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The artistamp creation process ------------------------------ [thumb\|300px\|"Stamp Mint Sheet" by Aleksandr Zolotov, 2009](/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9A_%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9A.jpg "БЛОК МАРОК.jpg") [thumb\|200px\|right\|"Artistamp Book" Issue by mail artist Post 1211\. The sheet was printed using a laser printer and was perforated using a "Whizbang" perforator.](/wiki/File:Post_1211_Mail_Art_Review_Issue.jpg "Post 1211 Mail Art Review Issue.jpg") Artistamps are created as one\-off works of art, in [limited editions](/wiki/Limited_Edition_Art_Print "Limited Edition Art Print"), or as mass\-produced product. Artistamps have been produced as multiples of one design per sheet; a multitude of designs per page; as [miniature sheets](/wiki/Miniature_sheet "Miniature sheet") with a decorative or inclusive border; in booklets; or any combination/size/shape the artist chooses. Techniques for the creation of artistamps may include perforating the paper to resemble a traditional perforated stamp, as well as applying [gum](/wiki/Postage_stamp_gum "Postage stamp gum") to the reverse side of the paper. [Self\-adhesive](/wiki/Self-adhesive_stamp "Self-adhesive stamp") paper is also used. The image represented on the stamp may be hand\-drawn or painted, [lithographed](/wiki/Lithography "Lithography") or [offset\-printed](/wiki/Offset_printing "Offset printing"), [photographed](/wiki/Photography "Photography"), [photocopied](/wiki/Photocopier "Photocopier"), [etched](/wiki/Etching "Etching"), [engraved](/wiki/Engraving "Engraving"), [silk\-screened](/wiki/Serigraphy "Serigraphy"), [rubber stamped](/wiki/Rubber_stamp "Rubber stamp"), or produced on a digital [inkjet](/wiki/Inkjet_printer "Inkjet printer") or [laser](/wiki/Laser_printer "Laser printer") printer. While the method of production is entirely the choice of the artist, creators who exclusively or primarily use rubber stamps are occasionally held in contempt by members of the artistamp community, some of whom refer to such producers as "bunny\-stampers." The [personal computer](/wiki/Personal_computer "Personal computer"), personal printer and color photocopier have served to democratize the means of production of artistamps. It is no coincidence that the early 1980s explosion in artistamp creation paralleled the development and widespread use of color photocopiers, and that a similar surge followed the ubiquity of personal computers and inexpensive color printers. Still, the lack of workable, widely available, cheap and accessible perforators have limited the number of artists who can create convincing simulacra of traditional perforated stamps. Makers of artistamps sometimes apply [cancellations](/wiki/Cancellation_%28mail%29 "Cancellation (mail)") to the stamps when affixing them to [covers](/wiki/Cover_%28philately%29 "Cover (philately)"); [first day of issue](/wiki/First_day_of_issue "First day of issue") covers for artistamps also exist. The rise of the [Internet](/wiki/Internet "Internet") has seen the development of the concept of the so\-called cyberstamp, a digital\-only stamp\-like image designed primarily to be viewed online and often sent with [e\-mail](/wiki/E-mail "E-mail"). Cyberstamps also allow the use of [animated imagery](/wiki/Animation "Animation"). Whether a digital image, however, can be considered a "stamp" at all is a matter of dispute. Artists working in the stamp art medium often employ fixed\-line perforators as part of the creation process. Most functional and sought\-after of these machines are cast\-iron, pedal\-operated devices manufactured beginning in the 1880s by bindery equipment makers like F.P Rosback Co. and Latham Machinery Co. Rosback also produced table\-top perforators, but surviving models are exceedingly rare. Other methods for perforating paper to resemble stamp sheets have generally proven unsatisfactory. Such alternative methods used include using sewing machines, sewing pounces, leather punches, modified veterinary needles, and speciality scissors. Some owners of pedal\-operated or motorized perforators sell pre\-perforated paper and offer perforating services for a fee. In 2018, postage stamp designer and mail art aficionado Niko Courtelis launched The Portland Stamp Company with his partners in [Plazm](/wiki/Plazm_%28magazine%29 "Plazm (magazine)"). Artists were enabled to purchase blank, perforated, lick\-and\-stick stamps or to have their artwork printed on custom stamps at larger scale. Writing in [Print magazine](/wiki/Print_%28magazine%29 "Print (magazine)"), design critic [Steven Heller](/wiki/Steven_Heller_%28design_writer%29 "Steven Heller (design writer)") described The Portland Stamp Company's work as making stamps "the old\-fashioned way \- with perfs and glued backs."{{cite web \|last1\=Heller \|first1\=Steven \|title\=The Daily Heller: Lick and Stick \|url\=https://www.printmag.com/post/the\-daily\-heller\-lick\-and\-stick?postId\=5f47a963d32f1a0017b42ccc \|website\=Print magazine \|publisher\=Print magazine \|accessdate\=28 September 2020 \|date\=2 September 2020}} In 2005 and 2006, a machinist operating under the name "Dr. Arcane" (Adrian West) manufactured and sold about 20 "Whizbang" perforators. These table\-top devices worked well, but were reportedly fragile. In 2020, ten updated versions of the Whizbang perforator were offered by Dr. Arcane for sale on the International Union of Mail\-Artists (IUOMA) forum. The new perforator has a solid metal frame that replaced the wooden frame designs of the 2005 and 2006 versions. {{cite web\| url \= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=hJzGE\_NZaQQ\&t\=3s\| title \= TheWhizbang\| last \= West\| first \= Adrian\| date \= September 11, 2020\| website \= Youtube\| access\-date \= June 13, 2024}}{{cite web\| url \= https://iuoma\-network.ning.com/profile/DrArcane\| title \= The New Whizbang\| last \= West\| first \= Adrian\| date \= September 23, 2020\| website \= International Union of Mail\-Artists\| access\-date \= June 13, 2024}}{{citation needed\|date\=November 2012}} In 2004, the International Brotherhood of Perforator Workers (IBPW), an organization based in Washington, D.C., was established to represent the interests of artists owning and/or operating perforators in the creation of stamp art.{{citation needed\|date\=November 2012}}
[ "The artistamp creation process\n------------------------------", "[thumb\\|300px\\|\"Stamp Mint Sheet\" by Aleksandr Zolotov, 2009](/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9A_%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9A.jpg \"БЛОК МАРОК.jpg\")", "[thumb\\|200px\\|right\\|\"Artistamp Book\" Issue by mail artist Post 1211\\. The sheet was printed using a laser printer and was perforated using a \"Whizbang\" perforator.](/wiki/File:Post_1211_Mail_Art_Review_Issue.jpg \"Post 1211 Mail Art Review Issue.jpg\")", "Artistamps are created as one\\-off works of art, in [limited editions](/wiki/Limited_Edition_Art_Print \"Limited Edition Art Print\"), or as mass\\-produced product. Artistamps have been produced as multiples of one design per sheet; a multitude of designs per page; as [miniature sheets](/wiki/Miniature_sheet \"Miniature sheet\") with a decorative or inclusive border; in booklets; or any combination/size/shape the artist chooses.", "Techniques for the creation of artistamps may include perforating the paper to resemble a traditional perforated stamp, as well as applying [gum](/wiki/Postage_stamp_gum \"Postage stamp gum\") to the reverse side of the paper. [Self\\-adhesive](/wiki/Self-adhesive_stamp \"Self-adhesive stamp\") paper is also used. The image represented on the stamp may be hand\\-drawn or painted, [lithographed](/wiki/Lithography \"Lithography\") or [offset\\-printed](/wiki/Offset_printing \"Offset printing\"), [photographed](/wiki/Photography \"Photography\"), [photocopied](/wiki/Photocopier \"Photocopier\"), [etched](/wiki/Etching \"Etching\"), [engraved](/wiki/Engraving \"Engraving\"), [silk\\-screened](/wiki/Serigraphy \"Serigraphy\"), [rubber stamped](/wiki/Rubber_stamp \"Rubber stamp\"), or produced on a digital [inkjet](/wiki/Inkjet_printer \"Inkjet printer\") or [laser](/wiki/Laser_printer \"Laser printer\") printer. While the method of production is entirely the choice of the artist, creators who exclusively or primarily use rubber stamps are occasionally held in contempt by members of the artistamp community, some of whom refer to such producers as \"bunny\\-stampers.\"", "The [personal computer](/wiki/Personal_computer \"Personal computer\"), personal printer and color photocopier have served to democratize the means of production of artistamps. It is no coincidence that the early 1980s explosion in artistamp creation paralleled the development and widespread use of color photocopiers, and that a similar surge followed the ubiquity of personal computers and inexpensive color printers. Still, the lack of workable, widely available, cheap and accessible perforators have limited the number of artists who can create convincing simulacra of traditional perforated stamps.", "Makers of artistamps sometimes apply [cancellations](/wiki/Cancellation_%28mail%29 \"Cancellation (mail)\") to the stamps when affixing them to [covers](/wiki/Cover_%28philately%29 \"Cover (philately)\"); [first day of issue](/wiki/First_day_of_issue \"First day of issue\") covers for artistamps also exist.", "The rise of the [Internet](/wiki/Internet \"Internet\") has seen the development of the concept of the so\\-called cyberstamp, a digital\\-only stamp\\-like image designed primarily to be viewed online and often sent with [e\\-mail](/wiki/E-mail \"E-mail\"). Cyberstamps also allow the use of [animated imagery](/wiki/Animation \"Animation\"). Whether a digital image, however, can be considered a \"stamp\" at all is a matter of dispute.", "Artists working in the stamp art medium often employ fixed\\-line perforators as part of the creation process. Most functional and sought\\-after of these machines are cast\\-iron, pedal\\-operated devices manufactured beginning in the 1880s by bindery equipment makers like F.P Rosback Co. and Latham Machinery Co. Rosback also produced table\\-top perforators, but surviving models are exceedingly rare. Other methods for perforating paper to resemble stamp sheets have generally proven unsatisfactory. Such alternative methods used include using sewing machines, sewing pounces, leather punches, modified veterinary needles, and speciality scissors. Some owners of pedal\\-operated or motorized perforators sell pre\\-perforated paper and offer perforating services for a fee.", "In 2018, postage stamp designer and mail art aficionado Niko Courtelis launched The Portland Stamp Company with his partners in [Plazm](/wiki/Plazm_%28magazine%29 \"Plazm (magazine)\"). Artists were enabled to purchase blank, perforated, lick\\-and\\-stick stamps or to have their artwork printed on custom stamps at larger scale. Writing in [Print magazine](/wiki/Print_%28magazine%29 \"Print (magazine)\"), design critic [Steven Heller](/wiki/Steven_Heller_%28design_writer%29 \"Steven Heller (design writer)\") described The Portland Stamp Company's work as making stamps \"the old\\-fashioned way \\- with perfs and glued backs.\"{{cite web \\|last1\\=Heller \\|first1\\=Steven \\|title\\=The Daily Heller: Lick and Stick \\|url\\=https://www.printmag.com/post/the\\-daily\\-heller\\-lick\\-and\\-stick?postId\\=5f47a963d32f1a0017b42ccc \\|website\\=Print magazine \\|publisher\\=Print magazine \\|accessdate\\=28 September 2020 \\|date\\=2 September 2020}}", "In 2005 and 2006, a machinist operating under the name \"Dr. Arcane\" (Adrian West) manufactured and sold about 20 \"Whizbang\" perforators. These table\\-top devices worked well, but were reportedly fragile. In 2020, ten updated versions of the Whizbang perforator were offered by Dr. Arcane for sale on the International Union of Mail\\-Artists (IUOMA) forum. The new perforator has a solid metal frame that replaced the wooden frame designs of the 2005 and 2006 versions.\n{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=hJzGE\\_NZaQQ\\&t\\=3s\\| title \\= TheWhizbang\\| last \\= West\\| first \\= Adrian\\| date \\= September 11, 2020\\| website \\= Youtube\\| access\\-date \\= June 13, 2024}}{{cite web\\| url \\= https://iuoma\\-network.ning.com/profile/DrArcane\\| title \\= The New Whizbang\\| last \\= West\\| first \\= Adrian\\| date \\= September 23, 2020\\| website \\= International Union of Mail\\-Artists\\| access\\-date \\= June 13, 2024}}{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2012}}", "In 2004, the International Brotherhood of Perforator Workers (IBPW), an organization based in Washington, D.C., was established to represent the interests of artists owning and/or operating perforators in the creation of stamp art.{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2012}}", "" ]
Plot summary ------------ The story is set in Padua, Italy, in a distant and unspecified past, possibly in the sixteenth century, after the [Paduan Botanical Garden](/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Padova "Orto botanico di Padova") had been founded.[Survey of Criticism](https://archive.vcu.edu/english/engweb/eng372/rappcrit.htm) of "Rappaccini's Daughter" by Nathaniel Hawthorne, by Laura Stallman, VCU, 1995 Giovanni Guasconti, a young student recently arrived from [Naples](/wiki/Naples "Naples"), [Southern Italy](/wiki/Southern_Italy "Southern Italy"), to study at the [University of Padua](/wiki/University_of_Padua "University of Padua"), is renting a room in an ancient building that still exhibits the [Coat of Arms](/wiki/Coat_of_Arms "Coat of Arms") of the once\-great, long since extinct Scrovegni family. Giovanni has studied [Dante Alighieri](/wiki/Dante_Alighieri "Dante Alighieri")'s [Divine Comedy](/wiki/Divine_Comedy "Divine Comedy") and remembers that an ancestor of the Scrovegni, [Reginaldo degli Scrovegni](/wiki/Reginaldo_degli_Scrovegni "Reginaldo degli Scrovegni"), appears in Dante's [Hell](/wiki/Inferno_%28Dante%29 "Inferno (Dante)"), as a [usurer](/wiki/Usury "Usury") and a sinner against Nature and Art ([Canto XVII:64\-75](/wiki/s:Divine_Comedy_%28Longfellow_1867%29/Volume_1/Canto_17 "Divine Comedy (Longfellow 1867)/Volume 1/Canto 17")). From his quarters, Giovanni looks at Beatrice, the beautiful daughter of Dr. Giacomo Rappaccini, a [botanist](/wiki/Botanist "Botanist") who works in isolation. Beatrice is confined to the lush and locked gardens, which are filled with exotic poisonous plants grown by her father. Having fallen in love, Giovanni enters the garden and secretly meets with Beatrice a number of times, while ignoring his mentor, Professor Pietro Baglioni. Professor Baglioni is a rival of Dr. Rappaccini and he warns Giovanni that Rappaccini is devious and that he and his work should be avoided. Giovanni notices Beatrice's strangely intimate relationship with the plants as well as the withering of fresh regular flowers and the death of an insect when exposed to her skin or breath. On one occasion, Beatrice embraces a plant in a way that she seems part of the plant itself; then she talks to the plant, "Give me thy breath, my sister, for I am faint with common air." Giovanni eventually realizes that Beatrice, having been raised in the presence of poison, has developed an immunity and has become poisonous herself. A gentle touch of her hand leaves a purple print on his wrist. Beatrice urges Giovanni to look past her poisonous exterior and see her pure and innocent essence, creating great feelings of doubt and confusion in Giovanni. In the end, Giovanni becomes poisonous himself: insects die when they come into contact with his breath. Giovanni is troubled by this, which he sees as a curse, and he blames Beatrice. Professor Baglioni gives him an antidote to cure Beatrice and free her from her father's cruel experiment. However, when Beatrice drinks the antidote, she becomes sick and dies. Before realizing that Beatrice is dying, Dr. Rappaccini excitedly welcomes the love between his two creatures, his daughter and her suitor, Giovanni, who has been transformed so that he can now be a true and worthy companion to Beatrice. While Beatrice is dying, Professor Baglioni looks down from a window into the garden and triumphantly shouts "Rappaccini! Rappaccini! and is THIS the upshot of your experiment!"
[ "Plot summary\n------------", "The story is set in Padua, Italy, in a distant and unspecified past, possibly in the sixteenth century, after the [Paduan Botanical Garden](/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Padova \"Orto botanico di Padova\") had been founded.[Survey of Criticism](https://archive.vcu.edu/english/engweb/eng372/rappcrit.htm) of \"Rappaccini's Daughter\" by Nathaniel Hawthorne, by Laura Stallman, VCU, 1995", "Giovanni Guasconti, a young student recently arrived from [Naples](/wiki/Naples \"Naples\"), [Southern Italy](/wiki/Southern_Italy \"Southern Italy\"), to study at the [University of Padua](/wiki/University_of_Padua \"University of Padua\"), is renting a room in an ancient building that still exhibits the [Coat of Arms](/wiki/Coat_of_Arms \"Coat of Arms\") of the once\\-great, long since extinct Scrovegni family. Giovanni has studied [Dante Alighieri](/wiki/Dante_Alighieri \"Dante Alighieri\")'s [Divine Comedy](/wiki/Divine_Comedy \"Divine Comedy\") and remembers that an ancestor of the Scrovegni, [Reginaldo degli Scrovegni](/wiki/Reginaldo_degli_Scrovegni \"Reginaldo degli Scrovegni\"), appears in Dante's [Hell](/wiki/Inferno_%28Dante%29 \"Inferno (Dante)\"), as a [usurer](/wiki/Usury \"Usury\") and a sinner against Nature and Art ([Canto XVII:64\\-75](/wiki/s:Divine_Comedy_%28Longfellow_1867%29/Volume_1/Canto_17 \"Divine Comedy (Longfellow 1867)/Volume 1/Canto 17\")).", "From his quarters, Giovanni looks at Beatrice, the beautiful daughter of Dr. Giacomo Rappaccini, a [botanist](/wiki/Botanist \"Botanist\") who works in isolation. Beatrice is confined to the lush and locked gardens, which are filled with exotic poisonous plants grown by her father.", "Having fallen in love, Giovanni enters the garden and secretly meets with Beatrice a number of times, while ignoring his mentor, Professor Pietro Baglioni. Professor Baglioni is a rival of Dr. Rappaccini and he warns Giovanni that Rappaccini is devious and that he and his work should be avoided.", "Giovanni notices Beatrice's strangely intimate relationship with the plants as well as the withering of fresh regular flowers and the death of an insect when exposed to her skin or breath. On one occasion, Beatrice embraces a plant in a way that she seems part of the plant itself; then she talks to the plant, \"Give me thy breath, my sister, for I am faint with common air.\"", "Giovanni eventually realizes that Beatrice, having been raised in the presence of poison, has developed an immunity and has become poisonous herself. A gentle touch of her hand leaves a purple print on his wrist. Beatrice urges Giovanni to look past her poisonous exterior and see her pure and innocent essence, creating great feelings of doubt and confusion in Giovanni.", "In the end, Giovanni becomes poisonous himself: insects die when they come into contact with his breath. Giovanni is troubled by this, which he sees as a curse, and he blames Beatrice.", "Professor Baglioni gives him an antidote to cure Beatrice and free her from her father's cruel experiment. However, when Beatrice drinks the antidote, she becomes sick and dies.", "Before realizing that Beatrice is dying, Dr. Rappaccini excitedly welcomes the love between his two creatures, his daughter and her suitor, Giovanni, who has been transformed so that he can now be a true and worthy companion to Beatrice.", "While Beatrice is dying, Professor Baglioni looks down from a window into the garden and triumphantly shouts \"Rappaccini! Rappaccini! and is THIS the upshot of your experiment!\"", "" ]
Eynesbury residential development --------------------------------- A $400 million residential subdivision called 'Eynesbury Township' was controversially approved in 2002 by the [Victorian Government](/wiki/Victoria_State_Government "Victoria State Government") after planning documents were lodged in 2000\.{{cite web \|title\=Eynesbury \|url\=https://www.victorianplaces.com.au/eynesbury \|website\=Victorian Places \|publisher\=Monash University \|access\-date\=29 January 2020}}{{cite news \|title\=Melbourne's green lungs fight for breath \|url\=https://www.theage.com.au/national/melbournes\-green\-lungs\-fight\-for\-breath\-20020603\-gdu9k5\.html \|access\-date\=29 January 2020 \|work\=The Age \|date\=3 June 2002 \|language\=en}} Its total land area is 7,896 ha, with 1,224 ha (or 16 percent) allocated to development with approximately 4,500 lots. All residential lots became part of the Eynesbury Owners Corporation PS543210K. ### Controversy 132 environmental and community groups criticised the approval of a large residential development in a 'Green Wedge Zone', a planning control intended to protect and conserve existing flora and fauna in and around Greater Melbourne. Concerns in particular were raised about the ecologically significant grey box forest, which is home to several endangered species.{{cite web \|title\=Government Green Light for Destruction of Green Wedges \|url\=http://www.marvellousmelbourne.org.au/drupal1/?q\=node/847 \|website\=Marvellous Melbourne \|publisher\=Green Wedges Coalition \|access\-date\=29 January 2020}} A coalition of legal, community and environmental groups appealed to the [Commonwealth Government](/wiki/Government_of_Australia "Government of Australia") to overturn the development approval. The grounds for the appeal were that the development would threaten several endangered species, including the [golden sun moth](/wiki/Synemon_plana "Synemon plana"), [southern brown bandicoot](/wiki/Southern_brown_bandicoot "Southern brown bandicoot") and [growling grass frog](/wiki/Growling_grass_frog "Growling grass frog").{{cite news \|last1\=Canberra \|first1\=Nassim Khadem \|title\=Housing ruling stirs parrot row \|url\=https://www.theage.com.au/national/housing\-ruling\-stirs\-parrot\-row\-20060412\-ge24ar.html \|access\-date\=29 January 2020 \|work\=The Age \|date\=12 April 2006 \|language\=en}} An independent consultant's report found significant populations of these species.{{cite news \|last1\=Khadem \|first1\=Nassim \|title\=What's good for the bird's good for the sun moth \|url\=https://www.theage.com.au/national/whats\-good\-for\-the\-birds\-good\-for\-the\-sun\-moth\-20060408\-ge23k8\.html \|access\-date\=29 January 2020 \|work\=The Age \|date\=8 April 2006 \|language\=en}} The [Prime Minister of Australia](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia "Prime Minister of Australia"), [John Howard](/wiki/John_Howard "John Howard"), referred it to the Federal Minister for the Environment, [Ian Campbell](/wiki/Ian_Campbell_%28Australian_politician%29 "Ian Campbell (Australian politician)"). He ascertained that the project did not require approval from the Commonwealth and allowed the development to proceed. ### Development In 2007, Woodhouse Developments Pty Ltd and Villa World (Vic) Pty Ltd lodged documentation to commence construction.{{cite web \|title\=Notification of exclusive dealing \- Eynesbury Holdings Pty Ltd \|url\=https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/public\-registers/documents/D07%2B42030\.pdf \|publisher\=Australian Competition and Consumer Commission \|access\-date\=29 January 2020}} Eynesbury houses a wedding reception centre, using the restored Eynesbury Homestead, and an 18\-hole golf course. All buildings are connected to Class A recycled water. This supply is delivered via a controlled 'third pipe' system, completely separate from the regular drinking water. The recycled water system can be used to supply toilets, laundries, wash cars, and irrigate parks and gardens. As of late 2020, Eynesbury had approximately 948 lots, with additional lots in Stages 4 and 11 and the new Stage 5 set to title in the second or third quarter of the financial year. ### Financial issues Eynesbury has gone through several changes of ownership and finance. Both of the original companies, Woodhouse Developments Pty Ltd and Villa World, disposed of their interests in the development over the course of its construction. Several years after construction commenced, Villa World negotiated to sell undeveloped land parcels in the development to Hyde Property Group. The $60 million agreement was made in 2013 but Hyde Property Group defaulted twice on its payments.{{cite news \|last1\=Johanson \|first1\=Simon \|title\=Eynesbury estate and golf course deal in jeopardy \|url\=https://www.theage.com.au/business/companies/eynesbury\-estate\-and\-golf\-course\-deal\-in\-jeopardy\-20151201\-glcd00\.html \|access\-date\=29 January 2020 \|work\=The Age \|date\=1 December 2015 \|language\=en}} It took until 2017 before the dispute was resolved.{{cite news \|last1\=Johanson \|first1\=Simon \|title\=Collapsed Waterford housing estate sold to new developer \|url\=https://www.theage.com.au/business/companies/collapsed\-waterford\-housing\-estate\-sold\-to\-new\-developer\-20170517\-gw6z9c.html \|access\-date\=29 January 2020 \|work\=The Age \|date\=18 May 2017 \|language\=en}} Hyde Property Group soon attempted to subdivide and sell off the estate.{{cite web \|last1\=Johanson \|first1\=Simon \|title\=Part of Eynesbury estate on the market for $120m \|url\=https://www.theage.com.au/business/companies/part\-of\-eynesbury\-estate\-on\-the\-market\-for\-120m\-20170530\-gwgh1q.html \|website\=The Age \|access\-date\=29 January 2020 \|language\=en \|date\=30 May 2017}} However, the company was declared insolvent after it allegedly failed to pay consultants for completed work. Another company, Fucheng Group, also pursued Hyde Property Group in a separate dispute over the sale of land on which the Eynesbury Homestead is located.{{cite news \|last1\=Johanson \|first1\=Simon \|title\=Consultants in legal stoush with Eynesbury Estate \|url\=https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/consultants\-in\-legal\-stoush\-with\-eynesbury\-estate\-20180511\-p4zeqz.html \|access\-date\=29 January 2020 \|work\=The Age\|date\=12 May 2018}} A settlement was reached on the first dispute just before it was due for hearings before the [Supreme Court of Victoria](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria "Supreme Court of Victoria"),{{cite news \|last1\=Johanson \|first1\=Simon \|title\=Bitter court dispute over huge estate west of Melbourne settles \|url\=https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/bitter\-court\-dispute\-over\-huge\-estate\-west\-of\-melbourne\-settles\-20181002\-p507cw.html \|access\-date\=29 January 2020 \|work\=The Sydney Morning Herald \|date\=2 October 2018 \|language\=en}} but the dispute with Fucheng Group has continued and is due to be heard in the Supreme Court of Victoria.{{cite news \|last1\=Lenaghan \|first1\=Nick \|title\=China's billionaire Fucheng goes to court as Victorian land deal sours \|url\=https://www.commercialrealestate.com.au/news/chinas\-billionaire\-fucheng\-goes\-to\-court\-as\-victorian\-land\-deal\-sours\-50738/ \|access\-date\=29 January 2020 \|work\=Commercial Real Estate \|date\=16 April 2019 \|language\=en\-AU}} Soon afterwards in November 2018, another development company, Resimax Group, announced that it would partner with Hyde Property Group to continue the Eynesbury development.{{cite news \|last1\=Lauaki \|first1\=Esther \|title\=Developers unveil Eynesbury bid \|url\=https://www.starweekly.com.au/news/developers\-unveil\-eynesbury\-bid/ \|access\-date\=29 January 2020 \|work\=Star Weekly \|date\=27 November 2018}}{{cite news \|last1\=Lenaghan \|first1\=Nick \|title\=Resimax vaults into Eynesbury land deal \|url\=https://www.afr.com/property/commercial/resimax\-vaults\-into\-eynesbury\-land\-deal\-20181119\-h182eo \|access\-date\=29 January 2020 \|work\=Australian Financial Review \|date\=19 November 2018 \|language\=en}}
[ "Eynesbury residential development\n---------------------------------", "A $400 million residential subdivision called 'Eynesbury Township' was controversially approved in 2002 by the [Victorian Government](/wiki/Victoria_State_Government \"Victoria State Government\") after planning documents were lodged in 2000\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Eynesbury \\|url\\=https://www.victorianplaces.com.au/eynesbury \\|website\\=Victorian Places \\|publisher\\=Monash University \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2020}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Melbourne's green lungs fight for breath \\|url\\=https://www.theage.com.au/national/melbournes\\-green\\-lungs\\-fight\\-for\\-breath\\-20020603\\-gdu9k5\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2020 \\|work\\=The Age \\|date\\=3 June 2002 \\|language\\=en}} Its total land area is 7,896 ha, with 1,224 ha (or 16 percent) allocated to development with approximately 4,500 lots. All residential lots became part of the Eynesbury Owners Corporation PS543210K.", "### Controversy", "132 environmental and community groups criticised the approval of a large residential development in a 'Green Wedge Zone', a planning control intended to protect and conserve existing flora and fauna in and around Greater Melbourne. Concerns in particular were raised about the ecologically significant grey box forest, which is home to several endangered species.{{cite web \\|title\\=Government Green Light for Destruction of Green Wedges \\|url\\=http://www.marvellousmelbourne.org.au/drupal1/?q\\=node/847 \\|website\\=Marvellous Melbourne \\|publisher\\=Green Wedges Coalition \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2020}}", "A coalition of legal, community and environmental groups appealed to the [Commonwealth Government](/wiki/Government_of_Australia \"Government of Australia\") to overturn the development approval. The grounds for the appeal were that the development would threaten several endangered species, including the [golden sun moth](/wiki/Synemon_plana \"Synemon plana\"), [southern brown bandicoot](/wiki/Southern_brown_bandicoot \"Southern brown bandicoot\") and [growling grass frog](/wiki/Growling_grass_frog \"Growling grass frog\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Canberra \\|first1\\=Nassim Khadem \\|title\\=Housing ruling stirs parrot row \\|url\\=https://www.theage.com.au/national/housing\\-ruling\\-stirs\\-parrot\\-row\\-20060412\\-ge24ar.html \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2020 \\|work\\=The Age \\|date\\=12 April 2006 \\|language\\=en}} An independent consultant's report found significant populations of these species.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Khadem \\|first1\\=Nassim \\|title\\=What's good for the bird's good for the sun moth \\|url\\=https://www.theage.com.au/national/whats\\-good\\-for\\-the\\-birds\\-good\\-for\\-the\\-sun\\-moth\\-20060408\\-ge23k8\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2020 \\|work\\=The Age \\|date\\=8 April 2006 \\|language\\=en}} The [Prime Minister of Australia](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia \"Prime Minister of Australia\"), [John Howard](/wiki/John_Howard \"John Howard\"), referred it to the Federal Minister for the Environment, [Ian Campbell](/wiki/Ian_Campbell_%28Australian_politician%29 \"Ian Campbell (Australian politician)\"). He ascertained that the project did not require approval from the Commonwealth and allowed the development to proceed.", "### Development", "In 2007, Woodhouse Developments Pty Ltd and Villa World (Vic) Pty Ltd lodged documentation to commence construction.{{cite web \\|title\\=Notification of exclusive dealing \\- Eynesbury Holdings Pty Ltd \\|url\\=https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/public\\-registers/documents/D07%2B42030\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=Australian Competition and Consumer Commission \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2020}}", "Eynesbury houses a wedding reception centre, using the restored Eynesbury Homestead, and an 18\\-hole golf course. All buildings are connected to Class A recycled water. This supply is delivered via a controlled 'third pipe' system, completely separate from the regular drinking water. The recycled water system can be used to supply toilets, laundries, wash cars, and irrigate parks and gardens.", "As of late 2020, Eynesbury had approximately 948 lots, with additional lots in Stages 4 and 11 and the new Stage 5 set to title in the second or third quarter of the financial year.", "### Financial issues", "Eynesbury has gone through several changes of ownership and finance. Both of the original companies, Woodhouse Developments Pty Ltd and Villa World, disposed of their interests in the development over the course of its construction.", "Several years after construction commenced, Villa World negotiated to sell undeveloped land parcels in the development to Hyde Property Group. The $60 million agreement was made in 2013 but Hyde Property Group defaulted twice on its payments.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Johanson \\|first1\\=Simon \\|title\\=Eynesbury estate and golf course deal in jeopardy \\|url\\=https://www.theage.com.au/business/companies/eynesbury\\-estate\\-and\\-golf\\-course\\-deal\\-in\\-jeopardy\\-20151201\\-glcd00\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2020 \\|work\\=The Age \\|date\\=1 December 2015 \\|language\\=en}} It took until 2017 before the dispute was resolved.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Johanson \\|first1\\=Simon \\|title\\=Collapsed Waterford housing estate sold to new developer \\|url\\=https://www.theage.com.au/business/companies/collapsed\\-waterford\\-housing\\-estate\\-sold\\-to\\-new\\-developer\\-20170517\\-gw6z9c.html \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2020 \\|work\\=The Age \\|date\\=18 May 2017 \\|language\\=en}}", "Hyde Property Group soon attempted to subdivide and sell off the estate.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Johanson \\|first1\\=Simon \\|title\\=Part of Eynesbury estate on the market for $120m \\|url\\=https://www.theage.com.au/business/companies/part\\-of\\-eynesbury\\-estate\\-on\\-the\\-market\\-for\\-120m\\-20170530\\-gwgh1q.html \\|website\\=The Age \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2020 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=30 May 2017}} However, the company was declared insolvent after it allegedly failed to pay consultants for completed work. Another company, Fucheng Group, also pursued Hyde Property Group in a separate dispute over the sale of land on which the Eynesbury Homestead is located.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Johanson \\|first1\\=Simon \\|title\\=Consultants in legal stoush with Eynesbury Estate \\|url\\=https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/consultants\\-in\\-legal\\-stoush\\-with\\-eynesbury\\-estate\\-20180511\\-p4zeqz.html \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2020 \\|work\\=The Age\\|date\\=12 May 2018}} A settlement was reached on the first dispute just before it was due for hearings before the [Supreme Court of Victoria](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria \"Supreme Court of Victoria\"),{{cite news \\|last1\\=Johanson \\|first1\\=Simon \\|title\\=Bitter court dispute over huge estate west of Melbourne settles \\|url\\=https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/bitter\\-court\\-dispute\\-over\\-huge\\-estate\\-west\\-of\\-melbourne\\-settles\\-20181002\\-p507cw.html \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2020 \\|work\\=The Sydney Morning Herald \\|date\\=2 October 2018 \\|language\\=en}} but the dispute with Fucheng Group has continued and is due to be heard in the Supreme Court of Victoria.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Lenaghan \\|first1\\=Nick \\|title\\=China's billionaire Fucheng goes to court as Victorian land deal sours \\|url\\=https://www.commercialrealestate.com.au/news/chinas\\-billionaire\\-fucheng\\-goes\\-to\\-court\\-as\\-victorian\\-land\\-deal\\-sours\\-50738/ \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2020 \\|work\\=Commercial Real Estate \\|date\\=16 April 2019 \\|language\\=en\\-AU}}", "Soon afterwards in November 2018, another development company, Resimax Group, announced that it would partner with Hyde Property Group to continue the Eynesbury development.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Lauaki \\|first1\\=Esther \\|title\\=Developers unveil Eynesbury bid \\|url\\=https://www.starweekly.com.au/news/developers\\-unveil\\-eynesbury\\-bid/ \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2020 \\|work\\=Star Weekly \\|date\\=27 November 2018}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Lenaghan \\|first1\\=Nick \\|title\\=Resimax vaults into Eynesbury land deal \\|url\\=https://www.afr.com/property/commercial/resimax\\-vaults\\-into\\-eynesbury\\-land\\-deal\\-20181119\\-h182eo \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2020 \\|work\\=Australian Financial Review \\|date\\=19 November 2018 \\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
History ------- This government organization was formed after a historical merging of official functions of government institutions. One of its first predecessors is the Philippine Weather Bureau created in 1901{{cite news \|last1\=Soliven \|first1\=Preciosa S. \|title\=The Jesuit Manila Observatory, 1865\-2011 (Part I) \|url\=https://www.philstar.com/test\-microsite\-clone/2011/07/21/708010/jesuit\-manila\-observatory\-1865\-2011\-part\-i \|access\-date\=6 August 2021 \|work\=Philstar.com \|date\=21 July 2011}} when meteorological, seismological and terrestrial magnetic services of the Manila Observatory were transferred from the Roman Catholic Church to the American Colonial Government. It performed earthquake monitoring in the country and has inherited and maintained the early earthquake catalogue at that time. By 1972, the Philippine Weather Bureau was reorganized under Presidential Decree No. 78{{cite web \|title\=PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 78 ESTABLISHING THE PHILIPPINE ATMOSPHERIC GEOPHYSICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION \|url\=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1972/12/08/presidential\-decree\-no\-78\-s\-1972/ \|website\=www.officialgazette.gov.ph \|access\-date\=6 August 2021 \|ref\=8 December 1972}} into the [Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration](/wiki/PAGASA "PAGASA") (PAGASA). A [United Nations Development Programme](/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme "United Nations Development Programme")\-funded project for PAGASA established a twelve\-station earthquake monitoring network in the country. In February 1951, Dr. Jose M. Feliciano, Chair of the Division of Physical and Mathematical Sciences of the National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP) presented a proposal for the creation of a Commission on Volcanology. The eruption of [Mount Hibok\-Hibok](/wiki/Mount_Hibok-Hibok "Mount Hibok-Hibok") in December 1951 and the consequent destruction and loss of lives led to the closer cooperation by the Geology, Seismology, and Volcanology Section, committee on Volcanology of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, to study volcanoes in the Philippines.{{Cite book \|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/502876304 \|title\=NRCP at 75 : bringing great ideas to life. \|date\=2009 \|publisher\=National Research Council of the Philippines \|others\=National Research Council of the Philippines \|isbn\=978\-971\-813\-005\-6 \|location\=Bicutan, Taguig City \|oclc\=502876304}} This collaboration let to the enactment of Republic Act No. 766{{cite web \|date\=20 June 1952 \|title\=Republic Act No. 766 : REPUBLIC ACTS \- PHILIPPINE LAWS STATUTES and CODES \|url\=https://laws.chanrobles.com/republicacts/8\_republicacts.php?id\=770 \|access\-date\=6 August 2021 \|website\=laws.chanrobles.com}} on June 20, 1952 that created the Commission of Volcanology (COMVOL). This Commission was placed under NRCP and its office was initially set up in the College of Liberal Arts in UP Diliman. Under Executive Order No. 784 of March 17, 1982, the umbrella department of COMVOL, the National Science Development Board (NSDB) was reorganized into the National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA), and COMVOL was restructured to become the Philippine Institute of Volcanology or PHIVOLC.{{cite web \|title\=EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 784 REORGANIZING THE NATIONAL SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD AND ITS AGENCIES INTO A NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHORITY AND FOR RELATED PURPOSES \|url\=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1982/03/17/executive\-order\-no\-784\-s\-1982/ \|website\=www.officialgazette.gov.ph \|access\-date\=6 August 2021 \|date\=17 March 1982}} The seismological arm of PAGASA was officially transferred to PHIVOLC{{cite book \|last1\=Bankoff \|first1\=Greg \|title\=Cultures of Disaster: Society and Natural Hazards in the Philippines \|date\=2003 \|publisher\=Psychology Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-7007\-1761\-3 \|page\=84 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=5O8qU49LIzQC\&pg\=PA84 \|access\-date\=6 August 2021 \|language\=en}} on September 17, 1984 through Executive Order No. 984, renaming the institute as the Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology or PHIVOLCS.{{cite web \|title\=EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 984 TRANSFERRING THE PHILIPPINE ATMOSPHERIC, GEOPHYSICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHORITY, PROVIDING FOR ITS REORGANIZATION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES \|url\=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1984/09/17/executive\-order\-no\-984\-s\-1984/ \|website\=www.officialgazette.gov.ph \|access\-date\=6 August 2021 \|date\=17 September 1984}} The NSTA, the umbrella department for PHIVOLCS and PAGASA, became the [Department of Science and Technology](/wiki/Department_of_Science_and_Technology_%28Philippines%29 "Department of Science and Technology (Philippines)") (DOST) in 1987\. The technical staff and the 12\-station earthquake monitoring network was fully integrated to PHIVOLCS in 1988\. PHILVOCS and the [United States Geological Survey](/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey "United States Geological Survey") collaborated during the [1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo](/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo "1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo"). Their forecast provided the timely evacuation of military personnel and residents that were affected by the eruption.{{cite book \|last1\=Rinard Hinga \|first1\=Bethany D. \|title\=Ring of Fire: An Encyclopedia of the Pacific Rim's Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes: An Encyclopedia of the Pacific Rim's Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes \|date\=17 March 2015 \|publisher\=ABC\-CLIO \|isbn\=978\-1\-61069\-297\-7 \|page\=247 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=VHq1BgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA247 \|access\-date\=6 August 2021 \|language\=en}} PHIVOLCS was headed by [Raymundo Punongbayan](/wiki/Raymundo_Punongbayan "Raymundo Punongbayan") from 1982 to 2002,{{cite news \|title\=Raymundo S. Punongbayan, 68; Leading Volcanologist \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2005\-may\-06\-me\-passings6\.2\-story.html \|access\-date\=6 August 2021 \|work\=Los Angeles Times \|date\=6 May 2005}} and it is currently headed by Renato U. Solidum Jr. from 2003 to the 2023\. Dr. Teresito C. Bacolcol was appointed as the new Director and took his oath on January 23, 2023, with Science and Technology Secretary Dr. Renato U. Solidum, Jr. in Quezon City.DOST\-PHIVOLCS. (2023\). [DOST\-PHIVOLCS Names Its New Director](https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/news/17268-dost-phivolcs-names-its-new-director#:~:text=He%20started%20his%20career%20with,since%20its%20inception%20in%201952.).
[ "History\n-------", "This government organization was formed after a historical merging of official functions of government institutions.", "One of its first predecessors is the Philippine Weather Bureau created in 1901{{cite news \\|last1\\=Soliven \\|first1\\=Preciosa S. \\|title\\=The Jesuit Manila Observatory, 1865\\-2011 (Part I) \\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/test\\-microsite\\-clone/2011/07/21/708010/jesuit\\-manila\\-observatory\\-1865\\-2011\\-part\\-i \\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2021 \\|work\\=Philstar.com \\|date\\=21 July 2011}} when meteorological, seismological and terrestrial magnetic services of the Manila Observatory were transferred from the Roman Catholic Church to the American Colonial Government. It performed earthquake monitoring in the country and has inherited and maintained the early earthquake catalogue at that time. By 1972, the Philippine Weather Bureau was reorganized under Presidential Decree No. 78{{cite web \\|title\\=PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 78 ESTABLISHING THE PHILIPPINE ATMOSPHERIC GEOPHYSICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION \\|url\\=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1972/12/08/presidential\\-decree\\-no\\-78\\-s\\-1972/ \\|website\\=www.officialgazette.gov.ph \\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2021 \\|ref\\=8 December 1972}} into the [Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration](/wiki/PAGASA \"PAGASA\") (PAGASA). A [United Nations Development Programme](/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme \"United Nations Development Programme\")\\-funded project for PAGASA established a twelve\\-station earthquake monitoring network in the country.", "In February 1951, Dr. Jose M. Feliciano, Chair of the Division of Physical and Mathematical Sciences of the National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP) presented a proposal for the creation of a Commission on Volcanology. The eruption of [Mount Hibok\\-Hibok](/wiki/Mount_Hibok-Hibok \"Mount Hibok-Hibok\") in December 1951 and the consequent destruction and loss of lives led to the closer cooperation by the Geology, Seismology, and Volcanology Section, committee on Volcanology of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, to study volcanoes in the Philippines.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/502876304 \\|title\\=NRCP at 75 : bringing great ideas to life. \\|date\\=2009 \\|publisher\\=National Research Council of the Philippines \\|others\\=National Research Council of the Philippines \\|isbn\\=978\\-971\\-813\\-005\\-6 \\|location\\=Bicutan, Taguig City \\|oclc\\=502876304}} This collaboration let to the enactment of Republic Act No. 766{{cite web \\|date\\=20 June 1952 \\|title\\=Republic Act No. 766 : REPUBLIC ACTS \\- PHILIPPINE LAWS STATUTES and CODES \\|url\\=https://laws.chanrobles.com/republicacts/8\\_republicacts.php?id\\=770 \\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2021 \\|website\\=laws.chanrobles.com}} on June 20, 1952 that created the Commission of Volcanology (COMVOL). This Commission was placed under NRCP and its office was initially set up in the College of Liberal Arts in UP Diliman. Under Executive Order No. 784 of March 17, 1982, the umbrella department of COMVOL, the National Science Development Board (NSDB) was reorganized into the National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA), and COMVOL was restructured to become the Philippine Institute of Volcanology or PHIVOLC.{{cite web \\|title\\=EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 784 REORGANIZING THE NATIONAL SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD AND ITS AGENCIES INTO A NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHORITY AND FOR RELATED PURPOSES \\|url\\=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1982/03/17/executive\\-order\\-no\\-784\\-s\\-1982/ \\|website\\=www.officialgazette.gov.ph \\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2021 \\|date\\=17 March 1982}}", "The seismological arm of PAGASA was officially transferred to PHIVOLC{{cite book \\|last1\\=Bankoff \\|first1\\=Greg \\|title\\=Cultures of Disaster: Society and Natural Hazards in the Philippines \\|date\\=2003 \\|publisher\\=Psychology Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7007\\-1761\\-3 \\|page\\=84 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=5O8qU49LIzQC\\&pg\\=PA84 \\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2021 \\|language\\=en}} on September 17, 1984 through Executive Order No. 984, renaming the institute as the Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology or PHIVOLCS.{{cite web \\|title\\=EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 984 TRANSFERRING THE PHILIPPINE ATMOSPHERIC, GEOPHYSICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHORITY, PROVIDING FOR ITS REORGANIZATION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES \\|url\\=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1984/09/17/executive\\-order\\-no\\-984\\-s\\-1984/ \\|website\\=www.officialgazette.gov.ph \\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2021 \\|date\\=17 September 1984}} The NSTA, the umbrella department for PHIVOLCS and PAGASA, became the [Department of Science and Technology](/wiki/Department_of_Science_and_Technology_%28Philippines%29 \"Department of Science and Technology (Philippines)\") (DOST) in 1987\\. The technical staff and the 12\\-station earthquake monitoring network was fully integrated to PHIVOLCS in 1988\\.", "PHILVOCS and the [United States Geological Survey](/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey \"United States Geological Survey\") collaborated during the [1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo](/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo \"1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo\"). Their forecast provided the timely evacuation of military personnel and residents that were affected by the eruption.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Rinard Hinga \\|first1\\=Bethany D. \\|title\\=Ring of Fire: An Encyclopedia of the Pacific Rim's Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes: An Encyclopedia of the Pacific Rim's Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes \\|date\\=17 March 2015 \\|publisher\\=ABC\\-CLIO \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-61069\\-297\\-7 \\|page\\=247 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=VHq1BgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA247 \\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2021 \\|language\\=en}}", "PHIVOLCS was headed by [Raymundo Punongbayan](/wiki/Raymundo_Punongbayan \"Raymundo Punongbayan\") from 1982 to 2002,{{cite news \\|title\\=Raymundo S. Punongbayan, 68; Leading Volcanologist \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2005\\-may\\-06\\-me\\-passings6\\.2\\-story.html \\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2021 \\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\|date\\=6 May 2005}} and it is currently headed by Renato U. Solidum Jr. from 2003 to the 2023\\.", "Dr. Teresito C. Bacolcol was appointed as the new Director and took his oath on January 23, 2023, with Science and Technology Secretary Dr. Renato U. Solidum, Jr. in Quezon City.DOST\\-PHIVOLCS. (2023\\). [DOST\\-PHIVOLCS Names Its New Director](https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/news/17268-dost-phivolcs-names-its-new-director#:~:text=He%20started%20his%20career%20with,since%20its%20inception%20in%201952.).", "" ]
Plot ---- The film is set shortly before [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas "Christmas") in the [North Country](/wiki/North_Country%2C_New_York "North Country, New York") of [Upstate New York](/wiki/Upstate_New_York "Upstate New York"), near the *Akwesasne* ('Where the Partridge Drums') [St. Regis Mohawk Reservation](/wiki/St._Regis_Mohawk_Reservation "St. Regis Mohawk Reservation") and the border crossing to [Cornwall, Ontario](/wiki/Cornwall%2C_Ontario "Cornwall, Ontario"). Ray Eddy ([Melissa Leo](/wiki/Melissa_Leo "Melissa Leo")) is a [discount store](/wiki/Discount_store "Discount store") clerk struggling to raise two sons with her husband, a compulsive gambler who has disappeared with the funds she had earmarked to finance the purchase of a [double\-wide mobile home](/wiki/Mobile_home "Mobile home"). While searching for him, she encounters Lila Littlewolf ([Misty Upham](/wiki/Misty_Upham "Misty Upham")), a [Mohawk](/wiki/Mohawk_nation "Mohawk nation") [bingo\-parlor](/wiki/Bingo_%28U.S.%29 "Bingo (U.S.)") employee who is driving his car, which she claims she found abandoned with the keys in the ignition at the local [bus station](/wiki/Bus_station "Bus station"). The two women, who have both fallen on hard economic times, form a desperate and uneasy alliance and begin smuggling illegal immigrants from Canada into the United States across the frozen [St. Lawrence River](/wiki/St._Lawrence_River "St. Lawrence River") for $1,200 each. Ray's older son T.J. wants to find a job and help support the family so they can afford to eat something more substantial than [popcorn](/wiki/Popcorn "Popcorn") and [Tang](/wiki/Tang_%28drink%29 "Tang (drink)"). He and his mother clash over whether he should remain in high\-school and look after his little brother Ricky or drop out to work. To make matters worse, T.J. sets an outside corner of the trailer afire with a torch in an attempt to unfreeze the water pipe. Lila longs for the day she will be able to reclaim and live with her young son, who was taken from her by her mother\-in\-law immediately after his birth. Because the women's route takes them from an [Indian reservation](/wiki/Indian_reservation "Indian reservation") in the US to an [Indian reserve](/wiki/Indian_reserve "Indian reserve") in Canada, they hope to avoid detection by local law\-enforcement. However, their problems escalate when they are asked to smuggle a [Pakistani](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") couple and Ray, fearful their [duffel bag](/wiki/Duffel_bag "Duffel bag") might contain explosives, leaves it behind in sub\-freezing temperatures, only to discover it contained their infant baby when they arrive at their destination. She and Lila retrace their route and find the bag and the baby, which Lila insists is dead, but which she revives moments before being reunited with the baby's parents. The experience leaves her shaken, and she announces she no longer wants to participate in the smuggling operation. But Ray, needing just one more crossing to finance the down payment on her mobile home, coerces her into joining her for one last journey. They pick up two Asian women from a strip club for crossing. When the club owner tries to short them, Ray successfully threatens him with a gun. When she is re\-entering her car, the irate club owner retaliates by shooting Ray in the ear. Shaken, her fast and erratic driving catches the attention of the provincial police. Ray tries to elude capture by crossing the frozen river where one of the wheels of the car breaks through the ice. The four women abandon the vehicle and take refuge at the Indian reservation. Because the police are demanding a scapegoat, the tribal head decides to excommunicate Lila for five years due to her smuggling history which involved the death of her Mohawk husband. Surprised then saddened by the news, Ray gives in to Lila's pleas to go free for the sake of her children. However, running through the woods, Ray has a fit of conscience and returns. Ray gives her share of money to Lila with instructions for taking care of her (Ray's) sons and seeing through the purchase plans for a mobile home. Ray and the illegal immigrants are surrendered to the police and a trooper speculates she will have to serve four months in jail. Ray calls her son T.J. to explain what has happened. Lila pushes her way into her mother\-in\-law's home and reclaims her infant son. She and the baby show up at the Eddy trailer while T.J. is still on the phone with his jailed mother. In a day scene, T.J. completes the welding of a bicycle\-propelled carousel bearing his younger brother and Lila's strapped in baby. He pedals the carousel while Lila smiles on. A truck nears carrying the new mobile home.
[ "Plot\n----", "The film is set shortly before [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas \"Christmas\") in the [North Country](/wiki/North_Country%2C_New_York \"North Country, New York\") of [Upstate New York](/wiki/Upstate_New_York \"Upstate New York\"), near the *Akwesasne* ('Where the Partridge Drums') [St. Regis Mohawk Reservation](/wiki/St._Regis_Mohawk_Reservation \"St. Regis Mohawk Reservation\") and the border crossing to [Cornwall, Ontario](/wiki/Cornwall%2C_Ontario \"Cornwall, Ontario\"). Ray Eddy ([Melissa Leo](/wiki/Melissa_Leo \"Melissa Leo\")) is a [discount store](/wiki/Discount_store \"Discount store\") clerk struggling to raise two sons with her husband, a compulsive gambler who has disappeared with the funds she had earmarked to finance the purchase of a [double\\-wide mobile home](/wiki/Mobile_home \"Mobile home\"). While searching for him, she encounters Lila Littlewolf ([Misty Upham](/wiki/Misty_Upham \"Misty Upham\")), a [Mohawk](/wiki/Mohawk_nation \"Mohawk nation\") [bingo\\-parlor](/wiki/Bingo_%28U.S.%29 \"Bingo (U.S.)\") employee who is driving his car, which she claims she found abandoned with the keys in the ignition at the local [bus station](/wiki/Bus_station \"Bus station\"). The two women, who have both fallen on hard economic times, form a desperate and uneasy alliance and begin smuggling illegal immigrants from Canada into the United States across the frozen [St. Lawrence River](/wiki/St._Lawrence_River \"St. Lawrence River\") for $1,200 each.", "Ray's older son T.J. wants to find a job and help support the family so they can afford to eat something more substantial than [popcorn](/wiki/Popcorn \"Popcorn\") and [Tang](/wiki/Tang_%28drink%29 \"Tang (drink)\"). He and his mother clash over whether he should remain in high\\-school and look after his little brother Ricky or drop out to work. To make matters worse, T.J. sets an outside corner of the trailer afire with a torch in an attempt to unfreeze the water pipe. Lila longs for the day she will be able to reclaim and live with her young son, who was taken from her by her mother\\-in\\-law immediately after his birth.", "Because the women's route takes them from an [Indian reservation](/wiki/Indian_reservation \"Indian reservation\") in the US to an [Indian reserve](/wiki/Indian_reserve \"Indian reserve\") in Canada, they hope to avoid detection by local law\\-enforcement. However, their problems escalate when they are asked to smuggle a [Pakistani](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\") couple and Ray, fearful their [duffel bag](/wiki/Duffel_bag \"Duffel bag\") might contain explosives, leaves it behind in sub\\-freezing temperatures, only to discover it contained their infant baby when they arrive at their destination. She and Lila retrace their route and find the bag and the baby, which Lila insists is dead, but which she revives moments before being reunited with the baby's parents. The experience leaves her shaken, and she announces she no longer wants to participate in the smuggling operation. But Ray, needing just one more crossing to finance the down payment on her mobile home, coerces her into joining her for one last journey.", "They pick up two Asian women from a strip club for crossing. When the club owner tries to short them, Ray successfully threatens him with a gun. When she is re\\-entering her car, the irate club owner retaliates by shooting Ray in the ear. Shaken, her fast and erratic driving catches the attention of the provincial police. Ray tries to elude capture by crossing the frozen river where one of the wheels of the car breaks through the ice. The four women abandon the vehicle and take refuge at the Indian reservation.", "Because the police are demanding a scapegoat, the tribal head decides to excommunicate Lila for five years due to her smuggling history which involved the death of her Mohawk husband. Surprised then saddened by the news, Ray gives in to Lila's pleas to go free for the sake of her children. However, running through the woods, Ray has a fit of conscience and returns. Ray gives her share of money to Lila with instructions for taking care of her (Ray's) sons and seeing through the purchase plans for a mobile home. Ray and the illegal immigrants are surrendered to the police and a trooper speculates she will have to serve four months in jail. Ray calls her son T.J. to explain what has happened.", "Lila pushes her way into her mother\\-in\\-law's home and reclaims her infant son. She and the baby show up at the Eddy trailer while T.J. is still on the phone with his jailed mother. In a day scene, T.J. completes the welding of a bicycle\\-propelled carousel bearing his younger brother and Lila's strapped in baby. He pedals the carousel while Lila smiles on. A truck nears carrying the new mobile home.", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Early life Born John Anthony Arcesi (pronounced RCC) in Sayre, [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania"), on February 11, 1917\. John's father Antonio Arcesi (1879–1963\) and mother Josephine Marchinne (1881–1919\) were born in Rome, Italy. Antonio traveled alone to America at the turn of the century, leaving his wife and first\-born son Ignatius behind in Italy until he could establish himself. Upon reuniting in America, Antonio and Josephine had four more children: Josephine, Loretta, Louis and Johnny. When Johnny was still a child, his father Antonio (Tony) played an Enrico Caruso disc on a Victrola and this inspired him. As a result, he became a child prodigy and local celebrity, singing whenever possible in public or private in the Sayre, Athens and Towanda area of Pennsylvania, as well as Waverly, New York, and as far as [Scranton, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Scranton%2C_Pennsylvania "Scranton, Pennsylvania"), and [Elmira, New York](/wiki/Elmira%2C_New_York "Elmira, New York"). He turned professional at about the age of 10 after winning a talent show/contest that was produced in Sayre at the Sayre Theatre by the great 'Blackstone the Magician', Harry Blackstone, Sr., in c.1927\. Blackstone paid Johnny a 5\-dollar gold piece for performing and he thereby turned professional that night. Johnny sang for every club or organization in the area that wanted talent to perform for their various causes, including The Elks and The Lions. He would also sing for patients at the local [Robert Packer Hospital](/wiki/Guthrie_Robert_Packer_Hospital "Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital") in Sayre. In 1933, after a fire almost destroyed the family home the previous year, Johnny, at the age of 16, with his father's blessing, decided to travel alone to New York City to become a band vocalist. His childhood idols and inspirations included [Russ Columbo](/wiki/Russ_Columbo "Russ Columbo"), Bing Crosby, Red McKenzie, Enrico Caruso, Rabbi Joseph Rosenblatt and John McCormick and others. ### Professional Career and Rise to Fame Arcesi first made a name for himself as a vocalist for prominent bands in New York City. His first professional recordings on September 13, 1934, were on the Columbia label with Lud Gluskin and Orchestra. These titles were "One Night Of Love" and "Moonlight on the River Danube". His next recordings were on the Bluebird label with Louis 'King' Garcia in 1936, recording five vocals for the date: "It's Great to Be in Love Again","Christopher Columbus","Swing Mr. Charlie","[There Is No Greater Love](/wiki/There_Is_No_Greater_Love "There Is No Greater Love")", and "Love Is Like a Cigarette". One of his first important live performances and radio broadcasts was with the Claude Hopkins Orchestra at the Roseland Ballroom in Manhattan. Hopkins let Johnny sing with the band for several nights after an impromptu audition backstage. Johnny was employed at Mills Music Publishing Company in the Brill Building as a song demonstrator and office assistant during the day, and singing in various clubs in NYC at night. Irving Mills, upon meeting Johnny during a band rehearsal with Joe Venuti in NYC, suggested the name Arcesi sounded too 'Italian'. Thus, Don Darcy was the name John used from 1935 to 1945, and he recorded as Johnny Darcy from 1946 to 1950\. He was sometimes listed as Don D'Arcy. In 1935 Major Bowes, impressed by young Don when he refused to perform on his amateur show and asserted and demonstrated his professionalism at audition, gave him three sustaining (non\-sponsored) 15\-minute spots a week, broadcasting on WHN in NYC. Shortly thereafter Darcy was offered the same spots, thirty\-minute shows, on WOR in Newark, New Jersey, where he performed from c.1935–36\. During this time Darcy developed a loyal fan base of regional listeners, received fan mail and other offers, and learned about the subject of 'payola' first hand. Upon leaving WOR, and after turning down an offer to broadcast nationally on CBS radio, Darcy desired to go on the road and learn the band business. For the next several years Darcy was the male vocalist for [Joe Venuti](/wiki/Joe_Venuti "Joe Venuti")'s Orchestra c.1936–40, after having worked with [Charlie Barnet](/wiki/Charlie_Barnet "Charlie Barnet"), 1935, [Lud Gluskin](/wiki/Lud_Gluskin "Lud Gluskin"), 1934, [Louis 'King' Garcia](/wiki/King_Garcia "King Garcia"), 1936, and others. With the Venuti Orchestra, among many engagements playing the largest hotels and ballrooms in the country, Darcy opened the show for several months at Billy Rose's 'Casa Manana' extravaganza in Fort Worth, Texas, in 1936 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Texas' statehood. Both [Paul Whiteman](/wiki/Paul_Whiteman "Paul Whiteman") and Joe Venuti's bands shared the stage for this event. Darcy performed the same function at Rose's Cleveland Aquacade the following year. Contrary to what has been previously written, the only association Darcy had with Rhode Island was any number of one nighters with the various bands he performed with over the next several years, i.e., [Dick Gasparre](/wiki/Dick_Gasparre "Dick Gasparre"), 1940, [Joe Marsala](/wiki/Joe_Marsala "Joe Marsala"), 1941–42, [Sonny Dunham](/wiki/Sonny_Dunham "Sonny Dunham"), 1943–44, [Boyd Raeburn](/wiki/Boyd_Raeburn "Boyd Raeburn"), 1944–45, [Art Mooney](/wiki/Art_Mooney "Art Mooney"), 1946–48, and [Johnny Bothwell](/wiki/Johnny_Bothwell "Johnny Bothwell") in 1948–49\. Darcy also worked in brief association with the bands of Frank Trumbauer, Hal McIntyre and Sam Donahue. He recorded on various labels with these bands; labels such as Hit, Guild, Grand, Signature and Century Records. Darcy also recorded on American and Langworth Transcriptions. The Century Records dates produced four sides entitled, 'Doink,Doink', 'This Strange Desire', 'A Haunting Melody', and his first recorded version of his original song 'Noahs' Ark', a song he co\-wrote with Bud Green c. 1940\. The Century dates were recorded in NYC at RCA Custom studios and marked his first collaboration with Lloyd Shaffer. He later recorded 'Noah's Ark' under the title 'Rockin' the Ark'. ### Capitol records In 1952 Darcy reverted to his original birth name of John Arcesi when he signed with [Capitol Records](/wiki/Capitol_Records "Capitol Records"), after being heard on late night weekend broadcasts on KNX\-LA with just voice and piano. Pianists Harper MacKay and Ed Greenburg accompanied Arcesi on these shows. Alan Livingston was President of the Capitol label at the time, with Lee Gillette as head of A\&R. Gillette offered to have Nelson Riddle orchestrate and arrange the first recordings; however, John promised Lloyd Shaffer after recording the Century sides in NY, if and when he ever got a 'big break' that he would have Shaffer be his conductor, and he kept his promise. John recorded nine singles, with Shaffer conducting the arrangements. Shaffer had previously worked with Perry Como on the "Chesterfield Supper Club" show. John's first single release with Capitol was entitled "Wild Honey b/w "Moonlight Brings Memories", for which he received positive reviews from reviewers such as George Simon in Metronome magazine. Capitol ran several full pages ads in Billboard magazine promoting Arcesi;they felt they had another star on their hands. Arcesi also received positive reviews in Variety for his live performance work at the Thunderbird Hotel in Las Vegas in October 1952, before the notoriety of the incident written of below. Following his engagement in Las Vegas, he appeared in New York City at the French Casino,then followed with a stint at the Boulevard Cafe in Queens. He received positive reviews at these locales for his live stage work. However, he also received much derision from audiences at these shows because of the Las Vegas incident. Upon returning to Hollywood, California, after the New York engagements, Arcesi performed at the Crescendo nightclub. The opening act at these shows was the infamous Lord Buckley. In March 1953 Arcesi recorded four sides with Nelson Riddle, who arranged and conducted the date just prior to being signed to Capitol himself. The titles for this recording date: "Tombstone", "Cowpo", "Rockin' the Ark", and "Ol' Man River", the first three songs written by Arcesi. He was also voted third most promising 'new singer' by Billboard Magazine that year, following Al Martino and Steve Lawrence. His last public broadcasts with voice and guitar were on KABC\-LA in 1959\. These shows, broadcast on Saturday and Sunday nights were also heard over the AFRTS. On the Saturday shows, Arcesi called the broadcast 'For Adults Only', singing the standards of the day. On Sunday nights, he sang 'World of Philosophy' singing original material.[JOHN ARCESI – Online Catalog of 45rpm Singles](http://www.singlesdb.com/a/john_arcesi.php) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930032957/http://www.singlesdb.com/a/john\_arcesi.php \|date\=September 30, 2007 }} His renown eventually spread as far as the [West Coast of the United States](/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States "West Coast of the United States") (among other places), Los Angeles and [Las Vegas, Nevada](/wiki/Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada "Las Vegas, Nevada"). An article in the December 1, 1952, issue of *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")* expounds at length on a gimmick cooked up by the Arcesi's press agent, Ed Scofield, whereby the mere sound of his voice could send impressionable young women into a trance upon hearing the song "Lost in Your Love". The interview from CBS\-TV on a show called "Everywhere I Go", hosted by Dan Seymour in 1952, reveals that Mr. Arcesi had nothing to do with or aforeknowledge of the stunt enacted at the Thunderbird Hotel in Las Vegas, and despite the publicity generated from the incident and Scofield himself admitting twice during the interview that Arcesi knew nothing about the stunt, it had an extremely negative effect on Arcesi's reputation and career. This interview can be viewed on the website listed below.[The Gimmick Man – TIME](https://web.archive.org/web/20071001005114/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817466,00.html) ### Producer Sadly, the fleeting nature of fame meant Arcesi's notoriety passed almost as soon as it arrived and very little was subsequently heard from him for several years. During this time however, using the name/aliases of 'Tony Conti' and 'Chick Johnson' as a producer and songwriter he developed and recorded other artists, most notably a group called 'The Bombers', an R\&B vocal quartet. With this group he wrote and produced a 9\-song LP called "Songs for Strange Lovers", released on Arcesi's own Orpheus Records label in 1955\. Two single 45 and 78 rpm discs were released at that time, entitled 'I'll Never Tire of You' b/w 'Malena', and 'Two Time Heart' b/w 'Sentence of Love'. Arcesi also wrote and produced a single 45rpm disc of a female vocalist called Schartan. The titles were 'Mystery of Love' b/w 'I Need You, I Need You'. All songs written by Arcesi. After a trip to Europe in 1960, England and France and Germany, on speculation, Arcesi and his wife moved to Palm Springs,California in 1961\. In 1971, following the death of his wife the previous year, an album entitled *Reachin' Arcesia* was recorded in Hollywood on Cherokee Ave. at Artists Recording Studios between May 15 and July 26 of that year and released by [Alpha Records](/wiki/Alpha_Records "Alpha Records") in small quantity. 300 copies were pressed and released in November 1972\. This LP has been 'bootlegged' by various entities, and has been erroneously released under the title 'Arcesia Reaching' with the second side as side one and the first side as side two, thereby skewing the intent of the singer and producer in presenting the songs as intended. A 45 rpm single from the LP, 'Reaching' b/w 'Pictures in My Window' was released in limited quantity in 1979 in Honolulu on the Orpheus\-Alephia label, the current holders of the rights thereto. (The record was subsequently reissued without authorization in 1997 by the German label [One Little Indian Records](/wiki/One_Little_Indian_Records "One Little Indian Records")). The stark white cover of the original LP release (containing only the artist's name and album title) belied the decidedly unusual music inside. As one might expect, the leader of Arcesia was in fact the 54\-year\-old John Arcesi himself, who spent the better part of the 1960s devoting himself to writing, painting, songwriting and occasional rare vocal appearances at benefits in Palm Springs, California. The co\-producer and engineer on the record was Alexander Furth. Furth also produced the 1968 single of 'Love Is Like A Mountain'( aka 'Reaching') b/w 'It's All Accordin'. For the most part, the eleven songs on *Reachin' Arcesia* are highly emotive and passionate, with emphasis on guitar,piano and organ. The background music was unlike anything Arcesi had recorded before with orchestras. Lyrics are stream\-of\-consciousness musings on subjects such as life's struggle and redemption, i.e. ("Desiree"), the power of woman,("White Panther"), and life's transience ("Butterfly Mind", "Soul Wings"). Although overlooked at the time of its original issue and derided in some corners upon its re\-release, the album has now gained a degree of cachet. Arcesi himself was satisfied with the outcome of the recording, knowing he had produced an original work that would take time to be understood for what it was, and still is. ### Retrospective So far, music historians have been unable to reconcile these two strikingly different phases of John Arcesi's career or to fill in the rather large gap in the above timeline. It is known that after John recorded "Reachin' Arcesia" he visited with his family in Waverly, New York, and Maryland in 1972, leaving them with copies of his final LP before returning to Palm Springs and then to Hawaii. Between 1971 and 1974 Arcesi was very successful in the Fine Arts field in Palm Springs, representing the work of Jose Montanes, Ivar, Igor,Valdez, Frank Fuller and other lesser known painters. Arcesi lived in Honolulu,Hawaii from 1974 to 1982 where he continued to write songs and essays, draw, paint and create in his spare time. He then spent the remaining months of his life in Palm Springs, California, where he had lived during the sixties with his wife of 21 years, the late Louise Marie de Lesseps Arcesi.
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Early life", "Born John Anthony Arcesi (pronounced RCC) in Sayre, [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\"), on February 11, 1917\\. John's father Antonio Arcesi (1879–1963\\) and mother Josephine Marchinne (1881–1919\\) were born in Rome, Italy. Antonio traveled alone to America at the turn of the century, leaving his wife and first\\-born son Ignatius behind in Italy until he could establish himself. Upon reuniting in America, Antonio and Josephine had four more children: Josephine, Loretta, Louis and Johnny. When Johnny was still a child, his father Antonio (Tony) played an Enrico Caruso disc on a Victrola and this inspired him. As a result, he became a child prodigy and local celebrity, singing whenever possible in public or private in the Sayre, Athens and Towanda area of Pennsylvania, as well as Waverly, New York, and as far as [Scranton, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Scranton%2C_Pennsylvania \"Scranton, Pennsylvania\"), and [Elmira, New York](/wiki/Elmira%2C_New_York \"Elmira, New York\"). He turned professional at about the age of 10 after winning a talent show/contest that was produced in Sayre at the Sayre Theatre by the great 'Blackstone the Magician', Harry Blackstone, Sr., in c.1927\\. Blackstone paid Johnny a 5\\-dollar gold piece for performing and he thereby turned professional that night. Johnny sang for every club or organization in the area that wanted talent to perform for their various causes, including The Elks and The Lions. He would also sing for patients at the local [Robert Packer Hospital](/wiki/Guthrie_Robert_Packer_Hospital \"Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital\") in Sayre. In 1933, after a fire almost destroyed the family home the previous year, Johnny, at the age of 16, with his father's blessing, decided to travel alone to New York City to become a band vocalist. His childhood idols and inspirations included [Russ Columbo](/wiki/Russ_Columbo \"Russ Columbo\"), Bing Crosby, Red McKenzie, Enrico Caruso, Rabbi Joseph Rosenblatt and John McCormick and others.", "### Professional Career and Rise to Fame", "Arcesi first made a name for himself as a vocalist for prominent bands in New York City. His first professional recordings on September 13, 1934, were on the Columbia label with Lud Gluskin and Orchestra. These titles were \"One Night Of Love\" and \"Moonlight on the River Danube\". His next recordings were on the Bluebird label with Louis 'King' Garcia in 1936, recording five vocals for the date: \"It's Great to Be in Love Again\",\"Christopher Columbus\",\"Swing Mr. Charlie\",\"[There Is No Greater Love](/wiki/There_Is_No_Greater_Love \"There Is No Greater Love\")\", and \"Love Is Like a Cigarette\". One of his first important live performances and radio broadcasts was with the Claude Hopkins Orchestra at the Roseland Ballroom in Manhattan. Hopkins let Johnny sing with the band for several nights after an impromptu audition backstage. Johnny was employed at Mills Music Publishing Company in the Brill Building as a song demonstrator and office assistant during the day, and singing in various clubs in NYC at night. Irving Mills, upon meeting Johnny during a band rehearsal with Joe Venuti in NYC, suggested the name Arcesi sounded too 'Italian'. Thus, Don Darcy was the name John used from 1935 to 1945, and he recorded as Johnny Darcy from 1946 to 1950\\. He was sometimes listed as Don D'Arcy. In 1935 Major Bowes, impressed by young Don when he refused to perform on his amateur show and asserted and demonstrated his professionalism at audition, gave him three sustaining (non\\-sponsored) 15\\-minute spots a week, broadcasting on WHN in NYC. Shortly thereafter Darcy was offered the same spots, thirty\\-minute shows, on WOR in Newark, New Jersey, where he performed from c.1935–36\\. During this time Darcy developed a loyal fan base of regional listeners, received fan mail and other offers, and learned about the subject of 'payola' first hand.", "Upon leaving WOR, and after turning down an offer to broadcast nationally on CBS radio, Darcy desired to go on the road and learn the band business. For the next several years Darcy was the male vocalist for [Joe Venuti](/wiki/Joe_Venuti \"Joe Venuti\")'s Orchestra c.1936–40, after having worked with [Charlie Barnet](/wiki/Charlie_Barnet \"Charlie Barnet\"), 1935, [Lud Gluskin](/wiki/Lud_Gluskin \"Lud Gluskin\"), 1934, [Louis 'King' Garcia](/wiki/King_Garcia \"King Garcia\"), 1936, and others. With the Venuti Orchestra, among many engagements playing the largest hotels and ballrooms in the country, Darcy opened the show for several months at Billy Rose's 'Casa Manana' extravaganza in Fort Worth, Texas, in 1936 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Texas' statehood. Both [Paul Whiteman](/wiki/Paul_Whiteman \"Paul Whiteman\") and Joe Venuti's bands shared the stage for this event. Darcy performed the same function at Rose's Cleveland Aquacade the following year. Contrary to what has been previously written, the only association Darcy had with Rhode Island was any number of one nighters with the various bands he performed with over the next several years, i.e., [Dick Gasparre](/wiki/Dick_Gasparre \"Dick Gasparre\"), 1940, [Joe Marsala](/wiki/Joe_Marsala \"Joe Marsala\"), 1941–42, [Sonny Dunham](/wiki/Sonny_Dunham \"Sonny Dunham\"), 1943–44, [Boyd Raeburn](/wiki/Boyd_Raeburn \"Boyd Raeburn\"), 1944–45, [Art Mooney](/wiki/Art_Mooney \"Art Mooney\"), 1946–48, and [Johnny Bothwell](/wiki/Johnny_Bothwell \"Johnny Bothwell\") in 1948–49\\. Darcy also worked in brief association with the bands of Frank Trumbauer, Hal McIntyre and Sam Donahue. He recorded on various labels with these bands; labels such as Hit, Guild, Grand, Signature and Century Records. Darcy also recorded on American and Langworth Transcriptions. The Century Records dates produced four sides entitled, 'Doink,Doink', 'This Strange Desire', 'A Haunting Melody', and his first recorded version of his original song 'Noahs' Ark', a song he co\\-wrote with Bud Green c. 1940\\. The Century dates were recorded in NYC at RCA Custom studios and marked his first collaboration with Lloyd Shaffer. He later recorded 'Noah's Ark' under the title 'Rockin' the Ark'.", "### Capitol records", "In 1952 Darcy reverted to his original birth name of John Arcesi when he signed with [Capitol Records](/wiki/Capitol_Records \"Capitol Records\"), after being heard on late night weekend broadcasts on KNX\\-LA with just voice and piano. Pianists Harper MacKay and Ed Greenburg accompanied Arcesi on these shows. Alan Livingston was President of the Capitol label at the time, with Lee Gillette as head of A\\&R. Gillette offered to have Nelson Riddle orchestrate and arrange the first recordings; however, John promised Lloyd Shaffer after recording the Century sides in NY, if and when he ever got a 'big break' that he would have Shaffer be his conductor, and he kept his promise. John recorded nine singles, with Shaffer conducting the arrangements. Shaffer had previously worked with Perry Como on the \"Chesterfield Supper Club\" show. John's first single release with Capitol was entitled \"Wild Honey b/w \"Moonlight Brings Memories\", for which he received positive reviews from reviewers such as George Simon in Metronome magazine. Capitol ran several full pages ads in Billboard magazine promoting Arcesi;they felt they had another star on their hands. Arcesi also received positive reviews in Variety for his live performance work at the Thunderbird Hotel in Las Vegas in October 1952, before the notoriety of the incident written of below. Following his engagement in Las Vegas, he appeared in New York City at the French Casino,then followed with a stint at the Boulevard Cafe in Queens. He received positive reviews at these locales for his live stage work. However, he also received much derision from audiences at these shows because of the Las Vegas incident. Upon returning to Hollywood, California, after the New York engagements, Arcesi performed at the Crescendo nightclub. The opening act at these shows was the infamous Lord Buckley. In March 1953 Arcesi recorded four sides with Nelson Riddle, who arranged and conducted the date just prior to being signed to Capitol himself. The titles for this recording date: \"Tombstone\", \"Cowpo\", \"Rockin' the Ark\", and \"Ol' Man River\", the first three songs written by Arcesi. He was also voted third most promising 'new singer' by Billboard Magazine that year, following Al Martino and Steve Lawrence. His last public broadcasts with voice and guitar were on KABC\\-LA in 1959\\. These shows, broadcast on Saturday and Sunday nights were also heard over the AFRTS. On the Saturday shows, Arcesi called the broadcast 'For Adults Only', singing the standards of the day. On Sunday nights, he sang 'World of Philosophy' singing original material.[JOHN ARCESI – Online Catalog of 45rpm Singles](http://www.singlesdb.com/a/john_arcesi.php) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930032957/http://www.singlesdb.com/a/john\\_arcesi.php \\|date\\=September 30, 2007 }}", "His renown eventually spread as far as the [West Coast of the United States](/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States \"West Coast of the United States\") (among other places), Los Angeles and [Las Vegas, Nevada](/wiki/Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada \"Las Vegas, Nevada\"). An article in the December 1, 1952, issue of *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")* expounds at length on a gimmick cooked up by the Arcesi's press agent, Ed Scofield, whereby the mere sound of his voice could send impressionable young women into a trance upon hearing the song \"Lost in Your Love\". The interview from CBS\\-TV on a show called \"Everywhere I Go\", hosted by Dan Seymour in 1952, reveals that Mr. Arcesi had nothing to do with or aforeknowledge of the stunt enacted at the Thunderbird Hotel in Las Vegas, and despite the publicity generated from the incident and Scofield himself admitting twice during the interview that Arcesi knew nothing about the stunt, it had an extremely negative effect on Arcesi's reputation and career. This interview can be viewed on the website listed below.[The Gimmick Man – TIME](https://web.archive.org/web/20071001005114/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817466,00.html)", "### Producer", "Sadly, the fleeting nature of fame meant Arcesi's notoriety passed almost as soon as it arrived and very little was subsequently heard from him for several years. During this time however, using the name/aliases of 'Tony Conti' and 'Chick Johnson' as a producer and songwriter he developed and recorded other artists, most notably a group called 'The Bombers', an R\\&B vocal quartet. With this group he wrote and produced a 9\\-song LP called \"Songs for Strange Lovers\", released on Arcesi's own Orpheus Records label in 1955\\. Two single 45 and 78 rpm discs were released at that time, entitled 'I'll Never Tire of You' b/w 'Malena', and 'Two Time Heart' b/w 'Sentence of Love'. Arcesi also wrote and produced a single 45rpm disc of a female vocalist called Schartan. The titles were 'Mystery of Love' b/w 'I Need You, I Need You'. All songs written by Arcesi. After a trip to Europe in 1960, England and France and Germany, on speculation, Arcesi and his wife moved to Palm Springs,California in 1961\\.", "In 1971, following the death of his wife the previous year, an album entitled *Reachin' Arcesia* was recorded in Hollywood on Cherokee Ave. at Artists Recording Studios between May 15 and July 26 of that year and released by [Alpha Records](/wiki/Alpha_Records \"Alpha Records\") in small quantity. 300 copies were pressed and released in November 1972\\. This LP has been 'bootlegged' by various entities, and has been erroneously released under the title 'Arcesia Reaching' with the second side as side one and the first side as side two, thereby skewing the intent of the singer and producer in presenting the songs as intended. A 45 rpm single from the LP, 'Reaching' b/w 'Pictures in My Window' was released in limited quantity in 1979 in Honolulu on the Orpheus\\-Alephia label, the current holders of the rights thereto. (The record was subsequently reissued without authorization in 1997 by the German label [One Little Indian Records](/wiki/One_Little_Indian_Records \"One Little Indian Records\")). The stark white cover of the original LP release (containing only the artist's name and album title) belied the decidedly unusual music inside. As one might expect, the leader of Arcesia was in fact the 54\\-year\\-old John Arcesi himself, who spent the better part of the 1960s devoting himself to writing, painting, songwriting and occasional rare vocal appearances at benefits in Palm Springs, California. The co\\-producer and engineer on the record was Alexander Furth. Furth also produced the 1968 single of 'Love Is Like A Mountain'( aka 'Reaching') b/w 'It's All Accordin'.", "For the most part, the eleven songs on *Reachin' Arcesia* are highly emotive and passionate, with emphasis on guitar,piano and organ. The background music was unlike anything Arcesi had recorded before with orchestras. Lyrics are stream\\-of\\-consciousness musings on subjects such as life's struggle and redemption, i.e. (\"Desiree\"), the power of woman,(\"White Panther\"), and life's transience (\"Butterfly Mind\", \"Soul Wings\"). Although overlooked at the time of its original issue and derided in some corners upon its re\\-release, the album has now gained a degree of cachet. Arcesi himself was satisfied with the outcome of the recording, knowing he had produced an original work that would take time to be understood for what it was, and still is.", "### Retrospective", "So far, music historians have been unable to reconcile these two strikingly different phases of John Arcesi's career or to fill in the rather large gap in the above timeline. It is known that after John recorded \"Reachin' Arcesia\" he visited with his family in Waverly, New York, and Maryland in 1972, leaving them with copies of his final LP before returning to Palm Springs and then to Hawaii. Between 1971 and 1974 Arcesi was very successful in the Fine Arts field in Palm Springs, representing the work of Jose Montanes, Ivar, Igor,Valdez, Frank Fuller and other lesser known painters.", "Arcesi lived in Honolulu,Hawaii from 1974 to 1982 where he continued to write songs and essays, draw, paint and create in his spare time. He then spent the remaining months of his life in Palm Springs, California, where he had lived during the sixties with his wife of 21 years, the late Louise Marie de Lesseps Arcesi.", "" ]
Rationale --------- Tandas are formed for many reasons, but often because at least one member is in need of money to pay a debt right away, or an emergency arises. In the US, it can take many months or even years to get the Social Security Number needed to open traditional banking and credit card accounts. Tandas provide a way for immigrants and others to "borrow" and "save" when they don't have access to other means of banking. But they can also be formed with no pressing financial obligations. Among Mexicans, these forms of informal savings associations play an important role sustaining the livelihood of many people living in both [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") and the United States. Importantly, tandas are significant cultural practices among other [Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") and [Chicano](/wiki/Chicano "Chicano") populations in the U.S.[http://www.anthropology.uci.edu/\~wmmaurer/courses/anthro\_money\_2004/Tandas.htm](http://www.anthropology.uci.edu/~wmmaurer/courses/anthro_money_2004/Tandas.htm). *The Anthropology of Money* [University of California, Irvine School of Social Sciences](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Irvine_School_of_Social_Sciences "University of California, Irvine School of Social Sciences"). According to cultural anthropologist Carlos Vélez\-Ibáñez{{spaced ndash}}the first scholar to critically examine this cultural practice among Mexicans{{spaced ndash}}tandas are based on mutual trust.[Carlos Vélez\-Ibáñez](http://anthropology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/emeritus/velez-ibanez/index.html) As Vélez\-Ibáñez explains, trust "shapes the expectations for relationships within broad networks of interpersonal links, in which intimacies, favors, goods, services, emotion, power, or information are exchanged". While tandas may play important economic roles among the Mexicans, they also serve important social and emotional functions in the everyday lives of people as they use it as a forum to improve their status among the fellow tanda members and their associates by religiously participating in the association. To state an example from Franziska Castillo's article Tandas: Informal loan clubs where trust meets need, she mentions her 22 year\-old neighbor, Gerardo, who joined a tanda after his aunt vouched for him in the group. “If I have the money on my hands, I will spend it,” Gerardo reasoned for joining the tanda. He can not let his association down since his grandmother, a lifelong tanda member, would be disappointed by him.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.getrichslowly.org/tandas\-informal\-loan\-clubs\-run\-on\-trust\-faith/\|title\=Tandas: Informal loan clubs where trust meets need\|date\=2016\-06\-23\|website\=Get Rich Slowly\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2020\-03\-10}} These social constructs create a platform that encourages [saving](/wiki/Saving "Saving") among the members. While an average American saves only five percent of their income yearly, [Mexican immigrants](/wiki/Mexican_immigrants_in_the_United_States "Mexican immigrants in the United States") generally send an estimated 11\.5 percent of their income back to their native countries. According to anthropologist [Lourdes Gutierrez Najera](/wiki/Lourdes_Gutierrez_Najera "Lourdes Gutierrez Najera"), tandas are common among [Oaxacan](/wiki/Oaxaca "Oaxaca") migrants. For women, in particular, tandas facilitate social networks and makes them feel less isolated living in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"). As the women she quotes jokingly suggest, "the only reason women participate in tandas is for the gossip, otherwise it doesn't make sense." Consequently, participating in tanda gatherings make the separation from their hometown, [Yalalag](/wiki/Yalalag "Yalalag"), more tolerable.Gutierrez Najera, "Hayándose", in eds. Gina Pérez, et al, *Beyond el Barrio: Everyday Life in Latina/o America*. pp. 63–80\. Importantly, they also help migrants save money. Younger generations have created companies that modernize tandas with online platforms.{{cite web\|title\=Traditional Mexican Saving System's Popularity Grows\|url\=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId\=341778\&CategoryId\=12396}} (Yahoo Finance, for instance, created the short\-lived Tanda app which allowed friends and families to participate in the same group without being closely located geographically.){{Cite web\|url\=https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/31559/yahoo\-finance\-moves\-into\-social\-savings\-space\-with\-tanda\-app\|title\=Yahoo Finance moves into social savings space with Tanda app\|date\=2018\-01\-23\|website\=Finextra Research\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2020\-03\-10}} These platforms help solve the problems that are generated by the traditional tanda, like transparency, organization, localization, and money collection and distribution methods.
[ "Rationale\n---------", "Tandas are formed for many reasons, but often because at least one member is in need of money to pay a debt right away, or an emergency arises. In the US, it can take many months or even years to get the Social Security Number needed to open traditional banking and credit card accounts. Tandas provide a way for immigrants and others to \"borrow\" and \"save\" when they don't have access to other means of banking. But they can also be formed with no pressing financial obligations.", "Among Mexicans, these forms of informal savings associations play an important role sustaining the livelihood of many people living in both [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\") and the United States. Importantly, tandas are significant cultural practices among other [Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") and [Chicano](/wiki/Chicano \"Chicano\") populations in the U.S.[http://www.anthropology.uci.edu/\\~wmmaurer/courses/anthro\\_money\\_2004/Tandas.htm](http://www.anthropology.uci.edu/~wmmaurer/courses/anthro_money_2004/Tandas.htm). *The Anthropology of Money* [University of California, Irvine School of Social Sciences](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Irvine_School_of_Social_Sciences \"University of California, Irvine School of Social Sciences\"). According to cultural anthropologist Carlos Vélez\\-Ibáñez{{spaced ndash}}the first scholar to critically examine this cultural practice among Mexicans{{spaced ndash}}tandas are based on mutual trust.[Carlos Vélez\\-Ibáñez](http://anthropology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/emeritus/velez-ibanez/index.html) As Vélez\\-Ibáñez explains, trust \"shapes the expectations for relationships within broad networks of interpersonal links, in which intimacies, favors, goods, services, emotion, power, or information are exchanged\".", "While tandas may play important economic roles among the Mexicans, they also serve important social and emotional functions in the everyday lives of people as they use it as a forum to improve their status among the fellow tanda members and their associates by religiously participating in the association. To state an example from Franziska Castillo's article Tandas: Informal loan clubs where trust meets need, she mentions her 22 year\\-old neighbor, Gerardo, who joined a tanda after his aunt vouched for him in the group. “If I have the money on my hands, I will spend it,” Gerardo reasoned for joining the tanda. He can not let his association down since his grandmother, a lifelong tanda member, would be disappointed by him.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.getrichslowly.org/tandas\\-informal\\-loan\\-clubs\\-run\\-on\\-trust\\-faith/\\|title\\=Tandas: Informal loan clubs where trust meets need\\|date\\=2016\\-06\\-23\\|website\\=Get Rich Slowly\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-10}} These social constructs create a platform that encourages [saving](/wiki/Saving \"Saving\") among the members. While an average American saves only five percent of their income yearly, [Mexican immigrants](/wiki/Mexican_immigrants_in_the_United_States \"Mexican immigrants in the United States\") generally send an estimated 11\\.5 percent of their income back to their native countries. According to anthropologist [Lourdes Gutierrez Najera](/wiki/Lourdes_Gutierrez_Najera \"Lourdes Gutierrez Najera\"), tandas are common among [Oaxacan](/wiki/Oaxaca \"Oaxaca\") migrants.", "For women, in particular, tandas facilitate social networks and makes them feel less isolated living in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"). As the women she quotes jokingly suggest, \"the only reason women participate in tandas is for the gossip, otherwise it doesn't make sense.\" Consequently, participating in tanda gatherings make the separation from their hometown, [Yalalag](/wiki/Yalalag \"Yalalag\"), more tolerable.Gutierrez Najera, \"Hayándose\", in eds. Gina Pérez, et al, *Beyond el Barrio: Everyday Life in Latina/o America*. pp. 63–80\\. Importantly, they also help migrants save money.", "Younger generations have created companies that modernize tandas with online platforms.{{cite web\\|title\\=Traditional Mexican Saving System's Popularity Grows\\|url\\=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId\\=341778\\&CategoryId\\=12396}} (Yahoo Finance, for instance, created the short\\-lived Tanda app which allowed friends and families to participate in the same group without being closely located geographically.){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/31559/yahoo\\-finance\\-moves\\-into\\-social\\-savings\\-space\\-with\\-tanda\\-app\\|title\\=Yahoo Finance moves into social savings space with Tanda app\\|date\\=2018\\-01\\-23\\|website\\=Finextra Research\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-10}} These platforms help solve the problems that are generated by the traditional tanda, like transparency, organization, localization, and money collection and distribution methods.", "" ]
Recommissioned Naval Reserve ---------------------------- It was 1962 when RNMCB 26 was revived and reorganized with CDR M.C. Wakefield as commanding officer. Headquarters was established in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. After four years, RNMCB 26 moved its headquarters to Indianapolis, Indiana, where E.R. Englert assumed command. The battalion reorganized with the Seabees of RNMCB 27 in 1968\. The reorganized TWENTY\-SIX came under the command of CDR T.H. Torgersen, with headquarters in Chicago. CDR Torgersen ran the Battalion until he was relieved by CDR R.J. Weller on 1 July 1971\. On 1 July 1973, CDR R.W. Braun relieved CDR Weller as commanding officer. In the 1970s major construction projects were undertaken at NAS Glenview, Marine Corps Base, Quantico, Virginia, and at Amphibious Base, Little Creek, Virginia. In 1975, RNMCB 26 was one of only two battalions nationwide to earn an overall REDDU evaluation of "Outstanding". Effective November 1975, CDR J.R. Gallaugher relieved CDR Braun as the commanding officer of RNMCB 26\. In July 1976, CDR Thomas A. Winkel relieved CDR Gallaugher as the commanding officer of RNMCB 26\. On 1 October 1978, CDR Winkel turned the command of RNMCB 26 over to CDR Walter T. Meisner, Jr. In October 1980, CDR R.G. Hepburn relieved CAPT Walter T. Meisner, Jr., as commanding officer. On 1 October 1983, command of the Battalion passed from CDR Hepburn to CDR R.D. Shepard. The new Permanent Drill Site at Naval Air Facility, Detroit, [Selfridge Air National Guard Base](/wiki/Selfridge_Air_National_Guard_Base "Selfridge Air National Guard Base"), Mount Clemens, Michigan was officially occupied in September 1985\. For exemplary performance Reserve Naval Mobile Construction Battalion TWENTY\-SIX was awarded the Best of Type (Battle 'E') in 1986\. On 1 October 1986 CDR Norman D. Raderer relieved CDR Burrus as commanding officer. Battalion strength was approximately 771 personnel. In the 1980s a wide variety of training occurred providing excellent experience for the battalion. Projects were completed at Bases in Hawaii, Davisville, Rhode Island, Quantico, Virginia, FT Benning, Georgia, FT Jackson SC, and Twenty\-nine Palms, CA. The training saw as Seabees, Marines and Soldiers honed their collaborative skills and teamwork. Detachments were also deployed to Rota, Spain in 1989 to complete construction projects there. Detachments also performed projects in Puerto Rico and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The 1990s again saw much change within the NCF and in the Navy. Nonetheless, NMCB 26 completed training evolutions with great names like 'Sea Dragon' 'Green Stinger' and 'Sharp Wedge'. We left our imprint of workmanship in places like Guam, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Alabama, Sigonella and Naples, Italy, Crete, the Seabee Museum in Gulfport, Camp Lejeune NC and Rota, Spain, to name a few. Humanitarian projects involving the digging of water wells for rural inhabitants of Guatemala, Panama and Belize in Central America were completed. In 1990, Commander Thomas R. Reid relieved Commander Larry G. DeVries as RNMCB26 commanding officer and LCDR Norman Schleif relieved LCDR Kenneth Drake as RNMCB 26 XO. FY91 was a year dominated by the Desert Shield and Desert Storm operations. Several NMCB26 members were recalled to active duty with other NMCBs in late 1990\. NMCB26 itself was notified in January 1991 of plans to activate it towards the end of the fiscal year, but the early, successful military resolution of the Middle Eastern crisis removed the need for NMCB26's.recall. At the start of FY 93 CDR Thomas R. Reid handed over command to CDR O. Wayne Ramsey. At the beginning ofFY95, CDR Ramsey handed over command to CDR Gary J. KEIL and at the end of FY96, CDR Keil handed over command ofNMCB\-26 to CDR Mark A. Battle. At the end of FY 98, CDR Battle handed over command of NMCB 26 to CDR Terrence R. Huxel. The executive officer was LCDR Terry Mahoney and CMDCM was Gene Toffolo. The Seabees of TWO SIX had grown accustomed to the constant change of life in the NCF, but the new millennium brought more than anyone anticipated. The Global War on Terror brought multiple deployments and in this decade. NMCB 26 also provided construction project support in Columbus, New Mexico, Naval Weapons Station Charleston, Nogales, Arizona, Croatia and Germany. NMCB 26 entered the 21st Century with Commanding Officer CDR Terry Huxel, XO CDR Doug Dariano and CMDCM was Gene Toffolo. In FY 2001, CDR Dariano became the CO, with LCDR Terry Hart serving as XO and EQCM Dan Miller as Command Master Chief. ### The War on Terror Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 26 was activated out of the Naval Reserve in early 2003\. Two (2\) heavy air detachments of reserve Seabees and a main body were formed from its detachments and recalled to deploy to the European Area of Responsibility (AOR). CDR Daniel Stehly, CEC was the commanding officer of NMCB 26 with CMDCM Richard Abernathy. The unit was deployed in Rota, Spain; Souda Bay, Crete; and Sigonella, Italy. In October 2003, LCDR Spalding returned to NMCB 26 as the executive officer (XO). Im 2005 the battalion was turned over to CDR Joe Leahy, who continued readiness training and sending detachments on construction efforts around the world in Croatia and Germany. In 2006 through 2007, under CDR Mark Fung, now Rear Admiral Fung, two air detachments were deployed to the CENTCOM AOR with back to back deployments, let by LT Scott Kelley (Air Det One) and LT Patrick Kuhne (Air Det Two). NMCB 26 Seabees completed construction projects in Kuwait, Afghanistan, Bahrain, and the Gulf Oil Platforms. As a result of the Battalion's efforts in theater and in homeport, the battalion earned the Battle "E" in back to back years of 2006 and 2007\. NMCB 26 closed out the decade with continuing their training and readiness and completing projects within the US at Columbus, New Mexico, Naval Weapons Station Charleston, and Nogales, Arizona. In 2008 the Command fell under the control of CDR Phil Spalding who continued the FRTP cycle ensuring all Seabees were ready for any mission assigned. Projects were completed stateside as well as individuals deploying with several units to the CENTCOM AOR. In 2010 the battalion was called again and deployed to CENTCOM again under the command of CDR Regina Gallagher Marengo. Seabees constructed force protection at forward bases, drilled wells and performed contingency construction throughout the NATO ISAF AOR, including Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain and Southern Afghanistan. For their efforts on this deployment NMCB 26 was awarded the 2011 Best of Type Battle E, the 'Rear Admiral John R. Perry Award' as the finest Reserve Battalion in the nation, the Army Presidential Unit Citation, Army Valorous Unit Award, and a Meritorious Unit Citation. Upon returning to the reserve world, the Command was turned over to the final commanding officer of NMCB 26, in 2012 to Commander Rob Steen. The battalion XO was LCDR Patrick Kuhne and the CMDCM was Ed Schoen and later CMDCM Daryl Johnson, for the final year. The battalion remained very active, focused on the changes within the NCF and developing each Seabee for their next steps. But in 2013, with changes occurring in Afghanistan, NMCB 26 was once again called upon to deploy. NMCB 26 sent a heavy air detachment to Afghanistan led by LCDR Deniz Piskin, augmenting NMCB 28 contributing to the largest Seabee battalion in a war zone since the Vietnam War. Due to outstanding performance in 2014, NMCB 26 was awarded the Best of Type "Battle E" for the Atlantic Fleet. ### Decommissioning On 30 September 2014, following a ceremony held on 20 September, NMCB 26 was officially decommissioned at Selfridge Air National Guard Base, Michigan, leaving behind a long legacy of service with Honor, Courage and Commitment. The imprint on the world, while measurable in man\-hours and material quantities, is immeasurable in the benefit and contribution to our country and humanity.
[ "Recommissioned Naval Reserve\n----------------------------", "It was 1962 when RNMCB 26 was revived and reorganized with CDR M.C. Wakefield as commanding officer. Headquarters was established in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. After four years, RNMCB 26 moved its headquarters to Indianapolis, Indiana, where E.R. Englert assumed command. The battalion reorganized with the Seabees of RNMCB 27 in 1968\\. The reorganized TWENTY\\-SIX came under the command of CDR T.H. Torgersen, with headquarters in Chicago. CDR Torgersen ran the Battalion until he was relieved by CDR R.J. Weller on 1 July 1971\\. On 1 July 1973, CDR R.W. Braun relieved CDR Weller as commanding officer.", "In the 1970s major construction projects were undertaken at NAS Glenview, Marine Corps Base, Quantico, Virginia, and at Amphibious Base, Little Creek, Virginia. In 1975, RNMCB 26 was one of only two battalions nationwide to earn an overall REDDU evaluation of \"Outstanding\". Effective November 1975, CDR J.R. Gallaugher relieved CDR Braun as the commanding officer of RNMCB 26\\. In July 1976, CDR Thomas A. Winkel relieved CDR Gallaugher as the commanding officer of RNMCB 26\\. On 1 October 1978, CDR Winkel turned the command of RNMCB 26 over to CDR Walter T. Meisner, Jr.", "In October 1980, CDR R.G. Hepburn relieved CAPT Walter T. Meisner, Jr., as commanding officer. On 1 October 1983, command of the Battalion passed from CDR Hepburn to CDR R.D. Shepard. The new Permanent Drill Site at Naval Air Facility, Detroit, [Selfridge Air National Guard Base](/wiki/Selfridge_Air_National_Guard_Base \"Selfridge Air National Guard Base\"), Mount Clemens, Michigan was officially occupied in September 1985\\.", "For exemplary performance Reserve Naval Mobile Construction Battalion TWENTY\\-SIX was awarded the Best of Type (Battle 'E') in 1986\\. On 1 October 1986 CDR Norman D. Raderer relieved CDR Burrus as commanding officer. Battalion strength was approximately 771 personnel.", "In the 1980s a wide variety of training occurred providing excellent experience for the battalion. Projects were completed at Bases in Hawaii, Davisville, Rhode Island, Quantico, Virginia, FT Benning, Georgia, FT Jackson SC, and Twenty\\-nine Palms, CA. The training saw as Seabees, Marines and Soldiers honed their collaborative skills and teamwork. Detachments were also deployed to Rota, Spain in 1989 to complete construction projects there. Detachments also performed projects in Puerto Rico and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.", "The 1990s again saw much change within the NCF and in the Navy. Nonetheless, NMCB 26 completed training evolutions with great names like 'Sea Dragon' 'Green Stinger' and 'Sharp Wedge'. We left our imprint of workmanship in places like Guam, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Alabama, Sigonella and Naples, Italy, Crete, the Seabee Museum in Gulfport, Camp Lejeune NC and Rota, Spain, to name a few. Humanitarian projects involving the digging of water wells for rural inhabitants of Guatemala, Panama and Belize in Central America were completed. \nIn 1990, Commander Thomas R. Reid relieved Commander Larry G. DeVries as RNMCB26 commanding officer and LCDR Norman Schleif relieved LCDR Kenneth Drake as RNMCB 26 XO. FY91 was a year dominated by the Desert Shield and Desert Storm operations. Several NMCB26 members were recalled to active duty with other NMCBs in late 1990\\. NMCB26 itself was notified in January 1991 of plans to activate it towards the end of the fiscal year, but the early, successful military resolution of the Middle Eastern crisis removed the need for NMCB26's.recall.", "At the start of FY 93 CDR Thomas R. Reid handed over command to CDR O. Wayne Ramsey. At the beginning ofFY95, CDR Ramsey handed over command to CDR Gary J. KEIL and at the end of FY96, CDR Keil handed over command ofNMCB\\-26 to CDR Mark A. Battle. At the end of FY 98, CDR Battle handed over command of NMCB 26 to CDR Terrence R. Huxel. The executive officer was LCDR Terry Mahoney and CMDCM was Gene Toffolo.", "The Seabees of TWO SIX had grown accustomed to the constant change of life in the NCF, but the new millennium brought more than anyone anticipated. The Global War on Terror brought multiple deployments and in this decade. NMCB 26 also provided construction project support in Columbus, New Mexico, Naval Weapons Station Charleston, Nogales, Arizona, Croatia and Germany.", "NMCB 26 entered the 21st Century with Commanding Officer CDR Terry Huxel, XO CDR Doug Dariano and CMDCM was Gene Toffolo. In FY 2001, CDR Dariano became the CO, with LCDR Terry Hart serving as XO and EQCM Dan Miller as Command Master Chief.", "### The War on Terror", "Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 26 was activated out of the Naval Reserve in early 2003\\. Two (2\\) heavy air detachments of reserve Seabees and a main body were formed from its detachments and recalled to deploy to the European Area of Responsibility (AOR). CDR Daniel Stehly, CEC was the commanding officer of NMCB 26 with CMDCM Richard Abernathy. The unit was deployed in Rota, Spain; Souda Bay, Crete; and Sigonella, Italy. In October 2003, LCDR Spalding returned to NMCB 26 as the executive officer (XO).", "Im 2005 the battalion was turned over to CDR Joe Leahy, who continued readiness training and sending detachments on construction efforts around the world in Croatia and Germany.", "In 2006 through 2007, under CDR Mark Fung, now Rear Admiral Fung, two air detachments were deployed to the CENTCOM AOR with back to back deployments, let by LT Scott Kelley (Air Det One) and LT Patrick Kuhne (Air Det Two). NMCB 26 Seabees completed construction projects in Kuwait, Afghanistan, Bahrain, and the Gulf Oil Platforms. As a result of the Battalion's efforts in theater and in homeport, the battalion earned the Battle \"E\" in back to back years of 2006 and 2007\\. NMCB 26 closed out the decade with continuing their training and readiness and completing projects within the US at Columbus, New Mexico, Naval Weapons Station Charleston, and Nogales, Arizona.", "In 2008 the Command fell under the control of CDR Phil Spalding who continued the FRTP cycle ensuring all Seabees were ready for any mission assigned. Projects were completed stateside as well as individuals deploying with several units to the CENTCOM AOR.", "In 2010 the battalion was called again and deployed to CENTCOM again under the command of CDR Regina Gallagher Marengo. Seabees constructed force protection at forward bases, drilled wells and performed contingency construction throughout the NATO ISAF AOR, including Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain and Southern Afghanistan. For their efforts on this deployment NMCB 26 was awarded the 2011 Best of Type Battle E, the 'Rear Admiral John R. Perry Award' as the finest Reserve Battalion in the nation, the Army Presidential Unit Citation, Army Valorous Unit Award, and a Meritorious Unit Citation.", "Upon returning to the reserve world, the Command was turned over to the final commanding officer of NMCB 26, in 2012 to Commander Rob Steen. The battalion XO was LCDR Patrick Kuhne and the CMDCM was Ed Schoen and later CMDCM Daryl Johnson, for the final year. The battalion remained very active, focused on the changes within the NCF and developing each Seabee for their next steps. But in 2013, with changes occurring in Afghanistan, NMCB 26 was once again called upon to deploy. NMCB 26 sent a heavy air detachment to Afghanistan led by LCDR Deniz Piskin, augmenting NMCB 28 contributing to the largest Seabee battalion in a war zone since the Vietnam War. Due to outstanding performance in 2014, NMCB 26 was awarded the Best of Type \"Battle E\" for the Atlantic Fleet.", "### Decommissioning", "On 30 September 2014, following a ceremony held on 20 September, NMCB 26 was officially decommissioned at Selfridge Air National Guard Base, Michigan, leaving behind a long legacy of service with Honor, Courage and Commitment. The imprint on the world, while measurable in man\\-hours and material quantities, is immeasurable in the benefit and contribution to our country and humanity.", "" ]
### The War on Terror Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 26 was activated out of the Naval Reserve in early 2003\. Two (2\) heavy air detachments of reserve Seabees and a main body were formed from its detachments and recalled to deploy to the European Area of Responsibility (AOR). CDR Daniel Stehly, CEC was the commanding officer of NMCB 26 with CMDCM Richard Abernathy. The unit was deployed in Rota, Spain; Souda Bay, Crete; and Sigonella, Italy. In October 2003, LCDR Spalding returned to NMCB 26 as the executive officer (XO). Im 2005 the battalion was turned over to CDR Joe Leahy, who continued readiness training and sending detachments on construction efforts around the world in Croatia and Germany. In 2006 through 2007, under CDR Mark Fung, now Rear Admiral Fung, two air detachments were deployed to the CENTCOM AOR with back to back deployments, let by LT Scott Kelley (Air Det One) and LT Patrick Kuhne (Air Det Two). NMCB 26 Seabees completed construction projects in Kuwait, Afghanistan, Bahrain, and the Gulf Oil Platforms. As a result of the Battalion's efforts in theater and in homeport, the battalion earned the Battle "E" in back to back years of 2006 and 2007\. NMCB 26 closed out the decade with continuing their training and readiness and completing projects within the US at Columbus, New Mexico, Naval Weapons Station Charleston, and Nogales, Arizona. In 2008 the Command fell under the control of CDR Phil Spalding who continued the FRTP cycle ensuring all Seabees were ready for any mission assigned. Projects were completed stateside as well as individuals deploying with several units to the CENTCOM AOR. In 2010 the battalion was called again and deployed to CENTCOM again under the command of CDR Regina Gallagher Marengo. Seabees constructed force protection at forward bases, drilled wells and performed contingency construction throughout the NATO ISAF AOR, including Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain and Southern Afghanistan. For their efforts on this deployment NMCB 26 was awarded the 2011 Best of Type Battle E, the 'Rear Admiral John R. Perry Award' as the finest Reserve Battalion in the nation, the Army Presidential Unit Citation, Army Valorous Unit Award, and a Meritorious Unit Citation. Upon returning to the reserve world, the Command was turned over to the final commanding officer of NMCB 26, in 2012 to Commander Rob Steen. The battalion XO was LCDR Patrick Kuhne and the CMDCM was Ed Schoen and later CMDCM Daryl Johnson, for the final year. The battalion remained very active, focused on the changes within the NCF and developing each Seabee for their next steps. But in 2013, with changes occurring in Afghanistan, NMCB 26 was once again called upon to deploy. NMCB 26 sent a heavy air detachment to Afghanistan led by LCDR Deniz Piskin, augmenting NMCB 28 contributing to the largest Seabee battalion in a war zone since the Vietnam War. Due to outstanding performance in 2014, NMCB 26 was awarded the Best of Type "Battle E" for the Atlantic Fleet.
