\-soccer\-team\-provides\-joyous\-interlude \|url\-status\=live }} The U.S. won the game 1–0, winning its second SheBelieves Cup title in three years. On November 8, 2018, the U.S. earned their 500th victory in team history after a 1–0 victory over [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal_women%27s_national_football_team "Portugal women's national football team").{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/11/08/19/20/20181108\-feat\-wnt\-usa\-earns\-500th\-win\-in\-team\-history \|title\=WNT Earns 500th Win in Team History \|website\=ussoccer.com \|access\-date\=January 31, 2019 \|archive\-date\=November 15, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115112748/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/11/08/19/20/20181108\-feat\-wnt\-usa\-earns\-500th\-win\-in\-team\-history \|url\-status\=live }} The start of 2019 saw the U.S. lose an away game to [France](/wiki/France_women%27s_national_football_team "France women's national football team"), 3–1, marking the end of a 28\-game unbeaten streak and their first loss since a 1–0 defeat to [Australia](/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_soccer_team "Australia women's national soccer team") in July 2017\.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/01/19/22/12/20190119\-wnt\-loses\-3\-1\-away\-to\-world\-cup\-hosts\-france\-in\-first\-game\-of\-2019 \|title\=USA Drops 3–1 Result Away to World Cup Hosts France in First Game of 2019 \|website\=ussoccer.com \|access\-date\=January 31, 2019 \|archive\-date\=February 3, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203033548/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/01/19/22/12/20190119\-wnt\-loses\-3\-1\-away\-to\-world\-cup\-hosts\-france\-in\-first\-game\-of\-2019 \|url\-status\=live }}
The USWNT started off their [2019 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2019 FIFA Women's World Cup") campaign with a [13–0](/wiki/United_States_v_Thailand_%282019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup%29 "United States v Thailand (2019 FIFA Women's World Cup)") victory against [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand_women%27s_national_football_team "Thailand women's national football team"), setting a new Women's World Cup goal record. [Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan "Alex Morgan") equaled Akers' record of scoring five goals in a single World Cup match, while four of her teammates scored their first World Cup goals in their debut at the tournament.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/06/usa\-surges\-to\-world\-cup\-record\-13\-0\-win\-in\-opening\-match\-against\-thailand \|title\=USA Surges to World Cup Record 13–0 Win in Opening Match Against Thailand \|website\=ussoccer.com \|access\-date\=June 11, 2019 \|archive\-date\=July 9, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709213205/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/06/usa\-surges\-to\-world\-cup\-record\-13\-0\-win\-in\-opening\-match\-against\-thailand \|url\-status\=live }} The U.S. would win its next match against [Chile](/wiki/Chile_women%27s_national_football_team "Chile women's national football team") 3–0{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/live\-news/united\-states\-sweden\-fifa\-womens\-world\-cup\-uswnt\-score\-schedule\-2019\-06\-20/\|title\=United States defeats Sweden 2–0, clinching Group F in Women's World Cup\|date\=June 21, 2019 \|publisher\=CBS News\|access\-date\=July 3, 2019\|archive\-date\=November 30, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130155842/https://www.cbsnews.com/live\-news/united\-states\-sweden\-fifa\-womens\-world\-cup\-uswnt\-score\-schedule\-2019\-06\-20/\|url\-status\=live}} before concluding the group stage with a win of 2–0 over Sweden.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/06/20/uswnt\-sweden\-world\-cup/?tid\=a\_inl\_manual\|title\=U.S. defeat of Sweden ends group stage but feels more like start of its World Cup\|date\=June 20, 2019\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|access\-date\=June 24, 2019\|archive\-date\=December 18, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218142437/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/06/20/uswnt\-sweden\-world\-cup/?tid\=a\_inl\_manual\|url\-status\=live}} The team emerged as the winners of [Group F](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_Group_F "2019 FIFA Women's World Cup Group F") and would go on to face [Spain](/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_football_team "Spain women's national football team") in the Round of 16, whom they would defeat 2–1 thanks to a pair of [Megan Rapinoe](/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe "Megan Rapinoe") [penalties](/wiki/Penalty_kick_%28association_football%29 "Penalty kick (association football)").{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/world\-cup/news/uswnt\-vs\-spain\-score\-usa\-soccer\-survives\-world\-cup\-scare\-behind\-megan\-rapinoes\-two\-penalty\-kick\-goals/\|title\=USWNT vs. Spain score: USA soccer survives Women's World Cup scare behind Megan Rapinoe's two penalty kick goals\|work\=CBS Sports\|date\=June 24, 2019 \|access\-date\=July 3, 2019\|archive\-date\=July 3, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703045104/https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/world\-cup/news/uswnt\-vs\-spain\-score\-usa\-soccer\-survives\-world\-cup\-scare\-behind\-megan\-rapinoes\-two\-penalty\-kick\-goals/\|url\-status\=live}} The team would achieve identical results in their next two games. With 2–1 victories over [France](/wiki/France_women%27s_national_football_team "France women's national football team"){{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/live\-news/uswnt\-score\-usa\-vs\-france\-womens\-world\-cup\-2019\-06\-28\-highlights\-live\-recap\-updated\-today/\|title\=Women's World Cup: U.S. defeats France, 2–1\|date\=June 28, 2019 \|publisher\=CBS News\|access\-date\=July 3, 2019\|archive\-date\=December 1, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201215142/https://www.cbsnews.com/live\-news/uswnt\-score\-usa\-vs\-france\-womens\-world\-cup\-2019\-06\-28\-highlights\-live\-recap\-updated\-today/\|url\-status\=live}} and then [England](/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team "England women's national football team"){{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/world\-cup/news/uswnt\-vs\-england\-score\-morgan\-scores\-winner\-naeher\-saves\-penalty\-as\-usa\-advances\-to\-womens\-world\-cup\-final/\|title\=USWNT vs. England score: Alex Morgan scores winner, Alyssa Naeher saves penalty as USA advances to World Cup final\|work\=CBS Sports\|date\=July 3, 2019 \|access\-date\=July 3, 2019\|archive\-date\=November 14, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114210931/https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/world\-cup/news/uswnt\-vs\-england\-score\-morgan\-scores\-winner\-naeher\-saves\-penalty\-as\-usa\-advances\-to\-womens\-world\-cup\-final/\|url\-status\=live}} seeing them advance to a record third straight [World Cup final](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final "2019 FIFA Women's World Cup final"), they played against the Netherlands for the title. They beat the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands_women%27s_national_football_team "Netherlands women's national football team") 2–0 in the final on July 7, 2019, becoming the first team in history to win four Women's World Cup titles.
On July 30, 2019, [Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis "Jill Ellis") announced that she would step down as head coach following the conclusion of the team's post\-[World Cup](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2019 FIFA Women's World Cup") victory tour on October 6, 2019\.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://equalizersoccer.com/2019/07/30/jill\-ellis\-steps\-down\-uswnt\-coach\-world\-cup\-champion\-victory\-tour/\|title\=Jill Ellis is stepping down as USWNT coach – Equalizer Soccer\|last\=Kassouf\|first\=Jeff\|date\=July 30, 2019 \|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=July 31, 2019\|archive\-date\=November 7, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107225541/https://equalizersoccer.com/2019/07/30/jill\-ellis\-steps\-down\-uswnt\-coach\-world\-cup\-champion\-victory\-tour/\|url\-status\=live}}
[Vlatko Andonovski](/wiki/Vlatko_Andonovski "Vlatko Andonovski") was hired as head coach of the USWNT in October 2019, replacing Ellis.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Vlatko Andonovski Named Head Coach of U.S. Women's National Team \|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/10/vlatko\-andonovski\-named\-head\-coach\-of\-us\-womens\-national\-team \|work\=U.S. Soccer \|date\=October 28, 2019 \|access\-date\=April 5, 2020 \|archive\-date\=November 11, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111201947/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/10/vlatko\-andonovski\-named\-head\-coach\-of\-us\-womens\-national\-team \|url\-status\=live }}
### 2020s
The USWNT began the new decade by winning both the [2020 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying tournament](/wiki/2020_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Olympic_Qualifying_Championship "2020 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship") (which qualified the team for the [2020 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics "2020 Summer Olympics")) and the [2020 SheBelieves Cup](/wiki/2020_SheBelieves_Cup "2020 SheBelieves Cup") titles.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=U.S. Women's National Team Wins 2020 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament with 3–0 Victory Over Canada \|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2020/02/2020\-concacaf\-womens\-olympic\-qualifying\-final\-uswnt\-3\-canada\-0\-match\-report\-stats \|work\=U.S. Soccer \|date\=February 9, 2020 \|access\-date\=February 10, 2020 \|archive\-date\=February 11, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211173106/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2020/02/2020\-concacaf\-womens\-olympic\-qualifying\-final\-uswnt\-3\-canada\-0\-match\-report\-stats \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\= U.S. Women's National Team Qualifies For 2020 Olympic Games With 4–0 Victory Over Mexico \|url\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2020/02/2020\-concacaf\-womens\-olympic\-qualifying\-uswnt\-4\-mexico\-0\-match\-report\-stats\-standings \|website\= U.S. Soccer \|date\= February 7, 2020 \|access\-date\= February 8, 2020 \|archive\-date\= December 29, 2020 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20201229033301/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2020/02/2020\-concacaf\-womens\-olympic\-qualifying\-uswnt\-4\-mexico\-0\-match\-report\-stats\-standings \|url\-status\= live }}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=USA Wins 2020 SheBelieves Cup With 3–1 Victory vs. Japan\|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2020/03/2020\-shebelieves\-cup\-usa\-3\-japan\-1\-match\-report\-stats\-standings\|work\=U.S. Soccer\|date\=March 11, 2020\|access\-date\=March 12, 2020\|archive\-date\=April 4, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404184538/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2020/03/2020\-shebelieves\-cup\-usa\-3\-japan\-1\-match\-report\-stats\-standings\|url\-status\=live}}
In early March 2020, due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), the USSF canceled previously scheduled USWNT friendlies against [Australia](/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_soccer_team "Australia women's national soccer team") and [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_football_team "Brazil women's national football team").{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|first\=Gill \|last\=Clark \|title\=US Soccer Cancels All Men's, Women's Games in March, April Amid Coronavirus \|url\=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2880575\-us\-soccer\-cancels\-all\-mens\-womens\-games\-in\-march\-april\-amid\-coronavirus \|work\=Bleacher Report \|date\=March 12, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 5, 2020 \|archive\-date\=July 9, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182731/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2880575\-us\-soccer\-cancels\-all\-mens\-womens\-games\-in\-march\-april\-amid\-coronavirus \|url\-status\=live }} Later that same month, it was announced by the [International Olympic Committee](/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee "International Olympic Committee") (IOC) and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government that the [2020 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics "2020 Summer Olympics") were to be postponed until July 2021\.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc\-ipc\-tokyo\-2020\-organising\-committee\-and\-tokyo\-metropolitan\-government\-announce\-new\-dates\-for\-the\-olympic\-and\-paralympic\-games\-tokyo\-2020 \|title\=IOC, IPC, Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee and Tokyo Metropolitan Government Announce New Dates for the Olympic and Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020 \|date\=March 30, 2020 \|website\=Olympic.org \|access\-date\=April 5, 2020 \|archive\-date\=March 30, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330121555/https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc\-ipc\-tokyo\-2020\-organising\-committee\-and\-tokyo\-metropolitan\-government\-announce\-new\-dates\-for\-the\-olympic\-and\-paralympic\-games\-tokyo\-2020 \|url\-status\=live }} The USWNT played their first game in eight months on November 27, 2020, when they took on the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands_women%27s_national_football_team "Netherlands women's national football team") in a friendly match. [Rose Lavelle](/wiki/Rose_Lavelle "Rose Lavelle") and [Kristie Mewis](/wiki/Kristie_Mewis "Kristie Mewis") scored, the team winning the game 2–0\.
On July 21, 2021, the USWNT lost 3–0 against Sweden in the opening round of group stage at the [2020 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament"), thus ending a 44\-match unbeaten streak.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/olympics/news/tokyo\-olympics\-sweden\-crush\-uswnt\-to\-end\-44\-match\-unbeaten\-streak\-as\-summer\-games\-kick\-off/live/ \|title\=Tokyo Olympics: Sweden crush USWNT to end 44\-match unbeaten streak as Summer Games kick off \|website\=CBS Sports \|date\=July 21, 2021 \|access\-date\=July 21, 2021 \|archive\-date\=July 21, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721215145/https://www.cbssports.com/olympics/news/tokyo\-olympics\-sweden\-crush\-uswnt\-to\-end\-44\-match\-unbeaten\-streak\-as\-summer\-games\-kick\-off/live/ \|url\-status\=live }} The U.S. rebounded by winning their 2nd match against [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_football_team "New Zealand women's national football team"), before concluding the group stage by drawing 0–0 with Australia. The team finished second in the group stage and qualified for the knockout stage. They first faced World Cup runners\-up [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands_women%27s_national_football_team "Netherlands women's national football team"), with whom they drew 2–2 after extra\-time before winning the match in a penalty shootout. The USWNT advanced to the semifinals, where they faced [Canada](/wiki/Canada_women%27s_national_soccer_team "Canada women's national soccer team"). However, the team lost to Canada 1–0 by a penalty scored by [Jessie Fleming](/wiki/Jessie_Fleming "Jessie Fleming"). They later faced Australia again in the bronze medal match in a rematch of their final group stage game. The U.S. won 4–3, making it the first time the team had won the bronze medal.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|author\=The Athletic Staff\|title\=2021 Olympics: USWNT wins bronze medal with 4–3 win over Australia\|url\=https://theathletic.com/news/2021\-olympics\-uswnt\-wins\-bronze\-medal\-with\-4\-3\-win\-over\-australia/cuPjHUhFuFzR/\|access\-date\=January 3, 2022\|website\=The Athletic\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=January 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103050420/https://theathletic.com/news/2021\-olympics\-uswnt\-wins\-bronze\-medal\-with\-4\-3\-win\-over\-australia/cuPjHUhFuFzR/\|url\-status\=live}}
In July 2022, the team competed in the [CONCACAF W Championship](/wiki/2022_CONCACAF_W_Championship "2022 CONCACAF W Championship"). The USWNT won its group, outscoring opponents 9–0 in the group stage, and then won the semifinal 3–0 against Costa Rica and the final 1–0 against Canada.{{Cite web \|last\=Herrera \|first\=Sandra \|date\=2022\-07\-08 \|title\=USWNT qualify for 2023 World Cup after win over Jamaica, Mexico's loss to Haiti \|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/news/uswnt\-qualify\-for\-2023\-world\-cup\-after\-win\-over\-jamaica\-mexicos\-loss\-to\-haiti/ \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-05 \|website\=CBSSports.com \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|title\=U.S. Women's National Team Defeats Mexico 1\-0 To Claim First In Group A At Concacaf W Championship \|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/07/concacaf\-w\-championship\-uswnt\-1\-mexico\-0\-match\-report\-stats\-standings \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-05 \|website\=www.ussoccer.com \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|title\=U.S. Women's National Team Advances To Concacaf W Championship Final With 3\-0 Win Against Costa Rica \|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/07/concacaf\-w\-championship\-uswnt\-3\-costa\-rica\-0\-match\-report\-stats\-standings \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-05 \|website\=www.ussoccer.com \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|title\=U.S. Women's National Team Wins Concacaf W Championship 1\-0 Over Canada; USA Earns Berth To 2024 Paris Summer Olympics \|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/07/concacaf\-w\-championship\-uswnt\-1\-canada\-0\-match\-report\-stats\-standings \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-05 \|website\=www.ussoccer.com \|language\=en}} It was their ninth CONCACAF championship title and earned automatic berths for the [2023 World Cup](/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2023 FIFA Women's World Cup"), the [2024 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics") in France, and the [2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup](/wiki/2024_CONCACAF_W_Gold_Cup "2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup").{{Cite news \|last\=Das \|first\=Andrew \|date\=2022\-07\-19 \|title\=U.S. Women Beat Canada to Claim Spot in Paris Olympics \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/19/sports/soccer/uswnt\-canada\-concacaf\-w\-championship.html \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-05 \|work\=The New York Times \|language\=en\-US \|issn\=0362\-4331}}{{Cite web \|last\=Armour \|first\=Nancy \|title\=U.S. women's national soccer team on way to 2024 Paris Olympics after beating Canada for Concacaf championship title \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2022/07/18/uswnt\-defeats\-canada\-concacaf\-title\-earns\-spot\-2024\-olympics/10093832002/ \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-05 \|website\=USA TODAY \|language\=en\-US}}
In November 2022, the USWNT's 71\-game home unbeaten streak ended, after a 2–1 defeat in an exhibition game against [Germany](/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_football_team "Germany women's national football team").{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=USWNT Battles To 2\-1 Loss Against Germany In First Of Two Friendly Meetings On Home Soil \|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/11/international\-friendly\-uswnt\-1\-germany\-2\-match\-report\-stats\-standings \|access\-date\=November 12, 2022 \|website\=www.ussoccer.com \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=November 11, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111115209/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/11/international\-friendly\-uswnt\-1\-germany\-2\-match\-report\-stats\-standings \|url\-status\=live }}
[thumb\|Chaos in the USWNT's defense at the 2024 Olympics.](/wiki/File:Chaos_during_USWNT_v_Germany_Paris_2024.png "Chaos during USWNT v Germany Paris 2024.png")
At the [2023 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2023 FIFA Women's World Cup"), the USWNT were in [Group E](/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_Group_E "2023 FIFA Women's World Cup Group E") along with Netherlands, Portugal and Vietnam. They had gone in hoping to be the first men's or women's team to pull off a three\-peat at the World Cup.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://olympics.com/en/news/fifa\-women\-world\-cup\-2023\-results\-scores\-standings\-points\-table \|title\=FIFA Women's World Cup 2023: All fixtures, results, goalscorers, and group standings \|website\=Olympics \|date\=August 1, 2023 }} The USWNT opened with a 3–0 win over Vietnam, followed this up with a 1–1 draw against Netherlands and finished up with a 0–0 draw against Portugal, to finish second in the group, avoiding elimination after a shot from Portugal struck the goalpost in injury time. This marked the least amount of points the team has ever gained in a group stage (they won at least two group games in every other tournament including 1991 when only two points were awarded for a win) and set them up for a round of 16 match against Sweden, where they played out a goalless draw and lost 5–4 after a penalty shootout. This marked the first time since the [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics "2016 Summer Olympics") that the United States did not reach the semifinals of a major tournament.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Schnell \|first1\=Lindsay \|last2\=Armour \|first2\=Nancy \|last3\=DelGallo \|first3\=Alicia \|last4\=Reyes \|first4\=Lorenzo \|date\=August 6, 2023 \|title\=USWNT ousted from World Cup: Team USA reels from historic loss to Sweden \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/worldcup/2023/08/06/usa\-sweden\-womens\-world\-cup\-live\-updates/70521714007/ \|work\=USA Today \|accessdate\=August 6, 2023}} It also marked the first Women's World Cup the United States would not finish in the Top 3, and their earliest elimination in either the Women's World Cup or the Olympics. On August 17, 2023, Andonovski resigned as head coach and [Twila Kilgore](/wiki/Twila_Kilgore "Twila Kilgore") became the interim head coach.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/08/vlatko\-andonovski\-departs\-us\-womens\-national\-team\|title\=Vlatko Andonovski Departs U.S. Women's National Team \| U.S. Soccer Official Website\|website\=www.ussoccer.com}} That August the team dropped to third in the FIFA Women's World Ranking, their worst ever position.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.fifa.com/origin1904\-p.cxm.fifa.com/fifa\-world\-ranking/women\|title\=Women's Ranking\|website\=www.fifa.com}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{Main\\|History of the United States women's national soccer team}}",
"### Origins in the 1980s",
"The passing of [Title IX](/wiki/Title_IX \"Title IX\") in 1972, which outlawed gender\\-based discrimination for federally\\-funded education programs, spurred the creation of college soccer teams across the United States at a time when women's soccer was rising in popularity internationally.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Chuck \\|first\\=Elizabeth \\|date\\=July 5, 2015 \\|title\\=A Level Playing Field: Why the USA Is So Strong in Women's Soccer \\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/world\\-cup/level\\-playing\\-field\\-why\\-usa\\-so\\-strong\\-womens\\-soccer\\-n385346 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NBC News]] \\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 12, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032048/https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/world\\-cup/level\\-playing\\-field\\-why\\-usa\\-so\\-strong\\-womens\\-soccer\\-n385346 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The U.S. Soccer Federation tasked coach [Mike Ryan](/wiki/Mike_Ryan_%28soccer_coach%29 \"Mike Ryan (soccer coach)\") to select a roster of college players to participate in the 1985 [Mundialito](/wiki/Mundialito_%28women%29 \"Mundialito (women)\") tournament in Italy, its first foray into women's international soccer.{{cite book \\|last\\=Murray \\|first\\=Caitlin \\|year\\=2019 \\|title\\=The National Team: The Inside Story of the Women Who Changed Soccer \\|pages\\=4–6 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Abrams Books\\|Abrams Press]] \\|location\\=New York \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4197\\-3449\\-6 \\|oclc\\=1090417335 }} The team played its [first match](/wiki/1985_United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team \"1985 United States women's national soccer team\") on August 18, 1985, losing 1–0 to [Italy](/wiki/Italy_women%27s_national_football_team \"Italy women's national football team\"), and finished the tournament in fourth place after failing to win its remaining matches against [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark_women%27s_national_football_team \"Denmark women's national football team\") and [England](/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team \"England women's national football team\").{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|date\\=August 18, 2005 \\|title\\=U.S. WNT Flashback – 20th Anniversary of First\\-Ever Match: Player Reflections \\|url\\=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/16/02/34/u\\-s\\-wnt\\-flashback\\-20th\\-anniversary\\-of\\-first\\-ever\\-match\\-player\\-reflections \\|publisher\\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406234815/http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/16/02/34/u\\-s\\-wnt\\-flashback\\-20th\\-anniversary\\-of\\-first\\-ever\\-match\\-player\\-reflections \\|archive\\-date\\=April 6, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2019}}{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Wahl \\|first\\=Grant \\|author\\-link\\=Grant Wahl \\|date\\=June 6, 2019 \\|title\\=How the Women's World Cup and USWNT Were Built From Scratch \\|url\\=https://www.si.com/soccer/2019/06/06/first\\-womens\\-world\\-cup\\-1991\\-uswnt\\-usa\\-sepp\\-blatter \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Sports Illustrated]] \\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 4, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104173821/https://www.si.com/soccer/2019/06/06/first\\-womens\\-world\\-cup\\-1991\\-uswnt\\-usa\\-sepp\\-blatter \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"[University of North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_women%27s_soccer \"North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer\") coach [Anson Dorrance](/wiki/Anson_Dorrance \"Anson Dorrance\") was hired as the team's first full\\-time head coach in 1986 with the goal of fielding a competitive women's team at the next Mundialito and at future tournaments. In their first Mundialito under Dorrance, the United States defeated [China](/wiki/China_women%27s_national_football_team \"China women's national football team\"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_football_team \"Brazil women's national football team\"), and [Japan](/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_football_team \"Japan women's national football team\") before finishing as runners\\-up to Italy.{{cite book \\|last\\=Lisi \\|first\\=Clemente A. \\|year\\=2010 \\|title\\=The U.S. Women's Soccer Team: An American Success Story \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/uswomenssoccerte0000lisi \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/uswomenssoccerte0000lisi/page/5 5–7] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Scarecrow Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8108\\-7415\\-2 \\|oclc\\=1030358776 }} Dorrance gave national team appearances to teenage players, including future stars [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm \"Mia Hamm\"), [Julie Foudy](/wiki/Julie_Foudy \"Julie Foudy\"), and [Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly \"Kristine Lilly\"), instead of the college players preferred by the federation, and called into camp the first African\\-American player on the team, [Kim Crabbe](/wiki/Kim_Crabbe \"Kim Crabbe\").{{harvp\\|Lisi\\|2010\\|pages\\=7–9}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|last\\=Wine II\\|first\\=Donald\\|date\\=February 20, 2020\\|title\\=Black History Month: Kim Crabbe becomes first black woman called into USWNT\\|url\\=https://www.starsandstripesfc.com/2020/2/20/21143935/black\\-history\\-month\\-kim\\-crabbe\\-usa\\-uswnt\\-color\\-barrier\\-first\\-black\\-woman\\-player\\|access\\-date\\=August 11, 2021\\|website\\=Stars and Stripes FC\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=August 11, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811203302/https://www.starsandstripesfc.com/2020/2/20/21143935/black\\-history\\-month\\-kim\\-crabbe\\-usa\\-uswnt\\-color\\-barrier\\-first\\-black\\-woman\\-player\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The United States played in the [1988 FIFA Women's Invitation Tournament](/wiki/1988_FIFA_Women%27s_Invitation_Tournament \"1988 FIFA Women's Invitation Tournament\") in China, a FIFA\\-sanctioned competition to test the feasibility of a regular women's championship, and lost in the quarterfinals to eventual champions [Norway](/wiki/Norway_women%27s_national_football_team \"Norway women's national football team\").",
"### 1990s",
"Following the 1988 tournament, FIFA announced plans for a new women's tournament, named the [1st FIFA World Championship for Women's Football for the M\\&M's Cup](/wiki/1991_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"1991 FIFA Women's World Cup\") until it was retroactively named the \"World Cup\". The United States qualified for the tournament by winning the [inaugural CONCACAF Women's Championship](/wiki/1991_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship \"1991 CONCACAF Women's Championship\"), hosted by Haiti in April 1991, outscoring their opponents 49–0 for the sole [CONCACAF](/wiki/CONCACAF \"CONCACAF\") berth in the tournament.{{harvp\\|Murray\\|2019\\|pages\\=9–10}} The team played several exhibition matches abroad against European opponents to prepare for the world championship, while its players quit their regular jobs to train full\\-time with meager compensation.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Bondy \\|first\\=Filip \\|date\\=June 9, 1991 \\|title\\=U.S. Women's Team May Be World's Best \\|page\\=B1 \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/09/sports/soccer\\-us\\-women\\-s\\-team\\-may\\-be\\-world\\-s\\-best.html \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 7, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107170605/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/09/sports/soccer\\-us\\-women\\-s\\-team\\-may\\-be\\-world\\-s\\-best.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Davidson \\|first\\=Gary \\|date\\=November 16, 1991 \\|title\\=U.S. women's team takes shot at first goal Play for world crown starts in China today \\|page\\=C3 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Baltimore Sun]] \\|url\\=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs\\-xpm\\-1991\\-11\\-16\\-1991320089\\-story.html \\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 30, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130154244/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs\\-xpm\\-1991\\-11\\-16\\-1991320089\\-story.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Dorrance utilized a 4–3–3 formation that was spearheaded by the \"[Triple\\-Edged Sword](/wiki/Triple-Edged_Sword \"Triple-Edged Sword\")\" of forward [Michelle Akers](/wiki/Michelle_Akers \"Michelle Akers\") and wingers [Carin Jennings](/wiki/Carin_Jennings \"Carin Jennings\") and [April Heinrichs](/wiki/April_Heinrichs \"April Heinrichs\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Jones \\|first\\=Grahame L. \\|date\\=August 27, 2000 \\|title\\=There's Just No Replacing Akers \\|page\\=D3 \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2000\\-aug\\-27\\-sp\\-11245\\-story.html \\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 16, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116185255/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2000\\-aug\\-27\\-sp\\-11245\\-story.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"At the Women's World Cup, the United States won all three of its group stage matches and outscored its opponents 11–2\\. In the opening match against [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_football_team \"Sweden women's national football team\"), the U.S. took a 3–0 lead early in the second half, but conceded two goals to end the match with a narrower 3–2 victory. The U.S. proceeded to win 5–0 in its second match against Brazil and 3–0 in its third match against Japan, clinching first place in the group and a quarterfinal berth.{{harvp\\|Lisi\\|2010\\|pages\\=11–14}} The United States proceeded with a 7–0 victory in the quarterfinals over [Chinese Taipei](/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_women%27s_national_football_team \"Chinese Taipei women's national football team\"), fueled by a five\\-goal performance by Akers in the first fifty minutes of the match.",
"In the semi\\-finals against [Germany](/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_football_team \"Germany women's national football team\"), Jennings scored a [hattrick](/wiki/Hat-trick_%28association_football%29 \"Hat-trick (association football)\") in the first half as the team clinched a place in the final with a 5–2 victory.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Basler \\|first\\=Barbara \\|date\\=November 28, 1991 \\|title\\=American Women In Final In Soccer \\|page\\=B2 \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/28/sports/american\\-women\\-in\\-final\\-in\\-soccer.html \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 21, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121211321/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/28/sports/american\\-women\\-in\\-final\\-in\\-soccer.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The team's lopsided victories in the earlier rounds had brought attention from American media outlets, but the final match was not televised live in the U.S. The United States won the inaugural Women's World Cup title by defeating [Norway](/wiki/Norway_women%27s_national_football_team \"Norway women's national football team\") 2–1 in the [final](/wiki/1991_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final \"1991 FIFA Women's World Cup final\"), played in front of 65,000 spectators at [Tianhe Stadium](/wiki/Tianhe_Stadium \"Tianhe Stadium\") in [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\"), as Akers scored twice to create and restore a lead for the Americans.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Basler \\|first\\=Barbara \\|date\\=December 1, 1991 \\|title\\=U.S. Women Beat Norway To Capture World Cup \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/01/sports/soccer\\-us\\-women\\-beat\\-norway\\-to\\-capture\\-world\\-cup.html \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211125925/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/01/sports/soccer\\-us\\-women\\-beat\\-norway\\-to\\-capture\\-world\\-cup.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Akers finished as the top goalscorer at the tournament, with ten goals, and Jennings was awarded the Golden Ball as the tournament's best player.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=March 22, 2007 \\|title\\=USA triumph as history made in China PR \\|url\\=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/fifa\\-women\\-world\\-cup\\-china\\-1991\\-501995 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608141039/https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/fifa\\-women\\-world\\-cup\\-china\\-1991\\-501995 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=June 8, 2019 \\|publisher\\=FIFA \\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2019}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm \"Mia Hamm\") with [Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly \"Kristine Lilly\") (left)](/wiki/Image:Lilly356.jpg \"Lilly356.jpg\")\nDespite their Women's World Cup victory, the U.S. team remained in relative obscurity and received a small welcome from several U.S. Soccer Federation officials upon arrival at [John F. Kennedy International Airport](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport \"John F. Kennedy International Airport\") in New York City.{{harvp\\|Lisi\\|2010\\|page\\=20}} The team were given fewer resources and little attention from the federation as they focused on improving the [men's national team](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team \"United States men's national soccer team\") in preparation for the [1994 men's World Cup](/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup \"1994 FIFA World Cup\") that would be hosted in the United States.{{harvp\\|Lisi\\|2010\\|pages\\=23–25}} The women's team was placed on hiatus after the tournament, only playing twice in 1992, but returned the following year to play in several tournaments hosted in [Cyprus](/wiki/Cyprus \"Cyprus\"), Canada, and the United States, including a second [CONCACAF Championship](/wiki/1993_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship \"1993 CONCACAF Women's Championship\") title. The program was still supported better than those of the former Soviet Union, where soccer was considered a \"men's game\".{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.amnestyusa.org/homophobia\\-olympics\\-in\\-the\\-former\\-soviet\\-union/\\|title\\=Homophobia Olympics in the Former Soviet Union\\|date\\=May 24, 2012\\|website\\=Amnesty International USA\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=November 26, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126154813/https://www.amnestyusa.org/homophobia\\-olympics\\-in\\-the\\-former\\-soviet\\-union/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|last\\=Litterer \\|first\\=David \\|date\\=May 30, 2008 \\|title\\=The Year in American Soccer, 1993 \\|url\\=http://homepages.sover.net/\\~spectrum/year/1993\\.html \\|publisher\\=American Soccer History Archives \\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317072336/http://homepages.sover.net/\\~spectrum/year/1993\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=March 17, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"The United States played in several friendly tournaments to prepare for the [1995 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/1995_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"1995 FIFA Women's World Cup\") and its qualification campaign. The first was the [inaugural staging](/wiki/1994_Algarve_Cup \"1994 Algarve Cup\") of the [Algarve Cup](/wiki/Algarve_Cup \"Algarve Cup\") in Portugal, which saw the team win its two group stage matches but lose 1–0 to Norway in the final. It was followed by a victory in the [Chiquita Cup](/wiki/Chiquita_Cup \"Chiquita Cup\"), an exhibition tournament hosted in August on the U.S. East Coast against Germany, China, and Norway.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|last\\=Litterer \\|first\\=David \\|date\\=May 30, 2008 \\|title\\=The Year in American Soccer, 1994 \\|url\\=http://homepages.sover.net/\\~spectrum/year/1994\\.html \\|publisher\\=American Soccer History Archives \\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504134208/http://homepages.sover.net/\\~spectrum/year/1994\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=May 4, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Trecker \\|first\\=Jerry \\|date\\=August 8, 1994 \\|title\\=U.S. women win in a crowd \\|page\\=C1 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Hartford Courant]] \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32881255/us\\_women\\_win\\_in\\_a\\_crowd/ \\|via\\=Newspapers.com \\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 7, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707181040/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32881255/us\\_women\\_win\\_in\\_a\\_crowd/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} {{free access}} Dorrance resigned from his position as head coach in early August and was replaced by his assistant, [Tony DiCicco](/wiki/Tony_DiCicco \"Tony DiCicco\"), a former professional goalkeeper who played in the [American Soccer League](/wiki/American_Soccer_League_%281933%E2%80%9383%29 \"American Soccer League (1933–83)\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|date\\=August 4, 1994 \\|title\\=Coach's resignation a big blow to U.S. women's team \\|page\\=D2 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Tallahassee Democrat]] \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32881395/coachs\\_resignation\\_a\\_big\\_blow\\_to\\_us/ \\|via\\=Newspapers.com \\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 7, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707181040/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32881395/coachs\\_resignation\\_a\\_big\\_blow\\_to\\_us/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} {{free access}} DiCicco led the United States to a berth in the Women's World Cup by winning the [1994 CONCACAF Championship](/wiki/1994_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship \"1994 CONCACAF Women's Championship\"), where the team scored 36 goals and conceded only one.",
"In February 1995, the U.S. women's program opened a permanent training and treatment facility in [Sanford, Florida](/wiki/Sanford%2C_Florida \"Sanford, Florida\"), and began a series of warm\\-up friendlies that were paid for by American company [Nike](/wiki/Nike%2C_Inc. \"Nike, Inc.\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Ward \\|first\\=Bill \\|date\\=February 26, 1995 \\|title\\=U.S. Women's Team settles in at facility \\|page\\=9 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Tampa Tribune]] \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33002099/us\\_womens\\_team\\_settles\\_in\\_at\\_facility/ \\|via\\=Newspapers.com \\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 30, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730102132/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33002099/us\\_womens\\_team\\_settles\\_in\\_at\\_facility/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} {{free access}} The team topped their group in the Women's World Cup, despite a 3–3 tie with China in the opening match and losing goalkeeper [Briana Scurry](/wiki/Briana_Scurry \"Briana Scurry\") to a red card in their second match. The United States proceeded to beat Japan 4–0 in the quarterfinals, but lost 1–0 to eventual champions Norway in the semifinals. The team finished in third place, winning 2–0 in its consolation match against China.",
"The team won the gold medal in the [inaugural Olympic women's soccer tournament](/wiki/Football_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\") in the [1996 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics \"1996 Summer Olympics\"), defeating China 2–1 in the final before a crowd of 76,481 fans.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Roberson\\|first\\=Doug\\|title\\=U.S. women blazed trail with inaugural soccer gold\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution]]\\|date\\=July 24, 2016\\|url\\=https://www.ajc.com/sports/women\\-blazed\\-trail\\-with\\-inaugural\\-soccer\\-gold/LhErlJ3xkvD2UFsY225UNM/\\|access\\-date\\=August 20, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=December 5, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205025732/https://www.ajc.com/sports/women\\-blazed\\-trail\\-with\\-inaugural\\-soccer\\-gold/LhErlJ3xkvD2UFsY225UNM/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} An influential victory came in the [1999 World Cup](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"1999 FIFA Women's World Cup\"), when the team defeated China 5–4 in a [penalty shootout](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 \"Penalty shoot-out (association football)\") following a 0–0 draw after [extended time](/wiki/Extra_time_%28association_football%29 \"Extra time (association football)\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/20/sports/soccer\\-1999\\-women\\-s\\-world\\-cup\\-beautiful\\-game\\-takes\\-flight.html \\|title\\=Soccer: 1999 Women's World Cup: Beautiful Game Takes Flight \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=May 20, 1999 \\|access\\-date\\=August 3, 2012 \\|last1\\=Longman \\|first1\\=Jere \\|archive\\-date\\=May 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512002433/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/20/sports/soccer\\-1999\\-women\\-s\\-world\\-cup\\-beautiful\\-game\\-takes\\-flight.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Foudy, Lilly, and the rest of the 1999 team started a revolution towards women's team sports in America. With this win they emerged onto the world stage and brought significant media attention to women's soccer and athletics. On July 10, 1999, over 90,000 people (the largest ever for a women's sporting event and one of the largest attendances in the world for a tournament game final) filled the [Rose Bowl](/wiki/Rose_Bowl_%28stadium%29 \"Rose Bowl (stadium)\") to watch the United States play China in the Final. After a back and forth game, the score was tied 0–0 at full\\-time, and remained so after extra time, leading to a penalty kick shootout. With Scurry's save of China's third kick, the score was 4–4 with only [Brandi Chastain](/wiki/Brandi_Chastain \"Brandi Chastain\") left to shoot. She scored and won the game for the United States. Chastain dropped to her knees and whipped off her shirt, celebrating in her [sports bra](/wiki/Sports_bra \"Sports bra\"), which later made the cover of *Sports Illustrated* and the front pages of newspapers around the country and world.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=http://insidesportsillustrated.com/tag/brandi\\-chastain/ \\|title\\=Brandi Chastain « Inside Sports Illustrated \\|date\\=May 4, 2012 \\|publisher\\=Insidesportsillustrated.com \\|access\\-date\\=August 20, 2012}} This win influenced many girls to want to play on a soccer team.*Dare to Dream*. Ouisie Shapiro. HBO Productions, September 19, 2007\\. Video In the [2000 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics \"2000 Summer Olympics\"), the USWNT were close to defending their gold medal but were controversially defeated by Norway in the final with a golden goal in extra time, which involved an alleged handball in the lead\\-up.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Lewis \\|first1\\=Samantha \\|title\\=Julie Foudy remembers USWNT's Sydney 2000 Gold Medal match: 'I can't even watch that game again' \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/soccer/womens\\-olympic\\-tournament/story/4190714/julie\\-foudy\\-remembers\\-uswnts\\-sydney\\-2000\\-gold\\-medal\\-match\\-on\\-20th\\-anniversary \\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2021 \\|publisher\\=ESPN \\|date\\=September 28, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 27, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127080315/https://www.espn.com/soccer/womens\\-olympic\\-tournament/story/4190714/julie\\-foudy\\-remembers\\-uswnts\\-sydney\\-2000\\-gold\\-medal\\-match\\-on\\-20th\\-anniversary \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### 2000s",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[Abby Wambach](/wiki/Abby_Wambach \"Abby Wambach\") plays off a corner kick at the [2003 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/2003_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2003 FIFA Women's World Cup\") bronze medal game against Canada\\|alt\\=A soccer game between the United States and Canada, seen from behind one of the goals](/wiki/File:Wambach_2003.jpg \"Wambach 2003.jpg\")\nIn the [2003 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/2003_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2003 FIFA Women's World Cup\"), the U.S. defeated Norway 1–0 in the quarterfinals but lost 3–0 to Germany in the semifinals. The team then defeated Canada 3–1 to claim third place.[FIFA Women's World Cup USA 2003](https://web.archive.org/web/20150607210909/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/archive/usa2003/index.html), FIFA. [Abby Wambach](/wiki/Abby_Wambach \"Abby Wambach\") was the team's top scorer with three goals, while [Joy Fawcett](/wiki/Joy_Fawcett \"Joy Fawcett\") and [Shannon Boxx](/wiki/Shannon_Boxx \"Shannon Boxx\") made the tournament's all\\-star team. In the [2004 Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\"), the last major international tournament for Hamm and Foudy, the U.S. earned the gold medal, winning 2–1 over Brazil in the final on an extra time goal by Wambach.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=U.S. Defeats Brazil in Extra Time to Win the Gold\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=August 26, 2004\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/26/sports/olympics/us\\-defeats\\-brazil\\-in\\-extra\\-time\\-to\\-win\\-the\\-gold.html\\|access\\-date\\=February 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=February 18, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218013955/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/26/sports/olympics/us\\-defeats\\-brazil\\-in\\-extra\\-time\\-to\\-win\\-the\\-gold.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"At the [2007 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/2007_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2007 FIFA Women's World Cup\"), the U.S. defeated England 3–0 in the quarterfinals but then suffered its most lopsided loss in team history when it lost to Brazil 4–0 in the semifinals.[\"Ending The Drought: What did the USWNT Learn From 2007 World Cup Loss?\"](http://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/2015worldcup/article/12966173/ending-drought-uswnt-learned-2007-world-cup-loss) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005121151/http://www.espn.com/espnw/news\\-commentary/2015worldcup/article/12966173/ending\\-drought\\-uswnt\\-learned\\-2007\\-world\\-cup\\-loss \\|date\\=October 5, 2016 }}, ESPN, Julie Foudy, June 3, 2015\\. The U.S. recovered to defeat Norway to take third place.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Wade\\|first\\=Stephen\\|title\\=Americans deliver with 4–1 win over Norway for 3rd place at World Cup\\|work\\=Lincoln Journal Star\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=September 29, 2007\\|url\\=https://journalstar.com/sports/americans\\-deliver\\-with\\-\\-\\-win\\-over\\-norway\\-for\\-rd/article\\_7c8e6de1\\-3cd9\\-5506\\-99a1\\-b445d30bce46\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=May 20, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=March 7, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307084059/https://journalstar.com/sports/americans\\-deliver\\-with\\-\\-\\-win\\-over\\-norway\\-for\\-rd/article\\_7c8e6de1\\-3cd9\\-5506\\-99a1\\-b445d30bce46\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Wambach was the team's leading scorer with 6 goals, and Lilly was the only American named to the tournament's all\\-star team.",
"The team won another gold medal in the 2008 Olympics,{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|last\\=Homewood\\|first\\=Brian\\|title\\=U.S. retain soccer gold against Brazil\\|publisher\\=Reuters\\|date\\=August 21, 2008\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-olympics\\-soccer\\-women/u\\-s\\-retain\\-soccer\\-gold\\-against\\-brazil\\-idUSPEK19359120080821\\|access\\-date\\=January 8, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=January 11, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020810/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-olympics\\-soccer\\-women/u\\-s\\-retain\\-soccer\\-gold\\-against\\-brazil\\-idUSPEK19359120080821\\|url\\-status\\=live}} but interest in the Women's National Team had diminished since their performance in the 1999 World Cup. However, the second women's professional league was created in March 2009, [Women's Professional Soccer](/wiki/Women%27s_Professional_Soccer \"Women's Professional Soccer\").",
"### 2010s",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The USWNT at the [2011 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/2011_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2011 FIFA Women's World Cup\")](/wiki/File:Jogadoras_dos_Estados_Unidos_no_momento_da_cobran%C3%A7a_dos_p%C3%AAnaltis_%28DSC01176%29.jpg \"Jogadoras dos Estados Unidos no momento da cobrança dos pênaltis (DSC01176).jpg\")\nIn the quarterfinal of the [2011 Women's World Cup](/wiki/2011_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2011 FIFA Women's World Cup\") in Germany, the U.S. defeated [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_soccer_team \"Brazil women's national soccer team\") 5–3 on penalty kicks. Wambach's goal in the 122nd minute to tie the game 2–2 has been voted the greatest goal in U.S. soccer history and the greatest goal in Women's World Cup history.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=http://espn.go.com/espnw/news\\-commentary/2015worldcup/article/13075090/abby\\-wambach\\-2011\\-header\\-heard\\-round\\-world \\|title\\=The Header Heard Round The World \\|date\\=June 15, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 11, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611040410/http://espn.go.com/espnw/news\\-commentary/2015worldcup/article/13075090/abby\\-wambach\\-2011\\-header\\-heard\\-round\\-world \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y\\=2015/m\\=6/news\\=wambach\\-s\\-header\\-voted\\-greatest\\-goal\\-2618374\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607173851/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y\\=2015/m\\=6/news\\=wambach\\-s\\-header\\-voted\\-greatest\\-goal\\-2618374\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=June 7, 2015 \\|title\\=Wambach's header voted greatest goal \\|date\\=June 5, 2015}} The U.S. then beat France 3–1 in the semifinal, but lost to Japan 3–1 on penalty kicks in the Final after drawing 1–1 in regulation and 2–2 in [overtime](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 \"Overtime (sports)\"). [Hope Solo](/wiki/Hope_Solo \"Hope Solo\") was named the tournament's best goalkeeper and Wambach won the silver ball as the tournament's second\\-best player.",
"In the [2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics \"Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics\"), the U.S. won the gold medal for the fourth time in five Olympics by defeating Japan 2–1 in front of 80,203 fans at [Wembley Stadium](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium \"Wembley Stadium\"), a record for a women's soccer game at the Olympics.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=http://espn.go.com/olympics/summer/2012/soccer/story/\\_/id/8252773/2012\\-london\\-olympics\\-carli\\-lloyd\\-2\\-goals\\-give\\-us\\-women\\-soccer\\-gold \\|title\\=U.S. tops Japan for soccer gold \\|publisher\\=ESPN \\|access\\-date\\=September 20, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 5, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905090701/http://espn.go.com/olympics/summer/2012/soccer/story/\\_/id/8252773/2012\\-london\\-olympics\\-carli\\-lloyd\\-2\\-goals\\-give\\-us\\-women\\-soccer\\-gold \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The United States advanced to face Japan for the gold medal by winning the semifinal against Canada, a 4–3 victory at the end of extra time.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens\\-National\\-Team/2012/09/USWNT\\-Squares\\-Off\\-Against\\-Australia\\-on\\-Wednesday\\-in\\-Fan\\-Tribute\\-Tour\\-Presented\\-by\\-Panasonic.aspx \\|title\\=U.S. Women's National Team Squares Off Against Australia on Wednesday in Fan Tribute Tour \\|website\\=USSoccer.com \\|access\\-date\\=September 20, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920031148/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens\\-National\\-Team/2012/09/USWNT\\-Squares\\-Off\\-Against\\-Australia\\-on\\-Wednesday\\-in\\-Fan\\-Tribute\\-Tour\\-Presented\\-by\\-Panasonic.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=September 20, 2012}} The 2012 London Olympics marked the first time the USWNT won every game en route to the gold medal and set an Olympic women's team record of 16 goals scored.",
"[thumb\\|A [ticker tape parade](/wiki/Ticker_tape_parade \"Ticker tape parade\") in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\") celebrating the team's [2015 World Cup](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2015 FIFA Women's World Cup\") victory](/wiki/File:Womens_World_Cup_parade_July_2015.JPG \"Womens World Cup parade July 2015.JPG\")\nThe [National Women's Soccer League](/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League \"National Women's Soccer League\") started in 2013, and provided competitive games as well as opportunities to players on the fringes of the squad.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|last\\=Lauletta \\|first\\=Dan \\|url\\=http://womens.soccerly.com/2012/11/21/eight\\-teams\\-to\\-start\\-new\\-womens\\-pro\\-soccer\\-league\\-in\\-2013/ \\|title\\=Eight teams to start new women's pro soccer league in 2013 \\|website\\=soccerly.com \\|publisher\\=The Equalizer \\|date\\=November 21, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=November 3, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009165358/http://womens.soccerly.com/2012/11/21/eight\\-teams\\-to\\-start\\-new\\-womens\\-pro\\-soccer\\-league\\-in\\-2013/ \\|archive\\-date\\=October 9, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Bell \\|first\\=Jack \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/sports/soccer/national\\-womens\\-soccer\\-league\\-to\\-begin\\-play.html \\|title\\=Another Attempt at Women's Circuit, but With a Twist \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=April 13, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=November 3, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 28, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428030136/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/sports/soccer/national\\-womens\\-soccer\\-league\\-to\\-begin\\-play.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The U.S. had a 43\\-game unbeaten streak that spanned two years{{snd}}the streak began with a 4–0 win over Sweden in the [2012 Algarve Cup](/wiki/2012_Algarve_Cup \"2012 Algarve Cup\"), and came to an end after a 1–0 loss against Sweden in the [2014 Algarve Cup](/wiki/2014_Algarve_Cup \"2014 Algarve Cup\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=http://equalizersoccer.com/2014/03/07/uswnt\\-us\\-women\\-loss\\-to\\-sweden\\-streak\\-snapped\\-lessons\\-learned/ \\|title\\=Streak's snapped, but US must regroup in Algarve \\|publisher\\=Equalizer soccer \\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 10, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310221303/http://equalizersoccer.com/2014/03/07/uswnt\\-us\\-women\\-loss\\-to\\-sweden\\-streak\\-snapped\\-lessons\\-learned/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=http://equalizersoccer.com/2014/03/08/swedish\\-newspaper\\-win\\-over\\-uswnt\\-crown\\-fallen\\-front\\-page/ \\|title\\=Newspaper reminder of magnitude of Sweden's win \\|publisher\\=Equalizer soccer \\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 10, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310171714/http://equalizersoccer.com/2014/03/08/swedish\\-newspaper\\-win\\-over\\-uswnt\\-crown\\-fallen\\-front\\-page/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"The U.S. defeated Japan 5–2 in the [final](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final \"2015 FIFA Women's World Cup final\") of the [2015 World Cup](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2015 FIFA Women's World Cup\"), becoming the first team in history to win three Women's World Cup titles. In the 16th minute, [Carli Lloyd](/wiki/Carli_Lloyd \"Carli Lloyd\") achieved the fastest [hat\\-trick](/wiki/Hat-trick \"Hat-trick\") from kick\\-off in World Cup history, and Wambach was greeted with a standing ovation for her last World Cup match.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=http://espn.go.com/espnw/news\\-commentary/2015worldcup/article/13216056/us\\-women\\-world\\-cup\\-team\\-memorable\\-moments\\-field\\-play\\-including\\-abby\\-wambach\\-kiss \\|title\\=U.S Women's World Cup team – Memorable moments outside field of play, including Abby Wambach's kiss \\|last\\=Andrews \\|first\\=Adena \\|date\\=July 8, 2015 \\|publisher\\=ESPN \\|access\\-date\\=June 2, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 9, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609200045/http://espn.go.com/espnw/news\\-commentary/2015worldcup/article/13216056/us\\-women\\-world\\-cup\\-team\\-memorable\\-moments\\-field\\-play\\-including\\-abby\\-wambach\\-kiss \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Following their 2015 World Cup win, the team was honored with a [ticker tape parade](/wiki/Ticker_tape_parade \"Ticker tape parade\") in New York City, the first for a women's sports team, and honored by President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") at the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\").{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Obama welcomes women's US World Cup team to White House \\|url\\=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/obama\\-welcomes\\-women\\-s\\-us/2222252\\.html \\|publisher\\=Channel NewsAsia \\|access\\-date\\=November 3, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 28, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028204905/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/obama\\-welcomes\\-women\\-s\\-us/2222252\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} On December 16, 2015, however, a 1–0 loss to China in Wambach's last game meant the team's first home loss since 2004, ending their 104\\-game home unbeaten streak.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Varney \\|first\\=Jim \\|title\\=China ends USA's 104\\-game home unbeaten streak in Abby Wambach's finale \\|work\\=USA Today \\|date\\=December 17, 2015 \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2015/12/16/usa\\-loses\\-china\\-abby\\-wambach\\-final\\-game/77462640/ \\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 31, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231073956/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2015/12/16/usa\\-loses\\-china\\-abby\\-wambach\\-final\\-game/77462640/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In the [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics \"Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics\"), the U.S. drew against [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_football_team \"Sweden women's national football team\") in the quarterfinal; in the following penalty kick phase, Sweden won the game 4–3\\. The loss marked the first time that the USWNT did not advance to the gold medal game of the Olympics, and the first time that the USWNT failed to advance to the semifinal round of a major tournament.[\"U.S. bounced from women's soccer tournament by Sweden on penalty kicks\"](http://touch.latimes.com/#section/-1/article/p2p-88092933/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://archive.today/20151025104941/http://touch.latimes.com/%23section/\\-1/article/p2p\\-84807726/\\#section/\\-1/article/p2p\\-88092933/ \\|date\\=October 25, 2015 }}, *Los Angeles Times*, August 12, 2016\\.",
"After the defeat in the 2016 Olympics, the USWNT underwent a year of experimentation which saw them losing three home games. If not for a comeback win against Brazil, the USWNT was on the brink of losing four home games in one year, a low never before seen by the USWNT. 2017 saw the USWNT play 12 games against teams ranked in the top\\-15 in the world.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Fall Games Conclude Competitive 2017 as Road to 2019 World Cup Continues \\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/09/12/03/24/20170911\\-feat\\-wnt\\-fall\\-matches\\-set\\-to\\-conclude\\-competitive\\-2017\\-schedule \\|publisher\\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2018 \\|date\\=September 11, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 2, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202073441/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/09/12/03/24/20170911\\-feat\\-wnt\\-fall\\-matches\\-set\\-to\\-conclude\\-competitive\\-2017\\-schedule \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"[thumb\\|[Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan \"Alex Morgan\") being challenged by [Hikari Takagi](/wiki/Hikari_Takagi \"Hikari Takagi\") (15\\) during a match against Japan in Cleveland on June 5, 2016](/wiki/File:Alex_morgan_2016.jpg \"Alex morgan 2016.jpg\")\nThroughout 2018, the U.S. would pick up two major tournament wins, winning both the [SheBelieves Cup](/wiki/SheBelieves_Cup \"SheBelieves Cup\"){{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/03/wnt\\-wins\\-2018\\-shebelieves\\-cup\\-with\\-10\\-victory\\-vs\\-england \\|title\\=WNT Wins 2018 SheBelieves Cup with 1–0 Victory vs. England \\|website\\=ussoccer.com \\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 31, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131010010/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/03/wnt\\-wins\\-2018\\-shebelieves\\-cup\\-with\\-10\\-victory\\-vs\\-england \\|url\\-status\\=live}} and the [Tournament of Nations](/wiki/Tournament_of_Nations \"Tournament of Nations\").{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/08/03/02/46/20180802\\-recap\\-wnt\\-beats\\-brazil\\-wins\\-first\\-tournament\\-of\\-nations\\-title \\|title\\=USA Beats Brazil, 4–1, to Claim First Tournament of Nations Title \\|website\\=ussoccer.com \\|access\\-date\\=January 31, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424201152/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/08/03/02/46/20180802\\-recap\\-wnt\\-beats\\-brazil\\-wins\\-first\\-tournament\\-of\\-nations\\-title \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The team would enter qualifying for the [2019 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2019 FIFA Women's World Cup\") on a 21\\-game unbeaten streak and dominated the competition, winning all five of its games and the tournament whilst qualifying for the World Cup as well as scoring 18 goals and conceding none.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/news/usa\\-vs\\-canada\\-final\\-score\\-recap\\-uswnt\\-wins\\-concacaf\\-womens\\-championship/ \\|title\\=USA vs. Canada final score, recap: USWNT wins CONCACAF Women's Championship \\|work\\=CBS Sports \\|date\\=October 18, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=January 31, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 22, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922201943/https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/news/usa\\-vs\\-canada\\-final\\-score\\-recap\\-uswnt\\-wins\\-concacaf\\-womens\\-championship/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On March 7, 2018, Alyssa Alhadeff, the captain of the Parkland Soccer Club, who was killed by gunman [Nikolas Cruz](/wiki/Nikolas_Cruz \"Nikolas Cruz\") in the [Parkland High School shooting](/wiki/Parkland_High_School_shooting \"Parkland High School shooting\") nearly three weeks earlier, was honored by the U.S. prior to a game against [England](/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team \"England women's national football team\") in [Orlando](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida \"Orlando, Florida\") during the [2018 SheBelieves Cup](/wiki/2018_SheBelieves_Cup \"2018 SheBelieves Cup\"). Alhadeff's teammates and family were invited to the game and presented with official jerseys that featured her name.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Hays \\|first1\\=Graham \\|title\\=For grieving family and friends of Alyssa Alhadeff, U.S. women's soccer provides joyous interlude \\|url\\=http://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/22681814/for\\-grieving\\-family\\-friends\\-alyssa\\-alhadeff\\-us\\-women\\-national\\-soccer\\-team\\-provides\\-joyous\\-interlude \\|access\\-date\\=March 8, 2018 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ESPN]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Orlando, Florida\\|Orlando]], Florida \\|date\\=March 8, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 9, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309092746/http://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/22681814/for\\-grieving\\-family\\-friends\\-alyssa\\-alhadeff\\-us\\-women\\-national\\-soccer\\-team\\-provides\\-joyous\\-interlude \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The U.S. won the game 1–0, winning its second SheBelieves Cup title in three years. On November 8, 2018, the U.S. earned their 500th victory in team history after a 1–0 victory over [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal_women%27s_national_football_team \"Portugal women's national football team\").{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/11/08/19/20/20181108\\-feat\\-wnt\\-usa\\-earns\\-500th\\-win\\-in\\-team\\-history \\|title\\=WNT Earns 500th Win in Team History \\|website\\=ussoccer.com \\|access\\-date\\=January 31, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 15, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115112748/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/11/08/19/20/20181108\\-feat\\-wnt\\-usa\\-earns\\-500th\\-win\\-in\\-team\\-history \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The start of 2019 saw the U.S. lose an away game to [France](/wiki/France_women%27s_national_football_team \"France women's national football team\"), 3–1, marking the end of a 28\\-game unbeaten streak and their first loss since a 1–0 defeat to [Australia](/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_soccer_team \"Australia women's national soccer team\") in July 2017\\.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/01/19/22/12/20190119\\-wnt\\-loses\\-3\\-1\\-away\\-to\\-world\\-cup\\-hosts\\-france\\-in\\-first\\-game\\-of\\-2019 \\|title\\=USA Drops 3–1 Result Away to World Cup Hosts France in First Game of 2019 \\|website\\=ussoccer.com \\|access\\-date\\=January 31, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203033548/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/01/19/22/12/20190119\\-wnt\\-loses\\-3\\-1\\-away\\-to\\-world\\-cup\\-hosts\\-france\\-in\\-first\\-game\\-of\\-2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"The USWNT started off their [2019 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2019 FIFA Women's World Cup\") campaign with a [13–0](/wiki/United_States_v_Thailand_%282019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup%29 \"United States v Thailand (2019 FIFA Women's World Cup)\") victory against [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand_women%27s_national_football_team \"Thailand women's national football team\"), setting a new Women's World Cup goal record. [Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan \"Alex Morgan\") equaled Akers' record of scoring five goals in a single World Cup match, while four of her teammates scored their first World Cup goals in their debut at the tournament.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/06/usa\\-surges\\-to\\-world\\-cup\\-record\\-13\\-0\\-win\\-in\\-opening\\-match\\-against\\-thailand \\|title\\=USA Surges to World Cup Record 13–0 Win in Opening Match Against Thailand \\|website\\=ussoccer.com \\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709213205/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/06/usa\\-surges\\-to\\-world\\-cup\\-record\\-13\\-0\\-win\\-in\\-opening\\-match\\-against\\-thailand \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The U.S. would win its next match against [Chile](/wiki/Chile_women%27s_national_football_team \"Chile women's national football team\") 3–0{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/live\\-news/united\\-states\\-sweden\\-fifa\\-womens\\-world\\-cup\\-uswnt\\-score\\-schedule\\-2019\\-06\\-20/\\|title\\=United States defeats Sweden 2–0, clinching Group F in Women's World Cup\\|date\\=June 21, 2019 \\|publisher\\=CBS News\\|access\\-date\\=July 3, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=November 30, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130155842/https://www.cbsnews.com/live\\-news/united\\-states\\-sweden\\-fifa\\-womens\\-world\\-cup\\-uswnt\\-score\\-schedule\\-2019\\-06\\-20/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} before concluding the group stage with a win of 2–0 over Sweden.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/06/20/uswnt\\-sweden\\-world\\-cup/?tid\\=a\\_inl\\_manual\\|title\\=U.S. defeat of Sweden ends group stage but feels more like start of its World Cup\\|date\\=June 20, 2019\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=December 18, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218142437/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/06/20/uswnt\\-sweden\\-world\\-cup/?tid\\=a\\_inl\\_manual\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The team emerged as the winners of [Group F](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_Group_F \"2019 FIFA Women's World Cup Group F\") and would go on to face [Spain](/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_football_team \"Spain women's national football team\") in the Round of 16, whom they would defeat 2–1 thanks to a pair of [Megan Rapinoe](/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe \"Megan Rapinoe\") [penalties](/wiki/Penalty_kick_%28association_football%29 \"Penalty kick (association football)\").{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/world\\-cup/news/uswnt\\-vs\\-spain\\-score\\-usa\\-soccer\\-survives\\-world\\-cup\\-scare\\-behind\\-megan\\-rapinoes\\-two\\-penalty\\-kick\\-goals/\\|title\\=USWNT vs. Spain score: USA soccer survives Women's World Cup scare behind Megan Rapinoe's two penalty kick goals\\|work\\=CBS Sports\\|date\\=June 24, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=July 3, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=July 3, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703045104/https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/world\\-cup/news/uswnt\\-vs\\-spain\\-score\\-usa\\-soccer\\-survives\\-world\\-cup\\-scare\\-behind\\-megan\\-rapinoes\\-two\\-penalty\\-kick\\-goals/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The team would achieve identical results in their next two games. With 2–1 victories over [France](/wiki/France_women%27s_national_football_team \"France women's national football team\"){{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/live\\-news/uswnt\\-score\\-usa\\-vs\\-france\\-womens\\-world\\-cup\\-2019\\-06\\-28\\-highlights\\-live\\-recap\\-updated\\-today/\\|title\\=Women's World Cup: U.S. defeats France, 2–1\\|date\\=June 28, 2019 \\|publisher\\=CBS News\\|access\\-date\\=July 3, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=December 1, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201215142/https://www.cbsnews.com/live\\-news/uswnt\\-score\\-usa\\-vs\\-france\\-womens\\-world\\-cup\\-2019\\-06\\-28\\-highlights\\-live\\-recap\\-updated\\-today/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and then [England](/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team \"England women's national football team\"){{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/world\\-cup/news/uswnt\\-vs\\-england\\-score\\-morgan\\-scores\\-winner\\-naeher\\-saves\\-penalty\\-as\\-usa\\-advances\\-to\\-womens\\-world\\-cup\\-final/\\|title\\=USWNT vs. England score: Alex Morgan scores winner, Alyssa Naeher saves penalty as USA advances to World Cup final\\|work\\=CBS Sports\\|date\\=July 3, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=July 3, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=November 14, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114210931/https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/world\\-cup/news/uswnt\\-vs\\-england\\-score\\-morgan\\-scores\\-winner\\-naeher\\-saves\\-penalty\\-as\\-usa\\-advances\\-to\\-womens\\-world\\-cup\\-final/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} seeing them advance to a record third straight [World Cup final](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final \"2019 FIFA Women's World Cup final\"), they played against the Netherlands for the title. They beat the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands_women%27s_national_football_team \"Netherlands women's national football team\") 2–0 in the final on July 7, 2019, becoming the first team in history to win four Women's World Cup titles.",
"On July 30, 2019, [Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis \"Jill Ellis\") announced that she would step down as head coach following the conclusion of the team's post\\-[World Cup](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2019 FIFA Women's World Cup\") victory tour on October 6, 2019\\.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://equalizersoccer.com/2019/07/30/jill\\-ellis\\-steps\\-down\\-uswnt\\-coach\\-world\\-cup\\-champion\\-victory\\-tour/\\|title\\=Jill Ellis is stepping down as USWNT coach – Equalizer Soccer\\|last\\=Kassouf\\|first\\=Jeff\\|date\\=July 30, 2019 \\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=July 31, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=November 7, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107225541/https://equalizersoccer.com/2019/07/30/jill\\-ellis\\-steps\\-down\\-uswnt\\-coach\\-world\\-cup\\-champion\\-victory\\-tour/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"[Vlatko Andonovski](/wiki/Vlatko_Andonovski \"Vlatko Andonovski\") was hired as head coach of the USWNT in October 2019, replacing Ellis.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Vlatko Andonovski Named Head Coach of U.S. Women's National Team \\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/10/vlatko\\-andonovski\\-named\\-head\\-coach\\-of\\-us\\-womens\\-national\\-team \\|work\\=U.S. Soccer \\|date\\=October 28, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=April 5, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 11, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111201947/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/10/vlatko\\-andonovski\\-named\\-head\\-coach\\-of\\-us\\-womens\\-national\\-team \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### 2020s",
"The USWNT began the new decade by winning both the [2020 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying tournament](/wiki/2020_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Olympic_Qualifying_Championship \"2020 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship\") (which qualified the team for the [2020 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics \"2020 Summer Olympics\")) and the [2020 SheBelieves Cup](/wiki/2020_SheBelieves_Cup \"2020 SheBelieves Cup\") titles.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=U.S. Women's National Team Wins 2020 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament with 3–0 Victory Over Canada \\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2020/02/2020\\-concacaf\\-womens\\-olympic\\-qualifying\\-final\\-uswnt\\-3\\-canada\\-0\\-match\\-report\\-stats \\|work\\=U.S. Soccer \\|date\\=February 9, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=February 10, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211173106/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2020/02/2020\\-concacaf\\-womens\\-olympic\\-qualifying\\-final\\-uswnt\\-3\\-canada\\-0\\-match\\-report\\-stats \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\= U.S. Women's National Team Qualifies For 2020 Olympic Games With 4–0 Victory Over Mexico \\|url\\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2020/02/2020\\-concacaf\\-womens\\-olympic\\-qualifying\\-uswnt\\-4\\-mexico\\-0\\-match\\-report\\-stats\\-standings \\|website\\= U.S. Soccer \\|date\\= February 7, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\= February 8, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\= December 29, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20201229033301/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2020/02/2020\\-concacaf\\-womens\\-olympic\\-qualifying\\-uswnt\\-4\\-mexico\\-0\\-match\\-report\\-stats\\-standings \\|url\\-status\\= live }}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=USA Wins 2020 SheBelieves Cup With 3–1 Victory vs. Japan\\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2020/03/2020\\-shebelieves\\-cup\\-usa\\-3\\-japan\\-1\\-match\\-report\\-stats\\-standings\\|work\\=U.S. Soccer\\|date\\=March 11, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=March 12, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=April 4, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404184538/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2020/03/2020\\-shebelieves\\-cup\\-usa\\-3\\-japan\\-1\\-match\\-report\\-stats\\-standings\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In early March 2020, due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), the USSF canceled previously scheduled USWNT friendlies against [Australia](/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_soccer_team \"Australia women's national soccer team\") and [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_football_team \"Brazil women's national football team\").{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|first\\=Gill \\|last\\=Clark \\|title\\=US Soccer Cancels All Men's, Women's Games in March, April Amid Coronavirus \\|url\\=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2880575\\-us\\-soccer\\-cancels\\-all\\-mens\\-womens\\-games\\-in\\-march\\-april\\-amid\\-coronavirus \\|work\\=Bleacher Report \\|date\\=March 12, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 5, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182731/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2880575\\-us\\-soccer\\-cancels\\-all\\-mens\\-womens\\-games\\-in\\-march\\-april\\-amid\\-coronavirus \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Later that same month, it was announced by the [International Olympic Committee](/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee \"International Olympic Committee\") (IOC) and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government that the [2020 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics \"2020 Summer Olympics\") were to be postponed until July 2021\\.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc\\-ipc\\-tokyo\\-2020\\-organising\\-committee\\-and\\-tokyo\\-metropolitan\\-government\\-announce\\-new\\-dates\\-for\\-the\\-olympic\\-and\\-paralympic\\-games\\-tokyo\\-2020 \\|title\\=IOC, IPC, Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee and Tokyo Metropolitan Government Announce New Dates for the Olympic and Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020 \\|date\\=March 30, 2020 \\|website\\=Olympic.org \\|access\\-date\\=April 5, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 30, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330121555/https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc\\-ipc\\-tokyo\\-2020\\-organising\\-committee\\-and\\-tokyo\\-metropolitan\\-government\\-announce\\-new\\-dates\\-for\\-the\\-olympic\\-and\\-paralympic\\-games\\-tokyo\\-2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The USWNT played their first game in eight months on November 27, 2020, when they took on the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands_women%27s_national_football_team \"Netherlands women's national football team\") in a friendly match. [Rose Lavelle](/wiki/Rose_Lavelle \"Rose Lavelle\") and [Kristie Mewis](/wiki/Kristie_Mewis \"Kristie Mewis\") scored, the team winning the game 2–0\\.",
"On July 21, 2021, the USWNT lost 3–0 against Sweden in the opening round of group stage at the [2020 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\"), thus ending a 44\\-match unbeaten streak.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/olympics/news/tokyo\\-olympics\\-sweden\\-crush\\-uswnt\\-to\\-end\\-44\\-match\\-unbeaten\\-streak\\-as\\-summer\\-games\\-kick\\-off/live/ \\|title\\=Tokyo Olympics: Sweden crush USWNT to end 44\\-match unbeaten streak as Summer Games kick off \\|website\\=CBS Sports \\|date\\=July 21, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 21, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721215145/https://www.cbssports.com/olympics/news/tokyo\\-olympics\\-sweden\\-crush\\-uswnt\\-to\\-end\\-44\\-match\\-unbeaten\\-streak\\-as\\-summer\\-games\\-kick\\-off/live/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The U.S. rebounded by winning their 2nd match against [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_football_team \"New Zealand women's national football team\"), before concluding the group stage by drawing 0–0 with Australia. The team finished second in the group stage and qualified for the knockout stage. They first faced World Cup runners\\-up [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands_women%27s_national_football_team \"Netherlands women's national football team\"), with whom they drew 2–2 after extra\\-time before winning the match in a penalty shootout. The USWNT advanced to the semifinals, where they faced [Canada](/wiki/Canada_women%27s_national_soccer_team \"Canada women's national soccer team\"). However, the team lost to Canada 1–0 by a penalty scored by [Jessie Fleming](/wiki/Jessie_Fleming \"Jessie Fleming\"). They later faced Australia again in the bronze medal match in a rematch of their final group stage game. The U.S. won 4–3, making it the first time the team had won the bronze medal.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|author\\=The Athletic Staff\\|title\\=2021 Olympics: USWNT wins bronze medal with 4–3 win over Australia\\|url\\=https://theathletic.com/news/2021\\-olympics\\-uswnt\\-wins\\-bronze\\-medal\\-with\\-4\\-3\\-win\\-over\\-australia/cuPjHUhFuFzR/\\|access\\-date\\=January 3, 2022\\|website\\=The Athletic\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=January 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103050420/https://theathletic.com/news/2021\\-olympics\\-uswnt\\-wins\\-bronze\\-medal\\-with\\-4\\-3\\-win\\-over\\-australia/cuPjHUhFuFzR/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In July 2022, the team competed in the [CONCACAF W Championship](/wiki/2022_CONCACAF_W_Championship \"2022 CONCACAF W Championship\"). The USWNT won its group, outscoring opponents 9–0 in the group stage, and then won the semifinal 3–0 against Costa Rica and the final 1–0 against Canada.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Herrera \\|first\\=Sandra \\|date\\=2022\\-07\\-08 \\|title\\=USWNT qualify for 2023 World Cup after win over Jamaica, Mexico's loss to Haiti \\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/news/uswnt\\-qualify\\-for\\-2023\\-world\\-cup\\-after\\-win\\-over\\-jamaica\\-mexicos\\-loss\\-to\\-haiti/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-05 \\|website\\=CBSSports.com \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=U.S. Women's National Team Defeats Mexico 1\\-0 To Claim First In Group A At Concacaf W Championship \\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/07/concacaf\\-w\\-championship\\-uswnt\\-1\\-mexico\\-0\\-match\\-report\\-stats\\-standings \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-05 \\|website\\=www.ussoccer.com \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=U.S. Women's National Team Advances To Concacaf W Championship Final With 3\\-0 Win Against Costa Rica \\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/07/concacaf\\-w\\-championship\\-uswnt\\-3\\-costa\\-rica\\-0\\-match\\-report\\-stats\\-standings \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-05 \\|website\\=www.ussoccer.com \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=U.S. Women's National Team Wins Concacaf W Championship 1\\-0 Over Canada; USA Earns Berth To 2024 Paris Summer Olympics \\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/07/concacaf\\-w\\-championship\\-uswnt\\-1\\-canada\\-0\\-match\\-report\\-stats\\-standings \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-05 \\|website\\=www.ussoccer.com \\|language\\=en}} It was their ninth CONCACAF championship title and earned automatic berths for the [2023 World Cup](/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2023 FIFA Women's World Cup\"), the [2024 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics \"Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics\") in France, and the [2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup](/wiki/2024_CONCACAF_W_Gold_Cup \"2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=Das \\|first\\=Andrew \\|date\\=2022\\-07\\-19 \\|title\\=U.S. Women Beat Canada to Claim Spot in Paris Olympics \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/19/sports/soccer/uswnt\\-canada\\-concacaf\\-w\\-championship.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-05 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Armour \\|first\\=Nancy \\|title\\=U.S. women's national soccer team on way to 2024 Paris Olympics after beating Canada for Concacaf championship title \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2022/07/18/uswnt\\-defeats\\-canada\\-concacaf\\-title\\-earns\\-spot\\-2024\\-olympics/10093832002/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-05 \\|website\\=USA TODAY \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"In November 2022, the USWNT's 71\\-game home unbeaten streak ended, after a 2–1 defeat in an exhibition game against [Germany](/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_football_team \"Germany women's national football team\").{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=USWNT Battles To 2\\-1 Loss Against Germany In First Of Two Friendly Meetings On Home Soil \\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/11/international\\-friendly\\-uswnt\\-1\\-germany\\-2\\-match\\-report\\-stats\\-standings \\|access\\-date\\=November 12, 2022 \\|website\\=www.ussoccer.com \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=November 11, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111115209/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/11/international\\-friendly\\-uswnt\\-1\\-germany\\-2\\-match\\-report\\-stats\\-standings \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"[thumb\\|Chaos in the USWNT's defense at the 2024 Olympics.](/wiki/File:Chaos_during_USWNT_v_Germany_Paris_2024.png \"Chaos during USWNT v Germany Paris 2024.png\")",
"At the [2023 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2023 FIFA Women's World Cup\"), the USWNT were in [Group E](/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_Group_E \"2023 FIFA Women's World Cup Group E\") along with Netherlands, Portugal and Vietnam. They had gone in hoping to be the first men's or women's team to pull off a three\\-peat at the World Cup.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://olympics.com/en/news/fifa\\-women\\-world\\-cup\\-2023\\-results\\-scores\\-standings\\-points\\-table \\|title\\=FIFA Women's World Cup 2023: All fixtures, results, goalscorers, and group standings \\|website\\=Olympics \\|date\\=August 1, 2023 }} The USWNT opened with a 3–0 win over Vietnam, followed this up with a 1–1 draw against Netherlands and finished up with a 0–0 draw against Portugal, to finish second in the group, avoiding elimination after a shot from Portugal struck the goalpost in injury time. This marked the least amount of points the team has ever gained in a group stage (they won at least two group games in every other tournament including 1991 when only two points were awarded for a win) and set them up for a round of 16 match against Sweden, where they played out a goalless draw and lost 5–4 after a penalty shootout. This marked the first time since the [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics \"2016 Summer Olympics\") that the United States did not reach the semifinals of a major tournament.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Schnell \\|first1\\=Lindsay \\|last2\\=Armour \\|first2\\=Nancy \\|last3\\=DelGallo \\|first3\\=Alicia \\|last4\\=Reyes \\|first4\\=Lorenzo \\|date\\=August 6, 2023 \\|title\\=USWNT ousted from World Cup: Team USA reels from historic loss to Sweden \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/worldcup/2023/08/06/usa\\-sweden\\-womens\\-world\\-cup\\-live\\-updates/70521714007/ \\|work\\=USA Today \\|accessdate\\=August 6, 2023}} It also marked the first Women's World Cup the United States would not finish in the Top 3, and their earliest elimination in either the Women's World Cup or the Olympics. On August 17, 2023, Andonovski resigned as head coach and [Twila Kilgore](/wiki/Twila_Kilgore \"Twila Kilgore\") became the interim head coach.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/08/vlatko\\-andonovski\\-departs\\-us\\-womens\\-national\\-team\\|title\\=Vlatko Andonovski Departs U.S. Women's National Team \\| U.S. Soccer Official Website\\|website\\=www.ussoccer.com}} That August the team dropped to third in the FIFA Women's World Ranking, their worst ever position.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.fifa.com/origin1904\\-p.cxm.fifa.com/fifa\\-world\\-ranking/women\\|title\\=Women's Ranking\\|website\\=www.fifa.com}}",
""
] |
Team image
----------
{{Commons\|United States women's national soccer team kits}}
### Media coverage
U.S. television coverage for the five Women's World Cups from 1995 to 2011 was provided by [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN")/ABC and [Univision](/wiki/Univision "Univision"),{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|first\=Robert \|last\=Wagman \|title\=ABC/ESPN, Univision pay record $425 million for men's, women's Cups through 2014 \|url\=http://www.soccertimes.com/worldcup/2005/nov02\.htm \|website\=Soccertimes.com \|date\=November 2, 2005 \|access\-date\=March 8, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830194000/http://www.soccertimes.com/worldcup/2005/nov02\.htm\|archive\-date\=August 30, 2012\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite magazine \|first\=Richard \|last\=Deitsch \|title\=Fox's Women's World Cup TV schedule includes games on main network \|url\=https://www.si.com/planet\-futbol/2014/12/16/fox\-womens\-world\-cup\-network\-tv\-schedule\-wwc \|magazine\=Sports Illustrated \|date\=December 16, 2014 \|access\-date\=March 8, 2015 \|archive\-date\=December 22, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222042319/http://www.si.com/planet\-futbol/2014/12/16/fox\-womens\-world\-cup\-network\-tv\-schedule\-wwc \|url\-status\=live }} while coverage rights for the three Women's World Cups from 2015 to 2023 were awarded to [Fox Sports](/wiki/Fox_Sports "Fox Sports") and [Telemundo](/wiki/Telemundo "Telemundo").{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|first\=Jere \|last\=Longman \|title\=Fox and Telemundo Win U.S. Rights to World Cups \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/22/sports/soccer/fox\-and\-telemundo\-win\-us\-rights\-to\-2018\-and\-2022\-world\-cups.html \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=October 21, 2011 \|access\-date\=March 8, 2015 \|archive\-date\=July 9, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709104336/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/22/sports/soccer/fox\-and\-telemundo\-win\-us\-rights\-to\-2018\-and\-2022\-world\-cups.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|first\=Ryan \|last\=Parker \|title\=2026 World Cup TV rights awarded without bids; ESPN 'surprised' \|url\=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la\-et\-ct\-2026\-world\-cup\-tv\-rights\-20150213\-story.html \|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \|date\=February 13, 2013 \|access\-date\=March 8, 2015 \|archive\-date\=March 3, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303140817/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la\-et\-ct\-2026\-world\-cup\-tv\-rights\-20150213\-story.html \|url\-status\=live }} In December 2021, a deal was signed to broadcast TV coverage of other USWNT games between [TNT](/wiki/TNT_%28American_TV_network%29 "TNT (American TV network)") and [TBS](/wiki/TBS_%28American_TV_channel%29 "TBS (American TV channel)") and streaming on [HBO Max](/wiki/HBO_Max "HBO Max") through the end of 2030\. The USWNT games in the [2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship](/wiki/2014_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship "2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship") and the [2015 Algarve Cup](/wiki/2015_Algarve_Cup "2015 Algarve Cup") were broadcast by Fox Sports.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|first\=Jason \|last\=Le Miere \|title\=USA Women's Soccer World Cup Qualifying: Schedule, TV Channel And Preview For Concacaf Championship \|url\=http://www.ibtimes.com/usa\-womens\-soccer\-world\-cup\-qualifying\-schedule\-tv\-channel\-preview\-concacaf\-championship\-1705682 \|work\=\[\[International Business Times]] \|date\=October 15, 2014 \|access\-date\=March 8, 2015 \|archive\-date\=April 2, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110225/http://www.ibtimes.com/usa\-womens\-soccer\-world\-cup\-qualifying\-schedule\-tv\-channel\-preview\-concacaf\-championship\-1705682 \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=WNT Opens its 20th Algarve Cup against Norway \|url\=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2015/03/03/11/38/150303\-wnt\-opens\-algarve\-cup \|publisher\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \|date\=March 3, 2015 \|access\-date\=March 8, 2015 \|archive\-date\=March 5, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305180826/http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2015/03/03/11/38/150303\-wnt\-opens\-algarve\-cup \|url\-status\=live }} [NBC](/wiki/NBC_Sports "NBC Sports") will broadcast the [Olympic tournament](/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Football at the Summer Olympics") through [2032](/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics "2032 Summer Olympics").{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc\-awards\-olympic\-games\-broadcast\-rights\-to\-nbcuniversal\-through\-to\-2032\|title\=IOC awards Olympic Games broadcast rights to NBCUniversal through to 2032 – Olympic News\|date\=August 9, 2017\|website\=International Olympic Committee\|language\=en\|access\-date\=November 8, 2019\|archive\-date\=June 30, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630060549/https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc\-awards\-olympic\-games\-broadcast\-rights\-to\-nbcuniversal\-through\-to\-2032\|url\-status\=live}}
The [1999 World Cup](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "1999 FIFA Women's World Cup") [final](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final "1999 FIFA Women's World Cup final") set the original record for largest U.S. television audience for a women's soccer match, averaging 18 million viewers.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|first\=Maury \|last\=Brown \|title\=U.S.A. Vs. Portugal Highest\-Rated Ever World Cup Match for ESPN \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maurybrown/2014/06/23/u\-s\-a\-vs\-portugal\-highest\-rated\-ever\-world\-cup\-match\-for\-espn/ \|work\=Forbes \|date\=June 23, 2014 \|access\-date\=September 17, 2017 \|archive\-date\=November 25, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125201255/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maurybrown/2014/06/23/u\-s\-a\-vs\-portugal\-highest\-rated\-ever\-world\-cup\-match\-for\-espn/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Women's World Cup; And Strong TV Ratings, Too \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/12/sports/women\-s\-world\-cup\-and\-strong\-tv\-ratings\-too.html \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=July 12, 1999 \|access\-date\=February 20, 2017 \|archive\-date\=January 7, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107161630/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/12/sports/women\-s\-world\-cup\-and\-strong\-tv\-ratings\-too.html \|url\-status\=live }} It was the most viewed English\-language U.S. broadcast of any soccer match until the [2015 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup") [final](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup final") between the United States and Japan.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|first\=Richard \|last\=Sandomir \|title\=Women's World Cup Final Was Most\-Watched Soccer Game in United States History \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/07/sports/soccer/womens\-world\-cup\-final\-was\-most\-watched\-soccer\-game\-in\-united\-states\-history.html \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=July 6, 2015 \|access\-date\=February 20, 2017 \|archive\-date\=April 4, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404214756/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/07/sports/soccer/womens\-world\-cup\-final\-was\-most\-watched\-soccer\-game\-in\-united\-states\-history.html \|url\-status\=live }}
The 2015 Women's World Cup Final between the United States and Japan was the most watched soccer match, men's or women's in American broadcast history.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|first\=Bill \|last\=Chappell \|url\=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo\-way/2015/07/06/420514899/what\-people\-are\-saying\-about\-the\-u\-s\-women\-s\-world\-cup\-win \|title\=U.S. Women Shatter TV Ratings Record For Soccer With World Cup Win : The Two\-Way \|publisher\=NPR \|date\=July 6, 2015 \|access\-date\=June 2, 2016 \|archive\-date\=January 27, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127024557/https://choice.npr.org/index.html?origin\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo\-way%2F2015%2F07%2F06%2F420514899%2Fwhat\-people\-are\-saying\-about\-the\-u\-s\-women\-s\-world\-cup\-win \|url\-status\=live }} It averaged 23 million viewers and higher ratings than the NBA finals and the Stanley Cup finals.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.sbnation.com/2015/7/6/8900299/more\-americans\-watched\-the\-womens\-world\-cup\-final\-than\-the\-nba\-finals \|title\=More Americans watched the Women's World Cup final than the NBA Finals or the Stanley Cup \|website\=SBNation.com \|date\=July 6, 2015 \|access\-date\=June 2, 2016 \|archive\-date\=July 7, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707222336/https://www.sbnation.com/2015/7/6/8900299/more\-americans\-watched\-the\-womens\-world\-cup\-final\-than\-the\-nba\-finals \|url\-status\=live }} The final was also the most watched US\-Spanish language broadcast of a FIFA Women's World Cup match in history.