[ "### The War on Terror", "Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 26 was activated out of the Naval Reserve in early 2003\\. Two (2\\) heavy air detachments of reserve Seabees and a main body were formed from its detachments and recalled to deploy to the European Area of Responsibility (AOR). CDR Daniel Stehly, CEC was the commanding officer of NMCB 26 with CMDCM Richard Abernathy. The unit was deployed in Rota, Spain; Souda Bay, Crete; and Sigonella, Italy. In October 2003, LCDR Spalding returned to NMCB 26 as the executive officer (XO).", "Im 2005 the battalion was turned over to CDR Joe Leahy, who continued readiness training and sending detachments on construction efforts around the world in Croatia and Germany.", "In 2006 through 2007, under CDR Mark Fung, now Rear Admiral Fung, two air detachments were deployed to the CENTCOM AOR with back to back deployments, let by LT Scott Kelley (Air Det One) and LT Patrick Kuhne (Air Det Two). NMCB 26 Seabees completed construction projects in Kuwait, Afghanistan, Bahrain, and the Gulf Oil Platforms. As a result of the Battalion's efforts in theater and in homeport, the battalion earned the Battle \"E\" in back to back years of 2006 and 2007\\. NMCB 26 closed out the decade with continuing their training and readiness and completing projects within the US at Columbus, New Mexico, Naval Weapons Station Charleston, and Nogales, Arizona.", "In 2008 the Command fell under the control of CDR Phil Spalding who continued the FRTP cycle ensuring all Seabees were ready for any mission assigned. Projects were completed stateside as well as individuals deploying with several units to the CENTCOM AOR.", "In 2010 the battalion was called again and deployed to CENTCOM again under the command of CDR Regina Gallagher Marengo. Seabees constructed force protection at forward bases, drilled wells and performed contingency construction throughout the NATO ISAF AOR, including Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain and Southern Afghanistan. For their efforts on this deployment NMCB 26 was awarded the 2011 Best of Type Battle E, the 'Rear Admiral John R. Perry Award' as the finest Reserve Battalion in the nation, the Army Presidential Unit Citation, Army Valorous Unit Award, and a Meritorious Unit Citation.", "Upon returning to the reserve world, the Command was turned over to the final commanding officer of NMCB 26, in 2012 to Commander Rob Steen. The battalion XO was LCDR Patrick Kuhne and the CMDCM was Ed Schoen and later CMDCM Daryl Johnson, for the final year. The battalion remained very active, focused on the changes within the NCF and developing each Seabee for their next steps. But in 2013, with changes occurring in Afghanistan, NMCB 26 was once again called upon to deploy. NMCB 26 sent a heavy air detachment to Afghanistan led by LCDR Deniz Piskin, augmenting NMCB 28 contributing to the largest Seabee battalion in a war zone since the Vietnam War. Due to outstanding performance in 2014, NMCB 26 was awarded the Best of Type \"Battle E\" for the Atlantic Fleet.", "" ]
Background ---------- {{See also\|Norwood–Port Adelaide rivalry\|Port Adelaide v South Australia (1914\)\|1990 SANFL Grand Final}} The Showdown's intense rivalry can be traced back to Port Adelaide's pre\-existing rivalries within the [SANFL](/wiki/South_Australian_National_Football_League "South Australian National Football League"), particularly Norwood. {{Quote box \|border \= 2px \|align \= center \|bgcolor \= Cornsilk \|title \= A SPLENDID GAME \|style \= font\-family: Courier \|width \= 50% \|halign \= center \|quote \= Just as the more faithful amongst the tribes of the East feel it incumbent on them to pay a periodical visit to Mecca, so do lovers of the king of winter games feel it almost an essential duty on their part to journey to the Adelaide Oval on the Queen's Accession Day, in sunshine or rain, to witness a trial of strength between those great and old rivals the Port Adelaide and Norwood clubs. \|salign \= right \|author \= THE ADVERTISER, ADELAIDE, JUNE 21, 1893\.'FOOTBALL.', ''The Advertiser'' (Adelaide), 21 June 1893, p. 7\., viewed 22 Nov 2017, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article25656343 \|source \= }} [300px\|thumb\|The Showdown is often considered the cultural successor to the [Norwood–Port Adelaide rivalry](/wiki/Norwood%E2%80%93Port_Adelaide_rivalry "Norwood–Port Adelaide rivalry") characterised by a geographic and socio\-economic divide. The two clubs first played each other in 1878 and became bitter rivals after multiple controversies in 1882\.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article195868765 \|title\=FOOTBALL. \|newspaper\=\[\[Port Adelaide News]] \|volume\=V \|issue\=307 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=18 July 1882 \|access\-date\=13 May 2019 \|page\=4 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} Pictured is the [1921 SANFL Grand Final](/wiki/1921_SAFL_Grand_Final "1921 SAFL Grand Final") taking place on [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval "Adelaide Oval").](/wiki/File:Port_Adelaide_Norwood_1923_Adelaide_Oval.png "Port Adelaide Norwood 1923 Adelaide Oval.png") The [Norwood–Port Adelaide rivalry](/wiki/Norwood%E2%80%93Port_Adelaide_rivalry "Norwood–Port Adelaide rivalry") began in 1878 when the two clubs first played one another, however it was not until 1882 that the Norwood–Port Adelaide rivalry grew bitter. That year Port Adelaide's first win over Norwood, held at [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval "Adelaide Oval"), was controversially overruled by the league, with a follow\-up game overshadowed by a misunderstanding at the gate which almost prevented Norwood players accessing the venue. {{Cquote\|"The feeling of rivalry between the two clubs is very keen, and it has unfortunately, it is to be feared, been intensified to the very verge of actual ill\-feeling by the extraordinary conduct of the Norwood Club with reference to their last defeat by the Ports." \| author \= Spectator writing for the Port Adelaide News, 18 July 1882'FOOTBALL.', ''Port Adelaide News'', 18 July 1882, p. 4\., viewed 13 May 2019, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/195868765 \| source \= }} [thumb\|200px\|After [Federation](/wiki/Federation_of_Australia "Federation of Australia") the football scene in South Australia was characterised by a 'Port Adelaide vs The Rest' narrative. Pictured is a cartoon from 1928\.\|left](/wiki/File:Port_Adelaide_Football_Budget_4_June_1928.jpg "Port Adelaide Football Budget 4 June 1928.jpg") After [Federation](/wiki/Federation_of_Australia "Federation of Australia"), coinciding with the time that Port Adelaide was becoming the dominant force in the SANFL, the notion of *'Port Adelaide against The Rest **became a key theme for football in the state. This notion was reinforced by a game between Port Adelaide and a composite state side at the end of 1914 after Port Adelaide had completed a perfect season winning both the state premiership and the Champions of Australia for the fourth time. | *[Port Adelaide v South Australia (1914\)](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_v_South_Australia_%281914%29 "Port Adelaide v South Australia (1914)")* | *G* | *B* | *Total* | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia_Australian_rules_football_team "South Australia Australian rules football team") | 5 | 10 | 40 | | **Port Adelaide** | **14** | **14** | **98** | | Venue: [Jubilee Oval](/wiki/Jubilee_Oval_%28Adelaide%29 "Jubilee Oval (Adelaide)") | | | | In the match between Port Adelaide and the composite state side some of South Australia's best players took part including [Magarey Medallists](/wiki/Magarey_Medal "Magarey Medal") [Tom Leahy](/wiki/Tom_Leahy_%28footballer%29 "Tom Leahy (footballer)") ([North Adelaide](/wiki/North_Adelaide_Football_Club "North Adelaide Football Club")), [Frank Barry](/wiki/Frank_Barry_%28footballer%29 "Frank Barry (footballer)") ([South Adelaide](/wiki/South_Adelaide_Football_Club "South Adelaide Football Club")) and [Dave Low](/wiki/Dave_Low "Dave Low") ([West Torrens](/wiki/West_Torrens_Football_Club "West Torrens Football Club")). Whilst South Australia started the game well and entered the quarter time break with the lead, Port Adelaide's system and fitness overwhelmed South Australia kicking 6 goals 5 behinds to nothing in the last quarter to win the game by 58 points.{{cite news \|date\=17 October 1914 \|title\=FOOTBALL. \|volume\=LXXI \|page\=33 \|newspaper\=Observer \|issue\=5,511 \|location\=South Australia \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article163141173 \|access\-date\=19 June 2018 \|via\=National Library of Australia}}*** During the 1960s, West Adelaide legend Doug Thomas was quoted as saying that "If I was left to choose sides between Port Adelaide or the Soviet Union, I would join the communists from Russia every time."{{Cite web \|title\=Official AFL Website of the Port Adelaide Football Club \|url\=https://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/club/prison\-bars \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-02 \|website\=portadelaidefc.com.au \|language\=en}} The Showdown rivalry also significantly draws upon the bitter, [winner take all](/wiki/Winner-take-all_market "Winner-take-all market"), competition for the two South Australian licences to join the AFL in the 1980s and early 1990s. ### First South Australian AFL licence In 1982 the [SANFL](/wiki/SANFL "SANFL") approached the [VFL](/wiki/VFL "VFL") in regards to entering two sides, Port Adelaide and [longtime major rival](/wiki/Port_Adelaide%E2%80%93Norwood_SANFL_rivalry "Port Adelaide–Norwood SANFL rivalry") {{SANFL Nor}}, in the [Victorian](/wiki/Victoria_%28Australia%29 "Victoria (Australia)") league.{{Cite book\|title\=From Port to a Power\|last\=Abernethy\|first\=Bruce\|publisher\=Wakefield Press\|year\=1997\|isbn\=186254400X\|location\=Kent Town, Adelaide\|page\=71}} This action was also taken by [WAFL](/wiki/West_Australian_Football_League "West Australian Football League") club [East Perth](/wiki/East_Perth_Football_Club "East Perth Football Club") in 1980\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.amnet.net.au/\~daveiza/royals/vfl.html\|title\=Fight On East Perth \- Applying to Join VFL\|website\=www.amnet.net.au\|access\-date\=2015\-10\-08}} All approaches were ignored by the VFL at the time with the reason given by [Jack Hamilton](/wiki/Jack_Hamilton_%28footballer%2C_born_1928%29 "Jack Hamilton (footballer, born 1928)") being that the VFL clubs thought that one or two SANFL teams would end up being too strong later admitting that they also wanted to continue to poach the states best players, which would soon include [Craig Bradley](/wiki/Craig_Bradley "Craig Bradley") and [Stephen Kernahan](/wiki/Stephen_Kernahan "Stephen Kernahan") in 1986\.{{Cite book\|title\=The Phoenix Rises\|last\=Oakley\|first\=Ross\|publisher\=Slattery Media Group\|year\=2014\|isbn\=9780987420596\|location\=Richmond, Victoria\|page\=156}} 1982 also saw the first instance of the VFL expanding beyond Melbourne and Geelong with the [South Melbourne Football Club](/wiki/Sydney_Swans "Sydney Swans") being relocated to Sydney. The [Port Adelaide Football Club](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club")'s annual report from late 1982 showed that the failure of the attempts made by South Australian and West Australian clubs to enter the VFL significantly impacted the club's understanding of its future.'Port Adelaide Football Club Inc. Annual Report and Balance Sheet Season 1982', p. 11 From this point Port Adelaide restructured the club in regards to economics, public relations and on\-field performance for an attempt to enter the league in 1990\. There was genuine feeling that failure to do this would result in the club ceasing to exist in the future. In 1985 Port Adelaide registered itself as a national football club. Sentiment at this time amongst the direction of Australian rules football in South Australia was succinctly encapsulated by a Michael Robinson article in the 1985 Football Times Yearbook that previewed the SANFL's upcoming season. In that article Robinson wrote about the disappointment of the equal gate sharing of match takings enforced by the SANFL for the upcoming season with the stronger South Australian clubs propping up ailing clubs such as Woodville.{{Cite news\|title\=Yet another season of advancing backwards\|last\=Robinson\|first\=Michael\|work\=1985 Football Times Yearbook (1976–1992\)\|publisher\=Ashley Hornsey\|year\=1985\|pages\=10–12}} {{Cquote\|"What would be left of the SA league without the great clubs such as Norwood and Port Adelaide? It would drop to a miserable fourth\-class contest. No one could blame Norwood and Port Adelaide for wanting to get out of the SA league into national ranks if they are further threatened by the dragging down process.\|author\=Michael Robinson in regards to impacts of gate revenue sharing adopted by the SANFL for the 1985 season on Norwood and Port Adelaide\|source\=}} The following year the SANFL registered the name "Adelaide Football Club" in 1986 but ended up deciding against entering a team into the VFL.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theroar.com.au/2012/07/16/revisiting\-the\-south\-australian\-license\-saga\-of\-1991/\|title\=Revisiting the South Australian license saga of 1991\|publisher\=The Roar}} In 1986 [Norwood Football Club](/wiki/Norwood_Football_Club "Norwood Football Club") made an independent approach to the VFL with entry into the league discussed in great detail but these discussions ultimately failed to materialise.{{cite web\|url\=http://australianfootball.com/clubs/bio/Port%2BAdelaide/9\|title\=Port Adelaide Football Club..."one must ask does the 'Big V' want the game to go national"\|publisher\=Australian Football}} In 1987 the [West Coast Eagles](/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles "West Coast Eagles") and [Brisbane Bears](/wiki/Brisbane_Bears "Brisbane Bears") were admitted to the Victorian Football League leaving South Australia as the only mainland state without representation in the VFL. {{Cquote\|"In 1988 a deputation from \[\[Norwood Football Club]] had announced it was interested in joining the VFL 'at any time in the future' and ... a private consortium headed by \[\[Ken Eustice]] was interested in grabbing a licence".\|author\=Ross Oakley\|source\=}} By 1989 seven out of ten SANFL clubs were recording losses and the combined income of the [SANFL](/wiki/SANFL "SANFL") and [WAFL](/wiki/West_Australian_Football_League "West Australian Football League") had dropped to 40% of that of the [VFL](/wiki/VFL "VFL"). The 1989 Port Adelaide annual report and November newsletter contrasted with the outlook of other SANFL and WAFL clubs. After its demolition of {{SANFL NthA}} in the [1989 SANFL Grand Final](/wiki/1989_SANFL_Grand_Final "1989 SANFL Grand Final") holding its opposition to a single goal, the club claimed a profit in the annual report and hinted at its intentions the following year in the club newsletter by saying Port Adelaide was "far better than their nearest rival in the SANFL".{{Cite book\|title\=Port Adelaide Football Club Inc. Report of the Football and Footballers Clubs.\|last\=Whimpress\|first\=T.J.\|publisher\=Largs Bay Printers\|year\=1989\|location\=Largs Bay, South Australia\|page\=26}}{{Cite book\|title\=Magpie News\|last\=Weber\|first\=Bruce\|publisher\=Port Adelaide Football Club\|year\=1989\|location\=Largs Bay Printers\|page\=3}} {{multiple image \| perrow \= 2 \| total\_width \= 400 \| align \= left \| direction \= \| width \= \| image1 \= OIC norwood oval 1\.jpg \| width1 \= 200 \| alt1 \= \| caption1 \= \| image2 \= Supreme Court of South Australia.jpg \| width2 \= 200 \| alt2 \= \| caption2 \= \| image3 \= Michael\_Atchison,\_Port\_Adelaide\_AFL\_SANFL\_Kuwait\_1990\_August\_1\.jpg \| width3 \= 400 \| alt3 \= \| caption3 \= \| footer \= '''Top Left:''' On 9 August 1990 it was revealed {{SANFL Nor}} had been in discussions with the AFL to join in 1991\. However, after seeing the local media response to {{AFL Por}}'s bid they sided with the SANFL. Norwood would again try to gain a licence during 1994 in a merger with {{SANFL Stu}}.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article122303541 \|title\=AFL sought Norwood \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|volume\=64 \|issue\=20,209 \|location\=Australian Capital Territory, Australia \|date\=10 August 1990 \|access\-date\=1 August 2017 \|page\=13 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} '''Top Right:''' An injunction was won in the \[\[Supreme Court of South Australia]] preventing Port Adelaide from continuing its discussions with the AFL after 12 August 1990\. '''Bottom:''' Cartoon by \[\[Michael Atchison]] for the Adelaide Advertiser on 1 August 1990 equating the tensions between the SANFL and Port Adelaide over the latter's attempt to join the AFL with the then concurrent \[\[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait]].}} During early 1990 the SANFL had decided to wait three years before making any further decision. Frustrated with lack of progress, Port Adelaide were having secret negotiations in the town of [Quorn](/wiki/Quorn%2C_South_Australia "Quorn, South Australia") for entry in 1991\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/stateline/sa/content/2003/s1206851\.htm\|title\=Port Adelaide from SANFL to AFL\|publisher\=ABC: Stateline South Australia}} A practice match organised by Port Adelaide and {{AFL Gee}} on 25 February at [Football Park](/wiki/Football_Park "Football Park") attracted at over 30,000 spectators and illustrated the potential of a South Australian side in the newly renamed national competition.{{Cite news\|title\=Keeping Score '90\|last\=Fishburn\|first\=Chris\|date\=April 1990\|work\=Magpie News\|page\=34}} Around the same time AFL was also seeking Norwood to join the national competition in 1990\. However Norwood would eventually side with the SANFL after seeing the media reaction to Port Adelaide's attempts. {{Cquote\|"They \[the SANFL clubs] are not going to make that decision until they are at the lowest possible ebb. They'd be voting themselves into obscurity \[opting for a composite team] in their state." \| author \= \[\[Ross Oakley]] in regards to the other SANFL clubs opposing Port Adelaide's entry{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article122302786 \|title\=Put Port Adelaide into AFL: Oakley \|newspaper\=\[\[The Canberra Times]] \|volume\=64 \|issue\=20,205 \|location\=Australian Capital Territory, Australia \|date\=6 August 1990 \|access\-date\=10 May 2018 \|page\=22 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} }} When the knowledge of [Port Adelaide Football Club](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club_%28SANFL%29 "Port Adelaide Football Club (SANFL)")'s negotiations to gain an AFL licence were made public, the other [SANFL](/wiki/SANFL "SANFL") clubs saw it as an act of treachery. Subsequently, the SANFL clubs, led by Glenelg and Norwood, urged Justice Olssen to make an injunction against the bid, which he agreed to. The SANFL promptly created a composite team to beat Port Adelaide's bid. The [Adelaide Football Club](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") gained what was very close to being Port Adelaide's licence to the AFL and began playing in 1991\. The new Adelaide club would adopt the name "the Crows" after the states inhabitants often used the nickname "Crow\-eaters". During this time the SANFL began suing people involved with Port Adelaide, including people volunteering in unpaid positions, with the AFL quickly stepping in to guarantee the protection of the club and associated people. In 2014 during an interview with the Adelaide Advertiser, Ross Oakley revealed that "In desperation to force (the SANFL's) hand...we began dealing directly with two powerhouse clubs of the SANFL, Norwood and Port Adelaide...we were changing the league's name to AFL – and we could not go without a team from Adelaide."{{cite web\| url \= https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/afl/teams/port\-adelaide/fight\-to\-break\-south\-australian\-impasse\-on\-vfl\-involved\-far\-more\-than\-port\-adelaide/news\-story/dc13dfdbbd3f8cc2beb939c308e48831\| url\-status \= dead\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20170416231035/http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/afl/teams/port\-adelaide/fight\-to\-break\-south\-australian\-impasse\-on\-vfl\-involved\-far\-more\-than\-port\-adelaide/news\-story/dc13dfdbbd3f8cc2beb939c308e48831\| archive\-date \= 2017\-04\-16\| title \= Fight to break South Australian impasse on VFL involved far more than Port Adelaide {{!}} Adelaide Now}} | [1990 SANFL Grand Final](/wiki/1990_SANFL_Grand_Final "1990 SANFL Grand Final")*Last game without AFL in SA.* | *G* | *B* | *Total* | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [Glenelg](/wiki/Glenelg_Football_Club "Glenelg Football Club") | 13 | 15 | 93 | | **Port Adelaide** | **16** | **12** | **108** | | Venue: [Football Park](/wiki/Football_Park "Football Park") | Crowd: 50,589 | | | | | | {{cquote\|"These twenty blokes, everyone who has helped us, are sensational people and all the views that you have read in the press the one thing that really matters is that there will always be a Port Adelaide Football Club."\|15px\|15px\|\[\[George Fiacchi]] upon accepting the 1990 \[\[Jack Oatey Medal]] for best on ground at the 1990 SANFL Grand FinalGeorge Fiacchi, 1990 SANFL Grand Final \- Port Adelaide vs. Glenelg, Channel 9 }} {{cquote\|"I want to tell you that you want to enjoy this moment for what it is because the good times are well and truly gone. Apart from Jack (\[\[John Cahill (footballer)\|John Cahill]]) and the players there are a couple of individuals out there who are responsible for that and make sure you enjoy tonight because the good times will not happen again."\|15px\|15px\|{{SANFL Gle}} coach and inaugural {{AFL Ade}} coach \[\[Graham Cornes]]'s address to the Port Adelaide change\-rooms post the \[\[1990 SANFL Grand Final]]Graham Cornes, 1990 SANFL Grand Final, Channel 9 }} The front runners for the coaching job at the newly created club were both involved in the last SANFL game played in South Australia before the advent of a local AFL team, the [1990 SANFL Grand Final](/wiki/1990_SANFL_Grand_Final "1990 SANFL Grand Final"). In that game Port Adelaide, coached by [John Cahill](/wiki/John_Cahill_%28footballer%29 "John Cahill (footballer)") defeated Glenelg, coached by [Graham Cornes](/wiki/Graham_Cornes "Graham Cornes"), by 15 points. Graham Cornes ended up being selected to coach Adelaide for the [1991 AFL season](/wiki/1991_AFL_season "1991 AFL season"). Cornes compiled a club list of the best players from South Australia, with few originating from other states, in what was almost a state side in the first year. Chris McDermott, captain of Glenelg in the 1990 SANFL Grand Final, was designated as the Crows inaugural captain.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.afc.com.au/news/2015\-03\-11/on\-this\-day\-inaugural\-squad\-named\|title\=On this day: Inaugural squad named – AFC.com.au\|work\=afc.com.au\|access\-date\=2017\-04\-15}} Despite Port Adelaide being SANFL premiers in 1990, only 5 players from the team became part of the Adelaide squad of 52\. Those players being [Bruce Abernethy](/wiki/Bruce_Abernethy "Bruce Abernethy"), [Simon Tregenza](/wiki/Simon_Tregenza "Simon Tregenza"), [David Brown](/wiki/David_Brown_%28footballer%2C_born_1969%29 "David Brown (footballer, born 1969)"), [Darren Smith](/wiki/Darren_Smith_%28Australian_rules_footballer%29 "Darren Smith (Australian rules footballer)") and [Scott Hodges](/wiki/Scott_Hodges "Scott Hodges"), with the last three joining Port Adelaide's inaugural AFL squad in 1997\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/club/history/past\-players\|title\=Past players – portadelaidefc.com.au\|website\=portadelaidefc.com.au\|access\-date\=2017\-04\-15}} In 1992 Port Adelaide played a young Adelaide side in a pre\-season match at Football Park on February 1 in what was the first meeting between the two clubs. ### Second South Australian AFL licence The admission of Adelaide to the AFL had a devastating impact on the league's attendances with the SANFL recording a 45% drop between 1990 and 1993\.{{Cite book\|title\=The Budget\|publisher\=SANFL\|year\=1994\|location\=Adelaide}} Port Adelaide defied this trend of falling SANFL attendances recording an increase of 13% from 1990 to 1993\.{{cite web\|url \= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=xFs5JkiB4qU\|title \= Port Adelaide AFL Bid Video\|date \= 1994\|publisher \= Port Adelaide Football Club}} {{Cquote\|"I only hope petty jealousies and fears within the S.A.N.F.L. don't short circuit a Port Adelaide proposal which clearly seems better than any other"\|author\=Tony Greenberg, Inside Football, June 1994\|source\=Tony Greenberg, Inside Football, 8 June 1994\.}} In 1994 the AFL announced that South Australia would receive a licence for a second team based in the state. The major bids competing with Port Adelaide this time around were from merger club proposals in Norwood\-Sturt, and Glenelg\-South. On 15 June the SANFL handed down a report recommending the second license go to a team formed from the amalgamation of two clubs. {{Cquote\|"The sub\-licence should be granted to an amalgamation of two SANFL clubs" \| author \= SANFL, Report on the Future Direction of Football in South Australia, 15 June 1994 \| source \= SANFL, Report on the Future Direction of Football in South Australia, 14 June 1994 }} On 16 June it was reported in The Age by Stephen Linnell that "the League's preference was for a single, established club to join the league".{{Cite news\|title\=League 'No' may open door to Port\|last\=Linnell\|first\=Stephen\|date\=16 June 1994\|work\=The Age}} The final tenders were submitted to the SANFL on 14 September 1994 including Port Adelaide's second application, Norwood–Sturt's merged club bid with the remaining application coming from Woodville–West Torrens.{{Cite book\|title\=Destiny\|last\=Ashton\|first\=Norman\|publisher\=Wakefield Press\|year\=2018\|isbn\=9781743055946\|location\=Adelaide\|pages\=137}} {{Cquote\|"In my opinion coming second \[not getting the second South Australian AFL licence] means you die" \| author \= \[\[Michael Aish (footballer)\|Michael Aish]], {{SANFL Nor}} champion, August 1994 \| source \= Jeff Reynolds, ''Australian Football'', May 2016\. }} On 2 October Port Adelaide won the [1994 SANFL Grand Final](/wiki/1994_SANFL_Grand_Final "1994 SANFL Grand Final"), its fifth in seven years. On 13 December Port Adelaide won the tender for the second SA license over its various state rivals, however it was prevented from entering the competition before 1996 as stipulated in the Adelaide license agreement.{{Cite news\|title\=Premiers SA's Second Team\|last\=Rucci\|first\=Michaelangelo\|date\=14 December 1994\|work\=The Advertiser (Adelaide)\|pages\=1–2}} In 1995 after an SANFL game at Football Park the Adelaide Crows began carrying out a training session which was interrupted by a large horde of Port Adelaide supporters chanting "We're coming to get you".{{Cite news\|title\=What makes Port Adelaide different from the Crows?\|last\=Rucci\|first\=Michelangelo\|date\=29 May 1996\|work\=The Advertiser (Adelaide)}} Adelaide coach [Robert Shaw](/wiki/Robert_Shaw_%28footballer%29 "Robert Shaw (footballer)") was the only Adelaide official to confront the horde. In 1996 Port Adelaide was left to wait again as a vacancy was required in the league. It was announced on 27 October 1995 that Port Adelaide would be participating in the [1997 AFL season](/wiki/1997_AFL_season "1997 AFL season"), one season later than initially planned and seven years after the club's first failed bid in 1990\.{{Cite book\|title\=Destiny\|last\=Ashton\|first\=Norman\|publisher\=Wakefield Press\|year\=2018\|isbn\=9781743055946\|location\=Adelaide\|pages\=153}} Other contributing factors to rivalry ------------------------------------- Along with the circumstances of the two clubs entries into the national competition are numerous other factors that fuel the rivalry. ### Lingering resentment [thumb\|150px\|right\|Labor politician and Norwood / Crows supporter [Gordon Bilney](/wiki/Gordon_Bilney "Gordon Bilney") said he would barrack for the Liberals before barracking for Port Adelaide.{{Cite news \|date\=17 August 2002 \|title\=Port, the team the rest of Adelaide loves to hate \- The Age \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The Age \|url\=https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/port\-the\-team\-the\-rest\-of\-adelaide\-loves\-to\-hate\-20020817\-gdui5w.html \|access\-date\=10 May 2019}}](/wiki/File:Gordon_Bilney_1984.jpg "Gordon Bilney 1984.jpg") Many supporters of traditionally strong South Australian clubs other than Port Adelaide, such as [Norwood](/wiki/Norwood_Football_Club "Norwood Football Club"), [Sturt](/wiki/Sturt_Football_Club "Sturt Football Club"), [Glenelg](/wiki/Glenelg_Football_Club "Glenelg Football Club") and [North Adelaide](/wiki/North_Adelaide_Football_Club "North Adelaide Football Club"), were left frustrated that Port Adelaide were the only SANFL club to make the transition to the AFL. {{cquote\|"I cannot even begin to imagine the joy of seeing \[\[Norwood Football Club\|Norwood]] players run on to the MCG in an AFL final – or even a home and away game...We would never again see some of the country's best players slip on our club's jumper while in their prime." \| author \= David Washington \| source \= InDaily, 2014{{Cite news\|url\=https://indaily.com.au/opinion/2014/02/06/dear\-port\-fans\-just\-dont\-get/\|title\=Dear Port fans: you just don't get it \- InDaily\|date\=6 February 2014\|work\=InDaily\|access\-date\=14 October 2018\|language\=en\-US}} }} {{cquote\|"Victorians say they hate \[\[Collingwood Football Club\|Collingwood]] in the way that people say they hate snails getting into their garden and eating their lettuces. Let's call a spade a spade. If Port Adelaide were the last team on earth and they were playing a scratch outfit made up of child molesters, axe murderers, failed entrepreneurs and \[\[Liberal Party of Australia\|Liberal]] politicians, I'd barrack for the Liberals...Norwood people especially loathe Port Adelaide with a passion. Can I speak too badly of them? No, I can't." \| author \= \[\[Gordon Bilney]] \| source \= The Age, 2002{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/port\-the\-team\-the\-rest\-of\-adelaide\-loves\-to\-hate\-20020817\-gdui5w.html\|title\=Port, the team the rest of Adelaide loves to hate \- The Age\|date\=17 August 2002\|work\=The Age\|access\-date\=10 May 2019\|language\=en\-US}} }} ### Player recruitment {{multiple image \| align \= right \| direction \= \| width \= \| image1 \= The Forwards Talk (8865162921\) (cropped).jpg \| width1 \= 95 \| alt1 \= \| caption1 \= \| image2 \= Jordan Dawson 2018\.4\.jpg \| width2 \= 95 \| alt2 \= \| caption2 \= \| footer \= \[\[Steven Motlop]] (left) and \[\[Jordan Dawson]] (right) were the subject of \[\[Bid price\#Bidding war\|bidding wars]] between {{AFL Ade}} and {{AFL PA}}.{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-04\-04 \|title\=Touch Of The Fumbles: Curveball \|url\=https://indaily.com.au/sport/touch\-of\-the\-fumbles/2022/04/04/touch\-of\-the\-fumbles\-curveball/ \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-04 \|website\=InDaily \|language\=en}} Both kicked match winning goals in their first Showdown appearances. }} Due to the inherent nature of being the only two South Australian clubs in the competition, when a player seeks to move to the state both clubs often vigorously compete for the players signature. This also applies during the [AFL Draft](/wiki/Australian_Football_League_draft "Australian Football League draft") when both clubs will jostle for position to gain local talent. Two notable examples of this characteristic were the bidding wars between the two clubs for [Steven Motlop](/wiki/Steven_Motlop "Steven Motlop") and [Jordan Dawson](/wiki/Jordan_Dawson "Jordan Dawson"). Both players in their first Showdown appearances, Motlop for Port Adelaide after leaving Geelong and Dawson for Adelaide after leaving Sydney, kicked match winning goals for their new clubs. ### Guernsey issues In 2005 for the AFL's Heritage Round, Adelaide decided to wear an iteration of the South Australian state guernsey, with the 'AFC' monogram instead of the 'SA' monogram, which was originally worn in 1930\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.footyjumpers.com/adelaideheritage.htm\|title\=Adelaide Heritage \- Footy Jumpers}} During the same match Port Adelaide were blocked by the AFL from wearing the club's Prison Bar guernsey. {{cquote\|"The Adelaide football team and the SA state side are two separate identities – and they should not be confused."\|author\=\[\[John Halbert]]\|source\=The Advertiser, 2005}} [thumb\|right\|150px\|Bob Quinn's 1947 [South Australian state football team](/wiki/South_Australian_state_football_team "South Australian state football team") guernsey is on display at [Alberton Oval](/wiki/Alberton_Oval "Alberton Oval"). The state guernsey was a point of controversy in 2014\.](/wiki/File:1947_South_Australian_state_guernsey%2C_Bob_Quinn.jpeg "1947 South Australian state guernsey, Bob Quinn.jpeg") In February 2014, Adelaide announced that they would wear the South Australian state guernsey in the first Showdown at Adelaide Oval. This left Port Adelaide fans particularly aggrieved as many of their greats had worn the South Australia guernsey in the past. Port Adelaide released a statement at the time saying that the state guernsey was "a symbol of South Australian football unification, not division".{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/news/2014\-02\-05/statement\-state\-guernsey\|title\=Statement: State Guernsey \- portadelaidefc.com.au\|work\=portadelaidefc.com.au\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-26}} Others commented that it would be misappropriation to use a State guernsey for a club based competition with players who came from interstate being forced to wear a symbol of South Australia. {{cquote \| 2 \= 15px \| 3 \= 15px \| 4 \= \[\[Stephen Kernahan]] comments on the South Australian state guernsey{{Cite news\|title\=SANFL forces Adelaide Crows to abandon 'State of Origin' Adelaide Oval Showdown guernsey\|last\= Kernahan \|first\= Stephen \|date\=7 February 2017\|work\=The Advertiser}}\|My father wore that state jumper to represent SA. So did I. So did many others. That jumper is sacred in my books...I spoke to Eddie McGuire today and suggested Carlton might wear the Big V in a heritage game. You can imagine the reaction. Clubs don't get to wear state jumpers...{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/sanfl\-forces\-adelaide\-crows\-to\-abandon\-state\-of\-origin\-adelaide\-oval\-showdown\-guernsey/news\-story/0fd87abb44418c59cdd80dabe3ff3d7d\|title\=Showdown 1 recall\|last\=Fjeldstad\|first\= Jesper \|date\=7 February 2017\|work\=Herald Sun}} }} Shortly after unveiling the guernsey, Adelaide were denied permission to wear it by the SANFL.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sanfl\-forces\-adelaide\-crows\-to\-abandon\-state\-of\-origin\-adelaide\-oval\-showdown\-guernsey/news\-story/0fd87abb44418c59cdd80dabe3ff3d7d\|title\=SANFL forces Adelaide Crows to abandon 'State of Origin' Adelaide Oval Showdown guernsey\|work\=The Advertiser\|date\=7 February 2014}} Port Adelaide meanwhile were granted permission by the AFL to wear their traditional ["Prison Bar" guernsey](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club%23%27Prison_Bar%27_guernsey "Port Adelaide Football Club#'Prison Bar' guernsey") for the only Showdown in 2020, as part of the club's 150th anniversary celebrations.{{cite web\|url\=https://wwos.nine.com.au/afl/port\-adelaide\-to\-wear\-prison\-bars\-outfit\-twice\-in\-2020/d074e809\-7a1b\-4206\-bcdb\-48beab6076e3\|title\=Port Adelaide to wear traditional prison bars outfit twice in 2020\|work\=Wide World of Sports\|date\=15 August 2019}} The club requested it wear the guernsey in all future matches between the teams, which was rejected by Collingwood and the AFL.{{cite web\|url\=https://amp.abc.net.au/article/12321646\|title\=David Koch hits back at Eddie McGuire over Power's prison bar guernsey push\|work\=ABC News\|date\=4 June 2020}} The club negotiated an agreement with Collingwood to return the guernsey for the 2023 home Showdown match;{{cite web\|url\=https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102084166\|title\=Collingwood allows Port Adelaide to wear 'prison bar' guernsey after years of hostility over the heritage design\|work\=ABC News\|date\=11 March 2023}} an agreement which has since been extended to include all future home showdown matches in both the AFL and AFL Women's competitions.{{cite web\|url\=https://twitter.com/9NewsAdel/status/1756223800268427445\|title\=Two years in the making and costing $25 million, Port Adelaide is now calling its new state of the art football facility home. And it's not only the Power players that will benefit, the local community also winners. @VickiJSchwarz \#9News\|date\=10 February 2024\|work\=9News Adelaide\|publisher\=\[\[Twitter]]}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/news/1614148\|title\=AFLW team to wear Prison Bars in inaugural Alberton Showdown\|work\=Port Adelaide FC\|date\=30 June 2024\|author\=Jamie Anderson}} ### Competitiveness The Showdown has a history of upsets with ladder ranking and betting markets being a poor indicator of the final result. As of Showdown 44, over a third of meetings have gone the way of the lower ranked team. In addition to this the overall head\-to\-head lead has been held by both teams at different stages, has never gone beyond a differential of 6 and, as of Showdown 54 the ledger is tied at 27 wins each. This contrasts with the [Western Derby](/wiki/Western_Derby "Western Derby") where [West Coast](/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles "West Coast Eagles") have never relinquished the lead of the head\-to\-head ledger and have at some stages held a 12 win differential over [Fremantle](/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club "Fremantle Football Club") and the [Sydney Derby](/wiki/Sydney_Derby_%28AFL%29 "Sydney Derby (AFL)") where the [Sydney Swans](/wiki/Sydney_Swans "Sydney Swans") have also never relinquished the lead of the head\-to\-head ledger and held a 7 win differential over the [GWS Giants](/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney_Giants "Greater Western Sydney Giants") after 9 meetings. | \+ | Intrastate AFL Derby comparisons (men) | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | Showdown | [Western Derby](/wiki/Western_Derby "Western Derby") | [Sydney Derby](/wiki/Sydney_Derby_%28AFL%29 "Sydney Derby (AFL)") | [Q–Clash](/wiki/QClash "QClash") | | Ledger |Adelaide lead by **1** against Port Adelaide West Coast lead by **9** against Fremantle Sydney Swans lead by **6** against GWS Giants Brisbane Lions lead by **11** against Gold Coast | Lead |Defended by both sides Never relinquished by West Coast Never relinquished by Sydney Held by both sides | Last updated 2024 R8 | | | | | Notable matches --------------- ### Round 4, 1997 The build up to the inaugural Showdown was described by [Malcolm Blight](/wiki/Malcolm_Blight "Malcolm Blight") as being akin to a Grand Final.{{Cite web \|title\=Onward to Victory \|url\=https://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/video/744470/onward\-to\-victory\-150th\-anniversary\-documentary\-ptv \|access\-date\=5 April 2022 \|website\=portadelaidefc.com.au}} Having won their first match in the AFL against [Geelong](/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club "Geelong Football Club") the week before, a pumped up Port jumped the Crows in the first half and managed to hold on in the final quarter as the Crows mounted a comeback. Port Adelaide eventually defeated Adelaide by 11 points.{{cite web\|title \= Footy Park Flashbacks \#3: Showdown I, Port Adelaide v Adelaide Crows 1997 – portadelaidefc.com.au\|url \= http://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/news/2013\-08\-31/footy\-park\-flashbacks\-3\|website \= portadelaidefc.com.au\|access\-date \= 2015\-11\-01\|url\-status \= dead\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924080347/http://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/news/2013\-08\-31/footy\-park\-flashbacks\-3\|archive\-date \= 24 September 2015}} The game notably also featured a fight between Port's [Scott Cummings](/wiki/Scott_Cummings_%28footballer%29 "Scott Cummings (footballer)") and Adelaide's [Rod Jameson](/wiki/Rod_Jameson "Rod Jameson"). {{cquote \| 2 \= 15px \| 3 \= 15px \| 4 \= \[\[Dennis Cometti]] immediately after the siren had sounded signifying the end of the game{{Cite news\|title\=Showdown 1 recall\|last\=Cometti\|first\=Dennis\|date\=6 April 2017\|work\=Port Adelaide Football Club}}\|The battle of Adelaide has been fought and won. They brought with them a mountain of tradition, there's no denying that. A bonafide club, as distinct from the other. A club forged over many years. What an impact. There are a few chameleons in the crowd. I think a few changed during the course of the game. They found their roots. }}[Dennis Cometti](/wiki/Dennis_Cometti "Dennis Cometti"), commentator for the inaugural Showdown, later elaborated on his [chameleon](/wiki/Chameleon "Chameleon") comment saying that when Adelaide entered the AFL some Port Adelaide supporters began to follow the new team as it was the only South Australian club competing on the national stage, but six years after their original club attempted to do the same, they reverted to supporting Port Adelaide after they won the first showdown. {{AFLGameDetailed \|title \= Showdown I \|date \= Sunday, 20 April (3:10 pm) \|home team \= {{AFL Ade}} \|home Q1 \= 1\.1 (7\) \|home Q2 \= 3\.4 (22\) \|home Q3 \= 5\.5 (35\) \|home final \= 11\.6 (72\) \|home goals\= 7: \[\[Tony Modra\|Modra]] 2: \[\[Chad Rintoul\|Rintoul]] 1: \[\[Barry Standfield\|Standfield]], \[\[Peter Vardy (footballer)\|Vardy]] \|home best \= \[\[Tony Modra\|Modra]], \[\[Mark Ricciuto\|Ricciuto]] \|home injuries \= \|home reports \= \[\[Rod Jameson\|Jameson]] \|winner \= A \|away team \= {{AFL Por}} \|away Q1 \= 1\.6 (12\) \|away Q2 \= 5\.10 (40\) \|away Q3 \= 9\.14 (68\) \|away final \= 11\.17 (83\) \|away goals\= 4: \[\[Scott Cummings (footballer)\|Cummings]] 2: \[\[Shayne Breuer\|Breuer]], \[\[Ian Downsborough\|Downsborough]] 1: \[\[Peter Burgoyne\|Burgoyne]], \[\[Josh Francou\|Francou]], \[\[Michael Wilson (Australian footballer)\|Wilson]] \|away best\= \[\[Darren Mead\|Mead]], \[\[Shayne Breuer\|Breuer]], \[\[Brendon Lade\|Lade]], \[\[Michael Wilson (Australian footballer)\|Wilson]] \|away injuries \= \|away reports \= \[\[Scott Cummings (footballer)\|Cummings]] \|venue \= \[\[Football Park]] \|crowd \= 47,256 \|report \= \|umpires \= \|BOG award \= Showdown Medal: Not Awarded \[\[Brownlow Medal\|Brownlow Votes]] \|BOG winner \= 3 \[\[Darren Mead\|Mead]], 2 \[\[Shayne Breuer\|Breuer]], 1 \[\[Brendon Lade\|Lade]] \|broadcast \= \[\[Seven Network]] \|anthem \= \|notes\= }} ### Round 5, 2002 [thumb\|right\|200px\|[The Ramsgate Hotel](/wiki/Henley_Beach%2C_South_Australia "Henley Beach, South Australia") was the location of an altercation between the two sides in 2002\.](/wiki/File:Ramsgate_Hotel%2C_South_Australia.jpg "Ramsgate Hotel, South Australia.jpg") The round 5, 2002 Showdown was the second time in a row Port Adelaide had won by 8 points. After the game about six players from both sides coincidentally came across each other at the Ramsgate Hotel in Henley Beach.{{Cite web \|date\=2002\-04\-30 \|title\=Bit of biffo as rivals show they're 'human' \|url\=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/afl/bit\-of\-biffo\-as\-rivals\-show\-theyre\-human\-20020430\-gdf8l1\.html \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-08 \|website\=The Sydney Morning Herald \|language\=en}} During the match [Josh Carr](/wiki/Josh_Carr "Josh Carr") had been [tagging](/wiki/Tagger_%28Australian_rules_football%29 "Tagger (Australian rules football)") [Mark Ricciuto](/wiki/Mark_Ricciuto "Mark Ricciuto") holding him to only 6 kicks (for comparison Ricciuto averaged 13 over his career).{{cite web\|url\=http://afltables.com/afl/stats/games/2002/011320020427\.html\|title\=AFL Tables – Adelaide v Port Adelaide – Sat, 27\-Apr\-2002 7:10 PM (7:40 PM) – Match Stats\|website\=afltables.com\|access\-date\=2016\-12\-23}} When the groups of players met at the Ramsgate Hotel, the two aforementioned players started an argument, and with the assistance of alcohol, a brawl between the two groups broke out. No one was badly injured. The publicity of this incident resulted in consecutive Showdown crowds in excess of 50,000 at Football Park.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/08/13/1029113929013\.html\|title\='Henley beach' two attracts the footbrawl faithful – realfooty.com.au\|website\=www.theage.com.au\|date\=14 August 2002\|access\-date\=2016\-11\-01}} John Reid, former head of Adelaide Football Operations, was required (like his Port Adelaide counterpart) by the AFL to provide his players with a formal lecture regarding how the incident was unacceptable which upon completion he famously quipped "And I hope you won the fight!”.{{Cite news\|date\=2021\-08\-02\|title\=The final Showdown countdown\|url\=https://indaily.com.au/news/sponsored\-content/2021/08/02/the\-final\-showdown\-countdown/\|access\-date\=2021\-08\-09\|website\=InDaily\|language\=en}} {{AFLGameDetailed \|title \= Showdown XI \|date \= Saturday, 27 April (7:10pm) \|home team \= {{AFL Ade}} \|home Q1 \= 6\.1 (37\) \|home Q2 \= 9\.4 (58\) \|home Q3 \= 11\.8 (74\) \|home final \= 12\.10 (82\) \|home super \= \|home goals \= 2: \[\[Mark Stevens (footballer)\|Stevens]], \[\[Scott Welsh\|Welsh]], \[\[Brett Burton\|Burton]], \[\[Graham Johncock\|Johncock]] 1: \[\[Mark Bickley\|Bickley]], \[\[Matthew Bode\|Bode]], \[\[Simon Goodwin\|Goodwin]], \[\[Tyson Stenglein\|Stenglein]] \|home best \= \|home injuries \= \|home reports \= \|home substitute\= \|winner \= A \|away team \= {{AFL Por}} \|away Q1 \= 3\.0 (18\) \|away Q2 \= 6\.0 (36\) \|away Q3 \= 10\.3 (63\) \|away final \= 14\.6 (90\) \|away super \= \|away goals \= 3: \[\[Chad Cornes\|C. Cornes]] 2: \[\[Peter Burgoyne\|Burgoyne]], \[\[Gavin Wanganeen\|Wanganeen]] 1: \[\[Che Cockatoo\-Collins\|Cockatoo\-Collins]], \[\[Brent Guerra\|Guerra]], \[\[Roger James (footballer)\|James]], \[\[Adam Kingsley\|Kingsley]], \[\[Brendon Lade\|Lade]], \[\[Jared Poulton\|Poulton]], \[\[Warren Tredrea\|Tredrea]] \|away best \= \|away injuries \= \|away reports \= \|away substitute\= \|venue \= \[\[Football Park]] \|crowd \= 49,513 \|report \= \|umpires \= \|BOG award \= Showdown Medal: \[\[Jarrad Schofield]] \[\[Brownlow Medal\|Brownlow Votes]] \|BOG winner \= 3 \[\[Jarrad Schofield\|Schofield]], 2 \[\[Barnaby French\|French]], 1 \[\[Michael Doughty (Australian footballer)\|Doughty]] \|broadcast \=\[\[Network Ten]] \|anthem \= \|notes \= }} ### Round 7, 2004 Showdown XV is memorable for the magnitude of the upset that Adelaide pulled off and the fact that it ended Port Adelaide's 7 game winning streak in Showdowns. At the start of the game Port Adelaide had won 5 of its first 6 games whilst Adelaide had only managed one. The gambling markets had Adelaide at $5 to win the match, the longest odds offered in any Showdown at the time.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/afl/teams/adelaide/adelaide\-crows\-face\-biggest\-showdown\-challenge\-since\-2004/news\-story/2cb60193cefeb61d277ceec4585b1c49\|title\=delaide Crows face biggest Showdown challenge since 2004\|last\=Rucci\|first\=Michaelangelo\|date\=17 July 2015\|work\=The Advertiser\|access\-date\=13 May 2018}} Port Adelaide entered the first break with a 6\-point lead but Adelaide coach [Gary Ayres](/wiki/Gary_Ayres "Gary Ayres") gave his side a spray and subsequently ran away with the game to cause arguably the biggest upset in Showdown history. {{AFLGameDetailed \|title \= Showdown XV \|date \= Saturday, 8 May (7:10 pm) \|home team \= {{AFL Por}} \|home Q1 \= 5\.2 (32\) \|home Q2 \= 7\.3 (45\) \|home Q3 \= 9\.7 (61\) \|home final \= 13\.9 (87\) \|home goals\= 7: \[\[Warren Tredrea\|Tredrea]] 2: \[\[Brett Ebert\|Ebert]] 1: \[\[Shaun Burgoyne\|Burgoyne]], \[\[Domenic Cassisi\|Cassisi]], \[\[Kane Cornes\|Cornes]], \[\[Dean Brogan\|Brogan]] \|home best \= \|home injuries \= \|home reports \= \|winner \= A \|away team \= {{AFL Ade}} \|away Q1 \= 4\.2 (26\) \|away Q2 \= 11\.6 (72\) \|away Q3 \= 14\.14 (98\) \|away final \= 17\.17 (119\) \|away goals\= 4: \[\[Graham Johncock\|Johncock]] 3: \[\[Wayne Carey\|Carey]], \[\[Ken McGregor\|McGregor]] 2: \[\[Luke Jericho\|Jericho]] 1: \[\[Tyson Edwards\|Edwards]], \[\[Scott Welsh\|Welsh]], \[\[Nathan Bock\|Bock]], \[\[Kris Massie\|Massie]], \[\[Tyson Stenglein\|Stenglein]] \|away best\= \|away injuries \= \|away reports \= \|venue \= \[\[Football Park]] \|crowd \= 44,733 \|report \= \|umpires \= \|BOG award \= Showdown Medal: \[\[Mark Ricciuto]] \[\[Brownlow Medal\|Brownlow Votes]] \|BOG winner \= 3 \[\[Tyson Stenglein\|Stenglein]], 2 \[\[Mark Ricciuto\|Ricciuto]], 1 \[\[Matthew Clarke (Australian footballer)\|Clarke]] \|broadcast \= \[\[Network Ten]] \|anthem \= \|notes\= }} ### 2005 semi\-final In the [2005 AFL Finals Series](/wiki/2005_AFL_finals_series "2005 AFL finals series"), Adelaide and Port Adelaide met in a [semi\-final](/wiki/Semi-final "Semi-final"), the first time, and thus far only time in their history they had played against each other in a finals game. The stakes of a showdown had never been higher and South Australia experienced an unprecedented high anticipation to the game in the week leading up to the match. The match was known in the buildup as "The Ultimate Showdown".{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.afc.com.au/news/2014\-03\-27/the\-finals\-showdown\|title\=The Finals Showdown \- AFC.com.au\|work\=afc.com.au\|access\-date\=2018\-05\-13}} The first half of the game was an intense, defensive contest with the Crows leading 4\.7 (31\) to 3\.6 (24\) at the main break. Tempers almost boiled over in the second quarter after Adelaide ruckman Rhett Biglands was stretchered from the ground after a Byron Pickett shirtfront. However Biglands would return in the second half and the incident would eventually be deemed legal.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2005\-09\-12/pickett\-off\-the\-hook\-for\-biglands\-bump/2102266\|title\=Pickett off the hook for Biglands bump\|date\=2005\-09\-12\|work\=ABC News\|access\-date\=2018\-08\-03\|language\=en\-AU}} After half time, Adelaide thrashed Port Adelaide outscoring them by 76 points cruising home for an 83\-point win, ending Port Adelaide's season. This remains as the only final played between the two sides and the only final the two would ever play at Football Park. 2005 was also the only time one of the clubs had defeated the other side in 3 Showdowns in the same AFL season. {{AFLGameDetailed \|title \= Showdown XIX \|date \= Saturday, 10 September (7:00 pm) \|home team \= {{AFL Ade}} \|home Q1 \= 3\.4 (22\) \|home Q2 \= 4\.7 (31\) \|home Q3 \= 12\.9 (81\) \|home final \= 18\.15 (123\) \|home goals\= 4: \[\[Scott Welsh\|Welsh]] 3: \[\[Simon Goodwin\|Goodwin]], \[\[Ian Perrie\|Perrie]] 2: \[\[Ken McGregor\|McGregor]] 1: \[\[Trent Hentschel\|Hentschel]], \[\[Tyson Edwards\|Edwards]], \[\[Andrew McLeod\|McLeod]], \[\[Mark Ricciuto\|Ricciuto]], \[\[Ben Rutten\|Rutten]], \[\[Robert Shirley\|Shirley]] \|home best \= \[\[Tyson Edwards\|Edwards]], \[\[Simon Goodwin\|Goodwin]], \[\[Mark Ricciuto\|Ricciuto]], \[\[Matthew Clarke (Australian footballer)\|Clarke]], \[\[Ben Rutten\|Rutten]], \[\[Nathan Bassett\|Bassett]], \[\[Brett Burton\|Burton]], \[\[Andrew McLeod\|McLeod]] \|home injuries \= \[\[Graham Johncock\|Johncock]] (calf), \[\[Rhett Biglands\|Biglands]], \[\[Robert Shirley\|Shirley]] (head knock) \|home reports \= Nil \|winner \= H \|away team \= {{AFL Por}} \|away Q1 \= 2\.1 (13\) \|away Q2 \= 3\.6 (24\) \|away Q3 \= 4\.6 (30\) \|away final \= 5\.10 (40\) \|away goals\= 1: \[\[Josh Mahoney\|Mahoney]], \[\[Shaun Burgoyne\|S.Burgoyne]], \[\[Danyle Pearce\|Pearce]], \[\[Michael Pettigrew\|Pettigrew]], \[\[Gavin Wanganeen\|Wanganeen]] \|away best\= \[\[Chad Cornes\|C.Cornes]], \[\[Kane Cornes\|K.Cornes]], \[\[Brett Montgomery\|Montgomery]], \[\[Darryl Wakelin\|Wakelin]] \|away injuries \= \[\[Michael Wilson (Australian footballer)\|Wilson]] (hamstring) \|away reports \= Nil \|venue \= \[\[Football Park]] \|crowd \= 50,521 \|report \= \|umpires \= \[\[Michael Vozzo]], \[\[Brett Allen]], \[\[Scott McLaren]] \|BOG award \= Showdown Medal \|BOG winner \= Not Awarded \|broadcast \= \[\[Network Ten]] \|anthem \= \|notes\= }} ### Round 3, 2008 Showdown 24 is often cited as the most physical meeting of the two clubs. Prior to Showdown 24 Port Adelaide had lost their two opening games of the 2008 AFL season and, coupled with their disastrous [2007 AFL Grand Final](/wiki/2007_AFL_Grand_Final "2007 AFL Grand Final"), [Mark Williams](/wiki/Mark_Williams_%28Australian_footballer%2C_born_1958%29 "Mark Williams (Australian footballer, born 1958)") demanded throughout the week at training leading up to the game that his players bring tough and physical brand of football to their next match.{{Cite web \|last\=Cornes \|first\=Chad \|date\=9 May 2018 \|title\=Chad Cornes' top 5 Showdowns: \#5 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=LekbETROz\-Y \|access\-date\=6 April 2022 \|website\=Youtube}} Early in the game, and a sign of things to come, [Matt Thomas](/wiki/Matt_Thomas_%28Australian_rules_footballer%29 "Matt Thomas (Australian rules footballer)") knocked out [Nathan Bassett](/wiki/Nathan_Bassett "Nathan Bassett"). Not long after [Luke Jericho](/wiki/Luke_Jericho "Luke Jericho") was bruised after a heavy collision with Port Adelaide ruckman [Dean Brogan](/wiki/Dean_Brogan "Dean Brogan").{{Cite news \|date\=2008\-04\-06 \|title\=Crows hang on in Showdown thriller \|language\=en\-AU \|work\=ABC News \|url\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008\-04\-06/crows\-hang\-on\-in\-showdown\-thriller/2394896 \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-06}} In the last quarter Adelaide had four injured players on the bench resulting in Port Adelaide gaining all the momentum, kicking the last three goals of the match, with [Daniel Motlop](/wiki/Daniel_Motlop "Daniel Motlop") bringing the margin to 6 points with two minutes remaining. Despite this Adelaide managed to just hold on, despite losing a significant number of players, and limp to the siren for a win. The final 6\-point margin was, at the time, the smallest in Showdown history and the result evened the ledger for the first time since 2000\. {{cquote\|"Brogan has put Jericho down!...Gee that is a big hip\-and\-shoulder. Jericho has not moved." \| author \= \[\[Dwayne Russell\|Dwayne Russell's]] call of the incident between Dean Brogan and Luke Jericho. \| source \= }} {{AFLGameDetailed \| title \= Showdown XXIV \| date \= Sunday, 6 April (4:10 pm) \| home team \= {{AFL Ade}} \| home Q1 \= 2\.3 (15\) \| home Q2 \= 4\.8 (32\) \| home Q3 \= 8\.11 (59\) \| home Q4 \= \| home final \= 12\.13 (85\) \| home super \= \| home goals \= 3: \[\[Richard Douglas (footballer)\|Douglas]] 2: \[\[Bernie Vince\|Vince]], \[\[Simon Goodwin\|Goodwin]] 1: \[\[Tyson Edwards\|Edwards]], \[\[Andrew McLeod\|McLeod]], \[\[Brett Burton\|Burton]], \[\[Jonathon Griffin\|Griffin]] \| home best \= \[\[Bernie Vince\|Vince]], \[\[Graham Johncock\|Johncock]], \[\[Tyson Edwards\|Edwards]], \[\[Ben Rutten\|Rutten]], \[\[Simon Goodwin\|Goodwin]], \[\[Richard Douglas (footballer)\|Douglas]], \[\[Scott Thompson (footballer, born 1983\)\|Thompson]] \| home injuries \= \[\[Nathan Bassett\|Bassett]] (concussion), \[\[Luke Jericho\|Jericho]] (back), \[\[Jason Porplyzia\|Porplyzia]] (shoulder), \[\[Kris Massie\|Massie]] (hamstring) \| home reports \=Nil \| home substitute \= \| winner \= H \| away team \= {{AFL PA}} \| away Q1 \= 2\.3 (15\) \| away Q2 \= 4\.7 (31\) \| away Q3 \= 7\.12 (54\) \| away Q4 \= \| away final \= 11\.13 (79\) \| away super \= \| away goals \= 4: \[\[Shaun Burgoyne\|S. Burgoyne]] 2: \[\[Chad Cornes\|C. Cornes]] 1: \[\[Daniel Motlop\|Motlop]], \[\[David Rodan\|Rodan]], \[\[Travis Boak\|Boak]], \[\[Dean Brogan\|Brogan]] \| away best \= \[\[Peter Burgoyne\|P. Burgoyne]], \[\[Dean Brogan\|Brogan]], \[\[Chad Cornes\|C. Cornes]], \[\[Jacob Surjan\|Surjan]], \[\[Domenic Cassisi\|Cassisi]], \[\[Shaun Burgoyne\|S. Burgoyne]] \| away injuries \=Nil \| away reports \= \[\[Matt Thomas (Australian rules footballer)\|Thomas]] \| away substitute \= \| venue \= \[\[Football Park]] \| crowd \= 45,524 \| report \= \| umpires \= \|BOG award \=Showdown Medal: \[\[Bernie Vince]] \[\[Brownlow Medal\|Brownlow Votes]] \|BOG winner \=3 \[\[Bernie Vince\|Vince]], 2 \[\[Scott Thompson (footballer, born 1983\)\|Thompson]], 1 \[\[David Rodan\|Rodan]] \| broadcast \=\[\[Nine Network]] \| anthem \= \| notes \= }} ### Round 19, 2013 [thumb\|205x205px\|Diagram of [Angus Monfries](/wiki/Angus_Monfries "Angus Monfries")' goal kicked on the 50\-metre line that bounced before the left behind line, significantly changed direction right, and crossed the goal line to bring Port Adelaide within 2 points of Adelaide with 87 seconds remaining](/wiki/File:2013_Angus_Monfries_bounce_diagram.jpg "2013 Angus Monfries bounce diagram.jpg") In 2013 Port Adelaide beat Adelaide in the final Showdown to be played at [Football Park](/wiki/Football_Park "Football Park"). The game was also memorable for Port Adelaide's late final quarter charge, coming back from 20 points in the last 6 minutes of the game. This included a goal by [Angus Monfries](/wiki/Angus_Monfries "Angus Monfries") from outside 50 that landed just in front of the Port Adelaide's point line, bounced at right angles and went through for a goal. [Chad Wingard](/wiki/Chad_Wingard "Chad Wingard") kicked his fifth goal in the last 28 seconds to hand Port Adelaide the lead and win.[Power Showdown Miracle](http://www.afl.com.au/news/2013-08-04/powers-showdown-miracle) Port Adelaide winning this match meant the club had won the first, last and most Showdowns played at Football Park.{{cquote\|"Monfries has kicked a goal, unbelievable! That makes up for \[\[Robbie Gray]] in the first quarter...It's gone at right angles, right angles Tim! I haven't seen anything like that, if \[\[Pythagoras]] is watching, explain that!" \| 2 \= 15px \| 3 \= 15px \| 4 \= \[\[Dennis Cometti]]'s reaction to \[\[Angus Monfries]]' goal }} {{AFLGameDetailed \|title \= Showdown XXXV \|date \= Sunday, 4 August (2:50 pm) \|home team \= {{AFL Ade}} \|home Q1 \= 3\.2 (20\) \|home Q2 \= 5\.6 (36\) \|home Q3 \= 12\.10 (82\) \|home final \= 15\.13 (103\) \|home goals\= 4: \[\[Lewis Johnston\|Johnston]], \[\[Patrick Dangerfield\|Dangerfield]] 2: \[\[Jared Petrenko\|Petrenko]], \[\[Matthew Wright (Australian footballer)\|Wright]] 1: \[\[Mitch Grigg\|Grigg]], \[\[Ricky Henderson\|Henderson]], \[\[Luke Brown\|Brown]] \|home best \= \[\[Brad Crouch\|Crouch]], \[\[Patrick Dangerfield\|Dangerfield]], \[\[Lewis Johnston\|Johnston]], \[\[David Mackay (footballer)\|Mackay]], \[\[Mitch Grigg\|Grigg]], \[\[Bernie Vince\|Vince]] \|home injuries \= Nil \|home reports \= Nil \|winner \= A \|away team \= {{AFL Por}} \|away Q1 \= 2\.1 (13\) \|away Q2 \= 9\.3 (57\) \|away Q3 \= 11\.4 (70\) \|away final \= 17\.5 (107\) \|away goals\= 5: \[\[Chad Wingard\|Wingard]] 3: \[\[Robbie Gray\|Gray]], \[\[Hamish Hartlett\|Hartlett]] 2: \[\[Jay Schulz\|Schulz]], \[\[Angus Monfries\|Monfries]] 1: \[\[John Butcher (Australian footballer)\|Butcher]], \[\[Sam Colquhoun\|Colquhoun]] \|away best\= \[\[Chad Wingard\|Wingard]], \[\[Hamish Hartlett\|Hartlett]], \[\[Robbie Gray\|Gray]], \[\[Travis Boak\|Boak]], \[\[Kane Cornes\|Cornes]], \[\[Jay Schulz\|Schulz]] \|away injuries \= \[\[Paul Stewart (Australian footballer)\|Stewart]] (broken wrist) \|away reports \= Nil \|venue \= \[\[Football Park]] \|crowd \= 43,368 \|report \= \[https://web.archive.org/web/20130422060442/http://www.afl.com.au/match\-centre/2013/19/adel\-v\-port Report] \|umpires \= Stewart, Ryan, Jeffery \|BOG award \=Showdown Medal: \[\[Chad Wingard]] \[\[Brownlow Medal\|Brownlow Votes]] \|BOG winner \=3 \[\[Chad Wingard\|Wingard]], 2 \[\[Brad Crouch\|Crouch]], 1 \[\[Patrick Dangerfield\|Dangerfield]] \|broadcast \= \[\[Seven Network]], \[\[Fox Footy]] (simulcast) \|anthem \= \|notes\= }} ### Round 2, 2014 The round 2, 2014 Showdown on 29 March 2014 saw the first Showdown played at Adelaide Oval along with the first game of Australian rules football at the venue since its extensive redevelopment. Port Adelaide led from the start, with [Matthew Lobbe](/wiki/Matthew_Lobbe "Matthew Lobbe") kicking the first goal in an Adelaide Oval Showdown but Adelaide mounted a comeback and claimed the lead briefly in the third. After the halfway mark of the third quarter, Port Adelaide ran away with the game winning by 55 points.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/local/photos/2014/03/29/3974276\.htm\|title\=Showdown 36 welcomes AFL back to Adelaide Oval \- ABC (None) \- Australian Broadcasting Corporation\|website\=\[\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} {{cquote\|"Port Adelaide will own this moment in history forever!" \| author \= \[\[Dwayne Russell]]'s statement as the siren sounded for the first Showdown at Adelaide Oval. \| source \= }} {{AFLGameDetailed \|title \= Showdown XXXVI \|date \= Saturday, 29 March (4:15 pm) \|home team \= {{AFL Por}} \|home Q1 \= 5\.4 (34\) \|home Q2 \= 7\.8 (50\) \|home Q3 \= 12\.11 (83\) \|home final \= 19\.14 (128\) \|home goals\= 4: \[\[Chad Wingard\|Wingard]] 3: \[\[Jay Schulz\|Schulz]] 2: \[\[Robbie Gray\|Gray]], \[\[Ollie Wines\|Wines]], \[\[Matthew White (footballer)\|White]] 1: \[\[Brad Ebert\|Ebert]], \[\[Hamish Hartlett\|Hartlett]], \[\[Travis Boak\|Boak]], \[\[John Butcher (Australian footballer)\|Butcher]], \[\[Matthew Lobbe\|Lobbe]], \[\[Justin Westhoff\|Westhoff]] \|home best \= \[\[Hamish Hartlett\|Hartlett]], \[\[Brad Ebert\|Ebert]], \[\[Kane Cornes\|Cornes]], \[\[Chad Wingard\|Wingard]], \[\[Jay Schulz\|Schulz]], \[\[Jared Polec\|Polec]] \|home injuries \= \[\[Jared Polec\|Polec]] (cut head) \|home reports \= Nil \|winner \= H \|away team \= {{AFL Ade}} \|away Q1 \= 1\.1 (7\) \|away Q2 \= 5\.2 (32\) \|away Q3 \= 8\.5 (53\) \|away final \= 11\.7 (73\) \|away goals\= 4: \[\[Eddie Betts\|Betts]] 3: \[\[Mitch Grigg\|Grigg]] 1: \[\[Brodie Smith (footballer)\|Smith]], \[\[James Podsiadly\|Podsiadly]], \[\[Richard Douglas (footballer)\|Douglas]], \[\[Sam Kerridge\|Kerridge]], \[\[Lewis Johnston\|Johnston]] \|away best\= \[\[Rory Sloane\|Sloane]], \[\[Richard Douglas (footballer)\|Douglas]], \[\[Eddie Betts\|Betts]], \[\[Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983\)\|Thompson]], \[\[Brodie Smith (footballer)\|Smith]], \[\[Mitch Grigg\|Grigg]] \|away injuries \= \[\[Sam Shaw (footballer)\|Shaw]] (wrist), \[\[Brad Crouch\|Crouch]] (lower leg) \|away reports \= Nil \|venue \= \[\[Adelaide Oval]] \|crowd \= 50,397 \|report \= \[https://web.archive.org/web/20140314005418/http://www.afl.com.au/match\-centre/2014/2/port\-v\-adel Report] \|umpires \= Fleer, Schmitt, Pannell \|BOG award \= Showdown Medal: \[\[Hamish Hartlett]] \[\[Brownlow Medal\|Brownlow Votes]] \|BOG winner \= 3: \[\[Kane Cornes\|Cornes]], 2: \[\[Chad Wingard\|Wingard]]. 1: \[\[Brad Ebert\|Ebert]] \|broadcast \= \[\[Fox Footy]], \[\[Seven Network]] (simulcast) \|anthem \= \[\[Hugh Sheridan]] \|notes\= }} ### Round 16, 2015 The round 16, 2015 Showdown on 19 July 2015 had added significance due to the recent death of Crows senior coach [Phil Walsh](/wiki/Phil_Walsh_%28Australian_footballer%29 "Phil Walsh (Australian footballer)"), who spent ten years as an assistant in two stints with Port Adelaide, including their [2004 premiership](/wiki/2004_AFL_Grand_Final "2004 AFL Grand Final").{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.afc.com.au/news/2015\-07\-03/phil\-walsh\-a\-proud\-football\-lifer\|title\=Phil Walsh \- a proud 'football lifer' \- AFC.com.au\|work\=afc.com.au\|access\-date\=2018\-05\-13}} The game lived up to expectation, with the Crows holding on desperately in the last quarter to win by three points, the closest margin in a Showdown. The game was played in front of 53,518, the largest attendance at the venue since the [1973 SANFL Grand Final](/wiki/1973_SANFL_Grand_Final "1973 SANFL Grand Final"). [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28footballer_born_1983%29 "Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983)") was awarded the one off [Phillip Walsh Medal](/wiki/Phillip_Walsh_Medal "Phillip Walsh Medal"), presented by Walsh's daughter Quinn.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/afl/teams/adelaide/terrific\-scott\-thompson\-honoured\-by\-phillip\-walsh\-medal\-win\-in\-showdown\-39/news\-story/3928357de817123c0d8d436deaedc6f3\|title\=Terrific Scott Thompson 'honoured' by Phillip Walsh Medal win in Showdown 39\|last\=Homfray\|first\=Reece\|date\=19 July 2015\|work\=The Advertiser\|access\-date\=13 May 2018}} {{AFLGameDetailed \|title \= Showdown XXXIX \|date \= Sunday, 19 July (2:50 pm) \|home team \= {{AFL Por}} \|home Q1 \= 3\.4 (22\) \|home Q2 \= 8\.4 (52\) \|home Q3 \= 13\.6 (84\) \|home final \= 17\.11 (113\) \|home goals\= 3: \[\[Patrick Ryder\|Ryder]], \[\[Chad Wingard\|Wingard]], \[\[Robbie Gray\|Gray]], \[\[Jay Schulz\|Schulz]] 2: \[\[Matthew Lobbe\|Lobbe]], \[\[Travis Boak\|Boak]] 1: \[\[Angus Monfries\|Monfries]] \|home best \= \[\[Travis Boak\|Boak]], \[\[Chad Wingard\|Wingard]], \[\[Patrick Ryder\|Ryder]], \[\[Robbie Gray\|Gray]], \[\[Matthew Broadbent\|Broadbent]], \[\[Hamish Hartlett\|Hartlett]] \|home injuries \= Nil \|home reports \= Nil \|winner \= A \|away team \= {{AFL Ade}} \|away Q1 \= 6\.1 (37\) \|away Q2 \= 11\.3 (69\) \|away Q3 \= 18\.6 (114\) \|away final \= 18\.8 (116\) \|away goals\= 3: \[\[Josh Jenkins\|Jenkins]], \[\[Taylor Walker (footballer)\|Walker]] 2: \[\[Charlie Cameron (footballer born 1994\)\|Cameron]], \[\[Tom Lynch (Australian footballer born 1990\)\|Lynch]] 1: \[\[Matt Crouch (footballer)\|Crouch]], \[\[Rory Laird\|Laird]], \[\[Ricky Henderson\|Henderson]], \[\[Kyle Martin (footballer)\|Martin]], \[\[Richard Douglas (footballer)\|Douglas]], Knight, \[\[Eddie Betts\|Betts]], \[\[Matthew Wright (Australian footballer)\|Wright]], \[\[Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983\)\|Thompson]] \|away best\= \[\[Sam Jacobs (footballer)\|Jacobs]], \[\[Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983\)\|Thompson]], \[\[Richard Douglas (footballer)\|Douglas]], \[\[Taylor Walker (footballer)\|Walker]], \[\[Patrick Dangerfield\|Dangerfield]], \[\[Matt Crouch (footballer)\|Crouch]], \[\[Rory Laird\|Laird]], \[\[Ricky Henderson\|Henderson]] \|away injuries \= \[\[Daniel Talia\|Talia]] (concussion) \|away reports \= Nil \|venue \= \[\[Adelaide Oval]] \|crowd \= 53,518 \|report \= \[https://web.archive.org/web/20150416073604/http://www.afl.com.au/match\-centre/2015/16/port\-v\-adel] \|umpires \= Deboy, Schmitt, Ryan \|BOG award \=Phil Walsh Medal: \[\[Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983\)\|Scott Thompson]] \[\[Brownlow Medal\|Brownlow Votes]] \|BOG winner \= 3 \[\[Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983\)\|Thompson]], 2 \[\[Travis Boak\|Boak]], 1 \[\[Sam Jacobs (footballer)\|Jacobs]] \|broadcast \= \[\[Seven Network]], \[\[Fox Footy]] (simulcast) \|anthem \= \|notes\= }} ### Round 8, 2018 The round 8, 2018 Showdown held on 12 May 2018 was played at [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval "Adelaide Oval") in front of a {{AFL Por}} home\-crowd of 50,967\. Despite Adelaide leading by 21 points at half\-time, Port Adelaide managed to cut Adelaide's margin back to single figures with 5 minutes left in the third quarter. [Robbie Gray](/wiki/Robbie_Gray "Robbie Gray") kicked 2 goals late (his fourth and fifth of the quarter) to give Port Adelaide the lead at three\-quarter time.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/live\-afl\-round\-8\-port\-adelaide\-v\-adelaide\-crows\-in\-showdown\-44/news\-story/51a881b3871ab9213f3842a52e8d8ea6?nk\=81f83ab8cf1368c7fa062483a048e99f\-1529384855\|title\=Live AFL Round 8, Port Adelaide v Adelaide Crows in Showdown 44, live scores, live stream, updates, video, live blog\|date\=2018\-05\-12\|work\=Fox Sports\|access\-date\=2018\-06\-19\|language\=en\-GB}} The final quarter was largely played in Adelaide's forward half but they could not trouble the scoreboard. With less than three minutes to go, the game looked all\-but over, but that was not the case. Adelaide managed three goals in little over 2 minutes to regain the lead with 42 seconds on the clock through a [Mitch McGovern](/wiki/Mitch_McGovern "Mitch McGovern") set shot. One last turn would see off\-season Port Adelaide recruit [Steven Motlop](/wiki/Steven_Motlop "Steven Motlop") kick the winning goal with 21 seconds left. The celebration of Port Adelaide coach [Ken Hinkley](/wiki/Ken_Hinkley "Ken Hinkley") at the conclusion of the game, where he referenced the end of the Adelaide's five Showdown win streak, garnered significant media attention.{{Cite web \|date\=2018\-05\-14 \|title\=Touch Of The Fumbles: A Gray day \|url\=https://indaily.com.au/sport/touch\-of\-the\-fumbles/2018/05/14/touch\-fumbles\-gray\-day/ \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-06 \|website\=InDaily \|language\=en}} Robbie Gray claimed a third Showdown Medal for his best on ground display. He managed 6 goals (5 of which in the third quarter). {{cquote\|"Flashpoint! Stevie Motlop, what a time!...He is floating on air now!" \| author \= \[\[Anthony Hudson (commentator)\|Anthony Hudson's]] call as Steven Motlop kicked the game winning goal. \| source \= }} {{AFLGameDetailed \|title \= Showdown XLIV \|date \= Saturday, 12 May (4:40 pm) \|home team \= {{AFL Por}} \|home Q1 \= 1\.3 (9\) \|home Q2 \= 4\.6 (30\) \|home Q3 \= 11\.11 (77\) \|home final \= 14\.11 (95\) \|home goals\= 6: \[\[Robbie Gray\|R.Gray]] 2: \[\[Chad Wingard\|Wingard]], \[\[Patrick Ryder\|Ryder]] 1: \[\[Sam Gray (footballer, born 1992\)\|S.Gray]], \[\[Steven Motlop\|Motlop]], \[\[Travis Boak\|Boak]], \[\[Sam Powell\-Pepper\|Powell\-Pepper]] \|home best \= \[\[Robbie Gray\|Gray]], \[\[Tom Jonas\|Jonas]], \[\[Patrick Ryder\|Ryder]], \[\[Tom Rockliff\|Rockliff]], \[\[Sam Powell\-Pepper\|Powell\-Pepper]], \[\[Jared Polec\|Polec]] \|home injuries \= Nil \|home reports \= \[\[Sam Powell\-Pepper\|Powell\-Pepper]] (2\) \|winner \= H \|away team \= {{AFL Ade}} \|away Q1 \= 4\.2 (26\) \|away Q2 \= 8\.3 (51\) \|away Q3 \= 10\.5 (65\) \|away final \= 14\.6 (90\) \|away goals\= 3: \[\[Eddie Betts\|Betts]] 2: \[\[Taylor Walker (footballer)\|Walker]], \[\[Cam Ellis\-Yolmen\|Ellis\-Yolmen]], \[\[Mitch McGovern\|McGovern]] 1: \[\[Rory Atkins\|Atkins]], \[\[Josh Jenkins\|Jenkins]], \[\[Richard Douglas (footballer)\|Douglas]], \[\[Paul Seedsman\|Seedsman]], \[\[Tom Lynch (Australian footballer, born 1990\)\|Lynch]] \|away best\= \[\[Rory Laird\|Laird]], \[\[Rory Atkins\|Atkins]], \[\[Matt Crouch (footballer)\|Crouch]], \[\[Daniel Talia\|Talia]], \[\[Bryce Gibbs (Australian rules footballer)\|Gibbs]], \[\[Cam Ellis\-Yolmen\|Ellis\-Yolmen]] \|away injuries \= \[\[Taylor Walker (footballer)\|Walker]] (glute), \[\[Sam Jacobs (footballer)\|Jacobs]] (back spasms), \[\[Mitch McGovern\|McGovern]] (ankle) \|away reports \= \[\[Matt Crouch (footballer)\|Crouch]] \|venue \= \[\[Adelaide Oval]] \|crowd \= 50,967 \|report \= \[https://web.archive.org/web/20171103204519/http://www.afl.com.au/match\-centre/2018/8/port\-v\-adel] \|umpires \= Donlon, Haussen, Meredith \|BOG award \= Showdown Medal: \[\[Robbie Gray]] \[\[Brownlow Medal\|Brownlow Votes]] \|BOG winner \= 3 \[\[Robbie Gray\|R. Gray]], 2 \[\[Rory Atkins\|Atkins]], 1 \[\[Tom Rockliff\|Rockliff]] \|broadcast \= \[\[Fox Footy]], \[\[Seven Network]] (simulcast) \|anthem \= \|notes\= }} ### Round 20, 2018 Showdown 45 was a tight contest for the entire game apart from the opening where the Crows kicked the first three goals of the match. Second gamer [Kane Farrell](/wiki/Kane_Farrell "Kane Farrell") kicked three goals to close out the first interval with the quarter time scores level and the margin thereafter never again reaching three goals. Late in the final quarter [Ollie Wines](/wiki/Ollie_Wines "Ollie Wines") had the opportunity to seal the game with a set shot from a tight angle but his banana kick was ineffective. Minutes after Wines shot, [Josh Jenkins](/wiki/Josh_Jenkins "Josh Jenkins") snapped and his score was referred to the goal review umpire to clarify whether it hit the post. The score was quickly ruled a goal by the goal review umpire despite [Josh Jenkins](/wiki/Josh_Jenkins "Josh Jenkins") calling his teammates to set up for a kick out. He later stated his doubt in a post game interview. [Robbie Gray](/wiki/Robbie_Gray "Robbie Gray") was awarded a record fourth Showdown Medal becoming just the third player, after [Graham Johncock](/wiki/Graham_Johncock "Graham Johncock") and [Shaun Burgoyne](/wiki/Shaun_Burgoyne "Shaun Burgoyne"), to win the honour coming from the losing side. After the match Port Adelaide challenged the AFL Score Review system questioning the short amount of time taken for the review (23 seconds) and the lack of camera angles available to the umpires.{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-08\-09\|title\=Power challenges AFL score review system\|url\=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/port\-adelaide\-writes\-to\-afl\-seeking\-clarity\-on\-how\-much\-vision\-was\-used\-to\-review\-controversial\-goal\-in\-showdown\-45/news\-story/c1dc1f36b95e440d64e48b99fe41bcd7\|access\-date\=2021\-08\-09\|website\=adelaidenow\|language\=en}} The AFL affirmed the decision that it was a goal. {{cquote\|"My grandma raised me not to tell fibs. I think it hit the post...but I'm pretty happy they didn't think so." \| author \= \[\[Josh Jenkins]] during a post\-game interview{{Cite web\|title\=The Wrap Up: Adelaide steals Showdown in controversial finish\|url\=https://www.sen.com.au/news/2018/08/04/the\-wrap\-up\-adelaide\-steal\-showdown\-in\-controversial\-finish/\|access\-date\=2021\-08\-09\|website\=www.sen.com.au\|language\=en}} \| source \= }} {{AFLGameDetailed \| title \= Showdown XLV \| date \= Saturday, 4 August (4:05 pm) \| home team \= {{AFL Ade}} \| home Q1 \= 5\.3 (33\) \| home Q2 \= 7\.8 (50\) \| home Q3 \= 9\.14 (68\) \| home Q4 \= \| home final \= 13\.18 (96\) \| home super \= \| home goals \= 3: \[\[Josh Jenkins\|Jenkins]] 2: \[\[Rory Sloane\|Sloane]] 1: \[\[Taylor Walker (footballer)\|Walker]], \[\[Eddie Betts\|Betts]], \[\[Lachlan Murphy\|Murphy]], \[\[Jordan Gallucci\|Gallucci]], \[\[Hugh Greenwood\|Greenwood]], \[\[Tom Lynch (Australian footballer, born 1990\)\|Lynch]], \[\[Tom Doedee\|Doedee]], \[\[Matt Crouch (footballer)\|Crouch]] \| home best \= \[\[Matt Crouch (footballer)\|Crouch]], \[\[Bryce Gibbs (Australian rules footballer)\|Gibbs]], \[\[Josh Jenkins\|Jenkins]], \[\[Rory Sloane\|Sloane]], \[\[Rory Atkins\|Atkins]], \[\[Tom Doedee\|Doedee]] \| home injuries \= \[\[Daniel Talia\|Talia]] (right calf) \| home reports \= \| home substitute \= \| winner \= H \| away team \= {{AFL PA}} \| away Q1 \= 5\.3 (33\) \| away Q2 \= 9\.5 (59\) \| away Q3 \= 10\.9 (69\) \| away Q4 \= \| away final \= 14\.9 (93\) \| away super \= \| away goals \= 4: \[\[Robbie Gray\|Gray]], \[\[Chad Wingard\|Wingard]] 3: \[\[Kane Farrell\|Farrell]] 2: \[\[Travis Boak\|Boak]] 1: \[\[Darcy Byrne\-Jones\|Byrne\-Jones]] \| away best \= \[\[Robbie Gray\|Gray]], \[\[Jared Polec\|Polec]], \[\[Chad Wingard\|Wingard]], \[\[Paddy Ryder\|Ryder]], \[\[Darcy Byrne\-Jones\|Byrne\-Jones]], \[\[Travis Boak\|Boak]] \| away injuries \=Nil \| away reports \= \| away substitute \= \| venue \= \[\[Adelaide Oval]] \| crowd \= 50,377 \| report \= \| umpires \= Rosebury, Nicholls, Mitchell \| BOG award \= Showdown Medal: \[\[Robbie Gray]] \[\[Brownlow Medal\|Brownlow Votes]] \|BOG winner \= 3 \[\[Robbie Gray\|Gray]], 2 \[\[Riley Bonner\|Bonner]], 1 \[\[Tom Rockliff\|Rockliff]] \| broadcast \=\[\[Fox Footy]], \[\[Seven Network]] (simulcast) \| anthem \= \| notes \= }} ### Round 3, 2022 Showdown 51 was the first edition of the fixture to be played on Friday night, the AFL's marquee time\-slot, although this match partially overlapped with a match between Melbourne and Essendon that was played simultaneously that night and was not broadcast [free\-to\-air](/wiki/Free-to-air "Free-to-air") nationally. Entering the match both Adelaide and Port Adelaide were winless having lost their first two games. In the lead up to the game Adelaide director [Mark Ricciuto](/wiki/Mark_Ricciuto "Mark Ricciuto") publicly noted, regarding his players, that "They can't kick, they can't handball, they can't kick a goal, they've given away free kicks, they really can't do anything worse.”{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-03\-30 \|title\='Pretty embarrassing': Adelaide roasted by club director for 'shocking' skills in wild spray \|url\=https://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/mark\-ricciuto\-tees\-off\-on\-adelaides\-shocking\-skills\-with\-fears\-crows\-woes\-cant\-be\-fixed/news\-story/16490af98ab23090ccb1d1a5cedb10a3 \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-01 \|website\=Fox Sports \|language\=en}} Also during the lead up to the game [Kane Cornes](/wiki/Kane_Cornes "Kane Cornes") called for [Todd Marshall](/wiki/Todd_Marshall "Todd Marshall") to be dropped from Port Adelaide's AFL side.{{Cite web \|title\=Power assistant calls out forward's "unacceptable efforts" \|url\=https://www.sen.com.au/news/2022/03/28/power\-assistant\-calls\-out\-forwards\-unacceptable\-efforts \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-01 \|website\=www.sen.com.au \|language\=en}} Marshall would go on to kick a career best five goals during the match.{{Cite web \|last\=Barrett \|first\=Steve \|date\=2022\-04\-01 \|title\='Not really how I wanted to kick it': Crow Dawson's after\-siren goal breaks Port hearts \|url\=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/sport/afl/not\-really\-how\-i\-wanted\-to\-kick\-it\-crow\-dawson\-s\-after\-siren\-goal\-breaks\-port\-hearts\-20220401\-p5aa81\.html \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-01 \|website\=Brisbane Times \|language\=en}} Two minutes before the game ended Travis Boak had the opportunity to push the margin to 7 points but missed his shot, registering a behind and leaving the margin at two points. In the last minute of the game a late high contact free kick was paid to Lachlan Murphy against Port Adelaide's Sam Mayes approximately 45m out from goal. Murphy was unable to take the kick and the set shot was given to [Jordan Dawson](/wiki/Jordan_Dawson "Jordan Dawson") meaning that a kick after the siren would be required for Adelaide to win the game. The kick looked like it was heading straight for a behind until it swung left very late, going through for a goal. Dawson's goal gave the Crows their first win after the siren since Rod Jameson kicked [the winner in 1991 against Fitzroy](/wiki/Kicks_after_the_siren_in_Australian_rules_football "Kicks after the siren in Australian rules football") after the siren to win the game. This was also the first time that a Showdown had been decided after the siren. {{cquote\|"...It's coming back!" \| author \= \[\[Jason Dunstall\|Jason Dunstall's]] live call of the flight of \[\[Jordan Dawson\|Jordan Dawson's]] game winning set shot. \| source \= }} {{AFLGameDetailed \| title \= Showdown LI \| date \= Friday, 1 April (7:50 pm) \| home team \= {{AFL Ade}} \| home Q1 \=2\.1 (13\) \| home Q2 \=7\.3 (45\) \| home Q3 \=10\.5 (65\) \| home Q4 \= \| home final \=15\.6 (96\) \| home super \= \| home goals \=\[\[Elliott Himmelberg\|Himmelberg]], \[\[Lachlan Gollant\|Gollant]] – 4 \[\[Jordan Dawson\|Dawson]] – 2 \[\[Harry Schoenberg\|Schoenberg]], \[\[Lachlan Sholl\|Sholl]], \[\[Josh Rachele\|Rachele]], \[\[Ned McHenry\|McHenry]], \[\[Brayden Cook\|Cook]] – 1 \| home best \=\[\[Jordan Dawson\|Dawson]], \[\[Harry Schoenberg\|Schoenberg]], \[\[Reilly O'Brien\|O'Brien]], \[\[Elliott Himmelberg\|Himmelberg]] \| home injuries \=\[\[Lachlan Murphy\|Murphy]] (neck) \| home reports \= \| home substitute \= \| winner \= H \| away team \= {{AFL PA}} \| away Q1 \=5\.2 (32\) \| away Q2 \=9\.7 (61\) \| away Q3 \=11\.12 (78\) \| away Q4 \= \| away final \=13\.14 (92\) \| away super \= \| away goals \=5 – \[\[Todd Marshall\|Marshall]] 2 – \[\[Sam Mayes\|Mayes]], \[\[Mitch Georgiades\|Georgiades]] 1 – \[\[Steven Motlop\|Motlop]], \[\[Willem Drew\|Drew]], \[\[Scott Lycett\|Lycett]], \[\[Martin Frederick\|Frederick]] \| away best \=\[\[Travis Boak\|Boak]], \[\[Ryan Burton\|Burton]], \[\[Ollie Wines\|Wines]], \[\[Karl Amon\|Amon]] \| away injuries \= \[\[Sam Skinner (footballer)\|Skinner]] (ankle) \| away reports \= \| away substitute \= \| venue \= \[\[Adelaide Oval]] \| crowd \= 39,190 \| report \= \| umpires \= \| BOG award \= Showdown Medal: \[\[Jordan Dawson]] \[\[Brownlow Medal\|Brownlow Votes]] \|BOG winner \= 3 \[\[Jordan Dawson\|Dawson]], 2 \[\[Travis Boak\|Boak]], 1 \[\[Todd Marshall\|Marshall]] \| broadcast \= \[\[Fox Footy]], \[\[Seven Network]] (simulcast) \| anthem \= \| notes \= }} Results ------- ### AFL The two clubs sometimes meet in preseason fixtures, such as the first meeting between the two clubs in 1992, however these are not official Showdowns and do not contribute to the official statistics of the fixture. While the AFL draw is not a complete double round robin it is designed each year to include two Showdowns in recognition of its significance and gate drawing power. For the 2020 season only, there was only one Showdown due to the premiership season being shortened to 17 rounds due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.afl.com.au/news/385918/season\-cut\-to\-17\-games\-call\-delayed\-on\-r1\-start\|title\=Season cut to 17 games, call delayed on R1 start\|website\=afl.com.au\|date\=16 March 2020 \|language\=en\|access\-date\=2020\-03\-16}} {{S\-start}} \|\- style\=";background:\#ccf;font\-size: 110%" \| \| Year**\|** Date**\|**Timeslot**\| {{Tooltip\|'''Rd'''\|Round}} \|** Home Team**\| {{Tooltip\|'''Score'''\|Goals – Behinds (Total)}} \|** Away Team**\| {{Tooltip\|'''Score'''\|Goals – Behinds (Total)}} \|** Ground**\|** Crowd**\|** Result/Winner**\|{{Tooltip\|'''M'''\|Margin}} \|{{Tooltip\|'''HRT'''\|Highest Ranked Team entering the match}} \|{{Tooltip\|'''H2H'''\|Head to head.}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *1* \| rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[1997 ⚑](/wiki/1997_AFL_Grand_Final "1997 AFL Grand Final") \| 20/4 \| Sun 3:10 \| 4 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \| 11\.6 (72\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Away_50_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Away 50 Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**11\.17 (83\)**\| rowspan\="35"\|[Football Park](/wiki/Football_Park "Football Park") \| 47,256 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !11 !L \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+1'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *2* \| 10/8 \| Sun 3:10 \| 19 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 9\.4 (58\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 9\.11 (65\)**\| 45,498 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !7 !W \| \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *3* \| rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[1998 ⚑](/wiki/1998_AFL_Grand_Final "1998 AFL Grand Final") \|19/4 \|Sun 2:10 \| 4 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 11\.7 (73\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \| 8\.16 (64\) \| 41,476 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !9 !L \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+1'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *4* \| 9/8 \| Sun 3:20 \| 19 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**22\.12 (144\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Away_50_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Away 50 Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 10\.10 (70\) \| 46,405 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !74 !W \| \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *5* \| rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[1999](/wiki/1999_AFL_season "1999 AFL season") \|2/5 \|Sun 2:10 \| 6 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 18\.7 (115\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Away_50_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Away 50 Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 12\.15 (87\) \| 45,585 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !28 !W \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''\+1'''\|Gold}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *6* \| 22/8 \|Sun 2:10 \| 21 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**13\.14 (92\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Adelaide_FC_Away_Icon.jpg "AFL Adelaide FC Away Icon.jpg") Adelaide \| 9\.14 (68\) \| 42,669 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !24 !W \| \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *7* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2000](/wiki/2000_AFL_season "2000 AFL season") \| 23/4 \|Sun 1:40 \| 7 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 13\.13 (91\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 14\.14 (98\)**\| 41,173 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !7 !W \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''\+1'''\|Gold}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *8* \| 6/8 \|Sun 2:10 \| 22 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \| 14\.8 (92\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Away_50_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Away 50 Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 20\.19 (139\)**\| 42,659 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !47 !L \| \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *9* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2001](/wiki/2001_AFL_season "2001 AFL season") \| 15/4 \|Sun 1:40 \| 3 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \| 13\.10 (88\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Away_50_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Away 50 Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**23\.15 (153\)**\| 40,296 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !65 !W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+1'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *10* \| 5/8 \|Sun 1:40 \| 18 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**16\.11 (107\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Adelaide_FC_Away_Icon.jpg "AFL Adelaide FC Away Icon.jpg") Adelaide \| 15\.9 (99\) \| 49,846 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !8 !W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+2'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *11* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2002](/wiki/2002_AFL_season "2002 AFL season") \| 27/4 \| Sat 7:10 \| 5 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \| 12\.10 (82\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Away_50_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Away 50 Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 14\.6 (90\)**\| 49,513 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !8 !L \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+3'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *12* \| 18/8 \|Sun 2:10 \| 20 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**12\.12 (84\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Adelaide_FC_Away_Icon.jpg "AFL Adelaide FC Away Icon.jpg") Adelaide \| 11\.10 (76\) \| style\="background:\#ffffa6" \| 50,275 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !8 !W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+4'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *13* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2003](/wiki/2003_AFL_season "2003 AFL season") \| 26/4 \| Sat 7:10 \| 5 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \| 9\.12 (66\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_2003_Away_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 2003 Away Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**12\.6 (78\)**\| bgcolor\="Gold"\|51,140 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !12 !L \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+5'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *14* \| 31/8 \|Sun 1:10 \| 22 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 14\.10 (94\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Adelaide_FC_Away_Icon.jpg "AFL Adelaide FC Away Icon.jpg") Adelaide \| 12\.6 (78\) \| 48,131 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !16 !W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+6'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *15* \| rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2004 ⚑](/wiki/2004_AFL_Grand_Final "2004 AFL Grand Final") \| 8/5 \| Sat 7:10 \| 7 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 13\.9 (87\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Adelaide_FC_Away_Icon.jpg "AFL Adelaide FC Away Icon.jpg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 17\.17 (119\)**\| 44,733 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !32 !L \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+5'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *16* \| 29/8 \|Sun 12:40 \| 22 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \|9\.6 (60\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 12\.13 (85\)**\| 45,473 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !25 !W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+6'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *17* \|rowspan\="3" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2005](/wiki/2005_AFL_season "2005 AFL season") \| 10/4 \|Sun 12:40 \| 3 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**18\.16 (124\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 8\.8 (56\) \| 44,807 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !68 !W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+5'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *18* \| 13/8 \| Sat 7:10 \| 20 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_2005_Heritage_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 2005 Heritage Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 12\.9 (81\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Adelaide_Heritage_2005_Icon.jpg "AFL Adelaide Heritage 2005 Icon.jpg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 13\.10 (88\)**\| 45,199 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !7 !W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+4'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *19* \| 10/9 \| Sat 7:00 \| style\="background:gold;"\| {{Tooltip\|SF\|Semi Final}} \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 18\.15 (123\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \|5\.10 (40\) \| style\="background:\#ffffa6" \| 50,521 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !83 !W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+3'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *20* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2006](/wiki/2006_AFL_Season "2006 AFL Season") \| 6/5 \| Sat 7:10 \| 6 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**15\.13 (103\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 8\.5 (53\) \| 42,723 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !50 !W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+2'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *21* \| 27/8 \|Sun 12:40 \| 21 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 14\.11 (95\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \| 11\.15 (81\) \| 41,549 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !14 !L \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+3'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *22* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2007](/wiki/2007_AFL_Season "2007 AFL Season") \| 14/4 \| Sat 2:40 \| 3 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 8\.15 (63\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 13\.9 (87\)**\| 36,959 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !24 !L \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+2'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *23* \| 4/8 \| Sat 7:10 \| 18 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 9\.19 (73\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 10\.5 (65\) \| 42,335 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !8 !L \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+1'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *24* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2008](/wiki/2008_AFL_Season "2008 AFL Season") \| 6/4 \| Sun 4:10 \| 3 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 12\.13 (85\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 11\.13 (79\) \| 45,524 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !6 !W \| \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *25* \| 20/7 \| Sun 2:40 \| 16 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**13\.14 (92\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \| 11\.14 (80\) \| 31,662 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !12 !L \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+1'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *26* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2009](/wiki/2009_AFL_season "2009 AFL season") \| 2/5 \| Sat 7:10 \| 6 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 15\.15 (105\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_2009_Adelaide_Away_Icon.jpg "AFL 2009 Adelaide Away Icon.jpg") Adelaide \| 12\.7 (79\) \| 41,558 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !26 !W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+2'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *27* \| 26/7 \| Sun 4:10 \| 17 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**19\.18 (132\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 9\.8 (62\) \| 46,859 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !70 !W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+1'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *28* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2010](/wiki/2010_AFL_season "2010 AFL season") \| 1/5 \| Sat 2:40 \| 6 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \| 10\.14 (74\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 14\.13 (97\)**\| 40,371 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !23 !W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+2'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *29* \| 25/7 \| Sun 4:10 \| 17 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**13\.10 (88\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \| 9\.15 (69\) \| 36,788 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !19 !L \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+3'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *30* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2011](/wiki/2011_AFL_Season "2011 AFL Season") \| 16/4 \| Sat 7:10 \| 4 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 14\.14 (98\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \| 9\.12 (66\) \| 33,143 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !32 !L \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+4'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *31* \| 31/7 \| Sun 4:10 \| 19 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 16\.15 (111\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 11\.13 (79\) \| 40,586 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !32 !W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+3'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *32* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2012](/wiki/2012_AFL_season "2012 AFL season") \| 29/4 \| Sun 4:10 \| 5 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 16\.14 (110\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 14\.7 (91\) \| 41,649 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !19 !W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+2'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *33* \| 7/7 \| Sat 7:10 \| 15 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 8\.10 (58\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 17\.14 (116\)**\| 34,829 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !58 !W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+1'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *34* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2013](/wiki/2013_AFL_season "2013 AFL season") \| 14/4 \| Sun 4:10 \| 3 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 17\.16 (118\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \| 16\.13 (109\) \| 40,707 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !9 !W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+2'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *35* \| 4/8 \| Sun 2:50 \| 19 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \| 15\.13 (103\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 17\.5 (107\)**\| 43,368 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !4 !W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+3'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *36* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2014](/wiki/2014_AFL_season "2014 AFL season") \| 29/3 \| Sat 4:15 \| 2 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 19\.14 (128\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \| 11\.7 (73\) \| rowspan\="21"\| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval "Adelaide Oval") \| style\="background:\#ffffa6" \| 50,397 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !55 !W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+4'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *37* \| 29/6 \| Sun 3:40 \| 15 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 14\.15 (99\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 10\.16 (76\) \| style\="background:\#ffffa6" \| 50,552 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !23 !L \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+3'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *38* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2015](/wiki/2015_AFL_season "2015 AFL season") \| 3/5 \| Sun 4:10 \| 5 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \| 13\.13 (91\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 18\.7 (115\)**\| 49,735 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !24 !L \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+4'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *39* \| 19/7 \| Sun 2:50 \| 16 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 17\.11 (113\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 18\.8 (116\)**\| style\="background:\#ffffa6" \| 53,518 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} \| style\="background:\#ffffa6; text\-align:center;"\|**3**!W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+3'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *40* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2016](/wiki/2016_AFL_season "2016 AFL season") \| 2/4 \|Sat 1:15 \| 2 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 22\.12 (144\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 11\.20 (86\) \| style\="background:\#ffffa6" \| 50,555 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !58 !L \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+2'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *41* \| 20/8 \| Sat 7:10 \| 22 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 14\.10 (94\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**15\.19 (109\)**\|49,541 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !15 !W \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+1'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \|*42* \| rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2017](/wiki/2017_AFL_season "2017 AFL season") \|8/4 \| Sat 7:10 \|3 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 12\.11 (83\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**15\.10 (100\)**\| style\="background:Gold;"\| 53,698 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !17 !L \| \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \|*43* \|6/8 \| Sun 4:10 \|20 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**18\.22 (130\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 7\.4 (46\) \| 45,028 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} \| style\="background:gold;"\|**84**!W \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''\+1'''\|Gold}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \|*44* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2018](/wiki/2018_AFL_season "2018 AFL season") \|12/5 \| Sat 4:40 \|8 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**14\.11 (95\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \| 14\.6 (90\) \| style\="background:\#ffffa6" \| 50,967 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} ! 5 ! L \| \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \|*45* \|4/8 \| Sat 4:05 \|20 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**13\.18 (96\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 14\.9 (93\) \| style\="background:\#ffffa6" \| 50,377 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} \| style\="background:\#ffffa6; text\-align:center;"\|**3**! L \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''\+1'''\|Gold}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 87%;" \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \|*46* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2019](/wiki/2019_AFL_season "2019 AFL season") \|11/5 \| Sat 7:10 \|8 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 9\.14 (68\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**13\.10 (88\)**\| 49,675 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} ! 20 ! W \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''\+2'''\|Gold}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 87%;" \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \|*47* \|6/7 \| Sat 4:05 \|16 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_2019_Adelaide_Indigenous_Icon.jpg "AFL 2019 Adelaide Indigenous Icon.jpg") Adelaide \| 5\.14 (44\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_2019_Port_Adelaide_Clash_Icon.jpg "AFL 2019 Port Adelaide Clash Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 15\.11 (101\)**\| style\="background:\#ffffa6" \| 50,544 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !57 !L \|style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''\+1'''\|Gold}} \|\- \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 87%;" \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \|*48* \|rowspan\="1" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2020](/wiki/2020_AFL_season "2020 AFL season") \|13/6 \| Sat 7:10 \|2 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Port_Adelaide_SANFL_Icon.jpg "Port Adelaide SANFL Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**17\.8 (110\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \|5\.5 (35\) \|style\="background:\#FFC7CE"\| 2,240Crowd numbers impacted by [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") restrictions \|style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !75 !W \| \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *49* \| rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2021](/wiki/2021_AFL_season "2021 AFL season") \|8/5 \| Sat 7:10 \| 8 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**12\.15 (87\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \| 5\.8 (38\) \| 43,069 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !49 !W \|style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+1'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \|*50* \|7/8 \| Sat 7:10 \| 21 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \|7\.9 (51\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\|style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**7\.13 (55\)**\|14,376 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !4 !W \|style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+2'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \|*51* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2022](/wiki/2022_AFL_season "2022 AFL season") \|1/4 \| style\="background:\#ffffa6" \| Fri 7:50 \| 3 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**15\.6 (96\)**\|[16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \|13\.14 (92\) \|39,190 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !4 !W \|style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+1'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \|*52* \|20/8 \| Sat 7:00 \| 23 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**16\.15 (111\)**\|[16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \|7\.13 (55\) \| style\="background:\#ffffa6" \| 50,090 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !56 !W \|style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+2'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \|*53* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2023](/wiki/2023_AFL_season "2023 AFL season") \|1/4 \| Sat 7:00 \| 3 \|[16x16px](/wiki/File:Port_Adelaide_SANFL_Icon.jpg "Port Adelaide SANFL Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \|13\.8 (86\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**18\.9 (117\)**\|48,962 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !31 !L \|style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''\+1'''\|White}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \|*54* \|29/7 \| Sat 7:10 \| 20 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**16\.16 (112\)**\|[16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \|9\.11 (65\) \| 50,023 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !47 !L \| \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \|*55* \|rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align: center;"\|[2024](/wiki/2024_AFL_season "2024 AFL season") \|2/5 \| style\="background:Gold;"\| Thu 7:00 \| 8 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**12\.6 (78\)**\|[16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \|5\.18 (48\) \| style\="background:\#ffffa6" \| 52,106 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !30 !L \|style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''\+1'''\|Gold}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \|*56* \| 17/8 \| Sat 7:00 \| 23 \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Port_Adelaide_SANFL_Icon.jpg "Port Adelaide SANFL Icon.jpg")** Port Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|** 11\.14 (80\)**\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg") Adelaide \|8\.10 (58\) \| style\="background:\#ffffa6" \| 52,459 \| style\="background:black; color:white; border: solid \#06AAC5 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|Black\|'''Port Adelaide'''\|White}} !22 !W \| \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" {{S\-end}}**### AFL Women's {{S\-start}} \|\- style\=";background:\#ccf;font\-size: 110%" \| \| Year**\|** Date**\|**Timeslot**\| {{Tooltip\|'''Rd'''\|Round}} \|** Home Team**\| {{Tooltip\|'''Score'''\|Goals – Behinds (Total)}} \|** Away Team**\| {{Tooltip\|'''Score'''\|Goals – Behinds (Total)}} \|** Ground**\|** Crowd**\|** Result/Winner**\|{{Tooltip\|'''M'''\|Margin}} \|{{Tooltip\|'''HRT'''\|Highest Ranked Team entering the match}} \|{{Tooltip\|'''H2H'''\|Head to head.}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *1* \| style\="text\-align: center;" \|[S7 (2022\)](/wiki/AFL_Women%27s_season_seven "AFL Women's season seven") \| 30/9 \|style\="background:\#ffffa6;"\|Fri 7:30 \| 6 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg "AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \| 0\.3 (3\) \| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|[16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Adelaide_FC_Away_Icon.jpg "AFL Adelaide FC Away Icon.jpg")** Adelaide**\| style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**8\.15 (63\)**\| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval "Adelaide Oval") \|style\="background:Gold;"\|20,652 \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !60 !W \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''\+1'''\|Gold}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *2* \| style\="text\-align: center;" \|[2023](/wiki/2023_AFL_Women%27s_season "2023 AFL Women's season") \| 2/9 \| Sat 2:35 \| 1 \|style\="background:\#cfc;"\|[16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\|style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**8\.10 (58\)**\|[16x16px](/wiki/File:Brad_The_Brain_Chokito_Icon.jpg "Brad The Brain Chokito Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \|4\.4 (28\) \| [Norwood Oval](/wiki/Norwood_Oval "Norwood Oval") \|8,722 \|style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !30 !\- \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''\+2'''\|Gold}} \|\- style\="background:\#fff;font\-size: 80%;" \| *3* \| style\="text\-align: center;" \|[2024](/wiki/2024_AFL_Women%27s_season "2024 AFL Women's season") \| 31/8 \| Sat 7:15 \| 1 \| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Port_Adelaide_SANFL_Icon.jpg "Port Adelaide SANFL Icon.jpg") Port Adelaide \|5\.5 (35\) \|style\="background:\#cfc;"\|[16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg "Adelaide Club symbol.svg")** Adelaide**\|style\="background:\#cfc;"\|**7\.7 (49\)**\|[Alberton Oval](/wiki/Alberton_Oval "Alberton Oval") \|style\="background:\#FFC7CE"\|5,194 \|style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''Adelaide'''\|Gold}} !14 !\- \| style\="background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \#000066 2px; text\-align:center;" \|{{color box\|\#000066\|'''\+3'''\|Gold}} {{S\-end}}**[Showdown Medal](/wiki/Showdown_Medal "Showdown Medal") ------------------------------------------------------- The [Showdown Medal](/wiki/Showdown_Medal "Showdown Medal") is the medal awarded to the player adjudged best on ground in the Showdown [AFL](/wiki/Australian_Football_League "Australian Football League") match. {{See\|Showdown Medal}} Shared history -------------- ### Shared players Below is a list of players who have played a senior game of football representing both the [Adelaide Football Club](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") and [Port Adelaide Football Club](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club"). Only two players, Matthew Bode and Brett Chalmers, have appeared in Showdowns for both clubs. #### Men | \# | Player | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club")AFL: 1991–present | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club")AFL: 1997–presentSANFL: pre 1997 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | [Darren Smith](/wiki/Darren_Smith_%28Australian_rules_footballer%29 "Darren Smith (Australian rules footballer)") | 1991R1–1992 | 1984–1990, 1991–1992\*, 1993–1996 | | [Simon Tregenza](/wiki/Simon_Tregenza "Simon Tregenza") | 1991R1–1998 | 1988–1990, 1991–1996\* | | 3 | [Scott Hodges](/wiki/Scott_Hodges "Scott Hodges") | 1991R2–1993 | 1987–1990, 1991–1993\*, 1996–1997 | | 4 | [Bruce Abernethy](/wiki/Bruce_Abernethy "Bruce Abernethy") | 1991R3–1992 | 1979–1981, 1987–1990, 1991–1992\* | | [Danny Hughes](/wiki/Danny_Hughes "Danny Hughes") | 1991R3 | 1981–1983, 1991\*, 1992–1993 | | 6 | [David Brown](/wiki/David_Brown_%28footballer%2C_born_1969%29 "David Brown (footballer, born 1969)") | 1991R12–1996 | 1987–1990, 1991–1996\*, 1997–1998 | | 7 | [Greg Anderson](/wiki/Greg_Anderson_%28footballer%29 "Greg Anderson (footballer)") | 1993–1996 | 1983–1987, 1995–1996 | | 8 |**[Brett Chalmers](/wiki/Brett_Chalmers "Brett Chalmers")** 1994–1997 | 1991–1992, 1994–1997, 1998–1999 | | 9 | [Andrew McLeod](/wiki/Andrew_McLeod "Andrew McLeod") | 1995–2010 | 1994, 1995–1996 | | 10 | [Troy Bond](/wiki/Troy_Bond "Troy Bond") | 1996–1999 | 1991–1993 | | 11 | [Ian Downsborough](/wiki/Ian_Downsborough "Ian Downsborough") | 1998–1999 | 1997 | | 12 | [Bryan Beinke](/wiki/Bryan_Beinke "Bryan Beinke") | 1999–2002 | 1993–1996 | | 13 |**[Matthew Bode](/wiki/Matthew_Bode "Matthew Bode")** 2001–2007 | 1998–2000 | | 14 | [Brad Symes](/wiki/Brad_Symes "Brad Symes") | 2008–2012 | 2004–2007 | | 15 | [Billy Frampton](/wiki/Billy_Frampton "Billy Frampton") | 2020–2022 | 2018–2019 | | 16 | [Rory Atkins](/wiki/Rory_Atkins "Rory Atkins") | 2013–2020 | 2025– | | \*Years underlined indicate periods where players were on Adelaide's AFL list but played for Port Adelaide between 1991 and 1996 when the club's senior team was still in the SANFL. Where names are bold the player participated in a Showdown for both clubs. | | | | #### Women | \+ | \# | Player | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club")AFLW: 2017–present | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club_%28AFL_Women%27s%29 "Port Adelaide Football Club (AFL Women's)")AFLW: 2022–present | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | [Erin Phillips](/wiki/Erin_Phillips "Erin Phillips") | 2017R1–2022 | 2022R6 | | [Ange Foley](/wiki/Ange_Foley "Ange Foley") | 2017R1–2022 | 2022R6 | | [Justine Mules](/wiki/Justine_Mules "Justine Mules") | 2017R1–2022 | 2022R6 | | 2 |**[Ashleigh Saint](/wiki/Ashleigh_Saint "Ashleigh Saint")** 2021–2022S7 | 2023R1 | |**[Sarah Goodwin](/wiki/Sarah_Goodwin "Sarah Goodwin")** 2023R1 | 2022S7 | | \*Where names are bold the player participated in a Showdown for both clubs. | | | | ### AFL trades Below is a list of AFL sanctioned trades between the two clubs. Only four trades have ever been orchestrated between the two clubs.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/teams/port\-adelaide/the\-decade\-of\-silence\-between\-crows\-and\-power\-at\-trade\-talks\-could\-be\-finally\-broken\-by\-hamish\-hartlett\|title\=The decade of silence between Crows and Power at trade talks could be finally broken by Hamish Hartlett\|last\=Rucci\|first\=Michelangelo\|date\=6 September 2016\|website\=heraldsun.com.au}} There were no trades for ten years between 2008 and 2018\. | \# | Year | Player | Traded from | Traded to | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | [1997](/wiki/1997_AFL_draft "1997 AFL draft") | [Ian Downsborough](/wiki/Ian_Downsborough "Ian Downsborough") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | | [Brett Chalmers](/wiki/Brett_Chalmers "Brett Chalmers") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | | 2 | [2000](/wiki/2000_AFL_draft "2000 AFL draft") | [Matthew Bode](/wiki/Matthew_Bode "Matthew Bode") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | | Pick No. 12 ([Shaun Burgoyne](/wiki/Shaun_Burgoyne "Shaun Burgoyne")) | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | | 3 | [2007](/wiki/2007_AFL_draft "2007 AFL draft") | [Brad Symes](/wiki/Brad_Symes "Brad Symes") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | | Pick No. 28 ([Marlon Motlop](/wiki/Marlon_Motlop "Marlon Motlop")) | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | | 4 | [2019](/wiki/2019_AFL_draft "2019 AFL draft") | [Billy Frampton](/wiki/Billy_Frampton "Billy Frampton") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | | 2020 4th Round Pick (Melbourne) | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | Attendances and timeslots ------------------------- [thumb\|right\|200px\|The inaugural AFL Women's Showdown attracted 20,625 spectators. Pictured is [Ashleigh Woodland](/wiki/Ashleigh_Woodland "Ashleigh Woodland") attempting a [spectacular mark](/wiki/Spectacular_mark "Spectacular mark") during that match.](/wiki/File:Ashleigh_Woodland%2C_2022_AFLW_Showdown_1.jpg "Ashleigh Woodland, 2022 AFLW Showdown 1.jpg") The Showdown has the highest average attendances of all [intrastate derby matches](/wiki/Rivalries_in_the_Australian_Football_League "Rivalries in the Australian Football League"). In the 45 Showdowns to 2018, a total of 2,017,918 people have attended the matches: an average attendance per match of 44,893\. The record attendance in a Showdown was 53,698 in Showdown XLII (round 3, 2017, a [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") home match). The lowest attendance was 2,240 in Showdown XLVIII (round 2, 2020, a Port Adelaide home match), due to the impacts of the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") at the time. Showdown XXV (Round 16, 2008, a Port Adelaide home match), which drew a crowd of 31,662, is the lowest attended Showdown that was not impacted by COVID\-19\. A total of 1,053,674 people have attended [Adelaide's](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") 23 home Showdowns (including the [2005 Semi Final](/wiki/2005_AFL_finals_series "2005 AFL finals series")), an average of 45,812\. Their attendances have ranged from 40,296 (Showdown IX) to 51,140 (Showdown XIII). A total of 966,484 people have attended Port Adelaide's 23 home Showdowns, an average of 42,021\. Their attendances range from 2,240 (Showdown XLVIII) to 53,698 (Showdown XLII). ### Minor round fixturing Due to the length of the AFL premiership season requiring five double up matches and the commercial strength of the Showdown there have always been two Showdown's fixtured for the minor round, with the exception of 2020 which saw only one Showdown scheduled due to the COVID\-19 pandemic. Generally the gap between the two Showdown fixtures is maximised to preserve the games reverence. | \+ | Duration between fixtures | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Within minor round | Shortest turnaround | 8 rounds | 2019 | | Longest turnaround | 20 rounds | 2016, 2022 | | Between seasons | Shortest turnaround | 231 days | 2016–2017 | | Longest turnaround | 343 days | 2019–2020 | ### Highest attendances {{S\-start}} \|\- style\="background:\#ccf;" \|\#**\| width\=45 \|** Crowd**\|** Year**\|** Date**\| {{Tooltip\|'''Rd'''\|Round}} \|** Hosting club**\|** Ground''' \|\- style\="background:\#fff;" \|42*\| style\="background:gold;"\| 53,698 \| style\="text\-align:center;"\|[2017](/wiki/2017_AFL_season "2017 AFL season") \| 8/4 \| 3 \| Port Adelaide \| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval "Adelaide Oval") \|\- style\="background:\#fff;" \|*39*\| style\="background:\#ffffa6;"\|53,518 \| style\="text\-align:center;"\|[2015](/wiki/2015_AFL_season "2015 AFL season") \| 19/7 \| 16 \| Port Adelaide \| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval "Adelaide Oval") \|\- style\="background:\#fff;" \|*56*\| style\="background:\#ffffa6;"\|52,459 \| style\="text\-align:center;"\|[2024](/wiki/2024_AFL_season "2024 AFL season") \| 17/8 \| 23 \| Port Adelaide \| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval "Adelaide Oval") \|\- style\="background:\#fff;" \|*55*\| style\="background:\#ffffa6;"\| 52,106 \| style\="text\-align:center;"\|[2024](/wiki/2024_AFL_season "2024 AFL season") \| 2/5 \| 8 \| Adelaide \| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval "Adelaide Oval") \|\- style\="background:\#fff;" \|*13*\| style\="background:\#ffffa6;"\| 51,140 \| style\="text\-align:center;"\|[2003](/wiki/2003_AFL_season "2003 AFL season") \| 26/4 \| 5 \| Adelaide \| [Football Park](/wiki/Football_Park "Football Park") \|\- style\="background:\#fff;" \|*44*\| style\="background:\#ffffa6;"\|50,967 \| style\="text\-align:center;"\|[2018](/wiki/2018_AFL_season "2018 AFL season") \| 12/5 \| 8 \| Port Adelaide \| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval "Adelaide Oval") \|\-style\="background:\#fff;" \|*40*\|style\="background:\#ffffa6;"\|50,555 \|style\="text\-align:center;"\|[2016](/wiki/2016_AFL_season "2016 AFL season") \|2/4 \|2 \|Adelaide \|[Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval "Adelaide Oval") \|\- style\="background:\#fff;" \|*47*\| style\="background:\#ffffa6;"\| 50,554 \| style\="text\-align:center;"\|[2019](/wiki/2019_AFL_season "2019 AFL season") \| 6/7 \| 16 \| Adelaide \| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval "Adelaide Oval") \|\- style\="background:\#fff;" \|*37*\| style\="background:\#ffffa6;"\|50,552 \| style\="text\-align:center;"\|[2014](/wiki/2014_AFL_season "2014 AFL season") \| 29/6 \| 15 \| Adelaide \| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval "Adelaide Oval") \|\- style\="background:\#fff;" \|*19*\| style\="background:\#ffffa6;"\|50,521 \| style\="text\-align:center;"\|[2005](/wiki/2005_AFL_season "2005 AFL season") \| 10/9 \| style\="background:gold;"\| {{Tooltip\|SF\|Semi Final}} \| Adelaide \| [Football Park](/wiki/Football_Park "Football Park") \|\- style\="background:\#fff;" \|*36*\| style\="background:\#ffffa6;"\|50,397 \| style\="text\-align:center;"\|[2014](/wiki/2014_AFL_season "2014 AFL season") \| 29/3 \| 2 \| Port Adelaide \| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval "Adelaide Oval") \|\- style\="background:\#fff;" {{S\-end}}* Club records ------------ ### Highest score Highest score in a Showdown. #### Showdown (Men) | \# | Club | Year | Round | Goals | Behinds | Total | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2001 | 3 | 23 | 15 | 153 | |2 [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") 1998 | 19 | 22 12 144 | 2016 | 2 | #### Showdown (Women) | \# | Club | Year | Round | Goals | Behinds | Total | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2022 | 6 | 8 | 15 | 63 | | 2 | {{AFL PA}} | 2024 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 35 | ### Lowest score Lowest score for each club in all Showdowns. #### Showdown (Men) | \# | Club | Year | Round | Goals | Behinds | Total | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2020 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 35 | | 2 | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2005 | SF | 5 | 10 | 40 | #### Showdown (Women) | \# | Club | Year | Round | Goals | Behinds | Total | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | {{AFL PA}} | 2022 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 3 | | 2 | {{AFL Ade}} | 2024 | 1 | 7 | 7 | 49 | ### Greatest winning margins Greatest winning margin for each club in the Showdown. #### Showdown (Men) | \# | Club | Year | Round | Winning Score | Losing Score | Margin | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2017 | 20 | 18\.22 (130\) | 7\.4 (46\) | 84 | | 2 | {{AFL PA}} | 2020 | 2 | 17\.8 (110\) | 5\.5 (35\) | 75 | #### Showdown (Women) | \# | Club | Year | Round | Winning Score | Losing Score | Margin | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2022 | 6 | 8\.15 (63\) | 0\.3 (3\) | 60 | ### Smallest winning margins Smallest winning margin for each club in the Showdown. #### Showdown (Men) | \# | Club | Year | Round | Winning Score | Losing Score | Margin | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2018 | 20 | 13\.18 (96\) | 14\.9 (93\) | 3 | | 2015 | 16 | 18\.8 (116\) | 17\.11 (113\) | | 2 | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2013 | 19 | 17\.5 (107\) | 15\.13 (103\) | 4 | | 2021 | 21 | 7\.13 (55\) | 7\.9 (51\) | | Updated to Showdown LIV (54\). | | | | | | | #### Showdown (Women) | \# | Club | Year | Round | Winning Score | Losing Score | Margin | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2024 | 1 | 7\.7 (49\) | 5\.5 (35\) | 14 | ### Winning streak #### Showdown (Men) | \# | Club | Winning Streak | Showdowns | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 7 | *8–14* | | 2 | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 5 | *39–43* | #### Showdown (Women) | \# | Club | Winning Streak | Showdowns | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | {{AFL Ade}} | 3 | *1–3* | ### Clean sweeps Seasons when one club has won all Showdown fixtures. There was only one Showdown in 2020 due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). | \# | Club | Clean Sweeps | Total | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2001, 2002, 2003, 2010, 2013, 2021 | 6 | | 2 | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 20051, 2007, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2023 | 6 | | Updated to Showdown LIV (56\). | | | | 1Includes the 2005 semi\-final. This is the only (as of 2020\) time that either side has won all three Showdowns in the one season (including finals). ### Brownlow Votes | \# | Club | Total Votes | Unique Players | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 163 votes | 40 | | 2 | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 157 votes | 38 | | Updated to Showdown LVI (56\). | | | | Player records -------------- ### Games played {{Col\-begin}} {{Col\-2}} | Showdown appearances (Men) | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | {{multiple image \| align \= center \| direction \= \| width \= \| image1 \= Travis\_Boak,\_Port\_Adelaide,\_Showdown\_53\.jpg \| width1 \= \| footer \= \[\[Travis Boak]] has played the most Showdowns (31\) of any player. }} | \# | Player | Club | Showdowns | 1 | [Travis Boak](/wiki/Travis_Boak "Travis Boak") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 32 || 2 | [Kane Cornes](/wiki/Kane_Cornes "Kane Cornes") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 27 | | [Andrew McLeod](/wiki/Andrew_McLeod "Andrew McLeod") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | | | 4 | [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28footballer_born_1983%29 "Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 25 | | [Justin Westhoff](/wiki/Justin_Westhoff "Justin Westhoff") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | | Updated to Showdown LVI (56\). | | | | {{Col\-2}} | Showdown appearances (Women) | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | \# | Player | Club | Showdowns | | 1 | 21 players | {{AFL Ade}} | 1 | | 21 players | {{AFL PA}} | 1 | | Updated to AFLW Showdown I. | | | | {{col\-end}} ### Goalkickers #### Most goals kicked in one Showdown {{Col\-begin}} {{Col\-2}} | Most goals in one Showdown (Men) | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | \# | Player | Club | Fixture | Goals | | 1 | [Tony Modra](/wiki/Tony_Modra "Tony Modra") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 1997 R4 | 7 | | [Peter Vardy](/wiki/Peter_Vardy_%28footballer%29 "Peter Vardy (footballer)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 1998 R19 | 7 | | [Warren Tredrea](/wiki/Warren_Tredrea "Warren Tredrea") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2004 R7 | 7 | [Taylor Walker](/wiki/Taylor_Walker_%28footballer%29 "Taylor Walker (footballer)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2023 R20 | 7 || 5 | [Gavin Wanganeen](/wiki/Gavin_Wanganeen "Gavin Wanganeen") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2001 R3 | 6 | [Taylor Walker](/wiki/Taylor_Walker_%28footballer%29 "Taylor Walker (footballer)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2012 R5 | 6 || [Ricky Henderson](/wiki/Ricky_Henderson "Ricky Henderson") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2012 R15 | 6 | | [Tom Lynch](/wiki/Tom_Lynch_%28Australian_footballer%2C_born_1990%29 "Tom Lynch (Australian footballer, born 1990)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2016 R2 | 6 | | [Robbie Gray](/wiki/Robbie_Gray "Robbie Gray") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2018 R8 | 6 | | Updated to Showdown LVI (56\). | | | | | {{Col\-2}} | Most goals in one Showdown (Women) | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | \# | Player | Club | Fixture | Goals | 1 | [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall "Chelsea Randall") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2022 | 3 | 2 | [Yvonne Bonner](/wiki/Yvonne_Bonner "Yvonne Bonner") | {{AFLW\|Ade}} | 2023 | 2 | [Ashleigh Saint](/wiki/Ashleigh_Saint "Ashleigh Saint") | {{AFLW\|PA}} | 2023 | 2 | [Jessica Allan](/wiki/Jessica_Allan "Jessica Allan") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2024 | 2 | [Eloise Jones](/wiki/Eloise_Jones_%28footballer%29 "Eloise Jones (footballer)") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2024 | 2 || Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\). | | | | | {{col\-end}} #### Most Showdown career goals {{Col\-begin}} {{Col\-2}} | Most career Showdown goals (Men) | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | \# | Player | Club | Goals | Games | | 1 | [Taylor Walker](/wiki/Taylor_Walker_%28footballer%29 "Taylor Walker (footballer)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 53 | 23 | | 2 | [Robbie Gray](/wiki/Robbie_Gray "Robbie Gray") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 40 | 22 | | 3 | [Eddie Betts](/wiki/Eddie_Betts "Eddie Betts") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 35 | 12 | | 4 | [Justin Westhoff](/wiki/Justin_Westhoff "Justin Westhoff") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 32 | 25 | | 5 | [Warren Tredrea](/wiki/Warren_Tredrea "Warren Tredrea") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 30 | 23 | | Updated to Showdown LVI (56\). | | | | | {{Col\-2}} | Most career Showdown goals (Women) | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | \# | Player | Club | Goals | Games | | 1 | [Ashleigh Saint](/wiki/Ashleigh_Saint "Ashleigh Saint") | {{AFL Ade}}{{AFL PA}} | 4 | 3 | | 2 | [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall "Chelsea Randall") | {{AFL Ade}} | 3 | 3 | | [Eloise Jones](/wiki/Eloise_Jones_%28footballer%29 "Eloise Jones (footballer)") | {{AFL Ade}} | 3 | 3 | | Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\). | | | | | {{col\-end}} ### Career Brownlow votes {{Col\-begin}} {{Col\-2}} | \# | Player | Club | Votes | Games | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | [Josh Francou](/wiki/Josh_Francou "Josh Francou") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 14 | 15 | | 2 |[Travis Boak](/wiki/Travis_Boak "Travis Boak") [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") 14 28 | 3 | [Robbie Gray](/wiki/Robbie_Gray "Robbie Gray") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 12 | 22 | | 4 | [Mark Ricciuto](/wiki/Mark_Ricciuto "Mark Ricciuto") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 11 | 18 | | | 5 | [Gavin Wanganeen](/wiki/Gavin_Wanganeen "Gavin Wanganeen") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 10 | 17 | | [Andrew McLeod](/wiki/Andrew_McLeod "Andrew McLeod") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 10 | 27 | | [Patrick Dangerfield](/wiki/Patrick_Dangerfield "Patrick Dangerfield") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 10 | 13 | | [Sam Jacobs](/wiki/Sam_Jacobs_%28footballer%29 "Sam Jacobs (footballer)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 10 | 15 | | Updated to Showdown LVI (56\). | | | | | | {{Col\-2}} | \# | Player | Club | Votes | Games | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1 | [Niamh Kelly](/wiki/Niamh_Kelly "Niamh Kelly") | {{AFL Ade}} | 3 | 1 || [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall "Chelsea Randall") | {{AFL Ade}} | 3 | 2 || [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard "Anne Hatchard") | {{AFL Ade}} | 3 | 2 || [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff "Ebony Marinoff") | {{AFL Ade}} | 3 | 2 || Updated to AFLW Showdown II (2\). | | | | | {{Col\-end}} ### Disposals #### Most career Showdown disposals {{Col\-begin}} {{Col\-2}} | \+ | Most career Showdown disposals (Men) | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | \# | Player | Club | Disposals | Games | | 1 | [Travis Boak](/wiki/Travis_Boak "Travis Boak") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 734 | 32 | | 2 | [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28footballer%2C_born_1983%29 "Scott Thompson (footballer, born 1983)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 614 | 25 | | 3 | [Kane Cornes](/wiki/Kane_Cornes "Kane Cornes") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 580 | 27 | | 4 | [Andrew McLeod](/wiki/Andrew_McLeod "Andrew McLeod") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 539 | 27 | 5 | [Rory Laird](/wiki/Rory_Laird "Rory Laird") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 517 | 20 || Updated to Showdown LVI (56\). | | | | | {{Col\-2}} | \+ | Most career Showdown disposals (Women) | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | \# | Player | Club | Disposals | Games | 1 | [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff "Ebony Marinoff") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 85 | 2 | 2 | [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard "Anne Hatchard") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 75 | 2 | 3 | [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall "Chelsea Randall") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 56 | 2 | 4 | [Madison Newman](/wiki/Madison_Newman "Madison Newman") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 42 | 2 || 5 | [Erin Phillips](/wiki/Erin_Phillips "Erin Phillips") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 36 | 2 | | Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\). | | | | | {{Col\-end}} #### Most disposals in one Showdown {{Col\-begin}} {{Col\-2}} | \+ | Most disposals in one Showdown (Men) | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | \# | Player | Club | Fixture | Disposals | 1 | [Zak Butters](/wiki/Zak_Butters "Zak Butters") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2024 R23 | 42 || 2 | [Mark Ricciuto](/wiki/Mark_Ricciuto "Mark Ricciuto") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2000 R7 | 41 | | [Peter Burgoyne](/wiki/Peter_Burgoyne "Peter Burgoyne") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2008 R3 | 41 | | [Tom Rockliff](/wiki/Tom_Rockliff "Tom Rockliff") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2019 R8 | 41 | | 5 | [Simon Goodwin](/wiki/Simon_Goodwin "Simon Goodwin") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2007 R18 | 39 | | [Patrick Dangerfield](/wiki/Patrick_Dangerfield "Patrick Dangerfield") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2012 R5 | 39 | | Updated to Showdown LVI (56\). | | | | | {{Col\-2}} | \+ | Most disposals in one Showdown (Women) | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | \# | Player | Club | Fixture | Disposals | 1 | [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff "Ebony Marinoff") | {{AFLW\|Ade}} | 2023 | 32 | 2 | [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard "Anne Hatchard") | {{AFLW\|Ade}} | 2023 | 30 | 3 | [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff "Ebony Marinoff") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2024 | 29 | 4 | [Niamh Kelly](/wiki/Niamh_Kelly "Niamh Kelly") | {{AFLW\|Ade}} | 2023 | 28 | 5 | [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall "Chelsea Randall") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2022 | 27 || Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\). | | | | | {{Col\-end}} ### Hitouts #### Most career Showdown hitouts {{Col\-begin}} {{Col\-2}} | \# | Player | Club | Hitouts | Games | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | [Sam Jacobs](/wiki/Sam_Jacobs_%28footballer%29 "Sam Jacobs (footballer)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 536 | 15 | | 2 | [Reilly O'Brien](/wiki/Reilly_O%27Brien "Reilly O'Brien") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 397 | 11 || 3 | [Brendon Lade](/wiki/Brendon_Lade "Brendon Lade") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 347 | 22 | | 4 | [Matthew Lobbe](/wiki/Matthew_Lobbe "Matthew Lobbe") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 288 | 11 | | 5 | [Dean Brogan](/wiki/Dean_Brogan "Dean Brogan") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 253 | 16 | | Updated to Showdown LVI (56\). | | | | | {{Col\-2}} | \+ | \# | Player | Club | Hitouts | Games | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1 | [Jessica Allan](/wiki/Jessica_Allan "Jessica Allan") | {{AFLW\|Ade}} | 42 | 2 ||2 [Montana McKinnon](/wiki/Montana_McKinnon "Montana McKinnon") | {{AFLW\|Ade}} | 33 | 2 | [Matilda Scholz](/wiki/Matilda_Scholz "Matilda Scholz") | {{AFLW\|PA}} | 33 | 2 | 4 | [Olivia Levicki](/wiki/Olivia_Levicki "Olivia Levicki") | {{AFLW\|PA}} | 31 | 3 | 5 | [Caitlin Gould](/wiki/Caitlin_Gould "Caitlin Gould") | {{AFLW\|Ade}} | 12 | 2 || Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\). | | | | | {{Col\-end}} #### Most Hitouts in one Showdown {{Col\-begin}} {{Col\-2}} |Most Hitouts in one Showdown (Men) | | | \+ | \# | Player | Club | Fixture | Hitouts | | 1 | [Sam Jacobs](/wiki/Sam_Jacobs_%28footballer%29 "Sam Jacobs (footballer)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2012 R15 | 61 | | 2 | [Sam Jacobs](/wiki/Sam_Jacobs_%28footballer%29 "Sam Jacobs (footballer)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2015 R16 | 51 | | 3 | [Reilly O'Brien](/wiki/Reilly_O%27Brien "Reilly O'Brien") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2022 R23 | 50 | | 4 | [Paddy Ryder](/wiki/Paddy_Ryder "Paddy Ryder") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2017 R3 | 48 | |5 [Reilly O'Brien](/wiki/Reilly_O%27Brien "Reilly O'Brien") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2022 R3 | 45 | | [Jordon Sweet](/wiki/Jordon_Sweet "Jordon Sweet") | {{AFL PA}} | 2024 R23 | 45 | | Updated to Showdown LVI (56\). | | | | | {{Col\-2}} |Most Hitouts in one Showdown (Women) | | | \+ | \# | Player | Club | Fixture | Hitouts | 1 | [Jessica Allan](/wiki/Jessica_Allan "Jessica Allan") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2024 | 30 || 2 | [Montana McKinnon](/wiki/Montana_McKinnon "Montana McKinnon") | {{AFLW\|Ade}} | 2022 | 21 | 3 | [Olivia Levicki](/wiki/Olivia_Levicki "Olivia Levicki") | {{AFLW\|PA}} | 2024 | 20 | 4 | [Matilda Scholz](/wiki/Matilda_Scholz "Matilda Scholz") | {{AFLW\|PA}} | 2024 | 19 | 5 | [Matilda Scholz](/wiki/Matilda_Scholz "Matilda Scholz") | {{AFLW\|PA}} | 2023 | 14 || Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\). | | | | | {{Col\-end}} ### Clearances #### Most career Showdown clearances {{Col\-begin}} {{Col\-2}} |Most career Showdown clearances (Men) | | | \# | Player | Club | Clearances | Games | | 1 | [Travis Boak](/wiki/Travis_Boak "Travis Boak") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 139 | 32 | | 2 | [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28footballer_born_1983%29 "Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 124 | 25 | 3 | [Ollie Wines](/wiki/Ollie_Wines "Ollie Wines") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 110 | 20 || 4 | [Robbie Gray](/wiki/Robbie_Gray "Robbie Gray") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 100 | 22 | | 5 | [Matt Crouch](/wiki/Matt_Crouch_%28footballer%29 "Matt Crouch (footballer)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 90 | 13 | | Updated to Showdown LVI (56\). | | | | | {{Col\-2}} |Most career Showdown clearances (Women) | | | \# | Player | Club | Clearances | Games | | 1 | [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff "Ebony Marinoff") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 17 | 3 | | 2 | [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall "Chelsea Randall") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 9 | 3 | | [Jessica Allan](/wiki/Jessica_Allan "Jessica Allan") | {{AFL Ade}} | 9 | 2 | | [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard "Anne Hatchard") | {{AFL Ade}} | 9 | 3 | | 5 | [Teah Charlton](/wiki/Teah_Charlton "Teah Charlton") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 8 | 2 | | Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\). | | | | | {{Col\-end}} #### Most clearances in a Showdown {{Col\-begin}} {{Col\-2}} | \+ | | --- | |Most clearances in one Showdown (Men) | \# | Player | Club | Fixture | Clearances | | 1 | [Patrick Dangerfield](/wiki/Patrick_Dangerfield "Patrick Dangerfield") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2015 R5 | 14 | | 2 | [Josh Francou](/wiki/Josh_Francou "Josh Francou") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 1999 R21 | 13 | | [Patrick Dangerfield](/wiki/Patrick_Dangerfield "Patrick Dangerfield") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2015 R16 | 13 | | [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28footballer%2C_born_1983%29 "Scott Thompson (footballer, born 1983)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2015 R16 | 13 | | Updated to Showdown LVI (56\). | | | | | {{Col\-2}} |Most clearances in one Showdown (Women) | | | \# | Player | Club | Fixture | Clearances | | 1 | [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff "Ebony Marinoff") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2023 | 7 | | [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall "Chelsea Randall") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2022 | 7 | | [Jessica Allan](/wiki/Jessica_Allan "Jessica Allan") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2024 | 7 | | [Danielle Ponter](/wiki/Danielle_Ponter "Danielle Ponter") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2024 | 7 | |5 [Niamh Kelly](/wiki/Niamh_Kelly "Niamh Kelly") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2023 | 6 | | [Sachi Syme](/wiki/Sachi_Syme "Sachi Syme") | {{AFL PA}} | 2024 | 6 | | Updated to Showdown III (3\). | | | | | {{Col\-end}} ### Contested possessions #### Most career Showdown contested possessions {{Col\-begin}} {{Col\-2}} | Most career Showdown contested possessions (Men) | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | \# | Player | Club | Contestedpossessions | Games | 1 | [Travis Boak](/wiki/Travis_Boak "Travis Boak") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 317 | 32 || 2 | [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28footballer_born_1983%29 "Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 267 | 25 | | 3 | [Ollie Wines](/wiki/Ollie_Wines "Ollie Wines") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 233 | 20 | | 4 | [Robbie Gray](/wiki/Robbie_Gray "Robbie Gray") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 228 | 22 | | 5 | [Rory Sloane](/wiki/Rory_Sloane "Rory Sloane") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 206 | 20 | | Updated to Showdown LVI (56\). | | | | | {{Col\-2}} | Most career Showdown contested possessions (Women) | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | \# | Player | Club | Contestedpossessions | Games | 1 | [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff "Ebony Marinoff") | {{AFL Ade}} | 40 | 3 | 2 | [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard "Anne Hatchard") | {{AFL Ade}} | 38 | 3 | 3 | [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall "Chelsea Randall") | {{AFL Ade}} | 27 | 3 | 4 | [Abbey Dowrick](/wiki/Abbey_Dowrick "Abbey Dowrick") | {{AFL PA}} | 26 | 3 || 5 | [Erin Phillips](/wiki/Erin_Phillips "Erin Phillips") | {{AFL PA}} | 18 | 2 | | Updated to Showdown III (3\). | | | | | {{Col\-end}} #### Most contested possessions in one Showdown {{Col\-begin}} {{Col\-2}} | Most contested possessions in one Showdown (Men) | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | \# | Player | Club | Fixture | Contestedpossessions | | 1 | [Rory Sloane](/wiki/Rory_Sloane "Rory Sloane") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2017 R3 | 24 | | 2 | [Tom Rockliff](/wiki/Tom_Rockliff "Tom Rockliff") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2019 R8 | 23 | | 3 | [Robbie Gray](/wiki/Robbie_Gray "Robbie Gray") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2016 R2 | 22 | | [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28footballer_born_1983%29 "Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2015 R16 | 22 | | [Patrick Dangerfield](/wiki/Patrick_Dangerfield "Patrick Dangerfield") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2014 R15 | 22 | | Last update from Showdown LVI (56\). | | | | | {{Col\-2}} | Most contested possessions in one Showdown (Women) | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | \# | Player | Club | Fixture | Contestedpossessions | 1 [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard "Anne Hatchard") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2022 | 15 | [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff "Ebony Marinoff") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2024 | 15 | 2 | [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall "Chelsea Randall") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2022 | 14 | 4 | [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard "Anne Hatchard") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2023 | 13 | [Gemma Houghton](/wiki/Gemma_Houghton "Gemma Houghton") | {{AFL PA}} | 2023 | 13 | [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff "Ebony Marinoff") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2023 | 13 | [Sachi Syme](/wiki/Sachi_Syme "Sachi Syme") | {{AFL PA}} | 2024 | 13 || Last update from Showdown III (3\). | | | | | {{Col\-end}} ### Contested Marks #### Most career Showdown contested marks {{Col\-begin}} {{Col\-2}} | \+ |Most career Showdown contested marks (Men) | --- | | \# | Player | Club | ContestedMarks | Games | | 1 | [Chad Cornes](/wiki/Chad_Cornes "Chad Cornes") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 42 | 24 | | 2 | [Warren Tredrea](/wiki/Warren_Tredrea "Warren Tredrea") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 36 | 23 | 3 | [Taylor Walker](/wiki/Taylor_Walker_%28footballer%29 "Taylor Walker (footballer)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 34 | 23 ||4 [Justin Westhoff](/wiki/Justin_Westhoff "Justin Westhoff") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 32 | 25 | [Charlie Dixon](/wiki/Charlie_Dixon_%28Australian_footballer%29 "Charlie Dixon (Australian footballer)") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 32 | 14 || Updated to Showdown LVI (56\). | | | | | {{Col\-2}} | \+ |Most career Showdown contested marks (Women) | --- | | \# | Player | Club | ContestedMarks | Games | 1 | [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard "Anne Hatchard") | {{AFLW\|Ade}} | 7 | 3 | 2 | [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall "Chelsea Randall") | {{AFLW\|Ade}} | 4 | 2 | 3 [Gemma Houghton](/wiki/Gemma_Houghton "Gemma Houghton") | {{AFLW\|PA}} | 3 | 2 | [Matilda Scholz](/wiki/Matilda_Scholz "Matilda Scholz") | {{AFLW\|PA}} | 2 | 2 | [Chelsea Bidell](/wiki/Chelsea_Bidell "Chelsea Bidell") | {{AFLW\|Ade}} | 3 | 3 || Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\). | | | | | {{col\-end}} #### Most contested marks in one Showdown {{Col\-begin}} {{Col\-2}} | \+ | \# | Player | Club | Fixture | ContestedMarks | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | [Chad Cornes](/wiki/Chad_Cornes "Chad Cornes") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2004 R7 | 6 | | [Kurt Tippett](/wiki/Kurt_Tippett "Kurt Tippett") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2011 R4 | 6 | | [Justin Westhoff](/wiki/Justin_Westhoff "Justin Westhoff") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2011 R4 | 6 | [Charlie Dixon](/wiki/Charlie_Dixon_%28Australian_footballer%29 "Charlie Dixon (Australian footballer)") | {{AFL PA}} | 2023 R20 | 6 || 4 | [Trent Henschel](/wiki/Trent_Hentschel "Trent Hentschel") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2005 SF | 5 | [Taylor Walker](/wiki/Taylor_Walker_%28footballer%29 "Taylor Walker (footballer)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2017 R20 | 5 | [Aliir Aliir](/wiki/Aliir_Aliir "Aliir Aliir") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2021 R21 | 5 | [Riley Thilthorpe](/wiki/Riley_Thilthorpe "Riley Thilthorpe") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2022 R23 | 5 || Updated to Showdown LVI (56\). | | | | | {{Col\-2}} | \+ | \# | Player | Club | Fixture | ContestedMarks | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1 | [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard "Anne Hatchard") | {{AFLW\|Ade}} | 2022 | 6 | 2 | [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall "Chelsea Randall") | {{AFLW\|Ade}} | 2022 | 2 | [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall "Chelsea Randall") | {{AFLW\|Ade}} | 2023 | 2 | [Chelsea Biddell](/wiki/Chelsea_Biddell "Chelsea Biddell") | {{AFLW\|Ade}} | 2023 | 2 | [Matilda Scholz](/wiki/Matilda_Scholz "Matilda Scholz") | {{AFLW\|PA}} | 2023 | 2 | [Gemma Houghton](/wiki/Gemma_Houghton "Gemma Houghton") | {{AFLW\|PA}} | 2023 | 2 || Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\). | | | | | {{Col\-end}} ### Tackles #### Most career Showdown tackles {{Col\-begin}} {{Col\-2}} |Most career Showdown tackles (Men) | | | \# | Player | Club | Tackles | Games | | 1 | [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28footballer%2C_born_1983%29 "Scott Thompson (footballer, born 1983)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 141 | 25 | 2 | [Travis Boak](/wiki/Travis_Boak "Travis Boak") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 139 | 32 || 3 | [Rory Sloane](/wiki/Rory_Sloane "Rory Sloane") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 110 | 20 | |4 [Domenic Cassisi](/wiki/Domenic_Cassisi "Domenic Cassisi") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 109 | 20 | | | [Ollie Wines](/wiki/Ollie_Wines "Ollie Wines") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 109 | 20 | | Updated to Showdown LVI (56\). | | | | | {{Col\-2}} |Most career Showdown tackles (Women) | | | \# | Player | Club | Tackles | Games | | 1 | [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff "Ebony Marinoff") | {{AFLW\|Ade}} | 22 | 3 | 2 | [Abbey Dowrick](/wiki/Abbey_Dowrick "Abbey Dowrick") | {{AFLW\|PA}} | 20 | 3 | 3 | [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard "Anne Hatchard") | {{AFLW\|Ade}} | 19 | 3 | 4 | [Justine Mules\-Robinson](/wiki/Justine_Mules-Robinson "Justine Mules-Robinson") | {{AFLW\|PA}} | 17 | 3 | 5 [Teah Charlton](/wiki/Teah_Charlton "Teah Charlton") | {{AFLW\|Ade}} | 12 | 2 | [Abbie Ballard](/wiki/Abbie_Ballard "Abbie Ballard") | {{AFLW\|Ade}} | 12 | 2 || Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\). | | | | | {{Col\-end}} #### Most tackles in one Showdown {{Col\-begin}} {{Col\-2}} |Most tackles in one Showdown (Men) | | | \# | Player | Club | Fixture | Tackles | | 1 | [Domenic Cassisi](/wiki/Domenic_Cassisi "Domenic Cassisi") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2008 R16 | 13 | | [Hugh Greenwood](/wiki/Hugh_Greenwood "Hugh Greenwood") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2017 R20 | 13 | | [Rory Sloane](/wiki/Rory_Sloane "Rory Sloane") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2019 R8 | 13 | [Rory Laird](/wiki/Rory_Laird "Rory Laird") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2023 R20 | 13 ||5 [Domenic Cassisi](/wiki/Domenic_Cassisi "Domenic Cassisi") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2010 R17 | 12 | | [Hugh Greenwood](/wiki/Hugh_Greenwood "Hugh Greenwood") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2018 R8 | 12 | | Updated to Showdown LVI (56\). | | | | | {{Col\-2}} |Most tackles in one Showdown (Women) | | | \# | Player | Club | Fixture | Tackles | 1 | [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard "Anne Hatchard") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2024 | 12 | 2 | [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff "Ebony Marinoff") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2022 | 11 | 3 | [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff "Ebony Marinoff") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2024 | 19 | 4 [Jacqui Yorston](/wiki/Jacqui_Yorston "Jacqui Yorston") | {{AFL PA}} | 2022 | 8 | [Abbey Dowrick](/wiki/Abbey_Dowrick "Abbey Dowrick") | {{AFL PA}} | 2023 | 8 | [Justine Mules](/wiki/Justine_Mules "Justine Mules") | {{AFL PA}} | 2023 | 8 | [Eloise Jones](/wiki/Eloise_Jones_%28footballer%29 "Eloise Jones (footballer)") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2024 | 8 || Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\). | | | | | {{Col\-end}} ### Player winning record Showdown players ranked by win percentage (minimum 10 Showdowns). | \# | Player | Club | Win | Loss | Win % | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | [Josh Carr](/wiki/Josh_Carr "Josh Carr") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 10 | 0 | 100\.0 | | 2 | [Jarrad Schofield](/wiki/Jarrad_Schofield "Jarrad Schofield") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 8 | 2 | 80\.0 | | 3 | [Matt Crouch](/wiki/Matt_Crouch_%28footballer%29 "Matt Crouch (footballer)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 10 | 4 | 71\.4 || 5 | [Nick Stevens](/wiki/Nick_Stevens "Nick Stevens") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 7 | 3 | 70\.0 | | [Rory Atkins](/wiki/Rory_Atkins "Rory Atkins") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 7 | 3 | 70\.0 | | Updated to Showdown LVI (56\). | | | | | | Coaching records ---------------- Showdown coaches are ranked by total wins followed by win percentage. ### Showdown coaching record {{Col\-begin}} {{Col\-2}} | Showdown coaching record (Men) | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | {{multiple image \| align \= center \| direction \= \| width \= \| image1 \= Matthew Nicks, Ade vs. GWS 2022 (52396645580\) (cropped).jpg \| width1 \= 126 \| alt1 \= \| caption1 \= \| image2 \= Ken Hinkley 2018\.1\.jpg \| width2 \= 126 \| alt2 \= \| caption2 \= \| footer \= Current {{AFL Ade}} coach \[\[Matthew Nicks]] (left) and {{AFL Por}} coach \[\[Ken Hinkley]] (right) }} | \# | Coach | Club | Win | Loss | Win % | | 1 | [Mark Williams](/wiki/Mark_Williams_%28Australian_footballer_born_1958%29 "Mark Williams (Australian footballer born 1958)") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 13 | 11 | 54\.2 | | 2 | [Ken Hinkley](/wiki/Ken_Hinkley "Ken Hinkley") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 11 | 11 | 50 | | 3 | [Neil Craig](/wiki/Neil_Craig "Neil Craig") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 8 | 7 | 53\.3 | | 4 | [Don Pyke](/wiki/Don_Pyke "Don Pyke") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 6 | 2 | 75\.0 | | 5 | [Matthew Nicks](/wiki/Matthew_Nicks "Matthew Nicks") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 4 | 5 | 44\.4 || 6 | [Malcolm Blight](/wiki/Malcolm_Blight "Malcolm Blight") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 3 | 3 | 50\.0 | | [Brenton Sanderson](/wiki/Brenton_Sanderson "Brenton Sanderson") | | 8 | [John Cahill](/wiki/John_Cahill_%28footballer%29 "John Cahill (footballer)") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2 | 2 | 50\.0 | | 9 | [Matthew Primus](/wiki/Matthew_Primus "Matthew Primus") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 2 | 3 | 40\.0 | | 10 | [Gary Ayres](/wiki/Gary_Ayres "Gary Ayres") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 2 | 7 | 22\.2 | | 11 | [Scott Camporeale](/wiki/Scott_Camporeale "Scott Camporeale") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 1 | 0 | 100 | | [Mark Bickley](/wiki/Mark_Bickley "Mark Bickley") | | 13 | [Phil Walsh](/wiki/Phil_Walsh_%28Australian_footballer%29 "Phil Walsh (Australian footballer)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 0 | 1 | 0\.0 | | Updated to Showdown LVI (56\). | | | | | | {{Col\-2}} | \+ | Showdown coaching record (Women) | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |{{multiple image \| align \= center \| direction \= \| width \= \| image1 \= Matthew Clarke 2019\.1\.jpg \| width1 \= 107 \| alt1 \= \| caption1 \= \| image2 \= Lauren Arnell, Adelaide Oval, 2022 September 30\.jpg \| width2 \= 126 \| alt2 \= \| caption2 \= \| footer \= Current {{AFL Ade}} Women's coach \[\[Matthew Clarke (Australian footballer)\|Matthew Clarke]] (left) and {{AFL Por}} Women's coach \[\[Lauren Arnell]] (right) }} | \# | Coach | Club | Win | Loss | Win % | 1 | [Matthew Clarke](/wiki/Matthew_Clarke_%28Australian_footballer%29 "Matthew Clarke (Australian footballer)") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club "Adelaide Football Club") | 3 | 0 | 100 | 2 | [Lauren Arnell](/wiki/Lauren_Arnell "Lauren Arnell") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club "Port Adelaide Football Club") | 0 | 3 | 0\.0 || Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\). | | | | | | {{Col\-end}} Naming rights sponsors ---------------------- Since the first Showdown in 1997 the fixture has always had a [naming rights sponsor](/wiki/Naming_rights "Naming rights"). ### West End The first naming rights sponsor was the [South Australian Brewing Company](/wiki/South_Australian_Brewing_Company "South Australian Brewing Company") (SABC) who utilised the fixture to promote [West End Draught](/wiki/West_End_Draught "West End Draught"). SABC was responsible for the coining of the 'Showdown' name for the rivalry.{{Cite news \|last\=Rucci \|first\=Michelangelo \|date\=7 May 2019 \|title\=From Football Park to Adelaide Oval, the Showdown has become a derby with very South Australian habits \|work\=The Advertiser \|url\=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/afl/expert\-opinion/michelangelo\-rucci/from\-football\-park\-to\-adelaide\-oval\-the\-showdown\-has\-become\-a\-derby\-with\-very\-south\-australian\-habits/news\-story/30a554ec140ff5bde4935e1dc5a01094 \|access\-date\=23 August 2022}} ### Balfours [Balfours](/wiki/Balfours "Balfours"), a South Australian wholesale bakery, became the naming rights sponsor for the Showdown in 2008\.{{Cite news \|last\=Malyniak \|first\=Alyna \|date\=27 March 2014 \|title\=Balfours Donuts A Sweet Kick Off To Showdown XXXVI \|work\=glamadelaide.com.au \|url\=https://glamadelaide.com.au/balfours\-donuts\-a\-sweet\-kick\-off\-to\-showdown\-xxxvi/ \|access\-date\=24 August 2022}} As part of their efforts in promoting the game Balfours began, and continue, to produce donuts in the colors of the two competing teams.{{Cite news \|last1\=Rucci \|first1\=Michelangelo \|last2\=Richardson \|first2\=Tom \|date\=15 July 2021 \|title\=The top 50 Showdown moments — selected by Rooch and Fumbles \|work\=indaily.com.au \|url\=https://indaily.com.au/news/sponsored\-content/2021/07/15/the\-top\-50\-showdown\-moments\-selected\-by\-rooch\-and\-fumbles/ \|access\-date\=24 August 2022}} ### Variety [Variety](/wiki/Variety%2C_the_Children%27s_Charity "Variety, the Children's Charity"), a charity for disadvantaged children, became the current naming rights sponsor for the Showdown in 2018\. Spin offs --------- ### Cricket [thumb\|200px\|right\|Adelaide Oval scoreboard during the Bushfire T20 Showdown.](/wiki/File:2020_T20_Showdown_Adelaide_Oval_scoreboard.jpeg "2020 T20 Showdown Adelaide Oval scoreboard.jpeg") Two Showdowns have taken place as [Twenty20](/wiki/Twenty20 "Twenty20") cricket matches doubling as charity fundraisers for bushfire relief. In 2009, the two clubs played at Football Park what was dubbed as SA Footy's Bushfire Bash For Cash.[*Crows v Power in Bushfire Bash*](https://www.afc.com.au/news/81319/crows-v-power-in-bushfire-bash) Adelaide Football Club In the aftermath of the [2019–20 Australian bushfire season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season "2019–20 Australian bushfire season") which severely impacted Kangaroo Island and parts of the Adelaide Hills, the two clubs played another such game, this time at Adelaide Oval. Dubbed the Bushfire T20 Showdown, it also included members of the [Adelaide Strikers](/wiki/Adelaide_Strikers "Adelaide Strikers") of the [Big Bash League](/wiki/Big_Bash_League "Big Bash League") participating including Australian internationals [Alex Carey](/wiki/Alex_Carey_%28cricketer%29 "Alex Carey (cricketer)"), who was also previously [Greater Western Sydney](/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney_Giants "Greater Western Sydney Giants")'s [TAC Cup](/wiki/TAC_Cup "TAC Cup") captain, and Strikers captain [Travis Head](/wiki/Travis_Head "Travis Head"). The game proved a success with 34,219 spectators collectively raising $1,015,239 by the end of the match for the South Australian Bushfire Appeal. [Seven Network](/wiki/Seven_Network "Seven Network") broadcast the match with commentators including [James Brayshaw](/wiki/James_Brayshaw "James Brayshaw"), [Greg Blewett](/wiki/Greg_Blewett "Greg Blewett"), [Mark Soderstrom](/wiki/Mark_Soderstrom "Mark Soderstrom") and [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie "Jason Gillespie").{{Cite web\|title\=T20 Showdown raises huge amount for bushfire relief\|url\=https://www.adelaideoval.com.au/news/t20\-showdown\-raises\-huge\-amount\-for\-bushfire\-relief/\|date\=2020\-02\-02\|website\=Adelaide Oval\|language\=en\-AU\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-19}} {{Test match \|date \= Sunday, 2 February 2020 \|team1 \= \[\[Port Adelaide Football Club\|Port Adelaide]] \[\[File:AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\|15px]] \|team2 \= \[\[File:Adelaide Club symbol.svg\|15px]] \[\[Adelaide Football Club\|Adelaide]] \|score\-team1\-inns1 \= 231/7 (20 overs) \|runs\-team1\-inns1 \= \[\[Travis Boak]] 44 (23\) \|wickets\-team1\-inns1 \= \[\[Hamish Hartlett]] 2/9 (2 overs) \|score\-team2\-inns1 \= 217/8 (20 overs) \|runs\-team2\-inns1 \= \[\[Tom Lynch (Australian footballer, born 1990\)\|Tom Lynch]] 38 (24\) \|wickets\-team2\-inns1 \= \[\[Rashid Khan (cricketer)\|Rashid Khan]] 2/11 (3 overs) \|result \= Port Adelaide won by 14 runs \|report \= \[https://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/news/559199/over\-one\-million\-raised\-as\-power\-claim\-t20\-showdown Scorecard] \|venue \= \[\[Adelaide Oval]], \[\[Adelaide]] \|umpires \= \|motm \= \|toss \= Port Adelaide won the toss and elected to bat. \|rain \= \|notes \= }} ### Slowdown [thumb\|right\|200px\|[Tony Modra](/wiki/Tony_Modra "Tony Modra") being interviewed after the 2011 Slowdown](/wiki/File:2011_State_of_Origin_Slowdown.jpg "2011 State of Origin Slowdown.jpg") {{Main\|West End Slowdown}} A charity spin off of the Showdown also included an annual 'Slowdown' that raised money for various charities. Slowdown's often featured retired Adelaide, Port Adelaide and SANFL players along with local celebrities. See also -------- [Port Adelaide\-Norwood SANFL rivalry](/wiki/Port_Adelaide%E2%80%93Norwood_SANFL_rivalry "Port Adelaide–Norwood SANFL rivalry") [1990 SANFL Grand Final](/wiki/1990_SANFL_Grand_Final "1990 SANFL Grand Final") [West End Slowdown](/wiki/West_End_Slowdown "West End Slowdown") [Western Derby](/wiki/Western_Derby "Western Derby"): * + - * The AFL Intrastate Derby of Western Australia, first played in 1995\. ([West Coast Eagles](/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles "West Coast Eagles") Vs. [Fremantle Dockers](/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club "Fremantle Football Club")).*[QClash](/wiki/QClash "QClash"):* * The AFL intrastate Derby of Queensland, first played in 2011\. ([Brisbane Lions](/wiki/Brisbane_Lions "Brisbane Lions") Vs. [Gold Coast Suns](/wiki/Gold_Coast_Suns "Gold Coast Suns"))*[Sydney Derby](/wiki/Sydney_Derby_%28AFL%29 "Sydney Derby (AFL)"):* * The AFL Intrastate Derby of New South Wales, first played in 2012\. ([Sydney Swans](/wiki/Sydney_Swans "Sydney Swans") Vs. [Greater Western Sydney Giants](/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney_Giants "Greater Western Sydney Giants")).''
[ "Background\n----------", "{{See also\\|Norwood–Port Adelaide rivalry\\|Port Adelaide v South Australia (1914\\)\\|1990 SANFL Grand Final}}", "The Showdown's intense rivalry can be traced back to Port Adelaide's pre\\-existing rivalries within the [SANFL](/wiki/South_Australian_National_Football_League \"South Australian National Football League\"), particularly Norwood.", "{{Quote box\n\\|border \\= 2px\n\\|align \\= center\n\\|bgcolor \\= Cornsilk\n\\|title \\= A SPLENDID GAME\n\\|style \\= font\\-family: Courier\n\\|width \\= 50%\n\\|halign \\= center\n\\|quote \\= \nJust as the more faithful \namongst the tribes of the East\nfeel it incumbent on them\nto pay a periodical visit to Mecca,\nso do lovers of the king of winter games\nfeel it almost an essential duty on their part\nto journey to the Adelaide Oval\non the Queen's Accession Day,\nin sunshine or rain,\nto witness a trial of strength\nbetween those great and old rivals\nthe Port Adelaide and Norwood clubs.", "\\|salign \\= right\n\\|author \\= THE ADVERTISER, ADELAIDE, JUNE 21, 1893\\.'FOOTBALL.', ''The Advertiser'' (Adelaide), 21 June 1893, p. 7\\., viewed 22 Nov 2017, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article25656343\n\\|source \\= \n}}", "[300px\\|thumb\\|The Showdown is often considered the cultural successor to the [Norwood–Port Adelaide rivalry](/wiki/Norwood%E2%80%93Port_Adelaide_rivalry \"Norwood–Port Adelaide rivalry\") characterised by a geographic and socio\\-economic divide. The two clubs first played each other in 1878 and became bitter rivals after multiple controversies in 1882\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article195868765 \\|title\\=FOOTBALL. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Port Adelaide News]] \\|volume\\=V \\|issue\\=307 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=18 July 1882 \\|access\\-date\\=13 May 2019 \\|page\\=4 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} Pictured is the [1921 SANFL Grand Final](/wiki/1921_SAFL_Grand_Final \"1921 SAFL Grand Final\") taking place on [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval \"Adelaide Oval\").](/wiki/File:Port_Adelaide_Norwood_1923_Adelaide_Oval.png \"Port Adelaide Norwood 1923 Adelaide Oval.png\")", "The [Norwood–Port Adelaide rivalry](/wiki/Norwood%E2%80%93Port_Adelaide_rivalry \"Norwood–Port Adelaide rivalry\") began in 1878 when the two clubs first played one another, however it was not until 1882 that the Norwood–Port Adelaide rivalry grew bitter. That year Port Adelaide's first win over Norwood, held at [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval \"Adelaide Oval\"), was controversially overruled by the league, with a follow\\-up game overshadowed by a misunderstanding at the gate which almost prevented Norwood players accessing the venue.", "{{Cquote\\|\"The feeling of rivalry between the two clubs is very keen, and it has unfortunately, it is to be feared, been intensified to the very verge of actual ill\\-feeling by the extraordinary conduct of the Norwood Club with reference to their last defeat by the Ports.\"\n\\| author \\= Spectator writing for the Port Adelaide News, 18 July 1882'FOOTBALL.', ''Port Adelaide News'', 18 July 1882, p. 4\\., viewed 13 May 2019, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/195868765\n\\| source \\= \n}}", "[thumb\\|200px\\|After [Federation](/wiki/Federation_of_Australia \"Federation of Australia\") the football scene in South Australia was characterised by a 'Port Adelaide vs The Rest' narrative. Pictured is a cartoon from 1928\\.\\|left](/wiki/File:Port_Adelaide_Football_Budget_4_June_1928.jpg \"Port Adelaide Football Budget 4 June 1928.jpg\")", "After [Federation](/wiki/Federation_of_Australia \"Federation of Australia\"), coinciding with the time that Port Adelaide was becoming the dominant force in the SANFL, the notion of *'Port Adelaide against The Rest **became a key theme for football in the state. This notion was reinforced by a game between Port Adelaide and a composite state side at the end of 1914 after Port Adelaide had completed a perfect season winning both the state premiership and the Champions of Australia for the fourth time.", "| *[Port Adelaide v South Australia (1914\\)](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_v_South_Australia_%281914%29 \"Port Adelaide v South Australia (1914)\")* | *G* | *B* | *Total* |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia_Australian_rules_football_team \"South Australia Australian rules football team\") | 5 | 10 | 40 |\n| **Port Adelaide** | **14** | **14** | **98** |\n| Venue: [Jubilee Oval](/wiki/Jubilee_Oval_%28Adelaide%29 \"Jubilee Oval (Adelaide)\") | | | |", "In the match between Port Adelaide and the composite state side some of South Australia's best players took part including [Magarey Medallists](/wiki/Magarey_Medal \"Magarey Medal\") [Tom Leahy](/wiki/Tom_Leahy_%28footballer%29 \"Tom Leahy (footballer)\") ([North Adelaide](/wiki/North_Adelaide_Football_Club \"North Adelaide Football Club\")), [Frank Barry](/wiki/Frank_Barry_%28footballer%29 \"Frank Barry (footballer)\") ([South Adelaide](/wiki/South_Adelaide_Football_Club \"South Adelaide Football Club\")) and [Dave Low](/wiki/Dave_Low \"Dave Low\") ([West Torrens](/wiki/West_Torrens_Football_Club \"West Torrens Football Club\")). Whilst South Australia started the game well and entered the quarter time break with the lead, Port Adelaide's system and fitness overwhelmed South Australia kicking 6 goals 5 behinds to nothing in the last quarter to win the game by 58 points.{{cite news \\|date\\=17 October 1914 \\|title\\=FOOTBALL. \\|volume\\=LXXI \\|page\\=33 \\|newspaper\\=Observer \\|issue\\=5,511 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article163141173 \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2018 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}***", "During the 1960s, West Adelaide legend Doug Thomas was quoted as saying that \"If I was left to choose sides between Port Adelaide or the Soviet Union, I would join the communists from Russia every time.\"{{Cite web \\|title\\=Official AFL Website of the Port Adelaide Football Club \\|url\\=https://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/club/prison\\-bars \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-02 \\|website\\=portadelaidefc.com.au \\|language\\=en}}\nThe Showdown rivalry also significantly draws upon the bitter, [winner take all](/wiki/Winner-take-all_market \"Winner-take-all market\"), competition for the two South Australian licences to join the AFL in the 1980s and early 1990s.\n### First South Australian AFL licence", "In 1982 the [SANFL](/wiki/SANFL \"SANFL\") approached the [VFL](/wiki/VFL \"VFL\") in regards to entering two sides, Port Adelaide and [longtime major rival](/wiki/Port_Adelaide%E2%80%93Norwood_SANFL_rivalry \"Port Adelaide–Norwood SANFL rivalry\") {{SANFL Nor}}, in the [Victorian](/wiki/Victoria_%28Australia%29 \"Victoria (Australia)\") league.{{Cite book\\|title\\=From Port to a Power\\|last\\=Abernethy\\|first\\=Bruce\\|publisher\\=Wakefield Press\\|year\\=1997\\|isbn\\=186254400X\\|location\\=Kent Town, Adelaide\\|page\\=71}} This action was also taken by [WAFL](/wiki/West_Australian_Football_League \"West Australian Football League\") club [East Perth](/wiki/East_Perth_Football_Club \"East Perth Football Club\") in 1980\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.amnet.net.au/\\~daveiza/royals/vfl.html\\|title\\=Fight On East Perth \\- Applying to Join VFL\\|website\\=www.amnet.net.au\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-10\\-08}} All approaches were ignored by the VFL at the time with the reason given by [Jack Hamilton](/wiki/Jack_Hamilton_%28footballer%2C_born_1928%29 \"Jack Hamilton (footballer, born 1928)\") being that the VFL clubs thought that one or two SANFL teams would end up being too strong later admitting that they also wanted to continue to poach the states best players, which would soon include [Craig Bradley](/wiki/Craig_Bradley \"Craig Bradley\") and [Stephen Kernahan](/wiki/Stephen_Kernahan \"Stephen Kernahan\") in 1986\\.{{Cite book\\|title\\=The Phoenix Rises\\|last\\=Oakley\\|first\\=Ross\\|publisher\\=Slattery Media Group\\|year\\=2014\\|isbn\\=9780987420596\\|location\\=Richmond, Victoria\\|page\\=156}} 1982 also saw the first instance of the VFL expanding beyond Melbourne and Geelong with the [South Melbourne Football Club](/wiki/Sydney_Swans \"Sydney Swans\") being relocated to Sydney. The [Port Adelaide Football Club](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\")'s annual report from late 1982 showed that the failure of the attempts made by South Australian and West Australian clubs to enter the VFL significantly impacted the club's understanding of its future.'Port Adelaide Football Club Inc. Annual Report and Balance Sheet Season 1982', p. 11 From this point Port Adelaide restructured the club in regards to economics, public relations and on\\-field performance for an attempt to enter the league in 1990\\. There was genuine feeling that failure to do this would result in the club ceasing to exist in the future.\nIn 1985 Port Adelaide registered itself as a national football club. Sentiment at this time amongst the direction of Australian rules football in South Australia was succinctly encapsulated by a Michael Robinson article in the 1985 Football Times Yearbook that previewed the SANFL's upcoming season. In that article Robinson wrote about the disappointment of the equal gate sharing of match takings enforced by the SANFL for the upcoming season with the stronger South Australian clubs propping up ailing clubs such as Woodville.{{Cite news\\|title\\=Yet another season of advancing backwards\\|last\\=Robinson\\|first\\=Michael\\|work\\=1985 Football Times Yearbook (1976–1992\\)\\|publisher\\=Ashley Hornsey\\|year\\=1985\\|pages\\=10–12}}\n{{Cquote\\|\"What would be left of the SA league without the great clubs such as Norwood and Port Adelaide? It would drop to a miserable fourth\\-class contest. No one could blame Norwood and Port Adelaide for wanting to get out of the SA league into national ranks if they are further threatened by the dragging down process.\\|author\\=Michael Robinson in regards to impacts of gate revenue sharing adopted by the SANFL for the 1985 season on Norwood and Port Adelaide\\|source\\=}}\nThe following year the SANFL registered the name \"Adelaide Football Club\" in 1986 but ended up deciding against entering a team into the VFL.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theroar.com.au/2012/07/16/revisiting\\-the\\-south\\-australian\\-license\\-saga\\-of\\-1991/\\|title\\=Revisiting the South Australian license saga of 1991\\|publisher\\=The Roar}} In 1986 [Norwood Football Club](/wiki/Norwood_Football_Club \"Norwood Football Club\") made an independent approach to the VFL with entry into the league discussed in great detail but these discussions ultimately failed to materialise.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://australianfootball.com/clubs/bio/Port%2BAdelaide/9\\|title\\=Port Adelaide Football Club...\"one must ask does the 'Big V' want the game to go national\"\\|publisher\\=Australian Football}} In 1987 the [West Coast Eagles](/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles \"West Coast Eagles\") and [Brisbane Bears](/wiki/Brisbane_Bears \"Brisbane Bears\") were admitted to the Victorian Football League leaving South Australia as the only mainland state without representation in the VFL.\n{{Cquote\\|\"In 1988 a deputation from \\[\\[Norwood Football Club]] had announced it was interested in joining the VFL 'at any time in the future' and ... a private consortium headed by \\[\\[Ken Eustice]] was interested in grabbing a licence\".\\|author\\=Ross Oakley\\|source\\=}}\nBy 1989 seven out of ten SANFL clubs were recording losses and the combined income of the [SANFL](/wiki/SANFL \"SANFL\") and [WAFL](/wiki/West_Australian_Football_League \"West Australian Football League\") had dropped to 40% of that of the [VFL](/wiki/VFL \"VFL\"). The 1989 Port Adelaide annual report and November newsletter contrasted with the outlook of other SANFL and WAFL clubs. After its demolition of {{SANFL NthA}} in the [1989 SANFL Grand Final](/wiki/1989_SANFL_Grand_Final \"1989 SANFL Grand Final\") holding its opposition to a single goal, the club claimed a profit in the annual report and hinted at its intentions the following year in the club newsletter by saying Port Adelaide was \"far better than their nearest rival in the SANFL\".{{Cite book\\|title\\=Port Adelaide Football Club Inc. Report of the Football and Footballers Clubs.\\|last\\=Whimpress\\|first\\=T.J.\\|publisher\\=Largs Bay Printers\\|year\\=1989\\|location\\=Largs Bay, South Australia\\|page\\=26}}{{Cite book\\|title\\=Magpie News\\|last\\=Weber\\|first\\=Bruce\\|publisher\\=Port Adelaide Football Club\\|year\\=1989\\|location\\=Largs Bay Printers\\|page\\=3}}\n{{multiple image\n\\| perrow \\= 2\n\\| total\\_width \\= 400\n\\| align \\= left\n\\| direction \\= \n\\| width \\= \n\\| image1 \\= OIC norwood oval 1\\.jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 200\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= \n\\| image2 \\= Supreme Court of South Australia.jpg\n\\| width2 \\= 200\n\\| alt2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= \n\\| image3 \\= Michael\\_Atchison,\\_Port\\_Adelaide\\_AFL\\_SANFL\\_Kuwait\\_1990\\_August\\_1\\.jpg\n\\| width3 \\= 400\n\\| alt3 \\=\n\\| caption3 \\=\n\\| footer \\= '''Top Left:''' On 9 August 1990 it was revealed {{SANFL Nor}} had been in discussions with the AFL to join in 1991\\. However, after seeing the local media response to {{AFL Por}}'s bid they sided with the SANFL. Norwood would again try to gain a licence during 1994 in a merger with {{SANFL Stu}}.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article122303541 \\|title\\=AFL sought Norwood \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|volume\\=64 \\|issue\\=20,209 \\|location\\=Australian Capital Territory, Australia \\|date\\=10 August 1990 \\|access\\-date\\=1 August 2017 \\|page\\=13 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} \n'''Top Right:''' An injunction was won in the \\[\\[Supreme Court of South Australia]] preventing Port Adelaide from continuing its discussions with the AFL after 12 August 1990\\. \n'''Bottom:''' Cartoon by \\[\\[Michael Atchison]] for the Adelaide Advertiser on 1 August 1990 equating the tensions between the SANFL and Port Adelaide over the latter's attempt to join the AFL with the then concurrent \\[\\[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait]].}} During early 1990 the SANFL had decided to wait three years before making any further decision. Frustrated with lack of progress, Port Adelaide were having secret negotiations in the town of [Quorn](/wiki/Quorn%2C_South_Australia \"Quorn, South Australia\") for entry in 1991\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/stateline/sa/content/2003/s1206851\\.htm\\|title\\=Port Adelaide from SANFL to AFL\\|publisher\\=ABC: Stateline South Australia}} A practice match organised by Port Adelaide and {{AFL Gee}} on 25 February at [Football Park](/wiki/Football_Park \"Football Park\") attracted at over 30,000 spectators and illustrated the potential of a South Australian side in the newly renamed national competition.{{Cite news\\|title\\=Keeping Score '90\\|last\\=Fishburn\\|first\\=Chris\\|date\\=April 1990\\|work\\=Magpie News\\|page\\=34}} Around the same time AFL was also seeking Norwood to join the national competition in 1990\\. However Norwood would eventually side with the SANFL after seeing the media reaction to Port Adelaide's attempts.\n{{Cquote\\|\"They \\[the SANFL clubs] are not going to make that decision until they are at the lowest possible ebb. They'd be voting themselves into obscurity \\[opting for a composite team] in their state.\"\n\\| author \\= \\[\\[Ross Oakley]] in regards to the other SANFL clubs opposing Port Adelaide's entry{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article122302786 \\|title\\=Put Port Adelaide into AFL: Oakley \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Canberra Times]] \\|volume\\=64 \\|issue\\=20,205 \\|location\\=Australian Capital Territory, Australia \\|date\\=6 August 1990 \\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2018 \\|page\\=22 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\n}}\nWhen the knowledge of [Port Adelaide Football Club](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club_%28SANFL%29 \"Port Adelaide Football Club (SANFL)\")'s negotiations to gain an AFL licence were made public, the other [SANFL](/wiki/SANFL \"SANFL\") clubs saw it as an act of treachery. Subsequently, the SANFL clubs, led by Glenelg and Norwood, urged Justice Olssen to make an injunction against the bid, which he agreed to. The SANFL promptly created a composite team to beat Port Adelaide's bid. The [Adelaide Football Club](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") gained what was very close to being Port Adelaide's licence to the AFL and began playing in 1991\\. The new Adelaide club would adopt the name \"the Crows\" after the states inhabitants often used the nickname \"Crow\\-eaters\". During this time the SANFL began suing people involved with Port Adelaide, including people volunteering in unpaid positions, with the AFL quickly stepping in to guarantee the protection of the club and associated people. In 2014 during an interview with the Adelaide Advertiser, Ross Oakley revealed that \"In desperation to force (the SANFL's) hand...we began dealing directly with two powerhouse clubs of the SANFL, Norwood and Port Adelaide...we were changing the league's name to AFL – and we could not go without a team from Adelaide.\"{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/afl/teams/port\\-adelaide/fight\\-to\\-break\\-south\\-australian\\-impasse\\-on\\-vfl\\-involved\\-far\\-more\\-than\\-port\\-adelaide/news\\-story/dc13dfdbbd3f8cc2beb939c308e48831\\| url\\-status \\= dead\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170416231035/http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/afl/teams/port\\-adelaide/fight\\-to\\-break\\-south\\-australian\\-impasse\\-on\\-vfl\\-involved\\-far\\-more\\-than\\-port\\-adelaide/news\\-story/dc13dfdbbd3f8cc2beb939c308e48831\\| archive\\-date \\= 2017\\-04\\-16\\| title \\= Fight to break South Australian impasse on VFL involved far more than Port Adelaide {{!}} Adelaide Now}}", "| [1990 SANFL Grand Final](/wiki/1990_SANFL_Grand_Final \"1990 SANFL Grand Final\")*Last game without AFL in SA.* | *G* | *B* | *Total* |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Glenelg](/wiki/Glenelg_Football_Club \"Glenelg Football Club\") | 13 | 15 | 93 |\n| **Port Adelaide** | **16** | **12** | **108** |\n| Venue: [Football Park](/wiki/Football_Park \"Football Park\") | Crowd: 50,589 | | | | | |", "{{cquote\\|\"These twenty blokes, everyone who has helped us, are sensational people and all the views that you have read in the press the one thing that really matters is that there will always be a Port Adelaide Football Club.\"\\|15px\\|15px\\|\\[\\[George Fiacchi]] upon accepting the 1990 \\[\\[Jack Oatey Medal]] for best on ground at the 1990 SANFL Grand FinalGeorge Fiacchi, 1990 SANFL Grand Final \\- Port Adelaide vs. Glenelg, Channel 9\n}}\n{{cquote\\|\"I want to tell you that you want to enjoy this moment for what it is because the good times are well and truly gone. Apart from Jack (\\[\\[John Cahill (footballer)\\|John Cahill]]) and the players there are a couple of individuals out there who are responsible for that and make sure you enjoy tonight because the good times will not happen again.\"\\|15px\\|15px\\|{{SANFL Gle}} coach and inaugural {{AFL Ade}} coach \\[\\[Graham Cornes]]'s address to the Port Adelaide change\\-rooms post the \\[\\[1990 SANFL Grand Final]]Graham Cornes, 1990 SANFL Grand Final, Channel 9\n}}\nThe front runners for the coaching job at the newly created club were both involved in the last SANFL game played in South Australia before the advent of a local AFL team, the [1990 SANFL Grand Final](/wiki/1990_SANFL_Grand_Final \"1990 SANFL Grand Final\"). In that game Port Adelaide, coached by [John Cahill](/wiki/John_Cahill_%28footballer%29 \"John Cahill (footballer)\") defeated Glenelg, coached by [Graham Cornes](/wiki/Graham_Cornes \"Graham Cornes\"), by 15 points. Graham Cornes ended up being selected to coach Adelaide for the [1991 AFL season](/wiki/1991_AFL_season \"1991 AFL season\"). Cornes compiled a club list of the best players from South Australia, with few originating from other states, in what was almost a state side in the first year. Chris McDermott, captain of Glenelg in the 1990 SANFL Grand Final, was designated as the Crows inaugural captain.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.afc.com.au/news/2015\\-03\\-11/on\\-this\\-day\\-inaugural\\-squad\\-named\\|title\\=On this day: Inaugural squad named – AFC.com.au\\|work\\=afc.com.au\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-04\\-15}} Despite Port Adelaide being SANFL premiers in 1990, only 5 players from the team became part of the Adelaide squad of 52\\. Those players being [Bruce Abernethy](/wiki/Bruce_Abernethy \"Bruce Abernethy\"), [Simon Tregenza](/wiki/Simon_Tregenza \"Simon Tregenza\"), [David Brown](/wiki/David_Brown_%28footballer%2C_born_1969%29 \"David Brown (footballer, born 1969)\"), [Darren Smith](/wiki/Darren_Smith_%28Australian_rules_footballer%29 \"Darren Smith (Australian rules footballer)\") and [Scott Hodges](/wiki/Scott_Hodges \"Scott Hodges\"), with the last three joining Port Adelaide's inaugural AFL squad in 1997\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/club/history/past\\-players\\|title\\=Past players – portadelaidefc.com.au\\|website\\=portadelaidefc.com.au\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-04\\-15}}\nIn 1992 Port Adelaide played a young Adelaide side in a pre\\-season match at Football Park on February 1 in what was the first meeting between the two clubs.\n### Second South Australian AFL licence", "The admission of Adelaide to the AFL had a devastating impact on the league's attendances with the SANFL recording a 45% drop between 1990 and 1993\\.{{Cite book\\|title\\=The Budget\\|publisher\\=SANFL\\|year\\=1994\\|location\\=Adelaide}} Port Adelaide defied this trend of falling SANFL attendances recording an increase of 13% from 1990 to 1993\\.{{cite web\\|url \\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=xFs5JkiB4qU\\|title \\= Port Adelaide AFL Bid Video\\|date \\= 1994\\|publisher \\= Port Adelaide Football Club}}\n{{Cquote\\|\"I only hope petty jealousies and fears within the S.A.N.F.L. don't short circuit a Port Adelaide proposal which clearly seems better than any other\"\\|author\\=Tony Greenberg, Inside Football, June 1994\\|source\\=Tony Greenberg, Inside Football, 8 June 1994\\.}}\nIn 1994 the AFL announced that South Australia would receive a licence for a second team based in the state. The major bids competing with Port Adelaide this time around were from merger club proposals in Norwood\\-Sturt, and Glenelg\\-South. On 15 June the SANFL handed down a report recommending the second license go to a team formed from the amalgamation of two clubs.\n{{Cquote\\|\"The sub\\-licence should be granted to an amalgamation of two SANFL clubs\"\n\\| author \\= SANFL, Report on the Future Direction of Football in South Australia, 15 June 1994\n\\| source \\= SANFL, Report on the Future Direction of Football in South Australia, 14 June 1994\n}}\nOn 16 June it was reported in The Age by Stephen Linnell that \"the League's preference was for a single, established club to join the league\".{{Cite news\\|title\\=League 'No' may open door to Port\\|last\\=Linnell\\|first\\=Stephen\\|date\\=16 June 1994\\|work\\=The Age}} The final tenders were submitted to the SANFL on 14 September 1994 including Port Adelaide's second application, Norwood–Sturt's merged club bid with the remaining application coming from Woodville–West Torrens.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Destiny\\|last\\=Ashton\\|first\\=Norman\\|publisher\\=Wakefield Press\\|year\\=2018\\|isbn\\=9781743055946\\|location\\=Adelaide\\|pages\\=137}}\n{{Cquote\\|\"In my opinion coming second \\[not getting the second South Australian AFL licence] means you die\"\n\\| author \\= \\[\\[Michael Aish (footballer)\\|Michael Aish]], {{SANFL Nor}} champion, August 1994\n\\| source \\= Jeff Reynolds, ''Australian Football'', May 2016\\.\n}}\nOn 2 October Port Adelaide won the [1994 SANFL Grand Final](/wiki/1994_SANFL_Grand_Final \"1994 SANFL Grand Final\"), its fifth in seven years. On 13 December Port Adelaide won the tender for the second SA license over its various state rivals, however it was prevented from entering the competition before 1996 as stipulated in the Adelaide license agreement.{{Cite news\\|title\\=Premiers SA's Second Team\\|last\\=Rucci\\|first\\=Michaelangelo\\|date\\=14 December 1994\\|work\\=The Advertiser (Adelaide)\\|pages\\=1–2}} In 1995 after an SANFL game at Football Park the Adelaide Crows began carrying out a training session which was interrupted by a large horde of Port Adelaide supporters chanting \"We're coming to get you\".{{Cite news\\|title\\=What makes Port Adelaide different from the Crows?\\|last\\=Rucci\\|first\\=Michelangelo\\|date\\=29 May 1996\\|work\\=The Advertiser (Adelaide)}} Adelaide coach [Robert Shaw](/wiki/Robert_Shaw_%28footballer%29 \"Robert Shaw (footballer)\") was the only Adelaide official to confront the horde. In 1996 Port Adelaide was left to wait again as a vacancy was required in the league.\nIt was announced on 27 October 1995 that Port Adelaide would be participating in the [1997 AFL season](/wiki/1997_AFL_season \"1997 AFL season\"), one season later than initially planned and seven years after the club's first failed bid in 1990\\.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Destiny\\|last\\=Ashton\\|first\\=Norman\\|publisher\\=Wakefield Press\\|year\\=2018\\|isbn\\=9781743055946\\|location\\=Adelaide\\|pages\\=153}}\nOther contributing factors to rivalry\n-------------------------------------", "Along with the circumstances of the two clubs entries into the national competition are numerous other factors that fuel the rivalry.\n### Lingering resentment", "[thumb\\|150px\\|right\\|Labor politician and Norwood / Crows supporter [Gordon Bilney](/wiki/Gordon_Bilney \"Gordon Bilney\") said he would barrack for the Liberals before barracking for Port Adelaide.{{Cite news \\|date\\=17 August 2002 \\|title\\=Port, the team the rest of Adelaide loves to hate \\- The Age \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The Age \\|url\\=https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/port\\-the\\-team\\-the\\-rest\\-of\\-adelaide\\-loves\\-to\\-hate\\-20020817\\-gdui5w.html \\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2019}}](/wiki/File:Gordon_Bilney_1984.jpg \"Gordon Bilney 1984.jpg\") \nMany supporters of traditionally strong South Australian clubs other than Port Adelaide, such as [Norwood](/wiki/Norwood_Football_Club \"Norwood Football Club\"), [Sturt](/wiki/Sturt_Football_Club \"Sturt Football Club\"), [Glenelg](/wiki/Glenelg_Football_Club \"Glenelg Football Club\") and [North Adelaide](/wiki/North_Adelaide_Football_Club \"North Adelaide Football Club\"), were left frustrated that Port Adelaide were the only SANFL club to make the transition to the AFL.\n{{cquote\\|\"I cannot even begin to imagine the joy of seeing \\[\\[Norwood Football Club\\|Norwood]] players run on to the MCG in an AFL final – or even a home and away game...We would never again see some of the country's best players slip on our club's jumper while in their prime.\"\n\\| author \\= David Washington\n\\| source \\= InDaily, 2014{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://indaily.com.au/opinion/2014/02/06/dear\\-port\\-fans\\-just\\-dont\\-get/\\|title\\=Dear Port fans: you just don't get it \\- InDaily\\|date\\=6 February 2014\\|work\\=InDaily\\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2018\\|language\\=en\\-US}}\n}}\n{{cquote\\|\"Victorians say they hate \\[\\[Collingwood Football Club\\|Collingwood]] in the way that people say they hate snails getting into their garden and eating their lettuces. Let's call a spade a spade. If Port Adelaide were the last team on earth and they were playing a scratch outfit made up of child molesters, axe murderers, failed entrepreneurs and \\[\\[Liberal Party of Australia\\|Liberal]] politicians, I'd barrack for the Liberals...Norwood people especially loathe Port Adelaide with a passion. Can I speak too badly of them? No, I can't.\"\n\\| author \\= \\[\\[Gordon Bilney]]\n\\| source \\= The Age, 2002{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/port\\-the\\-team\\-the\\-rest\\-of\\-adelaide\\-loves\\-to\\-hate\\-20020817\\-gdui5w.html\\|title\\=Port, the team the rest of Adelaide loves to hate \\- The Age\\|date\\=17 August 2002\\|work\\=The Age\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2019\\|language\\=en\\-US}}\n}}\n### Player recruitment", "{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| direction \\= \n\\| width \\= \n\\| image1 \\= The Forwards Talk (8865162921\\) (cropped).jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 95\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= \n\\| image2 \\= Jordan Dawson 2018\\.4\\.jpg\n\\| width2 \\= 95\n\\| alt2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= \n\\| footer \\= \\[\\[Steven Motlop]] (left) and \\[\\[Jordan Dawson]] (right) were the subject of \\[\\[Bid price\\#Bidding war\\|bidding wars]] between {{AFL Ade}} and {{AFL PA}}.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-04\\-04 \\|title\\=Touch Of The Fumbles: Curveball \\|url\\=https://indaily.com.au/sport/touch\\-of\\-the\\-fumbles/2022/04/04/touch\\-of\\-the\\-fumbles\\-curveball/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-04 \\|website\\=InDaily \\|language\\=en}} Both kicked match winning goals in their first Showdown appearances.\n}}\nDue to the inherent nature of being the only two South Australian clubs in the competition, when a player seeks to move to the state both clubs often vigorously compete for the players signature. This also applies during the [AFL Draft](/wiki/Australian_Football_League_draft \"Australian Football League draft\") when both clubs will jostle for position to gain local talent. Two notable examples of this characteristic were the bidding wars between the two clubs for [Steven Motlop](/wiki/Steven_Motlop \"Steven Motlop\") and [Jordan Dawson](/wiki/Jordan_Dawson \"Jordan Dawson\"). Both players in their first Showdown appearances, Motlop for Port Adelaide after leaving Geelong and Dawson for Adelaide after leaving Sydney, kicked match winning goals for their new clubs.\n### Guernsey issues", "In 2005 for the AFL's Heritage Round, Adelaide decided to wear an iteration of the South Australian state guernsey, with the 'AFC' monogram instead of the 'SA' monogram, which was originally worn in 1930\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.footyjumpers.com/adelaideheritage.htm\\|title\\=Adelaide Heritage \\- Footy Jumpers}} During the same match Port Adelaide were blocked by the AFL from wearing the club's Prison Bar guernsey.\n{{cquote\\|\"The Adelaide football team and the SA state side are two separate identities – and they should not be confused.\"\\|author\\=\\[\\[John Halbert]]\\|source\\=The Advertiser, 2005}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|150px\\|Bob Quinn's 1947 [South Australian state football team](/wiki/South_Australian_state_football_team \"South Australian state football team\") guernsey is on display at [Alberton Oval](/wiki/Alberton_Oval \"Alberton Oval\"). The state guernsey was a point of controversy in 2014\\.](/wiki/File:1947_South_Australian_state_guernsey%2C_Bob_Quinn.jpeg \"1947 South Australian state guernsey, Bob Quinn.jpeg\")\nIn February 2014, Adelaide announced that they would wear the South Australian state guernsey in the first Showdown at Adelaide Oval. This left Port Adelaide fans particularly aggrieved as many of their greats had worn the South Australia guernsey in the past. Port Adelaide released a statement at the time saying that the state guernsey was \"a symbol of South Australian football unification, not division\".{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/news/2014\\-02\\-05/statement\\-state\\-guernsey\\|title\\=Statement: State Guernsey \\- portadelaidefc.com.au\\|work\\=portadelaidefc.com.au\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-26}} Others commented that it would be misappropriation to use a State guernsey for a club based competition with players who came from interstate being forced to wear a symbol of South Australia.\n{{cquote\n\\| 2 \\= 15px\n\\| 3 \\= 15px\n\\| 4 \\= \\[\\[Stephen Kernahan]] comments on the South Australian state guernsey{{Cite news\\|title\\=SANFL forces Adelaide Crows to abandon 'State of Origin' Adelaide Oval Showdown guernsey\\|last\\= Kernahan \\|first\\= Stephen \\|date\\=7 February 2017\\|work\\=The Advertiser}}\\|My father wore that state jumper to represent SA. So did I. So did many others. That jumper is sacred in my books...I spoke to Eddie McGuire today and suggested Carlton might wear the Big V in a heritage game. You can imagine the reaction. Clubs don't get to wear state jumpers...{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/sanfl\\-forces\\-adelaide\\-crows\\-to\\-abandon\\-state\\-of\\-origin\\-adelaide\\-oval\\-showdown\\-guernsey/news\\-story/0fd87abb44418c59cdd80dabe3ff3d7d\\|title\\=Showdown 1 recall\\|last\\=Fjeldstad\\|first\\= Jesper \\|date\\=7 February 2017\\|work\\=Herald Sun}}\n}}\nShortly after unveiling the guernsey, Adelaide were denied permission to wear it by the SANFL.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sanfl\\-forces\\-adelaide\\-crows\\-to\\-abandon\\-state\\-of\\-origin\\-adelaide\\-oval\\-showdown\\-guernsey/news\\-story/0fd87abb44418c59cdd80dabe3ff3d7d\\|title\\=SANFL forces Adelaide Crows to abandon 'State of Origin' Adelaide Oval Showdown guernsey\\|work\\=The Advertiser\\|date\\=7 February 2014}} Port Adelaide meanwhile were granted permission by the AFL to wear their traditional [\"Prison Bar\" guernsey](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club%23%27Prison_Bar%27_guernsey \"Port Adelaide Football Club#'Prison Bar' guernsey\") for the only Showdown in 2020, as part of the club's 150th anniversary celebrations.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://wwos.nine.com.au/afl/port\\-adelaide\\-to\\-wear\\-prison\\-bars\\-outfit\\-twice\\-in\\-2020/d074e809\\-7a1b\\-4206\\-bcdb\\-48beab6076e3\\|title\\=Port Adelaide to wear traditional prison bars outfit twice in 2020\\|work\\=Wide World of Sports\\|date\\=15 August 2019}} The club requested it wear the guernsey in all future matches between the teams, which was rejected by Collingwood and the AFL.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://amp.abc.net.au/article/12321646\\|title\\=David Koch hits back at Eddie McGuire over Power's prison bar guernsey push\\|work\\=ABC News\\|date\\=4 June 2020}} The club negotiated an agreement with Collingwood to return the guernsey for the 2023 home Showdown match;{{cite web\\|url\\=https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102084166\\|title\\=Collingwood allows Port Adelaide to wear 'prison bar' guernsey after years of hostility over the heritage design\\|work\\=ABC News\\|date\\=11 March 2023}} an agreement which has since been extended to include all future home showdown matches in both the AFL and AFL Women's competitions.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/9NewsAdel/status/1756223800268427445\\|title\\=Two years in the making and costing $25 million, Port Adelaide is now calling its new state of the art football facility home. And it's not only the Power players that will benefit, the local community also winners. @VickiJSchwarz \\#9News\\|date\\=10 February 2024\\|work\\=9News Adelaide\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Twitter]]}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/news/1614148\\|title\\=AFLW team to wear Prison Bars in inaugural Alberton Showdown\\|work\\=Port Adelaide FC\\|date\\=30 June 2024\\|author\\=Jamie Anderson}}\n### Competitiveness", "The Showdown has a history of upsets with ladder ranking and betting markets being a poor indicator of the final result. As of Showdown 44, over a third of meetings have gone the way of the lower ranked team. In addition to this the overall head\\-to\\-head lead has been held by both teams at different stages, has never gone beyond a differential of 6 and, as of Showdown 54 the ledger is tied at 27 wins each. This contrasts with the [Western Derby](/wiki/Western_Derby \"Western Derby\") where [West Coast](/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles \"West Coast Eagles\") have never relinquished the lead of the head\\-to\\-head ledger and have at some stages held a 12 win differential over [Fremantle](/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club \"Fremantle Football Club\") and the [Sydney Derby](/wiki/Sydney_Derby_%28AFL%29 \"Sydney Derby (AFL)\") where the [Sydney Swans](/wiki/Sydney_Swans \"Sydney Swans\") have also never relinquished the lead of the head\\-to\\-head ledger and held a 7 win differential over the [GWS Giants](/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney_Giants \"Greater Western Sydney Giants\") after 9 meetings.", "| \\+ | Intrastate AFL Derby comparisons (men) | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | Showdown | [Western Derby](/wiki/Western_Derby \"Western Derby\") | [Sydney Derby](/wiki/Sydney_Derby_%28AFL%29 \"Sydney Derby (AFL)\") | [Q–Clash](/wiki/QClash \"QClash\") |\n| Ledger |Adelaide \nlead by **1** against \nPort Adelaide", "West Coast \nlead by **9** against \nFremantle", "Sydney Swans \nlead by **6** against \nGWS Giants", "Brisbane Lions \nlead by **11** against \nGold Coast", "| Lead |Defended by both sides", "Never relinquished by West Coast", "Never relinquished by Sydney", "Held by both sides", "| Last updated 2024 R8 | | | | |", "Notable matches\n---------------", "### Round 4, 1997", "The build up to the inaugural Showdown was described by [Malcolm Blight](/wiki/Malcolm_Blight \"Malcolm Blight\") as being akin to a Grand Final.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Onward to Victory \\|url\\=https://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/video/744470/onward\\-to\\-victory\\-150th\\-anniversary\\-documentary\\-ptv \\|access\\-date\\=5 April 2022 \\|website\\=portadelaidefc.com.au}} Having won their first match in the AFL against [Geelong](/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club \"Geelong Football Club\") the week before, a pumped up Port jumped the Crows in the first half and managed to hold on in the final quarter as the Crows mounted a comeback. Port Adelaide eventually defeated Adelaide by 11 points.{{cite web\\|title \\= Footy Park Flashbacks \\#3: Showdown I, Port Adelaide v Adelaide Crows 1997 – portadelaidefc.com.au\\|url \\= http://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/news/2013\\-08\\-31/footy\\-park\\-flashbacks\\-3\\|website \\= portadelaidefc.com.au\\|access\\-date \\= 2015\\-11\\-01\\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924080347/http://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/news/2013\\-08\\-31/footy\\-park\\-flashbacks\\-3\\|archive\\-date \\= 24 September 2015}} The game notably also featured a fight between Port's [Scott Cummings](/wiki/Scott_Cummings_%28footballer%29 \"Scott Cummings (footballer)\") and Adelaide's [Rod Jameson](/wiki/Rod_Jameson \"Rod Jameson\"). {{cquote\n\\| 2 \\= 15px\n\\| 3 \\= 15px\n\\| 4 \\= \\[\\[Dennis Cometti]] immediately after the siren had sounded signifying the end of the game{{Cite news\\|title\\=Showdown 1 recall\\|last\\=Cometti\\|first\\=Dennis\\|date\\=6 April 2017\\|work\\=Port Adelaide Football Club}}\\|The battle of Adelaide has been fought and won. They brought with them a mountain of tradition, there's no denying that. A bonafide club, as distinct from the other. A club forged over many years. What an impact. There are a few chameleons in the crowd. I think a few changed during the course of the game. They found their roots.\n}}[Dennis Cometti](/wiki/Dennis_Cometti \"Dennis Cometti\"), commentator for the inaugural Showdown, later elaborated on his [chameleon](/wiki/Chameleon \"Chameleon\") comment saying that when Adelaide entered the AFL some Port Adelaide supporters began to follow the new team as it was the only South Australian club competing on the national stage, but six years after their original club attempted to do the same, they reverted to supporting Port Adelaide after they won the first showdown.\n{{AFLGameDetailed\n\\|title \\= Showdown I\n\\|date \\= Sunday, 20 April (3:10 pm)\n\\|home team \\= {{AFL Ade}}\n\\|home Q1 \\= 1\\.1 (7\\)\n\\|home Q2 \\= 3\\.4 (22\\)\n\\|home Q3 \\= 5\\.5 (35\\)\n\\|home final \\= 11\\.6 (72\\)\n\\|home goals\\= 7: \\[\\[Tony Modra\\|Modra]] \n 2: \\[\\[Chad Rintoul\\|Rintoul]] \n 1: \\[\\[Barry Standfield\\|Standfield]], \\[\\[Peter Vardy (footballer)\\|Vardy]]\n\\|home best \\= \\[\\[Tony Modra\\|Modra]], \\[\\[Mark Ricciuto\\|Ricciuto]]\n\\|home injuries \\= \n\\|home reports \\= \\[\\[Rod Jameson\\|Jameson]]\n\\|winner \\= A\n\\|away team \\= {{AFL Por}}\n\\|away Q1 \\= 1\\.6 (12\\)\n\\|away Q2 \\= 5\\.10 (40\\)\n\\|away Q3 \\= 9\\.14 (68\\)\n\\|away final \\= 11\\.17 (83\\)\n\\|away goals\\= 4: \\[\\[Scott Cummings (footballer)\\|Cummings]] \n 2: \\[\\[Shayne Breuer\\|Breuer]], \\[\\[Ian Downsborough\\|Downsborough]] \n 1: \\[\\[Peter Burgoyne\\|Burgoyne]], \\[\\[Josh Francou\\|Francou]], \\[\\[Michael Wilson (Australian footballer)\\|Wilson]]\n\\|away best\\= \\[\\[Darren Mead\\|Mead]], \\[\\[Shayne Breuer\\|Breuer]], \\[\\[Brendon Lade\\|Lade]], \\[\\[Michael Wilson (Australian footballer)\\|Wilson]]\n\\|away injuries \\= \n\\|away reports \\= \\[\\[Scott Cummings (footballer)\\|Cummings]]\n\\|venue \\= \\[\\[Football Park]]\n\\|crowd \\= 47,256\n\\|report \\= \n\\|umpires \\= \n\\|BOG award \\= Showdown Medal: Not Awarded \n \\[\\[Brownlow Medal\\|Brownlow Votes]]\n\\|BOG winner \\= 3 \\[\\[Darren Mead\\|Mead]], 2 \\[\\[Shayne Breuer\\|Breuer]], 1 \\[\\[Brendon Lade\\|Lade]]\n\\|broadcast \\= \\[\\[Seven Network]]\n\\|anthem \\= \n\\|notes\\=\n}}\n### Round 5, 2002", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|[The Ramsgate Hotel](/wiki/Henley_Beach%2C_South_Australia \"Henley Beach, South Australia\") was the location of an altercation between the two sides in 2002\\.](/wiki/File:Ramsgate_Hotel%2C_South_Australia.jpg \"Ramsgate Hotel, South Australia.jpg\")\nThe round 5, 2002 Showdown was the second time in a row Port Adelaide had won by 8 points. After the game about six players from both sides coincidentally came across each other at the Ramsgate Hotel in Henley Beach.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2002\\-04\\-30 \\|title\\=Bit of biffo as rivals show they're 'human' \\|url\\=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/afl/bit\\-of\\-biffo\\-as\\-rivals\\-show\\-theyre\\-human\\-20020430\\-gdf8l1\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-08 \\|website\\=The Sydney Morning Herald \\|language\\=en}} During the match [Josh Carr](/wiki/Josh_Carr \"Josh Carr\") had been [tagging](/wiki/Tagger_%28Australian_rules_football%29 \"Tagger (Australian rules football)\") [Mark Ricciuto](/wiki/Mark_Ricciuto \"Mark Ricciuto\") holding him to only 6 kicks (for comparison Ricciuto averaged 13 over his career).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://afltables.com/afl/stats/games/2002/011320020427\\.html\\|title\\=AFL Tables – Adelaide v Port Adelaide – Sat, 27\\-Apr\\-2002 7:10 PM (7:40 PM) – Match Stats\\|website\\=afltables.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-12\\-23}} When the groups of players met at the Ramsgate Hotel, the two aforementioned players started an argument, and with the assistance of alcohol, a brawl between the two groups broke out. No one was badly injured. The publicity of this incident resulted in consecutive Showdown crowds in excess of 50,000 at Football Park.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/08/13/1029113929013\\.html\\|title\\='Henley beach' two attracts the footbrawl faithful – realfooty.com.au\\|website\\=www.theage.com.au\\|date\\=14 August 2002\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-01}} John Reid, former head of Adelaide Football Operations, was required (like his Port Adelaide counterpart) by the AFL to provide his players with a formal lecture regarding how the incident was unacceptable which upon completion he famously quipped \"And I hope you won the fight!”.{{Cite news\\|date\\=2021\\-08\\-02\\|title\\=The final Showdown countdown\\|url\\=https://indaily.com.au/news/sponsored\\-content/2021/08/02/the\\-final\\-showdown\\-countdown/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-09\\|website\\=InDaily\\|language\\=en}} \n{{AFLGameDetailed\n\\|title \\= Showdown XI\n\\|date \\= Saturday, 27 April \n(7:10pm)\n\\|home team \\= {{AFL Ade}}\n\\|home Q1 \\= 6\\.1 (37\\)\n\\|home Q2 \\= 9\\.4 (58\\)\n\\|home Q3 \\= 11\\.8 (74\\)\n\\|home final \\= 12\\.10 (82\\)\n\\|home super \\=\n\\|home goals \\= 2: \\[\\[Mark Stevens (footballer)\\|Stevens]], \\[\\[Scott Welsh\\|Welsh]], \\[\\[Brett Burton\\|Burton]], \\[\\[Graham Johncock\\|Johncock]] \n1: \\[\\[Mark Bickley\\|Bickley]], \\[\\[Matthew Bode\\|Bode]], \\[\\[Simon Goodwin\\|Goodwin]], \\[\\[Tyson Stenglein\\|Stenglein]]\n\\|home best \\=\n\\|home injuries \\=\n\\|home reports \\=\n\\|home substitute\\=\n\\|winner \\= A\n\\|away team \\= {{AFL Por}}\n\\|away Q1 \\= 3\\.0 (18\\)\n\\|away Q2 \\= 6\\.0 (36\\)\n\\|away Q3 \\= 10\\.3 (63\\)\n\\|away final \\= 14\\.6 (90\\)\n\\|away super \\=\n\\|away goals \\= 3: \\[\\[Chad Cornes\\|C. Cornes]] \n2: \\[\\[Peter Burgoyne\\|Burgoyne]], \\[\\[Gavin Wanganeen\\|Wanganeen]] \n1: \\[\\[Che Cockatoo\\-Collins\\|Cockatoo\\-Collins]], \\[\\[Brent Guerra\\|Guerra]], \\[\\[Roger James (footballer)\\|James]], \\[\\[Adam Kingsley\\|Kingsley]], \\[\\[Brendon Lade\\|Lade]], \\[\\[Jared Poulton\\|Poulton]], \\[\\[Warren Tredrea\\|Tredrea]] \n\\|away best \\=\n\\|away injuries \\=\n\\|away reports \\=\n\\|away substitute\\=\n\\|venue \\= \\[\\[Football Park]]\n\\|crowd \\= 49,513\n\\|report \\=\n\\|umpires \\=\n\\|BOG award \\= Showdown Medal: \\[\\[Jarrad Schofield]] \n \\[\\[Brownlow Medal\\|Brownlow Votes]]\n\\|BOG winner \\= 3 \\[\\[Jarrad Schofield\\|Schofield]], 2 \\[\\[Barnaby French\\|French]], 1 \\[\\[Michael Doughty (Australian footballer)\\|Doughty]]\n\\|broadcast \\=\\[\\[Network Ten]]\n\\|anthem \\=\n\\|notes \\=\n}}\n### Round 7, 2004", "Showdown XV is memorable for the magnitude of the upset that Adelaide pulled off and the fact that it ended Port Adelaide's 7 game winning streak in Showdowns. At the start of the game Port Adelaide had won 5 of its first 6 games whilst Adelaide had only managed one. The gambling markets had Adelaide at $5 to win the match, the longest odds offered in any Showdown at the time.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/afl/teams/adelaide/adelaide\\-crows\\-face\\-biggest\\-showdown\\-challenge\\-since\\-2004/news\\-story/2cb60193cefeb61d277ceec4585b1c49\\|title\\=delaide Crows face biggest Showdown challenge since 2004\\|last\\=Rucci\\|first\\=Michaelangelo\\|date\\=17 July 2015\\|work\\=The Advertiser\\|access\\-date\\=13 May 2018}} Port Adelaide entered the first break with a 6\\-point lead but Adelaide coach [Gary Ayres](/wiki/Gary_Ayres \"Gary Ayres\") gave his side a spray and subsequently ran away with the game to cause arguably the biggest upset in Showdown history.\n{{AFLGameDetailed\n\\|title \\= Showdown XV\n\\|date \\= Saturday, 8 May (7:10 pm)\n\\|home team \\= {{AFL Por}}\n\\|home Q1 \\= 5\\.2 (32\\)\n\\|home Q2 \\= 7\\.3 (45\\)\n\\|home Q3 \\= 9\\.7 (61\\)\n\\|home final \\= 13\\.9 (87\\)\n\\|home goals\\= 7: \\[\\[Warren Tredrea\\|Tredrea]] \n 2: \\[\\[Brett Ebert\\|Ebert]] \n 1: \\[\\[Shaun Burgoyne\\|Burgoyne]], \\[\\[Domenic Cassisi\\|Cassisi]], \\[\\[Kane Cornes\\|Cornes]], \\[\\[Dean Brogan\\|Brogan]]\n\\|home best \\= \n\\|home injuries \\= \n\\|home reports \\= \n\\|winner \\= A\n\\|away team \\= {{AFL Ade}}\n\\|away Q1 \\= 4\\.2 (26\\)\n\\|away Q2 \\= 11\\.6 (72\\)\n\\|away Q3 \\= 14\\.14 (98\\)\n\\|away final \\= 17\\.17 (119\\)\n\\|away goals\\= 4: \\[\\[Graham Johncock\\|Johncock]] \n 3: \\[\\[Wayne Carey\\|Carey]], \\[\\[Ken McGregor\\|McGregor]] \n 2: \\[\\[Luke Jericho\\|Jericho]] \n 1: \\[\\[Tyson Edwards\\|Edwards]], \\[\\[Scott Welsh\\|Welsh]], \\[\\[Nathan Bock\\|Bock]], \\[\\[Kris Massie\\|Massie]], \\[\\[Tyson Stenglein\\|Stenglein]]\n\\|away best\\= \n\\|away injuries \\= \n\\|away reports \\=\n\\|venue \\= \\[\\[Football Park]]\n\\|crowd \\= 44,733\n\\|report \\= \n\\|umpires \\= \n\\|BOG award \\= Showdown Medal: \\[\\[Mark Ricciuto]] \n \\[\\[Brownlow Medal\\|Brownlow Votes]]\n\\|BOG winner \\= 3 \\[\\[Tyson Stenglein\\|Stenglein]], 2 \\[\\[Mark Ricciuto\\|Ricciuto]], 1 \\[\\[Matthew Clarke (Australian footballer)\\|Clarke]]\n\\|broadcast \\= \\[\\[Network Ten]]\n\\|anthem \\= \n\\|notes\\=\n}}\n### 2005 semi\\-final", "In the [2005 AFL Finals Series](/wiki/2005_AFL_finals_series \"2005 AFL finals series\"), Adelaide and Port Adelaide met in a [semi\\-final](/wiki/Semi-final \"Semi-final\"), the first time, and thus far only time in their history they had played against each other in a finals game. The stakes of a showdown had never been higher and South Australia experienced an unprecedented high anticipation to the game in the week leading up to the match. The match was known in the buildup as \"The Ultimate Showdown\".{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.afc.com.au/news/2014\\-03\\-27/the\\-finals\\-showdown\\|title\\=The Finals Showdown \\- AFC.com.au\\|work\\=afc.com.au\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-05\\-13}} The first half of the game was an intense, defensive contest with the Crows leading 4\\.7 (31\\) to 3\\.6 (24\\) at the main break. Tempers almost boiled over in the second quarter after Adelaide ruckman Rhett Biglands was stretchered from the ground after a Byron Pickett shirtfront. However Biglands would return in the second half and the incident would eventually be deemed legal.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2005\\-09\\-12/pickett\\-off\\-the\\-hook\\-for\\-biglands\\-bump/2102266\\|title\\=Pickett off the hook for Biglands bump\\|date\\=2005\\-09\\-12\\|work\\=ABC News\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-08\\-03\\|language\\=en\\-AU}} After half time, Adelaide thrashed Port Adelaide outscoring them by 76 points cruising home for an 83\\-point win, ending Port Adelaide's season. This remains as the only final played between the two sides and the only final the two would ever play at Football Park. 2005 was also the only time one of the clubs had defeated the other side in 3 Showdowns in the same AFL season.\n{{AFLGameDetailed\n\\|title \\= Showdown XIX\n\\|date \\= Saturday, 10 September (7:00 pm)\n\\|home team \\= {{AFL Ade}}\n\\|home Q1 \\= 3\\.4 (22\\)\n\\|home Q2 \\= 4\\.7 (31\\)\n\\|home Q3 \\= 12\\.9 (81\\)\n\\|home final \\= 18\\.15 (123\\)\n\\|home goals\\= 4: \\[\\[Scott Welsh\\|Welsh]] \n 3: \\[\\[Simon Goodwin\\|Goodwin]], \\[\\[Ian Perrie\\|Perrie]] \n 2: \\[\\[Ken McGregor\\|McGregor]] \n 1: \\[\\[Trent Hentschel\\|Hentschel]], \\[\\[Tyson Edwards\\|Edwards]], \\[\\[Andrew McLeod\\|McLeod]], \\[\\[Mark Ricciuto\\|Ricciuto]], \\[\\[Ben Rutten\\|Rutten]], \\[\\[Robert Shirley\\|Shirley]]\n\\|home best \\= \\[\\[Tyson Edwards\\|Edwards]], \\[\\[Simon Goodwin\\|Goodwin]], \\[\\[Mark Ricciuto\\|Ricciuto]], \\[\\[Matthew Clarke (Australian footballer)\\|Clarke]], \\[\\[Ben Rutten\\|Rutten]], \\[\\[Nathan Bassett\\|Bassett]], \\[\\[Brett Burton\\|Burton]], \\[\\[Andrew McLeod\\|McLeod]]\n\\|home injuries \\= \\[\\[Graham Johncock\\|Johncock]] (calf), \\[\\[Rhett Biglands\\|Biglands]], \\[\\[Robert Shirley\\|Shirley]] (head knock)\n\\|home reports \\= Nil\n\\|winner \\= H\n\\|away team \\= {{AFL Por}}\n\\|away Q1 \\= 2\\.1 (13\\)\n\\|away Q2 \\= 3\\.6 (24\\)\n\\|away Q3 \\= 4\\.6 (30\\)\n\\|away final \\= 5\\.10 (40\\)\n\\|away goals\\= 1: \\[\\[Josh Mahoney\\|Mahoney]], \\[\\[Shaun Burgoyne\\|S.Burgoyne]], \\[\\[Danyle Pearce\\|Pearce]], \\[\\[Michael Pettigrew\\|Pettigrew]], \\[\\[Gavin Wanganeen\\|Wanganeen]]\n\\|away best\\= \\[\\[Chad Cornes\\|C.Cornes]], \\[\\[Kane Cornes\\|K.Cornes]], \\[\\[Brett Montgomery\\|Montgomery]], \\[\\[Darryl Wakelin\\|Wakelin]]\n\\|away injuries \\= \\[\\[Michael Wilson (Australian footballer)\\|Wilson]] (hamstring)\n\\|away reports \\= Nil\n\\|venue \\= \\[\\[Football Park]]\n\\|crowd \\= 50,521\n\\|report \\= \n\\|umpires \\= \\[\\[Michael Vozzo]], \\[\\[Brett Allen]], \\[\\[Scott McLaren]]\n\\|BOG award \\= Showdown Medal\n\\|BOG winner \\= Not Awarded\n\\|broadcast \\= \\[\\[Network Ten]]\n\\|anthem \\= \n\\|notes\\=\n}}\n### Round 3, 2008", "Showdown 24 is often cited as the most physical meeting of the two clubs. Prior to Showdown 24 Port Adelaide had lost their two opening games of the 2008 AFL season and, coupled with their disastrous [2007 AFL Grand Final](/wiki/2007_AFL_Grand_Final \"2007 AFL Grand Final\"), [Mark Williams](/wiki/Mark_Williams_%28Australian_footballer%2C_born_1958%29 \"Mark Williams (Australian footballer, born 1958)\") demanded throughout the week at training leading up to the game that his players bring tough and physical brand of football to their next match.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Cornes \\|first\\=Chad \\|date\\=9 May 2018 \\|title\\=Chad Cornes' top 5 Showdowns: \\#5 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=LekbETROz\\-Y \\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2022 \\|website\\=Youtube}} Early in the game, and a sign of things to come, [Matt Thomas](/wiki/Matt_Thomas_%28Australian_rules_footballer%29 \"Matt Thomas (Australian rules footballer)\") knocked out [Nathan Bassett](/wiki/Nathan_Bassett \"Nathan Bassett\"). Not long after [Luke Jericho](/wiki/Luke_Jericho \"Luke Jericho\") was bruised after a heavy collision with Port Adelaide ruckman [Dean Brogan](/wiki/Dean_Brogan \"Dean Brogan\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=2008\\-04\\-06 \\|title\\=Crows hang on in Showdown thriller \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|work\\=ABC News \\|url\\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008\\-04\\-06/crows\\-hang\\-on\\-in\\-showdown\\-thriller/2394896 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-06}} In the last quarter Adelaide had four injured players on the bench resulting in Port Adelaide gaining all the momentum, kicking the last three goals of the match, with [Daniel Motlop](/wiki/Daniel_Motlop \"Daniel Motlop\") bringing the margin to 6 points with two minutes remaining. Despite this Adelaide managed to just hold on, despite losing a significant number of players, and limp to the siren for a win. The final 6\\-point margin was, at the time, the smallest in Showdown history and the result evened the ledger for the first time since 2000\\.\n{{cquote\\|\"Brogan has put Jericho down!...Gee that is a big hip\\-and\\-shoulder. Jericho has not moved.\"\n\\| author \\= \\[\\[Dwayne Russell\\|Dwayne Russell's]] call of the incident between Dean Brogan and Luke Jericho.\n\\| source \\=\n}}\n{{AFLGameDetailed\n\\| title \\= Showdown XXIV\n\\| date \\= Sunday, 6 April (4:10 pm)\n\\| home team \\= {{AFL Ade}}\n\\| home Q1 \\= 2\\.3 (15\\)\n\\| home Q2 \\= 4\\.8 (32\\)\n\\| home Q3 \\= 8\\.11 (59\\)\n\\| home Q4 \\= \n\\| home final \\= 12\\.13 (85\\)\n\\| home super \\=\n\\| home goals \\= 3: \\[\\[Richard Douglas (footballer)\\|Douglas]] \n2: \\[\\[Bernie Vince\\|Vince]], \\[\\[Simon Goodwin\\|Goodwin]] \n 1: \\[\\[Tyson Edwards\\|Edwards]], \\[\\[Andrew McLeod\\|McLeod]], \\[\\[Brett Burton\\|Burton]], \\[\\[Jonathon Griffin\\|Griffin]]\n\\| home best \\= \\[\\[Bernie Vince\\|Vince]], \\[\\[Graham Johncock\\|Johncock]], \\[\\[Tyson Edwards\\|Edwards]], \\[\\[Ben Rutten\\|Rutten]], \\[\\[Simon Goodwin\\|Goodwin]], \\[\\[Richard Douglas (footballer)\\|Douglas]], \\[\\[Scott Thompson (footballer, born 1983\\)\\|Thompson]]\n\\| home injuries \\= \\[\\[Nathan Bassett\\|Bassett]] (concussion), \\[\\[Luke Jericho\\|Jericho]] (back), \\[\\[Jason Porplyzia\\|Porplyzia]] (shoulder), \\[\\[Kris Massie\\|Massie]] (hamstring)\n\\| home reports \\=Nil\n\\| home substitute \\=\n\\| winner \\= H\n\\| away team \\= {{AFL PA}}\n\\| away Q1 \\= 2\\.3 (15\\)\n\\| away Q2 \\= 4\\.7 (31\\)\n\\| away Q3 \\= 7\\.12 (54\\)\n\\| away Q4 \\= \n\\| away final \\= 11\\.13 (79\\)\n\\| away super \\=\n\\| away goals \\= 4: \\[\\[Shaun Burgoyne\\|S. Burgoyne]] \n2: \\[\\[Chad Cornes\\|C. Cornes]] \n1: \\[\\[Daniel Motlop\\|Motlop]], \\[\\[David Rodan\\|Rodan]], \\[\\[Travis Boak\\|Boak]], \\[\\[Dean Brogan\\|Brogan]]\n\\| away best \\= \\[\\[Peter Burgoyne\\|P. Burgoyne]], \\[\\[Dean Brogan\\|Brogan]], \\[\\[Chad Cornes\\|C. Cornes]], \\[\\[Jacob Surjan\\|Surjan]], \\[\\[Domenic Cassisi\\|Cassisi]], \\[\\[Shaun Burgoyne\\|S. Burgoyne]]\n\\| away injuries \\=Nil \n\\| away reports \\= \\[\\[Matt Thomas (Australian rules footballer)\\|Thomas]]\n\\| away substitute \\=\n\\| venue \\= \\[\\[Football Park]]\n\\| crowd \\= 45,524\n\\| report \\=\n\\| umpires \\=\n\\|BOG award \\=Showdown Medal: \\[\\[Bernie Vince]] \n \\[\\[Brownlow Medal\\|Brownlow Votes]]\n\\|BOG winner \\=3 \\[\\[Bernie Vince\\|Vince]], 2 \\[\\[Scott Thompson (footballer, born 1983\\)\\|Thompson]], 1 \\[\\[David Rodan\\|Rodan]]\n\\| broadcast \\=\\[\\[Nine Network]]\n\\| anthem \\=\n\\| notes \\= \n}}\n### Round 19, 2013", "[thumb\\|205x205px\\|Diagram of [Angus Monfries](/wiki/Angus_Monfries \"Angus Monfries\")' goal kicked on the 50\\-metre line that bounced before the left behind line, significantly changed direction right, and crossed the goal line to bring Port Adelaide within 2 points of Adelaide with 87 seconds remaining](/wiki/File:2013_Angus_Monfries_bounce_diagram.jpg \"2013 Angus Monfries bounce diagram.jpg\")\nIn 2013 Port Adelaide beat Adelaide in the final Showdown to be played at [Football Park](/wiki/Football_Park \"Football Park\"). The game was also memorable for Port Adelaide's late final quarter charge, coming back from 20 points in the last 6 minutes of the game. This included a goal by [Angus Monfries](/wiki/Angus_Monfries \"Angus Monfries\") from outside 50 that landed just in front of the Port Adelaide's point line, bounced at right angles and went through for a goal. [Chad Wingard](/wiki/Chad_Wingard \"Chad Wingard\") kicked his fifth goal in the last 28 seconds to hand Port Adelaide the lead and win.[Power Showdown Miracle](http://www.afl.com.au/news/2013-08-04/powers-showdown-miracle) Port Adelaide winning this match meant the club had won the first, last and most Showdowns played at Football Park.{{cquote\\|\"Monfries has kicked a goal, unbelievable! That makes up for \\[\\[Robbie Gray]] in the first quarter...It's gone at right angles, right angles Tim!", "I haven't seen anything like that, if \\[\\[Pythagoras]] is watching, explain that!\"\n\\| 2 \\= 15px\n\\| 3 \\= 15px\n\\| 4 \\= \\[\\[Dennis Cometti]]'s reaction to \\[\\[Angus Monfries]]' goal\n}}\n{{AFLGameDetailed\n\\|title \\= Showdown XXXV\n\\|date \\= Sunday, 4 August (2:50 pm)\n\\|home team \\= {{AFL Ade}}\n\\|home Q1 \\= 3\\.2 (20\\)\n\\|home Q2 \\= 5\\.6 (36\\)\n\\|home Q3 \\= 12\\.10 (82\\)\n\\|home final \\= 15\\.13 (103\\)\n\\|home goals\\= 4: \\[\\[Lewis Johnston\\|Johnston]], \\[\\[Patrick Dangerfield\\|Dangerfield]] \n 2: \\[\\[Jared Petrenko\\|Petrenko]], \\[\\[Matthew Wright (Australian footballer)\\|Wright]] \n 1: \\[\\[Mitch Grigg\\|Grigg]], \\[\\[Ricky Henderson\\|Henderson]], \\[\\[Luke Brown\\|Brown]]\n\\|home best \\= \\[\\[Brad Crouch\\|Crouch]], \\[\\[Patrick Dangerfield\\|Dangerfield]], \\[\\[Lewis Johnston\\|Johnston]], \\[\\[David Mackay (footballer)\\|Mackay]], \\[\\[Mitch Grigg\\|Grigg]], \\[\\[Bernie Vince\\|Vince]]\n\\|home injuries \\= Nil\n\\|home reports \\= Nil\n\\|winner \\= A\n\\|away team \\= {{AFL Por}}\n\\|away Q1 \\= 2\\.1 (13\\)\n\\|away Q2 \\= 9\\.3 (57\\)\n\\|away Q3 \\= 11\\.4 (70\\)\n\\|away final \\= 17\\.5 (107\\)\n\\|away goals\\= 5: \\[\\[Chad Wingard\\|Wingard]] \n 3: \\[\\[Robbie Gray\\|Gray]], \\[\\[Hamish Hartlett\\|Hartlett]] \n 2: \\[\\[Jay Schulz\\|Schulz]], \\[\\[Angus Monfries\\|Monfries]] \n 1: \\[\\[John Butcher (Australian footballer)\\|Butcher]], \\[\\[Sam Colquhoun\\|Colquhoun]]\n\\|away best\\= \\[\\[Chad Wingard\\|Wingard]], \\[\\[Hamish Hartlett\\|Hartlett]], \\[\\[Robbie Gray\\|Gray]], \\[\\[Travis Boak\\|Boak]], \\[\\[Kane Cornes\\|Cornes]], \\[\\[Jay Schulz\\|Schulz]]\n\\|away injuries \\= \\[\\[Paul Stewart (Australian footballer)\\|Stewart]] (broken wrist)\n\\|away reports \\= Nil\n\\|venue \\= \\[\\[Football Park]]\n\\|crowd \\= 43,368\n\\|report \\= \\[https://web.archive.org/web/20130422060442/http://www.afl.com.au/match\\-centre/2013/19/adel\\-v\\-port Report]\n\\|umpires \\= Stewart, Ryan, Jeffery\n\\|BOG award \\=Showdown Medal: \\[\\[Chad Wingard]] \n \\[\\[Brownlow Medal\\|Brownlow Votes]]\n\\|BOG winner \\=3 \\[\\[Chad Wingard\\|Wingard]], 2 \\[\\[Brad Crouch\\|Crouch]], 1 \\[\\[Patrick Dangerfield\\|Dangerfield]]\n\\|broadcast \\= \\[\\[Seven Network]], \\[\\[Fox Footy]] (simulcast)\n\\|anthem \\= \n\\|notes\\=\n}}\n### Round 2, 2014", "The round 2, 2014 Showdown on 29 March 2014 saw the first Showdown played at Adelaide Oval along with the first game of Australian rules football at the venue since its extensive redevelopment. Port Adelaide led from the start, with [Matthew Lobbe](/wiki/Matthew_Lobbe \"Matthew Lobbe\") kicking the first goal in an Adelaide Oval Showdown but Adelaide mounted a comeback and claimed the lead briefly in the third. After the halfway mark of the third quarter, Port Adelaide ran away with the game winning by 55 points.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/local/photos/2014/03/29/3974276\\.htm\\|title\\=Showdown 36 welcomes AFL back to Adelaide Oval \\- ABC (None) \\- Australian Broadcasting Corporation\\|website\\=\\[\\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}\n{{cquote\\|\"Port Adelaide will own this moment in history forever!\"\n\\| author \\= \\[\\[Dwayne Russell]]'s statement as the siren sounded for the first Showdown at Adelaide Oval.\n\\| source \\= \n}}\n{{AFLGameDetailed\n\\|title \\= Showdown XXXVI\n\\|date \\= Saturday, 29 March (4:15 pm)\n\\|home team \\= {{AFL Por}}\n\\|home Q1 \\= 5\\.4 (34\\)\n\\|home Q2 \\= 7\\.8 (50\\)\n\\|home Q3 \\= 12\\.11 (83\\)\n\\|home final \\= 19\\.14 (128\\)\n\\|home goals\\= 4: \\[\\[Chad Wingard\\|Wingard]] \n 3: \\[\\[Jay Schulz\\|Schulz]] \n 2: \\[\\[Robbie Gray\\|Gray]], \\[\\[Ollie Wines\\|Wines]], \\[\\[Matthew White (footballer)\\|White]] \n 1: \\[\\[Brad Ebert\\|Ebert]], \\[\\[Hamish Hartlett\\|Hartlett]], \\[\\[Travis Boak\\|Boak]], \\[\\[John Butcher (Australian footballer)\\|Butcher]], \\[\\[Matthew Lobbe\\|Lobbe]], \\[\\[Justin Westhoff\\|Westhoff]]\n\\|home best \\= \\[\\[Hamish Hartlett\\|Hartlett]], \\[\\[Brad Ebert\\|Ebert]], \\[\\[Kane Cornes\\|Cornes]], \\[\\[Chad Wingard\\|Wingard]], \\[\\[Jay Schulz\\|Schulz]], \\[\\[Jared Polec\\|Polec]]\n\\|home injuries \\= \\[\\[Jared Polec\\|Polec]] (cut head)\n\\|home reports \\= Nil\n\\|winner \\= H\n\\|away team \\= {{AFL Ade}}\n\\|away Q1 \\= 1\\.1 (7\\)\n\\|away Q2 \\= 5\\.2 (32\\)\n\\|away Q3 \\= 8\\.5 (53\\)\n\\|away final \\= 11\\.7 (73\\)\n\\|away goals\\= 4: \\[\\[Eddie Betts\\|Betts]] \n 3: \\[\\[Mitch Grigg\\|Grigg]] \n 1: \\[\\[Brodie Smith (footballer)\\|Smith]], \\[\\[James Podsiadly\\|Podsiadly]], \\[\\[Richard Douglas (footballer)\\|Douglas]], \\[\\[Sam Kerridge\\|Kerridge]], \\[\\[Lewis Johnston\\|Johnston]]\n\\|away best\\= \\[\\[Rory Sloane\\|Sloane]], \\[\\[Richard Douglas (footballer)\\|Douglas]], \\[\\[Eddie Betts\\|Betts]], \\[\\[Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983\\)\\|Thompson]], \\[\\[Brodie Smith (footballer)\\|Smith]], \\[\\[Mitch Grigg\\|Grigg]]\n\\|away injuries \\= \\[\\[Sam Shaw (footballer)\\|Shaw]] (wrist), \\[\\[Brad Crouch\\|Crouch]] (lower leg)\n\\|away reports \\= Nil\n\\|venue \\= \\[\\[Adelaide Oval]]\n\\|crowd \\= 50,397\n\\|report \\= \\[https://web.archive.org/web/20140314005418/http://www.afl.com.au/match\\-centre/2014/2/port\\-v\\-adel Report]\n\\|umpires \\= Fleer, Schmitt, Pannell\n\\|BOG award \\= Showdown Medal: \\[\\[Hamish Hartlett]] \n \\[\\[Brownlow Medal\\|Brownlow Votes]]\n\\|BOG winner \\= 3: \\[\\[Kane Cornes\\|Cornes]], 2: \\[\\[Chad Wingard\\|Wingard]]. 1: \\[\\[Brad Ebert\\|Ebert]]\n\\|broadcast \\= \\[\\[Fox Footy]], \\[\\[Seven Network]] (simulcast)\n\\|anthem \\= \\[\\[Hugh Sheridan]]\n\\|notes\\=\n}}\n### Round 16, 2015", "The round 16, 2015 Showdown on 19 July 2015 had added significance due to the recent death of Crows senior coach [Phil Walsh](/wiki/Phil_Walsh_%28Australian_footballer%29 \"Phil Walsh (Australian footballer)\"), who spent ten years as an assistant in two stints with Port Adelaide, including their [2004 premiership](/wiki/2004_AFL_Grand_Final \"2004 AFL Grand Final\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.afc.com.au/news/2015\\-07\\-03/phil\\-walsh\\-a\\-proud\\-football\\-lifer\\|title\\=Phil Walsh \\- a proud 'football lifer' \\- AFC.com.au\\|work\\=afc.com.au\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-05\\-13}} The game lived up to expectation, with the Crows holding on desperately in the last quarter to win by three points, the closest margin in a Showdown. The game was played in front of 53,518, the largest attendance at the venue since the [1973 SANFL Grand Final](/wiki/1973_SANFL_Grand_Final \"1973 SANFL Grand Final\"). [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28footballer_born_1983%29 \"Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983)\") was awarded the one off [Phillip Walsh Medal](/wiki/Phillip_Walsh_Medal \"Phillip Walsh Medal\"), presented by Walsh's daughter Quinn.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/afl/teams/adelaide/terrific\\-scott\\-thompson\\-honoured\\-by\\-phillip\\-walsh\\-medal\\-win\\-in\\-showdown\\-39/news\\-story/3928357de817123c0d8d436deaedc6f3\\|title\\=Terrific Scott Thompson 'honoured' by Phillip Walsh Medal win in Showdown 39\\|last\\=Homfray\\|first\\=Reece\\|date\\=19 July 2015\\|work\\=The Advertiser\\|access\\-date\\=13 May 2018}}\n{{AFLGameDetailed\n\\|title \\= Showdown XXXIX\n\\|date \\= Sunday, 19 July (2:50 pm)\n\\|home team \\= {{AFL Por}}\n\\|home Q1 \\= 3\\.4 (22\\)\n\\|home Q2 \\= 8\\.4 (52\\)\n\\|home Q3 \\= 13\\.6 (84\\)\n\\|home final \\= 17\\.11 (113\\)\n\\|home goals\\= 3: \\[\\[Patrick Ryder\\|Ryder]], \\[\\[Chad Wingard\\|Wingard]], \\[\\[Robbie Gray\\|Gray]], \\[\\[Jay Schulz\\|Schulz]] \n 2: \\[\\[Matthew Lobbe\\|Lobbe]], \\[\\[Travis Boak\\|Boak]] \n 1: \\[\\[Angus Monfries\\|Monfries]]\n\\|home best \\= \\[\\[Travis Boak\\|Boak]], \\[\\[Chad Wingard\\|Wingard]], \\[\\[Patrick Ryder\\|Ryder]], \\[\\[Robbie Gray\\|Gray]], \\[\\[Matthew Broadbent\\|Broadbent]], \\[\\[Hamish Hartlett\\|Hartlett]]\n\\|home injuries \\= Nil\n\\|home reports \\= Nil\n\\|winner \\= A\n\\|away team \\= {{AFL Ade}}\n\\|away Q1 \\= 6\\.1 (37\\)\n\\|away Q2 \\= 11\\.3 (69\\)\n\\|away Q3 \\= 18\\.6 (114\\)\n\\|away final \\= 18\\.8 (116\\)\n\\|away goals\\= 3: \\[\\[Josh Jenkins\\|Jenkins]], \\[\\[Taylor Walker (footballer)\\|Walker]] \n 2: \\[\\[Charlie Cameron (footballer born 1994\\)\\|Cameron]], \\[\\[Tom Lynch (Australian footballer born 1990\\)\\|Lynch]] \n 1: \\[\\[Matt Crouch (footballer)\\|Crouch]], \\[\\[Rory Laird\\|Laird]], \\[\\[Ricky Henderson\\|Henderson]], \\[\\[Kyle Martin (footballer)\\|Martin]], \\[\\[Richard Douglas (footballer)\\|Douglas]], Knight, \\[\\[Eddie Betts\\|Betts]], \\[\\[Matthew Wright (Australian footballer)\\|Wright]], \\[\\[Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983\\)\\|Thompson]]\n\\|away best\\= \\[\\[Sam Jacobs (footballer)\\|Jacobs]], \\[\\[Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983\\)\\|Thompson]], \\[\\[Richard Douglas (footballer)\\|Douglas]], \\[\\[Taylor Walker (footballer)\\|Walker]], \\[\\[Patrick Dangerfield\\|Dangerfield]], \\[\\[Matt Crouch (footballer)\\|Crouch]], \\[\\[Rory Laird\\|Laird]], \\[\\[Ricky Henderson\\|Henderson]]\n\\|away injuries \\= \\[\\[Daniel Talia\\|Talia]] (concussion)\n\\|away reports \\= Nil\n\\|venue \\= \\[\\[Adelaide Oval]]\n\\|crowd \\= 53,518\n\\|report \\= \\[https://web.archive.org/web/20150416073604/http://www.afl.com.au/match\\-centre/2015/16/port\\-v\\-adel]\n\\|umpires \\= Deboy, Schmitt, Ryan\n\\|BOG award \\=Phil Walsh Medal: \\[\\[Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983\\)\\|Scott Thompson]] \n \\[\\[Brownlow Medal\\|Brownlow Votes]]\n\\|BOG winner \\= 3 \\[\\[Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983\\)\\|Thompson]], 2 \\[\\[Travis Boak\\|Boak]], 1 \\[\\[Sam Jacobs (footballer)\\|Jacobs]]\n\\|broadcast \\= \\[\\[Seven Network]], \\[\\[Fox Footy]] (simulcast)\n\\|anthem \\= \n\\|notes\\=\n}}\n### Round 8, 2018", "The round 8, 2018 Showdown held on 12 May 2018 was played at [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval \"Adelaide Oval\") in front of a {{AFL Por}} home\\-crowd of 50,967\\. Despite Adelaide leading by 21 points at half\\-time, Port Adelaide managed to cut Adelaide's margin back to single figures with 5 minutes left in the third quarter. [Robbie Gray](/wiki/Robbie_Gray \"Robbie Gray\") kicked 2 goals late (his fourth and fifth of the quarter) to give Port Adelaide the lead at three\\-quarter time.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/live\\-afl\\-round\\-8\\-port\\-adelaide\\-v\\-adelaide\\-crows\\-in\\-showdown\\-44/news\\-story/51a881b3871ab9213f3842a52e8d8ea6?nk\\=81f83ab8cf1368c7fa062483a048e99f\\-1529384855\\|title\\=Live AFL Round 8, Port Adelaide v Adelaide Crows in Showdown 44, live scores, live stream, updates, video, live blog\\|date\\=2018\\-05\\-12\\|work\\=Fox Sports\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-19\\|language\\=en\\-GB}} The final quarter was largely played in Adelaide's forward half but they could not trouble the scoreboard. With less than three minutes to go, the game looked all\\-but over, but that was not the case. Adelaide managed three goals in little over 2 minutes to regain the lead with 42 seconds on the clock through a [Mitch McGovern](/wiki/Mitch_McGovern \"Mitch McGovern\") set shot. One last turn would see off\\-season Port Adelaide recruit [Steven Motlop](/wiki/Steven_Motlop \"Steven Motlop\") kick the winning goal with 21 seconds left. The celebration of Port Adelaide coach [Ken Hinkley](/wiki/Ken_Hinkley \"Ken Hinkley\") at the conclusion of the game, where he referenced the end of the Adelaide's five Showdown win streak, garnered significant media attention.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2018\\-05\\-14 \\|title\\=Touch Of The Fumbles: A Gray day \\|url\\=https://indaily.com.au/sport/touch\\-of\\-the\\-fumbles/2018/05/14/touch\\-fumbles\\-gray\\-day/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-06 \\|website\\=InDaily \\|language\\=en}} Robbie Gray claimed a third Showdown Medal for his best on ground display. He managed 6 goals (5 of which in the third quarter).\n{{cquote\\|\"Flashpoint! Stevie Motlop, what a time!...He is floating on air now!\"\n\\| author \\= \\[\\[Anthony Hudson (commentator)\\|Anthony Hudson's]] call as Steven Motlop kicked the game winning goal.\n\\| source \\= \n}}\n{{AFLGameDetailed\n\\|title \\= Showdown XLIV\n\\|date \\= Saturday, 12 May (4:40 pm)\n\\|home team \\= {{AFL Por}}\n\\|home Q1 \\= 1\\.3 (9\\)\n\\|home Q2 \\= 4\\.6 (30\\)\n\\|home Q3 \\= 11\\.11 (77\\)\n\\|home final \\= 14\\.11 (95\\)\n\\|home goals\\= 6: \\[\\[Robbie Gray\\|R.Gray]] \n 2: \\[\\[Chad Wingard\\|Wingard]], \\[\\[Patrick Ryder\\|Ryder]] \n 1: \\[\\[Sam Gray (footballer, born 1992\\)\\|S.Gray]], \\[\\[Steven Motlop\\|Motlop]], \\[\\[Travis Boak\\|Boak]], \\[\\[Sam Powell\\-Pepper\\|Powell\\-Pepper]]\n\\|home best \\= \\[\\[Robbie Gray\\|Gray]], \\[\\[Tom Jonas\\|Jonas]], \\[\\[Patrick Ryder\\|Ryder]], \\[\\[Tom Rockliff\\|Rockliff]], \\[\\[Sam Powell\\-Pepper\\|Powell\\-Pepper]], \\[\\[Jared Polec\\|Polec]]\n\\|home injuries \\= Nil\n\\|home reports \\= \\[\\[Sam Powell\\-Pepper\\|Powell\\-Pepper]] (2\\)\n\\|winner \\= H\n\\|away team \\= {{AFL Ade}}\n\\|away Q1 \\= 4\\.2 (26\\)\n\\|away Q2 \\= 8\\.3 (51\\)\n\\|away Q3 \\= 10\\.5 (65\\)\n\\|away final \\= 14\\.6 (90\\)\n\\|away goals\\= 3: \\[\\[Eddie Betts\\|Betts]] \n 2: \\[\\[Taylor Walker (footballer)\\|Walker]], \\[\\[Cam Ellis\\-Yolmen\\|Ellis\\-Yolmen]], \\[\\[Mitch McGovern\\|McGovern]] \n 1: \\[\\[Rory Atkins\\|Atkins]], \\[\\[Josh Jenkins\\|Jenkins]], \\[\\[Richard Douglas (footballer)\\|Douglas]], \\[\\[Paul Seedsman\\|Seedsman]], \\[\\[Tom Lynch (Australian footballer, born 1990\\)\\|Lynch]]\n\\|away best\\= \\[\\[Rory Laird\\|Laird]], \\[\\[Rory Atkins\\|Atkins]], \\[\\[Matt Crouch (footballer)\\|Crouch]], \\[\\[Daniel Talia\\|Talia]], \\[\\[Bryce Gibbs (Australian rules footballer)\\|Gibbs]], \\[\\[Cam Ellis\\-Yolmen\\|Ellis\\-Yolmen]]\n\\|away injuries \\= \\[\\[Taylor Walker (footballer)\\|Walker]] (glute), \\[\\[Sam Jacobs (footballer)\\|Jacobs]] (back spasms), \\[\\[Mitch McGovern\\|McGovern]] (ankle)\n\\|away reports \\= \\[\\[Matt Crouch (footballer)\\|Crouch]]\n\\|venue \\= \\[\\[Adelaide Oval]]\n\\|crowd \\= 50,967\n\\|report \\= \\[https://web.archive.org/web/20171103204519/http://www.afl.com.au/match\\-centre/2018/8/port\\-v\\-adel]\n\\|umpires \\= Donlon, Haussen, Meredith\n\\|BOG award \\= Showdown Medal: \\[\\[Robbie Gray]] \n \\[\\[Brownlow Medal\\|Brownlow Votes]]\n\\|BOG winner \\= 3 \\[\\[Robbie Gray\\|R. Gray]], 2 \\[\\[Rory Atkins\\|Atkins]], 1 \\[\\[Tom Rockliff\\|Rockliff]]\n\\|broadcast \\= \\[\\[Fox Footy]], \\[\\[Seven Network]] (simulcast)\n\\|anthem \\= \n\\|notes\\=\n}}\n### Round 20, 2018", "Showdown 45 was a tight contest for the entire game apart from the opening where the Crows kicked the first three goals of the match. Second gamer [Kane Farrell](/wiki/Kane_Farrell \"Kane Farrell\") kicked three goals to close out the first interval with the quarter time scores level and the margin thereafter never again reaching three goals. Late in the final quarter [Ollie Wines](/wiki/Ollie_Wines \"Ollie Wines\") had the opportunity to seal the game with a set shot from a tight angle but his banana kick was ineffective. Minutes after Wines shot, [Josh Jenkins](/wiki/Josh_Jenkins \"Josh Jenkins\") snapped and his score was referred to the goal review umpire to clarify whether it hit the post. The score was quickly ruled a goal by the goal review umpire despite [Josh Jenkins](/wiki/Josh_Jenkins \"Josh Jenkins\") calling his teammates to set up for a kick out. He later stated his doubt in a post game interview. [Robbie Gray](/wiki/Robbie_Gray \"Robbie Gray\") was awarded a record fourth Showdown Medal becoming just the third player, after [Graham Johncock](/wiki/Graham_Johncock \"Graham Johncock\") and [Shaun Burgoyne](/wiki/Shaun_Burgoyne \"Shaun Burgoyne\"), to win the honour coming from the losing side. After the match Port Adelaide challenged the AFL Score Review system questioning the short amount of time taken for the review (23 seconds) and the lack of camera angles available to the umpires.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-08\\-09\\|title\\=Power challenges AFL score review system\\|url\\=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/port\\-adelaide\\-writes\\-to\\-afl\\-seeking\\-clarity\\-on\\-how\\-much\\-vision\\-was\\-used\\-to\\-review\\-controversial\\-goal\\-in\\-showdown\\-45/news\\-story/c1dc1f36b95e440d64e48b99fe41bcd7\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-09\\|website\\=adelaidenow\\|language\\=en}} The AFL affirmed the decision that it was a goal.\n{{cquote\\|\"My grandma raised me not to tell fibs. I think it hit the post...but I'm pretty happy they didn't think so.\"\n\\| author \\= \\[\\[Josh Jenkins]] during a post\\-game interview{{Cite web\\|title\\=The Wrap Up: Adelaide steals Showdown in controversial finish\\|url\\=https://www.sen.com.au/news/2018/08/04/the\\-wrap\\-up\\-adelaide\\-steal\\-showdown\\-in\\-controversial\\-finish/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-09\\|website\\=www.sen.com.au\\|language\\=en}}\n\\| source \\= \n}}\n{{AFLGameDetailed\n\\| title \\= Showdown XLV\n\\| date \\= Saturday, 4 August (4:05 pm)\n\\| home team \\= {{AFL Ade}}\n\\| home Q1 \\= 5\\.3 (33\\)\n\\| home Q2 \\= 7\\.8 (50\\)\n\\| home Q3 \\= 9\\.14 (68\\)\n\\| home Q4 \\= \n\\| home final \\= 13\\.18 (96\\)\n\\| home super \\=\n\\| home goals \\= 3: \\[\\[Josh Jenkins\\|Jenkins]] \n 2: \\[\\[Rory Sloane\\|Sloane]] \n1: \\[\\[Taylor Walker (footballer)\\|Walker]], \\[\\[Eddie Betts\\|Betts]], \\[\\[Lachlan Murphy\\|Murphy]], \\[\\[Jordan Gallucci\\|Gallucci]], \\[\\[Hugh Greenwood\\|Greenwood]], \\[\\[Tom Lynch (Australian footballer, born 1990\\)\\|Lynch]], \\[\\[Tom Doedee\\|Doedee]], \\[\\[Matt Crouch (footballer)\\|Crouch]]\n\\| home best \\= \\[\\[Matt Crouch (footballer)\\|Crouch]], \\[\\[Bryce Gibbs (Australian rules footballer)\\|Gibbs]], \\[\\[Josh Jenkins\\|Jenkins]], \\[\\[Rory Sloane\\|Sloane]], \\[\\[Rory Atkins\\|Atkins]], \\[\\[Tom Doedee\\|Doedee]]\n\\| home injuries \\= \\[\\[Daniel Talia\\|Talia]] (right calf)\n\\| home reports \\=\n\\| home substitute \\=\n\\| winner \\= H\n\\| away team \\= {{AFL PA}}\n\\| away Q1 \\= 5\\.3 (33\\)\n\\| away Q2 \\= 9\\.5 (59\\)\n\\| away Q3 \\= 10\\.9 (69\\)\n\\| away Q4 \\= \n\\| away final \\= 14\\.9 (93\\)\n\\| away super \\=\n\\| away goals \\= 4: \\[\\[Robbie Gray\\|Gray]], \\[\\[Chad Wingard\\|Wingard]] \n3: \\[\\[Kane Farrell\\|Farrell]] \n2: \\[\\[Travis Boak\\|Boak]] \n1: \\[\\[Darcy Byrne\\-Jones\\|Byrne\\-Jones]]\n\\| away best \\= \\[\\[Robbie Gray\\|Gray]], \\[\\[Jared Polec\\|Polec]], \\[\\[Chad Wingard\\|Wingard]], \\[\\[Paddy Ryder\\|Ryder]], \\[\\[Darcy Byrne\\-Jones\\|Byrne\\-Jones]], \\[\\[Travis Boak\\|Boak]]\n\\| away injuries \\=Nil\n\\| away reports \\=\n\\| away substitute \\=\n\\| venue \\= \\[\\[Adelaide Oval]]\n\\| crowd \\= 50,377\n\\| report \\=\n\\| umpires \\= Rosebury, Nicholls, Mitchell\n\\| BOG award \\= Showdown Medal: \\[\\[Robbie Gray]] \n \\[\\[Brownlow Medal\\|Brownlow Votes]]\n\\|BOG winner \\= 3 \\[\\[Robbie Gray\\|Gray]], 2 \\[\\[Riley Bonner\\|Bonner]], 1 \\[\\[Tom Rockliff\\|Rockliff]]\n\\| broadcast \\=\\[\\[Fox Footy]], \\[\\[Seven Network]] (simulcast) \n\\| anthem \\=\n\\| notes \\= \n}}\n### Round 3, 2022", "Showdown 51 was the first edition of the fixture to be played on Friday night, the AFL's marquee time\\-slot, although this match partially overlapped with a match between Melbourne and Essendon that was played simultaneously that night and was not broadcast [free\\-to\\-air](/wiki/Free-to-air \"Free-to-air\") nationally. Entering the match both Adelaide and Port Adelaide were winless having lost their first two games. In the lead up to the game Adelaide director [Mark Ricciuto](/wiki/Mark_Ricciuto \"Mark Ricciuto\") publicly noted, regarding his players, that \"They can't kick, they can't handball, they can't kick a goal, they've given away free kicks, they really can't do anything worse.”{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-03\\-30 \\|title\\='Pretty embarrassing': Adelaide roasted by club director for 'shocking' skills in wild spray \\|url\\=https://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/mark\\-ricciuto\\-tees\\-off\\-on\\-adelaides\\-shocking\\-skills\\-with\\-fears\\-crows\\-woes\\-cant\\-be\\-fixed/news\\-story/16490af98ab23090ccb1d1a5cedb10a3 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-01 \\|website\\=Fox Sports \\|language\\=en}} Also during the lead up to the game [Kane Cornes](/wiki/Kane_Cornes \"Kane Cornes\") called for [Todd Marshall](/wiki/Todd_Marshall \"Todd Marshall\") to be dropped from Port Adelaide's AFL side.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Power assistant calls out forward's \"unacceptable efforts\" \\|url\\=https://www.sen.com.au/news/2022/03/28/power\\-assistant\\-calls\\-out\\-forwards\\-unacceptable\\-efforts \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-01 \\|website\\=www.sen.com.au \\|language\\=en}} Marshall would go on to kick a career best five goals during the match.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Barrett \\|first\\=Steve \\|date\\=2022\\-04\\-01 \\|title\\='Not really how I wanted to kick it': Crow Dawson's after\\-siren goal breaks Port hearts \\|url\\=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/sport/afl/not\\-really\\-how\\-i\\-wanted\\-to\\-kick\\-it\\-crow\\-dawson\\-s\\-after\\-siren\\-goal\\-breaks\\-port\\-hearts\\-20220401\\-p5aa81\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-01 \\|website\\=Brisbane Times \\|language\\=en}} Two minutes before the game ended Travis Boak had the opportunity to push the margin to 7 points but missed his shot, registering a behind and leaving the margin at two points. In the last minute of the game a late high contact free kick was paid to Lachlan Murphy against Port Adelaide's Sam Mayes approximately 45m out from goal. Murphy was unable to take the kick and the set shot was given to [Jordan Dawson](/wiki/Jordan_Dawson \"Jordan Dawson\") meaning that a kick after the siren would be required for Adelaide to win the game. The kick looked like it was heading straight for a behind until it swung left very late, going through for a goal. Dawson's goal gave the Crows their first win after the siren since Rod Jameson kicked [the winner in 1991 against Fitzroy](/wiki/Kicks_after_the_siren_in_Australian_rules_football \"Kicks after the siren in Australian rules football\") after the siren to win the game. This was also the first time that a Showdown had been decided after the siren.\n{{cquote\\|\"...It's coming back!\"\n\\| author \\= \\[\\[Jason Dunstall\\|Jason Dunstall's]] live call of the flight of \\[\\[Jordan Dawson\\|Jordan Dawson's]] game winning set shot.\n\\| source \\= \n}}\n{{AFLGameDetailed\n\\| title \\= Showdown LI\n\\| date \\= Friday, 1 April (7:50 pm)\n\\| home team \\= {{AFL Ade}}\n\\| home Q1 \\=2\\.1 (13\\) \n\\| home Q2 \\=7\\.3 (45\\) \n\\| home Q3 \\=10\\.5 (65\\)\n\\| home Q4 \\= \n\\| home final \\=15\\.6 (96\\) \n\\| home super \\=\n\\| home goals \\=\\[\\[Elliott Himmelberg\\|Himmelberg]], \\[\\[Lachlan Gollant\\|Gollant]] – 4 \n \\[\\[Jordan Dawson\\|Dawson]] – 2 \n \\[\\[Harry Schoenberg\\|Schoenberg]], \\[\\[Lachlan Sholl\\|Sholl]], \\[\\[Josh Rachele\\|Rachele]], \\[\\[Ned McHenry\\|McHenry]], \\[\\[Brayden Cook\\|Cook]] – 1 \n\\| home best \\=\\[\\[Jordan Dawson\\|Dawson]], \\[\\[Harry Schoenberg\\|Schoenberg]], \\[\\[Reilly O'Brien\\|O'Brien]], \\[\\[Elliott Himmelberg\\|Himmelberg]] \n\\| home injuries \\=\\[\\[Lachlan Murphy\\|Murphy]] (neck) \n\\| home reports \\=\n\\| home substitute \\=\n\\| winner \\= H\n\\| away team \\= {{AFL PA}}\n\\| away Q1 \\=5\\.2 (32\\) \n\\| away Q2 \\=9\\.7 (61\\) \n\\| away Q3 \\=11\\.12 (78\\) \n\\| away Q4 \\= \n\\| away final \\=13\\.14 (92\\) \n\\| away super \\=\n\\| away goals \\=5 – \\[\\[Todd Marshall\\|Marshall]] \n2 – \\[\\[Sam Mayes\\|Mayes]], \\[\\[Mitch Georgiades\\|Georgiades]] \n1 – \\[\\[Steven Motlop\\|Motlop]], \\[\\[Willem Drew\\|Drew]], \\[\\[Scott Lycett\\|Lycett]], \\[\\[Martin Frederick\\|Frederick]] \n\\| away best \\=\\[\\[Travis Boak\\|Boak]], \\[\\[Ryan Burton\\|Burton]], \\[\\[Ollie Wines\\|Wines]], \\[\\[Karl Amon\\|Amon]] \n\\| away injuries \\= \\[\\[Sam Skinner (footballer)\\|Skinner]] (ankle) \n\\| away reports \\=\n\\| away substitute \\= \n\\| venue \\= \\[\\[Adelaide Oval]]\n\\| crowd \\= 39,190\n\\| report \\=\n\\| umpires \\= \n\\| BOG award \\= Showdown Medal: \\[\\[Jordan Dawson]] \n \\[\\[Brownlow Medal\\|Brownlow Votes]]\n\\|BOG winner \\= 3 \\[\\[Jordan Dawson\\|Dawson]], 2 \\[\\[Travis Boak\\|Boak]], 1 \\[\\[Todd Marshall\\|Marshall]]\n\\| broadcast \\= \\[\\[Fox Footy]], \\[\\[Seven Network]] (simulcast) \n\\| anthem \\=\n\\| notes \\= \n}}\nResults\n-------", "### AFL", "The two clubs sometimes meet in preseason fixtures, such as the first meeting between the two clubs in 1992, however these are not official Showdowns and do not contribute to the official statistics of the fixture. While the AFL draw is not a complete double round robin it is designed each year to include two Showdowns in recognition of its significance and gate drawing power. For the 2020 season only, there was only one Showdown due to the premiership season being shortened to 17 rounds due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.afl.com.au/news/385918/season\\-cut\\-to\\-17\\-games\\-call\\-delayed\\-on\\-r1\\-start\\|title\\=Season cut to 17 games, call delayed on R1 start\\|website\\=afl.com.au\\|date\\=16 March 2020 \\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-16}}\n{{S\\-start}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\";background:\\#ccf;font\\-size: 110%\" \n\\| \n\\| Year**\\|** Date**\\|**Timeslot**\\| {{Tooltip\\|'''Rd'''\\|Round}}\n\\|** Home Team**\\| {{Tooltip\\|'''Score'''\\|Goals – Behinds (Total)}}\n\\|** Away Team**\\| {{Tooltip\\|'''Score'''\\|Goals – Behinds (Total)}}\n\\|** Ground**\\|** Crowd**\\|** Result/Winner**\\|{{Tooltip\\|'''M'''\\|Margin}}\n\\|{{Tooltip\\|'''HRT'''\\|Highest Ranked Team entering the match}}\n\\|{{Tooltip\\|'''H2H'''\\|Head to head.}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *1*\n\\| rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[1997 ⚑](/wiki/1997_AFL_Grand_Final \"1997 AFL Grand Final\")\n\\| 20/4\n\\| Sun 3:10\n\\| 4\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\| 11\\.6 (72\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Away_50_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Away 50 Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**11\\.17 (83\\)**\\| rowspan\\=\"35\"\\|[Football Park](/wiki/Football_Park \"Football Park\")\n\\| 47,256\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!11\n!L\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+1'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *2*\n\\| 10/8 \n\\| Sun 3:10\n\\| 19\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 9\\.4 (58\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 9\\.11 (65\\)**\\| 45,498\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!7\n!W\n\\|\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *3*\n\\| rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[1998 ⚑](/wiki/1998_AFL_Grand_Final \"1998 AFL Grand Final\")\n\\|19/4 \n\\|Sun 2:10\n\\| 4\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 11\\.7 (73\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\| 8\\.16 (64\\)\n\\| 41,476\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!9\n!L\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+1'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *4*\n\\| 9/8\n\\| Sun 3:20\n\\| 19\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**22\\.12 (144\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Away_50_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Away 50 Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 10\\.10 (70\\)\n\\| 46,405\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!74\n!W\n\\|\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *5*\n\\| rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[1999](/wiki/1999_AFL_season \"1999 AFL season\")\n\\|2/5 \n\\|Sun 2:10\n\\| 6\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 18\\.7 (115\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Away_50_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Away 50 Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 12\\.15 (87\\)\n\\| 45,585\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!28\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''\\+1'''\\|Gold}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *6*\n\\| 22/8 \n\\|Sun 2:10\n\\| 21\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**13\\.14 (92\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Adelaide_FC_Away_Icon.jpg \"AFL Adelaide FC Away Icon.jpg\") Adelaide\n\\| 9\\.14 (68\\)\n\\| 42,669\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!24\n!W\n\\|\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *7*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2000](/wiki/2000_AFL_season \"2000 AFL season\")\n\\| 23/4 \n\\|Sun 1:40\n\\| 7\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 13\\.13 (91\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 14\\.14 (98\\)**\\| 41,173\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!7\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''\\+1'''\\|Gold}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *8*\n\\| 6/8 \n\\|Sun 2:10\n\\| 22\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\| 14\\.8 (92\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Away_50_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Away 50 Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 20\\.19 (139\\)**\\| 42,659\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!47\n!L\n\\|\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *9*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2001](/wiki/2001_AFL_season \"2001 AFL season\")\n\\| 15/4 \n\\|Sun 1:40\n\\| 3\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\| 13\\.10 (88\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Away_50_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Away 50 Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**23\\.15 (153\\)**\\| 40,296\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!65\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+1'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *10*\n\\| 5/8 \n\\|Sun 1:40\n\\| 18\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**16\\.11 (107\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Adelaide_FC_Away_Icon.jpg \"AFL Adelaide FC Away Icon.jpg\") Adelaide\n\\| 15\\.9 (99\\)\n\\| 49,846\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!8\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+2'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *11*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2002](/wiki/2002_AFL_season \"2002 AFL season\")\n\\| 27/4 \n\\| Sat 7:10\n\\| 5\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\| 12\\.10 (82\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Away_50_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Away 50 Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 14\\.6 (90\\)**\\| 49,513\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!8\n!L\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+3'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *12*\n\\| 18/8 \n\\|Sun 2:10\n\\| 20\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**12\\.12 (84\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Adelaide_FC_Away_Icon.jpg \"AFL Adelaide FC Away Icon.jpg\") Adelaide\n\\| 11\\.10 (76\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6\" \\| 50,275\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!8\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+4'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *13*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2003](/wiki/2003_AFL_season \"2003 AFL season\")\n\\| 26/4 \n\\| Sat 7:10\n\\| 5\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\| 9\\.12 (66\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_2003_Away_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 2003 Away Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**12\\.6 (78\\)**\\| bgcolor\\=\"Gold\"\\|51,140\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!12\n!L\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+5'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *14*\n\\| 31/8 \n\\|Sun 1:10\n\\| 22\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 14\\.10 (94\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Adelaide_FC_Away_Icon.jpg \"AFL Adelaide FC Away Icon.jpg\") Adelaide\n\\| 12\\.6 (78\\)\n\\| 48,131\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!16\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+6'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *15*\n\\| rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2004 ⚑](/wiki/2004_AFL_Grand_Final \"2004 AFL Grand Final\")\n\\| 8/5 \n\\| Sat 7:10\n\\| 7\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 13\\.9 (87\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Adelaide_FC_Away_Icon.jpg \"AFL Adelaide FC Away Icon.jpg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 17\\.17 (119\\)**\\| 44,733\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!32\n!L\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+5'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *16*\n\\| 29/8 \n\\|Sun 12:40\n\\| 22\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\|9\\.6 (60\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 12\\.13 (85\\)**\\| 45,473\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!25\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+6'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *17*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"3\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2005](/wiki/2005_AFL_season \"2005 AFL season\")\n\\| 10/4 \n\\|Sun 12:40\n\\| 3\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**18\\.16 (124\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 8\\.8 (56\\)\n\\| 44,807\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!68\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+5'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *18*\n\\| 13/8 \n\\| Sat 7:10\n\\| 20\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_2005_Heritage_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 2005 Heritage Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 12\\.9 (81\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Adelaide_Heritage_2005_Icon.jpg \"AFL Adelaide Heritage 2005 Icon.jpg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 13\\.10 (88\\)**\\| 45,199\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!7\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+4'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *19*\n\\| 10/9 \n\\| Sat 7:00\n\\| style\\=\"background:gold;\"\\| {{Tooltip\\|SF\\|Semi Final}}\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 18\\.15 (123\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\|5\\.10 (40\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6\" \\| 50,521\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!83\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+3'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *20*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2006](/wiki/2006_AFL_Season \"2006 AFL Season\")\n\\| 6/5 \n\\| Sat 7:10\n\\| 6\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**15\\.13 (103\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 8\\.5 (53\\)\n\\| 42,723\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!50\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+2'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *21*\n\\| 27/8 \n\\|Sun 12:40\n\\| 21\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 14\\.11 (95\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\| 11\\.15 (81\\)\n\\| 41,549\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!14\n!L\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+3'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *22*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2007](/wiki/2007_AFL_Season \"2007 AFL Season\")\n\\| 14/4 \n\\| Sat 2:40\n\\| 3\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 8\\.15 (63\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 13\\.9 (87\\)**\\| 36,959\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!24\n!L\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+2'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *23*\n\\| 4/8 \n\\| Sat 7:10\n\\| 18\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 9\\.19 (73\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 10\\.5 (65\\)\n\\| 42,335\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!8\n!L\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+1'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *24*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2008](/wiki/2008_AFL_Season \"2008 AFL Season\")\n\\| 6/4 \n\\| Sun 4:10\n\\| 3\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 12\\.13 (85\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 11\\.13 (79\\)\n\\| 45,524\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!6\n!W\n\\|\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *25*\n\\| 20/7 \n\\| Sun 2:40\n\\| 16\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**13\\.14 (92\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\| 11\\.14 (80\\)\n\\| 31,662\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!12\n!L\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+1'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *26*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2009](/wiki/2009_AFL_season \"2009 AFL season\")\n\\| 2/5 \n\\| Sat 7:10\n\\| 6\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_1997-2009_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide 1997-2009 Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 15\\.15 (105\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_2009_Adelaide_Away_Icon.jpg \"AFL 2009 Adelaide Away Icon.jpg\") Adelaide\n\\| 12\\.7 (79\\)\n\\| 41,558\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!26\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+2'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *27*\n\\| 26/7 \n\\| Sun 4:10\n\\| 17\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**19\\.18 (132\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 9\\.8 (62\\)\n\\| 46,859\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!70\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+1'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *28*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2010](/wiki/2010_AFL_season \"2010 AFL season\")\n\\| 1/5 \n\\| Sat 2:40\n\\| 6\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\| 10\\.14 (74\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 14\\.13 (97\\)**\\| 40,371\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!23\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+2'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *29*\n\\| 25/7 \n\\| Sun 4:10\n\\| 17\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**13\\.10 (88\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\| 9\\.15 (69\\)\n\\| 36,788\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!19\n!L\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+3'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *30*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2011](/wiki/2011_AFL_Season \"2011 AFL Season\")\n\\| 16/4 \n\\| Sat 7:10\n\\| 4\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 14\\.14 (98\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\| 9\\.12 (66\\)\n\\| 33,143\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!32\n!L\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+4'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *31*\n\\| 31/7 \n\\| Sun 4:10\n\\| 19\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 16\\.15 (111\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 11\\.13 (79\\)\n\\| 40,586\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!32\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+3'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *32*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2012](/wiki/2012_AFL_season \"2012 AFL season\")\n\\| 29/4 \n\\| Sun 4:10\n\\| 5\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 16\\.14 (110\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 14\\.7 (91\\)\n\\| 41,649\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!19\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+2'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *33*\n\\| 7/7 \n\\| Sat 7:10\n\\| 15\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 8\\.10 (58\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 17\\.14 (116\\)**\\| 34,829\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!58\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+1'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *34*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2013](/wiki/2013_AFL_season \"2013 AFL season\")\n\\| 14/4 \n\\| Sun 4:10\n\\| 3\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 17\\.16 (118\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\| 16\\.13 (109\\)\n\\| 40,707\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!9\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+2'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *35*\n\\| 4/8 \n\\| Sun 2:50\n\\| 19\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\| 15\\.13 (103\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 17\\.5 (107\\)**\\| 43,368\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!4\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+3'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *36*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2014](/wiki/2014_AFL_season \"2014 AFL season\")\n\\| 29/3 \n\\| Sat 4:15\n\\| 2\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 19\\.14 (128\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\| 11\\.7 (73\\)\n\\| rowspan\\=\"21\"\\| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval \"Adelaide Oval\")\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6\" \\| 50,397\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!55\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+4'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *37*\n\\| 29/6\n\\| Sun 3:40\n\\| 15\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 14\\.15 (99\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 10\\.16 (76\\) \n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6\" \\| 50,552\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!23\n!L\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+3'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *38*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2015](/wiki/2015_AFL_season \"2015 AFL season\")\n\\| 3/5\n\\| Sun 4:10\n\\| 5\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\| 13\\.13 (91\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 18\\.7 (115\\)**\\| 49,735\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!24\n!L\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+4'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *39*\n\\| 19/7\n\\| Sun 2:50\n\\| 16\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 17\\.11 (113\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 18\\.8 (116\\)**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6\" \\| 53,518\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6; text\\-align:center;\"\\|**3**!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+3'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *40*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2016](/wiki/2016_AFL_season \"2016 AFL season\")\n\\| 2/4\n\\|Sat 1:15\n\\| 2\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 22\\.12 (144\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 11\\.20 (86\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6\" \\| 50,555\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!58\n!L\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+2'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *41*\n\\| 20/8 \n\\| Sat 7:10\n\\| 22\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 14\\.10 (94\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**15\\.19 (109\\)**\\|49,541\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!15\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+1'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\|*42*\n\\| rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2017](/wiki/2017_AFL_season \"2017 AFL season\")\n\\|8/4\n\\| Sat 7:10\n\\|3\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 12\\.11 (83\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**15\\.10 (100\\)**\\| style\\=\"background:Gold;\"\\| 53,698\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!17\n!L\n\\|\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\|*43*\n\\|6/8\n\\| Sun 4:10\n\\|20\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**18\\.22 (130\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 7\\.4 (46\\)\n\\| 45,028\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n\\| style\\=\"background:gold;\"\\|**84**!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''\\+1'''\\|Gold}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\|*44*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2018](/wiki/2018_AFL_season \"2018 AFL season\")\n\\|12/5\n\\| Sat 4:40\n\\|8\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**14\\.11 (95\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\| 14\\.6 (90\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6\" \\| 50,967\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n! 5\n! L\n\\| \n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\|*45*\n\\|4/8\n\\| Sat 4:05\n\\|20\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**13\\.18 (96\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 14\\.9 (93\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6\" \\| 50,377\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6; text\\-align:center;\"\\|**3**! L\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''\\+1'''\\|Gold}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 87%;\"\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\|*46*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2019](/wiki/2019_AFL_season \"2019 AFL season\")\n\\|11/5\n\\| Sat 7:10\n\\|8\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\| 9\\.14 (68\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**13\\.10 (88\\)**\\| 49,675\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n! 20\n! W\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''\\+2'''\\|Gold}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 87%;\"\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\|*47*\n\\|6/7\n\\| Sat 4:05\n\\|16\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_2019_Adelaide_Indigenous_Icon.jpg \"AFL 2019 Adelaide Indigenous Icon.jpg\") Adelaide\n\\| 5\\.14 (44\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_2019_Port_Adelaide_Clash_Icon.jpg \"AFL 2019 Port Adelaide Clash Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 15\\.11 (101\\)**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6\" \\| 50,544\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!57\n!L\n\\|style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''\\+1'''\\|Gold}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 87%;\"\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\|*48*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"1\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2020](/wiki/2020_AFL_season \"2020 AFL season\")\n\\|13/6\n\\| Sat 7:10\n\\|2\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Port_Adelaide_SANFL_Icon.jpg \"Port Adelaide SANFL Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**17\\.8 (110\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\|5\\.5 (35\\)\n\\|style\\=\"background:\\#FFC7CE\"\\| 2,240Crowd numbers impacted by [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") restrictions\n\\|style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!75\n!W\n\\|\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *49*\n\\| rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2021](/wiki/2021_AFL_season \"2021 AFL season\")\n\\|8/5\n\\| Sat 7:10\n\\| 8\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**12\\.15 (87\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\| 5\\.8 (38\\)\n\\| 43,069\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!49\n!W\n\\|style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+1'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\|*50*\n\\|7/8\n\\| Sat 7:10\n\\| 21\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\|7\\.9 (51\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\|style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**7\\.13 (55\\)**\\|14,376\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!4 \n!W\n\\|style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+2'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\|*51*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2022](/wiki/2022_AFL_season \"2022 AFL season\")\n\\|1/4\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6\" \\| Fri 7:50\n\\| 3\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**15\\.6 (96\\)**\\|[16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\|13\\.14 (92\\)\n\\|39,190\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!4 \n!W\n\\|style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+1'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\|*52*\n\\|20/8\n\\| Sat 7:00\n\\| 23\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**16\\.15 (111\\)**\\|[16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\|7\\.13 (55\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6\" \\| 50,090\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!56\n!W\n\\|style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+2'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\|*53*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2023](/wiki/2023_AFL_season \"2023 AFL season\")\n\\|1/4\n\\| Sat 7:00\n\\| 3\n\\|[16x16px](/wiki/File:Port_Adelaide_SANFL_Icon.jpg \"Port Adelaide SANFL Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\|13\\.8 (86\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**18\\.9 (117\\)**\\|48,962\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!31\n!L\n\\|style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''\\+1'''\\|White}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\|*54*\n\\|29/7\n\\| Sat 7:10\n\\| 20\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**16\\.16 (112\\)**\\|[16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\|9\\.11 (65\\)\n\\| 50,023\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!47\n!L\n\\| \n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\|*55*\n\\|rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\"\\|[2024](/wiki/2024_AFL_season \"2024 AFL season\")\n\\|2/5\n\\| style\\=\"background:Gold;\"\\| Thu 7:00\n\\| 8\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**12\\.6 (78\\)**\\|[16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\|5\\.18 (48\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6\" \\| 52,106\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!30\n!L\n\\|style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''\\+1'''\\|Gold}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\|*56*\n\\| 17/8\n\\| Sat 7:00\n\\| 23\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Port_Adelaide_SANFL_Icon.jpg \"Port Adelaide SANFL Icon.jpg\")** Port Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|** 11\\.14 (80\\)**\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\") Adelaide\n\\|8\\.10 (58\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6\" \\| 52,459\n\\| style\\=\"background:black; color:white; border: solid \\#06AAC5 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|Black\\|'''Port Adelaide'''\\|White}}\n!22\n!W\n\\|\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n{{S\\-end}}**### AFL Women's", "{{S\\-start}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\";background:\\#ccf;font\\-size: 110%\" \n\\| \n\\| Year**\\|** Date**\\|**Timeslot**\\| {{Tooltip\\|'''Rd'''\\|Round}}\n\\|** Home Team**\\| {{Tooltip\\|'''Score'''\\|Goals – Behinds (Total)}}\n\\|** Away Team**\\| {{Tooltip\\|'''Score'''\\|Goals – Behinds (Total)}}\n\\|** Ground**\\|** Crowd**\\|** Result/Winner**\\|{{Tooltip\\|'''M'''\\|Margin}}\n\\|{{Tooltip\\|'''HRT'''\\|Highest Ranked Team entering the match}}\n\\|{{Tooltip\\|'''H2H'''\\|Head to head.}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *1*\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\" \\|[S7 (2022\\)](/wiki/AFL_Women%27s_season_seven \"AFL Women's season seven\")\n\\| 30/9\n\\|style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6;\"\\|Fri 7:30\n\\| 6\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Port_Adelaide_Icon.jpg \"AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide \n\\| 0\\.3 (3\\)\n\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|[16x16px](/wiki/File:AFL_Adelaide_FC_Away_Icon.jpg \"AFL Adelaide FC Away Icon.jpg\")** Adelaide**\\| style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**8\\.15 (63\\)**\\| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval \"Adelaide Oval\")\n\\|style\\=\"background:Gold;\"\\|20,652\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!60\n!W\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''\\+1'''\\|Gold}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *2*\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\" \\|[2023](/wiki/2023_AFL_Women%27s_season \"2023 AFL Women's season\")\n\\| 2/9\n\\| Sat 2:35\n\\| 1\n\\|style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|[16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\|style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**8\\.10 (58\\)**\\|[16x16px](/wiki/File:Brad_The_Brain_Chokito_Icon.jpg \"Brad The Brain Chokito Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide\n\\|4\\.4 (28\\)\n\\| [Norwood Oval](/wiki/Norwood_Oval \"Norwood Oval\")\n\\|8,722\n\\|style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!30\n!\\-\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''\\+2'''\\|Gold}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;font\\-size: 80%;\"\n\\| *3*\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align: center;\" \\|[2024](/wiki/2024_AFL_Women%27s_season \"2024 AFL Women's season\")\n\\| 31/8\n\\| Sat 7:15\n\\| 1\n\\| [16x16px](/wiki/File:Port_Adelaide_SANFL_Icon.jpg \"Port Adelaide SANFL Icon.jpg\") Port Adelaide \n\\|5\\.5 (35\\)\n\\|style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|[16x16px](/wiki/File:Adelaide_Club_symbol.svg \"Adelaide Club symbol.svg\")** Adelaide**\\|style\\=\"background:\\#cfc;\"\\|**7\\.7 (49\\)**\\|[Alberton Oval](/wiki/Alberton_Oval \"Alberton Oval\")\n\\|style\\=\"background:\\#FFC7CE\"\\|5,194\n\\|style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''Adelaide'''\\|Gold}}\n!14\n!\\-\n\\| style\\=\"background:Red ; color: Gold; border: solid \\#000066 2px; text\\-align:center;\" \\|{{color box\\|\\#000066\\|'''\\+3'''\\|Gold}}\n{{S\\-end}}**[Showdown Medal](/wiki/Showdown_Medal \"Showdown Medal\")\n-------------------------------------------------------", "The [Showdown Medal](/wiki/Showdown_Medal \"Showdown Medal\") is the medal awarded to the player adjudged best on ground in the Showdown [AFL](/wiki/Australian_Football_League \"Australian Football League\") match.\n{{See\\|Showdown Medal}}\nShared history\n--------------", "### Shared players", "Below is a list of players who have played a senior game of football representing both the [Adelaide Football Club](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") and [Port Adelaide Football Club](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\").", "Only two players, Matthew Bode and Brett Chalmers, have appeared in Showdowns for both clubs.\n#### Men", "", "| \\# | Player | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\")AFL: 1991–present | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\")AFL: 1997–presentSANFL: pre 1997 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Darren Smith](/wiki/Darren_Smith_%28Australian_rules_footballer%29 \"Darren Smith (Australian rules footballer)\") | 1991R1–1992 | 1984–1990, 1991–1992\\*, 1993–1996 |\n| [Simon Tregenza](/wiki/Simon_Tregenza \"Simon Tregenza\") | 1991R1–1998 | 1988–1990, 1991–1996\\* |\n| 3 | [Scott Hodges](/wiki/Scott_Hodges \"Scott Hodges\") | 1991R2–1993 | 1987–1990, 1991–1993\\*, 1996–1997 |\n| 4 | [Bruce Abernethy](/wiki/Bruce_Abernethy \"Bruce Abernethy\") | 1991R3–1992 | 1979–1981, 1987–1990, 1991–1992\\* |\n| [Danny Hughes](/wiki/Danny_Hughes \"Danny Hughes\") | 1991R3 | 1981–1983, 1991\\*, 1992–1993 |\n| 6 | [David Brown](/wiki/David_Brown_%28footballer%2C_born_1969%29 \"David Brown (footballer, born 1969)\") | 1991R12–1996 | 1987–1990, 1991–1996\\*, 1997–1998 |\n| 7 | [Greg Anderson](/wiki/Greg_Anderson_%28footballer%29 \"Greg Anderson (footballer)\") | 1993–1996 | 1983–1987, 1995–1996 |\n| 8 |**[Brett Chalmers](/wiki/Brett_Chalmers \"Brett Chalmers\")**", "1994–1997 |\n 1991–1992, 1994–1997, 1998–1999 |\n| 9 | [Andrew McLeod](/wiki/Andrew_McLeod \"Andrew McLeod\") | 1995–2010 | 1994, 1995–1996 |\n| 10 | [Troy Bond](/wiki/Troy_Bond \"Troy Bond\") | 1996–1999 | 1991–1993 |\n| 11 | [Ian Downsborough](/wiki/Ian_Downsborough \"Ian Downsborough\") | 1998–1999 | 1997 |\n| 12 | [Bryan Beinke](/wiki/Bryan_Beinke \"Bryan Beinke\") | 1999–2002 | 1993–1996 |\n| 13 |**[Matthew Bode](/wiki/Matthew_Bode \"Matthew Bode\")**", "2001–2007 |\n 1998–2000 |\n| 14 | [Brad Symes](/wiki/Brad_Symes \"Brad Symes\") | 2008–2012 | 2004–2007 |\n| 15 | [Billy Frampton](/wiki/Billy_Frampton \"Billy Frampton\") | 2020–2022 | 2018–2019 |\n| 16 | [Rory Atkins](/wiki/Rory_Atkins \"Rory Atkins\") | 2013–2020 | 2025– |\n| \\*Years underlined indicate periods where players were on Adelaide's AFL list but played for Port Adelaide between 1991 and 1996 when the club's senior team was still in the SANFL. Where names are bold the player participated in a Showdown for both clubs. | | | |", "#### Women", "", "| \\+ | \\# | Player | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\")AFLW: 2017–present | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club_%28AFL_Women%27s%29 \"Port Adelaide Football Club (AFL Women's)\")AFLW: 2022–present |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Erin Phillips](/wiki/Erin_Phillips \"Erin Phillips\") | 2017R1–2022 | 2022R6 |\n| [Ange Foley](/wiki/Ange_Foley \"Ange Foley\") | 2017R1–2022 | 2022R6 |\n| [Justine Mules](/wiki/Justine_Mules \"Justine Mules\") | 2017R1–2022 | 2022R6 |\n| 2 |**[Ashleigh Saint](/wiki/Ashleigh_Saint \"Ashleigh Saint\")**", "2021–2022S7 |\n 2023R1 |\n|**[Sarah Goodwin](/wiki/Sarah_Goodwin \"Sarah Goodwin\")**", "2023R1 |\n 2022S7 |\n| \\*Where names are bold the player participated in a Showdown for both clubs. | | | |", "### AFL trades", "Below is a list of AFL sanctioned trades between the two clubs. Only four trades have ever been orchestrated between the two clubs.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/teams/port\\-adelaide/the\\-decade\\-of\\-silence\\-between\\-crows\\-and\\-power\\-at\\-trade\\-talks\\-could\\-be\\-finally\\-broken\\-by\\-hamish\\-hartlett\\|title\\=The decade of silence between Crows and Power at trade talks could be finally broken by Hamish Hartlett\\|last\\=Rucci\\|first\\=Michelangelo\\|date\\=6 September 2016\\|website\\=heraldsun.com.au}} There were no trades for ten years between 2008 and 2018\\.", "| \\# | Year | Player | Traded from | Traded to |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [1997](/wiki/1997_AFL_draft \"1997 AFL draft\") | [Ian Downsborough](/wiki/Ian_Downsborough \"Ian Downsborough\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n| [Brett Chalmers](/wiki/Brett_Chalmers \"Brett Chalmers\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") |\n| 2 | [2000](/wiki/2000_AFL_draft \"2000 AFL draft\") | [Matthew Bode](/wiki/Matthew_Bode \"Matthew Bode\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n| Pick No. 12 ([Shaun Burgoyne](/wiki/Shaun_Burgoyne \"Shaun Burgoyne\")) | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") |\n| 3 | [2007](/wiki/2007_AFL_draft \"2007 AFL draft\") | [Brad Symes](/wiki/Brad_Symes \"Brad Symes\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n| Pick No. 28 ([Marlon Motlop](/wiki/Marlon_Motlop \"Marlon Motlop\")) | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") |\n| 4 | [2019](/wiki/2019_AFL_draft \"2019 AFL draft\") | [Billy Frampton](/wiki/Billy_Frampton \"Billy Frampton\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n| 2020 4th Round Pick (Melbourne) | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") |", "Attendances and timeslots\n-------------------------", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|The inaugural AFL Women's Showdown attracted 20,625 spectators. Pictured is [Ashleigh Woodland](/wiki/Ashleigh_Woodland \"Ashleigh Woodland\") attempting a [spectacular mark](/wiki/Spectacular_mark \"Spectacular mark\") during that match.](/wiki/File:Ashleigh_Woodland%2C_2022_AFLW_Showdown_1.jpg \"Ashleigh Woodland, 2022 AFLW Showdown 1.jpg\")\nThe Showdown has the highest average attendances of all [intrastate derby matches](/wiki/Rivalries_in_the_Australian_Football_League \"Rivalries in the Australian Football League\").\nIn the 45 Showdowns to 2018, a total of 2,017,918 people have attended the matches: an average attendance per match of 44,893\\.\nThe record attendance in a Showdown was 53,698 in Showdown XLII (round 3, 2017, a [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") home match). The lowest attendance was 2,240 in Showdown XLVIII (round 2, 2020, a Port Adelaide home match), due to the impacts of the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") at the time. Showdown XXV (Round 16, 2008, a Port Adelaide home match), which drew a crowd of 31,662, is the lowest attended Showdown that was not impacted by COVID\\-19\\.\nA total of 1,053,674 people have attended [Adelaide's](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") 23 home Showdowns (including the [2005 Semi Final](/wiki/2005_AFL_finals_series \"2005 AFL finals series\")), an average of 45,812\\. Their attendances have ranged from 40,296 (Showdown IX) to 51,140 (Showdown XIII).\nA total of 966,484 people have attended Port Adelaide's 23 home Showdowns, an average of 42,021\\. Their attendances range from 2,240 (Showdown XLVIII) to 53,698 (Showdown XLII).\n### Minor round fixturing", "Due to the length of the AFL premiership season requiring five double up matches and the commercial strength of the Showdown there have always been two Showdown's fixtured for the minor round, with the exception of 2020 which saw only one Showdown scheduled due to the COVID\\-19 pandemic. Generally the gap between the two Showdown fixtures is maximised to preserve the games reverence.", "| \\+ | Duration between fixtures | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Within minor round | Shortest turnaround | 8 rounds | 2019 |\n| Longest turnaround | 20 rounds | 2016, 2022 |\n| Between seasons | Shortest turnaround | 231 days | 2016–2017 |\n| Longest turnaround | 343 days | 2019–2020 |", "### Highest attendances", "{{S\\-start}}\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#ccf;\"\n\\|\\#**\\| width\\=45 \\|** Crowd**\\|** Year**\\|** Date**\\| {{Tooltip\\|'''Rd'''\\|Round}}\n\\|** Hosting club**\\|** Ground'''\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;\"\n\\|42*\\| style\\=\"background:gold;\"\\| 53,698\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|[2017](/wiki/2017_AFL_season \"2017 AFL season\")\n\\| 8/4 \n\\| 3\n\\| Port Adelaide\n\\| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval \"Adelaide Oval\")\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;\"\n\\|*39*\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6;\"\\|53,518\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|[2015](/wiki/2015_AFL_season \"2015 AFL season\")\n\\| 19/7 \n\\| 16\n\\| Port Adelaide\n\\| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval \"Adelaide Oval\")\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;\"\n\\|*56*\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6;\"\\|52,459\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|[2024](/wiki/2024_AFL_season \"2024 AFL season\")\n\\| 17/8\n\\| 23\n\\| Port Adelaide\n\\| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval \"Adelaide Oval\")\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;\"\n\\|*55*\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6;\"\\| 52,106\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|[2024](/wiki/2024_AFL_season \"2024 AFL season\")\n\\| 2/5\n\\| 8\n\\| Adelaide\n\\| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval \"Adelaide Oval\")\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;\"\n\\|*13*\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6;\"\\| 51,140\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|[2003](/wiki/2003_AFL_season \"2003 AFL season\")\n\\| 26/4\n\\| 5\n\\| Adelaide\n\\| [Football Park](/wiki/Football_Park \"Football Park\")\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;\"\n\\|*44*\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6;\"\\|50,967\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|[2018](/wiki/2018_AFL_season \"2018 AFL season\")\n\\| 12/5 \n\\| 8\n\\| Port Adelaide\n\\| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval \"Adelaide Oval\")\n\\|\\-style\\=\"background:\\#fff;\"\n\\|*40*\\|style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6;\"\\|50,555\n\\|style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|[2016](/wiki/2016_AFL_season \"2016 AFL season\")\n\\|2/4\n\\|2\n\\|Adelaide\n\\|[Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval \"Adelaide Oval\")\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;\"\n\\|*47*\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6;\"\\| 50,554\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|[2019](/wiki/2019_AFL_season \"2019 AFL season\")\n\\| 6/7 \n\\| 16\n\\| Adelaide\n\\| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval \"Adelaide Oval\")\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;\"\n\\|*37*\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6;\"\\|50,552\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|[2014](/wiki/2014_AFL_season \"2014 AFL season\")\n\\| 29/6\n\\| 15\n\\| Adelaide\n\\| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval \"Adelaide Oval\")\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;\"\n\\|*19*\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6;\"\\|50,521\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|[2005](/wiki/2005_AFL_season \"2005 AFL season\")\n\\| 10/9 \n\\| style\\=\"background:gold;\"\\| {{Tooltip\\|SF\\|Semi Final}}\n\\| Adelaide\n\\| [Football Park](/wiki/Football_Park \"Football Park\")\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;\"\n\\|*36*\\| style\\=\"background:\\#ffffa6;\"\\|50,397\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|[2014](/wiki/2014_AFL_season \"2014 AFL season\")\n\\| 29/3 \n\\| 2\n\\| Port Adelaide\n\\| [Adelaide Oval](/wiki/Adelaide_Oval \"Adelaide Oval\")\n\\|\\- style\\=\"background:\\#fff;\"\n{{S\\-end}}*", "Club records\n------------", "### Highest score", "Highest score in a Showdown.\n#### Showdown (Men)", "", "| \\# | Club | Year | Round | Goals | Behinds | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 2001 | 3 | 23 | 15 | 153 |\n|2", "[Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\")", "1998 |\n 19 |\n22", "12", "144", "| 2016 | 2 |", "#### Showdown (Women)", "", "| \\# | Club | Year | Round | Goals | Behinds | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2022 | 6 | 8 | 15 | 63 |\n| 2 | {{AFL PA}} | 2024 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 35 |", "### Lowest score", "Lowest score for each club in all Showdowns.\n#### Showdown (Men)", "", "| \\# | Club | Year | Round | Goals | Behinds | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2020 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 35 |\n| 2 | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 2005 | SF | 5 | 10 | 40 |", "#### Showdown (Women)", "", "| \\# | Club | Year | Round | Goals | Behinds | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | {{AFL PA}} | 2022 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 3 |\n| 2 | {{AFL Ade}} | 2024 | 1 | 7 | 7 | 49 |", "### Greatest winning margins", "Greatest winning margin for each club in the Showdown.\n#### Showdown (Men)", "", "| \\# | Club | Year | Round | Winning Score | Losing Score | Margin |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2017 | 20 | 18\\.22 (130\\) | 7\\.4 (46\\) | 84 |\n| 2 | {{AFL PA}} | 2020 | 2 | 17\\.8 (110\\) | 5\\.5 (35\\) | 75 |", "#### Showdown (Women)", "", "| \\# | Club | Year | Round | Winning Score | Losing Score | Margin |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2022 | 6 | 8\\.15 (63\\) | 0\\.3 (3\\) | 60 |", "### Smallest winning margins", "Smallest winning margin for each club in the Showdown.\n#### Showdown (Men)", "", "| \\# | Club | Year | Round | Winning Score | Losing Score | Margin |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2018 | 20 | 13\\.18 (96\\) | 14\\.9 (93\\) | 3 |\n| 2015 | 16 | 18\\.8 (116\\) | 17\\.11 (113\\) |\n| 2 | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 2013 | 19 | 17\\.5 (107\\) | 15\\.13 (103\\) | 4 |\n| 2021 | 21 | 7\\.13 (55\\) | 7\\.9 (51\\) |\n| Updated to Showdown LIV (54\\). | | | | | | |", "#### Showdown (Women)", "", "| \\# | Club | Year | Round | Winning Score | Losing Score | Margin |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2024 | 1 | 7\\.7 (49\\) | 5\\.5 (35\\) | 14 |", "### Winning streak", "#### Showdown (Men)", "", "| \\# | Club | Winning Streak | Showdowns |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 7 | *8–14* |\n| 2 | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 5 | *39–43* |", "#### Showdown (Women)", "", "| \\# | Club | Winning Streak | Showdowns |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | {{AFL Ade}} | 3 | *1–3* |", "### Clean sweeps", "Seasons when one club has won all Showdown fixtures. There was only one Showdown in 2020 due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\").", "| \\# | Club | Clean Sweeps | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 2001, 2002, 2003, 2010, 2013, 2021 | 6 |\n| 2 | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 20051, 2007, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2023 | 6 |\n| Updated to Showdown LIV (56\\). | | | |", "1Includes the 2005 semi\\-final. This is the only (as of 2020\\) time that either side has won all three Showdowns in the one season (including finals).\n### Brownlow Votes", "", "| \\# | Club | Total Votes | Unique Players |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 163 votes | 40 |\n| 2 | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 157 votes | 38 |\n| Updated to Showdown LVI (56\\). | | | |", "Player records\n--------------", "### Games played", "{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-2}}", "| Showdown appearances (Men) | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= center\n\\| direction \\= \n\\| width \\= \n\\| image1 \\= Travis\\_Boak,\\_Port\\_Adelaide,\\_Showdown\\_53\\.jpg\n\\| width1 \\= \n\\| footer \\= \\[\\[Travis Boak]] has played the most Showdowns (31\\) of any player.\n}}", "| \\# | Player | Club | Showdowns |", "1 |\n [Travis Boak](/wiki/Travis_Boak \"Travis Boak\") |\n [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 32 || 2 | [Kane Cornes](/wiki/Kane_Cornes \"Kane Cornes\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 27 |\n| [Andrew McLeod](/wiki/Andrew_McLeod \"Andrew McLeod\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n|\n| 4 | [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28footballer_born_1983%29 \"Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983)\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 25 |\n| [Justin Westhoff](/wiki/Justin_Westhoff \"Justin Westhoff\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") |\n| Updated to Showdown LVI (56\\). | | | |", "{{Col\\-2}}", "| Showdown appearances (Women) | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Showdowns |\n| 1 | 21 players | {{AFL Ade}} | 1 |\n| 21 players | {{AFL PA}} | 1 |\n| Updated to AFLW Showdown I. | | | |", "{{col\\-end}}\n### Goalkickers", "#### Most goals kicked in one Showdown", "{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-2}}", "| Most goals in one Showdown (Men) | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Fixture | Goals |\n| 1 | [Tony Modra](/wiki/Tony_Modra \"Tony Modra\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 1997 R4 | 7 |\n| [Peter Vardy](/wiki/Peter_Vardy_%28footballer%29 \"Peter Vardy (footballer)\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 1998 R19 | 7 |\n| [Warren Tredrea](/wiki/Warren_Tredrea \"Warren Tredrea\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 2004 R7 | 7 |", "[Taylor Walker](/wiki/Taylor_Walker_%28footballer%29 \"Taylor Walker (footballer)\") |\n [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 2023 R20 |\n 7 || 5 | [Gavin Wanganeen](/wiki/Gavin_Wanganeen \"Gavin Wanganeen\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 2001 R3 | 6 |", "[Taylor Walker](/wiki/Taylor_Walker_%28footballer%29 \"Taylor Walker (footballer)\") |\n [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 2012 R5 |\n 6 || [Ricky Henderson](/wiki/Ricky_Henderson \"Ricky Henderson\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2012 R15 | 6 |\n| [Tom Lynch](/wiki/Tom_Lynch_%28Australian_footballer%2C_born_1990%29 \"Tom Lynch (Australian footballer, born 1990)\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2016 R2 | 6 |\n| [Robbie Gray](/wiki/Robbie_Gray \"Robbie Gray\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 2018 R8 | 6 |\n| Updated to Showdown LVI (56\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-2}}", "| Most goals in one Showdown (Women) | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Fixture | Goals |", "1 |\n [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall \"Chelsea Randall\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 2022 |\n 3 |\n 2 |\n [Yvonne Bonner](/wiki/Yvonne_Bonner \"Yvonne Bonner\") |\n {{AFLW\\|Ade}} |\n 2023 |\n 2 |\n [Ashleigh Saint](/wiki/Ashleigh_Saint \"Ashleigh Saint\") |\n {{AFLW\\|PA}} |\n 2023 |\n 2 |\n [Jessica Allan](/wiki/Jessica_Allan \"Jessica Allan\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 2024 |\n 2 |\n [Eloise Jones](/wiki/Eloise_Jones_%28footballer%29 \"Eloise Jones (footballer)\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 2024 |\n 2 || Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\\). | | | | |", "{{col\\-end}}\n#### Most Showdown career goals", "{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-2}}", "| Most career Showdown goals (Men) | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Goals | Games |\n| 1 | [Taylor Walker](/wiki/Taylor_Walker_%28footballer%29 \"Taylor Walker (footballer)\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 53 | 23 |\n| 2 | [Robbie Gray](/wiki/Robbie_Gray \"Robbie Gray\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 40 | 22 |\n| 3 | [Eddie Betts](/wiki/Eddie_Betts \"Eddie Betts\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 35 | 12 |\n| 4 | [Justin Westhoff](/wiki/Justin_Westhoff \"Justin Westhoff\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 32 | 25 |\n| 5 | [Warren Tredrea](/wiki/Warren_Tredrea \"Warren Tredrea\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 30 | 23 |\n| Updated to Showdown LVI (56\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-2}}", "| Most career Showdown goals (Women) | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Goals | Games |\n| 1 | [Ashleigh Saint](/wiki/Ashleigh_Saint \"Ashleigh Saint\") | {{AFL Ade}}{{AFL PA}} | 4 | 3 |\n| 2 | [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall \"Chelsea Randall\") | {{AFL Ade}} | 3 | 3 |\n| [Eloise Jones](/wiki/Eloise_Jones_%28footballer%29 \"Eloise Jones (footballer)\") | {{AFL Ade}} | 3 | 3 |\n| Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\\). | | | | |", "{{col\\-end}}\n### Career Brownlow votes", "{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-2}}", "| \\# | Player | Club | Votes | Games |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Josh Francou](/wiki/Josh_Francou \"Josh Francou\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 14 | 15 |\n| 2 |[Travis Boak](/wiki/Travis_Boak \"Travis Boak\")", "[Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\")", "14", "28", "| 3 | [Robbie Gray](/wiki/Robbie_Gray \"Robbie Gray\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 12 | 22 |\n| 4 | [Mark Ricciuto](/wiki/Mark_Ricciuto \"Mark Ricciuto\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 11 | 18 |\n|\n| 5 | [Gavin Wanganeen](/wiki/Gavin_Wanganeen \"Gavin Wanganeen\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 10 | 17 |\n| [Andrew McLeod](/wiki/Andrew_McLeod \"Andrew McLeod\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 10 | 27 |\n| [Patrick Dangerfield](/wiki/Patrick_Dangerfield \"Patrick Dangerfield\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 10 | 13 |\n| [Sam Jacobs](/wiki/Sam_Jacobs_%28footballer%29 \"Sam Jacobs (footballer)\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 10 | 15 |\n| Updated to Showdown LVI (56\\). | | | | |\n|", "{{Col\\-2}}", "| \\# | Player | Club | Votes | Games |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |", "1 |\n [Niamh Kelly](/wiki/Niamh_Kelly \"Niamh Kelly\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 3 |\n 1 ||", "[Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall \"Chelsea Randall\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 3 |\n 2 ||", "[Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard \"Anne Hatchard\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 3 |\n 2 ||", "[Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff \"Ebony Marinoff\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 3 |\n 2 || Updated to AFLW Showdown II (2\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-end}}\n### Disposals", "#### Most career Showdown disposals", "{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-2}}", "| \\+ | Most career Showdown disposals (Men) | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Disposals | Games |\n| 1 | [Travis Boak](/wiki/Travis_Boak \"Travis Boak\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 734 | 32 |\n| 2 | [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28footballer%2C_born_1983%29 \"Scott Thompson (footballer, born 1983)\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 614 | 25 |\n| 3 | [Kane Cornes](/wiki/Kane_Cornes \"Kane Cornes\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 580 | 27 |\n| 4 | [Andrew McLeod](/wiki/Andrew_McLeod \"Andrew McLeod\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 539 | 27 |", "5 |\n [Rory Laird](/wiki/Rory_Laird \"Rory Laird\") |\n [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 517 |\n 20 || Updated to Showdown LVI (56\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-2}}", "| \\+ | Most career Showdown disposals (Women) | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Disposals | Games |", "1 |\n [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff \"Ebony Marinoff\") |\n [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 85 |\n 2 |\n 2 |\n [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard \"Anne Hatchard\") |\n [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 75 |\n 2 |\n 3 |\n [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall \"Chelsea Randall\") |\n [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 56 |\n 2 |\n 4 |\n [Madison Newman](/wiki/Madison_Newman \"Madison Newman\") |\n [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 42 |\n 2 || 5 | [Erin Phillips](/wiki/Erin_Phillips \"Erin Phillips\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 36 | 2 |\n| Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-end}}\n#### Most disposals in one Showdown", "{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-2}}", "| \\+ | Most disposals in one Showdown (Men) | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Fixture | Disposals |", "1 |\n [Zak Butters](/wiki/Zak_Butters \"Zak Butters\") |\n [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 2024 R23 |\n 42 || 2 | [Mark Ricciuto](/wiki/Mark_Ricciuto \"Mark Ricciuto\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2000 R7 | 41 |\n| [Peter Burgoyne](/wiki/Peter_Burgoyne \"Peter Burgoyne\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 2008 R3 | 41 |\n| [Tom Rockliff](/wiki/Tom_Rockliff \"Tom Rockliff\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 2019 R8 | 41 |\n| 5 | [Simon Goodwin](/wiki/Simon_Goodwin \"Simon Goodwin\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2007 R18 | 39 |\n| [Patrick Dangerfield](/wiki/Patrick_Dangerfield \"Patrick Dangerfield\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2012 R5 | 39 |\n| Updated to Showdown LVI (56\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-2}}", "| \\+ | Most disposals in one Showdown (Women) | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Fixture | Disposals |", "1 |\n [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff \"Ebony Marinoff\") |\n {{AFLW\\|Ade}} |\n 2023 |\n 32 |\n 2 |\n [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard \"Anne Hatchard\") |\n {{AFLW\\|Ade}} |\n 2023 |\n 30 |\n 3 |\n [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff \"Ebony Marinoff\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 2024 |\n 29 |\n 4 |\n [Niamh Kelly](/wiki/Niamh_Kelly \"Niamh Kelly\") |\n {{AFLW\\|Ade}} |\n 2023 |\n 28 |\n 5 |\n [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall \"Chelsea Randall\") |\n [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 2022 |\n 27 || Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-end}}\n### Hitouts", "#### Most career Showdown hitouts", "{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-2}}", "| \\# | Player | Club | Hitouts | Games |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Sam Jacobs](/wiki/Sam_Jacobs_%28footballer%29 \"Sam Jacobs (footballer)\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 536 | 15 |\n|", "2 |\n [Reilly O'Brien](/wiki/Reilly_O%27Brien \"Reilly O'Brien\") |\n [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 397 |\n 11 || 3 | [Brendon Lade](/wiki/Brendon_Lade \"Brendon Lade\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 347 | 22 |\n| 4 | [Matthew Lobbe](/wiki/Matthew_Lobbe \"Matthew Lobbe\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 288 | 11 |\n| 5 | [Dean Brogan](/wiki/Dean_Brogan \"Dean Brogan\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 253 | 16 |\n| Updated to Showdown LVI (56\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-2}}", "| \\+ | \\# | Player | Club | Hitouts | Games |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |", "1 |\n [Jessica Allan](/wiki/Jessica_Allan \"Jessica Allan\") |\n {{AFLW\\|Ade}} |\n 42 |\n 2 ||2", "[Montana McKinnon](/wiki/Montana_McKinnon \"Montana McKinnon\") |\n {{AFLW\\|Ade}} |\n 33 |\n 2 |", "[Matilda Scholz](/wiki/Matilda_Scholz \"Matilda Scholz\") |\n {{AFLW\\|PA}} |\n 33 |\n 2 |\n 4 |\n [Olivia Levicki](/wiki/Olivia_Levicki \"Olivia Levicki\") |\n {{AFLW\\|PA}} |\n 31 |\n 3 |\n 5 |\n [Caitlin Gould](/wiki/Caitlin_Gould \"Caitlin Gould\") |\n {{AFLW\\|Ade}} |\n 12 |\n 2 || Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-end}}\n#### Most Hitouts in one Showdown", "{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-2}}", "|Most Hitouts in one Showdown (Men)", "| |\n| \\+ | \\# | Player | Club | Fixture | Hitouts |\n| 1 | [Sam Jacobs](/wiki/Sam_Jacobs_%28footballer%29 \"Sam Jacobs (footballer)\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2012 R15 | 61 |\n| 2 | [Sam Jacobs](/wiki/Sam_Jacobs_%28footballer%29 \"Sam Jacobs (footballer)\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2015 R16 | 51 |\n| 3 | [Reilly O'Brien](/wiki/Reilly_O%27Brien \"Reilly O'Brien\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2022 R23 | 50 |\n| 4 | [Paddy Ryder](/wiki/Paddy_Ryder \"Paddy Ryder\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 2017 R3 | 48 |\n|5", "[Reilly O'Brien](/wiki/Reilly_O%27Brien \"Reilly O'Brien\") |\n [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 2022 R3 |\n 45 |\n| [Jordon Sweet](/wiki/Jordon_Sweet \"Jordon Sweet\") | {{AFL PA}} | 2024 R23 | 45 |\n| Updated to Showdown LVI (56\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-2}}", "|Most Hitouts in one Showdown (Women)", "| |\n| \\+ | \\# | Player | Club | Fixture | Hitouts |", "1 |\n [Jessica Allan](/wiki/Jessica_Allan \"Jessica Allan\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 2024 |\n 30 || 2 | [Montana McKinnon](/wiki/Montana_McKinnon \"Montana McKinnon\") | {{AFLW\\|Ade}} | 2022 | 21 |", "3 |\n [Olivia Levicki](/wiki/Olivia_Levicki \"Olivia Levicki\") |\n {{AFLW\\|PA}} |\n 2024 |\n 20 |\n 4 |\n [Matilda Scholz](/wiki/Matilda_Scholz \"Matilda Scholz\") |\n {{AFLW\\|PA}} |\n 2024 |\n 19 |\n 5 |\n [Matilda Scholz](/wiki/Matilda_Scholz \"Matilda Scholz\") |\n {{AFLW\\|PA}} |\n 2023 |\n 14 || Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-end}}\n### Clearances", "#### Most career Showdown clearances", "{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-2}}", "|Most career Showdown clearances (Men)", "| |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Clearances | Games |\n| 1 | [Travis Boak](/wiki/Travis_Boak \"Travis Boak\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 139 | 32 |\n| 2 | [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28footballer_born_1983%29 \"Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983)\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 124 | 25 |", "3 |\n [Ollie Wines](/wiki/Ollie_Wines \"Ollie Wines\") |\n [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 110 |\n 20 || 4 | [Robbie Gray](/wiki/Robbie_Gray \"Robbie Gray\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 100 | 22 |\n| 5 | [Matt Crouch](/wiki/Matt_Crouch_%28footballer%29 \"Matt Crouch (footballer)\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 90 | 13 |\n| Updated to Showdown LVI (56\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-2}}", "|Most career Showdown clearances (Women)", "| |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Clearances | Games |\n| 1 | [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff \"Ebony Marinoff\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 17 | 3 |\n| 2 | [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall \"Chelsea Randall\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 9 | 3 |\n| [Jessica Allan](/wiki/Jessica_Allan \"Jessica Allan\") | {{AFL Ade}} | 9 | 2 |\n| [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard \"Anne Hatchard\") | {{AFL Ade}} | 9 | 3 |\n| 5 | [Teah Charlton](/wiki/Teah_Charlton \"Teah Charlton\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 8 | 2 |\n| Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-end}}\n#### Most clearances in a Showdown", "{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-2}}", "| \\+ |\n| --- |\n|Most clearances in one Showdown (Men)", "| \\# | Player | Club | Fixture | Clearances |\n| 1 | [Patrick Dangerfield](/wiki/Patrick_Dangerfield \"Patrick Dangerfield\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2015 R5 | 14 |\n| 2 | [Josh Francou](/wiki/Josh_Francou \"Josh Francou\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 1999 R21 | 13 |\n| [Patrick Dangerfield](/wiki/Patrick_Dangerfield \"Patrick Dangerfield\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2015 R16 | 13 |\n| [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28footballer%2C_born_1983%29 \"Scott Thompson (footballer, born 1983)\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2015 R16 | 13 |\n| Updated to Showdown LVI (56\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-2}}", "|Most clearances in one Showdown (Women)", "| |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Fixture | Clearances |\n| 1 | [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff \"Ebony Marinoff\") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2023 | 7 |\n| [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall \"Chelsea Randall\") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2022 | 7 |\n| [Jessica Allan](/wiki/Jessica_Allan \"Jessica Allan\") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2024 | 7 |\n| [Danielle Ponter](/wiki/Danielle_Ponter \"Danielle Ponter\") | {{AFL Ade}} | 2024 | 7 |\n|5", "[Niamh Kelly](/wiki/Niamh_Kelly \"Niamh Kelly\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 2023 |\n 6 |\n| [Sachi Syme](/wiki/Sachi_Syme \"Sachi Syme\") | {{AFL PA}} | 2024 | 6 |\n| Updated to Showdown III (3\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-end}}\n### Contested possessions", "#### Most career Showdown contested possessions", "{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-2}}", "| Most career Showdown contested possessions (Men) | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Contestedpossessions | Games |", "1 |\n [Travis Boak](/wiki/Travis_Boak \"Travis Boak\") |\n [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 317 |\n 32 || 2 | [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28footballer_born_1983%29 \"Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983)\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 267 | 25 |\n| 3 | [Ollie Wines](/wiki/Ollie_Wines \"Ollie Wines\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 233 | 20 |\n| 4 | [Robbie Gray](/wiki/Robbie_Gray \"Robbie Gray\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 228 | 22 |\n| 5 | [Rory Sloane](/wiki/Rory_Sloane \"Rory Sloane\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 206 | 20 |\n| Updated to Showdown LVI (56\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-2}}", "| Most career Showdown contested possessions (Women) | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Contestedpossessions | Games |", "1 |\n [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff \"Ebony Marinoff\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 40 |\n 3 |\n 2 |\n [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard \"Anne Hatchard\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 38 |\n 3 |\n 3 |\n [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall \"Chelsea Randall\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 27 |\n 3 |\n 4 |\n [Abbey Dowrick](/wiki/Abbey_Dowrick \"Abbey Dowrick\") |\n {{AFL PA}} |\n 26 |\n 3 || 5 | [Erin Phillips](/wiki/Erin_Phillips \"Erin Phillips\") | {{AFL PA}} | 18 | 2 |\n| Updated to Showdown III (3\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-end}}\n#### Most contested possessions in one Showdown", "{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-2}}", "| Most contested possessions in one Showdown (Men) | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Fixture | Contestedpossessions |\n| 1 | [Rory Sloane](/wiki/Rory_Sloane \"Rory Sloane\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2017 R3 | 24 |\n| 2 | [Tom Rockliff](/wiki/Tom_Rockliff \"Tom Rockliff\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 2019 R8 | 23 |\n| 3 | [Robbie Gray](/wiki/Robbie_Gray \"Robbie Gray\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 2016 R2 | 22 |\n| [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28footballer_born_1983%29 \"Scott Thompson (footballer born 1983)\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2015 R16 | 22 |\n| [Patrick Dangerfield](/wiki/Patrick_Dangerfield \"Patrick Dangerfield\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2014 R15 | 22 |\n| Last update from Showdown LVI (56\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-2}}", "| Most contested possessions in one Showdown (Women) | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Fixture | Contestedpossessions |", "1", "[Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard \"Anne Hatchard\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 2022 |\n 15 |\n [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff \"Ebony Marinoff\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 2024 |\n 15 |\n 2 |\n [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall \"Chelsea Randall\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 2022 |\n 14 |\n 4 |\n [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard \"Anne Hatchard\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 2023 |\n 13 |\n [Gemma Houghton](/wiki/Gemma_Houghton \"Gemma Houghton\") |\n {{AFL PA}} |\n 2023 |\n 13 |\n [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff \"Ebony Marinoff\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 2023 |\n 13 |\n [Sachi Syme](/wiki/Sachi_Syme \"Sachi Syme\") |\n {{AFL PA}} |\n 2024 |\n 13 || Last update from Showdown III (3\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-end}}\n### Contested Marks", "#### Most career Showdown contested marks", "{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-2}}", "| \\+ |Most career Showdown contested marks (Men)", "| --- |\n| \\# | Player | Club | ContestedMarks | Games |\n| 1 | [Chad Cornes](/wiki/Chad_Cornes \"Chad Cornes\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 42 | 24 |\n| 2 | [Warren Tredrea](/wiki/Warren_Tredrea \"Warren Tredrea\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 36 | 23 |", "3 |\n [Taylor Walker](/wiki/Taylor_Walker_%28footballer%29 \"Taylor Walker (footballer)\") |\n [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 34 |\n 23 ||4", "[Justin Westhoff](/wiki/Justin_Westhoff \"Justin Westhoff\") |\n [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 32 |\n 25 |", "[Charlie Dixon](/wiki/Charlie_Dixon_%28Australian_footballer%29 \"Charlie Dixon (Australian footballer)\") |\n [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 32 |\n 14 || Updated to Showdown LVI (56\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-2}}", "| \\+ |Most career Showdown contested marks (Women)", "| --- |\n| \\# | Player | Club | ContestedMarks | Games |", "1 |\n [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard \"Anne Hatchard\") |\n {{AFLW\\|Ade}} |\n 7 |\n 3 |\n 2 |\n [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall \"Chelsea Randall\") |\n {{AFLW\\|Ade}} |\n 4 |\n 2 |\n3", "[Gemma Houghton](/wiki/Gemma_Houghton \"Gemma Houghton\") |\n {{AFLW\\|PA}} |\n 3 |\n 2 |\n [Matilda Scholz](/wiki/Matilda_Scholz \"Matilda Scholz\") |\n {{AFLW\\|PA}} |\n 2 |\n 2 |\n [Chelsea Bidell](/wiki/Chelsea_Bidell \"Chelsea Bidell\") |\n {{AFLW\\|Ade}} |\n 3 |\n 3 || Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\\). | | | | |", "{{col\\-end}}\n#### Most contested marks in one Showdown", "{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-2}}", "| \\+ | \\# | Player | Club | Fixture | ContestedMarks |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Chad Cornes](/wiki/Chad_Cornes \"Chad Cornes\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 2004 R7 | 6 |\n| [Kurt Tippett](/wiki/Kurt_Tippett \"Kurt Tippett\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2011 R4 | 6 |\n| [Justin Westhoff](/wiki/Justin_Westhoff \"Justin Westhoff\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 2011 R4 | 6 |", "[Charlie Dixon](/wiki/Charlie_Dixon_%28Australian_footballer%29 \"Charlie Dixon (Australian footballer)\") |\n {{AFL PA}} |\n 2023 R20 |\n 6 || 4 | [Trent Henschel](/wiki/Trent_Hentschel \"Trent Hentschel\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2005 SF | 5 |", "[Taylor Walker](/wiki/Taylor_Walker_%28footballer%29 \"Taylor Walker (footballer)\") |\n [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 2017 R20 |\n 5 |\n [Aliir Aliir](/wiki/Aliir_Aliir \"Aliir Aliir\") |\n [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 2021 R21 |\n 5 |\n [Riley Thilthorpe](/wiki/Riley_Thilthorpe \"Riley Thilthorpe\") |\n [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 2022 R23 |\n 5 || Updated to Showdown LVI (56\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-2}}", "| \\+ | \\# | Player | Club | Fixture | ContestedMarks |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |", "1 |\n [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard \"Anne Hatchard\") |\n {{AFLW\\|Ade}} |\n 2022 |\n 6 |\n 2 |\n [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall \"Chelsea Randall\") |\n {{AFLW\\|Ade}} |\n 2022 |\n 2 |\n [Chelsea Randall](/wiki/Chelsea_Randall \"Chelsea Randall\") |\n {{AFLW\\|Ade}} |\n 2023 |\n 2 |\n [Chelsea Biddell](/wiki/Chelsea_Biddell \"Chelsea Biddell\") |\n {{AFLW\\|Ade}} |\n 2023 |\n 2 |\n [Matilda Scholz](/wiki/Matilda_Scholz \"Matilda Scholz\") |\n {{AFLW\\|PA}} |\n 2023 |\n 2 |\n [Gemma Houghton](/wiki/Gemma_Houghton \"Gemma Houghton\") |\n {{AFLW\\|PA}} |\n 2023 |\n 2 || Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-end}}\n### Tackles", "#### Most career Showdown tackles", "{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-2}}", "|Most career Showdown tackles (Men)", "| |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Tackles | Games |\n| 1 | [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28footballer%2C_born_1983%29 \"Scott Thompson (footballer, born 1983)\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 141 | 25 |", "2 |\n [Travis Boak](/wiki/Travis_Boak \"Travis Boak\") |\n [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 139 |\n 32 || 3 | [Rory Sloane](/wiki/Rory_Sloane \"Rory Sloane\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 110 | 20 |\n|4", "[Domenic Cassisi](/wiki/Domenic_Cassisi \"Domenic Cassisi\") |\n [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 109 |\n 20 |\n|\n| [Ollie Wines](/wiki/Ollie_Wines \"Ollie Wines\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 109 | 20 |\n| Updated to Showdown LVI (56\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-2}}", "|Most career Showdown tackles (Women)", "| |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Tackles | Games |\n| 1 | [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff \"Ebony Marinoff\") | {{AFLW\\|Ade}} | 22 | 3 |", "2 |\n [Abbey Dowrick](/wiki/Abbey_Dowrick \"Abbey Dowrick\") |\n {{AFLW\\|PA}} |\n 20 |\n 3 |\n 3 |\n [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard \"Anne Hatchard\") |\n {{AFLW\\|Ade}} |\n 19 |\n 3 |\n 4 |\n [Justine Mules\\-Robinson](/wiki/Justine_Mules-Robinson \"Justine Mules-Robinson\") |\n {{AFLW\\|PA}} |\n 17 |\n 3 |\n5", "[Teah Charlton](/wiki/Teah_Charlton \"Teah Charlton\") |\n {{AFLW\\|Ade}} |\n 12 |\n 2 |\n [Abbie Ballard](/wiki/Abbie_Ballard \"Abbie Ballard\") |\n {{AFLW\\|Ade}} |\n 12 |\n 2 || Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-end}}\n#### Most tackles in one Showdown", "{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-2}}", "|Most tackles in one Showdown (Men)", "| |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Fixture | Tackles |\n| 1 | [Domenic Cassisi](/wiki/Domenic_Cassisi \"Domenic Cassisi\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 2008 R16 | 13 |\n| [Hugh Greenwood](/wiki/Hugh_Greenwood \"Hugh Greenwood\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2017 R20 | 13 |\n| [Rory Sloane](/wiki/Rory_Sloane \"Rory Sloane\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2019 R8 | 13 |", "[Rory Laird](/wiki/Rory_Laird \"Rory Laird\") |\n [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 2023 R20 |\n 13 ||5", "[Domenic Cassisi](/wiki/Domenic_Cassisi \"Domenic Cassisi\") |\n [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 2010 R17 |\n 12 |\n| [Hugh Greenwood](/wiki/Hugh_Greenwood \"Hugh Greenwood\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2018 R8 | 12 |\n| Updated to Showdown LVI (56\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-2}}", "|Most tackles in one Showdown (Women)", "| |\n| \\# | Player | Club | Fixture | Tackles |", "1 |\n [Anne Hatchard](/wiki/Anne_Hatchard \"Anne Hatchard\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 2024 |\n 12 |\n 2 |\n [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff \"Ebony Marinoff\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 2022 |\n 11 |\n 3 |\n [Ebony Marinoff](/wiki/Ebony_Marinoff \"Ebony Marinoff\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 2024 |\n 19 |\n4", "[Jacqui Yorston](/wiki/Jacqui_Yorston \"Jacqui Yorston\") |\n {{AFL PA}} |\n 2022 |\n 8 |\n [Abbey Dowrick](/wiki/Abbey_Dowrick \"Abbey Dowrick\") |\n {{AFL PA}} |\n 2023 |\n 8 |\n [Justine Mules](/wiki/Justine_Mules \"Justine Mules\") |\n {{AFL PA}} |\n 2023 |\n 8 |\n [Eloise Jones](/wiki/Eloise_Jones_%28footballer%29 \"Eloise Jones (footballer)\") |\n {{AFL Ade}} |\n 2024 |\n 8 || Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\\). | | | | |", "{{Col\\-end}}\n### Player winning record", "Showdown players ranked by win percentage (minimum 10 Showdowns).", "| \\# | Player | Club | Win | Loss | Win % |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Josh Carr](/wiki/Josh_Carr \"Josh Carr\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 10 | 0 | 100\\.0 |\n| 2 | [Jarrad Schofield](/wiki/Jarrad_Schofield \"Jarrad Schofield\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 8 | 2 | 80\\.0 |\n|", "3 |\n [Matt Crouch](/wiki/Matt_Crouch_%28footballer%29 \"Matt Crouch (footballer)\") |\n [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 10 |\n 4 |\n 71\\.4 || 5 | [Nick Stevens](/wiki/Nick_Stevens \"Nick Stevens\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 7 | 3 | 70\\.0 |\n| [Rory Atkins](/wiki/Rory_Atkins \"Rory Atkins\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 7 | 3 | 70\\.0 |\n| Updated to Showdown LVI (56\\). | | | | | |", "Coaching records\n----------------", "Showdown coaches are ranked by total wins followed by win percentage.\n### Showdown coaching record", "{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-2}}", "| Showdown coaching record (Men) | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= center\n\\| direction \\= \n\\| width \\= \n\\| image1 \\= Matthew Nicks, Ade vs. GWS 2022 (52396645580\\) (cropped).jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 126\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= \n\\| image2 \\= Ken Hinkley 2018\\.1\\.jpg\n\\| width2 \\= 126\n\\| alt2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= \n\\| footer \\= Current {{AFL Ade}} coach \\[\\[Matthew Nicks]] (left) and {{AFL Por}} coach \\[\\[Ken Hinkley]] (right)\n}}", "| \\# | Coach | Club | Win | Loss | Win % |\n| 1 | [Mark Williams](/wiki/Mark_Williams_%28Australian_footballer_born_1958%29 \"Mark Williams (Australian footballer born 1958)\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 13 | 11 | 54\\.2 |\n| 2 | [Ken Hinkley](/wiki/Ken_Hinkley \"Ken Hinkley\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 11 | 11 | 50 |\n| 3 | [Neil Craig](/wiki/Neil_Craig \"Neil Craig\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 8 | 7 | 53\\.3 |\n| 4 | [Don Pyke](/wiki/Don_Pyke \"Don Pyke\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 6 | 2 | 75\\.0 |\n|", "5 |\n [Matthew Nicks](/wiki/Matthew_Nicks \"Matthew Nicks\") |\n [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 4 |\n 5 |\n 44\\.4 || 6 | [Malcolm Blight](/wiki/Malcolm_Blight \"Malcolm Blight\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 3 | 3 | 50\\.0 |\n| [Brenton Sanderson](/wiki/Brenton_Sanderson \"Brenton Sanderson\") |\n| 8 | [John Cahill](/wiki/John_Cahill_%28footballer%29 \"John Cahill (footballer)\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 2 | 2 | 50\\.0 |\n| 9 | [Matthew Primus](/wiki/Matthew_Primus \"Matthew Primus\") | [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") | 2 | 3 | 40\\.0 |\n| 10 | [Gary Ayres](/wiki/Gary_Ayres \"Gary Ayres\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 2 | 7 | 22\\.2 |\n| 11 | [Scott Camporeale](/wiki/Scott_Camporeale \"Scott Camporeale\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 1 | 0 | 100 |\n| [Mark Bickley](/wiki/Mark_Bickley \"Mark Bickley\") |\n| 13 | [Phil Walsh](/wiki/Phil_Walsh_%28Australian_footballer%29 \"Phil Walsh (Australian footballer)\") | [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") | 0 | 1 | 0\\.0 |\n| Updated to Showdown LVI (56\\). | | | | | |", "{{Col\\-2}}", "| \\+ | Showdown coaching record (Women) | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= center\n\\| direction \\= \n\\| width \\= \n\\| image1 \\= Matthew Clarke 2019\\.1\\.jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 107\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= \n\\| image2 \\= Lauren Arnell, Adelaide Oval, 2022 September 30\\.jpg\n\\| width2 \\= 126\n\\| alt2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= \n\\| footer \\= Current {{AFL Ade}} Women's coach \\[\\[Matthew Clarke (Australian footballer)\\|Matthew Clarke]] (left) and {{AFL Por}} Women's coach \\[\\[Lauren Arnell]] (right)\n}}", "| \\# | Coach | Club | Win | Loss | Win % |", "1 |\n [Matthew Clarke](/wiki/Matthew_Clarke_%28Australian_footballer%29 \"Matthew Clarke (Australian footballer)\") |\n [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club \"Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 3 |\n 0 |\n 100 |\n 2 |\n [Lauren Arnell](/wiki/Lauren_Arnell \"Lauren Arnell\") |\n [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club \"Port Adelaide Football Club\") |\n 0 |\n 3 |\n 0\\.0 || Updated to AFLW Showdown III (3\\). | | | | | |", "{{Col\\-end}}\nNaming rights sponsors\n----------------------", "Since the first Showdown in 1997 the fixture has always had a [naming rights sponsor](/wiki/Naming_rights \"Naming rights\").\n### West End", "The first naming rights sponsor was the [South Australian Brewing Company](/wiki/South_Australian_Brewing_Company \"South Australian Brewing Company\") (SABC) who utilised the fixture to promote [West End Draught](/wiki/West_End_Draught \"West End Draught\"). SABC was responsible for the coining of the 'Showdown' name for the rivalry.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Rucci \\|first\\=Michelangelo \\|date\\=7 May 2019 \\|title\\=From Football Park to Adelaide Oval, the Showdown has become a derby with very South Australian habits \\|work\\=The Advertiser \\|url\\=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/afl/expert\\-opinion/michelangelo\\-rucci/from\\-football\\-park\\-to\\-adelaide\\-oval\\-the\\-showdown\\-has\\-become\\-a\\-derby\\-with\\-very\\-south\\-australian\\-habits/news\\-story/30a554ec140ff5bde4935e1dc5a01094 \\|access\\-date\\=23 August 2022}}\n### Balfours", "[Balfours](/wiki/Balfours \"Balfours\"), a South Australian wholesale bakery, became the naming rights sponsor for the Showdown in 2008\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Malyniak \\|first\\=Alyna \\|date\\=27 March 2014 \\|title\\=Balfours Donuts A Sweet Kick Off To Showdown XXXVI \\|work\\=glamadelaide.com.au \\|url\\=https://glamadelaide.com.au/balfours\\-donuts\\-a\\-sweet\\-kick\\-off\\-to\\-showdown\\-xxxvi/ \\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2022}} As part of their efforts in promoting the game Balfours began, and continue, to produce donuts in the colors of the two competing teams.{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Rucci \\|first1\\=Michelangelo \\|last2\\=Richardson \\|first2\\=Tom \\|date\\=15 July 2021 \\|title\\=The top 50 Showdown moments — selected by Rooch and Fumbles \\|work\\=indaily.com.au \\|url\\=https://indaily.com.au/news/sponsored\\-content/2021/07/15/the\\-top\\-50\\-showdown\\-moments\\-selected\\-by\\-rooch\\-and\\-fumbles/ \\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2022}}\n### Variety", "[Variety](/wiki/Variety%2C_the_Children%27s_Charity \"Variety, the Children's Charity\"), a charity for disadvantaged children, became the current naming rights sponsor for the Showdown in 2018\\.\nSpin offs\n---------", "### Cricket", "[thumb\\|200px\\|right\\|Adelaide Oval scoreboard during the Bushfire T20 Showdown.](/wiki/File:2020_T20_Showdown_Adelaide_Oval_scoreboard.jpeg \"2020 T20 Showdown Adelaide Oval scoreboard.jpeg\")\nTwo Showdowns have taken place as [Twenty20](/wiki/Twenty20 \"Twenty20\") cricket matches doubling as charity fundraisers for bushfire relief. In 2009, the two clubs played at Football Park what was dubbed as SA Footy's Bushfire Bash For Cash.[*Crows v Power in Bushfire Bash*](https://www.afc.com.au/news/81319/crows-v-power-in-bushfire-bash) Adelaide Football Club In the aftermath of the [2019–20 Australian bushfire season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season \"2019–20 Australian bushfire season\") which severely impacted Kangaroo Island and parts of the Adelaide Hills, the two clubs played another such game, this time at Adelaide Oval. Dubbed the Bushfire T20 Showdown, it also included members of the [Adelaide Strikers](/wiki/Adelaide_Strikers \"Adelaide Strikers\") of the [Big Bash League](/wiki/Big_Bash_League \"Big Bash League\") participating including Australian internationals [Alex Carey](/wiki/Alex_Carey_%28cricketer%29 \"Alex Carey (cricketer)\"), who was also previously [Greater Western Sydney](/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney_Giants \"Greater Western Sydney Giants\")'s [TAC Cup](/wiki/TAC_Cup \"TAC Cup\") captain, and Strikers captain [Travis Head](/wiki/Travis_Head \"Travis Head\"). The game proved a success with 34,219 spectators collectively raising $1,015,239 by the end of the match for the South Australian Bushfire Appeal. [Seven Network](/wiki/Seven_Network \"Seven Network\") broadcast the match with commentators including [James Brayshaw](/wiki/James_Brayshaw \"James Brayshaw\"), [Greg Blewett](/wiki/Greg_Blewett \"Greg Blewett\"), [Mark Soderstrom](/wiki/Mark_Soderstrom \"Mark Soderstrom\") and [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie \"Jason Gillespie\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=T20 Showdown raises huge amount for bushfire relief\\|url\\=https://www.adelaideoval.com.au/news/t20\\-showdown\\-raises\\-huge\\-amount\\-for\\-bushfire\\-relief/\\|date\\=2020\\-02\\-02\\|website\\=Adelaide Oval\\|language\\=en\\-AU\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-19}}\n{{Test match\n\\|date \\= Sunday, 2 February 2020\n\\|team1 \\= \\[\\[Port Adelaide Football Club\\|Port Adelaide]] \\[\\[File:AFL Port Adelaide Icon.jpg\\|15px]]\n\\|team2 \\= \\[\\[File:Adelaide Club symbol.svg\\|15px]] \\[\\[Adelaide Football Club\\|Adelaide]] \n\\|score\\-team1\\-inns1 \\= 231/7 (20 overs)\n\\|runs\\-team1\\-inns1 \\= \\[\\[Travis Boak]] 44 (23\\)\n\\|wickets\\-team1\\-inns1 \\= \\[\\[Hamish Hartlett]] 2/9 (2 overs)\n\\|score\\-team2\\-inns1 \\= 217/8 (20 overs)\n\\|runs\\-team2\\-inns1 \\= \\[\\[Tom Lynch (Australian footballer, born 1990\\)\\|Tom Lynch]] 38 (24\\)\n\\|wickets\\-team2\\-inns1 \\= \\[\\[Rashid Khan (cricketer)\\|Rashid Khan]] 2/11 (3 overs)\n\\|result \\= Port Adelaide won by 14 runs\n\\|report \\= \\[https://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/news/559199/over\\-one\\-million\\-raised\\-as\\-power\\-claim\\-t20\\-showdown Scorecard]\n\\|venue \\= \\[\\[Adelaide Oval]], \\[\\[Adelaide]]\n\\|umpires \\= \n\\|motm \\= \n\\|toss \\= Port Adelaide won the toss and elected to bat.\n\\|rain \\= \n\\|notes \\= \n}}\n### Slowdown", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|[Tony Modra](/wiki/Tony_Modra \"Tony Modra\") being interviewed after the 2011 Slowdown](/wiki/File:2011_State_of_Origin_Slowdown.jpg \"2011 State of Origin Slowdown.jpg\")\n{{Main\\|West End Slowdown}}\nA charity spin off of the Showdown also included an annual 'Slowdown' that raised money for various charities. Slowdown's often featured retired Adelaide, Port Adelaide and SANFL players along with local celebrities.\nSee also\n--------", "[Port Adelaide\\-Norwood SANFL rivalry](/wiki/Port_Adelaide%E2%80%93Norwood_SANFL_rivalry \"Port Adelaide–Norwood SANFL rivalry\")\n[1990 SANFL Grand Final](/wiki/1990_SANFL_Grand_Final \"1990 SANFL Grand Final\")\n[West End Slowdown](/wiki/West_End_Slowdown \"West End Slowdown\")\n[Western Derby](/wiki/Western_Derby \"Western Derby\"): * + - * The AFL Intrastate Derby of Western Australia, first played in 1995\\. ([West Coast Eagles](/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles \"West Coast Eagles\") Vs. [Fremantle Dockers](/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club \"Fremantle Football Club\")).*[QClash](/wiki/QClash \"QClash\"):*\n* The AFL intrastate Derby of Queensland, first played in 2011\\. ([Brisbane Lions](/wiki/Brisbane_Lions \"Brisbane Lions\") Vs. [Gold Coast Suns](/wiki/Gold_Coast_Suns \"Gold Coast Suns\"))*[Sydney Derby](/wiki/Sydney_Derby_%28AFL%29 \"Sydney Derby (AFL)\"):*\n* The AFL Intrastate Derby of New South Wales, first played in 2012\\. ([Sydney Swans](/wiki/Sydney_Swans \"Sydney Swans\") Vs. [Greater Western Sydney Giants](/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney_Giants \"Greater Western Sydney Giants\")).''" ]
The hydrogen bomb and controlled fusion --------------------------------------- While in [grade 7](/wiki/Grade_7 "Grade 7") (in 1941\) upon reading "Introduction to Nuclear Physics", he showed interest in this topic.{{Cite web \|title\=СВЕРХСЕКРЕТНЫЙ ФИЗИК ОЛЕГ ЛАВРЕНТЬЕВ \|url\=https://zn.ua/SOCIUM/sverhsekretnyy\_fizik\_oleg\_lavrentiev.html \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-09 \|website\=Зеркало недели {{!}} Дзеркало тижня {{!}} Mirror Weekly}} While in the military on Sakhalin Lavrentiev educated himself, using the library of technical literature and college textbooks. With his measly military allowance he subscribed to the journal [Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk](/wiki/Uspekhi_Fizicheskikh_Nauk "Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk"). (*Advances in Physical Science*) In 1948, Lavrentiev was instructed to prepare a lecture on nuclear physics. With a few days to prepare, he had time to rethink the problem and wrote a letter to the [Central Committee of the CPSU](/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union "Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union") (b).{{Cite web \|title\=«Водородную бомбу я придумал, когда был сержантом в армии и не имел высшего образования» \|url\=https://fakty.ua/ru/128364\-vodorodnuyu\-bombu\-ya\-pridumal\-kogda\-byl\-serzhantom\-v\-armii\-i\-ne\-imel\-vysshego\-obrazovaniya \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-09 \|website\=fakty.ua \|language\=ru}} From [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow") came an order to create for him an environment where he could work. In a guarded room dedicated to him, he wrote his first article, which he sent in July 1950 via secret mail to the department of heavy equipment engineering of the Central Committee. His proposal consisted of two parts. Firstly, he proposed an implementation of a [hydrogen bomb](/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb "Hydrogen bomb"), based on [lithium deuteride](/wiki/Lithium_deuteride "Lithium deuteride"). In the second part of his work, he describes how to obtain electricity from a [controlled thermonuclear reaction](/wiki/Fusion_power "Fusion power"). [Andrei Sakharov](/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov "Andrei Sakharov") reviewed his work and wrote in a review the following: {{Quote box \|quote \= ... I think we need a detailed discussion of comrade Lavrentiev's draft proposal. Regardless of the outcome of the discussion now is the time to note the creative initiative of the author. " \|source \= \|width \= 50% \|align \= center }} In 1950 Lavrentiev was demobilized from the army and came to Moscow, where he entered the [Physics Department of Moscow State University](/wiki/MSU_Faculty_of_Physics "MSU Faculty of Physics"). A few months later he was summoned to the Minister of the measuring instrument (the nuclear industry) [V.A. Makhnev](/wiki/V.A._Makhnev "V.A. Makhnev"), and a few days later \- to the [Kremlin](/wiki/Kremlin "Kremlin") to the chairman of an [ad hoc committee](/wiki/Ad_hoc_committee "Ad hoc committee") on atomic and hydrogen weapons, [Lavrentiy Beria](/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria "Lavrentiy Beria"). After meeting with Beria, Lavrentiev was given a room in the new house and a scholarship. He was allowed to attend lectures at will and to request on\-demand delivery of scientific literature. He was assigned a math supervising professor PhD [A.A. Samarskii](/wiki/Alexander_Andrejewitsch_Samarski "Alexander Andrejewitsch Samarski") (later \- academician and Hero of Socialist Labor). In May 1951, Lavrentiev got access to newly opened State program of fusion research. ([Laboratory of instrumentation of the USSR](/wiki/Laboratory_of_instrumentation_of_the_USSR "Laboratory of instrumentation of the USSR"), currently \- [Kurchatov Institute](/wiki/Kurchatov_Institute "Kurchatov Institute")), where research was carried out on [high temperature plasma physics](/wiki/Plasma_%28physics%29 "Plasma (physics)") classified as top\-secret. There was already ongoing testing and development of [Andrei Sakharov](/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov "Andrei Sakharov")'s and [Igor Tamm](/wiki/Igor_Tamm "Igor Tamm")'s ideas for the [fusion reactor](/wiki/Fusion_power "Fusion power"). On August 12, 1953 the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") tested a thermonuclear warhead based on lithium deuteride. Unlike other participants in the development of new weapons that have received state awards and ranks, Lavrentiev was denied admission to the lab, and was forced to write a thesis project without access to the lab and without a scientific adviser. Nonetheless, he graduated with honors based on his theoretical work on controlled thermonuclear fusion. In the spring of 1956 Lavrentiev was sent to [Kharkiv Theoretical Physics School](/wiki/Kharkiv_Theoretical_Physics_School "Kharkiv Theoretical Physics School") (KIPT, [Kharkov](/wiki/Kharkov "Kharkov"), [USSR](/wiki/USSR "USSR")), and presented his report on the theory of electromagnetic traps to the director of the Institute [Cyril Sinelnikov](/wiki/Cyril_Sinelnikov "Cyril Sinelnikov"). In 1958, KIPT built the first electromagnetic trap.