Overall, there were over 750 million viewers for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, making it the most watched Women's World Cup in history. The FIFA Women's World Cup is now the second\-most watched FIFA tournament, with only the men's FIFA World Cup attracting more viewership.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y\=2015/m\=12/news\=record\-breaking\-fifa\-women\-s\-world\-cup\-tops\-750\-million\-tv\-viewers\-2745963\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218034246/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y\=2015/m\=12/news\=record\-breaking\-fifa\-women\-s\-world\-cup\-tops\-750\-million\-tv\-viewers\-2745963\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=December 18, 2015 \|title\=Record\-breaking FIFA Women's World Cup tops 750 million TV viewers \|publisher\=FIFA \|date\=March 9, 2016 \|access\-date\=June 2, 2016}}
### In popular culture
A narrative nonfiction book covering the entire history of the team from 1985 to 2019 called *The National Team: The Inside Story of the Women Who Changed Soccer* was named one of *[Vanity Fair](/wiki/Vanity_Fair_%28magazine%29 "Vanity Fair (magazine)")**s best books of 2019 and made [NPR](/wiki/NPR "NPR")'s 2019 year\-end books list.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/photos/2019/07/the\-best\-books\-of\-2019\-so\-far \|title\=The Best Books of 2019 \|date\=July 8, 2019 \|publisher\=Vanity Fair \|access\-date\=August 18, 2020 \|archive\-date\=January 16, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116025829/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/photos/2019/07/the\-best\-books\-of\-2019\-so\-far \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://apps.npr.org/best\-books/\#tags\=for\+sports\+lovers%7Cladies\+first\&view\=covers\&year\=2019 \|title\=NPR's Book Concierge \|publisher\=NPR \|access\-date\=December 18, 2019 \|archive\-date\=July 8, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708074303/https://apps.npr.org/best\-books/\#tags\=for\+sports\+lovers%7Cladies\+first\&view\=covers\&year\=2019 \|url\-status\=live }} A book about the team's 1999 Women's World Cup campaign, *Girls of Summer: The U.S. Women's Soccer Team and How It Changed the World* was released in 2001 and in 2020 Netflix announced a film based on the book.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://apps.npr.org/best\-books/\#tags\=for\+sports\+lovers%7Cladies\+first\&view\=covers\&year\=2019 \|title\=Netflix Plots Movie About 1999 U.S. Women's Soccer Team \|publisher\=Hollywood Reporter \|access\-date\=May 12, 2020 \|archive\-date\=July 8, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708074303/https://apps.npr.org/best\-books/\#tags\=for\+sports\+lovers%7Cladies\+first\&view\=covers\&year\=2019 \|url\-status\=live }} In 2023, Netflix released a four\-episode documentary series titled *Under Pressure: The U.S. Women's World Cup Team* which followed the team's progress at the 2023 Women's World Cup.{{Cite magazine \|last\=Brennan \|first\=Clare \|date\=2023\-12\-12 \|title\=The Story Behind 'Under Pressure,' Netflix's USWNT Women's World Cup Documentary \|url\=https://www.si.com/soccer/2023/12/12/under\-pressure\-uswnt\-womens\-world\-cup\-netflix\-docuseries\-gitlitz \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-19 \|magazine\=Sports Illustrated \|language\=en\-us}}***
In 2005, [HBO](/wiki/HBO "HBO") released a documentary called *[Dare to Dream: The Story of the U.S. Women's Soccer Team](/wiki/Dare_to_Dream:The_Story_of_the_U.S._Women%27s_Soccer_Team "The Story of the U.S. Women's Soccer Team")*.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Dare to Dream: The Story of the U.S. Women's Soccer Team \|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1146435/ \|website\=IMDb \|access\-date\=March 26, 2021 \|archive\-date\=August 18, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818061059/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1146435/ \|url\-status\=live }} In 2013, a documentary about the [1999 World Cup](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "1999 FIFA Women's World Cup")\-winning team called *The 99ers* was produced by former player [Julie Foudy](/wiki/Julie_Foudy "Julie Foudy") and [ESPN Films](/wiki/ESPN_Films "ESPN Films").{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.espn.com/espnw/nine\-for\-ix/story/\_/id/8948907/nine\-ix\-film\-summary\-director\-99ers \|title\=Nine for IX: 'The 99ers' \|date\=February 14, 2013 \|publisher\=ESPN \|access\-date\=December 18, 2019 \|archive\-date\=March 24, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324042915/https://www.espn.com/espnw/nine\-for\-ix/story/\_/id/8948907/nine\-ix\-film\-summary\-director\-99ers \|url\-status\=live }}
### Attendance
The [1999 World Cup](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "1999 FIFA Women's World Cup") [final](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final "1999 FIFA Women's World Cup final"), in which the United States defeated China, set a world attendance record for a women's soccer event of 90,185 in a sellout at the [Rose Bowl](/wiki/Rose_Bowl_%28stadium%29 "Rose Bowl (stadium)") in Southern California (until it was broken on March 30, 2022, with 91,553 people at the Camp Nou in Barcelona, Spain in the second\-leg of a UEFA Women's Champions League match).{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/womensworldcup/usa1999/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215161248/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/womensworldcup/usa1999/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=February 15, 2015 \|title\=FIFA Women's World Cup – USA 1999 Overview \|publisher\=FIFA \|access\-date\=October 18, 2017}} The record for Olympic women's soccer attendance was set by the 2012 Olympic final between the USWNT and Japan, with 80,023 spectators at Wembley Stadium.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|first\=Paul \|last\=Fletcher \|title\=Olympics football: USA beat Japan to secure gold in Wembley thriller \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/olympics/18914350 \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=August 9, 2012 \|access\-date\=October 18, 2017\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924231358/http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/olympics/18914350\| archive\-date\=September 24, 2015\| url\-status\=dead }}
Legal issues
------------
### Pay discrimination
Since 2016, the players of the U.S. team had waged an escalating [legal fight](/wiki/U.S._women%27s_national_soccer_team_pay_discrimination_claim "U.S. women's national soccer team pay discrimination claim") with the [United States Soccer Federation](/wiki/United_States_Soccer_Federation "United States Soccer Federation") (USSF) over [gender discrimination](/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States "Gender inequality in the United States"). Central to their demands was equal pay. The players pointed to their lower paychecks as compared to their [male counterparts](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team "United States men's national soccer team") despite their higher record of success in recent years.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/uswnt\-wage\-discriminatory\-suit\-us\-soccer\_us\_56fd33c3e4b0a06d5804ecac \|title\=USWNT Files Lawsuit Against U.S. Soccer In Fight For Equal Pay \|last\=Spies\-Gans \|first\=Juliet \|date\=March 31, 2016 \|work\=HuffPost \|access\-date\=March 8, 2019 \|archive\-date\=January 29, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129082357/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/uswnt\-wage\-discriminatory\-suit\-us\-soccer\_us\_56fd33c3e4b0a06d5804ecac \|url\-status\=live }}
In April 2016, five U.S. team players filed a wage\-discrimination action against the USSF with the [Equal Employment Opportunity Commission](/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission "Equal Employment Opportunity Commission").{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=http://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/15102506/ \|title\=Women's national team files wage\-discrimination action vs. US Soccer Federation \|date\=March 31, 2016 \|publisher\=ESPN \|access\-date\=March 9, 2019 \|archive\-date\=January 19, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119081909/http://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/15102506/ \|url\-status\=live }} The group consisted of [Hope Solo](/wiki/Hope_Solo "Hope Solo"), [Carli Lloyd](/wiki/Carli_Lloyd "Carli Lloyd"), [Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan "Alex Morgan"), [Megan Rapinoe](/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe "Megan Rapinoe"), and [Becky Sauerbrunn](/wiki/Becky_Sauerbrunn "Becky Sauerbrunn").
One year later, in April 2017, the U.S. team agreed to a new [collective bargaining agreement](/wiki/Collective_agreement "Collective agreement") (CBA) with the USSF. The agreement stated that the U.S. team players would have an increased base pay and improved match bonuses. These changes could increase their previous pay from $200,000 to $300,000\. However, the CBA did not guarantee equal pay compared to the men's team. The CBA's five\-year term through 2021 ensured that the next negotiation would not become an issue for the team for the 2019 World Cup and the 2020 Olympics. On top of this CBA, the USSF had agreed to pay the players for two years' worth of unequal [per\-diem](/wiki/Per_diem%23United_States "Per diem#United States") payments.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/sports/soccer/uswnt\-us\-soccer\-labor\-deal\-contract.html \|title\=Long Days, Google Docs and Anonymous Surveys: How the U.S. Soccer Team Forged a Deal \|last\=Das \|first\=Andrew \|date\=April 5, 2017 \|work\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=March 8, 2019 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=March 9, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309151338/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/sports/soccer/uswnt\-us\-soccer\-labor\-deal\-contract.html \|url\-status\=live }}
On March 8, 2019, 28 members of the U.S. team filed a gender discrimination lawsuit against the USSF.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/08/sports/womens\-soccer\-team\-lawsuit\-gender\-discrimination.html \|title\=U.S. Women's Soccer Team Sues U.S. Soccer for Gender Discrimination \|last\=Das \|first\=Andrew \|date\=March 8, 2019 \|work\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=March 8, 2019 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=March 8, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308163959/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/08/sports/womens\-soccer\-team\-lawsuit\-gender\-discrimination.html \|url\-status\=live }} The lawsuit, filed in the [U.S. District Court](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_California "United States District Court for the Central District of California") in Los Angeles, accused the USSF of "institutional gender discrimination."{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://int.nyt.com/data/documenthelper/653\-us\-womens\-soccer\-complaint/f9367608e2eaf10873f4/optimized/full.pdf\#page\=1 \|title\=Case No. 2:19\-CV\-01717 \|last\=Winston \& Strawn LLP \|date\=March 8, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309025447/https://int.nyt.com/data/documenthelper/653\-us\-womens\-soccer\-complaint/f9367608e2eaf10873f4/optimized/full.pdf \|archive\-date\=March 9, 2019 \|url\-status\=live }} The lawsuit claimed that the discrimination affected not only the amount the players were paid but also their playing, training, and travel conditions. In May 2020, several key parts of the case were dismissed, with federal judge [R. Gary Klausner](/wiki/R._Gary_Klausner "R. Gary Klausner") noting that the team had agreed to take higher base compensation and other benefits in their most recent CBA instead of the bonuses received by the men's team.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.npr.org/2020/05/02/849492863/federal\-judge\-dismisses\-u\-s\-womens\-soccer\-team\-s\-equal\-pay\-claim \|title\=Federal Judge Dismisses U.S. Women's Soccer Team's Equal Pay Claim \|last\=Cater \|first\=Franklyn \|website\=NPR \|date\=May 2, 2020 \|access\-date\=May 11, 2020 \|archive\-date\=May 12, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512192915/https://www.npr.org/2020/05/02/849492863/federal\-judge\-dismisses\-u\-s\-womens\-soccer\-team\-s\-equal\-pay\-claim \|url\-status\=live }}
On March 8, 2021, the second anniversary of the team's [pay discrimination lawsuit](/wiki/U.S._women%27s_national_soccer_team_pay_discrimination_claim "U.S. women's national soccer team pay discrimination claim"), Congresswomen [Doris Matsui](/wiki/Doris_Matsui "Doris Matsui") and [Rosa DeLauro](/wiki/Rosa_DeLauro "Rosa DeLauro") introduced the Give Our Athletes Level Salaries (GOALS) Act to ensure the team members "are paid fair and equitable wages compared to the [U.S. Men's team](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team "United States men's national soccer team")."{{cite magazine \|last1\=Shapiro \|first1\=Michael \|title\=California Rep. Doris Matsui Introduces USWNT Equal Pay Bill \|url\=https://www.si.com/soccer/2021/03/09/uswnt\-equal\-pay\-bill\-introduced\-congress \|access\-date\=March 26, 2021 \|magazine\=Sports Illustrated \|date\=March 8, 2021 \|archive\-date\=March 15, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315203504/https://www.si.com/soccer/2021/03/09/uswnt\-equal\-pay\-bill\-introduced\-congress \|url\-status\=live }} The GOALS Act threatened to cut federal funding for the [2026 World Cup](/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup "2026 FIFA World Cup") if the USSF did not comply.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Cash \|first1\=Meredith \|title\=Bill introduced in Congress hopes to force US Soccer Federation to pay men's and women's national team members equally \|url\=https://www.businessinsider.in/sports/news/bill\-introduced\-in\-congress\-hopes\-to\-force\-us\-soccer\-federation\-to\-pay\-mens\-and\-womens\-national\-team\-members\-equally/articleshow/81415929\.cms \|access\-date\=March 26, 2021 \|work\=Business Insider \|date\=March 9, 2021 \|archive\-date\=March 10, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310164649/https://www.businessinsider.in/sports/news/bill\-introduced\-in\-congress\-hopes\-to\-force\-us\-soccer\-federation\-to\-pay\-mens\-and\-womens\-national\-team\-members\-equally/articleshow/81415929\.cms \|url\-status\=live }}
On February 22, 2022, the USSF agreed to settle the lawsuit for $24 million, contingent upon the U.S. team agreeing to a new CBA. $22 million would go to the players named in the case, and $2 million would contribute toward players' post\-playing career and other women's soccer charitable efforts.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\-news/us\-soccer\-women\-soccer\-stars\-settle\-equal\-pay\-lawsuit\-24\-million\-rcna17138\|title\=U.S. Soccer and women soccer stars settle equal pay lawsuit for $24 million\|first\=Marlene\|last\=Lenthang\|publisher\=NBC News\|date\=February 22, 2022\|accessdate\=February 22, 2022\|archive\-date\=February 22, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222175454/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\-news/us\-soccer\-women\-soccer\-stars\-settle\-equal\-pay\-lawsuit\-24\-million\-rcna17138\|url\-status\=live}}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/us\-women\-soccer\-equal\-pay\-11645504654\|title\=U.S. Women's Soccer Players, U.S. Soccer Federation Reach $24 Million Equal Pay Settlement\|first\=Rachael\|last\=Bachman\|publisher\=Wall Street Journal\|date\=February 22, 2022\|accessdate\=February 22, 2022\|archive\-date\=February 22, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222174842/https://www.wsj.com/articles/us\-women\-soccer\-equal\-pay\-11645504654\|url\-status\=live}} On May 18, 2022, the U.S. team agreed to a new CBA that would run through 2028 and would equalize compensation, bonuses, and other work conditions between the women's and the men's national teams friendlies, therefore finalizing the legal settlement. The new agreement mandates that men and women split prize money from international competitions equally, making it the first such instance in the world.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/05/ussf\-womens\-and\-mens\-national\-team\-unions\-agree\-to\-historic\-collective\-bargaining\-agreements\|title\=U.S. Soccer Federation, Women's And Men's National Team Unions Agree To Historic Collective Bargaining Agreements\|website\=www.ussoccer.com\|access\-date\=May 20, 2022\|archive\-date\=May 20, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520185404/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/05/ussf\-womens\-and\-mens\-national\-team\-unions\-agree\-to\-historic\-collective\-bargaining\-agreements\|url\-status\=live}}
### Artificial turf
Along with their [lawsuit for pay\-equity](/wiki/U.S._women%27s_national_soccer_team_pay_discrimination_claim "U.S. women's national soccer team pay discrimination claim"), the US Women's Soccer players have fought [FIFA](/wiki/FIFA "FIFA") on policies regarding [artificial turf](/wiki/Artificial_turf "Artificial turf"). This battle to eliminate its use in major women's games heightened around the [2015 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup") in Canada; during this tournament, the US played eight of their ten games on artificial turf.{{Cite journal\|date\=June 1, 2003\|title\=LACUNAE\|journal\=Injury Prevention\|volume\=9\|issue\=2\|pages\=98\|doi\=10\.1136/ip.9\.2\.98\|s2cid\=220155732\|issn\=1353\-8047\|doi\-access\=free\|pmc\=1730955}} Prior to the 2015 World Cup, [Abby Wambach](/wiki/Abby_Wambach "Abby Wambach") headed a discrimination lawsuit with other global soccer stars including [Marta](/wiki/Marta_%28footballer%29 "Marta (footballer)") of Brazil and [Homare Sawa](/wiki/Homare_Sawa "Homare Sawa") of Japan.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Soccer Players End Lawsuit Over Artificial Turf At Women's World Cup\|url\=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo\-way/2015/01/21/378896641/soccer\-players\-end\-lawsuit\-over\-artificial\-turf\-at\-women\-s\-world\-cup\|access\-date\=March 17, 2021\|website\=NPR\|date\=January 21, 2015\|language\=en\|last1\=Chappell\|first1\=Bill\|archive\-date\=March 3, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303135721/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo\-way/2015/01/21/378896641/soccer\-players\-end\-lawsuit\-over\-artificial\-turf\-at\-women\-s\-world\-cup\|url\-status\=live}} Due to the tournament's quick approach, the suit was dropped as players were denied an expedited hearing.
Staff
-----
### Coaching staff
| Role | Name | Start date | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [Head coach](/wiki/Coach_%28sport%29%23Association_football "Coach (sport)#Association football") | {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|ENG}} [Emma Hayes](/wiki/Emma_Hayes "Emma Hayes") | May 2024 | {{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/11/emma\-hayes\-named\-new\-head\-coach\-of\-us\-womens\-national\-team\|title\=Emma Hayes named new Head Coach of U.S. Women's National Team \| U.S. Soccer Official Website\|website\=www .ussoccer.com}} |
| Assistant coach | {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} [Denise Reddy](/wiki/Denise_Reddy "Denise Reddy") | May 2024 | {{Cite web\|url\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/05/us\-soccer\-announces\-additions\-to\-us\-womens\-national\-team\-technical\-staff \|title\=US Soccer announces additions to US Womens national team technical staff\|website\=USSoccer.com}} |
| Goalkeeper coach | {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|ENG}} [Stuart Searle](/wiki/Stuart_Searle "Stuart Searle") | May 2024 | |
### Technical staff
| Role | Name | Start date | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sporting director | {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|WAL}} [Matt Crocker](/wiki/Matt_Crocker "Matt Crocker") | April 2023 | {{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/04/us\-soccer\-federation\-appoints\-matt\-crocker\-to\-role\-of\-sporting\-director\|title\=US soccer federation appoints Matt Crocker to role of sporting director\|website\=www.ussoccer.com\|access\-date\=April 26, 2023\|archive\-date\=April 25, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425145653/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/04/us\-soccer\-federation\-appoints\-matt\-crocker\-to\-role\-of\-sporting\-director\|url\-status\=live}} |
| Vice president of sporting | {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} [Oguchi Onyewu](/wiki/Oguchi_Onyewu "Oguchi Onyewu") | May 2023 | {{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/05/us\-soccer\-federation\-names\-oguchi\-onyewu\-as\-vice\-president\-of\-sporting\|title\=U.S. Soccer Federation Names Oguchi Onyewu As Vice President Of Sporting \| U.S. Soccer Official Website\|website\=www.ussoccer.com}} |
| Women's program director | {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|BEL}} Bart Caubergh | May 2024 | |
### Head coach history
{{updated\|August 10, 2024}}, *after match against {{fbw\|BRA}}*
Below is the record of each head coach in the national team's history.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|first\=Matt \|last\=Bonesteel \|title\=Tony DiCicco, who coached the USWNT to 1999 World Cup title, dies at 68 \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early\-lead/wp/2017/06/20/tony\-dicicco\-who\-coached\-the\-uswnt\-to\-1999\-world\-cup\-title\-dies\-at\-68/ \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|date\=June 20, 2017 \|access\-date\=March 12, 2020 \|archive\-date\=January 18, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118215240/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early\-lead/wp/2017/06/20/tony\-dicicco\-who\-coached\-the\-uswnt\-to\-1999\-world\-cup\-title\-dies\-at\-68/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\| title\=WNT Earns 500th Win in Team History \| publisher\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \| date\=November 8, 2018 \| url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/11/wnt\-earns\-500th\-win\-in\-team\-history \| access\-date\=July 6, 2019 \| archive\-date\=November 27, 2020 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127231039/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/11/wnt\-earns\-500th\-win\-in\-team\-history \| url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=JILL ELLIS TO STEP DOWN AS U.S. WOMEN'S NATIONAL TEAM HEAD COACH \|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/home/stories/2019/07/jill\-ellis\-to\-step\-down\-as\-uswnt\-head\-coach \|access\-date\=July 31, 2019 \|publisher\=US Soccer \|date\=July 30, 2019 \|archive\-date\=July 31, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731095700/https://www.ussoccer.com/home/stories/2019/07/jill\-ellis\-to\-step\-down\-as\-uswnt\-head\-coach \|url\-status\=live }} The [winning percentages](/wiki/Winning_percentage "Winning percentage") given are per U.S. Soccer, with draws counted as ½ wins.{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=2023 U.S. WOMEN'S NATIONAL TEAM MEDIA GUIDE \|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/media\-services/media\-guide \|access\-date\=July 12, 2023 \|publisher\=US Soccer}}
| Name | Years | Matches | Won | Drawn | Lost | {{abbr\|Win %\|Winning percentage}} |World CupOlympics
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|Ireland}} {{sortname\|Mike\|Ryan\|Mike Ryan (soccer coach)}}
1985 |
4 | 0 | 1 | 3 | {{winning percentage \|1\=0 \|3\=1 \|2\=3}} | N/A |
N/A |
|{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} {{sortname\|Anson\|Dorrance}}
1986–1994 |
92 | 65 | 5 | **22** | {{winning percentage \|1\=65 \|3\=5 \|2\=22}} | {{hs\|3\.}}[link\=1991 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg "Gold medal icon (G initial).svg") |
N/A |
|{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} {{sortname\|Tony\|DiCicco}}
1994–1999{{efn\|DiCicco was also the stand\-in head coach in place of Dorrance for one match on June 21, 1993 (a 3–0 win against \[\[Canada women's national soccer team\|Canada]] in \[\[Pontiac, Michigan]]).{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Harris \|first\=Tom \|location\=Raleigh, North Carolina \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-news\-and\-observer\-us\-womens\-natio/122775977/ \|title\=Soccer: National Women \|newspaper\=\[\[The News \& Observer]] \|department\=Sports \|page\=3C \|date\=June 18, 1993 \|access\-date\=April 13, 2023 \|archive\-date\=April 13, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413031202/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-news\-and\-observer\-us\-womens\-natio/122775977/ \|url\-status\=live }} However, the win is officially credited to Dorrance.}} |
121 | 105 | 8 | 8 | {{winning percentage \|1\=105 \|3\=8 \|2\=8}} | {{hs\|4\.}}[link\=1995 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg "Bronze medal icon (B initial).svg") [link\=1999 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg "Gold medal icon (G initial).svg") |
{{hs\|3\.}}[link\=Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament](/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg "Gold medal icon (G initial).svg") |
|{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} {{sortname\|Lauren\|Gregg}}
2000 (interim){{efn\|Gregg was also the stand\-in head coach in place of DiCicco for one match on May 4, 1997 (a 6–1 win against \[\[South Korea women's national football team\|South Korea]] in \[\[St. Charles, Illinois]]).{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last\=Yannis \|first\=Alex \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/06/sports/soccer\-report.html \|title\=Soccer Report \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=May 6, 1997 \|access\-date\=October 30, 2020 \|archive\-date\=November 5, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105060552/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/06/sports/soccer\-report.html \|url\-status\=live }} However, the win is officially credited to DiCicco.}} |
3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | {{winning percentage \|1\=2 \|3\=1 \|2\=0}} | — |
— |
|{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} {{sortname\|April\|Heinrichs}}
2000–2004 |
124 | 87 | **20** | 17 | {{winning percentage \|1\=87 \|3\=20 \|2\=17}} | {{hs\|1\.}}[link\=2003 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg "Bronze medal icon (B initial).svg") |
{{hs\|5\.}}[link\=Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament](/wiki/File:Silver_medal_icon_%28S_initial%29.svg "Silver medal icon (S initial).svg") [link\=Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament](/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg "Gold medal icon (G initial).svg") |
|{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} {{sortname\|Greg\|Ryan}}
2005–2007 |
55 | 45 | 9 | 1 | {{winning percentage \|1\=45 \|3\=9 \|2\=1}} | {{hs\|1\.}}[link\=2007 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg "Bronze medal icon (B initial).svg") |
— |
|{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|SWE}} {{sortname\|Pia\|Sundhage}}
2008–2012 |
107 | 91 | 10 | 6 | {{winning percentage \|1\=91 \|3\=10 \|2\=6}} | {{hs\|2\.}}[link\=2011 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/File:Silver_medal_icon_%28S_initial%29.svg "Silver medal icon (S initial).svg") |
{{hs\|6\.}}[link\=Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament](/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg "Gold medal icon (G initial).svg") [link\=Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament](/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg "Gold medal icon (G initial).svg") |
|{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|SCO}} {{sortname\|Tom\|Sermanni}}
2012–2014 |
24 | 18 | 4 | 2 | {{winning percentage \|1\=18 \|3\=4 \|2\=2}} | — |
— |
|{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} {{sortname\|Jill\|Ellis}}
{{hs\|2014\.}}2012 (interim), 2014–2019 |
**132** | **106** | 19 | 7 | {{winning percentage \|1\=106 \|3\=19 \|2\=7}} | {{hs\|3\.}}[link\=2015 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg "Gold medal icon (G initial).svg") [link\=2019 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg "Gold medal icon (G initial).svg") |
{{hs\|0\.1\.}} [5th](/wiki/Football_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") |
|{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} {{sortname\|Vlatko\|Andonovski}}
2019–2023 |
65 | 51 | 9 | 5 | {{winning percentage \|1\=51 \|3\=9 \|2\=5}} | {{hs\|0\.}} [9th](/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2023 FIFA Women's World Cup") |
[link\=Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament](/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg "Bronze medal icon (B initial).svg") |
|{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} {{sortname\|Twila\|Kilgore}}
2023–2024 (interim) |
14 | 10 | 3 | 1 | {{winning percentage \|1\=10 \|3\=3 \|2\=1}} | — |
— |
|{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|ENG}} {{sortname\|Emma\|Hayes}}
2024–present |
10 | 9 | 1 | 0 | **{{winning percentage \|1\=9 \|3\=1 \|2\=0}}** | |
[link\=Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament](/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg "Gold medal icon (G initial).svg") |
|Totals
751 | 589 | 90 | 72 | {{winning percentage \|1\=589 \|3\=90 \|2\=72}} |
Notes**{{notelist}}**Players
-------
{{For\|all past and present players who have appeared for the national team\|List of United States women's international soccer players}}
### Current squad
The following 26 players were named to the squad for the friendlies against {{fbw\|ISL}} on October 24 and 27, 2024, as well as the friendly against {{fbw\|ARG}} on October 30, 2024\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/10/emma\-hayes\-names\-roster\-for\-us\-womens\-national\-team\-october\-friendlies\-iceland\-argentina\|title\=Emma Hayes Names U.S. Women’s National Team Training Camp Roster, Presented by Jim Beam, for October Friendlies against Iceland and Argentina\|date\=October 17, 2024 \|website\=USSoccer.com \|publisher\=USSF \|access\-date\=October 17, 2024}}
*[Caps](/wiki/Cap_%28sport%29 "Cap (sport)") and goals are current as of August 10, 2024, after match against {{fbw\|BRA}}.*
{{nat fs g start}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=GK\|name\={{sortname\|Alyssa\|Naeher}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1988\|4\|20}}\|caps\=112\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Chicago Red Stars]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=GK\|name\={{sortname\|Casey\|Murphy}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1996\|4\|25}}\|caps\=19\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[North Carolina Courage]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=GK\|name\={{sortname\|Jane\|Campbell\|dab\=soccer}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1995\|2\|17}}\|caps\=8\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Houston Dash]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=DF\|name\={{sortname\|Emily\|Sonnett}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1993\|11\|25}}\|caps\=99\|goals\=2\|club\=\[\[NJ/NY Gotham FC]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=DF\|name\={{sortname\|Emily\|Fox}}\|age\={{birth date and age\|1998\|7\|5}}\|caps\=57\|goals\=1\|club\=\[\[Arsenal W.F.C.\|Arsenal]]\|clubnat\=ENG}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=DF\|name\={{sortname\|Casey\|Krueger}}\|age\={{birth date and age\|1990\|8\|23}}\|caps\=56\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Washington Spirit]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=DF\|name\={{sortname\|Naomi\|Girma}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|2000\|6\|14}}\|caps\=40\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[San Diego Wave FC]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=DF\|name\={{sortname\|Jenna\|Nighswonger}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|2000\|11\|28}}\|caps\=15\|goals\=2\|club\=\[\[NJ/NY Gotham FC]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=DF\|name\={{sortname\|Hailie\|Mace}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1997\|3\|24}}\|caps\=8\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Kansas City Current]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=DF\|name\={{sortname\|Eva\|Gaetino}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|2002\|12\|17}}\|caps\=0\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Paris Saint\-Germain F.C. (women)\|Paris Saint\-Germain]]\|clubnat\=FRA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=DF\|name\={{sortname\|Alyssa\|Malonson}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1999\|4\|9}}\|caps\=0\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Bay FC]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=DF\|name\={{sortname\|Emily\|Sams}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1999\|7\|1}}\|caps\=0\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Orlando Pride]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=MF\|name\={{sortname\|Lindsey\|Horan}}\|other\=\[\[Captain (association football)\|captain]]\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1994\|5\|26}}\|caps\=156\|goals\=35\|club\=\[\[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin\|Lyon]]\|clubnat\=FRA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=MF\|name\={{sortname\|Rose\|Lavelle}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1995\|5\|14}}\|caps\=106\|goals\=24\|club\=\[\[NJ/NY Gotham FC]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=MF\|name\={{sortname\|Ashley\|Sanchez}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1999\|3\|16}}\|caps\=27\|goals\=3\|club\=\[\[North Carolina Courage]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=MF\|name\={{sortname\|Sam\|Coffey}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1998\|12\|31}}\|caps\=24\|goals\=1\|club\=\[\[Portland Thorns FC]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=MF\|name\={{sortname\|Korbin\|Albert}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|2003\|10\|13}}\|caps\=18\|goals\=1\|club\=\[\[Paris Saint\-Germain F.C. (women)\|Paris Saint\-Germain]]\|clubnat\=FRA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=MF\|name\={{sortname\|Olivia\|Moultrie}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|2005\|9\|17}}\|caps\=4\|goals\=2\|club\=\[\[Portland Thorns FC]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=MF\|name\={{sortname\|Hal\|Hershfelt}}\|age\={{birth date and age\|2002\|10\|3}}\|caps\=0\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Washington Spirit]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=FW\|name\={{sortname\|Mallory\|Swanson}}\|age\={{birth date and age\|1998\|4\|29}}\|caps\=100\|goals\=38\|club\=\[\[Chicago Red Stars]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=FW\|name\={{sortname\|Lynn\|Williams\|dab\=soccer}}\|age\={{birth date and age\|1993\|5\|21}}\|caps\=71\|goals\=19\|club\=\[\[NJ/NY Gotham FC]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=FW\|name\={{sortname\|Sophia\|Smith\|dab\=soccer, born 2000}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|2000\|8\|10}}\|caps\=56\|goals\=23\|club\=\[\[Portland Thorns FC]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=FW\|name\={{sortname\|Jaedyn\|Shaw}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|2004\|10\|20}}\|caps\=16\|goals\=7\|club\=\[\[San Diego Wave FC]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=FW\|name\={{sortname\|Alyssa\|Thompson}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|2004\|11\|7}}\|caps\=9\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Angel City FC]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=FW\|name\={{sortname\|Yazmeen\|Ryan}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1999\|2\|25}}\|caps\=0\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[NJ/NY Gotham FC]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs g player\|no\=\|pos\=FW\|name\={{sortname\|Emma\|Sears}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|2001\|2\|23}}\|caps\=0\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Racing Louisville FC]]\|clubnat\=USA}}
{{nat fs g end}}
### Recent call\-ups
The following players were also named to a squad in the last 12 months.
{{nat fs r start}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=GK\|name\={{sortname\|Aubrey\|Kingsbury}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1991\|11\|20}}\|caps\=2\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Washington Spirit]]\|clubnat\=USA\|latest\=v. {{fbw\|KOR}}; June 4, 2024}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=DF\|name\={{sortname\|Tierna\|Davidson}}\|age\={{birth date and age\|1998\|9\|19}}\|caps\=64\|goals\=3\|club\=\[\[NJ/NY Gotham FC]]\|clubnat\=USA\|latest\=\[\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\|2024 Summer Olympics]]}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=DF\|name\={{sortname\|Kate\|Wiesner}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|2001\|2\|11}}\|caps\=0\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Washington Spirit]]\|clubnat\=USA\|latest\=v. {{fbw\|MEX}}; July 13, 2024 PRE}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=DF\|name\={{sortname\|Sam\|Staab}}\|age\={{birth date and age\|1997\|3\|28}}\|caps\=2\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Chicago Red Stars]]\|clubnat\=USA\|latest\=v. {{fbw\|KOR}}; June 4, 2024}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=DF\|name\={{sortname\|Abby\|Dahlkemper}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1993\|5\|13}}\|caps\=84 \|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Bay FC]]\|clubnat\=USA\|latest\=\[\[2024 SheBelieves Cup]]}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=DF\|name\={{sortname\|Becky\|Sauerbrunn}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1985\|6\|6}}\|caps\=219\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Portland Thorns FC]]\|clubnat\=USA\|latest\=\[\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup]]}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=DF\|name\={{sortname\|Alana\|Cook}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1997\|4\|11}}\|caps\=29\|goals\=1\|club\=\[\[Kansas City Current]]\|clubnat\=USA\|latest\=\[\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=DF\|name\={{sortname\|Gisele\|Thompson}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|2005\|12\|2}}\|caps\=0\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Angel City FC]]\|clubnat\=USA\|latest\=\[\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=DF\|name\={{sortname\|M.A.\|Vignola}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1998\|2\|11}}\|caps\=1\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Angel City FC]]\|clubnat\=USA\|latest\=v. {{fbw\|CHN}}; December 5, 2023}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=DF\|name\={{sortname\|Sofia\|Huerta}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1992\|12\|14}}\|caps\=32\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin\|Lyon]]\|clubnat\=FRA\|latest\=v. {{fbw\|COL}}; October 29, 2023}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=MF\|name\={{sortname\|Croix\|Bethune}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|2001\|3\|14}}\|caps\=3\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Washington Spirit]]\|clubnat\=USA\|latest\=\[\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\|2024 Summer Olympics]]}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=MF\|name\={{sortname\|Catarina\|Macario}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1999\|10\|4}}\|caps\=19\|goals\=8\|club\=\[\[Chelsea F.C. Women\|Chelsea]]\|clubnat\=ENG\|latest\=\[\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\|2024 Summer Olympics]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=MF\|name\={{sortname\|Lily\|Yohannes}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|2007\|6\|12}}\|caps\=1\|goals\=1\|club\=\[\[AFC Ajax (women)\|Ajax]]\|clubnat\=NED\|latest\=v. {{fbw\|KOR}}; June 4, 2024}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=MF\|name\={{sortname\|Andi\|Sullivan}}\|age\={{birth date and age\|1995\|12\|20}}\|caps\=52\|goals\=3\|club\=\[\[Washington Spirit]]\|clubnat\=USA\|latest\=v. {{fbw\|KOR}}; June 1, 2024 PRE}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=MF\|name\={{sortname\|Savannah\|DeMelo}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1998\|3\|26}}\|caps\=7\|goals\=0\|club\=\[\[Racing Louisville FC]]\|clubnat\=USA\|latest\=\[\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=FW\|name\={{sortname\|Crystal\|Dunn}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1992\|7\|3}}\|caps\=155\|goals\=25\|club\=\[\[NJ/NY Gotham FC]]\|clubnat\=USA\|latest\=\[\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\|2024 Summer Olympics]]}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=FW\|name\={{sortname\|Trinity\|Rodman}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|2002\|5\|20}}\|caps\=46\|goals\=10\|club\=\[\[Washington Spirit]]\|clubnat\=USA\|latest\=\[\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\|2024 Summer Olympics]]}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=FW\|name\={{sortname\|Alex\|Morgan}}\|age\={{birth date and age\|1989\|7\|02}}\|caps\=224\|goals\=\[\[List of international goals scored by Alex Morgan\|123]]\|club\=''Retired''\|latest\=v. {{fbw\|KOR}}; June 4, 2024}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=FW\|name\={{sortname\|Midge\|Purce}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1995\|9\|18}}\|caps\=30\|goals\=4\|club\=\[\[NJ/NY Gotham FC]]\|clubnat\=USA\|latest\=\[\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup]]}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=FW\|name\={{sortname\|Mia\|Fishel}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|2001\|4\|30}}\|caps\=3\|goals\=1\|club\=\[\[Chelsea F.C. Women\|Chelsea]]\|clubnat\=ENG\|latest\=\[\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup]] PRE}}
{{nat fs r player\|no\=\|pos\=FW\|name\={{sortname\|Ashley\|Hatch}}\|age\={{Birth date and age\|1995\|5\|25}}\|caps\=22\|goals\=5\|club\=\[\[Washington Spirit]]\|clubnat\=USA\|latest\=v. {{fbw\|CHN}}; December 5, 2023}}
{{nat fs end}}
Notes:***{{small\|PRE}}: Preliminary squad***
Recent schedule and results
---------------------------
{{Further\|2023 in American soccer\|2024 in American soccer}}
{{Main\|United States women's national soccer team results}}
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.
{{legend2\|\#CCFFCC\|Win\|border\=1px solid \#AAAAAA}}
{{legend2\|\#FFFFCC\|Draw\|border\=1px solid \#AAAAAA}}
{{legend2\|\#FFCCCC\|Lose\|border\=1px solid \#AAAAAA}}
{{legend2\|\#9C9C9C\|Postponed\|border\=1px solid \#AAAAAA}}
### 2023
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[Exhibition game\|Friendly]]
\| date \= October 26
\| time \= 21:00 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\| score \= 0–0
\| report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/10/uswnt\-vs\-colombia\-10\-26\-23\-score\-highlights\-match\-recap\-goals\-stats
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|COL}}
\| goals1 \=
\| goals2 \=
\| stadium \= \[\[America First Field]]
\| location \= \[\[Sandy, Utah]]
\| attendance \= 13,058
\| referee \= \[\[Melissa Borjas]] (\[\[National Autonomous Federation of Football of Honduras\|Honduras]])
\| result \= D
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[Exhibition game\|Friendly]]
\| date \= October 29
\| time \= 17:30 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\| score \= 3–0
\| report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/10/uswnt\-vs\-colombia\-10\-29\-23\-score\-highlights\-match\-recap\-goals\-stats
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|COL}}
\| goals1 \=
\*\[\[Mia Fishel\|Fishel]] {{goal\|56}}
\*\[\[Lindsey Horan\|Horan]] {{goal\|62}}
\*\[\[Jaedyn Shaw\|Shaw]] {{goal\|83}}
\| goals2 \=
\| stadium \= \[\[Snapdragon Stadium]]
\| location \= \[\[San Diego\|San Diego, California]]
\| attendance \= 16,202
\| referee \= Odette Hamilton (\[\[Jamaica Football Federation\|Jamaica]])
\| result \= W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[Exhibition game\|Friendly]]
\| date \= December 2
\| time \= 18:00 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\| score \= 3–0
\| report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/12/uswnt\-vs\-china\-pr\-12\-2\-23\-score\-highlights\-match\-report\-stats\-goals
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|CHN}}
\| goals1 \=
\*\[\[Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000\)\|Smith]] {{goal\|8}}
\*\[\[Lindsey Horan\|Horan]] {{goal\|52}}
\*\[\[Trinity Rodman\|Rodman]] {{goal\|77}}
\| goals2 \=
\| stadium \= \[\[DRV PNK Stadium]]
\| location \= \[\[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]]
\| attendance \= 8,768
\| referee \= \[\[Marie\-Soleil Beaudoin]] (\[\[Canadian Soccer Association\|Canada]])
\| result \= W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[Exhibition game\|Friendly]]
\| date \= December 5
\| time \= 20:00 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\| score \= 2–1
\| report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/12/uswnt\-vs\-china\-pr\-12\-5\-23\-score\-highlights\-match\-report\-stats\-recap
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|CHN}}
\| goals1 \=
\*\[\[Sam Coffey\|Coffey]] {{goal\|62}}
\*\[\[Jaedyn Shaw\|Shaw]] {{goal\|79}}
\| goals2 \=
\*\[\[Shen Mengyu\|Shen]] {{goal\|45\+1}}
\| stadium \= \[\[Toyota Stadium (Texas)\|Toyota Stadium]]
\| location \= \[\[Frisco, Texas]]
\| attendance \= 11,024
\| referee \= Lizzet Garcia (\[\[Mexican Football Federation\|Mexico]])
\| result \= W
}}
### 2024
{{Football box collapsible
\|format \= 1
\|round \= \[\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup\#Group A\|Gold Cup GS]]
\|date \= February 20
\|time \= 22:15 ET
\|team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\|score \= 5–0
\|team2 \= {{fbw\|DOM}}
\|goals1 \=
\*\[\[Olivia Moultrie\|Moultrie]] {{goal\|7\|\|58}}
\*\[\[Lynn Williams (soccer)\|Williams]] {{goal\|30}}
\*\[\[Jenna Nighswonger\|Nighswonger]] {{goal\|86\|pen.}}
\*\[\[Alex Morgan\|Morgan]] {{goal\|90\+2\|pen.}}
\|goals2 \=
\|stadium \= \[\[Dignity Health Sports Park]]
\|location \= \[\[Carson, California]]
\|attendance \= 3,242
\|referee \= Astrid Gramajo (\[\[National Football Federation of Guatemala\|Guatemala]])
\|report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/02/concacaf\-w\-gold\-cup\-uswnt\-5\-dominican\-republic\-0\-score\-stats\-standings\-goals\-highlights\-recap
\|result \= W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\|format \= 1
\|round \= \[\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup\#Group A\|Gold Cup GS]]
\|date \= February 23
\|time \= 22:15 ET
\|team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|ARG}}
\|score \= 0–4
\|team2 \= {{fbw\|USA}}
\|goals1 \=
\*\[\[Miriam Mayorga\|Mayorga]] {{sentoff\|2\|45\+5\|75}}
\*\[\[Aldana Cometti\|Cometti]] {{yel\|65}}
\|goals2 \=
\*\[\[Jaedyn Shaw\|Shaw]] {{goal\|10\|\|17}}, {{yel\|58}}
\*\[\[Alex Morgan\|Morgan]] {{goal\|19}}
\*\[\[Lindsey Horan\|Horan]] {{goal\|77\|pen.}}
\|stadium \= \[\[Dignity Health Sports Park]]
\|location \= \[\[Carson, California]]
\|attendance \= 8,315
\|referee \= \[\[Marie\-Soleil Beaudoin]] (\[\[Canadian Soccer Association\|Canada]])
\|report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/02/concacaf\-w\-gold\-cup\-uswnt\-4\-argentina\-0\-goals\-stats\-standings\-match\-recap
\|result \= W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\|format \= 1
\|round \= \[\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup\#Group A\|Gold Cup GS]]
\|date \= February 26
\|time \= 22:15 ET
\|team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\|score \= 0–2
\|team2 \= {{fbw\|MEX}}
\|goals1 \=
\|goals2 \=
\* \[\[Jacqueline Ovalle\|Ovalle]] {{yel\|29}}, {{goal\|38}}
\* \[\[Karen Luna\|Luna]] {{yel\|88}}
\* \[\[Mayra Pelayo\|Pelayo]] {{goal\|90\+2}}
\|stadium \= \[\[Dignity Health Sports Park]]
\|location \= \[\[Carson, California]]
\|attendance \= 11,612
\|referee \= \[\[Melissa Borjas]] (\[\[National Autonomous Federation of Football of Honduras\|Honduras]])
\|report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/02/concacaf\-w\-gold\-cup\-uswnt\-0\-mexico\-2\-match\-recap\-stats\-standings
\|result \= L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\|format \= 1
\|round \= \[\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup\#Quarter\-finals\|Gold Cup QF]]
\|date \= March 3
\|time \= 20:15 ET
\|team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\|score \= 3–0
\|team2 \= {{fbw\|COL}}
\|goals1 \=
\*\[\[Lindsey Horan\|Horan]] {{goal\|13\|pen.}}, {{yel\|67}}
\*\[\[Alex Morgan\|Morgan]] {{yel\|18}}
\*\[\[Trinity Rodman\|Rodman]] {{yel\|21}}
\*\[\[Jenna Nighswonger\|Nighswonger]] {{goal\|22}}
\*\[\[Jaedyn Shaw\|Shaw]] {{goal\|45\+2}}
\|goals2 \=
\*\[\[Jorelyn Carabalí\|Carabalí]] {{yel\|11}}
\*\[\[Catalina Usme\|Umse]] {{yel\|15}}
\*\[\[Marcela Restrepo\|Restrepo]] {{yel\|68}}
\*\[\[Manuela Paví\|Paví]] {{yel\|75}}
\|stadium \= \[\[BMO Stadium]]
\|location \= \[\[Los Angeles\|Los Angeles, California]]
\|attendance \= 16,746
\|referee \= Marianela Araya (\[\[Costa Rican Football Federation\|Costa Rica]])
\|report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/03/concacaf\-w\-gold\-cup\-uswnt\-3\-colombia\-0\-match\-recap\-stats\-goals\-score
\|result \= W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup\#Semi\-finals\|Gold Cup SF]]
\| date \= March 6
\| time \= 19:00 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|CAN}}
\| score \= 2–2
\| aet \= yes
\| report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/03/concacaf\-w\-gold\-cup\-semifinal\-uswnt\-vs\-canada\-score\-stats\-goals\-match\-recap
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|USA}}
\| goals1 \=
\*\[\[Jordyn Huitema\|Huitema]] {{goal\|82}}
\*\[\[Adriana Leon\|Leon]] {{goal\|120\+7\|pen.}}
\| goals2 \=
\*\[\[Jaedyn Shaw\|Shaw]] {{goal\|20}}
\*\[\[Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000\)\|Smith]] {{goal\|99}}
\| penaltyscore \= 1–3
\|penalties1 \=
\*\[\[Adriana Leon\|Leon]] {{penmiss}}
\*\[\[Jordyn Huitema\|Huitema]] {{penmiss}}
\*\[\[Quinn (soccer)\|Quinn]] {{pengoal}}
\*\[\[Jessie Fleming\|Fleming]] {{penmiss}}
\|penalties2 \=
\*{{pengoal}} \[\[Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000\)\|Smith]]
\*{{penmiss}} \[\[Korbin Albert\|Albert]]
\*{{pengoal}} \[\[Alyssa Naeher\|Naeher]]
\*{{pengoal}} \[\[Lindsey Horan\|Horan]]
\| stadium \= \[\[Snapdragon Stadium]]
\| location \= \[\[San Diego\|San Diego, California]]
\| attendance \= 15,245
\| referee \= Katia García (\[\[Mexican Football Federation\|Mexico]])
\| result \= D
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup final\|Gold Cup F]]
\| date \= March 10
\| time \= 20:15 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\| score \= 1–0
\| report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/03/concacaf\-w\-gold\-cup\-final\-uswnt\-vs\-brazil\-score\-stats\-result\-recap
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|BRA}}
\| goals1 \=
\*\[\[Lindsey Horan\|Horan]] {{goal\|45\+1}}
\| goals2 \=
\| stadium \= \[\[Snapdragon Stadium]]
\| location \= \[\[San Diego\|San Diego, California]]
\| attendance \= 31,528
\| referee \= \[\[Melissa Borjas]] (\[\[National Autonomous Federation of Football of Honduras\|Honduras]])
\| result \= W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[2024 SheBelieves Cup\#Semi\-finals\|SheBelieves Cup SF]]
\| date \= April 6
\| time \= 12:30 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\| score \= 2–1
\| report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/04/2024\-shebelieves\-cup\-semifinal\-uswnt\-vs\-japan\-result\-score\-stats\-goals\-highlights\-match\-recap
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|JPN}}
\| goals1 \=
\*\[\[Jaedyn Shaw\|Shaw]] {{goal\|21}}
\*\[\[Lindsey Horan\|Horan]] {{goal\|77\|pen.}}
\| goals2 \=
\*\[\[Kiko Seike\|Seike]] {{goal\|1}}
\| stadium \= \[\[Mercedes\-Benz Stadium]]
\| location \= \[\[Atlanta\|Atlanta, Georgia]]
\| attendance \= 50,644
\| referee \= Myriam Marcotte (\[\[Canadian Soccer Association\|Canada]])
\| result \= W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[2024 SheBelieves Cup\#Final\|SheBelieves Cup F]]
\| date \= April 9
\| time \= 19:00 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\| score \= 2–2
\| report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/04/2024\-shebelieves\-cup\-final\-uswnt\-vs\-canada\-result\-score\-stats\-goals\-highlights\-match\-recap
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|CAN}}
\| goals1 \=
\*\[\[Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000\)\|Smith]] {{goal\|50\|\|68}}
\| goals2 \=
\*\[\[Adriana Leon\|Leon]] {{goal\|40\|\|86\|pen.}}
\| penaltyscore \= 5–4
\| penalties1 \=
\*\[\[Trinity Rodman\|Rodman]] {{penmiss}}
\*\[\[Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000\)\|Smith]] {{pengoal}}
\*\[\[Alyssa Naeher\|Naeher]] {{pengoal}}
\*\[\[Lindsey Horan\|Horan]] {{pengoal}}
\*\[\[Emily Sonnett\|Sonnett]] {{penmiss}}
\*\[\[Abby Dahlkemper\|Dahlkemper]] {{pengoal}}
\*\[\[Emily Fox\|Fox]] {{pengoal}}
\| penalties2 \=
\*{{pengoal}} \[\[Jessie Fleming\|Fleming]]
\*{{pengoal}} \[\[Adriana Leon\|Leon]]
\*{{penmiss}} \[\[Jade Rose\|Rose]]
\*{{penmiss}} \[\[Cloé Lacasse\|Lacasse]]
\*{{pengoal}} \[\[Julia Grosso\|Grosso]]
\*{{pengoal}} \[\[Ashley Lawrence\|Lawrence]]
\*{{penmiss}} \[\[Evelyne Viens\|Viens]]
\| stadium \= \[\[Lower.com Field]]
\| location \= \[\[Columbus, Ohio]]
\| attendance \= 19,049
\| referee \= \[\[Crystal Sobers]] (\[\[Trinidad and Tobago Football Association\|Trinidad and Tobago]])
\| result \= d
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[Exhibition game\|Friendly]]
\| date \= June 1
\| time \= 17:00 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\| score \= 4–0
\| report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/06/uswnt\-vs\-korea\-republic\-score\-result\-highlights\-goals\-stats\-match\-recap
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|KOR}}
\| goals1 \=
\*\[\[Mallory Swanson\|Swanson]] {{goal\|34\|\|74}}
\*\[\[Tierna Davidson\|Davidson]] {{goal\|38\|\|48}}
\| goals2 \=
\| stadium \= \[\[Dick's Sporting Goods Park]]
\| location \= \[\[Commerce City, Colorado]]
\| attendance \= 19,010
\| referee \= \[\[Carly Shaw\-MacLaren]] (\[\[Canadian Soccer Association\|Canada]])
\| result \= W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[Exhibition game\|Friendly]]
\| date \= June 4
\| time \= 20:00 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\| score \= 3–0
\| report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/06/uswnt\-vs\-korea\-republic\-score\-result\-highlights\-goals\-stats\-recap\-june\-4
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|KOR}}
\| goals1 \=
\* \[\[Crystal Dunn\|Dunn]] {{Goal\|13}}
\* \[\[Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000\)\|Smith]] {{goal\|67}}
\* \[\[Lily Yohannes\|Yohannes]] {{goal\|82}}
\| goals2 \=
\| stadium \= \[\[Allianz Field]]
\| location \= \[\[Saint Paul, Minnesota\|St. Paul, Minnesota]]
\| attendance \= 19,169
\| referee \= \[\[Astrid Azucena Gramajo]] (\[\[National Football Federation of Guatemala\|Guatemala]])
\| result \= W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[Exhibition game\|Friendly]]
\| date \= July 13
\| time \= 15:30 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\| score \= 1–0
\| report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/07/uswnt\-vs\-mexico\-score\-result\-goals\-stats\-highlights\-match\-recap
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|MEX}}
\| goals1 \=
\* \[\[Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000\)\|Smith]] {{goal\|64}}
\| goals2 \=
\| stadium \= \[\[Red Bull Arena (New Jersey)\|Red Bull Arena]]
\| location \= \[\[Harrison, New Jersey]]
\| attendance \= 26,376
\| referee \= Deily Maria Gomez Espinoza (\[\[Costa Rican Football Federation\|Costa Rica]])
\| result \= W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[Exhibition game\|Friendly]]
\| date \= July 16
\| time \= 19:30 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\| score \= 0–0
\| report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/07/uswnt\-vs\-costa\-rica\-score\-result\-goals\-stats\-highlights\-match\-recap
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|CRC}}
\| goals1 \=
\| goals2 \=
\| stadium \= \[\[Audi Field]]
\| location \= \[\[Washington, D.C.]]
\| attendance \= 18,972
\| referee \= Lizzet Amairany Garcia Olvera (\[\[Mexican Football Federation\|Mexico]])
\| result \= D
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament – Group B \|Olympics GS]]
\| date \= July 25
\| time \= 15:00 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\| score \= 3–0
\| report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/07/usa\-vs\-zambia\-score\-result\-goals\-stats\-highlights\-match\-recap\-paris\-olympics\-july\-25
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|ZAM}}
\| goals1 \=
\*\[\[Trinity Rodman\|Rodman]] {{goal\|17}}
\*\[\[Mallory Swanson\|Swanson]] {{goal\|24\|\|25}}
\| goals2 \=
\| stadium \= \[\[Allianz Riviera\|Stade de Nice]]
\| location \= \[\[Nice]], \[\[France]]
\| attendance \= 5,550
\| referee \= \[\[Ramon Abatti]] (\[\[Brazilian Football Confederation\|Brazil]])
\| result \= W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament – Group B \|Olympics GS]]
\| date \= July 28
\| time \= 15:00 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\| score \= 4–1
\| report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/07/usa\-vs\-germany\-score\-result\-goals\-stats\-highlights\-match\-recap\-paris\-olympics\-july\-28
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|GER}}
\| goals1 \=
\*\[\[Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000\)\|Smith]] {{goal\|11\|\|44}}
\*\[\[Mallory Swanson\|Swanson]] {{goal\|26}}
\*\[\[Lynn Williams (soccer)\|Williams]] {{goal\|89}}
\| goals2 \=
\*\[\[Giulia Gwinn\|Gwinn]] {{goal\|22}}
\| stadium \= \[\[Stade Vélodrome\|Stade de Marseille]]
\| location \= \[\[Marseille]], \[\[France]]
\| attendance \= 9,379
\| referee \= Yael Falcón (\[\[Argentine Football Association\|Argentina]])
\| result \= W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament – Group B \|Olympics GS]]
\| date \= July 31
\| time \= 13:00 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|AUS}}
\| score \= 1–2
\| report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/07/usa\-vs\-australia\-score\-result\-goals\-stats\-highlights\-match\-recap\-paris\-olympics\-july\-31
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|USA}}
\|goals1\=
\*\[\[Alanna Kennedy\|Kennedy]] {{goal\|90\+2}}
\|goals2\=
\*\[\[Trinity Rodman\|Rodman]] {{goal\|43}}
\*\[\[Korbin Albert\|Albert]] {{goal\|77}}
\| stadium \= \[\[Stade Vélodrome\|Stade de Marseille]]
\| location \= \[\[Marseille]], \[\[France]]
\| attendance \= 9,610
\| referee \= \[\[François Letexier]] (\[\[French Football Federation\|France]])
\| result \= W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament – Knockout stage\|Olympics QF]]
\| date \= August 3
\| time \= 09:00 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\| score \= 1–0
\| aet \= yes
\| report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/08/usa\-vs\-japan\-score\-result\-goals\-stats\-highlights\-match\-recap\-paris\-olympics\-quarterfinal
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|JPN}}
\| goals1 \=
\*\[\[Trinity Rodman\|Rodman]] {{goal\|105\+2}}
\| goals2 \=
\| stadium \= \[\[Parc des Princes]]
\| location \= \[\[Paris]], \[\[France]]
\| attendance \= 43,004
\| referee \= \[\[Tess Olofsson]] (\[\[Swedish Football Association\|Sweden]])
\| result \= W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament – Knockout stage\#Semi\-finals\|Olympics SF]]
\| date \= August 6
\| time \= 12:00 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\| score \= 1–0
\| aet \= yes
\| report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/08/usa\-vs\-germany\-score\-result\-goals\-stats\-highlights\-match\-recap\-paris\-olympics\-semifinal
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|GER}}
\| goals1 \=
\*\[\[Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000\)\|Smith]] {{goal\|95}}
\| goals2 \=
\| stadium \= \[\[Parc Olympique Lyonnais\|Stade de Lyon]]
\| location \= \[\[Décines\-Charpieu]], \[\[France]]
\| attendance \= 15,107
\| referee \= \[\[Bouchra Karboubi]] (\[\[Royal Moroccan Football Federation\|Morocco]])
\| result \= W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament – Knockout stage\#Gold medal match\|Olympics Gold]]
\| date \= August 10
\| time \= 11:00 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|BRA}}
\| score \= 0–1
\| report \= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/08/usa\-vs\-brazil\-score\-result\-goals\-stats\-highlights\-match\-recap\-paris\-olympics\-gold\-medal\-match
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|USA}}
\| goals1 \=
\| goals2 \=
\*\[\[Mallory Swanson\|Swanson]] {{goal\|57}}
\| stadium \= \[\[Parc des Princes]]
\| location \= \[\[Paris]], \[\[France]]
\| attendance \= 43,813
\| referee \= \[\[Tess Olofsson]] (\[\[Swedish Football Association\|Sweden]])
\| result \= W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[Exhibition game\|Friendly]]
\| date \= October 24
\| time \= 19:30 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\| score \=
\| report \=
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|ISL}}
\| goals1 \=
\| goals2 \=
\| stadium \= \[\[Q2 Stadium]]
\| location \= \[\[Austin, Texas]]
\| attendance \=
\| referee \=
\| result \=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[Exhibition game\|Friendly]]
\| date \= October 27
\| time \= 17:30 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\| score \=
\| report \=
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|ISL}}
\| goals1 \=
\| goals2 \=
\| stadium \= \[\[Geodis Park]]
\| location \= \[\[Nashville, Tennessee]]
\| attendance \=
\| referee \=
\| result \=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[Exhibition game\|Friendly]]
\| date \= October 30
\| time \=
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|USA}}
\| score \=
\| report \=
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|ARG}}
\| goals1 \=
\| goals2 \=
\| stadium \= \[\[Lynn Family Stadium]]
\| location \= \[\[Louisville, Kentucky]]
\| attendance \=
\| referee \=
\| result \=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[Exhibition game\|Friendly]]
\| date \= November 30
\| time \= 12:20 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|ENG}}
\| score \=
\| report \=
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|USA}}
\| goals1 \=
\| goals2 \=
\| stadium \= \[\[Wembley Stadium]]
\| location \= \[\[London]], \[\[England]]
\| attendance \=
\| referee \=
\| result \=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| format \= 1
\| round \= \[\[Exhibition game\|Friendly]]
\| date \= December 3
\| time \= 14:45 ET
\| team1 \= {{fbw\-rt\|NED}}
\| score \=
\| report \=
\| team2 \= {{fbw\|USA}}
\| goals1 \=
\| goals2 \=
\| stadium \= \[\[ADO Den Haag Stadium]]
\| location \= \[\[The Hague]], \[\[Netherlands]]
\| attendance \=
\| referee \=
\| result \=
}}
[USWNT Schedule](https://www.ussoccer.com/all-matches)
[USWNT Results](https://www.ussoccer.com/all-matches?tab=recent-matches)
[USA: Fixtures and Results – FIFA.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20100327112047/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=usa/fixturesresults/gender=f/index.html)
All\-time results
-----------------
{{updated\|August 10, 2024}}
| Year | {{abbr\|M\|Matches}} | {{abbr\|W\|Wins}} | {{abbr\|D\|Draws}} | {{abbr\|L\|Losses}} | {{abbr\|GF\|Goal For}} | {{abbr\|GA\|Goal Against}} | [Athlete of the Year](/wiki/U.S._Soccer_Athlete_of_the_Year "U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year") | Scoring leader | {{abbr\|G\|Number of goals by leader}} | Assist leader | {{abbr\|A\|Number of assists by leader}} | Coach | Major tournam. result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1985 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 7 | [Sharon Remer](/wiki/Sharon_Remer "Sharon Remer") | [Michelle Akers](/wiki/Michelle_Akers "Michelle Akers") | 2 | | | [Mike Ryan](/wiki/Mike_Ryan_%28soccer_coach%29 "Mike Ryan (soccer coach)") | |
| 1986 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 6 | [April Heinrichs](/wiki/April_Heinrichs "April Heinrichs") | [Marcia McDermott](/wiki/Marcia_McDermott "Marcia McDermott") | 4 | | | [Anson Dorrance](/wiki/Anson_Dorrance "Anson Dorrance") | |
| 1987 | 11 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 23 | 9 | [Carin Gabarra](/wiki/Carin_Gabarra "Carin Gabarra") | April Heinrichs | 7 | | | |
| 1988 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 9 | [Joy Fawcett](/wiki/Joy_Fawcett "Joy Fawcett") | Carin Gabarra | 5 | Carin Gabarra[Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly "Kristine Lilly") | 2 | |
| 1989 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | April Heinrichs | (none) | | (none) | | |
| 1990 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 3 | [Michelle Akers](/wiki/Michelle_Akers "Michelle Akers") | Michelle Akers | 9 | [Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly "Kristine Lilly") | 3 | |
| 1991 | 28 | 21 | 1 | **6** | 122 | 22 | **Michelle Akers** | **39** | Carin Gabarra | 21 | [World Cup](/wiki/1991_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "1991 FIFA Women's World Cup") (champions) |
| 1992 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 7 | Carin Gabarra | (3 players tied) | 1 | [Tisha Venturini](/wiki/Tisha_Venturini "Tisha Venturini") | 2 | |
| 1993 | 17 | 13 | 0 | 4 | 54 | 7 | [Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly "Kristine Lilly") | [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm "Mia Hamm") | 10 | Michelle Akers | 6 | |
| 1994 | 13 | 12 | 0 | 1 | 59 | 6 | [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm "Mia Hamm") | Michelle Akers | 11 | 7 | |
| 1995 | 25 | 21 | 2 | 2 | 91 | 17 | [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm "Mia Hamm") | 19 | [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm "Mia Hamm") | 18 | [Tony DiCicco](/wiki/Tony_DiCicco "Tony DiCicco") | [World Cup](/wiki/1995_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "1995 FIFA Women's World Cup") (3rd place) |
| 1996 | 24 | 21 | 2 | 1 | 80 | 17 | [Tiffeny Milbrett](/wiki/Tiffeny_Milbrett "Tiffeny Milbrett") | 13 | 18 | [Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") (gold medal) |
| 1997 | 18 | 16 | 0 | 2 | 67 | 13 | [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm "Mia Hamm") | 18 | Tiffeny Milbrett | 14 | |
| 1998 | 25 | 22 | 2 | 1 | 89 | 12 | 20 | [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm "Mia Hamm") | 20 | |
| 1999 | 29 | 25 | 2 | 2 | 111 | 15 | Michelle Akers | Tiffeny Milbrett | 21 | 16 | [World Cup](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "1999 FIFA Women's World Cup") (champions) |
| 2000 | **41** | 26 | **9** | **6** | **124** | **31** | [Tiffeny Milbrett](/wiki/Tiffeny_Milbrett "Tiffeny Milbrett") | [Cindy Parlow](/wiki/Cindy_Parlow_Cone "Cindy Parlow Cone") | 19 | 14 | [Lauren Gregg](/wiki/Lauren_Gregg "Lauren Gregg")[April Heinrichs](/wiki/April_Heinrichs "April Heinrichs") | [Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") (silver medal) |
| 2001 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 13 | 15 | Tiffeny Milbrett | 3 | 2 | A. Heinrichs | |
| 2002 | 19 | 15 | 2 | 2 | 69 | 11 | [Shannon MacMillan](/wiki/Shannon_MacMillan "Shannon MacMillan") | | 17 | [Aly Wagner](/wiki/Aly_Wagner "Aly Wagner") | 11 | |
| 2003 | 23 | 17 | 4 | 2 | 58 | 14 | [Abby Wambach](/wiki/Abby_Wambach "Abby Wambach") | | 9 | [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm "Mia Hamm") | 9 | [World Cup](/wiki/2003_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2003 FIFA Women's World Cup") (3rd place) |
| 2004 | 34 | 28 | 4 | 2 | 104 | 23 | 31 | **[Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm "Mia Hamm")** | **22** | [Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") (gold medal) |
| 2005 | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 24 | 0 | [Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly "Kristine Lilly") | [Christie Welsh](/wiki/Christie_Welsh "Christie Welsh") | 7 | Aly WagnerAbby Wambach | 5 | [Greg Ryan](/wiki/Greg_Ryan_%28soccer%29 "Greg Ryan (soccer)") | |
| 2006 | 22 | 18 | 4 | 0 | 57 | 10 | Abby Wambach | 17 | Abby Wambach | 8 | |
| 2007 | 24 | 19 | 4 | 1 | 63 | 17 | Abby Wambach | 20 | [Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly "Kristine Lilly") | 8 | [World Cup](/wiki/2007_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2007 FIFA Women's World Cup") (3rd place) |
| 2008 | 36 | **33** | 2 | 1 | 84 | 17 | [Carli Lloyd](/wiki/Carli_Lloyd "Carli Lloyd") | [Natasha Kai](/wiki/Natasha_Kai "Natasha Kai") | 15 | [Heather O'Reilly](/wiki/Heather_O%27Reilly "Heather O'Reilly")Abby Wambach | 10 | [Pia Sundhage](/wiki/Pia_Sundhage "Pia Sundhage") | [Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") (gold medal) |
| 2009 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 1 | [Hope Solo](/wiki/Hope_Solo "Hope Solo") | (3 players tied) | 2 | Heather O'Reilly | 3 | |
| 2010 | 18 | 15 | 2 | 1 | 48 | 8 | Abby Wambach | | 16 | [Lori Lindsey](/wiki/Lori_Lindsey "Lori Lindsey") | 7 | |
| 2011 | 20 | 13 | 4 | 3 | 41 | 17 | 8 | [Lauren Cheney](/wiki/Lauren_Holiday "Lauren Holiday")[Megan Rapinoe](/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe "Megan Rapinoe") | 5 | [World Cup](/wiki/2011_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2011 FIFA Women's World Cup") (2nd place) |
| 2012 | 32 | 28 | 3 | 1 | 120 | 21 | [Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan "Alex Morgan") | | 28 | Alex Morgan | 21 | P. Sundhage[Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis "Jill Ellis") | [Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") (gold medal) |
| 2013 | 16 | 13 | 3 | 0 | 56 | 11 | Abby Wambach | | 11 | Lauren HolidayAbby Wambach | 6 | [Tom Sermanni](/wiki/Tom_Sermanni "Tom Sermanni") | |
| 2014 | 24 | 16 | 5 | 3 | 79 | 15 | Lauren Holiday | Carli Lloyd | 15 | Carli Lloyd | 8 | T. SermanniJ. Ellis | |
| 2015 | 26 | 20 | 4 | 2 | 74 | 12 | Carli Lloyd | 18 | Megan Rapinoe | 10 | J. Ellis | [World Cup](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup") (champions) |
| [2016](/wiki/2016_in_American_soccer "2016 in American soccer") | 25 | 22 | 3 | 0 | 92 | 10 | [Tobin Heath](/wiki/Tobin_Heath "Tobin Heath") | Carli LloydAlex Morgan | 17 | Carli Lloyd | 11 | [Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") (quarter\-finals) |
| [2017](/wiki/2017_in_American_soccer "2017 in American soccer") | 16 | 12 | 1 | 3 | 40 | 13 | [Julie Ertz](/wiki/Julie_Ertz "Julie Ertz") | Alex Morgan | 7 | Megan Rapinoe | 5 | |
| [2018](/wiki/2018_in_American_soccer "2018 in American soccer") | 20 | 18 | 2 | 0 | 65 | 10 | Alex Morgan | 18 | 12 | |
| [2019](/wiki/2019_in_American_soccer "2019 in American soccer") | 24 | 20 | 3 | 1 | 77 | 16 | Julie Ertz{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Julie Ertz Named 2019 U.S. Soccer Female Player of the Year \|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/12/julie\-ertz\-named\-2019\-us\-soccer\-female\-player\-of\-the\-year \|work\= U.S. Soccer \|date\= December 13, 2019}} | Carli Lloyd | 16 | [Christen Press](/wiki/Christen_Press "Christen Press") | 12 | J. Ellis[Vlatko Andonovski](/wiki/Vlatko_Andonovski "Vlatko Andonovski") | [World Cup](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2019 FIFA Women's World Cup") (champions) |
| [2020](/wiki/2020_in_American_soccer "2020 in American soccer") | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 1 | [Sam Mewis](/wiki/Sam_Mewis "Sam Mewis") | [Lindsey Horan](/wiki/Lindsey_Horan "Lindsey Horan")Christen Press | 7 | [Lynn Williams](/wiki/Lynn_Williams_%28soccer%29 "Lynn Williams (soccer)") | 6 | V. Andonovski | |
| [2021](/wiki/2021_in_American_soccer%23Women%27s "2021 in American soccer#Women's") | 24 | 17 | 5 | 2 | 76 | 12 | Lindsey Horan | Carli Lloyd | 11 | Carli Lloyd | 6 | [Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") (bronze medal) |
| [2022](/wiki/2022_in_American_soccer%23Women%27s "2022 in American soccer#Women's") | 18 | 14 | 1 | 3 | 56 | 9 |[Sophia Smith](/wiki/Sophia_Smith_%28soccer%2C_born_2000%29 "Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000)"){{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Sophia Smith Voted 2022 BioSteel U.S. Soccer Female Player of the Year \|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/01/smith\-biosteel\-us\-soccer\-female\-player\-of\-the\-year\-shaw\-chipotle\-young\-female\-player\-of\-the\-year \|work\=U.S. Soccer \|date\=January 6, 2023 \|access\-date\=January 8, 2023 \|archive\-date\=January 7, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107190029/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/01/smith\-biosteel\-us\-soccer\-female\-player\-of\-the\-year\-shaw\-chipotle\-young\-female\-player\-of\-the\-year \|url\-status\=live }}
11 |
[Mallory Pugh](/wiki/Mallory_Pugh "Mallory Pugh") |
7 |
|
| [2023](/wiki/2023_in_American_soccer "2023 in American soccer") | 18 | 14 | 4 | 0 | 36 | 3 | [Naomi Girma](/wiki/Naomi_Girma "Naomi Girma"){{cite web \|title\=Naomi Girma Voted 2023 U.S. Soccer Female Player of the Year; Olivia Moultrie Voted 2023 Chipotle U.S. Soccer Young Female Player of the Year \|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/01/naomi\-girma\-2023\-female\-player\-of\-the\-year\-olivia\-moultrie\-chipotle\-young\-female\-player\-of\-the\-year \|publisher\=U.S. Soccer \|date\=January 11, 2024}} | [Mallory Swanson](/wiki/Mallory_Swanson "Mallory Swanson") | 7 | Alex Morgan[Trinity Rodman](/wiki/Trinity_Rodman "Trinity Rodman") | 5 | V. Andonovski[Twila Kilgore](/wiki/Twila_Kilgore "Twila Kilgore") | [World Cup](/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2023 FIFA Women's World Cup") (Round of 16\) |
|
| [2024](/wiki/2024_in_American_soccer "2024 in American soccer") | 18 | 14 | 3 | 1 | 39 | 9 | TBD | | | | | T. Kilgore [Emma Hayes](/wiki/Emma_Hayes "Emma Hayes") | [Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") (gold medal) |
| Total | 751 | 589 | 90 | 72 | 2,288 | 456 | | | | | | | |
*Sources*{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=http://www.ussoccer.com/about/media\-services/media\-guide \|title\=U.S. Soccor Federation 2015 Women's National Team Media Guide\|publisher\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \|date\=January 1, 2015 \|access\-date\=June 8, 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915022004/http://www.ussoccer.com/about/media\-services/media\-guide \|archive\-date\=September 15, 2014 }}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=http://www.ussoccer.com/womens\-national\-team/stats \|title\=U.S. Women's National Team Stats page \|publisher\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \|access\-date\=May 16, 2015 \|archive\-date\=July 6, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706044713/http://www.ussoccer.com/womens\-national\-team/stats \|url\-status\=live }}[All Time Results](http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/usa-frauen-team/21/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615191116/http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/usa\-frauen\-team/21/ \|date\=June 15, 2018 }} from Worldfootball.net[All Time Results](https://web.archive.org/web/20160629162558/http://www.fifa.com/live-scores/teams/country=usa/women/matches/index.html) from FIFA.com
Individual records
------------------
### Player records
{{See also\|List of United States women's international soccer players}}
{{updated\|August 10, 2024}}. Active players are shown in bold**.**The women's national team boasts the first six players in the history of the game to have earned 200 [caps](/wiki/Cap_%28sport%29 "Cap (sport)").{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|last\=Martin\|first\=Chad\|date\=June 30, 2021\|title\=The Top 6 U.S. Women Soccer Players of the 200\-Cap Club\|url\=https://www.statsballer.com/news/us\-women\-200\-cap\-club/\|access\-date\=June 30, 2021\|website\=Stats Baller – Data Driven Sports Stats\|language\=en\-CA\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181308/https://www.statsballer.com/news/us\-women\-200\-cap\-club/\|url\-status\=live}} These players have since been joined in the 200\-cap club by several players from other national teams, as well as by seven more Americans: Kate Markgraf, Abby Wambach, Heather O'Reilly, Carli Lloyd, Hope Solo, Becky Sauerbrunn, and Alex Morgan.{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|first\=Emma\|last\=Hruby\|title\=Alex Morgan Becomes 13th USWNT Player to Reach 200 Caps\|url\=https://justwomenssports.com/uswnt\-alex\-morgan\-caps\-soccer/\|work\=Just Women's Sports\|date\=November 13, 2022\|access\-date\=February 19, 2023\|archive\-date\=February 19, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219043621/https://justwomenssports.com/uswnt\-alex\-morgan\-caps\-soccer/\|url\-status\=live}} Kristine Lilly, Carli Lloyd, and Christie Pearce are the only players to earn more than 300 caps.