[ "The hydrogen bomb and controlled fusion\n---------------------------------------", "While in [grade 7](/wiki/Grade_7 \"Grade 7\") (in 1941\\) upon reading \"Introduction to Nuclear Physics\", he showed interest in this topic.{{Cite web \\|title\\=СВЕРХСЕКРЕТНЫЙ ФИЗИК ОЛЕГ ЛАВРЕНТЬЕВ \\|url\\=https://zn.ua/SOCIUM/sverhsekretnyy\\_fizik\\_oleg\\_lavrentiev.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-09 \\|website\\=Зеркало недели {{!}} Дзеркало тижня {{!}} Mirror Weekly}} While in the military on Sakhalin Lavrentiev educated himself, using the library of technical literature and college textbooks. With his measly military allowance he subscribed to the journal [Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk](/wiki/Uspekhi_Fizicheskikh_Nauk \"Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk\"). (*Advances in Physical Science*) In 1948, Lavrentiev was instructed to prepare a lecture on nuclear physics. With a few days to prepare, he had time to rethink the problem and wrote a letter to the [Central Committee of the CPSU](/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\") (b).{{Cite web \\|title\\=«Водородную бомбу я придумал, когда был сержантом в армии и не имел высшего образования» \\|url\\=https://fakty.ua/ru/128364\\-vodorodnuyu\\-bombu\\-ya\\-pridumal\\-kogda\\-byl\\-serzhantom\\-v\\-armii\\-i\\-ne\\-imel\\-vysshego\\-obrazovaniya \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-09 \\|website\\=fakty.ua \\|language\\=ru}} From [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\") came an order to create for him an environment where he could work. In a guarded room dedicated to him, he wrote his first article, which he sent in July 1950 via secret mail to the department of heavy equipment engineering of the Central Committee.", "His proposal consisted of two parts. Firstly, he proposed an implementation of a [hydrogen bomb](/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb \"Hydrogen bomb\"), based on [lithium deuteride](/wiki/Lithium_deuteride \"Lithium deuteride\"). In the second part of his work, he describes how to obtain electricity from a [controlled thermonuclear reaction](/wiki/Fusion_power \"Fusion power\"). [Andrei Sakharov](/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov \"Andrei Sakharov\") reviewed his work and wrote in a review the following:", "{{Quote box\n \\|quote \\= ... I think we need a detailed discussion of comrade Lavrentiev's draft proposal. Regardless of the outcome of the discussion now is the time to note the creative initiative of the author. \" \n \\|source \\= \n \\|width \\= 50%\n \\|align \\= center\n}}", "In 1950 Lavrentiev was demobilized from the army and came to Moscow, where he entered the [Physics Department of Moscow State University](/wiki/MSU_Faculty_of_Physics \"MSU Faculty of Physics\"). A few months later he was summoned to the Minister of the measuring instrument (the nuclear industry) [V.A. Makhnev](/wiki/V.A._Makhnev \"V.A. Makhnev\"), and a few days later \\- to the [Kremlin](/wiki/Kremlin \"Kremlin\") to the chairman of an [ad hoc committee](/wiki/Ad_hoc_committee \"Ad hoc committee\") on atomic and hydrogen weapons, [Lavrentiy Beria](/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria \"Lavrentiy Beria\").", "After meeting with Beria, Lavrentiev was given a room in the new house and a scholarship. He was allowed to attend lectures at will and to request on\\-demand delivery of scientific literature. He was assigned a math supervising professor PhD [A.A. Samarskii](/wiki/Alexander_Andrejewitsch_Samarski \"Alexander Andrejewitsch Samarski\") (later \\- academician and Hero of Socialist Labor).", "In May 1951, Lavrentiev got access to newly opened State program of fusion research. ([Laboratory of instrumentation of the USSR](/wiki/Laboratory_of_instrumentation_of_the_USSR \"Laboratory of instrumentation of the USSR\"), currently \\- [Kurchatov Institute](/wiki/Kurchatov_Institute \"Kurchatov Institute\")), where research was carried out on [high temperature plasma physics](/wiki/Plasma_%28physics%29 \"Plasma (physics)\") classified as top\\-secret. There was already ongoing testing and development of [Andrei Sakharov](/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov \"Andrei Sakharov\")'s and [Igor Tamm](/wiki/Igor_Tamm \"Igor Tamm\")'s ideas for the [fusion reactor](/wiki/Fusion_power \"Fusion power\").", "On August 12, 1953 the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") tested a thermonuclear warhead based on lithium deuteride. Unlike other participants in the development of new weapons that have received state awards and ranks, Lavrentiev was denied admission to the lab, and was forced to write a thesis project without access to the lab and without a scientific adviser. Nonetheless, he graduated with honors based on his theoretical work on controlled thermonuclear fusion.", "In the spring of 1956 Lavrentiev was sent to [Kharkiv Theoretical Physics School](/wiki/Kharkiv_Theoretical_Physics_School \"Kharkiv Theoretical Physics School\") (KIPT, [Kharkov](/wiki/Kharkov \"Kharkov\"), [USSR](/wiki/USSR \"USSR\")), and presented his report on the theory of electromagnetic traps to the director of the Institute [Cyril Sinelnikov](/wiki/Cyril_Sinelnikov \"Cyril Sinelnikov\"). In 1958, KIPT built the first electromagnetic trap.", "" ]
Plot ---- After serving a 35\-year jail sentence, Baran (played by [Şener Şen](/wiki/%C5%9Eener_%C5%9Een "Şener Şen")), an *eşkıya* (a bandit, a [haydut](/wiki/Haydut "Haydut") in [Turkish](/wiki/Turkish_language "Turkish language")), is released from prison in a town in Eastern [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"). When returning to the home village he witnesses the fact that the world has changed dramatically during those years, with the village itself underwater after the construction of a dam. Then he also finds out that the person who masterminded the betrayal that brought him to jail was Berfo ([Kamuran Usluer](/wiki/Kamuran_Usluer "Kamuran Usluer")), a friend who had once been closer to him than a brother. To snare Keje ([Sermin Şen](/wiki/Sermin_%C5%9Een "Sermin Şen")), Baran's sweetheart, Berfo seized his best friend's gold and had Baran arrested by the gendarmes on [Mountain Cudi](/wiki/Mount_Judi "Mount Judi"). Then Berfo purchased Keje from her father against her will and disappeared. According to rumours, he had fled to [Istanbul](/wiki/Istanbul "Istanbul"). While travelling to Istanbul by train, Baran meets Cumali ([Uğur Yücel](/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_Y%C3%BCcel "Uğur Yücel")), a young man. To avoid the plainclothes police officers stationed to apprehend him, and trusting the old man's lack of ill intent, Cumali passed off the contraband he carried to Baran, asking him to return it to him at a specified address. Baran later arrives just in time as Cumali is being reprimanded by his boss for his carelessness in abandoning a package. Child of an abusive household, Cumali was raised in the alleys of [Beyoğlu](/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu "Beyoğlu"), his life revolving around dives, gambling parlours, alcohol, dope and women. He is a small\-time grifter who dreams of moving up in the ranks and becoming a career criminal of high standing. He becomes a courier for a local mobster to release from confinement his lover Emel's ([Yeşim Salkım](/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fim_Salk%C4%B1m "Yeşim Salkım")) brother, Sedat ([Özkan Uğur](/wiki/%C3%96zkan_U%C4%9Fur "Özkan Uğur")) and he begins to skim off the drugs entrusted to him and sell them off on the side. Watching the television with his fellow tenants, Baran notices that his comrade\-turned\-betrayer Berfo has become a wealthy magnate, now named Mahmut Şahoğlu. Later, when Baran confronts Berfo by coming across the latter's motorcade, he is initially detained but is mysteriously released and brought to the mansion, seemingly on Berfo's orders. It's revealed that in the intervening years, Keje has taken a vow of silence as a protest for her forced marriage, which torments the now wheelchair\-bound Berfo, who asks Baran to make her speak for the first time in 35 years. Out of his own longing for her, Baran reveals to her that it was in the hopes of seeing her again that he survived for decades in his violent prison sentence, which makes Keje speak at last. Cumali is informed that Sedat was not Emel's brother but her lover and that the pair absconded after the former's release. It's also revealed that Demircan is aware of the missing quantities in his drug transactions and is suspecting an insider. Cumali, with Baran in tow, tracks down Emel and Sedat, and despite Baran's urgings of restraint, kills them both. After an exchange of fire with the police and his banishment from his aunt's house, Cumali and his friends, who are implied to have informed Demircan of Cumali's dealings, are abducted and taken hostage in the mobster's mechanics shop. Baran intervenes on their behalf, promising to secure the missing funds on the agreement that the debt is his to pay and that Cumali is not to be harmed. He appeals to Keje, who then compels Berfo to write a cheque for the demanded amount. Promising Keje to return for her once his work is done, Baran departs. It's revealed that Berfo had purposefully written a [dishonoured cheque](/wiki/Dishonoured_cheque "Dishonoured cheque") as a last act of spite, and in retaliation, Demircan has Cumali gunned down in broad daylight. A heavy\-wounded Cumali crawls to the rooftop of his hotel, where he dies in Baran's arms. Enraged by the death of his surrogate son, Baran goes on a murderous rampage, starting with the abusive pimp of the ageing prostitute Sevim ([Güven Hokna](/wiki/G%C3%BCven_Hokna "Güven Hokna")), then raiding Demircan's shop, gunning down his gang and executing the terrified mobster despite his desperate pleas. Baran later returns to Berfo's manor to confront him for his duplicity. The dying magnate, in indignant defiance, berates Baran for wasting Keje's hopes for a nobody like Cumali and justifies his betrayal of Baran on account of his desperate love for Keje, which compelled him to inform the gendarmerie on Baran, to steal his gold, to marry albeit forcibly, his betrothed. Berfo claims that he's unrepentant for his actions and is ready to burn in hell for the sins that he claims Baran is incapable of committing, after which Baran shoots him dead. Now a wanted man, Baran evades capture for a few days but is ultimately cornered by the police. In the firefight, Baran loses his talisman, which he believes makes him impervious to bullets. Interpreting it as a sign of the end, he commits suicide by walking off the ledge. In Baran's village of birth, the village elder Ceren Ana gazes after a shooting star, signifying the passing of an eşkıya.
[ "Plot\n----", "After serving a 35\\-year jail sentence, Baran (played by [Şener Şen](/wiki/%C5%9Eener_%C5%9Een \"Şener Şen\")), an *eşkıya* (a bandit, a [haydut](/wiki/Haydut \"Haydut\") in [Turkish](/wiki/Turkish_language \"Turkish language\")), is released from prison in a town in Eastern [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"). When returning to the home village he witnesses the fact that the world has changed dramatically during those years, with the village itself underwater after the construction of a dam. Then he also finds out that the person who masterminded the betrayal that brought him to jail was Berfo ([Kamuran Usluer](/wiki/Kamuran_Usluer \"Kamuran Usluer\")), a friend who had once been closer to him than a brother. To snare Keje ([Sermin Şen](/wiki/Sermin_%C5%9Een \"Sermin Şen\")), Baran's sweetheart, Berfo seized his best friend's gold and had Baran arrested by the gendarmes on [Mountain Cudi](/wiki/Mount_Judi \"Mount Judi\"). Then Berfo purchased Keje from her father against her will and disappeared. According to rumours, he had fled to [Istanbul](/wiki/Istanbul \"Istanbul\").", "While travelling to Istanbul by train, Baran meets Cumali ([Uğur Yücel](/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_Y%C3%BCcel \"Uğur Yücel\")), a young man. To avoid the plainclothes police officers stationed to apprehend him, and trusting the old man's lack of ill intent, Cumali passed off the contraband he carried to Baran, asking him to return it to him at a specified address. Baran later arrives just in time as Cumali is being reprimanded by his boss for his carelessness in abandoning a package.", "Child of an abusive household, Cumali was raised in the alleys of [Beyoğlu](/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu \"Beyoğlu\"), his life revolving around dives, gambling parlours, alcohol, dope and women. He is a small\\-time grifter who dreams of moving up in the ranks and becoming a career criminal of high standing. He becomes a courier for a local mobster to release from confinement his lover Emel's ([Yeşim Salkım](/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fim_Salk%C4%B1m \"Yeşim Salkım\")) brother, Sedat ([Özkan Uğur](/wiki/%C3%96zkan_U%C4%9Fur \"Özkan Uğur\")) and he begins to skim off the drugs entrusted to him and sell them off on the side.", "Watching the television with his fellow tenants, Baran notices that his comrade\\-turned\\-betrayer Berfo has become a wealthy magnate, now named Mahmut Şahoğlu. Later, when Baran confronts Berfo by coming across the latter's motorcade, he is initially detained but is mysteriously released and brought to the mansion, seemingly on Berfo's orders. It's revealed that in the intervening years, Keje has taken a vow of silence as a protest for her forced marriage, which torments the now wheelchair\\-bound Berfo, who asks Baran to make her speak for the first time in 35 years. Out of his own longing for her, Baran reveals to her that it was in the hopes of seeing her again that he survived for decades in his violent prison sentence, which makes Keje speak at last.", "Cumali is informed that Sedat was not Emel's brother but her lover and that the pair absconded after the former's release. It's also revealed that Demircan is aware of the missing quantities in his drug transactions and is suspecting an insider. Cumali, with Baran in tow, tracks down Emel and Sedat, and despite Baran's urgings of restraint, kills them both. After an exchange of fire with the police and his banishment from his aunt's house, Cumali and his friends, who are implied to have informed Demircan of Cumali's dealings, are abducted and taken hostage in the mobster's mechanics shop. Baran intervenes on their behalf, promising to secure the missing funds on the agreement that the debt is his to pay and that Cumali is not to be harmed. He appeals to Keje, who then compels Berfo to write a cheque for the demanded amount. Promising Keje to return for her once his work is done, Baran departs.", "It's revealed that Berfo had purposefully written a [dishonoured cheque](/wiki/Dishonoured_cheque \"Dishonoured cheque\") as a last act of spite, and in retaliation, Demircan has Cumali gunned down in broad daylight. A heavy\\-wounded Cumali crawls to the rooftop of his hotel, where he dies in Baran's arms. Enraged by the death of his surrogate son, Baran goes on a murderous rampage, starting with the abusive pimp of the ageing prostitute Sevim ([Güven Hokna](/wiki/G%C3%BCven_Hokna \"Güven Hokna\")), then raiding Demircan's shop, gunning down his gang and executing the terrified mobster despite his desperate pleas. Baran later returns to Berfo's manor to confront him for his duplicity. The dying magnate, in indignant defiance, berates Baran for wasting Keje's hopes for a nobody like Cumali and justifies his betrayal of Baran on account of his desperate love for Keje, which compelled him to inform the gendarmerie on Baran, to steal his gold, to marry albeit forcibly, his betrothed. Berfo claims that he's unrepentant for his actions and is ready to burn in hell for the sins that he claims Baran is incapable of committing, after which Baran shoots him dead.", "Now a wanted man, Baran evades capture for a few days but is ultimately cornered by the police. In the firefight, Baran loses his talisman, which he believes makes him impervious to bullets. Interpreting it as a sign of the end, he commits suicide by walking off the ledge. In Baran's village of birth, the village elder Ceren Ana gazes after a shooting star, signifying the passing of an eşkıya.", "" ]
Career ------ Proença has refereed in the [Portuguese Liga](/wiki/Portuguese_Liga "Portuguese Liga") since 1998, being promoted to the FIFA international referee list in 2003\. On 10 August 2003, he officiated the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, his first final in Portuguese competitions. The match took place at [Estádio D. Afonso Henriques](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_D._Afonso_Henriques "Estádio D. Afonso Henriques"), and opposed [Porto](/wiki/F.C._Porto "F.C. Porto") and [Leiria](/wiki/U.D._Leiria "U.D. Leiria"). A year later, he took charge of three matches at the [2004 UEFA Under\-19 Championships](/wiki/2004_UEFA_European_Under-19_Football_Championship "2004 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship"), including the final between [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey_national_under-19_football_team "Turkey national under-19 football team") and [Spain](/wiki/Spain_national_under-19_football_team "Spain national under-19 football team"). In December 2004, he officiated his first [UEFA Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League "UEFA Europa League") match, the second leg of the first round tie between [AEK Athens](/wiki/AEK_Athens_FC "AEK Athens FC") and [Gorica](/wiki/ND_Gorica "ND Gorica"). He was appointed to lead the 2007 Taça de Portugal Final, in a match opposing Sporting and Belenenses. Sporting eventually won with Liédson scoring the only goal of the match. After refereeing qualifying matches in the previous two seasons, he refereed his first [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League") group stage match in September 2007, a 2–1 win for [PSV Eindhoven](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven "PSV Eindhoven") over [CSKA Moscow](/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow "PFC CSKA Moscow"). On 22 March 2008, he had the honor of refereeing the first final of [Taça da Liga](/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga "Taça da Liga"). The final was played at the [Estádio Algarve](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Algarve "Estádio Algarve") in [Faro](/wiki/Faro%2C_Portugal "Faro, Portugal") between [Vitória de Setúbal](/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_F.C. "Vitória F.C.") and [Sporting Clube de Portugal](/wiki/Sporting_Clube_de_Portugal "Sporting Clube de Portugal"). Vitória de Setúbal won 3–2 on penalties after a 0–0 draw. He cautioned three players, Sandro of Vitória de Setúbal, Polga and Miguel Veloso of Sporting. He was announced as the referee for the [2010 Taça de Portugal final](/wiki/2010_Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal_final "2010 Taça de Portugal final") between [Chaves](/wiki/G.D._Chaves "G.D. Chaves") and [Porto](/wiki/F.C._Porto "F.C. Porto") (2–1\). Ricardo Rocha and Bruno Alves were sent off for accumulation of yellow cards. He was elected to the [2011 Taça da Liga Final](/wiki/2011_Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga_Final "2011 Taça da Liga Final"). The match was played by [Paços de Ferreira](/wiki/F.C._Pa%C3%A7os_de_Ferreira "F.C. Paços de Ferreira"), who had beaten [Nacional](/wiki/C.D._Nacional "C.D. Nacional") 3–4 in their semi\-final, and the title holders [Benfica](/wiki/S.L._Benfica "S.L. Benfica") who had beaten their rivals [Sporting](/wiki/Sporting_C.P. "Sporting C.P.") 4–1 in their semi\-final. Benfica went on to win 2–1 to take their fourth Taça da Liga in a row. In summer of 2011, he was victim of an attack on his person at [Colombo Centre](/wiki/Colombo_Centre "Colombo Centre"), in Lisbon. He was headbutted by an individual, losing two teeth and suffered injuries to mouth.[VIDEO / Naționala, amintiri de COȘMAR cu Pedro Proenca](http://www.fanatik.ro/arbitrul-meciului-cu-grecia-ne-furat-cu-franta-2010-122128#ad-image-0), fanatik.ro (Romanian) On 13 May 2012, he was chosen to referee the [2012 UEFA Champions League Final](/wiki/2012_UEFA_Champions_League_Final "2012 UEFA Champions League Final"), between [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. "Chelsea F.C.") and [Bayern Munich](/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich "FC Bayern Munich").{{cite news \|title\=Pedro Proença foi o melhor em 2010/11 \|url\=http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Arbitragem/interior.aspx?content\_id\=703806 \|publisher\=Record \|date\=22 June 2011 \|access\-date\=27 June 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708212851/http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Arbitragem/interior.aspx?content\_id\=703806 \|archive\-date\=8 July 2011 }} On 20 December 2011, he was named one of the 12 referees selected by UEFA to take charge of games at [UEFA Euro 2012](/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012 "UEFA Euro 2012"). He was in charge of the [Group C](/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012_Group_C "UEFA Euro 2012 Group C") fixture between [Spain](/wiki/Spain_national_football_team "Spain national football team") and [Republic of Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team "Republic of Ireland national football team") on 10 June 2012, [Group D](/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012_Group_D "UEFA Euro 2012 Group D") fixture between [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden_men%27s_national_football_team "Sweden men's national football team") and [France](/wiki/France_national_football_team "France national football team") on 19 June 2012 and the [quarter\-final](/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012_knockout_stage%23Quarter-finals "UEFA Euro 2012 knockout stage#Quarter-finals") between [England](/wiki/England_national_football_team "England national football team") and [Italy](/wiki/Italy_national_football_team "Italy national football team") on 24 June 2012\. A particular incident occurred in the match between Spain and the Republic of Ireland, in which he pushed [Keith Andrews](/wiki/Keith_Andrews_%28footballer%29 "Keith Andrews (footballer)") over by accident. On 29 June 2012, UEFA announced that he would referee the [final](/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012_Final "UEFA Euro 2012 Final") between the [Spain](/wiki/Spain_national_football_team "Spain national football team") and [Italy](/wiki/Italy_national_football_team "Italy national football team"),{{cite news \|title\=Proença to referee UEFA EURO 2012 final \|url\=http://www.uefa.com/uefa/footballfirst/matchorganisation/refereeing/news/newsid\=1836359\.html \|work\=UEFA.com \|publisher\=Union of European Football Associations \|date\=29 June 2012 \|access\-date\=29 June 2012 }} thus becoming the first Portuguese to referee a European Championship final. Like [Howard Webb](/wiki/Howard_Webb "Howard Webb"), who refereed the [2010 FIFA World Cup Final](/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_Final "2010 FIFA World Cup Final"), he also refereed the Champions League final in the same year as taking charge of the final of a major international tournament. He has been selected by FIFA to participate in the [2014 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup "2014 FIFA World Cup") in Brazil. On 22 January 2015, Proença announced his retirement from refereeing.{{cite news \|title\=Portuguese referee Pedro Proença announces his retirement \|url\=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/in\-english/2015/pedro\-proenca\-retirement\-100487\.html \|work\=\[\[El Universal (Mexico City)\|El Universal]] \|agency\=\[\[EFE\|Agencia EFE, S.A.]] \|date\=22 January 2015 \|access\-date\=25 January 2015}}{{cite news \|first\=Michael \|last\=Duarte \|title\=Mexico soccer: Pedro Proença, 'No era penal' referee retires from sport \|url\=http://www.latintimes.com/mexico\-soccer\-pedro\-proenca\-no\-era\-penal\-referee\-retires\-sport\-290220 \|work\=\[\[IBT Media\#Brands\|Latin Times]] \|publisher\=\[\[IBT Media]] \|date\=23 January 2015 \|access\-date\=25 January 2015}}
[ "Career\n------", "Proença has refereed in the [Portuguese Liga](/wiki/Portuguese_Liga \"Portuguese Liga\") since 1998, being promoted to the FIFA international referee list in 2003\\.", "On 10 August 2003, he officiated the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, his first final in Portuguese competitions. The match took place at [Estádio D. Afonso Henriques](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_D._Afonso_Henriques \"Estádio D. Afonso Henriques\"), and opposed [Porto](/wiki/F.C._Porto \"F.C. Porto\") and [Leiria](/wiki/U.D._Leiria \"U.D. Leiria\"). A year later, he took charge of three matches at the [2004 UEFA Under\\-19 Championships](/wiki/2004_UEFA_European_Under-19_Football_Championship \"2004 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship\"), including the final between [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey_national_under-19_football_team \"Turkey national under-19 football team\") and [Spain](/wiki/Spain_national_under-19_football_team \"Spain national under-19 football team\").", "In December 2004, he officiated his first [UEFA Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\") match, the second leg of the first round tie between [AEK Athens](/wiki/AEK_Athens_FC \"AEK Athens FC\") and [Gorica](/wiki/ND_Gorica \"ND Gorica\"). He was appointed to lead the 2007 Taça de Portugal Final, in a match opposing Sporting and Belenenses. Sporting eventually won with Liédson scoring the only goal of the match.", "After refereeing qualifying matches in the previous two seasons, he refereed his first [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\") group stage match in September 2007, a 2–1 win for [PSV Eindhoven](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven \"PSV Eindhoven\") over [CSKA Moscow](/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow \"PFC CSKA Moscow\").", "On 22 March 2008, he had the honor of refereeing the first final of [Taça da Liga](/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga \"Taça da Liga\"). The final was played at the [Estádio Algarve](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Algarve \"Estádio Algarve\") in [Faro](/wiki/Faro%2C_Portugal \"Faro, Portugal\") between [Vitória de Setúbal](/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_F.C. \"Vitória F.C.\") and [Sporting Clube de Portugal](/wiki/Sporting_Clube_de_Portugal \"Sporting Clube de Portugal\"). Vitória de Setúbal won 3–2 on penalties after a 0–0 draw. He cautioned three players, Sandro of Vitória de Setúbal, Polga and Miguel Veloso of Sporting. He was announced as the referee for the [2010 Taça de Portugal final](/wiki/2010_Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal_final \"2010 Taça de Portugal final\") between [Chaves](/wiki/G.D._Chaves \"G.D. Chaves\") and [Porto](/wiki/F.C._Porto \"F.C. Porto\") (2–1\\). Ricardo Rocha and Bruno Alves were sent off for accumulation of yellow cards. He was elected to the [2011 Taça da Liga Final](/wiki/2011_Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga_Final \"2011 Taça da Liga Final\"). The match was played by [Paços de Ferreira](/wiki/F.C._Pa%C3%A7os_de_Ferreira \"F.C. Paços de Ferreira\"), who had beaten [Nacional](/wiki/C.D._Nacional \"C.D. Nacional\") 3–4 in their semi\\-final, and the title holders [Benfica](/wiki/S.L._Benfica \"S.L. Benfica\") who had beaten their rivals [Sporting](/wiki/Sporting_C.P. \"Sporting C.P.\") 4–1 in their semi\\-final. Benfica went on to win 2–1 to take their fourth Taça da Liga in a row.", "In summer of 2011, he was victim of an attack on his person at [Colombo Centre](/wiki/Colombo_Centre \"Colombo Centre\"), in Lisbon. He was headbutted by an individual, losing two teeth and suffered injuries to mouth.[VIDEO / Naționala, amintiri de COȘMAR cu Pedro Proenca](http://www.fanatik.ro/arbitrul-meciului-cu-grecia-ne-furat-cu-franta-2010-122128#ad-image-0), fanatik.ro (Romanian)", "On 13 May 2012, he was chosen to referee the [2012 UEFA Champions League Final](/wiki/2012_UEFA_Champions_League_Final \"2012 UEFA Champions League Final\"), between [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. \"Chelsea F.C.\") and [Bayern Munich](/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich \"FC Bayern Munich\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Pedro Proença foi o melhor em 2010/11 \\|url\\=http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Arbitragem/interior.aspx?content\\_id\\=703806 \\|publisher\\=Record \\|date\\=22 June 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=27 June 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708212851/http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Arbitragem/interior.aspx?content\\_id\\=703806 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 July 2011 }} On 20 December 2011, he was named one of the 12 referees selected by UEFA to take charge of games at [UEFA Euro 2012](/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012 \"UEFA Euro 2012\"). He was in charge of the [Group C](/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012_Group_C \"UEFA Euro 2012 Group C\") fixture between [Spain](/wiki/Spain_national_football_team \"Spain national football team\") and [Republic of Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team \"Republic of Ireland national football team\") on 10 June 2012, [Group D](/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012_Group_D \"UEFA Euro 2012 Group D\") fixture between [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden_men%27s_national_football_team \"Sweden men's national football team\") and [France](/wiki/France_national_football_team \"France national football team\") on 19 June 2012 and the [quarter\\-final](/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012_knockout_stage%23Quarter-finals \"UEFA Euro 2012 knockout stage#Quarter-finals\") between [England](/wiki/England_national_football_team \"England national football team\") and [Italy](/wiki/Italy_national_football_team \"Italy national football team\") on 24 June 2012\\. A particular incident occurred in the match between Spain and the Republic of Ireland, in which he pushed [Keith Andrews](/wiki/Keith_Andrews_%28footballer%29 \"Keith Andrews (footballer)\") over by accident. On 29 June 2012, UEFA announced that he would referee the [final](/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012_Final \"UEFA Euro 2012 Final\") between the [Spain](/wiki/Spain_national_football_team \"Spain national football team\") and [Italy](/wiki/Italy_national_football_team \"Italy national football team\"),{{cite news \\|title\\=Proença to referee UEFA EURO 2012 final \\|url\\=http://www.uefa.com/uefa/footballfirst/matchorganisation/refereeing/news/newsid\\=1836359\\.html \\|work\\=UEFA.com \\|publisher\\=Union of European Football Associations \\|date\\=29 June 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2012 }} thus becoming the first Portuguese to referee a European Championship final. Like [Howard Webb](/wiki/Howard_Webb \"Howard Webb\"), who refereed the [2010 FIFA World Cup Final](/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_Final \"2010 FIFA World Cup Final\"), he also refereed the Champions League final in the same year as taking charge of the final of a major international tournament. He has been selected by FIFA to participate in the [2014 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup \"2014 FIFA World Cup\") in Brazil.", "On 22 January 2015, Proença announced his retirement from refereeing.{{cite news \\|title\\=Portuguese referee Pedro Proença announces his retirement \\|url\\=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/in\\-english/2015/pedro\\-proenca\\-retirement\\-100487\\.html \\|work\\=\\[\\[El Universal (Mexico City)\\|El Universal]] \\|agency\\=\\[\\[EFE\\|Agencia EFE, S.A.]] \\|date\\=22 January 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2015}}{{cite news \\|first\\=Michael \\|last\\=Duarte \\|title\\=Mexico soccer: Pedro Proença, 'No era penal' referee retires from sport \\|url\\=http://www.latintimes.com/mexico\\-soccer\\-pedro\\-proenca\\-no\\-era\\-penal\\-referee\\-retires\\-sport\\-290220 \\|work\\=\\[\\[IBT Media\\#Brands\\|Latin Times]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[IBT Media]] \\|date\\=23 January 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2015}}", "" ]
Construction ------------ [thumb\|Trench construction diagram from a 1914 British infantry manual](/wiki/File:Trench_construction_diagram_1914.png "Trench construction diagram 1914.png") [thumb\|[Indian](/wiki/British_Raj "British Raj") infantry digging trenches, [Fauquissart](/wiki/Fauquissart "Fauquissart"), France, 9 August 1915\.](/wiki/File:Indian_infantry_digging_trenches_Fauquissart%2C_France_%28Photo_24-299%29.jpg "Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg") [thumb\|Soldiers training in trench warfare, with well\-defined fire bays connected by offset traverse trenches, with zigzag communication trenches leading to the rear area](/wiki/File:Trench_warfare.png "Trench warfare.png") {{Blockquote \| Trenches were longer, deeper, and better defended by steel, concrete, and barbed wire than ever before. They were far stronger and more effective than chains of forts, for they formed a continuous network, sometimes with four or five parallel lines linked by interfacings. They were dug far below the surface of the earth out of reach of the heaviest artillery....Grand battles with the old maneuvers were out of the question. Only by bombardment, sapping, and assault could the enemy be shaken, and such operations had to be conducted on an immense scale to produce appreciable results. Indeed, it is questionable whether the German lines in France could ever have been broken if the Germans had not wasted their resources in unsuccessful assaults, and the blockade by sea had not gradually cut off their supplies. In such warfare no single general could strike a blow that would make him immortal; the "glory of fighting" sank down into the dirt and mire of trenches and dugouts. \| \[\[James Harvey Robinson]] and \[\[Charles A. Beard]] \| The Development Of Modern Europe Volume II The Merging Of European Into World History\[https://archive.org/details/developmentofmod007381mbp James Harvey Robinson and Charles A. Beard, ''The Development Of Modern Europe Volume II The Merging Of European Into World History'' (1930\) pp 324–25] }} Early World War I trenches were simple. They lacked [traverses](/wiki/Traverse_%28trench_warfare%29 "Traverse (trench warfare)"), and according to pre\-war doctrine were to be packed with men fighting shoulder to shoulder. This doctrine led to heavy casualties from artillery fire. This vulnerability, and the length of the front to be defended, soon led to frontline trenches being held by fewer men. The defenders augmented the trenches themselves with barbed wire strung in front to impede movement; wiring parties went out every night to repair and improve these forward defences.{{sfn\|Griffith\|2004\|pp\=10–11}} The small, improvised trenches of the first few months grew deeper and more complex, gradually becoming vast areas of interlocking defensive works. They resisted both artillery bombardment and mass infantry assault. Shell\-proof dugouts became a high priority.{{sfn\|Griffith\|2004\|p\=11}} [thumb\|upright\|left\|A trench of the Änäkäinen fortification in [Lieksa](/wiki/Lieksa "Lieksa"), [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland")](/wiki/File:%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_5.jpg "Энякяинен 5.jpg") A well\-developed trench had to be at least {{convert\|2\.5\|m\|ft\|abbr\=on\|0}} deep to allow men to walk upright and still be protected. There were three standard ways to dig a trench: entrenching, sapping, and [tunneling](/wiki/Tunnel_warfare "Tunnel warfare"). Entrenching, where a man would stand on the surface and dig downwards, was most efficient, as it allowed a large digging party to dig the full length of the trench simultaneously. However, entrenching left the diggers exposed above ground and hence could only be carried out when free of observation, such as in a rear area or at night. [Sapping](/wiki/Sapping "Sapping") involved extending the trench by digging away at the end face. The diggers were not exposed, but only one or two men could work on the trench at a time. Tunnelling was like sapping except that a "roof" of soil was left in place while the trench line was established and then removed when the trench was ready to be occupied. The guidelines for British trench construction stated that it would take 450 men 6 hours at night to complete {{convert\|250\|m\|yd\|abbr\=on}} of front\-line trench system. Thereafter, the trench would require constant maintenance to prevent deterioration caused by weather or shelling. Trenchmen were a specialized unit of trench excavators and repairmen. They usually dug or repaired in groups of four with an escort of two armed soldiers. Trenchmen were armed with one [1911 semi\-automatic pistol](/wiki/M1911_pistol "M1911 pistol"), and were only utilized when either a new trench needed to be dug or expanded quickly, or when a trench was destroyed by artillery fire. Trenchmen were trained to dig with incredible speed; in a dig of three to six hours they could accomplish what would take a normal group of frontline infantry soldiers around two days. Trenchmen were usually looked down upon by fellow soldiers because they did not fight. They were usually called cowards because if they were attacked while digging, they would abandon the post and flee to safety. They were instructed to do this though because through the war there were only around 1,100 trained trenchmen. They were highly valued only by officers higher on the chain of command. ### Components [thumb\|left\|Breastwork "trench", Armentières, 1916](/wiki/File:Breastwork_trench_at_Armentieres_1916.jpg "Breastwork trench at Armentieres 1916.jpg") The banked earth on the lip of the trench facing the enemy was called the [parapet](/wiki/Parapet "Parapet") and had a fire step. The embanked rear lip of the trench was called the [parados](/wiki/Parados "Parados"), which protected the soldier's back from shells falling behind the trench. The sides of the trench were often revetted with [sandbags](/wiki/Sandbag "Sandbag"), [wire mesh](/wiki/Wire_mesh "Wire mesh"), wooden frames and sometimes roofs.{{Cite web \|title\=Trench Warfare Life in the trenches,1914\-1918 \|url\=https://www.theworldwar.org/learn/about\-wwi/trench\-warfare \|access\-date\=April 15, 2024 \|website\=The World War}} The floor of the trench was usually covered by wooden [duckboards](/wiki/Duckboards "Duckboards"). In later designs the floor might be raised on a wooden frame to provide a drainage channel underneath. Due to the substantial casualties taken from indirect fire, some trenches were reinforced with corrugated metal roofs over the top as an improvised defence from shrapnel.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.history\-of\-american\-wars.com/world\-war\-1\-trenches.html/ \|title\=World War 1 Trenches, 1914\-1918 \|access\-date\=11 March 2023 \|archive\-date\=11 March 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311195637/http://www.history\-of\-american\-wars.com/world\-war\-1\-trenches.html \|url\-status\=dead }} The static movement of trench warfare and a need for protection from [snipers](/wiki/Sniper "Sniper") created a requirement for [loopholes](/wiki/Loophole_%28firearm%29 "Loophole (firearm)") both for discharging firearms and for observation.[Trench Loopholes, Le Linge](https://ww1revisited.com/2014/03/16/trench-loopholes-le-linge/) Often a steel plate was used with a "keyhole", which had a rotating piece to cover the loophole when not in use. German snipers used armour\-piercing bullets that allowed them to penetrate loopholes. Another means to see over the parapet was the [trench periscope](/wiki/Periscope "Periscope") – in its simplest form, just a stick with two angled pieces of mirror at the top and bottom. A number of armies made use of the [periscope rifle](/wiki/Periscope_rifle "Periscope rifle"), which enabled soldiers to snipe at the enemy without exposing themselves over the parapet, although at the cost of reduced shooting accuracy. The device is most associated with Australian and New Zealand troops at Gallipoli, where the [Turks](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") held the high ground. [thumb\|upright\=.8\|[Australian light horseman](/wiki/Australian_light_horse "Australian light horse") using a [periscope rifle](/wiki/Periscope_rifle "Periscope rifle"), Gallipoli 1915](/wiki/File:Periscope_rifle_Gallipoli_1915.jpg "Periscope rifle Gallipoli 1915.jpg") [Dugouts](/wiki/Dugout_%28military%29 "Dugout (military)") of varying degrees of comfort were built in the rear of the support trench. British dugouts were usually {{convert\|2\.5\|to\|5\|m\|ft\|abbr\=on\|0}} deep. The Germans, who had based their knowledge on studies of the [Russo\-Japanese War](/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War "Russo-Japanese War"),{{harvnb\|Keegan\|1999\|p\=179}}. made something of a science out of designing and constructing defensive works. They used reinforced concrete to construct deep, shell\-proof, ventilated dugouts, as well as strategic strongpoints. German dugouts were typically much deeper, usually a minimum of {{convert\|12\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip\|0}} deep and sometimes dug three stories down, with concrete staircases to reach the upper levels. ### Layout Trenches were never straight but were dug in a [zigzagging](/wiki/Zigzag "Zigzag") or stepped pattern, with all straight sections generally kept less than a dozen metres. Later, this evolved to have the combat trenches broken into distinct [fire bays](/wiki/wikt:Fire_bay "Fire bay") connected by traverses. While this isolated the view of friendly soldiers along their own trench, this ensured the entire trench could not be [enfiladed](/wiki/Enfilade_and_defilade "Enfilade and defilade") if the enemy gained access at any one point; or if a bomb, grenade, or shell landed in the trench, the blast could not travel far. [thumb\|left\|Aerial view of opposing trench lines between Loos and Hulluch, July 1917\. German trenches at the right and bottom, British at the top\-left.](/wiki/File:Aerial_view_Loos-Hulluch_trench_system_July_1917.jpg "Aerial view Loos-Hulluch trench system July 1917.jpg") Very early in the war, British defensive doctrine suggested a main trench system of three parallel lines, interconnected by communications trenches. The point at which a communications trench intersected the front trench was of critical importance, and it was usually heavily fortified. The front trench was lightly garrisoned and typically occupied in force only during "stand to" at dawn and dusk. Between {{convert\|70\|and\|100\|yd\|m\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip\|round\=5}} behind the front trench was located the support (or "travel") trench, to which the garrison would retreat when the front trench was bombarded. Between {{convert\|100\|and\|300\|yd\|m\|order\=flip\|\-1}} further to the rear was located the third reserve trench, where the reserve troops could amass for a counter\-attack if the front trenches were captured. This defensive layout was soon rendered obsolete as the power of artillery grew; however, in certain sectors of the front, the support trench was maintained as a decoy to attract the enemy bombardment away from the front and reserve lines. Fires were lit in the support line to make it appear inhabited and any damage done immediately repaired. Temporary trenches were also built. When a major attack was planned, assembly trenches would be dug near the front trench. These were used to provide a sheltered place for the waves of attacking troops who would follow the first waves leaving from the front trench. "Saps" were temporary, unmanned, often dead\-end utility trenches dug out into no\-man's land. They fulfilled a variety of purposes, such as connecting the front trench to a listening post close to the enemy wire or providing an advance "jumping\-off" line for a surprise attack. When one side's front line bulged towards the opposition, a [salient](/wiki/Salient_%28military%29 "Salient (military)") was formed. The concave trench line facing the salient was called a "re\-entrant." Large salients were perilous for their occupants because they could be assailed from three sides. Behind the front system of trenches there were usually at least two more partially prepared trench systems, kilometres to the rear, ready to be occupied in the event of a retreat. The Germans often prepared multiple redundant trench systems; in 1916 their [Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme "Battle of the Somme") front featured two complete trench systems, one kilometre apart, with a third partially completed system a further kilometre behind. This duplication made a decisive breakthrough virtually impossible. In the event that a section of the first trench system was captured, a "switch" trench would be dug to connect the second trench system to the still\-held section of the first. ### Wire [thumb\|left\|American soldiers struggle to pass multiple lines of barbed wire](/wiki/File:The_people%27s_war_book%3B_history%2C_cyclopaedia_and_chronology_of_the_great_world_war_%281919%29_%2814781623592%29.jpg "The people's war book; history, cyclopaedia and chronology of the great world war (1919) (14781623592).jpg") The use of lines of [barbed wire](/wiki/Barbed_wire "Barbed wire"), [razor wire](/wiki/Razor_wire "Razor wire"), and other [wire obstacles](/wiki/Wire_obstacle "Wire obstacle"), in belts {{convert\|15\|m\|ft\|abbr\=on}} deep or more, is effective in stalling infantry travelling across the battlefield. Although the barbs or razors might cause minor injuries, the purpose was to entangle the limbs of enemy soldiers, forcing them to stop and methodically pull or work the wire off, likely taking several seconds, or even longer. This is deadly when the wire is emplaced at points of maximum exposure to concentrated enemy firepower, in plain sight of enemy fire bays and machine guns. The combination of wire and firepower was the cause of most failed attacks in trench warfare and their very high casualties. [Liddell Hart](/wiki/Liddell_Hart "Liddell Hart") identified barbed wire and the machine gun as the elements that had to be broken to regain a mobile battlefield. A basic wire line could be created by draping several strands of barbed wire between wooden posts driven into the ground. Loose lines of wire can be more effective in entangling than tight ones, and it was common to use the coils of barbed wire as delivered only partially stretched out, called [concertina wire](/wiki/Concertina_wire "Concertina wire"). Placing and repairing wire in [no man's land](/wiki/No_man%27s_land "No man's land") relied on stealth, usually done at night by special [wiring parties](/wiki/Wiring_party "Wiring party"), who could also be tasked with secretly sabotaging enemy wires. The [screw picket](/wiki/Screw_picket "Screw picket"), invented by the [Germans](/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire") and later adopted by the [Allies](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I "Allies of World War I") during the war, was quieter than driving stakes. Wire often stretched the entire length of a battlefield's trench line, in multiple lines, sometimes covering a depth {{convert\|30\|m\|ft\|\-1}} or more. Methods to defeat it were rudimentary. Prolonged artillery bombardment could damage them, but not reliably. The first soldier meeting the wire could jump onto the top of it, hopefully depressing it enough for those that followed to get over him; this still took at least one soldier out of action for each line of wire. In World War I, British and Commonwealth forces relied on [wire cutters](/wiki/Wire_cutter "Wire cutter"), which proved unable to cope with the heavier gauge German wire. The [Bangalore torpedo](/wiki/Bangalore_torpedo "Bangalore torpedo") was adopted by many armies, and continued in use past the end of World War II."Bangalore torpedo", in Fitzsimons, Bernard, editor, *Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare* (London: Phoebus Publishing Company 1977\), Volume 3, p. 269\. The barbed wire used differed between nations; the German wire was heavier gauge, and British wire cutters, designed for the thinner native product, were unable to cut it.*Canada's Army*, p. 79\. ### Geography The confined, static, and subterranean nature of trench warfare resulted in it developing its own peculiar form of [geography](/wiki/Geography "Geography"). In the forward zone, the conventional transport infrastructure of roads and rail were replaced by the network of trenches and [trench railways](/wiki/Trench_railways "Trench railways"). The critical advantage that could be gained by holding the high ground meant that minor hills and ridges gained enormous significance. Many slight hills and valleys were so subtle as to have been nameless until the front line encroached upon them. Some hills were named for their height in metres, such as [Hill 60](/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_60_%28Western_Front%29 "Battle of Hill 60 (Western Front)"). A farmhouse, windmill, quarry, or copse of trees would become the focus of a determined struggle simply because it was the largest identifiable feature. However, it would not take the artillery long to obliterate it, so that thereafter it became just a name on a map. The battlefield of [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders "Flanders") presented numerous problems for the practice of trench warfare, especially for the Allied forces, mainly British and Canadians, who were often compelled to occupy the low ground. Heavy shelling quickly destroyed the network of ditches and water channels which had previously drained this low\-lying area of Belgium. In most places, the [water table](/wiki/Water_table "Water table") was only a metre or so below the surface, meaning that any trench dug in the ground would quickly flood. Consequently, many "trenches" in Flanders were actually above ground and constructed from massive [breastworks](/wiki/Breastwork_%28fortification%29 "Breastwork (fortification)") of sandbags filled with clay. Initially, both the parapet and parados of the trench were built in this way, but a later technique was to dispense with the parados for much of the trench line, thus exposing the rear of the trench to fire from the reserve line in case the front was breached. [thumb\|right\|Soldiers in a trench on the Ortler, at an elevation of {{convert\|3850\|m\|ft}} (1917\).](/wiki/File:1917_ortler_vorgipfelstellung_3850_m_highest_trench_in_history_of_first_world_war.jpg "1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg") In the [Alps](/wiki/Alps "Alps"), trench warfare even stretched onto vertical slopes and deep into the mountains, to heights of {{convert\|3900\|m\|ft\|abbr\=on}} above sea level. The [Ortler](/wiki/Ortler "Ortler") had an artillery position on its summit near the front line. The trench\-line management and trench profiles had to be adapted to the rough terrain, hard rock, and harsh weather conditions. Many trench systems were constructed within glaciers such as the [Adamello\-Presanella](/wiki/Adamello-Presanella "Adamello-Presanella") group or the famous city below the ice on the [Marmolada](/wiki/Marmolada "Marmolada") in the [Dolomites](/wiki/Dolomites "Dolomites"). ### Observation Observing the enemy in trench warfare was difficult, prompting the invention of technology such as the [camouflage tree](/wiki/Camouflage_tree "Camouflage tree").{{Cite web \|title\=The Journey Of The Camouflage Tree \|url\=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the\-journey\-of\-the\-camouflage\-tree \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-22 \|website\=Imperial War Museums \|language\=en}}
[ "Construction\n------------", "[thumb\\|Trench construction diagram from a 1914 British infantry manual](/wiki/File:Trench_construction_diagram_1914.png \"Trench construction diagram 1914.png\")\n[thumb\\|[Indian](/wiki/British_Raj \"British Raj\") infantry digging trenches, [Fauquissart](/wiki/Fauquissart \"Fauquissart\"), France, 9 August 1915\\.](/wiki/File:Indian_infantry_digging_trenches_Fauquissart%2C_France_%28Photo_24-299%29.jpg \"Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Soldiers training in trench warfare, with well\\-defined fire bays connected by offset traverse trenches, with zigzag communication trenches leading to the rear area](/wiki/File:Trench_warfare.png \"Trench warfare.png\")\n{{Blockquote\n\\| Trenches were longer, deeper, and better defended by steel, concrete, and barbed wire than ever before. They were far stronger and more effective than chains of forts, for they formed a continuous network, sometimes with four or five parallel lines linked by interfacings. They were dug far below the surface of the earth out of reach of the heaviest artillery....Grand battles with the old maneuvers were out of the question. Only by bombardment, sapping, and assault could the enemy be shaken, and such operations had to be conducted on an immense scale to produce appreciable results. Indeed, it is questionable whether the German lines in France could ever have been broken if the Germans had not wasted their resources in unsuccessful assaults, and the blockade by sea had not gradually cut off their supplies. In such warfare no single general could strike a blow that would make him immortal; the \"glory of fighting\" sank down into the dirt and mire of trenches and dugouts.\n\\| \\[\\[James Harvey Robinson]] and \\[\\[Charles A. Beard]]\n\\| The Development Of Modern Europe Volume II The Merging Of European Into World History\\[https://archive.org/details/developmentofmod007381mbp James Harvey Robinson and Charles A. Beard, ''The Development Of Modern Europe Volume II The Merging Of European Into World History'' (1930\\) pp 324–25]\n}}", "Early World War I trenches were simple. They lacked [traverses](/wiki/Traverse_%28trench_warfare%29 \"Traverse (trench warfare)\"), and according to pre\\-war doctrine were to be packed with men fighting shoulder to shoulder. This doctrine led to heavy casualties from artillery fire. This vulnerability, and the length of the front to be defended, soon led to frontline trenches being held by fewer men. The defenders augmented the trenches themselves with barbed wire strung in front to impede movement; wiring parties went out every night to repair and improve these forward defences.{{sfn\\|Griffith\\|2004\\|pp\\=10–11}}", "The small, improvised trenches of the first few months grew deeper and more complex, gradually becoming vast areas of interlocking defensive works. They resisted both artillery bombardment and mass infantry assault. Shell\\-proof dugouts became a high priority.{{sfn\\|Griffith\\|2004\\|p\\=11}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|A trench of the Änäkäinen fortification in [Lieksa](/wiki/Lieksa \"Lieksa\"), [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\")](/wiki/File:%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_5.jpg \"Энякяинен 5.jpg\")\nA well\\-developed trench had to be at least {{convert\\|2\\.5\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on\\|0}} deep to allow men to walk upright and still be protected.", "There were three standard ways to dig a trench: entrenching, sapping, and [tunneling](/wiki/Tunnel_warfare \"Tunnel warfare\"). Entrenching, where a man would stand on the surface and dig downwards, was most efficient, as it allowed a large digging party to dig the full length of the trench simultaneously. However, entrenching left the diggers exposed above ground and hence could only be carried out when free of observation, such as in a rear area or at night. [Sapping](/wiki/Sapping \"Sapping\") involved extending the trench by digging away at the end face. The diggers were not exposed, but only one or two men could work on the trench at a time. Tunnelling was like sapping except that a \"roof\" of soil was left in place while the trench line was established and then removed when the trench was ready to be occupied. The guidelines for British trench construction stated that it would take 450 men 6 hours at night to complete {{convert\\|250\\|m\\|yd\\|abbr\\=on}} of front\\-line trench system. Thereafter, the trench would require constant maintenance to prevent deterioration caused by weather or shelling.", "Trenchmen were a specialized unit of trench excavators and repairmen. They usually dug or repaired in groups of four with an escort of two armed soldiers. Trenchmen were armed with one [1911 semi\\-automatic pistol](/wiki/M1911_pistol \"M1911 pistol\"), and were only utilized when either a new trench needed to be dug or expanded quickly, or when a trench was destroyed by artillery fire. Trenchmen were trained to dig with incredible speed; in a dig of three to six hours they could accomplish what would take a normal group of frontline infantry soldiers around two days. Trenchmen were usually looked down upon by fellow soldiers because they did not fight. They were usually called cowards because if they were attacked while digging, they would abandon the post and flee to safety. They were instructed to do this though because through the war there were only around 1,100 trained trenchmen. They were highly valued only by officers higher on the chain of command.", "### Components", "[thumb\\|left\\|Breastwork \"trench\", Armentières, 1916](/wiki/File:Breastwork_trench_at_Armentieres_1916.jpg \"Breastwork trench at Armentieres 1916.jpg\")", "The banked earth on the lip of the trench facing the enemy was called the [parapet](/wiki/Parapet \"Parapet\") and had a fire step. The embanked rear lip of the trench was called the [parados](/wiki/Parados \"Parados\"), which protected the soldier's back from shells falling behind the trench. The sides of the trench were often revetted with [sandbags](/wiki/Sandbag \"Sandbag\"), [wire mesh](/wiki/Wire_mesh \"Wire mesh\"), wooden frames and sometimes roofs.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Trench Warfare Life in the trenches,1914\\-1918 \\|url\\=https://www.theworldwar.org/learn/about\\-wwi/trench\\-warfare \\|access\\-date\\=April 15, 2024 \\|website\\=The World War}} The floor of the trench was usually covered by wooden [duckboards](/wiki/Duckboards \"Duckboards\"). In later designs the floor might be raised on a wooden frame to provide a drainage channel underneath. Due to the substantial casualties taken from indirect fire, some trenches were reinforced with corrugated metal roofs over the top as an improvised defence from shrapnel.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.history\\-of\\-american\\-wars.com/world\\-war\\-1\\-trenches.html/ \\|title\\=World War 1 Trenches, 1914\\-1918 \\|access\\-date\\=11 March 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 March 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311195637/http://www.history\\-of\\-american\\-wars.com/world\\-war\\-1\\-trenches.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "The static movement of trench warfare and a need for protection from [snipers](/wiki/Sniper \"Sniper\") created a requirement for [loopholes](/wiki/Loophole_%28firearm%29 \"Loophole (firearm)\") both for discharging firearms and for observation.[Trench Loopholes, Le Linge](https://ww1revisited.com/2014/03/16/trench-loopholes-le-linge/) Often a steel plate was used with a \"keyhole\", which had a rotating piece to cover the loophole when not in use. German snipers used armour\\-piercing bullets that allowed them to penetrate loopholes. Another means to see over the parapet was the [trench periscope](/wiki/Periscope \"Periscope\") – in its simplest form, just a stick with two angled pieces of mirror at the top and bottom. A number of armies made use of the [periscope rifle](/wiki/Periscope_rifle \"Periscope rifle\"), which enabled soldiers to snipe at the enemy without exposing themselves over the parapet, although at the cost of reduced shooting accuracy. The device is most associated with Australian and New Zealand troops at Gallipoli, where the [Turks](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\") held the high ground.", "[thumb\\|upright\\=.8\\|[Australian light horseman](/wiki/Australian_light_horse \"Australian light horse\") using a [periscope rifle](/wiki/Periscope_rifle \"Periscope rifle\"), Gallipoli 1915](/wiki/File:Periscope_rifle_Gallipoli_1915.jpg \"Periscope rifle Gallipoli 1915.jpg\")\n[Dugouts](/wiki/Dugout_%28military%29 \"Dugout (military)\") of varying degrees of comfort were built in the rear of the support trench. British dugouts were usually {{convert\\|2\\.5\\|to\\|5\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on\\|0}} deep. The Germans, who had based their knowledge on studies of the [Russo\\-Japanese War](/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War \"Russo-Japanese War\"),{{harvnb\\|Keegan\\|1999\\|p\\=179}}. made something of a science out of designing and constructing defensive works. They used reinforced concrete to construct deep, shell\\-proof, ventilated dugouts, as well as strategic strongpoints. German dugouts were typically much deeper, usually a minimum of {{convert\\|12\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip\\|0}} deep and sometimes dug three stories down, with concrete staircases to reach the upper levels.", "### Layout", "Trenches were never straight but were dug in a [zigzagging](/wiki/Zigzag \"Zigzag\") or stepped pattern, with all straight sections generally kept less than a dozen metres. Later, this evolved to have the combat trenches broken into distinct [fire bays](/wiki/wikt:Fire_bay \"Fire bay\") connected by traverses. While this isolated the view of friendly soldiers along their own trench, this ensured the entire trench could not be [enfiladed](/wiki/Enfilade_and_defilade \"Enfilade and defilade\") if the enemy gained access at any one point; or if a bomb, grenade, or shell landed in the trench, the blast could not travel far.", "[thumb\\|left\\|Aerial view of opposing trench lines between Loos and Hulluch, July 1917\\. German trenches at the right and bottom, British at the top\\-left.](/wiki/File:Aerial_view_Loos-Hulluch_trench_system_July_1917.jpg \"Aerial view Loos-Hulluch trench system July 1917.jpg\")\nVery early in the war, British defensive doctrine suggested a main trench system of three parallel lines, interconnected by communications trenches. The point at which a communications trench intersected the front trench was of critical importance, and it was usually heavily fortified. The front trench was lightly garrisoned and typically occupied in force only during \"stand to\" at dawn and dusk. Between {{convert\\|70\\|and\\|100\\|yd\\|m\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip\\|round\\=5}} behind the front trench was located the support (or \"travel\") trench, to which the garrison would retreat when the front trench was bombarded.", "Between {{convert\\|100\\|and\\|300\\|yd\\|m\\|order\\=flip\\|\\-1}} further to the rear was located the third reserve trench, where the reserve troops could amass for a counter\\-attack if the front trenches were captured. This defensive layout was soon rendered obsolete as the power of artillery grew; however, in certain sectors of the front, the support trench was maintained as a decoy to attract the enemy bombardment away from the front and reserve lines. Fires were lit in the support line to make it appear inhabited and any damage done immediately repaired.", "Temporary trenches were also built. When a major attack was planned, assembly trenches would be dug near the front trench. These were used to provide a sheltered place for the waves of attacking troops who would follow the first waves leaving from the front trench. \"Saps\" were temporary, unmanned, often dead\\-end utility trenches dug out into no\\-man's land. They fulfilled a variety of purposes, such as connecting the front trench to a listening post close to the enemy wire or providing an advance \"jumping\\-off\" line for a surprise attack. When one side's front line bulged towards the opposition, a [salient](/wiki/Salient_%28military%29 \"Salient (military)\") was formed. The concave trench line facing the salient was called a \"re\\-entrant.\" Large salients were perilous for their occupants because they could be assailed from three sides.", "Behind the front system of trenches there were usually at least two more partially prepared trench systems, kilometres to the rear, ready to be occupied in the event of a retreat. The Germans often prepared multiple redundant trench systems; in 1916 their [Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme \"Battle of the Somme\") front featured two complete trench systems, one kilometre apart, with a third partially completed system a further kilometre behind. This duplication made a decisive breakthrough virtually impossible. In the event that a section of the first trench system was captured, a \"switch\" trench would be dug to connect the second trench system to the still\\-held section of the first.", "### Wire", "[thumb\\|left\\|American soldiers struggle to pass multiple lines of barbed wire](/wiki/File:The_people%27s_war_book%3B_history%2C_cyclopaedia_and_chronology_of_the_great_world_war_%281919%29_%2814781623592%29.jpg \"The people's war book; history, cyclopaedia and chronology of the great world war (1919) (14781623592).jpg\")", "The use of lines of [barbed wire](/wiki/Barbed_wire \"Barbed wire\"), [razor wire](/wiki/Razor_wire \"Razor wire\"), and other [wire obstacles](/wiki/Wire_obstacle \"Wire obstacle\"), in belts {{convert\\|15\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on}} deep or more, is effective in stalling infantry travelling across the battlefield. Although the barbs or razors might cause minor injuries, the purpose was to entangle the limbs of enemy soldiers, forcing them to stop and methodically pull or work the wire off, likely taking several seconds, or even longer. This is deadly when the wire is emplaced at points of maximum exposure to concentrated enemy firepower, in plain sight of enemy fire bays and machine guns. The combination of wire and firepower was the cause of most failed attacks in trench warfare and their very high casualties. [Liddell Hart](/wiki/Liddell_Hart \"Liddell Hart\") identified barbed wire and the machine gun as the elements that had to be broken to regain a mobile battlefield.", "A basic wire line could be created by draping several strands of barbed wire between wooden posts driven into the ground. Loose lines of wire can be more effective in entangling than tight ones, and it was common to use the coils of barbed wire as delivered only partially stretched out, called [concertina wire](/wiki/Concertina_wire \"Concertina wire\"). Placing and repairing wire in [no man's land](/wiki/No_man%27s_land \"No man's land\") relied on stealth, usually done at night by special [wiring parties](/wiki/Wiring_party \"Wiring party\"), who could also be tasked with secretly sabotaging enemy wires. The [screw picket](/wiki/Screw_picket \"Screw picket\"), invented by the [Germans](/wiki/German_Empire \"German Empire\") and later adopted by the [Allies](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I \"Allies of World War I\") during the war, was quieter than driving stakes. Wire often stretched the entire length of a battlefield's trench line, in multiple lines, sometimes covering a depth {{convert\\|30\\|m\\|ft\\|\\-1}} or more.", "Methods to defeat it were rudimentary. Prolonged artillery bombardment could damage them, but not reliably. The first soldier meeting the wire could jump onto the top of it, hopefully depressing it enough for those that followed to get over him; this still took at least one soldier out of action for each line of wire. In World War I, British and Commonwealth forces relied on [wire cutters](/wiki/Wire_cutter \"Wire cutter\"), which proved unable to cope with the heavier gauge German wire. The [Bangalore torpedo](/wiki/Bangalore_torpedo \"Bangalore torpedo\") was adopted by many armies, and continued in use past the end of World War II.\"Bangalore torpedo\", in Fitzsimons, Bernard, editor, *Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare* (London: Phoebus Publishing Company 1977\\), Volume 3, p. 269\\.", "The barbed wire used differed between nations; the German wire was heavier gauge, and British wire cutters, designed for the thinner native product, were unable to cut it.*Canada's Army*, p. 79\\.", "### Geography", "The confined, static, and subterranean nature of trench warfare resulted in it developing its own peculiar form of [geography](/wiki/Geography \"Geography\"). In the forward zone, the conventional transport infrastructure of roads and rail were replaced by the network of trenches and [trench railways](/wiki/Trench_railways \"Trench railways\"). The critical advantage that could be gained by holding the high ground meant that minor hills and ridges gained enormous significance. Many slight hills and valleys were so subtle as to have been nameless until the front line encroached upon them. Some hills were named for their height in metres, such as [Hill 60](/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_60_%28Western_Front%29 \"Battle of Hill 60 (Western Front)\"). A farmhouse, windmill, quarry, or copse of trees would become the focus of a determined struggle simply because it was the largest identifiable feature. However, it would not take the artillery long to obliterate it, so that thereafter it became just a name on a map.", "The battlefield of [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders \"Flanders\") presented numerous problems for the practice of trench warfare, especially for the Allied forces, mainly British and Canadians, who were often compelled to occupy the low ground. Heavy shelling quickly destroyed the network of ditches and water channels which had previously drained this low\\-lying area of Belgium. In most places, the [water table](/wiki/Water_table \"Water table\") was only a metre or so below the surface, meaning that any trench dug in the ground would quickly flood. Consequently, many \"trenches\" in Flanders were actually above ground and constructed from massive [breastworks](/wiki/Breastwork_%28fortification%29 \"Breastwork (fortification)\") of sandbags filled with clay. Initially, both the parapet and parados of the trench were built in this way, but a later technique was to dispense with the parados for much of the trench line, thus exposing the rear of the trench to fire from the reserve line in case the front was breached.", "[thumb\\|right\\|Soldiers in a trench on the Ortler, at an elevation of {{convert\\|3850\\|m\\|ft}} (1917\\).](/wiki/File:1917_ortler_vorgipfelstellung_3850_m_highest_trench_in_history_of_first_world_war.jpg \"1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg\")\nIn the [Alps](/wiki/Alps \"Alps\"), trench warfare even stretched onto vertical slopes and deep into the mountains, to heights of {{convert\\|3900\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on}} above sea level. The [Ortler](/wiki/Ortler \"Ortler\") had an artillery position on its summit near the front line. The trench\\-line management and trench profiles had to be adapted to the rough terrain, hard rock, and harsh weather conditions. Many trench systems were constructed within glaciers such as the [Adamello\\-Presanella](/wiki/Adamello-Presanella \"Adamello-Presanella\") group or the famous city below the ice on the [Marmolada](/wiki/Marmolada \"Marmolada\") in the [Dolomites](/wiki/Dolomites \"Dolomites\").", "### Observation", "Observing the enemy in trench warfare was difficult, prompting the invention of technology such as the [camouflage tree](/wiki/Camouflage_tree \"Camouflage tree\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Journey Of The Camouflage Tree \\|url\\=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the\\-journey\\-of\\-the\\-camouflage\\-tree \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-22 \\|website\\=Imperial War Museums \\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
Weaponry -------- ### Infantry weapons and machine guns {{Main\|List of infantry weapons of World War I}} [thumb\|upright\=0\.5\|left\|British [Mills bomb](/wiki/Mills_bomb "Mills bomb") N°23 Mk II, with rod for launch by rifle](/wiki/File:N%C2%B023_MkII-Version_Fusil.jpg "N°23 MkII-Version Fusil.jpg") At the start of the First World War, the standard [infantry](/wiki/Infantry "Infantry") soldier's primary weapons were the [rifle](/wiki/Rifle "Rifle") and [bayonet](/wiki/Bayonet "Bayonet"); other weapons got less attention. Especially for the British, what [hand grenades](/wiki/Hand_grenade "Hand grenade") were issued tended to be few in numbers and less effective. This emphasis began to shift as soon as trench warfare began; militaries rushed improved grenades into mass production, including [rifle grenades](/wiki/Rifle_grenade "Rifle grenade"). The hand grenade came to be one of the primary infantry weapons of trench warfare. Both sides were quick to raise specialist grenadier groups. The grenade enabled a soldier to engage the enemy without exposing himself to fire, and it did not require precise accuracy to kill or maim. Another benefit was that if a soldier could get close enough to the trenches, enemies hiding in trenches could be attacked. The Germans and Turks were well equipped with grenades from the start of the war, but the British, who had ceased using grenadiers in the 1870s and did not anticipate a siege war, entered the conflict with virtually none, so soldiers had to improvise bombs with whatever was available (see [Jam Tin Grenade](/wiki/Jam_Tin_Grenade "Jam Tin Grenade")). By late 1915, the British [Mills bomb](/wiki/Mills_bomb "Mills bomb") had entered wide circulation, and by the end of the war 75 million had been used. Since the troops were often not adequately equipped for trench warfare, improvised weapons were common in the first encounters, such as [short wooden clubs and metal maces](/wiki/Trench_raiding_club "Trench raiding club"), [spears](/wiki/Spear "Spear"), [hatchets](/wiki/Hatchet "Hatchet"), [hammers](/wiki/Hammer "Hammer"), [entrenching tools](/wiki/Entrenching_tool "Entrenching tool"), as well as [trench knives](/wiki/Trench_knives "Trench knives") and [brass knuckles](/wiki/Brass_knuckles "Brass knuckles"). According to the semi\-biographical war novel *[All Quiet on the Western Front](/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front "All Quiet on the Western Front")*, many soldiers preferred to use a sharpened [spade](/wiki/Entrenching_tool "Entrenching tool") as an improvised melee weapon instead of the bayonet, as the bayonet tended to get "stuck" in stabbed opponents, rendering it useless in heated battle. The shorter length also made them easier to use in the confined quarters of the trenches. These tools could then be used to dig in after they had taken a trench. Modern military digging tools are as a rule designed to also function as a melee weapon. As the war progressed, better equipment was issued, and improvised arms were discarded. [thumb\|Various trench weapons used by British and Canadian soldiers in WWI on display at the [Canadian War Museum](/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum "Canadian War Museum")](/wiki/File:Wwitrenchweapons.JPG "Wwitrenchweapons.JPG") [thumb\|upright\=1\.0\|French soldiers with a [Sauterelle](/wiki/Sauterelle "Sauterelle") bomb\-throwing [crossbow](/wiki/Crossbow "Crossbow"), c. 1915](/wiki/File:Sauterelle_1915.jpg "Sauterelle 1915.jpg") A specialised group of fighters called *trench sweepers* (*Nettoyeurs de Tranchées* or *Zigouilleurs*) evolved to fight within the trenches. They cleared surviving enemy personnel from recently overrun trenches and made clandestine raids into enemy trenches to gather intelligence. Volunteers for this dangerous work were often exempted from participation in frontal assaults over open ground and from routine work like filling sandbags, draining trenches, and repairing barbed wire in no\-man's land. When allowed to choose their own weapons, many selected grenades, knives and pistols. [FN M1900](/wiki/FN_M1900 "FN M1900") pistols were highly regarded for this work, but never available in adequate quantities. [Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless](/wiki/Colt_Model_1903_Pocket_Hammerless "Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless"), [Savage Model 1907](/wiki/Savage_Model_1907 "Savage Model 1907"), [Star Bonifacio Echeverria](/wiki/Star_Bonifacio_Echeverria "Star Bonifacio Echeverria") and [Ruby pistols](/wiki/Ruby_pistol "Ruby pistol") were widely used.Vanderlinden, Anthony *[American Rifleman](/wiki/American_Rifleman "American Rifleman")* (October 2008\) pp. 91–120 Various mechanical devices were invented for throwing hand grenades into enemy trenches. The Germans used the *Wurfmaschine*, a spring\-powered device for throwing a hand grenade about {{convert\|200\|m\|yd\|abbr\=on}}.{{cite book \|title\=War on the Western Front: In the Trenches of World War I\|page\=201\|author\=Gary Sheffield\|publisher\=Osprey Publishing\|year\=2007\|isbn\=978\-1846032103 }} The French responded with the *[Sauterelle](/wiki/Sauterelle "Sauterelle")* and the British with the [Leach Trench Catapult](/wiki/Leach_Trench_Catapult "Leach Trench Catapult") and [West Spring Gun](/wiki/West_Spring_Gun "West Spring Gun") which had varying degrees of success and accuracy. By 1916, [catapult](/wiki/Catapult "Catapult") weapons were largely replaced by [rifle grenades](/wiki/Rifle_grenade "Rifle grenade") and [mortars](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 "Mortar (weapon)").{{cite book\|title\=The Encyclopædia Britannica: The New Volumes of the Period 1910 to 1921 Inclusive, Volume 1\|page\=470\|author\=Hugh Chisholm\|publisher\=Encyclopædia Britannica Company Limited\|year\=1922}} There is no wikilink available to the article "Bombthrowers" The Germans employed *Flammenwerfer* ([flamethrowers](/wiki/Flamethrower "Flamethrower")) during the war for the first time against the French on 25 June 1915, then against the British 30 July in Hooge. The technology was in its infancy, and use was not very common until the end of 1917 when portability and reliability were improved. It was used in more than 300 documented battles. By 1918, it became a weapon of choice for *[Stoßtruppen](/wiki/Stosstruppen "Stosstruppen")* (stormtroopers) with a team of six *Pioniere* ([combat engineers](/wiki/Combat_engineer "Combat engineer")) per squad. Used by American soldiers in the Western front, the [pump action](/wiki/Pump_action_shotgun "Pump action shotgun") [shotguns](/wiki/Shotgun "Shotgun") was a formidable weapon in short range combat, enough so that Germany lodged a formal protest against their use on 14 September 1918, stating "every prisoner found to have in his possession such guns or ammunition belonging thereto forfeits his life", though this threat was apparently never carried out. The U.S. military began to issue models specially modified for combat, called "trench guns", with shorter barrels, higher capacity magazines, no [choke](/wiki/Choke_%28firearms%29 "Choke (firearms)"), and often heat shields around the barrel, as well as lugs for the [M1917 bayonet](/wiki/M1917_bayonet "M1917 bayonet"). [Anzac](/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps "Australian and New Zealand Army Corps") and some British soldiers were also known to use [sawn\-off shotguns](/wiki/Sawn-off_shotgun "Sawn-off shotgun") in trench raids, because of their portability, effectiveness at close range, and ease of use in the confines of a trench. This practice was not officially sanctioned, and the shotguns used were invariably modified sporting guns. [thumb\|[Vickers machine gun](/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun "Vickers machine gun")](/wiki/File:Vickers_machine_gun_in_the_Battle_of_Passchendaele_-_September_1917.jpg "Vickers machine gun in the Battle of Passchendaele - September 1917.jpg") The Germans embraced the machine gun from the outset—in 1904, sixteen units were equipped with the 'Maschinengewehr'—and the machine gun crews were the elite infantry units; these units were attached to Jaeger (light infantry) battalions. By 1914, British infantry units were armed with two [Vickers machine guns](/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun "Vickers machine gun") per battalion; the Germans had six per battalion, and the Russians eight.{{cite journal \|last\=Jordan \|first\=Jonathan W. \| title\=Weaponry: Hiram Maxim's machine gun probably claimed more lives than any other weapon ever made \| journal\=Military History \| date\=November 1, 2002 \|volume\=19 \|issue\=4 \|page\=16 }} It would not be until 1917 that every infantry unit of the American forces carried at least one machine gun.{{cite book\|last\=John K. Mahon and Romana Danysh \|title\=Infantry Part I: Regular Army \|series\=Army Lineage Series \|publisher\=\[\[United States Army Center of Military History]] \|year\=1972 \|id\=LOC number: 74\-610219 \|url\=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/in/infantry.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301200342/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/in/infantry.htm \|archive\-date\=2010\-03\-01 }} After 1915, the [Maschinengewehr 08](/wiki/Maschinengewehr_08 "Maschinengewehr 08") was the standard issue German machine gun; its number "08/15" entered the German language as idiomatic for "dead plain". At [Gallipoli](/wiki/Gallipoli "Gallipoli") and in [Palestine](/wiki/Palestine_%28region%29 "Palestine (region)") the Turks provided the infantry, but it was usually Germans who manned the machine guns. The British High Command were less enthusiastic about machine guns, supposedly considering the weapon too "unsporting" and encouraging defensive fighting; and they lagged behind the Germans in adopting it. Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig is quoted as saying in 1915, "The machine gun is a much overrated weapon; two per battalion is more than sufficient".{{cite web\|url\=http://history.enotes.com/peoples\-chronology/year\-1916 \|title\=1916 \| Political Events: The People's Chronology \|access\-date\=2006\-06\-22 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117025055/http://history.enotes.com/peoples\-chronology/year\-1916 \|archive\-date\=2006\-11\-17 }} The defensive firepower of the machine gun was exemplified during the first day of the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme "Battle of the Somme") when 60,000 British soldiers were rendered casualties, "the great majority lost under withering machine gun fire".{{cite web\|author\=Saturday, 22 August 2009 Michael Duffy \|url\=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/machineguns.htm \|title\=Weapons of War: Machine Guns \|publisher\=First World War.com \|date\=2009\-08\-22 \|access\-date\=2013\-05\-23}} In 1915 the Machine Gun Corps was formed to train and provide sufficient heavy machine gun teams. It was the Canadians that made the best practice, pioneering [area denial](/wiki/Area_denial "Area denial") and [indirect fire](/wiki/Indirect_fire "Indirect fire") (soon adopted by all Allied armies) under the guidance of former French Army Reserve officer Major General [Raymond Brutinel](/wiki/Raymond_Brutinel "Raymond Brutinel"). Minutes before the attack on Vimy Ridge the Canadians thickened the artillery [barrage](/wiki/Barrage_%28artillery%29 "Barrage (artillery)") by aiming machine guns indirectly to deliver [plunging fire](/wiki/Plunging_fire "Plunging fire") on the Germans. They also significantly increased the number of machine guns per battalion. To match demand, production of the Vickers machine gun was contracted to firms in the United States. By 1917, every company in the British forces were also equipped with four [Lewis light machine guns](/wiki/Lewis_gun "Lewis gun"), which significantly enhanced their [firepower](/wiki/Firepower "Firepower"). The [heavy machine gun](/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun "Heavy machine gun") was a specialist weapon, and in a static trench system was employed in a scientific manner, with carefully calculated fields of fire, so that at a moment's notice an accurate burst could be fired at the enemy's parapet or a break in the wire. Equally it could be used as light artillery in bombarding distant trenches. Heavy machine guns required teams of up to eight men to move them, maintain them, and keep them supplied with ammunition. This made them impractical for offensive manoeuvres, contributing to the stalemate on the [Western Front](/wiki/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29 "Western Front (World War I)"). [thumb\|upright\|left\|German [stormtrooper](/wiki/Stormtroopers_%28Imperial_Germany%29 "Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany)") with [MP 18](/wiki/MP_18 "MP 18"), 1918](/wiki/File:France1918.jpg "France1918.jpg") One [machine gun nest](/wiki/Machine_gun_nest "Machine gun nest") was theoretically able to mow down hundreds of enemies charging in the open through [no man's land](/wiki/No_man%27s_land "No man's land"). However, while WWI machine guns were able to shoot hundreds of rounds per minute in theory, they were still prone to overheating and jamming, which often necessitated firing in short bursts.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/machineguns.htm\|title\=First World War.com – Weapons of War: Machine Guns\|website\=Firstworldwar.com\|access\-date\=12 November 2018}} However, their potential was increased significantly when emplaced behind multiple lines of barbed wire to slow any advancing enemy. In 1917 and 1918, new types of weapons were fielded. They changed the face of warfare tactics and were later employed during World War II. The French introduced the [CSRG 1915 Chauchat](/wiki/Chauchat "Chauchat") during Spring 1916 around the concept of "[walking fire](/wiki/Walking_fire "Walking fire")", employed in 1918 when 250,000 weapons were fielded. More than 80,000 of the best shooters received the semi\-automatic [RSC 1917](/wiki/Fusil_Automatique_Modele_1917 "Fusil Automatique Modele 1917") rifle, allowing them to rapid fire at waves of attacking soldiers. Firing ports were installed in the newly arrived [Renault FT](/wiki/Renault_FT "Renault FT") tanks. The French Army fielded a ground version of the [Hotchkiss Canon de 37 mm](/wiki/Hotchkiss_gun "Hotchkiss gun") used by the French Navy. It was primarily used to destroy German machine gun nests and concrete reinforced pillboxes with high explosive and armour\-piercing rounds. A new type of machine gun was introduced in 1916\. Initially an aircraft weapon, the [Bergmann LMG 15](/wiki/Bergmann_MG15_nA_Gun "Bergmann MG15 nA Gun") was modified for ground use, with the later dedicated ground version being the LMG 15 n. A. It was used as an infantry weapon on all European and Middle Eastern fronts until the end of World War I. It later inspired the [MG 30](/wiki/MG_30 "MG 30") and the [MG 34](/wiki/MG_34 "MG 34") as well as the concept of the [general\-purpose machine gun](/wiki/General-purpose_machine_gun "General-purpose machine gun"). What became known as the [submachine gun](/wiki/Submachine_gun "Submachine gun") had its genesis in World War I, developed around the concepts of infiltration and fire and movement, specifically to clear trenches of enemy soldiers when engagements were unlikely to occur beyond a range of a few feet. The [MP 18](/wiki/MP_18 "MP 18") was the first practical submachine gun used in combat. It was fielded in 1918 by the [German Army](/wiki/German_Army_%28German_Empire%29 "German Army (German Empire)") as the primary weapon of the stormtroopers – assault groups that specialised in trench combat. Around the same time, the Italians had developed the [Beretta M1918](/wiki/Beretta_M1918 "Beretta M1918") submachine gun, based on a design from earlier in the war. ### Artillery [thumb\|Loading a {{convert\|15\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} howitzer](/wiki/File:15in_howitzer_Menin_Rd_5_October_1917.jpg "15in howitzer Menin Rd 5 October 1917.jpg") [Artillery](/wiki/Artillery "Artillery") dominated the battlefields of trench warfare. An infantry attack was rarely successful if it advanced beyond the range of its supporting artillery. In addition to bombarding the enemy infantry in the trenches, the artillery could be used to precede infantry advances with a creeping [barrage](/wiki/Barrage_%28artillery%29 "Barrage (artillery)"), or engage in [counter\-battery](/wiki/Counter-battery "Counter-battery") duels to try to destroy the enemy's guns. Artillery mainly fired [fragmentation](/wiki/Fragmentation_%28weaponry%29 "Fragmentation (weaponry)"), [high\-explosive](/wiki/High-explosive "High-explosive"), [shrapnel](/wiki/Shrapnel_shell "Shrapnel shell") or, later in the war, gas shells. The British experimented with firing [thermite](/wiki/Thermite "Thermite") [incendiary](/wiki/Incendiary_ammunition "Incendiary ammunition") shells, to set trees and ruins alight. However, all armies experienced shell shortages during the first year or two of World War I, due to underestimating their usage in intensive combat. This knowledge had been gained by the combatant nations in the [Russo\-Japanese War](/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War "Russo-Japanese War"), when daily artillery fire consumed ten times more than daily factory output, but had not been applied.{{sfn\|Keegan\|1999\|pp\=229–30}} Artillery pieces were of two types: [infantry support guns](/wiki/Infantry_support_gun "Infantry support gun") and [howitzers](/wiki/Howitzer "Howitzer"). Guns fired high\-velocity shells over a flat trajectory and were often used to deliver fragmentation and to cut barbed wire. Howitzers lofted the shell over a high trajectory so it plunged into the ground. The largest calibers were usually howitzers. The German {{convert\|420\|mm\|in\|0\|abbr\=on}} howitzer weighed 20 tons and could fire a one\-ton shell over {{convert\|10\|km\|smi\|abbr\=on}}. A critical feature of period artillery pieces was the [hydraulic recoil mechanism](/wiki/Hydraulic_recoil_mechanism "Hydraulic recoil mechanism"), which meant the gun did not need to be re\-aimed after each shot, permitting a tremendous increase in rate of fire. Initially each gun would need to register its aim on a known target, in view of an observer, in order to fire with precision during a battle. The process of gun registration would often alert the enemy an attack was being planned. Towards the end of 1917, artillery techniques were developed enabling fire to be delivered accurately without registration on the battlefield—the gun registration was done behind the lines then the pre\-registered guns were brought up to the front for a surprise attack. [thumb\|French soldiers operating a compressed\-air trench mortar of 86\-millimetre calibre](/wiki/File:French86mmCompressedAirTrenchMortarNYT17Feb1918.jpg "French86mmCompressedAirTrenchMortarNYT17Feb1918.jpg") [Mortars](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 "Mortar (weapon)"), which lobbed a shell in a high arc over a relatively short distance, were widely used in trench fighting for harassing the forward trenches, for cutting wire in preparation for a raid or attack, and for destroying dugouts, saps and other entrenchments. In 1914, the British fired a total of 545 mortar shells; in 1916, they fired over 6,500,000\. Similarly, howitzers, which fire on a more direct arc than mortars, raised in number from over 1,000 shells in 1914, to over 4,500,000 in 1916\. The smaller numerical difference in mortar rounds, as opposed to howitzer rounds, is presumed by many to be related to the expanded costs of manufacturing the larger and more resource intensive howitzer rounds. The main British mortar was the [Stokes](/wiki/Stokes_Mortar "Stokes Mortar"), a precursor of the modern mortar. It was a light mortar, simple in operation, and capable of a rapid rate of fire by virtue of the propellant cartridge being attached to the base shell. To fire the Stokes mortar, the round was simply dropped into the tube, where the percussion cartridge was detonated when it struck the firing pin at the bottom of the barrel, thus being launched. The Germans used a range of mortars. The smallest were grenade\-throwers ('[Granatenwerfer](/wiki/Granatenwerfer_16 "Granatenwerfer 16")') which fired the stick grenades which were commonly used. Their medium trench\-mortars were called mine\-throwers ('[Minenwerfer](/wiki/Minenwerfer "Minenwerfer")'). The [heavy mortar](/wiki/Heavy_mortar "Heavy mortar") was called the '[Ladungswerfer](/wiki/24_cm_schwerer_LadungsWerfer_Ehrhardt "24 cm schwerer LadungsWerfer Ehrhardt")', which threw "aerial torpedoes", containing a {{convert\|200\|lb\|kg\|abbr\=on}} charge to a range of {{convert\|1000\|yd\|m\|abbr\=on}}. The flight of the missile was so slow and leisurely that men on the receiving end could make some attempt to seek shelter. Mortars had certain advantages over artillery such as being much more portable and the ability to fire without leaving the relative safety of trenches. Moreover, mortars were able to fire directly into the trenches, which was hard to do with artillery.General Sir Martin Farndale, [History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. Western Front 1914–18\. London: Royal Artillery Institution, 1986](http://www.naval-military-press.com/FMPro?-db=nmp%5fproducts.fp5&-format=nmpweb%2fdetail.htm&-lay=cgi&-sortfield=date&Co=NMP&search=History%20of%20the%20Royal%20Regiment%20of%20Artillery.%20Western%20Front%201914-18&-max=20&-recid=35933&-token.0=3668698&-find=){{dead link\|date\=January 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
[ "Weaponry\n--------", "### Infantry weapons and machine guns", "{{Main\\|List of infantry weapons of World War I}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.5\\|left\\|British [Mills bomb](/wiki/Mills_bomb \"Mills bomb\") N°23 Mk II, with rod for launch by rifle](/wiki/File:N%C2%B023_MkII-Version_Fusil.jpg \"N°23 MkII-Version Fusil.jpg\")", "At the start of the First World War, the standard [infantry](/wiki/Infantry \"Infantry\") soldier's primary weapons were the [rifle](/wiki/Rifle \"Rifle\") and [bayonet](/wiki/Bayonet \"Bayonet\"); other weapons got less attention. Especially for the British, what [hand grenades](/wiki/Hand_grenade \"Hand grenade\") were issued tended to be few in numbers and less effective. This emphasis began to shift as soon as trench warfare began; militaries rushed improved grenades into mass production, including [rifle grenades](/wiki/Rifle_grenade \"Rifle grenade\").", "The hand grenade came to be one of the primary infantry weapons of trench warfare. Both sides were quick to raise specialist grenadier groups. The grenade enabled a soldier to engage the enemy without exposing himself to fire, and it did not require precise accuracy to kill or maim. Another benefit was that if a soldier could get close enough to the trenches, enemies hiding in trenches could be attacked. The Germans and Turks were well equipped with grenades from the start of the war, but the British, who had ceased using grenadiers in the 1870s and did not anticipate a siege war, entered the conflict with virtually none, so soldiers had to improvise bombs with whatever was available (see [Jam Tin Grenade](/wiki/Jam_Tin_Grenade \"Jam Tin Grenade\")). By late 1915, the British [Mills bomb](/wiki/Mills_bomb \"Mills bomb\") had entered wide circulation, and by the end of the war 75 million had been used.", "Since the troops were often not adequately equipped for trench warfare, improvised weapons were common in the first encounters, such as [short wooden clubs and metal maces](/wiki/Trench_raiding_club \"Trench raiding club\"), [spears](/wiki/Spear \"Spear\"), [hatchets](/wiki/Hatchet \"Hatchet\"), [hammers](/wiki/Hammer \"Hammer\"), [entrenching tools](/wiki/Entrenching_tool \"Entrenching tool\"), as well as [trench knives](/wiki/Trench_knives \"Trench knives\") and [brass knuckles](/wiki/Brass_knuckles \"Brass knuckles\"). According to the semi\\-biographical war novel *[All Quiet on the Western Front](/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front \"All Quiet on the Western Front\")*, many soldiers preferred to use a sharpened [spade](/wiki/Entrenching_tool \"Entrenching tool\") as an improvised melee weapon instead of the bayonet, as the bayonet tended to get \"stuck\" in stabbed opponents, rendering it useless in heated battle. The shorter length also made them easier to use in the confined quarters of the trenches. These tools could then be used to dig in after they had taken a trench. Modern military digging tools are as a rule designed to also function as a melee weapon. As the war progressed, better equipment was issued, and improvised arms were discarded.", "[thumb\\|Various trench weapons used by British and Canadian soldiers in WWI on display at the [Canadian War Museum](/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum \"Canadian War Museum\")](/wiki/File:Wwitrenchweapons.JPG \"Wwitrenchweapons.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.0\\|French soldiers with a [Sauterelle](/wiki/Sauterelle \"Sauterelle\") bomb\\-throwing [crossbow](/wiki/Crossbow \"Crossbow\"), c. 1915](/wiki/File:Sauterelle_1915.jpg \"Sauterelle 1915.jpg\")", "A specialised group of fighters called *trench sweepers* (*Nettoyeurs de Tranchées* or *Zigouilleurs*) evolved to fight within the trenches. They cleared surviving enemy personnel from recently overrun trenches and made clandestine raids into enemy trenches to gather intelligence. Volunteers for this dangerous work were often exempted from participation in frontal assaults over open ground and from routine work like filling sandbags, draining trenches, and repairing barbed wire in no\\-man's land. When allowed to choose their own weapons, many selected grenades, knives and pistols. [FN M1900](/wiki/FN_M1900 \"FN M1900\") pistols were highly regarded for this work, but never available in adequate quantities. [Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless](/wiki/Colt_Model_1903_Pocket_Hammerless \"Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless\"), [Savage Model 1907](/wiki/Savage_Model_1907 \"Savage Model 1907\"), [Star Bonifacio Echeverria](/wiki/Star_Bonifacio_Echeverria \"Star Bonifacio Echeverria\") and [Ruby pistols](/wiki/Ruby_pistol \"Ruby pistol\") were widely used.Vanderlinden, Anthony *[American Rifleman](/wiki/American_Rifleman \"American Rifleman\")* (October 2008\\) pp. 91–120", "Various mechanical devices were invented for throwing hand grenades into enemy trenches. The Germans used the *Wurfmaschine*, a spring\\-powered device for throwing a hand grenade about {{convert\\|200\\|m\\|yd\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{cite book\n \\|title\\=War on the Western Front: In the Trenches of World War I\\|page\\=201\\|author\\=Gary Sheffield\\|publisher\\=Osprey Publishing\\|year\\=2007\\|isbn\\=978\\-1846032103\n}} The French responded with the *[Sauterelle](/wiki/Sauterelle \"Sauterelle\")* and the British with the [Leach Trench Catapult](/wiki/Leach_Trench_Catapult \"Leach Trench Catapult\") and [West Spring Gun](/wiki/West_Spring_Gun \"West Spring Gun\") which had varying degrees of success and accuracy. By 1916, [catapult](/wiki/Catapult \"Catapult\") weapons were largely replaced by [rifle grenades](/wiki/Rifle_grenade \"Rifle grenade\") and [mortars](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 \"Mortar (weapon)\").{{cite book\\|title\\=The Encyclopædia Britannica: The New Volumes of the Period 1910 to 1921 Inclusive, Volume 1\\|page\\=470\\|author\\=Hugh Chisholm\\|publisher\\=Encyclopædia Britannica Company Limited\\|year\\=1922}} There is no wikilink available to the article \"Bombthrowers\"", "The Germans employed *Flammenwerfer* ([flamethrowers](/wiki/Flamethrower \"Flamethrower\")) during the war for the first time against the French on 25 June 1915, then against the British 30 July in Hooge. The technology was in its infancy, and use was not very common until the end of 1917 when portability and reliability were improved. It was used in more than 300 documented battles. By 1918, it became a weapon of choice for *[Stoßtruppen](/wiki/Stosstruppen \"Stosstruppen\")* (stormtroopers) with a team of six *Pioniere* ([combat engineers](/wiki/Combat_engineer \"Combat engineer\")) per squad.", "Used by American soldiers in the Western front, the [pump action](/wiki/Pump_action_shotgun \"Pump action shotgun\") [shotguns](/wiki/Shotgun \"Shotgun\") was a formidable weapon in short range combat, enough so that Germany lodged a formal protest against their use on 14 September 1918, stating \"every prisoner found to have in his possession such guns or ammunition belonging thereto forfeits his life\", though this threat was apparently never carried out. The U.S. military began to issue models specially modified for combat, called \"trench guns\", with shorter barrels, higher capacity magazines, no [choke](/wiki/Choke_%28firearms%29 \"Choke (firearms)\"), and often heat shields around the barrel, as well as lugs for the [M1917 bayonet](/wiki/M1917_bayonet \"M1917 bayonet\"). [Anzac](/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps \"Australian and New Zealand Army Corps\") and some British soldiers were also known to use [sawn\\-off shotguns](/wiki/Sawn-off_shotgun \"Sawn-off shotgun\") in trench raids, because of their portability, effectiveness at close range, and ease of use in the confines of a trench. This practice was not officially sanctioned, and the shotguns used were invariably modified sporting guns.", "[thumb\\|[Vickers machine gun](/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun \"Vickers machine gun\")](/wiki/File:Vickers_machine_gun_in_the_Battle_of_Passchendaele_-_September_1917.jpg \"Vickers machine gun in the Battle of Passchendaele - September 1917.jpg\")", "The Germans embraced the machine gun from the outset—in 1904, sixteen units were equipped with the 'Maschinengewehr'—and the machine gun crews were the elite infantry units; these units were attached to Jaeger (light infantry) battalions. By 1914, British infantry units were armed with two [Vickers machine guns](/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun \"Vickers machine gun\") per battalion; the Germans had six per battalion, and the Russians eight.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Jordan \\|first\\=Jonathan W. \\| title\\=Weaponry: Hiram Maxim's machine gun probably claimed more lives than any other weapon ever made \\| journal\\=Military History \\| date\\=November 1, 2002 \\|volume\\=19 \\|issue\\=4 \\|page\\=16 }} It would not be until 1917 that every infantry unit of the American forces carried at least one machine gun.{{cite book\\|last\\=John K. Mahon and Romana Danysh \\|title\\=Infantry Part I: Regular Army \\|series\\=Army Lineage Series \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Army Center of Military History]] \\|year\\=1972 \\|id\\=LOC number: 74\\-610219 \\|url\\=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/in/infantry.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301200342/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/in/infantry.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-03\\-01 }} After 1915, the [Maschinengewehr 08](/wiki/Maschinengewehr_08 \"Maschinengewehr 08\") was the standard issue German machine gun; its number \"08/15\" entered the German language as idiomatic for \"dead plain\". At [Gallipoli](/wiki/Gallipoli \"Gallipoli\") and in [Palestine](/wiki/Palestine_%28region%29 \"Palestine (region)\") the Turks provided the infantry, but it was usually Germans who manned the machine guns.", "The British High Command were less enthusiastic about machine guns, supposedly considering the weapon too \"unsporting\" and encouraging defensive fighting; and they lagged behind the Germans in adopting it. Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig is quoted as saying in 1915, \"The machine gun is a much overrated weapon; two per battalion is more than sufficient\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://history.enotes.com/peoples\\-chronology/year\\-1916 \\|title\\=1916 \\| Political Events: The People's Chronology \\|access\\-date\\=2006\\-06\\-22 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117025055/http://history.enotes.com/peoples\\-chronology/year\\-1916 \\|archive\\-date\\=2006\\-11\\-17 }} The defensive firepower of the machine gun was exemplified during the first day of the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme \"Battle of the Somme\") when 60,000 British soldiers were rendered casualties, \"the great majority lost under withering machine gun fire\".{{cite web\\|author\\=Saturday, 22 August 2009 Michael Duffy \\|url\\=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/machineguns.htm \\|title\\=Weapons of War: Machine Guns \\|publisher\\=First World War.com \\|date\\=2009\\-08\\-22 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-05\\-23}} In 1915 the Machine Gun Corps was formed to train and provide sufficient heavy machine gun teams.", "It was the Canadians that made the best practice, pioneering [area denial](/wiki/Area_denial \"Area denial\") and [indirect fire](/wiki/Indirect_fire \"Indirect fire\") (soon adopted by all Allied armies) under the guidance of former French Army Reserve officer Major General [Raymond Brutinel](/wiki/Raymond_Brutinel \"Raymond Brutinel\"). Minutes before the attack on Vimy Ridge the Canadians thickened the artillery [barrage](/wiki/Barrage_%28artillery%29 \"Barrage (artillery)\") by aiming machine guns indirectly to deliver [plunging fire](/wiki/Plunging_fire \"Plunging fire\") on the Germans. They also significantly increased the number of machine guns per battalion. To match demand, production of the Vickers machine gun was contracted to firms in the United States. By 1917, every company in the British forces were also equipped with four [Lewis light machine guns](/wiki/Lewis_gun \"Lewis gun\"), which significantly enhanced their [firepower](/wiki/Firepower \"Firepower\").", "The [heavy machine gun](/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun \"Heavy machine gun\") was a specialist weapon, and in a static trench system was employed in a scientific manner, with carefully calculated fields of fire, so that at a moment's notice an accurate burst could be fired at the enemy's parapet or a break in the wire. Equally it could be used as light artillery in bombarding distant trenches. Heavy machine guns required teams of up to eight men to move them, maintain them, and keep them supplied with ammunition. This made them impractical for offensive manoeuvres, contributing to the stalemate on the [Western Front](/wiki/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29 \"Western Front (World War I)\").", "[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|German [stormtrooper](/wiki/Stormtroopers_%28Imperial_Germany%29 \"Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany)\") with [MP 18](/wiki/MP_18 \"MP 18\"), 1918](/wiki/File:France1918.jpg \"France1918.jpg\")", "One [machine gun nest](/wiki/Machine_gun_nest \"Machine gun nest\") was theoretically able to mow down hundreds of enemies charging in the open through [no man's land](/wiki/No_man%27s_land \"No man's land\").\nHowever, while WWI machine guns were able to shoot hundreds of rounds per minute in theory, they were still prone to overheating and jamming, which often necessitated firing in short bursts.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/machineguns.htm\\|title\\=First World War.com – Weapons of War: Machine Guns\\|website\\=Firstworldwar.com\\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2018}} However, their potential was increased significantly when emplaced behind multiple lines of barbed wire to slow any advancing enemy.", "In 1917 and 1918, new types of weapons were fielded. They changed the face of warfare tactics and were later employed during World War II.", "The French introduced the [CSRG 1915 Chauchat](/wiki/Chauchat \"Chauchat\") during Spring 1916 around the concept of \"[walking fire](/wiki/Walking_fire \"Walking fire\")\", employed in 1918 when 250,000 weapons were fielded. More than 80,000 of the best shooters received the semi\\-automatic [RSC 1917](/wiki/Fusil_Automatique_Modele_1917 \"Fusil Automatique Modele 1917\") rifle, allowing them to rapid fire at waves of attacking soldiers. Firing ports were installed in the newly arrived [Renault FT](/wiki/Renault_FT \"Renault FT\") tanks.", "The French Army fielded a ground version of the [Hotchkiss Canon de 37 mm](/wiki/Hotchkiss_gun \"Hotchkiss gun\") used by the French Navy. It was primarily used to destroy German machine gun nests and concrete reinforced pillboxes with high explosive and armour\\-piercing rounds.", "A new type of machine gun was introduced in 1916\\. Initially an aircraft weapon, the [Bergmann LMG 15](/wiki/Bergmann_MG15_nA_Gun \"Bergmann MG15 nA Gun\") was modified for ground use, with the later dedicated ground version being the LMG 15 n. A. It was used as an infantry weapon on all European and Middle Eastern fronts until the end of World War I. It later inspired the [MG 30](/wiki/MG_30 \"MG 30\") and the [MG 34](/wiki/MG_34 \"MG 34\") as well as the concept of the [general\\-purpose machine gun](/wiki/General-purpose_machine_gun \"General-purpose machine gun\").", "What became known as the [submachine gun](/wiki/Submachine_gun \"Submachine gun\") had its genesis in World War I, developed around the concepts of infiltration and fire and movement, specifically to clear trenches of enemy soldiers when engagements were unlikely to occur beyond a range of a few feet. The [MP 18](/wiki/MP_18 \"MP 18\") was the first practical submachine gun used in combat. It was fielded in 1918 by the [German Army](/wiki/German_Army_%28German_Empire%29 \"German Army (German Empire)\") as the primary weapon of the stormtroopers – assault groups that specialised in trench combat. Around the same time, the Italians had developed the [Beretta M1918](/wiki/Beretta_M1918 \"Beretta M1918\") submachine gun, based on a design from earlier in the war.", "### Artillery", "[thumb\\|Loading a {{convert\\|15\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} howitzer](/wiki/File:15in_howitzer_Menin_Rd_5_October_1917.jpg \"15in howitzer Menin Rd 5 October 1917.jpg\")", "[Artillery](/wiki/Artillery \"Artillery\") dominated the battlefields of trench warfare. An infantry attack was rarely successful if it advanced beyond the range of its supporting artillery. In addition to bombarding the enemy infantry in the trenches, the artillery could be used to precede infantry advances with a creeping [barrage](/wiki/Barrage_%28artillery%29 \"Barrage (artillery)\"), or engage in [counter\\-battery](/wiki/Counter-battery \"Counter-battery\") duels to try to destroy the enemy's guns. Artillery mainly fired [fragmentation](/wiki/Fragmentation_%28weaponry%29 \"Fragmentation (weaponry)\"), [high\\-explosive](/wiki/High-explosive \"High-explosive\"), [shrapnel](/wiki/Shrapnel_shell \"Shrapnel shell\") or, later in the war, gas shells. The British experimented with firing [thermite](/wiki/Thermite \"Thermite\") [incendiary](/wiki/Incendiary_ammunition \"Incendiary ammunition\") shells, to set trees and ruins alight. However, all armies experienced shell shortages during the first year or two of World War I, due to underestimating their usage in intensive combat. This knowledge had been gained by the combatant nations in the [Russo\\-Japanese War](/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War \"Russo-Japanese War\"), when daily artillery fire consumed ten times more than daily factory output, but had not been applied.{{sfn\\|Keegan\\|1999\\|pp\\=229–30}}", "Artillery pieces were of two types: [infantry support guns](/wiki/Infantry_support_gun \"Infantry support gun\") and [howitzers](/wiki/Howitzer \"Howitzer\"). Guns fired high\\-velocity shells over a flat trajectory and were often used to deliver fragmentation and to cut barbed wire. Howitzers lofted the shell over a high trajectory so it plunged into the ground. The largest calibers were usually howitzers. The German {{convert\\|420\\|mm\\|in\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} howitzer weighed 20 tons and could fire a one\\-ton shell over {{convert\\|10\\|km\\|smi\\|abbr\\=on}}. A critical feature of period artillery pieces was the [hydraulic recoil mechanism](/wiki/Hydraulic_recoil_mechanism \"Hydraulic recoil mechanism\"), which meant the gun did not need to be re\\-aimed after each shot, permitting a tremendous increase in rate of fire.", "Initially each gun would need to register its aim on a known target, in view of an observer, in order to fire with precision during a battle. The process of gun registration would often alert the enemy an attack was being planned. Towards the end of 1917, artillery techniques were developed enabling fire to be delivered accurately without registration on the battlefield—the gun registration was done behind the lines then the pre\\-registered guns were brought up to the front for a surprise attack.", "[thumb\\|French soldiers operating a compressed\\-air trench mortar of 86\\-millimetre calibre](/wiki/File:French86mmCompressedAirTrenchMortarNYT17Feb1918.jpg \"French86mmCompressedAirTrenchMortarNYT17Feb1918.jpg\")", "[Mortars](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 \"Mortar (weapon)\"), which lobbed a shell in a high arc over a relatively short distance, were widely used in trench fighting for harassing the forward trenches, for cutting wire in preparation for a raid or attack, and for destroying dugouts, saps and other entrenchments. In 1914, the British fired a total of 545 mortar shells; in 1916, they fired over 6,500,000\\. Similarly, howitzers, which fire on a more direct arc than mortars, raised in number from over 1,000 shells in 1914, to over 4,500,000 in 1916\\. The smaller numerical difference in mortar rounds, as opposed to howitzer rounds, is presumed by many to be related to the expanded costs of manufacturing the larger and more resource intensive howitzer rounds.", "The main British mortar was the [Stokes](/wiki/Stokes_Mortar \"Stokes Mortar\"), a precursor of the modern mortar. It was a light mortar, simple in operation, and capable of a rapid rate of fire by virtue of the propellant cartridge being attached to the base shell. To fire the Stokes mortar, the round was simply dropped into the tube, where the percussion cartridge was detonated when it struck the firing pin at the bottom of the barrel, thus being launched. The Germans used a range of mortars. The smallest were grenade\\-throwers ('[Granatenwerfer](/wiki/Granatenwerfer_16 \"Granatenwerfer 16\")') which fired the stick grenades which were commonly used. Their medium trench\\-mortars were called mine\\-throwers ('[Minenwerfer](/wiki/Minenwerfer \"Minenwerfer\")'). The [heavy mortar](/wiki/Heavy_mortar \"Heavy mortar\") was called the '[Ladungswerfer](/wiki/24_cm_schwerer_LadungsWerfer_Ehrhardt \"24 cm schwerer LadungsWerfer Ehrhardt\")', which threw \"aerial torpedoes\", containing a {{convert\\|200\\|lb\\|kg\\|abbr\\=on}} charge to a range of {{convert\\|1000\\|yd\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}. The flight of the missile was so slow and leisurely that men on the receiving end could make some attempt to seek shelter.", "Mortars had certain advantages over artillery such as being much more portable and the ability to fire without leaving the relative safety of trenches. Moreover, mortars were able to fire directly into the trenches, which was hard to do with artillery.General Sir Martin Farndale, [History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. Western Front 1914–18\\. London: Royal Artillery Institution, 1986](http://www.naval-military-press.com/FMPro?-db=nmp%5fproducts.fp5&-format=nmpweb%2fdetail.htm&-lay=cgi&-sortfield=date&Co=NMP&search=History%20of%20the%20Royal%20Regiment%20of%20Artillery.%20Western%20Front%201914-18&-max=20&-recid=35933&-token.0=3668698&-find=){{dead link\\|date\\=January 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "" ]
### Infantry weapons and machine guns {{Main\|List of infantry weapons of World War I}} [thumb\|upright\=0\.5\|left\|British [Mills bomb](/wiki/Mills_bomb "Mills bomb") N°23 Mk II, with rod for launch by rifle](/wiki/File:N%C2%B023_MkII-Version_Fusil.jpg "N°23 MkII-Version Fusil.jpg") At the start of the First World War, the standard [infantry](/wiki/Infantry "Infantry") soldier's primary weapons were the [rifle](/wiki/Rifle "Rifle") and [bayonet](/wiki/Bayonet "Bayonet"); other weapons got less attention. Especially for the British, what [hand grenades](/wiki/Hand_grenade "Hand grenade") were issued tended to be few in numbers and less effective. This emphasis began to shift as soon as trench warfare began; militaries rushed improved grenades into mass production, including [rifle grenades](/wiki/Rifle_grenade "Rifle grenade"). The hand grenade came to be one of the primary infantry weapons of trench warfare. Both sides were quick to raise specialist grenadier groups. The grenade enabled a soldier to engage the enemy without exposing himself to fire, and it did not require precise accuracy to kill or maim. Another benefit was that if a soldier could get close enough to the trenches, enemies hiding in trenches could be attacked. The Germans and Turks were well equipped with grenades from the start of the war, but the British, who had ceased using grenadiers in the 1870s and did not anticipate a siege war, entered the conflict with virtually none, so soldiers had to improvise bombs with whatever was available (see [Jam Tin Grenade](/wiki/Jam_Tin_Grenade "Jam Tin Grenade")). By late 1915, the British [Mills bomb](/wiki/Mills_bomb "Mills bomb") had entered wide circulation, and by the end of the war 75 million had been used. Since the troops were often not adequately equipped for trench warfare, improvised weapons were common in the first encounters, such as [short wooden clubs and metal maces](/wiki/Trench_raiding_club "Trench raiding club"), [spears](/wiki/Spear "Spear"), [hatchets](/wiki/Hatchet "Hatchet"), [hammers](/wiki/Hammer "Hammer"), [entrenching tools](/wiki/Entrenching_tool "Entrenching tool"), as well as [trench knives](/wiki/Trench_knives "Trench knives") and [brass knuckles](/wiki/Brass_knuckles "Brass knuckles"). According to the semi\-biographical war novel *[All Quiet on the Western Front](/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front "All Quiet on the Western Front")*, many soldiers preferred to use a sharpened [spade](/wiki/Entrenching_tool "Entrenching tool") as an improvised melee weapon instead of the bayonet, as the bayonet tended to get "stuck" in stabbed opponents, rendering it useless in heated battle. The shorter length also made them easier to use in the confined quarters of the trenches. These tools could then be used to dig in after they had taken a trench. Modern military digging tools are as a rule designed to also function as a melee weapon. As the war progressed, better equipment was issued, and improvised arms were discarded. [thumb\|Various trench weapons used by British and Canadian soldiers in WWI on display at the [Canadian War Museum](/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum "Canadian War Museum")](/wiki/File:Wwitrenchweapons.JPG "Wwitrenchweapons.JPG") [thumb\|upright\=1\.0\|French soldiers with a [Sauterelle](/wiki/Sauterelle "Sauterelle") bomb\-throwing [crossbow](/wiki/Crossbow "Crossbow"), c. 1915](/wiki/File:Sauterelle_1915.jpg "Sauterelle 1915.jpg") A specialised group of fighters called *trench sweepers* (*Nettoyeurs de Tranchées* or *Zigouilleurs*) evolved to fight within the trenches. They cleared surviving enemy personnel from recently overrun trenches and made clandestine raids into enemy trenches to gather intelligence. Volunteers for this dangerous work were often exempted from participation in frontal assaults over open ground and from routine work like filling sandbags, draining trenches, and repairing barbed wire in no\-man's land. When allowed to choose their own weapons, many selected grenades, knives and pistols. [FN M1900](/wiki/FN_M1900 "FN M1900") pistols were highly regarded for this work, but never available in adequate quantities. [Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless](/wiki/Colt_Model_1903_Pocket_Hammerless "Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless"), [Savage Model 1907](/wiki/Savage_Model_1907 "Savage Model 1907"), [Star Bonifacio Echeverria](/wiki/Star_Bonifacio_Echeverria "Star Bonifacio Echeverria") and [Ruby pistols](/wiki/Ruby_pistol "Ruby pistol") were widely used.Vanderlinden, Anthony *[American Rifleman](/wiki/American_Rifleman "American Rifleman")* (October 2008\) pp. 91–120 Various mechanical devices were invented for throwing hand grenades into enemy trenches. The Germans used the *Wurfmaschine*, a spring\-powered device for throwing a hand grenade about {{convert\|200\|m\|yd\|abbr\=on}}.{{cite book \|title\=War on the Western Front: In the Trenches of World War I\|page\=201\|author\=Gary Sheffield\|publisher\=Osprey Publishing\|year\=2007\|isbn\=978\-1846032103 }} The French responded with the *[Sauterelle](/wiki/Sauterelle "Sauterelle")* and the British with the [Leach Trench Catapult](/wiki/Leach_Trench_Catapult "Leach Trench Catapult") and [West Spring Gun](/wiki/West_Spring_Gun "West Spring Gun") which had varying degrees of success and accuracy. By 1916, [catapult](/wiki/Catapult "Catapult") weapons were largely replaced by [rifle grenades](/wiki/Rifle_grenade "Rifle grenade") and [mortars](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 "Mortar (weapon)").{{cite book\|title\=The Encyclopædia Britannica: The New Volumes of the Period 1910 to 1921 Inclusive, Volume 1\|page\=470\|author\=Hugh Chisholm\|publisher\=Encyclopædia Britannica Company Limited\|year\=1922}} There is no wikilink available to the article "Bombthrowers" The Germans employed *Flammenwerfer* ([flamethrowers](/wiki/Flamethrower "Flamethrower")) during the war for the first time against the French on 25 June 1915, then against the British 30 July in Hooge. The technology was in its infancy, and use was not very common until the end of 1917 when portability and reliability were improved. It was used in more than 300 documented battles. By 1918, it became a weapon of choice for *[Stoßtruppen](/wiki/Stosstruppen "Stosstruppen")* (stormtroopers) with a team of six *Pioniere* ([combat engineers](/wiki/Combat_engineer "Combat engineer")) per squad. Used by American soldiers in the Western front, the [pump action](/wiki/Pump_action_shotgun "Pump action shotgun") [shotguns](/wiki/Shotgun "Shotgun") was a formidable weapon in short range combat, enough so that Germany lodged a formal protest against their use on 14 September 1918, stating "every prisoner found to have in his possession such guns or ammunition belonging thereto forfeits his life", though this threat was apparently never carried out. The U.S. military began to issue models specially modified for combat, called "trench guns", with shorter barrels, higher capacity magazines, no [choke](/wiki/Choke_%28firearms%29 "Choke (firearms)"), and often heat shields around the barrel, as well as lugs for the [M1917 bayonet](/wiki/M1917_bayonet "M1917 bayonet"). [Anzac](/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps "Australian and New Zealand Army Corps") and some British soldiers were also known to use [sawn\-off shotguns](/wiki/Sawn-off_shotgun "Sawn-off shotgun") in trench raids, because of their portability, effectiveness at close range, and ease of use in the confines of a trench. This practice was not officially sanctioned, and the shotguns used were invariably modified sporting guns. [thumb\|[Vickers machine gun](/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun "Vickers machine gun")](/wiki/File:Vickers_machine_gun_in_the_Battle_of_Passchendaele_-_September_1917.jpg "Vickers machine gun in the Battle of Passchendaele - September 1917.jpg") The Germans embraced the machine gun from the outset—in 1904, sixteen units were equipped with the 'Maschinengewehr'—and the machine gun crews were the elite infantry units; these units were attached to Jaeger (light infantry) battalions. By 1914, British infantry units were armed with two [Vickers machine guns](/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun "Vickers machine gun") per battalion; the Germans had six per battalion, and the Russians eight.{{cite journal \|last\=Jordan \|first\=Jonathan W. \| title\=Weaponry: Hiram Maxim's machine gun probably claimed more lives than any other weapon ever made \| journal\=Military History \| date\=November 1, 2002 \|volume\=19 \|issue\=4 \|page\=16 }} It would not be until 1917 that every infantry unit of the American forces carried at least one machine gun.{{cite book\|last\=John K. Mahon and Romana Danysh \|title\=Infantry Part I: Regular Army \|series\=Army Lineage Series \|publisher\=\[\[United States Army Center of Military History]] \|year\=1972 \|id\=LOC number: 74\-610219 \|url\=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/in/infantry.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301200342/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/in/infantry.htm \|archive\-date\=2010\-03\-01 }} After 1915, the [Maschinengewehr 08](/wiki/Maschinengewehr_08 "Maschinengewehr 08") was the standard issue German machine gun; its number "08/15" entered the German language as idiomatic for "dead plain". At [Gallipoli](/wiki/Gallipoli "Gallipoli") and in [Palestine](/wiki/Palestine_%28region%29 "Palestine (region)") the Turks provided the infantry, but it was usually Germans who manned the machine guns. The British High Command were less enthusiastic about machine guns, supposedly considering the weapon too "unsporting" and encouraging defensive fighting; and they lagged behind the Germans in adopting it. Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig is quoted as saying in 1915, "The machine gun is a much overrated weapon; two per battalion is more than sufficient".{{cite web\|url\=http://history.enotes.com/peoples\-chronology/year\-1916 \|title\=1916 \| Political Events: The People's Chronology \|access\-date\=2006\-06\-22 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117025055/http://history.enotes.com/peoples\-chronology/year\-1916 \|archive\-date\=2006\-11\-17 }} The defensive firepower of the machine gun was exemplified during the first day of the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme "Battle of the Somme") when 60,000 British soldiers were rendered casualties, "the great majority lost under withering machine gun fire".{{cite web\|author\=Saturday, 22 August 2009 Michael Duffy \|url\=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/machineguns.htm \|title\=Weapons of War: Machine Guns \|publisher\=First World War.com \|date\=2009\-08\-22 \|access\-date\=2013\-05\-23}} In 1915 the Machine Gun Corps was formed to train and provide sufficient heavy machine gun teams. It was the Canadians that made the best practice, pioneering [area denial](/wiki/Area_denial "Area denial") and [indirect fire](/wiki/Indirect_fire "Indirect fire") (soon adopted by all Allied armies) under the guidance of former French Army Reserve officer Major General [Raymond Brutinel](/wiki/Raymond_Brutinel "Raymond Brutinel"). Minutes before the attack on Vimy Ridge the Canadians thickened the artillery [barrage](/wiki/Barrage_%28artillery%29 "Barrage (artillery)") by aiming machine guns indirectly to deliver [plunging fire](/wiki/Plunging_fire "Plunging fire") on the Germans. They also significantly increased the number of machine guns per battalion. To match demand, production of the Vickers machine gun was contracted to firms in the United States. By 1917, every company in the British forces were also equipped with four [Lewis light machine guns](/wiki/Lewis_gun "Lewis gun"), which significantly enhanced their [firepower](/wiki/Firepower "Firepower"). The [heavy machine gun](/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun "Heavy machine gun") was a specialist weapon, and in a static trench system was employed in a scientific manner, with carefully calculated fields of fire, so that at a moment's notice an accurate burst could be fired at the enemy's parapet or a break in the wire. Equally it could be used as light artillery in bombarding distant trenches. Heavy machine guns required teams of up to eight men to move them, maintain them, and keep them supplied with ammunition. This made them impractical for offensive manoeuvres, contributing to the stalemate on the [Western Front](/wiki/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29 "Western Front (World War I)"). [thumb\|upright\|left\|German [stormtrooper](/wiki/Stormtroopers_%28Imperial_Germany%29 "Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany)") with [MP 18](/wiki/MP_18 "MP 18"), 1918](/wiki/File:France1918.jpg "France1918.jpg") One [machine gun nest](/wiki/Machine_gun_nest "Machine gun nest") was theoretically able to mow down hundreds of enemies charging in the open through [no man's land](/wiki/No_man%27s_land "No man's land"). However, while WWI machine guns were able to shoot hundreds of rounds per minute in theory, they were still prone to overheating and jamming, which often necessitated firing in short bursts.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/machineguns.htm\|title\=First World War.com – Weapons of War: Machine Guns\|website\=Firstworldwar.com\|access\-date\=12 November 2018}} However, their potential was increased significantly when emplaced behind multiple lines of barbed wire to slow any advancing enemy. In 1917 and 1918, new types of weapons were fielded. They changed the face of warfare tactics and were later employed during World War II. The French introduced the [CSRG 1915 Chauchat](/wiki/Chauchat "Chauchat") during Spring 1916 around the concept of "[walking fire](/wiki/Walking_fire "Walking fire")", employed in 1918 when 250,000 weapons were fielded. More than 80,000 of the best shooters received the semi\-automatic [RSC 1917](/wiki/Fusil_Automatique_Modele_1917 "Fusil Automatique Modele 1917") rifle, allowing them to rapid fire at waves of attacking soldiers. Firing ports were installed in the newly arrived [Renault FT](/wiki/Renault_FT "Renault FT") tanks. The French Army fielded a ground version of the [Hotchkiss Canon de 37 mm](/wiki/Hotchkiss_gun "Hotchkiss gun") used by the French Navy. It was primarily used to destroy German machine gun nests and concrete reinforced pillboxes with high explosive and armour\-piercing rounds. A new type of machine gun was introduced in 1916\. Initially an aircraft weapon, the [Bergmann LMG 15](/wiki/Bergmann_MG15_nA_Gun "Bergmann MG15 nA Gun") was modified for ground use, with the later dedicated ground version being the LMG 15 n. A. It was used as an infantry weapon on all European and Middle Eastern fronts until the end of World War I. It later inspired the [MG 30](/wiki/MG_30 "MG 30") and the [MG 34](/wiki/MG_34 "MG 34") as well as the concept of the [general\-purpose machine gun](/wiki/General-purpose_machine_gun "General-purpose machine gun"). What became known as the [submachine gun](/wiki/Submachine_gun "Submachine gun") had its genesis in World War I, developed around the concepts of infiltration and fire and movement, specifically to clear trenches of enemy soldiers when engagements were unlikely to occur beyond a range of a few feet. The [MP 18](/wiki/MP_18 "MP 18") was the first practical submachine gun used in combat. It was fielded in 1918 by the [German Army](/wiki/German_Army_%28German_Empire%29 "German Army (German Empire)") as the primary weapon of the stormtroopers – assault groups that specialised in trench combat. Around the same time, the Italians had developed the [Beretta M1918](/wiki/Beretta_M1918 "Beretta M1918") submachine gun, based on a design from earlier in the war.
[ "### Infantry weapons and machine guns", "{{Main\\|List of infantry weapons of World War I}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.5\\|left\\|British [Mills bomb](/wiki/Mills_bomb \"Mills bomb\") N°23 Mk II, with rod for launch by rifle](/wiki/File:N%C2%B023_MkII-Version_Fusil.jpg \"N°23 MkII-Version Fusil.jpg\")", "At the start of the First World War, the standard [infantry](/wiki/Infantry \"Infantry\") soldier's primary weapons were the [rifle](/wiki/Rifle \"Rifle\") and [bayonet](/wiki/Bayonet \"Bayonet\"); other weapons got less attention. Especially for the British, what [hand grenades](/wiki/Hand_grenade \"Hand grenade\") were issued tended to be few in numbers and less effective. This emphasis began to shift as soon as trench warfare began; militaries rushed improved grenades into mass production, including [rifle grenades](/wiki/Rifle_grenade \"Rifle grenade\").", "The hand grenade came to be one of the primary infantry weapons of trench warfare. Both sides were quick to raise specialist grenadier groups. The grenade enabled a soldier to engage the enemy without exposing himself to fire, and it did not require precise accuracy to kill or maim. Another benefit was that if a soldier could get close enough to the trenches, enemies hiding in trenches could be attacked. The Germans and Turks were well equipped with grenades from the start of the war, but the British, who had ceased using grenadiers in the 1870s and did not anticipate a siege war, entered the conflict with virtually none, so soldiers had to improvise bombs with whatever was available (see [Jam Tin Grenade](/wiki/Jam_Tin_Grenade \"Jam Tin Grenade\")). By late 1915, the British [Mills bomb](/wiki/Mills_bomb \"Mills bomb\") had entered wide circulation, and by the end of the war 75 million had been used.", "Since the troops were often not adequately equipped for trench warfare, improvised weapons were common in the first encounters, such as [short wooden clubs and metal maces](/wiki/Trench_raiding_club \"Trench raiding club\"), [spears](/wiki/Spear \"Spear\"), [hatchets](/wiki/Hatchet \"Hatchet\"), [hammers](/wiki/Hammer \"Hammer\"), [entrenching tools](/wiki/Entrenching_tool \"Entrenching tool\"), as well as [trench knives](/wiki/Trench_knives \"Trench knives\") and [brass knuckles](/wiki/Brass_knuckles \"Brass knuckles\"). According to the semi\\-biographical war novel *[All Quiet on the Western Front](/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front \"All Quiet on the Western Front\")*, many soldiers preferred to use a sharpened [spade](/wiki/Entrenching_tool \"Entrenching tool\") as an improvised melee weapon instead of the bayonet, as the bayonet tended to get \"stuck\" in stabbed opponents, rendering it useless in heated battle. The shorter length also made them easier to use in the confined quarters of the trenches. These tools could then be used to dig in after they had taken a trench. Modern military digging tools are as a rule designed to also function as a melee weapon. As the war progressed, better equipment was issued, and improvised arms were discarded.", "[thumb\\|Various trench weapons used by British and Canadian soldiers in WWI on display at the [Canadian War Museum](/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum \"Canadian War Museum\")](/wiki/File:Wwitrenchweapons.JPG \"Wwitrenchweapons.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.0\\|French soldiers with a [Sauterelle](/wiki/Sauterelle \"Sauterelle\") bomb\\-throwing [crossbow](/wiki/Crossbow \"Crossbow\"), c. 1915](/wiki/File:Sauterelle_1915.jpg \"Sauterelle 1915.jpg\")", "A specialised group of fighters called *trench sweepers* (*Nettoyeurs de Tranchées* or *Zigouilleurs*) evolved to fight within the trenches. They cleared surviving enemy personnel from recently overrun trenches and made clandestine raids into enemy trenches to gather intelligence. Volunteers for this dangerous work were often exempted from participation in frontal assaults over open ground and from routine work like filling sandbags, draining trenches, and repairing barbed wire in no\\-man's land. When allowed to choose their own weapons, many selected grenades, knives and pistols. [FN M1900](/wiki/FN_M1900 \"FN M1900\") pistols were highly regarded for this work, but never available in adequate quantities. [Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless](/wiki/Colt_Model_1903_Pocket_Hammerless \"Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless\"), [Savage Model 1907](/wiki/Savage_Model_1907 \"Savage Model 1907\"), [Star Bonifacio Echeverria](/wiki/Star_Bonifacio_Echeverria \"Star Bonifacio Echeverria\") and [Ruby pistols](/wiki/Ruby_pistol \"Ruby pistol\") were widely used.Vanderlinden, Anthony *[American Rifleman](/wiki/American_Rifleman \"American Rifleman\")* (October 2008\\) pp. 91–120", "Various mechanical devices were invented for throwing hand grenades into enemy trenches. The Germans used the *Wurfmaschine*, a spring\\-powered device for throwing a hand grenade about {{convert\\|200\\|m\\|yd\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{cite book\n \\|title\\=War on the Western Front: In the Trenches of World War I\\|page\\=201\\|author\\=Gary Sheffield\\|publisher\\=Osprey Publishing\\|year\\=2007\\|isbn\\=978\\-1846032103\n}} The French responded with the *[Sauterelle](/wiki/Sauterelle \"Sauterelle\")* and the British with the [Leach Trench Catapult](/wiki/Leach_Trench_Catapult \"Leach Trench Catapult\") and [West Spring Gun](/wiki/West_Spring_Gun \"West Spring Gun\") which had varying degrees of success and accuracy. By 1916, [catapult](/wiki/Catapult \"Catapult\") weapons were largely replaced by [rifle grenades](/wiki/Rifle_grenade \"Rifle grenade\") and [mortars](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 \"Mortar (weapon)\").{{cite book\\|title\\=The Encyclopædia Britannica: The New Volumes of the Period 1910 to 1921 Inclusive, Volume 1\\|page\\=470\\|author\\=Hugh Chisholm\\|publisher\\=Encyclopædia Britannica Company Limited\\|year\\=1922}} There is no wikilink available to the article \"Bombthrowers\"", "The Germans employed *Flammenwerfer* ([flamethrowers](/wiki/Flamethrower \"Flamethrower\")) during the war for the first time against the French on 25 June 1915, then against the British 30 July in Hooge. The technology was in its infancy, and use was not very common until the end of 1917 when portability and reliability were improved. It was used in more than 300 documented battles. By 1918, it became a weapon of choice for *[Stoßtruppen](/wiki/Stosstruppen \"Stosstruppen\")* (stormtroopers) with a team of six *Pioniere* ([combat engineers](/wiki/Combat_engineer \"Combat engineer\")) per squad.", "Used by American soldiers in the Western front, the [pump action](/wiki/Pump_action_shotgun \"Pump action shotgun\") [shotguns](/wiki/Shotgun \"Shotgun\") was a formidable weapon in short range combat, enough so that Germany lodged a formal protest against their use on 14 September 1918, stating \"every prisoner found to have in his possession such guns or ammunition belonging thereto forfeits his life\", though this threat was apparently never carried out. The U.S. military began to issue models specially modified for combat, called \"trench guns\", with shorter barrels, higher capacity magazines, no [choke](/wiki/Choke_%28firearms%29 \"Choke (firearms)\"), and often heat shields around the barrel, as well as lugs for the [M1917 bayonet](/wiki/M1917_bayonet \"M1917 bayonet\"). [Anzac](/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps \"Australian and New Zealand Army Corps\") and some British soldiers were also known to use [sawn\\-off shotguns](/wiki/Sawn-off_shotgun \"Sawn-off shotgun\") in trench raids, because of their portability, effectiveness at close range, and ease of use in the confines of a trench. This practice was not officially sanctioned, and the shotguns used were invariably modified sporting guns.", "[thumb\\|[Vickers machine gun](/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun \"Vickers machine gun\")](/wiki/File:Vickers_machine_gun_in_the_Battle_of_Passchendaele_-_September_1917.jpg \"Vickers machine gun in the Battle of Passchendaele - September 1917.jpg\")", "The Germans embraced the machine gun from the outset—in 1904, sixteen units were equipped with the 'Maschinengewehr'—and the machine gun crews were the elite infantry units; these units were attached to Jaeger (light infantry) battalions. By 1914, British infantry units were armed with two [Vickers machine guns](/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun \"Vickers machine gun\") per battalion; the Germans had six per battalion, and the Russians eight.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Jordan \\|first\\=Jonathan W. \\| title\\=Weaponry: Hiram Maxim's machine gun probably claimed more lives than any other weapon ever made \\| journal\\=Military History \\| date\\=November 1, 2002 \\|volume\\=19 \\|issue\\=4 \\|page\\=16 }} It would not be until 1917 that every infantry unit of the American forces carried at least one machine gun.{{cite book\\|last\\=John K. Mahon and Romana Danysh \\|title\\=Infantry Part I: Regular Army \\|series\\=Army Lineage Series \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Army Center of Military History]] \\|year\\=1972 \\|id\\=LOC number: 74\\-610219 \\|url\\=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/in/infantry.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301200342/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/in/infantry.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-03\\-01 }} After 1915, the [Maschinengewehr 08](/wiki/Maschinengewehr_08 \"Maschinengewehr 08\") was the standard issue German machine gun; its number \"08/15\" entered the German language as idiomatic for \"dead plain\". At [Gallipoli](/wiki/Gallipoli \"Gallipoli\") and in [Palestine](/wiki/Palestine_%28region%29 \"Palestine (region)\") the Turks provided the infantry, but it was usually Germans who manned the machine guns.", "The British High Command were less enthusiastic about machine guns, supposedly considering the weapon too \"unsporting\" and encouraging defensive fighting; and they lagged behind the Germans in adopting it. Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig is quoted as saying in 1915, \"The machine gun is a much overrated weapon; two per battalion is more than sufficient\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://history.enotes.com/peoples\\-chronology/year\\-1916 \\|title\\=1916 \\| Political Events: The People's Chronology \\|access\\-date\\=2006\\-06\\-22 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117025055/http://history.enotes.com/peoples\\-chronology/year\\-1916 \\|archive\\-date\\=2006\\-11\\-17 }} The defensive firepower of the machine gun was exemplified during the first day of the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme \"Battle of the Somme\") when 60,000 British soldiers were rendered casualties, \"the great majority lost under withering machine gun fire\".{{cite web\\|author\\=Saturday, 22 August 2009 Michael Duffy \\|url\\=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/machineguns.htm \\|title\\=Weapons of War: Machine Guns \\|publisher\\=First World War.com \\|date\\=2009\\-08\\-22 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-05\\-23}} In 1915 the Machine Gun Corps was formed to train and provide sufficient heavy machine gun teams.", "It was the Canadians that made the best practice, pioneering [area denial](/wiki/Area_denial \"Area denial\") and [indirect fire](/wiki/Indirect_fire \"Indirect fire\") (soon adopted by all Allied armies) under the guidance of former French Army Reserve officer Major General [Raymond Brutinel](/wiki/Raymond_Brutinel \"Raymond Brutinel\"). Minutes before the attack on Vimy Ridge the Canadians thickened the artillery [barrage](/wiki/Barrage_%28artillery%29 \"Barrage (artillery)\") by aiming machine guns indirectly to deliver [plunging fire](/wiki/Plunging_fire \"Plunging fire\") on the Germans. They also significantly increased the number of machine guns per battalion. To match demand, production of the Vickers machine gun was contracted to firms in the United States. By 1917, every company in the British forces were also equipped with four [Lewis light machine guns](/wiki/Lewis_gun \"Lewis gun\"), which significantly enhanced their [firepower](/wiki/Firepower \"Firepower\").", "The [heavy machine gun](/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun \"Heavy machine gun\") was a specialist weapon, and in a static trench system was employed in a scientific manner, with carefully calculated fields of fire, so that at a moment's notice an accurate burst could be fired at the enemy's parapet or a break in the wire. Equally it could be used as light artillery in bombarding distant trenches. Heavy machine guns required teams of up to eight men to move them, maintain them, and keep them supplied with ammunition. This made them impractical for offensive manoeuvres, contributing to the stalemate on the [Western Front](/wiki/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29 \"Western Front (World War I)\").", "[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|German [stormtrooper](/wiki/Stormtroopers_%28Imperial_Germany%29 \"Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany)\") with [MP 18](/wiki/MP_18 \"MP 18\"), 1918](/wiki/File:France1918.jpg \"France1918.jpg\")", "One [machine gun nest](/wiki/Machine_gun_nest \"Machine gun nest\") was theoretically able to mow down hundreds of enemies charging in the open through [no man's land](/wiki/No_man%27s_land \"No man's land\").\nHowever, while WWI machine guns were able to shoot hundreds of rounds per minute in theory, they were still prone to overheating and jamming, which often necessitated firing in short bursts.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/machineguns.htm\\|title\\=First World War.com – Weapons of War: Machine Guns\\|website\\=Firstworldwar.com\\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2018}} However, their potential was increased significantly when emplaced behind multiple lines of barbed wire to slow any advancing enemy.", "In 1917 and 1918, new types of weapons were fielded. They changed the face of warfare tactics and were later employed during World War II.", "The French introduced the [CSRG 1915 Chauchat](/wiki/Chauchat \"Chauchat\") during Spring 1916 around the concept of \"[walking fire](/wiki/Walking_fire \"Walking fire\")\", employed in 1918 when 250,000 weapons were fielded. More than 80,000 of the best shooters received the semi\\-automatic [RSC 1917](/wiki/Fusil_Automatique_Modele_1917 \"Fusil Automatique Modele 1917\") rifle, allowing them to rapid fire at waves of attacking soldiers. Firing ports were installed in the newly arrived [Renault FT](/wiki/Renault_FT \"Renault FT\") tanks.", "The French Army fielded a ground version of the [Hotchkiss Canon de 37 mm](/wiki/Hotchkiss_gun \"Hotchkiss gun\") used by the French Navy. It was primarily used to destroy German machine gun nests and concrete reinforced pillboxes with high explosive and armour\\-piercing rounds.", "A new type of machine gun was introduced in 1916\\. Initially an aircraft weapon, the [Bergmann LMG 15](/wiki/Bergmann_MG15_nA_Gun \"Bergmann MG15 nA Gun\") was modified for ground use, with the later dedicated ground version being the LMG 15 n. A. It was used as an infantry weapon on all European and Middle Eastern fronts until the end of World War I. It later inspired the [MG 30](/wiki/MG_30 \"MG 30\") and the [MG 34](/wiki/MG_34 \"MG 34\") as well as the concept of the [general\\-purpose machine gun](/wiki/General-purpose_machine_gun \"General-purpose machine gun\").", "What became known as the [submachine gun](/wiki/Submachine_gun \"Submachine gun\") had its genesis in World War I, developed around the concepts of infiltration and fire and movement, specifically to clear trenches of enemy soldiers when engagements were unlikely to occur beyond a range of a few feet. The [MP 18](/wiki/MP_18 \"MP 18\") was the first practical submachine gun used in combat. It was fielded in 1918 by the [German Army](/wiki/German_Army_%28German_Empire%29 \"German Army (German Empire)\") as the primary weapon of the stormtroopers – assault groups that specialised in trench combat. Around the same time, the Italians had developed the [Beretta M1918](/wiki/Beretta_M1918 \"Beretta M1918\") submachine gun, based on a design from earlier in the war.", "" ]
Strategy and tactics -------------------- [thumb\|German trenches in [Vimy](/wiki/Vimy "Vimy")](/wiki/File:Vimy_Memorial_-_German_trenches%2C_mortar_emplacement.jpg "Vimy Memorial - German trenches, mortar emplacement.jpg") The fundamental strategy of trench warfare in World War I was to defend one's own position strongly while trying to achieve a breakthrough into the enemy's rear. The effect was to end up in [attrition](/wiki/Battle_of_attrition "Battle of attrition"), the process of progressively grinding down the opposition's resources until, ultimately, they are no longer able to wage war. This did not prevent the ambitious commander from pursuing the strategy of annihilation—the ideal of an offensive battle which produces victory in one decisive engagement. The Commander in Chief of the British forces during most of World War I, General [Douglas Haig](/wiki/Douglas_Haig%2C_1st_Earl_Haig "Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig"), was constantly seeking a "breakthrough" which could then be exploited with cavalry divisions. His major trench offensives—the Somme in 1916 and Flanders in 1917—were conceived as breakthrough battles but both degenerated into costly attrition. The Germans actively pursued a strategy of attrition in the [Battle of Verdun](/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun "Battle of Verdun"), the sole purpose of which was to "bleed the French Army white". At the same time the Allies needed to mount offensives in order to draw attention away from other hard\-pressed areas of the line.{{sfn\|Foley\|2007\|pp\=191–192}} [thumb\|upright\|left\|French troopers using a [periscope](/wiki/Periscope "Periscope"), 1915](/wiki/File:Periscope_tranch%C3%A9e_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg "Periscope tranchée française.jpg") The popular image of a trench assault is of a wave of soldiers, bayonets fixed, going "over the top" and marching in a line across no man's land into a hail of enemy fire. This was the standard method early in the war; it was rarely successful. More common was an attack at night from an advanced post in no man's land, having cut the barbed wire beforehand. In 1915, the Germans innovated with [infiltration tactics](/wiki/Infiltration_tactics "Infiltration tactics") where small groups of highly trained and well\-equipped troops would attack vulnerable points and bypass strong points, driving deep into the rear areas. The distance they could advance was still limited by their ability to supply and communicate. The role of artillery in an infantry attack was twofold. The first aim of a bombardment was to prepare the ground for an infantry assault, killing or demoralising the enemy garrison and destroying their defences. The duration of these initial bombardments varied, from seconds to days. Artillery bombardments prior to infantry assaults were often ineffective at destroying enemy defences, only serving to provide advance notice of an attack. The British bombardment that began the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme "Battle of the Somme") lasted eight days but did little damage to either the German barbed wire or their deep dug\-outs, where defenders were able to wait out the bombardment in relative safety.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/entertainment/14625124\.The\_Somme\_from\_the\_German\_side\_of\_the\_wire/ \|title\=The Somme from the German side of the wire (From The Northern Echo) \|newspaper\=Thenorthernecho.co.uk \|date\=18 July 2016 \|access\-date\= 1 August 2016}} Once the guns stopped, the defenders had time to emerge and were usually ready for the attacking infantry. The second aim was to protect the attacking infantry by providing an impenetrable "[barrage](/wiki/Barrage_%28artillery%29 "Barrage (artillery)")" or curtain of shells to prevent an enemy counter\-attack. The first attempt at sophistication was the "lifting barrage" where the first objective of an attack was intensely bombarded for a period before the entire barrage "lifted" to fall on a second objective farther back. However, this usually expected too much of the infantry, and the usual outcome was that the barrage would outpace the attackers, leaving them without protection. This resulted in the use of the "creeping barrage" which would lift more frequently but in smaller steps, sweeping the ground ahead and moving so slowly that the attackers could usually follow closely behind it. This became the standard method of attack from late 1916 onward. The main benefit of the barrage was suppression of the enemy rather than to cause casualties or material damage. Capturing the objective was half the battle, but the battle was won only if the objective was held. The attacking force would have to advance with not only the weapons required to capture a trench but also the tools—sandbags, picks and shovels, barbed wire—to fortify and defend from counter\-attack. A successful advance would take the attackers beyond the range of their own field artillery, making them vulnerable, and it took time to move guns up over broken ground. The Germans placed great emphasis on immediately counter\-attacking to regain lost ground. This strategy cost them dearly in 1917 when the British started to limit their advances so as to be able to meet the anticipated counter\-attack from a position of strength. Part of the British artillery was positioned close behind the original start line and took no part in the initial bombardment, so as to be ready to support later phases of the operation while other guns were moved up. The Germans were the first to apply the concept of "defence in depth", where the front\-line zone was hundreds of metres deep and contained a series of [redoubts](/wiki/Redoubt "Redoubt") rather than a continuous trench. Each redoubt could provide supporting fire to its neighbours, and while the attackers had freedom of movement between the redoubts, they would be subjected to withering [enfilade](/wiki/Enfilade_and_defilade "Enfilade and defilade") fire. They were also more willing than their opponents to make a strategic withdrawal to a superior prepared defensive position. The British eventually adopted a similar approach, but it was incompletely implemented when the Germans launched the 1918 Spring Offensive and proved disastrously ineffective. France, by contrast, relied on artillery and reserves, not entrenchment.
[ "Strategy and tactics\n--------------------", "[thumb\\|German trenches in [Vimy](/wiki/Vimy \"Vimy\")](/wiki/File:Vimy_Memorial_-_German_trenches%2C_mortar_emplacement.jpg \"Vimy Memorial - German trenches, mortar emplacement.jpg\")", "The fundamental strategy of trench warfare in World War I was to defend one's own position strongly while trying to achieve a breakthrough into the enemy's rear. The effect was to end up in [attrition](/wiki/Battle_of_attrition \"Battle of attrition\"), the process of progressively grinding down the opposition's resources until, ultimately, they are no longer able to wage war. This did not prevent the ambitious commander from pursuing the strategy of annihilation—the ideal of an offensive battle which produces victory in one decisive engagement.", "The Commander in Chief of the British forces during most of World War I, General [Douglas Haig](/wiki/Douglas_Haig%2C_1st_Earl_Haig \"Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig\"), was constantly seeking a \"breakthrough\" which could then be exploited with cavalry divisions. His major trench offensives—the Somme in 1916 and Flanders in 1917—were conceived as breakthrough battles but both degenerated into costly attrition. The Germans actively pursued a strategy of attrition in the [Battle of Verdun](/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun \"Battle of Verdun\"), the sole purpose of which was to \"bleed the French Army white\". At the same time the Allies needed to mount offensives in order to draw attention away from other hard\\-pressed areas of the line.{{sfn\\|Foley\\|2007\\|pp\\=191–192}}", "[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|French troopers using a [periscope](/wiki/Periscope \"Periscope\"), 1915](/wiki/File:Periscope_tranch%C3%A9e_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg \"Periscope tranchée française.jpg\")", "The popular image of a trench assault is of a wave of soldiers, bayonets fixed, going \"over the top\" and marching in a line across no man's land into a hail of enemy fire. This was the standard method early in the war; it was rarely successful. More common was an attack at night from an advanced post in no man's land, having cut the barbed wire beforehand. In 1915, the Germans innovated with [infiltration tactics](/wiki/Infiltration_tactics \"Infiltration tactics\") where small groups of highly trained and well\\-equipped troops would attack vulnerable points and bypass strong points, driving deep into the rear areas. The distance they could advance was still limited by their ability to supply and communicate.", "The role of artillery in an infantry attack was twofold. The first aim of a bombardment was to prepare the ground for an infantry assault, killing or demoralising the enemy garrison and destroying their defences. The duration of these initial bombardments varied, from seconds to days. Artillery bombardments prior to infantry assaults were often ineffective at destroying enemy defences, only serving to provide advance notice of an attack. The British bombardment that began the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme \"Battle of the Somme\") lasted eight days but did little damage to either the German barbed wire or their deep dug\\-outs, where defenders were able to wait out the bombardment in relative safety.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/entertainment/14625124\\.The\\_Somme\\_from\\_the\\_German\\_side\\_of\\_the\\_wire/ \\|title\\=The Somme from the German side of the wire (From The Northern Echo) \\|newspaper\\=Thenorthernecho.co.uk \\|date\\=18 July 2016 \\|access\\-date\\= 1 August 2016}}", "Once the guns stopped, the defenders had time to emerge and were usually ready for the attacking infantry. The second aim was to protect the attacking infantry by providing an impenetrable \"[barrage](/wiki/Barrage_%28artillery%29 \"Barrage (artillery)\")\" or curtain of shells to prevent an enemy counter\\-attack. The first attempt at sophistication was the \"lifting barrage\" where the first objective of an attack was intensely bombarded for a period before the entire barrage \"lifted\" to fall on a second objective farther back. However, this usually expected too much of the infantry, and the usual outcome was that the barrage would outpace the attackers, leaving them without protection.", "This resulted in the use of the \"creeping barrage\" which would lift more frequently but in smaller steps, sweeping the ground ahead and moving so slowly that the attackers could usually follow closely behind it. This became the standard method of attack from late 1916 onward. The main benefit of the barrage was suppression of the enemy rather than to cause casualties or material damage.", "Capturing the objective was half the battle, but the battle was won only if the objective was held. The attacking force would have to advance with not only the weapons required to capture a trench but also the tools—sandbags, picks and shovels, barbed wire—to fortify and defend from counter\\-attack. A successful advance would take the attackers beyond the range of their own field artillery, making them vulnerable, and it took time to move guns up over broken ground. The Germans placed great emphasis on immediately counter\\-attacking to regain lost ground. This strategy cost them dearly in 1917 when the British started to limit their advances so as to be able to meet the anticipated counter\\-attack from a position of strength. Part of the British artillery was positioned close behind the original start line and took no part in the initial bombardment, so as to be ready to support later phases of the operation while other guns were moved up.", "The Germans were the first to apply the concept of \"defence in depth\", where the front\\-line zone was hundreds of metres deep and contained a series of [redoubts](/wiki/Redoubt \"Redoubt\") rather than a continuous trench. Each redoubt could provide supporting fire to its neighbours, and while the attackers had freedom of movement between the redoubts, they would be subjected to withering [enfilade](/wiki/Enfilade_and_defilade \"Enfilade and defilade\") fire. They were also more willing than their opponents to make a strategic withdrawal to a superior prepared defensive position. The British eventually adopted a similar approach, but it was incompletely implemented when the Germans launched the 1918 Spring Offensive and proved disastrously ineffective. France, by contrast, relied on artillery and reserves, not entrenchment.", "" ]
Life in the trenches -------------------- [thumb\|upright\|Distribution of *pinard* (ration wine) in a French trench in winter, considered important for morale](/wiki/File:Distribution_de_pinard.jpg "Distribution de pinard.jpg") An individual unit's time in a front\-line trench was usually brief; from as little as one day to as much as two weeks at a time before being relieved. The 31st Australian Battalion once spent 53 days in the line at [Villers\-Bretonneux](/wiki/Villers-Bretonneux "Villers-Bretonneux"), but such a duration was a rare exception. The [10th Battalion, CEF](/wiki/10th_Battalion%2C_CEF "10th Battalion, CEF"), averaged frontline tours of six days in 1915 and 1916\.{{cite web\|url\=http://calgaryhighlanders.com/history/10th/history/1915\.htm\|title\=1915 history\|website\=Calgaryhighlanders.com\|access\-date\=12 November 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708112043/http://calgaryhighlanders.com/history/10th/history/1915\.htm\|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-08\|url\-status\=dead}} The units who manned the frontline trenches the longest were the [Portuguese Expeditionary Corps](/wiki/Portuguese_Expeditionary_Corps "Portuguese Expeditionary Corps") from [Portugal](/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic "First Portuguese Republic") stationed in Northern France; unlike the other allies the Portuguese couldn't rotate units from the front lines due to lack of reinforcements sent from Portugal, nor could they replace the depleted units that lost manpower due to the war of attrition. With this rate of casualties and no reinforcements forthcoming, most of the men were denied leave and had to serve long periods in the trenches with some units spending up to six consecutive months in the front line with little to no leave during that time.Rodrigues, Hugo. France at War – Portugal in the Great War. Available\* {{cite web\|url\=http://www.worldwar1\.com/france/portugal.htm \|title\=France at War \- Portugal in the Great War \|access\-date\=2012\-02\-14 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603044406/http://www.worldwar1\.com/france/portugal.htm \|archive\-date\=2007\-06\-03 }} On an individual level, a typical British soldier's year could be divided as follows: * 15% front line * 10% support line * 30% reserve line * 20% rest * 25% other (hospital, travelling, leave, training courses, etc.) [thumb\|upright\=.8\|left\|"Studying French in the Trenches", *The Literary Digest*, October 20, 1917](/wiki/File:Studying_French.jpg "Studying French.jpg") Even when in the front line, the typical [battalion](/wiki/Battalion "Battalion") would be called upon to engage in fighting only a handful of times a year; making an attack, defending against an attack or participating in a raid. The frequency of combat would increase for the units of the "elite" fighting divisions; on the Allied side, these were the British regular divisions, the [Canadian Corps](/wiki/Canadian_Corps "Canadian Corps"), the French XX Corps, and the [Anzacs](/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps "Australian and New Zealand Army Corps"). [thumb\|Hot shower\-bath establishment installed by a French engineer, November 1914](/wiki/File:French_army.jpg "French army.jpg") Some sectors of the front saw little activity throughout the war, making life in the trenches comparatively easy. When the [I Anzac Corps](/wiki/I_Anzac_Corps "I Anzac Corps") first arrived in France in April 1916 after the evacuation of Gallipoli, they were sent to a relatively peaceful sector south of [Armentières](/wiki/Armenti%C3%A8res "Armentières") to "acclimatise". In contrast, some other sectors were in a perpetual state of violent activity. On the Western Front, [Ypres](/wiki/Ypres "Ypres") was invariably hellish, especially for the British in the exposed, overlooked salient. However, even quiet sectors amassed daily casualties through [sniper](/wiki/Sniper "Sniper") fire, artillery, disease, and [poison gas](/wiki/Poison_gas_in_World_War_I "Poison gas in World War I"). In the first six months of 1916, before the launch of the [Somme Offensive](/wiki/Somme_Offensive "Somme Offensive"), the British did not engage in any significant battles on their sector of the Western Front and yet suffered 107,776 casualties. [thumb\|left \| Frontline Anzac](/wiki/File:H84_356_39_Front_Line_Anzac_SLV.jpg "H84 356 39 Front Line Anzac SLV.jpg") A sector of the front would be allocated to an army [corps](/wiki/Corps "Corps"), usually comprising three [divisions](/wiki/Division_%28military%29 "Division (military)"). Two divisions would occupy adjacent sections of the front, and the third would be in rest to the rear. This breakdown of duty would continue down through the army structure, so that within each front\-line division, typically comprising three [infantry](/wiki/Infantry "Infantry") [brigades](/wiki/Brigade "Brigade") (regiments for the Germans), two brigades would occupy the front and the third would be in reserve. Within each front\-line brigade, typically comprising four [battalions](/wiki/Battalion "Battalion"), two battalions would occupy the front with two in reserve, and so on for companies and platoons. The lower down the structure this division of duty proceeded, the more frequently the units would rotate from front\-line duty to support or reserve. [thumb\|A barber in a French trench](/wiki/File:Barbier_fran%C3%A7ais_tranch%C3%A9es.jpg "Barbier français tranchées.jpg") During the day, snipers and [artillery observers](/wiki/Artillery_observer "Artillery observer") in [balloons](/wiki/Observation_balloon "Observation balloon") made movement perilous, so the trenches were mostly quiet. It was during these daytime hours that the soldiers would amuse themselves with [trench magazines](/wiki/Trench_Magazine "Trench Magazine"). Because of the peril associated with daytime activities, trenches were busiest at night when the cover of darkness allowed movement of troops and supplies, the maintenance and expansion of the barbed wire and trench system, and reconnaissance of the enemy's defences. Sentries in listening posts out in no man's land would try to detect enemy patrols and working parties, or indications that an attack was being prepared. Pioneered by the [Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry](/wiki/Princess_Patricia%27s_Canadian_Light_Infantry "Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry") in February 1915,*Canada's Army*, p. 82\. [trench raids](/wiki/Trench_raiding "Trench raiding") were carried out in order to capture prisoners and "booty"—letters and other documents to provide intelligence about the unit occupying the opposing trenches. As the war progressed, raiding became part of the general British policy, the intention being to maintain the fighting spirit of the troops and to deny no man's land to the Germans. As well, they were intended to compel the enemy to reinforce, which exposed their troops to artillery fire. Such dominance was achieved at a high cost when the enemy replied with their own artillery, and a post\-war British analysis concluded the benefits were probably not worth the cost. Early in the war, surprise raids would be mounted, particularly by the Canadians, but increased vigilance made achieving surprise difficult as the war progressed. By 1916, raids were carefully planned exercises in combined arms and involved close co\-operation between infantry and artillery. A raid would begin with an intense artillery bombardment designed to drive off or kill the front\-trench garrison and cut the barbed wire. Then the bombardment would shift to form a "box barrage", or cordon, around a section of the front line to prevent a counter\-attack intercepting the raid. However, the bombardment also had the effect of notifying the enemy of the location of the planned attack, thus allowing reinforcements to be called in from wider sectors.
[ "Life in the trenches\n--------------------", "[thumb\\|upright\\|Distribution of *pinard* (ration wine) in a French trench in winter, considered important for morale](/wiki/File:Distribution_de_pinard.jpg \"Distribution de pinard.jpg\")", "An individual unit's time in a front\\-line trench was usually brief; from as little as one day to as much as two weeks at a time before being relieved. The 31st Australian Battalion once spent 53 days in the line at [Villers\\-Bretonneux](/wiki/Villers-Bretonneux \"Villers-Bretonneux\"), but such a duration was a rare exception. The [10th Battalion, CEF](/wiki/10th_Battalion%2C_CEF \"10th Battalion, CEF\"), averaged frontline tours of six days in 1915 and 1916\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://calgaryhighlanders.com/history/10th/history/1915\\.htm\\|title\\=1915 history\\|website\\=Calgaryhighlanders.com\\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708112043/http://calgaryhighlanders.com/history/10th/history/1915\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-08\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\nThe units who manned the frontline trenches the longest were the [Portuguese Expeditionary Corps](/wiki/Portuguese_Expeditionary_Corps \"Portuguese Expeditionary Corps\") from [Portugal](/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic \"First Portuguese Republic\") stationed in Northern France; unlike the other allies the Portuguese couldn't rotate units from the front lines due to lack of reinforcements sent from Portugal, nor could they replace the depleted units that lost manpower due to the war of attrition. With this rate of casualties and no reinforcements forthcoming, most of the men were denied leave and had to serve long periods in the trenches with some units spending up to six consecutive months in the front line with little to no leave during that time.Rodrigues, Hugo. France at War – Portugal in the Great War. Available\\* {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.worldwar1\\.com/france/portugal.htm \\|title\\=France at War \\- Portugal in the Great War \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-14 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603044406/http://www.worldwar1\\.com/france/portugal.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-06\\-03 }}", "On an individual level, a typical British soldier's year could be divided as follows:", "* 15% front line\n* 10% support line\n* 30% reserve line\n* 20% rest\n* 25% other (hospital, travelling, leave, training courses, etc.)", "[thumb\\|upright\\=.8\\|left\\|\"Studying French in the Trenches\", *The Literary Digest*, October 20, 1917](/wiki/File:Studying_French.jpg \"Studying French.jpg\")", "Even when in the front line, the typical [battalion](/wiki/Battalion \"Battalion\") would be called upon to engage in fighting only a handful of times a year; making an attack, defending against an attack or participating in a raid. The frequency of combat would increase for the units of the \"elite\" fighting divisions; on the Allied side, these were the British regular divisions, the [Canadian Corps](/wiki/Canadian_Corps \"Canadian Corps\"), the French XX Corps, and the [Anzacs](/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps \"Australian and New Zealand Army Corps\").", "[thumb\\|Hot shower\\-bath establishment installed by a French engineer, November 1914](/wiki/File:French_army.jpg \"French army.jpg\")", "Some sectors of the front saw little activity throughout the war, making life in the trenches comparatively easy. When the [I Anzac Corps](/wiki/I_Anzac_Corps \"I Anzac Corps\") first arrived in France in April 1916 after the evacuation of Gallipoli, they were sent to a relatively peaceful sector south of [Armentières](/wiki/Armenti%C3%A8res \"Armentières\") to \"acclimatise\". In contrast, some other sectors were in a perpetual state of violent activity. On the Western Front, [Ypres](/wiki/Ypres \"Ypres\") was invariably hellish, especially for the British in the exposed, overlooked salient. However, even quiet sectors amassed daily casualties through [sniper](/wiki/Sniper \"Sniper\") fire, artillery, disease, and [poison gas](/wiki/Poison_gas_in_World_War_I \"Poison gas in World War I\"). In the first six months of 1916, before the launch of the [Somme Offensive](/wiki/Somme_Offensive \"Somme Offensive\"), the British did not engage in any significant battles on their sector of the Western Front and yet suffered 107,776 casualties.", "[thumb\\|left \\| Frontline Anzac](/wiki/File:H84_356_39_Front_Line_Anzac_SLV.jpg \"H84 356 39 Front Line Anzac SLV.jpg\")", "A sector of the front would be allocated to an army [corps](/wiki/Corps \"Corps\"), usually comprising three [divisions](/wiki/Division_%28military%29 \"Division (military)\"). Two divisions would occupy adjacent sections of the front, and the third would be in rest to the rear. This breakdown of duty would continue down through the army structure, so that within each front\\-line division, typically comprising three [infantry](/wiki/Infantry \"Infantry\") [brigades](/wiki/Brigade \"Brigade\") (regiments for the Germans), two brigades would occupy the front and the third would be in reserve. Within each front\\-line brigade, typically comprising four [battalions](/wiki/Battalion \"Battalion\"), two battalions would occupy the front with two in reserve, and so on for companies and platoons. The lower down the structure this division of duty proceeded, the more frequently the units would rotate from front\\-line duty to support or reserve.", "[thumb\\|A barber in a French trench](/wiki/File:Barbier_fran%C3%A7ais_tranch%C3%A9es.jpg \"Barbier français tranchées.jpg\")\nDuring the day, snipers and [artillery observers](/wiki/Artillery_observer \"Artillery observer\") in [balloons](/wiki/Observation_balloon \"Observation balloon\") made movement perilous, so the trenches were mostly quiet. It was during these daytime hours that the soldiers would amuse themselves with [trench magazines](/wiki/Trench_Magazine \"Trench Magazine\"). Because of the peril associated with daytime activities, trenches were busiest at night when the cover of darkness allowed movement of troops and supplies, the maintenance and expansion of the barbed wire and trench system, and reconnaissance of the enemy's defences. Sentries in listening posts out in no man's land would try to detect enemy patrols and working parties, or indications that an attack was being prepared.", "Pioneered by the [Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry](/wiki/Princess_Patricia%27s_Canadian_Light_Infantry \"Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry\") in February 1915,*Canada's Army*, p. 82\\. [trench raids](/wiki/Trench_raiding \"Trench raiding\") were carried out in order to capture prisoners and \"booty\"—letters and other documents to provide intelligence about the unit occupying the opposing trenches. As the war progressed, raiding became part of the general British policy, the intention being to maintain the fighting spirit of the troops and to deny no man's land to the Germans. As well, they were intended to compel the enemy to reinforce, which exposed their troops to artillery fire.", "Such dominance was achieved at a high cost when the enemy replied with their own artillery, and a post\\-war British analysis concluded the benefits were probably not worth the cost. Early in the war, surprise raids would be mounted, particularly by the Canadians, but increased vigilance made achieving surprise difficult as the war progressed. By 1916, raids were carefully planned exercises in combined arms and involved close co\\-operation between infantry and artillery.", "A raid would begin with an intense artillery bombardment designed to drive off or kill the front\\-trench garrison and cut the barbed wire. Then the bombardment would shift to form a \"box barrage\", or cordon, around a section of the front line to prevent a counter\\-attack intercepting the raid. However, the bombardment also had the effect of notifying the enemy of the location of the planned attack, thus allowing reinforcements to be called in from wider sectors.", "" ]
Dangers ------- [thumb\|A German machine gun position just after its capture by New Zealand soldiers, with a dead German among the debris, [Grevillers](/wiki/Grevillers "Grevillers"), 24 August 1918, Hundred Days Offensive](/wiki/File:Captured_World_War_I_German_machine_gun_position%2C_Grevillers%2C_France_%2821610477616%29.jpg "Captured World War I German machine gun position, Grevillers, France (21610477616).jpg") [thumb\|Stretcher bearers, [Passchendaele](/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele "Battle of Passchendaele"), August 1917](/wiki/File:A_team_of_stretcher_bearers_struggle_through_deep_mud_to_carry_a_wounded_man_to_safety_near_Boesinghe_on_1_August_1917_during_the_Third_Battle_of_Ypres._Q5935.jpg "A team of stretcher bearers struggle through deep mud to carry a wounded man to safety near Boesinghe on 1 August 1917 during the Third Battle of Ypres. Q5935.jpg") [thumb\|Dead German soldiers lie in the rubble of a trench destroyed by [mine explosion](/wiki/%23Mining "#Mining"), [Messines Ridge](/wiki/Messines_Ridge "Messines Ridge"), 1917](/wiki/File:NLS_Haig_-_Smashed_up_German_trench_on_Messines_Ridge_with_dead.jpg "NLS Haig - Smashed up German trench on Messines Ridge with dead.jpg") Approximately 10–15 percent of all soldiers who fought in the First World War died as a result. While the main cause of death in the trenches came from shelling and gunfire, diseases and [infections](/wiki/Infection "Infection") were always present, and became prevalent for all sides as the war progressed. Medical procedures, while considerably more effective than at any previous time in history, were still not very helpful; [antibiotics](/wiki/Antibiotic "Antibiotic") had not yet been discovered or invented. As a result, an infection caught in a trench often went untreated and could fester until the soldier died. ### Injuries The main killer in the trenches was [artillery](/wiki/Artillery "Artillery") fire; around 75 percent of known casualties.{{Cite journal \| last \= Dieter \| first \= Storz \| date \= 2014 \| title \= Artillery \| url \= https://encyclopedia.1914\-1918\-online.net/article/artillery \| journal \= International Encyclopedia of the First World War }} Even if a soldier was not hit directly by the artillery, shell fragments and debris had a high chance of wounding those in close proximity to the blast. Artillery use increased tremendously during the war; for example, the percentage of the French army that was artillerymen grew from 20 per cent in 1914 to 38 percent by 1918\. The second largest contributor to death was gunfire (bullets from rifles and machine\-guns), which was responsible for 34 per cent of French military casualties.{{Cite journal\|last\=Prost\|first\=Antoine\|date\=2014\|title\=War Losses\|url\=https://encyclopedia.1914\-1918\-online.net/article/war\_losses\|journal\=International Encyclopedia of the First World War}} Once the war entered the static phase of trench warfare, the number of lethal head wounds that troops were receiving from [fragmentation](/wiki/Fragmentation_%28weaponry%29 "Fragmentation (weaponry)") increased dramatically. The French were the first to see a need for greater protection and began to introduce steel helmets in the summer of 1915\. The [Adrian helmet](/wiki/Adrian_helmet "Adrian helmet") replaced the traditional French [kepi](/wiki/Kepi "Kepi") and was later adopted by the Belgian, Italian and many other armies. At about the same time the British were developing their own helmets. The French design was rejected as not strong enough and too difficult to mass\-produce. The design that was eventually approved by the British was the [Brodie helmet](/wiki/Brodie_helmet "Brodie helmet"). This had a wide brim to protect the wearer from falling objects, but offered less protection to the wearer's neck. When the Americans entered the war, this was the helmet they chose, though some units used the French Adrian helmet. ### Disease The predominant disease in the trenches of the Western Front was [trench fever](/wiki/Trench_fever "Trench fever"). Trench fever was a common disease spread through the faeces of [body lice](/wiki/Body_louse "Body louse"), which were rampant in trenches. Trench fever caused headaches, shin pain, [splenomegaly](/wiki/Splenomegaly "Splenomegaly"), rashes and relapsing fevers – resulting in [lethargy](/wiki/Lethargy "Lethargy") for months.{{Cite journal\|last\=Atenstaedt\|first\=R L\|date\=2006\|title\=Trench fever: the British medical response in the Great War\|journal\=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine\|volume\=99\|issue\=11\|pages\=564–568\|pmc\=1633565\|pmid\=17082300\|doi\=10\.1177/014107680609901114}} First reported on the Western Front in 1915 by a British medical officer, additional cases of trench fever became increasingly common mostly in the frontline troops.{{Cite journal\|last\=Anstead\|first\=Gregory\|title\=The centenary of the discovery of trench fever, an emerging infectious disease of World War 1\|journal\=The Lancet Infectious Diseases\|date\=2016\|volume\=16\|issue\=8\|pages\=164–172\|via\=Elsevier BV\|doi\=10\.1016/S1473\-3099(16\)30003\-2\|pmid\=27375211\|pmc\=7106389}} In 1921, microbiologist Sir David Bruce reported that over one million Allied soldiers were infected by trench fever throughout the war.{{Cite journal\|last\=Bruce\|first\=David\|date\=1921\|title\=Trench Fever. Final Report Of The War Office Trench Fever Investigation Committee\|journal\=Journal of Hygiene\|volume\=20\|issue\=3\|pages\=258–288\|via\=Cambridge University Press\|doi\=10\.1017/S0022172400034008\|pmid\=20474739\|pmc\=2207074}} Even after the Great War had ended, disabled veterans in Britain attributed their decreasing quality of life to trench fever they had sustained during wartime. Early in the war, [gas gangrene](/wiki/Gas_gangrene "Gas gangrene") commonly developed in major wounds, in part because the *[Clostridium](/wiki/Clostridium "Clostridium")* bacteria responsible are ubiquitous in manure\-fertilized soil{{Cite journal\|last\=Holmes\|first\=Grace\|title\=Gas Gangrene in the First World War\|url\=http://www.kumc.edu/wwi/index\-of\-essays/gas\-gangrene.html\|access\-date\=8 October 2020\|archive\-date\=9 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009141043/http://www.kumc.edu/wwi/index\-of\-essays/gas\-gangrene.html\|url\-status\=dead}} (common in western European agriculture, such as France and Belgium), and dirt would often get into a wound (or be rammed in by shrapnel, explosion, or bullet). In 1914, 12% of wounded British soldiers developed gas gangrene, and at least 100,000 German soldiers died directly from the infection.{{Cite journal\|title\=Gas gangrene: a military disease?\|year\=1986\|pmid\=3716723\|url\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3716723/\|last1\=Pailler\|first1\=J. L.\|last2\=Labeeu\|first2\=F.\|journal\=Acta Chirurgica Belgica\|volume\=86\|issue\=2\|pages\=63–71}} After rapid advances in medical procedures and practices, the incidence of gas gangrene fell to 1% by 1918\.{{Cite journal\|last\=Pennington\|first\=Hugh\|date\=2019\|title\=The impact of infectious disease in war time: a look back at WW1\|journal\=Future Microbiology\|volume\=14\|issue\=3\|pages\=165–168\|via\=Future Medicine Ltd\|doi\=10\.2217/fmb\-2018\-0323\|pmid\=30628481\|doi\-access\=free}} Entrenched soldiers also carried many intestinal parasites, such as [ascariasis](/wiki/Ascariasis "Ascariasis"), [trichuriasis](/wiki/Trichuriasis "Trichuriasis") and [tapeworm](/wiki/Tapeworm "Tapeworm").{{Cite journal\|last1\=Le Baily\|first1\=Metthieu\|last2\=Landolt\|first2\=Michaël\|date\=2014\|title\=Intestinal Parasites in First World War German Soldiers from "Kilianstollen", Carspach, France\|journal\=PLOS ONE\|volume\=9\|issue\=10\|pages\=e109543\|doi\=10\.1371/journal.pone.0109543\|pmid\=25333988\|pmc\=4198135\|bibcode\=2014PLoSO...9j9543L\|doi\-access\=free}} These parasites were common amongst soldiers, and spread amongst them, due to the unhygienic environment created by the common trench, where there were no true [sewage](/wiki/Sewage "Sewage") management procedures. This ensured that parasites (and diseases) would spread onto rations and food sources that would then be eaten by other soldiers. [Trench foot](/wiki/Trench_foot "Trench foot") was a common environmental ailment affecting many soldiers, especially during the winter. It is one of several [immersion foot syndromes](/wiki/Immersion_foot_syndrome "Immersion foot syndrome"). It was characterized by numbness and pain in the feet, but in bad cases could result in necrosis of the lower limbs. Trench foot was a large problem for the Allied forces, resulting in 75,000 British and 2,000 American casualties.{{Cite journal\|first\=Robert L.\|last\=Atenstaedt\|title\=Trench foot: The medical response in the first World War 1914–18\|journal\=Wilderness \& Environmental Medicine\|date\=2006\|volume\=17\|issue\=4\|pages\=282–9\|doi\=10\.1580/06\-weme\-lh\-027r.1\|pmid\=17219792\|s2cid\=7341839\|doi\-access\=free}} Mandatory routine (daily or more often) foot inspections by fellow soldiers, along with systematic use of soap, foot powder, and changing socks, greatly reduced cases of trench foot.{{Cite journal\|last\=Haller\|first\=John S.\|date\=1990\|title\=Trench Foot – A study in Military\-Medical Responsiveness in the Great War, 1914–1918\|journal\=The Western Journal of Medicine\|volume\=152\|issue\=6\|pages\=729–730\|pmc\=1002454\|pmid\=1972307}} In 1918, US infantry were issued with an improved and more waterproof '[Pershing boot](/wiki/Trench_boot "Trench boot")' in an attempt to reduce casualties from trench foot. To the surprise of medical professionals at the time, there was no outbreak of [typhus](/wiki/Typhus "Typhus") in the trenches of the Western Front, despite the cold and harsh conditions being perfect for the reproduction of body lice that transmit the disease.{{Cite web\|url\=https://microbiologysociety.org/publication/past\-issues/world\-war\-i/article/typhus\-in\-world\-war\-i.html\|title\=Typhus in World War I\|date\=2014\|website\=Microbiology Society\|access\-date\=23 September 2019}} However, on the Eastern Front an epidemic of typhus claimed between 150,000 – 200,000 lives in [Serbia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia "Kingdom of Serbia").{{Cite journal\|last\=Ristanovic\|first\=Elizabeta\|date\=2015\|title\=Infectious agents as a security challenge: Experience of typhus, variola and tularemia outbreaks in Serbia\|journal\=Bezbednost, Beograd\|volume\=57\|issue\=2\|pages\=5–20\|doi\=10\.5937/bezbednost1502005r\|s2cid\=79506569\|doi\-access\=free}} [Russia](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire") also suffered a globally unprecedented typhus epidemic during the last two years of the conflict that was exacerbated by harsh winters. This outbreak resulted in approximately 2\.5 million recorded deaths, 100,000 of them being [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army "Red Army") soldiers.{{Cite journal\|last\=Patterson\|first\=K David\|date\=1993\|title\=Typhus and its control in Russia, 1870–1940\|journal\=Medical History\|volume\=37\|issue\=4\|pages\=361–381\|doi\=10\.1017/s0025727300058725\|pmid\=8246643\|pmc\=1036775\|s2cid\=29949150}} Symptoms of typhus include a characteristic spotted [rash](/wiki/Rash "Rash") (which was not always present), severe [headache](/wiki/Headache "Headache"), sustained high [fever](/wiki/Fever "Fever") of 39 °C (102 °F), [cough](/wiki/Cough "Cough"), severe muscle pain, [chills](/wiki/Chills "Chills"), falling blood pressure, [stupor](/wiki/Stupor "Stupor"), [sensitivity to light](/wiki/Photophobia "Photophobia"), and [delirium](/wiki/Delirium "Delirium"); 10% to 60% die. Typhus is spread by [body lice](/wiki/Body_louse "Body louse"). ### Trench rats {{main\|Trench rats}} The trenches were inhabited by millions of [rats](/wiki/Rat "Rat") which were often responsible for the spread of diseases. Soldiers' attempts to cull hordes of trench rats with rifle bayonets were common early in the war, but the rats reproduced faster than they could be slaughtered.{{Cite web\|url\=https://thebiomedicalscientist.net/science/disease\-trenches\|title\=Disease in the trenches\|date\=2018\|website\=The Biomedical Scientist\|access\-date\=23 September 2019}} However, soldiers still partook in rat hunts as a form of entertainment. Rats would feed on half\-eaten or uneaten rations as well as corpses. Many soldiers were more afraid of rats than other horrors found in the trenches.{{Cite book\|title\=On the Front Line: True World War I Stories\|last\=Lewis\|first\=Jon E.\|publisher\=Constable \& Robinson\|year\=2013\|location\=Hachette UK}} ### Psychological impact Nervous and mental breakdowns amongst soldiers were common, due to unrelenting shellfire and the claustrophobic trench environment.{{Cite journal\|last\=Loughran\|first\=Tracey\|date\=2008\|title\=Shell\-Shock and Psychological Medicine in First World War Britain\|journal\=Social History of Medicine\|volume\=22\|pages\=79–95\|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.854\.26\|doi\=10\.1093/shm/hkn093}} Men who suffered such intense breakdowns were often rendered completely immobile, and were often seen cowering low in the trenches, unable even to perform instinctive human responses such as running away or fighting back. This condition came to be known as "[shell shock](/wiki/Shell_shock "Shell shock")", "war neurosis" or "battle hypnosis".{{Cite journal\|last\=Crocq\|first\=Marc\-Antoine\|date\=2000\|title\=From shell shock and war neurosis to posttraumatic stress disorder: a history of psychotraumatology\|journal\=Dialogues Clin Neurosci\|volume\=2\|issue\=1\|pages\=47–55\|doi\=10\.31887/DCNS.2000\.2\.1/macrocq\|pmc\=3181586\|pmid\=22033462}} Although trenches provided cover from shelling and small\-arms fire, they also amplified the psychological effects of shell shock, as there was no way to escape a trench if shellfire was coming.{{Cite book\|title\=Breakdown\|last\=Downing\|first\=Taylor\|publisher\=Brown Book Group\|year\=2016\|location\=London}} If a soldier became too debilitated from shell shock, they were evacuated from the trench and hospitalized if possible.{{Cite journal\|last\=Jones\|first\=Edgar\|date\=2014\|title\=Battle for the mind: World War 1 and the birth of military psychiatry\|url\=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/kcmhr/publications/assetfiles/2014/Jones2014e.pdf\|journal\=The Lancet\|volume\=384\|issue\=9955\|pages\=1708–1714\|doi\=10\.1016/s0140\-6736(14\)61260\-5\|pmid\=25441201\|s2cid\=19557543\|via\=Elsevier BV}} In some cases, shell shocked soldiers were executed for "[cowardice](/wiki/Cowardice "Cowardice")" by their commanders as they became a liability.{{Cite book\|title\=Armies of the young\|last\=Rosen\|first\=David M.\|publisher\=Rutgers University Press\|year\=2005\|location\=New Brunswick, NJ\|pages\=6–9}} This was often done by a [firing squad](/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad "Execution by firing squad") composed of their fellow soldiers – often from the same unit.{{Cite journal\|last\=Chen\|first\=Daniel L.\|date\=2016\|title\=The Deterrent Effect of the Death Penalty? Evidence from British Commutations During World War I\|url\=https://sole\-jole.org/13382\.pdf\|doi\=10\.2139/ssrn.2740549\|via\=Elsevier BV\|access\-date\=3 October 2019\|archive\-date\=3 October 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003050454/https://sole\-jole.org/13382\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}} Only years later would it be understood that such men were suffering from shell shock. During the war, 306 British soldiers were officially executed by their own side.{{Cite web\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk\_news/1399983\.stm\|title\=Tribute to WWI 'cowards'\|date\=2001\|website\=BBC News}}
[ "Dangers\n-------", "[thumb\\|A German machine gun position just after its capture by New Zealand soldiers, with a dead German among the debris, [Grevillers](/wiki/Grevillers \"Grevillers\"), 24 August 1918, Hundred Days Offensive](/wiki/File:Captured_World_War_I_German_machine_gun_position%2C_Grevillers%2C_France_%2821610477616%29.jpg \"Captured World War I German machine gun position, Grevillers, France (21610477616).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Stretcher bearers, [Passchendaele](/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele \"Battle of Passchendaele\"), August 1917](/wiki/File:A_team_of_stretcher_bearers_struggle_through_deep_mud_to_carry_a_wounded_man_to_safety_near_Boesinghe_on_1_August_1917_during_the_Third_Battle_of_Ypres._Q5935.jpg \"A team of stretcher bearers struggle through deep mud to carry a wounded man to safety near Boesinghe on 1 August 1917 during the Third Battle of Ypres. Q5935.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Dead German soldiers lie in the rubble of a trench destroyed by [mine explosion](/wiki/%23Mining \"#Mining\"), [Messines Ridge](/wiki/Messines_Ridge \"Messines Ridge\"), 1917](/wiki/File:NLS_Haig_-_Smashed_up_German_trench_on_Messines_Ridge_with_dead.jpg \"NLS Haig - Smashed up German trench on Messines Ridge with dead.jpg\")", "Approximately 10–15 percent of all soldiers who fought in the First World War died as a result.", "While the main cause of death in the trenches came from shelling and gunfire, diseases and [infections](/wiki/Infection \"Infection\") were always present, and became prevalent for all sides as the war progressed. Medical procedures, while considerably more effective than at any previous time in history, were still not very helpful; [antibiotics](/wiki/Antibiotic \"Antibiotic\") had not yet been discovered or invented. As a result, an infection caught in a trench often went untreated and could fester until the soldier died.", "### Injuries", "The main killer in the trenches was [artillery](/wiki/Artillery \"Artillery\") fire; around 75 percent of known casualties.{{Cite journal \\| last \\= Dieter \\| first \\= Storz \\| date \\= 2014 \\| title \\= Artillery \\| url \\= https://encyclopedia.1914\\-1918\\-online.net/article/artillery \\| journal \\= International Encyclopedia of the First World War }} Even if a soldier was not hit directly by the artillery, shell fragments and debris had a high chance of wounding those in close proximity to the blast. Artillery use increased tremendously during the war; for example, the percentage of the French army that was artillerymen grew from 20 per cent in 1914 to 38 percent by 1918\\. The second largest contributor to death was gunfire (bullets from rifles and machine\\-guns), which was responsible for 34 per cent of French military casualties.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Prost\\|first\\=Antoine\\|date\\=2014\\|title\\=War Losses\\|url\\=https://encyclopedia.1914\\-1918\\-online.net/article/war\\_losses\\|journal\\=International Encyclopedia of the First World War}}", "Once the war entered the static phase of trench warfare, the number of lethal head wounds that troops were receiving from [fragmentation](/wiki/Fragmentation_%28weaponry%29 \"Fragmentation (weaponry)\") increased dramatically. The French were the first to see a need for greater protection and began to introduce steel helmets in the summer of 1915\\. The [Adrian helmet](/wiki/Adrian_helmet \"Adrian helmet\") replaced the traditional French [kepi](/wiki/Kepi \"Kepi\") and was later adopted by the Belgian, Italian and many other armies. At about the same time the British were developing their own helmets. The French design was rejected as not strong enough and too difficult to mass\\-produce. The design that was eventually approved by the British was the [Brodie helmet](/wiki/Brodie_helmet \"Brodie helmet\"). This had a wide brim to protect the wearer from falling objects, but offered less protection to the wearer's neck. When the Americans entered the war, this was the helmet they chose, though some units used the French Adrian helmet.", "### Disease", "The predominant disease in the trenches of the Western Front was [trench fever](/wiki/Trench_fever \"Trench fever\"). Trench fever was a common disease spread through the faeces of [body lice](/wiki/Body_louse \"Body louse\"), which were rampant in trenches. Trench fever caused headaches, shin pain, [splenomegaly](/wiki/Splenomegaly \"Splenomegaly\"), rashes and relapsing fevers – resulting in [lethargy](/wiki/Lethargy \"Lethargy\") for months.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Atenstaedt\\|first\\=R L\\|date\\=2006\\|title\\=Trench fever: the British medical response in the Great War\\|journal\\=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine\\|volume\\=99\\|issue\\=11\\|pages\\=564–568\\|pmc\\=1633565\\|pmid\\=17082300\\|doi\\=10\\.1177/014107680609901114}} First reported on the Western Front in 1915 by a British medical officer, additional cases of trench fever became increasingly common mostly in the frontline troops.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Anstead\\|first\\=Gregory\\|title\\=The centenary of the discovery of trench fever, an emerging infectious disease of World War 1\\|journal\\=The Lancet Infectious Diseases\\|date\\=2016\\|volume\\=16\\|issue\\=8\\|pages\\=164–172\\|via\\=Elsevier BV\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S1473\\-3099(16\\)30003\\-2\\|pmid\\=27375211\\|pmc\\=7106389}} In 1921, microbiologist Sir David Bruce reported that over one million Allied soldiers were infected by trench fever throughout the war.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Bruce\\|first\\=David\\|date\\=1921\\|title\\=Trench Fever. Final Report Of The War Office Trench Fever Investigation Committee\\|journal\\=Journal of Hygiene\\|volume\\=20\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=258–288\\|via\\=Cambridge University Press\\|doi\\=10\\.1017/S0022172400034008\\|pmid\\=20474739\\|pmc\\=2207074}} Even after the Great War had ended, disabled veterans in Britain attributed their decreasing quality of life to trench fever they had sustained during wartime.", "Early in the war, [gas gangrene](/wiki/Gas_gangrene \"Gas gangrene\") commonly developed in major wounds, in part because the *[Clostridium](/wiki/Clostridium \"Clostridium\")* bacteria responsible are ubiquitous in manure\\-fertilized soil{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Holmes\\|first\\=Grace\\|title\\=Gas Gangrene in the First World War\\|url\\=http://www.kumc.edu/wwi/index\\-of\\-essays/gas\\-gangrene.html\\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009141043/http://www.kumc.edu/wwi/index\\-of\\-essays/gas\\-gangrene.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} (common in western European agriculture, such as France and Belgium), and dirt would often get into a wound (or be rammed in by shrapnel, explosion, or bullet). In 1914, 12% of wounded British soldiers developed gas gangrene, and at least 100,000 German soldiers died directly from the infection.{{Cite journal\\|title\\=Gas gangrene: a military disease?\\|year\\=1986\\|pmid\\=3716723\\|url\\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3716723/\\|last1\\=Pailler\\|first1\\=J. L.\\|last2\\=Labeeu\\|first2\\=F.\\|journal\\=Acta Chirurgica Belgica\\|volume\\=86\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=63–71}} After rapid advances in medical procedures and practices, the incidence of gas gangrene fell to 1% by 1918\\.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Pennington\\|first\\=Hugh\\|date\\=2019\\|title\\=The impact of infectious disease in war time: a look back at WW1\\|journal\\=Future Microbiology\\|volume\\=14\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=165–168\\|via\\=Future Medicine Ltd\\|doi\\=10\\.2217/fmb\\-2018\\-0323\\|pmid\\=30628481\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}", "Entrenched soldiers also carried many intestinal parasites, such as [ascariasis](/wiki/Ascariasis \"Ascariasis\"), [trichuriasis](/wiki/Trichuriasis \"Trichuriasis\") and [tapeworm](/wiki/Tapeworm \"Tapeworm\").{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Le Baily\\|first1\\=Metthieu\\|last2\\=Landolt\\|first2\\=Michaël\\|date\\=2014\\|title\\=Intestinal Parasites in First World War German Soldiers from \"Kilianstollen\", Carspach, France\\|journal\\=PLOS ONE\\|volume\\=9\\|issue\\=10\\|pages\\=e109543\\|doi\\=10\\.1371/journal.pone.0109543\\|pmid\\=25333988\\|pmc\\=4198135\\|bibcode\\=2014PLoSO...9j9543L\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} These parasites were common amongst soldiers, and spread amongst them, due to the unhygienic environment created by the common trench, where there were no true [sewage](/wiki/Sewage \"Sewage\") management procedures. This ensured that parasites (and diseases) would spread onto rations and food sources that would then be eaten by other soldiers.", "[Trench foot](/wiki/Trench_foot \"Trench foot\") was a common environmental ailment affecting many soldiers, especially during the winter. It is one of several [immersion foot syndromes](/wiki/Immersion_foot_syndrome \"Immersion foot syndrome\"). It was characterized by numbness and pain in the feet, but in bad cases could result in necrosis of the lower limbs. Trench foot was a large problem for the Allied forces, resulting in 75,000 British and 2,000 American casualties.{{Cite journal\\|first\\=Robert L.\\|last\\=Atenstaedt\\|title\\=Trench foot: The medical response in the first World War 1914–18\\|journal\\=Wilderness \\& Environmental Medicine\\|date\\=2006\\|volume\\=17\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=282–9\\|doi\\=10\\.1580/06\\-weme\\-lh\\-027r.1\\|pmid\\=17219792\\|s2cid\\=7341839\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} Mandatory routine (daily or more often) foot inspections by fellow soldiers, along with systematic use of soap, foot powder, and changing socks, greatly reduced cases of trench foot.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Haller\\|first\\=John S.\\|date\\=1990\\|title\\=Trench Foot – A study in Military\\-Medical Responsiveness in the Great War, 1914–1918\\|journal\\=The Western Journal of Medicine\\|volume\\=152\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=729–730\\|pmc\\=1002454\\|pmid\\=1972307}} In 1918, US infantry were issued with an improved and more waterproof '[Pershing boot](/wiki/Trench_boot \"Trench boot\")' in an attempt to reduce casualties from trench foot.", "To the surprise of medical professionals at the time, there was no outbreak of [typhus](/wiki/Typhus \"Typhus\") in the trenches of the Western Front, despite the cold and harsh conditions being perfect for the reproduction of body lice that transmit the disease.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://microbiologysociety.org/publication/past\\-issues/world\\-war\\-i/article/typhus\\-in\\-world\\-war\\-i.html\\|title\\=Typhus in World War I\\|date\\=2014\\|website\\=Microbiology Society\\|access\\-date\\=23 September 2019}} However, on the Eastern Front an epidemic of typhus claimed between 150,000 – 200,000 lives in [Serbia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia \"Kingdom of Serbia\").{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Ristanovic\\|first\\=Elizabeta\\|date\\=2015\\|title\\=Infectious agents as a security challenge: Experience of typhus, variola and tularemia outbreaks in Serbia\\|journal\\=Bezbednost, Beograd\\|volume\\=57\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=5–20\\|doi\\=10\\.5937/bezbednost1502005r\\|s2cid\\=79506569\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} [Russia](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\") also suffered a globally unprecedented typhus epidemic during the last two years of the conflict that was exacerbated by harsh winters. This outbreak resulted in approximately 2\\.5 million recorded deaths, 100,000 of them being [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army \"Red Army\") soldiers.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Patterson\\|first\\=K David\\|date\\=1993\\|title\\=Typhus and its control in Russia, 1870–1940\\|journal\\=Medical History\\|volume\\=37\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=361–381\\|doi\\=10\\.1017/s0025727300058725\\|pmid\\=8246643\\|pmc\\=1036775\\|s2cid\\=29949150}} Symptoms of typhus include a characteristic spotted [rash](/wiki/Rash \"Rash\") (which was not always present), severe [headache](/wiki/Headache \"Headache\"), sustained high [fever](/wiki/Fever \"Fever\") of 39 °C (102 °F), [cough](/wiki/Cough \"Cough\"), severe muscle pain, [chills](/wiki/Chills \"Chills\"), falling blood pressure, [stupor](/wiki/Stupor \"Stupor\"), [sensitivity to light](/wiki/Photophobia \"Photophobia\"), and [delirium](/wiki/Delirium \"Delirium\"); 10% to 60% die. Typhus is spread by [body lice](/wiki/Body_louse \"Body louse\").", "### Trench rats", "{{main\\|Trench rats}}\nThe trenches were inhabited by millions of [rats](/wiki/Rat \"Rat\") which were often responsible for the spread of diseases. Soldiers' attempts to cull hordes of trench rats with rifle bayonets were common early in the war, but the rats reproduced faster than they could be slaughtered.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://thebiomedicalscientist.net/science/disease\\-trenches\\|title\\=Disease in the trenches\\|date\\=2018\\|website\\=The Biomedical Scientist\\|access\\-date\\=23 September 2019}} However, soldiers still partook in rat hunts as a form of entertainment. Rats would feed on half\\-eaten or uneaten rations as well as corpses. Many soldiers were more afraid of rats than other horrors found in the trenches.{{Cite book\\|title\\=On the Front Line: True World War I Stories\\|last\\=Lewis\\|first\\=Jon E.\\|publisher\\=Constable \\& Robinson\\|year\\=2013\\|location\\=Hachette UK}}", "### Psychological impact", "Nervous and mental breakdowns amongst soldiers were common, due to unrelenting shellfire and the claustrophobic trench environment.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Loughran\\|first\\=Tracey\\|date\\=2008\\|title\\=Shell\\-Shock and Psychological Medicine in First World War Britain\\|journal\\=Social History of Medicine\\|volume\\=22\\|pages\\=79–95\\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.854\\.26\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/shm/hkn093}} Men who suffered such intense breakdowns were often rendered completely immobile, and were often seen cowering low in the trenches, unable even to perform instinctive human responses such as running away or fighting back. This condition came to be known as \"[shell shock](/wiki/Shell_shock \"Shell shock\")\", \"war neurosis\" or \"battle hypnosis\".{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Crocq\\|first\\=Marc\\-Antoine\\|date\\=2000\\|title\\=From shell shock and war neurosis to posttraumatic stress disorder: a history of psychotraumatology\\|journal\\=Dialogues Clin Neurosci\\|volume\\=2\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=47–55\\|doi\\=10\\.31887/DCNS.2000\\.2\\.1/macrocq\\|pmc\\=3181586\\|pmid\\=22033462}} Although trenches provided cover from shelling and small\\-arms fire, they also amplified the psychological effects of shell shock, as there was no way to escape a trench if shellfire was coming.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Breakdown\\|last\\=Downing\\|first\\=Taylor\\|publisher\\=Brown Book Group\\|year\\=2016\\|location\\=London}} If a soldier became too debilitated from shell shock, they were evacuated from the trench and hospitalized if possible.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Jones\\|first\\=Edgar\\|date\\=2014\\|title\\=Battle for the mind: World War 1 and the birth of military psychiatry\\|url\\=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/kcmhr/publications/assetfiles/2014/Jones2014e.pdf\\|journal\\=The Lancet\\|volume\\=384\\|issue\\=9955\\|pages\\=1708–1714\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/s0140\\-6736(14\\)61260\\-5\\|pmid\\=25441201\\|s2cid\\=19557543\\|via\\=Elsevier BV}} In some cases, shell shocked soldiers were executed for \"[cowardice](/wiki/Cowardice \"Cowardice\")\" by their commanders as they became a liability.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Armies of the young\\|last\\=Rosen\\|first\\=David M.\\|publisher\\=Rutgers University Press\\|year\\=2005\\|location\\=New Brunswick, NJ\\|pages\\=6–9}} This was often done by a [firing squad](/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad \"Execution by firing squad\") composed of their fellow soldiers – often from the same unit.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Chen\\|first\\=Daniel L.\\|date\\=2016\\|title\\=The Deterrent Effect of the Death Penalty? Evidence from British Commutations During World War I\\|url\\=https://sole\\-jole.org/13382\\.pdf\\|doi\\=10\\.2139/ssrn.2740549\\|via\\=Elsevier BV\\|access\\-date\\=3 October 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=3 October 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003050454/https://sole\\-jole.org/13382\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Only years later would it be understood that such men were suffering from shell shock. During the war, 306 British soldiers were officially executed by their own side.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk\\_news/1399983\\.stm\\|title\\=Tribute to WWI 'cowards'\\|date\\=2001\\|website\\=BBC News}}", "" ]
Circumvention ------------- Throughout World War I, the major combatants slowly developed different ways of breaking the stalemate of trench warfare; the Germans focused more on new tactics while the British and French focused on [tanks](/wiki/Tank "Tank"). ### Infiltration tactics {{Main\|Infiltration tactics}} [thumb\|German *[Stoßtruppen](/wiki/Stosstruppen "Stosstruppen")* (stormtroopers) rising from trenches to attack](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1974-132-26A%2C_Sto%C3%9Ftrupp.jpg "Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1974-132-26A, Stoßtrupp.jpg") As far back as the 18th century, [Prussian military](/wiki/Prussian_Army "Prussian Army") doctrine (*[Vernichtungsgedanke](/wiki/Vernichtungsgedanke "Vernichtungsgedanke")*) stressed manoeuvre and force concentration to achieve a decisive battle. The German military searched for ways to apply this in the face of trench warfare. Experiments with new tactics by [Willy Rohr](/wiki/Willy_Rohr "Willy Rohr"), a Prussian captain serving in the [Vosges mountains](/wiki/Vosges_mountains "Vosges mountains") in 1915, got the attention of the Minister of War. These tactics carried Prussian military doctrine down to smallest units — specially trained troops manoeuvred and massed to assault positions they chose on their own.Hermann Cron: *Geschichte des Deutschen Heeres im Welkriege 1914–1918*; Berlin 1937, p. 23 During the next two years the German army tried to establish special stormtrooper detachments in all its units by sending selected men to Rohr and have those men then train their comrades in their original units. Similar tactics were developed independently in other countries, such as French Army captain {{Interlanguage link\|André Laffargue\|fr}} in 1915 and Russian general [Aleksei Brusilov](/wiki/Aleksei_Brusilov "Aleksei Brusilov") in 1916, but these failed to be adopted as any military doctrine.[CSI Report No. 13: Tactical responses to concentrated artillery: Introduction](http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/csir_13/csir_13.asp) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602111844/http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/csir\_13/csir\_13\.asp \|date\=2011\-06\-02 }} (Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth). The German stormtrooper methods involved men rushing forward in small groups using whatever cover was available and laying down covering fire for other groups in the same unit as they moved forward. The new tactics, intended to achieve surprise by disrupting entrenched enemy positions, aimed to bypass strongpoints and to attack the weakest parts of an enemy's line. Additionally, they acknowledged the futility of managing a grand detailed plan of operations from afar, opting instead for junior officers on the spot to exercise initiative.Hellmuth Gruss: *Die deutschen Sturmbataillone im Weltkrieg. Aufbau und Verwendung*.; Berlin, 1939 The Germans employed and improved infiltration tactics in a series of smaller to larger battles, each increasingly successful, leading up to the [Battle of Caporetto](/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto "Battle of Caporetto") against the Italians in 1917, and finally the massive [German spring offensive](/wiki/German_spring_offensive "German spring offensive") in 1918 against the British and French. German infiltration tactics are sometimes called "Hutier tactics" by others, after [Oskar von Hutier](/wiki/Oskar_von_Hutier "Oskar von Hutier"), the general leading the German [18th Army](/wiki/18th_Army_%28German_Empire%29 "18th Army (German Empire)"), which had the farthest advance in that offensive. After a stunningly rapid advance, the offensive failed to achieve a [breakthrough](/wiki/Breakthrough_%28military%29 "Breakthrough (military)"); German forces stalled after outrunning their supply, artillery, and reinforcements, which could not catch up over the shell\-torn ground left ruined by Allied attacks in the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme "Battle of the Somme") in 1916\. The exhausted German forces were soon pushed back in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive, and the Germans were unable to organise another major offensive before the war's end. In post\-war years, other nations did not fully appreciate these German tactical innovations amidst the overall German defeat. ### Mining {{main\|Mining (military)}} [thumb\|Explosion of a mine seen from a French position. 1916](/wiki/File:Mine-explosion-1916.jpg "Mine-explosion-1916.jpg") [thumb\|{{center\|Plan of the ''Y Sap'' mine}}](/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Somme_1916_-_Y_Sap_mine%2C_La_Boisselle.jpg "Battle of the Somme 1916 - Y Sap mine, La Boisselle.jpg") [Mines](/wiki/Tunnel_warfare "Tunnel warfare") – tunnels under enemy lines packed with explosives and detonated – were widely used in WWI to destroy or disrupt enemy's trench lines. Mining and counter\-mining became a major part of trench warfare.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zggykqt\|title\=Was the tunnellers' secret war the most barbaric of WW1?\|website\=BBC Guides\|access\-date\=12 November 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=https://encyclopedia.1914\-1918\-online.net/article/mine\_warfare\|title\=Mine Warfare – International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1\)\|website\=Encyclopedia.1914\-1918\-online.net\|access\-date\=12 November 2018}} The dry chalk of the [Somme](/wiki/River_Somme "River Somme") was especially suited to mining, but with the aid of pumps, it was also possible to mine in the sodden clay of [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders "Flanders"). Specialist tunneling companies, usually made up of men who had been [miners](/wiki/Miners "Miners") in civilian life, would dig tunnels under no man's land and beneath the enemy's trenches.Finlayson, Damien (2010\): *Crumps and Camouflets: Australian Tunnelling Companies on the Western Front.* Big Sky Publishing, Newport, N.S.W., Australia. {{ISBN\|9780980658255}} Accessed 2 January 2014\.Branagan, D.F. (2005\): *T.W. Edgeworth David: A Life: Geologist, Adventurer, Soldier and "Knight in the old brown hat"*, National Library of Australia, Canberra, pp. 255–314\. {{ISBN\|0642107912}} Accessed 2 January 2014\. These mines would then be packed with explosives and detonated, producing a large crater. The crater served two purposes: it could destroy or breach the enemy's trench and, by virtue of the raised lip that they produced, could provide a ready\-made "trench" closer to the enemy's line. When a mine was detonated, both sides would race to occupy and fortify the crater. If the miners detected an enemy tunnel in progress, they would often [counter\-mine](/wiki/Counter-mine "Counter-mine") and try to drive a tunnel under the enemy's tunnel in which they would detonate explosives to create a [camouflet](/wiki/Camouflet "Camouflet") to destroy the enemy's tunnel. Night raids were also conducted with the sole purpose of destroying the enemy's mine workings. On occasion, mines would cross and fighting would occur underground. The mining skills could also be used to move troops unseen. On one occasion a whole British division was moved through interconnected workings and sewers without German observation.{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2007}} The British detonated [19 mines of varying sizes](/wiki/Mines_on_the_first_day_of_the_Somme "Mines on the first day of the Somme") on July 1, 1916, the first day of the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme_%281916%29 "Battle of the Somme (1916)"). The largest mines—the Y Sap Mine and the [Lochnagar Mine](/wiki/Lochnagar_Mine "Lochnagar Mine")—each containing 24 tons of explosives, were blown near [La Boiselle](/wiki/La_Boiselle "La Boiselle"), throwing earth {{convert\|4,000\|ft\|m}} into the air.{{citation needed\|reason\=4,000' sounds dubious\|date\=July 2018}} At 3\.10 AM on June 7, 1917, a [series of mines](/wiki/Mines_in_the_Battle_of_Messines_%281917%29 "Mines in the Battle of Messines (1917)") was detonated by the British to launch the [Battle of Messines](/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_%281917%29 "Battle of Messines (1917)"). The average mine contained 21 tons of explosive and the largest, {{convert\|125\|ft\|m}} beneath [Saint\-Eloi](/wiki/Sint-Elooi "Sint-Elooi"), was twice the average at 42 tons. As remarked by General Plumer to his staff the evening before the attack: "Gentlemen, we may not make history tomorrow, but we shall certainly change the geography."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/messines.htm \|title\=Battles: The Battle of Messines, 1917\|website\=Firstworldwar.com \|access\-date\=2008\-04\-19 }} The craters from these and many other mines on the Western Front are still visible today. Two undetonated mines remained in the ground near Messines, with their location mislaid after the war. One blew during a thunderstorm in 1955; the other remains in the ground. Significant [mining operations](/wiki/Mines_on_the_Italian_Front_%28World_War_I%29 "Mines on the Italian Front (World War I)") were also carried out on the [Italian Front](/wiki/Italian_Front_%28World_War_I%29 "Italian Front (World War I)"). ### Gas {{Main\|Chemical weapons in World War I}} [thumb\|upright\|left\|[Australian](/wiki/Australia "Australia") infantry wearing [WWI gas masks](/wiki/WWI_gas_mask "WWI gas mask"), [Ypres](/wiki/Ypres "Ypres"), September 1917](/wiki/File:Australian_infantry_small_box_respirators_Ypres_1917.jpg "Australian infantry small box respirators Ypres 1917.jpg") World War I saw large\-scale use of poison gases. At the start of the war, the gas agents used were relatively weak and delivery unreliable, but by mid\-war advances in this [chemical warfare](/wiki/Chemical_warfare "Chemical warfare") reached horrifying levels. The first methods of employing gas was by releasing it from a cylinder when the wind was favourable. This was prone to miscarry if the direction of the wind was misjudged. Also, the cylinders needed to be positioned in the front trenches where they were likely to be ruptured by enemy bombardment. Later, gas was delivered directly to enemy trenches by artillery or mortar shell, reducing friendly casualties significantly. Lingering agents could still affect friendly troops that advanced to enemy trenches following its use. Early on, soldiers made improvised [gas masks](/wiki/WWI_gas_mask "WWI gas mask") by urinating on a handkerchief and putting it over their nose and mouth so the [urea](/wiki/Urea "Urea") would disable the poison. Armies rushed to issue regulation gas masks as regular equipment for front line troops. Anti\-gas equipment and procedures improved significantly during the war, to the point that gas attacks had become less devastating at the war's end. Several different gas agents were used. [Tear gas](/wiki/Tear_gas "Tear gas") was first employed in August 1914 by the French, but this could only temporarily disable the enemy. In April 1915, [chlorine](/wiki/Chlorine "Chlorine") gas was first used by Germany at the [Second Battle of Ypres](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres "Second Battle of Ypres"). Exposure to a large dose could kill, and those not killed could suffer permanent lung damage. But the gas was easy to detect by scent and sight. [Phosgene](/wiki/Phosgene "Phosgene"), first used in December 1915, was the most lethal killing gas of World War I; it was 18 times more powerful than chlorine and much more difficult to detect. However, the most effective gas was [mustard gas](/wiki/Mustard_gas "Mustard gas"), introduced by Germany in July 1917\. Mustard gas was not as fatal as phosgene, but it was hard to detect and lingered on the surface of the battlefield, so could inflict casualties over a long period. Even if not inhaled, it could slowly [burn the skin](/wiki/Blister_agent "Blister agent"), but quickly burned via the eyes or any wounds, causing blindness and intense suffering. Mustard gas also had the property of being heavier than air, causing it to sink down hills and therefore down into trenches. Casualties from mustard gas were unlikely to be fit to fight again, yet only 2% of mustard gas casualties died. The added burden of long\-term care of casualties from mustard gas actually increased its overall effectiveness compared to more immediately lethal gas agents. ### Tanks {{Main\|Tanks in World War I}} [thumb\|This British [Mark IV tank](/wiki/Mark_IV_tank "Mark IV tank") displays a "tadpole tail" extension for crossing especially wide trenches, an experiment that was not successful](/wiki/File:British_Mark_IV_Tadpole_tank.jpg "British Mark IV Tadpole tank.jpg") [thumb\|Failure of a tank to cross an [anti\-tank trench](/wiki/Anti-tank_trench "Anti-tank trench")](/wiki/File:A_Mark_IV_%28Male%29_tank_of_%27H%27_Battalion%2C_%27Hyacinth%27%2C_ditched_in_a_German_trench_while_supporting_1st_Battalion%2C_Leicestershire_Regiment_near_Ribecourt_during_the_Battle_of_Cambrai%2C_20_November_1917._Q6432.jpg "A Mark IV (Male) tank of 'H' Battalion, 'Hyacinth', ditched in a German trench while supporting 1st Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment near Ribecourt during the Battle of Cambrai, 20 November 1917. Q6432.jpg") Tanks were developed by the British and French as a means to attack enemy trenches, by combining heavy firepower ([machine guns](/wiki/Machine_gun "Machine gun") or [light artillery guns](/wiki/Tank_gun "Tank gun")), protection from [small\-arms](/wiki/Small-arms "Small-arms") fire ([armour](/wiki/Vehicle_armour "Vehicle armour")), and battlefield mobility ([tracks](/wiki/Continuous_track "Continuous track")). [The British tanks](/wiki/British_heavy_tanks_of_World_War_I "British heavy tanks of World War I") were designed with a [rhomboid](/wiki/Rhomboid "Rhomboid") shape, to easily surmount barbed wire and other obstacles. They were first deployed in 1916 at the Battle of the Somme in limited numbers, proving unreliable and ineffective at first, as mechanical and logistical issues overshadowed implementing a coherent tank doctrine, with the additional challenge of traversing ground torn apart by years of shell fire. At the [First Battle of Cambrai](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Cambrai "First Battle of Cambrai") in 1917, improved tanks in larger numbers demonstrated the potential of tank warfare, though German improvised [anti\-tank tactics](/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare%23Anti-tank_tactics "Anti-tank warfare#Anti-tank tactics"), including using direct fire from field artillery, also proved effective. By 1918, tank capabilities and tactics improved, their numbers increased and, combined with [French tanks](/wiki/French_tanks_of_World_War_I "French tanks of World War I"), finally helped break the stalemate. During the last 100 days of the war, Allied forces harried the Germans back using infantry supported by tanks and by close air support. By the war's end, tanks become a significant element of warfare; the proposed British [Plan 1919](/wiki/Plan_1919 "Plan 1919") would have employed tanks as a primary factor in military strategy. However, the impact of tanks in World War I was less than it could have been, due to their late introduction and the inherent issues that plague implementing revolutionary technology. The introduction of the tanks would mark the beginning of the end of trench warfare.{{Cite web \|title\=trench warfare \|url\=https://www.britannica.com/topic/trench\-warfare \|access\-date\=April 15, 2024 \|website\=Britannica}} Between the two world wars many nations developed their own [unique tanks](/wiki/Tanks_of_the_interwar_period "Tanks of the interwar period") and divergent theories of tank tactics, including the UK, [France](/wiki/French_Third_Republic "French Third Republic"), the Soviet Union, [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic "Second Czechoslovak Republic"), [Japan](/wiki/Empire_of_Japan "Empire of Japan"), the US, and [Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy "Kingdom of Italy"). Though German tank development was restricted by the terms of the [treaty ending World War I](/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles "Treaty of Versailles"), Germany successfully combined their own tanks (plus [Czech tanks](/wiki/Tanks_of_Czechoslovakia "Tanks of Czechoslovakia") from [occupied Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Occupied_Czechoslovakia "Occupied Czechoslovakia")) with infiltration tactics to produce [blitzkrieg](/wiki/Blitzkrieg "Blitzkrieg") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").{{cite book\|last1\=Perrett\|first1\=Bryan\|title\=A History of Blitzkrieg\|date\=1983\|publisher\=Jove Books\|location\=New York\|isbn\=978\-0\-515\-10234\-5\|pages\=30–31}}
[ "Circumvention\n-------------", "Throughout World War I, the major combatants slowly developed different ways of breaking the stalemate of trench warfare; the Germans focused more on new tactics while the British and French focused on [tanks](/wiki/Tank \"Tank\").", "### Infiltration tactics", "{{Main\\|Infiltration tactics}}\n[thumb\\|German *[Stoßtruppen](/wiki/Stosstruppen \"Stosstruppen\")* (stormtroopers) rising from trenches to attack](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1974-132-26A%2C_Sto%C3%9Ftrupp.jpg \"Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1974-132-26A, Stoßtrupp.jpg\")\nAs far back as the 18th century, [Prussian military](/wiki/Prussian_Army \"Prussian Army\") doctrine (*[Vernichtungsgedanke](/wiki/Vernichtungsgedanke \"Vernichtungsgedanke\")*) stressed manoeuvre and force concentration to achieve a decisive battle. The German military searched for ways to apply this in the face of trench warfare. Experiments with new tactics by [Willy Rohr](/wiki/Willy_Rohr \"Willy Rohr\"), a Prussian captain serving in the [Vosges mountains](/wiki/Vosges_mountains \"Vosges mountains\") in 1915, got the attention of the Minister of War. These tactics carried Prussian military doctrine down to smallest units — specially trained troops manoeuvred and massed to assault positions they chose on their own.Hermann Cron: *Geschichte des Deutschen Heeres im Welkriege 1914–1918*; Berlin 1937, p. 23 During the next two years the German army tried to establish special stormtrooper detachments in all its units by sending selected men to Rohr and have those men then train their comrades in their original units.", "Similar tactics were developed independently in other countries, such as French Army captain {{Interlanguage link\\|André Laffargue\\|fr}} in 1915 and Russian general [Aleksei Brusilov](/wiki/Aleksei_Brusilov \"Aleksei Brusilov\") in 1916, but these failed to be adopted as any military doctrine.[CSI Report No. 13: Tactical responses to concentrated artillery: Introduction](http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/csir_13/csir_13.asp) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602111844/http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/csir\\_13/csir\\_13\\.asp \\|date\\=2011\\-06\\-02 }} (Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth).", "The German stormtrooper methods involved men rushing forward in small groups using whatever cover was available and laying down covering fire for other groups in the same unit as they moved forward. The new tactics, intended to achieve surprise by disrupting entrenched enemy positions, aimed to bypass strongpoints and to attack the weakest parts of an enemy's line. Additionally, they acknowledged the futility of managing a grand detailed plan of operations from afar, opting instead for junior officers on the spot to exercise initiative.Hellmuth Gruss: *Die deutschen Sturmbataillone im Weltkrieg. Aufbau und Verwendung*.; Berlin, 1939", "The Germans employed and improved infiltration tactics in a series of smaller to larger battles, each increasingly successful, leading up to the [Battle of Caporetto](/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto \"Battle of Caporetto\") against the Italians in 1917, and finally the massive [German spring offensive](/wiki/German_spring_offensive \"German spring offensive\") in 1918 against the British and French. German infiltration tactics are sometimes called \"Hutier tactics\" by others, after [Oskar von Hutier](/wiki/Oskar_von_Hutier \"Oskar von Hutier\"), the general leading the German [18th Army](/wiki/18th_Army_%28German_Empire%29 \"18th Army (German Empire)\"), which had the farthest advance in that offensive. After a stunningly rapid advance, the offensive failed to achieve a [breakthrough](/wiki/Breakthrough_%28military%29 \"Breakthrough (military)\"); German forces stalled after outrunning their supply, artillery, and reinforcements, which could not catch up over the shell\\-torn ground left ruined by Allied attacks in the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme \"Battle of the Somme\") in 1916\\. The exhausted German forces were soon pushed back in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive, and the Germans were unable to organise another major offensive before the war's end. In post\\-war years, other nations did not fully appreciate these German tactical innovations amidst the overall German defeat.", "### Mining", "{{main\\|Mining (military)}}\n[thumb\\|Explosion of a mine seen from a French position. 1916](/wiki/File:Mine-explosion-1916.jpg \"Mine-explosion-1916.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|{{center\\|Plan of the ''Y Sap'' mine}}](/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Somme_1916_-_Y_Sap_mine%2C_La_Boisselle.jpg \"Battle of the Somme 1916 - Y Sap mine, La Boisselle.jpg\")", "[Mines](/wiki/Tunnel_warfare \"Tunnel warfare\") – tunnels under enemy lines packed with explosives and detonated – were widely used in WWI to destroy or disrupt enemy's trench lines. Mining and counter\\-mining became a major part of trench warfare.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zggykqt\\|title\\=Was the tunnellers' secret war the most barbaric of WW1?\\|website\\=BBC Guides\\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://encyclopedia.1914\\-1918\\-online.net/article/mine\\_warfare\\|title\\=Mine Warfare – International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1\\)\\|website\\=Encyclopedia.1914\\-1918\\-online.net\\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2018}}", "The dry chalk of the [Somme](/wiki/River_Somme \"River Somme\") was especially suited to mining, but with the aid of pumps, it was also possible to mine in the sodden clay of [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders \"Flanders\"). Specialist tunneling companies, usually made up of men who had been [miners](/wiki/Miners \"Miners\") in civilian life, would dig tunnels under no man's land and beneath the enemy's trenches.Finlayson, Damien (2010\\): *Crumps and Camouflets: Australian Tunnelling Companies on the Western Front.* Big Sky Publishing, Newport, N.S.W., Australia. {{ISBN\\|9780980658255}} Accessed 2 January 2014\\.Branagan, D.F. (2005\\): *T.W. Edgeworth David: A Life: Geologist, Adventurer, Soldier and \"Knight in the old brown hat\"*, National Library of Australia, Canberra, pp. 255–314\\. {{ISBN\\|0642107912}} Accessed 2 January 2014\\. These mines would then be packed with explosives and detonated, producing a large crater. The crater served two purposes: it could destroy or breach the enemy's trench and, by virtue of the raised lip that they produced, could provide a ready\\-made \"trench\" closer to the enemy's line. When a mine was detonated, both sides would race to occupy and fortify the crater.", "If the miners detected an enemy tunnel in progress, they would often [counter\\-mine](/wiki/Counter-mine \"Counter-mine\") and try to drive a tunnel under the enemy's tunnel in which they would detonate explosives to create a [camouflet](/wiki/Camouflet \"Camouflet\") to destroy the enemy's tunnel. Night raids were also conducted with the sole purpose of destroying the enemy's mine workings. On occasion, mines would cross and fighting would occur underground. The mining skills could also be used to move troops unseen. On one occasion a whole British division was moved through interconnected workings and sewers without German observation.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2007}} The British detonated [19 mines of varying sizes](/wiki/Mines_on_the_first_day_of_the_Somme \"Mines on the first day of the Somme\") on July 1, 1916, the first day of the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme_%281916%29 \"Battle of the Somme (1916)\"). The largest mines—the Y Sap Mine and the [Lochnagar Mine](/wiki/Lochnagar_Mine \"Lochnagar Mine\")—each containing 24 tons of explosives, were blown near [La Boiselle](/wiki/La_Boiselle \"La Boiselle\"), throwing earth {{convert\\|4,000\\|ft\\|m}} into the air.{{citation needed\\|reason\\=4,000' sounds dubious\\|date\\=July 2018}}", "At 3\\.10 AM on June 7, 1917, a [series of mines](/wiki/Mines_in_the_Battle_of_Messines_%281917%29 \"Mines in the Battle of Messines (1917)\") was detonated by the British to launch the [Battle of Messines](/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_%281917%29 \"Battle of Messines (1917)\"). The average mine contained 21 tons of explosive and the largest, {{convert\\|125\\|ft\\|m}} beneath [Saint\\-Eloi](/wiki/Sint-Elooi \"Sint-Elooi\"), was twice the average at 42 tons. As remarked by General Plumer to his staff the evening before the attack:", "\"Gentlemen, we may not make history tomorrow, but we shall certainly change the geography.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/messines.htm \\|title\\=Battles: The Battle of Messines, 1917\\|website\\=Firstworldwar.com \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-04\\-19 }}\nThe craters from these and many other mines on the Western Front are still visible today. Two undetonated mines remained in the ground near Messines, with their location mislaid after the war. One blew during a thunderstorm in 1955; the other remains in the ground. Significant [mining operations](/wiki/Mines_on_the_Italian_Front_%28World_War_I%29 \"Mines on the Italian Front (World War I)\") were also carried out on the [Italian Front](/wiki/Italian_Front_%28World_War_I%29 \"Italian Front (World War I)\").", "### Gas", "{{Main\\|Chemical weapons in World War I}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|[Australian](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") infantry wearing [WWI gas masks](/wiki/WWI_gas_mask \"WWI gas mask\"), [Ypres](/wiki/Ypres \"Ypres\"), September 1917](/wiki/File:Australian_infantry_small_box_respirators_Ypres_1917.jpg \"Australian infantry small box respirators Ypres 1917.jpg\")", "World War I saw large\\-scale use of poison gases. At the start of the war, the gas agents used were relatively weak and delivery unreliable, but by mid\\-war advances in this [chemical warfare](/wiki/Chemical_warfare \"Chemical warfare\") reached horrifying levels.", "The first methods of employing gas was by releasing it from a cylinder when the wind was favourable. This was prone to miscarry if the direction of the wind was misjudged. Also, the cylinders needed to be positioned in the front trenches where they were likely to be ruptured by enemy bombardment. Later, gas was delivered directly to enemy trenches by artillery or mortar shell, reducing friendly casualties significantly. Lingering agents could still affect friendly troops that advanced to enemy trenches following its use.", "Early on, soldiers made improvised [gas masks](/wiki/WWI_gas_mask \"WWI gas mask\") by urinating on a handkerchief and putting it over their nose and mouth so the [urea](/wiki/Urea \"Urea\") would disable the poison. Armies rushed to issue regulation gas masks as regular equipment for front line troops. Anti\\-gas equipment and procedures improved significantly during the war, to the point that gas attacks had become less devastating at the war's end.", "Several different gas agents were used. [Tear gas](/wiki/Tear_gas \"Tear gas\") was first employed in August 1914 by the French, but this could only temporarily disable the enemy. In April 1915, [chlorine](/wiki/Chlorine \"Chlorine\") gas was first used by Germany at the [Second Battle of Ypres](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres \"Second Battle of Ypres\"). Exposure to a large dose could kill, and those not killed could suffer permanent lung damage. But the gas was easy to detect by scent and sight. [Phosgene](/wiki/Phosgene \"Phosgene\"), first used in December 1915, was the most lethal killing gas of World War I; it was 18 times more powerful than chlorine and much more difficult to detect.", "However, the most effective gas was [mustard gas](/wiki/Mustard_gas \"Mustard gas\"), introduced by Germany in July 1917\\. Mustard gas was not as fatal as phosgene, but it was hard to detect and lingered on the surface of the battlefield, so could inflict casualties over a long period. Even if not inhaled, it could slowly [burn the skin](/wiki/Blister_agent \"Blister agent\"), but quickly burned via the eyes or any wounds, causing blindness and intense suffering. Mustard gas also had the property of being heavier than air, causing it to sink down hills and therefore down into trenches. Casualties from mustard gas were unlikely to be fit to fight again, yet only 2% of mustard gas casualties died. The added burden of long\\-term care of casualties from mustard gas actually increased its overall effectiveness compared to more immediately lethal gas agents.", "### Tanks", "{{Main\\|Tanks in World War I}}\n[thumb\\|This British [Mark IV tank](/wiki/Mark_IV_tank \"Mark IV tank\") displays a \"tadpole tail\" extension for crossing especially wide trenches, an experiment that was not successful](/wiki/File:British_Mark_IV_Tadpole_tank.jpg \"British Mark IV Tadpole tank.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Failure of a tank to cross an [anti\\-tank trench](/wiki/Anti-tank_trench \"Anti-tank trench\")](/wiki/File:A_Mark_IV_%28Male%29_tank_of_%27H%27_Battalion%2C_%27Hyacinth%27%2C_ditched_in_a_German_trench_while_supporting_1st_Battalion%2C_Leicestershire_Regiment_near_Ribecourt_during_the_Battle_of_Cambrai%2C_20_November_1917._Q6432.jpg \"A Mark IV (Male) tank of 'H' Battalion, 'Hyacinth', ditched in a German trench while supporting 1st Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment near Ribecourt during the Battle of Cambrai, 20 November 1917. Q6432.jpg\")", "Tanks were developed by the British and French as a means to attack enemy trenches, by combining heavy firepower ([machine guns](/wiki/Machine_gun \"Machine gun\") or [light artillery guns](/wiki/Tank_gun \"Tank gun\")), protection from [small\\-arms](/wiki/Small-arms \"Small-arms\") fire ([armour](/wiki/Vehicle_armour \"Vehicle armour\")), and battlefield mobility ([tracks](/wiki/Continuous_track \"Continuous track\")). [The British tanks](/wiki/British_heavy_tanks_of_World_War_I \"British heavy tanks of World War I\") were designed with a [rhomboid](/wiki/Rhomboid \"Rhomboid\") shape, to easily surmount barbed wire and other obstacles. They were first deployed in 1916 at the Battle of the Somme in limited numbers, proving unreliable and ineffective at first, as mechanical and logistical issues overshadowed implementing a coherent tank doctrine, with the additional challenge of traversing ground torn apart by years of shell fire. At the [First Battle of Cambrai](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Cambrai \"First Battle of Cambrai\") in 1917, improved tanks in larger numbers demonstrated the potential of tank warfare, though German improvised [anti\\-tank tactics](/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare%23Anti-tank_tactics \"Anti-tank warfare#Anti-tank tactics\"), including using direct fire from field artillery, also proved effective.", "By 1918, tank capabilities and tactics improved, their numbers increased and, combined with [French tanks](/wiki/French_tanks_of_World_War_I \"French tanks of World War I\"), finally helped break the stalemate. During the last 100 days of the war, Allied forces harried the Germans back using infantry supported by tanks and by close air support. By the war's end, tanks become a significant element of warfare; the proposed British [Plan 1919](/wiki/Plan_1919 \"Plan 1919\") would have employed tanks as a primary factor in military strategy. However, the impact of tanks in World War I was less than it could have been, due to their late introduction and the inherent issues that plague implementing revolutionary technology. The introduction of the tanks would mark the beginning of the end of trench warfare.{{Cite web \\|title\\=trench warfare \\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/topic/trench\\-warfare \\|access\\-date\\=April 15, 2024 \\|website\\=Britannica}}", "Between the two world wars many nations developed their own [unique tanks](/wiki/Tanks_of_the_interwar_period \"Tanks of the interwar period\") and divergent theories of tank tactics, including the UK, [France](/wiki/French_Third_Republic \"French Third Republic\"), the Soviet Union, [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic \"Second Czechoslovak Republic\"), [Japan](/wiki/Empire_of_Japan \"Empire of Japan\"), the US, and [Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy \"Kingdom of Italy\"). Though German tank development was restricted by the terms of the [treaty ending World War I](/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles \"Treaty of Versailles\"), Germany successfully combined their own tanks (plus [Czech tanks](/wiki/Tanks_of_Czechoslovakia \"Tanks of Czechoslovakia\") from [occupied Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Occupied_Czechoslovakia \"Occupied Czechoslovakia\")) with infiltration tactics to produce [blitzkrieg](/wiki/Blitzkrieg \"Blitzkrieg\") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").{{cite book\\|last1\\=Perrett\\|first1\\=Bryan\\|title\\=A History of Blitzkrieg\\|date\\=1983\\|publisher\\=Jove Books\\|location\\=New York\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-515\\-10234\\-5\\|pages\\=30–31}}", "" ]
### Gas {{Main\|Chemical weapons in World War I}} [thumb\|upright\|left\|[Australian](/wiki/Australia "Australia") infantry wearing [WWI gas masks](/wiki/WWI_gas_mask "WWI gas mask"), [Ypres](/wiki/Ypres "Ypres"), September 1917](/wiki/File:Australian_infantry_small_box_respirators_Ypres_1917.jpg "Australian infantry small box respirators Ypres 1917.jpg") World War I saw large\-scale use of poison gases. At the start of the war, the gas agents used were relatively weak and delivery unreliable, but by mid\-war advances in this [chemical warfare](/wiki/Chemical_warfare "Chemical warfare") reached horrifying levels. The first methods of employing gas was by releasing it from a cylinder when the wind was favourable. This was prone to miscarry if the direction of the wind was misjudged. Also, the cylinders needed to be positioned in the front trenches where they were likely to be ruptured by enemy bombardment. Later, gas was delivered directly to enemy trenches by artillery or mortar shell, reducing friendly casualties significantly. Lingering agents could still affect friendly troops that advanced to enemy trenches following its use. Early on, soldiers made improvised [gas masks](/wiki/WWI_gas_mask "WWI gas mask") by urinating on a handkerchief and putting it over their nose and mouth so the [urea](/wiki/Urea "Urea") would disable the poison. Armies rushed to issue regulation gas masks as regular equipment for front line troops. Anti\-gas equipment and procedures improved significantly during the war, to the point that gas attacks had become less devastating at the war's end. Several different gas agents were used. [Tear gas](/wiki/Tear_gas "Tear gas") was first employed in August 1914 by the French, but this could only temporarily disable the enemy. In April 1915, [chlorine](/wiki/Chlorine "Chlorine") gas was first used by Germany at the [Second Battle of Ypres](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres "Second Battle of Ypres"). Exposure to a large dose could kill, and those not killed could suffer permanent lung damage. But the gas was easy to detect by scent and sight. [Phosgene](/wiki/Phosgene "Phosgene"), first used in December 1915, was the most lethal killing gas of World War I; it was 18 times more powerful than chlorine and much more difficult to detect. However, the most effective gas was [mustard gas](/wiki/Mustard_gas "Mustard gas"), introduced by Germany in July 1917\. Mustard gas was not as fatal as phosgene, but it was hard to detect and lingered on the surface of the battlefield, so could inflict casualties over a long period. Even if not inhaled, it could slowly [burn the skin](/wiki/Blister_agent "Blister agent"), but quickly burned via the eyes or any wounds, causing blindness and intense suffering. Mustard gas also had the property of being heavier than air, causing it to sink down hills and therefore down into trenches. Casualties from mustard gas were unlikely to be fit to fight again, yet only 2% of mustard gas casualties died. The added burden of long\-term care of casualties from mustard gas actually increased its overall effectiveness compared to more immediately lethal gas agents.