In March 2004, [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm "Mia Hamm") and [Michelle Akers](/wiki/Michelle_Akers "Michelle Akers") were the only two women and the only two Americans named to the [FIFA 100](/wiki/FIFA_100 "FIFA 100"), a list of the 125 greatest living soccer players chosen by [Pelé](/wiki/Pel%C3%A9 "Pelé") as part of [FIFA](/wiki/FIFA "FIFA")'s centenary observances.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2023}}
| \+Most caps |
| --- |
|Rank
Player |
Caps
Goals
Years
| 1 |[Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly "Kristine Lilly")
**354** |
130 |
1987–2010 |
| 2 |[Carli Lloyd](/wiki/Carli_Lloyd "Carli Lloyd")
**316** |
134 |
2005–2021 |
| 3 |[Christie Pearce](/wiki/Christie_Pearce "Christie Pearce")
**311** |
2 |
1997–2015 |
| 4 |[Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm "Mia Hamm")
**276** |
158 |
1987–2004 |
| 5 |[Julie Foudy](/wiki/Julie_Foudy "Julie Foudy")
**274** |
45 |
1988–2004 |
| 6 |[Abby Wambach](/wiki/Abby_Wambach "Abby Wambach")
**255** |
[184](/wiki/List_of_international_goals_scored_by_Abby_Wambach "List of international goals scored by Abby Wambach") |
2001–2015 |
| 7 |[Joy Fawcett](/wiki/Joy_Fawcett "Joy Fawcett")
**241** |
27 |
1987–2004 |
| 8 |[Heather O'Reilly](/wiki/Heather_O%27Reilly "Heather O'Reilly")
**231** |
47 |
2002–2016 |
| 9 |[Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan "Alex Morgan")
**224** |
**[123](/wiki/List_of_international_goals_scored_by_Alex_Morgan "List of international goals scored by Alex Morgan")** |
2010–2024 |
| 10 |**[Becky Sauerbrunn](/wiki/Becky_Sauerbrunn "Becky Sauerbrunn")**
**219** |
0 |
2008– |
Source(s){{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=All\-Time Leaders \|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/womens\-national\-team/records \|publisher\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \|access\-date\=April 6, 2018\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112074039/https://www.ussoccer.com/womens\-national\-team/records\| archive\-date\=November 12, 2017\| url\-status\=dead }}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\= 2021 USWNT Media Guide\|url\= https://www.flipsnack.com/ussoccer/2021\-uswnt\-media\-guide.html\|publisher\= U.S. Soccer Communications Department\|date\= April 6, 2021\|access\-date\= June 27, 2021\|archive\-date\= June 27, 2021\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210627190817/https://www.flipsnack.com/ussoccer/2021\-uswnt\-media\-guide.html\|url\-status\= live}}
| \+Most goals |
| --- |
|Rank
Player |
Goals
Caps
Years
{{tooltip\|Avg\|Average}}
| 1 |[Abby Wambach](/wiki/Abby_Wambach "Abby Wambach")
**[184](/wiki/List_of_international_goals_scored_by_Abby_Wambach "List of international goals scored by Abby Wambach")** |
255 |
2001–2015 |
0\.72 |
| 2 | [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm "Mia Hamm")
**158** |
276 |
1987–2004 |
0\.57 |
| 3 |[Carli Lloyd](/wiki/Carli_Lloyd "Carli Lloyd")
**134** |
316 |
2005–2021 |
0\.42 |
| 4 |[Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly "Kristine Lilly")
**130** |
354 |
1987–2010 |
0\.37 |
| 5 |[Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan "Alex Morgan")
**[123](/wiki/List_of_international_goals_scored_by_Alex_Morgan "List of international goals scored by Alex Morgan")** |
224 |
2010–2024 |
0\.55 |
| 6 |[Michelle Akers](/wiki/Michelle_Akers "Michelle Akers")
**107** |
155 |
1985–2000 |
0\.69 |
| 7 |[Tiffeny Milbrett](/wiki/Tiffeny_Milbrett "Tiffeny Milbrett")
**100** |
206 |
1991–2005 |
0\.49 |
| 8 |[Cindy Parlow](/wiki/Cindy_Parlow_Cone "Cindy Parlow Cone")
**75** |
158 |
1996–2004 |
0\.47 |
| 9 |[Christen Press](/wiki/Christen_Press "Christen Press")
**64** |
155 |
2013–2021 |
0\.41 |
| 10 |[Megan Rapinoe](/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe "Megan Rapinoe")
**63** |
203 |
2006–2023 |
0\.31 |
|
Source(s)
| \+Most assists |
| --- |
|Rank
Player |
Assists
Caps
Years
{{tooltip\|Avg\|Average}}
| 1 |[Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm "Mia Hamm")
**147** |
276 |
1987–2004 |
0\.53 |
| 2 |[Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly "Kristine Lilly")
**106** |
354 |
1987–2010 |
0\.30 |
|3
[Megan Rapinoe](/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe "Megan Rapinoe")
**73** |
203 |
2006–2023 |
0\.36 |
|[Abby Wambach](/wiki/Abby_Wambach "Abby Wambach")
255 |
2001–2015 |
0\.29 |
| 5 |[Carli Lloyd](/wiki/Carli_Lloyd "Carli Lloyd")
**64** |
316 |
2005–2021 |
0\.20 |
| 6 |[Tiffeny Milbrett](/wiki/Tiffeny_Milbrett "Tiffeny Milbrett")
**63** |
206 |
1991–2005 |
0\.31 |
|7
[Heather O'Reilly](/wiki/Heather_O%27Reilly "Heather O'Reilly")
**55**
231 |
2002–2016 |
0\.24 |
|[Julie Foudy](/wiki/Julie_Foudy "Julie Foudy")
274 |
1988–2004 |
0\.20 |
| 9 |[Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan "Alex Morgan")
**53** |
224 |
2010–2024 |
0\.24 |
| 10 |[Shannon MacMillan](/wiki/Shannon_MacMillan "Shannon MacMillan")
**50** |
177 |
1993–2005 |
0\.28 |
Source(s){{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=U.S. Women's National Team Player Records \|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/teams/uswnt \|publisher\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \|access\-date\=June 24, 2019 \|archive\-date\=June 11, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044629/https://www.ussoccer.com/teams/uswnt \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\= 2022 USWNT Media Guide\|url\= https://www.flipsnack.com/ussoccer/2022wntmg001324220\-1\-1\.html\|publisher\= U.S. Soccer Communications Department\|date\= February 28, 2022\|access\-date\= February 20, 2023\|archive\-date\= February 20, 2023\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20230220051509/https://www.flipsnack.com/ussoccer/2022wntmg001324220\-1\-1\.html\|url\-status\= live}}
| \+Most shutouts |
| --- |
|Rank
Player |
Shutouts |
Caps
Years
{{tooltip\|Avg\|Average}}
| 1 |[Hope Solo](/wiki/Hope_Solo "Hope Solo")
**102** |
202 |
2000–2016 |
0\.51 |
| 2 |[Briana Scurry](/wiki/Briana_Scurry "Briana Scurry")
**72** |
175 |
1994–2008 |
0\.41 |
| 3 |**[Alyssa Naeher](/wiki/Alyssa_Naeher "Alyssa Naeher")**
**68** |
112 |
2014– |
0\.60 |
| 4 |[Nicole Barnhart](/wiki/Nicole_Barnhart "Nicole Barnhart")
**24** |
54 |
2004–2013 |
0\.44 |
| 5 |[Siri Mullinix](/wiki/Siri_Mullinix "Siri Mullinix")
**21** |
45 |
1999–2004 |
0\.47 |
| 6 |**[Casey Murphy](/wiki/Casey_Murphy "Casey Murphy")**
**15** |
19 |
2021– |
0\.79 |
|7
[Mary Harvey](/wiki/Mary_Harvey "Mary Harvey")
**13**
27 |
1989–1996 |
0\.48 |
|[Saskia Webber](/wiki/Saskia_Webber "Saskia Webber")
28 |
1992–2000 |
0\.46 |
| 9 |[Amy Allmann](/wiki/Amy_Griffin "Amy Griffin")
**10** |
24 |
1987–1991 |
0\.42 |
|10
[Kim Maslin\-Kammerdeiner](/wiki/Kim_Maslin-Kammerdeiner "Kim Maslin-Kammerdeiner")
**9**
17 |
1988–1991 |
0\.53 |
| [LaKeysia Beene](/wiki/LaKeysia_Beene "LaKeysia Beene")
18 |
2000–2003 |
0\.50 |
|[Ashlyn Harris](/wiki/Ashlyn_Harris "Ashlyn Harris")
25 |
2013–2022 |
0\.36 |
Source(s){{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Hope Solo: By the Numbers \|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/01/hope\-solo\-by\-the\-numbers \|work\=U.S. Soccer \|date\=January 21, 2018 \|access\-date\=February 24, 2021 \|archive\-date\=January 24, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124221915/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/01/hope\-solo\-by\-the\-numbers \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\= 2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide\|url\=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi\_print.pdf \|publisher\= U.S. Soccer Communications Department \|date\=January 1, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi\_print.pdf \|archive\-date\=August 8, 2019 \|url\-status\=live }}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\= 2020 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide \|url\= https://www.flipsnack.com/ussoccer/2020\-uswnt\-media\-guide.html \|publisher\= U.S. Soccer Communications Department \|website\= Flip Snack \|date\= January 1, 2020 \|access\-date\= February 24, 2021 \|archive\-date\= June 11, 2021 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210611034439/https://www.flipsnack.com/ussoccer/2020\-uswnt\-media\-guide.html \|url\-status\= live }}{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/07/concacaf\-w\-championship\-uswnt\-vs\-haiti\-preview\-tv\-channels\-start\-time\-standings\|title\=USWNT Opens Group A Play at CONCACAF W Championship Against Haiti\|website\=U.S. Soccer\|date\=July 3, 2022\|quote\=Goalkeeper Alyssa Naeher recorded the 47th shutout of her career...\|access\-date\=July 4, 2022\|archive\-date\=July 4, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704122402/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/07/concacaf\-w\-championship\-uswnt\-vs\-haiti\-preview\-tv\-channels\-start\-time\-standings\|url\-status\=live}}
| \+Captains |
| --- |
| Years as captain | Player | Caps | Goals | Years |
| 1985 |[Denise Bender](/wiki/Denise_Bender "Denise Bender"){{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens\-National\-Team/2010/03/US\-Women\-Set\-To\-Face\-Mexico\-in\-San\-Diego.aspx \|title\=US Women Set To Face Mexico in San Diego \|date\=March 26, 2010 \|publisher\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \|access\-date\=December 26, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809115220/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens\-National\-Team/2010/03/US\-Women\-Set\-To\-Face\-Mexico\-in\-San\-Diego.aspx \|archive\-date\=August 9, 2010}}
4 |
0 |
1985 |
| 1986–1987 |[Emily Pickering](/wiki/Emily_Pickering "Emily Pickering"){{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=http://blog.lijsoccer.com/2011/08/02/PatGreccosWallOfFameEmilyPickering.aspx \|title\=Pat Grecco's Wall of Fame: Emily Pickering \|date\=August 2, 2011 \|publisher\=Long Island Junior Soccer \|access\-date\=October 18, 2017 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141926/http://blog.lijsoccer.com/2011/08/02/PatGreccosWallOfFameEmilyPickering.aspx \|archive\-date\=March 4, 2016}}
15 |
2 |
1985–1992 |
| 1988–1991 |[Lori Henry](/wiki/Lori_Henry "Lori Henry")
39 |
3 |
1985–1991 |
| 1991 |[April Heinrichs](/wiki/April_Heinrichs "April Heinrichs"){{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=http://www.soccertimes.com/usteams/roster/women/heinrichs.htm \|title\=Head Coach U.S. Women's National Team \|website\=Soccertimes.com \|access\-date\=October 18, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053353/http://www.soccertimes.com/usteams/roster/women/heinrichs.htm\|archive\-date\=March 4, 2016\|url\-status\=dead}}
46 |
35 |
1986–1991 |
| 1993–2000 |[Carla Overbeck](/wiki/Carla_Overbeck "Carla Overbeck"){{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Carla Overbeck \|url\=http://www.ncsoccerhalloffame.com/coverbeck2\.htm \|publisher\=North Carolina Soccer Hall of Fame \|access\-date\=October 18, 2017 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917080624/http://www.ncsoccerhalloffame.com/coverbeck2\.htm \|archive\-date\=September 17, 2017 }}
170 |
4 |
1988–2000 |
|2000–2004
[Julie Foudy](/wiki/Julie_Foudy "Julie Foudy"){{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Hamm, Foudy enshrined into Hall of Fame \|url\=http://espnfc.com/news/story?id\=457315\&cc\=5901 \|publisher\=Espnfc.com \|access\-date\=March 10, 2013 \|archive\-date\=January 17, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117114508/http://espnfc.com/news/story?id\=457315\&cc\=5901 \|url\-status\=live }}
274 |
45 |
1988–2004 |
|[Joy Fawcett](/wiki/Joy_Fawcett "Joy Fawcett")
241 |
27 |
1987–2004 |
| 2004–2008 |[Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly "Kristine Lilly")
354 |
130 |
1987–2010 |
| 2008–2015 |[Christie Pearce](/wiki/Christie_Pearce "Christie Pearce")
311 |
4 |
1997–2015 |
| 2016–2018 |**[Becky Sauerbrunn](/wiki/Becky_Sauerbrunn "Becky Sauerbrunn")**{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Carli Lloyd and Beckey Sauerbrunn Named New Captains of U.S. WNT \|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/01/09/18/07/160109\-wnt\-carli\-lloyd\-and\-becky\-sauerbrunn\-named\-new\-captains\-of\-us\-wnt \|access\-date\=October 4, 2018 \|publisher\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \|date\=January 9, 2016 \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927205725/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/01/09/18/07/160109\-wnt\-carli\-lloyd\-and\-becky\-sauerbrunn\-named\-new\-captains\-of\-us\-wnt \|url\-status\=live }}
219 |
0 |
2008– |
| 2016–2020 |[Carli Lloyd](/wiki/Carli_Lloyd "Carli Lloyd")
316 |
134 |
2005–2021 |
| 2018–2020
[Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan "Alex Morgan"){{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Kassouf \|first1\=Jeff \|title\=USWNT notebook: Scheduling, captains and other updates from World Cup qualifying camp \|url\=https://equalizersoccer.com/2018/10/03/uswnt\-notebook\-captains\-europe\-january\-camp\-world\-cup\-qualifying/ \|access\-date\=October 4, 2018 \|publisher\=The Equalizer \|date\=October 3, 2018 \|archive\-date\=October 4, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004145018/https://equalizersoccer.com/2018/10/03/uswnt\-notebook\-captains\-europe\-january\-camp\-world\-cup\-qualifying/ \|url\-status\=live }}
224 |
123 |
2010–2024 |
|[Megan Rapinoe](/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe "Megan Rapinoe")
203 |
63 |
2006–2023 |
| 2021–2023 |**[Becky Sauerbrunn](/wiki/Becky_Sauerbrunn "Becky Sauerbrunn")**{{\#invoke:cite news\|\|last1\=Kassouf \|first1\=Jeff \|title\=Becky Sauerbrunn named USWNT captain, again \|url\=https://equalizersoccer.com/2021/01/17/becky\-sauerbrunn\-named\-uswnt\-captain\-again\-vlatko\-andonovski/ \|access\-date\=January 18, 2021 \|publisher\=The Equalizer \|date\=January 17, 2021 \|archive\-date\=January 20, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120012932/https://equalizersoccer.com/2021/01/17/becky\-sauerbrunn\-named\-uswnt\-captain\-again\-vlatko\-andonovski/ \|url\-status\=live }}
219 |
0 |
2008– |
| 2023–2024 |[Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan "Alex Morgan"){{\#invoke:cite news\|\|title\=Lindsey Horan and Alex Morgan named USWNT captains ahead of 2023 FIFA Wwomens World Cup \|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/07/lindsey\-horan\-and\-alex\-morgan\-named\-uswnt\-captains\-ahead\-of\-2023\-fifa\-womens\-world\-cup \|date\=July 7, 2023 \|publisher\=USSoccer}}
224 |
123 |
2010–2024 |
| 2023– |**[Lindsey Horan](/wiki/Lindsey_Horan "Lindsey Horan")**
156 |
35 |
2013– |
| \+Most goals in a match{{efn\|The goal record for most scored in a match by a member of the USWNT is five, which has been accomplished by nine players}} |
| --- |
|Rank
Player |
Goals
Date |
Opponent |
Location |
Competition |
Line\-up |
| 1
[Brandi Chastain](/wiki/Brandi_Chastain "Brandi Chastain") |
**5**
April 18, 1991{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=WNT Records \|url\=http://www.ussoccer.com/womens\-national\-team/records/wnt\-records \|publisher\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \|access\-date\=March 10, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626121039/http://www.ussoccer.com/womens\-national\-team/records/wnt\-records \|archive\-date\=June 26, 2015 \|url\-status\=dead }} |
{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|Mexico}} [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico_women%27s_national_football_team "Mexico women's national football team") |
[Port\-au\-Prince](/wiki/Port-au-Prince "Port-au-Prince"), Haiti |
[World Cup Qualifying Tournament](/wiki/1991_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship "1991 CONCACAF Women's Championship") |
Substitute (41') {{small\|(80 minute match}}) |
| [Amy Rodriguez](/wiki/Amy_Rodriguez "Amy Rodriguez") | January 20, 2012 | {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|Dominican Republic}} [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic_women%27s_national_football_team "Dominican Republic women's national football team") |[Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver"), Canada
[2012 Olympic Qualifying Tournament](/wiki/2012_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament%23Group_B "2012 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament#Group B")
Substitute (46') |
| [Sydney Leroux](/wiki/Sydney_Leroux "Sydney Leroux") | January 22, 2012 | {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|Guatemala}} [Guatemala](/wiki/Guatemala_women%27s_national_football_team "Guatemala women's national football team") | Substitute (46') |
| [Michelle Akers](/wiki/Michelle_Akers "Michelle Akers") | November 24, 1991 | {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|Chinese Taipei}} [Chinese Taipei](/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_women%27s_national_football_team "Chinese Taipei women's national football team") | [Foshan](/wiki/Foshan "Foshan"), China | [1991 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/1991_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "1991 FIFA Women's World Cup") | Starting {{small\|(80 minute match}}) |
| [Tiffeny Milbrett](/wiki/Tiffeny_Milbrett "Tiffeny Milbrett") | November 2, 2002 | {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|Panama}} [Panama](/wiki/Panama_women%27s_national_football_team "Panama women's national football team") | [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle "Seattle"), United States | [2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup](/wiki/2002_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Gold_Cup "2002 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup") | Starting |
| [Abby Wambach](/wiki/Abby_Wambach "Abby Wambach") | October 23, 2004 | {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|Ireland}} [Republic of Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_women%27s_national_football_team "Republic of Ireland women's national football team") | [Houston](/wiki/Houston "Houston"), United States | [International Friendly](/wiki/Exhibition_game "Exhibition game") | Starting |
| **[Crystal Dunn](/wiki/Crystal_Dunn "Crystal Dunn")** | February 15, 2016 | {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|Puerto Rico}} [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico_women%27s_national_football_team "Puerto Rico women's national football team") | [Frisco](/wiki/Frisco%2C_Texas "Frisco, Texas"), United States | [2016 Olympic Qualifying Tournament](/wiki/2016_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament "2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament") | Starting |
| [Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan "Alex Morgan") | June 11, 2019 | {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|Thailand}} [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand_women%27s_national_football_team "Thailand women's national football team") | [Reims](/wiki/Reims "Reims"), France | [2019 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2019 FIFA Women's World Cup") | Starting |
| [Carli Lloyd](/wiki/Carli_Lloyd "Carli Lloyd") | September 16, 2021{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Carli Lloyd Nets Record\-tying Five Goals as U.S. Women's National Team Tops Paraguay 9–0 \|url\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2021/09/international\-friendly\-uswnt\-9\-vs\-paraguay\-0\-match\-report\-stats \|publisher\=U.S. Soccer \|date\=September 16, 2021 \|access\-date\=September 17, 2021 \|archive\-date\=March 23, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323035934/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2021/09/international\-friendly\-uswnt\-9\-vs\-paraguay\-0\-match\-report\-stats \|url\-status\=live }} | {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|PAR}} [Paraguay](/wiki/Paraguay_women%27s_national_football_team "Paraguay women's national football team") | [Cleveland](/wiki/Cleveland "Cleveland"), United States | [International Friendly](/wiki/Exhibition_game "Exhibition game") | Starting |
Notes**{{notelist}}**#### All\-Time Bext XI
The following players were chosen as the [USWNT All\-Time Best XI](/wiki/USWNT_All-Time_Best_XI "USWNT All-Time Best XI") in December 2013 by the United States Soccer Federation:{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=http://nwslsoccer.com/news\-2/oct\-\-\-dec\-2013/u\-s\-\-soccer\-announces\-all\-time\-wnt\-best\-xi \|title\=U.S. Soccer Announces All\-Time WNT Best XI \|date\=December 19, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827134420/http://nwslsoccer.com/news\-2/oct\-\-\-dec\-2013/u\-s\-\-soccer\-announces\-all\-time\-wnt\-best\-xi \|archive\-date\=August 27, 2016}}
Goalkeeper: Briana Scurry
Defenders: Brandi Chastain, Carla Overbeck, Christie Rampone, Joy Fawcett
Midfielders: Kristine Lilly, Michelle Akers, Julie Foudy
Forwards: Mia Hamm, Abby Wambach, Alex Morgan
### Head coach records
Most appearances: {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|ENG}} [Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis "Jill Ellis"): 132
Most wins: {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|ENG}} [Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis "Jill Ellis"): 106
Team records
------------
Biggest victory
14–0 vs. [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic_women%27s_national_football_team "Dominican Republic women's national football team")**, January 20, 2012
Biggest defeat
0–4 vs.** [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_football_team "Brazil women's national football team")**, September 27, 2007**Competitive record
------------------
{{For\|more results in minor tournaments\|History of the United States women's national soccer team}}
### FIFA Women's World Cup
{{Main\|United States at the FIFA Women's World Cup}}
The team has participated in every [World Cup](/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup%23Results "FIFA Women's World Cup#Results") through 2023 and won a medal in each of the first eight editions until 2023, when they lost to [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_football_team "Sweden women's national football team") on penalties in the round of 16\.
|[FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "FIFA Women's World Cup") record
| |
| Host | Result | {{Abbr\|Pld\|Games played}} | {{Abbr\|W\|Won}} | {{Abbr\|D\*\|Drawn}} | {{Abbr\|L\|Lost}} | {{Abbr\|GF\|Goals for}} | {{Abbr\|GA\|Goals against}} | Coach |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|PRC}} [1991](/wiki/1991_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "1991 FIFA Women's World Cup") | **[Champions](/wiki/1991_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final "1991 FIFA Women's World Cup final")** | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 5 | [Anson Dorrance](/wiki/Anson_Dorrance "Anson Dorrance") |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|SWE}} [1995](/wiki/1995_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "1995 FIFA Women's World Cup") | Third place | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 5 | [Tony DiCicco](/wiki/Tony_DiCicco "Tony DiCicco")
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} [1999](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "1999 FIFA Women's World Cup")
**[Champions](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final "1999 FIFA Women's World Cup final")** | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 18 | 3 |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} [2003](/wiki/2003_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2003 FIFA Women's World Cup")
Third place | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 5 | [April Heinrichs](/wiki/April_Heinrichs "April Heinrichs") |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|PRC}} [2007](/wiki/2007_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2007 FIFA Women's World Cup") | Third place | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 7 | [Greg Ryan](/wiki/Greg_Ryan "Greg Ryan") |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|GER}} [2011](/wiki/2011_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2011 FIFA Women's World Cup") | [Runners\-up](/wiki/2011_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final "2011 FIFA Women's World Cup final") | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 7 | [Pia Sundhage](/wiki/Pia_Sundhage "Pia Sundhage") |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|CAN}} [2015](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup") | **[Champions](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup final")** | 7 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 14 | 3 |[Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis "Jill Ellis")
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|FRA}} [2019](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2019 FIFA Women's World Cup") | **[Champions](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final "2019 FIFA Women's World Cup final")** | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 3 |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|AUS}}{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|NZL}} [2023](/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2023 FIFA Women's World Cup") | Round of 16 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 1 | [Vlatko Andonovski](/wiki/Vlatko_Andonovski "Vlatko Andonovski") |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|BRA}} [2027](/wiki/2027_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2027 FIFA Women's World Cup") |*To be determined*
| Total | 9/10 | 53 | 41 | 8 | 4 | 142 | 39 | |
*\*Denotes draws include knockout matches decided via [penalty shoot\-out](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 "Penalty shoot-out (association football)").*
### Olympic Games
The team has participated in every [Olympic](/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics%23Women%27s_results "Football at the Summer Olympics#Women's results") tournament through 2024 and reached the gold medal game in each until 2016, when they were eliminated in the quarter\-finals in a penalty shoot\-out loss to [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_football_team "Sweden women's national football team"). The team won a record\-extending fifth Olympic gold medal in 2024, their first since 2012\.
|{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|IOC}} [Olympic Games](/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics%23Women%27s_tournament "Football at the Summer Olympics#Women's tournament") record
| |
| Year
Result |
{{Abbr\|Pld\|Games played}} |
{{Abbr\|W\|Won}} |
{{Abbr\|D\*\|Drawn}} |
{{Abbr\|L\|Lost}} |
{{Abbr\|GF\|Goals for}} |
{{Abbr\|GA\|Goals against}} |
Coach |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} [1996](/wiki/Football_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") | **Gold medal** | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 3 | [Tony DiCicco](/wiki/Tony_DiCicco "Tony DiCicco") |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|AUS}} [2000](/wiki/Football_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") | Silver medal | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 5 | [April Heinrichs](/wiki/April_Heinrichs "April Heinrichs")
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|GRE}} [2004](/wiki/Football_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") | **Gold medal** | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 4 |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|CHN}} [2008](/wiki/Football_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") | **Gold medal** | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 5 | [Pia Sundhage](/wiki/Pia_Sundhage "Pia Sundhage")
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|GBR}} [2012](/wiki/Football_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") | **Gold medal** | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 6 |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|BRA}} [2016](/wiki/Football_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") | Quarter\-finals | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 3 | [Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis "Jill Ellis") |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|JPN}} [2020](/wiki/Football_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") |Bronze medal 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 12 | 10 | [Vlatko Andonovski](/wiki/Vlatko_Andonovski "Vlatko Andonovski") |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|FRA}} [2024](/wiki/Football_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") | **Gold medal** | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 2 | [Emma Hayes](/wiki/Emma_Hayes "Emma Hayes") |
|{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} [2028](/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics "2028 Summer Olympics")
*Qualified as hosts*
| Total | 8/9 | 44 | 33 | 7 | 4 | 88 | 38 | |
*\*Denotes draws include knockout matches decided via [penalty shoot\-out](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 "Penalty shoot-out (association football)").*
### CONCACAF W Championship
|[CONCACAF W Championship](/wiki/CONCACAF_W_Championship "CONCACAF W Championship") record
| |
| Year
Result |
{{Abbr\|Pld\|Games played}} |
{{Abbr\|W\|Won}} |
{{Abbr\|D\*\|Drawn}} |
{{Abbr\|L\|Lost}} |
{{Abbr\|GF\|Goals for}} |
{{Abbr\|GA\|Goals against}} |
Coach |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|HAI}} [1991](/wiki/1991_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship "1991 CONCACAF Women's Championship") |**Champions** 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 49 | 0 |[Anson Dorrance](/wiki/Anson_Dorrance "Anson Dorrance")
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} [1993](/wiki/1993_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Invitational_Tournament "1993 CONCACAF Women's Invitational Tournament") |**Champions** 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|CAN}} [1994](/wiki/1994_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship "1994 CONCACAF Women's Championship") |**Champions** 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 1 | [Tony DiCicco](/wiki/Tony_DiCicco "Tony DiCicco") |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|CAN}} [1998](/wiki/1998_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship "1998 CONCACAF Women's Championship") |*Did not participate*{{sup\|1}}
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} [2000](/wiki/2000_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Gold_Cup "2000 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup") |**Champions** 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 24 | 1 |[April Heinrichs](/wiki/April_Heinrichs "April Heinrichs")
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|CAN}}{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} [2002](/wiki/2002_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Gold_Cup "2002 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup")
**Champions** 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 1 |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} [2006](/wiki/2006_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Gold_Cup "2006 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup")
**Champions** 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | [Greg Ryan](/wiki/Greg_Ryan "Greg Ryan") |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|MEX}} [2010](/wiki/2010_CONCACAF_Women%27s_World_Cup_Qualifying "2010 CONCACAF Women's World Cup Qualifying") |Third place 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 22 | 2 | [Pia Sundhage](/wiki/Pia_Sundhage "Pia Sundhage") |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} [2014](/wiki/2014_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship "2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship") |**Champions** 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 0 |[Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis "Jill Ellis")
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} [2018](/wiki/2018_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship "2018 CONCACAF Women's Championship") |**Champions** 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 0 |
| {{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|MEX}} [2022](/wiki/2022_CONCACAF_W_Championship "2022 CONCACAF W Championship") |**Champions** 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | [Vlatko Andonovski](/wiki/Vlatko_Andonovski "Vlatko Andonovski") |
| [Total](/wiki/CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship "CONCACAF Women's Championship") | 10/11 | 44 | 42 | 1 | 1 | 212 | 6 | |
{{sup\|1}} The U.S. team directly qualified for the [1999 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "1999 FIFA Women's World Cup") as hosts of the event. Because of this, they did not participate in the 1998 CONCACAF Championship, which was the qualification tournament for the World Cup.
*\*Denotes draws include knockout matches decided via [penalty shoot\-out](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 "Penalty shoot-out (association football)").*
### CONCACAF W Gold Cup
|[CONCACAF W Gold Cup](/wiki/CONCACAF_W_Gold_Cup "CONCACAF W Gold Cup") record
| |
| Year
Result |
{{Abbr\|Pld\|Games played}} |
{{Abbr\|W\|Won}} |
{{Abbr\|D\*\|Drawn}} |
{{Abbr\|L\|Lost}} |
{{Abbr\|GF\|Goals for}} |
{{Abbr\|GA\|Goals against}} |
Coach |
|{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|USA}} [2024](/wiki/2024_CONCACAF_W_Gold_Cup "2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup")
**Champions**{{Cite web \|title\=The U.S. Women's National Soccer Team won the inaugural CONCACAF Gold Cup \|url\=https://www.soccersat.com/news/The\-US\-Women\-National\-Soccer\-Team\-won\-the\-inaugural\-CONCACAF\-Gold\-Cup \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-26 \|website\=www.soccersat.com}}
6 |
4 |
1 |
1 |
15 |
4 |
[Twila Kilgore](/wiki/Twila_Kilgore "Twila Kilgore") |
| [Total](/wiki/CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship "CONCACAF Women's Championship") | 1/1 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 4 | |
*\*Denotes draws include knockout matches decided via [penalty shoot\-out](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 "Penalty shoot-out (association football)").*
### Minor tournaments
#### SheBelieves Cup
The [SheBelieves Cup](/wiki/SheBelieves_Cup "SheBelieves Cup") is a global invitational [tournament for national teams](/wiki/International_competitions_in_women%27s_association_football "International competitions in women's association football") in [women's soccer](/wiki/Women%27s_soccer "Women's soccer") hosted in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States").
|{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|United States}} [SheBelieves Cup](/wiki/SheBelieves_Cup "SheBelieves Cup") record
| |
| Year
Result
Matches |
Wins
Draws
Losses |
GF
GA
Coach |
| [2016](/wiki/2016_SheBelieves_Cup "2016 SheBelieves Cup") |{{hs\|1}}**Champions** 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 |[Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis "Jill Ellis")
| [2017](/wiki/2017_SheBelieves_Cup "2017 SheBelieves Cup") |4th place 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| [2018](/wiki/2018_SheBelieves_Cup "2018 SheBelieves Cup") |{{hs\|1}}**Champions** 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 |
| [2019](/wiki/2019_SheBelieves_Cup "2019 SheBelieves Cup") |{{hs\|2}}Runners\-up 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 4 |
| [2020](/wiki/2020_SheBelieves_Cup "2020 SheBelieves Cup") |{{hs\|1}}**Champions** 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 |[Vlatko Andonovski](/wiki/Vlatko_Andonovski "Vlatko Andonovski")
| [2021](/wiki/2021_SheBelieves_Cup "2021 SheBelieves Cup") |{{hs\|1}}**Champions** 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
| [2022](/wiki/2022_SheBelieves_Cup "2022 SheBelieves Cup") |{{hs\|1}}**Champions** 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| [2023](/wiki/2023_SheBelieves_Cup "2023 SheBelieves Cup") |{{hs\|1}}**Champions** 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 |
|
| [2024](/wiki/2024_SheBelieves_Cup "2024 SheBelieves Cup") |{{hs\|1}}**Champions** 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 3 | [Twila Kilgore](/wiki/Twila_Kilgore "Twila Kilgore") |
| [Total](/wiki/SheBelieves_Cup "SheBelieves Cup") | 9/9 | 26 | 19 | 5 | 2 | 47 | 15 | |
#### Tournament of Nations
The [Tournament of Nations](/wiki/Tournament_of_Nations "Tournament of Nations") was a global invitational [tournament for national teams](/wiki/International_competitions_in_women%27s_association_football "International competitions in women's association football") in [women's soccer](/wiki/Women%27s_soccer "Women's soccer") hosted in the United States in non\-World Cup and non\-Olympic years.
|{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|United States}} [Tournament of Nations](/wiki/Tournament_of_Nations "Tournament of Nations") record
| |
| Year
Result
Matches |
Wins
Draws
Losses |
GF
GA
Coach |
| [2017](/wiki/2017_Tournament_of_Nations "2017 Tournament of Nations") |{{hs\|2}}Runners\-up 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 4 |[Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis "Jill Ellis")
| [2018](/wiki/2018_Tournament_of_Nations "2018 Tournament of Nations") |{{hs\|1}}**Champions** 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 4 |
| [Total](/wiki/Tournament_of_Nations "Tournament of Nations") 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 16 | 8 | |
#### Algarve Cup
The [Algarve Cup](/wiki/Algarve_Cup "Algarve Cup") is a global invitational [tournament for national teams](/wiki/International_competitions_in_women%27s_football "International competitions in women's football") in [women's soccer](/wiki/Women%27s_soccer "Women's soccer") hosted by the [Portuguese Football Federation](/wiki/Portuguese_Football_Federation "Portuguese Football Federation") (FPF). Held annually in the [Algarve](/wiki/Algarve "Algarve") region of [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal") since 1994, it has been one of the more prestigious women's soccer events other than the [Women's World Cup](/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "FIFA Women's World Cup") and [Olympic tournament](/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Football at the Summer Olympics"),{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|last\=Reynolds \|first\=Mike \|title\=In Demand Serves Up Algarve Cup Action \|url\=http://www.multichannel.com/distribution/demand\-serves\-algarve\-cup\-action/142094 \|work\=\[\[Multichannel News]] \|publisher\=\[\[NewBay Media\|NewBay Media, LLC]] \|access\-date\=February 27, 2014 \|date\=March 8, 2013 \|archive\-date\=February 28, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228123850/http://www.multichannel.com/distribution/demand\-serves\-algarve\-cup\-action/142094 \|url\-status\=live }} and it has been nicknamed the "Mini FIFA Women's World Cup."{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|title\=Women's game thriving in the Algarve \|url\=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/womensworldcup/germany2011/news/newsid\=1395062/index.html\|work\=\[\[FIFA]]\|access\-date\=March 13, 2014\|date\=March 9, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313094122/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/womensworldcup/germany2011/news/newsid\=1395062/index.html\|archive\-date\=March 13, 2014}} Since 2016, the [SheBelieves Cup](/wiki/SheBelieves_Cup "SheBelieves Cup") replaced it on the U.S. team's schedule.
|{{\#invoke:flag\|icon\|Portugal}} [Algarve Cup](/wiki/Algarve_Cup "Algarve Cup") record
| |
| Year
Result
Matches |
Wins
Draws
Losses |
GF
GA
Coach |
| [1994](/wiki/1994_Algarve_Cup "1994 Algarve Cup") |{{hs\|2}}Runners\-up 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 1 |[Tony DiCicco](/wiki/Tony_DiCicco "Tony DiCicco")
| [1995](/wiki/1995_Algarve_Cup "1995 Algarve Cup") |4th place 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 5 |
| [1996](/wiki/1996_Algarve_Cup "1996 Algarve Cup") |{{hs\|\-1}}*Did not enter*
| [1997](/wiki/1997_Algarve_Cup "1997 Algarve Cup") |
| [1998](/wiki/1998_Algarve_Cup "1998 Algarve Cup") |{{hs\|3}}3rd place 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 6 |Tony DiCicco
| [1999](/wiki/1999_Algarve_Cup "1999 Algarve Cup") |{{hs\|2}}Runners\-up 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 4 |
| [2000](/wiki/2000_Algarve_Cup "2000 Algarve Cup") |{{hs\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 1 |[April Heinrichs](/wiki/April_Heinrichs "April Heinrichs")
| [2001](/wiki/2001_Algarve_Cup "2001 Algarve Cup") | 6th place | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 9 |
| [2002](/wiki/2002_Algarve_Cup "2002 Algarve Cup") | 5th place | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 6 |
| [2003](/wiki/2003_Algarve_Cup "2003 Algarve Cup") |{{hs\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 2 |
| [2004](/wiki/2004_Algarve_Cup "2004 Algarve Cup") |{{hs\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 5 |
| [2005](/wiki/2005_Algarve_Cup "2005 Algarve Cup") |{{hs\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 |[Greg Ryan](/wiki/Greg_Ryan "Greg Ryan")
| [2006](/wiki/2006_Algarve_Cup "2006 Algarve Cup") |{{hs\|2}}Runners\-up 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 1 |
| [2007](/wiki/2007_Algarve_Cup "2007 Algarve Cup") |{{hs\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 3 |
| [2008](/wiki/2008_Algarve_Cup "2008 Algarve Cup") |{{hs\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 1 |[Pia Sundhage](/wiki/Pia_Sundhage "Pia Sundhage")
| [2009](/wiki/2009_Algarve_Cup "2009 Algarve Cup") |{{hs\|2}}Runners\-up 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 1 |
| [2010](/wiki/2010_Algarve_Cup "2010 Algarve Cup") |{{hs\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 3 |
| [2011](/wiki/2011_Algarve_Cup "2011 Algarve Cup") |{{hs\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 3 |
| [2012](/wiki/2012_Algarve_Cup "2012 Algarve Cup") |{{hs\|3}}3rd place 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 2 |
| [2013](/wiki/2013_Algarve_Cup "2013 Algarve Cup") |{{hs\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 1 |[Tom Sermanni](/wiki/Tom_Sermanni "Tom Sermanni")
| [2014](/wiki/2014_Algarve_Cup "2014 Algarve Cup") | 7th place | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 7 |
| [2015](/wiki/2015_Algarve_Cup "2015 Algarve Cup") |{{hs\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 1 | [Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis "Jill Ellis") |
|[Total](/wiki/Algarve_Cup "Algarve Cup") 79 | 56 | 11 | 12 | 172 | 62 | {{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom\-algarve.html \|title\=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation \|publisher\=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation \|access\-date\=October 14, 2015 \|archive\-date\=October 4, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004221554/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom\-algarve.html \|url\-status\=live }} |
Honors
------
{{col\-begin}}
{{col\-3}}
[World Cup](/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "FIFA Women's World Cup")***Champions:* [1991](/wiki/1991_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "1991 FIFA Women's World Cup"), [1999](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "1999 FIFA Women's World Cup"), [2015](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup"), [2019](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2019 FIFA Women's World Cup")
*Runners\-up:* [2011](/wiki/2011_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2011 FIFA Women's World Cup")
*Third place:* [1995](/wiki/1995_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "1995 FIFA Women's World Cup"), [2003](/wiki/2003_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2003 FIFA Women's World Cup"), [2007](/wiki/2007_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup "2007 FIFA Women's World Cup")**[Olympic Games](/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Football at the Summer Olympics")***Gold medalists:* [1996](/wiki/Football_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament"), [2004](/wiki/Football_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament"), [2008](/wiki/Football_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament"), [2012](/wiki/Football_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament"), [2024](/wiki/Football_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament")
*Silver medalists:* [2000](/wiki/Football_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament")
*Bronze medalists:* [2020](/wiki/Football_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament")**[CONCACAF W Championship](/wiki/CONCACAF_W_Championship "CONCACAF W Championship")***Champions:* [1991](/wiki/1991_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship "1991 CONCACAF Women's Championship"), [1993](/wiki/1993_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Invitational_Tournament "1993 CONCACAF Women's Invitational Tournament"), [1994](/wiki/1994_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship "1994 CONCACAF Women's Championship"), [2000](/wiki/2000_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Gold_Cup "2000 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup"), [2002](/wiki/2002_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Gold_Cup "2002 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup"), [2006](/wiki/2006_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Gold_Cup "2006 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup"), [2014](/wiki/2014_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship "2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship"), [2018](/wiki/2018_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship "2018 CONCACAF Women's Championship"), [2022](/wiki/2022_CONCACAF_W_Championship "2022 CONCACAF W Championship")
*Third place:* [2010](/wiki/2010_CONCACAF_Women%27s_World_Cup_Qualifying "2010 CONCACAF Women's World Cup Qualifying")**[CONCACAF W Gold Cup](/wiki/CONCACAF_W_Gold_Cup "CONCACAF W Gold Cup")***Champions:* [2024](/wiki/2024_CONCACAF_W_Gold_Cup "2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup")**[CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament](/wiki/CONCACAF_Women%27s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament "CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament")***Champions:* 2004, 2008, [2012](/wiki/2012_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament "2012 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament"), [2016](/wiki/2016_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Olympic_Qualifying_Championship "2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship"), [2020](/wiki/2020_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Olympic_Qualifying_Championship "2020 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship")**[Algarve Cup](/wiki/Algarve_Cup "Algarve Cup")***Champions:* 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015
{{col\-3}}**[U.S. Cup](/wiki/United_States_Cup "United States Cup")**[US Cup (Women)](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-uscup.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101052757/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesw/wom\-uscup.html \|date\=November 1, 2012 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\.
*Champions:* 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002**[Four Nations Tournament](/wiki/Four_Nations_Tournament_%28women%27s_football%29 "Four Nations Tournament (women's football)")**[Four Nations Tournament (Women – Held in China)](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-china-4nat.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128032801/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom\-china\-4nat.html \|date\=January 28, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\.
*Champions:* 1998, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011**[Peace Queen Cup](/wiki/Peace_Queen_Cup "Peace Queen Cup")**[2006 Peace Queen Cup](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-peacecup06.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523191418/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesw/wom\-peacecup06\.html \|date\=May 23, 2008 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\.[2008 Peace Queen Cup](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-peacecup08.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105616/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom\-peacecup08\.html \|date\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\.
*Champions:* 2006, 2008**[Albena Cup](/wiki/Albena_Cup "Albena Cup")***Champions:* 1991**[SheBelieves Cup](/wiki/SheBelieves_Cup "SheBelieves Cup")***Champions:* [2016](/wiki/2016_SheBelieves_Cup "2016 SheBelieves Cup"), [2018](/wiki/2018_SheBelieves_Cup "2018 SheBelieves Cup"), [2020](/wiki/2020_SheBelieves_Cup "2020 SheBelieves Cup"), [2021](/wiki/2021_SheBelieves_Cup "2021 SheBelieves Cup"), [2022](/wiki/2022_SheBelieves_Cup "2022 SheBelieves Cup"), [2023](/wiki/2023_SheBelieves_Cup "2023 SheBelieves Cup"), [2024](/wiki/2024_SheBelieves_Cup "2024 SheBelieves Cup")**[Tournament of Nations](/wiki/Tournament_of_Nations "Tournament of Nations")***Champions:* [2018](/wiki/2018_Tournament_of_Nations "2018 Tournament of Nations")**DFB Centenary Tournament**[DFB Centenary Tournament 2000](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesd/dfb100-women.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105625/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesd/dfb100\-women.html \|date\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\.
*Champions:* 2000**Pacific Cup**[Pacific Cup (Women) 2000](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-pacific00.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105623/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom\-pacific00\.html \|date\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\.
*Champions:* 2000**Brazil Cup**[Brazil Cup 1996](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-brazilcup96.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105627/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom\-brazilcup96\.html \|date\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\.
*Champions:* 1996
{{col\-3}}**North America Cup**[North America Cup 1987](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/northamcup-wom87.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130213547/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/northamcup\-wom87\.html \|date\=January 30, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\.[North America Cup 1990](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/northamcup-wom90.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828102855/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/northamcup\-wom90\.html \|date\=August 28, 2019 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\.
*Champions:* 1990**Canada Cup**[Canada Cup 1990](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/canadacup-wom90.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105618/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/canadacup\-wom90\.html \|date\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\.
*Champions:* 1990**Australia Cup**[Australia Cup 1999–2004](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/australiacup-wom.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131002429/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/australiacup\-wom.html \|date\=January 31, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\.
*Champions:* 2000**Tournoi International**[Tournoi International Feminin 1995](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-feminin95.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105616/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom\-feminin95\.html \|date\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\.
*Champions:* 1995**Chiquita Cup**[Chiquita Cup 1994](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/chiquita-wom94.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105617/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/chiquita\-wom94\.html \|date\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\.
*Champions:* 1994**Tri\-Nations Tournament**[Tri\-Nations Tournament 1994 (Trinidad)](https://www.rsssf.org/tablest/trinidad-wom94.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105617/https://www.rsssf.org/tablest/trinidad\-wom94\.html \|date\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\.
*Champions:* 1994**[Goodwill Games](/wiki/Football_at_the_Goodwill_Games "Football at the Goodwill Games")**[Goodwill Games 1998](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-goodwill98.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105619/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom\-goodwill98\.html \|date\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\.
*Champions:* [1998](/wiki/Football_at_the_1998_Goodwill_Games "Football at the 1998 Goodwill Games")**Columbus Cup**[Columbus Cup 1993](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/columbus-wom93.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105625/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/columbus\-wom93\.html \|date\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\.
*Champions:* 1993
{{col\-end}}**FIFA World Ranking
------------------
{{See also\|FIFA Women's World Rankings}}
{{Image frame
\| caption\=A line chart depicting the history of the U.S.'s year\-end placements in the \[\[FIFA Women's World Rankings\|FIFA World Rankings]].
\| content \= {{Graph:Chart
\| width\=400
\| height\=200
\| colors\=\#B22234
\| type\=line
\| xAxisAngle \= \-40
\| yAxisMin \= 10
\| yAxisMax \= 1
\| yGrid \=
\| x\=2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
\| y\=2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 5
}}
}}
*Last update was on September 5, 2024*{{\#invoke:cite web\|\|url\=https://www.fifa.com/fifa\-world\-ranking/women\|title\=Women's Ranking\|publisher\=FIFA\|date\=March 15, 2024\|access\-date\=June 16, 2024}}
{{Color box\|blue\|border\=darkgray}} Best Ranking**{{Color box\|gold\|border\=darkgray}}** Worst Ranking**{{Color box\|green\|border\=darkgray}}** Best Mover**{{Color box\|red\|border\=darkgray}}** Worst Mover'''
|{{flagdeco\|United States}} United States' [{{color\|\#FFFFFF\|FIFA World Ranking}}](/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Rankings "FIFA Women's World Rankings") history
| |
|Year
Rank at
year end
Best
Worst
|Rank
Move
Rank
Move
| 2024 | – | 1 | {{increase}} 4 | 5 | {{decrease}} 3 |
| 2023 | 2 | 1 | {{steady}} | 3 | {{decrease}} 2 |
| 2022 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |
| 2021 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |
| 2020 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |
| 2019 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |
| 2018 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |
| 2017 | 1 | 1 | {{increase}} 1 | 2 | {{decrease}} 1 |
| 2016 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |
| 2015 | 1 | 1 | {{increase}} 1 | 2 | {{steady}} |
| 2014 | 2 | 1 | {{steady}} | 2 | {{decrease}} 1 |
| 2013 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |
| 2012 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |
| 2011 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |
| 2010 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |
| 2009 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |
| 2008 | 1 | 1 | {{increase}} 1 | 1 | {{steady}} |
| 2007 | 2 | 1 | {{increase}} 1 | 2 | {{decrease}} 1 |
| 2006 | 2 | 2 | {{steady}} | 2 | {{steady}} |
| 2005 | 2 | 1 | {{increase}} 1 | 2 | {{decrease}} 1 |
| 2004 | 2 | 2 | {{steady}} | 2 | {{steady}} |
| 2003 | 2 | 1 | {{steady}} | 2 | {{decrease}} 1 |
See also
--------
{{\#invoke:Portal\|portal\|North America\|United States\|Sports\|Association football\|Women's association football}}
* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + [Dare to Dream: The Story of the U.S. Women's Soccer Team](/wiki/Dare_to_Dream:The_Story_of_the_U.S._Women%27s_Soccer_Team "The Story of the U.S. Women's Soccer Team")'' – 2005 [HBO](/wiki/HBO "HBO") documentary
* [List of United States women's national soccer team hat\-tricks](/wiki/List_of_United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team_hat-tricks "List of United States women's national soccer team hat-tricks")
* [U.S. Women's National Team Players Association](/wiki/U.S._Women%27s_National_Team_Players_Association "U.S. Women's National Team Players Association")
* [U.S. women's national soccer team pay discrimination claim](/wiki/U.S._women%27s_national_soccer_team_pay_discrimination_claim "U.S. women's national soccer team pay discrimination claim")
* [USWNT All\-Time Best XI](/wiki/USWNT_All-Time_Best_XI "USWNT All-Time Best XI")
* [National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), 2013–present](/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League "National Women's Soccer League")
* [Soccer in the United States](/wiki/Soccer_in_the_United_States "Soccer in the United States")
* [United States men's national soccer team](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team "United States men's national soccer team")
|
[
"Team image\n----------",
"{{Commons\\|United States women's national soccer team kits}}\n### Media coverage",
"U.S. television coverage for the five Women's World Cups from 1995 to 2011 was provided by [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\")/ABC and [Univision](/wiki/Univision \"Univision\"),{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|first\\=Robert \\|last\\=Wagman \\|title\\=ABC/ESPN, Univision pay record $425 million for men's, women's Cups through 2014 \\|url\\=http://www.soccertimes.com/worldcup/2005/nov02\\.htm \\|website\\=Soccertimes.com \\|date\\=November 2, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=March 8, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830194000/http://www.soccertimes.com/worldcup/2005/nov02\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=August 30, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite magazine \\|first\\=Richard \\|last\\=Deitsch \\|title\\=Fox's Women's World Cup TV schedule includes games on main network \\|url\\=https://www.si.com/planet\\-futbol/2014/12/16/fox\\-womens\\-world\\-cup\\-network\\-tv\\-schedule\\-wwc \\|magazine\\=Sports Illustrated \\|date\\=December 16, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=March 8, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222042319/http://www.si.com/planet\\-futbol/2014/12/16/fox\\-womens\\-world\\-cup\\-network\\-tv\\-schedule\\-wwc \\|url\\-status\\=live }} while coverage rights for the three Women's World Cups from 2015 to 2023 were awarded to [Fox Sports](/wiki/Fox_Sports \"Fox Sports\") and [Telemundo](/wiki/Telemundo \"Telemundo\").{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|first\\=Jere \\|last\\=Longman \\|title\\=Fox and Telemundo Win U.S. Rights to World Cups \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/22/sports/soccer/fox\\-and\\-telemundo\\-win\\-us\\-rights\\-to\\-2018\\-and\\-2022\\-world\\-cups.html \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=October 21, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=March 8, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709104336/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/22/sports/soccer/fox\\-and\\-telemundo\\-win\\-us\\-rights\\-to\\-2018\\-and\\-2022\\-world\\-cups.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|first\\=Ryan \\|last\\=Parker \\|title\\=2026 World Cup TV rights awarded without bids; ESPN 'surprised' \\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la\\-et\\-ct\\-2026\\-world\\-cup\\-tv\\-rights\\-20150213\\-story.html \\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|date\\=February 13, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=March 8, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303140817/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la\\-et\\-ct\\-2026\\-world\\-cup\\-tv\\-rights\\-20150213\\-story.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In December 2021, a deal was signed to broadcast TV coverage of other USWNT games between [TNT](/wiki/TNT_%28American_TV_network%29 \"TNT (American TV network)\") and [TBS](/wiki/TBS_%28American_TV_channel%29 \"TBS (American TV channel)\") and streaming on [HBO Max](/wiki/HBO_Max \"HBO Max\") through the end of 2030\\. The USWNT games in the [2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship](/wiki/2014_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship \"2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship\") and the [2015 Algarve Cup](/wiki/2015_Algarve_Cup \"2015 Algarve Cup\") were broadcast by Fox Sports.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|first\\=Jason \\|last\\=Le Miere \\|title\\=USA Women's Soccer World Cup Qualifying: Schedule, TV Channel And Preview For Concacaf Championship \\|url\\=http://www.ibtimes.com/usa\\-womens\\-soccer\\-world\\-cup\\-qualifying\\-schedule\\-tv\\-channel\\-preview\\-concacaf\\-championship\\-1705682 \\|work\\=\\[\\[International Business Times]] \\|date\\=October 15, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=March 8, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 2, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110225/http://www.ibtimes.com/usa\\-womens\\-soccer\\-world\\-cup\\-qualifying\\-schedule\\-tv\\-channel\\-preview\\-concacaf\\-championship\\-1705682 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=WNT Opens its 20th Algarve Cup against Norway \\|url\\=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2015/03/03/11/38/150303\\-wnt\\-opens\\-algarve\\-cup \\|publisher\\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \\|date\\=March 3, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=March 8, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 5, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305180826/http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2015/03/03/11/38/150303\\-wnt\\-opens\\-algarve\\-cup \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [NBC](/wiki/NBC_Sports \"NBC Sports\") will broadcast the [Olympic tournament](/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics \"Football at the Summer Olympics\") through [2032](/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics \"2032 Summer Olympics\").{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc\\-awards\\-olympic\\-games\\-broadcast\\-rights\\-to\\-nbcuniversal\\-through\\-to\\-2032\\|title\\=IOC awards Olympic Games broadcast rights to NBCUniversal through to 2032 – Olympic News\\|date\\=August 9, 2017\\|website\\=International Olympic Committee\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=November 8, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=June 30, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630060549/https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc\\-awards\\-olympic\\-games\\-broadcast\\-rights\\-to\\-nbcuniversal\\-through\\-to\\-2032\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The [1999 World Cup](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"1999 FIFA Women's World Cup\") [final](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final \"1999 FIFA Women's World Cup final\") set the original record for largest U.S. television audience for a women's soccer match, averaging 18 million viewers.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|first\\=Maury \\|last\\=Brown \\|title\\=U.S.A. Vs. Portugal Highest\\-Rated Ever World Cup Match for ESPN \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maurybrown/2014/06/23/u\\-s\\-a\\-vs\\-portugal\\-highest\\-rated\\-ever\\-world\\-cup\\-match\\-for\\-espn/ \\|work\\=Forbes \\|date\\=June 23, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=September 17, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 25, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125201255/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maurybrown/2014/06/23/u\\-s\\-a\\-vs\\-portugal\\-highest\\-rated\\-ever\\-world\\-cup\\-match\\-for\\-espn/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Women's World Cup; And Strong TV Ratings, Too \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/12/sports/women\\-s\\-world\\-cup\\-and\\-strong\\-tv\\-ratings\\-too.html \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=July 12, 1999 \\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 7, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107161630/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/12/sports/women\\-s\\-world\\-cup\\-and\\-strong\\-tv\\-ratings\\-too.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} It was the most viewed English\\-language U.S. broadcast of any soccer match until the [2015 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2015 FIFA Women's World Cup\") [final](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final \"2015 FIFA Women's World Cup final\") between the United States and Japan.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|first\\=Richard \\|last\\=Sandomir \\|title\\=Women's World Cup Final Was Most\\-Watched Soccer Game in United States History \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/07/sports/soccer/womens\\-world\\-cup\\-final\\-was\\-most\\-watched\\-soccer\\-game\\-in\\-united\\-states\\-history.html \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=July 6, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 4, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404214756/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/07/sports/soccer/womens\\-world\\-cup\\-final\\-was\\-most\\-watched\\-soccer\\-game\\-in\\-united\\-states\\-history.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"The 2015 Women's World Cup Final between the United States and Japan was the most watched soccer match, men's or women's in American broadcast history.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|first\\=Bill \\|last\\=Chappell \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo\\-way/2015/07/06/420514899/what\\-people\\-are\\-saying\\-about\\-the\\-u\\-s\\-women\\-s\\-world\\-cup\\-win \\|title\\=U.S. Women Shatter TV Ratings Record For Soccer With World Cup Win : The Two\\-Way \\|publisher\\=NPR \\|date\\=July 6, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=June 2, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 27, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127024557/https://choice.npr.org/index.html?origin\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo\\-way%2F2015%2F07%2F06%2F420514899%2Fwhat\\-people\\-are\\-saying\\-about\\-the\\-u\\-s\\-women\\-s\\-world\\-cup\\-win \\|url\\-status\\=live }} It averaged 23 million viewers and higher ratings than the NBA finals and the Stanley Cup finals.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.sbnation.com/2015/7/6/8900299/more\\-americans\\-watched\\-the\\-womens\\-world\\-cup\\-final\\-than\\-the\\-nba\\-finals \\|title\\=More Americans watched the Women's World Cup final than the NBA Finals or the Stanley Cup \\|website\\=SBNation.com \\|date\\=July 6, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=June 2, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 7, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707222336/https://www.sbnation.com/2015/7/6/8900299/more\\-americans\\-watched\\-the\\-womens\\-world\\-cup\\-final\\-than\\-the\\-nba\\-finals \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The final was also the most watched US\\-Spanish language broadcast of a FIFA Women's World Cup match in history.",
"Overall, there were over 750 million viewers for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, making it the most watched Women's World Cup in history. The FIFA Women's World Cup is now the second\\-most watched FIFA tournament, with only the men's FIFA World Cup attracting more viewership.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y\\=2015/m\\=12/news\\=record\\-breaking\\-fifa\\-women\\-s\\-world\\-cup\\-tops\\-750\\-million\\-tv\\-viewers\\-2745963\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218034246/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y\\=2015/m\\=12/news\\=record\\-breaking\\-fifa\\-women\\-s\\-world\\-cup\\-tops\\-750\\-million\\-tv\\-viewers\\-2745963\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=December 18, 2015 \\|title\\=Record\\-breaking FIFA Women's World Cup tops 750 million TV viewers \\|publisher\\=FIFA \\|date\\=March 9, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=June 2, 2016}}",
"### In popular culture",
"A narrative nonfiction book covering the entire history of the team from 1985 to 2019 called *The National Team: The Inside Story of the Women Who Changed Soccer* was named one of *[Vanity Fair](/wiki/Vanity_Fair_%28magazine%29 \"Vanity Fair (magazine)\")**s best books of 2019 and made [NPR](/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")'s 2019 year\\-end books list.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/photos/2019/07/the\\-best\\-books\\-of\\-2019\\-so\\-far \\|title\\=The Best Books of 2019 \\|date\\=July 8, 2019 \\|publisher\\=Vanity Fair \\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 16, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116025829/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/photos/2019/07/the\\-best\\-books\\-of\\-2019\\-so\\-far \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://apps.npr.org/best\\-books/\\#tags\\=for\\+sports\\+lovers%7Cladies\\+first\\&view\\=covers\\&year\\=2019 \\|title\\=NPR's Book Concierge \\|publisher\\=NPR \\|access\\-date\\=December 18, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 8, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708074303/https://apps.npr.org/best\\-books/\\#tags\\=for\\+sports\\+lovers%7Cladies\\+first\\&view\\=covers\\&year\\=2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} A book about the team's 1999 Women's World Cup campaign, *Girls of Summer: The U.S. Women's Soccer Team and How It Changed the World* was released in 2001 and in 2020 Netflix announced a film based on the book.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://apps.npr.org/best\\-books/\\#tags\\=for\\+sports\\+lovers%7Cladies\\+first\\&view\\=covers\\&year\\=2019 \\|title\\=Netflix Plots Movie About 1999 U.S. Women's Soccer Team \\|publisher\\=Hollywood Reporter \\|access\\-date\\=May 12, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 8, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708074303/https://apps.npr.org/best\\-books/\\#tags\\=for\\+sports\\+lovers%7Cladies\\+first\\&view\\=covers\\&year\\=2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In 2023, Netflix released a four\\-episode documentary series titled *Under Pressure: The U.S. Women's World Cup Team* which followed the team's progress at the 2023 Women's World Cup.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Brennan \\|first\\=Clare \\|date\\=2023\\-12\\-12 \\|title\\=The Story Behind 'Under Pressure,' Netflix's USWNT Women's World Cup Documentary \\|url\\=https://www.si.com/soccer/2023/12/12/under\\-pressure\\-uswnt\\-womens\\-world\\-cup\\-netflix\\-docuseries\\-gitlitz \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-19 \\|magazine\\=Sports Illustrated \\|language\\=en\\-us}}***",
"In 2005, [HBO](/wiki/HBO \"HBO\") released a documentary called *[Dare to Dream: The Story of the U.S. Women's Soccer Team](/wiki/Dare_to_Dream:The_Story_of_the_U.S._Women%27s_Soccer_Team \"The Story of the U.S. Women's Soccer Team\")*.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Dare to Dream: The Story of the U.S. Women's Soccer Team \\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1146435/ \\|website\\=IMDb \\|access\\-date\\=March 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 18, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818061059/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1146435/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In 2013, a documentary about the [1999 World Cup](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"1999 FIFA Women's World Cup\")\\-winning team called *The 99ers* was produced by former player [Julie Foudy](/wiki/Julie_Foudy \"Julie Foudy\") and [ESPN Films](/wiki/ESPN_Films \"ESPN Films\").{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/espnw/nine\\-for\\-ix/story/\\_/id/8948907/nine\\-ix\\-film\\-summary\\-director\\-99ers \\|title\\=Nine for IX: 'The 99ers' \\|date\\=February 14, 2013 \\|publisher\\=ESPN \\|access\\-date\\=December 18, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324042915/https://www.espn.com/espnw/nine\\-for\\-ix/story/\\_/id/8948907/nine\\-ix\\-film\\-summary\\-director\\-99ers \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n### Attendance",
"The [1999 World Cup](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"1999 FIFA Women's World Cup\") [final](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final \"1999 FIFA Women's World Cup final\"), in which the United States defeated China, set a world attendance record for a women's soccer event of 90,185 in a sellout at the [Rose Bowl](/wiki/Rose_Bowl_%28stadium%29 \"Rose Bowl (stadium)\") in Southern California (until it was broken on March 30, 2022, with 91,553 people at the Camp Nou in Barcelona, Spain in the second\\-leg of a UEFA Women's Champions League match).{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/womensworldcup/usa1999/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215161248/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/womensworldcup/usa1999/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=February 15, 2015 \\|title\\=FIFA Women's World Cup – USA 1999 Overview \\|publisher\\=FIFA \\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2017}} The record for Olympic women's soccer attendance was set by the 2012 Olympic final between the USWNT and Japan, with 80,023 spectators at Wembley Stadium.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|first\\=Paul \\|last\\=Fletcher \\|title\\=Olympics football: USA beat Japan to secure gold in Wembley thriller \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/olympics/18914350 \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=August 9, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2017\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924231358/http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/olympics/18914350\\| archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2015\\| url\\-status\\=dead }}\nLegal issues\n------------",
"### Pay discrimination",
"Since 2016, the players of the U.S. team had waged an escalating [legal fight](/wiki/U.S._women%27s_national_soccer_team_pay_discrimination_claim \"U.S. women's national soccer team pay discrimination claim\") with the [United States Soccer Federation](/wiki/United_States_Soccer_Federation \"United States Soccer Federation\") (USSF) over [gender discrimination](/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States \"Gender inequality in the United States\"). Central to their demands was equal pay. The players pointed to their lower paychecks as compared to their [male counterparts](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team \"United States men's national soccer team\") despite their higher record of success in recent years.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/uswnt\\-wage\\-discriminatory\\-suit\\-us\\-soccer\\_us\\_56fd33c3e4b0a06d5804ecac \\|title\\=USWNT Files Lawsuit Against U.S. Soccer In Fight For Equal Pay \\|last\\=Spies\\-Gans \\|first\\=Juliet \\|date\\=March 31, 2016 \\|work\\=HuffPost \\|access\\-date\\=March 8, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 29, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129082357/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/uswnt\\-wage\\-discriminatory\\-suit\\-us\\-soccer\\_us\\_56fd33c3e4b0a06d5804ecac \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\nIn April 2016, five U.S. team players filed a wage\\-discrimination action against the USSF with the [Equal Employment Opportunity Commission](/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission \"Equal Employment Opportunity Commission\").{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=http://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/15102506/ \\|title\\=Women's national team files wage\\-discrimination action vs. US Soccer Federation \\|date\\=March 31, 2016 \\|publisher\\=ESPN \\|access\\-date\\=March 9, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 19, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119081909/http://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/15102506/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The group consisted of [Hope Solo](/wiki/Hope_Solo \"Hope Solo\"), [Carli Lloyd](/wiki/Carli_Lloyd \"Carli Lloyd\"), [Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan \"Alex Morgan\"), [Megan Rapinoe](/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe \"Megan Rapinoe\"), and [Becky Sauerbrunn](/wiki/Becky_Sauerbrunn \"Becky Sauerbrunn\").\nOne year later, in April 2017, the U.S. team agreed to a new [collective bargaining agreement](/wiki/Collective_agreement \"Collective agreement\") (CBA) with the USSF. The agreement stated that the U.S. team players would have an increased base pay and improved match bonuses. These changes could increase their previous pay from $200,000 to $300,000\\. However, the CBA did not guarantee equal pay compared to the men's team. The CBA's five\\-year term through 2021 ensured that the next negotiation would not become an issue for the team for the 2019 World Cup and the 2020 Olympics. On top of this CBA, the USSF had agreed to pay the players for two years' worth of unequal [per\\-diem](/wiki/Per_diem%23United_States \"Per diem#United States\") payments.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/sports/soccer/uswnt\\-us\\-soccer\\-labor\\-deal\\-contract.html \\|title\\=Long Days, Google Docs and Anonymous Surveys: How the U.S. Soccer Team Forged a Deal \\|last\\=Das \\|first\\=Andrew \\|date\\=April 5, 2017 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=March 8, 2019 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 9, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309151338/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/sports/soccer/uswnt\\-us\\-soccer\\-labor\\-deal\\-contract.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\nOn March 8, 2019, 28 members of the U.S. team filed a gender discrimination lawsuit against the USSF.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/08/sports/womens\\-soccer\\-team\\-lawsuit\\-gender\\-discrimination.html \\|title\\=U.S. Women's Soccer Team Sues U.S. Soccer for Gender Discrimination \\|last\\=Das \\|first\\=Andrew \\|date\\=March 8, 2019 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=March 8, 2019 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 8, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308163959/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/08/sports/womens\\-soccer\\-team\\-lawsuit\\-gender\\-discrimination.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The lawsuit, filed in the [U.S. District Court](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_California \"United States District Court for the Central District of California\") in Los Angeles, accused the USSF of \"institutional gender discrimination.\"{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://int.nyt.com/data/documenthelper/653\\-us\\-womens\\-soccer\\-complaint/f9367608e2eaf10873f4/optimized/full.pdf\\#page\\=1 \\|title\\=Case No. 2:19\\-CV\\-01717 \\|last\\=Winston \\& Strawn LLP \\|date\\=March 8, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309025447/https://int.nyt.com/data/documenthelper/653\\-us\\-womens\\-soccer\\-complaint/f9367608e2eaf10873f4/optimized/full.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=March 9, 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The lawsuit claimed that the discrimination affected not only the amount the players were paid but also their playing, training, and travel conditions. In May 2020, several key parts of the case were dismissed, with federal judge [R. Gary Klausner](/wiki/R._Gary_Klausner \"R. Gary Klausner\") noting that the team had agreed to take higher base compensation and other benefits in their most recent CBA instead of the bonuses received by the men's team.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2020/05/02/849492863/federal\\-judge\\-dismisses\\-u\\-s\\-womens\\-soccer\\-team\\-s\\-equal\\-pay\\-claim \\|title\\=Federal Judge Dismisses U.S. Women's Soccer Team's Equal Pay Claim \\|last\\=Cater \\|first\\=Franklyn \\|website\\=NPR \\|date\\=May 2, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 11, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 12, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512192915/https://www.npr.org/2020/05/02/849492863/federal\\-judge\\-dismisses\\-u\\-s\\-womens\\-soccer\\-team\\-s\\-equal\\-pay\\-claim \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\nOn March 8, 2021, the second anniversary of the team's [pay discrimination lawsuit](/wiki/U.S._women%27s_national_soccer_team_pay_discrimination_claim \"U.S. women's national soccer team pay discrimination claim\"), Congresswomen [Doris Matsui](/wiki/Doris_Matsui \"Doris Matsui\") and [Rosa DeLauro](/wiki/Rosa_DeLauro \"Rosa DeLauro\") introduced the Give Our Athletes Level Salaries (GOALS) Act to ensure the team members \"are paid fair and equitable wages compared to the [U.S. Men's team](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team \"United States men's national soccer team\").\"{{cite magazine \\|last1\\=Shapiro \\|first1\\=Michael \\|title\\=California Rep. Doris Matsui Introduces USWNT Equal Pay Bill \\|url\\=https://www.si.com/soccer/2021/03/09/uswnt\\-equal\\-pay\\-bill\\-introduced\\-congress \\|access\\-date\\=March 26, 2021 \\|magazine\\=Sports Illustrated \\|date\\=March 8, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 15, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315203504/https://www.si.com/soccer/2021/03/09/uswnt\\-equal\\-pay\\-bill\\-introduced\\-congress \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The GOALS Act threatened to cut federal funding for the [2026 World Cup](/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup \"2026 FIFA World Cup\") if the USSF did not comply.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Cash \\|first1\\=Meredith \\|title\\=Bill introduced in Congress hopes to force US Soccer Federation to pay men's and women's national team members equally \\|url\\=https://www.businessinsider.in/sports/news/bill\\-introduced\\-in\\-congress\\-hopes\\-to\\-force\\-us\\-soccer\\-federation\\-to\\-pay\\-mens\\-and\\-womens\\-national\\-team\\-members\\-equally/articleshow/81415929\\.cms \\|access\\-date\\=March 26, 2021 \\|work\\=Business Insider \\|date\\=March 9, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 10, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310164649/https://www.businessinsider.in/sports/news/bill\\-introduced\\-in\\-congress\\-hopes\\-to\\-force\\-us\\-soccer\\-federation\\-to\\-pay\\-mens\\-and\\-womens\\-national\\-team\\-members\\-equally/articleshow/81415929\\.cms \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\nOn February 22, 2022, the USSF agreed to settle the lawsuit for $24 million, contingent upon the U.S. team agreeing to a new CBA. $22 million would go to the players named in the case, and $2 million would contribute toward players' post\\-playing career and other women's soccer charitable efforts.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\\-news/us\\-soccer\\-women\\-soccer\\-stars\\-settle\\-equal\\-pay\\-lawsuit\\-24\\-million\\-rcna17138\\|title\\=U.S. Soccer and women soccer stars settle equal pay lawsuit for $24 million\\|first\\=Marlene\\|last\\=Lenthang\\|publisher\\=NBC News\\|date\\=February 22, 2022\\|accessdate\\=February 22, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=February 22, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222175454/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\\-news/us\\-soccer\\-women\\-soccer\\-stars\\-settle\\-equal\\-pay\\-lawsuit\\-24\\-million\\-rcna17138\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/us\\-women\\-soccer\\-equal\\-pay\\-11645504654\\|title\\=U.S. Women's Soccer Players, U.S. Soccer Federation Reach $24 Million Equal Pay Settlement\\|first\\=Rachael\\|last\\=Bachman\\|publisher\\=Wall Street Journal\\|date\\=February 22, 2022\\|accessdate\\=February 22, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=February 22, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222174842/https://www.wsj.com/articles/us\\-women\\-soccer\\-equal\\-pay\\-11645504654\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On May 18, 2022, the U.S. team agreed to a new CBA that would run through 2028 and would equalize compensation, bonuses, and other work conditions between the women's and the men's national teams friendlies, therefore finalizing the legal settlement. The new agreement mandates that men and women split prize money from international competitions equally, making it the first such instance in the world.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/05/ussf\\-womens\\-and\\-mens\\-national\\-team\\-unions\\-agree\\-to\\-historic\\-collective\\-bargaining\\-agreements\\|title\\=U.S. Soccer Federation, Women's And Men's National Team Unions Agree To Historic Collective Bargaining Agreements\\|website\\=www.ussoccer.com\\|access\\-date\\=May 20, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=May 20, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520185404/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/05/ussf\\-womens\\-and\\-mens\\-national\\-team\\-unions\\-agree\\-to\\-historic\\-collective\\-bargaining\\-agreements\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n### Artificial turf",
"Along with their [lawsuit for pay\\-equity](/wiki/U.S._women%27s_national_soccer_team_pay_discrimination_claim \"U.S. women's national soccer team pay discrimination claim\"), the US Women's Soccer players have fought [FIFA](/wiki/FIFA \"FIFA\") on policies regarding [artificial turf](/wiki/Artificial_turf \"Artificial turf\"). This battle to eliminate its use in major women's games heightened around the [2015 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2015 FIFA Women's World Cup\") in Canada; during this tournament, the US played eight of their ten games on artificial turf.{{Cite journal\\|date\\=June 1, 2003\\|title\\=LACUNAE\\|journal\\=Injury Prevention\\|volume\\=9\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=98\\|doi\\=10\\.1136/ip.9\\.2\\.98\\|s2cid\\=220155732\\|issn\\=1353\\-8047\\|doi\\-access\\=free\\|pmc\\=1730955}} Prior to the 2015 World Cup, [Abby Wambach](/wiki/Abby_Wambach \"Abby Wambach\") headed a discrimination lawsuit with other global soccer stars including [Marta](/wiki/Marta_%28footballer%29 \"Marta (footballer)\") of Brazil and [Homare Sawa](/wiki/Homare_Sawa \"Homare Sawa\") of Japan.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Soccer Players End Lawsuit Over Artificial Turf At Women's World Cup\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo\\-way/2015/01/21/378896641/soccer\\-players\\-end\\-lawsuit\\-over\\-artificial\\-turf\\-at\\-women\\-s\\-world\\-cup\\|access\\-date\\=March 17, 2021\\|website\\=NPR\\|date\\=January 21, 2015\\|language\\=en\\|last1\\=Chappell\\|first1\\=Bill\\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303135721/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo\\-way/2015/01/21/378896641/soccer\\-players\\-end\\-lawsuit\\-over\\-artificial\\-turf\\-at\\-women\\-s\\-world\\-cup\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Due to the tournament's quick approach, the suit was dropped as players were denied an expedited hearing.\nStaff\n-----",
"### Coaching staff",
"",
"| Role | Name | Start date | Ref. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Head coach](/wiki/Coach_%28sport%29%23Association_football \"Coach (sport)#Association football\") | {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|ENG}} [Emma Hayes](/wiki/Emma_Hayes \"Emma Hayes\") | May 2024 | {{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/11/emma\\-hayes\\-named\\-new\\-head\\-coach\\-of\\-us\\-womens\\-national\\-team\\|title\\=Emma Hayes named new Head Coach of U.S. Women's National Team \\| U.S. Soccer Official Website\\|website\\=www .ussoccer.com}} |\n| Assistant coach | {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} [Denise Reddy](/wiki/Denise_Reddy \"Denise Reddy\") | May 2024 | {{Cite web\\|url\\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/05/us\\-soccer\\-announces\\-additions\\-to\\-us\\-womens\\-national\\-team\\-technical\\-staff \\|title\\=US Soccer announces additions to US Womens national team technical staff\\|website\\=USSoccer.com}} |\n| Goalkeeper coach | {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|ENG}} [Stuart Searle](/wiki/Stuart_Searle \"Stuart Searle\") | May 2024 | |",
"### Technical staff",
"",
"| Role | Name | Start date | Ref. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Sporting director | {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|WAL}} [Matt Crocker](/wiki/Matt_Crocker \"Matt Crocker\") | April 2023 | {{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/04/us\\-soccer\\-federation\\-appoints\\-matt\\-crocker\\-to\\-role\\-of\\-sporting\\-director\\|title\\=US soccer federation appoints Matt Crocker to role of sporting director\\|website\\=www.ussoccer.com\\|access\\-date\\=April 26, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=April 25, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425145653/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/04/us\\-soccer\\-federation\\-appoints\\-matt\\-crocker\\-to\\-role\\-of\\-sporting\\-director\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| Vice president of sporting | {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} [Oguchi Onyewu](/wiki/Oguchi_Onyewu \"Oguchi Onyewu\") | May 2023 | {{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/05/us\\-soccer\\-federation\\-names\\-oguchi\\-onyewu\\-as\\-vice\\-president\\-of\\-sporting\\|title\\=U.S. Soccer Federation Names Oguchi Onyewu As Vice President Of Sporting \\| U.S. Soccer Official Website\\|website\\=www.ussoccer.com}} |\n| Women's program director | {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|BEL}} Bart Caubergh | May 2024 | |",
"### Head coach history",
"{{updated\\|August 10, 2024}}, *after match against {{fbw\\|BRA}}*\nBelow is the record of each head coach in the national team's history.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|first\\=Matt \\|last\\=Bonesteel \\|title\\=Tony DiCicco, who coached the USWNT to 1999 World Cup title, dies at 68 \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early\\-lead/wp/2017/06/20/tony\\-dicicco\\-who\\-coached\\-the\\-uswnt\\-to\\-1999\\-world\\-cup\\-title\\-dies\\-at\\-68/ \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|date\\=June 20, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=March 12, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 18, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118215240/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early\\-lead/wp/2017/06/20/tony\\-dicicco\\-who\\-coached\\-the\\-uswnt\\-to\\-1999\\-world\\-cup\\-title\\-dies\\-at\\-68/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\| title\\=WNT Earns 500th Win in Team History \\| publisher\\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \\| date\\=November 8, 2018 \\| url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/11/wnt\\-earns\\-500th\\-win\\-in\\-team\\-history \\| access\\-date\\=July 6, 2019 \\| archive\\-date\\=November 27, 2020 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127231039/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/11/wnt\\-earns\\-500th\\-win\\-in\\-team\\-history \\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=JILL ELLIS TO STEP DOWN AS U.S. WOMEN'S NATIONAL TEAM HEAD COACH \\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/home/stories/2019/07/jill\\-ellis\\-to\\-step\\-down\\-as\\-uswnt\\-head\\-coach \\|access\\-date\\=July 31, 2019 \\|publisher\\=US Soccer \\|date\\=July 30, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 31, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731095700/https://www.ussoccer.com/home/stories/2019/07/jill\\-ellis\\-to\\-step\\-down\\-as\\-uswnt\\-head\\-coach \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The [winning percentages](/wiki/Winning_percentage \"Winning percentage\") given are per U.S. Soccer, with draws counted as ½ wins.{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=2023 U.S. WOMEN'S NATIONAL TEAM MEDIA GUIDE \\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/media\\-services/media\\-guide \\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2023 \\|publisher\\=US Soccer}}",
"| Name | Years | Matches | Won | Drawn | Lost | {{abbr\\|Win %\\|Winning percentage}} |World CupOlympics",
"| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|Ireland}} {{sortname\\|Mike\\|Ryan\\|Mike Ryan (soccer coach)}}",
"1985 |\n 4 | 0 | 1 | 3 | {{winning percentage \\|1\\=0 \\|3\\=1 \\|2\\=3}} | N/A |\n N/A |\n|{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} {{sortname\\|Anson\\|Dorrance}}",
"1986–1994 |\n 92 | 65 | 5 | **22** | {{winning percentage \\|1\\=65 \\|3\\=5 \\|2\\=22}} | {{hs\\|3\\.}}[link\\=1991 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg \"Gold medal icon (G initial).svg\") |\n N/A |\n|{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} {{sortname\\|Tony\\|DiCicco}}",
"1994–1999{{efn\\|DiCicco was also the stand\\-in head coach in place of Dorrance for one match on June 21, 1993 (a 3–0 win against \\[\\[Canada women's national soccer team\\|Canada]] in \\[\\[Pontiac, Michigan]]).{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Harris \\|first\\=Tom \\|location\\=Raleigh, North Carolina \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-news\\-and\\-observer\\-us\\-womens\\-natio/122775977/ \\|title\\=Soccer: National Women \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The News \\& Observer]] \\|department\\=Sports \\|page\\=3C \\|date\\=June 18, 1993 \\|access\\-date\\=April 13, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 13, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413031202/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-news\\-and\\-observer\\-us\\-womens\\-natio/122775977/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} However, the win is officially credited to Dorrance.}} |\n 121 | 105 | 8 | 8 | {{winning percentage \\|1\\=105 \\|3\\=8 \\|2\\=8}} | {{hs\\|4\\.}}[link\\=1995 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg \"Bronze medal icon (B initial).svg\") [link\\=1999 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg \"Gold medal icon (G initial).svg\") |\n {{hs\\|3\\.}}[link\\=Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament](/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg \"Gold medal icon (G initial).svg\") |\n|{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} {{sortname\\|Lauren\\|Gregg}}",
"2000 (interim){{efn\\|Gregg was also the stand\\-in head coach in place of DiCicco for one match on May 4, 1997 (a 6–1 win against \\[\\[South Korea women's national football team\\|South Korea]] in \\[\\[St. Charles, Illinois]]).{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last\\=Yannis \\|first\\=Alex \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/06/sports/soccer\\-report.html \\|title\\=Soccer Report \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=May 6, 1997 \\|access\\-date\\=October 30, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 5, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105060552/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/06/sports/soccer\\-report.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} However, the win is officially credited to DiCicco.}} |\n 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | {{winning percentage \\|1\\=2 \\|3\\=1 \\|2\\=0}} | — |\n — |\n|{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} {{sortname\\|April\\|Heinrichs}}",
"2000–2004 |\n 124 | 87 | **20** | 17 | {{winning percentage \\|1\\=87 \\|3\\=20 \\|2\\=17}} | {{hs\\|1\\.}}[link\\=2003 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg \"Bronze medal icon (B initial).svg\") |\n {{hs\\|5\\.}}[link\\=Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament](/wiki/File:Silver_medal_icon_%28S_initial%29.svg \"Silver medal icon (S initial).svg\") [link\\=Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament](/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg \"Gold medal icon (G initial).svg\") |\n|{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} {{sortname\\|Greg\\|Ryan}}",
"2005–2007 |\n 55 | 45 | 9 | 1 | {{winning percentage \\|1\\=45 \\|3\\=9 \\|2\\=1}} | {{hs\\|1\\.}}[link\\=2007 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg \"Bronze medal icon (B initial).svg\") |\n — |\n|{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|SWE}} {{sortname\\|Pia\\|Sundhage}}",
"2008–2012 |\n 107 | 91 | 10 | 6 | {{winning percentage \\|1\\=91 \\|3\\=10 \\|2\\=6}} | {{hs\\|2\\.}}[link\\=2011 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/File:Silver_medal_icon_%28S_initial%29.svg \"Silver medal icon (S initial).svg\") |\n {{hs\\|6\\.}}[link\\=Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament](/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg \"Gold medal icon (G initial).svg\") [link\\=Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament](/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg \"Gold medal icon (G initial).svg\") |\n|{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|SCO}} {{sortname\\|Tom\\|Sermanni}}",
"2012–2014 |\n 24 | 18 | 4 | 2 | {{winning percentage \\|1\\=18 \\|3\\=4 \\|2\\=2}} | — |\n — |\n|{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} {{sortname\\|Jill\\|Ellis}}",
"{{hs\\|2014\\.}}2012 (interim), 2014–2019 |\n **132** | **106** | 19 | 7 | {{winning percentage \\|1\\=106 \\|3\\=19 \\|2\\=7}} | {{hs\\|3\\.}}[link\\=2015 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg \"Gold medal icon (G initial).svg\") [link\\=2019 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg \"Gold medal icon (G initial).svg\") |\n {{hs\\|0\\.1\\.}} [5th](/wiki/Football_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\") |\n|{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} {{sortname\\|Vlatko\\|Andonovski}}",
"2019–2023 |\n 65 | 51 | 9 | 5 | {{winning percentage \\|1\\=51 \\|3\\=9 \\|2\\=5}} | {{hs\\|0\\.}} [9th](/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2023 FIFA Women's World Cup\") |\n [link\\=Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament](/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg \"Bronze medal icon (B initial).svg\") |\n|{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} {{sortname\\|Twila\\|Kilgore}}",
"2023–2024 (interim) |\n 14 | 10 | 3 | 1 | {{winning percentage \\|1\\=10 \\|3\\=3 \\|2\\=1}} | — |\n — |\n|{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|ENG}} {{sortname\\|Emma\\|Hayes}}",
"2024–present |\n 10 | 9 | 1 | 0 | **{{winning percentage \\|1\\=9 \\|3\\=1 \\|2\\=0}}** | |\n [link\\=Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament](/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg \"Gold medal icon (G initial).svg\") |\n|Totals",
"751 | 589 | 90 | 72 | {{winning percentage \\|1\\=589 \\|3\\=90 \\|2\\=72}} |",
"",
"Notes**{{notelist}}**Players\n-------",
"{{For\\|all past and present players who have appeared for the national team\\|List of United States women's international soccer players}}\n### Current squad",
"The following 26 players were named to the squad for the friendlies against {{fbw\\|ISL}} on October 24 and 27, 2024, as well as the friendly against {{fbw\\|ARG}} on October 30, 2024\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/10/emma\\-hayes\\-names\\-roster\\-for\\-us\\-womens\\-national\\-team\\-october\\-friendlies\\-iceland\\-argentina\\|title\\=Emma Hayes Names U.S. Women’s National Team Training Camp Roster, Presented by Jim Beam, for October Friendlies against Iceland and Argentina\\|date\\=October 17, 2024 \\|website\\=USSoccer.com \\|publisher\\=USSF \\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2024}}\n*[Caps](/wiki/Cap_%28sport%29 \"Cap (sport)\") and goals are current as of August 10, 2024, after match against {{fbw\\|BRA}}.*\n{{nat fs g start}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=GK\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Alyssa\\|Naeher}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1988\\|4\\|20}}\\|caps\\=112\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Chicago Red Stars]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=GK\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Casey\\|Murphy}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1996\\|4\\|25}}\\|caps\\=19\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[North Carolina Courage]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=GK\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Jane\\|Campbell\\|dab\\=soccer}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1995\\|2\\|17}}\\|caps\\=8\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Houston Dash]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs break}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=DF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Emily\\|Sonnett}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1993\\|11\\|25}}\\|caps\\=99\\|goals\\=2\\|club\\=\\[\\[NJ/NY Gotham FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=DF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Emily\\|Fox}}\\|age\\={{birth date and age\\|1998\\|7\\|5}}\\|caps\\=57\\|goals\\=1\\|club\\=\\[\\[Arsenal W.F.C.\\|Arsenal]]\\|clubnat\\=ENG}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=DF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Casey\\|Krueger}}\\|age\\={{birth date and age\\|1990\\|8\\|23}}\\|caps\\=56\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Washington Spirit]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=DF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Naomi\\|Girma}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|2000\\|6\\|14}}\\|caps\\=40\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[San Diego Wave FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=DF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Jenna\\|Nighswonger}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|2000\\|11\\|28}}\\|caps\\=15\\|goals\\=2\\|club\\=\\[\\[NJ/NY Gotham FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=DF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Hailie\\|Mace}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1997\\|3\\|24}}\\|caps\\=8\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Kansas City Current]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=DF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Eva\\|Gaetino}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|2002\\|12\\|17}}\\|caps\\=0\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Paris Saint\\-Germain F.C. (women)\\|Paris Saint\\-Germain]]\\|clubnat\\=FRA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=DF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Alyssa\\|Malonson}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1999\\|4\\|9}}\\|caps\\=0\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Bay FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=DF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Emily\\|Sams}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1999\\|7\\|1}}\\|caps\\=0\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Orlando Pride]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs break}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=MF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Lindsey\\|Horan}}\\|other\\=\\[\\[Captain (association football)\\|captain]]\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1994\\|5\\|26}}\\|caps\\=156\\|goals\\=35\\|club\\=\\[\\[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin\\|Lyon]]\\|clubnat\\=FRA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=MF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Rose\\|Lavelle}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1995\\|5\\|14}}\\|caps\\=106\\|goals\\=24\\|club\\=\\[\\[NJ/NY Gotham FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=MF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Ashley\\|Sanchez}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1999\\|3\\|16}}\\|caps\\=27\\|goals\\=3\\|club\\=\\[\\[North Carolina Courage]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=MF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Sam\\|Coffey}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1998\\|12\\|31}}\\|caps\\=24\\|goals\\=1\\|club\\=\\[\\[Portland Thorns FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=MF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Korbin\\|Albert}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|2003\\|10\\|13}}\\|caps\\=18\\|goals\\=1\\|club\\=\\[\\[Paris Saint\\-Germain F.C. (women)\\|Paris Saint\\-Germain]]\\|clubnat\\=FRA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=MF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Olivia\\|Moultrie}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|2005\\|9\\|17}}\\|caps\\=4\\|goals\\=2\\|club\\=\\[\\[Portland Thorns FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=MF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Hal\\|Hershfelt}}\\|age\\={{birth date and age\\|2002\\|10\\|3}}\\|caps\\=0\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Washington Spirit]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs break}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=FW\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Mallory\\|Swanson}}\\|age\\={{birth date and age\\|1998\\|4\\|29}}\\|caps\\=100\\|goals\\=38\\|club\\=\\[\\[Chicago Red Stars]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=FW\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Lynn\\|Williams\\|dab\\=soccer}}\\|age\\={{birth date and age\\|1993\\|5\\|21}}\\|caps\\=71\\|goals\\=19\\|club\\=\\[\\[NJ/NY Gotham FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=FW\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Sophia\\|Smith\\|dab\\=soccer, born 2000}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|2000\\|8\\|10}}\\|caps\\=56\\|goals\\=23\\|club\\=\\[\\[Portland Thorns FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=FW\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Jaedyn\\|Shaw}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|2004\\|10\\|20}}\\|caps\\=16\\|goals\\=7\\|club\\=\\[\\[San Diego Wave FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=FW\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Alyssa\\|Thompson}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|2004\\|11\\|7}}\\|caps\\=9\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Angel City FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=FW\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Yazmeen\\|Ryan}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1999\\|2\\|25}}\\|caps\\=0\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[NJ/NY Gotham FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs g player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=FW\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Emma\\|Sears}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|2001\\|2\\|23}}\\|caps\\=0\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Racing Louisville FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA}}\n{{nat fs g end}}\n### Recent call\\-ups",