[ "### Gas", "{{Main\\|Chemical weapons in World War I}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|[Australian](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") infantry wearing [WWI gas masks](/wiki/WWI_gas_mask \"WWI gas mask\"), [Ypres](/wiki/Ypres \"Ypres\"), September 1917](/wiki/File:Australian_infantry_small_box_respirators_Ypres_1917.jpg \"Australian infantry small box respirators Ypres 1917.jpg\")", "World War I saw large\\-scale use of poison gases. At the start of the war, the gas agents used were relatively weak and delivery unreliable, but by mid\\-war advances in this [chemical warfare](/wiki/Chemical_warfare \"Chemical warfare\") reached horrifying levels.", "The first methods of employing gas was by releasing it from a cylinder when the wind was favourable. This was prone to miscarry if the direction of the wind was misjudged. Also, the cylinders needed to be positioned in the front trenches where they were likely to be ruptured by enemy bombardment. Later, gas was delivered directly to enemy trenches by artillery or mortar shell, reducing friendly casualties significantly. Lingering agents could still affect friendly troops that advanced to enemy trenches following its use.", "Early on, soldiers made improvised [gas masks](/wiki/WWI_gas_mask \"WWI gas mask\") by urinating on a handkerchief and putting it over their nose and mouth so the [urea](/wiki/Urea \"Urea\") would disable the poison. Armies rushed to issue regulation gas masks as regular equipment for front line troops. Anti\\-gas equipment and procedures improved significantly during the war, to the point that gas attacks had become less devastating at the war's end.", "Several different gas agents were used. [Tear gas](/wiki/Tear_gas \"Tear gas\") was first employed in August 1914 by the French, but this could only temporarily disable the enemy. In April 1915, [chlorine](/wiki/Chlorine \"Chlorine\") gas was first used by Germany at the [Second Battle of Ypres](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres \"Second Battle of Ypres\"). Exposure to a large dose could kill, and those not killed could suffer permanent lung damage. But the gas was easy to detect by scent and sight. [Phosgene](/wiki/Phosgene \"Phosgene\"), first used in December 1915, was the most lethal killing gas of World War I; it was 18 times more powerful than chlorine and much more difficult to detect.", "However, the most effective gas was [mustard gas](/wiki/Mustard_gas \"Mustard gas\"), introduced by Germany in July 1917\\. Mustard gas was not as fatal as phosgene, but it was hard to detect and lingered on the surface of the battlefield, so could inflict casualties over a long period. Even if not inhaled, it could slowly [burn the skin](/wiki/Blister_agent \"Blister agent\"), but quickly burned via the eyes or any wounds, causing blindness and intense suffering. Mustard gas also had the property of being heavier than air, causing it to sink down hills and therefore down into trenches. Casualties from mustard gas were unlikely to be fit to fight again, yet only 2% of mustard gas casualties died. The added burden of long\\-term care of casualties from mustard gas actually increased its overall effectiveness compared to more immediately lethal gas agents.", "" ]
Later use --------- [thumb\|left\|Side view diagram of a gun in a retractable turret, in block 3 in [Ouvrage Schoenenbourg](/wiki/Ouvrage_Schoenenbourg "Ouvrage Schoenenbourg") of the [Maginot Line](/wiki/Maginot_Line "Maginot Line")](/wiki/File:Manoeuvre_tourelle.gif "Manoeuvre tourelle.gif") [thumb\|left\|Soldiers of the [Brazilian Expeditionary Force](/wiki/Brazilian_Expeditionary_Force "Brazilian Expeditionary Force") in a trench in [Montese](/wiki/Montese "Montese") during the [Italian Campaign](/wiki/Italian_Campaign_%28World_War_II%29 "Italian Campaign (World War II)") of World War II, 1944](/wiki/File:For%C3%A7a_Expedicion%C3%A1ria_Brasileira_-_For%C3%A7a_Expedicion%C3%A1ria_Brasileira_na_It%C3%A1lia_%2814%29.jpg "Força Expedicionária Brasileira - Força Expedicionária Brasileira na Itália (14).jpg") ### Spanish Civil War Trenches were often used in both sides[Spain's very international civil war](https://www.historyextra.com/period/spains-very-international-civil-war/)[Quiet fronts in the Spanish civil war](https://libcom.org/library/quiet-fronts-michael-seidman) particularly the [Nationalists](/wiki/Nationalist_faction_%28Spanish_Civil_War%29 "Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)") whose military ground doctrine emphasized static defence. The [Republicans](/wiki/Republican_faction_%28Spanish_Civil_War%29 "Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)") also employed the use of trenches, but also [human wave attacks](/wiki/Human_wave_attack "Human wave attack") most notably during their defence of [Casa de Campo](/wiki/Casa_de_Campo "Casa de Campo") in the [Siege of Madrid](/wiki/Siege_of_Madrid "Siege of Madrid"). ### World War II In the decade [leading up to World War II](/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II "Causes of World War II"), the French built the [Maginot Line](/wiki/Maginot_Line "Maginot Line"), based on their experience with trench warfare in World War I. The Maginot Line was an extensive [state\-of\-the\-art](/wiki/State_of_the_art "State of the art") defensive system far superior to any previous trench system: a chain of massive constructions of concrete, iron, and steel fortresses, bunkers, retractable turrets, outposts, obstacles, and sunken artillery emplacements, linked by [tunnel networks](/wiki/Tunnel_network "Tunnel network"). It covered the length of the Franco\-German border and was {{convert\|20\-25\|km}} wide. It was supported by numerous underground barracks, shelters, ammunition dumps and depots, with its own telephone network and [narrow gauge](/wiki/Narrow_gauge "Narrow gauge") railways with [armoured locomotives](/wiki/Armoured_train "Armoured train"), backed up with heavy [rail artillery](/wiki/Railway_gun "Railway gun"). French military experts placed high value on the line, saying it would curb German aggression, as any invasion force would be halted long enough for French forces to mobilize and counterattack. Furthermore, [French military planning during the inter\-war period](/wiki/French_war_planning_1920%E2%80%931940 "French war planning 1920–1940") believed that the line would force the [Germans](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") to invade Belgium. This would allow any future conflict to take place off of French soil. By bypassing the Maginot Line and fighting the Belgian Army, it would allow the French military to move its best formations to counter. In the [Battle of France](/wiki/Battle_of_France "Battle of France"), Germany invaded Belgium and the best Anglo\-French forces moved to meet them as planned. However, the Germans had only recently changed their plans from what the French had anticipated would happen. Instead of an attack through central Belgium, the main German attack was delivered through the [Ardennes forest](/wiki/Ardennes_forest "Ardennes forest"). Inter\-war French planning believed it would take the Germans 9 days to move forces through this area, and that it could be held by small forces. The German forces outpaced expectations and soon crossed into France between the main French forces and the Maginot Line. They then advanced towards the English Channel, and surrounded the Anglo\-French armies. Small secondary German attacks concentrated at a few points in the Line had mixed success. The bulk of the Maginot Line was untouched, its garrisons withdrawn, and flanked. Due to the lack of combat, much of it has survived. The return of [mobile warfare](/wiki/Maneuver_warfare "Maneuver warfare") in World War II reduced the emphasis of trench warfare, as defenders commonly lacked the time to build up such battlefield defences before they were forced to redeploy, due to the more rapidly\-changing strategic situation. But trench systems were still effective, wherever mobility was limited, the front lines were static, or around known critical objectives that could not be bypassed. More quickly improvised [defensive fighting positions](/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position "Defensive fighting position"), using "scrapes" or "foxholes", that can be supplemented by [sand bags](/wiki/Sand_bag "Sand bag"), local materials, debris, or rubble, remain in common use. These are typically improved and expanded by the defenders, eventually becoming full trench systems, if given enough time and resources. In the [Winter War](/wiki/Winter_War "Winter War"), the [Mannerheim Line](/wiki/Mannerheim_Line "Mannerheim Line") was a system of flexible field fortification for the defending Finns. While having very few bunkers and artillery compared to heavy defence lines like the [Maginot Line](/wiki/Maginot_Line "Maginot Line"), it allowed defensive platoons to regroup between field fortifications ([wood\-earth firing posts, dugouts and pillboxes](/wiki/Field_fortifications "Field fortifications")) instead of locking them into bunkers, while forcing the invaders to attack trenches as in World War I without armor and direct fire support. It caused heavy losses to the Soviets and repelled them for two months.{{Cite book\|title\=The Árpád\-line\|last\=Szabó\|first\=János J.\|publisher\=Timp\|year\=2002\|isbn\=963\-204\-140\-2\|location\=Budapest\|pages\=6–67}} [thumb\|A British trench mortar post in North Africa, 1940](/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1940_E932.jpg "The British Army in North Africa 1940 E932.jpg") [thumb\|upright\=1\.0\|[Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") soldiers running through the ruins of [Stalingrad](/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad "Battle of Stalingrad"), 1942](/wiki/File:62._armata_a_Stalingrado.jpg "62. armata a Stalingrado.jpg") At the [Battle of Sevastopol](/wiki/Battle_of_Sevastopol "Battle of Sevastopol"), [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army "Red Army") forces successfully held trench systems on the narrow peninsula for several months against intense German bombardment. The Western Allies in 1944 broke through the incomplete [Atlantic Wall](/wiki/Atlantic_Wall "Atlantic Wall") with relative ease through a combination of amphibious landings, naval gunfire, air attack, and [airborne](/wiki/Airborne_troops "Airborne troops") landings. Combined arms tactics where infantry, artillery, armour and aircraft cooperate closely greatly reduced the importance of trench warfare. It was, however, still a valuable method for reinforcing natural boundaries and creating a line of defence. For example, at the [Battle of Stalingrad](/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad "Battle of Stalingrad"), soldiers on both sides dug trenches within the ruins; as well in the [Battle of Hurtgen Forest](/wiki/Battle_of_Hurtgen_Forest "Battle of Hurtgen Forest"), both American and German soldiers also dug trenches and [foxholes](/wiki/Fox_hole "Fox hole") in the rugged woods of the forest which led to continuous stalemates and failed offensives that lasted for months, which was reminiscent of the trench warfare of World War I. The [Battle of the Scheldt](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt "Battle of the Scheldt"), due to the geography of the battle field greatly involved the use of trench warfare. In addition, before the start of the [Battle of Kursk](/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk "Battle of Kursk"), the Soviets constructed a system of defence more elaborate than any they built during World War I.{{Cite web \|date\=2009\-10\-29 \|title\=Battle of Kursk \|url\=https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/world\-war\-ii/battle\-of\-kursk \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-27 \|website\=www.history.com}} These defences succeeded in stopping the German armoured pincers from meeting and enveloping the salient.Remson, Andrew and Anderson, Debbie. {{cite web\|url\=http://geocities.com/armysappersforward/kursk.htm \|title\=World War II Battle of Kursk: Mine/Countermine operations \|access\-date\=2010\-10\-10 \|url\-status\=bot: unknown \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026215617/http://geocities.com/armysappersforward/kursk.htm \|archive\-date\=October 26, 2009 }} 25 April 2000, (Prepared for U.S. Army Communications\-Electronics Command, Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate) Section "The Soviet defense system and minefields" The [Italian Campaign](/wiki/Italian_Campaign_%28World_War_II%29 "Italian Campaign (World War II)") fought from 1943 until the end of the war in Europe largely consisted of the Allies storming strongly fortified German lines which stretched from one coast, over the mountains to the other coast. When the Allies broke through one line, the Germans would retreat up the peninsula to yet another freshly prepared fortified line. At the start of the [Battle of Berlin](/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin "Battle of Berlin"), the last major assault on Germany, the Soviets [attacked over the river](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Seelow_Heights "Battle of the Seelow Heights") [Oder](/wiki/Oder "Oder") against German troops dug in on the [Seelow Heights](/wiki/Seelow_Heights "Seelow Heights"), about {{convert\|50\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} east of Berlin. Entrenchment allowed the Germans, who were massively outnumbered, to survive a bombardment from the largest concentration of artillery in history; as the Red Army attempted to cross the marshy riverside terrain they lost tens of thousands of casualties to the entrenched Germans before breaking through. During the [Pacific War](/wiki/Pacific_War "Pacific War"), the [Japanese](/wiki/Empire_of_Japan "Empire of Japan") used a labyrinth of underground fixed positions to slow down the Allied advances on many Pacific Islands. The Japanese built fixed fortifications on [Iwo Jima](/wiki/Iwo_Jima "Iwo Jima"), [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture "Okinawa Prefecture"), and [Peleliu](/wiki/Peleliu "Peleliu") using a [system of tunnels](/wiki/Tunnel_network "Tunnel network") to interconnect their fortified positions. Many of these were former mine shafts that were turned into defence positions. Engineers added sliding armored steel doors with multiple openings to serve both artillery and machine guns. Cave entrances were built slanted as a defence against grenade and flamethrower attacks. The caves and bunkers were connected to a vast system throughout the defences, which allowed the Japanese to evacuate or reoccupy positions as needed, and to take advantage of shrinking interior lines. This network of [bunkers](/wiki/Bunker "Bunker"), tunnels, and [pillboxes](/wiki/Pillbox_%28military%29 "Pillbox (military)") favoured the defence. For instance, the Japanese on [Iwo Jima](/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima "Battle of Iwo Jima") had several levels of honeycombed fortifications. The Nanpo Bunker (Southern Area Islands Naval Air HQ), which was located east of Airfield Number 2, had enough food, water and ammo for the Japanese to hold out for three months. The bunker was 90 feet deep and had tunnels running in various directions. Approximately 500 55\-gallon drums filled with water, kerosene, and fuel oil for generators were located inside the complex. Gasoline powered generators allowed for radios and lighting to be operated underground.{{Cite book\|title\=A Tomb Called Iwo Jima\|last\=King\|first\=Dan\|publisher\=Pacific Press\|year\=2014\|isbn\=978\-1500343385\|pages\=58–59}} The Japanese caused the American advance to slow down and caused massive casualties with these underground fixed positions. The Americans eventually used [flamethrowers](/wiki/Flamethrower "Flamethrower") and systematic hand\-to\-hand fighting to oust the defenders.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/letters\_from\_iwo\_jima.htm \|title\=Letters from Iwo Jima \|publisher\=World War II Multimedia Database \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212233438/http://worldwar2database.com/html/letters\_from\_iwo\_jima.htm \|archive\-date\=12 December 2007 \|df\=dmy }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.battle\-fleet.com/pw/his/Battle\-Iwo\-Jima\-Defense.htm\|title\=Battle of Iwo Jima—Japanese Defense\|work\=World War II Naval Strategy\|access\-date\=11 November 2018\|archive\-date\=5 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805015433/http://www.battle\-fleet.com/pw/his/Battle\-Iwo\-Jima\-Defense.htm\|url\-status\=dead}} The American ground forces were supported by extensive [naval artillery](/wiki/Naval_artillery "Naval artillery"), and had complete [air supremacy](/wiki/Air_supremacy "Air supremacy") provided by [U.S. Navy](/wiki/U.S._Navy "U.S. Navy") and [Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps") aviators throughout the entire battle.{{cite video \| date \= 19 March 1945 \| title \= Video: Carriers Hit Tokyo! 1945/03/19 (1945\) \| url \=https://archive.org/details/1945\-03\-19\_Carriers\_Hit\_Tokyo \| publisher \=\[\[Universal Newsreel]] \| access\-date \= 22 February 2012 }} ### Post\-1945 to modern day [thumb\|Men of the 1st Brigade, [101st Airborne Division](/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division "101st Airborne Division"), fire from old [Viet Cong](/wiki/Viet_Cong "Viet Cong") trenches during the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War").](/wiki/File:101st_Airborne_Division_-_Vietnam_01.jpg "101st Airborne Division - Vietnam 01.jpg") Trench warfare has been infrequent in recent wars. When two large armoured armies meet, the result has generally been mobile warfare of the type which developed in World War II. However, trench warfare re\-emerged in the latter stages of the [Chinese Civil War](/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War "Chinese Civil War") ([Huaihai Campaign](/wiki/Huaihai_Campaign "Huaihai Campaign")) and the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War") (from July 1951 to its end). During the Cold War, [NATO](/wiki/NATO "NATO") forces routinely trained to fight through extensive works called "Soviet\-style trench systems", named after the [Warsaw Pact](/wiki/Warsaw_Pact "Warsaw Pact")'s complex systems of field fortifications, an extension of Soviet field entrenching practices for which they were famous in their [Great Patriotic War](/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War "Great Patriotic War") (the Eastern Front of World War II). In the [Iran–Iraq War](/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "Iran–Iraq War"), both armies lacked training in [combined arms](/wiki/Combined_arms "Combined arms") operations. Both countries often prepared entrenched defensive positions and [tunnels](/wiki/Tunnel_network "Tunnel network") to protect and supply the cities and bases throughout the regions. Military mobility was drastically reduced; hidden [anti\-tank mines](/wiki/Anti-tank_mine "Anti-tank mine"), and unstable footing made it easy to slide into or get buried in a camouflaged [anti\-tank trench](/wiki/Anti-tank_trench "Anti-tank trench"). Tactics used included trench warfare, machine gun posts, bayonet charges, booby traps, use of barbed wire across trenches and on [no\-man's land](/wiki/No-man%27s_land "No-man's land"), Iranian [human wave attacks](/wiki/Human_wave_attack "Human wave attack"), and Iraq's extensive use of chemical weapons such as [mustard gas](/wiki/Mustard_gas "Mustard gas") against Iranian troops.{{cite journal\|last1\=Benschop\|first1\=H. P.\|last2\=van der Schans\|first2\=G. P. \|last3\=Noort \|first3\=D. \|last4\=Fidder\|first4\=A.\|last5\=Mars\-Groenendijk\|first5\=R. H.\|last6\=de Jong\|first6\=L. P. A.\|title\=Verification of Exposure to Sulfur Mustard in Two Casualties of the Iran\-Iraq Conflict\|journal\=Journal of Analytical Toxicology\|volume\=21\|issue\=4\|year\=1997\|pages\=249–251\|issn\=0146\-4760\|doi\=10\.1093/jat/21\.4\.249\|pmid\=9248939\|doi\-access\=free}} Iraq again attempted to use trenches during the 1991 [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War"). After the [Invasion of Kuwait](/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait "Invasion of Kuwait"), [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein "Saddam Hussein") with the objective of forcing the [coalition](/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War "Coalition of the Gulf War") to engage in costly World War I\-era trench warfare, ordered the construction of a massive fortification line in the [Saudi\-Kuwait border](/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_border "Kuwait–Saudi Arabia border"), consisting of regular trench lines, "flame trenches" (ditches filled with oil to be ignited in case of attack), sand [berms](/wiki/Berm "Berm"), trench works, anti\-tank ditches, barbed wire and [minefields](/wiki/Minefield "Minefield"), which became known as the [Saddam Line](/wiki/Saddam_Line "Saddam Line").{{cite web \|author\=Staff \|date\=n.d. \|title\=Iraq and the Gulf War 1990\-1991 \|url\=http://www.fas.org/irp/gulf/cia/960702/70086\_01\.htm \|access\-date\=February 24, 2012 \|publisher\=(\[\[CIA Directorate of Intelligence\|Directorate of Intelligence]] document) \[\[United States Department of Defense\|U.S. Department of Defense]] (via the \[\[Federation of American Scientists]])}}{{cite news \|author\=Drogin, Bob \|author\-link\=Bob Drogin \|date\=February 25, 1991 \|title\='Saddam Line' Falls Easily to Marines \|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1991\-02\-25\-mn\-1412\-story.html \|access\-date\=February 24, 2012}}{{Cite web \|title\=The 'Bulldozer Assault' of Desert Storm Saw the US Army Opt Out of Trench Warfare \|url\=https://www.military.com/history/bulldozer\-assault\-of\-desert\-storm\-saw\-us\-army\-opt\-out\-of\-trench\-warfare.html \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-27 \|website\=www.military.com\|date\=18 April 2022 }} However, at the start of the [Liberation of Kuwait](/wiki/Liberation_of_Kuwait_campaign "Liberation of Kuwait campaign"), the US forces charged the Iraqi lines with [M1 Abrams](/wiki/M1_Abrams "M1 Abrams") tanks modified with [minesweeping ploughs](/wiki/Demining "Demining") and [M728 Combat Engineer Vehicles](/wiki/M728_Combat_Engineer_Vehicle "M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle") which buried the trench lines, and in many cases, buried Iraqi troops alive. In less than three hours after the initial assault, US and coalition forces had already broken through and bypassed the Saddam line and the rest of war was composed by highly mobile [manoeuvre warfare](/wiki/Manoeuvre_warfare "Manoeuvre warfare") focusing on overwhelming power against the Iraqis.{{cite book \|author\=Kellner, Douglas \|title\=The Persian Gulf TV War \|publisher\=\[\[Westview Press]] (via the \[\[University of California, Los Angeles]]) \|year\=1992 \|isbn\=978\-0\-8133\-1614\-7 \|location\=Boulder, Colorado \|chapter\=Chapter 8 – Countdown to the Ground War \|author\-link\=Douglas Kellner \|access\-date\=February 24, 2012 \|chapter\-url\=http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/gulfwarch8\.pdf}} [thumb\|[Afghan](/wiki/History_of_the_Afghan_Armed_Forces_%282002%E2%80%932021%29 "History of the Afghan Armed Forces (2002–2021)") and U.S. soldiers provide security while standing behind a [blast wall](/wiki/Blast_wall "Blast wall") made from [HESCO bastions](/wiki/Hesco_bastion "Hesco bastion") Afghanistan, 2012](/wiki/File:U.S._Soldiers_and_Afghan_soldiers_provide_security_while_standing_behind_HESCO_barriers_during_strongpoint_construction_at_Zharay_district%2C_Kandahar_province%2C_Afghanistan%2C_Feb_120210-A-QD683-134.jpg "U.S. Soldiers and Afghan soldiers provide security while standing behind HESCO barriers during strongpoint construction at Zharay district, Kandahar province, Afghanistan, Feb 120210-A-QD683-134.jpg") There was an extensive trench system inside and outside the city during the 1992–1996 [Siege of Sarajevo](/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo "Siege of Sarajevo"). It was used mainly for transportation to the front\-line or to avoid [snipers](/wiki/Sniper "Sniper") inside the city. Any pre\-existing structures were used as trenches; the best known example is the bobsleigh course at [Trebević](/wiki/Trebevi%C4%87 "Trebević"), which was used by both [Serb](/wiki/Serbs "Serbs") and [Bosniaks](/wiki/Bosniaks "Bosniaks") forces during the siege. In the [Eritrean\-Ethiopian War](/wiki/Eritrean-Ethiopian_War "Eritrean-Ethiopian War") of 1998–2000, the widespread use of trenches raised comparisons to the trench warfare of World War I.{{cite book \|first\=Gebru \|last\=Tareke \|title\=The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa \|location\=New Haven \|publisher\=Yale University \|year\=2009 \|page\=345 \|isbn\=978\-0\-300\-14163\-4}} According to some reports, trench warfare led to the loss of "thousands of young lives in human\-wave assaults on Eritrea's positions".{{cite news \|last\=Fisher \|first\=Ian \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/23/world/peace\-deal\-may\-be\-near\-for\-ethiopia\-and\-eritrea.html \|title\=Peace Deal May Be Near for Ethiopia and Eritrea\|date\=23 August 1999\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]}} The Eritrean defences were eventually overtaken by a surprise Ethiopian pincer movement on the Western front, attacking a mined, but lightly defended mountain (without trenches), resulting in the capture of Barentu and an Eritrean retreat. The element of surprise in the attack involved the use of donkeys as pack animals as well as being a solely infantry affair, with tanks coming in afterwards only to secure the area.{{cite news\|author\=Bond, Catherine\|agency\=Associated Press and Reuters \|url\=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/05/22/ethiopia.eritrea/ \|title\=Eritrean independence celebrations muted as Ethiopian troops advance \|website\=Archives.cnn.com\|date\=22 May 2000 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618113000/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/05/22/ethiopia.eritrea/ \|archive\-date\=18 June 2008}} The [front line in Korea](/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone "Korean Demilitarized Zone") and the [Line of Control](/wiki/Line_of_Control "Line of Control") in [Kashmir](/wiki/Kashmir "Kashmir") between Pakistan and India are two examples of demarcation lines which could become hot at any time. They consist of kilometres of trenches linking fortified strongpoints and in Korea surrounded by millions of [land mines](/wiki/Land_mine "Land mine"). The [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army "Indian Army") has fortified the LOC with 900 [fixed tank turrets](/wiki/Gun_turret_fortifications "Gun turret fortifications").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/transformers\-retired\-tanks\-functioning\-as\-bunkers\-975973\-2017\-05\-08 \| title\=Transformers: Retired tanks functioning as bunkers \| date\=9 May 2017 }} The borders between [Armenia](/wiki/Armenia "Armenia") and [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan "Azerbaijan") amid the ongoing [Nagorno\-Karabakh conflict](/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict "Nagorno-Karabakh conflict") are also heavily fortified with trenches and barbed wire, with the two sides regularly trading fire.{{cite news \|last1\=Rettman \|first1\=Andrew \|title\=Armenia\-Azerbaijan war: line of contact \|url\=https://euobserver.com/foreign/137017 \|access\-date\=24 July 2018 \|work\=EUobserver \|date\=24 February 2017 \|language\=en}} #### Russo\-Ukrainian War [thumb\|right\|200px\|Ukrainian soldier in a trench during the [Battle of Bakhmut](/wiki/Battle_of_Bakhmut "Battle of Bakhmut")](/wiki/File:Battle_of_Bakhmut_3.jpg "Battle of Bakhmut 3.jpg") In the [Russo\-Ukrainian War](/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War "Russo-Ukrainian War"), to safeguard and assert their territories, both Ukrainian and [Russian proxy forces](/wiki/Pro-Russian_conflict_in_Ukraine "Pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine") have resorted to digging small trench networks and engaging in warfare somewhat akin to the trench fights of World War I in some aspects. This involves soldiers spending extended periods within trenches, employing cement mixers and excavators to construct tunnel networks and deep bunkers for added protection.{{cite magazine \|last1\=Laurent \|first1\=Olivier \|title\=Go Inside the Frozen Trenches of Eastern Ukraine \|url\=http://time.com/3715642/ukraine\-russia\-trenches\-photos/ \|access\-date\=24 July 2018 \|magazine\=Time \|language\=en\-us}} After the [Minsk peace agreements](/wiki/Minsk_Protocol "Minsk Protocol") the front lines did not move significantly until the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine"), as both sides dug elaborate networks of trenches and deep bunkers for protection and the two sides mostly fired mortars and sniper shots at each other.{{cite news \|last1\=Brown \|first1\=Daniel \|title\=Here's what it's like inside the bunkers Ukrainian troops are living in every day \|url\=https://www.businessinsider.com/heres\-what\-the\-bunkers\-ukrainian\-troops\-dig\-for\-protection\-look\-like\-2017\-8?r\=US\&IR\=T\#/\#the\-soldiers\-first\-dig\-out\-a\-hole\-which\-is\-usually\-at\-least\-waist\-deep\-then\-they\-put\-down\-a\-layer\-of\-timber\-and\-cover\-it\-with\-dirt\-the\-bunkers\-are\-also\-sometimes\-fortified\-with\-concrete\-1 \|access\-date\=24 July 2018 \|work\=Business Insider Australia \|date\=16 August 2017 \|language\=en}} The 2022 invasion also saw the construction of trench lines and similar defensive structures by both sides, especially after the end of the initial Russian offensive, resulting in a static war of attrition with slow advances and artillery duels, especially in [Donetsk Oblast](/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast "Donetsk Oblast").{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-06\-14 \|title\=Echoes of WWI in Ukraine war's artillery duels and trenches \|url\=https://www.france24\.com/en/live\-news/20220614\-echoes\-of\-wwi\-in\-ukraine\-war\-s\-artillery\-duels\-and\-trenches \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-26 \|website\=France 24 \|language\=en}} Pictures of muddy trenches, stumps of charred trees in a shell\-pocked landscape made the [Battle of Bakhmut](/wiki/Battle_of_Bakhmut "Battle of Bakhmut") emblematic for its trench warfare conditions, with neither side making any significant breakthroughs amid hundreds of casualties reported daily.{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-11\-28 \|title\=Fighting in east Ukraine descends into trench warfare as Russia seeks breakthrough \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/28/hundreds\-dead\-in\-ukraine\-as\-frontline\-trench\-war\-escalates \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-29 \|website\=The Guardian \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=Ellyatt \|first\=Holly \|title\=Trenches, mud and death: One Ukrainian battlefield looks like something out of World War I \|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/30/trenches\-endless\-mud\-and\-death\-the\-battle\-of\-bakhmut.html \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-15 \|website\=CNBC \|date\=30 November 2022 \|language\=en}} Modern technology has adapted to the trench warfare, and use of drones and mobile networks is common. The battlefield has been described as "World War I with 21st\-century Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance".{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.businessinsider.com/ukraine\-using\-world\-war\-i\-era\-machine\-guns\-sniper\-traps\-to\-fight\-off\-russia\-2023\-3\|title\=Ukraine's troops fight off 'massive' Russian attacks in Bakhmut with World War I\-era machine guns and sniper traps.\|website\=businessinsider \|date\=30 November 2022 \|language\=en}}
[ "Later use\n---------", "[thumb\\|left\\|Side view diagram of a gun in a retractable turret, in block 3 in [Ouvrage Schoenenbourg](/wiki/Ouvrage_Schoenenbourg \"Ouvrage Schoenenbourg\") of the [Maginot Line](/wiki/Maginot_Line \"Maginot Line\")](/wiki/File:Manoeuvre_tourelle.gif \"Manoeuvre tourelle.gif\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Soldiers of the [Brazilian Expeditionary Force](/wiki/Brazilian_Expeditionary_Force \"Brazilian Expeditionary Force\") in a trench in [Montese](/wiki/Montese \"Montese\") during the [Italian Campaign](/wiki/Italian_Campaign_%28World_War_II%29 \"Italian Campaign (World War II)\") of World War II, 1944](/wiki/File:For%C3%A7a_Expedicion%C3%A1ria_Brasileira_-_For%C3%A7a_Expedicion%C3%A1ria_Brasileira_na_It%C3%A1lia_%2814%29.jpg \"Força Expedicionária Brasileira - Força Expedicionária Brasileira na Itália (14).jpg\")", "### Spanish Civil War", "Trenches were often used in both sides[Spain's very international civil war](https://www.historyextra.com/period/spains-very-international-civil-war/)[Quiet fronts in the Spanish civil war](https://libcom.org/library/quiet-fronts-michael-seidman) particularly the [Nationalists](/wiki/Nationalist_faction_%28Spanish_Civil_War%29 \"Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)\") whose military ground doctrine emphasized static defence. The [Republicans](/wiki/Republican_faction_%28Spanish_Civil_War%29 \"Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)\") also employed the use of trenches, but also [human wave attacks](/wiki/Human_wave_attack \"Human wave attack\") most notably during their defence of [Casa de Campo](/wiki/Casa_de_Campo \"Casa de Campo\") in the [Siege of Madrid](/wiki/Siege_of_Madrid \"Siege of Madrid\").", "### World War II", "In the decade [leading up to World War II](/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II \"Causes of World War II\"), the French built the [Maginot Line](/wiki/Maginot_Line \"Maginot Line\"), based on their experience with trench warfare in World War I. The Maginot Line was an extensive [state\\-of\\-the\\-art](/wiki/State_of_the_art \"State of the art\") defensive system far superior to any previous trench system: a chain of massive constructions of concrete, iron, and steel fortresses, bunkers, retractable turrets, outposts, obstacles, and sunken artillery emplacements, linked by [tunnel networks](/wiki/Tunnel_network \"Tunnel network\"). It covered the length of the Franco\\-German border and was {{convert\\|20\\-25\\|km}} wide. It was supported by numerous underground barracks, shelters, ammunition dumps and depots, with its own telephone network and [narrow gauge](/wiki/Narrow_gauge \"Narrow gauge\") railways with [armoured locomotives](/wiki/Armoured_train \"Armoured train\"), backed up with heavy [rail artillery](/wiki/Railway_gun \"Railway gun\"). French military experts placed high value on the line, saying it would curb German aggression, as any invasion force would be halted long enough for French forces to mobilize and counterattack. Furthermore, [French military planning during the inter\\-war period](/wiki/French_war_planning_1920%E2%80%931940 \"French war planning 1920–1940\") believed that the line would force the [Germans](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") to invade Belgium. This would allow any future conflict to take place off of French soil. By bypassing the Maginot Line and fighting the Belgian Army, it would allow the French military to move its best formations to counter. In the [Battle of France](/wiki/Battle_of_France \"Battle of France\"), Germany invaded Belgium and the best Anglo\\-French forces moved to meet them as planned. However, the Germans had only recently changed their plans from what the French had anticipated would happen. Instead of an attack through central Belgium, the main German attack was delivered through the [Ardennes forest](/wiki/Ardennes_forest \"Ardennes forest\"). Inter\\-war French planning believed it would take the Germans 9 days to move forces through this area, and that it could be held by small forces. The German forces outpaced expectations and soon crossed into France between the main French forces and the Maginot Line. They then advanced towards the English Channel, and surrounded the Anglo\\-French armies. Small secondary German attacks concentrated at a few points in the Line had mixed success. The bulk of the Maginot Line was untouched, its garrisons withdrawn, and flanked. Due to the lack of combat, much of it has survived.", "The return of [mobile warfare](/wiki/Maneuver_warfare \"Maneuver warfare\") in World War II reduced the emphasis of trench warfare, as defenders commonly lacked the time to build up such battlefield defences before they were forced to redeploy, due to the more rapidly\\-changing strategic situation. But trench systems were still effective, wherever mobility was limited, the front lines were static, or around known critical objectives that could not be bypassed. More quickly improvised [defensive fighting positions](/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position \"Defensive fighting position\"), using \"scrapes\" or \"foxholes\", that can be supplemented by [sand bags](/wiki/Sand_bag \"Sand bag\"), local materials, debris, or rubble, remain in common use. These are typically improved and expanded by the defenders, eventually becoming full trench systems, if given enough time and resources.", "In the [Winter War](/wiki/Winter_War \"Winter War\"), the [Mannerheim Line](/wiki/Mannerheim_Line \"Mannerheim Line\") was a system of flexible field fortification for the defending Finns. While having very few bunkers and artillery compared to heavy defence lines like the [Maginot Line](/wiki/Maginot_Line \"Maginot Line\"), it allowed defensive platoons to regroup between field fortifications ([wood\\-earth firing posts, dugouts and pillboxes](/wiki/Field_fortifications \"Field fortifications\")) instead of locking them into bunkers, while forcing the invaders to attack trenches as in World War I without armor and direct fire support. It caused heavy losses to the Soviets and repelled them for two months.{{Cite book\\|title\\=The Árpád\\-line\\|last\\=Szabó\\|first\\=János J.\\|publisher\\=Timp\\|year\\=2002\\|isbn\\=963\\-204\\-140\\-2\\|location\\=Budapest\\|pages\\=6–67}}", "[thumb\\|A British trench mortar post in North Africa, 1940](/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1940_E932.jpg \"The British Army in North Africa 1940 E932.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.0\\|[Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") soldiers running through the ruins of [Stalingrad](/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad \"Battle of Stalingrad\"), 1942](/wiki/File:62._armata_a_Stalingrado.jpg \"62. armata a Stalingrado.jpg\")", "At the [Battle of Sevastopol](/wiki/Battle_of_Sevastopol \"Battle of Sevastopol\"), [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army \"Red Army\") forces successfully held trench systems on the narrow peninsula for several months against intense German bombardment. The Western Allies in 1944 broke through the incomplete [Atlantic Wall](/wiki/Atlantic_Wall \"Atlantic Wall\") with relative ease through a combination of amphibious landings, naval gunfire, air attack, and [airborne](/wiki/Airborne_troops \"Airborne troops\") landings. Combined arms tactics where infantry, artillery, armour and aircraft cooperate closely greatly reduced the importance of trench warfare. It was, however, still a valuable method for reinforcing natural boundaries and creating a line of defence. For example, at the [Battle of Stalingrad](/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad \"Battle of Stalingrad\"), soldiers on both sides dug trenches within the ruins; as well in the [Battle of Hurtgen Forest](/wiki/Battle_of_Hurtgen_Forest \"Battle of Hurtgen Forest\"), both American and German soldiers also dug trenches and [foxholes](/wiki/Fox_hole \"Fox hole\") in the rugged woods of the forest which led to continuous stalemates and failed offensives that lasted for months, which was reminiscent of the trench warfare of World War I. The [Battle of the Scheldt](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt \"Battle of the Scheldt\"), due to the geography of the battle field greatly involved the use of trench warfare. In addition, before the start of the [Battle of Kursk](/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk \"Battle of Kursk\"), the Soviets constructed a system of defence more elaborate than any they built during World War I.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2009\\-10\\-29 \\|title\\=Battle of Kursk \\|url\\=https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/world\\-war\\-ii/battle\\-of\\-kursk \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-27 \\|website\\=www.history.com}} These defences succeeded in stopping the German armoured pincers from meeting and enveloping the salient.Remson, Andrew and Anderson, Debbie. {{cite web\\|url\\=http://geocities.com/armysappersforward/kursk.htm \\|title\\=World War II Battle of Kursk: Mine/Countermine operations \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-10\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026215617/http://geocities.com/armysappersforward/kursk.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=October 26, 2009 }} 25 April 2000, (Prepared for U.S. Army Communications\\-Electronics Command, Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate) Section \"The Soviet defense system and minefields\"", "The [Italian Campaign](/wiki/Italian_Campaign_%28World_War_II%29 \"Italian Campaign (World War II)\") fought from 1943 until the end of the war in Europe largely consisted of the Allies storming strongly fortified German lines which stretched from one coast, over the mountains to the other coast. When the Allies broke through one line, the Germans would retreat up the peninsula to yet another freshly prepared fortified line.", "At the start of the [Battle of Berlin](/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin \"Battle of Berlin\"), the last major assault on Germany, the Soviets [attacked over the river](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Seelow_Heights \"Battle of the Seelow Heights\") [Oder](/wiki/Oder \"Oder\") against German troops dug in on the [Seelow Heights](/wiki/Seelow_Heights \"Seelow Heights\"), about {{convert\\|50\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} east of Berlin. Entrenchment allowed the Germans, who were massively outnumbered, to survive a bombardment from the largest concentration of artillery in history; as the Red Army attempted to cross the marshy riverside terrain they lost tens of thousands of casualties to the entrenched Germans before breaking through.", "During the [Pacific War](/wiki/Pacific_War \"Pacific War\"), the [Japanese](/wiki/Empire_of_Japan \"Empire of Japan\") used a labyrinth of underground fixed positions to slow down the Allied advances on many Pacific Islands. The Japanese built fixed fortifications on [Iwo Jima](/wiki/Iwo_Jima \"Iwo Jima\"), [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture \"Okinawa Prefecture\"), and [Peleliu](/wiki/Peleliu \"Peleliu\") using a [system of tunnels](/wiki/Tunnel_network \"Tunnel network\") to interconnect their fortified positions. Many of these were former mine shafts that were turned into defence positions. Engineers added sliding armored steel doors with multiple openings to serve both artillery and machine guns. Cave entrances were built slanted as a defence against grenade and flamethrower attacks. The caves and bunkers were connected to a vast system throughout the defences, which allowed the Japanese to evacuate or reoccupy positions as needed, and to take advantage of shrinking interior lines. This network of [bunkers](/wiki/Bunker \"Bunker\"), tunnels, and [pillboxes](/wiki/Pillbox_%28military%29 \"Pillbox (military)\") favoured the defence. For instance, the Japanese on [Iwo Jima](/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima \"Battle of Iwo Jima\") had several levels of honeycombed fortifications. The Nanpo Bunker (Southern Area Islands Naval Air HQ), which was located east of Airfield Number 2, had enough food, water and ammo for the Japanese to hold out for three months. The bunker was 90 feet deep and had tunnels running in various directions. Approximately 500 55\\-gallon drums filled with water, kerosene, and fuel oil for generators were located inside the complex. Gasoline powered generators allowed for radios and lighting to be operated underground.{{Cite book\\|title\\=A Tomb Called Iwo Jima\\|last\\=King\\|first\\=Dan\\|publisher\\=Pacific Press\\|year\\=2014\\|isbn\\=978\\-1500343385\\|pages\\=58–59}} The Japanese caused the American advance to slow down and caused massive casualties with these underground fixed positions. The Americans eventually used [flamethrowers](/wiki/Flamethrower \"Flamethrower\") and systematic hand\\-to\\-hand fighting to oust the defenders.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/letters\\_from\\_iwo\\_jima.htm \\|title\\=Letters from Iwo Jima \\|publisher\\=World War II Multimedia Database \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212233438/http://worldwar2database.com/html/letters\\_from\\_iwo\\_jima.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=12 December 2007 \\|df\\=dmy }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.battle\\-fleet.com/pw/his/Battle\\-Iwo\\-Jima\\-Defense.htm\\|title\\=Battle of Iwo Jima—Japanese Defense\\|work\\=World War II Naval Strategy\\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=5 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805015433/http://www.battle\\-fleet.com/pw/his/Battle\\-Iwo\\-Jima\\-Defense.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The American ground forces were supported by extensive [naval artillery](/wiki/Naval_artillery \"Naval artillery\"), and had complete [air supremacy](/wiki/Air_supremacy \"Air supremacy\") provided by [U.S. Navy](/wiki/U.S._Navy \"U.S. Navy\") and [Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\") aviators throughout the entire battle.{{cite video \\| date \\= 19 March 1945 \\| title \\= Video: Carriers Hit Tokyo! 1945/03/19 (1945\\) \\| url \\=https://archive.org/details/1945\\-03\\-19\\_Carriers\\_Hit\\_Tokyo \\| publisher \\=\\[\\[Universal Newsreel]] \\| access\\-date \\= 22 February 2012 }}", "### Post\\-1945 to modern day", "[thumb\\|Men of the 1st Brigade, [101st Airborne Division](/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division \"101st Airborne Division\"), fire from old [Viet Cong](/wiki/Viet_Cong \"Viet Cong\") trenches during the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\").](/wiki/File:101st_Airborne_Division_-_Vietnam_01.jpg \"101st Airborne Division - Vietnam 01.jpg\")\nTrench warfare has been infrequent in recent wars. When two large armoured armies meet, the result has generally been mobile warfare of the type which developed in World War II. However, trench warfare re\\-emerged in the latter stages of the [Chinese Civil War](/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War \"Chinese Civil War\") ([Huaihai Campaign](/wiki/Huaihai_Campaign \"Huaihai Campaign\")) and the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\") (from July 1951 to its end).", "During the Cold War, [NATO](/wiki/NATO \"NATO\") forces routinely trained to fight through extensive works called \"Soviet\\-style trench systems\", named after the [Warsaw Pact](/wiki/Warsaw_Pact \"Warsaw Pact\")'s complex systems of field fortifications, an extension of Soviet field entrenching practices for which they were famous in their [Great Patriotic War](/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War \"Great Patriotic War\") (the Eastern Front of World War II).", "In the [Iran–Iraq War](/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War \"Iran–Iraq War\"), both armies lacked training in [combined arms](/wiki/Combined_arms \"Combined arms\") operations. Both countries often prepared entrenched defensive positions and [tunnels](/wiki/Tunnel_network \"Tunnel network\") to protect and supply the cities and bases throughout the regions. Military mobility was drastically reduced; hidden [anti\\-tank mines](/wiki/Anti-tank_mine \"Anti-tank mine\"), and unstable footing made it easy to slide into or get buried in a camouflaged [anti\\-tank trench](/wiki/Anti-tank_trench \"Anti-tank trench\"). Tactics used included trench warfare, machine gun posts, bayonet charges, booby traps, use of barbed wire across trenches and on [no\\-man's land](/wiki/No-man%27s_land \"No-man's land\"), Iranian [human wave attacks](/wiki/Human_wave_attack \"Human wave attack\"), and Iraq's extensive use of chemical weapons such as [mustard gas](/wiki/Mustard_gas \"Mustard gas\") against Iranian troops.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Benschop\\|first1\\=H. P.\\|last2\\=van der Schans\\|first2\\=G. P. \\|last3\\=Noort \\|first3\\=D. \\|last4\\=Fidder\\|first4\\=A.\\|last5\\=Mars\\-Groenendijk\\|first5\\=R. H.\\|last6\\=de Jong\\|first6\\=L. P. A.\\|title\\=Verification of Exposure to Sulfur Mustard in Two Casualties of the Iran\\-Iraq Conflict\\|journal\\=Journal of Analytical Toxicology\\|volume\\=21\\|issue\\=4\\|year\\=1997\\|pages\\=249–251\\|issn\\=0146\\-4760\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/jat/21\\.4\\.249\\|pmid\\=9248939\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}", "Iraq again attempted to use trenches during the 1991 [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War \"Gulf War\"). After the [Invasion of Kuwait](/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait \"Invasion of Kuwait\"), [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein \"Saddam Hussein\") with the objective of forcing the [coalition](/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War \"Coalition of the Gulf War\") to engage in costly World War I\\-era trench warfare, ordered the construction of a massive fortification line in the [Saudi\\-Kuwait border](/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_border \"Kuwait–Saudi Arabia border\"), consisting of regular trench lines, \"flame trenches\" (ditches filled with oil to be ignited in case of attack), sand [berms](/wiki/Berm \"Berm\"), trench works, anti\\-tank ditches, barbed wire and [minefields](/wiki/Minefield \"Minefield\"), which became known as the [Saddam Line](/wiki/Saddam_Line \"Saddam Line\").{{cite web \\|author\\=Staff \\|date\\=n.d. \\|title\\=Iraq and the Gulf War 1990\\-1991 \\|url\\=http://www.fas.org/irp/gulf/cia/960702/70086\\_01\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2012 \\|publisher\\=(\\[\\[CIA Directorate of Intelligence\\|Directorate of Intelligence]] document) \\[\\[United States Department of Defense\\|U.S. Department of Defense]] (via the \\[\\[Federation of American Scientists]])}}{{cite news \\|author\\=Drogin, Bob \\|author\\-link\\=Bob Drogin \\|date\\=February 25, 1991 \\|title\\='Saddam Line' Falls Easily to Marines \\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1991\\-02\\-25\\-mn\\-1412\\-story.html \\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2012}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=The 'Bulldozer Assault' of Desert Storm Saw the US Army Opt Out of Trench Warfare \\|url\\=https://www.military.com/history/bulldozer\\-assault\\-of\\-desert\\-storm\\-saw\\-us\\-army\\-opt\\-out\\-of\\-trench\\-warfare.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-27 \\|website\\=www.military.com\\|date\\=18 April 2022 }} However, at the start of the [Liberation of Kuwait](/wiki/Liberation_of_Kuwait_campaign \"Liberation of Kuwait campaign\"), the US forces charged the Iraqi lines with [M1 Abrams](/wiki/M1_Abrams \"M1 Abrams\") tanks modified with [minesweeping ploughs](/wiki/Demining \"Demining\") and [M728 Combat Engineer Vehicles](/wiki/M728_Combat_Engineer_Vehicle \"M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle\") which buried the trench lines, and in many cases, buried Iraqi troops alive. In less than three hours after the initial assault, US and coalition forces had already broken through and bypassed the Saddam line and the rest of war was composed by highly mobile [manoeuvre warfare](/wiki/Manoeuvre_warfare \"Manoeuvre warfare\") focusing on overwhelming power against the Iraqis.{{cite book \\|author\\=Kellner, Douglas \\|title\\=The Persian Gulf TV War \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Westview Press]] (via the \\[\\[University of California, Los Angeles]]) \\|year\\=1992 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8133\\-1614\\-7 \\|location\\=Boulder, Colorado \\|chapter\\=Chapter 8 – Countdown to the Ground War \\|author\\-link\\=Douglas Kellner \\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2012 \\|chapter\\-url\\=http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/gulfwarch8\\.pdf}}", "[thumb\\|[Afghan](/wiki/History_of_the_Afghan_Armed_Forces_%282002%E2%80%932021%29 \"History of the Afghan Armed Forces (2002–2021)\") and U.S. soldiers provide security while standing behind a [blast wall](/wiki/Blast_wall \"Blast wall\") made from [HESCO bastions](/wiki/Hesco_bastion \"Hesco bastion\") Afghanistan, 2012](/wiki/File:U.S._Soldiers_and_Afghan_soldiers_provide_security_while_standing_behind_HESCO_barriers_during_strongpoint_construction_at_Zharay_district%2C_Kandahar_province%2C_Afghanistan%2C_Feb_120210-A-QD683-134.jpg \"U.S. Soldiers and Afghan soldiers provide security while standing behind HESCO barriers during strongpoint construction at Zharay district, Kandahar province, Afghanistan, Feb 120210-A-QD683-134.jpg\")\nThere was an extensive trench system inside and outside the city during the 1992–1996 [Siege of Sarajevo](/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo \"Siege of Sarajevo\"). It was used mainly for transportation to the front\\-line or to avoid [snipers](/wiki/Sniper \"Sniper\") inside the city. Any pre\\-existing structures were used as trenches; the best known example is the bobsleigh course at [Trebević](/wiki/Trebevi%C4%87 \"Trebević\"), which was used by both [Serb](/wiki/Serbs \"Serbs\") and [Bosniaks](/wiki/Bosniaks \"Bosniaks\") forces during the siege.", "In the [Eritrean\\-Ethiopian War](/wiki/Eritrean-Ethiopian_War \"Eritrean-Ethiopian War\") of 1998–2000, the widespread use of trenches raised comparisons to the trench warfare of World War I.{{cite book \\|first\\=Gebru \\|last\\=Tareke \\|title\\=The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa \\|location\\=New Haven \\|publisher\\=Yale University \\|year\\=2009 \\|page\\=345 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-300\\-14163\\-4}} According to some reports, trench warfare led to the loss of \"thousands of young lives in human\\-wave assaults on Eritrea's positions\".{{cite news \\|last\\=Fisher \\|first\\=Ian \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/23/world/peace\\-deal\\-may\\-be\\-near\\-for\\-ethiopia\\-and\\-eritrea.html \\|title\\=Peace Deal May Be Near for Ethiopia and Eritrea\\|date\\=23 August 1999\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]}} The Eritrean defences were eventually overtaken by a surprise Ethiopian pincer movement on the Western front, attacking a mined, but lightly defended mountain (without trenches), resulting in the capture of Barentu and an Eritrean retreat. The element of surprise in the attack involved the use of donkeys as pack animals as well as being a solely infantry affair, with tanks coming in afterwards only to secure the area.{{cite news\\|author\\=Bond, Catherine\\|agency\\=Associated Press and Reuters \\|url\\=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/05/22/ethiopia.eritrea/ \\|title\\=Eritrean independence celebrations muted as Ethiopian troops advance \\|website\\=Archives.cnn.com\\|date\\=22 May 2000 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618113000/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/05/22/ethiopia.eritrea/ \\|archive\\-date\\=18 June 2008}}", "The [front line in Korea](/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone \"Korean Demilitarized Zone\") and the [Line of Control](/wiki/Line_of_Control \"Line of Control\") in [Kashmir](/wiki/Kashmir \"Kashmir\") between Pakistan and India are two examples of demarcation lines which could become hot at any time. They consist of kilometres of trenches linking fortified strongpoints and in Korea surrounded by millions of [land mines](/wiki/Land_mine \"Land mine\"). The [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army \"Indian Army\") has fortified the LOC with 900 [fixed tank turrets](/wiki/Gun_turret_fortifications \"Gun turret fortifications\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/transformers\\-retired\\-tanks\\-functioning\\-as\\-bunkers\\-975973\\-2017\\-05\\-08 \\| title\\=Transformers: Retired tanks functioning as bunkers \\| date\\=9 May 2017 }} The borders between [Armenia](/wiki/Armenia \"Armenia\") and [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan \"Azerbaijan\") amid the ongoing [Nagorno\\-Karabakh conflict](/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict \"Nagorno-Karabakh conflict\") are also heavily fortified with trenches and barbed wire, with the two sides regularly trading fire.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Rettman \\|first1\\=Andrew \\|title\\=Armenia\\-Azerbaijan war: line of contact \\|url\\=https://euobserver.com/foreign/137017 \\|access\\-date\\=24 July 2018 \\|work\\=EUobserver \\|date\\=24 February 2017 \\|language\\=en}}", "#### Russo\\-Ukrainian War", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Ukrainian soldier in a trench during the [Battle of Bakhmut](/wiki/Battle_of_Bakhmut \"Battle of Bakhmut\")](/wiki/File:Battle_of_Bakhmut_3.jpg \"Battle of Bakhmut 3.jpg\")\nIn the [Russo\\-Ukrainian War](/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War \"Russo-Ukrainian War\"), to safeguard and assert their territories, both Ukrainian and [Russian proxy forces](/wiki/Pro-Russian_conflict_in_Ukraine \"Pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine\") have resorted to digging small trench networks and engaging in warfare somewhat akin to the trench fights of World War I in some aspects. This involves soldiers spending extended periods within trenches, employing cement mixers and excavators to construct tunnel networks and deep bunkers for added protection.{{cite magazine \\|last1\\=Laurent \\|first1\\=Olivier \\|title\\=Go Inside the Frozen Trenches of Eastern Ukraine \\|url\\=http://time.com/3715642/ukraine\\-russia\\-trenches\\-photos/ \\|access\\-date\\=24 July 2018 \\|magazine\\=Time \\|language\\=en\\-us}} After the [Minsk peace agreements](/wiki/Minsk_Protocol \"Minsk Protocol\") the front lines did not move significantly until the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\"), as both sides dug elaborate networks of trenches and deep bunkers for protection and the two sides mostly fired mortars and sniper shots at each other.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Brown \\|first1\\=Daniel \\|title\\=Here's what it's like inside the bunkers Ukrainian troops are living in every day \\|url\\=https://www.businessinsider.com/heres\\-what\\-the\\-bunkers\\-ukrainian\\-troops\\-dig\\-for\\-protection\\-look\\-like\\-2017\\-8?r\\=US\\&IR\\=T\\#/\\#the\\-soldiers\\-first\\-dig\\-out\\-a\\-hole\\-which\\-is\\-usually\\-at\\-least\\-waist\\-deep\\-then\\-they\\-put\\-down\\-a\\-layer\\-of\\-timber\\-and\\-cover\\-it\\-with\\-dirt\\-the\\-bunkers\\-are\\-also\\-sometimes\\-fortified\\-with\\-concrete\\-1 \\|access\\-date\\=24 July 2018 \\|work\\=Business Insider Australia \\|date\\=16 August 2017 \\|language\\=en}}", "The 2022 invasion also saw the construction of trench lines and similar defensive structures by both sides, especially after the end of the initial Russian offensive, resulting in a static war of attrition with slow advances and artillery duels, especially in [Donetsk Oblast](/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast \"Donetsk Oblast\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-06\\-14 \\|title\\=Echoes of WWI in Ukraine war's artillery duels and trenches \\|url\\=https://www.france24\\.com/en/live\\-news/20220614\\-echoes\\-of\\-wwi\\-in\\-ukraine\\-war\\-s\\-artillery\\-duels\\-and\\-trenches \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-26 \\|website\\=France 24 \\|language\\=en}} Pictures of muddy trenches, stumps of charred trees in a shell\\-pocked landscape made the [Battle of Bakhmut](/wiki/Battle_of_Bakhmut \"Battle of Bakhmut\") emblematic for its trench warfare conditions, with neither side making any significant breakthroughs amid hundreds of casualties reported daily.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-11\\-28 \\|title\\=Fighting in east Ukraine descends into trench warfare as Russia seeks breakthrough \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/28/hundreds\\-dead\\-in\\-ukraine\\-as\\-frontline\\-trench\\-war\\-escalates \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-29 \\|website\\=The Guardian \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Ellyatt \\|first\\=Holly \\|title\\=Trenches, mud and death: One Ukrainian battlefield looks like something out of World War I \\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/30/trenches\\-endless\\-mud\\-and\\-death\\-the\\-battle\\-of\\-bakhmut.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-15 \\|website\\=CNBC \\|date\\=30 November 2022 \\|language\\=en}} Modern technology has adapted to the trench warfare, and use of drones and mobile networks is common. The battlefield has been described as \"World War I with 21st\\-century Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance\".{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.businessinsider.com/ukraine\\-using\\-world\\-war\\-i\\-era\\-machine\\-guns\\-sniper\\-traps\\-to\\-fight\\-off\\-russia\\-2023\\-3\\|title\\=Ukraine's troops fight off 'massive' Russian attacks in Bakhmut with World War I\\-era machine guns and sniper traps.\\|website\\=businessinsider \\|date\\=30 November 2022 \\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) ------------------------------------------------------ {{further\|UNSCOP}} [thumb\|right\|Map showing Jewish\-owned land as of 31 December 1944, including land owned in full, shared in undivided land, and State Lands under concession. This constituted 6% of the total land area or 20% of cultivatable land,{{cite book\|author\=Michael R. Fischbach \|title\=Jewish Property Claims Against Arab Countries \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=38xyBIqKgkwC \|date\=13 August 2013 \|publisher\=Columbia University Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-231\-51781\-2 \|page\=24 \|quote\=By 1948, after several decades of Jewish immigration, the Jewish population of Palestine had risen to about one third of the total, and Jews and Jewish companies owned 20 percent of all cultivable land in the country.}} of which more than half was held by the [JNF](/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund "Jewish National Fund") and [PICA](/wiki/Palestine_Jewish_Colonization_Association "Palestine Jewish Colonization Association").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/A\-Survey\-of\-Palestine/Story6686\.html\|title\=Land Registration in Palestine before 1948 (Nakba): Table 2 showing Holdings of Large Jewish Lands Owners as of December 31st, 1945, British Mandate: A Survey of Palestine: Volume I – Page 245\. Chapter VIII: Land: Section 3\. – Palestine Remembered\|work\=palestineremembered.com}}](/wiki/File:Palestine_Index_to_Villages_and_Settlements%2C_showing_Land_in_Jewish_Possession_as_at_31.12.44.jpg "Palestine Index to Villages and Settlements, showing Land in Jewish Possession as at 31.12.44.jpg") Under the terms of [League of Nations A\-class mandates](/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate "League of Nations mandate") each such mandatory territory was to become a sovereign state on termination of its mandate. By the end of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), this occurred with all such mandates except Palestine; however, the League of Nations itself lapsed in 1946, leading to a legal quandary.Nele Matz, 'Civilization and the Mandate System under the League of Nations,' in Armin Von Bogdandy, Rüdiger Wolfrum, Christiane E. Philipp (eds.) *Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law* . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2005 pp.47–96, [p.87](https://books.google.com/books?id=EHpHKjM5HnUC&pg=PA87) 'those mandated territories that had been classified as A mandates, with the exception of Palestine, were finally granted full independence in addition to the already established structures for provisional self\-governance,'Baylis Thomas, *How Israel was Won: A Concise History of the Arab\-Israeli Conflict*. Lexington Books 1999 [p.47](https://books.google.com/books?id=6T_Ff6Ra57sC&pg=PA47). In February 1947, Britain announced its intent to terminate the Mandate for Palestine, referring the matter of the future of Palestine to the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations").David D. Newsom, *The Imperial Mantle: The United States, Decolonization, and the Third World*. Indiana University Press, [p.77\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=vv559P5d7m8C&pg=PA77){{Cite web\|url\=https://unispal.un.org/dpa/dpr/UNISPAL.NSF/0/D442111E70E417E3802564740045A309\|title\=The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem Part II: 1947\-1977 \- Study (30 June 1979\)\|website\=unispal.un.org}} According to [William Roger Louis](/wiki/William_Roger_Louis "William Roger Louis"), British Foreign Secretary [Ernest Bevin](/wiki/Ernest_Bevin "Ernest Bevin")'s policy was premised on the idea that an Arab majority would carry the day, which met difficulties with [Harry S. Truman](/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman") who, sensitive to Zionist electoral pressures in the United States, pressed for a British\-Zionist compromise.William Roger Louis, *Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization*. Palgrave/Macmillan 2006, [pp.404,429–437](https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA437). In May, the UN formed the [United Nations Special Committee on Palestine](/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Committee_on_Palestine "United Nations Special Committee on Palestine") (UNSCOP) to prepare a report on recommendations for Palestine. The [Jewish Agency](/wiki/Jewish_Agency "Jewish Agency") pressed for Jewish representation and the exclusion of both Britain and [Arab countries](/wiki/Arab_world "Arab world") on the Committee, sought visits to camps where Holocaust survivors were interned in Europe as part of UNSCOP's brief, and in May won representation on the Political Committee.Daniel Mandel, *H V Evatt and the Establishment of Israel: The Undercover Zionist*. Routledge 2004 [pp.73,81\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=ikGQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83) The liaison officers with [Aubrey Eban](/wiki/Aubrey_Eban "Aubrey Eban") and [David Horowitz](/wiki/David_Horowitz_%28economist%29 "David Horowitz (economist)").(p.83\) The Arab states, convinced statehood had been subverted, and that the transition of authority from the League of Nations to the UN was questionable in law, wished the issues to be brought before an International Court, and refused to collaborate with UNSCOP, which had extended an invitation for liaison also to the [Arab Higher Committee](/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee "Arab Higher Committee").Mandel, [p.88\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=ikGQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88) In August, after three months of conducting hearings and a general survey of the situation in Palestine, a majority report of the committee recommended that the region be partitioned into an Arab state and a Jewish state, which should retain an economic union. An [international regime](/wiki/Corpus_separatum_%28Jerusalem%29 "Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)") was envisioned for Jerusalem. The Arab delegations at the UN had sought to keep separate the issue of Palestine from the issue of Jewish refugees in Europe. During their visit, UNSCOP members were shocked by the extent of [Lehi](/wiki/Lehi_%28group%29 "Lehi (group)") and [Irgun](/wiki/Irgun "Irgun") violence, then at its apogee, and by the elaborate military presence attested by endemic barb\-wire, searchlights, and armoured\-car patrols. Committee members also witnessed the [SS *Exodus*](/wiki/SS_Exodus "SS Exodus") affair in Haifa and could hardly have remained unaffected by it. On concluding their mission, they dispatched a subcommittee to investigate Jewish refugee camps in Europe.Morris, 2008, p. 43[Howard M. Sachar](/wiki/Howard_M._Sachar "Howard M. Sachar"), *A History of the Jews in the Modern World*. Random House, 2007 [p.671](https://books.google.com/books?id=TLxA9W7q74sC&pg=PT671). The incident is mentioned in the report in relation to Jewish distrust and resentment concerning the British enforcement of the 1939 White Paper.{{cite web \|url\=https://undocs.org/A/364(SUPP) \|access\-date\=20 April 2017 \|title\=United Nations Special Committee on Palestine: Report to the General Assembly: Volume 1 \|date\=3 September 1947 \|id\=A/364(SUPP) \|at\=Chapter 2, para. 119, p. 28 \|quote\="There can be no doubt that the enforcement of the White Paper of 1939, subject to the permitted entry since December 1945 of 1,500 Jewish immigrants monthly, has created throughout the Jewish community a deep\-seated distrust and resentment against the mandatory Power. This feeling is most sharply expressed in regard to the Administration's attempts to prevent the landing of illegal immigrants. During its stay in Palestine, the Committee heard from certain of its members an eyewitness account of the incidents relative to the bringing into the port of Haifa, under British naval escort, of the illegal immigrant ship, ''Exodus 1947''."}} ### UNSCOP report On 3 September 1947, the Committee reported to the General Assembly. *CHAPTER V: PROPOSED RECOMMENDATIONS (I)*, Section A of the Report contained eleven proposed recommendations (I – XI) approved unanimously. Section B contained one proposed recommendation approved by a substantial majority dealing with the Jewish problem in general (XI). *CHAPTER VI: PROPOSED RECOMMENDATIONS (II)* contained a *Plan of Partition with Economic Union* to which seven members of the Committee (Canada, Czechoslovakia, Guatemala, the Netherlands, Peru, Sweden and Uruguay), expressed themselves in favour. *CHAPTER VII RECOMMENDATIONS (III)* contained a comprehensive proposal that was voted upon and supported by three members (India, Iran, and Yugoslavia) for a *Federal State of Palestine*. Australia abstained. In *CHAPTER VIII* a number of members of the Committee expressed certain reservations and observations.{{cite web \|url\=https://undocs.org/A/364(SUPP) \|access\-date\=20 April 2017 \|title\=United Nations Special Committee on Palestine: Report to the General Assembly: Volume 1 \|date\=3 September 1947 \|id\=A/364(SUPP) }} ### Proposed partition {{See also\|Mandate Palestine\#Land ownership\|l1\=Land ownership of the British Mandate of Palestine}} {{multiple image \| align \= right \| direction \= horizontal \| width \= \| footer \= Two maps reviewed by UN Subcommittee 2 in considering partition \| image1 \= Palestine Land ownership by sub\-district (1945\).jpg \| width1 \= 150 \| alt1 \= \| caption1 \= Land ownership \| image2 \= Palestine Distribution of Population 1947 UN map no 93(b).jpeg \| width2 \= 147 \| alt2 \= \| caption2 \= Population distribution }} The report of the majority of the Committee ([CHAPTER VI](/wiki/wikisource:United_Nations_Special_Committee_on_Palestine_Report/Chapter_VI "United Nations Special Committee on Palestine Report/Chapter VI")) envisaged the division of Palestine into three parts: an Arab State, a Jewish State and the City of [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem"), linked by extraterritorial crossroads. The proposed Arab State would include the central and part of western [Galilee](/wiki/Galilee "Galilee"), with the town of [Acre](/wiki/Akko "Akko"), the hill country of [Samaria](/wiki/Samaria "Samaria") and [Judea](/wiki/Judea "Judea"), an enclave at [Jaffa](/wiki/Jaffa "Jaffa"), and the southern coast stretching from north of Isdud (now [Ashdod](/wiki/Ashdod "Ashdod")) and encompassing what is now the [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip "Gaza Strip"), with a section of desert along the Egyptian border. The proposed Jewish State would include the fertile Eastern Galilee, the Coastal Plain, stretching from [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa "Haifa") to [Rehovot](/wiki/Rehovot "Rehovot") and most of the [Negev desert](/wiki/Negev_desert "Negev desert"), including the southern outpost of Umm Rashrash (now [Eilat](/wiki/Eilat "Eilat")). The Jerusalem Corpus Separatum included [Bethlehem](/wiki/Bethlehem "Bethlehem") and the surrounding areas. The primary objectives of the majority of the Committee were political division and economic unity between the two groups.{{cite web \|url\=https://undocs.org/A/364(SUPP) \|access\-date\=20 April 2017 \|title\=United Nations Special Committee on Palestine: Report to the General Assembly: Volume 1 \|date\=3 September 1947 \|id\=A/364(SUPP) \|page\=51 \|quote\=The primary objectives sought in the foregoing scheme were, in short, political division and economic unity: to confer upon each group, Arab and Jew, in its own territory, the power to make its own laws, while preserving both, throughout Palestine, a single integrated economy, admittedly essential to the well\-being of each, and the same territorial freedom of movement to individuals as is enjoyed today. }} The Plan tried its best to accommodate as many Jews as possible into the Jewish State. In many specific cases,{{citation needed\|date\=June 2013}} this meant including areas of Arab majority (but with a significant Jewish minority) in the Jewish state. Thus the Jewish State would have an overall large Arab minority. Areas that were sparsely populated (like the Negev desert), were also included in the Jewish state to create room for immigration. According to the plan, Jews and Arabs living in the Jewish state would become citizens of the Jewish state and Jews and Arabs living in the Arab state would become citizens of the Arab state. By virtue of Chapter 3, Palestinian citizens residing in Palestine outside the City of Jerusalem, as well as Arabs and Jews who, not holding Palestinian citizenship, resided in Palestine outside the City of Jerusalem would, upon the recognition of independence, become citizens of the State in which they were resident and enjoy full civil and political rights. Population of Palestine by religions in 1946: Moslems — 1,076,783; Jews — 608,225; Christians — 145,063; Others — 15,488; Total — 1,845,559\.[Official Records the Second Session the General Assembly. Supplement No 11\. United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. Report to the General Assembly. Volume 1\. Lake Success. New York. 1947\. / p. 11](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/703295#record-files-collapse-header) On this basis, the population at the end of 1946 was estimated as follows: Arabs — 1,203,000; Jews — 608,000; others — 35,000; Total — 1,846,000\.[Official Records the Second Session the General Assembly. Supplement No 11\. United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. Report to the General Assembly. Volume 1\. Lake Success. New York. 1947\. / p. 11](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/703295#record-files-collapse-header) The Plan would have had the following demographics (data based on 1945\). | Territory | Arab and other population | % Arab and other | Jewish population | % Jewish | Total population | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Arab State | 725,000 | 99% | 10,000 | 1% | 735,000 | | Jewish State | 407,000 | 45% | 498,000 | 55% | 905,000 | | International | 105,000 | 51% | 100,000 | 49% | 205,000 | | Total | 1,237,000 | 67% | 608,000 | 33% | 1,845,000 | | Data from the [Report of UNSCOP: 3 September 1947: CHAPTER 4: A COMMENTARY ON PARTITION](https://web.archive.org/web/20120603150222/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument) [thumb\|200px\|International zone around Jerusalem, boundaries proposed by the AD HOC Committee on the Palestine question](/wiki/File:Cite_of_Jerusalem._Boundaries_proposed_by_the_AD_HOC_Committee_on_the_Palestine_question.jpg "Cite of Jerusalem. Boundaries proposed by the AD HOC Committee on the Palestine question.jpg") In addition there would be in the Jewish State about 90,000 Bedouins, cultivators and stock owners who seek grazing further afield in dry seasons.[Official Records the Second Session the General Assembly. Supplement No 11\. United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. Report to the General Assembly. Volume 1\. Lake Success. New York. 1947\. / p. 54](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/703295#record-files-collapse-header) The land allocated to the Arab State in the final plan included about 43% of Mandatory Palestine[UN Partition Plan](http://www.merip.org/palestine-israel_primer/un-partition-plan-pal-isr.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807084246/http://merip.org/palestine\-israel\_primer/un\-partition\-plan\-pal\-isr.html \|date\=7 August 2013 }} at Merip.Colbert C. Held, John Thomas Cummings, [https://books.google.com/books?id\=vcxVDgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT287](https://books.google.com/books?id=vcxVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT287) *Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics,* 6th ed. [Hachette UK](/wiki/Hachette_UK "Hachette UK"), 2013 p.255: It called for three entities: a Jewish state with 56 percent of Mandate Palestine; an Arab state, 43 percent.'Abdel Monem Said Aly, Shai Feldman, Khalil Shikaki, [*Arabs and Israelis: Conflict and Peacemaking in the Middle East,*](https://books.google.com/books?id=sgk8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PT71){{Dead link\|date\=February 2024\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot\|fix\-attempted\=yes}} [PalgraveMacmillan](/wiki/PalgraveMacmillan "PalgraveMacmillan") 2013 p.50: 'a year before the UN adoption of the Resolution, the Arab population of Palestine comprised 68 percent of the total and owned about 85 percent of the land; the Jewish population comprised about one\-third of the total and owned about 7 percent of the land. and consisted of all of the highlands, except for Jerusalem, plus one\-third of the coastline. The highlands contain the major aquifers of Palestine, which supplied water to the coastal cities of central Palestine, including Tel Aviv.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2018}} The Jewish State allocated to the Jews, who constituted a third of the population and owned about 7% of the land, was to receive 56% of Mandatory Palestine, a slightly larger area to accommodate the increasing numbers of Jews who would immigrate there.[Palestine Division Wins in Committee 25 to 13, 17 Abstain](http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/11/26/104381572.html?pageNumber=1), NY Times, 26 November 1947 The Jewish State included three fertile lowland plains – the [Sharon](/wiki/Sharon%2C_Israel "Sharon, Israel") on the coast, the [Jezreel Valley](/wiki/Jezreel_Valley "Jezreel Valley") and the upper [Jordan Valley](/wiki/Jordan_Valley_%28Middle_East%29 "Jordan Valley (Middle East)"). The bulk of the proposed Jewish State's territory, however, consisted of the [Negev Desert](/wiki/Negev_Desert "Negev Desert"), which was mostly not suitable for agriculture, nor for urban development at that time. The Jewish State would also be given sole access to the [Sea of Galilee](/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee "Sea of Galilee"), crucial for its [water supply](/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Israel "Water supply and sanitation in Israel"), and the economically important [Red Sea](/wiki/Red_Sea "Red Sea"). The committee voted for the plan, 25 to 13 (with 17 abstentions and 2 absentees) on 25 November 1947 and the General Assembly was called back into a special session to vote on the proposal. Various sources noted that this was one vote short of the two\-thirds majority required in the General Assembly.
[ "United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP)\n------------------------------------------------------", "{{further\\|UNSCOP}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Map showing Jewish\\-owned land as of 31 December 1944, including land owned in full, shared in undivided land, and State Lands under concession. This constituted 6% of the total land area or 20% of cultivatable land,{{cite book\\|author\\=Michael R. Fischbach \\|title\\=Jewish Property Claims Against Arab Countries \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=38xyBIqKgkwC \\|date\\=13 August 2013 \\|publisher\\=Columbia University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-231\\-51781\\-2 \\|page\\=24 \\|quote\\=By 1948, after several decades of Jewish immigration, the Jewish population of Palestine had risen to about one third of the total, and Jews and Jewish companies owned 20 percent of all cultivable land in the country.}} of which more than half was held by the [JNF](/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund \"Jewish National Fund\") and [PICA](/wiki/Palestine_Jewish_Colonization_Association \"Palestine Jewish Colonization Association\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/A\\-Survey\\-of\\-Palestine/Story6686\\.html\\|title\\=Land Registration in Palestine before 1948 (Nakba): Table 2 showing Holdings of Large Jewish Lands Owners as of December 31st, 1945, British Mandate: A Survey of Palestine: Volume I – Page 245\\. Chapter VIII: Land: Section 3\\. – Palestine Remembered\\|work\\=palestineremembered.com}}](/wiki/File:Palestine_Index_to_Villages_and_Settlements%2C_showing_Land_in_Jewish_Possession_as_at_31.12.44.jpg \"Palestine Index to Villages and Settlements, showing Land in Jewish Possession as at 31.12.44.jpg\")\nUnder the terms of [League of Nations A\\-class mandates](/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate \"League of Nations mandate\") each such mandatory territory was to become a sovereign state on termination of its mandate. By the end of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), this occurred with all such mandates except Palestine; however, the League of Nations itself lapsed in 1946, leading to a legal quandary.Nele Matz, 'Civilization and the Mandate System under the League of Nations,' in Armin Von Bogdandy, Rüdiger Wolfrum, Christiane E. Philipp (eds.) *Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law* . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2005 pp.47–96, [p.87](https://books.google.com/books?id=EHpHKjM5HnUC&pg=PA87)\n'those mandated territories that had been classified as A mandates, with the exception of Palestine, were finally granted full independence in addition to the already established structures for provisional self\\-governance,'Baylis Thomas, *How Israel was Won: A Concise History of the Arab\\-Israeli Conflict*. Lexington Books 1999 [p.47](https://books.google.com/books?id=6T_Ff6Ra57sC&pg=PA47).\nIn February 1947, Britain announced its intent to terminate the Mandate for Palestine, referring the matter of the future of Palestine to the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\").David D. Newsom, *The Imperial Mantle: The United States, Decolonization, and the Third World*. Indiana University Press, [p.77\\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=vv559P5d7m8C&pg=PA77){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://unispal.un.org/dpa/dpr/UNISPAL.NSF/0/D442111E70E417E3802564740045A309\\|title\\=The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem Part II: 1947\\-1977 \\- Study (30 June 1979\\)\\|website\\=unispal.un.org}} According to [William Roger Louis](/wiki/William_Roger_Louis \"William Roger Louis\"), British Foreign Secretary [Ernest Bevin](/wiki/Ernest_Bevin \"Ernest Bevin\")'s policy was premised on the idea that an Arab majority would carry the day, which met difficulties with [Harry S. Truman](/wiki/Harry_S._Truman \"Harry S. Truman\") who, sensitive to Zionist electoral pressures in the United States, pressed for a British\\-Zionist compromise.William Roger Louis, *Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization*. Palgrave/Macmillan 2006, [pp.404,429–437](https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA437). In May, the UN formed the [United Nations Special Committee on Palestine](/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Committee_on_Palestine \"United Nations Special Committee on Palestine\") (UNSCOP) to prepare a report on recommendations for Palestine. The [Jewish Agency](/wiki/Jewish_Agency \"Jewish Agency\") pressed for Jewish representation and the exclusion of both Britain and [Arab countries](/wiki/Arab_world \"Arab world\") on the Committee, sought visits to camps where Holocaust survivors were interned in Europe as part of UNSCOP's brief, and in May won representation on the Political Committee.Daniel Mandel, *H V Evatt and the Establishment of Israel: The Undercover Zionist*. Routledge 2004 [pp.73,81\\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=ikGQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83) The liaison officers with [Aubrey Eban](/wiki/Aubrey_Eban \"Aubrey Eban\") and [David Horowitz](/wiki/David_Horowitz_%28economist%29 \"David Horowitz (economist)\").(p.83\\) The Arab states, convinced statehood had been subverted, and that the transition of authority from the League of Nations to the UN was questionable in law, wished the issues to be brought before an International Court, and refused to collaborate with UNSCOP, which had extended an invitation for liaison also to the [Arab Higher Committee](/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee \"Arab Higher Committee\").Mandel, [p.88\\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=ikGQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88) In August, after three months of conducting hearings and a general survey of the situation in Palestine, a majority report of the committee recommended that the region be partitioned into an Arab state and a Jewish state, which should retain an economic union. An [international regime](/wiki/Corpus_separatum_%28Jerusalem%29 \"Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)\") was envisioned for Jerusalem.", "The Arab delegations at the UN had sought to keep separate the issue of Palestine from the issue of Jewish refugees in Europe. During their visit, UNSCOP members were shocked by the extent of [Lehi](/wiki/Lehi_%28group%29 \"Lehi (group)\") and [Irgun](/wiki/Irgun \"Irgun\") violence, then at its apogee, and by the elaborate military presence attested by endemic barb\\-wire, searchlights, and armoured\\-car patrols. Committee members also witnessed the [SS *Exodus*](/wiki/SS_Exodus \"SS Exodus\") affair in Haifa and could hardly have remained unaffected by it. On concluding their mission, they dispatched a subcommittee to investigate Jewish refugee camps in Europe.Morris, 2008, p. 43[Howard M. Sachar](/wiki/Howard_M._Sachar \"Howard M. Sachar\"), *A History of the Jews in the Modern World*. Random House, 2007 [p.671](https://books.google.com/books?id=TLxA9W7q74sC&pg=PT671). The incident is mentioned in the report in relation to Jewish distrust and resentment concerning the British enforcement of the 1939 White Paper.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://undocs.org/A/364(SUPP) \\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2017 \\|title\\=United Nations Special Committee on Palestine: Report to the General Assembly: Volume 1 \\|date\\=3 September 1947 \\|id\\=A/364(SUPP) \\|at\\=Chapter 2, para. 119, p. 28 \\|quote\\=\"There can be no doubt that the enforcement of the White Paper of 1939, subject to the permitted entry since December 1945 of 1,500 Jewish immigrants monthly, has created throughout the Jewish community a deep\\-seated distrust and resentment against the mandatory Power. This feeling is most sharply expressed in regard to the Administration's attempts to prevent the landing of illegal immigrants. During its stay in Palestine, the Committee heard from certain of its members an eyewitness account of the incidents relative to the bringing into the port of Haifa, under British naval escort, of the illegal immigrant ship, ''Exodus 1947''.\"}}", "### UNSCOP report", "On 3 September 1947, the Committee reported to the General Assembly. *CHAPTER V: PROPOSED RECOMMENDATIONS (I)*, Section A of the Report contained eleven proposed recommendations (I – XI) approved unanimously. Section B contained one proposed recommendation approved by a substantial majority dealing with the Jewish problem in general (XI). *CHAPTER VI: PROPOSED RECOMMENDATIONS (II)* contained a *Plan of Partition with Economic Union* to which seven members of the Committee (Canada, Czechoslovakia, Guatemala, the Netherlands, Peru, Sweden and Uruguay), expressed themselves in favour. *CHAPTER VII RECOMMENDATIONS (III)* contained a comprehensive proposal that was voted upon and supported by three members (India, Iran, and Yugoslavia) for a *Federal State of Palestine*. Australia abstained. In *CHAPTER VIII* a number of members of the Committee expressed certain reservations and observations.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://undocs.org/A/364(SUPP) \\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2017 \\|title\\=United Nations Special Committee on Palestine: Report to the General Assembly: Volume 1 \\|date\\=3 September 1947 \\|id\\=A/364(SUPP) }}", "### Proposed partition", "{{See also\\|Mandate Palestine\\#Land ownership\\|l1\\=Land ownership of the British Mandate of Palestine}}\n{{multiple image", "\\| align \\= right \n\\| direction \\= horizontal \n\\| width \\= \n\\| footer \\= Two maps reviewed by UN Subcommittee 2 in considering partition", "\\| image1 \\= Palestine Land ownership by sub\\-district (1945\\).jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 150\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= Land ownership", "\\| image2 \\= Palestine Distribution of Population 1947 UN map no 93(b).jpeg\n\\| width2 \\= 147\n\\| alt2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= Population distribution\n}}", "The report of the majority of the Committee ([CHAPTER VI](/wiki/wikisource:United_Nations_Special_Committee_on_Palestine_Report/Chapter_VI \"United Nations Special Committee on Palestine Report/Chapter VI\")) envisaged the division of Palestine into three parts: an Arab State, a Jewish State and the City of [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\"), linked by extraterritorial crossroads. The proposed Arab State would include the central and part of western [Galilee](/wiki/Galilee \"Galilee\"), with the town of [Acre](/wiki/Akko \"Akko\"), the hill country of [Samaria](/wiki/Samaria \"Samaria\") and [Judea](/wiki/Judea \"Judea\"), an enclave at [Jaffa](/wiki/Jaffa \"Jaffa\"), and the southern coast stretching from north of Isdud (now [Ashdod](/wiki/Ashdod \"Ashdod\")) and encompassing what is now the [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip \"Gaza Strip\"), with a section of desert along the Egyptian border. The proposed Jewish State would include the fertile Eastern Galilee, the Coastal Plain, stretching from [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa \"Haifa\") to [Rehovot](/wiki/Rehovot \"Rehovot\") and most of the [Negev desert](/wiki/Negev_desert \"Negev desert\"), including the southern outpost of Umm Rashrash (now [Eilat](/wiki/Eilat \"Eilat\")). The Jerusalem Corpus Separatum included [Bethlehem](/wiki/Bethlehem \"Bethlehem\") and the surrounding areas.", "The primary objectives of the majority of the Committee were political division and economic unity between the two groups.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://undocs.org/A/364(SUPP) \\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2017 \\|title\\=United Nations Special Committee on Palestine: Report to the General Assembly: Volume 1 \\|date\\=3 September 1947 \\|id\\=A/364(SUPP) \\|page\\=51 \\|quote\\=The primary objectives sought in the foregoing scheme were, in short, political division and economic unity: to confer upon each group, Arab and Jew, in its own territory, the power to make its own laws, while preserving both, throughout Palestine, a single integrated economy, admittedly essential to the well\\-being of each, and the same territorial freedom of movement to individuals as is enjoyed today. }} The Plan tried its best to accommodate as many Jews as possible into the Jewish State. In many specific cases,{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2013}} this meant including areas of Arab majority (but with a significant Jewish minority) in the Jewish state. Thus the Jewish State would have an overall large Arab minority. Areas that were sparsely populated (like the Negev desert), were also included in the Jewish state to create room for immigration. According to the plan, Jews and Arabs living in the Jewish state would become citizens of the Jewish state and Jews and Arabs living in the Arab state would become citizens of the Arab state.", "By virtue of Chapter 3, Palestinian citizens residing in Palestine outside the City of Jerusalem, as well as Arabs and Jews who, not holding Palestinian citizenship, resided in Palestine outside the City of Jerusalem would, upon the recognition of independence, become citizens of the State in which they were resident and enjoy full civil and political rights.", "Population of Palestine by religions in 1946: Moslems — 1,076,783; Jews — 608,225; Christians — 145,063; Others — 15,488; Total — 1,845,559\\.[Official Records the Second Session the General Assembly. Supplement No 11\\. United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. Report to the General Assembly. Volume 1\\. Lake Success. New York. 1947\\. / p. 11](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/703295#record-files-collapse-header)", "On this basis, the population at the end of 1946 was estimated as follows: Arabs — 1,203,000; Jews — 608,000; others — 35,000; Total — 1,846,000\\.[Official Records the Second Session the General Assembly. Supplement No 11\\. United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. Report to the General Assembly. Volume 1\\. Lake Success. New York. 1947\\. / p. 11](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/703295#record-files-collapse-header)", "The Plan would have had the following demographics (data based on 1945\\).", "", "| Territory | Arab and other population | % Arab and other | Jewish population | % Jewish | Total population |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Arab State | 725,000 | 99% | 10,000 | 1% | 735,000 |\n| Jewish State | 407,000 | 45% | 498,000 | 55% | 905,000 |\n| International | 105,000 | 51% | 100,000 | 49% | 205,000 |\n| Total | 1,237,000 | 67% | 608,000 | 33% | 1,845,000 |\n| Data from the [Report of UNSCOP: 3 September 1947: CHAPTER 4: A COMMENTARY ON PARTITION](https://web.archive.org/web/20120603150222/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument)", "", "[thumb\\|200px\\|International zone around Jerusalem, boundaries proposed by the AD HOC Committee on the Palestine question](/wiki/File:Cite_of_Jerusalem._Boundaries_proposed_by_the_AD_HOC_Committee_on_the_Palestine_question.jpg \"Cite of Jerusalem. Boundaries proposed by the AD HOC Committee on the Palestine question.jpg\")", "In addition there would be in the Jewish State about 90,000 Bedouins, cultivators and stock\nowners who seek grazing further afield in dry seasons.[Official Records the Second Session the General Assembly. Supplement No 11\\. United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. Report to the General Assembly. Volume 1\\. Lake Success. New York. 1947\\. / p. 54](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/703295#record-files-collapse-header)", "The land allocated to the Arab State in the final plan included about 43% of Mandatory Palestine[UN Partition Plan](http://www.merip.org/palestine-israel_primer/un-partition-plan-pal-isr.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807084246/http://merip.org/palestine\\-israel\\_primer/un\\-partition\\-plan\\-pal\\-isr.html \\|date\\=7 August 2013 }} at Merip.Colbert C. Held, John Thomas Cummings, [https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vcxVDgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT287](https://books.google.com/books?id=vcxVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT287) *Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics,* 6th ed. [Hachette UK](/wiki/Hachette_UK \"Hachette UK\"), 2013 p.255: It called for three entities: a Jewish state with 56 percent of Mandate Palestine; an Arab state, 43 percent.'Abdel Monem Said Aly, Shai Feldman, Khalil Shikaki, [*Arabs and Israelis: Conflict and Peacemaking in the Middle East,*](https://books.google.com/books?id=sgk8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PT71){{Dead link\\|date\\=February 2024\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes}} [PalgraveMacmillan](/wiki/PalgraveMacmillan \"PalgraveMacmillan\") 2013 p.50: 'a year before the UN adoption of the Resolution, the Arab population of Palestine comprised 68 percent of the total and owned about 85 percent of the land; the Jewish population comprised about one\\-third of the total and owned about 7 percent of the land. and consisted of all of the highlands, except for Jerusalem, plus one\\-third of the coastline. The highlands contain the major aquifers of Palestine, which supplied water to the coastal cities of central Palestine, including Tel Aviv.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2018}} The Jewish State allocated to the Jews, who constituted a third of the population and owned about 7% of the land, was to receive 56% of Mandatory Palestine, a slightly larger area to accommodate the increasing numbers of Jews who would immigrate there.[Palestine Division Wins in Committee 25 to 13, 17 Abstain](http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/11/26/104381572.html?pageNumber=1), NY Times, 26 November 1947 The Jewish State included three fertile lowland plains – the [Sharon](/wiki/Sharon%2C_Israel \"Sharon, Israel\") on the coast, the [Jezreel Valley](/wiki/Jezreel_Valley \"Jezreel Valley\") and the upper [Jordan Valley](/wiki/Jordan_Valley_%28Middle_East%29 \"Jordan Valley (Middle East)\"). The bulk of the proposed Jewish State's territory, however, consisted of the [Negev Desert](/wiki/Negev_Desert \"Negev Desert\"), which was mostly not suitable for agriculture, nor for urban development at that time. The Jewish State would also be given sole access to the [Sea of Galilee](/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee \"Sea of Galilee\"), crucial for its [water supply](/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Israel \"Water supply and sanitation in Israel\"), and the economically important [Red Sea](/wiki/Red_Sea \"Red Sea\").", "The committee voted for the plan, 25 to 13 (with 17 abstentions and 2 absentees) on 25 November 1947 and the General Assembly was called back into a special session to vote on the proposal. Various sources noted that this was one vote short of the two\\-thirds majority required in the General Assembly.", "", "" ]
### Proposed partition {{See also\|Mandate Palestine\#Land ownership\|l1\=Land ownership of the British Mandate of Palestine}} {{multiple image \| align \= right \| direction \= horizontal \| width \= \| footer \= Two maps reviewed by UN Subcommittee 2 in considering partition \| image1 \= Palestine Land ownership by sub\-district (1945\).jpg \| width1 \= 150 \| alt1 \= \| caption1 \= Land ownership \| image2 \= Palestine Distribution of Population 1947 UN map no 93(b).jpeg \| width2 \= 147 \| alt2 \= \| caption2 \= Population distribution }} The report of the majority of the Committee ([CHAPTER VI](/wiki/wikisource:United_Nations_Special_Committee_on_Palestine_Report/Chapter_VI "United Nations Special Committee on Palestine Report/Chapter VI")) envisaged the division of Palestine into three parts: an Arab State, a Jewish State and the City of [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem"), linked by extraterritorial crossroads. The proposed Arab State would include the central and part of western [Galilee](/wiki/Galilee "Galilee"), with the town of [Acre](/wiki/Akko "Akko"), the hill country of [Samaria](/wiki/Samaria "Samaria") and [Judea](/wiki/Judea "Judea"), an enclave at [Jaffa](/wiki/Jaffa "Jaffa"), and the southern coast stretching from north of Isdud (now [Ashdod](/wiki/Ashdod "Ashdod")) and encompassing what is now the [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip "Gaza Strip"), with a section of desert along the Egyptian border. The proposed Jewish State would include the fertile Eastern Galilee, the Coastal Plain, stretching from [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa "Haifa") to [Rehovot](/wiki/Rehovot "Rehovot") and most of the [Negev desert](/wiki/Negev_desert "Negev desert"), including the southern outpost of Umm Rashrash (now [Eilat](/wiki/Eilat "Eilat")). The Jerusalem Corpus Separatum included [Bethlehem](/wiki/Bethlehem "Bethlehem") and the surrounding areas. The primary objectives of the majority of the Committee were political division and economic unity between the two groups.{{cite web \|url\=https://undocs.org/A/364(SUPP) \|access\-date\=20 April 2017 \|title\=United Nations Special Committee on Palestine: Report to the General Assembly: Volume 1 \|date\=3 September 1947 \|id\=A/364(SUPP) \|page\=51 \|quote\=The primary objectives sought in the foregoing scheme were, in short, political division and economic unity: to confer upon each group, Arab and Jew, in its own territory, the power to make its own laws, while preserving both, throughout Palestine, a single integrated economy, admittedly essential to the well\-being of each, and the same territorial freedom of movement to individuals as is enjoyed today. }} The Plan tried its best to accommodate as many Jews as possible into the Jewish State. In many specific cases,{{citation needed\|date\=June 2013}} this meant including areas of Arab majority (but with a significant Jewish minority) in the Jewish state. Thus the Jewish State would have an overall large Arab minority. Areas that were sparsely populated (like the Negev desert), were also included in the Jewish state to create room for immigration. According to the plan, Jews and Arabs living in the Jewish state would become citizens of the Jewish state and Jews and Arabs living in the Arab state would become citizens of the Arab state. By virtue of Chapter 3, Palestinian citizens residing in Palestine outside the City of Jerusalem, as well as Arabs and Jews who, not holding Palestinian citizenship, resided in Palestine outside the City of Jerusalem would, upon the recognition of independence, become citizens of the State in which they were resident and enjoy full civil and political rights. Population of Palestine by religions in 1946: Moslems — 1,076,783; Jews — 608,225; Christians — 145,063; Others — 15,488; Total — 1,845,559\.[Official Records the Second Session the General Assembly. Supplement No 11\. United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. Report to the General Assembly. Volume 1\. Lake Success. New York. 1947\. / p. 11](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/703295#record-files-collapse-header) On this basis, the population at the end of 1946 was estimated as follows: Arabs — 1,203,000; Jews — 608,000; others — 35,000; Total — 1,846,000\.[Official Records the Second Session the General Assembly. Supplement No 11\. United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. Report to the General Assembly. Volume 1\. Lake Success. New York. 1947\. / p. 11](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/703295#record-files-collapse-header) The Plan would have had the following demographics (data based on 1945\). | Territory | Arab and other population | % Arab and other | Jewish population | % Jewish | Total population | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Arab State | 725,000 | 99% | 10,000 | 1% | 735,000 | | Jewish State | 407,000 | 45% | 498,000 | 55% | 905,000 | | International | 105,000 | 51% | 100,000 | 49% | 205,000 | | Total | 1,237,000 | 67% | 608,000 | 33% | 1,845,000 | | Data from the [Report of UNSCOP: 3 September 1947: CHAPTER 4: A COMMENTARY ON PARTITION](https://web.archive.org/web/20120603150222/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument) [thumb\|200px\|International zone around Jerusalem, boundaries proposed by the AD HOC Committee on the Palestine question](/wiki/File:Cite_of_Jerusalem._Boundaries_proposed_by_the_AD_HOC_Committee_on_the_Palestine_question.jpg "Cite of Jerusalem. Boundaries proposed by the AD HOC Committee on the Palestine question.jpg") In addition there would be in the Jewish State about 90,000 Bedouins, cultivators and stock owners who seek grazing further afield in dry seasons.[Official Records the Second Session the General Assembly. Supplement No 11\. United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. Report to the General Assembly. Volume 1\. Lake Success. New York. 1947\. / p. 54](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/703295#record-files-collapse-header) The land allocated to the Arab State in the final plan included about 43% of Mandatory Palestine[UN Partition Plan](http://www.merip.org/palestine-israel_primer/un-partition-plan-pal-isr.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807084246/http://merip.org/palestine\-israel\_primer/un\-partition\-plan\-pal\-isr.html \|date\=7 August 2013 }} at Merip.Colbert C. Held, John Thomas Cummings, [https://books.google.com/books?id\=vcxVDgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT287](https://books.google.com/books?id=vcxVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT287) *Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics,* 6th ed. [Hachette UK](/wiki/Hachette_UK "Hachette UK"), 2013 p.255: It called for three entities: a Jewish state with 56 percent of Mandate Palestine; an Arab state, 43 percent.'Abdel Monem Said Aly, Shai Feldman, Khalil Shikaki, [*Arabs and Israelis: Conflict and Peacemaking in the Middle East,*](https://books.google.com/books?id=sgk8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PT71){{Dead link\|date\=February 2024\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot\|fix\-attempted\=yes}} [PalgraveMacmillan](/wiki/PalgraveMacmillan "PalgraveMacmillan") 2013 p.50: 'a year before the UN adoption of the Resolution, the Arab population of Palestine comprised 68 percent of the total and owned about 85 percent of the land; the Jewish population comprised about one\-third of the total and owned about 7 percent of the land. and consisted of all of the highlands, except for Jerusalem, plus one\-third of the coastline. The highlands contain the major aquifers of Palestine, which supplied water to the coastal cities of central Palestine, including Tel Aviv.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2018}} The Jewish State allocated to the Jews, who constituted a third of the population and owned about 7% of the land, was to receive 56% of Mandatory Palestine, a slightly larger area to accommodate the increasing numbers of Jews who would immigrate there.[Palestine Division Wins in Committee 25 to 13, 17 Abstain](http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/11/26/104381572.html?pageNumber=1), NY Times, 26 November 1947 The Jewish State included three fertile lowland plains – the [Sharon](/wiki/Sharon%2C_Israel "Sharon, Israel") on the coast, the [Jezreel Valley](/wiki/Jezreel_Valley "Jezreel Valley") and the upper [Jordan Valley](/wiki/Jordan_Valley_%28Middle_East%29 "Jordan Valley (Middle East)"). The bulk of the proposed Jewish State's territory, however, consisted of the [Negev Desert](/wiki/Negev_Desert "Negev Desert"), which was mostly not suitable for agriculture, nor for urban development at that time. The Jewish State would also be given sole access to the [Sea of Galilee](/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee "Sea of Galilee"), crucial for its [water supply](/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Israel "Water supply and sanitation in Israel"), and the economically important [Red Sea](/wiki/Red_Sea "Red Sea"). The committee voted for the plan, 25 to 13 (with 17 abstentions and 2 absentees) on 25 November 1947 and the General Assembly was called back into a special session to vote on the proposal. Various sources noted that this was one vote short of the two\-thirds majority required in the General Assembly.
[ "### Proposed partition", "{{See also\\|Mandate Palestine\\#Land ownership\\|l1\\=Land ownership of the British Mandate of Palestine}}\n{{multiple image", "\\| align \\= right \n\\| direction \\= horizontal \n\\| width \\= \n\\| footer \\= Two maps reviewed by UN Subcommittee 2 in considering partition", "\\| image1 \\= Palestine Land ownership by sub\\-district (1945\\).jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 150\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= Land ownership", "\\| image2 \\= Palestine Distribution of Population 1947 UN map no 93(b).jpeg\n\\| width2 \\= 147\n\\| alt2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= Population distribution\n}}", "The report of the majority of the Committee ([CHAPTER VI](/wiki/wikisource:United_Nations_Special_Committee_on_Palestine_Report/Chapter_VI \"United Nations Special Committee on Palestine Report/Chapter VI\")) envisaged the division of Palestine into three parts: an Arab State, a Jewish State and the City of [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\"), linked by extraterritorial crossroads. The proposed Arab State would include the central and part of western [Galilee](/wiki/Galilee \"Galilee\"), with the town of [Acre](/wiki/Akko \"Akko\"), the hill country of [Samaria](/wiki/Samaria \"Samaria\") and [Judea](/wiki/Judea \"Judea\"), an enclave at [Jaffa](/wiki/Jaffa \"Jaffa\"), and the southern coast stretching from north of Isdud (now [Ashdod](/wiki/Ashdod \"Ashdod\")) and encompassing what is now the [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip \"Gaza Strip\"), with a section of desert along the Egyptian border. The proposed Jewish State would include the fertile Eastern Galilee, the Coastal Plain, stretching from [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa \"Haifa\") to [Rehovot](/wiki/Rehovot \"Rehovot\") and most of the [Negev desert](/wiki/Negev_desert \"Negev desert\"), including the southern outpost of Umm Rashrash (now [Eilat](/wiki/Eilat \"Eilat\")). The Jerusalem Corpus Separatum included [Bethlehem](/wiki/Bethlehem \"Bethlehem\") and the surrounding areas.", "The primary objectives of the majority of the Committee were political division and economic unity between the two groups.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://undocs.org/A/364(SUPP) \\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2017 \\|title\\=United Nations Special Committee on Palestine: Report to the General Assembly: Volume 1 \\|date\\=3 September 1947 \\|id\\=A/364(SUPP) \\|page\\=51 \\|quote\\=The primary objectives sought in the foregoing scheme were, in short, political division and economic unity: to confer upon each group, Arab and Jew, in its own territory, the power to make its own laws, while preserving both, throughout Palestine, a single integrated economy, admittedly essential to the well\\-being of each, and the same territorial freedom of movement to individuals as is enjoyed today. }} The Plan tried its best to accommodate as many Jews as possible into the Jewish State. In many specific cases,{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2013}} this meant including areas of Arab majority (but with a significant Jewish minority) in the Jewish state. Thus the Jewish State would have an overall large Arab minority. Areas that were sparsely populated (like the Negev desert), were also included in the Jewish state to create room for immigration. According to the plan, Jews and Arabs living in the Jewish state would become citizens of the Jewish state and Jews and Arabs living in the Arab state would become citizens of the Arab state.", "By virtue of Chapter 3, Palestinian citizens residing in Palestine outside the City of Jerusalem, as well as Arabs and Jews who, not holding Palestinian citizenship, resided in Palestine outside the City of Jerusalem would, upon the recognition of independence, become citizens of the State in which they were resident and enjoy full civil and political rights.", "Population of Palestine by religions in 1946: Moslems — 1,076,783; Jews — 608,225; Christians — 145,063; Others — 15,488; Total — 1,845,559\\.[Official Records the Second Session the General Assembly. Supplement No 11\\. United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. Report to the General Assembly. Volume 1\\. Lake Success. New York. 1947\\. / p. 11](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/703295#record-files-collapse-header)", "On this basis, the population at the end of 1946 was estimated as follows: Arabs — 1,203,000; Jews — 608,000; others — 35,000; Total — 1,846,000\\.[Official Records the Second Session the General Assembly. Supplement No 11\\. United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. Report to the General Assembly. Volume 1\\. Lake Success. New York. 1947\\. / p. 11](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/703295#record-files-collapse-header)", "The Plan would have had the following demographics (data based on 1945\\).", "", "| Territory | Arab and other population | % Arab and other | Jewish population | % Jewish | Total population |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Arab State | 725,000 | 99% | 10,000 | 1% | 735,000 |\n| Jewish State | 407,000 | 45% | 498,000 | 55% | 905,000 |\n| International | 105,000 | 51% | 100,000 | 49% | 205,000 |\n| Total | 1,237,000 | 67% | 608,000 | 33% | 1,845,000 |\n| Data from the [Report of UNSCOP: 3 September 1947: CHAPTER 4: A COMMENTARY ON PARTITION](https://web.archive.org/web/20120603150222/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument)", "", "[thumb\\|200px\\|International zone around Jerusalem, boundaries proposed by the AD HOC Committee on the Palestine question](/wiki/File:Cite_of_Jerusalem._Boundaries_proposed_by_the_AD_HOC_Committee_on_the_Palestine_question.jpg \"Cite of Jerusalem. Boundaries proposed by the AD HOC Committee on the Palestine question.jpg\")", "In addition there would be in the Jewish State about 90,000 Bedouins, cultivators and stock\nowners who seek grazing further afield in dry seasons.[Official Records the Second Session the General Assembly. Supplement No 11\\. United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. Report to the General Assembly. Volume 1\\. Lake Success. New York. 1947\\. / p. 54](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/703295#record-files-collapse-header)", "The land allocated to the Arab State in the final plan included about 43% of Mandatory Palestine[UN Partition Plan](http://www.merip.org/palestine-israel_primer/un-partition-plan-pal-isr.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807084246/http://merip.org/palestine\\-israel\\_primer/un\\-partition\\-plan\\-pal\\-isr.html \\|date\\=7 August 2013 }} at Merip.Colbert C. Held, John Thomas Cummings, [https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vcxVDgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT287](https://books.google.com/books?id=vcxVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT287) *Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics,* 6th ed. [Hachette UK](/wiki/Hachette_UK \"Hachette UK\"), 2013 p.255: It called for three entities: a Jewish state with 56 percent of Mandate Palestine; an Arab state, 43 percent.'Abdel Monem Said Aly, Shai Feldman, Khalil Shikaki, [*Arabs and Israelis: Conflict and Peacemaking in the Middle East,*](https://books.google.com/books?id=sgk8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PT71){{Dead link\\|date\\=February 2024\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes}} [PalgraveMacmillan](/wiki/PalgraveMacmillan \"PalgraveMacmillan\") 2013 p.50: 'a year before the UN adoption of the Resolution, the Arab population of Palestine comprised 68 percent of the total and owned about 85 percent of the land; the Jewish population comprised about one\\-third of the total and owned about 7 percent of the land. and consisted of all of the highlands, except for Jerusalem, plus one\\-third of the coastline. The highlands contain the major aquifers of Palestine, which supplied water to the coastal cities of central Palestine, including Tel Aviv.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2018}} The Jewish State allocated to the Jews, who constituted a third of the population and owned about 7% of the land, was to receive 56% of Mandatory Palestine, a slightly larger area to accommodate the increasing numbers of Jews who would immigrate there.[Palestine Division Wins in Committee 25 to 13, 17 Abstain](http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/11/26/104381572.html?pageNumber=1), NY Times, 26 November 1947 The Jewish State included three fertile lowland plains – the [Sharon](/wiki/Sharon%2C_Israel \"Sharon, Israel\") on the coast, the [Jezreel Valley](/wiki/Jezreel_Valley \"Jezreel Valley\") and the upper [Jordan Valley](/wiki/Jordan_Valley_%28Middle_East%29 \"Jordan Valley (Middle East)\"). The bulk of the proposed Jewish State's territory, however, consisted of the [Negev Desert](/wiki/Negev_Desert \"Negev Desert\"), which was mostly not suitable for agriculture, nor for urban development at that time. The Jewish State would also be given sole access to the [Sea of Galilee](/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee \"Sea of Galilee\"), crucial for its [water supply](/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Israel \"Water supply and sanitation in Israel\"), and the economically important [Red Sea](/wiki/Red_Sea \"Red Sea\").", "The committee voted for the plan, 25 to 13 (with 17 abstentions and 2 absentees) on 25 November 1947 and the General Assembly was called back into a special session to vote on the proposal. Various sources noted that this was one vote short of the two\\-thirds majority required in the General Assembly.", "", "" ]
*Ad hoc* Committee ------------------ [thumb\|right\|upright\|alt\=Map comparing the borders of the 1947 partition plan and the armistice of 1949\.\|{{Partition Plan\-Armistice Lines comparison map legend}}](/wiki/File:1947-UN-Partition-Plan-1949-Armistice-Comparison.svg "1947-UN-Partition-Plan-1949-Armistice-Comparison.svg") {{main\|Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question}} On 23 September 1947 the General Assembly established the [Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question](/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_the_Palestinian_Question "Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question") to consider the UNSCOP report. Representatives of the [Arab Higher Committee](/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee "Arab Higher Committee") and Jewish Agency were invited and attended.{{Cite web\|url\=https://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/5ce900d2de34aadf852562bd007002d2?OpenDocument\|title\=1949\.I.13 of 31 December 1948\|website\=unispal.un.org}} During the committee's deliberations, the British government endorsed the report's recommendations concerning the end of the mandate, independence, and Jewish immigration. {{citation needed\|date\=June 2013}} However, the British did "not feel able to implement" any agreement unless it was acceptable to both the Arabs and the Jews, and asked that the General Assembly provide an alternative implementing authority if that proved to be the case. The Arab Higher Committee rejected both the majority and minority recommendations within the UNSCOP report. They "concluded from a survey of Palestine history that Zionist claims to that country had no legal or moral basis". The Arab Higher Committee argued that only an Arab State in the whole of Palestine would be consistent with the UN Charter. The Jewish Agency expressed support for most of the UNSCOP recommendations, but emphasized the "intense urge" of the overwhelming majority of Jewish displaced persons to proceed to Palestine. The Jewish Agency criticized the proposed boundaries, especially in the Western Galilee and Western Jerusalem (outside of the old city), arguing that these should be included in the Jewish state. However, they agreed to accept the plan if "it would make possible the immediate re\-establishment of the Jewish State with sovereign control of its own immigration." Arab states requested representation on the UN ad hoc subcommittees of October 1947, but were excluded from Subcommittee One, which had been delegated the specific task of studying and, if thought necessary, modifying the boundaries of the proposed partition.Baylis Thomas, [*How Israel was Won: A Concise History of the Arab\-Israeli Conflict,*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6T_Ff6Ra57sC&pg=PA47) Lexington Books 1999 p.57 n.6\. ### Sub\-Committee 2 The Sub\-Committee 2, set up on 23 October 1947 to draw up a detailed plan based on proposals of Arab states presented its report within a few weeks.[*Report of Sub\-Committee 2*](https://unispal.un.org/pdfs/AAC1432.pdf) (doc.nr. A/AC.14/32\). 10 November 1947; on <https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/ba8f82c57961b9fc85257306007096b8> {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330080155/https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/ba8f82c57961b9fc85257306007096b8\|date\=30 March 2019}} For the Bedouin issue, see par. 61–73 on pp. 39–46 and Appendix 3: *Note on the Bedouin population of Palestine presented by the representative of the United Kingdom* d.d. 1 November 1947 on pp. 65–66 Based on a reproduced British report, the Sub\-Committee 2 criticised the UNSCOP report for using inaccurate population figures, especially concerning the Bedouin population. The British report, dated 1 November 1947, used the results of a new census in Beersheba in 1946 with additional use of aerial photographs, and an estimate of the population in other districts. It found that the size of the Bedouin population was greatly understated in former enumerations. In Beersheba, 3,389 Bedouin houses and 8,722 tents were counted. The total Bedouin population was estimated at approximately 127,000; only 22,000 of them normally resident in the Arab state under the UNSCOP majority plan. The British report stated:{{cite web \|url\= http://www.mlwerke.de/NatLib/Pal/UN1947\_Palestine\-Minority\-Report\_Appendices.htm\#FNanker5 \|title\=Report: Appendix III: Note dated 1 November 1947 on the Bedouin Population of Palestine Presented by the Representative of The United Kingdom\|author\=Sub\-Committee 2 of the Ad hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question of the 2nd UN General Assembly 1947 \|work\=mlwerke.de \|date\=10 November 1947 \|access\-date\=1 March 2016}} > the term Beersheba Bedouin has a meaning more definite than one would expect in the case of a nomad population. These tribes, wherever they are found in Palestine, will always describe themselves as Beersheba tribes. *Their attachment to the area arises from their land rights there and their historic association with it*. In respect of the UNSCOP report, the Sub\-Committee concluded that the earlier population "estimates must, however, be corrected in the light of the information furnished to the Sub\-Committee by the representative of the United Kingdom regarding the Bedouin population. According to the statement, 22,000 Bedouins may be taken as normally residing in the areas allocated to the Arab State under the UNSCOP's majority plan, and the balance of 105,000 as resident in the proposed Jewish State. It will thus be seen that the proposed Jewish State will contain a total population of 1,008,800, consisting of 509,780 Arabs and 499,020 Jews. In other words, at the outset, the Arabs will have a majority in the proposed Jewish State."{{cite web \|url\= http://www.mlwerke.de/NatLib/Pal/UN1947\_Palestine\-Minority\-Report\_Chapter3\.htm\#Chap3Sec03\|title\=Report of Sub\-Committee 2: Chapter III: Proposals for the constitution and future government of Palestine – Sec.4 Objections to partition on grounds of distribution of population \|author\=Sub\-Committee 2 of the Ad hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question of the 2nd UN General Assembly 1947 \|work\=mlwerke.de \|date\=10 November 1947\|access\-date\=1 March 2016}} The Sub\-Committee 2 recommended to put the question of the Partition Plan before the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice") (Resolution No. I {{cite web \|url\= http://www.mlwerke.de/NatLib/Pal/UN1947\_Palestine\-Minority\-Report\_Chapter4\.htm\#Reso1 \|title\=Report of Sub\-Committee 2: Chapter 4: Conclusions, I: Draft Resolution Referring Certain Legal Questions to The International Court of Justice \|author\=Sub\-Committee 2 of the Ad hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question of the 2nd UN General Assembly 1947 \|date\=10 November 1947 \|work\=mlwerke.de \|access\-date\=1 March 2016}}). In respect of the Jewish refugees due to World War II, the Sub\-Committee recommended to request the countries of which the refugees belonged to take them back as much as possible (Resolution No. II{{cite web \|url\= http://www.mlwerke.de/NatLib/Pal/UN1947\_Palestine\-Minority\-Report\_Chapter4\.htm\#Reso2 \|title\=Report of Sub\-Committee 2: Chapter 4: Conclusions, II: Draft Resolution on Jewish Refugees and Displaced Persons \|author\=Sub\-Committee 2 of the Ad hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question of the 2nd UN General Assembly 1947 \|date\=10 November 1947 \|work\=mlwerke.de \|access\-date\=1 March 2016}}). The Sub\-Committee proposed to establish a unitary state (Resolution No. III{{cite web \|url\= http://www.mlwerke.de/NatLib/Pal/UN1947\_Palestine\-Minority\-Report\_Chapter4\.htm\#Reso3 \|title\=Report of Sub\-Committee 2: Chapter 4: Conclusions, III: Draft Resolution on the Constitution and Future Government of Palestine \|author\=Sub\-Committee 2 of the Ad hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question of the 2nd UN General Assembly 1947 \|date\=10 November 1947 \|work\=mlwerke.de \|access\-date\=1 March 2016}}). ### Boundary changes The *ad hoc* committee made a number of boundary changes to the UNSCOP recommendations before they were voted on by the General Assembly. The predominantly Arab city of [Jaffa](/wiki/Jaffa "Jaffa"), previously located within the Jewish state, was constituted as an enclave of the Arab State. The boundary of the Arab state was modified to include [Beersheba](/wiki/Beersheba "Beersheba") and a strip of the [Negev desert](/wiki/Negev_desert "Negev desert") along the Egyptian border, while a section of the [Dead Sea](/wiki/Dead_Sea "Dead Sea") shore and other additions were made to the Jewish State. The Jewish population in the revised Jewish State would be about half a million, compared to 450,000 Arabs.{{cite book\|author\=Benny Morris\|title\=1948: a history of the first Arab\-Israeli war\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=J5jtAAAAMAAJ\|year\=2008\|publisher\=Yale University Press\|page\=53\|isbn\=978\-0\-300\-12696\-9}} The proposed boundaries would also have placed 54 Arab villages on the opposite side of the border from their farm land.{{citation needed\|date\=November 2011}} In response, the [United Nations Palestine Commission](/wiki/United_Nations_Palestine_Commission "United Nations Palestine Commission") established in 1948 was empowered to modify the boundaries "in such a way that village areas as a rule will not be divided by state boundaries unless pressing reasons make that necessary". These modifications never occurred.
[ "*Ad hoc* Committee\n------------------", "[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|alt\\=Map comparing the borders of the 1947 partition plan and the armistice of 1949\\.\\|{{Partition Plan\\-Armistice Lines comparison map legend}}](/wiki/File:1947-UN-Partition-Plan-1949-Armistice-Comparison.svg \"1947-UN-Partition-Plan-1949-Armistice-Comparison.svg\")\n{{main\\|Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question}}\nOn 23 September 1947 the General Assembly established the [Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question](/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_the_Palestinian_Question \"Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question\") to consider the UNSCOP report. Representatives of the [Arab Higher Committee](/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee \"Arab Higher Committee\") and Jewish Agency were invited and attended.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/5ce900d2de34aadf852562bd007002d2?OpenDocument\\|title\\=1949\\.I.13 of 31 December 1948\\|website\\=unispal.un.org}}", "During the committee's deliberations, the British government endorsed the report's recommendations concerning the end of the mandate, independence, and Jewish immigration. {{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2013}} However, the British did \"not feel able to implement\" any agreement unless it was acceptable to both the Arabs and the Jews, and asked that the General Assembly provide an alternative implementing authority if that proved to be the case.", "The Arab Higher Committee rejected both the majority and minority recommendations within the UNSCOP report. They \"concluded from a survey of Palestine history that Zionist claims to that country had no legal or moral basis\". The Arab Higher Committee argued that only an Arab State in the whole of Palestine would be consistent with the UN Charter.", "The Jewish Agency expressed support for most of the UNSCOP recommendations, but emphasized the \"intense urge\" of the overwhelming majority of Jewish displaced persons to proceed to Palestine. The Jewish Agency criticized the proposed boundaries, especially in the Western Galilee and Western Jerusalem (outside of the old city), arguing that these should be included in the Jewish state. However, they agreed to accept the plan if \"it would make possible the immediate re\\-establishment of the Jewish State with sovereign control of its own immigration.\"", "Arab states requested representation on the UN ad hoc subcommittees of October 1947, but were excluded from Subcommittee One, which had been delegated the specific task of studying and, if thought necessary, modifying the boundaries of the proposed partition.Baylis Thomas, [*How Israel was Won: A Concise History of the Arab\\-Israeli Conflict,*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6T_Ff6Ra57sC&pg=PA47) Lexington Books 1999 p.57 n.6\\.", "### Sub\\-Committee 2", "The Sub\\-Committee 2, set up on 23 October 1947 to draw up a detailed plan based on proposals of Arab states presented its report within a few weeks.[*Report of Sub\\-Committee 2*](https://unispal.un.org/pdfs/AAC1432.pdf) (doc.nr. A/AC.14/32\\). 10 November 1947; on <https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/ba8f82c57961b9fc85257306007096b8> {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330080155/https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/ba8f82c57961b9fc85257306007096b8\\|date\\=30 March 2019}} \nFor the Bedouin issue, see par. 61–73 on pp. 39–46 and Appendix 3: *Note on the Bedouin population of Palestine presented by the representative of the United Kingdom* d.d. 1 November 1947 on pp. 65–66", "Based on a reproduced British report, the Sub\\-Committee 2 criticised the UNSCOP report for using inaccurate population figures, especially concerning the Bedouin population. The British report, dated 1 November 1947, used the results of a new census in Beersheba in 1946 with additional use of aerial photographs, and an estimate of the population in other districts. It found that the size of the Bedouin population was greatly understated in former enumerations. In Beersheba, 3,389 Bedouin houses and 8,722 tents were counted. The total Bedouin population was estimated at approximately 127,000; only 22,000 of them normally resident in the Arab state under the UNSCOP majority plan. The British report stated:{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.mlwerke.de/NatLib/Pal/UN1947\\_Palestine\\-Minority\\-Report\\_Appendices.htm\\#FNanker5 \\|title\\=Report: Appendix III: Note dated 1 November 1947 on the Bedouin Population of Palestine Presented by the Representative of The United Kingdom\\|author\\=Sub\\-Committee 2 of the Ad hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question of the 2nd UN General Assembly 1947 \\|work\\=mlwerke.de \\|date\\=10 November 1947 \\|access\\-date\\=1 March 2016}}\n> the term Beersheba Bedouin has a meaning more definite than one would expect in the case of a nomad population. These tribes, wherever they are found in Palestine, will always describe themselves as Beersheba tribes. *Their attachment to the area arises from their land rights there and their historic association with it*.", "In respect of the UNSCOP report, the Sub\\-Committee concluded that the earlier population \"estimates must, however, be corrected in the light of the information furnished to the Sub\\-Committee by the representative of the United Kingdom regarding the Bedouin population. According to the statement, 22,000 Bedouins may be taken as normally residing in the areas allocated to the Arab State under the UNSCOP's majority plan, and the balance of 105,000 as resident in the proposed Jewish State. It will thus be seen that the proposed Jewish State will contain a total population of 1,008,800, consisting of 509,780 Arabs and 499,020 Jews. In other words, at the outset, the Arabs will have a majority in the proposed Jewish State.\"{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.mlwerke.de/NatLib/Pal/UN1947\\_Palestine\\-Minority\\-Report\\_Chapter3\\.htm\\#Chap3Sec03\\|title\\=Report of Sub\\-Committee 2: Chapter III: Proposals for the constitution and future government of Palestine – Sec.4 Objections to partition on grounds of distribution of population\n\\|author\\=Sub\\-Committee 2 of the Ad hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question of the 2nd UN General Assembly 1947 \\|work\\=mlwerke.de \\|date\\=10 November 1947\\|access\\-date\\=1 March 2016}}", "The Sub\\-Committee 2 recommended to put the question of the Partition Plan before the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice \"International Court of Justice\") (Resolution No. I\n{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.mlwerke.de/NatLib/Pal/UN1947\\_Palestine\\-Minority\\-Report\\_Chapter4\\.htm\\#Reso1 \n\\|title\\=Report of Sub\\-Committee 2: Chapter 4: Conclusions, I: Draft Resolution Referring Certain Legal Questions to The International Court of Justice\n\\|author\\=Sub\\-Committee 2 of the Ad hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question of the 2nd UN General Assembly 1947 \\|date\\=10 November 1947\n\\|work\\=mlwerke.de \\|access\\-date\\=1 March 2016}}). In respect of the Jewish refugees due to World War II, the Sub\\-Committee recommended to request the countries of which the refugees belonged to take them back as much as possible (Resolution No. II{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.mlwerke.de/NatLib/Pal/UN1947\\_Palestine\\-Minority\\-Report\\_Chapter4\\.htm\\#Reso2 \n\\|title\\=Report of Sub\\-Committee 2: Chapter 4: Conclusions, II: Draft Resolution on Jewish Refugees and Displaced Persons\n\\|author\\=Sub\\-Committee 2 of the Ad hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question of the 2nd UN General Assembly 1947 \\|date\\=10 November 1947\n\\|work\\=mlwerke.de \\|access\\-date\\=1 March 2016}}). The Sub\\-Committee proposed to establish a unitary state (Resolution No. III{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.mlwerke.de/NatLib/Pal/UN1947\\_Palestine\\-Minority\\-Report\\_Chapter4\\.htm\\#Reso3 \n\\|title\\=Report of Sub\\-Committee 2: Chapter 4: Conclusions, III: Draft Resolution on the Constitution and Future Government of Palestine\n\\|author\\=Sub\\-Committee 2 of the Ad hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question of the 2nd UN General Assembly 1947 \\|date\\=10 November 1947\n\\|work\\=mlwerke.de \\|access\\-date\\=1 March 2016}}).", "### Boundary changes", "The *ad hoc* committee made a number of boundary changes to the UNSCOP recommendations before they were voted on by the General Assembly.", "The predominantly Arab city of [Jaffa](/wiki/Jaffa \"Jaffa\"), previously located within the Jewish state, was constituted as an enclave of the Arab State. The boundary of the Arab state was modified to include [Beersheba](/wiki/Beersheba \"Beersheba\") and a strip of the [Negev desert](/wiki/Negev_desert \"Negev desert\") along the Egyptian border, while a section of the [Dead Sea](/wiki/Dead_Sea \"Dead Sea\") shore and other additions were made to the Jewish State. The Jewish population in the revised Jewish State would be about half a million, compared to 450,000 Arabs.{{cite book\\|author\\=Benny Morris\\|title\\=1948: a history of the first Arab\\-Israeli war\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=J5jtAAAAMAAJ\\|year\\=2008\\|publisher\\=Yale University Press\\|page\\=53\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-300\\-12696\\-9}}", "The proposed boundaries would also have placed 54 Arab villages on the opposite side of the border from their farm land.{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2011}} In response, the [United Nations Palestine Commission](/wiki/United_Nations_Palestine_Commission \"United Nations Palestine Commission\") established in 1948 was empowered to modify the boundaries \"in such a way that village areas as a rule will not be divided by state boundaries unless pressing reasons make that necessary\". These modifications never occurred.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Early career [thumb\|Joe Hurd speaking at Bryant University (N. Smithfield, RI), October 2012](/wiki/File:Hurd_Bryant_Oct2012.jpg "Hurd Bryant Oct2012.jpg") After law school, Hurd served as a [law clerk](/wiki/Law_clerk%23Federal_clerkships "Law clerk#Federal clerkships") for Judge [William G. Young](/wiki/William_G._Young "William G. Young") of the [U.S. District Court](/wiki/U.S._District_Court "U.S. District Court") in [Boston, Massachusetts](/wiki/Boston%2C_Massachusetts "Boston, Massachusetts"). He was admitted to the bar in New York (1996\), Massachusetts (1996\) and the District of Columbia (1997\). From 1996 to 2000, he practiced corporate and securities law in London for [Linklaters](/wiki/Linklaters "Linklaters"), the British law firm. While at Linkaters, Hurd qualified as a [solicitor](/wiki/Solicitor "Solicitor") of the Senior Courts of [England and Wales](/wiki/England_and_Wales "England and Wales") (1999\). ### AOL In 2000, Hurd joined [AOL, Inc.](/wiki/AOL%2C_Inc. "AOL, Inc.") as an Executive Director, AOL International to lead AOL's [business development](/wiki/Business_development "Business development") efforts in Japan and Australia. While at AOL's Japanese joint venture, DoCoMo AOL, Hurd negotiated the first deal for AOL to offer its [broadband](/wiki/Broadband "Broadband") access service outside the United States, and the first deal to distribute [AOL Instant Messenger](/wiki/AOL_Instant_Messenger "AOL Instant Messenger") on the popular [i\-Mode](/wiki/I-Mode "I-Mode") phone network in Japan. He later transferred to AOL\|7 Pty, AOL's Australian joint venture, to run business development efforts in Australia and New Zealand. ### Friendster From early 2004 until early 2006, Hurd was part of the initial management team at [Friendster](/wiki/Friendster "Friendster"), responsible for Friendster's international operations.{{cite web\|title\=Friendster Classifieds 2004\-03\-24\|date\=24 March 2005\|url\=https://venturebeat.com/2005/03/24/friendster\-classifieds/}} While at Friendster, Hurd monetized a user base that grew from 3 million to over 20 million through launching products and services that appealed to a Southeast Asian audience, such as online games, classifieds{{cite news\|title\=Friendster Launches Friendster Classifieds in the Philippines\|url\=http://www.onlinepersonalswatch.com/news/2005/03/friendster\_laun.html}} and a mobile SMS service. ### VideoEgg After leaving Friendster, Hurd joined the founders of VideoEgg, Inc. (now [SAY Media](/wiki/SAY_Media "SAY Media"), Inc.) in 2006 as the company's first business hire. Hurd grew VideoEgg's business from zero to over $30 million in annual revenue, and built sales teams in England and Australia. ### Obama Administration {{external media \| width \= 210px \| float \= right\| headerimage\=\[\[File:Joe Hurd at Brussels Forum 2011\.jpg\|210px]] \| video1 \= \[https://vimeo.com/20274354 Roundtable on the National Export Initiative ft. Joe Hurd, Department of Commerce],\[https://vimeo.com/20274354] February 2011; accessed July 3, 2013\. \| video2 \= \[https://vimeo.com/31013788 Administración Obama y la sostenibilidad\-Joseph Hurd],\[https://vimeo.com/31013788] June 30, 2011; accessed July 3, 2013\.}} During 2008, Hurd worked on the [Barack Obama presidential campaign](/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign "Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign"), as part of the foreign policy research staff and helping to set up the voter protection effort in [Washoe County, Nevada](/wiki/Washoe_County%2C_Nevada "Washoe County, Nevada"). In mid\-2009, Hurd joined the Obama administration as a senior director, export promotion and trade policy, working at the Commerce Department.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.americanswiss.org/joseph\-hurd\-appointed\-to\-top\-commerce\-department\-job\-/ \| title\=Joseph Hurd Appointed to Top Commerce Department Job \- News \| American Swiss Foundation }} While at Commerce, Hurd was the political lead for the Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee,{{cite web\|title\=Annual Gateway California Event\|url\=http://www.wtcaonline.com/cms\_wtca/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=123:northern\-california\-wtcs\-gateway\-california\-trade\-show\-helping\-northern\-california\-business\-thrive\|publisher\=WTC}} where he helped implement the [National Export Initiative](/wiki/National_Export_Initiative "National Export Initiative").{{cite web\|last\=Grossman\|first\=Ilene\|title\=New federal export initiative includes more grant money for states\|url\=http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/drupal/content/new\-federal\-export\-initiative\-includes\-more\-grant\-money\-states\|publisher\=Knowledge Center\|access\-date\=18 June 2013}} He authored the first\-ever NEI Report to the President{{cite web\|title\=The Export Promotion Cabinet's Plan for Doubling U.S. Exports in Five Years\|via\=\[\[NARA\|National Archives]]\|work\=\[\[whitehouse.gov]]\|url\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/nei\_report\_9\-16\-10\_full.pdf}} as well as the 2011 National Export Strategy,{{cite web\|title\=National Export Strategy, 2011 edition\|url\=http://www.trade.gov/publications/abstracts/national\-export\-strategy\-2011\.asp\|publisher\=Department Of Commerce\|access\-date\=18 June 2013}} both of which were delivered to the White House. Hurd also served as a member of the White House Business Council, talking to business leaders nationwide about the importance of export promotion. ### Facebook In 2015, Hurd joined [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") in Menlo Park, California, to lead the emerging businesses team in the company's Global Marketing Solutions division. Hurd led a team focused on go\-to\-market operations and strategy for a number of Facebook's new business initiatives. ### Public Company Board Service Hurd has become well\-known for his extensive public company board service, primarly with companies listed on the [London Stock Exchange](/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange "London Stock Exchange"). His first board was in 2018 with GoCo Group plc (LSE: GOCO),{{cite web \| url\=https://www.thedrum.com/news/2018/02/22/gocompare\-welcomes\-former\-facebook\-exec\-joe\-hurd\-non\-executive\-director \| title\=GoCompare welcomes former Facebook exec Joe Hurd as non\-executive director }} which was acquired by Future plc in February 2021\.[https://www.reuters.com/article/world/europe/british\-publisher\-future\-to\-buy\-go\-compare\-for\-793\-million\-idUSKBN2851L4/\#:\~:text\=LONDON%20(Reuters)%20%2D%20British%20publisher,information%20on%20choosing%20financial%20products](https://www.reuters.com/article/world/europe/british-publisher-future-to-buy-go-compare-for-793-million-idUSKBN2851L4/#:~:text=LONDON%20(Reuters)%20%2D%20British%20publisher,information%20on%20choosing%20financial%20products). After GoCompare, Hurd joined the boards of [Trustpilot](/wiki/Trustpilot "Trustpilot") in 2021, where he is the designated Non\-Executive Director for Workforce Engagement and sits on the Audit, Remuneration and Nominating Committees; [Hays plc](/wiki/Hays_plc "Hays plc") in 2021, where he Chairs the ESG Committee and sits on the Audit, Remuneration Committees; and [Lloyd's of London](/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London "Lloyd's of London") (privately held), where he sits on the Audit, Risk, ESG and Nominations Committees. In the United States, Hurd served as the Lead Independent Director of SilverBox Engaged Merger Corp I,<https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1836707/000110465922001191/tm2131392d15_8k.htm> which listed on the [Nasdaq](/wiki/Nasdaq "Nasdaq") in March 2021 and subsequently merged with [Black Rifle Coffee Company](/wiki/Black_Rifle_Coffee_Company "Black Rifle Coffee Company") in February 2022\.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/BRC\-INC\-133257389/news/Authentic\-Brands\-LLC\-completed\-the\-acquisition\-of\-SilverBox\-Engaged\-Merger\-Corp\-I\-from\-SilverBox\-Eng\-37843014/ \| title\=Authentic Brands LLC completed the acquisition of SilverBox Engaged Merger Corp I from SilverBox Engaged Sponsor LLC and others in a reverse merger transaction. \- MarketScreener \| date\=9 February 2022 }} ### Advising startup founders In 2003, Hurd founded a business consultancy, the [Katama Group, LLC](http://www.katamagroup.com). He advises startup founders on market entry/business development/financing and strategy issues and invests in early\-stage companies.
[ "Career\n------", "### Early career", "[thumb\\|Joe Hurd speaking at Bryant University (N. Smithfield, RI), October 2012](/wiki/File:Hurd_Bryant_Oct2012.jpg \"Hurd Bryant Oct2012.jpg\")\nAfter law school, Hurd served as a [law clerk](/wiki/Law_clerk%23Federal_clerkships \"Law clerk#Federal clerkships\") for Judge [William G. Young](/wiki/William_G._Young \"William G. Young\") of the [U.S. District Court](/wiki/U.S._District_Court \"U.S. District Court\") in [Boston, Massachusetts](/wiki/Boston%2C_Massachusetts \"Boston, Massachusetts\"). He was admitted to the bar in New York (1996\\), Massachusetts (1996\\) and the District of Columbia (1997\\). From 1996 to 2000, he practiced corporate and securities law in London for [Linklaters](/wiki/Linklaters \"Linklaters\"), the British law firm. While at Linkaters, Hurd qualified as a [solicitor](/wiki/Solicitor \"Solicitor\") of the Senior Courts of [England and Wales](/wiki/England_and_Wales \"England and Wales\") (1999\\).", "### AOL", "In 2000, Hurd joined [AOL, Inc.](/wiki/AOL%2C_Inc. \"AOL, Inc.\") as an Executive Director, AOL International to lead AOL's [business development](/wiki/Business_development \"Business development\") efforts in Japan and Australia. While at AOL's Japanese joint venture, DoCoMo AOL, Hurd negotiated the first deal for AOL to offer its [broadband](/wiki/Broadband \"Broadband\") access service outside the United States, and the first deal to distribute [AOL Instant Messenger](/wiki/AOL_Instant_Messenger \"AOL Instant Messenger\") on the popular [i\\-Mode](/wiki/I-Mode \"I-Mode\") phone network in Japan. He later transferred to AOL\\|7 Pty, AOL's Australian joint venture, to run business development efforts in Australia and New Zealand.", "### Friendster", "From early 2004 until early 2006, Hurd was part of the initial management team at [Friendster](/wiki/Friendster \"Friendster\"), responsible for Friendster's international operations.{{cite web\\|title\\=Friendster Classifieds 2004\\-03\\-24\\|date\\=24 March 2005\\|url\\=https://venturebeat.com/2005/03/24/friendster\\-classifieds/}} While at Friendster, Hurd monetized a user base that grew from 3 million to over 20 million through launching products and services that appealed to a Southeast Asian audience, such as online games, classifieds{{cite news\\|title\\=Friendster Launches Friendster Classifieds in the Philippines\\|url\\=http://www.onlinepersonalswatch.com/news/2005/03/friendster\\_laun.html}} and a mobile SMS service.", "### VideoEgg", "After leaving Friendster, Hurd joined the founders of VideoEgg, Inc. (now [SAY Media](/wiki/SAY_Media \"SAY Media\"), Inc.) in 2006 as the company's first business hire. Hurd grew VideoEgg's business from zero to over $30 million in annual revenue, and built sales teams in England and Australia.", "### Obama Administration", "{{external media \\| width \\= 210px \\| float \\= right\\| headerimage\\=\\[\\[File:Joe Hurd at Brussels Forum 2011\\.jpg\\|210px]]\n \\| video1 \\= \\[https://vimeo.com/20274354 Roundtable on the National Export Initiative ft. Joe Hurd, Department of Commerce],\\[https://vimeo.com/20274354] February 2011; accessed July 3, 2013\\.\n \\| video2 \\= \\[https://vimeo.com/31013788 Administración Obama y la sostenibilidad\\-Joseph Hurd],\\[https://vimeo.com/31013788] June 30, 2011; accessed July 3, 2013\\.}}\nDuring 2008, Hurd worked on the [Barack Obama presidential campaign](/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign \"Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign\"), as part of the foreign policy research staff and helping to set up the voter protection effort in [Washoe County, Nevada](/wiki/Washoe_County%2C_Nevada \"Washoe County, Nevada\"). In mid\\-2009, Hurd joined the Obama administration as a senior director, export promotion and trade policy, working at the Commerce Department.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.americanswiss.org/joseph\\-hurd\\-appointed\\-to\\-top\\-commerce\\-department\\-job\\-/ \\| title\\=Joseph Hurd Appointed to Top Commerce Department Job \\- News \\| American Swiss Foundation }} While at Commerce, Hurd was the political lead for the Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee,{{cite web\\|title\\=Annual Gateway California Event\\|url\\=http://www.wtcaonline.com/cms\\_wtca/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=123:northern\\-california\\-wtcs\\-gateway\\-california\\-trade\\-show\\-helping\\-northern\\-california\\-business\\-thrive\\|publisher\\=WTC}} where he helped implement the [National Export Initiative](/wiki/National_Export_Initiative \"National Export Initiative\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Grossman\\|first\\=Ilene\\|title\\=New federal export initiative includes more grant money for states\\|url\\=http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/drupal/content/new\\-federal\\-export\\-initiative\\-includes\\-more\\-grant\\-money\\-states\\|publisher\\=Knowledge Center\\|access\\-date\\=18 June 2013}} He authored the first\\-ever NEI Report to the President{{cite web\\|title\\=The Export Promotion Cabinet's Plan for Doubling U.S. Exports in Five Years\\|via\\=\\[\\[NARA\\|National Archives]]\\|work\\=\\[\\[whitehouse.gov]]\\|url\\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/nei\\_report\\_9\\-16\\-10\\_full.pdf}} as well as the 2011 National Export Strategy,{{cite web\\|title\\=National Export Strategy, 2011 edition\\|url\\=http://www.trade.gov/publications/abstracts/national\\-export\\-strategy\\-2011\\.asp\\|publisher\\=Department Of Commerce\\|access\\-date\\=18 June 2013}} both of which were delivered to the White House. Hurd also served as a member of the White House Business Council, talking to business leaders nationwide about the importance of export promotion.", "### Facebook", "In 2015, Hurd joined [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") in Menlo Park, California, to lead the emerging businesses team in the company's Global Marketing Solutions division. Hurd led a team focused on go\\-to\\-market operations and strategy for a number of Facebook's new business initiatives.", "### Public Company Board Service", "Hurd has become well\\-known for his extensive public company board service, primarly with companies listed on the [London Stock Exchange](/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange \"London Stock Exchange\"). His first board was in 2018 with GoCo Group plc (LSE: GOCO),{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.thedrum.com/news/2018/02/22/gocompare\\-welcomes\\-former\\-facebook\\-exec\\-joe\\-hurd\\-non\\-executive\\-director \\| title\\=GoCompare welcomes former Facebook exec Joe Hurd as non\\-executive director }} which was acquired by Future plc in February 2021\\.[https://www.reuters.com/article/world/europe/british\\-publisher\\-future\\-to\\-buy\\-go\\-compare\\-for\\-793\\-million\\-idUSKBN2851L4/\\#:\\~:text\\=LONDON%20(Reuters)%20%2D%20British%20publisher,information%20on%20choosing%20financial%20products](https://www.reuters.com/article/world/europe/british-publisher-future-to-buy-go-compare-for-793-million-idUSKBN2851L4/#:~:text=LONDON%20(Reuters)%20%2D%20British%20publisher,information%20on%20choosing%20financial%20products). After GoCompare, Hurd joined the boards of [Trustpilot](/wiki/Trustpilot \"Trustpilot\") in 2021, where he is the designated Non\\-Executive Director for Workforce Engagement and sits on the Audit, Remuneration and Nominating Committees; [Hays plc](/wiki/Hays_plc \"Hays plc\") in 2021, where he Chairs the ESG Committee and sits on the Audit, Remuneration Committees; and [Lloyd's of London](/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London \"Lloyd's of London\") (privately held), where he sits on the Audit, Risk, ESG and Nominations Committees.", "In the United States, Hurd served as the Lead Independent Director of SilverBox Engaged Merger Corp I,<https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1836707/000110465922001191/tm2131392d15_8k.htm> which listed on the [Nasdaq](/wiki/Nasdaq \"Nasdaq\") in March 2021 and subsequently merged with [Black Rifle Coffee Company](/wiki/Black_Rifle_Coffee_Company \"Black Rifle Coffee Company\") in February 2022\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/BRC\\-INC\\-133257389/news/Authentic\\-Brands\\-LLC\\-completed\\-the\\-acquisition\\-of\\-SilverBox\\-Engaged\\-Merger\\-Corp\\-I\\-from\\-SilverBox\\-Eng\\-37843014/ \\| title\\=Authentic Brands LLC completed the acquisition of SilverBox Engaged Merger Corp I from SilverBox Engaged Sponsor LLC and others in a reverse merger transaction. \\- MarketScreener \\| date\\=9 February 2022 }}", "### Advising startup founders", "In 2003, Hurd founded a business consultancy, the [Katama Group, LLC](http://www.katamagroup.com). He advises startup founders on market entry/business development/financing and strategy issues and invests in early\\-stage companies.", "" ]
Main ---- Main characters recurring across all *[Elena of Avalor](/wiki/Elena_of_Avalor "Elena of Avalor")* franchise media ### Princess Elena Princess Elena Castillo Flores (voiced by [Aimee Carrero](/wiki/Aimee_Carrero "Aimee Carrero")) is the [Crown Princess](/wiki/Crown_prince "Crown prince") of Avalor and the daughter of King Raul and Queen Lucia. At the beginning of the series, she is freed from a magical amulet in which she had been trapped by Shuriki following her parents’ premature death. Her age ranges from 16 to 20{{cite episode\|series\=Elena of Avalor\|season\=1\|number\=1\|title\=First Day of Rule\|quote\=But you did not age, mija. Technically, you're still sixteen.}}{{cite episode\|series\=Elena of Avalor\|season\=1\|number\=26\|title\=The Jewel of Maru\|quote\=It's hard to know when you're just seventeen.}}{{cite episode\|series\=Elena of Avalor\|season\=2\|number\=13\|title\=All Kingdoms Fair\|quote\=It only took two years.}}{{cite episode\|series\=Elena of Avalor\|season\=3\|number\=27\|title\=To Queen or Not to Queen\|quote\=Happy Twentieth, by the way.}} during the series (although her chronological age ranges from 57 to 61 due to her having been trapped in the amulet for 41 years). She has difficulty taking advice and often does things she wants to do without listening to others. On account of having been trapped in the amulet, she has magical abilities, such as making her royal scepter glow, seeing spirit animals, and talking to ghosts every November on Day of the Dead. In the season 3 episode “The Magic Within", she gains new magical powers that are controlled by her emotions after falling into a crystal well in Takaina. Elena is one of the princesses in the Disney World who can do combat, acrobatics, and a very hard technique\-kip up. Some of her abilities include: * Channeling magic through her [scepter](/wiki/Sceptre "Sceptre") * Fencing * Flexibility, advanced acrobatics (a kip up during "Princess Knight" training, a leg split, and some rolls in several episodes) * Basic combat skills ### Princess Isabel Princess Isabel Castillo Flores (voiced by [Jenna Ortega](/wiki/Jenna_Ortega "Jenna Ortega")) is the sister of Princess Elena who is also an inventor. Both are the daughters of the late King Raul and Queen Lucia. Isabel is very smart and brave, and assists her sister when she needs it. Her age ranges from 12 to 14\. ### Zuzo Zuzo (voiced by [Keith Ferguson](/wiki/Keith_Ferguson_%28voice_actor%29 "Keith Ferguson (voice actor)")) is a mysterious and wily spirit [fox](/wiki/Fox "Fox") that acts as a link between the human and spirit worlds. In "A Day to Remember", it is shown that Elena can call him by saying his name. ### Naomi Turner Naomi Turner (voiced by [Jillian Rose Reed](/wiki/Jillian_Rose_Reed "Jillian Rose Reed")) is a girl who is Elena's best friend, the daughter of Captain Turner, and a member of Elena's Grand Council. In "The Last Laugh", Naomi leaves Avalor to become a sailor, but returns in "Giant Steps". In the finale, Naomi becomes Elena's new chancellor. ### Jaquins Jaquins are a race of creatures that resemble jaguars with the wings and feathers of macaws. They come from the realm of Vallestrella where they train to help guard Avalor from various threats. * Skylar (voiced by [Carlos Alazraqui](/wiki/Carlos_Alazraqui "Carlos Alazraqui")) is a fun\-loving male Jaquin and the son of King Verago. He loves to play and seems to not take anything seriously. Whenever Elena needs help he will always be near. * Migs (voiced by [Chris Parnell](/wiki/Chris_Parnell "Chris Parnell")) is a practical male Jaquin, who succeeds Zephyr as Chief of the Jaquins of Avalor. He is easily annoyed by his friends' antics. * Luna (voiced by [Yvette Nicole Brown](/wiki/Yvette_Nicole_Brown "Yvette Nicole Brown")) is a loud and brash female Jaquin who joined the guard. She is also a rebel which often gets her into trouble. ### Gabe Núñez Gabriel "Gabe" Núñez (voiced by [Jorge Diaz](/wiki/Jorge_Diaz_%28actor%29 "Jorge Diaz (actor)")) is Elena's close friend and captain of the [Royal Guard](/wiki/Royal_guard "Royal guard"), which he joined on the day that Elena became crown princess. His parents are bakers. In the book Elena of Avalor: The Essential Guide, it was revealed that Gabe has a secret crush on Elena. ### Mateo Mateo de Alva (voiced by [Joseph Haro](/wiki/Joseph_Haro "Joseph Haro")) is the royal wizard and Alacazar's grandson who is another one of Elena's closest friends. He can be shy at times, but is always there to help. In the last episode, Mateo playfully vies for Elena's attention, hinting that Mateo has a crush on Elena. ### Chancellor Esteban [Chancellor](/wiki/Chancellor "Chancellor") Esteban (voiced by Christian Lanz) is Elena and Isabel's boastful maternal cousin and Chancellor of Avalor who is formerly part of Elena's Grand Council. His mother was the sister of Queen Lucia and they were the daughters of Luisa and Francisco. Unaware to anyone, he and his old friend Victor Delgado secretly helped Shuriki invade Avalor and he desperately desires to keep this secret out of fear of being rejected by his family. His secret is eventually exposed in "The Magic Within", leading Elena to imprison him for his betrayal, but he manages to escape along with the Delgado family and is now currently working with Ash. In "Captain Mateo", he gains magical powers after falling into the well of Takaina. In "Dreamcatcher", he finally lets go of his past (due to Elena no longer accepting him as a family member) and becomes a sworn ally to Ash and Zopilote. In "Coronation Day", it is revealed that the reason why he helped Shuriki in the first place is because he tried to warn his uncle King Raul of Shuriki's plot in the first place, but was ignored. He eventually reforms and helps Elena defeat the Four Shades of Awesome. Afterwards, Elena finally forgives him for his past crimes. ### Francisco Francisco Flores (voiced by [Emiliano Díez](/wiki/Emiliano_D%C3%ADez "Emiliano Díez")) is Elena, Isabel, and Esteban's maternal grandfather. He is part of Elena's Grand Council. ### Luisa Luisa Flores (voiced by Julia Vera) is Elena, Isabel, and Esteban's maternal grandmother. She is part of Elena's Grand Council. ### Armando Armando Gutierrez (voiced by [Joe Nunez](/wiki/Joe_Nunez "Joe Nunez")) is a frazzled castle servant who helps Elena on her journey to the throne.
[ "Main\n----", "Main characters recurring across all *[Elena of Avalor](/wiki/Elena_of_Avalor \"Elena of Avalor\")* franchise media", "### Princess Elena", "Princess Elena Castillo Flores (voiced by [Aimee Carrero](/wiki/Aimee_Carrero \"Aimee Carrero\")) is the [Crown Princess](/wiki/Crown_prince \"Crown prince\") of Avalor and the daughter of King Raul and Queen Lucia. At the beginning of the series, she is freed from a magical amulet in which she had been trapped by Shuriki following her parents’ premature death. Her age ranges from 16 to 20{{cite episode\\|series\\=Elena of Avalor\\|season\\=1\\|number\\=1\\|title\\=First Day of Rule\\|quote\\=But you did not age, mija. Technically, you're still sixteen.}}{{cite episode\\|series\\=Elena of Avalor\\|season\\=1\\|number\\=26\\|title\\=The Jewel of Maru\\|quote\\=It's hard to know when you're just seventeen.}}{{cite episode\\|series\\=Elena of Avalor\\|season\\=2\\|number\\=13\\|title\\=All Kingdoms Fair\\|quote\\=It only took two years.}}{{cite episode\\|series\\=Elena of Avalor\\|season\\=3\\|number\\=27\\|title\\=To Queen or Not to Queen\\|quote\\=Happy Twentieth, by the way.}} during the series (although her chronological age ranges from 57 to 61 due to her having been trapped in the amulet for 41 years). She has difficulty taking advice and often does things she wants to do without listening to others. On account of having been trapped in the amulet, she has magical abilities, such as making her royal scepter glow, seeing spirit animals, and talking to ghosts every November on Day of the Dead. In the season 3 episode “The Magic Within\", she gains new magical powers that are controlled by her emotions after falling into a crystal well in Takaina. Elena is one of the princesses in the Disney World who can do combat, acrobatics, and a very hard technique\\-kip up. Some of her abilities include:\n* Channeling magic through her [scepter](/wiki/Sceptre \"Sceptre\")\n* Fencing\n* Flexibility, advanced acrobatics (a kip up during \"Princess Knight\" training, a leg split, and some rolls in several episodes)\n* Basic combat skills", "### Princess Isabel", "Princess Isabel Castillo Flores (voiced by [Jenna Ortega](/wiki/Jenna_Ortega \"Jenna Ortega\")) is the sister of Princess Elena who is also an inventor. Both are the daughters of the late King Raul and Queen Lucia. Isabel is very smart and brave, and assists her sister when she needs it. Her age ranges from 12 to 14\\.", "### Zuzo", "Zuzo (voiced by [Keith Ferguson](/wiki/Keith_Ferguson_%28voice_actor%29 \"Keith Ferguson (voice actor)\")) is a mysterious and wily spirit [fox](/wiki/Fox \"Fox\") that acts as a link between the human and spirit worlds. In \"A Day to Remember\", it is shown that Elena can call him by saying his name.", "### Naomi Turner", "Naomi Turner (voiced by [Jillian Rose Reed](/wiki/Jillian_Rose_Reed \"Jillian Rose Reed\")) is a girl who is Elena's best friend, the daughter of Captain Turner, and a member of Elena's Grand Council. In \"The Last Laugh\", Naomi leaves Avalor to become a sailor, but returns in \"Giant Steps\". In the finale, Naomi becomes Elena's new chancellor.", "### Jaquins", "Jaquins are a race of creatures that resemble jaguars with the wings and feathers of macaws. They come from the realm of Vallestrella where they train to help guard Avalor from various threats.\n* Skylar (voiced by [Carlos Alazraqui](/wiki/Carlos_Alazraqui \"Carlos Alazraqui\")) is a fun\\-loving male Jaquin and the son of King Verago. He loves to play and seems to not take anything seriously. Whenever Elena needs help he will always be near.\n* Migs (voiced by [Chris Parnell](/wiki/Chris_Parnell \"Chris Parnell\")) is a practical male Jaquin, who succeeds Zephyr as Chief of the Jaquins of Avalor. He is easily annoyed by his friends' antics.\n* Luna (voiced by [Yvette Nicole Brown](/wiki/Yvette_Nicole_Brown \"Yvette Nicole Brown\")) is a loud and brash female Jaquin who joined the guard. She is also a rebel which often gets her into trouble.", "### Gabe Núñez", "Gabriel \"Gabe\" Núñez (voiced by [Jorge Diaz](/wiki/Jorge_Diaz_%28actor%29 \"Jorge Diaz (actor)\")) is Elena's close friend and captain of the [Royal Guard](/wiki/Royal_guard \"Royal guard\"), which he joined on the day that Elena became crown princess. His parents are bakers. In the book Elena of Avalor: The Essential Guide, it was revealed that Gabe has a secret crush on Elena.", "### Mateo", "Mateo de Alva (voiced by [Joseph Haro](/wiki/Joseph_Haro \"Joseph Haro\")) is the royal wizard and Alacazar's grandson who is another one of Elena's closest friends. He can be shy at times, but is always there to help. In the last episode, Mateo playfully vies for Elena's attention, hinting that Mateo has a crush on Elena.", "### Chancellor Esteban", "[Chancellor](/wiki/Chancellor \"Chancellor\") Esteban (voiced by Christian Lanz) is Elena and Isabel's boastful maternal cousin and Chancellor of Avalor who is formerly part of Elena's Grand Council. His mother was the sister of Queen Lucia and they were the daughters of Luisa and Francisco. Unaware to anyone, he and his old friend Victor Delgado secretly helped Shuriki invade Avalor and he desperately desires to keep this secret out of fear of being rejected by his family. His secret is eventually exposed in \"The Magic Within\", leading Elena to imprison him for his betrayal, but he manages to escape along with the Delgado family and is now currently working with Ash. In \"Captain Mateo\", he gains magical powers after falling into the well of Takaina. In \"Dreamcatcher\", he finally lets go of his past (due to Elena no longer accepting him as a family member) and becomes a sworn ally to Ash and Zopilote. In \"Coronation Day\", it is revealed that the reason why he helped Shuriki in the first place is because he tried to warn his uncle King Raul of Shuriki's plot in the first place, but was ignored. He eventually reforms and helps Elena defeat the Four Shades of Awesome. Afterwards, Elena finally forgives him for his past crimes.", "### Francisco", "Francisco Flores (voiced by [Emiliano Díez](/wiki/Emiliano_D%C3%ADez \"Emiliano Díez\")) is Elena, Isabel, and Esteban's maternal grandfather. He is part of Elena's Grand Council.", "### Luisa", "Luisa Flores (voiced by Julia Vera) is Elena, Isabel, and Esteban's maternal grandmother. She is part of Elena's Grand Council.", "### Armando", "Armando Gutierrez (voiced by [Joe Nunez](/wiki/Joe_Nunez \"Joe Nunez\")) is a frazzled castle servant who helps Elena on her journey to the throne.", "" ]
Recurring --------- ### Captain Daniel Turner [Captain](/wiki/Sea_captain "Sea captain") Daniel Turner (voiced by [Rich Sommer](/wiki/Rich_Sommer "Rich Sommer")) is the harbormaster and Naomi's father. ### Captain Scarlett Turner [Captain](/wiki/Sea_captain "Sea captain") Scarlett Turner (voiced by [Julie Nathanson](/wiki/Julie_Nathanson "Julie Nathanson")) is a sea captain and Naomi's mother. ### Rafa Rafa de Alva (voiced by [Ana Ortiz](/wiki/Ana_Ortiz "Ana Ortiz")) is Mateo's mother and Alakazar's daughter. ### Higgins Higgins (voiced by [Mikey Kelley](/wiki/Mikey_Kelley "Mikey Kelley")) is a member of Avalor's Royal Guard. He regularly serves as Chancellor Esteban's personal assistant and confidante. ### Doña Paloma Doña Paloma (voiced by [Constance Marie](/wiki/Constance_Marie "Constance Marie")) is the magister of the trading guild, she is described by Esteban as the most important leader in Avalor. In "Navidad", it is revealed that Doña Paloma owns an emporium. In "Captain Mateo", she becomes Esteban's replacement on the Grand Council. ### Carmen Carmen Guzman (voiced by [Justina Machado](/wiki/Justina_Machado "Justina Machado")) is the co\-owner of Cafe Angelica and the sister of Julio who works as a chef. ### Julio Julio Guzman (voiced by [Jaime Camil](/wiki/Jaime_Camil "Jaime Camil")) is the co\-owner of Cafe Angelica and the brother of Carmen. ### Jiku Jiku (voiced by [Lucas Grabeel](/wiki/Lucas_Grabeel "Lucas Grabeel")) is the leader of the small magical creatures called the Noblins, who are known to transform into dogs and turn anything into gold. ### Marlena Marlena (voiced by [Gaby Moreno](/wiki/Gaby_Moreno "Gaby Moreno")) is a singer and Mateo's family friend. ### Prince Alonso Prince Alonso (voiced by [Tyler Posey](/wiki/Tyler_Posey "Tyler Posey")) is a charming, handsome prince of the kingdom of Córdoba. ### Charoca **Charoca** (voiced by [Tituss Burgess](/wiki/Tituss_Burgess "Tituss Burgess")) is a Rocador, a creature made of rock, who can spew or cool down volcanic flames. He lives on a [monfuego](/wiki/Volcano "Volcano") in the kingdom of Avalor. ### Mingo, Zoom, and Estrella Mingo (voiced by Desmond Gerber), Zoom (voiced by Maximus Riegel), and Estrella (voiced by Gia Lopez) are three baby Jaquins and Migs's children. ### King Joaquín King Joaquín (voiced by [Echo Kellum](/wiki/Echo_Kellum "Echo Kellum")) is the Ruler of the Kingdom of Cariza. ### Nico Nico (voiced by Wilber Zaldivar) is Skylar's younger brother. ### Ciela and Avion Ciela (voiced by Jenna Lea Rosen) and Avion (voiced by Lincoln Melcher) are young Jaquins and Nico's friends. ### Chief Zephyr Chief Zephyr (voiced by [Jess Harnell](/wiki/Jess_Harnell "Jess Harnell")) is the previous leader of Avalor's Jaquin Clan. ### King Verago King Verago (voiced by [André Sogliuzzo](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Sogliuzzo "André Sogliuzzo")) is the King of all the Jaquins and the father of Skylar and Nico. ### Dulce Dulce (voiced by [Rosie Perez](/wiki/Rosie_Perez "Rosie Perez")) is Migs' mate and the very calm mother of Mingo, Zoom, and Estrella. ### Quita Moz Quita Moz (voiced by [Cheech Marin](/wiki/Cheech_Marin "Cheech Marin")) is a sun bird and oracle that lives in Vallestrella. ### Lama, Hool, and Qapa Lama (voiced by [Whoopi Goldberg](/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg "Whoopi Goldberg")), Hool (voiced by [Cloris Leachman](/wiki/Cloris_Leachman "Cloris Leachman"), and Qapa (voiced by [Tony Plana](/wiki/Tony_Plana "Tony Plana")) are three sun birds and friends of Quita Moz. ### Cacahuate Cacahuate (voiced by [Richard Kind](/wiki/Richard_Kind "Richard Kind")) is a spirit sloth and Mateo's chanul. ### Bubo Bubo (voiced by [Max Mittelman](/wiki/Max_Mittelman "Max Mittelman")) is a non\-spirit monkey chanul who hopes to become a spirit guide but tends to give terrible advice to humans. ### Flo Flo (voiced by [Kether Donohue](/wiki/Kether_Donohue "Kether Donohue")) is an alpacamundi model brought to life by Elena's new magic. ### Ixlan Ixlan (voiced by [Stephanie Beatriz](/wiki/Stephanie_Beatriz "Stephanie Beatriz")) is the only living Maruvian and is also known as the Lightning Warrior.
[ "Recurring\n---------", "### Captain Daniel Turner", "[Captain](/wiki/Sea_captain \"Sea captain\") Daniel Turner (voiced by [Rich Sommer](/wiki/Rich_Sommer \"Rich Sommer\")) is the harbormaster and Naomi's father.", "### Captain Scarlett Turner", "[Captain](/wiki/Sea_captain \"Sea captain\") Scarlett Turner (voiced by [Julie Nathanson](/wiki/Julie_Nathanson \"Julie Nathanson\")) is a sea captain and Naomi's mother.", "### Rafa", "Rafa de Alva (voiced by [Ana Ortiz](/wiki/Ana_Ortiz \"Ana Ortiz\")) is Mateo's mother and Alakazar's daughter.", "### Higgins", "Higgins (voiced by [Mikey Kelley](/wiki/Mikey_Kelley \"Mikey Kelley\")) is a member of Avalor's Royal Guard. He regularly serves as Chancellor Esteban's personal assistant and confidante.", "### Doña Paloma", "Doña Paloma (voiced by [Constance Marie](/wiki/Constance_Marie \"Constance Marie\")) is the magister of the trading guild, she is described by Esteban as the most important leader in Avalor. In \"Navidad\", it is revealed that Doña Paloma owns an emporium. In \"Captain Mateo\", she becomes Esteban's replacement on the Grand Council.", "### Carmen", "Carmen Guzman (voiced by [Justina Machado](/wiki/Justina_Machado \"Justina Machado\")) is the co\\-owner of Cafe Angelica and the sister of Julio who works as a chef.", "### Julio", "Julio Guzman (voiced by [Jaime Camil](/wiki/Jaime_Camil \"Jaime Camil\")) is the co\\-owner of Cafe Angelica and the brother of Carmen.", "### Jiku", "Jiku (voiced by [Lucas Grabeel](/wiki/Lucas_Grabeel \"Lucas Grabeel\")) is the leader of the small magical creatures called the Noblins, who are known to transform into dogs and turn anything into gold.", "### Marlena", "Marlena (voiced by [Gaby Moreno](/wiki/Gaby_Moreno \"Gaby Moreno\")) is a singer and Mateo's family friend.", "### Prince Alonso", "Prince Alonso (voiced by [Tyler Posey](/wiki/Tyler_Posey \"Tyler Posey\")) is a charming, handsome prince of the kingdom of Córdoba.", "### Charoca", "**Charoca** (voiced by [Tituss Burgess](/wiki/Tituss_Burgess \"Tituss Burgess\")) is a Rocador, a creature made of rock, who can spew or cool down volcanic flames. He lives on a [monfuego](/wiki/Volcano \"Volcano\") in the kingdom of Avalor.", "### Mingo, Zoom, and Estrella", "Mingo (voiced by Desmond Gerber), Zoom (voiced by Maximus Riegel), and Estrella (voiced by Gia Lopez) are three baby Jaquins and Migs's children.", "### King Joaquín", "King Joaquín (voiced by [Echo Kellum](/wiki/Echo_Kellum \"Echo Kellum\")) is the Ruler of the Kingdom of Cariza.", "### Nico", "Nico (voiced by Wilber Zaldivar) is Skylar's younger brother.", "### Ciela and Avion", "Ciela (voiced by Jenna Lea Rosen) and Avion (voiced by Lincoln Melcher) are young Jaquins and Nico's friends.", "### Chief Zephyr", "Chief Zephyr (voiced by [Jess Harnell](/wiki/Jess_Harnell \"Jess Harnell\")) is the previous leader of Avalor's Jaquin Clan.", "### King Verago", "King Verago (voiced by [André Sogliuzzo](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Sogliuzzo \"André Sogliuzzo\")) is the King of all the Jaquins and the father of Skylar and Nico.", "### Dulce", "Dulce (voiced by [Rosie Perez](/wiki/Rosie_Perez \"Rosie Perez\")) is Migs' mate and the very calm mother of Mingo, Zoom, and Estrella.", "### Quita Moz", "Quita Moz (voiced by [Cheech Marin](/wiki/Cheech_Marin \"Cheech Marin\")) is a sun bird and oracle that lives in Vallestrella.", "### Lama, Hool, and Qapa", "Lama (voiced by [Whoopi Goldberg](/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg \"Whoopi Goldberg\")), Hool (voiced by [Cloris Leachman](/wiki/Cloris_Leachman \"Cloris Leachman\"), and Qapa (voiced by [Tony Plana](/wiki/Tony_Plana \"Tony Plana\")) are three sun birds and friends of Quita Moz.", "### Cacahuate", "Cacahuate (voiced by [Richard Kind](/wiki/Richard_Kind \"Richard Kind\")) is a spirit sloth and Mateo's chanul.", "### Bubo", "Bubo (voiced by [Max Mittelman](/wiki/Max_Mittelman \"Max Mittelman\")) is a non\\-spirit monkey chanul who hopes to become a spirit guide but tends to give terrible advice to humans.", "### Flo", "Flo (voiced by [Kether Donohue](/wiki/Kether_Donohue \"Kether Donohue\")) is an alpacamundi model brought to life by Elena's new magic.", "### Ixlan", "Ixlan (voiced by [Stephanie Beatriz](/wiki/Stephanie_Beatriz \"Stephanie Beatriz\")) is the only living Maruvian and is also known as the Lightning Warrior.", "" ]
Villains -------- ### Shuriki Shuriki (voiced by [Jane Fonda](/wiki/Jane_Fonda "Jane Fonda")) was the evil sorceress who had been the cause of Elena's 41\-year imprisonment in the Amulet of Avalor and the killer of Elena and Isabel's parents, King Raul and Queen Lucia. She took over Avalor with the secret help of Esteban and Victor Delgado. She was defeated in *[Elena and the Secret of Avalor](/wiki/Elena_and_the_Secret_of_Avalor "Elena and the Secret of Avalor")*, and Elena took her rightful place as Avalor's Crowned Princess. Unfortunately, Shuriki went into hiding in a cottage in distant Avaloran lands and has been secretly working with Victor and his daughter Carla, whom she has been teaching powerful [magic](/wiki/Magic_%28paranormal%29 "Magic (paranormal)") to in exchange for their help in taking back the kingdom. However, in the Season 2 special, "Song of the Sirenas", Shuriki is finally killed off for good by Elena, who used the Scepter of Light to finish her off. She is briefly seen in "Coronation Day" as a spirit watching Elena and Ash compete in an Olaball tournament. ### Fiero Fiero (voiced by [Héctor Elizondo](/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Elizondo "Héctor Elizondo")) is a Malvago. Long ago, Fiero was supposed to be the next Royal Wizard. However, King Raul appointed Alacazar instead, making Fiero angry. Fiero became an evil wizard looking for revenge. In "Spellbound" he goes to Mateo's Royal Wizard coronation to steal a magic book called the Codex Maru. But he was turned into a statue by Mateo. However, he was revived in "Rise of the Sorceress" by Shuriki and the Delgados and joined forces with them to take back the kingdom. In the "Song of the Sirenas" special, however, in a clash between Fiero and Mateo, the Malvago is turned into a statue once again by Mateo, freeing Avalor from the Malvago once more. ### Orizaba Orizaba (voiced by [Eden Espinosa](/wiki/Eden_Espinosa "Eden Espinosa")) is a moth fairy that appeared in "The Scepter of Light" where she tried to plunge the kingdom into darkness with the Eye of Midnight, but Elena managed to defeat her and destroy the Eye forever. She returns in "Finding Zuzo" where she captures Zuzo and attempts to steal his magic stripes in order to return to the mortal world and get revenge on Elena but is once again defeated after stumbling over the skin of a banana, causing her to fall into a pit of lava where she is forever gone into oblivion. She makes one final appearance in "Coronation Day" as a spirit where she competes in an Olaball tournament against Elena alongside Ash. ### Troyo Troyo (voiced by [Grant George](/wiki/Grant_George "Grant George")) is an evil magical coyote who appears in the episode, "Flight of the Jaquins". Long ago, he used to go around tricking people into doing bad stuff for him so he could be King of the Jungle. For this, the Jaquins kicked him out of the jungle. He captures two young Jaquins to force Chief Zephyr to make him King of the Jungle. But was defeated by Skylar and his brother Nico by trapping him with his own trap. He is then tied up in gold vines by the Noblins and taken away. He returns in "The Race for the Realm" where he joins forces with Shuriki after freeing Cruz from imprisonment and leaves the group in "A Tale of Two Scepters". He reappears in "Father\-in\-Chief" where he captures Chief Zephyr and Mingo and attempts to turn them into butterfrogs, but is foiled by Elena and friends and he himself is turned into a butterfrog instead, and later into a snurtle in "King Skylar" when he tries to turn back. In "Coronation Day", it is revealed that he recently died and is now working for the Grand Macaw as his right hand man. He later competes in an Olaball tournament against Elena alongside Ash. ### Victor Delgado Victor Delgado (voiced by [Lou Diamond Phillips](/wiki/Lou_Diamond_Phillips "Lou Diamond Phillips")) who was the son of the royal treasurer until the day he and Esteban conspired together to help Shuriki take over Avalor. However, Victor and his family were banished from Avalor by Shuriki for years until Elena took the kingdom back. In "King of the Carnaval", Victor and his daughter Carla returned and tried to steal the jewels from the royal treasury until they were stopped and banished by Elena. Victor and Carla returned in "Elena of Avalor: Realm of the Jaquins" where they steal a powerful jewel from the Jaquin realm and free Marimonda, in the end Victor and Carla are revealed to be working for Shuriki to help her take over Avalor again in exchange for making them Malvagos. In "Song of the Sirenas", after Shuriki has been finally killed off by Princess Elena and Fiero is turned back into a statue by Mateo, Victor and Carla escape with Cruz, Vestia, and the jewel of the Scepter of Night and are currently still on the loose. After he and Carla are abandoned by Cruz and Vestia (due to Victor constantly insulting Cruz), they are later reunited with Ash, Victor's long lost wife. In "Not Without My Magic", after reconciling with Ash, he shows her the Scepter of Night's Jewel, who then plans to use it to take over Avalor alongside her husband and daughter. In "Naomi Knows Best", he is captured after a failed attempt to steal Elena's magic while Ash and Carla escape, vowing to come back for him later. In "The Magic Within", he and his family escape with Esteban's help, but he and Carla are abandoned by Ash due to her refusing to let go of her obsession of power (with the latter being turned into a statue in the process), leaving them to be recaptured. He later reforms in "The Lighting Warrior" (having been returned to normal by Mateo) alongside Carla and become allies to Elena. In "Coronation Day", he takes part in the battle against Ash and the Four Shades of Awesome. ### Carla Delgado Carla Delgado (voiced by Myrna Velasco) is the daughter of Victor Delgado. She has spent time undercover in the Avalor palace as Rita, and is reunited with her long\-lost mother in "Snow Place Like Home". In "To Save a Sunbird", she is captured by Elena when attempting to rescue Victor. In "The Magic Within", she and her parents escape with Esteban's help, but she and Victor are abandoned by Ash due to her refusing to let go of her obsession of power, leaving them to be recaptured. She and Victor later reform in "The Lighting Warrior" and become allies to Elena. In "Coronation Day", she takes part in the battle against Ash and the Four Shades of Awesome. ### Marimonda Marimonda (voiced by [Noël Wells](/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Wells "Noël Wells")) is an evil mythical forest sprite who appeared in the special, "Elena of Avalor: Realm of the Jaquins". She is released by Victor and Carla Delgado and sent to Avalor to destroy it with her vines. Elena manages to catch her by trapping her in a magic jar and sent back to the Jaquin realm. ### Cruz Cruz (voiced by [Mario Lopez](/wiki/Mario_Lopez "Mario Lopez")) is a Jaquin who was next in line to be the new chief of Avalor's Jaquin clan. He first appeared in "A Spy in the Palace", while his major role was in "Shapeshifters" where Chief Zephyr takes away his position due to him not listening and refusing to learn. Angered, he locks Chief Zephyr in a cave and frames Elena and her friends for his disappearance. Elena managed to free Zephyr and clear her name, then she helped catch Cruz and lock him up for treason. Cruz swore he would return with the help of his sister. He returns in "The Race for the Realm" (having been freed by Troyo), where he and Vestia join forces with Shuriki. As of "Song of the Sirenas", after Elena killed off Shuriki and Mateo turned Fiero back into a statue, Cruz and his sister escape with Victor and Carla Delgado with the Scepter of Night's Jewel in their possession. He and Vestia abandon Victor and Carla in "Snow Place Like Home" due to Victor constantly insulting him and later redeem themselves in "Not Without My Magic". In "Coronation Day", he takes part in the battle against Ash and the Four Shades of Awesome. ### Vestia Vestia (voiced by [Diane Guerrero](/wiki/Diane_Guerrero "Diane Guerrero")) is a Jaquin and the twin sister of Cruz. She and her brother join forces with Shuriki in "The Race for the Realm" after Troyo breaks Cruz out of prison. As of "Song of the Sirenas", after Elena killed off Shuriki and Mateo turned Fiero back into a statue, Vestia and her brother escape with Victor and Carla Delgado with the Scepter of Night's Jewel in their possession. She and her brother abandon Victor and Carla in "Snow Place Like Home" due to Victor constantly insulting Cruz and later redeem themselves in "Not Without My Magic". In "Coronation Day", she takes part in the battle against Ash and the Four Shades of Awesome. ### Duke Cristóbal Duke Cristóbal (voiced by [Javier Muñoz](/wiki/Javier_Mu%C3%B1oz_%28actor%29 "Javier Muñoz (actor)")) is Elena's cousin and the ruler of Nueva Vesta who appears in the Season 2 special, "Song of the Sirenas". He is later revealed to be in allegiance with Shuriki, having agreed to help her take over Avalor in exchange for gold. After Shuriki's defeat, he is captured and arrested for betraying his own family. ### Malandros Malandros are evil shapeshifting dolphin\-like creatures who are known enemies to the sirenas. They first appear in "The Tides of Change". When Daria is reluctant to make peace with the humans, she makes a deal with the Malandros to prevent the signing of the peace treaty between humans and sirenas, only for the Malandros to double cross her and take over the sirenas' kingdom after destroying all the coral alarms used to keep the Malandros away. Elena and her friends manage to help the sirenas defeat the Malandros by repairing one of the coral alarms, which drives them away. ### Ash Delgado Ash Delgado (voiced by [Grey Griffin](/wiki/Grey_Griffin "Grey Griffin")) is Victor's wife and Carla's mother who is a Malvago, and the main antagonist of Season 3\. She reunites with her family in "Snow Place Like Home" and it's revealed in "Not Without My Magic" that she was training to be a Malvago for several years. She and Victor keep arguing over her not returning to the family for years (Victor's side) and him not waiting for her with Carla (Ash's side), but they reconcile when Victor shows Ash the Scepter of Night's Jewel. Ash then decides to use it to become the most powerful Malvago in the world and overthrow Princess Elena alongside Victor and Carla. In "Naomi Knows Best", she works with her family to steal Elena's magic but are foiled, resulting in the Scepter of Night's Jewel being destroyed and Victor being captured. She is eventually captured in "The Magic Within", but she and her family manage to escape with Esteban's help. When Victor and Carla finally decide not to help her anymore, she abandons her family and leaves with Esteban. In "Captain Mateo", she works with her mentor Zopilote to help teach Esteban (who eventually becomes an ally to them in "Dreamcatcher") how to use his new magical powers. Following Zopilote's defeat in "Spirit of the Wizard", she and Esteban attempt to assemble an army of magical people to take over Avalor. In "Coronation Day", after falling into the dark side of the spirit world with Elena following the release of the Four Shades of Awesome, she competes against Elena in a game of Olaball in an attempt to return to the mortal world. After Elena learns that whoever wins the game must stay in the spirit world, she intentionally loses, allowing her to return to the mortal world while Ash remains trapped in the spirit world forever. ### Sanza Sanza (voiced by [Taye Diggs](/wiki/Taye_Diggs "Taye Diggs")) is a rogue green jaguar spirit guide who first appears in "Flower of Light" where he attempts to destroy the portal that connects the mortal and spirit world and bribes Felicia and Guillermo into helping him. Although he succeeds, Elena and friends manage to restore the portal with Felicia's help. He is then captured and arrested by Zuzo. He is briefly seen in "Coronation Day" watching Elena and Ash compete in an Olaball tournament. ### Zopilote Zopilote (voiced by [Tony Shalhoub](/wiki/Tony_Shalhoub "Tony Shalhoub")) is Ash's mentor who trained her how to be a Malvago and first appears in "Sister of Invention". He can transform into a vulture. In "Captain Mateo", he and Ash help train Esteban (who soon becomes an ally in "Dreamcatcher") with his newly acquired magical powers. In "Spirit of a Wizard", he is transformed into an ordinary bird after a failed attempt to steal Elena's scepter with Ash and Esteban. In "Coronation Day", it is revealed that he recently died prior to the episode. He later competes in an Olaball tournament against Elena alongside Ash. ### Tito Tito (voiced by [Anthony Ramos](/wiki/Anthony_Ramos_%28actor%29 "Anthony Ramos (actor)")) is a bandit who first appears in "Team Isa". He can mind\-control people by playing his magic guitar. After taking control of Elena and her friends, Isabel works with her friends to help foil his scheme and break his guitar, freeing Elena and friends from his control. He is then captured and arrested for his crimes. ### Chatana Chatana (voiced by [Gina Torres](/wiki/Gina_Torres "Gina Torres")) is an evil sorceress with wings who first appears in "The Last Laugh" where she is unwillingly freed from her prison by Elena and Mateo. After meeting Ash and Esteban, she joins forces with them in their quest to take over Avalor in exchange for the return of her magical diadem. She meets her defeat in "Coronation Day". * Pili (voiced by [Tom Kenny](/wiki/Tom_Kenny "Tom Kenny")) is Chatana's talking pet [Weasel](/wiki/Weasel "Weasel"). ### The Four Shades of Awesome The Four Shades of Awesome, (originally named The Shadows of the Night) Vuli (voiced by [Mark Hamill](/wiki/Mark_Hamill "Mark Hamill")), Hetz (voiced by [Andy García](/wiki/Andy_Garc%C3%ADa "Andy García")), Yolo (voiced by [Fred Armisen](/wiki/Fred_Armisen "Fred Armisen")), and Cahu (voiced by [Jenny Slate](/wiki/Jenny_Slate "Jenny Slate")) are a group of four evil deities who were imprisoned in the dark side of the spirit world. They only appear in "Coronation Day". After being freed by Ash, they proceeded to wreak havoc in Avalor until they were stopped by Elena and Esteban and are returned to the spirit world.
[ "Villains\n--------", "### Shuriki", "Shuriki (voiced by [Jane Fonda](/wiki/Jane_Fonda \"Jane Fonda\")) was the evil sorceress who had been the cause of Elena's 41\\-year imprisonment in the Amulet of Avalor and the killer of Elena and Isabel's parents, King Raul and Queen Lucia. She took over Avalor with the secret help of Esteban and Victor Delgado. She was defeated in *[Elena and the Secret of Avalor](/wiki/Elena_and_the_Secret_of_Avalor \"Elena and the Secret of Avalor\")*, and Elena took her rightful place as Avalor's Crowned Princess. Unfortunately, Shuriki went into hiding in a cottage in distant Avaloran lands and has been secretly working with Victor and his daughter Carla, whom she has been teaching powerful [magic](/wiki/Magic_%28paranormal%29 \"Magic (paranormal)\") to in exchange for their help in taking back the kingdom. However, in the Season 2 special, \"Song of the Sirenas\", Shuriki is finally killed off for good by Elena, who used the Scepter of Light to finish her off. She is briefly seen in \"Coronation Day\" as a spirit watching Elena and Ash compete in an Olaball tournament.", "### Fiero", "Fiero (voiced by [Héctor Elizondo](/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Elizondo \"Héctor Elizondo\")) is a Malvago. Long ago, Fiero was supposed to be the next Royal Wizard. However, King Raul appointed Alacazar instead, making Fiero angry. Fiero became an evil wizard looking for revenge. In \"Spellbound\" he goes to Mateo's Royal Wizard coronation to steal a magic book called the Codex Maru. But he was turned into a statue by Mateo. However, he was revived in \"Rise of the Sorceress\" by Shuriki and the Delgados and joined forces with them to take back the kingdom. In the \"Song of the Sirenas\" special, however, in a clash between Fiero and Mateo, the Malvago is turned into a statue once again by Mateo, freeing Avalor from the Malvago once more.", "### Orizaba", "Orizaba (voiced by [Eden Espinosa](/wiki/Eden_Espinosa \"Eden Espinosa\")) is a moth fairy that appeared in \"The Scepter of Light\" where she tried to plunge the kingdom into darkness with the Eye of Midnight, but Elena managed to defeat her and destroy the Eye forever. She returns in \"Finding Zuzo\" where she captures Zuzo and attempts to steal his magic stripes in order to return to the mortal world and get revenge on Elena but is once again defeated after stumbling over the skin of a banana, causing her to fall into a pit of lava where she is forever gone into oblivion. She makes one final appearance in \"Coronation Day\" as a spirit where she competes in an Olaball tournament against Elena alongside Ash.", "### Troyo", "Troyo (voiced by [Grant George](/wiki/Grant_George \"Grant George\")) is an evil magical coyote who appears in the episode, \"Flight of the Jaquins\". Long ago, he used to go around tricking people into doing bad stuff for him so he could be King of the Jungle. For this, the Jaquins kicked him out of the jungle. He captures two young Jaquins to force Chief Zephyr to make him King of the Jungle. But was defeated by Skylar and his brother Nico by trapping him with his own trap. He is then tied up in gold vines by the Noblins and taken away. He returns in \"The Race for the Realm\" where he joins forces with Shuriki after freeing Cruz from imprisonment and leaves the group in \"A Tale of Two Scepters\". He reappears in \"Father\\-in\\-Chief\" where he captures Chief Zephyr and Mingo and attempts to turn them into butterfrogs, but is foiled by Elena and friends and he himself is turned into a butterfrog instead, and later into a snurtle in \"King Skylar\" when he tries to turn back. In \"Coronation Day\", it is revealed that he recently died and is now working for the Grand Macaw as his right hand man. He later competes in an Olaball tournament against Elena alongside Ash.", "### Victor Delgado", "Victor Delgado (voiced by [Lou Diamond Phillips](/wiki/Lou_Diamond_Phillips \"Lou Diamond Phillips\")) who was the son of the royal treasurer until the day he and Esteban conspired together to help Shuriki take over Avalor. However, Victor and his family were banished from Avalor by Shuriki for years until Elena took the kingdom back. In \"King of the Carnaval\", Victor and his daughter Carla returned and tried to steal the jewels from the royal treasury until they were stopped and banished by Elena. Victor and Carla returned in \"Elena of Avalor: Realm of the Jaquins\" where they steal a powerful jewel from the Jaquin realm and free Marimonda, in the end Victor and Carla are revealed to be working for Shuriki to help her take over Avalor again in exchange for making them Malvagos. In \"Song of the Sirenas\", after Shuriki has been finally killed off by Princess Elena and Fiero is turned back into a statue by Mateo, Victor and Carla escape with Cruz, Vestia, and the jewel of the Scepter of Night and are currently still on the loose. After he and Carla are abandoned by Cruz and Vestia (due to Victor constantly insulting Cruz), they are later reunited with Ash, Victor's long lost wife. In \"Not Without My Magic\", after reconciling with Ash, he shows her the Scepter of Night's Jewel, who then plans to use it to take over Avalor alongside her husband and daughter. In \"Naomi Knows Best\", he is captured after a failed attempt to steal Elena's magic while Ash and Carla escape, vowing to come back for him later. In \"The Magic Within\", he and his family escape with Esteban's help, but he and Carla are abandoned by Ash due to her refusing to let go of her obsession of power (with the latter being turned into a statue in the process), leaving them to be recaptured. He later reforms in \"The Lighting Warrior\" (having been returned to normal by Mateo) alongside Carla and become allies to Elena. In \"Coronation Day\", he takes part in the battle against Ash and the Four Shades of Awesome.", "### Carla Delgado", "Carla Delgado (voiced by Myrna Velasco) is the daughter of Victor Delgado. She has spent time undercover in the Avalor palace as Rita, and is reunited with her long\\-lost mother in \"Snow Place Like Home\". In \"To Save a Sunbird\", she is captured by Elena when attempting to rescue Victor. In \"The Magic Within\", she and her parents escape with Esteban's help, but she and Victor are abandoned by Ash due to her refusing to let go of her obsession of power, leaving them to be recaptured. She and Victor later reform in \"The Lighting Warrior\" and become allies to Elena. In \"Coronation Day\", she takes part in the battle against Ash and the Four Shades of Awesome.", "### Marimonda", "Marimonda (voiced by [Noël Wells](/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Wells \"Noël Wells\")) is an evil mythical forest sprite who appeared in the special, \"Elena of Avalor: Realm of the Jaquins\". She is released by Victor and Carla Delgado and sent to Avalor to destroy it with her vines. Elena manages to catch her by trapping her in a magic jar and sent back to the Jaquin realm.", "### Cruz", "Cruz (voiced by [Mario Lopez](/wiki/Mario_Lopez \"Mario Lopez\")) is a Jaquin who was next in line to be the new chief of Avalor's Jaquin clan. He first appeared in \"A Spy in the Palace\", while his major role was in \"Shapeshifters\" where Chief Zephyr takes away his position due to him not listening and refusing to learn. Angered, he locks Chief Zephyr in a cave and frames Elena and her friends for his disappearance. Elena managed to free Zephyr and clear her name, then she helped catch Cruz and lock him up for treason. Cruz swore he would return with the help of his sister. He returns in \"The Race for the Realm\" (having been freed by Troyo), where he and Vestia join forces with Shuriki. As of \"Song of the Sirenas\", after Elena killed off Shuriki and Mateo turned Fiero back into a statue, Cruz and his sister escape with Victor and Carla Delgado with the Scepter of Night's Jewel in their possession. He and Vestia abandon Victor and Carla in \"Snow Place Like Home\" due to Victor constantly insulting him and later redeem themselves in \"Not Without My Magic\". In \"Coronation Day\", he takes part in the battle against Ash and the Four Shades of Awesome.", "### Vestia", "Vestia (voiced by [Diane Guerrero](/wiki/Diane_Guerrero \"Diane Guerrero\")) is a Jaquin and the twin sister of Cruz. She and her brother join forces with Shuriki in \"The Race for the Realm\" after Troyo breaks Cruz out of prison. As of \"Song of the Sirenas\", after Elena killed off Shuriki and Mateo turned Fiero back into a statue, Vestia and her brother escape with Victor and Carla Delgado with the Scepter of Night's Jewel in their possession. She and her brother abandon Victor and Carla in \"Snow Place Like Home\" due to Victor constantly insulting Cruz and later redeem themselves in \"Not Without My Magic\". In \"Coronation Day\", she takes part in the battle against Ash and the Four Shades of Awesome.", "### Duke Cristóbal", "Duke Cristóbal (voiced by [Javier Muñoz](/wiki/Javier_Mu%C3%B1oz_%28actor%29 \"Javier Muñoz (actor)\")) is Elena's cousin and the ruler of Nueva Vesta who appears in the Season 2 special, \"Song of the Sirenas\". He is later revealed to be in allegiance with Shuriki, having agreed to help her take over Avalor in exchange for gold. After Shuriki's defeat, he is captured and arrested for betraying his own family.", "### Malandros", "Malandros are evil shapeshifting dolphin\\-like creatures who are known enemies to the sirenas. They first appear in \"The Tides of Change\". When Daria is reluctant to make peace with the humans, she makes a deal with the Malandros to prevent the signing of the peace treaty between humans and sirenas, only for the Malandros to double cross her and take over the sirenas' kingdom after destroying all the coral alarms used to keep the Malandros away. Elena and her friends manage to help the sirenas defeat the Malandros by repairing one of the coral alarms, which drives them away.", "### Ash Delgado", "Ash Delgado (voiced by [Grey Griffin](/wiki/Grey_Griffin \"Grey Griffin\")) is Victor's wife and Carla's mother who is a Malvago, and the main antagonist of Season 3\\. She reunites with her family in \"Snow Place Like Home\" and it's revealed in \"Not Without My Magic\" that she was training to be a Malvago for several years. She and Victor keep arguing over her not returning to the family for years (Victor's side) and him not waiting for her with Carla (Ash's side), but they reconcile when Victor shows Ash the Scepter of Night's Jewel. Ash then decides to use it to become the most powerful Malvago in the world and overthrow Princess Elena alongside Victor and Carla. In \"Naomi Knows Best\", she works with her family to steal Elena's magic but are foiled, resulting in the Scepter of Night's Jewel being destroyed and Victor being captured. She is eventually captured in \"The Magic Within\", but she and her family manage to escape with Esteban's help. When Victor and Carla finally decide not to help her anymore, she abandons her family and leaves with Esteban. In \"Captain Mateo\", she works with her mentor Zopilote to help teach Esteban (who eventually becomes an ally to them in \"Dreamcatcher\") how to use his new magical powers. Following Zopilote's defeat in \"Spirit of the Wizard\", she and Esteban attempt to assemble an army of magical people to take over Avalor. In \"Coronation Day\", after falling into the dark side of the spirit world with Elena following the release of the Four Shades of Awesome, she competes against Elena in a game of Olaball in an attempt to return to the mortal world. After Elena learns that whoever wins the game must stay in the spirit world, she intentionally loses, allowing her to return to the mortal world while Ash remains trapped in the spirit world forever.", "### Sanza", "Sanza (voiced by [Taye Diggs](/wiki/Taye_Diggs \"Taye Diggs\")) is a rogue green jaguar spirit guide who first appears in \"Flower of Light\" where he attempts to destroy the portal that connects the mortal and spirit world and bribes Felicia and Guillermo into helping him. Although he succeeds, Elena and friends manage to restore the portal with Felicia's help. He is then captured and arrested by Zuzo. He is briefly seen in \"Coronation Day\" watching Elena and Ash compete in an Olaball tournament.", "### Zopilote", "Zopilote (voiced by [Tony Shalhoub](/wiki/Tony_Shalhoub \"Tony Shalhoub\")) is Ash's mentor who trained her how to be a Malvago and first appears in \"Sister of Invention\". He can transform into a vulture. In \"Captain Mateo\", he and Ash help train Esteban (who soon becomes an ally in \"Dreamcatcher\") with his newly acquired magical powers. In \"Spirit of a Wizard\", he is transformed into an ordinary bird after a failed attempt to steal Elena's scepter with Ash and Esteban. In \"Coronation Day\", it is revealed that he recently died prior to the episode. He later competes in an Olaball tournament against Elena alongside Ash.", "### Tito", "Tito (voiced by [Anthony Ramos](/wiki/Anthony_Ramos_%28actor%29 \"Anthony Ramos (actor)\")) is a bandit who first appears in \"Team Isa\". He can mind\\-control people by playing his magic guitar. After taking control of Elena and her friends, Isabel works with her friends to help foil his scheme and break his guitar, freeing Elena and friends from his control. He is then captured and arrested for his crimes.", "### Chatana", "Chatana (voiced by [Gina Torres](/wiki/Gina_Torres \"Gina Torres\")) is an evil sorceress with wings who first appears in \"The Last Laugh\" where she is unwillingly freed from her prison by Elena and Mateo. After meeting Ash and Esteban, she joins forces with them in their quest to take over Avalor in exchange for the return of her magical diadem. She meets her defeat in \"Coronation Day\".\n* Pili (voiced by [Tom Kenny](/wiki/Tom_Kenny \"Tom Kenny\")) is Chatana's talking pet [Weasel](/wiki/Weasel \"Weasel\").", "### The Four Shades of Awesome", "The Four Shades of Awesome, (originally named The Shadows of the Night) Vuli (voiced by [Mark Hamill](/wiki/Mark_Hamill \"Mark Hamill\")), Hetz (voiced by [Andy García](/wiki/Andy_Garc%C3%ADa \"Andy García\")), Yolo (voiced by [Fred Armisen](/wiki/Fred_Armisen \"Fred Armisen\")), and Cahu (voiced by [Jenny Slate](/wiki/Jenny_Slate \"Jenny Slate\")) are a group of four evil deities who were imprisoned in the dark side of the spirit world. They only appear in \"Coronation Day\". After being freed by Ash, they proceeded to wreak havoc in Avalor until they were stopped by Elena and Esteban and are returned to the spirit world.", "" ]
Examples and allegations ------------------------ The use of foreign substances to polish the ball is illegal, but may be difficult to detect by the umpires. Saliva used to be used commonly to add shine to the ball. Due to the COVID\-19 Pandemic this has now been banned due to the risk of viral transmission through saliva. It is unclear if this rule will ever be reverted, players are now using other legal ways to shine the ball such as sweat. Substances which have been used for this purpose include [hair gel](/wiki/Hair_gel "Hair gel"), [sugar](/wiki/Sugar "Sugar") from [sweets](/wiki/Sweets "Sweets"), and [lip balm](/wiki/Lip_balm "Lip balm"). Some commentators have suggested that this form of undetected ball tampering may be common.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sportinglife.com/cricket/news/story\_get.cgi?STORY\_NAME\=cricket/06/08/20/CRICKET\_Ball\_tampering.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204190118/http://www.sportinglife.com/cricket/news/story\_get.cgi?STORY\_NAME\=cricket%2F06%2F08%2F20%2FCRICKET\_Ball\_tampering.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=4 February 2012\|title\=BALL TAMPERERS CAUGHT OUT \- Sporting Life \- Cricket News \- Live ball\-by\-ball scorecards, Pakistan v England\|date\=4 February 2012\|access\-date\=26 March 2018}} Picking at the threads of the main seam or 'lifting' the [quarter seam](/wiki/Quarter_seam "Quarter seam") to aid conventional and reverse [swing](/wiki/Swing_bowling "Swing bowling") respectively are also illegal. Modifying the quarter seam can be particularly difficult to detect or prove.["Simon Hughes' Swing Guide"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070312113700/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/core/Slideshow/slideshowContentFrameFragXL.jhtml%3Bjsessionid5UKZ1S3VRNRVPQFIQMGCFFWAVCBQUIV0?xml=%2Fsport%2Fgallery%2Fcricket%2Fengpak06%2Ftamper%2Fupixtamper.xml&site=sport) [The Daily Telegraph](/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph "The Daily Telegraph") 21 August 2006 There have been a number of high\-profile instances of alleged ball tampering, particularly in [international cricket](/wiki/International_structure_of_cricket "International structure of cricket") due to the increase in [television](/wiki/Television "Television") coverage. As ball tampering is a form of [cheating](/wiki/Cheating%23Sports "Cheating#Sports") and is often difficult to prove, accusations have frequently been controversial. ### Chris Pringle, 1990 During a tour of Pakistan, [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_Cricket_Team "New Zealand Cricket Team") bowler [Chris Pringle](/wiki/Chris_Pringle "Chris Pringle") used a concealed bottle cap to rough up one side of a ball during a 1990 series in [Faisalabad](/wiki/Faisalabad "Faisalabad"). Pringle and his captain, [Martin Crowe](/wiki/Martin_Crowe "Martin Crowe"), both later admitted to this after they had retired from the game.{{Cite web\|date\=2018\-03\-25\|title\=When New Zealand ball tampered, got away with it and nearly won a test in Pakistan\|url\=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/102573254/when\-new\-zealand\-ball\-tampered\-got\-away\-with\-it\-and\-nearly\-won\-a\-test\-in\-pakistan\|access\-date\=2020\-09\-19\|website\=Stuff\|language\=en}} The New Zealand team had suspected the [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan_National_Cricket_Team "Pakistan National Cricket Team") team of doing the same in the series, but there is no evidence beyond their claims. {{cite news \| url\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/259676\.html \| title\= As old as the hills \| publisher\=ESPNCricinfo \|date\=16 September 2006 \|access\-date\=26 May 2019}} ### Michael Atherton, 1994 In the "dirt in pocket" affair, then [England](/wiki/England_national_cricket_team "England national cricket team") captain [Michael Atherton](/wiki/Michael_Atherton "Michael Atherton") was accused of ball tampering during a Test match with [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa_national_cricket_team "South Africa national cricket team") at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s "Lord's") in 1994, after television cameras caught Atherton reaching into his pocket and then rubbing a substance on the ball. Atherton denied ball tampering, claiming that he had dirt in his pocket which he used to dry his hands. He was also accused of lying to the match referee. Atherton was summoned to the match referee and was fined £2,000 (equivalent to £{{Inflation\|UK\|2000\|1994\|r\=\-2\|fmt\=c}} in {{inflation\-year\|UK}}{{inflation\-fn\|UK}}) for failing to disclose the dirt to the match referee.["Atherton's Darkest Day"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/1511763.stm) [bbc.co.uk](/wiki/Bbc.co.uk "Bbc.co.uk"), 28 August 2000\. ### Waqar Younis, 2000 [Waqar Younis](/wiki/Waqar_Younis "Waqar Younis") of [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan_national_cricket_team "Pakistan national cricket team") became the first player to receive a [suspension](/wiki/Suspension_%28punishment%29 "Suspension (punishment)") for ball tampering after a match in July 2000, and was fined 50% of his match fee.{{cite news \| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/825700\.stm \| title\= Waqar suspended for ball\-tampering \| publisher\=BBC \|date\=1 July 2007 \|access\-date\=22 April 2012}} ### Sachin Tendulkar, 2001 In the second Test match of [India](/wiki/India_national_cricket_team "India national cricket team")'s 2001 tour of South Africa, at [St George's Park](/wiki/Sahara_Oval_St_George%27s "Sahara Oval St George's"), [Port Elizabeth](/wiki/Port_Elizabeth "Port Elizabeth"), match referee [Mike Denness](/wiki/Mike_Denness "Mike Denness") suspended [Sachin Tendulkar](/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar "Sachin Tendulkar") for one game in light of alleged ball tampering.{{cite web\| url\=http://content\-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/108107\.html \|title\=Tendulkar handed suspended ban \|publisher\=Cricinfo \|access\-date\=1 June 2008}} Television cameras picked up images that suggested Tendulkar was scuffing the seam of the cricket ball.{{cite web\| url\=http://content\-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/108088\.html \|title\=Tendulkar appears before match referee \|publisher\=Cricinfo \|access\-date\=1 June 2008}} The ICC later cleared Tendulkar of ball tampering charges, though said he had cleaned the ball without the umpire's permission.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2001/nov/29/cricket2\|title\=Tendulkar not guilty of ball\-tampering, say ICC\|date\=29 November 2001\|website\=the Guardian\|access\-date\=26 March 2018}} ### Rahul Dravid, 2004 [Rahul Dravid](/wiki/Rahul_Dravid "Rahul Dravid") of India rubbed a cough lozenge on the shiny side of the ball at [The Gabba](/wiki/The_Gabba "The Gabba") during an [Australian Tri\-Series](/wiki/Australian_Tri-Series "Australian Tri-Series") match against [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_cricket_team "Zimbabwe national cricket team"). India won the match, but footage emerged of Dravid tampering with the ball, and he was fined 50% of his match fee.{{cite web\|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/australia\-in\-south\-africa/ball\-tampering\-incidents\-in\-international\-cricket/articleshow/63456134\.cms\|title\=India won because Rahul Dravid tempered the ball\|date\=25 March 2018\|website\=Times of India\|access\-date\=26 March 2018}} ### England cricket team, 2005 [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") admitted in his autobiography, *Coming Back to Me*, that he used mints to shine the ball to produce more swing: "It was my job to keep the shine on the new ball for as long as possible with a bit of spit and a lot of polish. And through trial and error I finally settled on the type of spit for the task at hand. It had been common knowledge in [county cricket](/wiki/County_cricket "County cricket") for some time that certain sweets produced saliva which, when applied to the ball for cleaning purposes, enabled it to keep its shine for longer and therefore its swing." He found Murray Mints worked the best.{{cite web\|title\=Mints made England '05 Ashes swing kings: Trescothick\|url\=https://www.theage.com.au/news/cricket/mints\-made\-england\-05\-ashes\-swing\-kings\-trescothick/2008/08/24/1219516262972\.html\|website\=The Age\|date\=25 August 2008}} The admission came three years after the conclusion of the [2005 Ashes series](/wiki/2005_Ashes_series "2005 Ashes series"), in which England beat [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team "Australia national cricket team"), 2–1\. ### Pakistan cricket team, 2006 {{main article\|2006 ball\-tampering controversy}} In 2006, an alleged ball\-tampering issue overshadowed a Test match between Pakistan and England, whereby Pakistan refused to take to the field for the evening session after being penalised for ball tampering in the afternoon. Television cameras caught the umpires discussing the condition of the [quarter seam](/wiki/Quarter_seam "Quarter seam").["Ball tampering row mars Oval Test"](http://usa.cricinfo.com/engvpak/content/story/257046.html) [Cricinfo](/wiki/Cricinfo "Cricinfo"), 20 August 2006\. Pakistan are believed to have intended a protest against the decision by delaying their return after tea; however, while they were refusing to play, the umpires [awarded](/wiki/The_result_in_cricket%23Awarded "The result in cricket#Awarded") the game to England in accordance with the Laws of Cricket. At 19:50 UTC it was finally announced at a press conference that the Test was over. The ECB's statement said that England were awarded the match by the umpires as Pakistan refused to take the field after being warned that under law 21\.3, failure to do so would result in them forfeiting the game. This is the first time a [Test match](/wiki/Test_cricket "Test cricket") has been decided this way.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/5268886\.stm\|title\=Lengthy talks fail to save Test\|date\=20 August 2006\|access\-date\=26 March 2018\|via\=news.bbc.co.uk}} As a result of Pakistan's forfeiting of the game, Inzamam was charged and found guilty of "bringing the game into disrepute", though he was cleared of the charges relating to "changing the condition of the ball".[Inzamam cleared of ball tampering](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvpak/content/current/story/260775.html), from Cricinfo, retrieved 28 September 2006 In July 2008, the International Cricket Council (ICC) changed the result of the match to a draw.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.foxsports.com.au/story/0,8659,23967106\-23212,00\.html\|title\=FOX SPORTS \- Live Sports Scores \- NRL, AFL, Cricket Scores\|website\=FOX SPORTS\|access\-date\=26 March 2018}} On 1 February 2009, the ICC reversed their earlier decision, and changed the match result back to a win for England.[ICC does U\-turn on 2006 Oval Test result](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/current/story/388625.html): Cricinfo, 1 February 2009 ### James Anderson and Stuart Broad, 2010 In January 2010, England bowlers [Stuart Broad](/wiki/Stuart_Broad "Stuart Broad") and [James Anderson](/wiki/James_Anderson_%28cricketer%29 "James Anderson (cricketer)") were accused of ball tampering by stopping the ball with the spikes of their boots in the [third Test Match](/wiki/English_cricket_team_in_South_Africa_in_2009%E2%80%9310 "English cricket team in South Africa in 2009–10") against South Africa.{{Cite news\|author\=Cricinfo staff \|title\=Stuart Broad 'astonished' by tampering charges \|url\=http://www.cricinfo.com/rsaveng09/content/story/443197\.html \|publisher\=Cricinfo \|date\=9 January 2010 \|access\-date\=1 February 2010 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100204204818/http://www.cricinfo.com/rsaveng09/content/story/443197\.html\| archive\-date\= 4 February 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} Broad maintained that he was just being lazy, because it was {{convert\|40\|C\|F}} in Cape Town that day.{{Cite news\|author\=Paul Weaver \|title\=South Africa raise ball tampering concerns about England \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/jan/05/south\-africa\-ball\-tampering\-england \|publisher\=guardian.co.uk \|date\=5 January 2010 \|access\-date\=1 February 2010 \| location\=London\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100108122101/http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2010/jan/05/south\-africa\-ball\-tampering\-england\| archive\-date\= 8 January 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} [Nasser Hussain](/wiki/Nasser_Hussain "Nasser Hussain"), who had captained Anderson, said: "Stuart Broad and James Anderson were wrong to behave in the manner they did and I've no doubt that if a player from another country did the same we'd have said they were cheating."{{Cite news\|author\=Nasser Hussain \|title\=Character reference \|url\=http://www.skysports.com/opinion/story/0,25212,12080\_5843887,00\.html \|publisher\=Sky Sports \|date\=8 January 2010 \|access\-date\=1 February 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114025703/http://www.skysports.com/opinion/story/0%2C25212%2C12080\_5843887%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=14 January 2010 \|url\-status\=live }} No charges were formally requested by South Africa even though they made the accusations at a press conference.{{Cite news\|first\=Andrew \|last\=McGlashan \|title\=No official complaint over Broad footwork \|url\=http://www.cricinfo.com/rsaveng09/content/story/442621\.html \|publisher\=Cricinfo \|date\=6 January 2010 \|access\-date\=1 February 2010\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100213060526/http://www.cricinfo.com/rsaveng09/content/story/442621\.html\| archive\-date\= 13 February 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} ### Shahid Afridi, 2010 [Shahid Afridi](/wiki/Shahid_Afridi "Shahid Afridi"), standing in as the Pakistani captain, received a two T20 international match ban for ball tampering in a match against [Australia in January 2010](/wiki/Pakistani_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_2009%E2%80%9310 "Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2009–10"). He was caught on camera biting the cricket ball in a bizarre attempt to re\-adjust the seam of the ball. The ball was eventually replaced.{{Cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/8489950\.stm \|title\=Australia complete one\-day series sweep over Pakistan \|access\-date\=31 January 2010 \|work\=bbc.co.uk \| date\=31 January 2010\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100203165925/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/8489950\.stm\| archive\-date\= 3 February 2010 \| url\-status\= live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/811071\-controversy\-mars\-australia\-win \|title\=Controversy mars Australia win \|access\-date\=31 January 2010 \|work\=metro.co.uk\|date\=31 January 2010 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/sport/shahid\-afridi\-in\-ball\-tampering\-scandal\-during\-wild\-night\-at\-the\-waca/story\-e6frg7mf\-1225825270861 \|title\=Shahid Afridi in ball\-tampering scandal during wild night at the WACA \|access\-date\=31 January 2010 \|work\=theaustralian.com.au}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cricinfo.com/ausvpak09/content/current/story/446437\.html\|title\=Afridi banned for two T20s for ball\-tampering\|date\=31 January 2010\|publisher\=Cricinfo\|access\-date\=31 January 2010\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100203052129/http://www.cricinfo.com/ausvpak09/content/current/story/446437\.html\| archive\-date\= 3 February 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} He told the *[Hindustan Times](/wiki/Hindustan_Times "Hindustan Times")* that he was trying to smell the ball,{{cite web\|title\=I tried to smell the ball: Afridi\|url\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/I\-tried\-to\-smell\-the\-ball\-Afridi/Article1\-504079\.aspx\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130125075114/http://www.hindustantimes.com/I\-tried\-to\-smell\-the\-ball\-Afridi/Article1\-504079\.aspx\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=25 January 2013\|work\=Hindustan Times\|access\-date\=24 September 2010}} but he pleaded guilty to ball tampering. Afridi had previously been banned for tampering with the pitch in a game against England in 2005\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2005/nov/22/englandinpakistan200506\.cricket2\|title\=Afridi banned for wicket tampering\|website\=\[\[TheGuardian.com]]\|date\=22 November 2005}} ### Australia vs Sri Lanka, 2012 In the first Test, [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team "Sri Lanka national cricket team") notified match referee [Chris Broad](/wiki/Chris_Broad_%28cricketer%29 "Chris Broad (cricketer)") that Australian bowler [Peter Siddle](/wiki/Peter_Siddle "Peter Siddle") may have been raising the seam of the ball during Sri Lanka's first innings. Peter Siddle collected 5/54\. He was later cleared by the ICC.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia\-v\-sri\-lanka\-2012/content/story/597533\.html \|title\=Australia v Sri Lanka, 1st Test, Hobart, 5th day : No evidence of tampering by Australia, says ICC match referee \| Cricket News \| Australia v Sri Lanka \|publisher\=ESPN Cricinfo \|access\-date\=18 December 2012}} ### Faf du Plessis, 2013 While fielding during the third day of the second Test in Dubai, cameras captured footage of South Africa fielder [Faf du Plessis](/wiki/Faf_du_Plessis "Faf du Plessis") scuffing the ball against the zip of his trousers. The on\-field umpires penalised South Africa by adding 5 runs to Pakistan's total and changing the ball.{{cite web\|title\=South Africa penalised for ball\-tampering\|url\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan\-v\-south\-africa\-2013\-14/content/story/682501\.html\|website\=ESPNcricinfo\|date\=25 October 2013 \|publisher\=ESPN\|access\-date\=22 February 2016}} The match referee imposed a 50% match fee fine on du Plessis after the fielder pleaded guilty, although the team manager Mohammed Moosajee maintained that penalty was "harsh", and the team decided not to challenge the finding as it may have led to heavier sanctions. Despite the "guilty" plea, team vice\-captain [AB de Villiers](/wiki/AB_de_Villiers "AB de Villiers") maintained that "we are not cheats" and team captain [Graeme Smith](/wiki/Graeme_Smith "Graeme Smith") denied that their participation in ball tampering tainted the series\-levelling win, as South Africa went on to record an innings victory during the Test.{{cite web\|title\=Du Plessis pleads guilty, fined for ball\-tampering\|url\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan\-v\-south\-africa\-2013\-14/content/story/682581\.html\|website\=ESPNcricinfo\|publisher\=ESPN\|access\-date\=22 February 2016}} ### South Africa vs Sri Lanka, 2014 For the second time in nine months, the South African Test side found itself in a ball\-tampering scandal, this time with medium\-pace bowler [Vernon Philander](/wiki/Vernon_Philander "Vernon Philander") found guilty of tampering with the ball during the third day of the Galle Test against Sri Lanka in 2014\.{{cite web\|title\=Philander fined for ball\-tampering\|url\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri\-lanka\-v\-south\-africa\-2014/content/story/761767\.html\|website\=ESPNcricinfo\|publisher\=ESPN\|access\-date\=22 February 2016}} Philander was found to have breached clause 42\.1 of the Laws, "scratching the ball with his fingers and thumb", and was fined 75% of his match fee. South Africa went on to win the Test by 153 runs. This incident followed speculation by Australian Test batsman [David Warner](/wiki/David_Warner_%28cricketer%29 "David Warner (cricketer)") in February 2014 over the South African team's practices in altering the state of the ball during Australia's tour to South Africa. Speaking to [Sky Sports Radio](/wiki/Sky_Sports_Radio "Sky Sports Radio"), Warner commented on the South African fielders' more "obvious" use of throwing the ball into the ground on return throws after fielding, and South African wicket\-keeper [AB de Villiers](/wiki/AB_de_Villiers "AB de Villiers")' habit of getting "the ball in his hand and with his glove wipe the rough side every ball."{{cite web\|title\=Warner queries South Africa swing tactics\|url\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/south\-africa\-v\-australia\-2013\-14/content/story/722643\.html\|website\=ESPNcricinfo\|publisher\=ESPN\|access\-date\=22 February 2016}} Warner was later fined 15% of his match fee for the comments he made, under an ICC Code of Conduct breach.{{cite web \|title\=Warner fined for sharp\-practice comments \|url\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/south\-africa\-v\-australia\-2013\-14/content/story/723579\.html \|website\=ESPNcricinfo \|publisher\=ESPN \|access\-date\=22 February 2016}} ### South Africa vs Australia, 2016 Another South African was charged with ball tampering on 18 November 2016 after their victory in the [second Test against Australia](/wiki/South_African_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_2016%E2%80%9317 "South African cricket team in Australia in 2016–17") in Hobart. Proteas skipper [Faf du Plessis](/wiki/Faf_du_Plessis "Faf du Plessis") was alleged to have tampered with the condition of the ball after TV footage appeared to show him applying saliva onto the ball from a mint or a lolly. The charge was made by the ICC, although Cricket Australia did not file a complaint.{{cite web\|title\=ICC charges du Plessis over alleged ball tampering\|url\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia\-v\-south\-africa\-2016\-17/content/story/1066888\.html\|website\=ESPNcricinfo\|date\=18 November 2016 \|publisher\=ESPN\|access\-date\=18 November 2016}} Du Plessis was found guilty of ball tampering on 22 November and fined his match fee from the second Test.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia\-v\-south\-africa\-2016\-17/content/story/1067718\.html \|title\=Du Plessis found guilty, but free to play in Adelaide \|access\-date\=22 November 2016 \|work\=ESPN Cricinfo\|date\=22 November 2016 }} ### Australia vs South Africa, 2018 {{main\|2018 Australian ball\-tampering scandal}} Australian player [Cameron Bancroft](/wiki/Cameron_Bancroft_%28cricketer%29 "Cameron Bancroft (cricketer)") was charged with ball tampering on 24 March 2018, when videos emerged that showed him rubbing the ball with, and later concealing, a yellow object during day three of the [Third Test](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_South_Africa_in_2017%E2%80%9318 "Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18") against South Africa at [Newlands Stadium](/wiki/Newlands_Stadium "Newlands Stadium"). Bancroft later claimed the object was a short length of yellow adhesive tape to which dirt and grit had adhered, forming an abrasive surface – though four days later, [Cricket Australia](/wiki/Cricket_Australia "Cricket Australia") confirmed that this was actually sandpaper.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/sandpaper\-not\-sticky\-tape\-revelation\-australia\-media\-statement\-ball\-tampering\-cameron\-bancroft/2018\-03\-28\|title\=Sticky truth about sandpaper revelation\|work\=cricket.com.au\|access\-date\=28 March 2018\|language\=en}} Captain [Steve Smith](/wiki/Steve_Smith_%28cricketer%29 "Steve Smith (cricketer)") and Bancroft attended a press conference at the end of that day's play. Bancroft admitted ball tampering to [Andy Pycroft](/wiki/Andy_Pycroft "Andy Pycroft"), the match referee, and the press. Smith then said that the tampering was planned by an unnamed "leadership group" during the lunch break. Smith and vice\-captain David Warner stood down from the team leadership the morning after the incident, but still played on, with wicket\-keeper [Tim Paine](/wiki/Tim_Paine "Tim Paine") taking over as captain for the rest of the Test match. The ICC banned Smith for one Test match and he was fined 100% of his match fee, while Bancroft was fined 75% of his match fee.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/43526870 \|title\=Cameron Bancroft: Australia player admits to ball\-tampering, Steve Smith knew in advance \|date\=24 March 2018 \|access\-date\=27 March 2018 \|work\=BBC Sport}} As well as a public outcry, especially in Australia,"[Readers verdict: Public call for Australian cricket captain Steve Smith and leadership group to go over South Africa ball tampering](http://www.news.com.au/sport/cricket/readers-verdict-public-call-for-australian-cricket-captain-steve-smith-and-leadership-group-to-go-over-south-africa-ball-tampering/news-story/0cef0759967d9f4e503c9bcb8280cd52) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326142638/http://www.news.com.au/sport/cricket/readers\-verdict\-public\-call\-for\-australian\-cricket\-captain\-steve\-smith\-and\-leadership\-group\-to\-go\-over\-south\-africa\-ball\-tampering/news\-story/0cef0759967d9f4e503c9bcb8280cd52 \|date\=26 March 2018 }}". *[The Daily Telegraph](/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph "The Daily Telegraph")*, 25 March 2018"O'Halloran, Kate. [An unashamed disgrace: ball tampering cheats Australian cricket fans](https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/mar/25/an-unashamed-disgrace-ball-tampering-cheats-australian-cricket-fans)". *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*, 25 March 2018 the [Australian Sports Commission](/wiki/Australian_Sports_Commission "Australian Sports Commission"), the Prime Minister of Australia [Malcolm Turnbull](/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull "Malcolm Turnbull"), many famous international cricketers and commercial partners of both the Test side and Cricket Australia"[Australian cricket sponsors demand action after ball\-tampering crisis with QANTAS latest to speak out](https://wwos.nine.com.au/2018/03/27/15/23/cricket-sponsors-call-for-action-over-ball-tampering). [Nine's Wide World of Sports](/wiki/Nine%27s_Wide_World_of_Sports "Nine's Wide World of Sports"), 27 March 2018 universally condemned the team for its actions. Steve Smith, David Warner and Bancroft were charged with bringing the game into disrepute, suspended, and sent home. Smith and Warner were then banned from all international cricket and domestic cricket in Australia for twelve months while Bancroft received a nine\-month ban.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/player\-sanctions\-steve\-smith\-cameron\-bancroft\-david\-warner\-australia\-cricket\-ball\-tampering/2018\-03\-28\|title\=Tampering trio learn their fate\|first\=Sam \|last\=Ferris \|work\=cricket.com.au\|access\-date\=28 March 2018\|language\=en}} Australia's coach [Darren Lehmann](/wiki/Darren_Lehmann "Darren Lehmann"), though not directly involved, announced he would step down from his role following the scandal.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/43584435\|title\=Australian ball\-tampering: Darren Lehmann to quit as Australia coach\|date\=29 March 2018\|work\=BBC Sport\|access\-date\=29 March 2018\|language\=en\-GB}} ### Sri Lanka vs West Indies, 2018 On the third morning of the second Test between [West Indies and Sri Lanka in June 2018](/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cricket_team_in_the_West_Indies_in_2018 "Sri Lankan cricket team in the West Indies in 2018"), the umpires replaced the match ball and awarded the West Indies five penalty runs when they deemed the Sri Lankan team to have been guilty of ball tampering on the previous day. The Sri Lankan team initially refused to take the field in protest, though they completed the match. Their captain, [Dinesh Chandimal](/wiki/Dinesh_Chandimal "Dinesh Chandimal"), was charged with altering the condition of the ball by the match referee.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/\_/id/23822234/how\-ball\-tampering\-episode\-unfolded\-st\-lucia\|title\=How the ball\-tampering episode unfolded in St Lucia\|work\=ESPNcricinfo\|access\-date\=2018\-06\-19}} Chandimal appealed the charge, but he was given a one\-match ban by the ICC.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/\_/id/23876134/dinesh\-chandimal\-third\-test\-dismissal\-appeal\-ball\-tampering\-sanctions \|title\=Dinesh Chandimal out of third Test after dismissal of appeal against ball\-tampering sanctions \|work\=ESPN Cricinfo \|access\-date\=22 June 2018}} ### Afghanistan v West Indies, 2019 In November 2019, during the third ODI [against Afghanistan](/wiki/West_Indian_cricket_team_against_Afghanistan_in_India_in_2019%E2%80%9320 "West Indian cricket team against Afghanistan in India in 2019–20"), [Nicholas Pooran](/wiki/Nicholas_Pooran "Nicholas Pooran") was found guilty of ball tampering.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.icc\-cricket.com/media\-releases/1494357 \|title\=Pooran suspended for four games for changing condition of the ball \|work\=International Cricket Council \|access\-date\=13 November 2019}} Pooran admitted the charge, and was banned for four T20I matches.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/\_/id/28070011/nicholas\-pooran\-banned\-four\-t20is\-ball\-tampering \|title\=Nicholas Pooran banned for four T20Is for ball tampering \|work\=ESPN Cricinfo \|access\-date\=13 November 2019}}
[ "Examples and allegations\n------------------------", "The use of foreign substances to polish the ball is illegal, but may be difficult to detect by the umpires. Saliva used to be used commonly to add shine to the ball. Due to the COVID\\-19 Pandemic this has now been banned due to the risk of viral transmission through saliva. It is unclear if this rule will ever be reverted, players are now using other legal ways to shine the ball such as sweat. Substances which have been used for this purpose include [hair gel](/wiki/Hair_gel \"Hair gel\"), [sugar](/wiki/Sugar \"Sugar\") from [sweets](/wiki/Sweets \"Sweets\"), and [lip balm](/wiki/Lip_balm \"Lip balm\"). Some commentators have suggested that this form of undetected ball tampering may be common.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sportinglife.com/cricket/news/story\\_get.cgi?STORY\\_NAME\\=cricket/06/08/20/CRICKET\\_Ball\\_tampering.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204190118/http://www.sportinglife.com/cricket/news/story\\_get.cgi?STORY\\_NAME\\=cricket%2F06%2F08%2F20%2FCRICKET\\_Ball\\_tampering.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=4 February 2012\\|title\\=BALL TAMPERERS CAUGHT OUT \\- Sporting Life \\- Cricket News \\- Live ball\\-by\\-ball scorecards, Pakistan v England\\|date\\=4 February 2012\\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2018}}", "Picking at the threads of the main seam or 'lifting' the [quarter seam](/wiki/Quarter_seam \"Quarter seam\") to aid conventional and reverse [swing](/wiki/Swing_bowling \"Swing bowling\") respectively are also illegal. Modifying the quarter seam can be particularly difficult to detect or prove.[\"Simon Hughes' Swing Guide\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070312113700/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/core/Slideshow/slideshowContentFrameFragXL.jhtml%3Bjsessionid5UKZ1S3VRNRVPQFIQMGCFFWAVCBQUIV0?xml=%2Fsport%2Fgallery%2Fcricket%2Fengpak06%2Ftamper%2Fupixtamper.xml&site=sport) [The Daily Telegraph](/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph \"The Daily Telegraph\") 21 August 2006", "There have been a number of high\\-profile instances of alleged ball tampering, particularly in [international cricket](/wiki/International_structure_of_cricket \"International structure of cricket\") due to the increase in [television](/wiki/Television \"Television\") coverage. As ball tampering is a form of [cheating](/wiki/Cheating%23Sports \"Cheating#Sports\") and is often difficult to prove, accusations have frequently been controversial.", "### Chris Pringle, 1990", "During a tour of Pakistan, [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_Cricket_Team \"New Zealand Cricket Team\") bowler [Chris Pringle](/wiki/Chris_Pringle \"Chris Pringle\") used a concealed bottle cap to rough up one side of a ball during a 1990 series in [Faisalabad](/wiki/Faisalabad \"Faisalabad\"). Pringle and his captain, [Martin Crowe](/wiki/Martin_Crowe \"Martin Crowe\"), both later admitted to this after they had retired from the game.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2018\\-03\\-25\\|title\\=When New Zealand ball tampered, got away with it and nearly won a test in Pakistan\\|url\\=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/102573254/when\\-new\\-zealand\\-ball\\-tampered\\-got\\-away\\-with\\-it\\-and\\-nearly\\-won\\-a\\-test\\-in\\-pakistan\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-19\\|website\\=Stuff\\|language\\=en}} The New Zealand team had suspected the [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan_National_Cricket_Team \"Pakistan National Cricket Team\") team of doing the same in the series, but there is no evidence beyond their claims. {{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/259676\\.html \\| title\\= As old as the hills \\| publisher\\=ESPNCricinfo \\|date\\=16 September 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2019}}", "### Michael Atherton, 1994", "In the \"dirt in pocket\" affair, then [England](/wiki/England_national_cricket_team \"England national cricket team\") captain [Michael Atherton](/wiki/Michael_Atherton \"Michael Atherton\") was accused of ball tampering during a Test match with [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa_national_cricket_team \"South Africa national cricket team\") at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s \"Lord's\") in 1994, after television cameras caught Atherton reaching into his pocket and then rubbing a substance on the ball. Atherton denied ball tampering, claiming that he had dirt in his pocket which he used to dry his hands. He was also accused of lying to the match referee. Atherton was summoned to the match referee and was fined £2,000 (equivalent to £{{Inflation\\|UK\\|2000\\|1994\\|r\\=\\-2\\|fmt\\=c}} in {{inflation\\-year\\|UK}}{{inflation\\-fn\\|UK}}) for failing to disclose the dirt to the match referee.[\"Atherton's Darkest Day\"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/1511763.stm) [bbc.co.uk](/wiki/Bbc.co.uk \"Bbc.co.uk\"), 28 August 2000\\.", "### Waqar Younis, 2000", "[Waqar Younis](/wiki/Waqar_Younis \"Waqar Younis\") of [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan_national_cricket_team \"Pakistan national cricket team\") became the first player to receive a [suspension](/wiki/Suspension_%28punishment%29 \"Suspension (punishment)\") for ball tampering after a match in July 2000, and was fined 50% of his match fee.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/825700\\.stm \\| title\\= Waqar suspended for ball\\-tampering \\| publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=1 July 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2012}}", "### Sachin Tendulkar, 2001", "In the second Test match of [India](/wiki/India_national_cricket_team \"India national cricket team\")'s 2001 tour of South Africa, at [St George's Park](/wiki/Sahara_Oval_St_George%27s \"Sahara Oval St George's\"), [Port Elizabeth](/wiki/Port_Elizabeth \"Port Elizabeth\"), match referee [Mike Denness](/wiki/Mike_Denness \"Mike Denness\") suspended [Sachin Tendulkar](/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar \"Sachin Tendulkar\") for one game in light of alleged ball tampering.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://content\\-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/108107\\.html \\|title\\=Tendulkar handed suspended ban \\|publisher\\=Cricinfo \\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2008}} Television cameras picked up images that suggested Tendulkar was scuffing the seam of the cricket ball.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://content\\-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/108088\\.html \\|title\\=Tendulkar appears before match referee \\|publisher\\=Cricinfo \\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2008}} The ICC later cleared Tendulkar of ball tampering charges, though said he had cleaned the ball without the umpire's permission.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2001/nov/29/cricket2\\|title\\=Tendulkar not guilty of ball\\-tampering, say ICC\\|date\\=29 November 2001\\|website\\=the Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2018}}", "### Rahul Dravid, 2004", "[Rahul Dravid](/wiki/Rahul_Dravid \"Rahul Dravid\") of India rubbed a cough lozenge on the shiny side of the ball at [The Gabba](/wiki/The_Gabba \"The Gabba\") during an [Australian Tri\\-Series](/wiki/Australian_Tri-Series \"Australian Tri-Series\") match against [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_cricket_team \"Zimbabwe national cricket team\"). India won the match, but footage emerged of Dravid tampering with the ball, and he was fined 50% of his match fee.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/australia\\-in\\-south\\-africa/ball\\-tampering\\-incidents\\-in\\-international\\-cricket/articleshow/63456134\\.cms\\|title\\=India won because Rahul Dravid tempered the ball\\|date\\=25 March 2018\\|website\\=Times of India\\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2018}}", "### England cricket team, 2005", "[Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") admitted in his autobiography, *Coming Back to Me*, that he used mints to shine the ball to produce more swing: \n\"It was my job to keep the shine on the new ball for as long as possible with a bit of spit and a lot of polish. And through trial and error I finally settled on the type of spit for the task at hand. It had been common knowledge in [county cricket](/wiki/County_cricket \"County cricket\") for some time that certain sweets produced saliva which, when applied to the ball for cleaning purposes, enabled it to keep its shine for longer and therefore its swing.\" He found Murray Mints worked the best.{{cite web\\|title\\=Mints made England '05 Ashes swing kings: Trescothick\\|url\\=https://www.theage.com.au/news/cricket/mints\\-made\\-england\\-05\\-ashes\\-swing\\-kings\\-trescothick/2008/08/24/1219516262972\\.html\\|website\\=The Age\\|date\\=25 August 2008}}", "The admission came three years after the conclusion of the [2005 Ashes series](/wiki/2005_Ashes_series \"2005 Ashes series\"), in which England beat [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team \"Australia national cricket team\"), 2–1\\.", "### Pakistan cricket team, 2006", "{{main article\\|2006 ball\\-tampering controversy}}", "In 2006, an alleged ball\\-tampering issue overshadowed a Test match between Pakistan and England, whereby Pakistan refused to take to the field for the evening session after being penalised for ball tampering in the afternoon. Television cameras caught the umpires discussing the condition of the [quarter seam](/wiki/Quarter_seam \"Quarter seam\").[\"Ball tampering row mars Oval Test\"](http://usa.cricinfo.com/engvpak/content/story/257046.html) [Cricinfo](/wiki/Cricinfo \"Cricinfo\"), 20 August 2006\\. Pakistan are believed to have intended a protest against the decision by delaying their return after tea; however, while they were refusing to play, the umpires [awarded](/wiki/The_result_in_cricket%23Awarded \"The result in cricket#Awarded\") the game to England in accordance with the Laws of Cricket.", "At 19:50 UTC it was finally announced at a press conference that the Test was over. The ECB's statement said that England were awarded the match by the umpires as Pakistan refused to take the field after being warned that under law 21\\.3, failure to do so would result in them forfeiting the game. This is the first time a [Test match](/wiki/Test_cricket \"Test cricket\") has been decided this way.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/5268886\\.stm\\|title\\=Lengthy talks fail to save Test\\|date\\=20 August 2006\\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2018\\|via\\=news.bbc.co.uk}}", "As a result of Pakistan's forfeiting of the game, Inzamam was charged and found guilty of \"bringing the game into disrepute\", though he was cleared of the charges relating to \"changing the condition of the ball\".[Inzamam cleared of ball tampering](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvpak/content/current/story/260775.html), from Cricinfo, retrieved 28 September 2006", "In July 2008, the International Cricket Council (ICC) changed the result of the match to a draw.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.foxsports.com.au/story/0,8659,23967106\\-23212,00\\.html\\|title\\=FOX SPORTS \\- Live Sports Scores \\- NRL, AFL, Cricket Scores\\|website\\=FOX SPORTS\\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2018}} On 1 February 2009, the ICC reversed their earlier decision, and changed the match result back to a win for England.[ICC does U\\-turn on 2006 Oval Test result](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/current/story/388625.html): Cricinfo, 1 February 2009", "### James Anderson and Stuart Broad, 2010", "In January 2010, England bowlers [Stuart Broad](/wiki/Stuart_Broad \"Stuart Broad\") and [James Anderson](/wiki/James_Anderson_%28cricketer%29 \"James Anderson (cricketer)\") were accused of ball tampering by stopping the ball with the spikes of their boots in the [third Test Match](/wiki/English_cricket_team_in_South_Africa_in_2009%E2%80%9310 \"English cricket team in South Africa in 2009–10\") against South Africa.{{Cite news\\|author\\=Cricinfo staff \\|title\\=Stuart Broad 'astonished' by tampering charges \\|url\\=http://www.cricinfo.com/rsaveng09/content/story/443197\\.html \\|publisher\\=Cricinfo \\|date\\=9 January 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100204204818/http://www.cricinfo.com/rsaveng09/content/story/443197\\.html\\| archive\\-date\\= 4 February 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}\nBroad maintained that he was just being lazy, because it was {{convert\\|40\\|C\\|F}} in Cape Town that day.{{Cite news\\|author\\=Paul Weaver \\|title\\=South Africa raise ball tampering concerns about England \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/jan/05/south\\-africa\\-ball\\-tampering\\-england \\|publisher\\=guardian.co.uk \\|date\\=5 January 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2010 \\| location\\=London\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100108122101/http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2010/jan/05/south\\-africa\\-ball\\-tampering\\-england\\| archive\\-date\\= 8 January 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}\n[Nasser Hussain](/wiki/Nasser_Hussain \"Nasser Hussain\"), who had captained Anderson, said: \"Stuart Broad and James Anderson were wrong to behave in the manner they did and I've no doubt that if a player from another country did the same we'd have said they were cheating.\"{{Cite news\\|author\\=Nasser Hussain \\|title\\=Character reference \\|url\\=http://www.skysports.com/opinion/story/0,25212,12080\\_5843887,00\\.html \\|publisher\\=Sky Sports \\|date\\=8 January 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114025703/http://www.skysports.com/opinion/story/0%2C25212%2C12080\\_5843887%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\nNo charges were formally requested by South Africa even though they made the accusations at a press conference.{{Cite news\\|first\\=Andrew \\|last\\=McGlashan \\|title\\=No official complaint over Broad footwork \\|url\\=http://www.cricinfo.com/rsaveng09/content/story/442621\\.html \\|publisher\\=Cricinfo \\|date\\=6 January 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2010\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100213060526/http://www.cricinfo.com/rsaveng09/content/story/442621\\.html\\| archive\\-date\\= 13 February 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}", "### Shahid Afridi, 2010", "[Shahid Afridi](/wiki/Shahid_Afridi \"Shahid Afridi\"), standing in as the Pakistani captain, received a two T20 international match ban for ball tampering in a match against [Australia in January 2010](/wiki/Pakistani_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_2009%E2%80%9310 \"Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2009–10\"). He was caught on camera biting the cricket ball in a bizarre attempt to re\\-adjust the seam of the ball. The ball was eventually replaced.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/8489950\\.stm \\|title\\=Australia complete one\\-day series sweep over Pakistan \\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2010 \\|work\\=bbc.co.uk \\| date\\=31 January 2010\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100203165925/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/8489950\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 3 February 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/811071\\-controversy\\-mars\\-australia\\-win \\|title\\=Controversy mars Australia win \\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2010 \\|work\\=metro.co.uk\\|date\\=31 January 2010 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/sport/shahid\\-afridi\\-in\\-ball\\-tampering\\-scandal\\-during\\-wild\\-night\\-at\\-the\\-waca/story\\-e6frg7mf\\-1225825270861 \\|title\\=Shahid Afridi in ball\\-tampering scandal during wild night at the WACA \\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2010 \\|work\\=theaustralian.com.au}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cricinfo.com/ausvpak09/content/current/story/446437\\.html\\|title\\=Afridi banned for two T20s for ball\\-tampering\\|date\\=31 January 2010\\|publisher\\=Cricinfo\\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2010\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100203052129/http://www.cricinfo.com/ausvpak09/content/current/story/446437\\.html\\| archive\\-date\\= 3 February 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} He told the *[Hindustan Times](/wiki/Hindustan_Times \"Hindustan Times\")* that he was trying to smell the ball,{{cite web\\|title\\=I tried to smell the ball: Afridi\\|url\\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/I\\-tried\\-to\\-smell\\-the\\-ball\\-Afridi/Article1\\-504079\\.aspx\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130125075114/http://www.hindustantimes.com/I\\-tried\\-to\\-smell\\-the\\-ball\\-Afridi/Article1\\-504079\\.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2013\\|work\\=Hindustan Times\\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2010}} but he pleaded guilty to ball tampering. Afridi had previously been banned for tampering with the pitch in a game against England in 2005\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2005/nov/22/englandinpakistan200506\\.cricket2\\|title\\=Afridi banned for wicket tampering\\|website\\=\\[\\[TheGuardian.com]]\\|date\\=22 November 2005}}", "### Australia vs Sri Lanka, 2012", "In the first Test, [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team \"Sri Lanka national cricket team\") notified match referee [Chris Broad](/wiki/Chris_Broad_%28cricketer%29 \"Chris Broad (cricketer)\") that Australian bowler [Peter Siddle](/wiki/Peter_Siddle \"Peter Siddle\") may have been raising the seam of the ball during Sri Lanka's first innings. Peter Siddle collected 5/54\\. He was later cleared by the ICC.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia\\-v\\-sri\\-lanka\\-2012/content/story/597533\\.html \\|title\\=Australia v Sri Lanka, 1st Test, Hobart, 5th day : No evidence of tampering by Australia, says ICC match referee \\| Cricket News \\| Australia v Sri Lanka \\|publisher\\=ESPN Cricinfo \\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2012}}", "### Faf du Plessis, 2013", "While fielding during the third day of the second Test in Dubai, cameras captured footage of South Africa fielder [Faf du Plessis](/wiki/Faf_du_Plessis \"Faf du Plessis\") scuffing the ball against the zip of his trousers. The on\\-field umpires penalised South Africa by adding 5 runs to Pakistan's total and changing the ball.{{cite web\\|title\\=South Africa penalised for ball\\-tampering\\|url\\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan\\-v\\-south\\-africa\\-2013\\-14/content/story/682501\\.html\\|website\\=ESPNcricinfo\\|date\\=25 October 2013 \\|publisher\\=ESPN\\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2016}} The match referee imposed a 50% match fee fine on du Plessis after the fielder pleaded guilty, although the team manager Mohammed Moosajee maintained that penalty was \"harsh\", and the team decided not to challenge the finding as it may have led to heavier sanctions. Despite the \"guilty\" plea, team vice\\-captain [AB de Villiers](/wiki/AB_de_Villiers \"AB de Villiers\") maintained that \"we are not cheats\" and team captain [Graeme Smith](/wiki/Graeme_Smith \"Graeme Smith\") denied that their participation in ball tampering tainted the series\\-levelling win, as South Africa went on to record an innings victory during the Test.{{cite web\\|title\\=Du Plessis pleads guilty, fined for ball\\-tampering\\|url\\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan\\-v\\-south\\-africa\\-2013\\-14/content/story/682581\\.html\\|website\\=ESPNcricinfo\\|publisher\\=ESPN\\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2016}}", "### South Africa vs Sri Lanka, 2014", "For the second time in nine months, the South African Test side found itself in a ball\\-tampering scandal, this time with medium\\-pace bowler [Vernon Philander](/wiki/Vernon_Philander \"Vernon Philander\") found guilty of tampering with the ball during the third day of the Galle Test against Sri Lanka in 2014\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Philander fined for ball\\-tampering\\|url\\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri\\-lanka\\-v\\-south\\-africa\\-2014/content/story/761767\\.html\\|website\\=ESPNcricinfo\\|publisher\\=ESPN\\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2016}} Philander was found to have breached clause 42\\.1 of the Laws, \"scratching the ball with his fingers and thumb\", and was fined 75% of his match fee. South Africa went on to win the Test by 153 runs.", "This incident followed speculation by Australian Test batsman [David Warner](/wiki/David_Warner_%28cricketer%29 \"David Warner (cricketer)\") in February 2014 over the South African team's practices in altering the state of the ball during Australia's tour to South Africa. Speaking to [Sky Sports Radio](/wiki/Sky_Sports_Radio \"Sky Sports Radio\"), Warner commented on the South African fielders' more \"obvious\" use of throwing the ball into the ground on return throws after fielding, and South African wicket\\-keeper [AB de Villiers](/wiki/AB_de_Villiers \"AB de Villiers\")' habit of getting \"the ball in his hand and with his glove wipe the rough side every ball.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Warner queries South Africa swing tactics\\|url\\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/south\\-africa\\-v\\-australia\\-2013\\-14/content/story/722643\\.html\\|website\\=ESPNcricinfo\\|publisher\\=ESPN\\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2016}}\nWarner was later fined 15% of his match fee for the comments he made, under an ICC Code of Conduct breach.{{cite web \\|title\\=Warner fined for sharp\\-practice comments \\|url\\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/south\\-africa\\-v\\-australia\\-2013\\-14/content/story/723579\\.html \\|website\\=ESPNcricinfo \\|publisher\\=ESPN \\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2016}}", "### South Africa vs Australia, 2016", "Another South African was charged with ball tampering on 18 November 2016 after their victory in the [second Test against Australia](/wiki/South_African_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_2016%E2%80%9317 \"South African cricket team in Australia in 2016–17\") in Hobart. Proteas skipper [Faf du Plessis](/wiki/Faf_du_Plessis \"Faf du Plessis\") was alleged to have tampered with the condition of the ball after TV footage appeared to show him applying saliva onto the ball from a mint or a lolly. The charge was made by the ICC, although Cricket Australia did not file a complaint.{{cite web\\|title\\=ICC charges du Plessis over alleged ball tampering\\|url\\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia\\-v\\-south\\-africa\\-2016\\-17/content/story/1066888\\.html\\|website\\=ESPNcricinfo\\|date\\=18 November 2016 \\|publisher\\=ESPN\\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2016}} Du Plessis was found guilty of ball tampering on 22 November and fined his match fee from the second Test.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia\\-v\\-south\\-africa\\-2016\\-17/content/story/1067718\\.html \\|title\\=Du Plessis found guilty, but free to play in Adelaide \\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2016 \\|work\\=ESPN Cricinfo\\|date\\=22 November 2016 }}", "### Australia vs South Africa, 2018", "{{main\\|2018 Australian ball\\-tampering scandal}}\nAustralian player [Cameron Bancroft](/wiki/Cameron_Bancroft_%28cricketer%29 \"Cameron Bancroft (cricketer)\") was charged with ball tampering on 24 March 2018, when videos emerged that showed him rubbing the ball with, and later concealing, a yellow object during day three of the [Third Test](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_South_Africa_in_2017%E2%80%9318 \"Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18\") against South Africa at [Newlands Stadium](/wiki/Newlands_Stadium \"Newlands Stadium\"). Bancroft later claimed the object was a short length of yellow adhesive tape to which dirt and grit had adhered, forming an abrasive surface – though four days later, [Cricket Australia](/wiki/Cricket_Australia \"Cricket Australia\") confirmed that this was actually sandpaper.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/sandpaper\\-not\\-sticky\\-tape\\-revelation\\-australia\\-media\\-statement\\-ball\\-tampering\\-cameron\\-bancroft/2018\\-03\\-28\\|title\\=Sticky truth about sandpaper revelation\\|work\\=cricket.com.au\\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2018\\|language\\=en}} Captain [Steve Smith](/wiki/Steve_Smith_%28cricketer%29 \"Steve Smith (cricketer)\") and Bancroft attended a press conference at the end of that day's play. Bancroft admitted ball tampering to [Andy Pycroft](/wiki/Andy_Pycroft \"Andy Pycroft\"), the match referee, and the press. Smith then said that the tampering was planned by an unnamed \"leadership group\" during the lunch break. Smith and vice\\-captain David Warner stood down from the team leadership the morning after the incident, but still played on, with wicket\\-keeper [Tim Paine](/wiki/Tim_Paine \"Tim Paine\") taking over as captain for the rest of the Test match.", "The ICC banned Smith for one Test match and he was fined 100% of his match fee, while Bancroft was fined 75% of his match fee.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/43526870 \\|title\\=Cameron Bancroft: Australia player admits to ball\\-tampering, Steve Smith knew in advance \\|date\\=24 March 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=27 March 2018 \\|work\\=BBC Sport}}", "As well as a public outcry, especially in Australia,\"[Readers verdict: Public call for Australian cricket captain Steve Smith and leadership group to go over South Africa ball tampering](http://www.news.com.au/sport/cricket/readers-verdict-public-call-for-australian-cricket-captain-steve-smith-and-leadership-group-to-go-over-south-africa-ball-tampering/news-story/0cef0759967d9f4e503c9bcb8280cd52) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326142638/http://www.news.com.au/sport/cricket/readers\\-verdict\\-public\\-call\\-for\\-australian\\-cricket\\-captain\\-steve\\-smith\\-and\\-leadership\\-group\\-to\\-go\\-over\\-south\\-africa\\-ball\\-tampering/news\\-story/0cef0759967d9f4e503c9bcb8280cd52 \\|date\\=26 March 2018 }}\". *[The Daily Telegraph](/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph \"The Daily Telegraph\")*, 25 March 2018\"O'Halloran, Kate. [An unashamed disgrace: ball tampering cheats Australian cricket fans](https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/mar/25/an-unashamed-disgrace-ball-tampering-cheats-australian-cricket-fans)\". *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*, 25 March 2018 the [Australian Sports Commission](/wiki/Australian_Sports_Commission \"Australian Sports Commission\"), the Prime Minister of Australia [Malcolm Turnbull](/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull \"Malcolm Turnbull\"), many famous international cricketers and commercial partners of both the Test side and Cricket Australia\"[Australian cricket sponsors demand action after ball\\-tampering crisis with QANTAS latest to speak out](https://wwos.nine.com.au/2018/03/27/15/23/cricket-sponsors-call-for-action-over-ball-tampering). [Nine's Wide World of Sports](/wiki/Nine%27s_Wide_World_of_Sports \"Nine's Wide World of Sports\"), 27 March 2018 universally condemned the team for its actions.", "Steve Smith, David Warner and Bancroft were charged with bringing the game into disrepute, suspended, and sent home. Smith and Warner were then banned from all international cricket and domestic cricket in Australia for twelve months while Bancroft received a nine\\-month ban.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/player\\-sanctions\\-steve\\-smith\\-cameron\\-bancroft\\-david\\-warner\\-australia\\-cricket\\-ball\\-tampering/2018\\-03\\-28\\|title\\=Tampering trio learn their fate\\|first\\=Sam \\|last\\=Ferris \\|work\\=cricket.com.au\\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2018\\|language\\=en}} Australia's coach [Darren Lehmann](/wiki/Darren_Lehmann \"Darren Lehmann\"), though not directly involved, announced he would step down from his role following the scandal.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/43584435\\|title\\=Australian ball\\-tampering: Darren Lehmann to quit as Australia coach\\|date\\=29 March 2018\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2018\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}", "### Sri Lanka vs West Indies, 2018", "On the third morning of the second Test between [West Indies and Sri Lanka in June 2018](/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cricket_team_in_the_West_Indies_in_2018 \"Sri Lankan cricket team in the West Indies in 2018\"), the umpires replaced the match ball and awarded the West Indies five penalty runs when they deemed the Sri Lankan team to have been guilty of ball tampering on the previous day. The Sri Lankan team initially refused to take the field in protest, though they completed the match. Their captain, [Dinesh Chandimal](/wiki/Dinesh_Chandimal \"Dinesh Chandimal\"), was charged with altering the condition of the ball by the match referee.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/\\_/id/23822234/how\\-ball\\-tampering\\-episode\\-unfolded\\-st\\-lucia\\|title\\=How the ball\\-tampering episode unfolded in St Lucia\\|work\\=ESPNcricinfo\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-19}} Chandimal appealed the charge, but he was given a one\\-match ban by the ICC.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/\\_/id/23876134/dinesh\\-chandimal\\-third\\-test\\-dismissal\\-appeal\\-ball\\-tampering\\-sanctions \\|title\\=Dinesh Chandimal out of third Test after dismissal of appeal against ball\\-tampering sanctions \\|work\\=ESPN Cricinfo \\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2018}}", "### Afghanistan v West Indies, 2019", "In November 2019, during the third ODI [against Afghanistan](/wiki/West_Indian_cricket_team_against_Afghanistan_in_India_in_2019%E2%80%9320 \"West Indian cricket team against Afghanistan in India in 2019–20\"), [Nicholas Pooran](/wiki/Nicholas_Pooran \"Nicholas Pooran\") was found guilty of ball tampering.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.icc\\-cricket.com/media\\-releases/1494357 \\|title\\=Pooran suspended for four games for changing condition of the ball \\|work\\=International Cricket Council \\|access\\-date\\=13 November 2019}} Pooran admitted the charge, and was banned for four T20I matches.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/\\_/id/28070011/nicholas\\-pooran\\-banned\\-four\\-t20is\\-ball\\-tampering \\|title\\=Nicholas Pooran banned for four T20Is for ball tampering \\|work\\=ESPN Cricinfo \\|access\\-date\\=13 November 2019}}", "" ]
Career ------ ### Academia [thumb\|A tablet commemorating Lewin's birthplace in present\-day [Mogilno](/wiki/Mogilno "Mogilno"), Poland](/wiki/File:Mogilno_tablica_pami%C4%85tkowa_Kurta_Lewina.jpg "Mogilno tablica pamiątkowa Kurta Lewina.jpg") Lewin was originally involved with schools of behavioral psychology before changing directions in research and undertaking work with psychologists of the [Gestalt school of psychology](/wiki/Gestalt_psychology "Gestalt psychology"), including [Max Wertheimer](/wiki/Max_Wertheimer "Max Wertheimer") and [Wolfgang Köhler](/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler "Wolfgang Köhler"). He also joined the Psychological Institute of the [University of Berlin](/wiki/University_of_Berlin "University of Berlin"), where he lectured and gave seminars on both philosophy and psychology. He served as a professor at the University of Berlin from 1926 to 1932, during which time he conducted experiments about tension states, needs, motivation, and learning. In 1933, Lewin had tried to negotiate a teaching position as the chair of psychology and creating a research institute at [Hebrew University](/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem "Hebrew University of Jerusalem") in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem"). Lewin often associated with the early [Frankfurt School](/wiki/Frankfurt_School "Frankfurt School"), originated by an influential group of largely Jewish [Marxists](/wiki/Marxism "Marxism") at the [Institute for Social Research](/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Research "Institute for Social Research") in Germany. But when [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler") came to power in [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") in 1933, the Institute members disbanded, and moved to England and then to the United States. The same year, he met with [Eric Trist](/wiki/Eric_Trist "Eric Trist"), of the London [Tavistock Clinic](/wiki/Tavistock_Clinic "Tavistock Clinic"). Trist was impressed with his theories and went on to use them in his studies on soldiers during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). In August 1933, Lewin immigrated to the U.S., where, in 1940, became a [naturalized citizen](/wiki/Naturalized_citizen "Naturalized citizen"). A few years after relocating to the U.S., Lewin began asking people to pronounce his name as "Lou\-in" rather than "Le\-veen" because the mispronunciation of his name by Americans had led to many missed phone calls. However, shortly before his death, he began requesting students and colleagues to use the correct pronunciation ("Le\-veen") because that is the one he preferred., Earlier, in 1930, he spent six months as a visiting professor at [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University"). After his immigration to the U.S., Lewin worked at [Cornell University](/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University"), the [Iowa Child Welfare Research Station](/wiki/Iowa_Child_Welfare_Research_Station "Iowa Child Welfare Research Station") at the [University of Iowa](/wiki/University_of_Iowa "University of Iowa"), and as director of the Center for Group Dynamics at [MIT](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"). Following [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), Lewin was involved in the psychological rehabilitation of former occupants of displaced persons camps with Dr. Jacob Fine at [Harvard Medical School](/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School"). When Trist and A T M Wilson wrote to Lewin proposing a [journal](/wiki/Academic_journal "Academic journal") in partnership with their newly founded [Tavistock Institute](/wiki/Tavistock_Institute "Tavistock Institute") and his group at MIT, Lewin agreed. The Tavistock journal, *[Human Relations](/wiki/Human_Relations_%28journal%29 "Human Relations (journal)")*, was founded with two early papers by Lewin entitled "Frontiers in Group Dynamics". Lewin taught for a time at [Duke University](/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University").King, W.["Refugee Scholars At Duke University"](http://www.phy.duke.edu/history/DistinguishedFaculty/HerthaSponer/RefugeeScholarsAtDukeUniversity.pdf){{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309174135/https://www.phy.duke.edu/history/DistinguishedFaculty/HerthaSponer/RefugeeScholarsAtDukeUniversity.pdf \|date\=9 March 2013 }}. Retrieved on 26 August 2012\. Lewin coined the notion of [genidentity](/wiki/Genidentity "Genidentity"),Lewin, K. (1922\). *Der Begriff der Genese in Physik, Biologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte.* (Lewin's Habilitationsschrift). which has gained some importance in various theories of [space\-time](/wiki/Space-time "Space-time") and related fields.{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2012}} For instance, he introduced the concept of [hodological space](/wiki/Hodological_space "Hodological space") or the simplest route achieved through the resolution of different field of forces, oppositions, and tensions according to their goals.{{Cite book\|title\=Terrence Malick's Unseeing Cinema: Memory, Time and Audibility\|last\=Batcho\|first\=James\|date\=2018\|publisher\=Springer\|isbn\=978\-3\-319\-76420\-7\|location\=Cham\|page\=69}} Lewin also proposed [Herbert Blumer](/wiki/Herbert_Blumer "Herbert Blumer")'s [interactionist](/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism "Symbolic interactionism") perspective of 1937 as an alternative to the [nature versus nurture](/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture "Nature versus nurture") debate. Lewin suggested that neither nature (inborn tendencies) nor nurture (how [experiences](/wiki/Experience "Experience") in [life](/wiki/Personal_life "Personal life") shape individuals) alone can account for individuals' behavior and personalities, but rather that both nature and nurture interact to shape each person. This idea was presented in the form of [Lewin's equation](/wiki/Lewin%27s_equation "Lewin's equation") for behavior, *B* \= *ƒ*(*P*, *E*), which means that behavior (B) is a function (f) of personal characteristics (P), and environmental characteristics (E). Scholars in the 1930s reveled in fear that, by devoting themselves to applied research, they would distract the discipline from basic research on scholarly problems and create a false binary on whether research was developed for the perpetuation of their respective discipline or for practical application.{{cite book\|last1\=Rogers\|first1\=Everett\|title\=A History of Communication Study: A Biological Approach\|date\=1994\|publisher\=The Free Press\|location\=NY}} Despite this debate within the [social sciences](/wiki/Social_science "Social science") at the time, Lewin argued that "applied research could be conducted with rigor and that one could test theoretical propositions in applied research." The root of this particular binary seemed to stem from the epistemological norms present within the hard sciences – where the distinction was much more pronounced; Kurt Lewin argued that this was contrary to the nature of the social sciences. With the help of scholars, including [Paul Lazarsfeld](/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld "Paul Lazarsfeld"), there was a method through which money could be acquired for research in a sustainable manner. Lewin has encouraged researchers to develop theories that can be used to address important social problems.{{Cite book\|title\=The Handbook of Group Research and Practice\|last\=Wheelan\|first\=Susan A.\|date\=2005\|publisher\=SAGE\|isbn\=0\-7619\-2958\-4\|location\=Thousand Oaks, CA\|page\=13}} To demonstrate his dedication to applied research and to further prove that there was value in testing his theoretical propositions, Lewin became a "master at transposing an everyday problem into a psychological experiment". Lewin, in his beginnings, took a seemingly banal moment between himself and a waiter and turned it into the beginnings of his field research, which Lewin reasoned that the "intention to carry out a specific task builds a psychological tension, which is released when the intended task is completed" in tandem with when [Sigmund Freud](/wiki/Sigmund_Freud "Sigmund Freud") theorized that "wishes persist until they are satisfied." This happenstance observation started the demonstration of the "existence of psychic tensions", fundamental to Lewin's [field theory](/wiki/Field_theory_%28psychology%29 "Field theory (psychology)"). While applied research helped develop Lewin into a practical theorist, what further defined him as an academic and a forerunner was his *action research*, a term he invented himself. Lewin was increasingly interested in the concepts of Jewish migration and identity. He was confused by the concept of how while an individual distanced themselves from performing the Jewish identity in terms of religious expression and performance, they were still considered Jewish in the eyes of [Nazis](/wiki/Nazism "Nazism"). This concept of denying one's identity and the promotion of self\-loathing as a form of coping with a dominant group's oppression represented the crisis of Lewin's own migration to the United States. Lewin, as his student and colleague Ron Lippitt described, "had a deep sensitivity to social problems and a commitment to use his resources as a social scientist to do something about them. In the early 1940s, he drew a triangle to represent the interdependence of research, training, and action in producing social change." This diagramming of an academic's interests and actions within this triangulation yields an interesting part of accessing Lewin and his contributions. Rather than noting social justice as the beginning or the end, it was ingrained in every single academic action that Lewin took. It was this particular world view and paradigm that furthered his research and determined precisely how he was going to utilize the findings from his field research. Furthermore, it all reflected upon Lewin the man and his way of coping with the events of his time period. This devotion to action research was possibly a way of resolving a dissonance of his own passage to America and how he left his own back in present\-day [Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland"). Prominent psychologists mentored by Lewin included [Leon Festinger](/wiki/Leon_Festinger "Leon Festinger") (1919–1989\), who became known for his [cognitive dissonance](/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance "Cognitive dissonance") theory (1956\), environmental psychologist [Roger Barker](/wiki/Roger_Barker "Roger Barker"), [Bluma Zeigarnik](/wiki/Bluma_Zeigarnik "Bluma Zeigarnik"), and [Morton Deutsch](/wiki/Morton_Deutsch "Morton Deutsch"), the founder of modern conflict resolution theory and practice. ### Force\-field analysis {{Main\|Force\-field analysis}} [Force\-field analysis](/wiki/Force-field_analysis "Force-field analysis") provides a framework for looking at the factors ("forces") that influence a situation, originally social situations. It looks at forces that are either driving movement toward a [goal](/wiki/Objective_%28goal%29 "Objective (goal)") (helping forces) or blocking movement toward a goal (hindering forces). Key to this approach was Lewin's interest in [gestaltism](/wiki/Gestaltism "Gestaltism"), understanding the totality and assessing a situation as a whole and not focusing only on individual aspects. Further, the totality for an individual (their life space) derives from their perception of their reality, not an objective viewpoint. The approach, developed by Kurt Lewin, is a significant contribution to the fields of social science, psychology, [social psychology](/wiki/Social_psychology "Social psychology"), [organizational development](/wiki/Organization_development "Organization development"), [process management](/wiki/Process_management_%28Project_Management%29 "Process management (Project Management)"), and [change management](/wiki/Change_management "Change management").Lewin K. (1943\). Defining the "Field at a Given Time." *Psychological Review.* 50: 292–310\. Republished in *Resolving Social Conflicts \& Field Theory in Social Science,* Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1997\. His theory was expanded by [John R. P. French](/wiki/John_R._P._French "John R. P. French") who related it to organizational and industrial settings. ### Action research {{Main\|Action research}} Lewin, then a professor at [MIT](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"), first coined the term *[action research](/wiki/Action_research "Action research")* in about 1944, and it appears in his 1946 paper "Action Research and Minority Problems".Lewin, K. (1946\) Action research and minority problems. J Soc. Issues 2(4\): 34–46 In that paper, he described action research as "a comparative research on the conditions and effects of various forms of social action and research leading to social action" that uses "a spiral of steps, each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action, and fact\-finding about the result of the action" (this is sometimes referred to as the *Lewinian spiral*). ### Leadership climates Lewin often characterized organizational [management](/wiki/Management "Management") styles and [cultures](/wiki/Culture "Culture") in terms of [leadership](/wiki/Leadership "Leadership") climates defined by {{cite journal \| last1\=Lewin \| first1\=K. \| author\-link\=Kurt Lewin \| last2\=Lippitt \| first2\=R. \| last3\=White \| first3\=R.K. \| year\=1938 \| title\=Patterns of aggressive behavior in experimentally created social climates \| journal\=Journal of Social Psychology \| volume\=10 \| issue\=2 \| pages\=271–301\| doi\=10\.1080/00224545\.1939\.9713366 \| url \= https://tu\-dresden.de/mn/psychologie/ipep/lehrlern/ressourcen/dateien/lehre/lehramt/lehrveranstaltungen/Lehrer\_Schueler\_Interaktion\_SS\_2011/Lewin\_1939\_original.pdf?lang\=en }} (1\) [authoritarian](/wiki/Authoritarian "Authoritarian"), (2\) [democratic](/wiki/Democracy "Democracy") and (3\) [laissez\-faire](/wiki/Laissez-faire "Laissez-faire") work environments. He is often confused with McGregor with his work environments, but McGregor adapted them directly to leadership\-theory. Authoritarian environments are characterized where the leader determines policy with techniques and steps for work tasks dictated by the leader in the [division of labor](/wiki/Division_of_labor "Division of labor"). The leader is not necessarily hostile but is aloof from participation in work and commonly offers personal praise and criticism for the work done. Democratic climates are characterized where policy is determined through collective processes with decisions assisted by the leader. Before accomplishing tasks, perspectives are gained from group discussion and technical advice from a leader. Members are given [choices](/wiki/Choice "Choice") and [collectively](/wiki/Collective "Collective") decide the division of labor. [Praise](/wiki/Praise "Praise") and [criticism](/wiki/Criticism "Criticism") in such an environment are [objective](/wiki/Objectivity_%28science%29 "Objectivity (science)"), fact minded and given by a group member without necessarily having participated extensively in the actual work. Laissez\-faire environments give freedom to the group for policy determination without any participation from the leader. The leader remains uninvolved in work decisions unless asked, does not participate in the division of labor, and very infrequently gives praise.{{cite book \| last \= Miner\| first \= J. B. \|year \= 2005\| title \= Organizational Behavior 1: Essential Theories of Motivation and Leadership\| publisher \= M.E. Sharpe \| location \= Armonk}}{{Rp\|39–40}} ### Change process An early model of change developed by Lewin described [change](/wiki/Change_management "Change management") as a three\-stage process.{{cite journal\|last1\=Lewin\|first1\=Kurt\|title\=Frontiers in Group Dynamics: Concept, Method and Reality in Social Science; Social Equilibria and Social Change\|journal\=Human Relations\|date\=June 1947\|volume\=1\|pages\=5–41\|doi\=10\.1177/001872674700100103\|s2cid\=145335154}} The first stage he called "unfreezing". It involved overcoming inertia and dismantling the existing "mind set". It must be part of surviving. Defense mechanisms have to be bypassed. In the second stage the change occurs. This is typically a period of confusion and transition. We are aware that the old ways are being challenged but we do not have a clear picture as to what we are replacing them with yet. The third and final stage he called "freezing". The new mindset is crystallizing and one's comfort level is returning to previous levels. This is often misquoted as "refreezing". Lewin's three\-step process is regarded as a foundational model for making change in organizations. There is now evidence, however, that Lewin never developed such a model and that it took form after his death in 1947\.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Cummings \| first1 \= S. \| last2 \= Bridgman \| first2 \= T \| last3 \= Brown \| first3 \= K. \| year \= 2016 \| title \= Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewin's legacy for change management \| journal \= Human Relations \| volume \= 69 \| issue \= 1\| pages \= 33–60 \| doi\=10\.1177/0018726715577707\| s2cid \= 147697886 \| doi\-access \= free }} #### Sensitivity training {{Further\|Sensitivity training}} While working at [MIT](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology") in 1946, Lewin received a phone call from the director of the Connecticut State Inter Racial Commission,{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=5CewfX\_MG\-kC\&q\=Connecticut\+State\+Inter\-Racial\+Commission\&pg\=PA65\|title\=Race Experts: How Racial Etiquette, Sensitivity Training, and New Age Therapy Hijacked the Civil Rights Revolution\|first\=Elisabeth\|last\=Lasch\-Quinn\|date\=27 May 2017\|publisher\=Rowman \& Littlefield\|access\-date\=27 May 2017\|via\=Google Books\|isbn\=978\-0\-7425\-2759\-1}} which requested his help in finding an effective way to combat religious and racial prejudices. He set up a workshop to conduct a "change" experiment, which laid the foundations for what is now known as [sensitivity training](/wiki/Sensitivity_training "Sensitivity training").Lasch\-Quinn, E. (2001\) *Race Experts: How Racial Etiquette, Sensitivity Training, and New Age Therapy Hijacked the Civil Rights Revolution*, New York, W. W. Norton. In 1947, this led to the establishment of the [National Training Laboratories](/wiki/National_Training_Laboratories "National Training Laboratories"), at [Bethel, Maine](/wiki/Bethel%2C_Maine "Bethel, Maine"). [Carl Rogers](/wiki/Carl_Rogers "Carl Rogers") believed that sensitivity training is "perhaps the most significant social invention of this century." ### Lewin's equation {{Main\|Lewin's equation}} [Lewin's equation](/wiki/Lewin%27s_equation "Lewin's equation"), *B* \= *ƒ*(*P*, *E*), s psychological equation of behavior developed by Lewin, states that behavior is a [function](/wiki/Function_%28mathematics%29 "Function (mathematics)") of the [person](/wiki/Person "Person") in their [environment](/wiki/Social_environment "Social environment").{{cite book \| last \= Sansone \| first \= C.\|author2\=C. C. Morf \|author3\=A. T. Panter \| year \= 2003\| title \= The Sage Handbook of Methods in Social Psychology\| publisher \= Sage \| isbn \=978\-0\-7619\-2535\-4 \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_cfK\_miMqVQC\&q\=lewin's\+equation\&pg\=PA119}} The equation is the psychologist's most well known formula in social psychology,{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2017}} of which Lewin was a modern pioneer. When first presented in Lewin's book *Principles of Topological Psychology*, published in 1936, it contradicted most popular theories in that it gave importance to a person's momentary situation in understanding his or her behavior, rather than relying entirely on the past.{{cite book \| last \= Balkenius \| first \= C. \| year \= 1995 \| title \= Natural Intelligence in Artificial Creatures \| publisher \= Lund University Cognitive Studies, 37 \| isbn \= 978\-91\-628\-1599\-8 \| url \= http://www.lucs.lu.se/Christian.Balkenius/Thesis/Chapter04\.html \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20081005195752/http://www.lucs.lu.se/Christian.Balkenius/Thesis/Chapter04\.html \| archive\-date \= 5 October 2008 }} ### Group dynamics {{Main\|Group dynamics}} In a 1947 article, Lewin coined the term "[group dynamics](/wiki/Group_dynamics "Group dynamics")". He described this notion as the way that groups and individuals act and react to changing circumstances. This field emerged as a concept dedicated to the advancement of knowledge regarding the nature of groups, their laws, establishment, development, and interactions with other groups, individuals and institutions. During the early years of research on group processes, many psychologists rejected the reality of group phenomena. Critics{{Who\|date\=May 2017}} shared the opinion that groups did not exist as scientifically valid entities. It had been said by skeptics that the actions of groups were nothing more than those of its members considered separately. Lewin applied his interactionism formula, *B* \= *ƒ*(*P*, *E*), to explain group phenomena, where a member's personal characteristics (*P*) interact with the environmental factors of the group, (*E*) its members, and the situation to elicit behaviour (*B*). Given his background in [Gestalt psychology](/wiki/Gestalt_psychology "Gestalt psychology"), Lewin justified group existence using the dictum "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts". He theorized that when a group is established it becomes a unified system with supervening qualities that cannot be understood by evaluating members individually. This notion – that a group is composed of more than the sum of its individual members – quickly gained support from sociologists and psychologists who understood the significance of this emerging field. Many pioneers noted that the majority of group phenomena could be explained according to Lewin's equation and insight and opposing views were hushed. The study of group dynamics remains relevant in today's society where a vast number of professions (e.g., business and industry, clinical/counseling psychology, sports and recreation) rely on its mechanisms to thrive.Forsyth, D.R. (2010\) *Group Dynamics* The most notable{{According to whom\|date\=May 2017}} of Lewin's contributions was his development of group communication and group dynamics as major facets of the communication discipline. Lewin and his associated researchers shifted from the pre\-existing trend of individualist psychology and then expanded their work to incorporate a macro lens where they focused on the "social psychology of small group communication" (Rogers 1994\). Lewin is associated with "founding research and training in group dynamics and for establishing the participative management style in organizations". He carved out this niche for himself from his various experiments. In his Berlin research, Lewin utilized "group discussions to advance his theory in research." In doing so, there was certainly the complication of not knowing exactly whom to attribute epiphanies to as an idea collectively came into fruition. In addition to group discussions, he became increasingly interested in group membership. He was curious as to how perspectives of an individual in relation to the group were solidified or weakened. He tried to come up with the way identity was constructed from standpoint and perspectives. These were the beginnings of what ended up developing into "groupthink". Lewin started to become quite interested in how ideas were created and then perpetuated by the mentality of a group. Not included in this chapter is how important this became in looking at group dynamics across disciplines – including studying John F Kennedy and the way he tried to interact with his advisors in order to prevent groupthink from occurring.Janis, I.L. (1982\). *Groupthink* ### Peach and coconuts Lewin conceived the Peach v Coconut cultural distinction. Peach cultures included India, the U.S., most of [Latin America](/wiki/Latin_America "Latin America"), and [Southern Europe](/wiki/Southern_Europe "Southern Europe"). Peaches tend to be soft and friendly on the surface, even with strangers, but have a hard protective inner core. Coconut cultures include China, Russia and most of Europe except the south. Folk from coconut cultures have a soft inner core, but a tough exterior than can lead to a perception of unfriendliness with strangers. Yet once a person has gained their trust, they can be loyal friends for life. The Peach v Coconut analogy was later popularised by [Fons Trompenaars](/wiki/Fons_Trompenaars "Fons Trompenaars"), who said it "explains all sorts of animosities that bedevil cross\-cultural friendships, business dealings and diplomacy."{{Cite web\|date\= 30 May 2020\|title\=A peach among coconuts, or a coconut among the peaches? \|author\=Christelle McKillen\|url\=https://today.rtl.lu/entertainment/girl\-in\-luxembourg/a/1525575\.html\|access\-date\=2023\-04\-23\|website\=\[\[RTL Group\|RTL]]}}{{Cite news\|date\=14 June 2014\|title\=This column will change your life: are you wasting your warmth?\|author\=\[\[Oliver Burkeman]]\|newspaper\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/jun/14/change\-your\-life\-peaches\-and\-coconuts\-oliver\-burkeman\|access\-date\=2023\-04\-23}}{{Cite book\|title\=The Cambridge Handbook of Intercultural Training\|last\=Bhawuk\|first\=Dharm\|date\=2020\|publisher\=\[\[Cambridge University Press]]\|isbn\=978\-1\-108\-79590\-6\|pages\=164–191}}
[ "Career\n------", "### Academia", "[thumb\\|A tablet commemorating Lewin's birthplace in present\\-day [Mogilno](/wiki/Mogilno \"Mogilno\"), Poland](/wiki/File:Mogilno_tablica_pami%C4%85tkowa_Kurta_Lewina.jpg \"Mogilno tablica pamiątkowa Kurta Lewina.jpg\")\nLewin was originally involved with schools of behavioral psychology before changing directions in research and undertaking work with psychologists of the [Gestalt school of psychology](/wiki/Gestalt_psychology \"Gestalt psychology\"), including [Max Wertheimer](/wiki/Max_Wertheimer \"Max Wertheimer\") and [Wolfgang Köhler](/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler \"Wolfgang Köhler\"). He also joined the Psychological Institute of the [University of Berlin](/wiki/University_of_Berlin \"University of Berlin\"), where he lectured and gave seminars on both philosophy and psychology. He served as a professor at the University of Berlin from 1926 to 1932, during which time he conducted experiments about tension states, needs, motivation, and learning.", "In 1933, Lewin had tried to negotiate a teaching position as the chair of psychology and creating a research institute at [Hebrew University](/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem \"Hebrew University of Jerusalem\") in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\"). Lewin often associated with the early [Frankfurt School](/wiki/Frankfurt_School \"Frankfurt School\"), originated by an influential group of largely Jewish [Marxists](/wiki/Marxism \"Marxism\") at the [Institute for Social Research](/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Research \"Institute for Social Research\") in Germany. But when [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler \"Adolf Hitler\") came to power in [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") in 1933, the Institute members disbanded, and moved to England and then to the United States. The same year, he met with [Eric Trist](/wiki/Eric_Trist \"Eric Trist\"), of the London [Tavistock Clinic](/wiki/Tavistock_Clinic \"Tavistock Clinic\"). Trist was impressed with his theories and went on to use them in his studies on soldiers during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").", "In August 1933, Lewin immigrated to the U.S., where, in 1940, became a [naturalized citizen](/wiki/Naturalized_citizen \"Naturalized citizen\"). A few years after relocating to the U.S., Lewin began asking people to pronounce his name as \"Lou\\-in\" rather than \"Le\\-veen\" because the mispronunciation of his name by Americans had led to many missed phone calls. However, shortly before his death, he began requesting students and colleagues to use the correct pronunciation (\"Le\\-veen\") because that is the one he preferred., Earlier, in 1930, he spent six months as a visiting professor at [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\"). After his immigration to the U.S., Lewin worked at [Cornell University](/wiki/Cornell_University \"Cornell University\"), the [Iowa Child Welfare Research Station](/wiki/Iowa_Child_Welfare_Research_Station \"Iowa Child Welfare Research Station\") at the [University of Iowa](/wiki/University_of_Iowa \"University of Iowa\"), and as director of the Center for Group Dynamics at [MIT](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\").", "Following [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), Lewin was involved in the psychological rehabilitation of former occupants of displaced persons camps with Dr. Jacob Fine at [Harvard Medical School](/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School \"Harvard Medical School\"). When Trist and A T M Wilson wrote to Lewin proposing a [journal](/wiki/Academic_journal \"Academic journal\") in partnership with their newly founded [Tavistock Institute](/wiki/Tavistock_Institute \"Tavistock Institute\") and his group at MIT, Lewin agreed. The Tavistock journal, *[Human Relations](/wiki/Human_Relations_%28journal%29 \"Human Relations (journal)\")*, was founded with two early papers by Lewin entitled \"Frontiers in Group Dynamics\". Lewin taught for a time at [Duke University](/wiki/Duke_University \"Duke University\").King, W.[\"Refugee Scholars At Duke University\"](http://www.phy.duke.edu/history/DistinguishedFaculty/HerthaSponer/RefugeeScholarsAtDukeUniversity.pdf){{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309174135/https://www.phy.duke.edu/history/DistinguishedFaculty/HerthaSponer/RefugeeScholarsAtDukeUniversity.pdf \\|date\\=9 March 2013 }}. Retrieved on 26 August 2012\\.", "Lewin coined the notion of [genidentity](/wiki/Genidentity \"Genidentity\"),Lewin, K. (1922\\). *Der Begriff der Genese in Physik, Biologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte.* (Lewin's Habilitationsschrift). which has gained some importance in various theories of [space\\-time](/wiki/Space-time \"Space-time\") and related fields.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2012}} For instance, he introduced the concept of [hodological space](/wiki/Hodological_space \"Hodological space\") or the simplest route achieved through the resolution of different field of forces, oppositions, and tensions according to their goals.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Terrence Malick's Unseeing Cinema: Memory, Time and Audibility\\|last\\=Batcho\\|first\\=James\\|date\\=2018\\|publisher\\=Springer\\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-319\\-76420\\-7\\|location\\=Cham\\|page\\=69}}", "Lewin also proposed [Herbert Blumer](/wiki/Herbert_Blumer \"Herbert Blumer\")'s [interactionist](/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism \"Symbolic interactionism\") perspective of 1937 as an alternative to the [nature versus nurture](/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture \"Nature versus nurture\") debate. Lewin suggested that neither nature (inborn tendencies) nor nurture (how [experiences](/wiki/Experience \"Experience\") in [life](/wiki/Personal_life \"Personal life\") shape individuals) alone can account for individuals' behavior and personalities, but rather that both nature and nurture interact to shape each person. This idea was presented in the form of [Lewin's equation](/wiki/Lewin%27s_equation \"Lewin's equation\") for behavior, *B* \\= *ƒ*(*P*, *E*), which means that behavior (B) is a function (f) of personal characteristics (P), and environmental characteristics (E).", "Scholars in the 1930s reveled in fear that, by devoting themselves to applied research, they would distract the discipline from basic research on scholarly problems and create a false binary on whether research was developed for the perpetuation of their respective discipline or for practical application.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Rogers\\|first1\\=Everett\\|title\\=A History of Communication Study: A Biological Approach\\|date\\=1994\\|publisher\\=The Free Press\\|location\\=NY}} Despite this debate within the [social sciences](/wiki/Social_science \"Social science\") at the time, Lewin argued that \"applied research could be conducted with rigor and that one could test theoretical propositions in applied research.\" The root of this particular binary seemed to stem from the epistemological norms present within the hard sciences – where the distinction was much more pronounced; Kurt Lewin argued that this was contrary to the nature of the social sciences. With the help of scholars, including [Paul Lazarsfeld](/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld \"Paul Lazarsfeld\"), there was a method through which money could be acquired for research in a sustainable manner. Lewin has encouraged researchers to develop theories that can be used to address important social problems.{{Cite book\\|title\\=The Handbook of Group Research and Practice\\|last\\=Wheelan\\|first\\=Susan A.\\|date\\=2005\\|publisher\\=SAGE\\|isbn\\=0\\-7619\\-2958\\-4\\|location\\=Thousand Oaks, CA\\|page\\=13}}", "To demonstrate his dedication to applied research and to further prove that there was value in testing his theoretical propositions, Lewin became a \"master at transposing an everyday problem into a psychological experiment\". Lewin, in his beginnings, took a seemingly banal moment between himself and a waiter and turned it into the beginnings of his field research, which Lewin reasoned that the \"intention to carry out a specific task builds a psychological tension, which is released when the intended task is completed\" in tandem with when [Sigmund Freud](/wiki/Sigmund_Freud \"Sigmund Freud\") theorized that \"wishes persist until they are satisfied.\" This happenstance observation started the demonstration of the \"existence of psychic tensions\", fundamental to Lewin's [field theory](/wiki/Field_theory_%28psychology%29 \"Field theory (psychology)\").", "While applied research helped develop Lewin into a practical theorist, what further defined him as an academic and a forerunner was his *action research*, a term he invented himself. Lewin was increasingly interested in the concepts of Jewish migration and identity. He was confused by the concept of how while an individual distanced themselves from performing the Jewish identity in terms of religious expression and performance, they were still considered Jewish in the eyes of [Nazis](/wiki/Nazism \"Nazism\"). This concept of denying one's identity and the promotion of self\\-loathing as a form of coping with a dominant group's oppression represented the crisis of Lewin's own migration to the United States. Lewin, as his student and colleague Ron Lippitt described, \"had a deep sensitivity to social problems and a commitment to use his resources as a social scientist to do something about them.", "In the early 1940s, he drew a triangle to represent the interdependence of research, training, and action in producing social change.\" This diagramming of an academic's interests and actions within this triangulation yields an interesting part of accessing Lewin and his contributions. Rather than noting social justice as the beginning or the end, it was ingrained in every single academic action that Lewin took. It was this particular world view and paradigm that furthered his research and determined precisely how he was going to utilize the findings from his field research. Furthermore, it all reflected upon Lewin the man and his way of coping with the events of his time period. This devotion to action research was possibly a way of resolving a dissonance of his own passage to America and how he left his own back in present\\-day [Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\").", "Prominent psychologists mentored by Lewin included [Leon Festinger](/wiki/Leon_Festinger \"Leon Festinger\") (1919–1989\\), who became known for his [cognitive dissonance](/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance \"Cognitive dissonance\") theory (1956\\), environmental psychologist [Roger Barker](/wiki/Roger_Barker \"Roger Barker\"), [Bluma Zeigarnik](/wiki/Bluma_Zeigarnik \"Bluma Zeigarnik\"), and [Morton Deutsch](/wiki/Morton_Deutsch \"Morton Deutsch\"), the founder of modern conflict resolution theory and practice.", "### Force\\-field analysis", "{{Main\\|Force\\-field analysis}}\n[Force\\-field analysis](/wiki/Force-field_analysis \"Force-field analysis\") provides a framework for looking at the factors (\"forces\") that influence a situation, originally social situations. It looks at forces that are either driving movement toward a [goal](/wiki/Objective_%28goal%29 \"Objective (goal)\") (helping forces) or blocking movement toward a goal (hindering forces). Key to this approach was Lewin's interest in [gestaltism](/wiki/Gestaltism \"Gestaltism\"), understanding the totality and assessing a situation as a whole and not focusing only on individual aspects. Further, the totality for an individual (their life space) derives from their perception of their reality, not an objective viewpoint. The approach, developed by Kurt Lewin, is a significant contribution to the fields of social science, psychology, [social psychology](/wiki/Social_psychology \"Social psychology\"), [organizational development](/wiki/Organization_development \"Organization development\"), [process management](/wiki/Process_management_%28Project_Management%29 \"Process management (Project Management)\"), and [change management](/wiki/Change_management \"Change management\").Lewin K. (1943\\). Defining the \"Field at a Given Time.\" *Psychological Review.* 50: 292–310\\. Republished in *Resolving Social Conflicts \\& Field Theory in Social Science,* Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1997\\. His theory was expanded by [John R. P. French](/wiki/John_R._P._French \"John R. P. French\") who related it to organizational and industrial settings.", "### Action research", "{{Main\\|Action research}}\nLewin, then a professor at [MIT](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\"), first coined the term *[action research](/wiki/Action_research \"Action research\")* in about 1944, and it appears in his 1946 paper \"Action Research and Minority Problems\".Lewin, K. (1946\\) Action research and minority problems. J Soc. Issues 2(4\\): 34–46 In that paper, he described action research as \"a comparative research on the conditions and effects of various forms of social action and research leading to social action\" that uses \"a spiral of steps, each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action, and fact\\-finding about the result of the action\" (this is sometimes referred to as the *Lewinian spiral*).", "### Leadership climates", "Lewin often characterized organizational [management](/wiki/Management \"Management\") styles and [cultures](/wiki/Culture \"Culture\") in terms of [leadership](/wiki/Leadership \"Leadership\") climates defined by\n{{cite journal \\| last1\\=Lewin \\| first1\\=K. \\| author\\-link\\=Kurt Lewin \\| last2\\=Lippitt \\| first2\\=R. \\| last3\\=White \\| first3\\=R.K. \\| year\\=1938 \\| title\\=Patterns of aggressive behavior in experimentally created social climates \\| journal\\=Journal of Social Psychology \\| volume\\=10 \\| issue\\=2 \\| pages\\=271–301\\| doi\\=10\\.1080/00224545\\.1939\\.9713366\n\\| url \\= https://tu\\-dresden.de/mn/psychologie/ipep/lehrlern/ressourcen/dateien/lehre/lehramt/lehrveranstaltungen/Lehrer\\_Schueler\\_Interaktion\\_SS\\_2011/Lewin\\_1939\\_original.pdf?lang\\=en\n }} (1\\) [authoritarian](/wiki/Authoritarian \"Authoritarian\"), (2\\) [democratic](/wiki/Democracy \"Democracy\") and (3\\) [laissez\\-faire](/wiki/Laissez-faire \"Laissez-faire\") work environments. He is often confused with McGregor with his work environments, but McGregor adapted them directly to leadership\\-theory. Authoritarian environments are characterized where the leader determines policy with techniques and steps for work tasks dictated by the leader in the [division of labor](/wiki/Division_of_labor \"Division of labor\"). The leader is not necessarily hostile but is aloof from participation in work and commonly offers personal praise and criticism for the work done. Democratic climates are characterized where policy is determined through collective processes with decisions assisted by the leader. Before accomplishing tasks, perspectives are gained from group discussion and technical advice from a leader. Members are given [choices](/wiki/Choice \"Choice\") and [collectively](/wiki/Collective \"Collective\") decide the division of labor. [Praise](/wiki/Praise \"Praise\") and [criticism](/wiki/Criticism \"Criticism\") in such an environment are [objective](/wiki/Objectivity_%28science%29 \"Objectivity (science)\"), fact minded and given by a group member without necessarily having participated extensively in the actual work. Laissez\\-faire environments give freedom to the group for policy determination without any participation from the leader. The leader remains uninvolved in work decisions unless asked, does not participate in the division of labor, and very infrequently gives praise.{{cite book \\| last \\= Miner\\| first \\= J. B. \\|year \\= 2005\\| title \\= Organizational Behavior 1: Essential Theories of Motivation and Leadership\\| publisher \\= M.E. Sharpe \\| location \\= Armonk}}{{Rp\\|39–40}}", "### Change process", "An early model of change developed by Lewin described [change](/wiki/Change_management \"Change management\") as a three\\-stage process.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Lewin\\|first1\\=Kurt\\|title\\=Frontiers in Group Dynamics: Concept, Method and Reality in Social Science; Social Equilibria and Social Change\\|journal\\=Human Relations\\|date\\=June 1947\\|volume\\=1\\|pages\\=5–41\\|doi\\=10\\.1177/001872674700100103\\|s2cid\\=145335154}} The first stage he called \"unfreezing\". It involved overcoming inertia and dismantling the existing \"mind set\". It must be part of surviving. Defense mechanisms have to be bypassed. In the second stage the change occurs. This is typically a period of confusion and transition. We are aware that the old ways are being challenged but we do not have a clear picture as to what we are replacing them with yet. The third and final stage he called \"freezing\". The new mindset is crystallizing and one's comfort level is returning to previous levels. This is often misquoted as \"refreezing\". Lewin's three\\-step process is regarded as a foundational model for making change in organizations. There is now evidence, however, that Lewin never developed such a model and that it took form after his death in 1947\\.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Cummings \\| first1 \\= S. \\| last2 \\= Bridgman \\| first2 \\= T \\| last3 \\= Brown \\| first3 \\= K. \\| year \\= 2016 \\| title \\= Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewin's legacy for change management \\| journal \\= Human Relations \\| volume \\= 69 \\| issue \\= 1\\| pages \\= 33–60 \\| doi\\=10\\.1177/0018726715577707\\| s2cid \\= 147697886 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}", "#### Sensitivity training", "{{Further\\|Sensitivity training}}\nWhile working at [MIT](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\") in 1946, Lewin received a phone call from the director of the Connecticut State Inter Racial Commission,{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=5CewfX\\_MG\\-kC\\&q\\=Connecticut\\+State\\+Inter\\-Racial\\+Commission\\&pg\\=PA65\\|title\\=Race Experts: How Racial Etiquette, Sensitivity Training, and New Age Therapy Hijacked the Civil Rights Revolution\\|first\\=Elisabeth\\|last\\=Lasch\\-Quinn\\|date\\=27 May 2017\\|publisher\\=Rowman \\& Littlefield\\|access\\-date\\=27 May 2017\\|via\\=Google Books\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7425\\-2759\\-1}} which requested his help in finding an effective way to combat religious and racial prejudices. He set up a workshop to conduct a \"change\" experiment, which laid the foundations for what is now known as [sensitivity training](/wiki/Sensitivity_training \"Sensitivity training\").Lasch\\-Quinn, E. (2001\\) *Race Experts: How Racial Etiquette, Sensitivity Training, and New Age Therapy Hijacked the Civil Rights Revolution*, New York, W. W. Norton. In 1947, this led to the establishment of the [National Training Laboratories](/wiki/National_Training_Laboratories \"National Training Laboratories\"), at [Bethel, Maine](/wiki/Bethel%2C_Maine \"Bethel, Maine\"). [Carl Rogers](/wiki/Carl_Rogers \"Carl Rogers\") believed that sensitivity training is \"perhaps the most significant social invention of this century.\"", "### Lewin's equation", "{{Main\\|Lewin's equation}}\n[Lewin's equation](/wiki/Lewin%27s_equation \"Lewin's equation\"), *B* \\= *ƒ*(*P*, *E*), s psychological equation of behavior developed by Lewin, states that behavior is a [function](/wiki/Function_%28mathematics%29 \"Function (mathematics)\") of the [person](/wiki/Person \"Person\") in their [environment](/wiki/Social_environment \"Social environment\").{{cite book \\| last \\= Sansone \\| first \\= C.\\|author2\\=C. C. Morf \\|author3\\=A. T. Panter \\| year \\= 2003\\| title \\= The Sage Handbook of Methods in Social Psychology\\| publisher \\= Sage \\| isbn \\=978\\-0\\-7619\\-2535\\-4 \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_cfK\\_miMqVQC\\&q\\=lewin's\\+equation\\&pg\\=PA119}}", "The equation is the psychologist's most well known formula in social psychology,{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2017}} of which Lewin was a modern pioneer. When first presented in Lewin's book *Principles of Topological Psychology*, published in 1936, it contradicted most popular theories in that it gave importance to a person's momentary situation in understanding his or her behavior, rather than relying entirely on the past.{{cite book \\| last \\= Balkenius \\| first \\= C. \\| year \\= 1995 \\| title \\= Natural Intelligence in Artificial Creatures \\| publisher \\= Lund University Cognitive Studies, 37 \\| isbn \\= 978\\-91\\-628\\-1599\\-8 \\| url \\= http://www.lucs.lu.se/Christian.Balkenius/Thesis/Chapter04\\.html \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20081005195752/http://www.lucs.lu.se/Christian.Balkenius/Thesis/Chapter04\\.html \\| archive\\-date \\= 5 October 2008 }}", "### Group dynamics", "{{Main\\|Group dynamics}}\nIn a 1947 article, Lewin coined the term \"[group dynamics](/wiki/Group_dynamics \"Group dynamics\")\". He described this notion as the way that groups and individuals act and react to changing circumstances. This field emerged as a concept dedicated to the advancement of knowledge regarding the nature of groups, their laws, establishment, development, and interactions with other groups, individuals and institutions. During the early years of research on group processes, many psychologists rejected the reality of group phenomena. Critics{{Who\\|date\\=May 2017}} shared the opinion that groups did not exist as scientifically valid entities. It had been said by skeptics that the actions of groups were nothing more than those of its members considered separately. Lewin applied his interactionism formula, *B* \\= *ƒ*(*P*, *E*), to explain group phenomena, where a member's personal characteristics (*P*) interact with the environmental factors of the group, (*E*) its members, and the situation to elicit behaviour (*B*). Given his background in [Gestalt psychology](/wiki/Gestalt_psychology \"Gestalt psychology\"), Lewin justified group existence using the dictum \"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts\". He theorized that when a group is established it becomes a unified system with supervening qualities that cannot be understood by evaluating members individually. This notion – that a group is composed of more than the sum of its individual members – quickly gained support from sociologists and psychologists who understood the significance of this emerging field. Many pioneers noted that the majority of group phenomena could be explained according to Lewin's equation and insight and opposing views were hushed. The study of group dynamics remains relevant in today's society where a vast number of professions (e.g., business and industry, clinical/counseling psychology, sports and recreation) rely on its mechanisms to thrive.Forsyth, D.R. (2010\\) *Group Dynamics*", "The most notable{{According to whom\\|date\\=May 2017}} of Lewin's contributions was his development of group communication and group dynamics as major facets of the communication discipline. Lewin and his associated researchers shifted from the pre\\-existing trend of individualist psychology and then expanded their work to incorporate a macro lens where they focused on the \"social psychology of small group communication\" (Rogers 1994\\). Lewin is associated with \"founding research and training in group dynamics and for establishing the participative management style in organizations\". He carved out this niche for himself from his various experiments. In his Berlin research, Lewin utilized \"group discussions to advance his theory in research.\" In doing so, there was certainly the complication of not knowing exactly whom to attribute epiphanies to as an idea collectively came into fruition. In addition to group discussions, he became increasingly interested in group membership. He was curious as to how perspectives of an individual in relation to the group were solidified or weakened. He tried to come up with the way identity was constructed from standpoint and perspectives. These were the beginnings of what ended up developing into \"groupthink\". Lewin started to become quite interested in how ideas were created and then perpetuated by the mentality of a group. Not included in this chapter is how important this became in looking at group dynamics across disciplines – including studying John F Kennedy and the way he tried to interact with his advisors in order to prevent groupthink from occurring.Janis, I.L. (1982\\). *Groupthink*", "### Peach and coconuts", "Lewin conceived the Peach v Coconut cultural distinction. Peach cultures included India, the U.S., most of [Latin America](/wiki/Latin_America \"Latin America\"), and [Southern Europe](/wiki/Southern_Europe \"Southern Europe\"). Peaches tend to be soft and friendly on the surface, even with strangers, but have a hard protective inner core. Coconut cultures include China, Russia and most of Europe except the south. Folk from coconut cultures have a soft inner core, but a tough exterior than can lead to a perception of unfriendliness with strangers. Yet once a person has gained their trust, they can be loyal friends for life. The Peach v Coconut analogy was later popularised by [Fons Trompenaars](/wiki/Fons_Trompenaars \"Fons Trompenaars\"), who said it \"explains all sorts of animosities that bedevil cross\\-cultural friendships, business dealings and diplomacy.\"{{Cite web\\|date\\= 30 May 2020\\|title\\=A peach among coconuts, or a coconut among the peaches? \\|author\\=Christelle McKillen\\|url\\=https://today.rtl.lu/entertainment/girl\\-in\\-luxembourg/a/1525575\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-23\\|website\\=\\[\\[RTL Group\\|RTL]]}}{{Cite news\\|date\\=14 June 2014\\|title\\=This column will change your life: are you wasting your warmth?\\|author\\=\\[\\[Oliver Burkeman]]\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/jun/14/change\\-your\\-life\\-peaches\\-and\\-coconuts\\-oliver\\-burkeman\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-23}}{{Cite book\\|title\\=The Cambridge Handbook of Intercultural Training\\|last\\=Bhawuk\\|first\\=Dharm\\|date\\=2020\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cambridge University Press]]\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-108\\-79590\\-6\\|pages\\=164–191}}", "" ]
### Academia [thumb\|A tablet commemorating Lewin's birthplace in present\-day [Mogilno](/wiki/Mogilno "Mogilno"), Poland](/wiki/File:Mogilno_tablica_pami%C4%85tkowa_Kurta_Lewina.jpg "Mogilno tablica pamiątkowa Kurta Lewina.jpg") Lewin was originally involved with schools of behavioral psychology before changing directions in research and undertaking work with psychologists of the [Gestalt school of psychology](/wiki/Gestalt_psychology "Gestalt psychology"), including [Max Wertheimer](/wiki/Max_Wertheimer "Max Wertheimer") and [Wolfgang Köhler](/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler "Wolfgang Köhler"). He also joined the Psychological Institute of the [University of Berlin](/wiki/University_of_Berlin "University of Berlin"), where he lectured and gave seminars on both philosophy and psychology. He served as a professor at the University of Berlin from 1926 to 1932, during which time he conducted experiments about tension states, needs, motivation, and learning. In 1933, Lewin had tried to negotiate a teaching position as the chair of psychology and creating a research institute at [Hebrew University](/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem "Hebrew University of Jerusalem") in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem"). Lewin often associated with the early [Frankfurt School](/wiki/Frankfurt_School "Frankfurt School"), originated by an influential group of largely Jewish [Marxists](/wiki/Marxism "Marxism") at the [Institute for Social Research](/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Research "Institute for Social Research") in Germany. But when [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler") came to power in [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") in 1933, the Institute members disbanded, and moved to England and then to the United States. The same year, he met with [Eric Trist](/wiki/Eric_Trist "Eric Trist"), of the London [Tavistock Clinic](/wiki/Tavistock_Clinic "Tavistock Clinic"). Trist was impressed with his theories and went on to use them in his studies on soldiers during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). In August 1933, Lewin immigrated to the U.S., where, in 1940, became a [naturalized citizen](/wiki/Naturalized_citizen "Naturalized citizen"). A few years after relocating to the U.S., Lewin began asking people to pronounce his name as "Lou\-in" rather than "Le\-veen" because the mispronunciation of his name by Americans had led to many missed phone calls. However, shortly before his death, he began requesting students and colleagues to use the correct pronunciation ("Le\-veen") because that is the one he preferred., Earlier, in 1930, he spent six months as a visiting professor at [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University"). After his immigration to the U.S., Lewin worked at [Cornell University](/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University"), the [Iowa Child Welfare Research Station](/wiki/Iowa_Child_Welfare_Research_Station "Iowa Child Welfare Research Station") at the [University of Iowa](/wiki/University_of_Iowa "University of Iowa"), and as director of the Center for Group Dynamics at [MIT](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"). Following [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), Lewin was involved in the psychological rehabilitation of former occupants of displaced persons camps with Dr. Jacob Fine at [Harvard Medical School](/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School"). When Trist and A T M Wilson wrote to Lewin proposing a [journal](/wiki/Academic_journal "Academic journal") in partnership with their newly founded [Tavistock Institute](/wiki/Tavistock_Institute "Tavistock Institute") and his group at MIT, Lewin agreed. The Tavistock journal, *[Human Relations](/wiki/Human_Relations_%28journal%29 "Human Relations (journal)")*, was founded with two early papers by Lewin entitled "Frontiers in Group Dynamics". Lewin taught for a time at [Duke University](/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University").King, W.["Refugee Scholars At Duke University"](http://www.phy.duke.edu/history/DistinguishedFaculty/HerthaSponer/RefugeeScholarsAtDukeUniversity.pdf){{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309174135/https://www.phy.duke.edu/history/DistinguishedFaculty/HerthaSponer/RefugeeScholarsAtDukeUniversity.pdf \|date\=9 March 2013 }}. Retrieved on 26 August 2012\. Lewin coined the notion of [genidentity](/wiki/Genidentity "Genidentity"),Lewin, K. (1922\). *Der Begriff der Genese in Physik, Biologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte.* (Lewin's Habilitationsschrift). which has gained some importance in various theories of [space\-time](/wiki/Space-time "Space-time") and related fields.{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2012}} For instance, he introduced the concept of [hodological space](/wiki/Hodological_space "Hodological space") or the simplest route achieved through the resolution of different field of forces, oppositions, and tensions according to their goals.{{Cite book\|title\=Terrence Malick's Unseeing Cinema: Memory, Time and Audibility\|last\=Batcho\|first\=James\|date\=2018\|publisher\=Springer\|isbn\=978\-3\-319\-76420\-7\|location\=Cham\|page\=69}} Lewin also proposed [Herbert Blumer](/wiki/Herbert_Blumer "Herbert Blumer")'s [interactionist](/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism "Symbolic interactionism") perspective of 1937 as an alternative to the [nature versus nurture](/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture "Nature versus nurture") debate. Lewin suggested that neither nature (inborn tendencies) nor nurture (how [experiences](/wiki/Experience "Experience") in [life](/wiki/Personal_life "Personal life") shape individuals) alone can account for individuals' behavior and personalities, but rather that both nature and nurture interact to shape each person. This idea was presented in the form of [Lewin's equation](/wiki/Lewin%27s_equation "Lewin's equation") for behavior, *B* \= *ƒ*(*P*, *E*), which means that behavior (B) is a function (f) of personal characteristics (P), and environmental characteristics (E). Scholars in the 1930s reveled in fear that, by devoting themselves to applied research, they would distract the discipline from basic research on scholarly problems and create a false binary on whether research was developed for the perpetuation of their respective discipline or for practical application.{{cite book\|last1\=Rogers\|first1\=Everett\|title\=A History of Communication Study: A Biological Approach\|date\=1994\|publisher\=The Free Press\|location\=NY}} Despite this debate within the [social sciences](/wiki/Social_science "Social science") at the time, Lewin argued that "applied research could be conducted with rigor and that one could test theoretical propositions in applied research." The root of this particular binary seemed to stem from the epistemological norms present within the hard sciences – where the distinction was much more pronounced; Kurt Lewin argued that this was contrary to the nature of the social sciences. With the help of scholars, including [Paul Lazarsfeld](/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld "Paul Lazarsfeld"), there was a method through which money could be acquired for research in a sustainable manner. Lewin has encouraged researchers to develop theories that can be used to address important social problems.{{Cite book\|title\=The Handbook of Group Research and Practice\|last\=Wheelan\|first\=Susan A.\|date\=2005\|publisher\=SAGE\|isbn\=0\-7619\-2958\-4\|location\=Thousand Oaks, CA\|page\=13}} To demonstrate his dedication to applied research and to further prove that there was value in testing his theoretical propositions, Lewin became a "master at transposing an everyday problem into a psychological experiment". Lewin, in his beginnings, took a seemingly banal moment between himself and a waiter and turned it into the beginnings of his field research, which Lewin reasoned that the "intention to carry out a specific task builds a psychological tension, which is released when the intended task is completed" in tandem with when [Sigmund Freud](/wiki/Sigmund_Freud "Sigmund Freud") theorized that "wishes persist until they are satisfied." This happenstance observation started the demonstration of the "existence of psychic tensions", fundamental to Lewin's [field theory](/wiki/Field_theory_%28psychology%29 "Field theory (psychology)"). While applied research helped develop Lewin into a practical theorist, what further defined him as an academic and a forerunner was his *action research*, a term he invented himself. Lewin was increasingly interested in the concepts of Jewish migration and identity. He was confused by the concept of how while an individual distanced themselves from performing the Jewish identity in terms of religious expression and performance, they were still considered Jewish in the eyes of [Nazis](/wiki/Nazism "Nazism"). This concept of denying one's identity and the promotion of self\-loathing as a form of coping with a dominant group's oppression represented the crisis of Lewin's own migration to the United States. Lewin, as his student and colleague Ron Lippitt described, "had a deep sensitivity to social problems and a commitment to use his resources as a social scientist to do something about them. In the early 1940s, he drew a triangle to represent the interdependence of research, training, and action in producing social change." This diagramming of an academic's interests and actions within this triangulation yields an interesting part of accessing Lewin and his contributions. Rather than noting social justice as the beginning or the end, it was ingrained in every single academic action that Lewin took. It was this particular world view and paradigm that furthered his research and determined precisely how he was going to utilize the findings from his field research. Furthermore, it all reflected upon Lewin the man and his way of coping with the events of his time period. This devotion to action research was possibly a way of resolving a dissonance of his own passage to America and how he left his own back in present\-day [Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland"). Prominent psychologists mentored by Lewin included [Leon Festinger](/wiki/Leon_Festinger "Leon Festinger") (1919–1989\), who became known for his [cognitive dissonance](/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance "Cognitive dissonance") theory (1956\), environmental psychologist [Roger Barker](/wiki/Roger_Barker "Roger Barker"), [Bluma Zeigarnik](/wiki/Bluma_Zeigarnik "Bluma Zeigarnik"), and [Morton Deutsch](/wiki/Morton_Deutsch "Morton Deutsch"), the founder of modern conflict resolution theory and practice.