"The following players were also named to a squad in the last 12 months.\n{{nat fs r start}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=GK\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Aubrey\\|Kingsbury}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1991\\|11\\|20}}\\|caps\\=2\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Washington Spirit]]\\|clubnat\\=USA\\|latest\\=v. {{fbw\\|KOR}}; June 4, 2024}}\n{{nat fs break}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=DF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Tierna\\|Davidson}}\\|age\\={{birth date and age\\|1998\\|9\\|19}}\\|caps\\=64\\|goals\\=3\\|club\\=\\[\\[NJ/NY Gotham FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA\\|latest\\=\\[\\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\\|2024 Summer Olympics]]}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=DF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Kate\\|Wiesner}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|2001\\|2\\|11}}\\|caps\\=0\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Washington Spirit]]\\|clubnat\\=USA\\|latest\\=v. {{fbw\\|MEX}}; July 13, 2024 PRE}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=DF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Sam\\|Staab}}\\|age\\={{birth date and age\\|1997\\|3\\|28}}\\|caps\\=2\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Chicago Red Stars]]\\|clubnat\\=USA\\|latest\\=v. {{fbw\\|KOR}}; June 4, 2024}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=DF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Abby\\|Dahlkemper}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1993\\|5\\|13}}\\|caps\\=84 \\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Bay FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA\\|latest\\=\\[\\[2024 SheBelieves Cup]]}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=DF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Becky\\|Sauerbrunn}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1985\\|6\\|6}}\\|caps\\=219\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Portland Thorns FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA\\|latest\\=\\[\\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup]]}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=DF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Alana\\|Cook}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1997\\|4\\|11}}\\|caps\\=29\\|goals\\=1\\|club\\=\\[\\[Kansas City Current]]\\|clubnat\\=USA\\|latest\\=\\[\\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup]] PRE}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=DF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Gisele\\|Thompson}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|2005\\|12\\|2}}\\|caps\\=0\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Angel City FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA\\|latest\\=\\[\\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup]] PRE}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=DF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|M.A.\\|Vignola}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1998\\|2\\|11}}\\|caps\\=1\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Angel City FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA\\|latest\\=v. {{fbw\\|CHN}}; December 5, 2023}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=DF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Sofia\\|Huerta}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1992\\|12\\|14}}\\|caps\\=32\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin\\|Lyon]]\\|clubnat\\=FRA\\|latest\\=v. {{fbw\\|COL}}; October 29, 2023}}\n{{nat fs break}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=MF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Croix\\|Bethune}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|2001\\|3\\|14}}\\|caps\\=3\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Washington Spirit]]\\|clubnat\\=USA\\|latest\\=\\[\\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\\|2024 Summer Olympics]]}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=MF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Catarina\\|Macario}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1999\\|10\\|4}}\\|caps\\=19\\|goals\\=8\\|club\\=\\[\\[Chelsea F.C. Women\\|Chelsea]]\\|clubnat\\=ENG\\|latest\\=\\[\\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\\|2024 Summer Olympics]] PRE}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=MF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Lily\\|Yohannes}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|2007\\|6\\|12}}\\|caps\\=1\\|goals\\=1\\|club\\=\\[\\[AFC Ajax (women)\\|Ajax]]\\|clubnat\\=NED\\|latest\\=v. {{fbw\\|KOR}}; June 4, 2024}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=MF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Andi\\|Sullivan}}\\|age\\={{birth date and age\\|1995\\|12\\|20}}\\|caps\\=52\\|goals\\=3\\|club\\=\\[\\[Washington Spirit]]\\|clubnat\\=USA\\|latest\\=v. {{fbw\\|KOR}}; June 1, 2024 PRE}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=MF\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Savannah\\|DeMelo}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1998\\|3\\|26}}\\|caps\\=7\\|goals\\=0\\|club\\=\\[\\[Racing Louisville FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA\\|latest\\=\\[\\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup]] PRE}}\n{{nat fs break}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=FW\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Crystal\\|Dunn}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1992\\|7\\|3}}\\|caps\\=155\\|goals\\=25\\|club\\=\\[\\[NJ/NY Gotham FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA\\|latest\\=\\[\\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\\|2024 Summer Olympics]]}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=FW\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Trinity\\|Rodman}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|2002\\|5\\|20}}\\|caps\\=46\\|goals\\=10\\|club\\=\\[\\[Washington Spirit]]\\|clubnat\\=USA\\|latest\\=\\[\\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\\|2024 Summer Olympics]]}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=FW\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Alex\\|Morgan}}\\|age\\={{birth date and age\\|1989\\|7\\|02}}\\|caps\\=224\\|goals\\=\\[\\[List of international goals scored by Alex Morgan\\|123]]\\|club\\=''Retired''\\|latest\\=v. {{fbw\\|KOR}}; June 4, 2024}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=FW\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Midge\\|Purce}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1995\\|9\\|18}}\\|caps\\=30\\|goals\\=4\\|club\\=\\[\\[NJ/NY Gotham FC]]\\|clubnat\\=USA\\|latest\\=\\[\\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup]]}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=FW\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Mia\\|Fishel}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|2001\\|4\\|30}}\\|caps\\=3\\|goals\\=1\\|club\\=\\[\\[Chelsea F.C. Women\\|Chelsea]]\\|clubnat\\=ENG\\|latest\\=\\[\\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup]] PRE}}\n{{nat fs r player\\|no\\=\\|pos\\=FW\\|name\\={{sortname\\|Ashley\\|Hatch}}\\|age\\={{Birth date and age\\|1995\\|5\\|25}}\\|caps\\=22\\|goals\\=5\\|club\\=\\[\\[Washington Spirit]]\\|clubnat\\=USA\\|latest\\=v. {{fbw\\|CHN}}; December 5, 2023}}\n{{nat fs end}}\nNotes:***{{small\\|PRE}}: Preliminary squad***",
"Recent schedule and results\n---------------------------",
"{{Further\\|2023 in American soccer\\|2024 in American soccer}}\n{{Main\\|United States women's national soccer team results}}\nThe following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.\n{{legend2\\|\\#CCFFCC\\|Win\\|border\\=1px solid \\#AAAAAA}}\n{{legend2\\|\\#FFFFCC\\|Draw\\|border\\=1px solid \\#AAAAAA}}\n{{legend2\\|\\#FFCCCC\\|Lose\\|border\\=1px solid \\#AAAAAA}}\n{{legend2\\|\\#9C9C9C\\|Postponed\\|border\\=1px solid \\#AAAAAA}}\n### 2023",
"{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[Exhibition game\\|Friendly]]\n\\| date \\= October 26\n\\| time \\= 21:00 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\| score \\= 0–0\n\\| report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/10/uswnt\\-vs\\-colombia\\-10\\-26\\-23\\-score\\-highlights\\-match\\-recap\\-goals\\-stats\n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|COL}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[America First Field]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[Sandy, Utah]]\n\\| attendance \\= 13,058\n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Melissa Borjas]] (\\[\\[National Autonomous Federation of Football of Honduras\\|Honduras]])\n\\| result \\= D\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[Exhibition game\\|Friendly]]\n\\| date \\= October 29\n\\| time \\= 17:30 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\| score \\= 3–0\n\\| report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/10/uswnt\\-vs\\-colombia\\-10\\-29\\-23\\-score\\-highlights\\-match\\-recap\\-goals\\-stats\n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|COL}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Mia Fishel\\|Fishel]] {{goal\\|56}}\n\\*\\[\\[Lindsey Horan\\|Horan]] {{goal\\|62}}\n\\*\\[\\[Jaedyn Shaw\\|Shaw]] {{goal\\|83}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Snapdragon Stadium]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[San Diego\\|San Diego, California]]\n\\| attendance \\= 16,202\n\\| referee \\= Odette Hamilton (\\[\\[Jamaica Football Federation\\|Jamaica]])\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[Exhibition game\\|Friendly]]\n\\| date \\= December 2\n\\| time \\= 18:00 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\| score \\= 3–0\n\\| report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/12/uswnt\\-vs\\-china\\-pr\\-12\\-2\\-23\\-score\\-highlights\\-match\\-report\\-stats\\-goals\n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|CHN}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000\\)\\|Smith]] {{goal\\|8}}\n\\*\\[\\[Lindsey Horan\\|Horan]] {{goal\\|52}}\n\\*\\[\\[Trinity Rodman\\|Rodman]] {{goal\\|77}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[DRV PNK Stadium]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]]\n\\| attendance \\= 8,768\n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Marie\\-Soleil Beaudoin]] (\\[\\[Canadian Soccer Association\\|Canada]])\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[Exhibition game\\|Friendly]]\n\\| date \\= December 5\n\\| time \\= 20:00 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\| score \\= 2–1\n\\| report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/12/uswnt\\-vs\\-china\\-pr\\-12\\-5\\-23\\-score\\-highlights\\-match\\-report\\-stats\\-recap\n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|CHN}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Sam Coffey\\|Coffey]] {{goal\\|62}}\n\\*\\[\\[Jaedyn Shaw\\|Shaw]] {{goal\\|79}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Shen Mengyu\\|Shen]] {{goal\\|45\\+1}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Toyota Stadium (Texas)\\|Toyota Stadium]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[Frisco, Texas]]\n\\| attendance \\= 11,024 \n\\| referee \\= Lizzet Garcia (\\[\\[Mexican Football Federation\\|Mexico]])\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n### 2024",
"{{Football box collapsible\n\\|format \\= 1\n\\|round \\= \\[\\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup\\#Group A\\|Gold Cup GS]]\n\\|date \\= February 20\n\\|time \\= 22:15 ET\n\\|team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\|score \\= 5–0\n\\|team2 \\= {{fbw\\|DOM}}\n\\|goals1 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Olivia Moultrie\\|Moultrie]] {{goal\\|7\\|\\|58}}\n\\*\\[\\[Lynn Williams (soccer)\\|Williams]] {{goal\\|30}}\n\\*\\[\\[Jenna Nighswonger\\|Nighswonger]] {{goal\\|86\\|pen.}}\n\\*\\[\\[Alex Morgan\\|Morgan]] {{goal\\|90\\+2\\|pen.}}\n\\|goals2 \\= \n\\|stadium \\= \\[\\[Dignity Health Sports Park]]\n\\|location \\= \\[\\[Carson, California]]\n\\|attendance \\= 3,242\n\\|referee \\= Astrid Gramajo (\\[\\[National Football Federation of Guatemala\\|Guatemala]])\n\\|report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/02/concacaf\\-w\\-gold\\-cup\\-uswnt\\-5\\-dominican\\-republic\\-0\\-score\\-stats\\-standings\\-goals\\-highlights\\-recap\n\\|result \\= W\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\|format \\= 1\n\\|round \\= \\[\\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup\\#Group A\\|Gold Cup GS]]\n\\|date \\= February 23\n\\|time \\= 22:15 ET\n\\|team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|ARG}}\n\\|score \\= 0–4\n\\|team2 \\= {{fbw\\|USA}}\n\\|goals1 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Miriam Mayorga\\|Mayorga]] {{sentoff\\|2\\|45\\+5\\|75}}\n\\*\\[\\[Aldana Cometti\\|Cometti]] {{yel\\|65}}\n\\|goals2 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Jaedyn Shaw\\|Shaw]] {{goal\\|10\\|\\|17}}, {{yel\\|58}}\n\\*\\[\\[Alex Morgan\\|Morgan]] {{goal\\|19}}\n\\*\\[\\[Lindsey Horan\\|Horan]] {{goal\\|77\\|pen.}}\n\\|stadium \\= \\[\\[Dignity Health Sports Park]]\n\\|location \\= \\[\\[Carson, California]]\n\\|attendance \\= 8,315\n\\|referee \\= \\[\\[Marie\\-Soleil Beaudoin]] (\\[\\[Canadian Soccer Association\\|Canada]])\n\\|report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/02/concacaf\\-w\\-gold\\-cup\\-uswnt\\-4\\-argentina\\-0\\-goals\\-stats\\-standings\\-match\\-recap\n\\|result \\= W\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\|format \\= 1\n\\|round \\= \\[\\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup\\#Group A\\|Gold Cup GS]]\n\\|date \\= February 26\n\\|time \\= 22:15 ET\n\\|team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\|score \\= 0–2\n\\|team2 \\= {{fbw\\|MEX}}\n\\|goals1 \\= \n\\|goals2 \\= \n\\* \\[\\[Jacqueline Ovalle\\|Ovalle]] {{yel\\|29}}, {{goal\\|38}}\n\\* \\[\\[Karen Luna\\|Luna]] {{yel\\|88}}\n\\* \\[\\[Mayra Pelayo\\|Pelayo]] {{goal\\|90\\+2}}\n\\|stadium \\= \\[\\[Dignity Health Sports Park]]\n\\|location \\= \\[\\[Carson, California]]\n\\|attendance \\= 11,612\n\\|referee \\= \\[\\[Melissa Borjas]] (\\[\\[National Autonomous Federation of Football of Honduras\\|Honduras]])\n\\|report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/02/concacaf\\-w\\-gold\\-cup\\-uswnt\\-0\\-mexico\\-2\\-match\\-recap\\-stats\\-standings\n\\|result \\= L\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\|format \\= 1\n\\|round \\= \\[\\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup\\#Quarter\\-finals\\|Gold Cup QF]]\n\\|date \\= March 3\n\\|time \\= 20:15 ET\n\\|team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\|score \\= 3–0\n\\|team2 \\= {{fbw\\|COL}}\n\\|goals1 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Lindsey Horan\\|Horan]] {{goal\\|13\\|pen.}}, {{yel\\|67}}\n\\*\\[\\[Alex Morgan\\|Morgan]] {{yel\\|18}}\n\\*\\[\\[Trinity Rodman\\|Rodman]] {{yel\\|21}}\n\\*\\[\\[Jenna Nighswonger\\|Nighswonger]] {{goal\\|22}}\n\\*\\[\\[Jaedyn Shaw\\|Shaw]] {{goal\\|45\\+2}}\n\\|goals2 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Jorelyn Carabalí\\|Carabalí]] {{yel\\|11}}\n\\*\\[\\[Catalina Usme\\|Umse]] {{yel\\|15}}\n\\*\\[\\[Marcela Restrepo\\|Restrepo]] {{yel\\|68}}\n\\*\\[\\[Manuela Paví\\|Paví]] {{yel\\|75}}\n\\|stadium \\= \\[\\[BMO Stadium]]\n\\|location \\= \\[\\[Los Angeles\\|Los Angeles, California]]\n\\|attendance \\= 16,746\n\\|referee \\= Marianela Araya (\\[\\[Costa Rican Football Federation\\|Costa Rica]])\n\\|report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/03/concacaf\\-w\\-gold\\-cup\\-uswnt\\-3\\-colombia\\-0\\-match\\-recap\\-stats\\-goals\\-score\n\\|result \\= W\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup\\#Semi\\-finals\\|Gold Cup SF]]\n\\| date \\= March 6\n\\| time \\= 19:00 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|CAN}}\n\\| score \\= 2–2\n\\| aet \\= yes\n\\| report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/03/concacaf\\-w\\-gold\\-cup\\-semifinal\\-uswnt\\-vs\\-canada\\-score\\-stats\\-goals\\-match\\-recap\n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|USA}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Jordyn Huitema\\|Huitema]] {{goal\\|82}}\n\\*\\[\\[Adriana Leon\\|Leon]] {{goal\\|120\\+7\\|pen.}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Jaedyn Shaw\\|Shaw]] {{goal\\|20}}\n\\*\\[\\[Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000\\)\\|Smith]] {{goal\\|99}}\n\\| penaltyscore \\= 1–3\n\\|penalties1 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Adriana Leon\\|Leon]] {{penmiss}}\n\\*\\[\\[Jordyn Huitema\\|Huitema]] {{penmiss}}\n\\*\\[\\[Quinn (soccer)\\|Quinn]] {{pengoal}}\n\\*\\[\\[Jessie Fleming\\|Fleming]] {{penmiss}}\n\\|penalties2 \\= \n\\*{{pengoal}} \\[\\[Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000\\)\\|Smith]]\n\\*{{penmiss}} \\[\\[Korbin Albert\\|Albert]]\n\\*{{pengoal}} \\[\\[Alyssa Naeher\\|Naeher]]\n\\*{{pengoal}} \\[\\[Lindsey Horan\\|Horan]]\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Snapdragon Stadium]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[San Diego\\|San Diego, California]]\n\\| attendance \\= 15,245\n\\| referee \\= Katia García (\\[\\[Mexican Football Federation\\|Mexico]])\n\\| result \\= D\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup final\\|Gold Cup F]]\n\\| date \\= March 10\n\\| time \\= 20:15 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\| score \\= 1–0\n\\| report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/03/concacaf\\-w\\-gold\\-cup\\-final\\-uswnt\\-vs\\-brazil\\-score\\-stats\\-result\\-recap\n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|BRA}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Lindsey Horan\\|Horan]] {{goal\\|45\\+1}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Snapdragon Stadium]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[San Diego\\|San Diego, California]]\n\\| attendance \\= 31,528\n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Melissa Borjas]] (\\[\\[National Autonomous Federation of Football of Honduras\\|Honduras]])\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[2024 SheBelieves Cup\\#Semi\\-finals\\|SheBelieves Cup SF]]\n\\| date \\= April 6\n\\| time \\= 12:30 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\| score \\= 2–1\n\\| report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/04/2024\\-shebelieves\\-cup\\-semifinal\\-uswnt\\-vs\\-japan\\-result\\-score\\-stats\\-goals\\-highlights\\-match\\-recap\n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|JPN}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Jaedyn Shaw\\|Shaw]] {{goal\\|21}}\n\\*\\[\\[Lindsey Horan\\|Horan]] {{goal\\|77\\|pen.}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Kiko Seike\\|Seike]] {{goal\\|1}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Mercedes\\-Benz Stadium]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[Atlanta\\|Atlanta, Georgia]]\n\\| attendance \\= 50,644\n\\| referee \\= Myriam Marcotte (\\[\\[Canadian Soccer Association\\|Canada]])\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[2024 SheBelieves Cup\\#Final\\|SheBelieves Cup F]]\n\\| date \\= April 9\n\\| time \\= 19:00 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\| score \\= 2–2\n\\| report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/04/2024\\-shebelieves\\-cup\\-final\\-uswnt\\-vs\\-canada\\-result\\-score\\-stats\\-goals\\-highlights\\-match\\-recap\n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|CAN}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000\\)\\|Smith]] {{goal\\|50\\|\\|68}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Adriana Leon\\|Leon]] {{goal\\|40\\|\\|86\\|pen.}}\n\\| penaltyscore \\= 5–4\n\\| penalties1 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Trinity Rodman\\|Rodman]] {{penmiss}}\n\\*\\[\\[Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000\\)\\|Smith]] {{pengoal}}\n\\*\\[\\[Alyssa Naeher\\|Naeher]] {{pengoal}}\n\\*\\[\\[Lindsey Horan\\|Horan]] {{pengoal}} \n\\*\\[\\[Emily Sonnett\\|Sonnett]] {{penmiss}}\n\\*\\[\\[Abby Dahlkemper\\|Dahlkemper]] {{pengoal}}\n\\*\\[\\[Emily Fox\\|Fox]] {{pengoal}}\n\\| penalties2 \\= \n\\*{{pengoal}} \\[\\[Jessie Fleming\\|Fleming]] \n\\*{{pengoal}} \\[\\[Adriana Leon\\|Leon]]\n\\*{{penmiss}} \\[\\[Jade Rose\\|Rose]]\n\\*{{penmiss}} \\[\\[Cloé Lacasse\\|Lacasse]]\n\\*{{pengoal}} \\[\\[Julia Grosso\\|Grosso]]\n\\*{{pengoal}} \\[\\[Ashley Lawrence\\|Lawrence]]\n\\*{{penmiss}} \\[\\[Evelyne Viens\\|Viens]]\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Lower.com Field]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[Columbus, Ohio]]\n\\| attendance \\= 19,049\n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Crystal Sobers]] (\\[\\[Trinidad and Tobago Football Association\\|Trinidad and Tobago]])\n\\| result \\= d\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[Exhibition game\\|Friendly]]\n\\| date \\= June 1\n\\| time \\= 17:00 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\| score \\= 4–0\n\\| report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/06/uswnt\\-vs\\-korea\\-republic\\-score\\-result\\-highlights\\-goals\\-stats\\-match\\-recap\n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|KOR}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Mallory Swanson\\|Swanson]] {{goal\\|34\\|\\|74}}\n\\*\\[\\[Tierna Davidson\\|Davidson]] {{goal\\|38\\|\\|48}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Dick's Sporting Goods Park]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[Commerce City, Colorado]]\n\\| attendance \\= 19,010\n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Carly Shaw\\-MacLaren]] (\\[\\[Canadian Soccer Association\\|Canada]])\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[Exhibition game\\|Friendly]]\n\\| date \\= June 4\n\\| time \\= 20:00 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\| score \\= 3–0\n\\| report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/06/uswnt\\-vs\\-korea\\-republic\\-score\\-result\\-highlights\\-goals\\-stats\\-recap\\-june\\-4\n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|KOR}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\* \\[\\[Crystal Dunn\\|Dunn]] {{Goal\\|13}}\n\\* \\[\\[Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000\\)\\|Smith]] {{goal\\|67}}\n\\* \\[\\[Lily Yohannes\\|Yohannes]] {{goal\\|82}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Allianz Field]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[Saint Paul, Minnesota\\|St. Paul, Minnesota]]\n\\| attendance \\= 19,169\n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Astrid Azucena Gramajo]] (\\[\\[National Football Federation of Guatemala\\|Guatemala]])\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[Exhibition game\\|Friendly]]\n\\| date \\= July 13\n\\| time \\= 15:30 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\| score \\= 1–0\n\\| report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/07/uswnt\\-vs\\-mexico\\-score\\-result\\-goals\\-stats\\-highlights\\-match\\-recap\n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|MEX}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\* \\[\\[Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000\\)\\|Smith]] {{goal\\|64}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Red Bull Arena (New Jersey)\\|Red Bull Arena]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[Harrison, New Jersey]]\n\\| attendance \\= 26,376\n\\| referee \\= Deily Maria Gomez Espinoza (\\[\\[Costa Rican Football Federation\\|Costa Rica]])\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[Exhibition game\\|Friendly]]\n\\| date \\= July 16\n\\| time \\= 19:30 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\| score \\= 0–0\n\\| report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/07/uswnt\\-vs\\-costa\\-rica\\-score\\-result\\-goals\\-stats\\-highlights\\-match\\-recap\n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|CRC}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Audi Field]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[Washington, D.C.]]\n\\| attendance \\= 18,972\n\\| referee \\= Lizzet Amairany Garcia Olvera (\\[\\[Mexican Football Federation\\|Mexico]])\n\\| result \\= D\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament – Group B \\|Olympics GS]]\n\\| date \\= July 25\n\\| time \\= 15:00 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\| score \\= 3–0\n\\| report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/07/usa\\-vs\\-zambia\\-score\\-result\\-goals\\-stats\\-highlights\\-match\\-recap\\-paris\\-olympics\\-july\\-25\n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|ZAM}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Trinity Rodman\\|Rodman]] {{goal\\|17}}\n\\*\\[\\[Mallory Swanson\\|Swanson]] {{goal\\|24\\|\\|25}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Allianz Riviera\\|Stade de Nice]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[Nice]], \\[\\[France]]\n\\| attendance \\= 5,550\n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Ramon Abatti]] (\\[\\[Brazilian Football Confederation\\|Brazil]])\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament – Group B \\|Olympics GS]]\n\\| date \\= July 28\n\\| time \\= 15:00 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\| score \\= 4–1\n\\| report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/07/usa\\-vs\\-germany\\-score\\-result\\-goals\\-stats\\-highlights\\-match\\-recap\\-paris\\-olympics\\-july\\-28\n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|GER}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000\\)\\|Smith]] {{goal\\|11\\|\\|44}}\n\\*\\[\\[Mallory Swanson\\|Swanson]] {{goal\\|26}}\n\\*\\[\\[Lynn Williams (soccer)\\|Williams]] {{goal\\|89}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Giulia Gwinn\\|Gwinn]] {{goal\\|22}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Stade Vélodrome\\|Stade de Marseille]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[Marseille]], \\[\\[France]]\n\\| attendance \\= 9,379\n\\| referee \\= Yael Falcón (\\[\\[Argentine Football Association\\|Argentina]])\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament – Group B \\|Olympics GS]]\n\\| date \\= July 31\n\\| time \\= 13:00 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|AUS}}\n\\| score \\= 1–2\n\\| report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/07/usa\\-vs\\-australia\\-score\\-result\\-goals\\-stats\\-highlights\\-match\\-recap\\-paris\\-olympics\\-july\\-31\n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|USA}}\n\\|goals1\\=\n\\*\\[\\[Alanna Kennedy\\|Kennedy]] {{goal\\|90\\+2}}\n\\|goals2\\=\n\\*\\[\\[Trinity Rodman\\|Rodman]] {{goal\\|43}}\n\\*\\[\\[Korbin Albert\\|Albert]] {{goal\\|77}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Stade Vélodrome\\|Stade de Marseille]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[Marseille]], \\[\\[France]]\n\\| attendance \\= 9,610\n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[François Letexier]] (\\[\\[French Football Federation\\|France]])\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament – Knockout stage\\|Olympics QF]]\n\\| date \\= August 3\n\\| time \\= 09:00 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\| score \\= 1–0\n\\| aet \\= yes\n\\| report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/08/usa\\-vs\\-japan\\-score\\-result\\-goals\\-stats\\-highlights\\-match\\-recap\\-paris\\-olympics\\-quarterfinal\n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|JPN}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Trinity Rodman\\|Rodman]] {{goal\\|105\\+2}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Parc des Princes]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[Paris]], \\[\\[France]]\n\\| attendance \\= 43,004\n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Tess Olofsson]] (\\[\\[Swedish Football Association\\|Sweden]])\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament – Knockout stage\\#Semi\\-finals\\|Olympics SF]]\n\\| date \\= August 6\n\\| time \\= 12:00 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\| score \\= 1–0\n\\| aet \\= yes\n\\| report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/08/usa\\-vs\\-germany\\-score\\-result\\-goals\\-stats\\-highlights\\-match\\-recap\\-paris\\-olympics\\-semifinal\n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|GER}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000\\)\\|Smith]] {{goal\\|95}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Parc Olympique Lyonnais\\|Stade de Lyon]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[Décines\\-Charpieu]], \\[\\[France]]\n\\| attendance \\= 15,107\n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Bouchra Karboubi]] (\\[\\[Royal Moroccan Football Federation\\|Morocco]])\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament – Knockout stage\\#Gold medal match\\|Olympics Gold]]\n\\| date \\= August 10\n\\| time \\= 11:00 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|BRA}} \n\\| score \\= 0–1\n\\| report \\= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/08/usa\\-vs\\-brazil\\-score\\-result\\-goals\\-stats\\-highlights\\-match\\-recap\\-paris\\-olympics\\-gold\\-medal\\-match\n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|USA}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\*\\[\\[Mallory Swanson\\|Swanson]] {{goal\\|57}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Parc des Princes]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[Paris]], \\[\\[France]]\n\\| attendance \\= 43,813\n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Tess Olofsson]] (\\[\\[Swedish Football Association\\|Sweden]])\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[Exhibition game\\|Friendly]]\n\\| date \\= October 24\n\\| time \\= 19:30 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\| score \\= \n\\| report \\= \n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|ISL}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Q2 Stadium]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[Austin, Texas]]\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \n\\| result \\= \n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[Exhibition game\\|Friendly]]\n\\| date \\= October 27\n\\| time \\= 17:30 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\| score \\= \n\\| report \\= \n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|ISL}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Geodis Park]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[Nashville, Tennessee]]\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \n\\| result \\= \n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[Exhibition game\\|Friendly]]\n\\| date \\= October 30\n\\| time \\= \n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|USA}}\n\\| score \\= \n\\| report \\= \n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|ARG}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Lynn Family Stadium]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[Louisville, Kentucky]]\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \n\\| result \\= \n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[Exhibition game\\|Friendly]]\n\\| date \\= November 30\n\\| time \\= 12:20 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|ENG}}\n\\| score \\= \n\\| report \\= \n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|USA}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Wembley Stadium]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[London]], \\[\\[England]]\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \n\\| result \\= \n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| format \\= 1\n\\| round \\= \\[\\[Exhibition game\\|Friendly]]\n\\| date \\= December 3\n\\| time \\= 14:45 ET\n\\| team1 \\= {{fbw\\-rt\\|NED}}\n\\| score \\= \n\\| report \\= \n\\| team2 \\= {{fbw\\|USA}}\n\\| goals1 \\= \n\\| goals2 \\= \n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[ADO Den Haag Stadium]]\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[The Hague]], \\[\\[Netherlands]]\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \n\\| result \\= \n}}\n [USWNT Schedule](https://www.ussoccer.com/all-matches)\n[USWNT Results](https://www.ussoccer.com/all-matches?tab=recent-matches)\n[USA: Fixtures and Results – FIFA.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20100327112047/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=usa/fixturesresults/gender=f/index.html)\nAll\\-time results\n-----------------",
"{{updated\\|August 10, 2024}}",
"",
"| Year | {{abbr\\|M\\|Matches}} | {{abbr\\|W\\|Wins}} | {{abbr\\|D\\|Draws}} | {{abbr\\|L\\|Losses}} | {{abbr\\|GF\\|Goal For}} | {{abbr\\|GA\\|Goal Against}} | [Athlete of the Year](/wiki/U.S._Soccer_Athlete_of_the_Year \"U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year\") | Scoring leader | {{abbr\\|G\\|Number of goals by leader}} | Assist leader | {{abbr\\|A\\|Number of assists by leader}} | Coach | Major tournam. result |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1985 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 7 | [Sharon Remer](/wiki/Sharon_Remer \"Sharon Remer\") | [Michelle Akers](/wiki/Michelle_Akers \"Michelle Akers\") | 2 | | | [Mike Ryan](/wiki/Mike_Ryan_%28soccer_coach%29 \"Mike Ryan (soccer coach)\") | |\n| 1986 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 6 | [April Heinrichs](/wiki/April_Heinrichs \"April Heinrichs\") | [Marcia McDermott](/wiki/Marcia_McDermott \"Marcia McDermott\") | 4 | | | [Anson Dorrance](/wiki/Anson_Dorrance \"Anson Dorrance\") | |\n| 1987 | 11 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 23 | 9 | [Carin Gabarra](/wiki/Carin_Gabarra \"Carin Gabarra\") | April Heinrichs | 7 | | | |\n| 1988 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 9 | [Joy Fawcett](/wiki/Joy_Fawcett \"Joy Fawcett\") | Carin Gabarra | 5 | Carin Gabarra[Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly \"Kristine Lilly\") | 2 | |\n| 1989 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | April Heinrichs | (none) | | (none) | | |\n| 1990 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 3 | [Michelle Akers](/wiki/Michelle_Akers \"Michelle Akers\") | Michelle Akers | 9 | [Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly \"Kristine Lilly\") | 3 | |\n| 1991 | 28 | 21 | 1 | **6** | 122 | 22 | **Michelle Akers** | **39** | Carin Gabarra | 21 | [World Cup](/wiki/1991_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"1991 FIFA Women's World Cup\") (champions) |\n| 1992 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 7 | Carin Gabarra | (3 players tied) | 1 | [Tisha Venturini](/wiki/Tisha_Venturini \"Tisha Venturini\") | 2 | |\n| 1993 | 17 | 13 | 0 | 4 | 54 | 7 | [Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly \"Kristine Lilly\") | [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm \"Mia Hamm\") | 10 | Michelle Akers | 6 | |\n| 1994 | 13 | 12 | 0 | 1 | 59 | 6 | [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm \"Mia Hamm\") | Michelle Akers | 11 | 7 | |\n| 1995 | 25 | 21 | 2 | 2 | 91 | 17 | [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm \"Mia Hamm\") | 19 | [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm \"Mia Hamm\") | 18 | [Tony DiCicco](/wiki/Tony_DiCicco \"Tony DiCicco\") | [World Cup](/wiki/1995_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"1995 FIFA Women's World Cup\") (3rd place) |\n| 1996 | 24 | 21 | 2 | 1 | 80 | 17 | [Tiffeny Milbrett](/wiki/Tiffeny_Milbrett \"Tiffeny Milbrett\") | 13 | 18 | [Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\") (gold medal) |\n| 1997 | 18 | 16 | 0 | 2 | 67 | 13 | [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm \"Mia Hamm\") | 18 | Tiffeny Milbrett | 14 | |\n| 1998 | 25 | 22 | 2 | 1 | 89 | 12 | 20 | [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm \"Mia Hamm\") | 20 | |\n| 1999 | 29 | 25 | 2 | 2 | 111 | 15 | Michelle Akers | Tiffeny Milbrett | 21 | 16 | [World Cup](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"1999 FIFA Women's World Cup\") (champions) |\n| 2000 | **41** | 26 | **9** | **6** | **124** | **31** | [Tiffeny Milbrett](/wiki/Tiffeny_Milbrett \"Tiffeny Milbrett\") | [Cindy Parlow](/wiki/Cindy_Parlow_Cone \"Cindy Parlow Cone\") | 19 | 14 | [Lauren Gregg](/wiki/Lauren_Gregg \"Lauren Gregg\")[April Heinrichs](/wiki/April_Heinrichs \"April Heinrichs\") | [Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\") (silver medal) |\n| 2001 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 13 | 15 | Tiffeny Milbrett | 3 | 2 | A. Heinrichs | |\n| 2002 | 19 | 15 | 2 | 2 | 69 | 11 | [Shannon MacMillan](/wiki/Shannon_MacMillan \"Shannon MacMillan\") | | 17 | [Aly Wagner](/wiki/Aly_Wagner \"Aly Wagner\") | 11 | |\n| 2003 | 23 | 17 | 4 | 2 | 58 | 14 | [Abby Wambach](/wiki/Abby_Wambach \"Abby Wambach\") | | 9 | [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm \"Mia Hamm\") | 9 | [World Cup](/wiki/2003_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2003 FIFA Women's World Cup\") (3rd place) |\n| 2004 | 34 | 28 | 4 | 2 | 104 | 23 | 31 | **[Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm \"Mia Hamm\")** | **22** | [Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\") (gold medal) |\n| 2005 | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 24 | 0 | [Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly \"Kristine Lilly\") | [Christie Welsh](/wiki/Christie_Welsh \"Christie Welsh\") | 7 | Aly WagnerAbby Wambach | 5 | [Greg Ryan](/wiki/Greg_Ryan_%28soccer%29 \"Greg Ryan (soccer)\") | |\n| 2006 | 22 | 18 | 4 | 0 | 57 | 10 | Abby Wambach | 17 | Abby Wambach | 8 | |\n| 2007 | 24 | 19 | 4 | 1 | 63 | 17 | Abby Wambach | 20 | [Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly \"Kristine Lilly\") | 8 | [World Cup](/wiki/2007_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2007 FIFA Women's World Cup\") (3rd place) |\n| 2008 | 36 | **33** | 2 | 1 | 84 | 17 | [Carli Lloyd](/wiki/Carli_Lloyd \"Carli Lloyd\") | [Natasha Kai](/wiki/Natasha_Kai \"Natasha Kai\") | 15 | [Heather O'Reilly](/wiki/Heather_O%27Reilly \"Heather O'Reilly\")Abby Wambach | 10 | [Pia Sundhage](/wiki/Pia_Sundhage \"Pia Sundhage\") | [Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\") (gold medal) |\n| 2009 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 1 | [Hope Solo](/wiki/Hope_Solo \"Hope Solo\") | (3 players tied) | 2 | Heather O'Reilly | 3 | |\n| 2010 | 18 | 15 | 2 | 1 | 48 | 8 | Abby Wambach | | 16 | [Lori Lindsey](/wiki/Lori_Lindsey \"Lori Lindsey\") | 7 | |\n| 2011 | 20 | 13 | 4 | 3 | 41 | 17 | 8 | [Lauren Cheney](/wiki/Lauren_Holiday \"Lauren Holiday\")[Megan Rapinoe](/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe \"Megan Rapinoe\") | 5 | [World Cup](/wiki/2011_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2011 FIFA Women's World Cup\") (2nd place) |\n| 2012 | 32 | 28 | 3 | 1 | 120 | 21 | [Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan \"Alex Morgan\") | | 28 | Alex Morgan | 21 | P. Sundhage[Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis \"Jill Ellis\") | [Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\") (gold medal) |\n| 2013 | 16 | 13 | 3 | 0 | 56 | 11 | Abby Wambach | | 11 | Lauren HolidayAbby Wambach | 6 | [Tom Sermanni](/wiki/Tom_Sermanni \"Tom Sermanni\") | |\n| 2014 | 24 | 16 | 5 | 3 | 79 | 15 | Lauren Holiday | Carli Lloyd | 15 | Carli Lloyd | 8 | T. SermanniJ. Ellis | |\n| 2015 | 26 | 20 | 4 | 2 | 74 | 12 | Carli Lloyd | 18 | Megan Rapinoe | 10 | J. Ellis | [World Cup](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2015 FIFA Women's World Cup\") (champions) |\n| [2016](/wiki/2016_in_American_soccer \"2016 in American soccer\") | 25 | 22 | 3 | 0 | 92 | 10 | [Tobin Heath](/wiki/Tobin_Heath \"Tobin Heath\") | Carli LloydAlex Morgan | 17 | Carli Lloyd | 11 | [Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\") (quarter\\-finals) |\n| [2017](/wiki/2017_in_American_soccer \"2017 in American soccer\") | 16 | 12 | 1 | 3 | 40 | 13 | [Julie Ertz](/wiki/Julie_Ertz \"Julie Ertz\") | Alex Morgan | 7 | Megan Rapinoe | 5 | |\n| [2018](/wiki/2018_in_American_soccer \"2018 in American soccer\") | 20 | 18 | 2 | 0 | 65 | 10 | Alex Morgan | 18 | 12 | |\n| [2019](/wiki/2019_in_American_soccer \"2019 in American soccer\") | 24 | 20 | 3 | 1 | 77 | 16 | Julie Ertz{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Julie Ertz Named 2019 U.S. Soccer Female Player of the Year \\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/12/julie\\-ertz\\-named\\-2019\\-us\\-soccer\\-female\\-player\\-of\\-the\\-year \\|work\\= U.S. Soccer \\|date\\= December 13, 2019}} | Carli Lloyd | 16 | [Christen Press](/wiki/Christen_Press \"Christen Press\") | 12 | J. Ellis[Vlatko Andonovski](/wiki/Vlatko_Andonovski \"Vlatko Andonovski\") | [World Cup](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2019 FIFA Women's World Cup\") (champions) |\n| [2020](/wiki/2020_in_American_soccer \"2020 in American soccer\") | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 1 | [Sam Mewis](/wiki/Sam_Mewis \"Sam Mewis\") | [Lindsey Horan](/wiki/Lindsey_Horan \"Lindsey Horan\")Christen Press | 7 | [Lynn Williams](/wiki/Lynn_Williams_%28soccer%29 \"Lynn Williams (soccer)\") | 6 | V. Andonovski | |\n| [2021](/wiki/2021_in_American_soccer%23Women%27s \"2021 in American soccer#Women's\") | 24 | 17 | 5 | 2 | 76 | 12 | Lindsey Horan | Carli Lloyd | 11 | Carli Lloyd | 6 | [Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\") (bronze medal) |\n| [2022](/wiki/2022_in_American_soccer%23Women%27s \"2022 in American soccer#Women's\") | 18 | 14 | 1 | 3 | 56 | 9 |[Sophia Smith](/wiki/Sophia_Smith_%28soccer%2C_born_2000%29 \"Sophia Smith (soccer, born 2000)\"){{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Sophia Smith Voted 2022 BioSteel U.S. Soccer Female Player of the Year \\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/01/smith\\-biosteel\\-us\\-soccer\\-female\\-player\\-of\\-the\\-year\\-shaw\\-chipotle\\-young\\-female\\-player\\-of\\-the\\-year \\|work\\=U.S. Soccer \\|date\\=January 6, 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=January 8, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 7, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107190029/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/01/smith\\-biosteel\\-us\\-soccer\\-female\\-player\\-of\\-the\\-year\\-shaw\\-chipotle\\-young\\-female\\-player\\-of\\-the\\-year \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"11 |\n [Mallory Pugh](/wiki/Mallory_Pugh \"Mallory Pugh\") |\n 7 |\n |\n| [2023](/wiki/2023_in_American_soccer \"2023 in American soccer\") | 18 | 14 | 4 | 0 | 36 | 3 | [Naomi Girma](/wiki/Naomi_Girma \"Naomi Girma\"){{cite web \\|title\\=Naomi Girma Voted 2023 U.S. Soccer Female Player of the Year; Olivia Moultrie Voted 2023 Chipotle U.S. Soccer Young Female Player of the Year \\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/01/naomi\\-girma\\-2023\\-female\\-player\\-of\\-the\\-year\\-olivia\\-moultrie\\-chipotle\\-young\\-female\\-player\\-of\\-the\\-year \\|publisher\\=U.S. Soccer \\|date\\=January 11, 2024}} | [Mallory Swanson](/wiki/Mallory_Swanson \"Mallory Swanson\") | 7 | Alex Morgan[Trinity Rodman](/wiki/Trinity_Rodman \"Trinity Rodman\") | 5 | V. Andonovski[Twila Kilgore](/wiki/Twila_Kilgore \"Twila Kilgore\") | [World Cup](/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2023 FIFA Women's World Cup\") (Round of 16\\) |\n|\n| [2024](/wiki/2024_in_American_soccer \"2024 in American soccer\") | 18 | 14 | 3 | 1 | 39 | 9 | TBD | | | | | T. Kilgore [Emma Hayes](/wiki/Emma_Hayes \"Emma Hayes\") | [Olympics](/wiki/Football_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\") (gold medal) |\n| Total | 751 | 589 | 90 | 72 | 2,288 | 456 | | | | | | | |",
"*Sources*{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=http://www.ussoccer.com/about/media\\-services/media\\-guide \\|title\\=U.S. Soccor Federation 2015 Women's National Team Media Guide\\|publisher\\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \\|date\\=January 1, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=June 8, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915022004/http://www.ussoccer.com/about/media\\-services/media\\-guide \\|archive\\-date\\=September 15, 2014 }}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=http://www.ussoccer.com/womens\\-national\\-team/stats \\|title\\=U.S. Women's National Team Stats page \\|publisher\\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \\|access\\-date\\=May 16, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 6, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706044713/http://www.ussoccer.com/womens\\-national\\-team/stats \\|url\\-status\\=live }}[All Time Results](http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/usa-frauen-team/21/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615191116/http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/usa\\-frauen\\-team/21/ \\|date\\=June 15, 2018 }} from Worldfootball.net[All Time Results](https://web.archive.org/web/20160629162558/http://www.fifa.com/live-scores/teams/country=usa/women/matches/index.html) from FIFA.com\nIndividual records\n------------------",
"### Player records",
"{{See also\\|List of United States women's international soccer players}}\n{{updated\\|August 10, 2024}}. Active players are shown in bold**.**The women's national team boasts the first six players in the history of the game to have earned 200 [caps](/wiki/Cap_%28sport%29 \"Cap (sport)\").{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|last\\=Martin\\|first\\=Chad\\|date\\=June 30, 2021\\|title\\=The Top 6 U.S. Women Soccer Players of the 200\\-Cap Club\\|url\\=https://www.statsballer.com/news/us\\-women\\-200\\-cap\\-club/\\|access\\-date\\=June 30, 2021\\|website\\=Stats Baller – Data Driven Sports Stats\\|language\\=en\\-CA\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181308/https://www.statsballer.com/news/us\\-women\\-200\\-cap\\-club/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} These players have since been joined in the 200\\-cap club by several players from other national teams, as well as by seven more Americans: Kate Markgraf, Abby Wambach, Heather O'Reilly, Carli Lloyd, Hope Solo, Becky Sauerbrunn, and Alex Morgan.{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|first\\=Emma\\|last\\=Hruby\\|title\\=Alex Morgan Becomes 13th USWNT Player to Reach 200 Caps\\|url\\=https://justwomenssports.com/uswnt\\-alex\\-morgan\\-caps\\-soccer/\\|work\\=Just Women's Sports\\|date\\=November 13, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=February 19, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219043621/https://justwomenssports.com/uswnt\\-alex\\-morgan\\-caps\\-soccer/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Kristine Lilly, Carli Lloyd, and Christie Pearce are the only players to earn more than 300 caps.\nIn March 2004, [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm \"Mia Hamm\") and [Michelle Akers](/wiki/Michelle_Akers \"Michelle Akers\") were the only two women and the only two Americans named to the [FIFA 100](/wiki/FIFA_100 \"FIFA 100\"), a list of the 125 greatest living soccer players chosen by [Pelé](/wiki/Pel%C3%A9 \"Pelé\") as part of [FIFA](/wiki/FIFA \"FIFA\")'s centenary observances.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2023}}",
"| \\+Most caps |\n| --- |\n|Rank",
"Player |\nCaps",
"Goals",
"Years",
"| 1 |[Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly \"Kristine Lilly\")",
"**354** |\n 130 |\n 1987–2010 |\n| 2 |[Carli Lloyd](/wiki/Carli_Lloyd \"Carli Lloyd\")",
"**316** |\n 134 |\n 2005–2021 |\n| 3 |[Christie Pearce](/wiki/Christie_Pearce \"Christie Pearce\")",
"**311** |\n 2 |\n 1997–2015 |\n| 4 |[Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm \"Mia Hamm\")",
"**276** |\n 158 |\n 1987–2004 |\n| 5 |[Julie Foudy](/wiki/Julie_Foudy \"Julie Foudy\")",
"**274** |\n 45 |\n 1988–2004 |\n| 6 |[Abby Wambach](/wiki/Abby_Wambach \"Abby Wambach\")",
"**255** |\n [184](/wiki/List_of_international_goals_scored_by_Abby_Wambach \"List of international goals scored by Abby Wambach\") |\n 2001–2015 |\n| 7 |[Joy Fawcett](/wiki/Joy_Fawcett \"Joy Fawcett\")",
"**241** |\n 27 |\n 1987–2004 |\n| 8 |[Heather O'Reilly](/wiki/Heather_O%27Reilly \"Heather O'Reilly\")",
"**231** |\n 47 |\n 2002–2016 |\n| 9 |[Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan \"Alex Morgan\")",
"**224** |\n **[123](/wiki/List_of_international_goals_scored_by_Alex_Morgan \"List of international goals scored by Alex Morgan\")** |\n 2010–2024 |\n| 10 |**[Becky Sauerbrunn](/wiki/Becky_Sauerbrunn \"Becky Sauerbrunn\")**",
"**219** |\n 0 |\n 2008– |",
"Source(s){{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=All\\-Time Leaders \\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/womens\\-national\\-team/records \\|publisher\\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \\|access\\-date\\=April 6, 2018\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112074039/https://www.ussoccer.com/womens\\-national\\-team/records\\| archive\\-date\\=November 12, 2017\\| url\\-status\\=dead }}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\= 2021 USWNT Media Guide\\|url\\= https://www.flipsnack.com/ussoccer/2021\\-uswnt\\-media\\-guide.html\\|publisher\\= U.S. Soccer Communications Department\\|date\\= April 6, 2021\\|access\\-date\\= June 27, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\= June 27, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210627190817/https://www.flipsnack.com/ussoccer/2021\\-uswnt\\-media\\-guide.html\\|url\\-status\\= live}}",
"| \\+Most goals |\n| --- |\n|Rank",
"Player |\nGoals",
"Caps",
"Years",
"{{tooltip\\|Avg\\|Average}}",
"| 1 |[Abby Wambach](/wiki/Abby_Wambach \"Abby Wambach\")",
"**[184](/wiki/List_of_international_goals_scored_by_Abby_Wambach \"List of international goals scored by Abby Wambach\")** |\n 255 |\n 2001–2015 |\n 0\\.72 |\n| 2 | [Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm \"Mia Hamm\")",
"**158** |\n 276 |\n 1987–2004 |\n 0\\.57 |\n| 3 |[Carli Lloyd](/wiki/Carli_Lloyd \"Carli Lloyd\")",
"**134** |\n 316 |\n 2005–2021 |\n 0\\.42 |\n| 4 |[Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly \"Kristine Lilly\")",
"**130** |\n 354 |\n 1987–2010 |\n 0\\.37 |\n| 5 |[Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan \"Alex Morgan\")",
"**[123](/wiki/List_of_international_goals_scored_by_Alex_Morgan \"List of international goals scored by Alex Morgan\")** |\n 224 |\n 2010–2024 |\n 0\\.55 |\n| 6 |[Michelle Akers](/wiki/Michelle_Akers \"Michelle Akers\")",
"**107** |\n 155 |\n 1985–2000 |\n 0\\.69 |\n| 7 |[Tiffeny Milbrett](/wiki/Tiffeny_Milbrett \"Tiffeny Milbrett\")",
"**100** |\n 206 |\n 1991–2005 |\n 0\\.49 |\n| 8 |[Cindy Parlow](/wiki/Cindy_Parlow_Cone \"Cindy Parlow Cone\")",
"**75** |\n 158 |\n 1996–2004 |\n 0\\.47 |\n| 9 |[Christen Press](/wiki/Christen_Press \"Christen Press\")",
"**64** |\n 155 |\n 2013–2021 |\n 0\\.41 |\n| 10 |[Megan Rapinoe](/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe \"Megan Rapinoe\")",
"**63** |\n 203 |\n 2006–2023 |\n 0\\.31 |\n|",
"Source(s)",
"| \\+Most assists |\n| --- |\n|Rank",
"Player |\nAssists",
"Caps",
"Years",
"{{tooltip\\|Avg\\|Average}}",
"| 1 |[Mia Hamm](/wiki/Mia_Hamm \"Mia Hamm\")",
"**147** |\n 276 |\n 1987–2004 |\n 0\\.53 |\n| 2 |[Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly \"Kristine Lilly\")",
"**106** |\n 354 |\n 1987–2010 |\n 0\\.30 |\n|3",
"[Megan Rapinoe](/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe \"Megan Rapinoe\")",
"**73** |\n 203 |\n 2006–2023 |\n 0\\.36 |\n|[Abby Wambach](/wiki/Abby_Wambach \"Abby Wambach\")",
"255 |\n 2001–2015 |\n 0\\.29 |\n| 5 |[Carli Lloyd](/wiki/Carli_Lloyd \"Carli Lloyd\")",
"**64** |\n 316 |\n 2005–2021 |\n 0\\.20 |\n| 6 |[Tiffeny Milbrett](/wiki/Tiffeny_Milbrett \"Tiffeny Milbrett\")",
"**63** |\n 206 |\n 1991–2005 |\n 0\\.31 |\n|7",
"[Heather O'Reilly](/wiki/Heather_O%27Reilly \"Heather O'Reilly\")",
"**55**",
"231 |\n 2002–2016 |\n 0\\.24 |\n|[Julie Foudy](/wiki/Julie_Foudy \"Julie Foudy\")",
"274 |\n 1988–2004 |\n 0\\.20 |\n| 9 |[Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan \"Alex Morgan\")",
"**53** |\n 224 |\n 2010–2024 |\n 0\\.24 |\n| 10 |[Shannon MacMillan](/wiki/Shannon_MacMillan \"Shannon MacMillan\")",
"**50** |\n 177 |\n 1993–2005 |\n 0\\.28 |",
"Source(s){{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=U.S. Women's National Team Player Records \\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/teams/uswnt \\|publisher\\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 11, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044629/https://www.ussoccer.com/teams/uswnt \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\= 2022 USWNT Media Guide\\|url\\= https://www.flipsnack.com/ussoccer/2022wntmg001324220\\-1\\-1\\.html\\|publisher\\= U.S. Soccer Communications Department\\|date\\= February 28, 2022\\|access\\-date\\= February 20, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\= February 20, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20230220051509/https://www.flipsnack.com/ussoccer/2022wntmg001324220\\-1\\-1\\.html\\|url\\-status\\= live}}",
"| \\+Most shutouts |\n| --- |\n|Rank",
"Player |\n Shutouts |\nCaps",
"Years",
"{{tooltip\\|Avg\\|Average}}",
"| 1 |[Hope Solo](/wiki/Hope_Solo \"Hope Solo\")",
"**102** |\n 202 |\n 2000–2016 |\n 0\\.51 |\n| 2 |[Briana Scurry](/wiki/Briana_Scurry \"Briana Scurry\")",
"**72** |\n 175 |\n 1994–2008 |\n 0\\.41 |\n| 3 |**[Alyssa Naeher](/wiki/Alyssa_Naeher \"Alyssa Naeher\")**",
"**68** |\n 112 |\n 2014– |\n 0\\.60 |\n| 4 |[Nicole Barnhart](/wiki/Nicole_Barnhart \"Nicole Barnhart\")",
"**24** |\n 54 |\n 2004–2013 |\n 0\\.44 |\n| 5 |[Siri Mullinix](/wiki/Siri_Mullinix \"Siri Mullinix\")",
"**21** |\n 45 |\n 1999–2004 |\n 0\\.47 |\n| 6 |**[Casey Murphy](/wiki/Casey_Murphy \"Casey Murphy\")**",
"**15** |\n 19 |\n 2021– |\n 0\\.79 |\n|7",
"[Mary Harvey](/wiki/Mary_Harvey \"Mary Harvey\")",
"**13**",
"27 |\n 1989–1996 |\n 0\\.48 |\n|[Saskia Webber](/wiki/Saskia_Webber \"Saskia Webber\")",
"28 |\n 1992–2000 |\n 0\\.46 |\n| 9 |[Amy Allmann](/wiki/Amy_Griffin \"Amy Griffin\")",
"**10** |\n 24 |\n 1987–1991 |\n 0\\.42 |\n|10",
"[Kim Maslin\\-Kammerdeiner](/wiki/Kim_Maslin-Kammerdeiner \"Kim Maslin-Kammerdeiner\")",
"**9**",
"17 |\n 1988–1991 |\n 0\\.53 |\n| [LaKeysia Beene](/wiki/LaKeysia_Beene \"LaKeysia Beene\")",
"18 |\n 2000–2003 |\n 0\\.50 |\n|[Ashlyn Harris](/wiki/Ashlyn_Harris \"Ashlyn Harris\")",
"25 |\n 2013–2022 |\n 0\\.36 |",
"Source(s){{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Hope Solo: By the Numbers \\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/01/hope\\-solo\\-by\\-the\\-numbers \\|work\\=U.S. Soccer \\|date\\=January 21, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124221915/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/01/hope\\-solo\\-by\\-the\\-numbers \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\= 2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide\\|url\\=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi\\_print.pdf \\|publisher\\= U.S. Soccer Communications Department \\|date\\=January 1, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi\\_print.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=August 8, 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\= 2020 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide \\|url\\= https://www.flipsnack.com/ussoccer/2020\\-uswnt\\-media\\-guide.html \\|publisher\\= U.S. Soccer Communications Department \\|website\\= Flip Snack \\|date\\= January 1, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\= February 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\= June 11, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210611034439/https://www.flipsnack.com/ussoccer/2020\\-uswnt\\-media\\-guide.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }}{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/07/concacaf\\-w\\-championship\\-uswnt\\-vs\\-haiti\\-preview\\-tv\\-channels\\-start\\-time\\-standings\\|title\\=USWNT Opens Group A Play at CONCACAF W Championship Against Haiti\\|website\\=U.S. Soccer\\|date\\=July 3, 2022\\|quote\\=Goalkeeper Alyssa Naeher recorded the 47th shutout of her career...\\|access\\-date\\=July 4, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=July 4, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704122402/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/07/concacaf\\-w\\-championship\\-uswnt\\-vs\\-haiti\\-preview\\-tv\\-channels\\-start\\-time\\-standings\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"| \\+Captains |\n| --- |\n| Years as captain | Player | Caps | Goals | Years |\n| 1985 |[Denise Bender](/wiki/Denise_Bender \"Denise Bender\"){{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens\\-National\\-Team/2010/03/US\\-Women\\-Set\\-To\\-Face\\-Mexico\\-in\\-San\\-Diego.aspx \\|title\\=US Women Set To Face Mexico in San Diego \\|date\\=March 26, 2010 \\|publisher\\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \\|access\\-date\\=December 26, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809115220/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens\\-National\\-Team/2010/03/US\\-Women\\-Set\\-To\\-Face\\-Mexico\\-in\\-San\\-Diego.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2010}}",
"4 |\n 0 |\n 1985 |\n| 1986–1987 |[Emily Pickering](/wiki/Emily_Pickering \"Emily Pickering\"){{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=http://blog.lijsoccer.com/2011/08/02/PatGreccosWallOfFameEmilyPickering.aspx \\|title\\=Pat Grecco's Wall of Fame: Emily Pickering \\|date\\=August 2, 2011 \\|publisher\\=Long Island Junior Soccer \\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141926/http://blog.lijsoccer.com/2011/08/02/PatGreccosWallOfFameEmilyPickering.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2016}}",
"15 |\n 2 |\n 1985–1992 |\n| 1988–1991 |[Lori Henry](/wiki/Lori_Henry \"Lori Henry\")",
"39 |\n 3 |\n 1985–1991 |\n| 1991 |[April Heinrichs](/wiki/April_Heinrichs \"April Heinrichs\"){{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=http://www.soccertimes.com/usteams/roster/women/heinrichs.htm \\|title\\=Head Coach U.S. Women's National Team \\|website\\=Soccertimes.com \\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053353/http://www.soccertimes.com/usteams/roster/women/heinrichs.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"46 |\n 35 |\n 1986–1991 |\n| 1993–2000 |[Carla Overbeck](/wiki/Carla_Overbeck \"Carla Overbeck\"){{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Carla Overbeck \\|url\\=http://www.ncsoccerhalloffame.com/coverbeck2\\.htm \\|publisher\\=North Carolina Soccer Hall of Fame \\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917080624/http://www.ncsoccerhalloffame.com/coverbeck2\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=September 17, 2017 }}",
"170 |\n 4 |\n 1988–2000 |\n|2000–2004",
"[Julie Foudy](/wiki/Julie_Foudy \"Julie Foudy\"){{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Hamm, Foudy enshrined into Hall of Fame \\|url\\=http://espnfc.com/news/story?id\\=457315\\&cc\\=5901 \\|publisher\\=Espnfc.com \\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 17, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117114508/http://espnfc.com/news/story?id\\=457315\\&cc\\=5901 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"274 |\n 45 |\n 1988–2004 |\n|[Joy Fawcett](/wiki/Joy_Fawcett \"Joy Fawcett\")",
"241 |\n 27 |\n 1987–2004 |\n| 2004–2008 |[Kristine Lilly](/wiki/Kristine_Lilly \"Kristine Lilly\")",
"354 |\n 130 |\n 1987–2010 |\n| 2008–2015 |[Christie Pearce](/wiki/Christie_Pearce \"Christie Pearce\")",
"311 |\n 4 |\n 1997–2015 |\n| 2016–2018 |**[Becky Sauerbrunn](/wiki/Becky_Sauerbrunn \"Becky Sauerbrunn\")**{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Carli Lloyd and Beckey Sauerbrunn Named New Captains of U.S. WNT \\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/01/09/18/07/160109\\-wnt\\-carli\\-lloyd\\-and\\-becky\\-sauerbrunn\\-named\\-new\\-captains\\-of\\-us\\-wnt \\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2018 \\|publisher\\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \\|date\\=January 9, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927205725/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/01/09/18/07/160109\\-wnt\\-carli\\-lloyd\\-and\\-becky\\-sauerbrunn\\-named\\-new\\-captains\\-of\\-us\\-wnt \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"219 |\n 0 |\n 2008– |\n| 2016–2020 |[Carli Lloyd](/wiki/Carli_Lloyd \"Carli Lloyd\")",
"316 |\n 134 |\n 2005–2021 |\n| 2018–2020",
"[Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan \"Alex Morgan\"){{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Kassouf \\|first1\\=Jeff \\|title\\=USWNT notebook: Scheduling, captains and other updates from World Cup qualifying camp \\|url\\=https://equalizersoccer.com/2018/10/03/uswnt\\-notebook\\-captains\\-europe\\-january\\-camp\\-world\\-cup\\-qualifying/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2018 \\|publisher\\=The Equalizer \\|date\\=October 3, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 4, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004145018/https://equalizersoccer.com/2018/10/03/uswnt\\-notebook\\-captains\\-europe\\-january\\-camp\\-world\\-cup\\-qualifying/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"224 |\n 123 |\n 2010–2024 |\n|[Megan Rapinoe](/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe \"Megan Rapinoe\")",
"203 |\n 63 |\n 2006–2023 |\n| 2021–2023 |**[Becky Sauerbrunn](/wiki/Becky_Sauerbrunn \"Becky Sauerbrunn\")**{{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|last1\\=Kassouf \\|first1\\=Jeff \\|title\\=Becky Sauerbrunn named USWNT captain, again \\|url\\=https://equalizersoccer.com/2021/01/17/becky\\-sauerbrunn\\-named\\-uswnt\\-captain\\-again\\-vlatko\\-andonovski/ \\|access\\-date\\=January 18, 2021 \\|publisher\\=The Equalizer \\|date\\=January 17, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 20, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120012932/https://equalizersoccer.com/2021/01/17/becky\\-sauerbrunn\\-named\\-uswnt\\-captain\\-again\\-vlatko\\-andonovski/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"219 |\n 0 |\n 2008– |\n| 2023–2024 |[Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan \"Alex Morgan\"){{\\#invoke:cite news\\|\\|title\\=Lindsey Horan and Alex Morgan named USWNT captains ahead of 2023 FIFA Wwomens World Cup \\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/07/lindsey\\-horan\\-and\\-alex\\-morgan\\-named\\-uswnt\\-captains\\-ahead\\-of\\-2023\\-fifa\\-womens\\-world\\-cup \\|date\\=July 7, 2023 \\|publisher\\=USSoccer}}",
"224 |\n 123 |\n 2010–2024 |\n| 2023– |**[Lindsey Horan](/wiki/Lindsey_Horan \"Lindsey Horan\")**",
"156 |\n 35 |\n 2013– |",
"",
"| \\+Most goals in a match{{efn\\|The goal record for most scored in a match by a member of the USWNT is five, which has been accomplished by nine players}} |\n| --- |\n|Rank",
"Player |\nGoals",
"Date |\n Opponent |\n Location |\n Competition |\n Line\\-up |\n| 1",
"[Brandi Chastain](/wiki/Brandi_Chastain \"Brandi Chastain\") |\n **5**",
"April 18, 1991{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=WNT Records \\|url\\=http://www.ussoccer.com/womens\\-national\\-team/records/wnt\\-records \\|publisher\\=United States Soccer Federation (USSF) \\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626121039/http://www.ussoccer.com/womens\\-national\\-team/records/wnt\\-records \\|archive\\-date\\=June 26, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} |\n {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|Mexico}} [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico_women%27s_national_football_team \"Mexico women's national football team\") |\n [Port\\-au\\-Prince](/wiki/Port-au-Prince \"Port-au-Prince\"), Haiti |\n [World Cup Qualifying Tournament](/wiki/1991_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship \"1991 CONCACAF Women's Championship\") |\n Substitute (41') {{small\\|(80 minute match}}) |\n| [Amy Rodriguez](/wiki/Amy_Rodriguez \"Amy Rodriguez\") | January 20, 2012 | {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|Dominican Republic}} [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic_women%27s_national_football_team \"Dominican Republic women's national football team\") |[Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver \"Vancouver\"), Canada",
"[2012 Olympic Qualifying Tournament](/wiki/2012_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament%23Group_B \"2012 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament#Group B\")",
"Substitute (46') |\n| [Sydney Leroux](/wiki/Sydney_Leroux \"Sydney Leroux\") | January 22, 2012 | {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|Guatemala}} [Guatemala](/wiki/Guatemala_women%27s_national_football_team \"Guatemala women's national football team\") | Substitute (46') |\n| [Michelle Akers](/wiki/Michelle_Akers \"Michelle Akers\") | November 24, 1991 | {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|Chinese Taipei}} [Chinese Taipei](/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_women%27s_national_football_team \"Chinese Taipei women's national football team\") | [Foshan](/wiki/Foshan \"Foshan\"), China | [1991 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/1991_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"1991 FIFA Women's World Cup\") | Starting {{small\\|(80 minute match}}) |\n| [Tiffeny Milbrett](/wiki/Tiffeny_Milbrett \"Tiffeny Milbrett\") | November 2, 2002 | {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|Panama}} [Panama](/wiki/Panama_women%27s_national_football_team \"Panama women's national football team\") | [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\"), United States | [2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup](/wiki/2002_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Gold_Cup \"2002 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup\") | Starting |\n| [Abby Wambach](/wiki/Abby_Wambach \"Abby Wambach\") | October 23, 2004 | {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|Ireland}} [Republic of Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_women%27s_national_football_team \"Republic of Ireland women's national football team\") | [Houston](/wiki/Houston \"Houston\"), United States | [International Friendly](/wiki/Exhibition_game \"Exhibition game\") | Starting |\n| **[Crystal Dunn](/wiki/Crystal_Dunn \"Crystal Dunn\")** | February 15, 2016 | {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|Puerto Rico}} [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico_women%27s_national_football_team \"Puerto Rico women's national football team\") | [Frisco](/wiki/Frisco%2C_Texas \"Frisco, Texas\"), United States | [2016 Olympic Qualifying Tournament](/wiki/2016_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament \"2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament\") | Starting |\n| [Alex Morgan](/wiki/Alex_Morgan \"Alex Morgan\") | June 11, 2019 | {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|Thailand}} [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand_women%27s_national_football_team \"Thailand women's national football team\") | [Reims](/wiki/Reims \"Reims\"), France | [2019 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2019 FIFA Women's World Cup\") | Starting |\n| [Carli Lloyd](/wiki/Carli_Lloyd \"Carli Lloyd\") | September 16, 2021{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Carli Lloyd Nets Record\\-tying Five Goals as U.S. Women's National Team Tops Paraguay 9–0 \\|url\\=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2021/09/international\\-friendly\\-uswnt\\-9\\-vs\\-paraguay\\-0\\-match\\-report\\-stats \\|publisher\\=U.S. Soccer \\|date\\=September 16, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=September 17, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 23, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323035934/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2021/09/international\\-friendly\\-uswnt\\-9\\-vs\\-paraguay\\-0\\-match\\-report\\-stats \\|url\\-status\\=live }} | {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|PAR}} [Paraguay](/wiki/Paraguay_women%27s_national_football_team \"Paraguay women's national football team\") | [Cleveland](/wiki/Cleveland \"Cleveland\"), United States | [International Friendly](/wiki/Exhibition_game \"Exhibition game\") | Starting |",
"Notes**{{notelist}}**#### All\\-Time Bext XI",
"The following players were chosen as the [USWNT All\\-Time Best XI](/wiki/USWNT_All-Time_Best_XI \"USWNT All-Time Best XI\") in December 2013 by the United States Soccer Federation:{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=http://nwslsoccer.com/news\\-2/oct\\-\\-\\-dec\\-2013/u\\-s\\-\\-soccer\\-announces\\-all\\-time\\-wnt\\-best\\-xi \\|title\\=U.S. Soccer Announces All\\-Time WNT Best XI \\|date\\=December 19, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827134420/http://nwslsoccer.com/news\\-2/oct\\-\\-\\-dec\\-2013/u\\-s\\-\\-soccer\\-announces\\-all\\-time\\-wnt\\-best\\-xi \\|archive\\-date\\=August 27, 2016}}\n Goalkeeper: Briana Scurry\n Defenders: Brandi Chastain, Carla Overbeck, Christie Rampone, Joy Fawcett\n Midfielders: Kristine Lilly, Michelle Akers, Julie Foudy\n Forwards: Mia Hamm, Abby Wambach, Alex Morgan\n### Head coach records",
"Most appearances: {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|ENG}} [Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis \"Jill Ellis\"): 132\nMost wins: {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|ENG}} [Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis \"Jill Ellis\"): 106\nTeam records\n------------",
"Biggest victory\n14–0 vs. [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic_women%27s_national_football_team \"Dominican Republic women's national football team\")**, January 20, 2012\nBiggest defeat\n0–4 vs.** [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_football_team \"Brazil women's national football team\")**, September 27, 2007**Competitive record\n------------------",
"{{For\\|more results in minor tournaments\\|History of the United States women's national soccer team}}\n### FIFA Women's World Cup",
"{{Main\\|United States at the FIFA Women's World Cup}}\nThe team has participated in every [World Cup](/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup%23Results \"FIFA Women's World Cup#Results\") through 2023 and won a medal in each of the first eight editions until 2023, when they lost to [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_football_team \"Sweden women's national football team\") on penalties in the round of 16\\.",
"|[FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"FIFA Women's World Cup\") record",
"| |\n| Host | Result | {{Abbr\\|Pld\\|Games played}} | {{Abbr\\|W\\|Won}} | {{Abbr\\|D\\*\\|Drawn}} | {{Abbr\\|L\\|Lost}} | {{Abbr\\|GF\\|Goals for}} | {{Abbr\\|GA\\|Goals against}} | Coach |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|PRC}} [1991](/wiki/1991_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"1991 FIFA Women's World Cup\") | **[Champions](/wiki/1991_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final \"1991 FIFA Women's World Cup final\")** | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 5 | [Anson Dorrance](/wiki/Anson_Dorrance \"Anson Dorrance\") |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|SWE}} [1995](/wiki/1995_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"1995 FIFA Women's World Cup\") | Third place | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 5 | [Tony DiCicco](/wiki/Tony_DiCicco \"Tony DiCicco\")",
"| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} [1999](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"1999 FIFA Women's World Cup\")",
"**[Champions](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final \"1999 FIFA Women's World Cup final\")** | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 18 | 3 |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} [2003](/wiki/2003_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2003 FIFA Women's World Cup\")",
"Third place | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 5 | [April Heinrichs](/wiki/April_Heinrichs \"April Heinrichs\") |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|PRC}} [2007](/wiki/2007_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2007 FIFA Women's World Cup\") | Third place | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 7 | [Greg Ryan](/wiki/Greg_Ryan \"Greg Ryan\") |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|GER}} [2011](/wiki/2011_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2011 FIFA Women's World Cup\") | [Runners\\-up](/wiki/2011_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final \"2011 FIFA Women's World Cup final\") | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 7 | [Pia Sundhage](/wiki/Pia_Sundhage \"Pia Sundhage\") |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|CAN}} [2015](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2015 FIFA Women's World Cup\") | **[Champions](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final \"2015 FIFA Women's World Cup final\")** | 7 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 14 | 3 |[Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis \"Jill Ellis\")",
"| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|FRA}} [2019](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2019 FIFA Women's World Cup\") | **[Champions](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final \"2019 FIFA Women's World Cup final\")** | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 3 |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|AUS}}{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|NZL}} [2023](/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2023 FIFA Women's World Cup\") | Round of 16 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 1 | [Vlatko Andonovski](/wiki/Vlatko_Andonovski \"Vlatko Andonovski\") |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|BRA}} [2027](/wiki/2027_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2027 FIFA Women's World Cup\") |*To be determined*",
"| Total | 9/10 | 53 | 41 | 8 | 4 | 142 | 39 | |",
"*\\*Denotes draws include knockout matches decided via [penalty shoot\\-out](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 \"Penalty shoot-out (association football)\").*\n### Olympic Games",
"The team has participated in every [Olympic](/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics%23Women%27s_results \"Football at the Summer Olympics#Women's results\") tournament through 2024 and reached the gold medal game in each until 2016, when they were eliminated in the quarter\\-finals in a penalty shoot\\-out loss to [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_football_team \"Sweden women's national football team\"). The team won a record\\-extending fifth Olympic gold medal in 2024, their first since 2012\\.",
"|{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|IOC}} [Olympic Games](/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics%23Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the Summer Olympics#Women's tournament\") record",
"| |\n| Year",
"Result |\n {{Abbr\\|Pld\\|Games played}} |\n {{Abbr\\|W\\|Won}} |\n {{Abbr\\|D\\*\\|Drawn}} |\n {{Abbr\\|L\\|Lost}} |\n {{Abbr\\|GF\\|Goals for}} |\n {{Abbr\\|GA\\|Goals against}} |\n Coach |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} [1996](/wiki/Football_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\") | **Gold medal** | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 3 | [Tony DiCicco](/wiki/Tony_DiCicco \"Tony DiCicco\") |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|AUS}} [2000](/wiki/Football_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\") | Silver medal | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 5 | [April Heinrichs](/wiki/April_Heinrichs \"April Heinrichs\")",
"| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|GRE}} [2004](/wiki/Football_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\") | **Gold medal** | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 4 |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|CHN}} [2008](/wiki/Football_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\") | **Gold medal** | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 5 | [Pia Sundhage](/wiki/Pia_Sundhage \"Pia Sundhage\")",
"| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|GBR}} [2012](/wiki/Football_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\") | **Gold medal** | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 6 |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|BRA}} [2016](/wiki/Football_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\") | Quarter\\-finals | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 3 | [Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis \"Jill Ellis\") |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|JPN}} [2020](/wiki/Football_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\") |Bronze medal 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 12 | 10 | [Vlatko Andonovski](/wiki/Vlatko_Andonovski \"Vlatko Andonovski\") |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|FRA}} [2024](/wiki/Football_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\") | **Gold medal** | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 2 | [Emma Hayes](/wiki/Emma_Hayes \"Emma Hayes\") |\n|{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} [2028](/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics \"2028 Summer Olympics\")",
"*Qualified as hosts*",
"| Total | 8/9 | 44 | 33 | 7 | 4 | 88 | 38 | |",
"*\\*Denotes draws include knockout matches decided via [penalty shoot\\-out](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 \"Penalty shoot-out (association football)\").*\n### CONCACAF W Championship",
"",
"|[CONCACAF W Championship](/wiki/CONCACAF_W_Championship \"CONCACAF W Championship\") record",
"| |\n| Year",
"Result |\n {{Abbr\\|Pld\\|Games played}} |\n {{Abbr\\|W\\|Won}} |\n {{Abbr\\|D\\*\\|Drawn}} |\n {{Abbr\\|L\\|Lost}} |\n {{Abbr\\|GF\\|Goals for}} |\n {{Abbr\\|GA\\|Goals against}} |\n Coach |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|HAI}} [1991](/wiki/1991_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship \"1991 CONCACAF Women's Championship\") |**Champions** 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 49 | 0 |[Anson Dorrance](/wiki/Anson_Dorrance \"Anson Dorrance\")",
"| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} [1993](/wiki/1993_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Invitational_Tournament \"1993 CONCACAF Women's Invitational Tournament\") |**Champions** 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|CAN}} [1994](/wiki/1994_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship \"1994 CONCACAF Women's Championship\") |**Champions** 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 1 | [Tony DiCicco](/wiki/Tony_DiCicco \"Tony DiCicco\") |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|CAN}} [1998](/wiki/1998_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship \"1998 CONCACAF Women's Championship\") |*Did not participate*{{sup\\|1}}",
"| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} [2000](/wiki/2000_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Gold_Cup \"2000 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup\") |**Champions** 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 24 | 1 |[April Heinrichs](/wiki/April_Heinrichs \"April Heinrichs\")",
"| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|CAN}}{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} [2002](/wiki/2002_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Gold_Cup \"2002 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup\")",
"**Champions** 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 1 |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} [2006](/wiki/2006_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Gold_Cup \"2006 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup\")",
"**Champions** 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | [Greg Ryan](/wiki/Greg_Ryan \"Greg Ryan\") |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|MEX}} [2010](/wiki/2010_CONCACAF_Women%27s_World_Cup_Qualifying \"2010 CONCACAF Women's World Cup Qualifying\") |Third place 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 22 | 2 | [Pia Sundhage](/wiki/Pia_Sundhage \"Pia Sundhage\") |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} [2014](/wiki/2014_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship \"2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship\") |**Champions** 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 0 |[Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis \"Jill Ellis\")",
"| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} [2018](/wiki/2018_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship \"2018 CONCACAF Women's Championship\") |**Champions** 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 0 |\n| {{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|MEX}} [2022](/wiki/2022_CONCACAF_W_Championship \"2022 CONCACAF W Championship\") |**Champions** 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | [Vlatko Andonovski](/wiki/Vlatko_Andonovski \"Vlatko Andonovski\") |\n| [Total](/wiki/CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship \"CONCACAF Women's Championship\") | 10/11 | 44 | 42 | 1 | 1 | 212 | 6 | |",
"{{sup\\|1}} The U.S. team directly qualified for the [1999 FIFA Women's World Cup](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"1999 FIFA Women's World Cup\") as hosts of the event. Because of this, they did not participate in the 1998 CONCACAF Championship, which was the qualification tournament for the World Cup.\n*\\*Denotes draws include knockout matches decided via [penalty shoot\\-out](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 \"Penalty shoot-out (association football)\").*\n### CONCACAF W Gold Cup",
"",
"|[CONCACAF W Gold Cup](/wiki/CONCACAF_W_Gold_Cup \"CONCACAF W Gold Cup\") record",
"| |\n| Year",
"Result |\n {{Abbr\\|Pld\\|Games played}} |\n {{Abbr\\|W\\|Won}} |\n {{Abbr\\|D\\*\\|Drawn}} |\n {{Abbr\\|L\\|Lost}} |\n {{Abbr\\|GF\\|Goals for}} |\n {{Abbr\\|GA\\|Goals against}} |\n Coach |\n|{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|USA}} [2024](/wiki/2024_CONCACAF_W_Gold_Cup \"2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup\")",
"**Champions**{{Cite web \\|title\\=The U.S. Women's National Soccer Team won the inaugural CONCACAF Gold Cup \\|url\\=https://www.soccersat.com/news/The\\-US\\-Women\\-National\\-Soccer\\-Team\\-won\\-the\\-inaugural\\-CONCACAF\\-Gold\\-Cup \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-26 \\|website\\=www.soccersat.com}}",
"6 |\n 4 |\n 1 |\n 1 |\n 15 |\n 4 |\n [Twila Kilgore](/wiki/Twila_Kilgore \"Twila Kilgore\") |\n| [Total](/wiki/CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship \"CONCACAF Women's Championship\") | 1/1 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 4 | |",
"*\\*Denotes draws include knockout matches decided via [penalty shoot\\-out](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 \"Penalty shoot-out (association football)\").*\n### Minor tournaments",
"#### SheBelieves Cup",
"The [SheBelieves Cup](/wiki/SheBelieves_Cup \"SheBelieves Cup\") is a global invitational [tournament for national teams](/wiki/International_competitions_in_women%27s_association_football \"International competitions in women's association football\") in [women's soccer](/wiki/Women%27s_soccer \"Women's soccer\") hosted in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\").",
"|{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|United States}} [SheBelieves Cup](/wiki/SheBelieves_Cup \"SheBelieves Cup\") record",
"| |\n| Year",
"Result",
"Matches |\n Wins",
"Draws",
"Losses |\n GF",
"GA",
"Coach |\n| [2016](/wiki/2016_SheBelieves_Cup \"2016 SheBelieves Cup\") |{{hs\\|1}}**Champions** 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 |[Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis \"Jill Ellis\")",
"| [2017](/wiki/2017_SheBelieves_Cup \"2017 SheBelieves Cup\") |4th place 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 4 |\n| [2018](/wiki/2018_SheBelieves_Cup \"2018 SheBelieves Cup\") |{{hs\\|1}}**Champions** 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 |\n| [2019](/wiki/2019_SheBelieves_Cup \"2019 SheBelieves Cup\") |{{hs\\|2}}Runners\\-up 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 4 |\n| [2020](/wiki/2020_SheBelieves_Cup \"2020 SheBelieves Cup\") |{{hs\\|1}}**Champions** 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 |[Vlatko Andonovski](/wiki/Vlatko_Andonovski \"Vlatko Andonovski\")",
"| [2021](/wiki/2021_SheBelieves_Cup \"2021 SheBelieves Cup\") |{{hs\\|1}}**Champions** 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 |\n| [2022](/wiki/2022_SheBelieves_Cup \"2022 SheBelieves Cup\") |{{hs\\|1}}**Champions** 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 0 |\n| [2023](/wiki/2023_SheBelieves_Cup \"2023 SheBelieves Cup\") |{{hs\\|1}}**Champions** 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 |\n|\n| [2024](/wiki/2024_SheBelieves_Cup \"2024 SheBelieves Cup\") |{{hs\\|1}}**Champions** 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 3 | [Twila Kilgore](/wiki/Twila_Kilgore \"Twila Kilgore\") |\n| [Total](/wiki/SheBelieves_Cup \"SheBelieves Cup\") | 9/9 | 26 | 19 | 5 | 2 | 47 | 15 | |",
"#### Tournament of Nations",
"The [Tournament of Nations](/wiki/Tournament_of_Nations \"Tournament of Nations\") was a global invitational [tournament for national teams](/wiki/International_competitions_in_women%27s_association_football \"International competitions in women's association football\") in [women's soccer](/wiki/Women%27s_soccer \"Women's soccer\") hosted in the United States in non\\-World Cup and non\\-Olympic years.",
"|{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|United States}} [Tournament of Nations](/wiki/Tournament_of_Nations \"Tournament of Nations\") record",
"| |\n| Year",
"Result",
"Matches |\n Wins",
"Draws",
"Losses |\n GF",
"GA",
"Coach |\n| [2017](/wiki/2017_Tournament_of_Nations \"2017 Tournament of Nations\") |{{hs\\|2}}Runners\\-up 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 4 |[Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis \"Jill Ellis\")",
"| [2018](/wiki/2018_Tournament_of_Nations \"2018 Tournament of Nations\") |{{hs\\|1}}**Champions** 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 4 |\n| [Total](/wiki/Tournament_of_Nations \"Tournament of Nations\") 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 16 | 8 | |",
"#### Algarve Cup",
"The [Algarve Cup](/wiki/Algarve_Cup \"Algarve Cup\") is a global invitational [tournament for national teams](/wiki/International_competitions_in_women%27s_football \"International competitions in women's football\") in [women's soccer](/wiki/Women%27s_soccer \"Women's soccer\") hosted by the [Portuguese Football Federation](/wiki/Portuguese_Football_Federation \"Portuguese Football Federation\") (FPF). Held annually in the [Algarve](/wiki/Algarve \"Algarve\") region of [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\") since 1994, it has been one of the more prestigious women's soccer events other than the [Women's World Cup](/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"FIFA Women's World Cup\") and [Olympic tournament](/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics \"Football at the Summer Olympics\"),{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|last\\=Reynolds \\|first\\=Mike \\|title\\=In Demand Serves Up Algarve Cup Action \\|url\\=http://www.multichannel.com/distribution/demand\\-serves\\-algarve\\-cup\\-action/142094 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Multichannel News]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NewBay Media\\|NewBay Media, LLC]] \\|access\\-date\\=February 27, 2014 \\|date\\=March 8, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 28, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228123850/http://www.multichannel.com/distribution/demand\\-serves\\-algarve\\-cup\\-action/142094 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and it has been nicknamed the \"Mini FIFA Women's World Cup.\"{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|title\\=Women's game thriving in the Algarve \\|url\\=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/womensworldcup/germany2011/news/newsid\\=1395062/index.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[FIFA]]\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2014\\|date\\=March 9, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313094122/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/womensworldcup/germany2011/news/newsid\\=1395062/index.html\\|archive\\-date\\=March 13, 2014}} Since 2016, the [SheBelieves Cup](/wiki/SheBelieves_Cup \"SheBelieves Cup\") replaced it on the U.S. team's schedule.",
"|{{\\#invoke:flag\\|icon\\|Portugal}} [Algarve Cup](/wiki/Algarve_Cup \"Algarve Cup\") record",
"| |\n| Year",
"Result",
"Matches |\n Wins",
"Draws",
"Losses |\n GF",
"GA",
"Coach |\n| [1994](/wiki/1994_Algarve_Cup \"1994 Algarve Cup\") |{{hs\\|2}}Runners\\-up 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 1 |[Tony DiCicco](/wiki/Tony_DiCicco \"Tony DiCicco\")",
"| [1995](/wiki/1995_Algarve_Cup \"1995 Algarve Cup\") |4th place 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 5 |\n| [1996](/wiki/1996_Algarve_Cup \"1996 Algarve Cup\") |{{hs\\|\\-1}}*Did not enter*",
"| [1997](/wiki/1997_Algarve_Cup \"1997 Algarve Cup\") |\n| [1998](/wiki/1998_Algarve_Cup \"1998 Algarve Cup\") |{{hs\\|3}}3rd place 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 6 |Tony DiCicco",
"| [1999](/wiki/1999_Algarve_Cup \"1999 Algarve Cup\") |{{hs\\|2}}Runners\\-up 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 4 |\n| [2000](/wiki/2000_Algarve_Cup \"2000 Algarve Cup\") |{{hs\\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 1 |[April Heinrichs](/wiki/April_Heinrichs \"April Heinrichs\")",
"| [2001](/wiki/2001_Algarve_Cup \"2001 Algarve Cup\") | 6th place | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 9 |\n| [2002](/wiki/2002_Algarve_Cup \"2002 Algarve Cup\") | 5th place | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 6 |\n| [2003](/wiki/2003_Algarve_Cup \"2003 Algarve Cup\") |{{hs\\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 2 |\n| [2004](/wiki/2004_Algarve_Cup \"2004 Algarve Cup\") |{{hs\\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 5 |\n| [2005](/wiki/2005_Algarve_Cup \"2005 Algarve Cup\") |{{hs\\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 |[Greg Ryan](/wiki/Greg_Ryan \"Greg Ryan\")",
"| [2006](/wiki/2006_Algarve_Cup \"2006 Algarve Cup\") |{{hs\\|2}}Runners\\-up 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 1 |\n| [2007](/wiki/2007_Algarve_Cup \"2007 Algarve Cup\") |{{hs\\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 3 |\n| [2008](/wiki/2008_Algarve_Cup \"2008 Algarve Cup\") |{{hs\\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 1 |[Pia Sundhage](/wiki/Pia_Sundhage \"Pia Sundhage\")",
"| [2009](/wiki/2009_Algarve_Cup \"2009 Algarve Cup\") |{{hs\\|2}}Runners\\-up 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 1 |\n| [2010](/wiki/2010_Algarve_Cup \"2010 Algarve Cup\") |{{hs\\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 3 |\n| [2011](/wiki/2011_Algarve_Cup \"2011 Algarve Cup\") |{{hs\\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 3 |\n| [2012](/wiki/2012_Algarve_Cup \"2012 Algarve Cup\") |{{hs\\|3}}3rd place 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 2 |\n| [2013](/wiki/2013_Algarve_Cup \"2013 Algarve Cup\") |{{hs\\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 1 |[Tom Sermanni](/wiki/Tom_Sermanni \"Tom Sermanni\")",
"| [2014](/wiki/2014_Algarve_Cup \"2014 Algarve Cup\") | 7th place | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 7 |\n| [2015](/wiki/2015_Algarve_Cup \"2015 Algarve Cup\") |{{hs\\|1}}**Champions** 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 1 | [Jill Ellis](/wiki/Jill_Ellis \"Jill Ellis\") |\n|[Total](/wiki/Algarve_Cup \"Algarve Cup\") 79 | 56 | 11 | 12 | 172 | 62 | {{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom\\-algarve.html \\|title\\=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation \\|publisher\\=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation \\|access\\-date\\=October 14, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 4, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004221554/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom\\-algarve.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} |",
"Honors\n------",
"{{col\\-begin}}\n{{col\\-3}}\n[World Cup](/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"FIFA Women's World Cup\")***Champions:* [1991](/wiki/1991_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"1991 FIFA Women's World Cup\"), [1999](/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"1999 FIFA Women's World Cup\"), [2015](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2015 FIFA Women's World Cup\"), [2019](/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2019 FIFA Women's World Cup\")\n*Runners\\-up:* [2011](/wiki/2011_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2011 FIFA Women's World Cup\")\n*Third place:* [1995](/wiki/1995_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"1995 FIFA Women's World Cup\"), [2003](/wiki/2003_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2003 FIFA Women's World Cup\"), [2007](/wiki/2007_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup \"2007 FIFA Women's World Cup\")**[Olympic Games](/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics \"Football at the Summer Olympics\")***Gold medalists:* [1996](/wiki/Football_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\"), [2004](/wiki/Football_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\"), [2008](/wiki/Football_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\"), [2012](/wiki/Football_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\"), [2024](/wiki/Football_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\")\n*Silver medalists:* [2000](/wiki/Football_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\")\n*Bronze medalists:* [2020](/wiki/Football_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\")**[CONCACAF W Championship](/wiki/CONCACAF_W_Championship \"CONCACAF W Championship\")***Champions:* [1991](/wiki/1991_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship \"1991 CONCACAF Women's Championship\"), [1993](/wiki/1993_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Invitational_Tournament \"1993 CONCACAF Women's Invitational Tournament\"), [1994](/wiki/1994_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship \"1994 CONCACAF Women's Championship\"), [2000](/wiki/2000_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Gold_Cup \"2000 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup\"), [2002](/wiki/2002_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Gold_Cup \"2002 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup\"), [2006](/wiki/2006_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Gold_Cup \"2006 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup\"), [2014](/wiki/2014_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship \"2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship\"), [2018](/wiki/2018_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship \"2018 CONCACAF Women's Championship\"), [2022](/wiki/2022_CONCACAF_W_Championship \"2022 CONCACAF W Championship\")\n*Third place:* [2010](/wiki/2010_CONCACAF_Women%27s_World_Cup_Qualifying \"2010 CONCACAF Women's World Cup Qualifying\")**[CONCACAF W Gold Cup](/wiki/CONCACAF_W_Gold_Cup \"CONCACAF W Gold Cup\")***Champions:* [2024](/wiki/2024_CONCACAF_W_Gold_Cup \"2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup\")**[CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament](/wiki/CONCACAF_Women%27s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament \"CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament\")***Champions:* 2004, 2008, [2012](/wiki/2012_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament \"2012 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament\"), [2016](/wiki/2016_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Olympic_Qualifying_Championship \"2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship\"), [2020](/wiki/2020_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Olympic_Qualifying_Championship \"2020 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship\")**[Algarve Cup](/wiki/Algarve_Cup \"Algarve Cup\")***Champions:* 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015\n{{col\\-3}}**[U.S. Cup](/wiki/United_States_Cup \"United States Cup\")**[US Cup (Women)](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-uscup.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101052757/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesw/wom\\-uscup.html \\|date\\=November 1, 2012 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\\.\n*Champions:* 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002**[Four Nations Tournament](/wiki/Four_Nations_Tournament_%28women%27s_football%29 \"Four Nations Tournament (women's football)\")**[Four Nations Tournament (Women – Held in China)](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-china-4nat.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128032801/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom\\-china\\-4nat.html \\|date\\=January 28, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\\.\n*Champions:* 1998, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011**[Peace Queen Cup](/wiki/Peace_Queen_Cup \"Peace Queen Cup\")**[2006 Peace Queen Cup](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-peacecup06.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523191418/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesw/wom\\-peacecup06\\.html \\|date\\=May 23, 2008 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\\.[2008 Peace Queen Cup](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-peacecup08.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105616/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom\\-peacecup08\\.html \\|date\\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\\.\n*Champions:* 2006, 2008**[Albena Cup](/wiki/Albena_Cup \"Albena Cup\")***Champions:* 1991**[SheBelieves Cup](/wiki/SheBelieves_Cup \"SheBelieves Cup\")***Champions:* [2016](/wiki/2016_SheBelieves_Cup \"2016 SheBelieves Cup\"), [2018](/wiki/2018_SheBelieves_Cup \"2018 SheBelieves Cup\"), [2020](/wiki/2020_SheBelieves_Cup \"2020 SheBelieves Cup\"), [2021](/wiki/2021_SheBelieves_Cup \"2021 SheBelieves Cup\"), [2022](/wiki/2022_SheBelieves_Cup \"2022 SheBelieves Cup\"), [2023](/wiki/2023_SheBelieves_Cup \"2023 SheBelieves Cup\"), [2024](/wiki/2024_SheBelieves_Cup \"2024 SheBelieves Cup\")**[Tournament of Nations](/wiki/Tournament_of_Nations \"Tournament of Nations\")***Champions:* [2018](/wiki/2018_Tournament_of_Nations \"2018 Tournament of Nations\")**DFB Centenary Tournament**[DFB Centenary Tournament 2000](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesd/dfb100-women.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105625/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesd/dfb100\\-women.html \\|date\\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\\.\n*Champions:* 2000**Pacific Cup**[Pacific Cup (Women) 2000](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-pacific00.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105623/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom\\-pacific00\\.html \\|date\\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\\.\n*Champions:* 2000**Brazil Cup**[Brazil Cup 1996](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-brazilcup96.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105627/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom\\-brazilcup96\\.html \\|date\\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\\.\n*Champions:* 1996\n{{col\\-3}}**North America Cup**[North America Cup 1987](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/northamcup-wom87.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130213547/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/northamcup\\-wom87\\.html \\|date\\=January 30, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\\.[North America Cup 1990](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/northamcup-wom90.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828102855/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/northamcup\\-wom90\\.html \\|date\\=August 28, 2019 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\\.\n*Champions:* 1990**Canada Cup**[Canada Cup 1990](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/canadacup-wom90.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105618/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/canadacup\\-wom90\\.html \\|date\\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\\.\n*Champions:* 1990**Australia Cup**[Australia Cup 1999–2004](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/australiacup-wom.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131002429/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/australiacup\\-wom.html \\|date\\=January 31, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\\.\n*Champions:* 2000**Tournoi International**[Tournoi International Feminin 1995](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-feminin95.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105616/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom\\-feminin95\\.html \\|date\\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\\.\n*Champions:* 1995**Chiquita Cup**[Chiquita Cup 1994](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/chiquita-wom94.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105617/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/chiquita\\-wom94\\.html \\|date\\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\\.\n*Champions:* 1994**Tri\\-Nations Tournament**[Tri\\-Nations Tournament 1994 (Trinidad)](https://www.rsssf.org/tablest/trinidad-wom94.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105617/https://www.rsssf.org/tablest/trinidad\\-wom94\\.html \\|date\\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\\.\n*Champions:* 1994**[Goodwill Games](/wiki/Football_at_the_Goodwill_Games \"Football at the Goodwill Games\")**[Goodwill Games 1998](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom-goodwill98.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105619/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wom\\-goodwill98\\.html \\|date\\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\\.\n*Champions:* [1998](/wiki/Football_at_the_1998_Goodwill_Games \"Football at the 1998 Goodwill Games\")**Columbus Cup**[Columbus Cup 1993](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/columbus-wom93.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105625/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/columbus\\-wom93\\.html \\|date\\=February 3, 2023 }} Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2013\\.\n*Champions:* 1993\n{{col\\-end}}**FIFA World Ranking\n------------------",
"{{See also\\|FIFA Women's World Rankings}}\n{{Image frame \n \\| caption\\=A line chart depicting the history of the U.S.'s year\\-end placements in the \\[\\[FIFA Women's World Rankings\\|FIFA World Rankings]].\n \\| content \\= {{Graph:Chart\n \\| width\\=400\n \\| height\\=200\n \\| colors\\=\\#B22234\n \\| type\\=line\n \\| xAxisAngle \\= \\-40\n \\| yAxisMin \\= 10\n \\| yAxisMax \\= 1\n \\| yGrid \\= \n \\| x\\=2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024\n \\| y\\=2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 5\n }} \n}}\n*Last update was on September 5, 2024*{{\\#invoke:cite web\\|\\|url\\=https://www.fifa.com/fifa\\-world\\-ranking/women\\|title\\=Women's Ranking\\|publisher\\=FIFA\\|date\\=March 15, 2024\\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2024}}\n{{Color box\\|blue\\|border\\=darkgray}} Best Ranking**{{Color box\\|gold\\|border\\=darkgray}}** Worst Ranking**{{Color box\\|green\\|border\\=darkgray}}** Best Mover**{{Color box\\|red\\|border\\=darkgray}}** Worst Mover'''",
"|{{flagdeco\\|United States}} United States' [{{color\\|\\#FFFFFF\\|FIFA World Ranking}}](/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Rankings \"FIFA Women's World Rankings\") history",
"| |\n|Year",
"Rank at \nyear end",
"Best",
"Worst",
"|Rank",
"Move",
"Rank",
"Move",
"| 2024 | – | 1 | {{increase}} 4 | 5 | {{decrease}} 3 |\n| 2023 | 2 | 1 | {{steady}} | 3 | {{decrease}} 2 |\n| 2022 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |\n| 2021 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |\n| 2020 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |\n| 2019 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |\n| 2018 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |\n| 2017 | 1 | 1 | {{increase}} 1 | 2 | {{decrease}} 1 |\n| 2016 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |\n| 2015 | 1 | 1 | {{increase}} 1 | 2 | {{steady}} |\n| 2014 | 2 | 1 | {{steady}} | 2 | {{decrease}} 1 |\n| 2013 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |\n| 2012 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |\n| 2011 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |\n| 2010 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |\n| 2009 | 1 | 1 | {{steady}} | 1 | {{steady}} |\n| 2008 | 1 | 1 | {{increase}} 1 | 1 | {{steady}} |\n| 2007 | 2 | 1 | {{increase}} 1 | 2 | {{decrease}} 1 |\n| 2006 | 2 | 2 | {{steady}} | 2 | {{steady}} |\n| 2005 | 2 | 1 | {{increase}} 1 | 2 | {{decrease}} 1 |\n| 2004 | 2 | 2 | {{steady}} | 2 | {{steady}} |\n| 2003 | 2 | 1 | {{steady}} | 2 | {{decrease}} 1 |",
"See also\n--------",
"{{\\#invoke:Portal\\|portal\\|North America\\|United States\\|Sports\\|Association football\\|Women's association football}}\n * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + [Dare to Dream: The Story of the U.S. Women's Soccer Team](/wiki/Dare_to_Dream:The_Story_of_the_U.S._Women%27s_Soccer_Team \"The Story of the U.S. Women's Soccer Team\")'' – 2005 [HBO](/wiki/HBO \"HBO\") documentary\n* [List of United States women's national soccer team hat\\-tricks](/wiki/List_of_United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team_hat-tricks \"List of United States women's national soccer team hat-tricks\")\n* [U.S. Women's National Team Players Association](/wiki/U.S._Women%27s_National_Team_Players_Association \"U.S. Women's National Team Players Association\")\n* [U.S. women's national soccer team pay discrimination claim](/wiki/U.S._women%27s_national_soccer_team_pay_discrimination_claim \"U.S. women's national soccer team pay discrimination claim\")\n* [USWNT All\\-Time Best XI](/wiki/USWNT_All-Time_Best_XI \"USWNT All-Time Best XI\")\n* [National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), 2013–present](/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League \"National Women's Soccer League\")\n* [Soccer in the United States](/wiki/Soccer_in_the_United_States \"Soccer in the United States\")\n* [United States men's national soccer team](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team \"United States men's national soccer team\")"
] |
Biography
---------
Isaac Shoshan was born as Isaac Shasho, nicknamed "Zaki", in [Allepo](/wiki/Allepo "Allepo"), Syria to poor Jewish parents, Yaqoub Shasho and his wife Mazal. He studied at the [Alliance](/wiki/Alliance_Isra%C3%A9lite_Universelle "Alliance Israélite Universelle") Jewish school, and after school hours used to assist his father at his work as a school janitor. In his limited spare time, he was an active member of the Jewish [Scouts](/wiki/Scout_%28Scouting%29 "Scout (Scouting)") movement.
In 1942, aged 18, he emigrated to [Mandatory Palestine](/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine "Mandatory Palestine") by sneaking illegally across the border with a group of Jewish youngsters, led by a [border smuggler](/wiki/People_smuggling "People smuggling"). He made his way to [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv") where he settled in the [Yemenite](/wiki/Yemenite_Jews "Yemenite Jews") quarter of [Kerem HaTeimanim](/wiki/Kerem_HaTeimanim "Kerem HaTeimanim") and made a modest living working occasionally in the adjacent [Carmel Market](/wiki/Carmel_Market "Carmel Market"), in nearby agricultural farms and in a [tin](/wiki/Tin "Tin") factory. He then moved to [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem"), staying with his elder sister Rachel who emigrated several years earlier, and worked there as assistant to his brother in\-law carrying and selling fruits and vegetables throughout the streets of the city.
In 1943 Shoshan enlisted to a [Hakhshara](/wiki/Hakhshara "Hakhshara") camp in [Kibbutz](/wiki/Kibbutz "Kibbutz") [Na'an](/wiki/Na%27an "Na'an"), and in 1945 joined the Hakhshara camp of Kibbutz [Gvat](/wiki/Gvat "Gvat"). That same year he was recruited to the [Palmach](/wiki/Palmach "Palmach") alongside the other Hakhshara trainees.
### Palmach activity
[thumb\|Members of Palmach "Arab Section", Isaac Shoshan in right foreground](/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_-_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%99_-_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9F_%28%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F%29_%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%99%28%D7%9E%D7%A9-148716.jpg "השחר המחלקה הערבית - יצחק שושן ובלפור ענבי - יצחק שושן (מימין) ובלפור ענבי(מש-148716.jpg")
Having become an active member of the Palmach and as a native [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic "Arabic") speaker with the suitable background and appearance, Shoshan was found fit to join the [Special Operations](/wiki/Special_Operations "Special Operations") unit of the [Mista'arvim](/wiki/Mista%27arvim "Mista'arvim"), also known as the "Arab Section". He was based in Kibbutz [Ein HaHoresh](/wiki/Ein_HaHoresh "Ein HaHoresh"), where he underwent extensive training in intelligence gathering, undercover communications and [explosives](/wiki/Explosive "Explosive"). Instruction also included thorough [Quran](/wiki/Quran "Quran") studies, [Islamic](/wiki/Islamic "Islamic") religion and culture, [Sharia](/wiki/Sharia "Sharia") law, prayers, [ritual purity](/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam "Ritual purity in Islam") and all other customs relevant for imposing as a Muslim Arab.{{Cite news\|last\=Bergman\|first\=Ronen\|date\=5 January 2021\|title\=Isaac Shoshan, Israeli Spy Who Posed as an Arab, Is Dead at 96\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/05/world/middleeast/isaac\-shoshan\-dead.html\|access\-date\=15 January 2021\|issn\=0362\-4331}} As part of the training, trainees were sent out to Palestinian Arab towns to mingle among the locals, frequent [markets](/wiki/Marketplace "Marketplace"), stores and restaurants, and join prayers in mosques. During the course of the training he was nicknamed by his comrades "Abu S'heik", a name by which he was to become known throughout the intelligence community.
[thumb\|Isaac Shoshan posing as a Palestinian refugee, Beirut](/wiki/File:%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95_%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA.jpg "אבו סחיק על הטיילת בביירות.jpg")
Upon completion of his training, he became an active combatant in the Arab Section and took part in numerous Palmach [covert operations](/wiki/Covert_operation "Covert operation"), including intelligence gathering on Arab resurrection leaders and [weapon](/wiki/Weapon "Weapon") smugglers, [counter\-terrorism](/wiki/Counter-terrorism "Counter-terrorism") activity and targeted attacks.
On 19 February 1948, Shoshan was involved in the assassination attempt of Haj [Nimr al\-Khatib](/wiki/Nimr_al-Khatib "Nimr al-Khatib"), a prominent leader of the [Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood "Muslim Brotherhood") and devout supporter of the [Grand Mufti](/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem "Grand Mufti of Jerusalem") Haj [Amin al\-Husseini](/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini "Amin al-Husseini"). Al\-Khatib survived the assassination, but was wounded and incapacitated for the rest of the war, recovering from his injuries in Lebanon and Syria. Later that month information was received at Palmach headquarters that a [car bomb](/wiki/Car_bomb "Car bomb") had been prepared in an Arab owned [garage](/wiki/Automobile_repair_shop "Automobile repair shop") in Haifa, ready to be positioned and detonated in front of a crowded Haifa movie theater. Arab Section combatants Isaac Shoshan and Yakuba Cohen were ordered to foil the plot and successfully managed to insert another time\-detonated car bomb into the garage, devastating the entire garage and the two cars.{{Cite news\|last\=Bergman\|first\=Ronen\|date\=5 January 2021\|title\=Isaac Shoshan, Israeli Spy Who Posed as an Arab, Is Dead at 96\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/05/world/middleeast/isaac\-shoshan\-dead.html\|access\-date\=13 January 2021\|issn\=0362\-4331}}
### Overseas operations
[thumb\|Isaac Shoshan (center) with [Gamliel Cohen](/wiki/Gamliel_Cohen "Gamliel Cohen") and Shimon Horesh, Beirut 1948](/wiki/File:%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95_%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA.jpg "שמעון חורש אבו סחיק וגמליאל כהן ביירות.jpg")
[thumb\|Isaac Shoshan (front) and Havakuk Cohen in their Oldsmobile taxi, Beirut 1949](/wiki/File:Isaac_Shoshan_%28foreground%29_and_Havakuk_Cohen_in_Lebanon%2C_around_1949_%28Courtesy_of_Isaac_Shoshan%29.jpg "Isaac Shoshan (foreground) and Havakuk Cohen in Lebanon, around 1949 (Courtesy of Isaac Shoshan).jpg")
In early May 1948, towards the departure of the last British troops from Palestine and end of the [British Mandate](/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine "Mandate for Palestine"), violent hostilities between Jews and Arabs increased. As thousands of Arabs fled north from Haifa to seek refuge in [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon"), Isaac Shoshan infiltrated into one of the [refugee](/wiki/Palestinian_refugees "Palestinian refugees") convoys and arrived in [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut "Beirut"). Within days of arrival, on 14 May 1948, the State of Israel was declared and consequently the Palmach force, including its Arab Section, were incorporated into the [IDF](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces "Israel Defense Forces"). Shoshan and fellow members of the Arab Section who have established themselves in Beirut under the guise of Arab Palestinian refugees, created an espionage network that during the following two years transmitted valuable information to their operators in Tel Aviv and laid the foundations for Israel's espionage activities in the Arab countries.
Shoshan lived and operated in Beirut under the cover name Abdul Karim Muhammad Sidki. He and his comrades ran a [kiosk](/wiki/Kiosk "Kiosk") in Beirut{{Cite web\|last\=Balke\|first\=Ralf\|date\=5 June 2019\|title\=Am Anfang war ein Kiosk\|url\=https://www.juedische\-allgemeine.de/kultur/am\-anfang\-war\-ein\-kiosk/\|access\-date\=15 January 2021\|website\=Jüdische Allgemeine\|language\=de}} and purchased an [Oldsmobile](/wiki/Oldsmobile "Oldsmobile") car which they operated as a taxi carrying passengers between Beirut, [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus "Damascus") and [Amman](/wiki/Amman "Amman"), thus providing them cover for their frequent travels across the Arab countries.{{Cite web\|last\=Friedman\|first\=Matti\|title\=Our man in Beirut: The remarkable story of Isaac Shoshan\|url\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/our\-man\-in\-beirut\-the\-remarkable\-story\-of\-isaac\-shushan/\|access\-date\=13 January 2021\|website\=www.timesofisrael.com\|language\=en\-US}}
In November 1948, information was received that a former [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") Vessel, the [Aviso Grille](/wiki/German_aviso_Grille "German aviso Grille"), had docked in Beirut following its purchase by a Lebanese businessman. It was suspected that [King Farouk of Egypt](/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt "Farouk of Egypt") was behind the purchase, and that the vessel would serve the [Egyptian Navy](/wiki/Egyptian_Navy "Egyptian Navy") for attacks against Israel. Shoshan managed to locate the vessel and report its location to headquarters, and then, together with a [frogman](/wiki/Frogman "Frogman") sent from Israel, carried out an operation to sabotage the vessels by attaching explosives to it.{{Cite web\|last\=Friedman\|first\=Matti\|title\=Our man in Beirut: The remarkable story of Isaac Shoshan\|url\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/our\-man\-in\-beirut\-the\-remarkable\-story\-of\-isaac\-shushan/\|access\-date\=15 January 2021\|website\=www.timesofisrael.com\|language\=en\-US}} The vessel suffered severe damage, and never made it to Egypt. After a partial repair, it was eventually sold for scrap in USA several years later.
In 1950, Shoshan was called back to headquarters and for the following years held various posts in the [Military Intelligence Directorate](/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_%28Israel%29 "Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)"). In 1957 he was one of the founders of "Unit 269", later to be known as the legendary [Sayeret Matkal](/wiki/Sayeret_Matkal "Sayeret Matkal"). He was also highly involved in the training and handling of agents in Arab countries, including, amongst others, the Israeli spy in Damascus [Eli Cohen](/wiki/Eli_Cohen "Eli Cohen"), who was eventually captured by the Syrians and executed.
### In the Mossad
In 1966 Shoshan was transferred to the [Mossad](/wiki/Mossad "Mossad"), where he held a series of operational and administrative duties. He was involved in numerous operations, most of which are still classified. For a period of 10 years he headed the special unit for assisting Jewish communities in enemy countries and covertly facilitating their repatriation to Israel.
[thumb\|Isaac Shoshan (standing, second from left) celebrating with Navy officials and a group of Syrian Jews their successful arrival by sea, 1973](/wiki/File:ShabtaiLeviSyrianImmigrants1973.jpg "ShabtaiLeviSyrianImmigrants1973.jpg")
In 1969 he initiated "Operation Melet", also nicknamed "operation Shoshan",{{Cite web\|title\=מבצע שושן.pdf\|url\=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QK6M4ZRA3zUvMQCHP\-2nLAuMUuHmrvqa/view?usp\=embed\_facebook\|access\-date\=15 January 2021\|website\=Google Docs}} intended to rescue youngsters of the [Syrian Jewish community](/wiki/Syrian_Jews "Syrian Jews"), who under Syrian law were strictly forbidden from leaving the country, and safely bring them to Israel. Using his thorough acquaintance with Syria and Lebanon, as well as his espionage experience and contacts, Shoshan had devised a plan by which these youngsters were smuggled across the border to Lebanon; from Beirut shore, Mossad agents would sneak them onto the boat of a local Lebanese collaborator, that delivered them onwards to an [Israeli Navy](/wiki/Israeli_Navy "Israeli Navy") vessel awaiting in the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea"). Once the system was well established, also entire families, including small children, were smuggled across. The operation continued until 1973, delivering by sea a total of 750 people from Syria via Lebanon to Israel.{{Cite web\|date\=28 December 2020\|title\=המרגל ואיש המודיעין יצחק שושן הלך לעולמו בגיל 96 – וואלה! חדשות\|url\=https://news.walla.co.il/item/3408050\|access\-date\=15 January 2021\|website\=וואלה!News\|language\=he}}
Once the sea route was exhausted, Shoshan and his Mossad comrades continued to devise creative ways to smuggle out the remainder of the Syrian Jewish community, including a daring [airlift](/wiki/Airlift "Airlift") of 100 Jews from Lebanon to Israel, and later a route across the Syrian\-Turkish border. Eventually, the vast majority of Syrian Jewry was rescued and arrived at safe haven.{{Cite web\|title\=פרידה מחלוץ המודיעין הישראלי: הלך לעולמו המרגל יצחק שושן\|url\=https://www.maariv.co.il/news/israel/Article\-811472\|access\-date\=15 January 2021\|website\=www.maariv.co.il\|date\=28 December 2020 }}
### Retirement
Shoshan officially retired from the Mossad in 1982, however for many years he continued his affiliation with the Organization and volunteered to advise, instruct and lecture to trainees and cadets.
In 1990 he published, together with his former trainee and comrade [Rafi Sutton](/wiki/Rafi_Sutton "Rafi Sutton"), a book of memoirs *Men of Secrets, Men of Mystery: Tales of Israeli Intelligence Behind Enemy Lines.*
In 2016 he published another book *Pitgam Yashan Shoshan*, a collection of [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic "Arabic") folk [fables](/wiki/Fable "Fable") and [idioms](/wiki/Idiom "Idiom") translated to Hebrew.{{Cite web\|title\=כתבה על ספר הפתגמים נעם טפר.png\|url\=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pQ5i4\_PH17BQetBMDsBz1dJYkx\_HaOlO/view?usp\=embed\_facebook\|access\-date\=15 January 2021\|website\=Google Docs}}
He lived modestly and out of the public eye in [Bat Yam](/wiki/Bat_Yam "Bat Yam") in the southern outskirts of Tel Aviv, and died in 2020 at the age of 96\.
### Family and personal life
Isaac had multiple siblings: an older half\-sister from his mother's first marriage, another older half\-sister from his father's first marriage, 3 full brothers and a sister. Isaac's mother died when he was 7 years old, and his father married his third wife – bringing along with her 2 additional daughters, step\-sisters to Isaac. They all lived together in a crowded home in the *Bahsita* [Jewish quarter](/wiki/Jewish_quarter_%28diaspora%29 "Jewish quarter (diaspora)") of the [Ancient City of Aleppo](/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo "Ancient City of Aleppo").
During Isaac's undercover stay in Beirut, he was dating a Christian\-Lebanese woman who had fallen in love with him. That relationship came to an end when the woman's brother found out she was dating a "Muslim", as Isaac was thought to be under his assumed identity.
Once back in Israel, in 1952, Isaac married Yaffa – a Jewish Israeli of Syrian origin, and they had a son, Jacob (born 1954\) and a daughter Eti (born 1959\). Yaffa died in 1970, and in 1973 Isaac married Rachel, with whom he lived for the rest of his life.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Isaac Shoshan was born as Isaac Shasho, nicknamed \"Zaki\", in [Allepo](/wiki/Allepo \"Allepo\"), Syria to poor Jewish parents, Yaqoub Shasho and his wife Mazal. He studied at the [Alliance](/wiki/Alliance_Isra%C3%A9lite_Universelle \"Alliance Israélite Universelle\") Jewish school, and after school hours used to assist his father at his work as a school janitor. In his limited spare time, he was an active member of the Jewish [Scouts](/wiki/Scout_%28Scouting%29 \"Scout (Scouting)\") movement.",
"In 1942, aged 18, he emigrated to [Mandatory Palestine](/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine \"Mandatory Palestine\") by sneaking illegally across the border with a group of Jewish youngsters, led by a [border smuggler](/wiki/People_smuggling \"People smuggling\"). He made his way to [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\") where he settled in the [Yemenite](/wiki/Yemenite_Jews \"Yemenite Jews\") quarter of [Kerem HaTeimanim](/wiki/Kerem_HaTeimanim \"Kerem HaTeimanim\") and made a modest living working occasionally in the adjacent [Carmel Market](/wiki/Carmel_Market \"Carmel Market\"), in nearby agricultural farms and in a [tin](/wiki/Tin \"Tin\") factory. He then moved to [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\"), staying with his elder sister Rachel who emigrated several years earlier, and worked there as assistant to his brother in\\-law carrying and selling fruits and vegetables throughout the streets of the city.",
"In 1943 Shoshan enlisted to a [Hakhshara](/wiki/Hakhshara \"Hakhshara\") camp in [Kibbutz](/wiki/Kibbutz \"Kibbutz\") [Na'an](/wiki/Na%27an \"Na'an\"), and in 1945 joined the Hakhshara camp of Kibbutz [Gvat](/wiki/Gvat \"Gvat\"). That same year he was recruited to the [Palmach](/wiki/Palmach \"Palmach\") alongside the other Hakhshara trainees.",
"### Palmach activity",
"[thumb\\|Members of Palmach \"Arab Section\", Isaac Shoshan in right foreground](/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_-_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%99_-_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9F_%28%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F%29_%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%99%28%D7%9E%D7%A9-148716.jpg \"השחר המחלקה הערבית - יצחק שושן ובלפור ענבי - יצחק שושן (מימין) ובלפור ענבי(מש-148716.jpg\")\nHaving become an active member of the Palmach and as a native [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\") speaker with the suitable background and appearance, Shoshan was found fit to join the [Special Operations](/wiki/Special_Operations \"Special Operations\") unit of the [Mista'arvim](/wiki/Mista%27arvim \"Mista'arvim\"), also known as the \"Arab Section\". He was based in Kibbutz [Ein HaHoresh](/wiki/Ein_HaHoresh \"Ein HaHoresh\"), where he underwent extensive training in intelligence gathering, undercover communications and [explosives](/wiki/Explosive \"Explosive\"). Instruction also included thorough [Quran](/wiki/Quran \"Quran\") studies, [Islamic](/wiki/Islamic \"Islamic\") religion and culture, [Sharia](/wiki/Sharia \"Sharia\") law, prayers, [ritual purity](/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam \"Ritual purity in Islam\") and all other customs relevant for imposing as a Muslim Arab.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Bergman\\|first\\=Ronen\\|date\\=5 January 2021\\|title\\=Isaac Shoshan, Israeli Spy Who Posed as an Arab, Is Dead at 96\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/05/world/middleeast/isaac\\-shoshan\\-dead.html\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2021\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} As part of the training, trainees were sent out to Palestinian Arab towns to mingle among the locals, frequent [markets](/wiki/Marketplace \"Marketplace\"), stores and restaurants, and join prayers in mosques. During the course of the training he was nicknamed by his comrades \"Abu S'heik\", a name by which he was to become known throughout the intelligence community.",
"[thumb\\|Isaac Shoshan posing as a Palestinian refugee, Beirut](/wiki/File:%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95_%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA.jpg \"אבו סחיק על הטיילת בביירות.jpg\")\nUpon completion of his training, he became an active combatant in the Arab Section and took part in numerous Palmach [covert operations](/wiki/Covert_operation \"Covert operation\"), including intelligence gathering on Arab resurrection leaders and [weapon](/wiki/Weapon \"Weapon\") smugglers, [counter\\-terrorism](/wiki/Counter-terrorism \"Counter-terrorism\") activity and targeted attacks.",
"On 19 February 1948, Shoshan was involved in the assassination attempt of Haj [Nimr al\\-Khatib](/wiki/Nimr_al-Khatib \"Nimr al-Khatib\"), a prominent leader of the [Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood \"Muslim Brotherhood\") and devout supporter of the [Grand Mufti](/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem \"Grand Mufti of Jerusalem\") Haj [Amin al\\-Husseini](/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini \"Amin al-Husseini\"). Al\\-Khatib survived the assassination, but was wounded and incapacitated for the rest of the war, recovering from his injuries in Lebanon and Syria. Later that month information was received at Palmach headquarters that a [car bomb](/wiki/Car_bomb \"Car bomb\") had been prepared in an Arab owned [garage](/wiki/Automobile_repair_shop \"Automobile repair shop\") in Haifa, ready to be positioned and detonated in front of a crowded Haifa movie theater. Arab Section combatants Isaac Shoshan and Yakuba Cohen were ordered to foil the plot and successfully managed to insert another time\\-detonated car bomb into the garage, devastating the entire garage and the two cars.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Bergman\\|first\\=Ronen\\|date\\=5 January 2021\\|title\\=Isaac Shoshan, Israeli Spy Who Posed as an Arab, Is Dead at 96\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/05/world/middleeast/isaac\\-shoshan\\-dead.html\\|access\\-date\\=13 January 2021\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}",
"### Overseas operations",
"[thumb\\|Isaac Shoshan (center) with [Gamliel Cohen](/wiki/Gamliel_Cohen \"Gamliel Cohen\") and Shimon Horesh, Beirut 1948](/wiki/File:%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95_%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA.jpg \"שמעון חורש אבו סחיק וגמליאל כהן ביירות.jpg\")",
"[thumb\\|Isaac Shoshan (front) and Havakuk Cohen in their Oldsmobile taxi, Beirut 1949](/wiki/File:Isaac_Shoshan_%28foreground%29_and_Havakuk_Cohen_in_Lebanon%2C_around_1949_%28Courtesy_of_Isaac_Shoshan%29.jpg \"Isaac Shoshan (foreground) and Havakuk Cohen in Lebanon, around 1949 (Courtesy of Isaac Shoshan).jpg\")\nIn early May 1948, towards the departure of the last British troops from Palestine and end of the [British Mandate](/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine \"Mandate for Palestine\"), violent hostilities between Jews and Arabs increased. As thousands of Arabs fled north from Haifa to seek refuge in [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\"), Isaac Shoshan infiltrated into one of the [refugee](/wiki/Palestinian_refugees \"Palestinian refugees\") convoys and arrived in [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut \"Beirut\"). Within days of arrival, on 14 May 1948, the State of Israel was declared and consequently the Palmach force, including its Arab Section, were incorporated into the [IDF](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces \"Israel Defense Forces\"). Shoshan and fellow members of the Arab Section who have established themselves in Beirut under the guise of Arab Palestinian refugees, created an espionage network that during the following two years transmitted valuable information to their operators in Tel Aviv and laid the foundations for Israel's espionage activities in the Arab countries.",
"Shoshan lived and operated in Beirut under the cover name Abdul Karim Muhammad Sidki. He and his comrades ran a [kiosk](/wiki/Kiosk \"Kiosk\") in Beirut{{Cite web\\|last\\=Balke\\|first\\=Ralf\\|date\\=5 June 2019\\|title\\=Am Anfang war ein Kiosk\\|url\\=https://www.juedische\\-allgemeine.de/kultur/am\\-anfang\\-war\\-ein\\-kiosk/\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2021\\|website\\=Jüdische Allgemeine\\|language\\=de}} and purchased an [Oldsmobile](/wiki/Oldsmobile \"Oldsmobile\") car which they operated as a taxi carrying passengers between Beirut, [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus \"Damascus\") and [Amman](/wiki/Amman \"Amman\"), thus providing them cover for their frequent travels across the Arab countries.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Friedman\\|first\\=Matti\\|title\\=Our man in Beirut: The remarkable story of Isaac Shoshan\\|url\\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/our\\-man\\-in\\-beirut\\-the\\-remarkable\\-story\\-of\\-isaac\\-shushan/\\|access\\-date\\=13 January 2021\\|website\\=www.timesofisrael.com\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"In November 1948, information was received that a former [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") Vessel, the [Aviso Grille](/wiki/German_aviso_Grille \"German aviso Grille\"), had docked in Beirut following its purchase by a Lebanese businessman. It was suspected that [King Farouk of Egypt](/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt \"Farouk of Egypt\") was behind the purchase, and that the vessel would serve the [Egyptian Navy](/wiki/Egyptian_Navy \"Egyptian Navy\") for attacks against Israel. Shoshan managed to locate the vessel and report its location to headquarters, and then, together with a [frogman](/wiki/Frogman \"Frogman\") sent from Israel, carried out an operation to sabotage the vessels by attaching explosives to it.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Friedman\\|first\\=Matti\\|title\\=Our man in Beirut: The remarkable story of Isaac Shoshan\\|url\\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/our\\-man\\-in\\-beirut\\-the\\-remarkable\\-story\\-of\\-isaac\\-shushan/\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2021\\|website\\=www.timesofisrael.com\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The vessel suffered severe damage, and never made it to Egypt. After a partial repair, it was eventually sold for scrap in USA several years later.",
"In 1950, Shoshan was called back to headquarters and for the following years held various posts in the [Military Intelligence Directorate](/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_%28Israel%29 \"Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)\"). In 1957 he was one of the founders of \"Unit 269\", later to be known as the legendary [Sayeret Matkal](/wiki/Sayeret_Matkal \"Sayeret Matkal\"). He was also highly involved in the training and handling of agents in Arab countries, including, amongst others, the Israeli spy in Damascus [Eli Cohen](/wiki/Eli_Cohen \"Eli Cohen\"), who was eventually captured by the Syrians and executed.",
"### In the Mossad",
"In 1966 Shoshan was transferred to the [Mossad](/wiki/Mossad \"Mossad\"), where he held a series of operational and administrative duties. He was involved in numerous operations, most of which are still classified. For a period of 10 years he headed the special unit for assisting Jewish communities in enemy countries and covertly facilitating their repatriation to Israel.\n[thumb\\|Isaac Shoshan (standing, second from left) celebrating with Navy officials and a group of Syrian Jews their successful arrival by sea, 1973](/wiki/File:ShabtaiLeviSyrianImmigrants1973.jpg \"ShabtaiLeviSyrianImmigrants1973.jpg\")\nIn 1969 he initiated \"Operation Melet\", also nicknamed \"operation Shoshan\",{{Cite web\\|title\\=מבצע שושן.pdf\\|url\\=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QK6M4ZRA3zUvMQCHP\\-2nLAuMUuHmrvqa/view?usp\\=embed\\_facebook\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2021\\|website\\=Google Docs}} intended to rescue youngsters of the [Syrian Jewish community](/wiki/Syrian_Jews \"Syrian Jews\"), who under Syrian law were strictly forbidden from leaving the country, and safely bring them to Israel. Using his thorough acquaintance with Syria and Lebanon, as well as his espionage experience and contacts, Shoshan had devised a plan by which these youngsters were smuggled across the border to Lebanon; from Beirut shore, Mossad agents would sneak them onto the boat of a local Lebanese collaborator, that delivered them onwards to an [Israeli Navy](/wiki/Israeli_Navy \"Israeli Navy\") vessel awaiting in the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea \"Mediterranean Sea\"). Once the system was well established, also entire families, including small children, were smuggled across. The operation continued until 1973, delivering by sea a total of 750 people from Syria via Lebanon to Israel.{{Cite web\\|date\\=28 December 2020\\|title\\=המרגל ואיש המודיעין יצחק שושן הלך לעולמו בגיל 96 – וואלה! חדשות\\|url\\=https://news.walla.co.il/item/3408050\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2021\\|website\\=וואלה!News\\|language\\=he}}",
"Once the sea route was exhausted, Shoshan and his Mossad comrades continued to devise creative ways to smuggle out the remainder of the Syrian Jewish community, including a daring [airlift](/wiki/Airlift \"Airlift\") of 100 Jews from Lebanon to Israel, and later a route across the Syrian\\-Turkish border. Eventually, the vast majority of Syrian Jewry was rescued and arrived at safe haven.{{Cite web\\|title\\=פרידה מחלוץ המודיעין הישראלי: הלך לעולמו המרגל יצחק שושן\\|url\\=https://www.maariv.co.il/news/israel/Article\\-811472\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2021\\|website\\=www.maariv.co.il\\|date\\=28 December 2020 }}",
"### Retirement",
"Shoshan officially retired from the Mossad in 1982, however for many years he continued his affiliation with the Organization and volunteered to advise, instruct and lecture to trainees and cadets.",
"In 1990 he published, together with his former trainee and comrade [Rafi Sutton](/wiki/Rafi_Sutton \"Rafi Sutton\"), a book of memoirs *Men of Secrets, Men of Mystery: Tales of Israeli Intelligence Behind Enemy Lines.*",
"In 2016 he published another book *Pitgam Yashan Shoshan*, a collection of [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\") folk [fables](/wiki/Fable \"Fable\") and [idioms](/wiki/Idiom \"Idiom\") translated to Hebrew.{{Cite web\\|title\\=כתבה על ספר הפתגמים נעם טפר.png\\|url\\=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pQ5i4\\_PH17BQetBMDsBz1dJYkx\\_HaOlO/view?usp\\=embed\\_facebook\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2021\\|website\\=Google Docs}}",
"He lived modestly and out of the public eye in [Bat Yam](/wiki/Bat_Yam \"Bat Yam\") in the southern outskirts of Tel Aviv, and died in 2020 at the age of 96\\.",
"### Family and personal life",
"Isaac had multiple siblings: an older half\\-sister from his mother's first marriage, another older half\\-sister from his father's first marriage, 3 full brothers and a sister. Isaac's mother died when he was 7 years old, and his father married his third wife – bringing along with her 2 additional daughters, step\\-sisters to Isaac. They all lived together in a crowded home in the *Bahsita* [Jewish quarter](/wiki/Jewish_quarter_%28diaspora%29 \"Jewish quarter (diaspora)\") of the [Ancient City of Aleppo](/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo \"Ancient City of Aleppo\").",
"During Isaac's undercover stay in Beirut, he was dating a Christian\\-Lebanese woman who had fallen in love with him. That relationship came to an end when the woman's brother found out she was dating a \"Muslim\", as Isaac was thought to be under his assumed identity.",
"Once back in Israel, in 1952, Isaac married Yaffa – a Jewish Israeli of Syrian origin, and they had a son, Jacob (born 1954\\) and a daughter Eti (born 1959\\). Yaffa died in 1970, and in 1973 Isaac married Rachel, with whom he lived for the rest of his life.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1850\= 157
\|1860\= 304
\|1870\= 177
\|1880\= 220
\|1890\= 264
\|1900\= 318
\|1910\= 344
\|1920\= 315
\|1930\= 245
\|1940\= 216
\|1950\= 165
\|1960\= 94
\|1970\= 53
\|1980\= 61
\|1990\= 66
\|2000\= 61
\|2010\= 68
\|2020\= 57
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html \|title\=Census of Population and Housing \|publisher\=Census.gov \|access\-date\=June 4, 2015 }}
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2012\-12\-16}} of 2010, there were 68 people, 34 households, and 20 families living in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1\.7\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 94 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|2\.3\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 100\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 2\.9% of the population.
There were 34 households, of which 8\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 2\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2\.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41\.2% were non\-families. 41\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.00 and the average family size was 2\.65\.
The median age in the town was 55 years. 16\.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 5\.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 10\.3% were from 25 to 44; 32\.4% were from 45 to 64; and 35\.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 51\.5% male and 48\.5% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov \|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|access\-date\=2008\-01\-31 \|title\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 61 people, 24 households, and 16 families living in the town. The population density was {{convert\|1\.5\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 82 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|2\.1\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 100\.00% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)").
There were 24 households, out of which 29\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 12\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33\.3% were non\-families. 33\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.54 and the average family size was 3\.25\.
In the town the population was spread out, with 37\.7% under the age of 18, 24\.6% from 25 to 44, 24\.6% from 45 to 64, and 13\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 103\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100\.0 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $16,250, and the median income for a family was $21,250\. Males had a median income of $17,500 versus $18,750 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the town was $9,760\. There were 8\.3% of families and 17\.5% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 33\.3% of under eighteens and none of those over 64\.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1850\\= 157\n\\|1860\\= 304\n\\|1870\\= 177\n\\|1880\\= 220\n\\|1890\\= 264\n\\|1900\\= 318\n\\|1910\\= 344\n\\|1920\\= 315\n\\|1930\\= 245\n\\|1940\\= 216\n\\|1950\\= 165\n\\|1960\\= 94\n\\|1970\\= 53\n\\|1980\\= 61\n\\|1990\\= 66\n\\|2000\\= 61\n\\|2010\\= 68\n\\|2020\\= 57\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html \\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing \\|publisher\\=Census.gov \\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015 }}\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-16}} of 2010, there were 68 people, 34 households, and 20 families living in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1\\.7\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 94 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|2\\.3\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 100\\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 2\\.9% of the population.",
"There were 34 households, of which 8\\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52\\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 2\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2\\.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41\\.2% were non\\-families. 41\\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.00 and the average family size was 2\\.65\\.",
"The median age in the town was 55 years. 16\\.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 5\\.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 10\\.3% were from 25 to 44; 32\\.4% were from 45 to 64; and 35\\.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 51\\.5% male and 48\\.5% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-31 \\|title\\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 61 people, 24 households, and 16 families living in the town. The population density was {{convert\\|1\\.5\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 82 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|2\\.1\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 100\\.00% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\").",
"There were 24 households, out of which 29\\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45\\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 12\\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33\\.3% were non\\-families. 33\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.54 and the average family size was 3\\.25\\.",
"In the town the population was spread out, with 37\\.7% under the age of 18, 24\\.6% from 25 to 44, 24\\.6% from 45 to 64, and 13\\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 103\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100\\.0 males.",
"The median income for a household in the town was $16,250, and the median income for a family was $21,250\\. Males had a median income of $17,500 versus $18,750 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $9,760\\. There were 8\\.3% of families and 17\\.5% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 33\\.3% of under eighteens and none of those over 64\\.",
""
] |
Plot
----
{{Long plot\|date\=November 2019}}
In New York City, a performance by noted violinist Paul Boray is cancelled. Something has happened which has brought Boray to rock bottom emotionally. At his apartment, he seems to be about to give up on his career; his manager Frederic Bauer is angry that Paul has misunderstood what performing would be like and admonishes him for thinking that music could no longer be part of his life. Paul's more sympathetic friend and accompanist Sid Jeffers asks Bauer to leave, and Boray says to Jeffers that he (Boray) always has wanted to do the right thing, but always has been "on the outside, looking in," and cannot "get back to that happy kid" he once was.
In the past, young Paul is choosing a birthday present in a variety store run by Jeffers’ father in their neighborhood in New York City. He rejects the suggestions of his father, a grocery store owner, but settles on a violin, which his father rejects as unsuitable; his price limit is $1\.50\. Esther, his mother, supportive at this stage, buys the $8 violin for the boy.
A transition from his faltering first steps to being a gifted young violinist follows. On 15 October 1930, he overhears his family expressing frustration about the state of their finances and about how he is not helping by working at a real job. His father is dismissive of Paul's chances for success, and his brother Phil is extremely negative concerning his own possibilities for finding any job at all. Paul resolves to go out on his own so he is not dependent on his family or appears to be taking advantage of them. He finds a job with a locally broadcast orchestra in which Sid Jeffers is the pianist.
At a party, Paul meets the hostess, Helen Wright, a patroness in a loveless marriage with an ineffectual, aging third husband Victor. Helen is a self\-centered, adulterous woman who uses men as sexual playthings and is initially baffled by the strong\-willed and independent Boray. She is rude to him during the party, but the next day, she sends him a gold cigarette case and a note of apology. "Papa" Boray is impressed, but Esther is suspicious.
At first, Helen seems interested only in Boray's talent rather than in him as a person, though he is quick to press her on the second issue. He gains a manager, Bauer, from her connections, and is now in love with her. On the beach, near the Wrights' Long Island home, he reaches out to Helen after a swim, but she runs away; later in the evening, she falls off a horse, and as he tries to aid her, she resists, not wanting to be touched. He kisses her, and she tells him to leave her alone, although she clearly is drawn to him and makes no effort to run away.
Shortly, everything is different. As they lie by the ocean, Helen warns him he might be sorry that love was invented, but admits she cannot fight him any longer, and she admits she is in love with him. Waiting at home, Esther confronts him, pointing out that he has missed a date with Gina, also a musician and his long\-time sweetheart. Esther does not believe Paul's denials that he has any interest in Helen. She warns him to be careful and to think carefully about his future. After Paul's debut concert, Esther heard Victor's putdown of Paul as a "savage".
After a tour across America that takes several months, he has lunch with Gina. Sid arrives with Helen, who is immediately jealous and flees. Paul follows her, and they end up at Teddy's Bar. After Helen makes a scene by smashing her drink ("[What Is This Thing Called Love?](/wiki/What_Is_This_Thing_Called_Love%3F "What Is This Thing Called Love?")" is performed by [Peg LaCentra](/wiki/Peg_LaCentra "Peg LaCentra") in the background), against a wall, she and Paul go back to her home where she expresses anger at being neglected and begs him to allow her to be more involved in his life. Paul points out her married status, but Helen shrugs this off, suggesting they are both old enough to do as they choose. He kisses her.
At his new apartment containing numerous photographs of Helen, he confesses his love for her to his mother. They argue, and his mother slaps him. Disquieted by rumors he has heard, Victor asks Helen for a divorce. He is suspicious of her real intentions, asking her if she really can change and be happy with Paul, but Helen insists this is first time she has known real love.
At a rehearsal, Paul is passed a note from Helen claiming good news. She asks to see him immediately, but he crumples the note and continues with the rehearsal of the *[Carmen Fantasie](/wiki/Carmen_Fantasie_%28Waxman%29 "Carmen Fantasie (Waxman)")* (adapted for the film by [Franz Waxman](/wiki/Franz_Waxman "Franz Waxman") from [Bizet](/wiki/Georges_Bizet "Georges Bizet")'s *[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen "Carmen")*). At Teddy's Bar, Helen becomes increasingly drunk, and she is unable to tolerate the house pianist's performing "[Embraceable You](/wiki/Embraceable_You "Embraceable You")". Paul arrives to take her home. He repeatedly tells her he wants to marry her but she tries to dissuade him, even as she declares how much she loves him.
She goes to visit Paul's mother and attempts to convey that she understands herself, what sort of woman she is, but that she genuinely loves him. Esther does not bend; she does not believe Helen has any good intentions and demands she leave Paul alone.
Neither Helen nor Esther attend Boray's next concert, his transcription of Wagner's *Liebestod*. Helen listens on the radio,{{cite book\|editor1\-last\= Joe \|editor1\-first\= Jeongwon \|editor2\-last\= Gilman \|editor2\-first\= Sander L. \|editor2\-link\= Sander Gilman \|title\= Wagner and Cinema \|date\= 2010\-02\-26 \|publisher\= \[\[Indiana University Press]] \|pages\= 170–171 \|isbn\= 9780253221636
\|url\= https://books.google.com/books?id\=lGI5X1eEVokC\&q\=%22The%20'Liebestod'%20music%20is%20now%20underway%20\-\-%20not%20its%20very%20beginning%20but%20the%20mid\-to\-final%20sections.%20A%20close\-up%20of%20Paul%20bonded%20with%20his%20instrument%20dissolves%20into%20Helen's%20emoting%20face%20in%22\&pg\=PA170 \|quote\= The 'Liebestod' music is now underway \-\- not its very beginning but the mid\-to\-final sections. A close\-up of Paul bonded with his instrument dissolves into Helen's emoting face in close\-up, wind tossing her hair about. From here to her death there is no cross\-cutting with the concert hall. Graced by stunning black\-and\-white cinematography and lyrical shots of Crawford's tortured face, the gripping move to suicide against Wagner's sexually charged music takes place.}} after talking with him on the telephone and telling him not to worry. She drinks, becomes more upset with herself, and recalling her husband's words, realizes her dissolute past can only taint Paul's future. She walks along the beach and then to her death in the nearby ocean; in her jaded mind, this is the only logical resolution to their problems. Later, on the beach, a distraught Paul is comforted by the loyal Jeffers.
Returning to the film's opening scene, Paul asks Jeffers to tell Bauer not to worry; he is not running away. The closing scene shows Paul walking on the street toward his family's grocery store.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"{{Long plot\\|date\\=November 2019}}\nIn New York City, a performance by noted violinist Paul Boray is cancelled. Something has happened which has brought Boray to rock bottom emotionally. At his apartment, he seems to be about to give up on his career; his manager Frederic Bauer is angry that Paul has misunderstood what performing would be like and admonishes him for thinking that music could no longer be part of his life. Paul's more sympathetic friend and accompanist Sid Jeffers asks Bauer to leave, and Boray says to Jeffers that he (Boray) always has wanted to do the right thing, but always has been \"on the outside, looking in,\" and cannot \"get back to that happy kid\" he once was.",
"In the past, young Paul is choosing a birthday present in a variety store run by Jeffers’ father in their neighborhood in New York City. He rejects the suggestions of his father, a grocery store owner, but settles on a violin, which his father rejects as unsuitable; his price limit is $1\\.50\\. Esther, his mother, supportive at this stage, buys the $8 violin for the boy.",
"A transition from his faltering first steps to being a gifted young violinist follows. On 15 October 1930, he overhears his family expressing frustration about the state of their finances and about how he is not helping by working at a real job. His father is dismissive of Paul's chances for success, and his brother Phil is extremely negative concerning his own possibilities for finding any job at all. Paul resolves to go out on his own so he is not dependent on his family or appears to be taking advantage of them. He finds a job with a locally broadcast orchestra in which Sid Jeffers is the pianist.",
"At a party, Paul meets the hostess, Helen Wright, a patroness in a loveless marriage with an ineffectual, aging third husband Victor. Helen is a self\\-centered, adulterous woman who uses men as sexual playthings and is initially baffled by the strong\\-willed and independent Boray. She is rude to him during the party, but the next day, she sends him a gold cigarette case and a note of apology. \"Papa\" Boray is impressed, but Esther is suspicious.",
"At first, Helen seems interested only in Boray's talent rather than in him as a person, though he is quick to press her on the second issue. He gains a manager, Bauer, from her connections, and is now in love with her. On the beach, near the Wrights' Long Island home, he reaches out to Helen after a swim, but she runs away; later in the evening, she falls off a horse, and as he tries to aid her, she resists, not wanting to be touched. He kisses her, and she tells him to leave her alone, although she clearly is drawn to him and makes no effort to run away.",
"Shortly, everything is different. As they lie by the ocean, Helen warns him he might be sorry that love was invented, but admits she cannot fight him any longer, and she admits she is in love with him. Waiting at home, Esther confronts him, pointing out that he has missed a date with Gina, also a musician and his long\\-time sweetheart. Esther does not believe Paul's denials that he has any interest in Helen. She warns him to be careful and to think carefully about his future. After Paul's debut concert, Esther heard Victor's putdown of Paul as a \"savage\".",
"After a tour across America that takes several months, he has lunch with Gina. Sid arrives with Helen, who is immediately jealous and flees. Paul follows her, and they end up at Teddy's Bar. After Helen makes a scene by smashing her drink (\"[What Is This Thing Called Love?](/wiki/What_Is_This_Thing_Called_Love%3F \"What Is This Thing Called Love?\")\" is performed by [Peg LaCentra](/wiki/Peg_LaCentra \"Peg LaCentra\") in the background), against a wall, she and Paul go back to her home where she expresses anger at being neglected and begs him to allow her to be more involved in his life. Paul points out her married status, but Helen shrugs this off, suggesting they are both old enough to do as they choose. He kisses her.",
"At his new apartment containing numerous photographs of Helen, he confesses his love for her to his mother. They argue, and his mother slaps him. Disquieted by rumors he has heard, Victor asks Helen for a divorce. He is suspicious of her real intentions, asking her if she really can change and be happy with Paul, but Helen insists this is first time she has known real love.",
"At a rehearsal, Paul is passed a note from Helen claiming good news. She asks to see him immediately, but he crumples the note and continues with the rehearsal of the *[Carmen Fantasie](/wiki/Carmen_Fantasie_%28Waxman%29 \"Carmen Fantasie (Waxman)\")* (adapted for the film by [Franz Waxman](/wiki/Franz_Waxman \"Franz Waxman\") from [Bizet](/wiki/Georges_Bizet \"Georges Bizet\")'s *[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen \"Carmen\")*). At Teddy's Bar, Helen becomes increasingly drunk, and she is unable to tolerate the house pianist's performing \"[Embraceable You](/wiki/Embraceable_You \"Embraceable You\")\". Paul arrives to take her home. He repeatedly tells her he wants to marry her but she tries to dissuade him, even as she declares how much she loves him.",
"She goes to visit Paul's mother and attempts to convey that she understands herself, what sort of woman she is, but that she genuinely loves him. Esther does not bend; she does not believe Helen has any good intentions and demands she leave Paul alone.",
"Neither Helen nor Esther attend Boray's next concert, his transcription of Wagner's *Liebestod*. Helen listens on the radio,{{cite book\\|editor1\\-last\\= Joe \\|editor1\\-first\\= Jeongwon \\|editor2\\-last\\= Gilman \\|editor2\\-first\\= Sander L. \\|editor2\\-link\\= Sander Gilman \\|title\\= Wagner and Cinema \\|date\\= 2010\\-02\\-26 \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Indiana University Press]] \\|pages\\= 170–171 \\|isbn\\= 9780253221636 \n\\|url\\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=lGI5X1eEVokC\\&q\\=%22The%20'Liebestod'%20music%20is%20now%20underway%20\\-\\-%20not%20its%20very%20beginning%20but%20the%20mid\\-to\\-final%20sections.%20A%20close\\-up%20of%20Paul%20bonded%20with%20his%20instrument%20dissolves%20into%20Helen's%20emoting%20face%20in%22\\&pg\\=PA170 \\|quote\\= The 'Liebestod' music is now underway \\-\\- not its very beginning but the mid\\-to\\-final sections. A close\\-up of Paul bonded with his instrument dissolves into Helen's emoting face in close\\-up, wind tossing her hair about. From here to her death there is no cross\\-cutting with the concert hall. Graced by stunning black\\-and\\-white cinematography and lyrical shots of Crawford's tortured face, the gripping move to suicide against Wagner's sexually charged music takes place.}} after talking with him on the telephone and telling him not to worry. She drinks, becomes more upset with herself, and recalling her husband's words, realizes her dissolute past can only taint Paul's future. She walks along the beach and then to her death in the nearby ocean; in her jaded mind, this is the only logical resolution to their problems. Later, on the beach, a distraught Paul is comforted by the loyal Jeffers.",
"Returning to the film's opening scene, Paul asks Jeffers to tell Bauer not to worry; he is not running away. The closing scene shows Paul walking on the street toward his family's grocery store.",
""
] |
Background
----------
On September 3, 1985, 15\-year\-old Robert Chaulk and 16\-year\-old Francis Morrissette burglarized a home in [Winnipeg](/wiki/Winnipeg "Winnipeg"), and then stabbed and bludgeoned its sole occupant to death. One week later, they turned themselves in, making full confessions.
The only [defence](/wiki/Defense_%28legal%29 "Defense (legal)") raised was [insanity](/wiki/Insanity "Insanity") within the meaning of section 16 of the *Criminal Code*. [Expert evidence](/wiki/Expert_evidence "Expert evidence") was given at trial that Chaulk and Morrissette suffered from a [paranoid psychosis](/wiki/Paranoid_psychosis "Paranoid psychosis") which made them believe they had the power to rule the world and that the killing was a necessary means to that end. They believed they were above the ordinary law and thought they had a right to kill the victim because he was "a loser".
They were both convicted of [murder](/wiki/Murder "Murder") by a [jury](/wiki/Jury "Jury") in the [Manitoba Court of Queen's Bench](/wiki/Manitoba_Court_of_Queen%27s_Bench "Manitoba Court of Queen's Bench"), which was upheld on appeal.
The major questions to the Supreme Court were:
1. whether section 16(4\) of the *Criminal Code*, which provides that, "Every one shall, until the contrary is proved, be presumed to be and to have been sane," infringes the presumption of innocence guaranteed in section 11(d) of the *Charter* and if so, it is justifiable under section 1 of the *Charter*;
2. whether the meaning of the term "wrong" in section 16(2\) of the *Code* should be restricted to "legally wrong";
3. whether section 16(3\) of the *Code* provides an alternative defence if the conditions of section 16(2\) were not met; and
4. whether the trial judge erred in permitting the Crown to split its case by presenting its evidence with respect to the sanity of the accused in rebuttal.
They were convicted of murder, but have appealed the decision on the basis of an error in instruction on the definition of the word "appreciate" and "wrong".
|
[
"Background\n----------",
"On September 3, 1985, 15\\-year\\-old Robert Chaulk and 16\\-year\\-old Francis Morrissette burglarized a home in [Winnipeg](/wiki/Winnipeg \"Winnipeg\"), and then stabbed and bludgeoned its sole occupant to death. One week later, they turned themselves in, making full confessions.",
"The only [defence](/wiki/Defense_%28legal%29 \"Defense (legal)\") raised was [insanity](/wiki/Insanity \"Insanity\") within the meaning of section 16 of the *Criminal Code*. [Expert evidence](/wiki/Expert_evidence \"Expert evidence\") was given at trial that Chaulk and Morrissette suffered from a [paranoid psychosis](/wiki/Paranoid_psychosis \"Paranoid psychosis\") which made them believe they had the power to rule the world and that the killing was a necessary means to that end. They believed they were above the ordinary law and thought they had a right to kill the victim because he was \"a loser\".",
"They were both convicted of [murder](/wiki/Murder \"Murder\") by a [jury](/wiki/Jury \"Jury\") in the [Manitoba Court of Queen's Bench](/wiki/Manitoba_Court_of_Queen%27s_Bench \"Manitoba Court of Queen's Bench\"), which was upheld on appeal.",
"The major questions to the Supreme Court were:\n1. whether section 16(4\\) of the *Criminal Code*, which provides that, \"Every one shall, until the contrary is proved, be presumed to be and to have been sane,\" infringes the presumption of innocence guaranteed in section 11(d) of the *Charter* and if so, it is justifiable under section 1 of the *Charter*;\n2. whether the meaning of the term \"wrong\" in section 16(2\\) of the *Code* should be restricted to \"legally wrong\";\n3. whether section 16(3\\) of the *Code* provides an alternative defence if the conditions of section 16(2\\) were not met; and\n4. whether the trial judge erred in permitting the Crown to split its case by presenting its evidence with respect to the sanity of the accused in rebuttal.",
"They were convicted of murder, but have appealed the decision on the basis of an error in instruction on the definition of the word \"appreciate\" and \"wrong\".",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life and career
Farre entered the [École Polytechnique](/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique "École Polytechnique") in 1835, then attended the [School of Applied Artillery and Engineering](/wiki/School_of_Applied_Artillery "School of Applied Artillery") in [Metz](/wiki/Metz "Metz") from 1837 to 1839\.
Promoted to *[capitaine](/wiki/Captain "Captain")* in 1843, Farre served in [Algeria](/wiki/French_Algeria "French Algeria") from 1853 to 1859\. At the end of the [Second Italian War of Independence](/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence "Second Italian War of Independence") in 1859, he became commander of the engineers of the French occupation forces in the [Papal States](/wiki/Papal_States "Papal States"), serving in that role for five years. He gained the rank of [colonel](/wiki/Colonel "Colonel") in 1868\.
### Franco\-Prussian War
A member of the army of [Marshal of France](/wiki/Marshal_of_France "Marshal of France") [François Achille Bazaine](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Achille_Bazaine "François Achille Bazaine") at the start of the [Franco\-Prussian War](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War "Franco-Prussian War") in 1870, Farre was present in [Metz](/wiki/Metz "Metz") during the [Siege of Metz](/wiki/Siege_of_Metz_%281870%29 "Siege of Metz (1870)"). He was able to escape capture when Metz capitulated and offered his services to the [Government of National Defense](/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense "Government of National Defense"), which sent him to the north of France to serve as military governor of [Lille](/wiki/Lille "Lille"). Much of the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army "French Army") had been destroyed during the fighting in 1870, so Farre set to work forming a new embryo of the army, and was so successful that when *[Général de division](/wiki/Divisional_general "Divisional general")* [Charles\-Denis Bourbaki](/wiki/Charles-Denis_Bourbaki "Charles-Denis Bourbaki") took command a few days later of what was called the [Army of the North](/wiki/Army_of_the_North_%28France%29 "Army of the North (France)"), he found that Farre had made fourteen [battalions](/wiki/Battalion "Battalion") of troops and six [artillery batteries](/wiki/Artillery_battery "Artillery battery") ready for service.
On 31 October 1870, Farre was promoted to *[général de brigade](/wiki/Brigadier_general "Brigadier general")*. With Bourbaki's transfer to the *[Armée de l'Est](/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_l%27Est "Armée de l'Est")* on 10 November 1870, Farre became provisional commander of the 25,000\-strong Army of the North pending the arrival of a more senior officer to take command. Despite the greater experience and much higher strength (45,000 men) of [Prussian](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") General [Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel](/wiki/Edwin_Freiherr_von_Manteuffel "Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel")′s army, which was moving up towards [Amiens](/wiki/Amiens "Amiens"), Farre did not hesitate to block Manteuffel′s path. The [Battle of Amiens](/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_%281870%29 "Battle of Amiens (1870)") (also known as the Battle of Villers\-Bretonneux) which followed on 27 November 1870 was a defeat for the outmatched Army of the North which led to its withdrawal to the north and the fall of Amiens, which the Prussians occupied on 28 November. *Général de division* [Louis Faidherbe](/wiki/Louis_Faidherbe "Louis Faidherbe") relieved Farre of command of the Army of the North on 3 December 1870\.
### Later military career
After the Franco\-Prussian War, Farre was called to the superior engineering command in Algeria, where he repaired the damage caused by the [Mokrani Revolt](/wiki/Mokrani_Revolt "Mokrani Revolt") of 1871–1872\. Promoted in 1875 to [major general](/wiki/Major_general "Major general") and appointed a member of the fortifications committee, he was responsible for inspecting the coasts.
### Political career
The memory of Farre′s collaboration with General Faidherbe during the Franco\-Prussian War had won Farre the sympathies of the [political left](/wiki/Left-wing_politics "Left-wing politics") of the [French Parliament](/wiki/French_Parliament "French Parliament"). On several occasions, his name was discussed in connection with ministerial reshuffles. Finally, when the first [Freycinet](/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet "Charles de Freycinet") [cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_%28government%29 "Cabinet (government)") was formed on 29 December 1879, he was appointed [Minister of War](/wiki/Ministry_of_War_%28France%29 "Ministry of War (France)"). As minister, he reorganized the senior levels of the ministry by dissolving the French [General Staff](/wiki/General_Staff "General Staff"),Cf. {{cite book\|author\=Georges Clémenceau \|title\=L'iniquité \|editor\=éditions Stock\|year\=1899\|page\=414}} (in French) abolished [military chaplains](/wiki/Military_chaplain "Military chaplain") in January 1880, decided on 3 February 1880 that the ranks of territorial officers should be vested in retired officers, and in June 1880 introduced a program to make the military medical service independent. When [Charles de Freycinet](/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet "Charles de Freycinet") retired, Farre kept the War portfolio in the reconstituted cabinet created on 23 September 1880 under the chairmanship of [Jules Ferry](/wiki/Jules_Ferry "Jules Ferry"). On 25 November 1880, Farre was appointed [senator for life](/wiki/Senator_for_life_%28France%29 "Senator for life (France)"), receiving 138 votes in contrast to 128 votes for [Admiral](/wiki/Admiral "Admiral") [Marie Jules Dupré](/wiki/Marie_Jules_Dupr%C3%A9 "Marie Jules Dupré"). He remained Minister of War after becoming a senator.
The administration of the [French expedition](/wiki/French_conquest_of_Tunisia "French conquest of Tunisia") to conquer [Tunisia](/wiki/French_Tunisia "French Tunisia") in 1881 faced sharp criticism in France. To meet the needs of the expedition, Farre as Minister of War initiated a system of reinforcements given the name "small packages," and from the [political right](/wiki/Right-wing_politics "Right-wing politics") to the far left, he was accused of jeopardizing the [mobilization](/wiki/Mobilization "Mobilization") capability of the French Army. In January 1881 he tabled in the French [Senate](/wiki/Senate_%28France%29 "Senate (France)") a plan for advancement in the military. The Senate asked for certain guarantees and refused the Minister of War the right to appoint the generals, and the Ranking Commission was maintained with the power to select generals. In July 1881, he strongly fought the proposal of [Charles\-Ange Laisant](/wiki/Charles-Ange_Laisant "Charles-Ange Laisant") for a military service period of three years, and made the determination of the length of service return to the commission by a vote of 262 to 172\. Certain measures Farre took — for example, the suppression of the use of [drums](/wiki/Drum "Drum") by the French Army — raised protests in military circles and more still among the civilian population. Farre left the ministry on 13 November 1881\.
After leaving the Ministry of War, Farre remained active in the Senate. Until his death, he voted with the political left of the Senate, including votes for the law of 30 June 1881 on the [right of assembly](/wiki/Right_of_assembly "Right of assembly"), for the law of 29 July 1881 on the [freedom of the press](/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press "Freedom of the press"), for [judicial reform](/wiki/Judicial_reform "Judicial reform"), for [Alfred Joseph Naquet](/wiki/Alfred_Joseph_Naquet "Alfred Joseph Naquet")′s motion to legalize judicial [divorce](/wiki/Divorce "Divorce") (finally rejected by Parliament), and for budgets for the [Tonkin campaign](/wiki/Tonkin_campaign "Tonkin campaign") of 1883–1886 and the [First Madagascar expedition](/wiki/First_Madagascar_expedition "First Madagascar expedition") of 1883–1885\. He also took part in discussions concerning the French Army.
Upon reaching the French Army's mandatory retirement age of 65 in 1881, Farre was kept on active duty "without age limit" by decree as a reward for his service during the Franco\-Prussian War.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life and career",
"Farre entered the [École Polytechnique](/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique \"École Polytechnique\") in 1835, then attended the [School of Applied Artillery and Engineering](/wiki/School_of_Applied_Artillery \"School of Applied Artillery\") in [Metz](/wiki/Metz \"Metz\") from 1837 to 1839\\.",
"Promoted to *[capitaine](/wiki/Captain \"Captain\")* in 1843, Farre served in [Algeria](/wiki/French_Algeria \"French Algeria\") from 1853 to 1859\\. At the end of the [Second Italian War of Independence](/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence \"Second Italian War of Independence\") in 1859, he became commander of the engineers of the French occupation forces in the [Papal States](/wiki/Papal_States \"Papal States\"), serving in that role for five years. He gained the rank of [colonel](/wiki/Colonel \"Colonel\") in 1868\\.",
"### Franco\\-Prussian War",
"A member of the army of [Marshal of France](/wiki/Marshal_of_France \"Marshal of France\") [François Achille Bazaine](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Achille_Bazaine \"François Achille Bazaine\") at the start of the [Franco\\-Prussian War](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War \"Franco-Prussian War\") in 1870, Farre was present in [Metz](/wiki/Metz \"Metz\") during the [Siege of Metz](/wiki/Siege_of_Metz_%281870%29 \"Siege of Metz (1870)\"). He was able to escape capture when Metz capitulated and offered his services to the [Government of National Defense](/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense \"Government of National Defense\"), which sent him to the north of France to serve as military governor of [Lille](/wiki/Lille \"Lille\"). Much of the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army \"French Army\") had been destroyed during the fighting in 1870, so Farre set to work forming a new embryo of the army, and was so successful that when *[Général de division](/wiki/Divisional_general \"Divisional general\")* [Charles\\-Denis Bourbaki](/wiki/Charles-Denis_Bourbaki \"Charles-Denis Bourbaki\") took command a few days later of what was called the [Army of the North](/wiki/Army_of_the_North_%28France%29 \"Army of the North (France)\"), he found that Farre had made fourteen [battalions](/wiki/Battalion \"Battalion\") of troops and six [artillery batteries](/wiki/Artillery_battery \"Artillery battery\") ready for service.",
"On 31 October 1870, Farre was promoted to *[général de brigade](/wiki/Brigadier_general \"Brigadier general\")*. With Bourbaki's transfer to the *[Armée de l'Est](/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_l%27Est \"Armée de l'Est\")* on 10 November 1870, Farre became provisional commander of the 25,000\\-strong Army of the North pending the arrival of a more senior officer to take command. Despite the greater experience and much higher strength (45,000 men) of [Prussian](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") General [Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel](/wiki/Edwin_Freiherr_von_Manteuffel \"Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel\")′s army, which was moving up towards [Amiens](/wiki/Amiens \"Amiens\"), Farre did not hesitate to block Manteuffel′s path. The [Battle of Amiens](/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_%281870%29 \"Battle of Amiens (1870)\") (also known as the Battle of Villers\\-Bretonneux) which followed on 27 November 1870 was a defeat for the outmatched Army of the North which led to its withdrawal to the north and the fall of Amiens, which the Prussians occupied on 28 November. *Général de division* [Louis Faidherbe](/wiki/Louis_Faidherbe \"Louis Faidherbe\") relieved Farre of command of the Army of the North on 3 December 1870\\.",
"### Later military career",
"After the Franco\\-Prussian War, Farre was called to the superior engineering command in Algeria, where he repaired the damage caused by the [Mokrani Revolt](/wiki/Mokrani_Revolt \"Mokrani Revolt\") of 1871–1872\\. Promoted in 1875 to [major general](/wiki/Major_general \"Major general\") and appointed a member of the fortifications committee, he was responsible for inspecting the coasts.",
"### Political career",
"The memory of Farre′s collaboration with General Faidherbe during the Franco\\-Prussian War had won Farre the sympathies of the [political left](/wiki/Left-wing_politics \"Left-wing politics\") of the [French Parliament](/wiki/French_Parliament \"French Parliament\"). On several occasions, his name was discussed in connection with ministerial reshuffles. Finally, when the first [Freycinet](/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet \"Charles de Freycinet\") [cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_%28government%29 \"Cabinet (government)\") was formed on 29 December 1879, he was appointed [Minister of War](/wiki/Ministry_of_War_%28France%29 \"Ministry of War (France)\"). As minister, he reorganized the senior levels of the ministry by dissolving the French [General Staff](/wiki/General_Staff \"General Staff\"),Cf. {{cite book\\|author\\=Georges Clémenceau \\|title\\=L'iniquité \\|editor\\=éditions Stock\\|year\\=1899\\|page\\=414}} (in French) abolished [military chaplains](/wiki/Military_chaplain \"Military chaplain\") in January 1880, decided on 3 February 1880 that the ranks of territorial officers should be vested in retired officers, and in June 1880 introduced a program to make the military medical service independent. When [Charles de Freycinet](/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet \"Charles de Freycinet\") retired, Farre kept the War portfolio in the reconstituted cabinet created on 23 September 1880 under the chairmanship of [Jules Ferry](/wiki/Jules_Ferry \"Jules Ferry\"). On 25 November 1880, Farre was appointed [senator for life](/wiki/Senator_for_life_%28France%29 \"Senator for life (France)\"), receiving 138 votes in contrast to 128 votes for [Admiral](/wiki/Admiral \"Admiral\") [Marie Jules Dupré](/wiki/Marie_Jules_Dupr%C3%A9 \"Marie Jules Dupré\"). He remained Minister of War after becoming a senator.",
"The administration of the [French expedition](/wiki/French_conquest_of_Tunisia \"French conquest of Tunisia\") to conquer [Tunisia](/wiki/French_Tunisia \"French Tunisia\") in 1881 faced sharp criticism in France. To meet the needs of the expedition, Farre as Minister of War initiated a system of reinforcements given the name \"small packages,\" and from the [political right](/wiki/Right-wing_politics \"Right-wing politics\") to the far left, he was accused of jeopardizing the [mobilization](/wiki/Mobilization \"Mobilization\") capability of the French Army. In January 1881 he tabled in the French [Senate](/wiki/Senate_%28France%29 \"Senate (France)\") a plan for advancement in the military. The Senate asked for certain guarantees and refused the Minister of War the right to appoint the generals, and the Ranking Commission was maintained with the power to select generals. In July 1881, he strongly fought the proposal of [Charles\\-Ange Laisant](/wiki/Charles-Ange_Laisant \"Charles-Ange Laisant\") for a military service period of three years, and made the determination of the length of service return to the commission by a vote of 262 to 172\\. Certain measures Farre took — for example, the suppression of the use of [drums](/wiki/Drum \"Drum\") by the French Army — raised protests in military circles and more still among the civilian population. Farre left the ministry on 13 November 1881\\.",
"After leaving the Ministry of War, Farre remained active in the Senate. Until his death, he voted with the political left of the Senate, including votes for the law of 30 June 1881 on the [right of assembly](/wiki/Right_of_assembly \"Right of assembly\"), for the law of 29 July 1881 on the [freedom of the press](/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press \"Freedom of the press\"), for [judicial reform](/wiki/Judicial_reform \"Judicial reform\"), for [Alfred Joseph Naquet](/wiki/Alfred_Joseph_Naquet \"Alfred Joseph Naquet\")′s motion to legalize judicial [divorce](/wiki/Divorce \"Divorce\") (finally rejected by Parliament), and for budgets for the [Tonkin campaign](/wiki/Tonkin_campaign \"Tonkin campaign\") of 1883–1886 and the [First Madagascar expedition](/wiki/First_Madagascar_expedition \"First Madagascar expedition\") of 1883–1885\\. He also took part in discussions concerning the French Army.",
"Upon reaching the French Army's mandatory retirement age of 65 in 1881, Farre was kept on active duty \"without age limit\" by decree as a reward for his service during the Franco\\-Prussian War.",
""
] |
Life
----
In his chronicle entry for 973, [Sigebert of Gembloux](/wiki/Sigebert_of_Gembloux "Sigebert of Gembloux") mentioned that Reginar and Lambert, sons of Reginar (III) Longneck, fought and killed [Count Werner](/wiki/Werner%2C_Count_in_Hesbaye "Werner, Count in Hesbaye") and his brother [Rainold](/wiki/Renaud%2C_Count_of_Mons "Renaud, Count of Mons"), who were occupying the county once held by Reginar III. They attacked at [Péronnes\-lez\-Binche](/wiki/P%C3%A9ronnes-lez-Binche "Péronnes-lez-Binche") and took a fort called "Buxude" above the [Haine](/wiki/Haine "Haine"), the river which Hainaut is named after.{{sfn\|Sigebert of Gembloux\|1844\|p\=351}} This was either [Boussu](/wiki/Boussu "Boussu") west of Mons, or [Boussoit](/wiki/Boussoit "Boussoit") to the east at [La Louvière](/wiki/La_Louvi%C3%A8re "La Louvière").{{sfn\|Kupper\|2015\|p\=27}} Among the sources which confirm this killing, the chronicle known as the deeds (*Gesta*) of the bishops of Cambrai adds that the king, when he heard of this, gathered a force to besiege them, and then destroyed the castle, took them captive, and banished them from the country.*Gesta episcoporum Cameracensium*, Bethmann ed., p. 439\. Bachrach translation: *Deeds of the Bishops of Cambrai*. The *Gesta* claims that Werner and Rainold had been assigned by [Duke Bruno](/wiki/Bruno_the_Great "Bruno the Great") to govern Hainaut after the death of [Count Richar](/wiki/Richer%2C_Count_in_Luihgau_and_Hainaut "Richer, Count in Luihgau and Hainaut"), who had died the year before. The *Gesta* says that after this defeat the brothers engaged in plundering and disturbances of the peace, and then withdrew to Carolingian\-ruled northern France where they improved their military practices and gained the support of [Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine](/wiki/Charles%2C_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine "Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine"), a rebellious younger brother of the French King [Lothair of France](/wiki/Lothair_of_France "Lothair of France"), who was one of the last ruling members of the [Carolingian dynasty](/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty "Carolingian dynasty"), and Eudes, the son of his ally and kinsman [Adalbert I, Count of Vermandois](/wiki/Adalbert_I%2C_Count_of_Vermandois "Adalbert I, Count of Vermandois").
In his entry for 976 Sigebert mentioned that "the sons of Reginar Longneck" invaded Mons, this time with Charles. They fought against the counts [Godfrey "the captive"](/wiki/Godfrey_I%2C_Count_of_Verdun "Godfrey I, Count of Verdun") and [Arnulf of Valenciennes](/wiki/Arnulf_of_Valenciennes "Arnulf of Valenciennes"), who had been assigned the "county of Mons" after the deaths of Werner and Rainold.{{sfn\|Sigebert of Gembloux\|1844\|p\=352}} Godfrey and his family, which is today known as the [House of Ardenne](/wiki/House_of_Ardenne "House of Ardenne"), were Lotharingian adherents of the [Ottonian](/wiki/Ottonians "Ottonians") kings of Germany, and opponents of the Lotharingian claims of the French Carolingians. They held various bishoprics and counties throughout the 10th century. During the 10th and 11th century several of the dukes of upper and lower Lotharingia belonged to this family.
In Sigebert's entry for the year 977, which mentions that Charles was made Duke of Lower Lorraine at this time, Lambert and his brother Reginar IV are also mentioned.{{sfn\|Sigebert of Gembloux\|1844\|p\=352}} The entry notes that Lambert married Gerberga, the daughter of Charles, and his brother Reginar IV married the daughter of another French king, [Hugh Capet](/wiki/Hugh_Capet "Hugh Capet"), ancestor of the [Capetian dynasty](/wiki/Capetian_dynasty "Capetian dynasty"). According to the historian [Ferdinand Lot](/wiki/Ferdinand_Lot "Ferdinand Lot"), however, in 977 it was Charles who was married, and his daughter must have married later.{{sfn\|Lot\|1891\|p\=287}} Sigebert also mentioned that Lambert and his brother Reginar IV were relocated in the lands of their father (*in terra patrum suorum relocavit*). It is believed that they did not yet have full control of the counties they would eventually hold, but for example historian Jean\-Louis Kupper believes that they received part.{{sfn\|Kupper\|2015\|p\=27}}
In 978, the brothers fought on the side of France against [Otto II](/wiki/Otto_II "Otto II") of Germany. Although they were described as counts, this was likely a reflection of personal status, and does not prove that they held specific territorial counties.{{sfn\|de Waha\|2000\|p\=74}}
In 985, several records indicate an alliance between the brothers and France. Duke Charles and Reginar IV attended an assembly with King Lothar in France, and after the capture of Godfrey I of Verdun (known as "the captive") one of the conditions for his freedom was the restitution of Mons to Reginar IV. This indicates that Reginar IV still did not have control of Mons.{{sfn\|de Waha\|2000\|p\=75}}
Before 995, Lambert was engaged in on\-going conflict in or near the region of the [Pagus of Brabant](/wiki/Pagus_of_Brabant "Pagus of Brabant") (between the [Scheldt](/wiki/Scheldt "Scheldt") and [Dyle](/wiki/Dyle_%28river%29 "Dyle (river)") rivers), and one of his enemies was [Count Ansfried](/wiki/Ansfried_of_Utrecht "Ansfried of Utrecht"). This was reported in the early 11th century by [Alpertus of Metz](/wiki/Alpertus_of_Metz "Alpertus of Metz"), who described Count Lambert as having been a desperado, a leader of bandits (*praedones*) who he preferred not to even name, and who profited from the blood and booty of the citizens, and then hid in forests and swamps. In contrast, Alpertus praised Count Ansfried, who became bishop of Utrecht in 995, saying he had often defeated the bandits in Brabant, but without disadvantaging the citizens in the way Lambert did.Alpertus of Metz, I. 11 (ed. Pertz, pp. 705\-6 [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh\_ss\_4/index.htm\#page/705/mode/1up](https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_4/index.htm#page/705/mode/1up); Dutch trans. van Rij, pp. 53\-4; English trans. Bachrach, pp. 21\-3\).
It was only in 998, at least according to [Alberic of Trois\-Fontaines](/wiki/Alberic_of_Trois-Fontaines "Alberic of Trois-Fontaines"), that Reginar IV gained control of Mons. It is probable then, that Reginar IV did not receive Mons until after the death of his rival Godfrey "the captive", who is last recorded alive in 997\.{{sfn\|de Waha\|2000\|p\=79}} Lambert, on the other hand, was not described as a count of Leuven until 1003\.{{sfn\|de Waha\|2000\|p\=76}}
In 1006, Lambert was an ally of the powerful [Counts of Flanders](/wiki/Counts_of_Flanders "Counts of Flanders") in their successful efforts to gain a foothold in the empire, east of the [Schelde](/wiki/Schelde "Schelde"). For this reason, the emperor Henry II held Lambert's son hostage.{{sfn\|de Waha\|2000\|p\=82}} The entry of Flanders into Lotharingia was a major turning point, balancing the power of the House of Ardenne, and giving Lambert and his family a new long\-run ally.
Some time after 1010, Alpertus described Lambert as an ally (*cliens*) of [Count Balderic](/wiki/Balderic%2C_Count_of_Upladium "Balderic, Count of Upladium"), whose powerbase was around the area east of [Nijmegen](/wiki/Nijmegen "Nijmegen") near the modern border of Germany and the Netherlands. Lambert and [Count Gerhard of Metz](/wiki/Gerhard_of_the_Mosel%2C_Count_of_Metz "Gerhard of the Mosel, Count of Metz"), described as Balderic's closest friend, were called upon to besiege a new fortification made on the banks of the [Maas](/wiki/Meuse "Meuse") river, by his "Saxon" rival from north of the Rhine, {{ill\|Wichmann of Vreden\|nl\|Wichman van Vreden (Wichman III)\|de\|Wichmann III.}}. As the situation escalated Alpertus wrote that Gerhard and Lambert "said that they would endure travails and dangers" because "these two men were always prepared to stir up any kind of commotion or rebellion". Alpertus had more respect for other supporters of this clique during this dispute: the Bishop of Cologne; [Adalbold](/wiki/Adalbold_II_of_Utrecht "Adalbold II of Utrecht") who had replaced Ansfried as bishop of Utrecht in 1010; and the emperor himself also gave them considerable grace.Alpertus 2\.2, Bachrach translation, pp.35\-38\.
According to the chronicle of the deeds (*Gesta*) of the bishops of Cambrai, [Balderic II](/wiki/Balderic_II_of_Li%C3%A8ge "Balderic II of Liège"), who became bishop of Liège in 1008, was a kinsman of Lambert, and thought it would be good to establish friendship with him. However, the bishop of Cambrai from 1012, [Gerard of Florennes](/wiki/Gerard_of_Florennes "Gerard of Florennes"), advised that he was unreliable, and was proven right by the subsequent battle of Hoegaarden. The text also claims that Gerard was influential in the appointment at this time of his own kinsman, [Godfrey II "the childless"](/wiki/Godfrey_II%2C_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine "Godfrey II, Duke of Lower Lorraine") son of Godfrey the captive and enemy of Lambert, as the new Duke of Lower Lotharingia, after the 1012 death of Duke Otto, the son of Lambert's old ally Duke Charles.
In 1013 then, Lambert, with his nephew Reginar V, and [Robert II, Count of Namur](/wiki/Robert_II%2C_Count_of_Namur "Robert II, Count of Namur"), defeated Bishop Balderic at [Hoegaarden](/wiki/Hoegaarden "Hoegaarden"), after the bishop tried to fortify the town against the encroachments of Lambert into his territory. They captured the brother of Godfrey II, [Count Herman](/wiki/Herman%2C_Count_of_Verdun "Herman, Count of Verdun"), the margrave of Ename, but he was given into the captivity of Count Robert, and soon released. Modern historians see this battle as one step in a long\-term push by Lambert and his descendants to take control of the region to the east of Leuven, the county of [Brugeron](/wiki/Brunengeruz "Brunengeruz"), a part of the fertile [Hesbaye](/wiki/Pagus_of_Hasbania "Pagus of Hasbania"), which was in the possession of the prince\-bishopric of Liège.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"In his chronicle entry for 973, [Sigebert of Gembloux](/wiki/Sigebert_of_Gembloux \"Sigebert of Gembloux\") mentioned that Reginar and Lambert, sons of Reginar (III) Longneck, fought and killed [Count Werner](/wiki/Werner%2C_Count_in_Hesbaye \"Werner, Count in Hesbaye\") and his brother [Rainold](/wiki/Renaud%2C_Count_of_Mons \"Renaud, Count of Mons\"), who were occupying the county once held by Reginar III. They attacked at [Péronnes\\-lez\\-Binche](/wiki/P%C3%A9ronnes-lez-Binche \"Péronnes-lez-Binche\") and took a fort called \"Buxude\" above the [Haine](/wiki/Haine \"Haine\"), the river which Hainaut is named after.{{sfn\\|Sigebert of Gembloux\\|1844\\|p\\=351}} This was either [Boussu](/wiki/Boussu \"Boussu\") west of Mons, or [Boussoit](/wiki/Boussoit \"Boussoit\") to the east at [La Louvière](/wiki/La_Louvi%C3%A8re \"La Louvière\").{{sfn\\|Kupper\\|2015\\|p\\=27}} Among the sources which confirm this killing, the chronicle known as the deeds (*Gesta*) of the bishops of Cambrai adds that the king, when he heard of this, gathered a force to besiege them, and then destroyed the castle, took them captive, and banished them from the country.*Gesta episcoporum Cameracensium*, Bethmann ed., p. 439\\. Bachrach translation: *Deeds of the Bishops of Cambrai*. The *Gesta* claims that Werner and Rainold had been assigned by [Duke Bruno](/wiki/Bruno_the_Great \"Bruno the Great\") to govern Hainaut after the death of [Count Richar](/wiki/Richer%2C_Count_in_Luihgau_and_Hainaut \"Richer, Count in Luihgau and Hainaut\"), who had died the year before. The *Gesta* says that after this defeat the brothers engaged in plundering and disturbances of the peace, and then withdrew to Carolingian\\-ruled northern France where they improved their military practices and gained the support of [Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine](/wiki/Charles%2C_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine \"Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine\"), a rebellious younger brother of the French King [Lothair of France](/wiki/Lothair_of_France \"Lothair of France\"), who was one of the last ruling members of the [Carolingian dynasty](/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty \"Carolingian dynasty\"), and Eudes, the son of his ally and kinsman [Adalbert I, Count of Vermandois](/wiki/Adalbert_I%2C_Count_of_Vermandois \"Adalbert I, Count of Vermandois\").",
"In his entry for 976 Sigebert mentioned that \"the sons of Reginar Longneck\" invaded Mons, this time with Charles. They fought against the counts [Godfrey \"the captive\"](/wiki/Godfrey_I%2C_Count_of_Verdun \"Godfrey I, Count of Verdun\") and [Arnulf of Valenciennes](/wiki/Arnulf_of_Valenciennes \"Arnulf of Valenciennes\"), who had been assigned the \"county of Mons\" after the deaths of Werner and Rainold.{{sfn\\|Sigebert of Gembloux\\|1844\\|p\\=352}} Godfrey and his family, which is today known as the [House of Ardenne](/wiki/House_of_Ardenne \"House of Ardenne\"), were Lotharingian adherents of the [Ottonian](/wiki/Ottonians \"Ottonians\") kings of Germany, and opponents of the Lotharingian claims of the French Carolingians. They held various bishoprics and counties throughout the 10th century. During the 10th and 11th century several of the dukes of upper and lower Lotharingia belonged to this family.",
"In Sigebert's entry for the year 977, which mentions that Charles was made Duke of Lower Lorraine at this time, Lambert and his brother Reginar IV are also mentioned.{{sfn\\|Sigebert of Gembloux\\|1844\\|p\\=352}} The entry notes that Lambert married Gerberga, the daughter of Charles, and his brother Reginar IV married the daughter of another French king, [Hugh Capet](/wiki/Hugh_Capet \"Hugh Capet\"), ancestor of the [Capetian dynasty](/wiki/Capetian_dynasty \"Capetian dynasty\"). According to the historian [Ferdinand Lot](/wiki/Ferdinand_Lot \"Ferdinand Lot\"), however, in 977 it was Charles who was married, and his daughter must have married later.{{sfn\\|Lot\\|1891\\|p\\=287}} Sigebert also mentioned that Lambert and his brother Reginar IV were relocated in the lands of their father (*in terra patrum suorum relocavit*). It is believed that they did not yet have full control of the counties they would eventually hold, but for example historian Jean\\-Louis Kupper believes that they received part.{{sfn\\|Kupper\\|2015\\|p\\=27}}",
"In 978, the brothers fought on the side of France against [Otto II](/wiki/Otto_II \"Otto II\") of Germany. Although they were described as counts, this was likely a reflection of personal status, and does not prove that they held specific territorial counties.{{sfn\\|de Waha\\|2000\\|p\\=74}}",
"In 985, several records indicate an alliance between the brothers and France. Duke Charles and Reginar IV attended an assembly with King Lothar in France, and after the capture of Godfrey I of Verdun (known as \"the captive\") one of the conditions for his freedom was the restitution of Mons to Reginar IV. This indicates that Reginar IV still did not have control of Mons.{{sfn\\|de Waha\\|2000\\|p\\=75}}",
"Before 995, Lambert was engaged in on\\-going conflict in or near the region of the [Pagus of Brabant](/wiki/Pagus_of_Brabant \"Pagus of Brabant\") (between the [Scheldt](/wiki/Scheldt \"Scheldt\") and [Dyle](/wiki/Dyle_%28river%29 \"Dyle (river)\") rivers), and one of his enemies was [Count Ansfried](/wiki/Ansfried_of_Utrecht \"Ansfried of Utrecht\"). This was reported in the early 11th century by [Alpertus of Metz](/wiki/Alpertus_of_Metz \"Alpertus of Metz\"), who described Count Lambert as having been a desperado, a leader of bandits (*praedones*) who he preferred not to even name, and who profited from the blood and booty of the citizens, and then hid in forests and swamps. In contrast, Alpertus praised Count Ansfried, who became bishop of Utrecht in 995, saying he had often defeated the bandits in Brabant, but without disadvantaging the citizens in the way Lambert did.Alpertus of Metz, I. 11 (ed. Pertz, pp. 705\\-6 [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh\\_ss\\_4/index.htm\\#page/705/mode/1up](https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_4/index.htm#page/705/mode/1up); Dutch trans. van Rij, pp. 53\\-4; English trans. Bachrach, pp. 21\\-3\\).",
"It was only in 998, at least according to [Alberic of Trois\\-Fontaines](/wiki/Alberic_of_Trois-Fontaines \"Alberic of Trois-Fontaines\"), that Reginar IV gained control of Mons. It is probable then, that Reginar IV did not receive Mons until after the death of his rival Godfrey \"the captive\", who is last recorded alive in 997\\.{{sfn\\|de Waha\\|2000\\|p\\=79}} Lambert, on the other hand, was not described as a count of Leuven until 1003\\.{{sfn\\|de Waha\\|2000\\|p\\=76}}",
"In 1006, Lambert was an ally of the powerful [Counts of Flanders](/wiki/Counts_of_Flanders \"Counts of Flanders\") in their successful efforts to gain a foothold in the empire, east of the [Schelde](/wiki/Schelde \"Schelde\"). For this reason, the emperor Henry II held Lambert's son hostage.{{sfn\\|de Waha\\|2000\\|p\\=82}} The entry of Flanders into Lotharingia was a major turning point, balancing the power of the House of Ardenne, and giving Lambert and his family a new long\\-run ally.",
"Some time after 1010, Alpertus described Lambert as an ally (*cliens*) of [Count Balderic](/wiki/Balderic%2C_Count_of_Upladium \"Balderic, Count of Upladium\"), whose powerbase was around the area east of [Nijmegen](/wiki/Nijmegen \"Nijmegen\") near the modern border of Germany and the Netherlands. Lambert and [Count Gerhard of Metz](/wiki/Gerhard_of_the_Mosel%2C_Count_of_Metz \"Gerhard of the Mosel, Count of Metz\"), described as Balderic's closest friend, were called upon to besiege a new fortification made on the banks of the [Maas](/wiki/Meuse \"Meuse\") river, by his \"Saxon\" rival from north of the Rhine, {{ill\\|Wichmann of Vreden\\|nl\\|Wichman van Vreden (Wichman III)\\|de\\|Wichmann III.}}. As the situation escalated Alpertus wrote that Gerhard and Lambert \"said that they would endure travails and dangers\" because \"these two men were always prepared to stir up any kind of commotion or rebellion\". Alpertus had more respect for other supporters of this clique during this dispute: the Bishop of Cologne; [Adalbold](/wiki/Adalbold_II_of_Utrecht \"Adalbold II of Utrecht\") who had replaced Ansfried as bishop of Utrecht in 1010; and the emperor himself also gave them considerable grace.Alpertus 2\\.2, Bachrach translation, pp.35\\-38\\.",
"According to the chronicle of the deeds (*Gesta*) of the bishops of Cambrai, [Balderic II](/wiki/Balderic_II_of_Li%C3%A8ge \"Balderic II of Liège\"), who became bishop of Liège in 1008, was a kinsman of Lambert, and thought it would be good to establish friendship with him. However, the bishop of Cambrai from 1012, [Gerard of Florennes](/wiki/Gerard_of_Florennes \"Gerard of Florennes\"), advised that he was unreliable, and was proven right by the subsequent battle of Hoegaarden. The text also claims that Gerard was influential in the appointment at this time of his own kinsman, [Godfrey II \"the childless\"](/wiki/Godfrey_II%2C_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine \"Godfrey II, Duke of Lower Lorraine\") son of Godfrey the captive and enemy of Lambert, as the new Duke of Lower Lotharingia, after the 1012 death of Duke Otto, the son of Lambert's old ally Duke Charles.",
"In 1013 then, Lambert, with his nephew Reginar V, and [Robert II, Count of Namur](/wiki/Robert_II%2C_Count_of_Namur \"Robert II, Count of Namur\"), defeated Bishop Balderic at [Hoegaarden](/wiki/Hoegaarden \"Hoegaarden\"), after the bishop tried to fortify the town against the encroachments of Lambert into his territory. They captured the brother of Godfrey II, [Count Herman](/wiki/Herman%2C_Count_of_Verdun \"Herman, Count of Verdun\"), the margrave of Ename, but he was given into the captivity of Count Robert, and soon released. Modern historians see this battle as one step in a long\\-term push by Lambert and his descendants to take control of the region to the east of Leuven, the county of [Brugeron](/wiki/Brunengeruz \"Brunengeruz\"), a part of the fertile [Hesbaye](/wiki/Pagus_of_Hasbania \"Pagus of Hasbania\"), which was in the possession of the prince\\-bishopric of Liège.",
""
] |
Function
--------
### In autophagy
Atg8 is one of the key molecular components involved in [autophagy](/wiki/Autophagy "Autophagy"), the cellular process mediating the [lysosome](/wiki/Lysosome "Lysosome")/[vacuole](/wiki/Vacuole "Vacuole")\-dependent turnover of macromolecules and organelles. Autophagy is induced upon nutrient depletion or rapamycin treatment and leads to the response of more than 30 autophagy\-related (ATG) genes known so far, including ATG8\.
How exactly ATG proteins are regulated is still under investigation, but it is clear that all signals reporting on the availability of carbon and nitrogen sources converge on the TOR signalling pathway and that ATG proteins are downstream effectors of this pathway. In case nutrient supplies are sufficient, the TOR signaling pathway hyperphosphorylates certain Atg proteins, thereby inhibiting autophagosome formation. After starvation autophagy is induced through the activation of Atg proteins both on the protein modification and the transcriptional level.
Atg8 is especially important in [macroautophagy](/wiki/Macroautophagy "Macroautophagy") which is one of three distinct types of autophagy characterized by the formation of double\-membrane enclosed [vesicles](/wiki/Vesicle_%28biology%29 "Vesicle (biology)") that sequester portions of the [cytosol](/wiki/Cytosol "Cytosol"), the so\-called autophagosomes. The outer membrane of these autophagosomes subsequently fuses with the lysosome/vacuole to release an inter single membrane (autophagic body) destined for [degradation](/wiki/Chemical_decomposition "Chemical decomposition"). During this process, Atg8 is particularly crucial for autophagosome maturation (lipidation).
Like most Atg proteins, Atg8 is localized in the cytoplasm and at the PAS under nutrient\-rich conditions, but becomes membrane\-associated in case of autophagy induction. It then localizes to the site of autophagosome nucleation, the phagophore\-assembly site (PAS). Nucleation of the phagophore requires the accumulation of a set of Atg proteins and of class III [phosphoinositide 3\-kinase](/wiki/Phosphoinositide_3-kinase "Phosphoinositide 3-kinase") complexes on the PAS. The subsequent recruitment of Atg8 and other autophagy\-related proteins is believed to trigger vesicle expansion in a concerted manner, presumably by providing the driving force for membrane curvature. The transient conjugation of Atg8 to the membrane lipid [phosphatidylethanolamine](/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine "Phosphatidylethanolamine") is essential for phagophore expansion as its [mutation](/wiki/Mutation "Mutation") leads to defects in autophagosome formation. It is distributed symmetrically on both sides of the autophagosome and it is assumed that there is a quantitative correlation between the amount of Atg8 and the vesicle size.
After finishing vesicle expansion, the autophagosome is ready for fusion with the [lysosome](/wiki/Lysosome "Lysosome") and Atg8 can either be released from the membrane for recycling (see below) or gets degraded in the [autolysosome](/wiki/Autolysosome "Autolysosome") if left uncleaved.
ATG8 is also required for a different autophagy\-related process called the [cytoplasm\-to\-vacuole targeting](/wiki/Cytoplasm-to-vacuole_targeting "Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting") (Cvt) pathway. This yeast\-specific process acts constitutively under nutrient\-rich conditions and selectively transports hydrolases such as aminopeptidase I to the yeast vacuole. The Cvt pathway also requires Atg8 localised to the PAS for the formation of Cvt vesicles which then fuse with the vacuole to deliver hydrolases necessary for degradation.
### Post\-translational modification and regulatory cycle
Atg8 exists in a cytoplasmic and in a membrane\-associated form. Membrane association is achieved by coupling Atg8 to [phosphatidylethanolamine](/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine "Phosphatidylethanolamine") (PE) which is a lipid constituent of plasma membranes. This post\-translational modification process, called lipidation, is performed by the Atg8 conjugation system comprising the cysteine protease ATG4 (belonging to the caspase family), as well as the proteins [ATG7](/wiki/ATG7 "ATG7"), ATG3 and the [ATG5](/wiki/ATG5 "ATG5")\-[ATG12](/wiki/ATG12 "ATG12") complex.
The Atg8 conjugation system works in analogy to the [ubiquitination](/wiki/Ubiquitination "Ubiquitination") system. However, it is Atg8 itself that represents the [ubiquitin\-like protein](/wiki/Ubiquitin-like_protein "Ubiquitin-like protein") (Ubl) being transferred to PE, while ATG7 functions like an E1 enzyme, ATG3 like an E2 enzyme and the ATG12\-ATG5 complex like an [E3 ligase](/wiki/E3_ligase "E3 ligase").
The lipidation process is initiated by an ATG4\-dependent post\-translational cleavage of the last C\-terminal amino acid residue of Atg8\. After the cleavage, Atg8 exposes a C\-terminal glycine residue (Gly 116\) to which PE can then be coupled during the following steps. In the first step, the Gly116 residue of Atg8 binds to a cysteine residue of [ATG7](/wiki/ATG7 "ATG7") via a thioester bond in an ATP\-dependent manner. During the second step, Atg8 is transferred to Atg3 assuming the same type of thioester bond. Finally, Atg8 is detached from Atg3 and coupled to the amine head group of PE via an amide bond. This final step was found to be facilitated and stimulated by the [ATG5](/wiki/ATG5 "ATG5")\-[ATG12](/wiki/ATG12 "ATG12") complex.
Both proteins, Atg5 and Atg12 were originally identified as part of another Ubl conjugating system that promotes conjugation of [ATG12](/wiki/ATG12 "ATG12") to [ATG5](/wiki/ATG5 "ATG5") via [ATG7](/wiki/ATG7 "ATG7") and Atg10\. This implies, that the [ATG12](/wiki/ATG12 "ATG12") and the Atg8 conjugation system are actually interdependent.
|
[
"Function\n--------",
"### In autophagy",
"Atg8 is one of the key molecular components involved in [autophagy](/wiki/Autophagy \"Autophagy\"), the cellular process mediating the [lysosome](/wiki/Lysosome \"Lysosome\")/[vacuole](/wiki/Vacuole \"Vacuole\")\\-dependent turnover of macromolecules and organelles. Autophagy is induced upon nutrient depletion or rapamycin treatment and leads to the response of more than 30 autophagy\\-related (ATG) genes known so far, including ATG8\\.\nHow exactly ATG proteins are regulated is still under investigation, but it is clear that all signals reporting on the availability of carbon and nitrogen sources converge on the TOR signalling pathway and that ATG proteins are downstream effectors of this pathway. In case nutrient supplies are sufficient, the TOR signaling pathway hyperphosphorylates certain Atg proteins, thereby inhibiting autophagosome formation. After starvation autophagy is induced through the activation of Atg proteins both on the protein modification and the transcriptional level.",
"Atg8 is especially important in [macroautophagy](/wiki/Macroautophagy \"Macroautophagy\") which is one of three distinct types of autophagy characterized by the formation of double\\-membrane enclosed [vesicles](/wiki/Vesicle_%28biology%29 \"Vesicle (biology)\") that sequester portions of the [cytosol](/wiki/Cytosol \"Cytosol\"), the so\\-called autophagosomes. The outer membrane of these autophagosomes subsequently fuses with the lysosome/vacuole to release an inter single membrane (autophagic body) destined for [degradation](/wiki/Chemical_decomposition \"Chemical decomposition\"). During this process, Atg8 is particularly crucial for autophagosome maturation (lipidation).",
"Like most Atg proteins, Atg8 is localized in the cytoplasm and at the PAS under nutrient\\-rich conditions, but becomes membrane\\-associated in case of autophagy induction. It then localizes to the site of autophagosome nucleation, the phagophore\\-assembly site (PAS). Nucleation of the phagophore requires the accumulation of a set of Atg proteins and of class III [phosphoinositide 3\\-kinase](/wiki/Phosphoinositide_3-kinase \"Phosphoinositide 3-kinase\") complexes on the PAS. The subsequent recruitment of Atg8 and other autophagy\\-related proteins is believed to trigger vesicle expansion in a concerted manner, presumably by providing the driving force for membrane curvature. The transient conjugation of Atg8 to the membrane lipid [phosphatidylethanolamine](/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine \"Phosphatidylethanolamine\") is essential for phagophore expansion as its [mutation](/wiki/Mutation \"Mutation\") leads to defects in autophagosome formation. It is distributed symmetrically on both sides of the autophagosome and it is assumed that there is a quantitative correlation between the amount of Atg8 and the vesicle size.",
"After finishing vesicle expansion, the autophagosome is ready for fusion with the [lysosome](/wiki/Lysosome \"Lysosome\") and Atg8 can either be released from the membrane for recycling (see below) or gets degraded in the [autolysosome](/wiki/Autolysosome \"Autolysosome\") if left uncleaved.",
"ATG8 is also required for a different autophagy\\-related process called the [cytoplasm\\-to\\-vacuole targeting](/wiki/Cytoplasm-to-vacuole_targeting \"Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting\") (Cvt) pathway. This yeast\\-specific process acts constitutively under nutrient\\-rich conditions and selectively transports hydrolases such as aminopeptidase I to the yeast vacuole. The Cvt pathway also requires Atg8 localised to the PAS for the formation of Cvt vesicles which then fuse with the vacuole to deliver hydrolases necessary for degradation.",
"### Post\\-translational modification and regulatory cycle",
"Atg8 exists in a cytoplasmic and in a membrane\\-associated form. Membrane association is achieved by coupling Atg8 to [phosphatidylethanolamine](/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine \"Phosphatidylethanolamine\") (PE) which is a lipid constituent of plasma membranes. This post\\-translational modification process, called lipidation, is performed by the Atg8 conjugation system comprising the cysteine protease ATG4 (belonging to the caspase family), as well as the proteins [ATG7](/wiki/ATG7 \"ATG7\"), ATG3 and the [ATG5](/wiki/ATG5 \"ATG5\")\\-[ATG12](/wiki/ATG12 \"ATG12\") complex.",
"The Atg8 conjugation system works in analogy to the [ubiquitination](/wiki/Ubiquitination \"Ubiquitination\") system. However, it is Atg8 itself that represents the [ubiquitin\\-like protein](/wiki/Ubiquitin-like_protein \"Ubiquitin-like protein\") (Ubl) being transferred to PE, while ATG7 functions like an E1 enzyme, ATG3 like an E2 enzyme and the ATG12\\-ATG5 complex like an [E3 ligase](/wiki/E3_ligase \"E3 ligase\").",
"The lipidation process is initiated by an ATG4\\-dependent post\\-translational cleavage of the last C\\-terminal amino acid residue of Atg8\\. After the cleavage, Atg8 exposes a C\\-terminal glycine residue (Gly 116\\) to which PE can then be coupled during the following steps. In the first step, the Gly116 residue of Atg8 binds to a cysteine residue of [ATG7](/wiki/ATG7 \"ATG7\") via a thioester bond in an ATP\\-dependent manner. During the second step, Atg8 is transferred to Atg3 assuming the same type of thioester bond. Finally, Atg8 is detached from Atg3 and coupled to the amine head group of PE via an amide bond. This final step was found to be facilitated and stimulated by the [ATG5](/wiki/ATG5 \"ATG5\")\\-[ATG12](/wiki/ATG12 \"ATG12\") complex.",
"Both proteins, Atg5 and Atg12 were originally identified as part of another Ubl conjugating system that promotes conjugation of [ATG12](/wiki/ATG12 \"ATG12\") to [ATG5](/wiki/ATG5 \"ATG5\") via [ATG7](/wiki/ATG7 \"ATG7\") and Atg10\\. This implies, that the [ATG12](/wiki/ATG12 \"ATG12\") and the Atg8 conjugation system are actually interdependent.",
""
] |
### In autophagy
Atg8 is one of the key molecular components involved in [autophagy](/wiki/Autophagy "Autophagy"), the cellular process mediating the [lysosome](/wiki/Lysosome "Lysosome")/[vacuole](/wiki/Vacuole "Vacuole")\-dependent turnover of macromolecules and organelles. Autophagy is induced upon nutrient depletion or rapamycin treatment and leads to the response of more than 30 autophagy\-related (ATG) genes known so far, including ATG8\.
How exactly ATG proteins are regulated is still under investigation, but it is clear that all signals reporting on the availability of carbon and nitrogen sources converge on the TOR signalling pathway and that ATG proteins are downstream effectors of this pathway. In case nutrient supplies are sufficient, the TOR signaling pathway hyperphosphorylates certain Atg proteins, thereby inhibiting autophagosome formation. After starvation autophagy is induced through the activation of Atg proteins both on the protein modification and the transcriptional level.
Atg8 is especially important in [macroautophagy](/wiki/Macroautophagy "Macroautophagy") which is one of three distinct types of autophagy characterized by the formation of double\-membrane enclosed [vesicles](/wiki/Vesicle_%28biology%29 "Vesicle (biology)") that sequester portions of the [cytosol](/wiki/Cytosol "Cytosol"), the so\-called autophagosomes. The outer membrane of these autophagosomes subsequently fuses with the lysosome/vacuole to release an inter single membrane (autophagic body) destined for [degradation](/wiki/Chemical_decomposition "Chemical decomposition"). During this process, Atg8 is particularly crucial for autophagosome maturation (lipidation).
Like most Atg proteins, Atg8 is localized in the cytoplasm and at the PAS under nutrient\-rich conditions, but becomes membrane\-associated in case of autophagy induction. It then localizes to the site of autophagosome nucleation, the phagophore\-assembly site (PAS). Nucleation of the phagophore requires the accumulation of a set of Atg proteins and of class III [phosphoinositide 3\-kinase](/wiki/Phosphoinositide_3-kinase "Phosphoinositide 3-kinase") complexes on the PAS. The subsequent recruitment of Atg8 and other autophagy\-related proteins is believed to trigger vesicle expansion in a concerted manner, presumably by providing the driving force for membrane curvature. The transient conjugation of Atg8 to the membrane lipid [phosphatidylethanolamine](/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine "Phosphatidylethanolamine") is essential for phagophore expansion as its [mutation](/wiki/Mutation "Mutation") leads to defects in autophagosome formation. It is distributed symmetrically on both sides of the autophagosome and it is assumed that there is a quantitative correlation between the amount of Atg8 and the vesicle size.
After finishing vesicle expansion, the autophagosome is ready for fusion with the [lysosome](/wiki/Lysosome "Lysosome") and Atg8 can either be released from the membrane for recycling (see below) or gets degraded in the [autolysosome](/wiki/Autolysosome "Autolysosome") if left uncleaved.
ATG8 is also required for a different autophagy\-related process called the [cytoplasm\-to\-vacuole targeting](/wiki/Cytoplasm-to-vacuole_targeting "Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting") (Cvt) pathway. This yeast\-specific process acts constitutively under nutrient\-rich conditions and selectively transports hydrolases such as aminopeptidase I to the yeast vacuole. The Cvt pathway also requires Atg8 localised to the PAS for the formation of Cvt vesicles which then fuse with the vacuole to deliver hydrolases necessary for degradation.
|
[
"### In autophagy",
"Atg8 is one of the key molecular components involved in [autophagy](/wiki/Autophagy \"Autophagy\"), the cellular process mediating the [lysosome](/wiki/Lysosome \"Lysosome\")/[vacuole](/wiki/Vacuole \"Vacuole\")\\-dependent turnover of macromolecules and organelles. Autophagy is induced upon nutrient depletion or rapamycin treatment and leads to the response of more than 30 autophagy\\-related (ATG) genes known so far, including ATG8\\.\nHow exactly ATG proteins are regulated is still under investigation, but it is clear that all signals reporting on the availability of carbon and nitrogen sources converge on the TOR signalling pathway and that ATG proteins are downstream effectors of this pathway. In case nutrient supplies are sufficient, the TOR signaling pathway hyperphosphorylates certain Atg proteins, thereby inhibiting autophagosome formation. After starvation autophagy is induced through the activation of Atg proteins both on the protein modification and the transcriptional level.",
"Atg8 is especially important in [macroautophagy](/wiki/Macroautophagy \"Macroautophagy\") which is one of three distinct types of autophagy characterized by the formation of double\\-membrane enclosed [vesicles](/wiki/Vesicle_%28biology%29 \"Vesicle (biology)\") that sequester portions of the [cytosol](/wiki/Cytosol \"Cytosol\"), the so\\-called autophagosomes. The outer membrane of these autophagosomes subsequently fuses with the lysosome/vacuole to release an inter single membrane (autophagic body) destined for [degradation](/wiki/Chemical_decomposition \"Chemical decomposition\"). During this process, Atg8 is particularly crucial for autophagosome maturation (lipidation).",
"Like most Atg proteins, Atg8 is localized in the cytoplasm and at the PAS under nutrient\\-rich conditions, but becomes membrane\\-associated in case of autophagy induction. It then localizes to the site of autophagosome nucleation, the phagophore\\-assembly site (PAS). Nucleation of the phagophore requires the accumulation of a set of Atg proteins and of class III [phosphoinositide 3\\-kinase](/wiki/Phosphoinositide_3-kinase \"Phosphoinositide 3-kinase\") complexes on the PAS. The subsequent recruitment of Atg8 and other autophagy\\-related proteins is believed to trigger vesicle expansion in a concerted manner, presumably by providing the driving force for membrane curvature. The transient conjugation of Atg8 to the membrane lipid [phosphatidylethanolamine](/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine \"Phosphatidylethanolamine\") is essential for phagophore expansion as its [mutation](/wiki/Mutation \"Mutation\") leads to defects in autophagosome formation. It is distributed symmetrically on both sides of the autophagosome and it is assumed that there is a quantitative correlation between the amount of Atg8 and the vesicle size.",
"After finishing vesicle expansion, the autophagosome is ready for fusion with the [lysosome](/wiki/Lysosome \"Lysosome\") and Atg8 can either be released from the membrane for recycling (see below) or gets degraded in the [autolysosome](/wiki/Autolysosome \"Autolysosome\") if left uncleaved.",
"ATG8 is also required for a different autophagy\\-related process called the [cytoplasm\\-to\\-vacuole targeting](/wiki/Cytoplasm-to-vacuole_targeting \"Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting\") (Cvt) pathway. This yeast\\-specific process acts constitutively under nutrient\\-rich conditions and selectively transports hydrolases such as aminopeptidase I to the yeast vacuole. The Cvt pathway also requires Atg8 localised to the PAS for the formation of Cvt vesicles which then fuse with the vacuole to deliver hydrolases necessary for degradation.",
""
] |
1st New Zealand Expeditionary Force
-----------------------------------
{{See also\|Military history of New Zealand during World War I}}
{{more citations needed section\|date\=February 2012}}
The New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) was the title of the military forces sent from New Zealand to fight for Britain during World War I. Upon the outbreak of war, New Zealand immediately offered to provide two [brigades](/wiki/Brigade "Brigade")—one of [infantry](/wiki/Infantry "Infantry") and one of mounted troops—with a total of 8,500 men. As was the case with the Australian army the existing New Zealand army was a "territorial" force, designed for the defense of the home islands. It could not be deployed overseas. Hence, it was necessary to form a volunteer "[expeditionary](/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare "Expeditionary warfare")" force. The initial contingent of the NZEF, known as the "Main Body," sailed on 16 October 1914 for [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia") and then joined with the [Australian Imperial Force](/wiki/First_Australian_Imperial_Force "First Australian Imperial Force") (AIF) in a convoy that sailed for [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") on 1 November. The NZEF and AIF convoy was originally bound for Britain but diverted en route to Egypt because of the state of the training camps in England. As a result, the troops were dressed in woolen uniforms for the British climate. On 2 December the convoy reached Alexandria after passing through the Suez Canal. Disembarking the troops traveled by train for Cairo, bivouacking in tent camps within sight of the Pyramids.
The NZEF was commanded throughout the war by [Major General](/wiki/Major_General "Major General") [Alexander Godley](/wiki/Alexander_Godley "Alexander Godley"), a [British Army](/wiki/British_Army "British Army") officer who in 1910, on the recommendation of [Lord Kitchener](/wiki/Horatio_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener_of_Khartoum "Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum"), had been appointed as the commander of the [New Zealand Military Forces](/wiki/New_Zealand_Military_Forces "New Zealand Military Forces"). After Godley departed with the NZEF in October 1914, Major General [Alfred William Robin](/wiki/Alfred_William_Robin "Alfred William Robin") commanded the New Zealand Military Forces at home throughout the war as [commandant](/wiki/Commandant "Commandant"), and was pivotal in ensuring the ongoing provision of reinforcements and support to the NZEF.{{DNZB\|title\=Alfred William Robin\|last\=Phillip\|id\=3r25\|access\-date\=23 April 2017}}
Major General [George Napier Johnston](/wiki/George_Napier_Johnston "George Napier Johnston") [CB](/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath "Companion of the Order of the Bath") [CMG](/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George "Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George") [DSO](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order "Distinguished Service Order") (1867–1947\) served with New Zealand forces during World War I as director of ordnance and commander of permanent artillery in the New Zealand Defence Force from the outset of World War I during 1914–1918\.
New Zealand, like Australia, had a pre\-war policy of compulsory military training, but, like Australia, New Zealand's Territorial Army could not be deployed overseas. Thus, the NZEF was initially composed solely of volunteers. Conscription was introduced on 1 August 1916 and by the end of the war 124,000 men—nearly half the eligible male population of 250,000—had served with the NZEF. Of these, about 100,000 had been sent overseas.
The NZEF was closely tied to the AIF for much of the war. When the [Gallipoli campaign](/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli "Battle of Gallipoli") began, the New Zealand contingent was insufficient to complete a [division](/wiki/Division_%28military%29 "Division (military)") of their own, so it was combined with the [Australian 4th Infantry Brigade](/wiki/4th_Brigade_%28Australia%29 "4th Brigade (Australia)") to form the [New Zealand and Australian Division](/wiki/New_Zealand_and_Australian_Division "New Zealand and Australian Division") under the command of General Godley. This division, along with the [Australian 1st Division](/wiki/Australian_1st_Division_%28World_War_I%29 "Australian 1st Division (World War I)"), formed the famous [Australian and New Zealand Army Corps](/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps "Australian and New Zealand Army Corps") (ANZAC) under the command of General [William Birdwood](/wiki/William_Birdwood "William Birdwood").
After the end of the Gallipoli campaign, the NZEF formed its own infantry division, the [New Zealand Division](/wiki/New_Zealand_Division "New Zealand Division"), which served on the [Western Front](/wiki/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29 "Western Front (World War I)") for the rest of the war. General Godley was promoted to a [corps](/wiki/Corps "Corps") command and given [II ANZAC Corps](/wiki/II_ANZAC_Corps "II ANZAC Corps"), which contained the New Zealand Division. From 1916 until the formation of the [Australian Corps](/wiki/Australian_Corps "Australian Corps") in 1918 (made up of the five Australian divisions) there were always two "ANZAC" corps—[I ANZAC Corps](/wiki/I_ANZAC_Corps "I ANZAC Corps") and II ANZAC Corps—despite the fact that there was only one New Zealand Division. During early 1916 the New Zealand Government supported the formation of an [Australian and New Zealand Army](/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army "Australian and New Zealand Army"), but this did not occur.
The mounted arm of the NZEF was the [New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade](/wiki/New_Zealand_Mounted_Rifles_Brigade "New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade"). The brigade remained in Egypt and, combined with the 1st and 2nd [Australian Light Horse](/wiki/Australian_Light_Horse "Australian Light Horse") Brigades, made up the [ANZAC Mounted Division](/wiki/ANZAC_Mounted_Division "ANZAC Mounted Division") which served through the [Sinai](/wiki/Sinai_peninsula "Sinai peninsula") and [Palestine campaign](/wiki/Palestine_campaign "Palestine campaign").
The New Zealand Expeditionary Force (later called the 1st NZEF) was finally disbanded on 31 December 1921\.
### Structure
[thumb\|Insignia of units of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force](/wiki/File:Record_of_the_New_Zealand_Expeditionary_Force_in_the_Great_War_poster.jpg "Record of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in the Great War poster.jpg")
#### New Zealand Expeditionary Force Order of Battle \- 16 October 1914
* New Zealand Infantry Brigade
+ [Auckland Battalion](/wiki/Auckland_Infantry_Regiment_%28NZEF%29 "Auckland Infantry Regiment (NZEF)"): 4 Cos. raised from 3rd (Auckland), [6th (Hauraki)](/wiki/Hauraki_Regiment "Hauraki Regiment"), [15th (North Auckland)](/wiki/15th_%28North_Auckland%29_Regiment "15th (North Auckland) Regiment"), and [16th (Waikato)](/wiki/Waikato_Regiment "Waikato Regiment") Territorial Regiments
+ [Wellington Battalion](/wiki/Wellington_Infantry_Regiment_%28NZEF%29 "Wellington Infantry Regiment (NZEF)"): 4 Cos. raised from [7th (Wellington West Coast)](/wiki/Wellington_West_Coast_Regiment "Wellington West Coast Regiment"), [9th (Hawke's Bay)](/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Regiment "Hawke's Bay Regiment"), [11th (Taranaki)](/wiki/Taranaki_Regiment "Taranaki Regiment"), and [17th (Ruahine)](/wiki/Ruahine_Regiment "Ruahine Regiment") Territorial Regiments
+ [Canterbury Battalion](/wiki/Canterbury_Infantry_Regiment_%28NZEF%29 "Canterbury Infantry Regiment (NZEF)"): 4 Cos. raised from [1st (Canterbury)](/wiki/1st_%28Canterbury%29_Regiment "1st (Canterbury) Regiment"), [2nd (South Canterbury)](/wiki/2nd_%28South_Canterbury%29_Regiment "2nd (South Canterbury) Regiment"), [12th (Nelson)](/wiki/12th_%28Nelson_and_Marlborough%29_Regiment "12th (Nelson and Marlborough) Regiment"), and [13th (North Canterbury and Westland)](/wiki/13th_%28North_Canterbury_and_Westland%29_Regiment "13th (North Canterbury and Westland) Regiment") Territorial Regiments
+ [Otago Battalion](/wiki/Otago_Infantry_Regiment_%28NZEF%29 "Otago Infantry Regiment (NZEF)"): 4 Cos. raised from 4th (Otago), 8th (Southland), 10th (North Otago), and 14th (South Otago) Territorial Regiments
+ 1st New Zealand Infantry Brigade Signal Co. (3 Sections)
+ New Zealand Field Ambulance No. 1
* New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade
+ Auckland Mounted Rifles: 3 raised from these territorial regiments: [3rd (Auckland) Mounted Rifles](/wiki/3rd_%28Auckland%29_Mounted_Rifles "3rd (Auckland) Mounted Rifles"), [4th (Waikato) Mounted Rifles](/wiki/4th_%28Waikato%29_Mounted_Rifles "4th (Waikato) Mounted Rifles"), and [11th (North Auckland) Mounted Rifles](/wiki/11th_%28North_Auckland%29_Mounted_Rifles "11th (North Auckland) Mounted Rifles")
+ Canterbury Mounted Rifles: 3 squadrons raised from these territorial regiments: [1st Mounted Rifles (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry)](/wiki/1st_Mounted_Rifles_%28Canterbury_Yeomanry_Cavalry%29 "1st Mounted Rifles (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry)"), [8th (South Canterbury) Mounted Rifles](/wiki/8th_%28South_Canterbury%29_Mounted_Rifles "8th (South Canterbury) Mounted Rifles"), and [10th (Nelson) Mounted Rifles](/wiki/10th_%28Nelson%29_Mounted_Rifles "10th (Nelson) Mounted Rifles")
+ Wellington Mounted Rifles: 3 squadrons raised from these territorial regiments: [2nd (Wellington West Coast) Mounted Rifles](/wiki/2nd_%28Wellington_West_Coast%29_Mounted_Rifles "2nd (Wellington West Coast) Mounted Rifles"), [6th (Manawatu) Mounted Rifles](/wiki/6th_%28Manawatu%29_Mounted_Rifles "6th (Manawatu) Mounted Rifles"), [9th (Wellington East Coast) Mounted Rifles](/wiki/9th_%28Wellington_East_Coast%29_Mounted_Rifles "9th (Wellington East Coast) Mounted Rifles")
+ New Zealand Engineers Field Troop
+ New Zealand Mounted Signal Troop
+ New Zealand Mounted Rifles Field Ambulance
* Divisional cavalry
+ Otago Mounted Rifles: 3 squadrons raised from these territorial regiments: 5th (Otago Hussars), 7th (Southland), 12th (Otago)
* New Zealand Field Artillery Brigade
+ 1st Field Battery
+ 2nd Field Battery
+ 3rd Field Battery
+ 1st Brigade Ammunition Column
|
[
"1st New Zealand Expeditionary Force\n-----------------------------------",
"{{See also\\|Military history of New Zealand during World War I}}\n{{more citations needed section\\|date\\=February 2012}}",
"The New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) was the title of the military forces sent from New Zealand to fight for Britain during World War I. Upon the outbreak of war, New Zealand immediately offered to provide two [brigades](/wiki/Brigade \"Brigade\")—one of [infantry](/wiki/Infantry \"Infantry\") and one of mounted troops—with a total of 8,500 men. As was the case with the Australian army the existing New Zealand army was a \"territorial\" force, designed for the defense of the home islands. It could not be deployed overseas. Hence, it was necessary to form a volunteer \"[expeditionary](/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare \"Expeditionary warfare\")\" force. The initial contingent of the NZEF, known as the \"Main Body,\" sailed on 16 October 1914 for [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") and then joined with the [Australian Imperial Force](/wiki/First_Australian_Imperial_Force \"First Australian Imperial Force\") (AIF) in a convoy that sailed for [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") on 1 November. The NZEF and AIF convoy was originally bound for Britain but diverted en route to Egypt because of the state of the training camps in England. As a result, the troops were dressed in woolen uniforms for the British climate. On 2 December the convoy reached Alexandria after passing through the Suez Canal. Disembarking the troops traveled by train for Cairo, bivouacking in tent camps within sight of the Pyramids.",
"The NZEF was commanded throughout the war by [Major General](/wiki/Major_General \"Major General\") [Alexander Godley](/wiki/Alexander_Godley \"Alexander Godley\"), a [British Army](/wiki/British_Army \"British Army\") officer who in 1910, on the recommendation of [Lord Kitchener](/wiki/Horatio_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener_of_Khartoum \"Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum\"), had been appointed as the commander of the [New Zealand Military Forces](/wiki/New_Zealand_Military_Forces \"New Zealand Military Forces\"). After Godley departed with the NZEF in October 1914, Major General [Alfred William Robin](/wiki/Alfred_William_Robin \"Alfred William Robin\") commanded the New Zealand Military Forces at home throughout the war as [commandant](/wiki/Commandant \"Commandant\"), and was pivotal in ensuring the ongoing provision of reinforcements and support to the NZEF.{{DNZB\\|title\\=Alfred William Robin\\|last\\=Phillip\\|id\\=3r25\\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2017}}",
"Major General [George Napier Johnston](/wiki/George_Napier_Johnston \"George Napier Johnston\") [CB](/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath \"Companion of the Order of the Bath\") [CMG](/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George \"Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George\") [DSO](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order \"Distinguished Service Order\") (1867–1947\\) served with New Zealand forces during World War I as director of ordnance and commander of permanent artillery in the New Zealand Defence Force from the outset of World War I during 1914–1918\\.",
"New Zealand, like Australia, had a pre\\-war policy of compulsory military training, but, like Australia, New Zealand's Territorial Army could not be deployed overseas. Thus, the NZEF was initially composed solely of volunteers. Conscription was introduced on 1 August 1916 and by the end of the war 124,000 men—nearly half the eligible male population of 250,000—had served with the NZEF. Of these, about 100,000 had been sent overseas.",
"The NZEF was closely tied to the AIF for much of the war. When the [Gallipoli campaign](/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli \"Battle of Gallipoli\") began, the New Zealand contingent was insufficient to complete a [division](/wiki/Division_%28military%29 \"Division (military)\") of their own, so it was combined with the [Australian 4th Infantry Brigade](/wiki/4th_Brigade_%28Australia%29 \"4th Brigade (Australia)\") to form the [New Zealand and Australian Division](/wiki/New_Zealand_and_Australian_Division \"New Zealand and Australian Division\") under the command of General Godley. This division, along with the [Australian 1st Division](/wiki/Australian_1st_Division_%28World_War_I%29 \"Australian 1st Division (World War I)\"), formed the famous [Australian and New Zealand Army Corps](/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps \"Australian and New Zealand Army Corps\") (ANZAC) under the command of General [William Birdwood](/wiki/William_Birdwood \"William Birdwood\").",
"After the end of the Gallipoli campaign, the NZEF formed its own infantry division, the [New Zealand Division](/wiki/New_Zealand_Division \"New Zealand Division\"), which served on the [Western Front](/wiki/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29 \"Western Front (World War I)\") for the rest of the war. General Godley was promoted to a [corps](/wiki/Corps \"Corps\") command and given [II ANZAC Corps](/wiki/II_ANZAC_Corps \"II ANZAC Corps\"), which contained the New Zealand Division. From 1916 until the formation of the [Australian Corps](/wiki/Australian_Corps \"Australian Corps\") in 1918 (made up of the five Australian divisions) there were always two \"ANZAC\" corps—[I ANZAC Corps](/wiki/I_ANZAC_Corps \"I ANZAC Corps\") and II ANZAC Corps—despite the fact that there was only one New Zealand Division. During early 1916 the New Zealand Government supported the formation of an [Australian and New Zealand Army](/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army \"Australian and New Zealand Army\"), but this did not occur.",
"The mounted arm of the NZEF was the [New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade](/wiki/New_Zealand_Mounted_Rifles_Brigade \"New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade\"). The brigade remained in Egypt and, combined with the 1st and 2nd [Australian Light Horse](/wiki/Australian_Light_Horse \"Australian Light Horse\") Brigades, made up the [ANZAC Mounted Division](/wiki/ANZAC_Mounted_Division \"ANZAC Mounted Division\") which served through the [Sinai](/wiki/Sinai_peninsula \"Sinai peninsula\") and [Palestine campaign](/wiki/Palestine_campaign \"Palestine campaign\").",
"The New Zealand Expeditionary Force (later called the 1st NZEF) was finally disbanded on 31 December 1921\\.",
"### Structure",
"[thumb\\|Insignia of units of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force](/wiki/File:Record_of_the_New_Zealand_Expeditionary_Force_in_the_Great_War_poster.jpg \"Record of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in the Great War poster.jpg\")\n#### New Zealand Expeditionary Force Order of Battle \\- 16 October 1914",
"* New Zealand Infantry Brigade\n\t+ [Auckland Battalion](/wiki/Auckland_Infantry_Regiment_%28NZEF%29 \"Auckland Infantry Regiment (NZEF)\"): 4 Cos. raised from 3rd (Auckland), [6th (Hauraki)](/wiki/Hauraki_Regiment \"Hauraki Regiment\"), [15th (North Auckland)](/wiki/15th_%28North_Auckland%29_Regiment \"15th (North Auckland) Regiment\"), and [16th (Waikato)](/wiki/Waikato_Regiment \"Waikato Regiment\") Territorial Regiments\n\t+ [Wellington Battalion](/wiki/Wellington_Infantry_Regiment_%28NZEF%29 \"Wellington Infantry Regiment (NZEF)\"): 4 Cos. raised from [7th (Wellington West Coast)](/wiki/Wellington_West_Coast_Regiment \"Wellington West Coast Regiment\"), [9th (Hawke's Bay)](/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Regiment \"Hawke's Bay Regiment\"), [11th (Taranaki)](/wiki/Taranaki_Regiment \"Taranaki Regiment\"), and [17th (Ruahine)](/wiki/Ruahine_Regiment \"Ruahine Regiment\") Territorial Regiments\n\t+ [Canterbury Battalion](/wiki/Canterbury_Infantry_Regiment_%28NZEF%29 \"Canterbury Infantry Regiment (NZEF)\"): 4 Cos. raised from [1st (Canterbury)](/wiki/1st_%28Canterbury%29_Regiment \"1st (Canterbury) Regiment\"), [2nd (South Canterbury)](/wiki/2nd_%28South_Canterbury%29_Regiment \"2nd (South Canterbury) Regiment\"), [12th (Nelson)](/wiki/12th_%28Nelson_and_Marlborough%29_Regiment \"12th (Nelson and Marlborough) Regiment\"), and [13th (North Canterbury and Westland)](/wiki/13th_%28North_Canterbury_and_Westland%29_Regiment \"13th (North Canterbury and Westland) Regiment\") Territorial Regiments\n\t+ [Otago Battalion](/wiki/Otago_Infantry_Regiment_%28NZEF%29 \"Otago Infantry Regiment (NZEF)\"): 4 Cos. raised from 4th (Otago), 8th (Southland), 10th (North Otago), and 14th (South Otago) Territorial Regiments\n\t+ 1st New Zealand Infantry Brigade Signal Co. (3 Sections)\n\t+ New Zealand Field Ambulance No. 1\n* New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade\n\t+ Auckland Mounted Rifles: 3 raised from these territorial regiments: [3rd (Auckland) Mounted Rifles](/wiki/3rd_%28Auckland%29_Mounted_Rifles \"3rd (Auckland) Mounted Rifles\"), [4th (Waikato) Mounted Rifles](/wiki/4th_%28Waikato%29_Mounted_Rifles \"4th (Waikato) Mounted Rifles\"), and [11th (North Auckland) Mounted Rifles](/wiki/11th_%28North_Auckland%29_Mounted_Rifles \"11th (North Auckland) Mounted Rifles\")\n\t+ Canterbury Mounted Rifles: 3 squadrons raised from these territorial regiments: [1st Mounted Rifles (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry)](/wiki/1st_Mounted_Rifles_%28Canterbury_Yeomanry_Cavalry%29 \"1st Mounted Rifles (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry)\"), [8th (South Canterbury) Mounted Rifles](/wiki/8th_%28South_Canterbury%29_Mounted_Rifles \"8th (South Canterbury) Mounted Rifles\"), and [10th (Nelson) Mounted Rifles](/wiki/10th_%28Nelson%29_Mounted_Rifles \"10th (Nelson) Mounted Rifles\")\n\t+ Wellington Mounted Rifles: 3 squadrons raised from these territorial regiments: [2nd (Wellington West Coast) Mounted Rifles](/wiki/2nd_%28Wellington_West_Coast%29_Mounted_Rifles \"2nd (Wellington West Coast) Mounted Rifles\"), [6th (Manawatu) Mounted Rifles](/wiki/6th_%28Manawatu%29_Mounted_Rifles \"6th (Manawatu) Mounted Rifles\"), [9th (Wellington East Coast) Mounted Rifles](/wiki/9th_%28Wellington_East_Coast%29_Mounted_Rifles \"9th (Wellington East Coast) Mounted Rifles\")\n\t+ New Zealand Engineers Field Troop\n\t+ New Zealand Mounted Signal Troop\n\t+ New Zealand Mounted Rifles Field Ambulance\n* Divisional cavalry\n\t+ Otago Mounted Rifles: 3 squadrons raised from these territorial regiments: 5th (Otago Hussars), 7th (Southland), 12th (Otago)\n* New Zealand Field Artillery Brigade\n\t+ 1st Field Battery\n\t+ 2nd Field Battery\n\t+ 3rd Field Battery\n\t+ 1st Brigade Ammunition Column",
""
] |
David Harvey's theory of accumulation by dispossession
------------------------------------------------------
[David Harvey](/wiki/David_Harvey_%28social_theorist_and_geographer%29 "David Harvey (social theorist and geographer)") expands the concept of "primitive accumulation" to create a new concept, "[accumulation by dispossession](/wiki/Accumulation_by_dispossession "Accumulation by dispossession")", in his 2003 book, *The New Imperialism*. Like Mandel, Harvey claims that the word "primitive" leads to a misunderstanding of the history of capitalism: that the original, "primitive" phase of capitalism is somehow a transitory phase that need not be repeated once commenced. Instead, Harvey maintains that primitive accumulation ("accumulation by dispossession") is a continuing process within the process of capital accumulation on a world scale. Because the central Marxian notion of crisis via "[over\-accumulation](/wiki/Over-accumulation "Over-accumulation")" is assumed to be a constant factor in the process of capital accumulation, the process of "accumulation by dispossession" acts as a possible safety valve that may temporarily ease the crisis. This is achieved by simply lowering the prices of consumer commodities (thus pushing up the propensity for general consumption), which in turn is made possible by the considerable reduction in the price of production inputs. Should the magnitude of the reduction in the price of inputs outweigh the reduction in the price of consumer goods, it can be said that the [rate of profit](/wiki/Rate_of_profit "Rate of profit") will, for the time being, increase. Thus:
{{Quote\|text \= Access to cheaper inputs is, therefore, just as important as access to widening markets in keeping profitable opportunities open. The implication is that non\-capitalist territories should be forced open not only to trade (which could be helpful) but also to permit capital to invest in profitable ventures using cheaper labour power, raw materials, low\-cost land, and the like. The general thrust of any capitalist logic of power is not that territories should be held back from capitalist development, but that they should be continuously opened up. \|author\=\[\[David Harvey]] \|source\=''The New Imperialism'', p. 139\.}}
Harvey's theoretical extension encompasses more recent economic dimensions such as intellectual property rights, privatization, and predation and exploitation of nature and folklore.
Privatization of public services puts enormous profit in capitalists' hands. If it belonged to the public sector, this profit would not exist. In this sense, profit is created by the dispossession of peoples or nations. Destructive industrial use of the environment is similar because the environment "naturally" belongs to everyone, or to no one; factually, it "belongs" to whoever lives there.
Multinational pharmaceutical companies collect information about how herbs or other natural medicines are used among natives in less\-developed countries, do some R\&D to find the materials that make those natural medicines effective, and patent the findings. By doing so, multinational pharmaceutical companies can now sell the medicine to the natives, who are the original source of the knowledge that made the production of medicine possible. That is, dispossession of folklore (knowledge, wisdom, and practice) through intellectual property rights.
David Harvey also argues that accumulation by dispossession is a temporary or partial solution to over\-accumulation. Because accumulation by dispossession makes raw materials cheaper, the profit rate can at least temporarily go up.
Harvey's interpretation has been criticized by Brass,{{cite journal \|author\=Tom Brass \|title\=Unfree labour as primitive accumulation? Capital \& Class \|journal\=Capital \& Class \|volume\=35 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=23–38 \|doi\=10\.1177/0309816810392969 \|year\=2011 \|s2cid\=154410909 }} who disputes the view that what is described as present\-day primitive accumulation, or accumulation by dispossession, entails proletarianization. Because the latter is equated by Harvey with the separation of the direct producer (mostly smallholders) from the means of production (land), Harvey assumes this results in the formation of a free workforce. By contrast, Brass points out that in many instances, the process of depeasantization leads to workers who are unfree because they are unable personally to commodify or recommodify their labour, by selling it to the highest bidder.
|
[
"David Harvey's theory of accumulation by dispossession\n------------------------------------------------------",
"[David Harvey](/wiki/David_Harvey_%28social_theorist_and_geographer%29 \"David Harvey (social theorist and geographer)\") expands the concept of \"primitive accumulation\" to create a new concept, \"[accumulation by dispossession](/wiki/Accumulation_by_dispossession \"Accumulation by dispossession\")\", in his 2003 book, *The New Imperialism*. Like Mandel, Harvey claims that the word \"primitive\" leads to a misunderstanding of the history of capitalism: that the original, \"primitive\" phase of capitalism is somehow a transitory phase that need not be repeated once commenced. Instead, Harvey maintains that primitive accumulation (\"accumulation by dispossession\") is a continuing process within the process of capital accumulation on a world scale. Because the central Marxian notion of crisis via \"[over\\-accumulation](/wiki/Over-accumulation \"Over-accumulation\")\" is assumed to be a constant factor in the process of capital accumulation, the process of \"accumulation by dispossession\" acts as a possible safety valve that may temporarily ease the crisis. This is achieved by simply lowering the prices of consumer commodities (thus pushing up the propensity for general consumption), which in turn is made possible by the considerable reduction in the price of production inputs. Should the magnitude of the reduction in the price of inputs outweigh the reduction in the price of consumer goods, it can be said that the [rate of profit](/wiki/Rate_of_profit \"Rate of profit\") will, for the time being, increase. Thus:",
"{{Quote\\|text \\= Access to cheaper inputs is, therefore, just as important as access to widening markets in keeping profitable opportunities open. The implication is that non\\-capitalist territories should be forced open not only to trade (which could be helpful) but also to permit capital to invest in profitable ventures using cheaper labour power, raw materials, low\\-cost land, and the like. The general thrust of any capitalist logic of power is not that territories should be held back from capitalist development, but that they should be continuously opened up. \\|author\\=\\[\\[David Harvey]] \\|source\\=''The New Imperialism'', p. 139\\.}}",
"Harvey's theoretical extension encompasses more recent economic dimensions such as intellectual property rights, privatization, and predation and exploitation of nature and folklore.",
"Privatization of public services puts enormous profit in capitalists' hands. If it belonged to the public sector, this profit would not exist. In this sense, profit is created by the dispossession of peoples or nations. Destructive industrial use of the environment is similar because the environment \"naturally\" belongs to everyone, or to no one; factually, it \"belongs\" to whoever lives there.",
"Multinational pharmaceutical companies collect information about how herbs or other natural medicines are used among natives in less\\-developed countries, do some R\\&D to find the materials that make those natural medicines effective, and patent the findings. By doing so, multinational pharmaceutical companies can now sell the medicine to the natives, who are the original source of the knowledge that made the production of medicine possible. That is, dispossession of folklore (knowledge, wisdom, and practice) through intellectual property rights.",
"David Harvey also argues that accumulation by dispossession is a temporary or partial solution to over\\-accumulation. Because accumulation by dispossession makes raw materials cheaper, the profit rate can at least temporarily go up.",
"Harvey's interpretation has been criticized by Brass,{{cite journal \\|author\\=Tom Brass \\|title\\=Unfree labour as primitive accumulation? Capital \\& Class \\|journal\\=Capital \\& Class \\|volume\\=35 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=23–38 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0309816810392969 \\|year\\=2011 \\|s2cid\\=154410909 }} who disputes the view that what is described as present\\-day primitive accumulation, or accumulation by dispossession, entails proletarianization. Because the latter is equated by Harvey with the separation of the direct producer (mostly smallholders) from the means of production (land), Harvey assumes this results in the formation of a free workforce. By contrast, Brass points out that in many instances, the process of depeasantization leads to workers who are unfree because they are unable personally to commodify or recommodify their labour, by selling it to the highest bidder.",
""
] |
Validation
----------
Validation checks the accuracy of the model's representation of the real system. Model validation is defined to mean "substantiation that a computerized model within its domain of applicability possesses a satisfactory range of accuracy consistent with the intended application of the model". A model should be built for a specific purpose or set of objectives and its validity determined for that purpose.
There are many approaches that can be used to validate a computer model. The approaches range from subjective reviews to objective statistical tests. One approach that is commonly used is to have the model builders determine validity of the model through a series of tests.
Naylor and Finger \[1967] formulated a three\-step approach to model validation that has been widely followed:
Step 1\. Build a model that has high face validity.
Step 2\. Validate model assumptions.
Step 3\. Compare the model input\-output transformations to corresponding input\-output transformations for the real system.NAYLOR, T. H., AND J. M. FINGER \[1967], ["Verification of Computer Simulation Models"](http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/14/2/B-92), Management Science, Vol. 2, pp. B92– B101\., cited in Banks, Jerry; Carson, John S.; Nelson, Barry L.; Nicol, David M. *Discrete\-Event System Simulation* Fifth Edition, Upper Saddle River, Pearson Education, Inc. 2010 p. 396\. {{ISBN\|0136062121}}
### Face validity
A model that has **face validity** appears to be a reasonable imitation of a real\-world system to people who are knowledgeable of the real world system. Face validity is tested by having users and people knowledgeable with the system examine model output for reasonableness and in the process identify deficiencies. An added advantage of having the users involved in validation is that the model's credibility to the users and the user's confidence in the model increases. Sensitivity to model inputs can also be used to judge face validity. For example, if a simulation of a fast food restaurant drive through was run twice with customer arrival rates of 20 per hour and 40 per hour then model outputs such as average wait time or maximum number of customers waiting would be expected to increase with the arrival rate.
### Validation of model assumptions
Assumptions made about a model generally fall into two categories: structural assumptions about how system works and data assumptions. Also we can consider the simplification assumptions that are those that we use to simplify the reality.1\. Fonseca, P. Simulation hypotheses. In Proceedings of SIMUL 2011; 2011; pp. 114–119\. <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262187532_Simulation_hypotheses_A_proposed_taxonomy_for_the_hypotheses_used_in_a_simulation_model>
#### Structural assumptions
Assumptions made about how the system operates and how it is physically arranged are structural assumptions. For example, the number of servers in a fast food drive through lane and if there is more than one how are they utilized? Do the servers work in parallel where a customer completes a transaction by visiting a single server or does one server take orders and handle payment while the other prepares and serves the order. Many structural problems in the model come from poor or incorrect assumptions. If possible the workings of the actual system should be closely observed to understand how it operates. The systems structure and operation should also be verified with users of the actual system.
#### Data assumptions
There must be a sufficient amount of appropriate data available to build a conceptual model and validate a model. Lack of appropriate data is often the reason attempts to validate a model fail. Data should be verified to come from a reliable source. A typical error is assuming an inappropriate statistical distribution for the data. The assumed statistical model should be tested using goodness of fit tests and other techniques. Examples of goodness of fit tests are the [Kolmogorov–Smirnov test](/wiki/Kolmogorov%E2%80%93Smirnov_test "Kolmogorov–Smirnov test") and the [chi\-square test](/wiki/Chi-square_test "Chi-square test"). Any outliers in the data should be checked.
#### Simplification assumptions
Are those assumptions that we know that are not true, but are needed to simplify the problem we want to solve. The use of this assumptions must be restricted to assure that the model is correct enough to serve as an answer for the problem we want to solve.
### Validating input\-output transformations
The model is viewed as an input\-output transformation for these tests. The validation test consists of comparing outputs from the system under consideration to model outputs for the same set of input conditions. Data recorded while observing the system must be available in order to perform this test. The model output that is of primary interest should be used as the measure of performance. For example, if system under consideration is a fast food drive through where input to model is customer arrival time and the output measure of performance is average customer time in line, then the actual arrival time and time spent in line for customers at the drive through would be recorded. The model would be run with the actual arrival times and the model average time in line would be compared with the actual average time spent in line using one or more tests.
#### Hypothesis testing
[Statistical hypothesis testing](/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing "Statistical hypothesis testing") using the [t\-test](/wiki/Student%27s_t-test "Student's t-test") can be used as a basis to accept the model as valid or reject it as invalid.
The hypothesis to be tested is
H0 the model measure of performance \= the system measure of performance
versus
H1 the model measure of performance ≠ the system measure of performance.
The test is conducted for a given sample size and level of significance or α. To perform the test a number *n* statistically independent runs of the model are conducted and an average or expected value, E(Y), for the variable of interest is produced. Then the test statistic, *t*0 is computed for the given α, *n*, E(Y) and the observed value for the system μ0
t\_0 \= {(E(Y)\-u\_0\)}/{(S/\\sqrt{n})} and the critical value for α and n\-1 the degrees of freedom
t\_{a/2,n\-1} is calculated.
If
\\left\\vert t\_0 \\right\\vert \> t\_{a/2,n\-1}
reject H0, the model needs adjustment.
There are two types of error that can occur using hypothesis testing, rejecting a valid model called type I error or "model builders risk" and accepting an invalid model called Type II error, β, or "model user's risk". The level of significance or α is equal the probability of type I error. If α is small then rejecting the null hypothesis is a strong conclusion. For example, if α \= 0\.05 and the null hypothesis is rejected there is only a 0\.05 probability of rejecting a model that is valid. Decreasing the probability of a type II error is very important. The probability of correctly detecting an invalid model is 1 \- β. The probability of a type II error is dependent of the sample size and the actual difference between the sample value and the observed value. Increasing the sample size decreases the risk of a type II error.
##### Model accuracy as a range
A statistical technique where the amount of model accuracy is specified as a range has recently been developed. The technique uses hypothesis testing to accept a model if the difference between a model's variable of interest and a system's variable of interest is within a specified range of accuracy.Sargent, R. G. 2010\. "A New Statistical Procedure for Validation of Simulation and Stochastic Models." Technical Report SYR\-EECS\-2010\-06, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York. A requirement is that both the system data and model data be approximately [Normally](/wiki/Normal_distribution "Normal distribution") [Independent and Identically Distributed (NIID)](/wiki/Independent_and_identically_distributed_random_variables "Independent and identically distributed random variables"). The [t\-test](/wiki/Student%27s_t-test "Student's t-test") statistic is used in this technique. If the mean of the model is μm and the mean of system is μs then the difference between the model and the system is D \= μm \- μs. The hypothesis to be tested is if D is within the acceptable range of accuracy. Let L \= the lower limit for accuracy and U \= upper limit for accuracy. Then
H0 L ≤ D ≤ U
versus
H1 D \< L or D \> U
is to be tested.
The operating characteristic (OC) curve is the probability that the null hypothesis is accepted when it is true. The OC curve characterizes the probabilities of both type I and II errors. Risk curves for model builder's risk and model user's can be developed from the OC curves. Comparing curves with fixed sample size tradeoffs between model builder's risk and model user's risk can be seen easily in the risk curves. If model builder's risk, model user's risk, and the upper and lower limits for the range of accuracy are all specified then the sample size needed can be calculated.
#### Confidence intervals
Confidence intervals can be used to evaluate if a model is "close enough" to a system for some variable of interest. The difference between the known model value, μ0, and the system value, μ, is checked to see if it is less than a value small enough that the model is valid with respect that variable of interest. The value is denoted by the symbol ε. To perform the test a number, *n*, statistically independent runs of the model are conducted and a mean or expected value, E(Y) or μ for simulation output variable of interest Y, with a standard deviation *S* is produced. A confidence level is selected, 100(1\-α). An interval, \[a,b], is constructed by
a \= E(Y) \- t\_{a/2,n\-1}S/\\sqrt{n} \\qquad and \\qquad b \= E(Y) \+ t\_{a/2,n\-1}S/\\sqrt{n},
where
t\_{a/2,n\-1}
is the critical value from the t\-distribution for the given level of significance and n\-1 degrees of freedom.
If \|a\-μ0\| \> ε and \|b\-μ0\| \> ε then the model needs to be calibrated since in both cases the difference is larger than acceptable.
If \|a\-μ0\| \< ε and \|b\-μ0\| \< ε then the model is acceptable as in both cases the error is close enough.
If \|a\-μ0\| \< ε and \|b\-μ0\| \> ε or [vice versa](/wiki/Vice_versa "Vice versa") then additional runs of the model are needed to shrink the interval.
#### Graphical comparisons
If statistical assumptions cannot be satisfied or there is insufficient data for the system a graphical comparisons of model outputs to system outputs can be used to make a subjective decisions, however other objective tests are preferable.
|
[
"Validation\n----------",
"Validation checks the accuracy of the model's representation of the real system. Model validation is defined to mean \"substantiation that a computerized model within its domain of applicability possesses a satisfactory range of accuracy consistent with the intended application of the model\". A model should be built for a specific purpose or set of objectives and its validity determined for that purpose.",
"There are many approaches that can be used to validate a computer model. The approaches range from subjective reviews to objective statistical tests. One approach that is commonly used is to have the model builders determine validity of the model through a series of tests.",
"Naylor and Finger \\[1967] formulated a three\\-step approach to model validation that has been widely followed:",
"Step 1\\. Build a model that has high face validity.",
"Step 2\\. Validate model assumptions.",
"Step 3\\. Compare the model input\\-output transformations to corresponding input\\-output transformations for the real system.NAYLOR, T. H., AND J. M. FINGER \\[1967], [\"Verification of Computer Simulation Models\"](http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/14/2/B-92), Management Science, Vol. 2, pp. B92– B101\\., cited in Banks, Jerry; Carson, John S.; Nelson, Barry L.; Nicol, David M. *Discrete\\-Event System Simulation* Fifth Edition, Upper Saddle River, Pearson Education, Inc. 2010 p. 396\\. {{ISBN\\|0136062121}}",
"### Face validity",
"A model that has **face validity** appears to be a reasonable imitation of a real\\-world system to people who are knowledgeable of the real world system. Face validity is tested by having users and people knowledgeable with the system examine model output for reasonableness and in the process identify deficiencies. An added advantage of having the users involved in validation is that the model's credibility to the users and the user's confidence in the model increases. Sensitivity to model inputs can also be used to judge face validity. For example, if a simulation of a fast food restaurant drive through was run twice with customer arrival rates of 20 per hour and 40 per hour then model outputs such as average wait time or maximum number of customers waiting would be expected to increase with the arrival rate.",
"### Validation of model assumptions",
"Assumptions made about a model generally fall into two categories: structural assumptions about how system works and data assumptions. Also we can consider the simplification assumptions that are those that we use to simplify the reality.1\\. Fonseca, P. Simulation hypotheses. In Proceedings of SIMUL 2011; 2011; pp. 114–119\\. <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262187532_Simulation_hypotheses_A_proposed_taxonomy_for_the_hypotheses_used_in_a_simulation_model>",
"#### Structural assumptions",
"Assumptions made about how the system operates and how it is physically arranged are structural assumptions. For example, the number of servers in a fast food drive through lane and if there is more than one how are they utilized? Do the servers work in parallel where a customer completes a transaction by visiting a single server or does one server take orders and handle payment while the other prepares and serves the order. Many structural problems in the model come from poor or incorrect assumptions. If possible the workings of the actual system should be closely observed to understand how it operates. The systems structure and operation should also be verified with users of the actual system.",
"#### Data assumptions",
"There must be a sufficient amount of appropriate data available to build a conceptual model and validate a model. Lack of appropriate data is often the reason attempts to validate a model fail. Data should be verified to come from a reliable source. A typical error is assuming an inappropriate statistical distribution for the data. The assumed statistical model should be tested using goodness of fit tests and other techniques. Examples of goodness of fit tests are the [Kolmogorov–Smirnov test](/wiki/Kolmogorov%E2%80%93Smirnov_test \"Kolmogorov–Smirnov test\") and the [chi\\-square test](/wiki/Chi-square_test \"Chi-square test\"). Any outliers in the data should be checked.",
"#### Simplification assumptions",
"Are those assumptions that we know that are not true, but are needed to simplify the problem we want to solve. The use of this assumptions must be restricted to assure that the model is correct enough to serve as an answer for the problem we want to solve.",
"### Validating input\\-output transformations",
"The model is viewed as an input\\-output transformation for these tests. The validation test consists of comparing outputs from the system under consideration to model outputs for the same set of input conditions. Data recorded while observing the system must be available in order to perform this test. The model output that is of primary interest should be used as the measure of performance. For example, if system under consideration is a fast food drive through where input to model is customer arrival time and the output measure of performance is average customer time in line, then the actual arrival time and time spent in line for customers at the drive through would be recorded. The model would be run with the actual arrival times and the model average time in line would be compared with the actual average time spent in line using one or more tests.",
"#### Hypothesis testing",
"[Statistical hypothesis testing](/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing \"Statistical hypothesis testing\") using the [t\\-test](/wiki/Student%27s_t-test \"Student's t-test\") can be used as a basis to accept the model as valid or reject it as invalid.",
"The hypothesis to be tested is\nH0 the model measure of performance \\= the system measure of performance\nversus\nH1 the model measure of performance ≠ the system measure of performance.",
"The test is conducted for a given sample size and level of significance or α. To perform the test a number *n* statistically independent runs of the model are conducted and an average or expected value, E(Y), for the variable of interest is produced. Then the test statistic, *t*0 is computed for the given α, *n*, E(Y) and the observed value for the system μ0",
"t\\_0 \\= {(E(Y)\\-u\\_0\\)}/{(S/\\\\sqrt{n})} and the critical value for α and n\\-1 the degrees of freedom\n t\\_{a/2,n\\-1} is calculated.\nIf \n \\\\left\\\\vert t\\_0 \\\\right\\\\vert \\> t\\_{a/2,n\\-1}\nreject H0, the model needs adjustment.",
"There are two types of error that can occur using hypothesis testing, rejecting a valid model called type I error or \"model builders risk\" and accepting an invalid model called Type II error, β, or \"model user's risk\". The level of significance or α is equal the probability of type I error. If α is small then rejecting the null hypothesis is a strong conclusion. For example, if α \\= 0\\.05 and the null hypothesis is rejected there is only a 0\\.05 probability of rejecting a model that is valid. Decreasing the probability of a type II error is very important. The probability of correctly detecting an invalid model is 1 \\- β. The probability of a type II error is dependent of the sample size and the actual difference between the sample value and the observed value. Increasing the sample size decreases the risk of a type II error.",
"##### Model accuracy as a range",
"A statistical technique where the amount of model accuracy is specified as a range has recently been developed. The technique uses hypothesis testing to accept a model if the difference between a model's variable of interest and a system's variable of interest is within a specified range of accuracy.Sargent, R. G. 2010\\. \"A New Statistical Procedure for Validation of Simulation and Stochastic Models.\" Technical Report SYR\\-EECS\\-2010\\-06, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York. A requirement is that both the system data and model data be approximately [Normally](/wiki/Normal_distribution \"Normal distribution\") [Independent and Identically Distributed (NIID)](/wiki/Independent_and_identically_distributed_random_variables \"Independent and identically distributed random variables\"). The [t\\-test](/wiki/Student%27s_t-test \"Student's t-test\") statistic is used in this technique. If the mean of the model is μm and the mean of system is μs then the difference between the model and the system is D \\= μm \\- μs. The hypothesis to be tested is if D is within the acceptable range of accuracy. Let L \\= the lower limit for accuracy and U \\= upper limit for accuracy. Then",
"H0 L ≤ D ≤ U\nversus\nH1 D \\< L or D \\> U\nis to be tested.",
"The operating characteristic (OC) curve is the probability that the null hypothesis is accepted when it is true. The OC curve characterizes the probabilities of both type I and II errors. Risk curves for model builder's risk and model user's can be developed from the OC curves. Comparing curves with fixed sample size tradeoffs between model builder's risk and model user's risk can be seen easily in the risk curves. If model builder's risk, model user's risk, and the upper and lower limits for the range of accuracy are all specified then the sample size needed can be calculated.",
"#### Confidence intervals",
"Confidence intervals can be used to evaluate if a model is \"close enough\" to a system for some variable of interest. The difference between the known model value, μ0, and the system value, μ, is checked to see if it is less than a value small enough that the model is valid with respect that variable of interest. The value is denoted by the symbol ε. To perform the test a number, *n*, statistically independent runs of the model are conducted and a mean or expected value, E(Y) or μ for simulation output variable of interest Y, with a standard deviation *S* is produced. A confidence level is selected, 100(1\\-α). An interval, \\[a,b], is constructed by",
"a \\= E(Y) \\- t\\_{a/2,n\\-1}S/\\\\sqrt{n} \\\\qquad and \\\\qquad b \\= E(Y) \\+ t\\_{a/2,n\\-1}S/\\\\sqrt{n},\nwhere \n t\\_{a/2,n\\-1}\nis the critical value from the t\\-distribution for the given level of significance and n\\-1 degrees of freedom.\n If \\|a\\-μ0\\| \\> ε and \\|b\\-μ0\\| \\> ε then the model needs to be calibrated since in both cases the difference is larger than acceptable.\n If \\|a\\-μ0\\| \\< ε and \\|b\\-μ0\\| \\< ε then the model is acceptable as in both cases the error is close enough.\n If \\|a\\-μ0\\| \\< ε and \\|b\\-μ0\\| \\> ε or [vice versa](/wiki/Vice_versa \"Vice versa\") then additional runs of the model are needed to shrink the interval.\n#### Graphical comparisons",
"If statistical assumptions cannot be satisfied or there is insufficient data for the system a graphical comparisons of model outputs to system outputs can be used to make a subjective decisions, however other objective tests are preferable.",
""
] |
### Validating input\-output transformations
The model is viewed as an input\-output transformation for these tests. The validation test consists of comparing outputs from the system under consideration to model outputs for the same set of input conditions. Data recorded while observing the system must be available in order to perform this test. The model output that is of primary interest should be used as the measure of performance. For example, if system under consideration is a fast food drive through where input to model is customer arrival time and the output measure of performance is average customer time in line, then the actual arrival time and time spent in line for customers at the drive through would be recorded. The model would be run with the actual arrival times and the model average time in line would be compared with the actual average time spent in line using one or more tests.
#### Hypothesis testing
[Statistical hypothesis testing](/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing "Statistical hypothesis testing") using the [t\-test](/wiki/Student%27s_t-test "Student's t-test") can be used as a basis to accept the model as valid or reject it as invalid.
The hypothesis to be tested is
H0 the model measure of performance \= the system measure of performance
versus
H1 the model measure of performance ≠ the system measure of performance.
The test is conducted for a given sample size and level of significance or α. To perform the test a number *n* statistically independent runs of the model are conducted and an average or expected value, E(Y), for the variable of interest is produced. Then the test statistic, *t*0 is computed for the given α, *n*, E(Y) and the observed value for the system μ0
t\_0 \= {(E(Y)\-u\_0\)}/{(S/\\sqrt{n})} and the critical value for α and n\-1 the degrees of freedom
t\_{a/2,n\-1} is calculated.
If
\\left\\vert t\_0 \\right\\vert \> t\_{a/2,n\-1}
reject H0, the model needs adjustment.
There are two types of error that can occur using hypothesis testing, rejecting a valid model called type I error or "model builders risk" and accepting an invalid model called Type II error, β, or "model user's risk". The level of significance or α is equal the probability of type I error. If α is small then rejecting the null hypothesis is a strong conclusion. For example, if α \= 0\.05 and the null hypothesis is rejected there is only a 0\.05 probability of rejecting a model that is valid. Decreasing the probability of a type II error is very important. The probability of correctly detecting an invalid model is 1 \- β. The probability of a type II error is dependent of the sample size and the actual difference between the sample value and the observed value. Increasing the sample size decreases the risk of a type II error.
##### Model accuracy as a range
A statistical technique where the amount of model accuracy is specified as a range has recently been developed. The technique uses hypothesis testing to accept a model if the difference between a model's variable of interest and a system's variable of interest is within a specified range of accuracy.Sargent, R. G. 2010\. "A New Statistical Procedure for Validation of Simulation and Stochastic Models." Technical Report SYR\-EECS\-2010\-06, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York. A requirement is that both the system data and model data be approximately [Normally](/wiki/Normal_distribution "Normal distribution") [Independent and Identically Distributed (NIID)](/wiki/Independent_and_identically_distributed_random_variables "Independent and identically distributed random variables"). The [t\-test](/wiki/Student%27s_t-test "Student's t-test") statistic is used in this technique. If the mean of the model is μm and the mean of system is μs then the difference between the model and the system is D \= μm \- μs. The hypothesis to be tested is if D is within the acceptable range of accuracy. Let L \= the lower limit for accuracy and U \= upper limit for accuracy. Then
H0 L ≤ D ≤ U
versus
H1 D \< L or D \> U
is to be tested.
The operating characteristic (OC) curve is the probability that the null hypothesis is accepted when it is true. The OC curve characterizes the probabilities of both type I and II errors. Risk curves for model builder's risk and model user's can be developed from the OC curves. Comparing curves with fixed sample size tradeoffs between model builder's risk and model user's risk can be seen easily in the risk curves. If model builder's risk, model user's risk, and the upper and lower limits for the range of accuracy are all specified then the sample size needed can be calculated.
#### Confidence intervals
Confidence intervals can be used to evaluate if a model is "close enough" to a system for some variable of interest. The difference between the known model value, μ0, and the system value, μ, is checked to see if it is less than a value small enough that the model is valid with respect that variable of interest. The value is denoted by the symbol ε. To perform the test a number, *n*, statistically independent runs of the model are conducted and a mean or expected value, E(Y) or μ for simulation output variable of interest Y, with a standard deviation *S* is produced. A confidence level is selected, 100(1\-α). An interval, \[a,b], is constructed by
a \= E(Y) \- t\_{a/2,n\-1}S/\\sqrt{n} \\qquad and \\qquad b \= E(Y) \+ t\_{a/2,n\-1}S/\\sqrt{n},
where
t\_{a/2,n\-1}
is the critical value from the t\-distribution for the given level of significance and n\-1 degrees of freedom.
If \|a\-μ0\| \> ε and \|b\-μ0\| \> ε then the model needs to be calibrated since in both cases the difference is larger than acceptable.
If \|a\-μ0\| \< ε and \|b\-μ0\| \< ε then the model is acceptable as in both cases the error is close enough.
If \|a\-μ0\| \< ε and \|b\-μ0\| \> ε or [vice versa](/wiki/Vice_versa "Vice versa") then additional runs of the model are needed to shrink the interval.
#### Graphical comparisons
If statistical assumptions cannot be satisfied or there is insufficient data for the system a graphical comparisons of model outputs to system outputs can be used to make a subjective decisions, however other objective tests are preferable.
|
[
"### Validating input\\-output transformations",
"The model is viewed as an input\\-output transformation for these tests. The validation test consists of comparing outputs from the system under consideration to model outputs for the same set of input conditions. Data recorded while observing the system must be available in order to perform this test. The model output that is of primary interest should be used as the measure of performance. For example, if system under consideration is a fast food drive through where input to model is customer arrival time and the output measure of performance is average customer time in line, then the actual arrival time and time spent in line for customers at the drive through would be recorded. The model would be run with the actual arrival times and the model average time in line would be compared with the actual average time spent in line using one or more tests.",
"#### Hypothesis testing",
"[Statistical hypothesis testing](/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing \"Statistical hypothesis testing\") using the [t\\-test](/wiki/Student%27s_t-test \"Student's t-test\") can be used as a basis to accept the model as valid or reject it as invalid.",
"The hypothesis to be tested is\nH0 the model measure of performance \\= the system measure of performance\nversus\nH1 the model measure of performance ≠ the system measure of performance.",
"The test is conducted for a given sample size and level of significance or α. To perform the test a number *n* statistically independent runs of the model are conducted and an average or expected value, E(Y), for the variable of interest is produced. Then the test statistic, *t*0 is computed for the given α, *n*, E(Y) and the observed value for the system μ0",
"t\\_0 \\= {(E(Y)\\-u\\_0\\)}/{(S/\\\\sqrt{n})} and the critical value for α and n\\-1 the degrees of freedom\n t\\_{a/2,n\\-1} is calculated.\nIf \n \\\\left\\\\vert t\\_0 \\\\right\\\\vert \\> t\\_{a/2,n\\-1}\nreject H0, the model needs adjustment.",
"There are two types of error that can occur using hypothesis testing, rejecting a valid model called type I error or \"model builders risk\" and accepting an invalid model called Type II error, β, or \"model user's risk\". The level of significance or α is equal the probability of type I error. If α is small then rejecting the null hypothesis is a strong conclusion. For example, if α \\= 0\\.05 and the null hypothesis is rejected there is only a 0\\.05 probability of rejecting a model that is valid. Decreasing the probability of a type II error is very important. The probability of correctly detecting an invalid model is 1 \\- β. The probability of a type II error is dependent of the sample size and the actual difference between the sample value and the observed value. Increasing the sample size decreases the risk of a type II error.",
"##### Model accuracy as a range",
"A statistical technique where the amount of model accuracy is specified as a range has recently been developed. The technique uses hypothesis testing to accept a model if the difference between a model's variable of interest and a system's variable of interest is within a specified range of accuracy.Sargent, R. G. 2010\\. \"A New Statistical Procedure for Validation of Simulation and Stochastic Models.\" Technical Report SYR\\-EECS\\-2010\\-06, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York. A requirement is that both the system data and model data be approximately [Normally](/wiki/Normal_distribution \"Normal distribution\") [Independent and Identically Distributed (NIID)](/wiki/Independent_and_identically_distributed_random_variables \"Independent and identically distributed random variables\"). The [t\\-test](/wiki/Student%27s_t-test \"Student's t-test\") statistic is used in this technique. If the mean of the model is μm and the mean of system is μs then the difference between the model and the system is D \\= μm \\- μs. The hypothesis to be tested is if D is within the acceptable range of accuracy. Let L \\= the lower limit for accuracy and U \\= upper limit for accuracy. Then",
"H0 L ≤ D ≤ U\nversus\nH1 D \\< L or D \\> U\nis to be tested.",
"The operating characteristic (OC) curve is the probability that the null hypothesis is accepted when it is true. The OC curve characterizes the probabilities of both type I and II errors. Risk curves for model builder's risk and model user's can be developed from the OC curves. Comparing curves with fixed sample size tradeoffs between model builder's risk and model user's risk can be seen easily in the risk curves. If model builder's risk, model user's risk, and the upper and lower limits for the range of accuracy are all specified then the sample size needed can be calculated.",
"#### Confidence intervals",
"Confidence intervals can be used to evaluate if a model is \"close enough\" to a system for some variable of interest. The difference between the known model value, μ0, and the system value, μ, is checked to see if it is less than a value small enough that the model is valid with respect that variable of interest. The value is denoted by the symbol ε. To perform the test a number, *n*, statistically independent runs of the model are conducted and a mean or expected value, E(Y) or μ for simulation output variable of interest Y, with a standard deviation *S* is produced. A confidence level is selected, 100(1\\-α). An interval, \\[a,b], is constructed by",
"a \\= E(Y) \\- t\\_{a/2,n\\-1}S/\\\\sqrt{n} \\\\qquad and \\\\qquad b \\= E(Y) \\+ t\\_{a/2,n\\-1}S/\\\\sqrt{n},\nwhere \n t\\_{a/2,n\\-1}\nis the critical value from the t\\-distribution for the given level of significance and n\\-1 degrees of freedom.\n If \\|a\\-μ0\\| \\> ε and \\|b\\-μ0\\| \\> ε then the model needs to be calibrated since in both cases the difference is larger than acceptable.\n If \\|a\\-μ0\\| \\< ε and \\|b\\-μ0\\| \\< ε then the model is acceptable as in both cases the error is close enough.\n If \\|a\\-μ0\\| \\< ε and \\|b\\-μ0\\| \\> ε or [vice versa](/wiki/Vice_versa \"Vice versa\") then additional runs of the model are needed to shrink the interval.\n#### Graphical comparisons",
"If statistical assumptions cannot be satisfied or there is insufficient data for the system a graphical comparisons of model outputs to system outputs can be used to make a subjective decisions, however other objective tests are preferable.",
""
] |
Service history
---------------
[thumb\|Early American Line advertisement featuring a *Pennsylvania* class vessel](/wiki/File:American_Line_1870s_ad.jpg "American Line 1870s ad.jpg")
When *Pennsylvania* set sail for Liverpool on her maiden voyage on May 22, 1873 on behalf of the American Line, she was the first ship owned by an American shipping line to participate in the transatlantic trade since the Civil War.Flayhart, p. 23\. *Pennsylvania* was soon joined by her three sister ships, and the four vessels would continue to ply the same Philadelphia\-[Queenstown](/wiki/Queenstown%2C_Ireland "Queenstown, Ireland")\-Liverpool route almost without change for many years.
### Financial troubles
Unfortunately, the vessels' entry into service closely coincided with the [panic of 1873](/wiki/Panic_of_1873 "Panic of 1873"), which triggered one of the longest economic [recessions](/wiki/Recession "Recession") in U.S. history. By 1875, [immigration to the United States](/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States "Immigration to the United States") had plunged to just 50% of its previous level, while overall trade declined 17%.Flayhart, p. 62\. Consequently, the four ships—the only ships fully owned by the American Steamship Company—steadily lost money.Flayhart, Ch. 2\.Tyler, p. 34\.
A number of attempts were made to improve profitability—for example, in 1875 all four ships had their capacity for carrying first class passengers upgraded from 75 to 100, and in the same year an unsuccessful attempt to transport fruit was made. A more successful experiment was made in November of the same year when the *Illinois* sailed for Liverpool with 30 sides of dressed beef along with 140 sides of mutton and some poultry, which may have been the first successful shipment of fresh meat across the Atlantic. However, reliable shipments of fresh meat would not become possible until the invention of [refrigeration](/wiki/Refrigeration "Refrigeration") some twenty years later.Flayhart, pp. 57–60\.
A high point for the class came in 1876, when the *Indiana* had the honor of transporting President [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant") to Liverpool on the first leg of his highly successful world tour.Flayhart, pp. 70–71\. By this time however the ASC's financial troubles were well known, and in 1878, the ships' original builder, William Cramp \& Sons, offered to buy back three of the four *Pennsylvania* class ships in order to convert them into cruisers for the [Russian Navy](/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Navy "Russian Imperial Navy"). The ASC refused the offer.Flayhart, pp. 72–74\.
### Transfer of management
A brief upturn in the U.S. economy between 1879 and 1881 assisted the ASC's profitability, but after the economy slumped again in 1882, ASC's parent company, the Pennsylvania Railroad, was no longer prepared to underwrite the losses. In October 1884, the Pennsylvania Railroad forced the sale of the ASC's four *Pennsylvania* class ships to its other shipping company, the [International Navigation Company](/wiki/International_Navigation_Company "International Navigation Company"), and the American Steamship Company was disbanded. In the course of its ten\-year history, the ASC had cost the PRR almost a million dollars, although the losses were offset to some extent by the extra business the *Pennsylvania* class ships had brought to the railroad. Around this time, each of the four ships also had their [hulls](/wiki/Hull_%28watercraft%29 "Hull (watercraft)") strengthened at the cost of $25,000 per ship.Flayhart, pp. 76–78\.
The main difference between the ASC and the INC was that the former had run American\-built, American\-flagged ships, while the latter employed foreign built vessels which sailed under the [Belgian](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") flag and operated under the name of the [Red Star Line](/wiki/Red_Star_Line "Red Star Line"). This saved money because the Red Star Line employed European crews, who were paid less than their American counterparts. The INC, however, continued to run the *Pennsylvania* class on the Philadelphia\-Queenstown\-Liverpool route under the established American Line name.Flayhart, p. 78\.
### Later service
[thumb\|300px\|A Red Star Line poster, probably dating from the 1890s](/wiki/File:RedStarLine_poster.jpg "RedStarLine poster.jpg")
Between 1887 and 1891, all four ships of the class were refitted with smaller but more modern [triple expansion steam engines](/wiki/Triple_expansion_steam_engine "Triple expansion steam engine"), which were more economical to run and allowed for more cargo space. At the same time, all but *Ohio* were downgraded to carry only cabin\- and [steerage](/wiki/Steerage "Steerage")\-class passengers. During the 1890s, the vessels operated a variety of different routes, sometimes under charter to the Red Star Line, including [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp "Antwerp")–[New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") and Antwerp\-Philadelphia, as well as their original Liverpool to Philadelphia route.From *North Atlantic Seaway* by N. R. P. Bonsor, volume 3, pp. 928–929, as cited at "The Ships List" website, see [*Pennsylvania* (1872\)](http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsP-Q.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215121426/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsP\-Q.html \|date\=2009\-12\-15 }}, [*Ohio* (1872\)](http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsO.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217042006/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsO.html \|date\=2012\-02\-17 }}, [*Indiana* (1873\) and *Illinois* (1873\)](http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsI-J.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217042035/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsI\-J.html \|date\=2012\-02\-17 }}.
In 1897, [Clement Acton Griscom](/wiki/Clement_Acton_Griscom "Clement Acton Griscom"), head of the [Inman Line](/wiki/Inman_Line "Inman Line") which now controlled the vessels, took advantage of high demand for American flag vessels caused by the [Alaskan gold rush](/wiki/Alaskan_gold_rush "Alaskan gold rush") to sell off his ageing fleet of *Pennsylvania* class vessels.Flayhart, p. 54\. *Pennsylvania*, *Ohio* and *Indiana* were all sold to Pacific steamship companies servicing gold rush customers, while the fourth ship, *Illinois* was sold to the [U.S. Navy](/wiki/U.S._Navy "U.S. Navy") to serve as a supply ship.Flayhart, p. 56\.[USS *Supply* (1873\)](http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/./s20/supply-ii.htm), Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. All four ships continued to serve in these respective roles for at least another dozen years.
*Pennsylvania*, *Ohio* and *Indiana* all eventually succumbed to accidents in Pacific waters. *Illinois*, as {{USS\|Supply\|1873\|6}}, served in both the [Spanish–American War](/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War "Spanish–American War") and the First World War, and continued in U.S. Navy service until being struck from the [Navy List](/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register "Naval Vessel Register") in 1921\. She was finally scrapped in 1928\. In total, the four ships of the *Pennsylvania* class gave a total of well over 160 years of service to their various owners.
|
[
"Service history\n---------------",
"[thumb\\|Early American Line advertisement featuring a *Pennsylvania* class vessel](/wiki/File:American_Line_1870s_ad.jpg \"American Line 1870s ad.jpg\")\nWhen *Pennsylvania* set sail for Liverpool on her maiden voyage on May 22, 1873 on behalf of the American Line, she was the first ship owned by an American shipping line to participate in the transatlantic trade since the Civil War.Flayhart, p. 23\\. *Pennsylvania* was soon joined by her three sister ships, and the four vessels would continue to ply the same Philadelphia\\-[Queenstown](/wiki/Queenstown%2C_Ireland \"Queenstown, Ireland\")\\-Liverpool route almost without change for many years.",
"### Financial troubles",
"Unfortunately, the vessels' entry into service closely coincided with the [panic of 1873](/wiki/Panic_of_1873 \"Panic of 1873\"), which triggered one of the longest economic [recessions](/wiki/Recession \"Recession\") in U.S. history. By 1875, [immigration to the United States](/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States \"Immigration to the United States\") had plunged to just 50% of its previous level, while overall trade declined 17%.Flayhart, p. 62\\. Consequently, the four ships—the only ships fully owned by the American Steamship Company—steadily lost money.Flayhart, Ch. 2\\.Tyler, p. 34\\.",
"A number of attempts were made to improve profitability—for example, in 1875 all four ships had their capacity for carrying first class passengers upgraded from 75 to 100, and in the same year an unsuccessful attempt to transport fruit was made. A more successful experiment was made in November of the same year when the *Illinois* sailed for Liverpool with 30 sides of dressed beef along with 140 sides of mutton and some poultry, which may have been the first successful shipment of fresh meat across the Atlantic. However, reliable shipments of fresh meat would not become possible until the invention of [refrigeration](/wiki/Refrigeration \"Refrigeration\") some twenty years later.Flayhart, pp. 57–60\\.",
"A high point for the class came in 1876, when the *Indiana* had the honor of transporting President [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant \"Ulysses S. Grant\") to Liverpool on the first leg of his highly successful world tour.Flayhart, pp. 70–71\\. By this time however the ASC's financial troubles were well known, and in 1878, the ships' original builder, William Cramp \\& Sons, offered to buy back three of the four *Pennsylvania* class ships in order to convert them into cruisers for the [Russian Navy](/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Navy \"Russian Imperial Navy\"). The ASC refused the offer.Flayhart, pp. 72–74\\.",
"### Transfer of management",
"A brief upturn in the U.S. economy between 1879 and 1881 assisted the ASC's profitability, but after the economy slumped again in 1882, ASC's parent company, the Pennsylvania Railroad, was no longer prepared to underwrite the losses. In October 1884, the Pennsylvania Railroad forced the sale of the ASC's four *Pennsylvania* class ships to its other shipping company, the [International Navigation Company](/wiki/International_Navigation_Company \"International Navigation Company\"), and the American Steamship Company was disbanded. In the course of its ten\\-year history, the ASC had cost the PRR almost a million dollars, although the losses were offset to some extent by the extra business the *Pennsylvania* class ships had brought to the railroad. Around this time, each of the four ships also had their [hulls](/wiki/Hull_%28watercraft%29 \"Hull (watercraft)\") strengthened at the cost of $25,000 per ship.Flayhart, pp. 76–78\\.",
"The main difference between the ASC and the INC was that the former had run American\\-built, American\\-flagged ships, while the latter employed foreign built vessels which sailed under the [Belgian](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") flag and operated under the name of the [Red Star Line](/wiki/Red_Star_Line \"Red Star Line\"). This saved money because the Red Star Line employed European crews, who were paid less than their American counterparts. The INC, however, continued to run the *Pennsylvania* class on the Philadelphia\\-Queenstown\\-Liverpool route under the established American Line name.Flayhart, p. 78\\.",
"### Later service",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|A Red Star Line poster, probably dating from the 1890s](/wiki/File:RedStarLine_poster.jpg \"RedStarLine poster.jpg\")\nBetween 1887 and 1891, all four ships of the class were refitted with smaller but more modern [triple expansion steam engines](/wiki/Triple_expansion_steam_engine \"Triple expansion steam engine\"), which were more economical to run and allowed for more cargo space. At the same time, all but *Ohio* were downgraded to carry only cabin\\- and [steerage](/wiki/Steerage \"Steerage\")\\-class passengers. During the 1890s, the vessels operated a variety of different routes, sometimes under charter to the Red Star Line, including [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp \"Antwerp\")–[New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") and Antwerp\\-Philadelphia, as well as their original Liverpool to Philadelphia route.From *North Atlantic Seaway* by N. R. P. Bonsor, volume 3, pp. 928–929, as cited at \"The Ships List\" website, see [*Pennsylvania* (1872\\)](http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsP-Q.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215121426/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsP\\-Q.html \\|date\\=2009\\-12\\-15 }}, [*Ohio* (1872\\)](http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsO.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217042006/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsO.html \\|date\\=2012\\-02\\-17 }}, [*Indiana* (1873\\) and *Illinois* (1873\\)](http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsI-J.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217042035/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsI\\-J.html \\|date\\=2012\\-02\\-17 }}.",
"In 1897, [Clement Acton Griscom](/wiki/Clement_Acton_Griscom \"Clement Acton Griscom\"), head of the [Inman Line](/wiki/Inman_Line \"Inman Line\") which now controlled the vessels, took advantage of high demand for American flag vessels caused by the [Alaskan gold rush](/wiki/Alaskan_gold_rush \"Alaskan gold rush\") to sell off his ageing fleet of *Pennsylvania* class vessels.Flayhart, p. 54\\. *Pennsylvania*, *Ohio* and *Indiana* were all sold to Pacific steamship companies servicing gold rush customers, while the fourth ship, *Illinois* was sold to the [U.S. Navy](/wiki/U.S._Navy \"U.S. Navy\") to serve as a supply ship.Flayhart, p. 56\\.[USS *Supply* (1873\\)](http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/./s20/supply-ii.htm), Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. All four ships continued to serve in these respective roles for at least another dozen years.",
"*Pennsylvania*, *Ohio* and *Indiana* all eventually succumbed to accidents in Pacific waters. *Illinois*, as {{USS\\|Supply\\|1873\\|6}}, served in both the [Spanish–American War](/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War \"Spanish–American War\") and the First World War, and continued in U.S. Navy service until being struck from the [Navy List](/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register \"Naval Vessel Register\") in 1921\\. She was finally scrapped in 1928\\. In total, the four ships of the *Pennsylvania* class gave a total of well over 160 years of service to their various owners.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
*Incorporates translations from the corresponding Japanese Wikipedia article*
Andō was a native of [Iida city](/wiki/Iida%2C_Nagano "Iida, Nagano") in [Shinano Province](/wiki/Shinano_Province "Shinano Province") (present\-day [Nagano Prefecture](/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture "Nagano Prefecture")). He was born to a *[samurai](/wiki/Samurai "Samurai")* family; his father was a retainer of the [Matsumoto Domain](/wiki/Matsumoto_Domain "Matsumoto Domain").
Andō entered the *Osaka Rikugun Heigakko* (the forerunner of the [Imperial Japanese Army Academy](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Academy "Imperial Japanese Army Academy")) in 1871 and was commissioned as a [lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant "Lieutenant") in the [infantry](/wiki/Infantry "Infantry") in June 1872\. Promoted to lieutenant in November 1874, he was wounded while participating with the pro\-Imperial forces in the [Satsuma Rebellion](/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion "Satsuma Rebellion"){{sfnp\|Kowner\|2006\|p\=35}} after which he was promoted to captain in May 1877\. After returning to the [Army Staff College](/wiki/Army_War_College_%28Japan%29 "Army War College (Japan)"), he was promoted to [major](/wiki/Major_%28rank%29 "Major (rank)") in February 1883, remaining within the [IJA 2nd Division](/wiki/IJA_2nd_Division "IJA 2nd Division").
Andō's rise through the ranks was thereafter steady, with promotions to lieutenant\-colonel in April 1891 and to colonel on 1 December 1894\. He served as Commandant at both the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and at the Army Staff College. He was promoted to [major general](/wiki/Major_general "Major general") when the 2nd Division was assigned to [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") on 1 October 1898\.
Andō was later active in the [Russo\-Japanese War](/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War "Russo-Japanese War"). He was promoted to [lieutenant\-general](/wiki/Lieutenant-general "Lieutenant-general") and given command of the [IJA 10th Division](/wiki/IJA_10th_Division "IJA 10th Division") from 15 January 1905\. He was thus at the crucial [Battle of Mukden](/wiki/Battle_of_Mukden "Battle of Mukden").{{sfnp\|Kowner\|2006\|p\=35}}
On 12 September 1908, Andō was elevated to the title of *danshaku* ([baron](/wiki/Baron "Baron")) in the *[kazoku](/wiki/Kazoku "Kazoku")* peerage system. In 1911, he was transferred to command the [IJA 12th Division](/wiki/IJA_12th_Division "IJA 12th Division"), and in 1913 became commander of the [Chōsen Army](/wiki/Chosen_Army_of_Japan "Chosen Army of Japan") in [Korea](/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule "Korea under Japanese rule").
On 30 April 1915, he replaced Gen. [Samata Sakuma](/wiki/Sakuma_Samata "Sakuma Samata") as [Governor\-General of Taiwan](/wiki/Governor-General_of_Taiwan "Governor-General of Taiwan"), and held that position till June 1918\.Wendel, Axis History Factbook The [Tapani Incident](/wiki/Tapani_Incident "Tapani Incident"), a large scale uprising against Japanese rule, occurred during his tenure. Work also began on the development of Taiwan's forest resources on [Taiping](/wiki/Taiping_Mountain "Taiping Mountain") and [Pa\-hsien Mountains](/wiki/Pa-hsien_Mountain "Pa-hsien Mountain"), as well as construction on the [Yilan](/wiki/Yilan_Line "Yilan Line") and [Pingtung](/wiki/Pingtung_Line "Pingtung Line") railway lines. He entered the reserves in August 1918 and retired from the army in April 1923\.
Andō was awarded the [Order of the Rising Sun](/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun "Order of the Rising Sun") (1st class with Paulownia Blossoms, Grand Cordon) posthumously.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"*Incorporates translations from the corresponding Japanese Wikipedia article*",
"Andō was a native of [Iida city](/wiki/Iida%2C_Nagano \"Iida, Nagano\") in [Shinano Province](/wiki/Shinano_Province \"Shinano Province\") (present\\-day [Nagano Prefecture](/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture \"Nagano Prefecture\")). He was born to a *[samurai](/wiki/Samurai \"Samurai\")* family; his father was a retainer of the [Matsumoto Domain](/wiki/Matsumoto_Domain \"Matsumoto Domain\").",
"Andō entered the *Osaka Rikugun Heigakko* (the forerunner of the [Imperial Japanese Army Academy](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Academy \"Imperial Japanese Army Academy\")) in 1871 and was commissioned as a [lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant \"Lieutenant\") in the [infantry](/wiki/Infantry \"Infantry\") in June 1872\\. Promoted to lieutenant in November 1874, he was wounded while participating with the pro\\-Imperial forces in the [Satsuma Rebellion](/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion \"Satsuma Rebellion\"){{sfnp\\|Kowner\\|2006\\|p\\=35}} after which he was promoted to captain in May 1877\\. After returning to the [Army Staff College](/wiki/Army_War_College_%28Japan%29 \"Army War College (Japan)\"), he was promoted to [major](/wiki/Major_%28rank%29 \"Major (rank)\") in February 1883, remaining within the [IJA 2nd Division](/wiki/IJA_2nd_Division \"IJA 2nd Division\").",
"Andō's rise through the ranks was thereafter steady, with promotions to lieutenant\\-colonel in April 1891 and to colonel on 1 December 1894\\. He served as Commandant at both the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and at the Army Staff College. He was promoted to [major general](/wiki/Major_general \"Major general\") when the 2nd Division was assigned to [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\") on 1 October 1898\\.",
"Andō was later active in the [Russo\\-Japanese War](/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War \"Russo-Japanese War\"). He was promoted to [lieutenant\\-general](/wiki/Lieutenant-general \"Lieutenant-general\") and given command of the [IJA 10th Division](/wiki/IJA_10th_Division \"IJA 10th Division\") from 15 January 1905\\. He was thus at the crucial [Battle of Mukden](/wiki/Battle_of_Mukden \"Battle of Mukden\").{{sfnp\\|Kowner\\|2006\\|p\\=35}}",
"On 12 September 1908, Andō was elevated to the title of *danshaku* ([baron](/wiki/Baron \"Baron\")) in the *[kazoku](/wiki/Kazoku \"Kazoku\")* peerage system. In 1911, he was transferred to command the [IJA 12th Division](/wiki/IJA_12th_Division \"IJA 12th Division\"), and in 1913 became commander of the [Chōsen Army](/wiki/Chosen_Army_of_Japan \"Chosen Army of Japan\") in [Korea](/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule \"Korea under Japanese rule\").",
"On 30 April 1915, he replaced Gen. [Samata Sakuma](/wiki/Sakuma_Samata \"Sakuma Samata\") as [Governor\\-General of Taiwan](/wiki/Governor-General_of_Taiwan \"Governor-General of Taiwan\"), and held that position till June 1918\\.Wendel, Axis History Factbook The [Tapani Incident](/wiki/Tapani_Incident \"Tapani Incident\"), a large scale uprising against Japanese rule, occurred during his tenure. Work also began on the development of Taiwan's forest resources on [Taiping](/wiki/Taiping_Mountain \"Taiping Mountain\") and [Pa\\-hsien Mountains](/wiki/Pa-hsien_Mountain \"Pa-hsien Mountain\"), as well as construction on the [Yilan](/wiki/Yilan_Line \"Yilan Line\") and [Pingtung](/wiki/Pingtung_Line \"Pingtung Line\") railway lines. He entered the reserves in August 1918 and retired from the army in April 1923\\.",
"Andō was awarded the [Order of the Rising Sun](/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun \"Order of the Rising Sun\") (1st class with Paulownia Blossoms, Grand Cordon) posthumously.",
""
] |
Organization
------------
### Healthcare institutions
#### Tan Tock Seng Hospital
{{main\|Tan Tock Seng Hospital}}
Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH) was established in 1844 and named after its founder, Mr. Tan Tock Seng, a philanthropist. Over the years, TTSH became Singapore's second largest acute care general hospital with over 1,500 beds{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2024}}. It is located in [Novena, Singapore](/wiki/Novena%2C_Singapore "Novena, Singapore") and its campus includes the National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Ng Teng Fong Centre for Healthcare Innovation and two National Specialty Centers.
#### Yishun Health Campus
{{main\|Khoo Teck Puat Hospital\|Yishun Community Hospital}}
Khoo Teck Puat Hospital (KTPH) is a 795\-bed general hospital in [Yishun](/wiki/Yishun "Yishun") that was opened in 2010,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ktph.com.sg/about\-us/corporate\-profile\|title \= Corporate Profile \- Khoo Teck Puat Hospital}} while the Yishun Community Hospital (YCH) is a 428\-bed community hospital that was opened in 2015\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/new\-yishun\-community\-hospital\-opens\-to\-patients\|title\=New Yishun Community Hospital opens to patients\|date\=28 December 2015}} Both hospitals are grouped together as a regional health campus called Yishun Health Campus.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ktph.com.sg/overview\|title\=Overview of KTPH \- Khoo Teck Puat Hospital Singapore\|website\=www.ktph.com.sg\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-08\-18}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.yishuncommunityhospital.com.sg/about\-ych/our\-vision\-and\-mission\|title\=Our Vision and Mission \- Yishun Community Hospital\|website\=www.yishuncommunityhospital.com.sg\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-08\-18}}
#### Institute of Mental Health
{{main\|Institute of Mental Health (Singapore)}}
The Institute of Mental Health (IMH) is the first and only psychiatric hospital in Singapore{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2024}}. It was founded in 1928, initially accommodating around 1,000 patients. The hospital includes departments such as clinical psychology, nursing, occupational therapy, and medical social work. As of 2015, it is a 2,000\-bed acute tertiary psychiatric hospital situated on a 25\-hectare campus at Buangkok Green Medical Park. It conducts psychiatric, rehabilitative and counselling services for children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly. There are 50 wards for inpatients and seven Specialist Outpatient Clinics. It is also a national training center for psychiatrists and mental health professionals.
#### National Healthcare Group Polyclinics
National Healthcare Group Polyclinics is the primary healthcare arm of the NHG. It has eight polyclinics in the central and northern parts of Singapore. They provide treatment for acute medical conditions, management of chronic diseases, women and child health services and dental care, health promotion, early and accurate diagnosis, and disease management through physician led team\-based care as well as enhancing the capability of Family Medicine through research and teaching.
#### National Skin Centre
{{further\|Tan Tock Seng Hospital}}
The National Skin Centre (NSC) is an outpatient specialist dermatology center located next to Tan Tock Seng Hospital as part of the [Healthcity Novena](/wiki/Healthcity_Novena "Healthcity Novena") complex. It handles a patient load of about 1,000 patients daily. Incorporated on 9 June 1988, it started operations on 1 November 1988 after taking over the treatment of skin diseases from Middle Road Hospital. It provides specialized dermatological services, trains medical students and postgraduates, and undertakes research in dermatology. The center also conducts [continuing medical education](/wiki/Continuing_medical_education "Continuing medical education") for doctors and paramedical personnel.
### Other institutions
Apart from the provision of healthcare through healthcare institutions, the NHG also operates several other divisions in other areas such as education and ancillary health services.
#### NHG College
National Healthcare Group College was established on 19 July 2002 to educate, train and raise the professionalism of NHG staff. It is structured into four institutes, namely the Institute of Healthcare Leadership, Institute of Clinical Education, Institute of Healthcare Quality and the Institute of Professional Training.
#### NHG Diagnostics
NHG Diagnostics was founded in 2000\. It provides laboratory and imaging services in primary healthcare via its extensive network of over 30 imaging centers, laboratories and a fleet of mobile service vehicles in Singapore. Its diagnostic services at polyclinics, community hospitals, general practitioner clinics, nursing homes, home care providers and the community include general X\-ray, mammography, ultrasound, electrocardiography, bone mineral densitometry, spirometry, phlebotomy and laboratory testing. All its laboratories and radiography centers are accredited with ISO 15189\. It also provides teleradiology reporting and professional services in managing radiology and laboratory clinics.
#### NHG Pharmacy
NHG Pharmacy manages the pharmacy and retail pharmacies at the nine polyclinics and in retail centers, and also provides medication management services to intermediate and long term care facilities. The pharmacies also provide smoking cessation clinics, anti\-coagulation clinics, and hypertension\-diabetes\-lipidaemia clinics led by pharmacists to control chronic diseases. NHG Pharmacy also allows patients to refill their prescriptions online, and choose to have their uncollected medicines delivered to them, or collected from a designated polyclinic.
#### Primary Care Academy
Established in April 2007, the Primary Care Academy provides training and skills upgrading for primary care doctors, nurses, allied health professionals and ancillary staff.
#### NHG\-Johns Hopkins Singapore Institute
NHG\-Johns Hopkins Singapore Institute is a co\-branded venture between NHG and [Johns Hopkins Medicine International](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Medicine_International "Johns Hopkins Medicine International") that provides oncology services in Singapore.
|
[
"Organization\n------------",
"### Healthcare institutions",
"#### Tan Tock Seng Hospital",
"{{main\\|Tan Tock Seng Hospital}}\nTan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH) was established in 1844 and named after its founder, Mr. Tan Tock Seng, a philanthropist. Over the years, TTSH became Singapore's second largest acute care general hospital with over 1,500 beds{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2024}}. It is located in [Novena, Singapore](/wiki/Novena%2C_Singapore \"Novena, Singapore\") and its campus includes the National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Ng Teng Fong Centre for Healthcare Innovation and two National Specialty Centers.",
"#### Yishun Health Campus",
"{{main\\|Khoo Teck Puat Hospital\\|Yishun Community Hospital}}\nKhoo Teck Puat Hospital (KTPH) is a 795\\-bed general hospital in [Yishun](/wiki/Yishun \"Yishun\") that was opened in 2010,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ktph.com.sg/about\\-us/corporate\\-profile\\|title \\= Corporate Profile \\- Khoo Teck Puat Hospital}} while the Yishun Community Hospital (YCH) is a 428\\-bed community hospital that was opened in 2015\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/new\\-yishun\\-community\\-hospital\\-opens\\-to\\-patients\\|title\\=New Yishun Community Hospital opens to patients\\|date\\=28 December 2015}} Both hospitals are grouped together as a regional health campus called Yishun Health Campus.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ktph.com.sg/overview\\|title\\=Overview of KTPH \\- Khoo Teck Puat Hospital Singapore\\|website\\=www.ktph.com.sg\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-08\\-18}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.yishuncommunityhospital.com.sg/about\\-ych/our\\-vision\\-and\\-mission\\|title\\=Our Vision and Mission \\- Yishun Community Hospital\\|website\\=www.yishuncommunityhospital.com.sg\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-08\\-18}}",
"#### Institute of Mental Health",
"{{main\\|Institute of Mental Health (Singapore)}}\nThe Institute of Mental Health (IMH) is the first and only psychiatric hospital in Singapore{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2024}}. It was founded in 1928, initially accommodating around 1,000 patients. The hospital includes departments such as clinical psychology, nursing, occupational therapy, and medical social work. As of 2015, it is a 2,000\\-bed acute tertiary psychiatric hospital situated on a 25\\-hectare campus at Buangkok Green Medical Park. It conducts psychiatric, rehabilitative and counselling services for children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly. There are 50 wards for inpatients and seven Specialist Outpatient Clinics. It is also a national training center for psychiatrists and mental health professionals.",
"#### National Healthcare Group Polyclinics",
"National Healthcare Group Polyclinics is the primary healthcare arm of the NHG. It has eight polyclinics in the central and northern parts of Singapore. They provide treatment for acute medical conditions, management of chronic diseases, women and child health services and dental care, health promotion, early and accurate diagnosis, and disease management through physician led team\\-based care as well as enhancing the capability of Family Medicine through research and teaching.",
"#### National Skin Centre",
"{{further\\|Tan Tock Seng Hospital}}\nThe National Skin Centre (NSC) is an outpatient specialist dermatology center located next to Tan Tock Seng Hospital as part of the [Healthcity Novena](/wiki/Healthcity_Novena \"Healthcity Novena\") complex. It handles a patient load of about 1,000 patients daily. Incorporated on 9 June 1988, it started operations on 1 November 1988 after taking over the treatment of skin diseases from Middle Road Hospital. It provides specialized dermatological services, trains medical students and postgraduates, and undertakes research in dermatology. The center also conducts [continuing medical education](/wiki/Continuing_medical_education \"Continuing medical education\") for doctors and paramedical personnel.",
"### Other institutions",
"Apart from the provision of healthcare through healthcare institutions, the NHG also operates several other divisions in other areas such as education and ancillary health services.",
"#### NHG College",
"National Healthcare Group College was established on 19 July 2002 to educate, train and raise the professionalism of NHG staff. It is structured into four institutes, namely the Institute of Healthcare Leadership, Institute of Clinical Education, Institute of Healthcare Quality and the Institute of Professional Training.",
"#### NHG Diagnostics",
"NHG Diagnostics was founded in 2000\\. It provides laboratory and imaging services in primary healthcare via its extensive network of over 30 imaging centers, laboratories and a fleet of mobile service vehicles in Singapore. Its diagnostic services at polyclinics, community hospitals, general practitioner clinics, nursing homes, home care providers and the community include general X\\-ray, mammography, ultrasound, electrocardiography, bone mineral densitometry, spirometry, phlebotomy and laboratory testing. All its laboratories and radiography centers are accredited with ISO 15189\\. It also provides teleradiology reporting and professional services in managing radiology and laboratory clinics.",
"#### NHG Pharmacy",
"NHG Pharmacy manages the pharmacy and retail pharmacies at the nine polyclinics and in retail centers, and also provides medication management services to intermediate and long term care facilities. The pharmacies also provide smoking cessation clinics, anti\\-coagulation clinics, and hypertension\\-diabetes\\-lipidaemia clinics led by pharmacists to control chronic diseases. NHG Pharmacy also allows patients to refill their prescriptions online, and choose to have their uncollected medicines delivered to them, or collected from a designated polyclinic.",
"#### Primary Care Academy",
"Established in April 2007, the Primary Care Academy provides training and skills upgrading for primary care doctors, nurses, allied health professionals and ancillary staff.",
"#### NHG\\-Johns Hopkins Singapore Institute",
"NHG\\-Johns Hopkins Singapore Institute is a co\\-branded venture between NHG and [Johns Hopkins Medicine International](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Medicine_International \"Johns Hopkins Medicine International\") that provides oncology services in Singapore.",
""
] |
### Other institutions
Apart from the provision of healthcare through healthcare institutions, the NHG also operates several other divisions in other areas such as education and ancillary health services.
#### NHG College
National Healthcare Group College was established on 19 July 2002 to educate, train and raise the professionalism of NHG staff. It is structured into four institutes, namely the Institute of Healthcare Leadership, Institute of Clinical Education, Institute of Healthcare Quality and the Institute of Professional Training.
#### NHG Diagnostics
NHG Diagnostics was founded in 2000\. It provides laboratory and imaging services in primary healthcare via its extensive network of over 30 imaging centers, laboratories and a fleet of mobile service vehicles in Singapore. Its diagnostic services at polyclinics, community hospitals, general practitioner clinics, nursing homes, home care providers and the community include general X\-ray, mammography, ultrasound, electrocardiography, bone mineral densitometry, spirometry, phlebotomy and laboratory testing. All its laboratories and radiography centers are accredited with ISO 15189\. It also provides teleradiology reporting and professional services in managing radiology and laboratory clinics.
#### NHG Pharmacy
NHG Pharmacy manages the pharmacy and retail pharmacies at the nine polyclinics and in retail centers, and also provides medication management services to intermediate and long term care facilities. The pharmacies also provide smoking cessation clinics, anti\-coagulation clinics, and hypertension\-diabetes\-lipidaemia clinics led by pharmacists to control chronic diseases. NHG Pharmacy also allows patients to refill their prescriptions online, and choose to have their uncollected medicines delivered to them, or collected from a designated polyclinic.
#### Primary Care Academy
Established in April 2007, the Primary Care Academy provides training and skills upgrading for primary care doctors, nurses, allied health professionals and ancillary staff.
#### NHG\-Johns Hopkins Singapore Institute
NHG\-Johns Hopkins Singapore Institute is a co\-branded venture between NHG and [Johns Hopkins Medicine International](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Medicine_International "Johns Hopkins Medicine International") that provides oncology services in Singapore.
|
[
"### Other institutions",
"Apart from the provision of healthcare through healthcare institutions, the NHG also operates several other divisions in other areas such as education and ancillary health services.",
"#### NHG College",
"National Healthcare Group College was established on 19 July 2002 to educate, train and raise the professionalism of NHG staff. It is structured into four institutes, namely the Institute of Healthcare Leadership, Institute of Clinical Education, Institute of Healthcare Quality and the Institute of Professional Training.",
"#### NHG Diagnostics",
"NHG Diagnostics was founded in 2000\\. It provides laboratory and imaging services in primary healthcare via its extensive network of over 30 imaging centers, laboratories and a fleet of mobile service vehicles in Singapore. Its diagnostic services at polyclinics, community hospitals, general practitioner clinics, nursing homes, home care providers and the community include general X\\-ray, mammography, ultrasound, electrocardiography, bone mineral densitometry, spirometry, phlebotomy and laboratory testing. All its laboratories and radiography centers are accredited with ISO 15189\\. It also provides teleradiology reporting and professional services in managing radiology and laboratory clinics.",
"#### NHG Pharmacy",
"NHG Pharmacy manages the pharmacy and retail pharmacies at the nine polyclinics and in retail centers, and also provides medication management services to intermediate and long term care facilities. The pharmacies also provide smoking cessation clinics, anti\\-coagulation clinics, and hypertension\\-diabetes\\-lipidaemia clinics led by pharmacists to control chronic diseases. NHG Pharmacy also allows patients to refill their prescriptions online, and choose to have their uncollected medicines delivered to them, or collected from a designated polyclinic.",
"#### Primary Care Academy",
"Established in April 2007, the Primary Care Academy provides training and skills upgrading for primary care doctors, nurses, allied health professionals and ancillary staff.",
"#### NHG\\-Johns Hopkins Singapore Institute",
"NHG\\-Johns Hopkins Singapore Institute is a co\\-branded venture between NHG and [Johns Hopkins Medicine International](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Medicine_International \"Johns Hopkins Medicine International\") that provides oncology services in Singapore.",
""
] |
Teams and drivers
-----------------
The following teams and drivers competed in the 2010 [FIA](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile "Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile") [Formula One World Championship](/wiki/Formula_One "Formula One").{{cite news \|url\=http://fia.com/en\-GB/mediacentre/pressreleases/f1releases/2010/Pages/f1\_2010\_entry.aspx \|title\=FIA Formula One World Championship – Entry List \|work\=fia.com \|publisher\=\[\[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] \|date\=3 March 2010 \|access\-date\=31 January 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302060256/http://fia.com/en\-GB/mediacentre/pressreleases/f1releases/2010/Pages/f1\_2010\_entry.aspx \|archive\-date\=2 March 2012 \|url\-status\= dead}} With the withdrawal of BMW and Toyota from the sport, engine diversity in Formula One dropped to a 30\-year low, with just four engine producers powering the entire grid (Ferrari, Mercedes, Renault and Cosworth), the lowest since {{f1\|1980}}. Four new teams joined the grid: Mercedes, Lotus Racing, Virgin Racing and HRT. Teams competed with tyres supplied by [Bridgestone](/wiki/Bridgestone "Bridgestone").
| Entrant | Constructor | Chassis | Engine | No. | Race Drivers | Rounds |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [Vodafone](/wiki/Vodafone "Vodafone") McLaren Mercedes
[McLaren](/wiki/McLaren "McLaren")\-[Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains")
[MP4\-25](/wiki/McLaren_MP4-25 "McLaren MP4-25")
Mercedes FO 108X
1 |
{{flagicon\|GBR}} [Jenson Button](/wiki/Jenson_Button "Jenson Button"){{cite news \|url\=http://www.mclaren.com/latestnews/mclaren\-news.php?article\=384 \|title\=Vodafone McLaren Mercedes signs reigning World Champion Jenson Button to multi\-year deal \|work\=mclaren.com \|publisher\=\[\[McLaren\|Vodafone McLaren Mercedes]] \|date\=18 November 2009 \|access\-date\=18 November 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091120190947/http://www.mclaren.com/latestnews/mclaren\-news.php?article\=384\| archive\-date\= 20 November 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} |
All |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|GBR}} [Lewis Hamilton](/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton "Lewis Hamilton"){{cite news \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/64757 \|title\=McLaren extend Hamilton's contract \|work\=autosport.com \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]] \|date\=18 January 2008 \|access\-date\=17 March 2009}} | All |
| {{flagicon\|DEU}} Mercedes GP [Petronas](/wiki/Petronas "Petronas") F1 Team
[Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One "Mercedes-Benz in Formula One")
[MGP W01](/wiki/Mercedes_MGP_W01 "Mercedes MGP W01")
Mercedes FO 108X
3 |
{{nowrap\|{{flagicon\|DEU}} \[\[Michael Schumacher]]{{cite news\|title\=Schumacher takes No. 3 from Rosberg\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80987 \|work\=autosport.com\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|date\=20 January 2010 \|access\-date\=20 January 2010\|first\=Steven\|last\=English\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100123132426/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80987\| archive\-date\= 23 January 2010 \| url\-status\= live}}}} |
All |
| 4 | {{flagicon\|DEU}} [Nico Rosberg](/wiki/Nico_Rosberg "Nico Rosberg") | All |
| {{flagicon\|AUT}} Red Bull Racing
[Red Bull](/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing "Red Bull Racing")\-[Renault](/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One "Renault in Formula One")
[RB6](/wiki/Red_Bull_RB6 "Red Bull RB6")
Renault RS27\-2010
5 |
{{flagicon\|DEU}} [Sebastian Vettel](/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel "Sebastian Vettel") |
All |
| 6 | {{flagicon\|AUS}} [Mark Webber](/wiki/Mark_Webber_%28racing_driver%29 "Mark Webber (racing driver)"){{cite news \|title\=Red Bull to retain Webber for 2010 \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/77140 \|work\=autosport.com \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]] \|last\=Beer \|first\=Matt \|date\=23 July 2009 \|access\-date\=25 July 2009}} | All |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} Scuderia Ferrari
[Ferrari](/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari "Scuderia Ferrari")
[F10](/wiki/Ferrari_F10 "Ferrari F10")
Ferrari 056
7 |
{{flagicon\|BRA}} [Felipe Massa](/wiki/Felipe_Massa "Felipe Massa"){{cite news \|url\=http://www.manipef1\.com/news/2007/index.php?id\=1940 \|title\=Massa extends Ferrari stay until 2010 \|publisher\=Manipe F1 \|date\=16 October 2007 \|access\-date\=20 May 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211060841/http://www.manipef1\.com/news/2007/index.php?id\=1940 \|archive\-date\=11 February 2009 }} |
All |
| 8 | {{flagicon\|ESP}} [Fernando Alonso](/wiki/Fernando_Alonso "Fernando Alonso") | All |
| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [AT\&T](/wiki/AT%26T "AT&T") Williams
[Williams](/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering "Williams Grand Prix Engineering")\-[Cosworth](/wiki/Cosworth "Cosworth")
[FW32](/wiki/Williams_FW32 "Williams FW32")
Cosworth CA2010
9 |
{{flagicon\|BRA}} [Rubens Barrichello](/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello "Rubens Barrichello"){{cite news \|title\=Williams's 2010 Driver Lineup \|url\=http://www.williamsf1\.com/news/view/1182 \|publisher\=WilliamsF1 \|date\=2 November 2009 \|access\-date\=2 November 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105020600/http://www.williamsf1\.com/news/view/1182 \|archive\-date\=5 November 2009 \|url\-status\=dead}} |
All |
| 10 | {{flagicon\|DEU}} [Nico Hülkenberg](/wiki/Nico_H%C3%BClkenberg "Nico Hülkenberg") | All |
| {{flagicon\|FRA\|1974}} Renault F1 Team
[Renault](/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One "Renault in Formula One")
[R30](/wiki/Renault_R30 "Renault R30")
Renault RS27\-2010
11 |
{{flagicon\|POL}} [Robert Kubica](/wiki/Robert_Kubica "Robert Kubica"){{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\_one/8293650\.stm \|title\=Kubica to join Renault for 2010 \|publisher\=\[\[BBC]] \|work\=\[\[BBC Sport]] \|date\=7 October 2009 \|access\-date\=7 October 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091010203030/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\_one/8293650\.stm\| archive\-date\= 10 October 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} |
All |
| 12 | {{flagicon\|RUS}} [Vitaly Petrov](/wiki/Vitaly_Petrov "Vitaly Petrov"){{cite news\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81147\|first\=Pablo\|last\=Elizalde\|work\=autosport.com\|title\=Renault reveals the R30, confirms Petrov\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|date\=31 January 2010\|access\-date\=31 January 2010\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100203052755/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81147\| archive\-date\= 3 February 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} | All |
| {{flagicon\|IND}} Force India F1 Team
[Force India](/wiki/Force_India "Force India")\-[Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains")
[VJM03](/wiki/Force_India_VJM03 "Force India VJM03")
Mercedes FO 108X
14 |
{{flagicon\|DEU}} [Adrian Sutil](/wiki/Adrian_Sutil "Adrian Sutil"){{cite news\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80351\|title\=Sutil and Liuzzi confirmed for Force India\|work\=autosport.com\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|date\=27 November 2009 \|access\-date\=27 November 2009 \|first\=Pablo\|last\=Elizalde\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091130021838/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80351\| archive\-date\= 30 November 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} |
All |
| 15 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Vitantonio Liuzzi](/wiki/Vitantonio_Liuzzi "Vitantonio Liuzzi") | All |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} Scuderia Toro Rosso
[Toro Rosso](/wiki/Scuderia_Toro_Rosso "Scuderia Toro Rosso")\-[Ferrari](/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari "Scuderia Ferrari")
[STR5](/wiki/Toro_Rosso_STR5 "Toro Rosso STR5")
Ferrari 056
16 |
{{flagicon\|CHE}} [Sébastien Buemi](/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Buemi "Sébastien Buemi"){{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\_one/8351208\.stm \|title\=Buemi to stay on with Toro Rosso \|date\=9 November 2009 \|work\=\[\[BBC Sport]] \|publisher\=\[\[BBC]] \|access\-date\=9 November 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091112140958/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\_one/8351208\.stm\| archive\-date\= 12 November 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} |
All |
| 17 | {{flagicon\|ESP}} [Jaime Alguersuari](/wiki/Jaime_Alguersuari "Jaime Alguersuari"){{cite news\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81027\|title\=Alguersuari confirmed at Toro Rosso\|first\=Pablo\|last\=Elizalde\|work\=autosport.com\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|date\=22 January 2010\|access\-date\=22 January 2010\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100125152352/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81027\| archive\-date\= 25 January 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} | All |
| {{flagicon\|MYS}} Lotus Racing
[Lotus](/wiki/Team_Lotus_%282010%E2%80%9311%29 "Team Lotus (2010–11)")\-[Cosworth](/wiki/Cosworth "Cosworth")
[T127](/wiki/Lotus_T127 "Lotus T127")
Cosworth CA2010
18 |
{{flagicon\|ITA}} [Jarno Trulli](/wiki/Jarno_Trulli "Jarno Trulli"){{cite news\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80563\|title\=Trulli, Kovalainen confirmed at Lotus\|work\=autosport.com\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|date\=14 December 2009\|access\-date\=14 December 2009}} |
All |
| 19 | {{flagicon\|FIN}} [Heikki Kovalainen](/wiki/Heikki_Kovalainen "Heikki Kovalainen") | All |
| {{flagicon\|ESP}} Hispania Racing F1 Team
[HRT](/wiki/HRT_Formula_1_Team "HRT Formula 1 Team")\-[Cosworth](/wiki/Cosworth "Cosworth")
[F110](/wiki/Hispania_F110 "Hispania F110")
Cosworth CA2010
20
{{flagicon\|IND}} [Karun Chandhok](/wiki/Karun_Chandhok "Karun Chandhok"){{cite news\|title\=Chandhok announced as HRT driver\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81842\|first\=Jonathan\|last\=Noble\|work\=autosport.com\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|date\=4 March 2010\|access\-date\=4 March 2010}} |
1–10 |
| {{flagicon\|AUT}} [Christian Klien](/wiki/Christian_Klien "Christian Klien"){{cite news\|url\=http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2010/09/24/klien\-takes\-yamamotos\-place\-at\-hrt/\|title\=Klien takes Yamamoto's place at HRT\|work\=F1 Fanatic\|publisher\=Keith Collantine\|first\=Keith\|last\=Collantine\|date\=24 September 2010\|access\-date\=24 September 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925220307/http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2010/09/24/klien\-takes\-yamamotos\-place\-at\-hrt/\|archive\-date\=25 September 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} | 15, 18–19 |
| {{flagicon\|JPN}} [Sakon Yamamoto](/wiki/Sakon_Yamamoto "Sakon Yamamoto"){{cite news\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/85314\|title\=Yamamoto replaces Chandhok at HRT\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|work\=autosport.com\|date\=16 July 2010\|access\-date\=16 July 2010\|first\=Pablo\|last\=Elizalde\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100718031947/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/85314\| archive\-date\= 18 July 2010 \| url\-status\= live}}
11–14, 16–17 |
|21
10{{cite web\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/85082\|title\=Yamamoto to replace Senna in Britain\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|work\=Autosport.com\|date\=8 July 2010\|access\-date\=8 July 2010\|first1\=Jonathan\|last1\=Noble\|first2\=Matt\|last2\=Beer\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100710032124/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/85082\| archive\-date\= 10 July 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} |
| {{flagicon\|BRA}} [Bruno Senna](/wiki/Bruno_Senna "Bruno Senna"){{cite news \|title\=Campos honoured to give Senna F1 slot \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/79887 \|first\=Jonathan \|last\=Noble \|work\=autosport.com \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]] \|date\=31 October 2009 \|access\-date\=31 October 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091103022612/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/79887\| archive\-date\= 3 November 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} | 1–9, 11–19 |
| {{flagicon\|CHE}} BMW Sauber F1 Team
[BMW Sauber](/wiki/Sauber_Motorsport "Sauber Motorsport")\-[Ferrari](/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari "Scuderia Ferrari")
[C29](/wiki/Sauber_C29 "Sauber C29")
Ferrari 056
22
{{flagicon\|ESP}} [Pedro de la Rosa](/wiki/Pedro_de_la_Rosa "Pedro de la Rosa") |
1–14 |
| {{flagicon\|DEU}} [Nick Heidfeld](/wiki/Nick_Heidfeld "Nick Heidfeld"){{cite web\|url\=http://adamcooperf1\.com/2010/09/14/sauber\-confirms\-heidfeld\-in\-de\-la\-rosa\-out/\|title\=Sauber confirms Heidfeld in, de la Rosa out\|publisher\=Adam Cooper\|work\=Adam Cooper's F1 Blog\|date\=14 September 2010\|access\-date\=14 September 2010\|first\=Adam\|last\=Cooper\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917142000/http://adamcooperf1\.com/2010/09/14/sauber\-confirms\-heidfeld\-in\-de\-la\-rosa\-out/\|archive\-date\=17 September 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} | 15–19 |
| 23 | {{flagicon\|JPN}} [Kamui Kobayashi](/wiki/Kamui_Kobayashi "Kamui Kobayashi"){{cite news\|title\=Sauber F1 team recruit Japan's Kamui Kobayashi\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula\_one/8417603\.stm\|work\=\[\[BBC Sport]]\|publisher\=\[\[BBC]]\|date\=16 December 2009\|access\-date\=16 December 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091218052513/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula\_one/8417603\.stm\| archive\-date\= 18 December 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} | All |
| {{flagicon\|GBR}} Virgin Racing
[Virgin](/wiki/Virgin_Racing "Virgin Racing")\-[Cosworth](/wiki/Cosworth "Cosworth")
[VR\-01](/wiki/Virgin_VR-01 "Virgin VR-01")
Cosworth CA2010
24 |
{{flagicon\|DEU}} [Timo Glock](/wiki/Timo_Glock "Timo Glock"){{cite news \|title\=Glock to lead new Manor F1 team \|work\=\[\[BBC Sport]] \|publisher\=\[\[BBC]] \|date\=17 November 2009 \|access\-date\=17 November 2009 \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula\_one/8363770\.stm\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091117101012/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula\_one/8363770\.stm\| archive\-date\= 17 November 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} |
All |
| 25 | {{flagicon\|BRA}} [Lucas di Grassi](/wiki/Lucas_di_Grassi "Lucas di Grassi"){{cite news\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80577\|title\=Di Grassi to partner Glock at Virgin\|date\=15 December 2009\|access\-date\=15 December 2009\|first\=Jonathan\|last\=Noble\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|work\=autosport.com\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091218042710/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80577\| archive\-date\= 18 December 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} | All |
### Free practice drivers
Four constructors entered free practice only drivers over the course of the season.
| \+ Drivers that took part in free practice sessions during the 2010 FIA Formula One World Championship |[Constructor](/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_constructors "List of Formula One constructors")
Practice drivers
| --- |
|[Driver name](/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_drivers "List of Formula One drivers")
Rounds
|[Force India](/wiki/Force_India "Force India")\-[Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains")
{{flagicon\|GBR}} [Paul di Resta](/wiki/Paul_di_Resta "Paul di Resta") |
2–5, 9–10, 12, 14 |
|[HRT](/wiki/Hispania_Racing_F1_Team "Hispania Racing F1 Team")\-[Cosworth](/wiki/Cosworth "Cosworth")
{{flagicon\|AUT}} [Christian Klien](/wiki/Christian_Klien "Christian Klien"){{flagicon\|JPN}} [Sakon Yamamoto](/wiki/Sakon_Yamamoto "Sakon Yamamoto") |
5, 97 |
|[Lotus](/wiki/Team_Lotus_%282010-2011%29 "Team Lotus (2010-2011)")\-[Cosworth](/wiki/Cosworth "Cosworth")
{{flagicon\|MYS}} [Fairuz Fauzy](/wiki/Fairuz_Fauzy "Fairuz Fauzy") |
3, 10–11, 15, 19 |
|[Virgin](/wiki/Virgin_Racing "Virgin Racing")\-[Cosworth](/wiki/Cosworth "Cosworth")
{{flagicon\|BEL}} [Jérôme d'Ambrosio](/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_d%27Ambrosio "Jérôme d'Ambrosio") |
15–18 |
| Sources:{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\_one/8492593\.stm\|title\=Paul di Resta to become Force India test driver\|publisher\=\[\[BBC]]\|work\=\[\[BBC Sport]]\|date\=2 February 2010 \|access\-date\=2 February 2010\|first\=Phil\|last\=Goodlad\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100205034209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\_one/8492593\.stm\| archive\-date\= 5 February 2010 \| url\-status\= live}}{{cite news\|title\=Klien gets Hispania reserve seat\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/83321\|first\=Matt\|last\=Beer\|work\=autosport.com\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|date\=5 May 2010\|access\-date\=5 May 2010\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100508202256/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/83321\| archive\-date\= 8 May 2010 \| url\-status\= live}}{{cite news\|title\=Yamamoto gets Hispania test deal\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/82946\|first\=Matt\|last\=Beer\|work\=autosport.com\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|date\=17 April 2010\|access\-date\=17 April 2010\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100420225125/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/82946\| archive\-date\= 20 April 2010 \| url\-status\= live}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/86579\|title\=Virgin set to retain Glock, di Grassi\|last\=Noble\|first\=Jonathan\|date\=11 September 2010\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|access\-date\=11 September 2010\|work\=autosport.com\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100913050730/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/86579\| archive\-date\= 13 September 2010 \| url\-status\= live}}
### New entries process
The FIA announced its intention to open up the grid, aiming for a total of 13 teams, and in July 2009 selected three new teams from 15 new applicants, as well as confirming the entry of all 10 existing teams.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/76058 \|title\=Fifteen teams lodged F1 entries \|work\=autosport.com \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]] \|date\=12 June 2009\| access\-date\= 11 February 2011 }} The existing F1 teams, under the FOTA organisation, are understood to have agreed a system of technical support to assist new teams. This compromise proposal would involve the supply of parts and design knowledge to the new entrants, but not full customer cars, in return for which the budget cap idea was dropped.{{cite news \|title\=FOTA agrees on plan to help new teams \|first\=Edd \|last\=Straw \|work\=autosport.com \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]] \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75662 \|date\=28 May 2009 \|access\-date\=29 May 2009 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090530083210/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75662\| archive\-date\= 30 May 2009 \| url\-status\= live}}
The three teams on the entry list released in July 2009 included Campos Meta, a Spanish team led by former driver and GP2 team owner [Adrian Campos](/wiki/Adrian_Campos "Adrian Campos") and Madrid\-based sports advertising agency Meta Image; Manor Grand Prix, an F3 team run by [John Booth](/wiki/John_Booth_%28motor_racing%29 "John Booth (motor racing)") and designer [Nick Wirth](/wiki/Nick_Wirth "Nick Wirth") (who was formerly involved in the [Simtek](/wiki/Simtek "Simtek") Ford team who competed in {{F1\|1994}} and {{F1\|1995}}); and [US F1](/wiki/US_F1_Team "US F1 Team"), a team created by former designer [Ken Anderson](/wiki/Ken_Anderson_%28motorsport%29 "Ken Anderson (motorsport)") and journalist [Peter Windsor](/wiki/Peter_Windsor "Peter Windsor").{{cite news \|title\=FIA announces 2010 F1 entry list \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/76045 \|first\=Jonathan \|last\=Noble \|work\=autosport.com \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]] \|date\=12 June 2009 \|access\-date\=12 June 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090615040318/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/76045\| archive\-date\= 15 June 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} Following the withdrawal of BMW Sauber, [Lotus Racing](/wiki/Team_Lotus_%282010%E2%80%9311%29 "Team Lotus (2010–11)") was accepted to return to the grid for the first time since the [1994 Australian Grand Prix](/wiki/1994_Australian_Grand_Prix "1994 Australian Grand Prix").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.formula1\.com/news/headlines/2009/9/9934\.html \|title\=Lotus confirmed, as FIA pushes for 14 teams in 2010 \|work\=formula1\.com \|publisher\=\[\[Formula One Group\|Formula One Administration]] \|date\=15 September 2009 \|access\-date\=15 September 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920034654/http://www.formula1\.com/news/headlines/2009/9/9934\.html \|archive\-date\=20 September 2009 }} Manor became known as [Virgin Racing](/wiki/Virgin_Racing "Virgin Racing") after Richard Branson's Virgin Group purchased naming rights to the team,{{cite news\|title\=Manor to race under Virgin Racing title\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80377\|first\=Matt\|last\=Beer\|date\=30 November 2009\|work\=autosport.com\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|access\-date\=1 December 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091203122529/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80377\| archive\-date\= 3 December 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} while Campos\-Meta was reimagined as [Hispania Racing](/wiki/Hispania_Racing "Hispania Racing") after investor [José Ramón Carabante](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Carabante "José Ramón Carabante") purchased the team from Adrian Campos shortly before the first race of the season.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\_one/8547064\.stm\|title\=Newcomers Campos rebranded as Hispania Racing F1 Team\|work\=\[\[BBC Sport]]\|publisher\=\[\[BBC]]\|date\=3 March 2010\|access\-date\=3 March 2010}} USF1 officially withdrew from the championship in early March, following months of speculation and accusations from whistleblowers that the team had been crippled by mismanagement for months.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81819\|title\=Team US F1 shuts down operation\|author1\=Noble, Jonathan \|author2\=Rencken, Dieter\|work\=autosport.com\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|date\=2 March 2010\|access\-date\=2 March 2010\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100304065313/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81819\| archive\-date\= 4 March 2010 \| url\-status\= live}}
The FIA also had several entry bids from other racing teams including [World Series by Renault](/wiki/World_Series_by_Renault "World Series by Renault") and [Le Mans](/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans "24 Hours of Le Mans") entrant [Epsilon Euskadi](/wiki/Epsilon_Euskadi "Epsilon Euskadi"),{{cite news \|last\=Elizalde \|first\=Pablo \|title\=Epsilon confirms 2010 F1 entry attempt \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]] \|work\=autosport.com \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75791 \|date\=3 June 2009 \|access\-date\=4 June 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090606063344/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75791\| archive\-date\= 6 June 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} Dave Richards's highly successful [Prodrive](/wiki/Prodrive "Prodrive") outfit{{cite news\|url\=http://www.itv\-f1\.com/News\_Article.aspx?id\=45995 \|title\=Prodrive confirms 2010 entry bid \|work\=itv.com \|publisher\=\[\[ITV Sport]] \|date\=29 May 2009 \|access\-date\=11 February 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724040609/http://www.itv\-f1\.com/news\_article.aspx?id\=45995 \|archive\-date\=24 July 2009 }} and Italian touring car team [N.Technology](/wiki/N.Technology "N.Technology"){{cite news \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75795 \|title\=N.Technology submits F1 application \|first\=Steven \|last\=English \|work\=autosport.com \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]] \|date\=3 June 2009 \|access\-date\=3 June 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090606065242/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75795\| archive\-date\= 6 June 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} as well as re\-imaginings of former teams [March](/wiki/March_Engineering "March Engineering"),{{cite news \|last\=Chiarelli \|first\=Simon \|title\=F1: March And Brabham Submit Entries For 2010 \|url\=http://www.themotorreport.com.au/33138/f1\-march\-and\-brabham\-submit\-entries\-for\-2010/ \|date\=3 June 2009 \|work\=The Motor Report \|publisher\=The Motor Report Pty. Ltd. \|access\-date\=4 June 2009}} [Brabham](/wiki/Brabham "Brabham"), [Lola Cars](/wiki/Lola_Cars "Lola Cars"){{cite news \|last\=Elizalde \|first\=Pablo \|title\=Lola confirms 2010 F1 entry \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]] \|work\=autosport.com \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75676 \|date\=29 May 2009 \|access\-date\=29 May 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090530184522/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75676\| archive\-date\= 30 May 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} and [Team Lotus](/wiki/Litespeed_F3 "Litespeed F3") (not to be confused with Lotus Racing).{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\_one/8072740\.stm \|title\=Prodrive bid for Formula 1 place \|work\=\[\[BBC Sport]] \|publisher\=\[\[BBC]] \|date\=29 May 2009 \|access\-date\=4 June 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090602191431/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\_one/8072740\.stm\| archive\-date\= 2 June 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} Other expressions of interest came from [Team Superfund](/wiki/Superfund_Group "Superfund Group"), an Austrian outfit to be fronted by former driver [Alex Wurz](/wiki/Alexander_Wurz "Alexander Wurz"){{cite news \|last\=Strang \|first\=Simon \|title\=Wurz set to lead Superfund into F1 \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]] \|work\=autosport.com \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75753 \|date\=31 May 2009 \|access\-date\=31 May 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090605101536/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75753\| archive\-date\= 5 June 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} and myf1dream.com, a team established by fans of the sport and funded by their donations.Autosport Magazine, 18 June 2009, p13 Experienced sports car and touring car entrant [Ray Mallock Limited](/wiki/RML_Group "RML Group") had intended to submit an entry bid,{{cite news \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75440 \|title\=Five new teams submit F1 entries \|work\=autosport.com \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]] \|date\=20 May 2009 \|access\-date\=16 June 2009 \|first\=Jonathan \|last\=Noble\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090523140337/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75440\| archive\-date\= 23 May 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} but decided against it following the [mid\-season political crisis](/wiki/FIA%E2%80%93FOTA_dispute "FIA–FOTA dispute").
Of the most interest to the media was [Stefan Grand Prix](/wiki/Stefan_Grand_Prix "Stefan Grand Prix"), created by Zoran Stefanovic and hailed as Serbia's first Formula 1 team.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.racecar\-engineering.com/news/opinion/385984/exclusive\-stefan\-grand\-prix\-owner\-speaks\-out\-on\-f1\-selection\-row.html \|title\=Exclusive: Stefan Grand Prix owner speaks out on F1 selection row \|work\=racecar\-engineering.com \|date\=5 August 2009 \|access\-date\=3 December 2009 \|first\=Sam \|last\=Collins \|publisher\=\[\[IPC Media]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130182059/http://www.racecar\-engineering.com/news/opinion/385984/exclusive\-stefan\-grand\-prix\-owner\-speaks\-out\-on\-f1\-selection\-row.html \|archive\-date\=30 November 2009 \|url\-status\=dead }} Stefan claimed to have acquired the remains of Toyota's abandoned TF110 chassis and engine and had access to Toyota Motorsport's former headquarters in Cologne, Germany. After being rejected from the grid, Stefanovic filed a complaint with the European Commission over the entry selection process and then announced his intentions to continue development of the Toyota chassis, re\-badged as the Stefan S\-01, with the team even going so far as to send equipment to Bahrain, Australia and Malaysia. After several difficulties including the cancellation of a planned test in Portugal when Bridgestone refused to supply tyres,{{cite news\|title\=Stefan GP cancels Portimao test\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81642\|first\=Jonathan\|last\=Noble\|work\=autosport.com\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|date\=22 February 2010\|access\-date\=22 February 2010\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100224081451/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81642\| archive\-date\= 24 February 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} Stefan attempted to purchase the defunct USF1 entry, but the moves were blocked. Stefan was finally rejected on 4 March when the FIA stated that it was not possible to issue entries so close to the season opener.{{cite news\|title\=New team Stefan GP have Formula 1 entry rejected\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\_one/8544246\.stm\|work\=\[\[BBC Sport]]\|publisher\=\[\[BBC]]\|date\=4 March 2010\|access\-date\=4 March 2010}}
### Team changes
* [BMW](/wiki/BMW "BMW") announced on 29 July 2009 their withdrawal from Formula One at the end of the {{F1\|2009}} season, citing a lack of future viability and sustainability for the Formula One program.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/77400 \|title\=BMW will quit F1 at the end of 2009 \|work\=autosport.com \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|first\=Jonathan \|last\=Noble \|date\=29 July 2009 \|access\-date\=29 July 2009}} After a failed buy out from [Qadbak Investments](/wiki/Qadbak_Investments "Qadbak Investments"),{{cite news \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/78655 \|title\=BMW finds buyer for Formula 1 team \|first\=Pablo \|last\=Elizalde \|work\=autosport.com \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]] \|date\=15 September 2009 \|access\-date\=15 September 2009}} the team was sold back to [Peter Sauber](/wiki/Peter_Sauber "Peter Sauber").{{cite news\|title\=BMW sells F1 team back to Peter Sauber\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80350\|first\=Pablo\|last\=Elizalde\|date\=27 November 2009\|access\-date\=27 November 2009\|work\=autosport.com\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091130021829/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80350\| archive\-date\= 30 November 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} The FIA officially accepted the team to the 2010 grid under the name [BMW Sauber](/wiki/Sauber "Sauber") on 3 December, using a [Swiss racing licence](/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_constructors%23Team%27s_nationality "List of Formula One constructors#Team's nationality") and [Ferrari](/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari "Scuderia Ferrari") engines after the [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota_Racing_%28Formula_One_team%29 "Toyota Racing (Formula One team)") withdrawal.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80429\|title\=Sauber secures 2010 Formula 1 slot\|work\=autosport.com\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|last\=Noble\|first\=Jonathan\|date\=3 December 2009\|access\-date\=3 December 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091206035817/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80429\| archive\-date\= 6 December 2009 \| url\-status\= live}}{{cite news \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/78822\|title\=Theissen confirms Ferrari engine deal\|work\=autosport.com\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|author1\=Beer, Matt \|author2\=Noble, Jonathan\|date\=24 September 2009\|access\-date\=24 September 2009}}
* [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota_Racing_%28Formula_One_team%29 "Toyota Racing (Formula One team)") withdrew from Formula One on 4 November 2009, due to financial difficulties in the automotive industry. After announcing they would not sell the team on,{{cite news \|title\=Toyota team sale not an option \|url\=http://www.infinitedomain.co.uk/index.php/?p\=3852 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819213711/http://www.infinitedomain.co.uk/index.php/?p\=3852 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=19 August 2011 \|work\=infinitedomain.co.uk \|publisher\=Infinite Domain \|date\=6 November 2009 \|access\-date\=7 January 2010 }} their grid slot went to the [Sauber](/wiki/Sauber "Sauber") team. Then, [Stefan Grand Prix](/wiki/Stefan_Grand_Prix "Stefan Grand Prix") claimed that they had acquired rights to the Toyota Motorsport's former headquarters in Cologne and the TF110 that was renamed Stefan S\-01\. The withdrawal of Toyota meant for the first season since [2001](/wiki/2001_Formula_One_season "2001 Formula One season") that the sport would not feature a Japanese\-licensed constructor and also since [1982](/wiki/1982_Formula_One_season "1982 Formula One season") that the sport would not feature a Japanese\-licensed engine manufacturer until [2015](/wiki/2015_Formula_One_season "2015 Formula One season") when [Honda](/wiki/Honda_F1 "Honda F1") returned to the sport with [McLaren](/wiki/McLaren "McLaren") team.
* [Scuderia Toro Rosso](/wiki/Scuderia_Toro_Rosso "Scuderia Toro Rosso") became an independent constructor in 2010, after having their chassis supplied by the [Red Bull Technologies](/wiki/Adrian_Newey "Adrian Newey") design studio for the first years of racing. This had allowed the team to purchase customer chassis, despite the concept being banned by the [FIA](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile "Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile"). This loophole was closed for 2010, meaning that the STR5 2010 car was the first car Toro Rosso built on their own, having spent most of {{F1\|2009}} expanding their base of operations in [Faenza](/wiki/Faenza "Faenza"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") to accommodate production facilities.{{cite news \|title\=STR hopeful about first non\-Red Bull car \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80102 \|author1\=Beer, Matt \|author2\=Noble, Jonathan \|work\=autosport.com \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]] \|date\=9 November 2009 \|access\-date\=9 November 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091112114003/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80102\| archive\-date\= 12 November 2009 \| url\-status\= live}}
* [Daimler AG](/wiki/Daimler_AG "Daimler AG"), parent company of [Mercedes\-Benz](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz "Mercedes-Benz"), bought a 75\.1% controlling stake in the 2009 champions [Brawn GP](/wiki/Brawn_GP "Brawn GP"), renaming the team [Mercedes Grand Prix](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One "Mercedes-Benz in Formula One"), Mercedes' last F1 race was the [1955 Italian Grand Prix](/wiki/1955_Italian_Grand_Prix "1955 Italian Grand Prix").{{cite news \|title\=Mercedes takes over Brawn \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80174 \|work\=autosport.com \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]] \|date\=16 November 2009 \|access\-date\=16 November 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091119031821/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80174\| archive\-date\= 19 November 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} Mercedes's former 40% stake in the [McLaren Group](/wiki/McLaren_Group "McLaren Group") was purchased back by McLaren, although Mercedes would continue to supply McLaren engines and sponsorship until the end of the 2014 season. Mercedes signed a sponsorship deal with [Petronas](/wiki/Petronas "Petronas"), with the Malaysian petroleum company ending its association with [BMW Sauber](/wiki/Sauber_Motorsport%23BMW_factory_team_%282006%E2%80%932009%29 "Sauber Motorsport#BMW factory team (2006–2009)"), and the team was renamed to [Mercedes GP Petronas Formula One Team](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One "Mercedes-Benz in Formula One").{{cite news \| title\=Mercedes GP sign Petronas agreement \| work\=f1technical.net \| url\=http://www.f1technical.net/news/13919 \| publisher\=F1 Technical \| date\=21 December 2009 \| access\-date\=27 December 2009}}
* [Renault](/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One "Renault in Formula One") had sold Gerard Lopez and his [Genii Capital](/wiki/Genii_Capital "Genii Capital") investment company a 75% majority shareholding, in order to secure the team's future. The team continued to operate under the Renault name and the engine department remained under full Renault ownership.{{cite news\|title\=Renault will race in Formula 1 after selling their team\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula\_one/8415935\.stm\|first\=Andrew\|last\=Benson\|work\=\[\[BBC Sport]]\|publisher\=\[\[BBC]]\|date\=16 December 2009\|access\-date\=16 December 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091217025934/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula\_one/8415935\.stm\| archive\-date\= 17 December 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} The deal left the possibility for Renault to regain complete ownership once the economic situation had stabilised.
### Driver changes
Changed teams
* [2005](/wiki/2005_Formula_One_World_Championship "2005 Formula One World Championship") and [2006](/wiki/2006_Formula_One_World_Championship "2006 Formula One World Championship") World Champion [Fernando Alonso](/wiki/Fernando_Alonso "Fernando Alonso") left [Renault](/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One "Renault in Formula One") to drive for [Ferrari](/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari "Scuderia Ferrari") in 2010, replacing [Kimi Räikkönen](/wiki/Kimi_R%C3%A4ikk%C3%B6nen "Kimi Räikkönen") who left the team at the end of the 2009 season.{{cite news \|last\=Benson \|first\=Andrew \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\_one/8280566\.stm \|title\=Ferrari confirm capture of Alonso \|work\=\[\[BBC Sport]]\|publisher\=\[\[BBC]] \|date\=30 September 2009 \|access\-date\=1 November 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120312190137/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\_one/8280566\.stm\| archive\-date\=12 March 2012\| url\-status\= live}} Alonso had signed a three\-year deal up to the end of 2012, with options for further years.
* [Rubens Barrichello](/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello "Rubens Barrichello") moved from [Brawn](/wiki/Brawn_GP "Brawn GP") to [Williams](/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering "Williams Grand Prix Engineering").
* Reining world champion [Jenson Button](/wiki/Jenson_Button "Jenson Button") joined [Lewis Hamilton](/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton "Lewis Hamilton") at [McLaren](/wiki/McLaren "McLaren") following the failure to negotiate a contract with [Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One "Mercedes-Benz in Formula One"), which bought out his 2009 team, [Brawn GP](/wiki/Brawn_GP "Brawn GP").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.formula1\.com/news/headlines/2009/11/10220\.html\|title\=Mercedes\-Benz acquires Brawn GP team \|work\=formula1\.com \|publisher\=\[\[Formula One Group\|Formula One Administration]]\|date\=16 November 2009 \|access\-date\=21 December 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100108081449/http://www.formula1\.com/news/headlines/2009/11/10220\.html\| archive\-date\= 8 January 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} This meant that McLaren had signed the two most recent World Champions, and had the sport's first double champion line\-up since [Ayrton Senna](/wiki/Ayrton_Senna "Ayrton Senna") and [Alain Prost](/wiki/Alain_Prost "Alain Prost"), also driving for McLaren, in {{F1\|1989}}.
* [Timo Glock](/wiki/Timo_Glock "Timo Glock") officially joined [Virgin Racing](/wiki/Virgin_Racing "Virgin Racing"), after leaving the [Toyota Racing](/wiki/Toyota_Racing_%28Formula_One_team%29 "Toyota Racing (Formula One team)") team.
* [Kamui Kobayashi](/wiki/Kamui_Kobayashi "Kamui Kobayashi"), who made his debut for the now\-defunct Toyota team at the end of 2009 covering for the injured Timo Glock, transferred to the newly revived [Sauber](/wiki/Sauber "Sauber") team.
* [Heikki Kovalainen](/wiki/Heikki_Kovalainen "Heikki Kovalainen") joined the new [Lotus Racing](/wiki/Team_Lotus_%282010%E2%80%9311%29 "Team Lotus (2010–11)") team, after leaving [McLaren](/wiki/McLaren "McLaren").
* [Robert Kubica](/wiki/Robert_Kubica "Robert Kubica") left [BMW Sauber](/wiki/Sauber_Motorsport%23BMW_factory_team_%282006%E2%80%932009%29 "Sauber Motorsport#BMW factory team (2006–2009)") to drive for Renault in 2010, as a replacement for Alonso.
* [Nico Rosberg](/wiki/Nico_Rosberg "Nico Rosberg") left [Williams](/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering "Williams Grand Prix Engineering") at the end of the 2009 season after four years with the team since 2006, moving to [Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One "Mercedes-Benz in Formula One").
* [Jarno Trulli](/wiki/Jarno_Trulli "Jarno Trulli") moved from [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota_Racing_%28Formula_One_team%29 "Toyota Racing (Formula One team)") to [Lotus Racing](/wiki/Team_Lotus_%282010%E2%80%9311%29 "Team Lotus (2010–11)").
Entered Formula One
[thumb\|upright\|right\|[Bruno Senna](/wiki/Bruno_Senna "Bruno Senna") made his debut with the new [Hispania](/wiki/Hispania_Racing "Hispania Racing") team.](/wiki/File:Bruno_Senna_2010_Malaysia.jpg "Bruno Senna 2010 Malaysia.jpg")
[thumb\|upright\|right\|[Michael Schumacher](/wiki/Michael_Schumacher "Michael Schumacher") returned to the sport with [Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One "Mercedes-Benz in Formula One") after a 3\-year hiatus.](/wiki/File:Michael_Schumacher_2010_Malaysia.jpg "Michael Schumacher 2010 Malaysia.jpg")
* [Karun Chandhok](/wiki/Karun_Chandhok "Karun Chandhok"), who placed eighteenth in the [2009 GP2 Series](/wiki/2009_GP2_Series_season "2009 GP2 Series season") for [Ocean Racing Technology](/wiki/Ocean_Racing_Technology "Ocean Racing Technology"), joined former [iSport International](/wiki/ISport_International "ISport International") teammate [Bruno Senna](/wiki/Bruno_Senna "Bruno Senna") at [Hispania Racing](/wiki/Hispania_Racing "Hispania Racing"). Chandhok was the second Formula One driver from [India](/wiki/India "India"), after [Narain Karthikeyan](/wiki/Narain_Karthikeyan "Narain Karthikeyan") drove for [Jordan Grand Prix](/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix "Jordan Grand Prix") in {{F1\|2005}}.
* [Lucas di Grassi](/wiki/Lucas_di_Grassi "Lucas di Grassi"), who placed third in the 2009 [GP2 Series](/wiki/GP2_Series "GP2 Series") for [Racing Engineering](/wiki/Racing_Engineering "Racing Engineering"), joined Timo Glock at [Virgin Racing](/wiki/Virgin_Racing "Virgin Racing").
* [Nico Hülkenberg](/wiki/Nico_H%C3%BClkenberg "Nico Hülkenberg"), 2009 GP2 Series champion with [ART Grand Prix](/wiki/ART_Grand_Prix "ART Grand Prix"), made his debut in Formula One with Williams, alongside Barrichello.
* [Vitaly Petrov](/wiki/Vitaly_Petrov "Vitaly Petrov"), who placed second in the 2009 GP2 Series, moved from [Barwa Addax](/wiki/Addax_Team "Addax Team") to partner Robert Kubica at [Renault](/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One "Renault in Formula One"), becoming [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia")'s first driver in the Formula One World Championship.
* [Bruno Senna](/wiki/Bruno_Senna "Bruno Senna"), nephew of three\-time World Champion [Ayrton Senna](/wiki/Ayrton_Senna "Ayrton Senna"), joined [Hispania Racing](/wiki/Hispania_Racing "Hispania Racing") in 2010, returning the Senna name to Formula One sixteen years after [his uncle's death](/wiki/Death_of_Ayrton_Senna "Death of Ayrton Senna") in 1994\.
Exited Formula One
* [Giancarlo Fisichella](/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella "Giancarlo Fisichella") became [Ferrari](/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari "Scuderia Ferrari")'s reserve and test driver in 2010, having left [Force India](/wiki/Force_India "Force India") and joined Ferrari towards the end of {{F1\|2009}}.{{cite news\|last\=Noble \|first\=Jonathan \|title\=Fisichella: Ferrari drive a dream for me \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|work\=autosport.com \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/78286 \|date\=3 September 2009 \|access\-date\=3 September 2009}} After failing to secure a racing drive, he signed up to take part in the [Le Mans Series](/wiki/2010_Le_Mans_Series_season "2010 Le Mans Series season").{{cite news\|last\=English\|first\=Steven\|title\=Fisichella signs up for Le Mans Series\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81183\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|date\=1 February 2010\|access\-date\=1 February 2010\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100203164235/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81183\| archive\-date\= 3 February 2010 \| url\-status\= live}}
* [Romain Grosjean](/wiki/Romain_Grosjean "Romain Grosjean") was unable to secure a contract with Renault, due to Petrov's appointment as [Renault](/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One "Renault in Formula One")'s second driver and competed in the [inaugural FIA GT1 World Championship](/wiki/2010_FIA_GT1_World_Championship_season "2010 FIA GT1 World Championship season") for [Matech Competition](/wiki/Matech_Concepts "Matech Concepts").
* After a poor 2009 season, [Williams](/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering "Williams Grand Prix Engineering") driver [Kazuki Nakajima](/wiki/Kazuki_Nakajima "Kazuki Nakajima") was unable to secure a drive for 2010\. On 19 February, it was confirmed that he would join aspiring Serbian outfit [Stefan Grand Prix](/wiki/Stefan_Grand_Prix "Stefan Grand Prix"), despite their lack of an entry to the grid.{{cite news\|title\=Stefan GP fires up Formula 1 car\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81593\|author1\=Elizalde, Pablo \|author2\=Rencken, Dieter\|work\=autosport.com\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|date\=19 February 2010\|access\-date\=19 February 2010}}
* [2007](/wiki/2007_Formula_One_World_Championship "2007 Formula One World Championship") World Champion [Kimi Räikkönen](/wiki/Kimi_R%C3%A4ikk%C3%B6nen "Kimi Räikkönen") took a two\-year "[sabbatical](/wiki/Sabbatical "Sabbatical")" from Formula One in 2010 after his managers confirmed that negotiations with [McLaren](/wiki/McLaren "McLaren") officially came to an end.{{cite news \|title\=Raikkonen to take a sabbatical in 2010 \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80187 \|first\=Jonathan \|last\=Noble \|work\=autosport.com \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]] \|date\=18 November 2009 \|access\-date\=18 November 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091120135259/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80187\| archive\-date\= 20 November 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} Räikkönen instead joined the [Citroën Junior Team](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Junior_Team "Citroën Junior Team") in the [2010 World Rally Championship](/wiki/2010_World_Rally_Championship_season "2010 World Rally Championship season"), driving a [Citroën C4 WRC](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4%23C4_in_rallying "Citroën C4#C4 in rallying") in twelve of the thirteen rounds of the championship.{{cite news\|title\=Raikkonen joins WRC with Citroen\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80431\|first\=Matt\|last\=Beer\|work\=autosport.com \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]] \|date\=4 December 2009\|access\-date\=4 December 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100105172715/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80431\| archive\-date\= 5 January 2010 \| url\-status\= live}}
Returned to Formula One
* [Pedro de la Rosa](/wiki/Pedro_de_la_Rosa "Pedro de la Rosa") returned to Formula One driving for the [Sauber](/wiki/Sauber "Sauber") team,{{cite news\|title\=Pedro de la Rosa to race for BMW Sauber F1 Team\|url\=http://www.racecar.com/Motorsport/News/Pedro\-de\-la\-Rosa\-to\-race\-for\-BMW\-Sauber\-F1\-Team/32253\.htm\|work\=Racecar\|publisher\=Racecar New Media Services Ltd.\|date\=20 January 2010\|access\-date\=18 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930223804/http://www.racecar.com/Motorsport/News/Pedro\-de\-la\-Rosa\-to\-race\-for\-BMW\-Sauber\-F1\-Team/32253\.htm\|archive\-date\=30 September 2011\|url\-status\=dead}} having previously served as test driver for [McLaren](/wiki/McLaren "McLaren"). His return ended a three\-year absence from racing since 2007, his last Grand Prix start being a half\-season campaign in {{F1\|2006}}.
* Seven\-time World Champion [Michael Schumacher](/wiki/Michael_Schumacher "Michael Schumacher") officially joined [Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One "Mercedes-Benz in Formula One") on 23 December 2009, ending a three\-year hiatus from the sport since 2007\. Schumacher had originally intended to make a comeback with Ferrari in {{F1\|2009}} to stand in for the [injured Felipe Massa](/wiki/Felipe_Massa%23Injury "Felipe Massa#Injury"), but was prevented from doing so by a motorcycle accident injury, and the Mercedes contract was not signed until he was given a clean bill of health. Schumacher previously raced for [Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_motorsport "Mercedes-Benz in motorsport") in the [1991 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1991_World_Sportscar_Championship_season "1991 World Sportscar Championship season").
Mid\-season changes
* [Sakon Yamamoto](/wiki/Sakon_Yamamoto "Sakon Yamamoto"), who last drove in Formula One for [Spyker](/wiki/Spyker_F1 "Spyker F1") and tested for [Renault](/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One "Renault in Formula One"), replaced Bruno Senna at Hispania for the {{F1 GP\|2010\|British}}, having previously taken part in Friday practice at the {{F1 GP\|2010\|Turkish}}. The team confirmed that Senna would return to his seat for the {{F1 GP\|2010\|German}}.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2010/07/09/senna\-to\-return\-for\-hrt\-in\-germany/\|work\=F1 Fanatic\|publisher\=Keith Collantine\|first\=Keith\|last\=Collantine\|title\=Senna to return for HRT in Germany\|date\=9 July 2010\|access\-date\=10 July 2010\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100711053152/http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2010/07/09/senna\-to\-return\-for\-hrt\-in\-germany/\| archive\-date\= 11 July 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} Yamamoto then replaced Karun Chandhok from the {{F1 GP\|2010\|German}} onwards, except the races in [Singapore](/wiki/2010_Singapore_Grand_Prix "2010 Singapore Grand Prix"), [Brazil](/wiki/2010_Brazilian_Grand_Prix "2010 Brazilian Grand Prix") and [Abu Dhabi](/wiki/2010_Abu_Dhabi_Grand_Prix "2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix"), where the seat was filled by [Christian Klien](/wiki/Christian_Klien "Christian Klien").
* During the mid\-season hiatus, [Nick Heidfeld](/wiki/Nick_Heidfeld "Nick Heidfeld") left [Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One "Mercedes-Benz in Formula One") to take up a new role with [Pirelli](/wiki/Pirelli "Pirelli") as their official test driver ahead of their [return to Formula One](/wiki/2011_FIA_Formula_One_World_Championship%23Rule_changes "2011 FIA Formula One World Championship#Rule changes").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/85989\|first\=Pablo\|last\=Elizalde\|title\=Heidfeld released by Mercedes GP\|work\=autosport.com\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|date\=17 August 2010\|access\-date\=18 August 2010\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100820022250/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/85989\| archive\-date\= 20 August 2010 \| url\-status\= live}}
* Following the end of the European season at the {{F1 GP\|2010\|Italian}}, [Pedro de la Rosa](/wiki/Pedro_de_la_Rosa "Pedro de la Rosa") was dropped by [BMW Sauber](/wiki/Sauber "Sauber") and summarily replaced by [Nick Heidfeld](/wiki/Nick_Heidfeld "Nick Heidfeld"), who last drove for the team in {{F1\|2009}}. It was reported that the change was made because of de la Rosa's poor performance relative to teammate [Kamui Kobayashi](/wiki/Kamui_Kobayashi "Kamui Kobayashi") in general and Heidfeld's knowledge of the [Marina Bay](/wiki/Marina_Bay_Street_Circuit "Marina Bay Street Circuit") and [Yas Marina](/wiki/Yas_Marina_Circuit "Yas Marina Circuit") circuits in particular. With Heidfeld joining Sauber, former [Renault](/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One "Renault in Formula One") driver [Romain Grosjean](/wiki/Romain_Grosjean "Romain Grosjean") was drafted in as his replacement for Pirelli.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/86719 \|title\=Grosjean to test for Pirelli at Monza \|first\=Jonathan \|last\=Noble \|work\=autosport.com \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]] \|date\=16 September 2010 \|access\-date\=16 September 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919052128/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/86719 \|archive\-date\=19 September 2010 \|url\-status\=live}}
* [Hispania Racing](/wiki/Hispania_Racing "Hispania Racing") test driver [Christian Klien](/wiki/Christian_Klien "Christian Klien") replaced [Sakon Yamamoto](/wiki/Sakon_Yamamoto "Sakon Yamamoto") for the {{F1 GP\|2010\|Singapore}} after Yamamoto allegedly contracted food poisoning ahead of the race, but was later seen in the Singapore paddock suffering no apparent symptoms, sparking talk of unpaid debts by the Japanese driver and further financial afflictions for the team to deal with when the logo of one of Klien's personal sponsors appeared on the car for the weekend.{{cite news \|title\=No Money, No Drive \|url\=http://en.espnf1\.com/f1/motorsport/story/29809\.html \|first\=Adam \|last\=Hay\-Nicholls \|work\=ESPN F1 \|publisher\=\[\[ESPN]] \|date\=30 September 2010 \|access\-date\=7 October 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004200034/http://en.espnf1\.com/f1/motorsport/story/29809\.html \|archive\-date\=4 October 2010 \|url\-status\=live}} Team principal [Colin Kolles](/wiki/Colin_Kolles "Colin Kolles") confirmed that the arrangement would be for one race and Yamamoto would return to the cockpit at [Suzuka](/wiki/2010_Japanese_Grand_Prix "2010 Japanese Grand Prix"), provided he recovered in time.{{cite news \|title\=Klien to deputise for Yamamoto \|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/86900 \|first\=Matt \|last\=Beer \|work\=Autosport.com \|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Group\|Haymarket Publications]] \|date\=24 September 2010 \|access\-date\=24 September 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927015044/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/86900\| archive\-date\= 27 September 2010 \|url\-status\=live}} Klien also replaced Yamamoto at [Interlagos](/wiki/2010_Brazilian_Grand_Prix "2010 Brazilian Grand Prix") and [Abu Dhabi](/wiki/2010_Abu_Dhabi_Grand_Prix "2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix"), though no explanation was given for the change.{{cite news \|title\=Klien takes Yamamoto's place at HRT again \|url\=http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2010/11/04/klien\-takes\-yamamotos\-place\-at\-hrt\-again/ \|first\=Keith \|last\=Collantine \|work\=F1 Fanatic \|publisher\=Keith Collantine \|date\=4 November 2010 \|access\-date\=5 November 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107063602/http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2010/11/04/klien\-takes\-yamamotos\-place\-at\-hrt\-again/ \|archive\-date\=7 November 2010 \|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"Teams and drivers\n-----------------",
"The following teams and drivers competed in the 2010 [FIA](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile \"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile\") [Formula One World Championship](/wiki/Formula_One \"Formula One\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://fia.com/en\\-GB/mediacentre/pressreleases/f1releases/2010/Pages/f1\\_2010\\_entry.aspx \\|title\\=FIA Formula One World Championship – Entry List \\|work\\=fia.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] \\|date\\=3 March 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302060256/http://fia.com/en\\-GB/mediacentre/pressreleases/f1releases/2010/Pages/f1\\_2010\\_entry.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=2 March 2012 \\|url\\-status\\= dead}} With the withdrawal of BMW and Toyota from the sport, engine diversity in Formula One dropped to a 30\\-year low, with just four engine producers powering the entire grid (Ferrari, Mercedes, Renault and Cosworth), the lowest since {{f1\\|1980}}. Four new teams joined the grid: Mercedes, Lotus Racing, Virgin Racing and HRT. Teams competed with tyres supplied by [Bridgestone](/wiki/Bridgestone \"Bridgestone\").",
"",
"| Entrant | Constructor | Chassis | Engine | No. | Race Drivers | Rounds |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{flagicon\\|GBR}} [Vodafone](/wiki/Vodafone \"Vodafone\") McLaren Mercedes",
"[McLaren](/wiki/McLaren \"McLaren\")\\-[Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains \"Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains\")",
"[MP4\\-25](/wiki/McLaren_MP4-25 \"McLaren MP4-25\")",
"Mercedes FO 108X",
"1 |\n {{flagicon\\|GBR}} [Jenson Button](/wiki/Jenson_Button \"Jenson Button\"){{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.mclaren.com/latestnews/mclaren\\-news.php?article\\=384 \\|title\\=Vodafone McLaren Mercedes signs reigning World Champion Jenson Button to multi\\-year deal \\|work\\=mclaren.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[McLaren\\|Vodafone McLaren Mercedes]] \\|date\\=18 November 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091120190947/http://www.mclaren.com/latestnews/mclaren\\-news.php?article\\=384\\| archive\\-date\\= 20 November 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} |\n All |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|GBR}} [Lewis Hamilton](/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton \"Lewis Hamilton\"){{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/64757 \\|title\\=McLaren extend Hamilton's contract \\|work\\=autosport.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]] \\|date\\=18 January 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=17 March 2009}} | All |\n| {{flagicon\\|DEU}} Mercedes GP [Petronas](/wiki/Petronas \"Petronas\") F1 Team",
"[Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One \"Mercedes-Benz in Formula One\")",
"[MGP W01](/wiki/Mercedes_MGP_W01 \"Mercedes MGP W01\")",
"Mercedes FO 108X",
"3 |\n {{nowrap\\|{{flagicon\\|DEU}} \\[\\[Michael Schumacher]]{{cite news\\|title\\=Schumacher takes No. 3 from Rosberg\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80987 \\|work\\=autosport.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|date\\=20 January 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2010\\|first\\=Steven\\|last\\=English\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100123132426/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80987\\| archive\\-date\\= 23 January 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}}} |\n All |\n| 4 | {{flagicon\\|DEU}} [Nico Rosberg](/wiki/Nico_Rosberg \"Nico Rosberg\") | All |\n| {{flagicon\\|AUT}} Red Bull Racing",
"[Red Bull](/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing \"Red Bull Racing\")\\-[Renault](/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One \"Renault in Formula One\")",
"[RB6](/wiki/Red_Bull_RB6 \"Red Bull RB6\")",
"Renault RS27\\-2010",
"5 |\n {{flagicon\\|DEU}} [Sebastian Vettel](/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel \"Sebastian Vettel\") |\n All |\n| 6 | {{flagicon\\|AUS}} [Mark Webber](/wiki/Mark_Webber_%28racing_driver%29 \"Mark Webber (racing driver)\"){{cite news \\|title\\=Red Bull to retain Webber for 2010 \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/77140 \\|work\\=autosport.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]] \\|last\\=Beer \\|first\\=Matt \\|date\\=23 July 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2009}} | All |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} Scuderia Ferrari",
"[Ferrari](/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari \"Scuderia Ferrari\")",
"[F10](/wiki/Ferrari_F10 \"Ferrari F10\")",
"Ferrari 056",
"7 |\n {{flagicon\\|BRA}} [Felipe Massa](/wiki/Felipe_Massa \"Felipe Massa\"){{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.manipef1\\.com/news/2007/index.php?id\\=1940 \\|title\\=Massa extends Ferrari stay until 2010 \\|publisher\\=Manipe F1 \\|date\\=16 October 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211060841/http://www.manipef1\\.com/news/2007/index.php?id\\=1940 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 February 2009 }} |\n All |\n| 8 | {{flagicon\\|ESP}} [Fernando Alonso](/wiki/Fernando_Alonso \"Fernando Alonso\") | All |\n| {{flagicon\\|GBR}} [AT\\&T](/wiki/AT%26T \"AT&T\") Williams",
"[Williams](/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering \"Williams Grand Prix Engineering\")\\-[Cosworth](/wiki/Cosworth \"Cosworth\")",
"[FW32](/wiki/Williams_FW32 \"Williams FW32\")",
"Cosworth CA2010",
"9 |\n {{flagicon\\|BRA}} [Rubens Barrichello](/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello \"Rubens Barrichello\"){{cite news \\|title\\=Williams's 2010 Driver Lineup \\|url\\=http://www.williamsf1\\.com/news/view/1182 \\|publisher\\=WilliamsF1 \\|date\\=2 November 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105020600/http://www.williamsf1\\.com/news/view/1182 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 November 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} |\n All |\n| 10 | {{flagicon\\|DEU}} [Nico Hülkenberg](/wiki/Nico_H%C3%BClkenberg \"Nico Hülkenberg\") | All |\n| {{flagicon\\|FRA\\|1974}} Renault F1 Team",
"[Renault](/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One \"Renault in Formula One\")",
"[R30](/wiki/Renault_R30 \"Renault R30\")",
"Renault RS27\\-2010",
"11 |\n {{flagicon\\|POL}} [Robert Kubica](/wiki/Robert_Kubica \"Robert Kubica\"){{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\\_one/8293650\\.stm \\|title\\=Kubica to join Renault for 2010 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]] \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]] \\|date\\=7 October 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091010203030/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\\_one/8293650\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 10 October 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} |\n All |\n| 12 | {{flagicon\\|RUS}} [Vitaly Petrov](/wiki/Vitaly_Petrov \"Vitaly Petrov\"){{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81147\\|first\\=Pablo\\|last\\=Elizalde\\|work\\=autosport.com\\|title\\=Renault reveals the R30, confirms Petrov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|date\\=31 January 2010\\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2010\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100203052755/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81147\\| archive\\-date\\= 3 February 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} | All |\n| {{flagicon\\|IND}} Force India F1 Team",
"[Force India](/wiki/Force_India \"Force India\")\\-[Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains \"Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains\")",
"[VJM03](/wiki/Force_India_VJM03 \"Force India VJM03\")",
"Mercedes FO 108X",
"14 |\n {{flagicon\\|DEU}} [Adrian Sutil](/wiki/Adrian_Sutil \"Adrian Sutil\"){{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80351\\|title\\=Sutil and Liuzzi confirmed for Force India\\|work\\=autosport.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|date\\=27 November 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=27 November 2009 \\|first\\=Pablo\\|last\\=Elizalde\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091130021838/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80351\\| archive\\-date\\= 30 November 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} |\n All |\n| 15 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Vitantonio Liuzzi](/wiki/Vitantonio_Liuzzi \"Vitantonio Liuzzi\") | All |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} Scuderia Toro Rosso",
"[Toro Rosso](/wiki/Scuderia_Toro_Rosso \"Scuderia Toro Rosso\")\\-[Ferrari](/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari \"Scuderia Ferrari\")",
"[STR5](/wiki/Toro_Rosso_STR5 \"Toro Rosso STR5\")",
"Ferrari 056",
"16 |\n {{flagicon\\|CHE}} [Sébastien Buemi](/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Buemi \"Sébastien Buemi\"){{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\\_one/8351208\\.stm \\|title\\=Buemi to stay on with Toro Rosso \\|date\\=9 November 2009 \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]] \\|access\\-date\\=9 November 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091112140958/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\\_one/8351208\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 12 November 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} |\n All |\n| 17 | {{flagicon\\|ESP}} [Jaime Alguersuari](/wiki/Jaime_Alguersuari \"Jaime Alguersuari\"){{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81027\\|title\\=Alguersuari confirmed at Toro Rosso\\|first\\=Pablo\\|last\\=Elizalde\\|work\\=autosport.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|date\\=22 January 2010\\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2010\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100125152352/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81027\\| archive\\-date\\= 25 January 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} | All |\n| {{flagicon\\|MYS}} Lotus Racing",
"[Lotus](/wiki/Team_Lotus_%282010%E2%80%9311%29 \"Team Lotus (2010–11)\")\\-[Cosworth](/wiki/Cosworth \"Cosworth\")",
"[T127](/wiki/Lotus_T127 \"Lotus T127\")",
"Cosworth CA2010",
"18 |\n {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Jarno Trulli](/wiki/Jarno_Trulli \"Jarno Trulli\"){{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80563\\|title\\=Trulli, Kovalainen confirmed at Lotus\\|work\\=autosport.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|date\\=14 December 2009\\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2009}} |\n All |\n| 19 | {{flagicon\\|FIN}} [Heikki Kovalainen](/wiki/Heikki_Kovalainen \"Heikki Kovalainen\") | All |\n| {{flagicon\\|ESP}} Hispania Racing F1 Team",
"[HRT](/wiki/HRT_Formula_1_Team \"HRT Formula 1 Team\")\\-[Cosworth](/wiki/Cosworth \"Cosworth\")",
"[F110](/wiki/Hispania_F110 \"Hispania F110\")",
"Cosworth CA2010",
"20",
"{{flagicon\\|IND}} [Karun Chandhok](/wiki/Karun_Chandhok \"Karun Chandhok\"){{cite news\\|title\\=Chandhok announced as HRT driver\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81842\\|first\\=Jonathan\\|last\\=Noble\\|work\\=autosport.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|date\\=4 March 2010\\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2010}} |\n 1–10 |\n| {{flagicon\\|AUT}} [Christian Klien](/wiki/Christian_Klien \"Christian Klien\"){{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2010/09/24/klien\\-takes\\-yamamotos\\-place\\-at\\-hrt/\\|title\\=Klien takes Yamamoto's place at HRT\\|work\\=F1 Fanatic\\|publisher\\=Keith Collantine\\|first\\=Keith\\|last\\=Collantine\\|date\\=24 September 2010\\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925220307/http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2010/09/24/klien\\-takes\\-yamamotos\\-place\\-at\\-hrt/\\|archive\\-date\\=25 September 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} | 15, 18–19 |\n| {{flagicon\\|JPN}} [Sakon Yamamoto](/wiki/Sakon_Yamamoto \"Sakon Yamamoto\"){{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/85314\\|title\\=Yamamoto replaces Chandhok at HRT\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|work\\=autosport.com\\|date\\=16 July 2010\\|access\\-date\\=16 July 2010\\|first\\=Pablo\\|last\\=Elizalde\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100718031947/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/85314\\| archive\\-date\\= 18 July 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}",
"11–14, 16–17 |\n|21",
"10{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/85082\\|title\\=Yamamoto to replace Senna in Britain\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|work\\=Autosport.com\\|date\\=8 July 2010\\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2010\\|first1\\=Jonathan\\|last1\\=Noble\\|first2\\=Matt\\|last2\\=Beer\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100710032124/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/85082\\| archive\\-date\\= 10 July 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} |\n| {{flagicon\\|BRA}} [Bruno Senna](/wiki/Bruno_Senna \"Bruno Senna\"){{cite news \\|title\\=Campos honoured to give Senna F1 slot \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/79887 \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|last\\=Noble \\|work\\=autosport.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]] \\|date\\=31 October 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091103022612/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/79887\\| archive\\-date\\= 3 November 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} | 1–9, 11–19 |\n| {{flagicon\\|CHE}} BMW Sauber F1 Team",
"[BMW Sauber](/wiki/Sauber_Motorsport \"Sauber Motorsport\")\\-[Ferrari](/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari \"Scuderia Ferrari\")",
"[C29](/wiki/Sauber_C29 \"Sauber C29\")",
"Ferrari 056",
"22",
"{{flagicon\\|ESP}} [Pedro de la Rosa](/wiki/Pedro_de_la_Rosa \"Pedro de la Rosa\") |\n 1–14 |\n| {{flagicon\\|DEU}} [Nick Heidfeld](/wiki/Nick_Heidfeld \"Nick Heidfeld\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://adamcooperf1\\.com/2010/09/14/sauber\\-confirms\\-heidfeld\\-in\\-de\\-la\\-rosa\\-out/\\|title\\=Sauber confirms Heidfeld in, de la Rosa out\\|publisher\\=Adam Cooper\\|work\\=Adam Cooper's F1 Blog\\|date\\=14 September 2010\\|access\\-date\\=14 September 2010\\|first\\=Adam\\|last\\=Cooper\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917142000/http://adamcooperf1\\.com/2010/09/14/sauber\\-confirms\\-heidfeld\\-in\\-de\\-la\\-rosa\\-out/\\|archive\\-date\\=17 September 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} | 15–19 |\n| 23 | {{flagicon\\|JPN}} [Kamui Kobayashi](/wiki/Kamui_Kobayashi \"Kamui Kobayashi\"){{cite news\\|title\\=Sauber F1 team recruit Japan's Kamui Kobayashi\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula\\_one/8417603\\.stm\\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]]\\|date\\=16 December 2009\\|access\\-date\\=16 December 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091218052513/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula\\_one/8417603\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 18 December 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} | All |\n| {{flagicon\\|GBR}} Virgin Racing",
"[Virgin](/wiki/Virgin_Racing \"Virgin Racing\")\\-[Cosworth](/wiki/Cosworth \"Cosworth\")",
"[VR\\-01](/wiki/Virgin_VR-01 \"Virgin VR-01\")",
"Cosworth CA2010",
"24 |\n {{flagicon\\|DEU}} [Timo Glock](/wiki/Timo_Glock \"Timo Glock\"){{cite news \\|title\\=Glock to lead new Manor F1 team \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]] \\|date\\=17 November 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=17 November 2009 \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula\\_one/8363770\\.stm\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091117101012/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula\\_one/8363770\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 17 November 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} |\n All |\n| 25 | {{flagicon\\|BRA}} [Lucas di Grassi](/wiki/Lucas_di_Grassi \"Lucas di Grassi\"){{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80577\\|title\\=Di Grassi to partner Glock at Virgin\\|date\\=15 December 2009\\|access\\-date\\=15 December 2009\\|first\\=Jonathan\\|last\\=Noble\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|work\\=autosport.com\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091218042710/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80577\\| archive\\-date\\= 18 December 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} | All |",
"### Free practice drivers",
"Four constructors entered free practice only drivers over the course of the season.",
"",
"| \\+ Drivers that took part in free practice sessions during the 2010 FIA Formula One World Championship |[Constructor](/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_constructors \"List of Formula One constructors\")",
"Practice drivers",
"| --- |\n|[Driver name](/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_drivers \"List of Formula One drivers\")",
"Rounds",
"|[Force India](/wiki/Force_India \"Force India\")\\-[Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains \"Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains\")",
"{{flagicon\\|GBR}} [Paul di Resta](/wiki/Paul_di_Resta \"Paul di Resta\") |\n 2–5, 9–10, 12, 14 |\n|[HRT](/wiki/Hispania_Racing_F1_Team \"Hispania Racing F1 Team\")\\-[Cosworth](/wiki/Cosworth \"Cosworth\")",
"{{flagicon\\|AUT}} [Christian Klien](/wiki/Christian_Klien \"Christian Klien\"){{flagicon\\|JPN}} [Sakon Yamamoto](/wiki/Sakon_Yamamoto \"Sakon Yamamoto\") |\n 5, 97 |\n|[Lotus](/wiki/Team_Lotus_%282010-2011%29 \"Team Lotus (2010-2011)\")\\-[Cosworth](/wiki/Cosworth \"Cosworth\")",
"{{flagicon\\|MYS}} [Fairuz Fauzy](/wiki/Fairuz_Fauzy \"Fairuz Fauzy\") |\n 3, 10–11, 15, 19 |\n|[Virgin](/wiki/Virgin_Racing \"Virgin Racing\")\\-[Cosworth](/wiki/Cosworth \"Cosworth\")",
"{{flagicon\\|BEL}} [Jérôme d'Ambrosio](/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_d%27Ambrosio \"Jérôme d'Ambrosio\") |\n 15–18 |\n| Sources:{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\\_one/8492593\\.stm\\|title\\=Paul di Resta to become Force India test driver\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]]\\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]]\\|date\\=2 February 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=2 February 2010\\|first\\=Phil\\|last\\=Goodlad\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100205034209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\\_one/8492593\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 5 February 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Klien gets Hispania reserve seat\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/83321\\|first\\=Matt\\|last\\=Beer\\|work\\=autosport.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|date\\=5 May 2010\\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2010\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100508202256/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/83321\\| archive\\-date\\= 8 May 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Yamamoto gets Hispania test deal\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/82946\\|first\\=Matt\\|last\\=Beer\\|work\\=autosport.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|date\\=17 April 2010\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2010\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100420225125/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/82946\\| archive\\-date\\= 20 April 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/86579\\|title\\=Virgin set to retain Glock, di Grassi\\|last\\=Noble\\|first\\=Jonathan\\|date\\=11 September 2010\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2010\\|work\\=autosport.com\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100913050730/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/86579\\| archive\\-date\\= 13 September 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}",
"",
"### New entries process",
"The FIA announced its intention to open up the grid, aiming for a total of 13 teams, and in July 2009 selected three new teams from 15 new applicants, as well as confirming the entry of all 10 existing teams.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/76058 \\|title\\=Fifteen teams lodged F1 entries \\|work\\=autosport.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]] \\|date\\=12 June 2009\\| access\\-date\\= 11 February 2011 }} The existing F1 teams, under the FOTA organisation, are understood to have agreed a system of technical support to assist new teams. This compromise proposal would involve the supply of parts and design knowledge to the new entrants, but not full customer cars, in return for which the budget cap idea was dropped.{{cite news \\|title\\=FOTA agrees on plan to help new teams \\|first\\=Edd \\|last\\=Straw \\|work\\=autosport.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]] \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75662 \\|date\\=28 May 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=29 May 2009 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090530083210/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75662\\| archive\\-date\\= 30 May 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}",
"The three teams on the entry list released in July 2009 included Campos Meta, a Spanish team led by former driver and GP2 team owner [Adrian Campos](/wiki/Adrian_Campos \"Adrian Campos\") and Madrid\\-based sports advertising agency Meta Image; Manor Grand Prix, an F3 team run by [John Booth](/wiki/John_Booth_%28motor_racing%29 \"John Booth (motor racing)\") and designer [Nick Wirth](/wiki/Nick_Wirth \"Nick Wirth\") (who was formerly involved in the [Simtek](/wiki/Simtek \"Simtek\") Ford team who competed in {{F1\\|1994}} and {{F1\\|1995}}); and [US F1](/wiki/US_F1_Team \"US F1 Team\"), a team created by former designer [Ken Anderson](/wiki/Ken_Anderson_%28motorsport%29 \"Ken Anderson (motorsport)\") and journalist [Peter Windsor](/wiki/Peter_Windsor \"Peter Windsor\").{{cite news \\|title\\=FIA announces 2010 F1 entry list \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/76045 \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|last\\=Noble \\|work\\=autosport.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]] \\|date\\=12 June 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090615040318/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/76045\\| archive\\-date\\= 15 June 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Following the withdrawal of BMW Sauber, [Lotus Racing](/wiki/Team_Lotus_%282010%E2%80%9311%29 \"Team Lotus (2010–11)\") was accepted to return to the grid for the first time since the [1994 Australian Grand Prix](/wiki/1994_Australian_Grand_Prix \"1994 Australian Grand Prix\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.formula1\\.com/news/headlines/2009/9/9934\\.html \\|title\\=Lotus confirmed, as FIA pushes for 14 teams in 2010 \\|work\\=formula1\\.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Formula One Group\\|Formula One Administration]] \\|date\\=15 September 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=15 September 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920034654/http://www.formula1\\.com/news/headlines/2009/9/9934\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=20 September 2009 }} Manor became known as [Virgin Racing](/wiki/Virgin_Racing \"Virgin Racing\") after Richard Branson's Virgin Group purchased naming rights to the team,{{cite news\\|title\\=Manor to race under Virgin Racing title\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80377\\|first\\=Matt\\|last\\=Beer\\|date\\=30 November 2009\\|work\\=autosport.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091203122529/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80377\\| archive\\-date\\= 3 December 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} while Campos\\-Meta was reimagined as [Hispania Racing](/wiki/Hispania_Racing \"Hispania Racing\") after investor [José Ramón Carabante](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Carabante \"José Ramón Carabante\") purchased the team from Adrian Campos shortly before the first race of the season.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\\_one/8547064\\.stm\\|title\\=Newcomers Campos rebranded as Hispania Racing F1 Team\\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]]\\|date\\=3 March 2010\\|access\\-date\\=3 March 2010}} USF1 officially withdrew from the championship in early March, following months of speculation and accusations from whistleblowers that the team had been crippled by mismanagement for months.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81819\\|title\\=Team US F1 shuts down operation\\|author1\\=Noble, Jonathan \\|author2\\=Rencken, Dieter\\|work\\=autosport.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|date\\=2 March 2010\\|access\\-date\\=2 March 2010\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100304065313/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81819\\| archive\\-date\\= 4 March 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}",
"The FIA also had several entry bids from other racing teams including [World Series by Renault](/wiki/World_Series_by_Renault \"World Series by Renault\") and [Le Mans](/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans \"24 Hours of Le Mans\") entrant [Epsilon Euskadi](/wiki/Epsilon_Euskadi \"Epsilon Euskadi\"),{{cite news \\|last\\=Elizalde \\|first\\=Pablo \\|title\\=Epsilon confirms 2010 F1 entry attempt \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]] \\|work\\=autosport.com \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75791 \\|date\\=3 June 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090606063344/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75791\\| archive\\-date\\= 6 June 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Dave Richards's highly successful [Prodrive](/wiki/Prodrive \"Prodrive\") outfit{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.itv\\-f1\\.com/News\\_Article.aspx?id\\=45995 \\|title\\=Prodrive confirms 2010 entry bid \\|work\\=itv.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ITV Sport]] \\|date\\=29 May 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724040609/http://www.itv\\-f1\\.com/news\\_article.aspx?id\\=45995 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 July 2009 }} and Italian touring car team [N.Technology](/wiki/N.Technology \"N.Technology\"){{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75795 \\|title\\=N.Technology submits F1 application \\|first\\=Steven \\|last\\=English \\|work\\=autosport.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]] \\|date\\=3 June 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090606065242/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75795\\| archive\\-date\\= 6 June 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} as well as re\\-imaginings of former teams [March](/wiki/March_Engineering \"March Engineering\"),{{cite news \\|last\\=Chiarelli \\|first\\=Simon \\|title\\=F1: March And Brabham Submit Entries For 2010 \\|url\\=http://www.themotorreport.com.au/33138/f1\\-march\\-and\\-brabham\\-submit\\-entries\\-for\\-2010/ \\|date\\=3 June 2009 \\|work\\=The Motor Report \\|publisher\\=The Motor Report Pty. Ltd. \\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2009}} [Brabham](/wiki/Brabham \"Brabham\"), [Lola Cars](/wiki/Lola_Cars \"Lola Cars\"){{cite news \\|last\\=Elizalde \\|first\\=Pablo \\|title\\=Lola confirms 2010 F1 entry \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]] \\|work\\=autosport.com \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75676 \\|date\\=29 May 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=29 May 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090530184522/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75676\\| archive\\-date\\= 30 May 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} and [Team Lotus](/wiki/Litespeed_F3 \"Litespeed F3\") (not to be confused with Lotus Racing).{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\\_one/8072740\\.stm \\|title\\=Prodrive bid for Formula 1 place \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]] \\|date\\=29 May 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090602191431/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\\_one/8072740\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 2 June 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Other expressions of interest came from [Team Superfund](/wiki/Superfund_Group \"Superfund Group\"), an Austrian outfit to be fronted by former driver [Alex Wurz](/wiki/Alexander_Wurz \"Alexander Wurz\"){{cite news \\|last\\=Strang \\|first\\=Simon \\|title\\=Wurz set to lead Superfund into F1 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]] \\|work\\=autosport.com \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75753 \\|date\\=31 May 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090605101536/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75753\\| archive\\-date\\= 5 June 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} and myf1dream.com, a team established by fans of the sport and funded by their donations.Autosport Magazine, 18 June 2009, p13 Experienced sports car and touring car entrant [Ray Mallock Limited](/wiki/RML_Group \"RML Group\") had intended to submit an entry bid,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75440 \\|title\\=Five new teams submit F1 entries \\|work\\=autosport.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]] \\|date\\=20 May 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2009 \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|last\\=Noble\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090523140337/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/75440\\| archive\\-date\\= 23 May 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} but decided against it following the [mid\\-season political crisis](/wiki/FIA%E2%80%93FOTA_dispute \"FIA–FOTA dispute\").",
"Of the most interest to the media was [Stefan Grand Prix](/wiki/Stefan_Grand_Prix \"Stefan Grand Prix\"), created by Zoran Stefanovic and hailed as Serbia's first Formula 1 team.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.racecar\\-engineering.com/news/opinion/385984/exclusive\\-stefan\\-grand\\-prix\\-owner\\-speaks\\-out\\-on\\-f1\\-selection\\-row.html \\|title\\=Exclusive: Stefan Grand Prix owner speaks out on F1 selection row \\|work\\=racecar\\-engineering.com \\|date\\=5 August 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2009 \\|first\\=Sam \\|last\\=Collins \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[IPC Media]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130182059/http://www.racecar\\-engineering.com/news/opinion/385984/exclusive\\-stefan\\-grand\\-prix\\-owner\\-speaks\\-out\\-on\\-f1\\-selection\\-row.html \\|archive\\-date\\=30 November 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Stefan claimed to have acquired the remains of Toyota's abandoned TF110 chassis and engine and had access to Toyota Motorsport's former headquarters in Cologne, Germany. After being rejected from the grid, Stefanovic filed a complaint with the European Commission over the entry selection process and then announced his intentions to continue development of the Toyota chassis, re\\-badged as the Stefan S\\-01, with the team even going so far as to send equipment to Bahrain, Australia and Malaysia. After several difficulties including the cancellation of a planned test in Portugal when Bridgestone refused to supply tyres,{{cite news\\|title\\=Stefan GP cancels Portimao test\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81642\\|first\\=Jonathan\\|last\\=Noble\\|work\\=autosport.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|date\\=22 February 2010\\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2010\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100224081451/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81642\\| archive\\-date\\= 24 February 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Stefan attempted to purchase the defunct USF1 entry, but the moves were blocked. Stefan was finally rejected on 4 March when the FIA stated that it was not possible to issue entries so close to the season opener.{{cite news\\|title\\=New team Stefan GP have Formula 1 entry rejected\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\\_one/8544246\\.stm\\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]]\\|date\\=4 March 2010\\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2010}}",
"### Team changes",
"* [BMW](/wiki/BMW \"BMW\") announced on 29 July 2009 their withdrawal from Formula One at the end of the {{F1\\|2009}} season, citing a lack of future viability and sustainability for the Formula One program.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/77400 \\|title\\=BMW will quit F1 at the end of 2009 \\|work\\=autosport.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|first\\=Jonathan \\|last\\=Noble \\|date\\=29 July 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2009}} After a failed buy out from [Qadbak Investments](/wiki/Qadbak_Investments \"Qadbak Investments\"),{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/78655 \\|title\\=BMW finds buyer for Formula 1 team \\|first\\=Pablo \\|last\\=Elizalde \\|work\\=autosport.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]] \\|date\\=15 September 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=15 September 2009}} the team was sold back to [Peter Sauber](/wiki/Peter_Sauber \"Peter Sauber\").{{cite news\\|title\\=BMW sells F1 team back to Peter Sauber\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80350\\|first\\=Pablo\\|last\\=Elizalde\\|date\\=27 November 2009\\|access\\-date\\=27 November 2009\\|work\\=autosport.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091130021829/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80350\\| archive\\-date\\= 30 November 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The FIA officially accepted the team to the 2010 grid under the name [BMW Sauber](/wiki/Sauber \"Sauber\") on 3 December, using a [Swiss racing licence](/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_constructors%23Team%27s_nationality \"List of Formula One constructors#Team's nationality\") and [Ferrari](/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari \"Scuderia Ferrari\") engines after the [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota_Racing_%28Formula_One_team%29 \"Toyota Racing (Formula One team)\") withdrawal.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80429\\|title\\=Sauber secures 2010 Formula 1 slot\\|work\\=autosport.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|last\\=Noble\\|first\\=Jonathan\\|date\\=3 December 2009\\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091206035817/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80429\\| archive\\-date\\= 6 December 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/78822\\|title\\=Theissen confirms Ferrari engine deal\\|work\\=autosport.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|author1\\=Beer, Matt \\|author2\\=Noble, Jonathan\\|date\\=24 September 2009\\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2009}}\n* [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota_Racing_%28Formula_One_team%29 \"Toyota Racing (Formula One team)\") withdrew from Formula One on 4 November 2009, due to financial difficulties in the automotive industry. After announcing they would not sell the team on,{{cite news \\|title\\=Toyota team sale not an option \\|url\\=http://www.infinitedomain.co.uk/index.php/?p\\=3852 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819213711/http://www.infinitedomain.co.uk/index.php/?p\\=3852 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=19 August 2011 \\|work\\=infinitedomain.co.uk \\|publisher\\=Infinite Domain \\|date\\=6 November 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2010 }} their grid slot went to the [Sauber](/wiki/Sauber \"Sauber\") team. Then, [Stefan Grand Prix](/wiki/Stefan_Grand_Prix \"Stefan Grand Prix\") claimed that they had acquired rights to the Toyota Motorsport's former headquarters in Cologne and the TF110 that was renamed Stefan S\\-01\\. The withdrawal of Toyota meant for the first season since [2001](/wiki/2001_Formula_One_season \"2001 Formula One season\") that the sport would not feature a Japanese\\-licensed constructor and also since [1982](/wiki/1982_Formula_One_season \"1982 Formula One season\") that the sport would not feature a Japanese\\-licensed engine manufacturer until [2015](/wiki/2015_Formula_One_season \"2015 Formula One season\") when [Honda](/wiki/Honda_F1 \"Honda F1\") returned to the sport with [McLaren](/wiki/McLaren \"McLaren\") team.\n* [Scuderia Toro Rosso](/wiki/Scuderia_Toro_Rosso \"Scuderia Toro Rosso\") became an independent constructor in 2010, after having their chassis supplied by the [Red Bull Technologies](/wiki/Adrian_Newey \"Adrian Newey\") design studio for the first years of racing. This had allowed the team to purchase customer chassis, despite the concept being banned by the [FIA](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile \"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile\"). This loophole was closed for 2010, meaning that the STR5 2010 car was the first car Toro Rosso built on their own, having spent most of {{F1\\|2009}} expanding their base of operations in [Faenza](/wiki/Faenza \"Faenza\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") to accommodate production facilities.{{cite news \\|title\\=STR hopeful about first non\\-Red Bull car \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80102 \\|author1\\=Beer, Matt \\|author2\\=Noble, Jonathan \\|work\\=autosport.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]] \\|date\\=9 November 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=9 November 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091112114003/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80102\\| archive\\-date\\= 12 November 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}\n* [Daimler AG](/wiki/Daimler_AG \"Daimler AG\"), parent company of [Mercedes\\-Benz](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz \"Mercedes-Benz\"), bought a 75\\.1% controlling stake in the 2009 champions [Brawn GP](/wiki/Brawn_GP \"Brawn GP\"), renaming the team [Mercedes Grand Prix](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One \"Mercedes-Benz in Formula One\"), Mercedes' last F1 race was the [1955 Italian Grand Prix](/wiki/1955_Italian_Grand_Prix \"1955 Italian Grand Prix\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Mercedes takes over Brawn \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80174 \\|work\\=autosport.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]] \\|date\\=16 November 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091119031821/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80174\\| archive\\-date\\= 19 November 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Mercedes's former 40% stake in the [McLaren Group](/wiki/McLaren_Group \"McLaren Group\") was purchased back by McLaren, although Mercedes would continue to supply McLaren engines and sponsorship until the end of the 2014 season. Mercedes signed a sponsorship deal with [Petronas](/wiki/Petronas \"Petronas\"), with the Malaysian petroleum company ending its association with [BMW Sauber](/wiki/Sauber_Motorsport%23BMW_factory_team_%282006%E2%80%932009%29 \"Sauber Motorsport#BMW factory team (2006–2009)\"), and the team was renamed to [Mercedes GP Petronas Formula One Team](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One \"Mercedes-Benz in Formula One\").{{cite news \\| title\\=Mercedes GP sign Petronas agreement \\| work\\=f1technical.net \\| url\\=http://www.f1technical.net/news/13919 \\| publisher\\=F1 Technical \\| date\\=21 December 2009 \\| access\\-date\\=27 December 2009}}\n* [Renault](/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One \"Renault in Formula One\") had sold Gerard Lopez and his [Genii Capital](/wiki/Genii_Capital \"Genii Capital\") investment company a 75% majority shareholding, in order to secure the team's future. The team continued to operate under the Renault name and the engine department remained under full Renault ownership.{{cite news\\|title\\=Renault will race in Formula 1 after selling their team\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula\\_one/8415935\\.stm\\|first\\=Andrew\\|last\\=Benson\\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]]\\|date\\=16 December 2009\\|access\\-date\\=16 December 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091217025934/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula\\_one/8415935\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 17 December 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The deal left the possibility for Renault to regain complete ownership once the economic situation had stabilised.",
"### Driver changes",
"Changed teams\n* [2005](/wiki/2005_Formula_One_World_Championship \"2005 Formula One World Championship\") and [2006](/wiki/2006_Formula_One_World_Championship \"2006 Formula One World Championship\") World Champion [Fernando Alonso](/wiki/Fernando_Alonso \"Fernando Alonso\") left [Renault](/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One \"Renault in Formula One\") to drive for [Ferrari](/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari \"Scuderia Ferrari\") in 2010, replacing [Kimi Räikkönen](/wiki/Kimi_R%C3%A4ikk%C3%B6nen \"Kimi Räikkönen\") who left the team at the end of the 2009 season.{{cite news \\|last\\=Benson \\|first\\=Andrew \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\\_one/8280566\\.stm \\|title\\=Ferrari confirm capture of Alonso \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]] \\|date\\=30 September 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=1 November 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120312190137/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\\_one/8280566\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\=12 March 2012\\| url\\-status\\= live}} Alonso had signed a three\\-year deal up to the end of 2012, with options for further years.\n* [Rubens Barrichello](/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello \"Rubens Barrichello\") moved from [Brawn](/wiki/Brawn_GP \"Brawn GP\") to [Williams](/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering \"Williams Grand Prix Engineering\").\n* Reining world champion [Jenson Button](/wiki/Jenson_Button \"Jenson Button\") joined [Lewis Hamilton](/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton \"Lewis Hamilton\") at [McLaren](/wiki/McLaren \"McLaren\") following the failure to negotiate a contract with [Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One \"Mercedes-Benz in Formula One\"), which bought out his 2009 team, [Brawn GP](/wiki/Brawn_GP \"Brawn GP\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.formula1\\.com/news/headlines/2009/11/10220\\.html\\|title\\=Mercedes\\-Benz acquires Brawn GP team \\|work\\=formula1\\.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Formula One Group\\|Formula One Administration]]\\|date\\=16 November 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100108081449/http://www.formula1\\.com/news/headlines/2009/11/10220\\.html\\| archive\\-date\\= 8 January 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} This meant that McLaren had signed the two most recent World Champions, and had the sport's first double champion line\\-up since [Ayrton Senna](/wiki/Ayrton_Senna \"Ayrton Senna\") and [Alain Prost](/wiki/Alain_Prost \"Alain Prost\"), also driving for McLaren, in {{F1\\|1989}}.\n* [Timo Glock](/wiki/Timo_Glock \"Timo Glock\") officially joined [Virgin Racing](/wiki/Virgin_Racing \"Virgin Racing\"), after leaving the [Toyota Racing](/wiki/Toyota_Racing_%28Formula_One_team%29 \"Toyota Racing (Formula One team)\") team.\n* [Kamui Kobayashi](/wiki/Kamui_Kobayashi \"Kamui Kobayashi\"), who made his debut for the now\\-defunct Toyota team at the end of 2009 covering for the injured Timo Glock, transferred to the newly revived [Sauber](/wiki/Sauber \"Sauber\") team.\n* [Heikki Kovalainen](/wiki/Heikki_Kovalainen \"Heikki Kovalainen\") joined the new [Lotus Racing](/wiki/Team_Lotus_%282010%E2%80%9311%29 \"Team Lotus (2010–11)\") team, after leaving [McLaren](/wiki/McLaren \"McLaren\").\n* [Robert Kubica](/wiki/Robert_Kubica \"Robert Kubica\") left [BMW Sauber](/wiki/Sauber_Motorsport%23BMW_factory_team_%282006%E2%80%932009%29 \"Sauber Motorsport#BMW factory team (2006–2009)\") to drive for Renault in 2010, as a replacement for Alonso.\n* [Nico Rosberg](/wiki/Nico_Rosberg \"Nico Rosberg\") left [Williams](/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering \"Williams Grand Prix Engineering\") at the end of the 2009 season after four years with the team since 2006, moving to [Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One \"Mercedes-Benz in Formula One\").\n* [Jarno Trulli](/wiki/Jarno_Trulli \"Jarno Trulli\") moved from [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota_Racing_%28Formula_One_team%29 \"Toyota Racing (Formula One team)\") to [Lotus Racing](/wiki/Team_Lotus_%282010%E2%80%9311%29 \"Team Lotus (2010–11)\").",
"Entered Formula One\n[thumb\\|upright\\|right\\|[Bruno Senna](/wiki/Bruno_Senna \"Bruno Senna\") made his debut with the new [Hispania](/wiki/Hispania_Racing \"Hispania Racing\") team.](/wiki/File:Bruno_Senna_2010_Malaysia.jpg \"Bruno Senna 2010 Malaysia.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\|right\\|[Michael Schumacher](/wiki/Michael_Schumacher \"Michael Schumacher\") returned to the sport with [Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One \"Mercedes-Benz in Formula One\") after a 3\\-year hiatus.](/wiki/File:Michael_Schumacher_2010_Malaysia.jpg \"Michael Schumacher 2010 Malaysia.jpg\")\n* [Karun Chandhok](/wiki/Karun_Chandhok \"Karun Chandhok\"), who placed eighteenth in the [2009 GP2 Series](/wiki/2009_GP2_Series_season \"2009 GP2 Series season\") for [Ocean Racing Technology](/wiki/Ocean_Racing_Technology \"Ocean Racing Technology\"), joined former [iSport International](/wiki/ISport_International \"ISport International\") teammate [Bruno Senna](/wiki/Bruno_Senna \"Bruno Senna\") at [Hispania Racing](/wiki/Hispania_Racing \"Hispania Racing\"). Chandhok was the second Formula One driver from [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), after [Narain Karthikeyan](/wiki/Narain_Karthikeyan \"Narain Karthikeyan\") drove for [Jordan Grand Prix](/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix \"Jordan Grand Prix\") in {{F1\\|2005}}.\n* [Lucas di Grassi](/wiki/Lucas_di_Grassi \"Lucas di Grassi\"), who placed third in the 2009 [GP2 Series](/wiki/GP2_Series \"GP2 Series\") for [Racing Engineering](/wiki/Racing_Engineering \"Racing Engineering\"), joined Timo Glock at [Virgin Racing](/wiki/Virgin_Racing \"Virgin Racing\").\n* [Nico Hülkenberg](/wiki/Nico_H%C3%BClkenberg \"Nico Hülkenberg\"), 2009 GP2 Series champion with [ART Grand Prix](/wiki/ART_Grand_Prix \"ART Grand Prix\"), made his debut in Formula One with Williams, alongside Barrichello.\n* [Vitaly Petrov](/wiki/Vitaly_Petrov \"Vitaly Petrov\"), who placed second in the 2009 GP2 Series, moved from [Barwa Addax](/wiki/Addax_Team \"Addax Team\") to partner Robert Kubica at [Renault](/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One \"Renault in Formula One\"), becoming [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\")'s first driver in the Formula One World Championship.\n* [Bruno Senna](/wiki/Bruno_Senna \"Bruno Senna\"), nephew of three\\-time World Champion [Ayrton Senna](/wiki/Ayrton_Senna \"Ayrton Senna\"), joined [Hispania Racing](/wiki/Hispania_Racing \"Hispania Racing\") in 2010, returning the Senna name to Formula One sixteen years after [his uncle's death](/wiki/Death_of_Ayrton_Senna \"Death of Ayrton Senna\") in 1994\\.",
"Exited Formula One\n* [Giancarlo Fisichella](/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella \"Giancarlo Fisichella\") became [Ferrari](/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari \"Scuderia Ferrari\")'s reserve and test driver in 2010, having left [Force India](/wiki/Force_India \"Force India\") and joined Ferrari towards the end of {{F1\\|2009}}.{{cite news\\|last\\=Noble \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|title\\=Fisichella: Ferrari drive a dream for me \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|work\\=autosport.com \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/78286 \\|date\\=3 September 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=3 September 2009}} After failing to secure a racing drive, he signed up to take part in the [Le Mans Series](/wiki/2010_Le_Mans_Series_season \"2010 Le Mans Series season\").{{cite news\\|last\\=English\\|first\\=Steven\\|title\\=Fisichella signs up for Le Mans Series\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81183\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|date\\=1 February 2010\\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2010\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100203164235/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81183\\| archive\\-date\\= 3 February 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}\n* [Romain Grosjean](/wiki/Romain_Grosjean \"Romain Grosjean\") was unable to secure a contract with Renault, due to Petrov's appointment as [Renault](/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One \"Renault in Formula One\")'s second driver and competed in the [inaugural FIA GT1 World Championship](/wiki/2010_FIA_GT1_World_Championship_season \"2010 FIA GT1 World Championship season\") for [Matech Competition](/wiki/Matech_Concepts \"Matech Concepts\").\n* After a poor 2009 season, [Williams](/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering \"Williams Grand Prix Engineering\") driver [Kazuki Nakajima](/wiki/Kazuki_Nakajima \"Kazuki Nakajima\") was unable to secure a drive for 2010\\. On 19 February, it was confirmed that he would join aspiring Serbian outfit [Stefan Grand Prix](/wiki/Stefan_Grand_Prix \"Stefan Grand Prix\"), despite their lack of an entry to the grid.{{cite news\\|title\\=Stefan GP fires up Formula 1 car\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81593\\|author1\\=Elizalde, Pablo \\|author2\\=Rencken, Dieter\\|work\\=autosport.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|date\\=19 February 2010\\|access\\-date\\=19 February 2010}}\n* [2007](/wiki/2007_Formula_One_World_Championship \"2007 Formula One World Championship\") World Champion [Kimi Räikkönen](/wiki/Kimi_R%C3%A4ikk%C3%B6nen \"Kimi Räikkönen\") took a two\\-year \"[sabbatical](/wiki/Sabbatical \"Sabbatical\")\" from Formula One in 2010 after his managers confirmed that negotiations with [McLaren](/wiki/McLaren \"McLaren\") officially came to an end.{{cite news \\|title\\=Raikkonen to take a sabbatical in 2010 \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80187 \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|last\\=Noble \\|work\\=autosport.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]] \\|date\\=18 November 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091120135259/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80187\\| archive\\-date\\= 20 November 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Räikkönen instead joined the [Citroën Junior Team](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Junior_Team \"Citroën Junior Team\") in the [2010 World Rally Championship](/wiki/2010_World_Rally_Championship_season \"2010 World Rally Championship season\"), driving a [Citroën C4 WRC](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4%23C4_in_rallying \"Citroën C4#C4 in rallying\") in twelve of the thirteen rounds of the championship.{{cite news\\|title\\=Raikkonen joins WRC with Citroen\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80431\\|first\\=Matt\\|last\\=Beer\\|work\\=autosport.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]] \\|date\\=4 December 2009\\|access\\-date\\=4 December 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100105172715/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80431\\| archive\\-date\\= 5 January 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}",
"Returned to Formula One\n* [Pedro de la Rosa](/wiki/Pedro_de_la_Rosa \"Pedro de la Rosa\") returned to Formula One driving for the [Sauber](/wiki/Sauber \"Sauber\") team,{{cite news\\|title\\=Pedro de la Rosa to race for BMW Sauber F1 Team\\|url\\=http://www.racecar.com/Motorsport/News/Pedro\\-de\\-la\\-Rosa\\-to\\-race\\-for\\-BMW\\-Sauber\\-F1\\-Team/32253\\.htm\\|work\\=Racecar\\|publisher\\=Racecar New Media Services Ltd.\\|date\\=20 January 2010\\|access\\-date\\=18 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930223804/http://www.racecar.com/Motorsport/News/Pedro\\-de\\-la\\-Rosa\\-to\\-race\\-for\\-BMW\\-Sauber\\-F1\\-Team/32253\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} having previously served as test driver for [McLaren](/wiki/McLaren \"McLaren\"). His return ended a three\\-year absence from racing since 2007, his last Grand Prix start being a half\\-season campaign in {{F1\\|2006}}.\n* Seven\\-time World Champion [Michael Schumacher](/wiki/Michael_Schumacher \"Michael Schumacher\") officially joined [Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One \"Mercedes-Benz in Formula One\") on 23 December 2009, ending a three\\-year hiatus from the sport since 2007\\. Schumacher had originally intended to make a comeback with Ferrari in {{F1\\|2009}} to stand in for the [injured Felipe Massa](/wiki/Felipe_Massa%23Injury \"Felipe Massa#Injury\"), but was prevented from doing so by a motorcycle accident injury, and the Mercedes contract was not signed until he was given a clean bill of health. Schumacher previously raced for [Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_motorsport \"Mercedes-Benz in motorsport\") in the [1991 World Sportscar Championship](/wiki/1991_World_Sportscar_Championship_season \"1991 World Sportscar Championship season\").",
"Mid\\-season changes\n* [Sakon Yamamoto](/wiki/Sakon_Yamamoto \"Sakon Yamamoto\"), who last drove in Formula One for [Spyker](/wiki/Spyker_F1 \"Spyker F1\") and tested for [Renault](/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One \"Renault in Formula One\"), replaced Bruno Senna at Hispania for the {{F1 GP\\|2010\\|British}}, having previously taken part in Friday practice at the {{F1 GP\\|2010\\|Turkish}}. The team confirmed that Senna would return to his seat for the {{F1 GP\\|2010\\|German}}.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2010/07/09/senna\\-to\\-return\\-for\\-hrt\\-in\\-germany/\\|work\\=F1 Fanatic\\|publisher\\=Keith Collantine\\|first\\=Keith\\|last\\=Collantine\\|title\\=Senna to return for HRT in Germany\\|date\\=9 July 2010\\|access\\-date\\=10 July 2010\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100711053152/http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2010/07/09/senna\\-to\\-return\\-for\\-hrt\\-in\\-germany/\\| archive\\-date\\= 11 July 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Yamamoto then replaced Karun Chandhok from the {{F1 GP\\|2010\\|German}} onwards, except the races in [Singapore](/wiki/2010_Singapore_Grand_Prix \"2010 Singapore Grand Prix\"), [Brazil](/wiki/2010_Brazilian_Grand_Prix \"2010 Brazilian Grand Prix\") and [Abu Dhabi](/wiki/2010_Abu_Dhabi_Grand_Prix \"2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix\"), where the seat was filled by [Christian Klien](/wiki/Christian_Klien \"Christian Klien\").\n* During the mid\\-season hiatus, [Nick Heidfeld](/wiki/Nick_Heidfeld \"Nick Heidfeld\") left [Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One \"Mercedes-Benz in Formula One\") to take up a new role with [Pirelli](/wiki/Pirelli \"Pirelli\") as their official test driver ahead of their [return to Formula One](/wiki/2011_FIA_Formula_One_World_Championship%23Rule_changes \"2011 FIA Formula One World Championship#Rule changes\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/85989\\|first\\=Pablo\\|last\\=Elizalde\\|title\\=Heidfeld released by Mercedes GP\\|work\\=autosport.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|date\\=17 August 2010\\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2010\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100820022250/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/85989\\| archive\\-date\\= 20 August 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}\n* Following the end of the European season at the {{F1 GP\\|2010\\|Italian}}, [Pedro de la Rosa](/wiki/Pedro_de_la_Rosa \"Pedro de la Rosa\") was dropped by [BMW Sauber](/wiki/Sauber \"Sauber\") and summarily replaced by [Nick Heidfeld](/wiki/Nick_Heidfeld \"Nick Heidfeld\"), who last drove for the team in {{F1\\|2009}}. It was reported that the change was made because of de la Rosa's poor performance relative to teammate [Kamui Kobayashi](/wiki/Kamui_Kobayashi \"Kamui Kobayashi\") in general and Heidfeld's knowledge of the [Marina Bay](/wiki/Marina_Bay_Street_Circuit \"Marina Bay Street Circuit\") and [Yas Marina](/wiki/Yas_Marina_Circuit \"Yas Marina Circuit\") circuits in particular. With Heidfeld joining Sauber, former [Renault](/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One \"Renault in Formula One\") driver [Romain Grosjean](/wiki/Romain_Grosjean \"Romain Grosjean\") was drafted in as his replacement for Pirelli.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/86719 \\|title\\=Grosjean to test for Pirelli at Monza \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|last\\=Noble \\|work\\=autosport.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]] \\|date\\=16 September 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919052128/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/86719 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 September 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n* [Hispania Racing](/wiki/Hispania_Racing \"Hispania Racing\") test driver [Christian Klien](/wiki/Christian_Klien \"Christian Klien\") replaced [Sakon Yamamoto](/wiki/Sakon_Yamamoto \"Sakon Yamamoto\") for the {{F1 GP\\|2010\\|Singapore}} after Yamamoto allegedly contracted food poisoning ahead of the race, but was later seen in the Singapore paddock suffering no apparent symptoms, sparking talk of unpaid debts by the Japanese driver and further financial afflictions for the team to deal with when the logo of one of Klien's personal sponsors appeared on the car for the weekend.{{cite news \\|title\\=No Money, No Drive \\|url\\=http://en.espnf1\\.com/f1/motorsport/story/29809\\.html \\|first\\=Adam \\|last\\=Hay\\-Nicholls \\|work\\=ESPN F1 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ESPN]] \\|date\\=30 September 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004200034/http://en.espnf1\\.com/f1/motorsport/story/29809\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=4 October 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Team principal [Colin Kolles](/wiki/Colin_Kolles \"Colin Kolles\") confirmed that the arrangement would be for one race and Yamamoto would return to the cockpit at [Suzuka](/wiki/2010_Japanese_Grand_Prix \"2010 Japanese Grand Prix\"), provided he recovered in time.{{cite news \\|title\\=Klien to deputise for Yamamoto \\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/86900 \\|first\\=Matt \\|last\\=Beer \\|work\\=Autosport.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Group\\|Haymarket Publications]] \\|date\\=24 September 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927015044/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/86900\\| archive\\-date\\= 27 September 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Klien also replaced Yamamoto at [Interlagos](/wiki/2010_Brazilian_Grand_Prix \"2010 Brazilian Grand Prix\") and [Abu Dhabi](/wiki/2010_Abu_Dhabi_Grand_Prix \"2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix\"), though no explanation was given for the change.{{cite news \\|title\\=Klien takes Yamamoto's place at HRT again \\|url\\=http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2010/11/04/klien\\-takes\\-yamamotos\\-place\\-at\\-hrt\\-again/ \\|first\\=Keith \\|last\\=Collantine \\|work\\=F1 Fanatic \\|publisher\\=Keith Collantine \\|date\\=4 November 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=5 November 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107063602/http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2010/11/04/klien\\-takes\\-yamamotos\\-place\\-at\\-hrt\\-again/ \\|archive\\-date\\=7 November 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}"
] |
Report
------
[thumb\|left\|[Michael Schumacher](/wiki/Michael_Schumacher "Michael Schumacher") returned to the grid with the [Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One "Mercedes-Benz in Formula One") team after coming out of retirement.](/wiki/File:Schumacher_British_GP_2010.jpg "Schumacher British GP 2010.jpg")
The 2010 season saw the debut of three new teams, [Virgin](/wiki/Virgin_Racing "Virgin Racing"), [Lotus](/wiki/Team_Lotus_%282010%E2%80%9311%29 "Team Lotus (2010–11)") and [Hispania](/wiki/Hispania_Racing "Hispania Racing"). The teams were often more than three seconds per lap slower than the established teams. After fighting reliability issues early in the season, the three teams soon established themselves with Lotus leading the way, their best result being a twelfth place for Heikki Kovalainen in Japan. Virgin struggled after discovering their fuel tank was too small, forcing them to push their development schedule back five races in order to build a car that could finish the race. Hispania were the slowest of the three, and by mid\-season were rotating their drivers on a regular basis, but a pair of fourteenth places by [Karun Chandhok](/wiki/Karun_Chandhok "Karun Chandhok") in Australia and Monaco put the team ahead of Virgin in the Constructors' Championship for most of the season.
In stark contrast to {{F1\|2009}}, no one driver emerged as dominant in the early stages of the 2010 season. [Fernando Alonso](/wiki/Fernando_Alonso "Fernando Alonso") won the opening race of the season in [Bahrain](/wiki/2010_Bahrain_Grand_Prix "2010 Bahrain Grand Prix") after [Sebastian Vettel](/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel "Sebastian Vettel")'s engine misfired, with Alonso becoming just the sixth [Ferrari](/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari "Scuderia Ferrari") driver to win on debut for the Italian team. Reigning World Champion [Jenson Button](/wiki/Jenson_Button "Jenson Button") claimed victory in [Australia](/wiki/2010_Australian_Grand_Prix "2010 Australian Grand Prix") for the second year in succession, whilst Vettel won in [Malaysia](/wiki/2010_Malaysian_Grand_Prix "2010 Malaysian Grand Prix"), setting up a unique situation that would last for the rest of the season whereby no driver would win a race while leading the World Championship.
[thumb\|[Nico Rosberg](/wiki/Nico_Rosberg "Nico Rosberg") consistently out\-performed his teammate [Michael Schumacher](/wiki/Michael_Schumacher "Michael Schumacher").](/wiki/File:Nico_Rosberg_2010_Japan_Race.jpg "Nico Rosberg 2010 Japan Race.jpg")
Button became the first driver to win more than one race with victory in [China](/wiki/2010_Chinese_Grand_Prix "2010 Chinese Grand Prix"), but [Mark Webber](/wiki/Mark_Webber_%28racing_driver%29 "Mark Webber (racing driver)") would be the first to take back\-to\-back victories with wins in [Spain](/wiki/2010_Spanish_Grand_Prix "2010 Spanish Grand Prix") and [Monaco](/wiki/2010_Monaco_Grand_Prix "2010 Monaco Grand Prix"). Webber was leading the {{F1 GP\|2010\|Turkish}} when teammate Vettel attempted a pass on lap 40 that ended with the two [Red Bulls](/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing "Red Bull Racing") colliding; Vettel retired whilst Webber recovered to finish third behind eventual race winner [Lewis Hamilton](/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton "Lewis Hamilton") and Jenson Button. Hamilton would match Webber's feat of back\-to\-back victories by claiming first place in [Canada](/wiki/2010_Canadian_Grand_Prix "2010 Canadian Grand Prix").
[thumb\|left\|Reigning World Champion [Jenson Button](/wiki/Jenson_Button "Jenson Button") scored his first victory for [McLaren](/wiki/McLaren "McLaren") in [Australia](/wiki/2010_Australian_Grand_Prix "2010 Australian Grand Prix").](/wiki/File:Jenson_Button_2010_Belgium.jpg "Jenson Button 2010 Belgium.jpg")[thumb\|right\|[Lewis Hamilton](/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton "Lewis Hamilton") leading [Sebastian Vettel](/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel "Sebastian Vettel") and [Fernando Alonso](/wiki/Fernando_Alonso "Fernando Alonso") at the {{F1 GP\|2010\|Canadian}}. Hamilton won the race to take the Drivers' Championship lead.](/wiki/File:2010_Canadian_GP_opening_lap_%28cropped%29.jpg "2010 Canadian GP opening lap (cropped).jpg")
The middle of the season saw controversy, starting at the {{F1 GP\|2010\|European}} in [Valencia](/wiki/Valencia_Street_Circuit "Valencia Street Circuit") following a disputed safety car ruling. Mark Webber collided with [Heikki Kovalainen](/wiki/Heikki_Kovalainen "Heikki Kovalainen") at the fastest point on the circuit, the collision destroying Webber's front wing and launching Webber into a somersault. The safety car was deployed immediately, joining the circuit behind race leader Vettel, but ahead of then\-second placed Hamilton and the Ferraris of Alonso and [Felipe Massa](/wiki/Felipe_Massa "Felipe Massa"). Hamilton overtook the safety car as it emerged from the pit lane but after it had crossed the safety car control line. It took the race stewards twenty minutes to pass verdict on the infringement, and while Hamilton was issued with a drive\-through penalty for his actions, it had little effect as he was already well clear of the rest of the field.
The {{F1 GP\|2010\|British}} marked the halfway point of the season and saw further tensions within Red Bull. Team principal [Christian Horner](/wiki/Christian_Horner "Christian Horner") removed the team's new front wing from Webber's car and placed it on Vettel's for qualifying and the race, after the German driver's wing was damaged in the final practice session. Webber won the race after passing Vettel from second off the start, who then developed a puncture on the first lap and was forced to pit.{{cite news\|title\=Red Bull civil war playing into Button and Hamilton's hands at McLaren\|url\=http://www.sportingo.com/motorsport/a13691\_red\-bull\-civil\-war\-playing\-into\-button\-hamiltons\-hands\-mclaren\|first\=Phil\|last\=Lythell\|work\=Sportingo\|date\=12 July 2010\|access\-date\=20 November 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231110831/http://www.sportingo.com/motorsport/a13691\_red\-bull\-civil\-war\-playing\-into\-button\-hamiltons\-hands\-mclaren\| archive\-date\=31 December 2010\|url\-status\=dead}}
The {{F1 GP\|2010\|German}} saw a return to form for Ferrari, with both Alonso and Massa quickest over the course of the race meeting. On the anniversary of [his accident](/wiki/2009_Hungarian_Grand_Prix "2009 Hungarian Grand Prix"), Felipe Massa led most of the race before a message from the Ferrari pit appeared to be a coded instruction telling Massa to move over and let Alonso through, granting Alonso seven extra World Championship points for his ultimate win. Ferrari were fined [US$](/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")100,000 for the use of team orders to deliberately alter the outcome of a race and faced further sanctions at a meeting of the [FIA World Motor Sport Council](/wiki/FIA_World_Motor_Sport_Council "FIA World Motor Sport Council") in September where they face charges of bringing the sport into disrepute, though the hearing would ultimately acquit Ferrari on the grounds of a lack of evidence.
[thumb\|left\|[Sebastian Vettel](/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel "Sebastian Vettel") won three of the last four races, winning the championship in [Abu Dhabi](/wiki/2010_Abu_Dhabi_Grand_Prix "2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix").](/wiki/File:Sebastian_Vettel_2010_Britain.jpg "Sebastian Vettel 2010 Britain.jpg")
After finishing sixth in Germany, Webber won again in [Hungary](/wiki/2010_Hungarian_Grand_Prix "2010 Hungarian Grand Prix") after Vettel broke an obscure safety car rule and was issued with a drive\-through penalty that demoted him to third, while Lewis Hamilton won a wet {{F1 GP\|2010\|Belgian}} from Mark Webber and [Robert Kubica](/wiki/Robert_Kubica "Robert Kubica") while Vettel was involved in a collision with Button that eliminated the incumbent World Champion whilst Vettel was handed his second drive\-through penalty in as many races. Fernando Alonso retired after a mistake in the wet. The European season ended in [Italy](/wiki/2010_Italian_Grand_Prix "2010 Italian Grand Prix"), with Alonso claiming his third victory of the season and adding a fourth to his tally – and his first [Grand Slam](/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_driver_records%23Grand_Slam "List of Formula One driver records#Grand Slam") – in [Singapore](/wiki/2010_Singapore_Grand_Prix "2010 Singapore Grand Prix").
Red Bull reasserted their dominance in [Japan](/wiki/2010_Japanese_Grand_Prix "2010 Japanese Grand Prix"), with Vettel winning comfortably from Webber and Alonso third. They were prepared to continue their performance in a rain\-delayed {{F1 GP\|2010\|Korean}}, but an early accident eliminated Webber and a late engine failure for Vettel handed the victory to Alonso. [Nico Hülkenberg](/wiki/Nico_H%C3%BClkenberg "Nico Hülkenberg") claimed his maiden pole position for [Williams](/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering "Williams Grand Prix Engineering") by over a second in changing conditions in [Brazil](/wiki/2010_Brazilian_Grand_Prix "2010 Brazilian Grand Prix"), but Red Bull went on to claim their fourth 1–2 finish of the season, claiming enough points to be declared [World Constructors' Champion](/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_World_Constructors%27_Champions "List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions") in just their sixth year of competition.
[thumb\|left\|There were a record [10 changes of leadership](/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_driver_records%23Other_driver_records "List of Formula One driver records#Other driver records") in the title race, variously led by every top\-6 finisher *except* Vettel, who eventually took the championship victory in the last race.](/wiki/File:Comp_for_2010_f1_wc.svg "Comp for 2010 f1 wc.svg")
In the week leading up to the [final race](/wiki/2010_Abu_Dhabi_Grand_Prix "2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix") of the season, Red Bull repeated their intentions not to use team orders, a decision they were widely criticised for as allowing Mark Webber to finish ahead of Sebastian Vettel would have meant he trailed Fernando Alonso by just one point ahead of the race in Abu Dhabi. However, the Australian struggled to find speed across the weekend, qualifying behind Alonso and unable to find a way past the Ferrari driver for most of the race. Like Webber, Alonso had opted for an early pit stop in his tyre strategy, but emerged behind Russian rookie [Vitaly Petrov](/wiki/Vitaly_Petrov "Vitaly Petrov"). Taking into account the cars ahead of them that had yet to stop, this meant that Alonso would be running sixth on the road when he needed to finish fourth to claim the title.
McLaren's Jenson Button took the lead of the race when Sebastian Vettel pitted, the 2009 World Champion attempting to extend his lead enough to avoid a costly encounter with [Robert Kubica](/wiki/Robert_Kubica "Robert Kubica") after Lewis Hamilton got caught behind the Renault driver; passing Kubica would give him a chance to catch Vettel, who would resume the lead when Button pitted. Button needed a lead of twenty\-two seconds to rejoin the circuit ahead of Kubica and Hamilton, but Kubica was able to match him on lap times and McLaren were forced to pit Button, who rejoined fourth behind his teammate, becoming third when Kubica pitted. While Kubica was expected to rejoin somewhere behind Mark Webber, Vitaly Petrov had held Webber and Alonso up enough that when Kubica completed his stop, he joined the circuit ahead of them, adding his name to the list of drivers Alonso needed to pass in order to win the World Championship. Sebastian Vettel won the race, with the McLarens second and third. Alonso was unable to find a way past Petrov and so finished seventh, handing the title to Vettel by four points. Abu Dhabi was the first time Sebastian Vettel had led the 2010 World Championship.{{cite web\|title\=Vettel claims Formula One world title after Abu Dhabi triumph\|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/motorsport/11/14/abu.dhabi.vettel.title.alonso/index.html\|work\=CNN International\|publisher\=\[\[CNN]]\|date\=15 November 2010\|access\-date\=19 November 2010\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101118064053/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/motorsport/11/14/abu.dhabi.vettel.title.alonso/index.html\| archive\-date\= 18 November 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} Only twice before in the history of Formula One had the Drivers' World Champion led the championship only for the last race: in {{F1\|1964}} and {{F1\|1976}}.
{{Clear}}
|
[
"Report\n------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[Michael Schumacher](/wiki/Michael_Schumacher \"Michael Schumacher\") returned to the grid with the [Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One \"Mercedes-Benz in Formula One\") team after coming out of retirement.](/wiki/File:Schumacher_British_GP_2010.jpg \"Schumacher British GP 2010.jpg\")",
"The 2010 season saw the debut of three new teams, [Virgin](/wiki/Virgin_Racing \"Virgin Racing\"), [Lotus](/wiki/Team_Lotus_%282010%E2%80%9311%29 \"Team Lotus (2010–11)\") and [Hispania](/wiki/Hispania_Racing \"Hispania Racing\"). The teams were often more than three seconds per lap slower than the established teams. After fighting reliability issues early in the season, the three teams soon established themselves with Lotus leading the way, their best result being a twelfth place for Heikki Kovalainen in Japan. Virgin struggled after discovering their fuel tank was too small, forcing them to push their development schedule back five races in order to build a car that could finish the race. Hispania were the slowest of the three, and by mid\\-season were rotating their drivers on a regular basis, but a pair of fourteenth places by [Karun Chandhok](/wiki/Karun_Chandhok \"Karun Chandhok\") in Australia and Monaco put the team ahead of Virgin in the Constructors' Championship for most of the season.",
"In stark contrast to {{F1\\|2009}}, no one driver emerged as dominant in the early stages of the 2010 season. [Fernando Alonso](/wiki/Fernando_Alonso \"Fernando Alonso\") won the opening race of the season in [Bahrain](/wiki/2010_Bahrain_Grand_Prix \"2010 Bahrain Grand Prix\") after [Sebastian Vettel](/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel \"Sebastian Vettel\")'s engine misfired, with Alonso becoming just the sixth [Ferrari](/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari \"Scuderia Ferrari\") driver to win on debut for the Italian team. Reigning World Champion [Jenson Button](/wiki/Jenson_Button \"Jenson Button\") claimed victory in [Australia](/wiki/2010_Australian_Grand_Prix \"2010 Australian Grand Prix\") for the second year in succession, whilst Vettel won in [Malaysia](/wiki/2010_Malaysian_Grand_Prix \"2010 Malaysian Grand Prix\"), setting up a unique situation that would last for the rest of the season whereby no driver would win a race while leading the World Championship.\n[thumb\\|[Nico Rosberg](/wiki/Nico_Rosberg \"Nico Rosberg\") consistently out\\-performed his teammate [Michael Schumacher](/wiki/Michael_Schumacher \"Michael Schumacher\").](/wiki/File:Nico_Rosberg_2010_Japan_Race.jpg \"Nico Rosberg 2010 Japan Race.jpg\")\nButton became the first driver to win more than one race with victory in [China](/wiki/2010_Chinese_Grand_Prix \"2010 Chinese Grand Prix\"), but [Mark Webber](/wiki/Mark_Webber_%28racing_driver%29 \"Mark Webber (racing driver)\") would be the first to take back\\-to\\-back victories with wins in [Spain](/wiki/2010_Spanish_Grand_Prix \"2010 Spanish Grand Prix\") and [Monaco](/wiki/2010_Monaco_Grand_Prix \"2010 Monaco Grand Prix\"). Webber was leading the {{F1 GP\\|2010\\|Turkish}} when teammate Vettel attempted a pass on lap 40 that ended with the two [Red Bulls](/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing \"Red Bull Racing\") colliding; Vettel retired whilst Webber recovered to finish third behind eventual race winner [Lewis Hamilton](/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton \"Lewis Hamilton\") and Jenson Button. Hamilton would match Webber's feat of back\\-to\\-back victories by claiming first place in [Canada](/wiki/2010_Canadian_Grand_Prix \"2010 Canadian Grand Prix\").\n[thumb\\|left\\|Reigning World Champion [Jenson Button](/wiki/Jenson_Button \"Jenson Button\") scored his first victory for [McLaren](/wiki/McLaren \"McLaren\") in [Australia](/wiki/2010_Australian_Grand_Prix \"2010 Australian Grand Prix\").](/wiki/File:Jenson_Button_2010_Belgium.jpg \"Jenson Button 2010 Belgium.jpg\")[thumb\\|right\\|[Lewis Hamilton](/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton \"Lewis Hamilton\") leading [Sebastian Vettel](/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel \"Sebastian Vettel\") and [Fernando Alonso](/wiki/Fernando_Alonso \"Fernando Alonso\") at the {{F1 GP\\|2010\\|Canadian}}. Hamilton won the race to take the Drivers' Championship lead.](/wiki/File:2010_Canadian_GP_opening_lap_%28cropped%29.jpg \"2010 Canadian GP opening lap (cropped).jpg\")\nThe middle of the season saw controversy, starting at the {{F1 GP\\|2010\\|European}} in [Valencia](/wiki/Valencia_Street_Circuit \"Valencia Street Circuit\") following a disputed safety car ruling. Mark Webber collided with [Heikki Kovalainen](/wiki/Heikki_Kovalainen \"Heikki Kovalainen\") at the fastest point on the circuit, the collision destroying Webber's front wing and launching Webber into a somersault. The safety car was deployed immediately, joining the circuit behind race leader Vettel, but ahead of then\\-second placed Hamilton and the Ferraris of Alonso and [Felipe Massa](/wiki/Felipe_Massa \"Felipe Massa\"). Hamilton overtook the safety car as it emerged from the pit lane but after it had crossed the safety car control line. It took the race stewards twenty minutes to pass verdict on the infringement, and while Hamilton was issued with a drive\\-through penalty for his actions, it had little effect as he was already well clear of the rest of the field.",
"The {{F1 GP\\|2010\\|British}} marked the halfway point of the season and saw further tensions within Red Bull. Team principal [Christian Horner](/wiki/Christian_Horner \"Christian Horner\") removed the team's new front wing from Webber's car and placed it on Vettel's for qualifying and the race, after the German driver's wing was damaged in the final practice session. Webber won the race after passing Vettel from second off the start, who then developed a puncture on the first lap and was forced to pit.{{cite news\\|title\\=Red Bull civil war playing into Button and Hamilton's hands at McLaren\\|url\\=http://www.sportingo.com/motorsport/a13691\\_red\\-bull\\-civil\\-war\\-playing\\-into\\-button\\-hamiltons\\-hands\\-mclaren\\|first\\=Phil\\|last\\=Lythell\\|work\\=Sportingo\\|date\\=12 July 2010\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231110831/http://www.sportingo.com/motorsport/a13691\\_red\\-bull\\-civil\\-war\\-playing\\-into\\-button\\-hamiltons\\-hands\\-mclaren\\| archive\\-date\\=31 December 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"The {{F1 GP\\|2010\\|German}} saw a return to form for Ferrari, with both Alonso and Massa quickest over the course of the race meeting. On the anniversary of [his accident](/wiki/2009_Hungarian_Grand_Prix \"2009 Hungarian Grand Prix\"), Felipe Massa led most of the race before a message from the Ferrari pit appeared to be a coded instruction telling Massa to move over and let Alonso through, granting Alonso seven extra World Championship points for his ultimate win. Ferrari were fined [US$](/wiki/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\")100,000 for the use of team orders to deliberately alter the outcome of a race and faced further sanctions at a meeting of the [FIA World Motor Sport Council](/wiki/FIA_World_Motor_Sport_Council \"FIA World Motor Sport Council\") in September where they face charges of bringing the sport into disrepute, though the hearing would ultimately acquit Ferrari on the grounds of a lack of evidence.\n[thumb\\|left\\|[Sebastian Vettel](/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel \"Sebastian Vettel\") won three of the last four races, winning the championship in [Abu Dhabi](/wiki/2010_Abu_Dhabi_Grand_Prix \"2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix\").](/wiki/File:Sebastian_Vettel_2010_Britain.jpg \"Sebastian Vettel 2010 Britain.jpg\")\nAfter finishing sixth in Germany, Webber won again in [Hungary](/wiki/2010_Hungarian_Grand_Prix \"2010 Hungarian Grand Prix\") after Vettel broke an obscure safety car rule and was issued with a drive\\-through penalty that demoted him to third, while Lewis Hamilton won a wet {{F1 GP\\|2010\\|Belgian}} from Mark Webber and [Robert Kubica](/wiki/Robert_Kubica \"Robert Kubica\") while Vettel was involved in a collision with Button that eliminated the incumbent World Champion whilst Vettel was handed his second drive\\-through penalty in as many races. Fernando Alonso retired after a mistake in the wet. The European season ended in [Italy](/wiki/2010_Italian_Grand_Prix \"2010 Italian Grand Prix\"), with Alonso claiming his third victory of the season and adding a fourth to his tally – and his first [Grand Slam](/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_driver_records%23Grand_Slam \"List of Formula One driver records#Grand Slam\") – in [Singapore](/wiki/2010_Singapore_Grand_Prix \"2010 Singapore Grand Prix\").",
"Red Bull reasserted their dominance in [Japan](/wiki/2010_Japanese_Grand_Prix \"2010 Japanese Grand Prix\"), with Vettel winning comfortably from Webber and Alonso third. They were prepared to continue their performance in a rain\\-delayed {{F1 GP\\|2010\\|Korean}}, but an early accident eliminated Webber and a late engine failure for Vettel handed the victory to Alonso. [Nico Hülkenberg](/wiki/Nico_H%C3%BClkenberg \"Nico Hülkenberg\") claimed his maiden pole position for [Williams](/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering \"Williams Grand Prix Engineering\") by over a second in changing conditions in [Brazil](/wiki/2010_Brazilian_Grand_Prix \"2010 Brazilian Grand Prix\"), but Red Bull went on to claim their fourth 1–2 finish of the season, claiming enough points to be declared [World Constructors' Champion](/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_World_Constructors%27_Champions \"List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions\") in just their sixth year of competition.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|There were a record [10 changes of leadership](/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_driver_records%23Other_driver_records \"List of Formula One driver records#Other driver records\") in the title race, variously led by every top\\-6 finisher *except* Vettel, who eventually took the championship victory in the last race.](/wiki/File:Comp_for_2010_f1_wc.svg \"Comp for 2010 f1 wc.svg\")",
"In the week leading up to the [final race](/wiki/2010_Abu_Dhabi_Grand_Prix \"2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix\") of the season, Red Bull repeated their intentions not to use team orders, a decision they were widely criticised for as allowing Mark Webber to finish ahead of Sebastian Vettel would have meant he trailed Fernando Alonso by just one point ahead of the race in Abu Dhabi. However, the Australian struggled to find speed across the weekend, qualifying behind Alonso and unable to find a way past the Ferrari driver for most of the race. Like Webber, Alonso had opted for an early pit stop in his tyre strategy, but emerged behind Russian rookie [Vitaly Petrov](/wiki/Vitaly_Petrov \"Vitaly Petrov\"). Taking into account the cars ahead of them that had yet to stop, this meant that Alonso would be running sixth on the road when he needed to finish fourth to claim the title.",
"McLaren's Jenson Button took the lead of the race when Sebastian Vettel pitted, the 2009 World Champion attempting to extend his lead enough to avoid a costly encounter with [Robert Kubica](/wiki/Robert_Kubica \"Robert Kubica\") after Lewis Hamilton got caught behind the Renault driver; passing Kubica would give him a chance to catch Vettel, who would resume the lead when Button pitted. Button needed a lead of twenty\\-two seconds to rejoin the circuit ahead of Kubica and Hamilton, but Kubica was able to match him on lap times and McLaren were forced to pit Button, who rejoined fourth behind his teammate, becoming third when Kubica pitted. While Kubica was expected to rejoin somewhere behind Mark Webber, Vitaly Petrov had held Webber and Alonso up enough that when Kubica completed his stop, he joined the circuit ahead of them, adding his name to the list of drivers Alonso needed to pass in order to win the World Championship. Sebastian Vettel won the race, with the McLarens second and third. Alonso was unable to find a way past Petrov and so finished seventh, handing the title to Vettel by four points. Abu Dhabi was the first time Sebastian Vettel had led the 2010 World Championship.{{cite web\\|title\\=Vettel claims Formula One world title after Abu Dhabi triumph\\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/motorsport/11/14/abu.dhabi.vettel.title.alonso/index.html\\|work\\=CNN International\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CNN]]\\|date\\=15 November 2010\\|access\\-date\\=19 November 2010\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101118064053/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/motorsport/11/14/abu.dhabi.vettel.title.alonso/index.html\\| archive\\-date\\= 18 November 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Only twice before in the history of Formula One had the Drivers' World Champion led the championship only for the last race: in {{F1\\|1964}} and {{F1\\|1976}}.\n{{Clear}}",
""
] |
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