[ "### Academia", "[thumb\\|A tablet commemorating Lewin's birthplace in present\\-day [Mogilno](/wiki/Mogilno \"Mogilno\"), Poland](/wiki/File:Mogilno_tablica_pami%C4%85tkowa_Kurta_Lewina.jpg \"Mogilno tablica pamiątkowa Kurta Lewina.jpg\")\nLewin was originally involved with schools of behavioral psychology before changing directions in research and undertaking work with psychologists of the [Gestalt school of psychology](/wiki/Gestalt_psychology \"Gestalt psychology\"), including [Max Wertheimer](/wiki/Max_Wertheimer \"Max Wertheimer\") and [Wolfgang Köhler](/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler \"Wolfgang Köhler\"). He also joined the Psychological Institute of the [University of Berlin](/wiki/University_of_Berlin \"University of Berlin\"), where he lectured and gave seminars on both philosophy and psychology. He served as a professor at the University of Berlin from 1926 to 1932, during which time he conducted experiments about tension states, needs, motivation, and learning.", "In 1933, Lewin had tried to negotiate a teaching position as the chair of psychology and creating a research institute at [Hebrew University](/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem \"Hebrew University of Jerusalem\") in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\"). Lewin often associated with the early [Frankfurt School](/wiki/Frankfurt_School \"Frankfurt School\"), originated by an influential group of largely Jewish [Marxists](/wiki/Marxism \"Marxism\") at the [Institute for Social Research](/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Research \"Institute for Social Research\") in Germany. But when [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler \"Adolf Hitler\") came to power in [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") in 1933, the Institute members disbanded, and moved to England and then to the United States. The same year, he met with [Eric Trist](/wiki/Eric_Trist \"Eric Trist\"), of the London [Tavistock Clinic](/wiki/Tavistock_Clinic \"Tavistock Clinic\"). Trist was impressed with his theories and went on to use them in his studies on soldiers during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").", "In August 1933, Lewin immigrated to the U.S., where, in 1940, became a [naturalized citizen](/wiki/Naturalized_citizen \"Naturalized citizen\"). A few years after relocating to the U.S., Lewin began asking people to pronounce his name as \"Lou\\-in\" rather than \"Le\\-veen\" because the mispronunciation of his name by Americans had led to many missed phone calls. However, shortly before his death, he began requesting students and colleagues to use the correct pronunciation (\"Le\\-veen\") because that is the one he preferred., Earlier, in 1930, he spent six months as a visiting professor at [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\"). After his immigration to the U.S., Lewin worked at [Cornell University](/wiki/Cornell_University \"Cornell University\"), the [Iowa Child Welfare Research Station](/wiki/Iowa_Child_Welfare_Research_Station \"Iowa Child Welfare Research Station\") at the [University of Iowa](/wiki/University_of_Iowa \"University of Iowa\"), and as director of the Center for Group Dynamics at [MIT](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\").", "Following [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), Lewin was involved in the psychological rehabilitation of former occupants of displaced persons camps with Dr. Jacob Fine at [Harvard Medical School](/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School \"Harvard Medical School\"). When Trist and A T M Wilson wrote to Lewin proposing a [journal](/wiki/Academic_journal \"Academic journal\") in partnership with their newly founded [Tavistock Institute](/wiki/Tavistock_Institute \"Tavistock Institute\") and his group at MIT, Lewin agreed. The Tavistock journal, *[Human Relations](/wiki/Human_Relations_%28journal%29 \"Human Relations (journal)\")*, was founded with two early papers by Lewin entitled \"Frontiers in Group Dynamics\". Lewin taught for a time at [Duke University](/wiki/Duke_University \"Duke University\").King, W.[\"Refugee Scholars At Duke University\"](http://www.phy.duke.edu/history/DistinguishedFaculty/HerthaSponer/RefugeeScholarsAtDukeUniversity.pdf){{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309174135/https://www.phy.duke.edu/history/DistinguishedFaculty/HerthaSponer/RefugeeScholarsAtDukeUniversity.pdf \\|date\\=9 March 2013 }}. Retrieved on 26 August 2012\\.", "Lewin coined the notion of [genidentity](/wiki/Genidentity \"Genidentity\"),Lewin, K. (1922\\). *Der Begriff der Genese in Physik, Biologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte.* (Lewin's Habilitationsschrift). which has gained some importance in various theories of [space\\-time](/wiki/Space-time \"Space-time\") and related fields.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2012}} For instance, he introduced the concept of [hodological space](/wiki/Hodological_space \"Hodological space\") or the simplest route achieved through the resolution of different field of forces, oppositions, and tensions according to their goals.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Terrence Malick's Unseeing Cinema: Memory, Time and Audibility\\|last\\=Batcho\\|first\\=James\\|date\\=2018\\|publisher\\=Springer\\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-319\\-76420\\-7\\|location\\=Cham\\|page\\=69}}", "Lewin also proposed [Herbert Blumer](/wiki/Herbert_Blumer \"Herbert Blumer\")'s [interactionist](/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism \"Symbolic interactionism\") perspective of 1937 as an alternative to the [nature versus nurture](/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture \"Nature versus nurture\") debate. Lewin suggested that neither nature (inborn tendencies) nor nurture (how [experiences](/wiki/Experience \"Experience\") in [life](/wiki/Personal_life \"Personal life\") shape individuals) alone can account for individuals' behavior and personalities, but rather that both nature and nurture interact to shape each person. This idea was presented in the form of [Lewin's equation](/wiki/Lewin%27s_equation \"Lewin's equation\") for behavior, *B* \\= *ƒ*(*P*, *E*), which means that behavior (B) is a function (f) of personal characteristics (P), and environmental characteristics (E).", "Scholars in the 1930s reveled in fear that, by devoting themselves to applied research, they would distract the discipline from basic research on scholarly problems and create a false binary on whether research was developed for the perpetuation of their respective discipline or for practical application.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Rogers\\|first1\\=Everett\\|title\\=A History of Communication Study: A Biological Approach\\|date\\=1994\\|publisher\\=The Free Press\\|location\\=NY}} Despite this debate within the [social sciences](/wiki/Social_science \"Social science\") at the time, Lewin argued that \"applied research could be conducted with rigor and that one could test theoretical propositions in applied research.\" The root of this particular binary seemed to stem from the epistemological norms present within the hard sciences – where the distinction was much more pronounced; Kurt Lewin argued that this was contrary to the nature of the social sciences. With the help of scholars, including [Paul Lazarsfeld](/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld \"Paul Lazarsfeld\"), there was a method through which money could be acquired for research in a sustainable manner. Lewin has encouraged researchers to develop theories that can be used to address important social problems.{{Cite book\\|title\\=The Handbook of Group Research and Practice\\|last\\=Wheelan\\|first\\=Susan A.\\|date\\=2005\\|publisher\\=SAGE\\|isbn\\=0\\-7619\\-2958\\-4\\|location\\=Thousand Oaks, CA\\|page\\=13}}", "To demonstrate his dedication to applied research and to further prove that there was value in testing his theoretical propositions, Lewin became a \"master at transposing an everyday problem into a psychological experiment\". Lewin, in his beginnings, took a seemingly banal moment between himself and a waiter and turned it into the beginnings of his field research, which Lewin reasoned that the \"intention to carry out a specific task builds a psychological tension, which is released when the intended task is completed\" in tandem with when [Sigmund Freud](/wiki/Sigmund_Freud \"Sigmund Freud\") theorized that \"wishes persist until they are satisfied.\" This happenstance observation started the demonstration of the \"existence of psychic tensions\", fundamental to Lewin's [field theory](/wiki/Field_theory_%28psychology%29 \"Field theory (psychology)\").", "While applied research helped develop Lewin into a practical theorist, what further defined him as an academic and a forerunner was his *action research*, a term he invented himself. Lewin was increasingly interested in the concepts of Jewish migration and identity. He was confused by the concept of how while an individual distanced themselves from performing the Jewish identity in terms of religious expression and performance, they were still considered Jewish in the eyes of [Nazis](/wiki/Nazism \"Nazism\"). This concept of denying one's identity and the promotion of self\\-loathing as a form of coping with a dominant group's oppression represented the crisis of Lewin's own migration to the United States. Lewin, as his student and colleague Ron Lippitt described, \"had a deep sensitivity to social problems and a commitment to use his resources as a social scientist to do something about them.", "In the early 1940s, he drew a triangle to represent the interdependence of research, training, and action in producing social change.\" This diagramming of an academic's interests and actions within this triangulation yields an interesting part of accessing Lewin and his contributions. Rather than noting social justice as the beginning or the end, it was ingrained in every single academic action that Lewin took. It was this particular world view and paradigm that furthered his research and determined precisely how he was going to utilize the findings from his field research. Furthermore, it all reflected upon Lewin the man and his way of coping with the events of his time period. This devotion to action research was possibly a way of resolving a dissonance of his own passage to America and how he left his own back in present\\-day [Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\").", "Prominent psychologists mentored by Lewin included [Leon Festinger](/wiki/Leon_Festinger \"Leon Festinger\") (1919–1989\\), who became known for his [cognitive dissonance](/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance \"Cognitive dissonance\") theory (1956\\), environmental psychologist [Roger Barker](/wiki/Roger_Barker \"Roger Barker\"), [Bluma Zeigarnik](/wiki/Bluma_Zeigarnik \"Bluma Zeigarnik\"), and [Morton Deutsch](/wiki/Morton_Deutsch \"Morton Deutsch\"), the founder of modern conflict resolution theory and practice.", "" ]
History ------- ### Toponymy The origin of the name "Ranau" comes from the [Dusun](/wiki/Dusun "Dusun") word {{transliteration\|dtp\|ranahon}}, which means [paddy fields](/wiki/Paddy_fields "Paddy fields"). The Dusun people who live in the highland grow mountain rice on the hills (called {{transliteration\|dtp\|tumo/dumo}}), where the mountain rice is called {{transliteration\|dtp\|parai tidong}} in Dusun. The people in the lowlands of Ranau use traditional water\-filled paddy fields for rice cultivation. Over time, “Ranahon” was shortened to “Ranau.” As the central district administration is nearer to the lowland, the name “Ranau” was adopted as the official name for the district. ### Early references [thumb\|left\|400px\|alt\=Map of northern Borneo from Joachim Ottens's 1710 map.\|[Mount Kinabalu](/wiki/Mount_Kinabalu "Mount Kinabalu") was called *Mont de Ste. Pierre* in this 1710 Ottens map.](/wiki/File:Northern_Borneo_1710_Ottens_Map_of_Southeast_Asia%2C_Singapore%2C_Thailand_%28Siam%29%2C_Malaysia%2C_Sumatra%2C_Borneo_-_Geographicus_-_Siam-ottens-1710.jpg "Northern Borneo 1710 Ottens Map of Southeast Asia, Singapore, Thailand (Siam), Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo - Geographicus - Siam-ottens-1710.jpg") Allusions to a place in Ranau, the [Mount Kinabalu](/wiki/Mount_Kinabalu "Mount Kinabalu"), had appeared in sources from China. [Wang Dayuan](/wiki/Wang_Dayuan "Wang Dayuan") mentioned a mountain called *Long shan* when he described the country of *Bo ni* (勃泥 *bó ní*) in his book, *Description of the Barbarians of the Isles* (島夷誌略 *dǎo yí zhì lüè*) written between 1330 and 1350\.Nicholl, Robert. (1980\), ["Notes on Some Controversial Issues in Brunei History"](http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/arch_0044-8613_1980_num_19_1_1524), *Archipel* **19**: 27\-28 *Long shan* (龍山 *lóng shān*) means Dragon Mountain and it was linked to Mount Kinabalu because there were dragon legends associated with Kinabalu.Ling Roth H., *Native of Sarawak \& British North Borneo*, **1**, London (1896\) \& Singapore (1968\): 304\-305Sweeney, Amin. (1968\), *Silsilah Raja\-raja Berunai*, *Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society*, **41**(2\): 52 Another Chinese source, a nautical [compendium](/wiki/Compendium "Compendium") called *Fair Winds for Escort* (順風相送 *shùn fēng xiāng sòng*) composed circa 1430, described a voyage from [Siam](/wiki/Siam "Siam") to [Mindanao](/wiki/Mindanao "Mindanao") via the west coast of Borneo, where the Chinese ships passed *Sheng shan* (聖山 *shèng shān*).Mills, J.V.. (1979\), ["Chinese Navigators in Insulinde about A.D. 1500"](http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/arch_0044-8613_1979_num_18_1_1502), *Archipel* **18**: 81 *Sheng shan* which means Holy Mountain, was identified as [Mount Kinabalu](/wiki/Mount_Kinabalu "Mount Kinabalu").Mills, J.V.. (1979\), ["Chinese Navigators in Insulinde about A.D. 1500"](http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/arch_0044-8613_1979_num_18_1_1502), *Archipel* **18**: 79 References to Mount Kinabalu had also appeared in old maps of the [East Indies](/wiki/East_Indies "East Indies") made by Europeans cartographers under the names of *Mount St. Pedro* or *Mount St. Pierre*.{{harvnb\|Rutter\|1922\|p \= 22}} The name *Mount St. Pedro* was used by map makers such as [Gerardus Mercator](/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator "Gerardus Mercator") in his *India Orientalis* map published around 1595,["India Orientalis"](http://www.vintage-maps.com/en/Antique-Maps/Asia/India/Mercator-Southeast-Asia-India-China-Thailand-Philippines::655.html), Goetzfried Antique Maps, Retrieved 18 February 2012\. [Nicolaes Visscher II](/wiki/Nicolaes_Visscher_II "Nicolaes Visscher II") in *Indiae Orientalis* map published in the early 17th century,["Indiae Orientalis"](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 18 February 2012\. and several other cartographers.["Borneo Insula"](http://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/0238gh/Borneo_Insula/Van%20Noort.html). Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.. Retrieved 18 February 2012\.["De Agtste Oostindize Reys voor d'Engelze Maatschappie onder Kapitein Ioan Saris, gedaan ne Iava, de Moluccos en Iapan"](http://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/28982/De_Agtste_Oostindize_Reys_voor_dEngelze_Maatschappie_onder_Kapitein_Ioan/Vander%20Aa.html). Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.. Retrieved 18 February 2012\.["Les Isles De Sonde"](http://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/27003/Les_Isles_De_Sonde_1749/De%20Vaugondy.html). Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.. Retrieved 18 February 2012\.["A General Map of the East Indies and that Part of China where the Europeans have any Settlements or Commonly any Trade"](http://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/0176gh/A_General_Map_of_the_East_Indies_and_that_Part_of_China_where_the_Europeans/Kitchin.html). Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.. Retrieved 18 February 2012\.["Isole Filippine, Ladrones, e Moluccos o Isole della Speziarie come anco Celebes \&c."](http://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/24479/Isole_Filippine_Ladrones_e_Moluccos_o_Isole_della_Speziarie_come_anco/Albrizzi.html). Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.. Retrieved 18 February 2012\. In some maps, for example, the 1710 *Ottens's Map of Southeast Asia* by Joachim Ottens, the mountain was called *Mount St. Pierre*.["Le Royaume de Siam avec Les Royaumes Qui Luy sont Tributaries \& c. \- La Royaume de Siam avec les royaumes qui luy sont Tributaires, et les Isles de Sumatra, Andemaon, etc. Et les Isles Voisine Aven les Observations des Six Peres Jesuites Envojez par le Roy en Qualite de Ses Mathe : maticiens dans les Indes, et a la Chine ou est aussi Tracee. La Route Qu'ils ont teniie par le Destroit de la Sonde Jusqu a Siam"](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1710_Ottens_Map_of_Southeast_Asia,_Singapore,_Thailand_%28Siam%29,_Malaysia,_Sumatra,_Borneo_-_Geographicus_-_Siam-ottens-1710.jpg). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 18 February 2012\. However, [John Pinkerton](/wiki/John_Pinkerton "John Pinkerton")'s *East India Isles* map from 1818 labelled the mountain as *St. Peter's Mountain*.["East India Isles"](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_the_East_Indies_and_Southeast_Asia_%28Singapore,_Borneo,_Java,_Sumatra,_Thailand_-_Geographicus_-_EastIndiaIslands-pinkerton-1818.jpg).Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 18 February 2012\. Old geographers believed that there was a great lake at the peak of the mountain on account of the natives's stories. During the [Ice age](/wiki/Ice_age "Ice age") about 100,000 years ago, the mountain was covered with ice sheets and glaciers moved slowly down its slopes. Only the summit peaks were very noticeable above the ice.{{harvnb\|Phillips\|Liew\|2005\|p \= 8}} The natives's oral history may have had its roots from the folk memory of these glistening sheets of ice. However, the earliest documented expeditions to ascend Kinabalu in March 1851 and in 1858, led by [Sir Hugh Low](/wiki/Hugh_Low "Hugh Low") and [Sir Spenser St. John](/wiki/Spenser_St._John "Spenser St. John"), revealed that there was no lake. Later maps, as evident in the maps by Archibald Fullarton \& Co.["Indian Archipelago Compiled From the Various Surveyas of the British \& Dutch Governments And Other Materials In The Possession of the Royal Geographical Society"](http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~3458~400028:Indian-Archipelago-Compiled-From-Th). David Rumsey Historical Map Collection. Retrieved 18 February 2012\. and J. Rapkin,["Malay Archipelago, Or East India Islands"](http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~825~60130:Malay-Archipelago,-Or-East-India-Is?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No&qvq=q:borneo;sort:Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&mi=0&trs=11). David Rumsey Historical Map Collection. Retrieved 18 February 2012\. suggested that a lake existed south of the mountain. With further assertions from the Kiau people (of [Kota Belud](/wiki/Kota_Belud "Kota Belud") district) that they had done trading business with villagers who lived near the lake shore, St. John viewed that the lake had probably existed southeast below Kinabalu, where the Ranau plain is situated today. The Dusun word {{transliteration\|dtp\|ranahon}} ({{transliteration\|dtp\|ranau}}) is used to describe a wet field of lowland rice and it was plausible that floods had submerged the plain, thus giving a lake\-like view when seen from the highlands.{{harvnb\|Rutter\|1922\|p \= 47}} Notwithstanding, explorers William B. Pryer and Captain Francis Xavier Witti concluded that there was no lake near Mount Kinabalu when they explored the Ranau plain in the early days.{{harvnb\|Pryer\|1893\|p \= 27}} ### Under British North Borneo Company [thumb\|left\|"These stones are witnesses of the oaths of loyalty to Government taken by Ranau natives after the Mat Salleh rebellion had been put down in January 1898\." —Ranau Loyalty Oath Stone](/wiki/File:Ranau_Sabah_OathStone-01.jpg "Ranau Sabah OathStone-01.jpg") During the [British North Borneo Company](/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company "North Borneo Chartered Company") administration beginning in the 19th century, Ranau was governed under the Province Dent.{{harvnb\|R. Evans\|1999\|page \= North Borneo Map — 1905}} Later it organised as a substation of [Tambunan](/wiki/Tambunan "Tambunan") with a Government station under the Interior Residency. Ranau was connected to the West Coast Residency only by a bridle road and by a southerly bridle path {{convert\|64\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} to Tambunan. [Telegraph line](/wiki/Telegraph_line "Telegraph line") was also available from Ranau to Tambunan.{{harvnb\|Rutter\|1922\|p \= 398}} The Ranau plain and its surrounding hilly areas were historically inhabited by [Dusun](/wiki/Dusun "Dusun") farmers who practised [shifting cultivation](/wiki/Shifting_cultivation "Shifting cultivation"). Their major staple crops were [upland rice](/wiki/Upland_rice "Upland rice") and [lowland wet rice](/wiki/Rice%23Rice-growing_environments "Rice#Rice-growing environments"). Natives from Ranau would go to large *tamu* (native market) at nearby districts to sell and buy, or exchange goods using the barter system.{{harvnb\|Rutter\|1922\|p \= 367}} [Tobacco](/wiki/Tobacco "Tobacco"), a major export item for the company,{{harvnb\|British North Borneo Company\|1899\|p \= 27}} was successfully cultivated in extensive parts of Ranau district, especially in the highlands.{{harvnb\|Rutter\|1922\|p \= 253}} It became an important source of income for Ranau natives. At that time, the tobacco produced from highland Ranau and the Interior proper was of high quality compared to that grown down the coast due to the effect of sea wind even though the plants were similarly obtained from Ranau, according to natives and experts. Between 1897 and 1898, [Mat Salleh](/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion "Mat Salleh Rebellion") built a fort in Ranau and went there three times during his rebellion against the British North Borneo Company. His fort in Ranau was measured at {{convert\|109\|m\|yd\|abbr\=on}} long and {{convert\|55\|m\|yd\|abbr\=on}} wide. There was a three\-sided strong\-point on one side and a watch\-tower in the middle. The fort was surrounded by a thick earth wall with high strong fence. Sharp bamboo stakes were thickly sown into the grounds around the fort.{{harvnb\|Rutter\|1922\|p \= 194}} His first appearance in Ranau on 10 February 1897, gained him many Dusun followers which then increased his influence to as far as [Inanam](/wiki/Inanam "Inanam"). The company was aware of this development and launched an attack against his fort in Ranau on 23 February which led to the death of his father.{{harvnb\|Osman\|Ali\|Basrah\|Omar\|2007\|p \= 14}} Mat Salleh escaped but retreated back to Ranau in July the same year. After being tracked down by Captain J.M. Reddie and E.H. Barraut, Ranau was attacked again but he managed to escape.{{harvnb\|Osman\|Ali\|Basrah\|Omar\|2007\|p \= 17}} Mat Salleh's final movement to Ranau occurred in November 1897\. A total of 288 [Sikh](/wiki/Sikh "Sikh"), [Iban](/wiki/Iban_people "Iban people") and [Dayak](/wiki/Dayak_people "Dayak people") policemen from Abai Bay and [Sandakan](/wiki/Sandakan "Sandakan") led by G. Hewett, George Ormsby, P. Wise, and Adjutant Alfred Jones, were ordered to invade Mat Salleh's fort in Ranau on 13 December 1897\. The fort was significantly destroyed but Jones and 13 other policemen were killed. On 9 January 1898, Hewett and his troops ambushed the Ranau fort again but it was already deserted by Mat Salleh and his followers. The fort was then completely demolished. As a result of this rebellion, the Company built an administration building in the district and erected a loyalty oath stone as a sign that the residents of Ranau swore loyalty to the Government.{{harvnb\|Osman\|Ali\|Basrah\|Omar\|2007\|p \= 19}} The loyalty oath stone still exists until today. ### World War II {{see also\|Sandakan Death Marches}} The [Japanese occupation](/wiki/Sabah%23Japanese_occupation "Sabah#Japanese occupation") of North Borneo became official on 16 May 1942, and divided North Borneo into two governorates.{{harvnb\|R. Evans\|1999\|p \= 30}} Ranau was under the Governorate of the West Coast Territory (西海州 {{transliteration\|ja\|seikaishū}}) and was directly administered by a district officer (郡長 {{transliteration\|ja\|guncho}}) with the help of village headmen.{{in lang\|ja}}["１００年前のコタキナバル"](http://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/rrrobata/19050242.html). 愛するマレーシア、ボルネオ島でセカンドライフ. 22 June 2009\. Retrieved 21 February 2012\. At first, the Japanese were not interested in the Interior Residency but soon, demands for the collection of foodstuffs increased. They also realised the importance of the Interior as part of their strategic forces. The Japanese set up a [garrison](/wiki/Garrison "Garrison") in Ranau to control the local people and it was one of the strongest army posts in the Interior.{{harvnb\|R. Evans\|1999\|p \= 36}} Village headmen were given orders to gather as many groups of labourers as possible from villages all over the district to work on upgrading existing roads, mainly the one leading to [Sandakan](/wiki/Sandakan "Sandakan"), and also to construct an [airstrip](/wiki/Airstrip "Airstrip") in Ranau near a detention camp of Australian [prisoners of war](/wiki/Prisoners_of_war "Prisoners of war").{{harvnb\|R. Evans\|1999\|p \= 42}} Ranau served as an important junction for the Japanese troops from Sandakan heading to [Jesselton](/wiki/Jesselton "Jesselton") and also for the troops from the Interior proper marching as reinforcements towards [Kudat](/wiki/Kudat "Kudat"). Towards the end of the war, Ranau stood witness to the infamous [Sandakan Death Marches](/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches "Sandakan Death Marches"). The first march started in January 1945\. 470 Australian prisoners of wars left Sandakan and by June, only 6 remained alive in Ranau. The second march of 536 prisoners began on 29 May 1945\. Along the way, two prisoners managed to escape into the jungle and later saved by the [Allied units](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II%23United_Kingdom "Allies of World War II#United Kingdom") with the help of locals. Only 183 prisoners reached the Ranau camp on 24 June 1945\. Another four prisoners successfully fled the camp and led to safety by a native teenager who found them hiding in the jungle along a river.["Windows To Sandakan"](http://www.abc.net.au/compass/s2542288.htm). [ABC1](/wiki/ABC1 "ABC1"). 19 April 2009\. Retrieved 21 February 2012\. They were also rescued by Allied [paratroopers](/wiki/Paratroopers "Paratroopers") later. In June 1945, the Japanese captors moved with the prisoners {{convert\|8\.3\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} south of Ranau to a second jungle camp near the Kenipir River to escape from the air raids of [napalm](/wiki/Napalm "Napalm") bombs by the Allied planes. By August 1945, all survivors of the marches were killed."Where the Death March ended". *[Daily Express](/wiki/Daily_Express "Daily Express")*. 23 August 2009\. Retrieved 21 February 2012\. Three memorials were erected in remembrance of the marches. The Ranau Memorial, also known as the Gunner Cleary Memorial was constructed in 1985 in memory of the tragic death of Gunner Albert Neil Cleary from the first Death March.["Ranau Memorial At Sabah Malaysia"](http://www.borneopow.info/memorials/ranau.htm). The Borneo POW Story. Retrieved 21 February 2012\. The [Kundasang War Memorial](/wiki/Kundasang_War_Memorial "Kundasang War Memorial") built in 1962 is a memorial park dedicated to the Australian and British servicemen who died in Sandakan and on the marches, and also to the locals who assisted the prisoners of wars.["Kundasang War Memorial Sabah Malaysia"](http://www.borneopow.info/memorials/kundasung.htm). The Borneo POW Story. Retrieved 21 February 2012\. The Last Camp Memorial was newly unveiled in 2009 in remembrance of the exact spot where the Death March ended.["Ranau: The Last Camp Memorial"](http://lynettesilver.com/memorial-projects/ranau-the-last-camp-memorial/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323232804/http://lynettesilver.com/memorial\-projects/ranau\-the\-last\-camp\-memorial/ \|date\=23 March 2012 }}. Lynette Ramsay Silver. Retrieved 21 February 2012\. ### Mamut Copper Mine {{main\|Mamut Mine}} [thumb\|The crater lake of the former Mamut Copper Mine.](/wiki/File:Ranau_Sabah_Mamut-Copper-Mine-05.jpg "Ranau Sabah Mamut-Copper-Mine-05.jpg") Ranau was the centre of Malaysian copper, gold and silver mining from 1975 to 1999\. The Mamut Copper Mine at the slopes of Mount Kinabalu was an open cast mine which was operated by a joint venture of Japanese and Malaysian investors under the *Overseas Mineral Resources Development Sabah Sdn Bhd*, later restructured under the name *Mamut Copper Mining Sdn Bhd. (MCM)*. During the 25 years of operation, the Mamut Copper Mine was responsible for 50% of the gold and 90% of the silver production in Malaysia. In its booming years, MCM was mining an annual production of 25,000 tons of copper in Ranau. Operations were discontinued in 1999, leaving a crater of 1,200 meters diameter and a depth of 500 meters. Filled with water, the crater now forms a huge lake, which \- together with the heavy metal legacies of the *Lohan Tailings Dam* \- made the headlines of several reports on environmental contamination. ### 2015 earthquake {{main\|2015 Sabah earthquake}} On 5 June 2015, an earthquake measuring at 6\.0 on the Richter magnitude scale occurred at 7:15 a.m. MST with its epicentre approximately 15 km north of Ranau.{{cite web\|url\=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us20002m5s\#general\_summary\|title\=M6\.0 \- 12km WNW of Ranau, Malaysia\|publisher\=\[\[United States Geological Survey]]\|date\=5 June 2015\|access\-date\=6 June 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/05/6\-0\-earthquake\-hits\-sabah\-west\-coast/\|title\=6\.0 trembler rattles Sabah west coast\|publisher\=\[\[The Borneo Post]]\|date\=5 June 2015\|access\-date\=6 June 2015}} Mount Kinabalu was closest to the epicentre and was affected by massive landslides causing eighteen people to lose their lives, three of which were from Ranau. Another 137 climbers were stranded on the mountain but they were eventually rescued.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.straitstimes.com/news/asia/south\-east\-asia/story/sabah\-quake\-death\-toll\-rises\-18\-after\-missing\-singaporeans\-found\-201\|title\=Sabah quake: Death toll rises to 18; Malaysia to end search and rescue ops\|publisher\=\[\[The Straits Times]]\|date\=10 June 2015\|access\-date\=10 June 2015}} It was the strongest earthquake to occur in Malaysia since [1976](/wiki/1976_Sabah_earthquake "1976 Sabah earthquake").{{cite web\|url\=http://enewsletter.ntu.edu.sg/(X(1\)S(i2pwxfhr1zwo3in5gfntvwxv))/classact/Jun15/Pages/cn10\.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport\=1\|title\=Shedding new light on recent Sabah earthquake\|publisher\=\[\[Nanyang Technological University]]\|date\=June 2015\|access\-date\=6 June 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521133305/http://enewsletter.ntu.edu.sg/%28X%281%29S%28i2pwxfhr1zwo3in5gfntvwxv%29%29/classact/Jun15/Pages/cn10\.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport\=1\|archive\-date\=21 May 2016\|url\-status\=dead}} Following the earthquake, there were reports of damage to the structures of the Ar\-Rahman Mosque, fifteen primary schools and eight secondary schools in Ranau.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2015/06/07/Sabah\-quake\-Muhyiddin/\|title\=Sabah quake: Muhyiddin visits damaged school and mosque\|work\=The Star\|date\=7 June 2015\|access\-date\=7 June 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2015/06/06/Sabah\-quake\-23\-schools\-six\-districts\-Muhyiddin/\|title\=Sabah quake: 23 schools in six districts affected, says Muhyiddin\|author\=Farik Zolkepli\|work\=The Star\|date\=6 June 2015\|access\-date\=7 June 2015}}
[ "History\n-------", "### Toponymy", "The origin of the name \"Ranau\" comes from the [Dusun](/wiki/Dusun \"Dusun\") word {{transliteration\\|dtp\\|ranahon}}, which means [paddy fields](/wiki/Paddy_fields \"Paddy fields\"). The Dusun people who live in the highland grow mountain rice on the hills (called {{transliteration\\|dtp\\|tumo/dumo}}), where the mountain rice is called {{transliteration\\|dtp\\|parai tidong}} in Dusun. The people in the lowlands of Ranau use traditional water\\-filled paddy fields for rice cultivation. Over time, “Ranahon” was shortened to “Ranau.” As the central district administration is nearer to the lowland, the name “Ranau” was adopted as the official name for the district.", "### Early references", "[thumb\\|left\\|400px\\|alt\\=Map of northern Borneo from Joachim Ottens's 1710 map.\\|[Mount Kinabalu](/wiki/Mount_Kinabalu \"Mount Kinabalu\") was called *Mont de Ste. Pierre* in this 1710 Ottens map.](/wiki/File:Northern_Borneo_1710_Ottens_Map_of_Southeast_Asia%2C_Singapore%2C_Thailand_%28Siam%29%2C_Malaysia%2C_Sumatra%2C_Borneo_-_Geographicus_-_Siam-ottens-1710.jpg \"Northern Borneo 1710 Ottens Map of Southeast Asia, Singapore, Thailand (Siam), Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo - Geographicus - Siam-ottens-1710.jpg\")\nAllusions to a place in Ranau, the [Mount Kinabalu](/wiki/Mount_Kinabalu \"Mount Kinabalu\"), had appeared in sources from China. [Wang Dayuan](/wiki/Wang_Dayuan \"Wang Dayuan\") mentioned a mountain called *Long shan* when he described the country of *Bo ni* (勃泥 *bó ní*) in his book, *Description of the Barbarians of the Isles* (島夷誌略 *dǎo yí zhì lüè*) written between 1330 and 1350\\.Nicholl, Robert. (1980\\), [\"Notes on Some Controversial Issues in Brunei History\"](http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/arch_0044-8613_1980_num_19_1_1524), *Archipel* **19**: 27\\-28 *Long shan* (龍山 *lóng shān*) means Dragon Mountain and it was linked to Mount Kinabalu because there were dragon legends associated with Kinabalu.Ling Roth H., *Native of Sarawak \\& British North Borneo*, **1**, London (1896\\) \\& Singapore (1968\\): 304\\-305Sweeney, Amin. (1968\\), *Silsilah Raja\\-raja Berunai*, *Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society*, **41**(2\\): 52 Another Chinese source, a nautical [compendium](/wiki/Compendium \"Compendium\") called *Fair Winds for Escort* (順風相送 *shùn fēng xiāng sòng*) composed circa 1430, described a voyage from [Siam](/wiki/Siam \"Siam\") to [Mindanao](/wiki/Mindanao \"Mindanao\") via the west coast of Borneo, where the Chinese ships passed *Sheng shan* (聖山 *shèng shān*).Mills, J.V.. (1979\\), [\"Chinese Navigators in Insulinde about A.D. 1500\"](http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/arch_0044-8613_1979_num_18_1_1502), *Archipel* **18**: 81 *Sheng shan* which means Holy Mountain, was identified as [Mount Kinabalu](/wiki/Mount_Kinabalu \"Mount Kinabalu\").Mills, J.V.. (1979\\), [\"Chinese Navigators in Insulinde about A.D. 1500\"](http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/arch_0044-8613_1979_num_18_1_1502), *Archipel* **18**: 79", "", "References to Mount Kinabalu had also appeared in old maps of the [East Indies](/wiki/East_Indies \"East Indies\") made by Europeans cartographers under the names of *Mount St. Pedro* or *Mount St. Pierre*.{{harvnb\\|Rutter\\|1922\\|p \\= 22}} The name *Mount St. Pedro* was used by map makers such as [Gerardus Mercator](/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator \"Gerardus Mercator\") in his *India Orientalis* map published around 1595,[\"India Orientalis\"](http://www.vintage-maps.com/en/Antique-Maps/Asia/India/Mercator-Southeast-Asia-India-China-Thailand-Philippines::655.html), Goetzfried Antique Maps, Retrieved 18 February 2012\\. [Nicolaes Visscher II](/wiki/Nicolaes_Visscher_II \"Nicolaes Visscher II\") in *Indiae Orientalis* map published in the early 17th century,[\"Indiae Orientalis\"](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 18 February 2012\\. and several other cartographers.[\"Borneo Insula\"](http://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/0238gh/Borneo_Insula/Van%20Noort.html). Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.. Retrieved 18 February 2012\\.[\"De Agtste Oostindize Reys voor d'Engelze Maatschappie onder Kapitein Ioan Saris, gedaan ne Iava, de Moluccos en Iapan\"](http://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/28982/De_Agtste_Oostindize_Reys_voor_dEngelze_Maatschappie_onder_Kapitein_Ioan/Vander%20Aa.html). Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.. Retrieved 18 February 2012\\.[\"Les Isles De Sonde\"](http://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/27003/Les_Isles_De_Sonde_1749/De%20Vaugondy.html). Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.. Retrieved 18 February 2012\\.[\"A General Map of the East Indies and that Part of China where the Europeans have any Settlements or Commonly any Trade\"](http://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/0176gh/A_General_Map_of_the_East_Indies_and_that_Part_of_China_where_the_Europeans/Kitchin.html). Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.. Retrieved 18 February 2012\\.[\"Isole Filippine, Ladrones, e Moluccos o Isole della Speziarie come anco Celebes \\&c.\"](http://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/24479/Isole_Filippine_Ladrones_e_Moluccos_o_Isole_della_Speziarie_come_anco/Albrizzi.html). Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.. Retrieved 18 February 2012\\. In some maps, for example, the 1710 *Ottens's Map of Southeast Asia* by Joachim Ottens, the mountain was called *Mount St. Pierre*.[\"Le Royaume de Siam avec Les Royaumes Qui Luy sont Tributaries \\& c. \\- La Royaume de Siam avec les royaumes qui luy sont Tributaires, et les Isles de Sumatra, Andemaon, etc. Et les Isles Voisine Aven les Observations des Six Peres Jesuites Envojez par le Roy en Qualite de Ses Mathe : maticiens dans les Indes, et a la Chine ou est aussi Tracee. La Route Qu'ils ont teniie par le Destroit de la Sonde Jusqu a Siam\"](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1710_Ottens_Map_of_Southeast_Asia,_Singapore,_Thailand_%28Siam%29,_Malaysia,_Sumatra,_Borneo_-_Geographicus_-_Siam-ottens-1710.jpg). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 18 February 2012\\. However, [John Pinkerton](/wiki/John_Pinkerton \"John Pinkerton\")'s *East India Isles* map from 1818 labelled the mountain as *St. Peter's Mountain*.[\"East India Isles\"](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_the_East_Indies_and_Southeast_Asia_%28Singapore,_Borneo,_Java,_Sumatra,_Thailand_-_Geographicus_-_EastIndiaIslands-pinkerton-1818.jpg).Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 18 February 2012\\.", "Old geographers believed that there was a great lake at the peak of the mountain on account of the natives's stories. During the [Ice age](/wiki/Ice_age \"Ice age\") about 100,000 years ago, the mountain was covered with ice sheets and glaciers moved slowly down its slopes. Only the summit peaks were very noticeable above the ice.{{harvnb\\|Phillips\\|Liew\\|2005\\|p \\= 8}} The natives's oral history may have had its roots from the folk memory of these glistening sheets of ice. However, the earliest documented expeditions to ascend Kinabalu in March 1851 and in 1858, led by [Sir Hugh Low](/wiki/Hugh_Low \"Hugh Low\") and [Sir Spenser St. John](/wiki/Spenser_St._John \"Spenser St. John\"), revealed that there was no lake.", "Later maps, as evident in the maps by Archibald Fullarton \\& Co.[\"Indian Archipelago Compiled From the Various Surveyas of the British \\& Dutch Governments And Other Materials In The Possession of the Royal Geographical Society\"](http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~3458~400028:Indian-Archipelago-Compiled-From-Th). David Rumsey Historical Map Collection. Retrieved 18 February 2012\\. and J. Rapkin,[\"Malay Archipelago, Or East India Islands\"](http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~825~60130:Malay-Archipelago,-Or-East-India-Is?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No&qvq=q:borneo;sort:Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&mi=0&trs=11). David Rumsey Historical Map Collection. Retrieved 18 February 2012\\. suggested that a lake existed south of the mountain. With further assertions from the Kiau people (of [Kota Belud](/wiki/Kota_Belud \"Kota Belud\") district) that they had done trading business with villagers who lived near the lake shore, St. John viewed that the lake had probably existed southeast below Kinabalu, where the Ranau plain is situated today. The Dusun word {{transliteration\\|dtp\\|ranahon}} ({{transliteration\\|dtp\\|ranau}}) is used to describe a wet field of lowland rice and it was plausible that floods had submerged the plain, thus giving a lake\\-like view when seen from the highlands.{{harvnb\\|Rutter\\|1922\\|p \\= 47}} Notwithstanding, explorers William B. Pryer and Captain Francis Xavier Witti concluded that there was no lake near Mount Kinabalu when they explored the Ranau plain in the early days.{{harvnb\\|Pryer\\|1893\\|p \\= 27}}", "### Under British North Borneo Company", "[thumb\\|left\\|\"These stones are witnesses of the oaths of loyalty to Government taken by Ranau natives after the Mat Salleh rebellion had been put down in January 1898\\.\" —Ranau Loyalty Oath Stone](/wiki/File:Ranau_Sabah_OathStone-01.jpg \"Ranau Sabah OathStone-01.jpg\")\nDuring the [British North Borneo Company](/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company \"North Borneo Chartered Company\") administration beginning in the 19th century, Ranau was governed under the Province Dent.{{harvnb\\|R. Evans\\|1999\\|page \\= North Borneo Map — 1905}} Later it organised as a substation of [Tambunan](/wiki/Tambunan \"Tambunan\") with a Government station under the Interior Residency. Ranau was connected to the West Coast Residency only by a bridle road and by a southerly bridle path {{convert\\|64\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} to Tambunan. [Telegraph line](/wiki/Telegraph_line \"Telegraph line\") was also available from Ranau to Tambunan.{{harvnb\\|Rutter\\|1922\\|p \\= 398}}", "", "The Ranau plain and its surrounding hilly areas were historically inhabited by [Dusun](/wiki/Dusun \"Dusun\") farmers who practised [shifting cultivation](/wiki/Shifting_cultivation \"Shifting cultivation\"). Their major staple crops were [upland rice](/wiki/Upland_rice \"Upland rice\") and [lowland wet rice](/wiki/Rice%23Rice-growing_environments \"Rice#Rice-growing environments\"). Natives from Ranau would go to large *tamu* (native market) at nearby districts to sell and buy, or exchange goods using the barter system.{{harvnb\\|Rutter\\|1922\\|p \\= 367}} [Tobacco](/wiki/Tobacco \"Tobacco\"), a major export item for the company,{{harvnb\\|British North Borneo Company\\|1899\\|p \\= 27}} was successfully cultivated in extensive parts of Ranau district, especially in the highlands.{{harvnb\\|Rutter\\|1922\\|p \\= 253}} It became an important source of income for Ranau natives. At that time, the tobacco produced from highland Ranau and the Interior proper was of high quality compared to that grown down the coast due to the effect of sea wind even though the plants were similarly obtained from Ranau, according to natives and experts.", "Between 1897 and 1898, [Mat Salleh](/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion \"Mat Salleh Rebellion\") built a fort in Ranau and went there three times during his rebellion against the British North Borneo Company. His fort in Ranau was measured at {{convert\\|109\\|m\\|yd\\|abbr\\=on}} long and {{convert\\|55\\|m\\|yd\\|abbr\\=on}} wide. There was a three\\-sided strong\\-point on one side and a watch\\-tower in the middle. The fort was surrounded by a thick earth wall with high strong fence. Sharp bamboo stakes were thickly sown into the grounds around the fort.{{harvnb\\|Rutter\\|1922\\|p \\= 194}} His first appearance in Ranau on 10 February 1897, gained him many Dusun followers which then increased his influence to as far as [Inanam](/wiki/Inanam \"Inanam\"). The company was aware of this development and launched an attack against his fort in Ranau on 23 February which led to the death of his father.{{harvnb\\|Osman\\|Ali\\|Basrah\\|Omar\\|2007\\|p \\= 14}} Mat Salleh escaped but retreated back to Ranau in July the same year. After being tracked down by Captain J.M. Reddie and E.H. Barraut, Ranau was attacked again but he managed to escape.{{harvnb\\|Osman\\|Ali\\|Basrah\\|Omar\\|2007\\|p \\= 17}} Mat Salleh's final movement to Ranau occurred in November 1897\\.", "A total of 288 [Sikh](/wiki/Sikh \"Sikh\"), [Iban](/wiki/Iban_people \"Iban people\") and [Dayak](/wiki/Dayak_people \"Dayak people\") policemen from Abai Bay and [Sandakan](/wiki/Sandakan \"Sandakan\") led by G. Hewett, George Ormsby, P. Wise, and Adjutant Alfred Jones, were ordered to invade Mat Salleh's fort in Ranau on 13 December 1897\\.\nThe fort was significantly destroyed but Jones and 13 other policemen were killed. On 9 January 1898, Hewett and his troops ambushed the Ranau fort again but it was already deserted by Mat Salleh and his followers. The fort was then completely demolished. As a result of this rebellion, the Company built an administration building in the district and erected a loyalty oath stone as a sign that the residents of Ranau swore loyalty to the Government.{{harvnb\\|Osman\\|Ali\\|Basrah\\|Omar\\|2007\\|p \\= 19}} The loyalty oath stone still exists until today.", "### World War II", "{{see also\\|Sandakan Death Marches}}\nThe [Japanese occupation](/wiki/Sabah%23Japanese_occupation \"Sabah#Japanese occupation\") of North Borneo became official on 16 May 1942, and divided North Borneo into two governorates.{{harvnb\\|R. Evans\\|1999\\|p \\= 30}} Ranau was under the Governorate of the West Coast Territory (西海州 {{transliteration\\|ja\\|seikaishū}}) and was directly administered by a district officer (郡長 {{transliteration\\|ja\\|guncho}}) with the help of village headmen.{{in lang\\|ja}}[\"１００年前のコタキナバル\"](http://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/rrrobata/19050242.html). 愛するマレーシア、ボルネオ島でセカンドライフ. 22 June 2009\\. Retrieved 21 February 2012\\.", "", "At first, the Japanese were not interested in the Interior Residency but soon, demands for the collection of foodstuffs increased. They also realised the importance of the Interior as part of their strategic forces. The Japanese set up a [garrison](/wiki/Garrison \"Garrison\") in Ranau to control the local people and it was one of the strongest army posts in the Interior.{{harvnb\\|R. Evans\\|1999\\|p \\= 36}} Village headmen were given orders to gather as many groups of labourers as possible from villages all over the district to work on upgrading existing roads, mainly the one leading to [Sandakan](/wiki/Sandakan \"Sandakan\"), and also to construct an [airstrip](/wiki/Airstrip \"Airstrip\") in Ranau near a detention camp of Australian [prisoners of war](/wiki/Prisoners_of_war \"Prisoners of war\").{{harvnb\\|R. Evans\\|1999\\|p \\= 42}} Ranau served as an important junction for the Japanese troops from Sandakan heading to [Jesselton](/wiki/Jesselton \"Jesselton\") and also for the troops from the Interior proper marching as reinforcements towards [Kudat](/wiki/Kudat \"Kudat\").", "Towards the end of the war, Ranau stood witness to the infamous [Sandakan Death Marches](/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches \"Sandakan Death Marches\"). The first march started in January 1945\\. 470 Australian prisoners of wars left Sandakan and by June, only 6 remained alive in Ranau. The second march of 536 prisoners began on 29 May 1945\\. Along the way, two prisoners managed to escape into the jungle and later saved by the [Allied units](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II%23United_Kingdom \"Allies of World War II#United Kingdom\") with the help of locals. Only 183 prisoners reached the Ranau camp on 24 June 1945\\. Another four prisoners successfully fled the camp and led to safety by a native teenager who found them hiding in the jungle along a river.[\"Windows To Sandakan\"](http://www.abc.net.au/compass/s2542288.htm). [ABC1](/wiki/ABC1 \"ABC1\"). 19 April 2009\\. Retrieved 21 February 2012\\. They were also rescued by Allied [paratroopers](/wiki/Paratroopers \"Paratroopers\") later. In June 1945, the Japanese captors moved with the prisoners {{convert\\|8\\.3\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} south of Ranau to a second jungle camp near the Kenipir River to escape from the air raids of [napalm](/wiki/Napalm \"Napalm\") bombs by the Allied planes. By August 1945, all survivors of the marches were killed.\"Where the Death March ended\". *[Daily Express](/wiki/Daily_Express \"Daily Express\")*. 23 August 2009\\. Retrieved 21 February 2012\\.", "Three memorials were erected in remembrance of the marches. The Ranau Memorial, also known as the Gunner Cleary Memorial was constructed in 1985 in memory of the tragic death of Gunner Albert Neil Cleary from the first Death March.[\"Ranau Memorial At Sabah Malaysia\"](http://www.borneopow.info/memorials/ranau.htm). The Borneo POW Story. Retrieved 21 February 2012\\. The [Kundasang War Memorial](/wiki/Kundasang_War_Memorial \"Kundasang War Memorial\") built in 1962 is a memorial park dedicated to the Australian and British servicemen who died in Sandakan and on the marches, and also to the locals who assisted the prisoners of wars.[\"Kundasang War Memorial Sabah Malaysia\"](http://www.borneopow.info/memorials/kundasung.htm). The Borneo POW Story. Retrieved 21 February 2012\\. The Last Camp Memorial was newly unveiled in 2009 in remembrance of the exact spot where the Death March ended.[\"Ranau: The Last Camp Memorial\"](http://lynettesilver.com/memorial-projects/ranau-the-last-camp-memorial/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323232804/http://lynettesilver.com/memorial\\-projects/ranau\\-the\\-last\\-camp\\-memorial/ \\|date\\=23 March 2012 }}. Lynette Ramsay Silver. Retrieved 21 February 2012\\.", "### Mamut Copper Mine", "{{main\\|Mamut Mine}}\n[thumb\\|The crater lake of the former Mamut Copper Mine.](/wiki/File:Ranau_Sabah_Mamut-Copper-Mine-05.jpg \"Ranau Sabah Mamut-Copper-Mine-05.jpg\")\nRanau was the centre of Malaysian copper, gold and silver mining from 1975 to 1999\\. The Mamut Copper Mine at the slopes of Mount Kinabalu was an open cast mine which was operated by a joint venture of Japanese and Malaysian investors under the *Overseas Mineral Resources Development Sabah Sdn Bhd*, later restructured under the name *Mamut Copper Mining Sdn Bhd. (MCM)*. During the 25 years of operation, the Mamut Copper Mine was responsible for 50% of the gold and 90% of the silver production in Malaysia. In its booming years, MCM was mining an annual production of 25,000 tons of copper in Ranau.\nOperations were discontinued in 1999, leaving a crater of 1,200 meters diameter and a depth of 500 meters. Filled with water, the crater now forms a huge lake, which \\- together with the heavy metal legacies of the *Lohan Tailings Dam* \\- made the headlines of several reports on environmental contamination.", "", "### 2015 earthquake", "{{main\\|2015 Sabah earthquake}}\nOn 5 June 2015, an earthquake measuring at 6\\.0 on the Richter magnitude scale occurred at 7:15 a.m. MST with its epicentre approximately 15 km north of Ranau.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us20002m5s\\#general\\_summary\\|title\\=M6\\.0 \\- 12km WNW of Ranau, Malaysia\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Geological Survey]]\\|date\\=5 June 2015\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/05/6\\-0\\-earthquake\\-hits\\-sabah\\-west\\-coast/\\|title\\=6\\.0 trembler rattles Sabah west coast\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Borneo Post]]\\|date\\=5 June 2015\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2015}} Mount Kinabalu was closest to the epicentre and was affected by massive landslides causing eighteen people to lose their lives, three of which were from Ranau. Another 137 climbers were stranded on the mountain but they were eventually rescued.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.straitstimes.com/news/asia/south\\-east\\-asia/story/sabah\\-quake\\-death\\-toll\\-rises\\-18\\-after\\-missing\\-singaporeans\\-found\\-201\\|title\\=Sabah quake: Death toll rises to 18; Malaysia to end search and rescue ops\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Straits Times]]\\|date\\=10 June 2015\\|access\\-date\\=10 June 2015}} It was the strongest earthquake to occur in Malaysia since [1976](/wiki/1976_Sabah_earthquake \"1976 Sabah earthquake\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://enewsletter.ntu.edu.sg/(X(1\\)S(i2pwxfhr1zwo3in5gfntvwxv))/classact/Jun15/Pages/cn10\\.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport\\=1\\|title\\=Shedding new light on recent Sabah earthquake\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Nanyang Technological University]]\\|date\\=June 2015\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521133305/http://enewsletter.ntu.edu.sg/%28X%281%29S%28i2pwxfhr1zwo3in5gfntvwxv%29%29/classact/Jun15/Pages/cn10\\.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport\\=1\\|archive\\-date\\=21 May 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Following the earthquake, there were reports of damage to the structures of the Ar\\-Rahman Mosque, fifteen primary schools and eight secondary schools in Ranau.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2015/06/07/Sabah\\-quake\\-Muhyiddin/\\|title\\=Sabah quake: Muhyiddin visits damaged school and mosque\\|work\\=The Star\\|date\\=7 June 2015\\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2015/06/06/Sabah\\-quake\\-23\\-schools\\-six\\-districts\\-Muhyiddin/\\|title\\=Sabah quake: 23 schools in six districts affected, says Muhyiddin\\|author\\=Farik Zolkepli\\|work\\=The Star\\|date\\=6 June 2015\\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2015}}", "", "" ]
Service history --------------- Following [shakedown](/wiki/Shakedown_cruise "Shakedown cruise") training along the west coast of the United States, *Welles* returned to [Puget Sound](/wiki/Puget_Sound "Puget Sound") on 26 October. After post\-shakedown availability there, she got underway on 15 November in company with two [British](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") [escort carriers](/wiki/Escort_carrier "Escort carrier") which she escorted as far as [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego%2C_California "San Diego, California"), [California](/wiki/California "California"). Continuing on her way, the destroyer transited the [Panama Canal](/wiki/Panama_Canal "Panama Canal") on 28 November and set a course for [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). She stopped along the way at [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia "Norfolk, Virginia") and, upon her arrival at New York on 4 December, joined Destroyer Division 38 (DesDiv 38\). Ordered farther north, the warship departed New York on 26 December and arrived in [Boston](/wiki/Boston%2C_Massachusetts "Boston, Massachusetts") harbor the following day. On the 28th, she and her division mates got underway for the western Pacific in the screen of the [battleship](/wiki/Battleship "Battleship") {{USS\|New Jersey\|BB\-62\|2}}. The [task unit](/wiki/Task_unit "Task unit") stopped briefly at Norfolk where *New Jersey*{{'}}s sister battleship, {{USS\|Iowa\|BB\-61\|2}}, joined it for the voyage to the Pacific. The unit transited the Panama Canal during the first week in January 1944 and continued its voyage west on 8 January. ### Southwest Pacific Area *Welles* and her traveling companions arrived at [Funafuti](/wiki/Funafuti "Funafuti") in the [Ellice Islands](/wiki/Ellice_Islands "Ellice Islands") on 21 January and remained there for a week before getting underway for [New Guinea](/wiki/New_Guinea "New Guinea"). The destroyer arrived at [Milne Bay](/wiki/Milne_Bay "Milne Bay") on 5 February and joined the [U.S. 7th Fleet](/wiki/U.S._7th_Fleet "U.S. 7th Fleet"). Later in the month, she escorted a convoy of [LSTs](/wiki/Tank_landing_ship "Tank landing ship") to [Cape Gloucester](/wiki/Cape_Gloucester_%28Papua_New_Guinea%29 "Cape Gloucester (Papua New Guinea)") on the island of [New Britain](/wiki/New_Britain "New Britain"). On 29 February, *Welles* provided gunfire support for elements of the [Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army")'s [1st Cavalry Division](/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_%28United_States%29 "1st Cavalry Division (United States)") then landing on [Los Negros Island](/wiki/Los_Negros_Island "Los Negros Island") in the [Admiralties](/wiki/Admiralties "Admiralties"). During that operation, the destroyer came under fire from enemy automatic weapons and at least one field gun but sustained no damage. After completing her portion of the mission, she moved out to the transport area to provide [antisubmarine](/wiki/Antisubmarine "Antisubmarine") defense. Periodically, she returned close to shore to provide all fire for American troops fighting ashore. In March, she returned south to the area around [Buna](/wiki/Buna%2C_Papua_New_Guinea "Buna, Papua New Guinea") to prepare for operations to capture the remainder of the northern coast of New Guinea. During the [Hollandia assault](/wiki/Operation_Reckless "Operation Reckless"), the first of five [leap frog](/wiki/Leap_frog "Leap frog") steps to the [Vogelkop](/wiki/Vogelkop "Vogelkop"), *Welles* was assigned to [Task Group 77\.2](/wiki/Task_Group_77.2 "Task Group 77.2") (TG 77\.2\), the Central Attack Group which mounted its assault at [Humboldt Bay](/wiki/Yos_Sudarso_Bay "Yos Sudarso Bay") on 22 April. About a month later, on 18 May, she supported the [landings at Wakde Island](/wiki/Battle_of_Wakde "Battle of Wakde") and at [Sarmi](/wiki/Sarmi%2C_Indonesia "Sarmi, Indonesia") on the New Guinea mainland. From there, the warship continued with [General](/wiki/General "General") [Douglas MacArthur](/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur "Douglas MacArthur")'s amphibious jump [to Biak Island](/wiki/Battle_of_Biak "Battle of Biak") where she provided gunfire support during the landings and consolidation operations from 27 May to 2 June. During that time, she destroyed several [Japanese](/wiki/Japan "Japan") barges, harassed enemy ground forces, silenced a shore battery or two and helped to repel several air attacks. Leaving [Biak](/wiki/Biak "Biak") on 2 June, the warship screened logistics convoys along the New Guinea coast for about a month before arriving off [Noemfoor Island](/wiki/Noemfoor_Island "Noemfoor Island"), located just west of Biak, to support the [capture of that island](/wiki/Battle_of_Noemfoor "Battle of Noemfoor"). At the end of July, she participated in the last amphibious operation in New Guinea when troops went ashore [at Cape Sansapor](/wiki/Battle_of_Sansapor "Battle of Sansapor") on the Vogelkop. She returned to [Aitape](/wiki/Aitape "Aitape") early in August and then moved from there down the coast to [Finschhafen](/wiki/Finschhafen "Finschhafen") whence she departed on 23 August, bound for the [Solomon Islands](/wiki/Solomon_Islands "Solomon Islands"). *Welles* arrived at [Florida Island](/wiki/Florida_Island "Florida Island") on 6 August and became a unit of the [U.S. 3rd Fleet](/wiki/U.S._3rd_Fleet "U.S. 3rd Fleet"). She immediately plunged into preparations for the impending [Palau attack](/wiki/Palau_Islands_campaign "Palau Islands campaign"). For the [assault on Peleliu](/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu "Battle of Peleliu") and [Angaur](/wiki/Battle_of_Angaur "Battle of Angaur"), the destroyer initially screened the carriers providing air support. After the mid\-September landings on the two islands, she was detached from the carriers and moved into the transport area to provide antisubmarine defense and to guard against any attempts to reinforce the two islands. At the conclusion of her participation in the [Palau](/wiki/Palau "Palau") operation, she joined TG 77\.2 and began preparations for the invasion of the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines") at [Leyte](/wiki/Leyte_%28island%29 "Leyte (island)"). ### Western Pacific She moved into [Leyte Gulf](/wiki/Leyte_Gulf "Leyte Gulf") on 18 October, two days before the actual landings, to cover preinvasion minesweeping and [underwater demolition team](/wiki/Underwater_demolition_team "Underwater demolition team") operations. Her [{{convert\|5\|in\|mm\|adj\=on\|0}}](/wiki/5%22/38_caliber_gun "5") shells also contributed to the preinvasion bombardment of the objective. After the 20 October landings, the warship delivered call fire in support of the troops advancing ashore and defended the invasion fleet against the heavy enemy air attacks launched against it. In the latter role, she claimed one unassisted kill. When the Japanese launched their three\-pronged surface attack to break up the [Leyte assault](/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte "Battle of Leyte"), *Welles* joined the screen of [Vice Admiral](/wiki/Vice_Admiral "Vice Admiral") [Jesse B. Oldendorf](/wiki/Jesse_B._Oldendorf "Jesse B. Oldendorf")'s line of old battleships which virtually annihilated the enemy force which attempted to [push through the Surigao Strait](/wiki/Battle_of_Surigao_Strait "Battle of Surigao Strait") south of Leyte on the night of 24/25 October. Soon thereafter, she concluded her part in the [Philippine operation](/wiki/Philippines_campaign_%281944%E2%80%9345%29 "Philippines campaign (1944–45)") and retired to [Ulithi Atoll](/wiki/Ulithi_Atoll "Ulithi Atoll") where she joined the screen of the [Fast Carrier Task Force](/wiki/Fast_Carrier_Task_Force "Fast Carrier Task Force"). For the remainder of her participation in the war *Welles* cruised with either the fast carriers or with their logistics unit as the flattops launched air strikes on Japan's inner defenses and supported from a distance the [invasions at Luzon](/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon "Battle of Luzon"), [Iwo Jima](/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima "Battle of Iwo Jima"), and [Okinawa](/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa "Battle of Okinawa"). In June 1945, she retired to Leyte for rest and upkeep. On the 21st of that month, she received orders to return to the United States for a major overhaul. Steaming via [Eniwetok](/wiki/Eniwetok "Eniwetok") and [Oahu](/wiki/Oahu "Oahu"), the destroyer arrived in [Bremerton, Washington](/wiki/Bremerton%2C_Washington "Bremerton, Washington") on 16 July. She remained there through the end of hostilities in August and until late September. On 29 September, she got underway for the east coast. After a stop at [San Pedro Harbor](/wiki/San_Pedro_Harbor "San Pedro Harbor"), she transited the Panama Canal on 14 October and headed for New York where she arrived on 20 October. In November, the ship moved south to [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina "Charleston, South Carolina"), [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina"), where she was placed out of commission on 4 February 1946\. *Welles* was berthed with the Charleston Group, [Atlantic Reserve Fleet](/wiki/Atlantic_Reserve_Fleet "Atlantic Reserve Fleet"), until 10 February 1968 at which time her name was struck from the [Navy list](/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register "Naval Vessel Register"). On 18 July 1969, she was sold to the Union Minerals and Alloy Co. for scrapping. *Welles* earned eight [battle stars](/wiki/Battle_star "Battle star") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").
[ "Service history\n---------------", "Following [shakedown](/wiki/Shakedown_cruise \"Shakedown cruise\") training along the west coast of the United States, *Welles* returned to [Puget Sound](/wiki/Puget_Sound \"Puget Sound\") on 26 October. After post\\-shakedown availability there, she got underway on 15 November in company with two [British](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") [escort carriers](/wiki/Escort_carrier \"Escort carrier\") which she escorted as far as [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego%2C_California \"San Diego, California\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\"). Continuing on her way, the destroyer transited the [Panama Canal](/wiki/Panama_Canal \"Panama Canal\") on 28 November and set a course for [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"). She stopped along the way at [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia \"Norfolk, Virginia\") and, upon her arrival at New York on 4 December, joined Destroyer Division 38 (DesDiv 38\\). Ordered farther north, the warship departed New York on 26 December and arrived in [Boston](/wiki/Boston%2C_Massachusetts \"Boston, Massachusetts\") harbor the following day. On the 28th, she and her division mates got underway for the western Pacific in the screen of the [battleship](/wiki/Battleship \"Battleship\") {{USS\\|New Jersey\\|BB\\-62\\|2}}. The [task unit](/wiki/Task_unit \"Task unit\") stopped briefly at Norfolk where *New Jersey*{{'}}s sister battleship, {{USS\\|Iowa\\|BB\\-61\\|2}}, joined it for the voyage to the Pacific. The unit transited the Panama Canal during the first week in January 1944 and continued its voyage west on 8 January.", "### Southwest Pacific Area", "*Welles* and her traveling companions arrived at [Funafuti](/wiki/Funafuti \"Funafuti\") in the [Ellice Islands](/wiki/Ellice_Islands \"Ellice Islands\") on 21 January and remained there for a week before getting underway for [New Guinea](/wiki/New_Guinea \"New Guinea\"). The destroyer arrived at [Milne Bay](/wiki/Milne_Bay \"Milne Bay\") on 5 February and joined the [U.S. 7th Fleet](/wiki/U.S._7th_Fleet \"U.S. 7th Fleet\"). Later in the month, she escorted a convoy of [LSTs](/wiki/Tank_landing_ship \"Tank landing ship\") to [Cape Gloucester](/wiki/Cape_Gloucester_%28Papua_New_Guinea%29 \"Cape Gloucester (Papua New Guinea)\") on the island of [New Britain](/wiki/New_Britain \"New Britain\"). On 29 February, *Welles* provided gunfire support for elements of the [Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\")'s [1st Cavalry Division](/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"1st Cavalry Division (United States)\") then landing on [Los Negros Island](/wiki/Los_Negros_Island \"Los Negros Island\") in the [Admiralties](/wiki/Admiralties \"Admiralties\"). During that operation, the destroyer came under fire from enemy automatic weapons and at least one field gun but sustained no damage. After completing her portion of the mission, she moved out to the transport area to provide [antisubmarine](/wiki/Antisubmarine \"Antisubmarine\") defense. Periodically, she returned close to shore to provide all fire for American troops fighting ashore.", "In March, she returned south to the area around [Buna](/wiki/Buna%2C_Papua_New_Guinea \"Buna, Papua New Guinea\") to prepare for operations to capture the remainder of the northern coast of New Guinea. During the [Hollandia assault](/wiki/Operation_Reckless \"Operation Reckless\"), the first of five [leap frog](/wiki/Leap_frog \"Leap frog\") steps to the [Vogelkop](/wiki/Vogelkop \"Vogelkop\"), *Welles* was assigned to [Task Group 77\\.2](/wiki/Task_Group_77.2 \"Task Group 77.2\") (TG 77\\.2\\), the Central Attack Group which mounted its assault at [Humboldt Bay](/wiki/Yos_Sudarso_Bay \"Yos Sudarso Bay\") on 22 April. About a month later, on 18 May, she supported the [landings at Wakde Island](/wiki/Battle_of_Wakde \"Battle of Wakde\") and at [Sarmi](/wiki/Sarmi%2C_Indonesia \"Sarmi, Indonesia\") on the New Guinea mainland. From there, the warship continued with [General](/wiki/General \"General\") [Douglas MacArthur](/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur \"Douglas MacArthur\")'s amphibious jump [to Biak Island](/wiki/Battle_of_Biak \"Battle of Biak\") where she provided gunfire support during the landings and consolidation operations from 27 May to 2 June. During that time, she destroyed several [Japanese](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") barges, harassed enemy ground forces, silenced a shore battery or two and helped to repel several air attacks.", "Leaving [Biak](/wiki/Biak \"Biak\") on 2 June, the warship screened logistics convoys along the New Guinea coast for about a month before arriving off [Noemfoor Island](/wiki/Noemfoor_Island \"Noemfoor Island\"), located just west of Biak, to support the [capture of that island](/wiki/Battle_of_Noemfoor \"Battle of Noemfoor\"). At the end of July, she participated in the last amphibious operation in New Guinea when troops went ashore [at Cape Sansapor](/wiki/Battle_of_Sansapor \"Battle of Sansapor\") on the Vogelkop.", "She returned to [Aitape](/wiki/Aitape \"Aitape\") early in August and then moved from there down the coast to [Finschhafen](/wiki/Finschhafen \"Finschhafen\") whence she departed on 23 August, bound for the [Solomon Islands](/wiki/Solomon_Islands \"Solomon Islands\"). *Welles* arrived at [Florida Island](/wiki/Florida_Island \"Florida Island\") on 6 August and became a unit of the [U.S. 3rd Fleet](/wiki/U.S._3rd_Fleet \"U.S. 3rd Fleet\"). She immediately plunged into preparations for the impending [Palau attack](/wiki/Palau_Islands_campaign \"Palau Islands campaign\"). For the [assault on Peleliu](/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu \"Battle of Peleliu\") and [Angaur](/wiki/Battle_of_Angaur \"Battle of Angaur\"), the destroyer initially screened the carriers providing air support. After the mid\\-September landings on the two islands, she was detached from the carriers and moved into the transport area to provide antisubmarine defense and to guard against any attempts to reinforce the two islands. At the conclusion of her participation in the [Palau](/wiki/Palau \"Palau\") operation, she joined TG 77\\.2 and began preparations for the invasion of the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\") at [Leyte](/wiki/Leyte_%28island%29 \"Leyte (island)\").", "### Western Pacific", "She moved into [Leyte Gulf](/wiki/Leyte_Gulf \"Leyte Gulf\") on 18 October, two days before the actual landings, to cover preinvasion minesweeping and [underwater demolition team](/wiki/Underwater_demolition_team \"Underwater demolition team\") operations. Her [{{convert\\|5\\|in\\|mm\\|adj\\=on\\|0}}](/wiki/5%22/38_caliber_gun \"5\") shells also contributed to the preinvasion bombardment of the objective. After the 20 October landings, the warship delivered call fire in support of the troops advancing ashore and defended the invasion fleet against the heavy enemy air attacks launched against it. In the latter role, she claimed one unassisted kill. When the Japanese launched their three\\-pronged surface attack to break up the [Leyte assault](/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte \"Battle of Leyte\"), *Welles* joined the screen of [Vice Admiral](/wiki/Vice_Admiral \"Vice Admiral\") [Jesse B. Oldendorf](/wiki/Jesse_B._Oldendorf \"Jesse B. Oldendorf\")'s line of old battleships which virtually annihilated the enemy force which attempted to [push through the Surigao Strait](/wiki/Battle_of_Surigao_Strait \"Battle of Surigao Strait\") south of Leyte on the night of 24/25 October. Soon thereafter, she concluded her part in the [Philippine operation](/wiki/Philippines_campaign_%281944%E2%80%9345%29 \"Philippines campaign (1944–45)\") and retired to [Ulithi Atoll](/wiki/Ulithi_Atoll \"Ulithi Atoll\") where she joined the screen of the [Fast Carrier Task Force](/wiki/Fast_Carrier_Task_Force \"Fast Carrier Task Force\").", "For the remainder of her participation in the war *Welles* cruised with either the fast carriers or with their logistics unit as the flattops launched air strikes on Japan's inner defenses and supported from a distance the [invasions at Luzon](/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon \"Battle of Luzon\"), [Iwo Jima](/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima \"Battle of Iwo Jima\"), and [Okinawa](/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa \"Battle of Okinawa\").", "In June 1945, she retired to Leyte for rest and upkeep. On the 21st of that month, she received orders to return to the United States for a major overhaul. Steaming via [Eniwetok](/wiki/Eniwetok \"Eniwetok\") and [Oahu](/wiki/Oahu \"Oahu\"), the destroyer arrived in [Bremerton, Washington](/wiki/Bremerton%2C_Washington \"Bremerton, Washington\") on 16 July. She remained there through the end of hostilities in August and until late September.", "On 29 September, she got underway for the east coast. After a stop at [San Pedro Harbor](/wiki/San_Pedro_Harbor \"San Pedro Harbor\"), she transited the Panama Canal on 14 October and headed for New York where she arrived on 20 October. In November, the ship moved south to [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina \"Charleston, South Carolina\"), [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\"), where she was placed out of commission on 4 February 1946\\. *Welles* was berthed with the Charleston Group, [Atlantic Reserve Fleet](/wiki/Atlantic_Reserve_Fleet \"Atlantic Reserve Fleet\"), until 10 February 1968 at which time her name was struck from the [Navy list](/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register \"Naval Vessel Register\"). On 18 July 1969, she was sold to the Union Minerals and Alloy Co. for scrapping.", "*Welles* earned eight [battle stars](/wiki/Battle_star \"Battle star\") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").", "" ]
Plot ---- In Britain in the early 1900s,{{efn\|An \[\[intertitle]] at the opening of the film says the setting is at the \[\[turn of the century]], leaving it ambiguous whether it is late 1800s or early 1900s; later in the film Lucy Muir states "This is the 20th century", clarifying the time frame.}} recently widowed Mrs. Lucy Muir moves to the seaside village of [Whitecliff](/wiki/Whitecliff "Whitecliff") despite the disapproval of her in\-laws. She rents a house there named Gull Cottage, although it has a reputation for being haunted by the former owner, who committed suicide. On the first night after moving in with her young daughter, Anna, and her loyal maid, Martha, Lucy is disturbed by apparitions, but she stands resolute and demands the ghost show himself. The ghost, a roguish sea captain named Daniel Gregg, manifests. He tells Lucy that his death four years ago was not a suicide, but the result of accidentally kicking the valve on a gas\-fired room heater in his sleep. Daniel explains that he wants to turn Gull Cottage into a home for retired seamen, thus why he has been frightening away tenants. However, due to Lucy's headstrong attitude, as well as her appreciation of the house, Daniel reluctantly agrees to allow her to live in Gull Cottage and promises to make himself visible only to her. Lucy's investment — her only source of income — has dried up, and her in\-laws say she has no choice but to move back to London. However, Daniel has warmed up to her and asks her to stay. They decide to write a book, a dictation of his [memoirs](/wiki/Memoir "Memoir") from his time at sea, from which she will profit. During the course of writing the book, they fall in love. Both realize it is a hopeless situation, and Daniel tells Lucy that she should find a living man to be with. In London, Lucy goes to meet a publisher and encounters Miles Fairley, a suave author who writes children's books under the [pen name](/wiki/Pen_name "Pen name") Uncle Neddy. The publisher agrees to publish Daniel's lurid and sensational recollections, titled *Blood and Swash*, providing Lucy with an [advance](/wiki/Advance_against_royalties "Advance against royalties") which she uses to buy Gull Cottage. Fairley follows her back to Whitecliff and they begin a whirlwind courtship. Though initially jealous of their relationship, Daniel decides to leave, as he considers himself an obstacle to Lucy's chance at happiness. While she is asleep, he places in her mind the suggestion that she alone wrote the book and his presence was merely a dream. He fades away after declaring his regret that he never had a life with her. Fairley cancels a planned visit to Gull Cottage, saying he will be in London for a few days. Lucy visits London to sign a contract, and obtains Fairley's address in the city from the office clerk to pay a surprise visit. She discovers that Fairley is already married with two children, and Mrs. Fairley tells her she has caught him in extramarital affairs before. Heartbroken, Lucy returns to Whitecliff to spend the rest of her life as a recluse, with Martha looking after her. Anna goes to university and returns with a Royal Navy lieutenant she plans to marry. Mrs. Fairley grows fed up with her husband's philandering, divorces him, and takes full custody of their children. Anna reveals to her mother that she too saw Daniel, whom she regarded as a [childhood crush](/wiki/Puppy_love "Puppy love"), meaning Daniel broke his promise to Lucy not to show himself. Anna argues that Daniel must be real since they both saw him, but Lucy reasons it is more logical to conclude that she transmitted her delusion to Anna through her stories than to believe in ghosts. Many years later, Lucy is now ailing and under a doctor's care, and Anna's daughter (also named Lucy) is engaged to a plane captain. Anna believes that affection for captains runs in their family. Lucy rejects the glass of hot milk Martha has brought for her with a complaint that she is tired. After Martha leaves the room, Lucy dies. Daniel returns and approaches her, whispering that she will never be tired again. Taking his hands, her young spirit leaves her aged body and greets him with a loving smile. Unnoticed by Martha, the couple leave the house and walk arm\-in\-arm into an ethereal mist.
[ "Plot\n----", "In Britain in the early 1900s,{{efn\\|An \\[\\[intertitle]] at the opening of the film says the setting is at the \\[\\[turn of the century]], leaving it ambiguous whether it is late 1800s or early 1900s; later in the film Lucy Muir states \"This is the 20th century\", clarifying the time frame.}} recently widowed Mrs. Lucy Muir moves to the seaside village of [Whitecliff](/wiki/Whitecliff \"Whitecliff\") despite the disapproval of her in\\-laws. She rents a house there named Gull Cottage, although it has a reputation for being haunted by the former owner, who committed suicide.", "On the first night after moving in with her young daughter, Anna, and her loyal maid, Martha, Lucy is disturbed by apparitions, but she stands resolute and demands the ghost show himself. The ghost, a roguish sea captain named Daniel Gregg, manifests. He tells Lucy that his death four years ago was not a suicide, but the result of accidentally kicking the valve on a gas\\-fired room heater in his sleep. Daniel explains that he wants to turn Gull Cottage into a home for retired seamen, thus why he has been frightening away tenants. However, due to Lucy's headstrong attitude, as well as her appreciation of the house, Daniel reluctantly agrees to allow her to live in Gull Cottage and promises to make himself visible only to her.", "Lucy's investment — her only source of income — has dried up, and her in\\-laws say she has no choice but to move back to London. However, Daniel has warmed up to her and asks her to stay. They decide to write a book, a dictation of his [memoirs](/wiki/Memoir \"Memoir\") from his time at sea, from which she will profit. During the course of writing the book, they fall in love. Both realize it is a hopeless situation, and Daniel tells Lucy that she should find a living man to be with. In London, Lucy goes to meet a publisher and encounters Miles Fairley, a suave author who writes children's books under the [pen name](/wiki/Pen_name \"Pen name\") Uncle Neddy. The publisher agrees to publish Daniel's lurid and sensational recollections, titled *Blood and Swash*, providing Lucy with an [advance](/wiki/Advance_against_royalties \"Advance against royalties\") which she uses to buy Gull Cottage.", "Fairley follows her back to Whitecliff and they begin a whirlwind courtship. Though initially jealous of their relationship, Daniel decides to leave, as he considers himself an obstacle to Lucy's chance at happiness. While she is asleep, he places in her mind the suggestion that she alone wrote the book and his presence was merely a dream. He fades away after declaring his regret that he never had a life with her.", "Fairley cancels a planned visit to Gull Cottage, saying he will be in London for a few days. Lucy visits London to sign a contract, and obtains Fairley's address in the city from the office clerk to pay a surprise visit. She discovers that Fairley is already married with two children, and Mrs. Fairley tells her she has caught him in extramarital affairs before. Heartbroken, Lucy returns to Whitecliff to spend the rest of her life as a recluse, with Martha looking after her.", "Anna goes to university and returns with a Royal Navy lieutenant she plans to marry. Mrs. Fairley grows fed up with her husband's philandering, divorces him, and takes full custody of their children. Anna reveals to her mother that she too saw Daniel, whom she regarded as a [childhood crush](/wiki/Puppy_love \"Puppy love\"), meaning Daniel broke his promise to Lucy not to show himself. Anna argues that Daniel must be real since they both saw him, but Lucy reasons it is more logical to conclude that she transmitted her delusion to Anna through her stories than to believe in ghosts.", "Many years later, Lucy is now ailing and under a doctor's care, and Anna's daughter (also named Lucy) is engaged to a plane captain. Anna believes that affection for captains runs in their family. Lucy rejects the glass of hot milk Martha has brought for her with a complaint that she is tired. After Martha leaves the room, Lucy dies. Daniel returns and approaches her, whispering that she will never be tired again. Taking his hands, her young spirit leaves her aged body and greets him with a loving smile. Unnoticed by Martha, the couple leave the house and walk arm\\-in\\-arm into an ethereal mist.", "" ]
Life ---- Joseph Sauveur was born in [La Flèche](/wiki/La_Fl%C3%A8che "La Flèche"), the son of a provincial notary. Despite a hearing and speech impairment that kept him totally mute until he was seven, Joseph benefited from a fine education at the [Jesuit](/wiki/Jesuit "Jesuit") College of La Flèche. At seventeen, his uncle agreed to finance his studies in philosophy and theology at Paris. Joseph, however, discovered [Euclid](/wiki/Euclid "Euclid") and turned to anatomy and botany. He soon met [Cordemoy](/wiki/Cordemoy "Cordemoy"), reader to the son of [Louis XIV](/wiki/Louis_XIV "Louis XIV"); and Cordemoy soon sang his praises to [Bossuet](/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet "Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet"), preceptor to the [Dauphin](/wiki/Dauphin_of_France "Dauphin of France"). Despite his handicap, Joseph promptly began teaching mathematics to the [Dauphine](/wiki/Dauphine_of_France "Dauphine of France")'s pages and also to a number of princes, among them [Eugene of Savoy](/wiki/Eugene_of_Savoy "Eugene of Savoy"). By 1680, he was something of a pet at court, where he gave anatomy courses to courtiers and calculated for them the odds in the game called "*[basset](/wiki/Basset_%28card_game%29 "Basset (card game)")*." In 1681, Sauveur did the mathematical calculations for a waterworks project for the ["Grand Condé's"](/wiki/Louis_II_de_Bourbon%2C_Prince_de_Cond%C3%A9 "Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé") estate at [Chantilly](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chantilly "Château de Chantilly"), working with [Edmé Mariotte](/wiki/Edm%C3%A9_Mariotte "Edmé Mariotte"), the "father of French hydraulics. Condé became very fond of Sauveur and severely reprimanded anyone who laughed at the mathematician's speech impairment. Condé would invite Saveur to stay at Chantilly. It was there that Sauveur did his work on [hydrostatics](/wiki/Hydrostatics "Hydrostatics"). [thumb\|Frontpage of *Geometrie élémentaire et pratique* (1753\) by Joseph Sauveur, edited and augmented by [Guillaume Le Blond](/wiki/Guillaume_Le_Blond "Guillaume Le Blond")](/wiki/File:Sauveur_Le_Blond.png "Sauveur Le Blond.png") During the summer of 1689, Sauveur was chosen to be the science and mathematics teacher for the [Duke of Chartres](/wiki/Duke_of_Chartres "Duke of Chartres"), Louis XIV's nephew. For the prince, he drew up a manuscript outlining the "elements" of geometry and, in collaboration with Marshal [Vauban](/wiki/Vauban "Vauban"), a manuscript on the "elements of military fortification." (In 1691 Sauveur and Chartres were present at the [siege of Mons](/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_%281691%29 "Siege of Mons (1691)") by the French.) Another of the prince's teachers was [Étienne Loulié](/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Louli%C3%A9 "Étienne Loulié"), a musician engaged to teach him the "elements" of musical theory and notation. Loulié and Sauveur joined forces to show the prince how mathematics and musical theory were inter\-related. Remnants of this joint course have survived in Sauveur's manuscript treatise on the theory of music, and in Loulié's *Éléments*. In the years that followed, Sauveur taught mathematics to various princes of the royal family. In 1686 he obtained the mathematics chair at the [Collège de France](/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France "Collège de France"), which granted him a rare exemption: since he was incapable of reciting a speech from memory, he was permitted to read his inaugural lecture. Circa 1694, Sauveur began working with Loulié on "the science of sound", that is, [acoustics](/wiki/Acoustics "Acoustics"). As Fontenelle put it, Sauveur laid out a vast plan that amounted to the "discovery of an unknown country", and that created for him a "personal empire", the study of "acoustical sound" (*le son acoustique*). But, as Fontenelle pointed out, "He had neither a voice nor hearing, yet he could think only of music. He was reduced to borrowing the voice and the ear of someone else. and in return he gave hitherto unknown demonstrations to musicians." The [Duke of Chartres](/wiki/Duke_of_Chartres "Duke of Chartres") did everything he could to make the undertaking successful. Sauveur's work, continued Fontenelle, resulted in "a new musical language that was more convenient and more broad, a new system of sounds, an unusual [monochord](/wiki/Monochord "Monochord"), and *échomètre*, fixed sound \[*le son fixe*, that is, absolute frequency], the nodes of undulating strings. \[...] This pushed him all the way to the music of the ancient Greeks and Romans, the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians." Sauveur is known principally for his detailed studies on [acoustics](/wiki/Acoustics "Acoustics"). Indeed, he has been credited with coining the term *acoustique*, which he derived from the ancient Greek word ακουστός, meaning "able to be heard". His work involved researching the correlation between [frequency](/wiki/Frequency "Frequency") and musical [pitch](/wiki/Pitch_%28music%29 "Pitch (music)"), and – putting Fontenelle's statements in modern terms – he conducted studies on subjects such as the [vibrating string](/wiki/Vibrating_string "Vibrating string"), tuning pitch, [harmonics](/wiki/Harmonics "Harmonics"), ranges of voices and musical instruments, et al. He also created a measure of intervals concerning the [octave](/wiki/Octave "Octave"). Though [Marin Mersenne](/wiki/Marin_Mersenne "Marin Mersenne")'s 1637 theories are correct, his measurements are not very exact, and his calculation of [Mersenne's laws](/wiki/Mersenne%27s_laws "Mersenne's laws") was greatly improved by Sauveur through the use of [acoustic beats](/wiki/Acoustic_beat "Acoustic beat") and [metronomes](/wiki/Metronome "Metronome").Beyer, Robert Thomas (1999\). *Sounds of Our Times: Two Hundred Years of Acoustics*. Springer. p.10\. {{ISBN\|978\-0\-387\-98435\-3}}. The following are some of the terms Sauveur used as [logarithmic](/wiki/Logarithm "Logarithm") divisions: * *méride*: 1/43 part of an octave * *eptaméride* (or *heptaméride*): 1/301 part of an octave, or 1/7 of a *méride*; this term would later be known as a [savart](/wiki/Savart "Savart"). * *demi\-heptaméride*: 1/602 part of an octave; 1/2 of an *eptaméride*. * *decaméride*: 1/3010 part of an octave; 1/10 of an *eptaméride* * Also 1/55 of an octave would become known as a "Sauveur [comma](/wiki/Comma_%28music%29 "Comma (music)")". In 1696, Sauveur had been elected to the French Royal Academy of Sciences and most of his work on acoustics was therefore done under its aegis. He soon ran into what proved to be an insurmountable obstacle: the musicians who were serving as his ears and voices had become exasperated at the mathematician's insistence upon using those new measuring units, arguing that they were simply too small for the human ear to distinguish and the human voice to replicate. Furthermore, they did not like the equal tuning he was proposing for instruments, nor the *pa*, *ra*, *ga*, *so*, *bo*, and so forth that were supposed to replace the familiar *ut*, *re*, *mi*, *fa*, *sol*.... (Sauveur had broken the octave into 3,010 parts.) A break took place circa 1699, and Sauveur had difficulty completing some of his experiments. Actually, Loulié had begun going his own way by 1698, when he published a little book called the *Nouveau Sistème*, which presents his work with Saveur from a musician's perspective. Loulié's surviving manuscripts round out the musician's contributions to Sauveur's project. It was not until 1701 that Sauveur presented the results of his research to the Academy. The presentation was studded with jibes about musicians and their closed minds. In this same presentation, he rightly criticized Loulié's practical inventions as insufficiently scientific. In 1696, Loulié had published a description of a metronome\-like instrument called the *"chronomètre"*, which Loulié had invented with practicing musicians in mind. Now, in 1701, Sauveur focused on the shortcomings of his former colleague's device, compared with his own *échomètre*: Loulié's invention was not based on the second, and the swings of the pendulum were not related to one specific note value. In that same presentation before the Academy, Sauveur presented his own *monocorde* for tuning harpsichords (it was based on an octave divided into equal units composed of the tiny, precise units of his "new system"); and he contrasted his invention with Loulié's *sonomètre*, approved by the Academy in 1699, which replicated the unequal intervals actually being used in France. Sauveur, whom a contemporary described as "over\-obliging, gentle, and humorless", was declared a "pensioned veteran" of the Academy in on March 4, 1699\. He died in Paris in 1716\.
[ "Life\n----", "Joseph Sauveur was born in [La Flèche](/wiki/La_Fl%C3%A8che \"La Flèche\"), the son of a provincial notary. Despite a hearing and speech impairment that kept him totally mute until he was seven, Joseph benefited from a fine education at the [Jesuit](/wiki/Jesuit \"Jesuit\") College of La Flèche. At seventeen, his uncle agreed to finance his studies in philosophy and theology at Paris. Joseph, however, discovered [Euclid](/wiki/Euclid \"Euclid\") and turned to anatomy and botany. He soon met [Cordemoy](/wiki/Cordemoy \"Cordemoy\"), reader to the son of [Louis XIV](/wiki/Louis_XIV \"Louis XIV\"); and Cordemoy soon sang his praises to [Bossuet](/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet \"Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet\"), preceptor to the [Dauphin](/wiki/Dauphin_of_France \"Dauphin of France\"). Despite his handicap, Joseph promptly began teaching mathematics to the [Dauphine](/wiki/Dauphine_of_France \"Dauphine of France\")'s pages and also to a number of princes, among them [Eugene of Savoy](/wiki/Eugene_of_Savoy \"Eugene of Savoy\"). By 1680, he was something of a pet at court, where he gave anatomy courses to courtiers and calculated for them the odds in the game called \"*[basset](/wiki/Basset_%28card_game%29 \"Basset (card game)\")*.\"", "In 1681, Sauveur did the mathematical calculations for a waterworks project for the [\"Grand Condé's\"](/wiki/Louis_II_de_Bourbon%2C_Prince_de_Cond%C3%A9 \"Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé\") estate at [Chantilly](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chantilly \"Château de Chantilly\"), working with [Edmé Mariotte](/wiki/Edm%C3%A9_Mariotte \"Edmé Mariotte\"), the \"father of French hydraulics. Condé became very fond of Sauveur and severely reprimanded anyone who laughed at the mathematician's speech impairment. Condé would invite Saveur to stay at Chantilly. It was there that Sauveur did his work on [hydrostatics](/wiki/Hydrostatics \"Hydrostatics\").", "[thumb\\|Frontpage of *Geometrie élémentaire et pratique* (1753\\) by Joseph Sauveur, edited and augmented by [Guillaume Le Blond](/wiki/Guillaume_Le_Blond \"Guillaume Le Blond\")](/wiki/File:Sauveur_Le_Blond.png \"Sauveur Le Blond.png\")\nDuring the summer of 1689, Sauveur was chosen to be the science and mathematics teacher for the [Duke of Chartres](/wiki/Duke_of_Chartres \"Duke of Chartres\"), Louis XIV's nephew. For the prince, he drew up a manuscript outlining the \"elements\" of geometry and, in collaboration with Marshal [Vauban](/wiki/Vauban \"Vauban\"), a manuscript on the \"elements of military fortification.\" (In 1691 Sauveur and Chartres were present at the [siege of Mons](/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_%281691%29 \"Siege of Mons (1691)\") by the French.) Another of the prince's teachers was [Étienne Loulié](/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Louli%C3%A9 \"Étienne Loulié\"), a musician engaged to teach him the \"elements\" of musical theory and notation. Loulié and Sauveur joined forces to show the prince how mathematics and musical theory were inter\\-related. Remnants of this joint course have survived in Sauveur's manuscript treatise on the theory of music, and in Loulié's *Éléments*. In the years that followed, Sauveur taught mathematics to various princes of the royal family. In 1686 he obtained the mathematics chair at the [Collège de France](/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France \"Collège de France\"), which granted him a rare exemption: since he was incapable of reciting a speech from memory, he was permitted to read his inaugural lecture.", "Circa 1694, Sauveur began working with Loulié on \"the science of sound\", that is, [acoustics](/wiki/Acoustics \"Acoustics\"). As Fontenelle put it, Sauveur laid out a vast plan that amounted to the \"discovery of an unknown country\", and that created for him a \"personal empire\", the study of \"acoustical sound\" (*le son acoustique*). But, as Fontenelle pointed out, \"He had neither a voice nor hearing, yet he could think only of music. He was reduced to borrowing the voice and the ear of someone else. and in return he gave hitherto unknown demonstrations to musicians.\" The [Duke of Chartres](/wiki/Duke_of_Chartres \"Duke of Chartres\") did everything he could to make the undertaking successful. Sauveur's work, continued Fontenelle, resulted in \"a new musical language that was more convenient and more broad, a new system of sounds, an unusual [monochord](/wiki/Monochord \"Monochord\"), and *échomètre*, fixed sound \\[*le son fixe*, that is, absolute frequency], the nodes of undulating strings. \\[...] This pushed him all the way to the music of the ancient Greeks and Romans, the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians.\"", "Sauveur is known principally for his detailed studies on [acoustics](/wiki/Acoustics \"Acoustics\"). Indeed, he has been credited with coining the term *acoustique*, which he derived from the ancient Greek word ακουστός, meaning \"able to be heard\". His work involved researching the correlation between [frequency](/wiki/Frequency \"Frequency\") and musical [pitch](/wiki/Pitch_%28music%29 \"Pitch (music)\"), and – putting Fontenelle's statements in modern terms – he conducted studies on subjects such as the [vibrating string](/wiki/Vibrating_string \"Vibrating string\"), tuning pitch, [harmonics](/wiki/Harmonics \"Harmonics\"), ranges of voices and musical instruments, et al. He also created a measure of intervals concerning the [octave](/wiki/Octave \"Octave\"). Though [Marin Mersenne](/wiki/Marin_Mersenne \"Marin Mersenne\")'s 1637 theories are correct, his measurements are not very exact, and his calculation of [Mersenne's laws](/wiki/Mersenne%27s_laws \"Mersenne's laws\") was greatly improved by Sauveur through the use of [acoustic beats](/wiki/Acoustic_beat \"Acoustic beat\") and [metronomes](/wiki/Metronome \"Metronome\").Beyer, Robert Thomas (1999\\). *Sounds of Our Times: Two Hundred Years of Acoustics*. Springer. p.10\\. {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-387\\-98435\\-3}}. The following are some of the terms Sauveur used as [logarithmic](/wiki/Logarithm \"Logarithm\") divisions:\n* *méride*: 1/43 part of an octave\n* *eptaméride* (or *heptaméride*): 1/301 part of an octave, or 1/7 of a *méride*; this term would later be known as a [savart](/wiki/Savart \"Savart\").\n* *demi\\-heptaméride*: 1/602 part of an octave; 1/2 of an *eptaméride*.\n* *decaméride*: 1/3010 part of an octave; 1/10 of an *eptaméride*\n* Also 1/55 of an octave would become known as a \"Sauveur [comma](/wiki/Comma_%28music%29 \"Comma (music)\")\".", "In 1696, Sauveur had been elected to the French Royal Academy of Sciences and most of his work on acoustics was therefore done under its aegis. He soon ran into what proved to be an insurmountable obstacle: the musicians who were serving as his ears and voices had become exasperated at the mathematician's insistence upon using those new measuring units, arguing that they were simply too small for the human ear to distinguish and the human voice to replicate. Furthermore, they did not like the equal tuning he was proposing for instruments, nor the *pa*, *ra*, *ga*, *so*, *bo*, and so forth that were supposed to replace the familiar *ut*, *re*, *mi*, *fa*, *sol*.... (Sauveur had broken the octave into 3,010 parts.) A break took place circa 1699, and Sauveur had difficulty completing some of his experiments. Actually, Loulié had begun going his own way by 1698, when he published a little book called the *Nouveau Sistème*, which presents his work with Saveur from a musician's perspective. Loulié's surviving manuscripts round out the musician's contributions to Sauveur's project.", "It was not until 1701 that Sauveur presented the results of his research to the Academy. The presentation was studded with jibes about musicians and their closed minds. In this same presentation, he rightly criticized Loulié's practical inventions as insufficiently scientific. In 1696, Loulié had published a description of a metronome\\-like instrument called the *\"chronomètre\"*, which Loulié had invented with practicing musicians in mind. Now, in 1701, Sauveur focused on the shortcomings of his former colleague's device, compared with his own *échomètre*: Loulié's invention was not based on the second, and the swings of the pendulum were not related to one specific note value. In that same presentation before the Academy, Sauveur presented his own *monocorde* for tuning harpsichords (it was based on an octave divided into equal units composed of the tiny, precise units of his \"new system\"); and he contrasted his invention with Loulié's *sonomètre*, approved by the Academy in 1699, which replicated the unequal intervals actually being used in France.", "Sauveur, whom a contemporary described as \"over\\-obliging, gentle, and humorless\", was declared a \"pensioned veteran\" of the Academy in on March 4, 1699\\. He died in Paris in 1716\\.", "" ]
Aftermath --------- Duke Qing of Qi sent {{ill\|Guo Zuo, Viscount Wu of Guo\|zh\|國佐}} as envoy to the Jin army. The Jin leaders demanded that Duke Qing of Qi send {{ill\|Xiao Tongshu Zi\|zh\|蕭同叔子}}, his mother and one of the women who laughed at Xi Ke during his prior visit, as hostage. Also, they demanded that all the field divisions in Qi be made to run in the east–west direction, which makes all roads and canals run in the same direction, facilitating potential future invasions by Jin, which was to the west of Qi. In regards to the demand of the hostage, Guo Zuo appealed to filial piety by saying, > Xiao Tongshu Zi is none other than our unworthy ruler's mother. If we were to name someone as her counterpart, then it would in fact be the mother of the Jin ruler. If, as you lay your great > command upon the princes, sir, you must make hostages of their mothers to secure a pledge, how can you answer to the Zhou king's charge? Moreover, this will amount to issuing commands that are unfilial. In regards to the demand of the land division, Guo Zuo appealed to loyalty to the [Son of Heaven](/wiki/Zhou_dynasty "Zhou dynasty") and to the examples of the sagacious rulers in prior history such as [Yao](/wiki/Yao_%28ruler%29 "Yao (ruler)") and [King Wen of Zhou](/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou "King Wen of Zhou"). First, he tied the necessity of dividing land to its benefits to the work of great rulers of the past. Then, he pointed out that Jin's demands were, contradictory to those rulers' altruistic accomplishments, meant to serve themselves. Third, he argued that by enforcing such selfish demands, Jin would, instead of unifying the [states](/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states "Ancient Chinese states"), alienate all of them while Jin alone would suffer. Finally, Guo Zuo declared that even though the Duke of Qi was willing to accept a peace deal that reestablishes good relationships between Qi and Jin, but was also willing to fight again should the deal fall through. At this point, the representatives of Lu and Wey urged the leaders of Jin to accept Qi's offer, citing that Qi had had poor relations with Lu and Wey and that they would bear the brunt of any further fighting. On 4 July, 589 BC, the Jin representatives swore a covenant with Guo Zuo at Yuanlou (爰婁), with Qi ceding some land to the north of the [Wen River](/wiki/Dawen_River "Dawen River") to Lu. After this battle, there would be no more conflict between Jin and Qi until the reign of [Duke Ling of Qi](/wiki/Duke_Ling_of_Qi "Duke Ling of Qi"), successor of Duke Qing of Qi.
[ "Aftermath\n---------", "Duke Qing of Qi sent {{ill\\|Guo Zuo, Viscount Wu of Guo\\|zh\\|國佐}} as envoy to the Jin army. The Jin leaders demanded that Duke Qing of Qi send {{ill\\|Xiao Tongshu Zi\\|zh\\|蕭同叔子}}, his mother and one of the women who laughed at Xi Ke during his prior visit, as hostage. Also, they demanded that all the field divisions in Qi be made to run in the east–west direction, which makes all roads and canals run in the same direction, facilitating potential future invasions by Jin, which was to the west of Qi.", "In regards to the demand of the hostage, Guo Zuo appealed to filial piety by saying, \n> Xiao Tongshu Zi is none other than our unworthy ruler's mother. If we were to name someone as her counterpart, then it would in fact be the mother of the Jin ruler. If, as you lay your great \n> command upon the princes, sir, you must make hostages of their mothers to secure a pledge, how can you answer to the Zhou king's charge? Moreover, this will amount to issuing commands that are unfilial.", "", "In regards to the demand of the land division, Guo Zuo appealed to loyalty to the [Son of Heaven](/wiki/Zhou_dynasty \"Zhou dynasty\") and to the examples of the sagacious rulers in prior history such as [Yao](/wiki/Yao_%28ruler%29 \"Yao (ruler)\") and [King Wen of Zhou](/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou \"King Wen of Zhou\"). First, he tied the necessity of dividing land to its benefits to the work of great rulers of the past. Then, he pointed out that Jin's demands were, contradictory to those rulers' altruistic accomplishments, meant to serve themselves. Third, he argued that by enforcing such selfish demands, Jin would, instead of unifying the [states](/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states \"Ancient Chinese states\"), alienate all of them while Jin alone would suffer. Finally, Guo Zuo declared that even though the Duke of Qi was willing to accept a peace deal that reestablishes good relationships between Qi and Jin, but was also willing to fight again should the deal fall through.", "At this point, the representatives of Lu and Wey urged the leaders of Jin to accept Qi's offer, citing that Qi had had poor relations with Lu and Wey and that they would bear the brunt of any further fighting. On 4 July, 589 BC, the Jin representatives swore a covenant with Guo Zuo at Yuanlou (爰婁), with Qi ceding some land to the north of the [Wen River](/wiki/Dawen_River \"Dawen River\") to Lu.", "After this battle, there would be no more conflict between Jin and Qi until the reign of [Duke Ling of Qi](/wiki/Duke_Ling_of_Qi \"Duke Ling of Qi\"), successor of Duke Qing of Qi.", "" ]
The colonies of New York and Connecticut ---------------------------------------- ### Governor Nicolls and the 1664 agreement The settlers from Connecticut and New York jostled over their respective claims. Long Islanders who had arrived from New England were very resistant to becoming New Yorkers. Local government under the [Duke's](/wiki/James_II_of_England "James II of England") charter gave no guarantee of assembly or “other privileges to which \[New Englanders] had become accustomed.”{{cite book\| last \=Schwarz\| first\=Philip\|title\=The Jarring Interests\| place \= Albany\| publisher \= \[\[State University of New York Press]] \| year \= 1979 \| isbn\=9780873953771\| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=H\_RkrFhjRZoC}} In 1664, [Charles II of England](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England "Charles II of England") sent royal commissioners, led by [Gov. Nicolls](/wiki/Richard_Nicolls "Richard Nicolls"), in part to “end unneighbourly and unbrotherly contentions”{{cite book\| title\= Documents Relative to the Colonial History of NY\| volume \=III\|page \=64\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=YmtAAAAAcAAJ\&pg\=GBS.PA64\|access\-date\=2011\-11\-08\| last1 \=Brodhead\| first1 \=John R.\| year \=1853}} about the borders. The commissioners met with [John Winthrop](/wiki/John_Winthrop%2C_the_Younger "John Winthrop, the Younger") and Connecticut commissioners in November 1664\. As part of the agreement, announced in December 1664, the main land was divided “by the consent” of the commissioners with a north\-northwest line at the mouth of the [Mamaroneck River](/wiki/Village_of_Mamaroneck "Village of Mamaroneck"). Long Island, which was explicitly mentioned only in the grant to the Duke of York, was entirely given to New York. Though nominally an agreement, the “language of the agreement, however, gave it the character of a declaration or order to which Connecticut submitted as a subordinate.”{{Harvnb\|Schwarz\|1979\|page\=8}} The new line was west of the 1650 agreement, but it kept [Westchester](/wiki/Westchester_County%2C_New_York "Westchester County, New York") for NY. The line also cut off the Hudson around [West Point](/wiki/West_Point%2C_New_York "West Point, New York"), making [Albany](/wiki/Albany%2C_New_York "Albany, New York") a part of Connecticut. Because few Europeans lived along the Hudson, it's unclear whether the line's intersection with it was known by the commissioners at the time. In 1665, Commissioner George Cartwright reported, “The Bounds betwixt the Dukes province and Connecticut were mistaken by wrong Information, for it was not intended they should come nearer to Hudsons river then 20 miles, Yett the line was sett doune by the Commissioners to goe from such a Point Nor\-nor\-west whereas it ought to goes just North, otherwise the line will go into Hudsons river.”{{\#tag:ref\| George Cartwright's Report, 14 Dec. 1665\. (as cited in{{Harvnb\|Schwarz\|1979\|p\=9}}). Calendared in {{cite web \|url\=http://www.british\-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid\=76494 \|title\=America and West Indies: December 1665 \|editor\=W. Noel Sainsbury \|publisher\=Institute of Historical Research \|year\=1880 \|work\=Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 5: 1661\-1668 \|access\-date\=9 November 2011 }}}} In 1675, a New York review of the boundary claimed there was a verbal agreement that the line should be at all times 20 miles from the Hudson; and in 1683, [Gov. Dongan](/wiki/Thomas_Dongan%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Limerick "Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick") heard witnesses testify that the Connecticut commissioners had assured Gov. Nicolls that “the river Mamranet was twenty miles every where from Hudson's River.”{{\#tag:ref\| New York Colonial Manuscripts, XXV, 54a (as cited in{{Harvnb\|Schwarz\|1979\|p\=11}})}} However, the agreement explicitly required royal approval, and since it concerned the grant to the Duke of York it required his approval as well. Neither approval was ever given. ### Governor Lovelace and the return of New Amsterdam Upon replacing Gov. Nicolls, [Gov. Lovelace](/wiki/Francis_Lovelace "Francis Lovelace") did not actively press the Duke of York's claims under his grant. The government of New York was less stable than that of Connecticut. It was economically weaker and had to unite a much more heterogeneous population.{{Harvnb\|Schwarz\|1979\|p\=23}} For a short period in 1673, New York reverted to New Amsterdam under Dutch control. The Dutch had by this time ratified the 1650 agreement. This would mark a significant loss to Connecticut, which pressed for adherence to the 1664 agreement and the ouster of the Dutch. ### Governor Andros and New York's 1674 patent Following the [Treaty of Westminster](/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_%281674%29 "Treaty of Westminster (1674)"), New York was once again under English control. [Gov. Andros](/wiki/Edmund_Andros "Edmund Andros") returned to New York in 1674 with a new patent, again claiming all lands up to the Connecticut River. Gov. Andros showed a markedly aggressive tack in his negotiations with Connecticut. In May 1675, Andros sent a letter asking for land west of the Connecticut River under the Duke's new patent. When Gov. Winthrop objected, Andros sent a representative in June to demand Connecticut's submission, threatening to send soldiers against any rebellion. During this time of high tensions between the colonies, [King Philip's War](/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War "King Philip's War") broke out in 1675\. Andros attempted to use this to consolidate lands under the Duke's patent. At the start of the war, Andros sent troops to [Fort Saybrook](/wiki/Old_Saybrook%2C_Connecticut "Old Saybrook, Connecticut"), nominally to defend. However, Winthrop's troops arrived first, and held the fort themselves. Andros requested that Winthrop temporarily relinquish Connecticut's claim to the area in order to strengthen the united defense.{{Harvnb\|Schwarz\|1979\|page\=26}} ### Governor Dongan and the 1683 agreement In the 1680s, the Duke of York's influence in England grew stronger, and Gov. Dongan was encouraged to seek a speedy resolution to the border dispute after his arrival in 1683\. John Pell, a Westchester justice, granted a warrant requiring the constables of [Rye](/wiki/Rye%2C_New_York "Rye, New York"), [Greenwich](/wiki/Greenwich%2C_Connecticut "Greenwich, Connecticut"), and [Stamford](/wiki/Stamford%2C_Connecticut "Stamford, Connecticut") to appear at a NY Court of Assizes in Oct 1683\. Gov. Dongan told the court that Connecticut had violated the 1664 agreement and warned “If you do not submitt to let us have all the land within twenty miles of Hudson's River, I must claime as far as the Duke's Pattent goes; which is to the River Connecticut. There is land enough for us all, and I love not to do my neighbors ill offices.”{{cite journal\| title\= Letter from Governor Dongan to Governor Treat\| journal\= Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut.\| volume \= III\| page \=330 \| date\= November 5, 1983 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=17k\-AAAAYAAJ\&pg\=GBS.PA330\|access\-date\=2011\-11\-08 \| author1\= Connecticut}} The border agreed upon in 1683 is the modern border; giving Rye to New York but allowing Connecticut to retain Greenwich and Stamford. “The boundary would begin at the northwestern corner of Greenwich, proceed along a line eight miles north of and parallel to the Long Island Sound, then turn due north, extending to Massachusett's southern line.”{{Harvnb\|Schwarz\|1979\|page\=33}} In respect of the 1664 oral agreement, because Greenwich and Stamford were less than 20 miles from the Hudson the line was more than 20 miles away in the north, granting New York “equivalent lands” in largely unpopulated areas. However, the 1683 agreement was never ratified back in England. As the [Dominion of New England](/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England "Dominion of New England") became a reality and [quo warranto](/wiki/Quo_warranto "Quo warranto") proceedings were begun against the Connecticut charter in 1686, Gov. Dongan sought to have Connecticut subsumed by New York instead. Despite repeated attempts and conversations with Connecticut leaders, Dongan was informed by the General Court of England that it would be impossible and Connecticut would become part of the Dominion. ### Governor Fletcher, Governor Bellomont, and the 1700 Order in Council Following the [1688 Revolution](/wiki/Glorious_Revolution "Glorious Revolution"), New York representatives in England continued to press for the annexation of Connecticut and the surrounding New England colonies, emphasizing New York's status as a royal rather than proprietary colony. Locally, private parties continued to dispute claims. In 1692, landowners in Rye and [Bedford](/wiki/Bedford_%28town%29%2C_New_York "Bedford (town), New York") (New York, per the 1683 agreement) went to Connecticut General Court to seek protection. A month later, in November, some of these men were made to appear in New York courts and “acknowledge their fault in making their addresses to the Colony of Connecticut to be taken into that pretended Government.”{{\#tag:ref\| New York Council, Ms. Mins. 3 November 1692\. (as cited in{{Harvnb\|Schwarz\|1979\|page\=41}})}} In 1693, [Gov. Fletcher](/wiki/Benjamin_Fletcher "Benjamin Fletcher") commanded a Connecticut militia in Hartford as part of an intercolonial defense force called for in the royal commission. Fletcher, by his own admission, was bumptious and bellicose; [Fitz\-John Winthrop](/wiki/Fitz-John_Winthrop "Fitz-John Winthrop") was later able to use this event to remove Fletcher from office in 1697\. Before being replaced by [Gov. Bellomont](/wiki/Richard_Coote%2C_1st_Earl_of_Bellomont "Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont"), Fletcher referred the dispute to [Whitehall](/wiki/Whitehall "Whitehall"). Gov. Bellomont and Gov. Winthrop pressed their respective cases. Winthrop argued that the 1683 agreement was invalid because it had never been ratified in England. But the March 1700 Order in Council sided with New York and the 1683 agreement; the dispute had finally been settled by order of the king.
[ "The colonies of New York and Connecticut\n----------------------------------------", "### Governor Nicolls and the 1664 agreement", "The settlers from Connecticut and New York jostled over their respective claims. Long Islanders who had arrived from New England were very resistant to becoming New Yorkers. Local government under the [Duke's](/wiki/James_II_of_England \"James II of England\") charter gave no guarantee of assembly or “other privileges to which \\[New Englanders] had become accustomed.”{{cite book\\| last \\=Schwarz\\| first\\=Philip\\|title\\=The Jarring Interests\\| place \\= Albany\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[State University of New York Press]] \\| year \\= 1979 \\| isbn\\=9780873953771\\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=H\\_RkrFhjRZoC}}", "In 1664, [Charles II of England](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England \"Charles II of England\") sent royal commissioners, led by [Gov. Nicolls](/wiki/Richard_Nicolls \"Richard Nicolls\"), in part to “end unneighbourly and unbrotherly contentions”{{cite book\\| title\\= Documents Relative to the Colonial History of NY\\| volume \\=III\\|page \\=64\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=YmtAAAAAcAAJ\\&pg\\=GBS.PA64\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-11\\-08\\| last1 \\=Brodhead\\| first1 \\=John R.\\| year \\=1853}} about the borders. The commissioners met with [John Winthrop](/wiki/John_Winthrop%2C_the_Younger \"John Winthrop, the Younger\") and Connecticut commissioners in November 1664\\.", "As part of the agreement, announced in December 1664, the main land was divided “by the consent” of the commissioners with a north\\-northwest line at the mouth of the [Mamaroneck River](/wiki/Village_of_Mamaroneck \"Village of Mamaroneck\"). Long Island, which was explicitly mentioned only in the grant to the Duke of York, was entirely given to New York. Though nominally an agreement, the “language of the agreement, however, gave it the character of a declaration or order to which Connecticut submitted as a subordinate.”{{Harvnb\\|Schwarz\\|1979\\|page\\=8}}", "The new line was west of the 1650 agreement, but it kept [Westchester](/wiki/Westchester_County%2C_New_York \"Westchester County, New York\") for NY. The line also cut off the Hudson around [West Point](/wiki/West_Point%2C_New_York \"West Point, New York\"), making [Albany](/wiki/Albany%2C_New_York \"Albany, New York\") a part of Connecticut. Because few Europeans lived along the Hudson, it's unclear whether the line's intersection with it was known by the commissioners at the time.", "In 1665, Commissioner George Cartwright reported, “The Bounds betwixt the Dukes province and Connecticut were mistaken by wrong Information, for it was not intended they should come nearer to Hudsons river then 20 miles, Yett the line was sett doune by the Commissioners to goe from such a Point Nor\\-nor\\-west whereas it ought to goes just North, otherwise the line will go into Hudsons river.”{{\\#tag:ref\\| George Cartwright's Report, 14 Dec. 1665\\. (as cited in{{Harvnb\\|Schwarz\\|1979\\|p\\=9}}). Calendared in {{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.british\\-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid\\=76494 \\|title\\=America and West Indies: December 1665 \\|editor\\=W. Noel Sainsbury \\|publisher\\=Institute of Historical Research \\|year\\=1880 \\|work\\=Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 5: 1661\\-1668 \\|access\\-date\\=9 November 2011 }}}} In 1675, a New York review of the boundary claimed there was a verbal agreement that the line should be at all times 20 miles from the Hudson; and in 1683, [Gov. Dongan](/wiki/Thomas_Dongan%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Limerick \"Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick\") heard witnesses testify that the Connecticut commissioners had assured Gov. Nicolls that “the river Mamranet was twenty miles every where from Hudson's River.”{{\\#tag:ref\\| New York Colonial Manuscripts, XXV, 54a (as cited in{{Harvnb\\|Schwarz\\|1979\\|p\\=11}})}}", "However, the agreement explicitly required royal approval, and since it concerned the grant to the Duke of York it required his approval as well. Neither approval was ever given.", "### Governor Lovelace and the return of New Amsterdam", "Upon replacing Gov. Nicolls, [Gov. Lovelace](/wiki/Francis_Lovelace \"Francis Lovelace\") did not actively press the Duke of York's claims under his grant. The government of New York was less stable than that of Connecticut. It was economically weaker and had to unite a much more heterogeneous population.{{Harvnb\\|Schwarz\\|1979\\|p\\=23}}", "For a short period in 1673, New York reverted to New Amsterdam under Dutch control. The Dutch had by this time ratified the 1650 agreement. This would mark a significant loss to Connecticut, which pressed for adherence to the 1664 agreement and the ouster of the Dutch.", "### Governor Andros and New York's 1674 patent", "Following the [Treaty of Westminster](/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_%281674%29 \"Treaty of Westminster (1674)\"), New York was once again under English control. [Gov. Andros](/wiki/Edmund_Andros \"Edmund Andros\") returned to New York in 1674 with a new patent, again claiming all lands up to the Connecticut River. Gov. Andros showed a markedly aggressive tack in his negotiations with Connecticut. In May 1675, Andros sent a letter asking for land west of the Connecticut River under the Duke's new patent. When Gov. Winthrop objected, Andros sent a representative in June to demand Connecticut's submission, threatening to send soldiers against any rebellion.", "During this time of high tensions between the colonies, [King Philip's War](/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War \"King Philip's War\") broke out in 1675\\. Andros attempted to use this to consolidate lands under the Duke's patent. At the start of the war, Andros sent troops to [Fort Saybrook](/wiki/Old_Saybrook%2C_Connecticut \"Old Saybrook, Connecticut\"), nominally to defend. However, Winthrop's troops arrived first, and held the fort themselves. Andros requested that Winthrop temporarily relinquish Connecticut's claim to the area in order to strengthen the united defense.{{Harvnb\\|Schwarz\\|1979\\|page\\=26}}", "### Governor Dongan and the 1683 agreement", "In the 1680s, the Duke of York's influence in England grew stronger, and Gov. Dongan was encouraged to seek a speedy resolution to the border dispute after his arrival in 1683\\. John Pell, a Westchester justice, granted a warrant requiring the constables of [Rye](/wiki/Rye%2C_New_York \"Rye, New York\"), [Greenwich](/wiki/Greenwich%2C_Connecticut \"Greenwich, Connecticut\"), and [Stamford](/wiki/Stamford%2C_Connecticut \"Stamford, Connecticut\") to appear at a NY Court of Assizes in Oct 1683\\. Gov. Dongan told the court that Connecticut had violated the 1664 agreement and warned “If you do not submitt to let us have all the land within twenty miles of Hudson's River, I must claime as far as the Duke's Pattent goes; which is to the River Connecticut. There is land enough for us all, and I love not to do my neighbors ill offices.”{{cite journal\\| title\\= Letter from Governor Dongan to Governor Treat\\| journal\\= Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut.\\| volume \\= III\\| page \\=330 \\| date\\= November 5, 1983 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=17k\\-AAAAYAAJ\\&pg\\=GBS.PA330\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-11\\-08 \\| author1\\= Connecticut}}\nThe border agreed upon in 1683 is the modern border; giving Rye to New York but allowing Connecticut to retain Greenwich and Stamford. “The boundary would begin at the northwestern corner of Greenwich, proceed along a line eight miles north of and parallel to the Long Island Sound, then turn due north, extending to Massachusett's southern line.”{{Harvnb\\|Schwarz\\|1979\\|page\\=33}} In respect of the 1664 oral agreement, because Greenwich and Stamford were less than 20 miles from the Hudson the line was more than 20 miles away in the north, granting New York “equivalent lands” in largely unpopulated areas. However, the 1683 agreement was never ratified back in England.", "As the [Dominion of New England](/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England \"Dominion of New England\") became a reality and [quo warranto](/wiki/Quo_warranto \"Quo warranto\") proceedings were begun against the Connecticut charter in 1686, Gov. Dongan sought to have Connecticut subsumed by New York instead. Despite repeated attempts and conversations with Connecticut leaders, Dongan was informed by the General Court of England that it would be impossible and Connecticut would become part of the Dominion.", "### Governor Fletcher, Governor Bellomont, and the 1700 Order in Council", "Following the [1688 Revolution](/wiki/Glorious_Revolution \"Glorious Revolution\"), New York representatives in England continued to press for the annexation of Connecticut and the surrounding New England colonies, emphasizing New York's status as a royal rather than proprietary colony. Locally, private parties continued to dispute claims. In 1692, landowners in Rye and [Bedford](/wiki/Bedford_%28town%29%2C_New_York \"Bedford (town), New York\") (New York, per the 1683 agreement) went to Connecticut General Court to seek protection. A month later, in November, some of these men were made to appear in New York courts and “acknowledge their fault in making their addresses to the Colony of Connecticut to be taken into that pretended Government.”{{\\#tag:ref\\| New York Council, Ms. Mins. 3 November 1692\\. (as cited in{{Harvnb\\|Schwarz\\|1979\\|page\\=41}})}}", "In 1693, [Gov. Fletcher](/wiki/Benjamin_Fletcher \"Benjamin Fletcher\") commanded a Connecticut militia in Hartford as part of an intercolonial defense force called for in the royal commission. Fletcher, by his own admission, was bumptious and bellicose; [Fitz\\-John Winthrop](/wiki/Fitz-John_Winthrop \"Fitz-John Winthrop\") was later able to use this event to remove Fletcher from office in 1697\\. Before being replaced by [Gov. Bellomont](/wiki/Richard_Coote%2C_1st_Earl_of_Bellomont \"Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont\"), Fletcher referred the dispute to [Whitehall](/wiki/Whitehall \"Whitehall\").", "Gov. Bellomont and Gov. Winthrop pressed their respective cases. Winthrop argued that the 1683 agreement was invalid because it had never been ratified in England. But the March 1700 Order in Council sided with New York and the 1683 agreement; the dispute had finally been settled by order of the king.", "" ]
Cases ----- An [IPS](/wiki/Indian_Police_Service "Indian Police Service") officer of the 1987 batch, his tenure as head of the city crime bureau saw a spurt (rise) in encounter killings. The suspect killings include: * Sameer Khan (shot dead Sep 2002\).{{Cite web \|url\=http://archive.tehelka.com/story\_main30\.asp?filename\=Ne190507Fake\_killingsCS.asp \|title\=Tehelka \- the People's Paper \|access\-date\=2013\-10\-03 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710065359/http://archive.tehelka.com/story\_main30\.asp?filename\=Ne190507Fake\_killingsCS.asp \|archive\-date\=2013\-07\-10 \|url\-status\=dead }} * Sadik Jamal (killed 2003\). * Ishrat Jahan and three others (shot dead 15 June 2004\). * [Sohrabuddin Sheikh](/wiki/Sohrabuddin_Sheikh "Sohrabuddin Sheikh") (shot dead Nov 2005\). * Sheikh's wife Kausar Bi (killed in Vanzara's village).{{cite news\| title \= Death by Firing Squad\| author \= Ashish Khetan and Harinder Baweja\| publisher \= \[\[Tehelka]]\| url \= http://www.tehelka.com/story\_main30\.asp?filename\=Ne120507Death\_by\_CS.asp\| date \= 2007\-05\-12\| access\-date \= 2013\-10\-03\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120511095249/http://tehelka.com/story\_main30\.asp?filename\=Ne120507Death\_by\_CS.asp\| archive\-date \= 2012\-05\-11\| url\-status \= dead}} * [Tulsiram Prajapati](/wiki/Tulsiram_Prajapati "Tulsiram Prajapati") (killed on 28 December 2006\). As of September 2013, there were 32 police officers, including six IPS officers, who were in jail for these encounters.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/\-modi\-was\-my\-god\-amitbhai\-usurped\-his\-eyes\-and\-ears\-/1164159/\|title\=Excerpts from Vanzara's letter: Modi was my god\|date\=4 September 2013}} Most of them had worked under Vanzara. Vanzara himself had a meteoric rise since the early 2000s, when the encounters to eliminate terrorists began.{{cite news \| title \= Newsmaker: Dahyabhai Gobarji Vanzara supercop's resentment explodes \| author \= Premal Balan \| publisher \= \[\[Business Standard]] \| url \= http://www.business\-standard.com/article/beyond\-business/newsmaker\-dahyabhai\-gobarji\-vanzara\-113090600008\_1\.html \| date \= September 6, 2013}} In 2013, in his letter of resignation, Vanzara stated, {{quote\|The CID/CBI arrested my officers and me holding us responsible for carrying out allegedly fake encounters. If that is true, then the CBI investigating officers for all four cases have to arrest the policy formulators too as we, being field officers, have simply implemented the policy of this government, which was inspiring, guiding and monitoring our actions from very close quarters.}} On 18 May 2008, ex\-DSP N K Amin, also arrested in the case, told the court, "that a police\-politician\-criminal nexus was in operation in the Sohrabuddin Sheikh case".{{cite news\| title \= Dreaded group \| author \= Lyla Bavadam \| publisher \= Frontline \| url \= http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file\=20100827271701300\.htm\&date\=fl2717/\&prd\=fline\& \| date \= 2010\-10\-08}} The high level of direct communication from [Amit Shah](/wiki/Amit_Shah "Amit Shah"), as minister, to an on\-duty officer has also been questioned in court.{{cite news \| title \= If police control and command were not violated, Amit Shah would not be in this mess\| work \= rediff.com\| url \= http://news.rediff.com/special/2010/jul/23/explained\-what\-cbi\-summons\-to\-amit\-shah\-in\-sohrabuddin\-encounter\-case\-means.htm\| date \= July 23, 2010}} In the Tulsiram Prajapati case, the encounter killing took place in Banaskantha district. Just 13 days earlier, Vanzara was surprisingly transferred there as DIG Border range. On questioning, [Amit Shah](/wiki/Amit_Shah "Amit Shah") could not remember why.{{cite news \| title \= CBI to question Amit Shah again in Prajapati case \| author \= Vinay Kumar \| work \= The Hindu \| url \= http://www.thehindu.com/todays\-paper/tp\-national/cbi\-to\-question\-amit\-shah\-again\-in\-prajapati\-case/article2788919\.ece \| date \= January 10, 2012}} Shah has been indicted as the "kingpin and prime accused"{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tulsiram\-prajapati\-encounter\-cbi\-names\-amit\-shah\-as\-kingpin/1004520/\|title\=Tulsiram Prajapati encounter: CBI names Amit Shah as kingpin\|date\=18 September 2012}} in the Tulsiram Prajapati murder case. Vanzara's letter also refers to political mileage obtained from the killings. In the 2007 elections, Modi had asked the electorate as to what was to be done with people like Sohrabuddin, to thunderous responses of "Kill him!".{{cite news \| title \= Modi justifies Sohrabuddin's encounter \| work \= rediff.com \| url \= http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/dec/05gujpoll5\.htm \| date \= December 5, 2007 }}Snippet:Addressing an election meeting at Mangrol in South Gujarat yesterday, Modi questioned the crowd as to what should have been done to a man who dealt with illegal arms and ammunition, to which it shouted back "kill him". In September 2013, after six years in prison, Vanzara, who calls himself a "nationalist Hindu"{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/printarticle.aspx?page\=comments\&action\=translate\&sectid\=2\&contentid\=2013090420130904030303562a3d65975\&subsite\= \|title\=䅨浥摡扡搠䵩牲潲 \|access\-date\=2013\-10\-04 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606221030/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/printarticle.aspx?page\=comments\&action\=translate\&sectid\=2\&contentid\=2013090420130904030303562a3d65975\&subsite\= \|archive\-date\=2014\-06\-06 \|url\-status\=dead }} and looks upon [Narendra Modi](/wiki/Narendra_Modi "Narendra Modi") as "god",{{cite news \| title \= DG Vanzara on Narendra Modi: My 'god' has betrayed me \| author \= PTI \| date \= Sep 3, 2013\| url \= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/DG\-Vanzara\-on\-Narendra\-Modi\-My\-god\-has\-betrayed\-me/articleshow/22264684\.cms\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130905125006/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013\-09\-03/india/41725953\_1\_tulsi\-prajapati\-gujarat\-cid\-amit\-shah\| url\-status \= live\| work \= \[\[The Times of India]] \| archive\-date \= September 5, 2013}} has become disgruntled. He is said to have suggested a connection between the Sohrabuddin Sheikh case and the unsolved murder of ex\-BJP minister [Haren Pandya](/wiki/Haren_Pandya "Haren Pandya"),{{cite news \| title \= DG Vanzara sings about Haren Pandya murder, says it was political conspiracy: CBI \| url \= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013\-09\-21/india/42271814\_1\_sadiq\-jamal\-encounter\-case\-tulsiram\-prajapati \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130924000959/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013\-09\-21/india/42271814\_1\_sadiq\-jamal\-encounter\-case\-tulsiram\-prajapati \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-date \= September 24, 2013 \| date \= September 21, 2013 \| work \= \[\[The Times of India]] \|access\-date\=2013\-09\-30}} who at one time a minister under [Narendra Modi](/wiki/Narendra_Modi "Narendra Modi"). Pandya was shot dead while out on a morning walk in March 2003, a year after his fallout with Modi. In 2003, it was Vanzara who had originally investigated the Pandya murder.{{cite news \| title \= The Emperor Uncrowned : The rise of Narendra Modi \| author \= Vinod K Jose \| publisher \= Caravan magazine \| url \= http://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/emperor\-uncrowned \| date \= March 2012 \| access\-date \= 2013\-09\-30 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131001133519/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/emperor\-uncrowned \| archive\-date \= 2013\-10\-01 \| url\-status \= dead }} Similar claims have also been made by the DNA newspaper,{{cite news \| title \= Was it Tulsiram Prajapati who killed Haren Pandya? \| publisher \= DNA (newspaper) \| date \= August 30, 2011 \| url \= http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1581624/report\-was\-it\-tulsiram\-prajapati\-who\-killed\-haren\-pandya \|access\-date\=2013\-09\-30}} which has suggested that Sheikh was eliminated because of his links to the political murder of Pandya. Vanzara was released on bail on 18 February 2015\.{{cite web \| last\=Shaikh \| first\=Sarfaraz \| title\=Ache din are back: Vanzara after release \| website\=The Times of India \| date\=2015\-02\-18 \| url\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Vanjara\-Gujarat\-Police\-targeted\-for\-extra\-political\-reasons/articleshow/46283213\.cms \| access\-date\=2015\-05\-15}} He was acquitted in Sohrabuddin case in August 2017, due to lack of evidence.
[ "Cases\n-----", "An [IPS](/wiki/Indian_Police_Service \"Indian Police Service\") officer of the 1987 batch, his tenure as head of the city crime bureau saw a spurt (rise) in encounter killings.", "The suspect killings include:\n* Sameer Khan (shot dead Sep 2002\\).{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://archive.tehelka.com/story\\_main30\\.asp?filename\\=Ne190507Fake\\_killingsCS.asp \\|title\\=Tehelka \\- the People's Paper \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-03 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710065359/http://archive.tehelka.com/story\\_main30\\.asp?filename\\=Ne190507Fake\\_killingsCS.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-07\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\n* Sadik Jamal (killed 2003\\).\n* Ishrat Jahan and three others (shot dead 15 June 2004\\).\n* [Sohrabuddin Sheikh](/wiki/Sohrabuddin_Sheikh \"Sohrabuddin Sheikh\") (shot dead Nov 2005\\).\n* Sheikh's wife Kausar Bi (killed in Vanzara's village).{{cite news\\| title \\= Death by Firing Squad\\| author \\= Ashish Khetan and Harinder Baweja\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Tehelka]]\\| url \\= http://www.tehelka.com/story\\_main30\\.asp?filename\\=Ne120507Death\\_by\\_CS.asp\\| date \\= 2007\\-05\\-12\\| access\\-date \\= 2013\\-10\\-03\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120511095249/http://tehelka.com/story\\_main30\\.asp?filename\\=Ne120507Death\\_by\\_CS.asp\\| archive\\-date \\= 2012\\-05\\-11\\| url\\-status \\= dead}}\n* [Tulsiram Prajapati](/wiki/Tulsiram_Prajapati \"Tulsiram Prajapati\") (killed on 28 December 2006\\).", "As of September 2013, there were 32 police officers, including six IPS officers, who were in jail for these encounters.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/\\-modi\\-was\\-my\\-god\\-amitbhai\\-usurped\\-his\\-eyes\\-and\\-ears\\-/1164159/\\|title\\=Excerpts from Vanzara's letter: Modi was my god\\|date\\=4 September 2013}} Most of them had worked under Vanzara.", "Vanzara himself had a meteoric rise since the early 2000s, when the encounters to eliminate terrorists began.{{cite news \\| title \\= Newsmaker: Dahyabhai Gobarji Vanzara supercop's resentment explodes \\| author \\= Premal Balan \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Business Standard]] \\| url \\= http://www.business\\-standard.com/article/beyond\\-business/newsmaker\\-dahyabhai\\-gobarji\\-vanzara\\-113090600008\\_1\\.html \\| date \\= September 6, 2013}}", "In 2013, in his letter of resignation, Vanzara stated,\n{{quote\\|The CID/CBI arrested my officers and me holding us responsible for carrying out allegedly fake encounters. If that is true, then the CBI investigating officers for all four cases have to arrest the policy formulators too as we, being field officers, have simply implemented the policy of this government, which was inspiring, guiding and monitoring our actions from very close quarters.}}", "On 18 May 2008, ex\\-DSP N K Amin, also arrested in the case, told the court, \"that a police\\-politician\\-criminal nexus was in operation in the\nSohrabuddin Sheikh case\".{{cite news\\| title \\= Dreaded group \\| author \\= Lyla Bavadam \\| publisher \\= Frontline \\| url \\= http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file\\=20100827271701300\\.htm\\&date\\=fl2717/\\&prd\\=fline\\& \\| date \\= 2010\\-10\\-08}} The high level of direct communication from [Amit Shah](/wiki/Amit_Shah \"Amit Shah\"), as minister, to an on\\-duty officer has also been questioned in court.{{cite news \\| title \\= If police control and command were not violated, Amit Shah would not be in this mess\\| work \\= rediff.com\\| url \\= http://news.rediff.com/special/2010/jul/23/explained\\-what\\-cbi\\-summons\\-to\\-amit\\-shah\\-in\\-sohrabuddin\\-encounter\\-case\\-means.htm\\| date \\= July 23, 2010}}", "In the Tulsiram Prajapati case, the encounter killing took place in Banaskantha district. Just 13 days earlier, Vanzara was surprisingly transferred there as DIG Border range. On questioning, [Amit Shah](/wiki/Amit_Shah \"Amit Shah\") could not remember why.{{cite news \\| title \\= CBI to question Amit Shah again in Prajapati case \\| author \\= Vinay Kumar \\| work \\= The Hindu \\| url \\= http://www.thehindu.com/todays\\-paper/tp\\-national/cbi\\-to\\-question\\-amit\\-shah\\-again\\-in\\-prajapati\\-case/article2788919\\.ece \\| date \\= January 10, 2012}} Shah has been indicted as the \"kingpin and prime accused\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tulsiram\\-prajapati\\-encounter\\-cbi\\-names\\-amit\\-shah\\-as\\-kingpin/1004520/\\|title\\=Tulsiram Prajapati encounter: CBI names Amit Shah as kingpin\\|date\\=18 September 2012}} in the Tulsiram Prajapati murder case.", "Vanzara's letter also refers to political mileage obtained from the killings. In the 2007 elections, Modi had asked the electorate as to what was to be done with people like Sohrabuddin, to thunderous responses of \"Kill him!\".{{cite news \\| title \\= Modi justifies Sohrabuddin's encounter \\| work \\= rediff.com \\| url \\= http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/dec/05gujpoll5\\.htm \\| date \\= December 5, 2007\n}}Snippet:Addressing an election meeting at Mangrol in South Gujarat yesterday, Modi questioned the crowd as to what should have been done to a man who dealt with illegal arms and ammunition, to which it shouted back \"kill him\".", "In September 2013, after six years in prison, Vanzara, who calls himself a \"nationalist Hindu\"{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/printarticle.aspx?page\\=comments\\&action\\=translate\\&sectid\\=2\\&contentid\\=2013090420130904030303562a3d65975\\&subsite\\= \\|title\\=䅨浥摡扡搠䵩牲潲 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-04 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606221030/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/printarticle.aspx?page\\=comments\\&action\\=translate\\&sectid\\=2\\&contentid\\=2013090420130904030303562a3d65975\\&subsite\\= \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-06\\-06 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and looks upon [Narendra Modi](/wiki/Narendra_Modi \"Narendra Modi\") as \"god\",{{cite news \\| title \\= DG Vanzara on Narendra Modi: My 'god' has betrayed me \\| author \\= PTI \\| date \\= Sep 3, 2013\\| url \\= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/DG\\-Vanzara\\-on\\-Narendra\\-Modi\\-My\\-god\\-has\\-betrayed\\-me/articleshow/22264684\\.cms\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130905125006/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013\\-09\\-03/india/41725953\\_1\\_tulsi\\-prajapati\\-gujarat\\-cid\\-amit\\-shah\\| url\\-status \\= live\\| work \\= \\[\\[The Times of India]] \\| archive\\-date \\= September 5, 2013}} has become disgruntled. He is said to have suggested a connection between the Sohrabuddin Sheikh case and the unsolved murder of ex\\-BJP minister [Haren Pandya](/wiki/Haren_Pandya \"Haren Pandya\"),{{cite news \\| title \\= DG Vanzara sings about Haren Pandya murder, says it was political conspiracy: CBI \\| url \\= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013\\-09\\-21/india/42271814\\_1\\_sadiq\\-jamal\\-encounter\\-case\\-tulsiram\\-prajapati \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130924000959/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013\\-09\\-21/india/42271814\\_1\\_sadiq\\-jamal\\-encounter\\-case\\-tulsiram\\-prajapati \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-date \\= September 24, 2013 \\| date \\= September 21, 2013 \\| work \\= \\[\\[The Times of India]] \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-30}} who at one time a minister under [Narendra Modi](/wiki/Narendra_Modi \"Narendra Modi\"). Pandya was shot dead while out on a morning walk in March 2003, a year after his fallout with Modi. In 2003, it was Vanzara who had originally investigated the Pandya murder.{{cite news \\| title \\= The Emperor Uncrowned : The rise of Narendra Modi \\| author \\= Vinod K Jose \\| publisher \\= Caravan magazine \\| url \\= http://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/emperor\\-uncrowned \\| date \\= March 2012 \\| access\\-date \\= 2013\\-09\\-30 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131001133519/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/emperor\\-uncrowned \\| archive\\-date \\= 2013\\-10\\-01 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} Similar claims have also been made by the DNA newspaper,{{cite news \\| title \\= Was it Tulsiram Prajapati who killed Haren Pandya? \\| publisher \\= DNA (newspaper) \\| date \\= August 30, 2011 \\| url \\= http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1581624/report\\-was\\-it\\-tulsiram\\-prajapati\\-who\\-killed\\-haren\\-pandya \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-30}} which has suggested that Sheikh was eliminated because of his links to the political murder of Pandya.", "Vanzara was released on bail on 18 February 2015\\.{{cite web \\| last\\=Shaikh \\| first\\=Sarfaraz \\| title\\=Ache din are back: Vanzara after release \\| website\\=The Times of India \\| date\\=2015\\-02\\-18 \\| url\\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Vanjara\\-Gujarat\\-Police\\-targeted\\-for\\-extra\\-political\\-reasons/articleshow/46283213\\.cms \\| access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-15}} He was acquitted in Sohrabuddin case in August 2017, due to lack of evidence.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|1930\= 375 \|1940\= 494 \|1950\= 448 \|1960\= 333 \|1970\= 235 \|1980\= 250 \|1990\= 253 \|2000\= 267 \|2010\= 223 \|2020\= 172 \|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get\=P1\_001N,NAME\&for\=place:\*∈\=state:29\&key\=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108\|title\=Census Population API\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=Oct 11, 2022}} }} ### 2010 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2012\-07\-08}} of 2010, there were 223 people, 97 households, and 57 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1115\.0\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 138 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|690\.0\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 99\.1% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.4% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), and 0\.4% from two or more races. There were 97 households, of which 23\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 14\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 6\.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41\.2% were non\-families. 33\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.30 and the average family size was 2\.89\. The median age in the city was 46\.3 years. 23\.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 5\.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17\.9% were from 25 to 44; 29\.2% were from 45 to 64; and 23\.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47\.5% male and 52\.5% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 267 people, 105 households, and 72 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\|1,280\.5\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 141 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|676\.2\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\.63% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.75% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.12% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.50% from two or more races. There were 105 households, out of which 23\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 16\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31\.4% were non\-families. 28\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.54 and the average family size was 3\.04\. In the city the population was spread out, with 26\.6% under the age of 18, 7\.5% from 18 to 24, 22\.8% from 25 to 44, 22\.8% from 45 to 64, and 20\.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 81\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78\.2 males. The median income for a household in the city was $27,404, and the median income for a family was $27,917\. Males had a median income of $22,045 versus $18,594 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $13,131\. About 19\.7% of families and 25\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 40\.5% of those under the age of eighteen and 13\.7% of those 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|1930\\= 375\n\\|1940\\= 494\n\\|1950\\= 448\n\\|1960\\= 333\n\\|1970\\= 235\n\\|1980\\= 250\n\\|1990\\= 253\n\\|2000\\= 267\n\\|2010\\= 223\n\\|2020\\= 172\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get\\=P1\\_001N,NAME\\&for\\=place:\\*∈\\=state:29\\&key\\=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108\\|title\\=Census Population API\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=Oct 11, 2022}}\n}}", "### 2010 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-08}} of 2010, there were 223 people, 97 households, and 57 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1115\\.0\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 138 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|690\\.0\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 99\\.1% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.4% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), and 0\\.4% from two or more races.", "There were 97 households, of which 23\\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38\\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 14\\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 6\\.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41\\.2% were non\\-families. 33\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21\\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.30 and the average family size was 2\\.89\\.", "The median age in the city was 46\\.3 years. 23\\.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 5\\.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17\\.9% were from 25 to 44; 29\\.2% were from 45 to 64; and 23\\.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47\\.5% male and 52\\.5% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 267 people, 105 households, and 72 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|1,280\\.5\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 141 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|676\\.2\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\\.63% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.75% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.12% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.50% from two or more races.", "There were 105 households, out of which 23\\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 16\\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31\\.4% were non\\-families. 28\\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17\\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.54 and the average family size was 3\\.04\\.", "In the city the population was spread out, with 26\\.6% under the age of 18, 7\\.5% from 18 to 24, 22\\.8% from 25 to 44, 22\\.8% from 45 to 64, and 20\\.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 81\\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78\\.2 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $27,404, and the median income for a family was $27,917\\. Males had a median income of $22,045 versus $18,594 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $13,131\\. About 19\\.7% of families and 25\\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 40\\.5% of those under the age of eighteen and 13\\.7% of those 65 or over.", "" ]
Lifestyle --------- The traditional occupation of the majority of the Tamil Jain families has been landowners of agricultural land. Now many are teachers. A considerable number of them are settled in urban areas, they are employed in public and private sectors. A small population has settled overseas (US, Canada, UK, Australia and other places). ### Cuisine Tamil Jains are ardent vegetarians. With the turn of the 20th century, they were a self\-sustained rural\-based farming community. They were landowners and used contract labourers for their agricultural activities. Their household included large tracts of land, cattle, and milch cows. They had kitchen gardens growing vegetables for their daily need. Dairy food such as milk, curd, butter and ghee were cooked in house. Daily food was very simple consisting of a brunch with rice, cooked lentils (paruppu), ghee, vegetable sambar, curd, sun\-dried pickles of mango, lemon or citron, and deep\-fried sun\-dried 'crispies' (vadavam) made from rice pie. Evening snacks of deep\-fried lentil preparations and before sunset dinner consisting either idli, dosa or rice with buttermilk and lentil chutney (thogaiyal). While seniors, people undergoing religious fast and ardent followers of religious principles avoided garlic, onions and tubers in their daily food, these were occasionally used by others in the household. ### Identity Tamil Jains are well assimilated in Tamil society, without any outward differentiation. Their physical features are similar to Tamils. Apart from certain religious adherences, practices and [vegetarianism](/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism "Jain vegetarianism"), their culture is similar to the rest of Tamil Nadu. However, they name their children by the names of Tirthankaras and characters from Jain literature. It is also notable that the men of the Tamil Jain community also wear the sacred thread. ### Lifetime ceremony Ezhankaapu \- on the seventh day of its birth, a new born baby is adorned with bracelets. Kaathu Kutthal \- ear piercing and adorning child with earrings. This ceremony is mostly performed in either Aarpakkam temple or Thirunarangkondai i.e.Thirunarungkundram. (Appandai Nathar is the deity). ### Other Ceremonies [thumb\|Tirumalai Neminatha Statue.](/wiki/File:Tirumalai_Neminatha_Statue.jpg "Tirumalai Neminatha Statue.jpg") [Upadesam](/wiki/Upadesha "Upadesha") \- the formal induction into religious practices and adherences is called Upadesam. This is done to both boys and girls, at around the age of 15\. After Upadesam, one is supposed to follow religious practices with vigor and seriousness. [Marriage](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") \- outwardly, Jain marriages resemble Hindu marriages. However, the [mantras](/wiki/Mantra "Mantra") chanted are Jain. There is no Brahmin priest; instead there is a Samaṇar called a *Koyil Vaadhiyar* or temple priest, who conducts the ceremonies. [Pilgrimage](/wiki/Pilgrimage "Pilgrimage") \- most Jains go on pilgrimage to [tirthas](/wiki/Tirtha_%28Jainism%29 "Tirtha (Jainism)") and major [Jain temples](/wiki/Jain_temples "Jain temples") in [North India](/wiki/North_India "North India") \- Sammed [Shikharji](/wiki/Shikharji "Shikharji"), [Pavapuri](/wiki/Pawapuri "Pawapuri"), [Champapuri](/wiki/Champapuri "Champapuri") and [Urjayanta Giri](/wiki/Urjayanta_Giri "Urjayanta Giri") \- as well as places in [South India](/wiki/South_India "South India") such as [Shravanabelagola](/wiki/Shravanabelagola "Shravanabelagola"), Humcha or Hombuja [Humbaj](/wiki/Humbaj "Humbaj"), Simmanagadde in [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka "Karnataka") and [Ponnur Malai](/wiki/Ponnur_Malai "Ponnur Malai") in [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu "Tamil Nadu"). There are private amateur tour operators as well who take pilgrims to newly identified ancient Tamil Jain sites in western Tamil Nadu (kongunadu) and northern Kerala (vayanadu). Funeral rites \- the dead are placed on a pyre and incinerated. Ashes are then disbursed in water courses and ceremonies are performed on 10th or 16th day. Annual remembrance ceremonies similar to Hindu practice are not performed. But no festivities or functions are followed that year on the paternal side. ### Festivals * [Akshaya Tritiya](/wiki/Akshaya_Tritiya "Akshaya Tritiya") commemorates the first [Tirthankara](/wiki/Tirthankara "Tirthankara"), [Rishabha](/wiki/Rishabha_%28Jain_tirthankar%29 "Rishabha (Jain tirthankar)"), partaking food after many long years of penance. * Jinaratri commemorates Rishabha's [moksha](/wiki/Moksha "Moksha"). * [Mahavir Janma Kalyanak](/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak "Mahavir Janma Kalyanak") celebrates Tirthankara [Mahavira](/wiki/Mahavira "Mahavira")'s birth. * [Diwali](/wiki/Diwali "Diwali") commemorates Mahavira's [moksha](/wiki/Moksha "Moksha"). * [Vasant Panchami](/wiki/Vasant_Panchami "Vasant Panchami") honors the [Jain Agamas](/wiki/Jain_Agamas "Jain Agamas") * [Upaakarma](/wiki/Upaakarma "Upaakarma") commemorates the [Chakravartin](/wiki/Chakravartin "Chakravartin") [Bharata](/wiki/Jadabharata "Jadabharata"), son of Rishabha, acknowledging the true scholars by awarding them the [Upanayana](/wiki/Upanayana "Upanayana"). * [Karthikai Deepam](/wiki/Karthikai_Deepam "Karthikai Deepam") at the onset of the month of [Kartika](/wiki/Kartika_%28month%29 "Kartika (month)") * [Puthandu](/wiki/Puthandu "Puthandu") and [Thai Pongal](/wiki/Thai_Pongal "Thai Pongal") are the other common festivals celebrated along with other Tamils. ### Religious practices [Full moon days](/wiki/Full_Moon "Full Moon"), [Chaturdasi](/wiki/Chaturdashi "Chaturdashi") (14th day of the fortnight), [Ashtami](/wiki/Ashtami "Ashtami") (8th day of the fortnight) are days chosen for [fasting](/wiki/Fasting "Fasting") and religious observations. Women take food only after reciting the name of a [tirthankara](/wiki/Tirthankara "Tirthankara") five times. People undertake such practices as a vow for certain period of time \- sometimes even for years. On completion, Udhyapana festivals (special prayer services) are performed, religious books and memorabilia are distributed. People who take certain vows eat only after sunrise and before sunset.
[ "Lifestyle\n---------", "The traditional occupation of the majority of the Tamil Jain families has been landowners of agricultural land. Now many are teachers. A considerable number of them are settled in urban areas, they are employed in public and private sectors. A small population has settled overseas (US, Canada, UK, Australia and other places).", "### Cuisine", "Tamil Jains are ardent vegetarians. With the turn of the 20th century, they were a self\\-sustained rural\\-based farming community. They were landowners and used contract labourers for their agricultural activities. Their household included large tracts of land, cattle, and milch cows. They had kitchen gardens growing vegetables for their daily need. Dairy food such as milk, curd, butter and ghee were cooked in house. Daily food was very simple consisting of a brunch with rice, cooked lentils (paruppu), ghee, vegetable sambar, curd, sun\\-dried pickles of mango, lemon or citron, and deep\\-fried sun\\-dried 'crispies' (vadavam) made from rice pie. Evening snacks of deep\\-fried lentil preparations and before sunset dinner consisting either idli, dosa or rice with buttermilk and lentil chutney (thogaiyal). While seniors, people undergoing religious fast and ardent followers of religious principles avoided garlic, onions and tubers in their daily food, these were occasionally used by others in the household.", "### Identity", "Tamil Jains are well assimilated in Tamil society, without any outward differentiation. Their physical features are similar to Tamils. Apart from certain religious adherences, practices and [vegetarianism](/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism \"Jain vegetarianism\"), their culture is similar to the rest of Tamil Nadu. However, they name their children by the names of Tirthankaras and characters from Jain literature. It is also notable that the men of the Tamil Jain community also wear the sacred thread.", "### Lifetime ceremony", "Ezhankaapu \\- on the seventh day of its birth, a new born baby is adorned with bracelets.", "Kaathu Kutthal \\- ear piercing and adorning child with earrings. This ceremony is mostly performed in either Aarpakkam temple or Thirunarangkondai i.e.Thirunarungkundram. (Appandai Nathar is the deity).", "### Other Ceremonies", "[thumb\\|Tirumalai Neminatha Statue.](/wiki/File:Tirumalai_Neminatha_Statue.jpg \"Tirumalai Neminatha Statue.jpg\")\n[Upadesam](/wiki/Upadesha \"Upadesha\") \\- the formal induction into religious practices and adherences is called Upadesam. This is done to both boys and girls, at around the age of 15\\. After Upadesam, one is supposed to follow religious practices with vigor and seriousness.", "[Marriage](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") \\- outwardly, Jain marriages resemble Hindu marriages. However, the [mantras](/wiki/Mantra \"Mantra\") chanted are Jain. There is no Brahmin priest; instead there is a Samaṇar called a *Koyil Vaadhiyar* or temple priest, who conducts the ceremonies.", "[Pilgrimage](/wiki/Pilgrimage \"Pilgrimage\") \\- most Jains go on pilgrimage to [tirthas](/wiki/Tirtha_%28Jainism%29 \"Tirtha (Jainism)\") and major [Jain temples](/wiki/Jain_temples \"Jain temples\") in [North India](/wiki/North_India \"North India\") \\- Sammed [Shikharji](/wiki/Shikharji \"Shikharji\"), [Pavapuri](/wiki/Pawapuri \"Pawapuri\"), [Champapuri](/wiki/Champapuri \"Champapuri\") and [Urjayanta Giri](/wiki/Urjayanta_Giri \"Urjayanta Giri\") \\- as well as places in [South India](/wiki/South_India \"South India\") such as [Shravanabelagola](/wiki/Shravanabelagola \"Shravanabelagola\"), Humcha or Hombuja [Humbaj](/wiki/Humbaj \"Humbaj\"), Simmanagadde in [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka \"Karnataka\") and [Ponnur Malai](/wiki/Ponnur_Malai \"Ponnur Malai\") in [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu \"Tamil Nadu\").", "There are private amateur tour operators as well who take pilgrims to newly identified ancient Tamil Jain sites in western Tamil Nadu (kongunadu) and northern Kerala (vayanadu).", "Funeral rites \\- the dead are placed on a pyre and incinerated. Ashes are then disbursed in water courses and ceremonies are performed on 10th or 16th day. Annual remembrance ceremonies similar to Hindu practice are not performed. But no festivities or functions are followed that year on the paternal side.", "### Festivals", "* [Akshaya Tritiya](/wiki/Akshaya_Tritiya \"Akshaya Tritiya\") commemorates the first [Tirthankara](/wiki/Tirthankara \"Tirthankara\"), [Rishabha](/wiki/Rishabha_%28Jain_tirthankar%29 \"Rishabha (Jain tirthankar)\"), partaking food after many long years of penance.\n* Jinaratri commemorates Rishabha's [moksha](/wiki/Moksha \"Moksha\").\n* [Mahavir Janma Kalyanak](/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak \"Mahavir Janma Kalyanak\") celebrates Tirthankara [Mahavira](/wiki/Mahavira \"Mahavira\")'s birth.\n* [Diwali](/wiki/Diwali \"Diwali\") commemorates Mahavira's [moksha](/wiki/Moksha \"Moksha\").\n* [Vasant Panchami](/wiki/Vasant_Panchami \"Vasant Panchami\") honors the [Jain Agamas](/wiki/Jain_Agamas \"Jain Agamas\")\n* [Upaakarma](/wiki/Upaakarma \"Upaakarma\") commemorates the [Chakravartin](/wiki/Chakravartin \"Chakravartin\") [Bharata](/wiki/Jadabharata \"Jadabharata\"), son of Rishabha, acknowledging the true scholars by awarding them the [Upanayana](/wiki/Upanayana \"Upanayana\").\n* [Karthikai Deepam](/wiki/Karthikai_Deepam \"Karthikai Deepam\") at the onset of the month of [Kartika](/wiki/Kartika_%28month%29 \"Kartika (month)\")\n* [Puthandu](/wiki/Puthandu \"Puthandu\") and [Thai Pongal](/wiki/Thai_Pongal \"Thai Pongal\") are the other common festivals celebrated along with other Tamils.", "### Religious practices", "[Full moon days](/wiki/Full_Moon \"Full Moon\"), [Chaturdasi](/wiki/Chaturdashi \"Chaturdashi\") (14th day of the fortnight), [Ashtami](/wiki/Ashtami \"Ashtami\") (8th day of the fortnight) are days chosen for [fasting](/wiki/Fasting \"Fasting\") and religious observations. Women take food only after reciting the name of a [tirthankara](/wiki/Tirthankara \"Tirthankara\") five times. People undertake such practices as a vow for certain period of time \\- sometimes even for years. On completion, Udhyapana festivals (special prayer services) are performed, religious books and memorabilia are distributed. People who take certain vows eat only after sunrise and before sunset.", "" ]
Life ---- George Gauld was born in [Ardbrack](/wiki/Ardbrack "Ardbrack"), [Banffshire](/wiki/Banffshire "Banffshire"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), in 1731, and was educated at King's College in [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen "Aberdeen"), where he received his Master of Arts degree. He became a cartographer and painter, and was on {{HMS\|Deptford\|1732\|6}} in 1761, same ship that proved [John Harrison](/wiki/John_Harrison "John Harrison")'s [marine chronometer](/wiki/Marine_chronometer "Marine chronometer") to be correct. Prior to the [French and Indian War](/wiki/French_and_Indian_War "French and Indian War") (Seven Years' War) the British possessed few detailed maps of the interior of North America. The land beyond the Appalachian Mountains had been dominated by the French and their Indian allies. However, British colonial expansion and the military operations led to a flurry of mapping in the form of reconnaissance and route maps, fortification plans, and map depicting engagements. "At the conclusion of the war in 1763, Britain was left in possession of a vast and little known addition to its seaboard colonies. To facilitate the administration and development of Canada and the western territory, topographical surveys were initiated. Notable examples are the [James Murray](/wiki/James_Murray_%28Quebec_governor%29 "James Murray (Quebec governor)") survey of the [St. Lawrence River](/wiki/St._Lawrence_River "St. Lawrence River") valley (1761–63\), the first detailed hydrographic survey of the Ohio River by Harry Gordon and [Thomas Hutchins](/wiki/Thomas_Hutchins "Thomas Hutchins") (1766\), [Philip Pittman](/wiki/Philip_Pittman "Philip Pittman")'s surveys of the Mississippi and [Iberville River](/wiki/Iberville_River "Iberville River") (now known as [Bayou Manchac](/wiki/Bayou_Manchac "Bayou Manchac")) (1765\), and the surveys of East and [West Florida](/wiki/West_Florida "West Florida") by [David Taitt](/wiki/David_Taitt "David Taitt"), George Gauld and [Bernard Romans](/wiki/Bernard_Romans "Bernard Romans") (1772–73\)."Bosse, David. 1989\. "Dartmouth on the Mississippi: Speculators and Surveyors in British North America in the Eighteenth Century". *Imago Mundi*. Volume 41, page 9\. Between 1764 and 1781, Gauld was assigned by the [British Admiralty](/wiki/British_Admiralty "British Admiralty") to chart the waters off the coast of the British colony of [West Florida](/wiki/West_Florida "West Florida"). "After Florida came into the possession of Great Britain, the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, sent out Mr George Gauld to make a thorough survey of the whole coast. He was employed in surveying the coasts and harbours of West Florida, and the west coast of [East Florida](/wiki/East_Florida "East Florida") from the summer of 1764, to the year 1781, when he was made prisoner by the Spaniards, in their invasion of Florida. These surveys were not published until the year 1790, after the death of Mr Gauld. Much remains to be done by our own government in improving the charts of this dangerous coast. It does not appear precisely at what time."Sketches, Historical and Topographical, of the Floridas; More Particularly of East Florida by James Grant Forbes; Memoir on the Geography, and Natural and Civil History of Florida, Attended by a Map of That Country, \&c. by William Darby. 1821\. *The North American Review*. University of Northern Iowa: Jul. Volume 13, Issue 32, Pages pp. 91–92\. A description of Jamaica mentions Gauld's early work. "Modern charts give only the outline of this area; but there is a particularly interesting chart, "Plan of Port Royal Harbour", by George Gauld, "Surveyor General of the Coast of West Florida", the field work for which was apparently completed in I772, which shows the probable make\-up of the Plum Point area at the time. The chart was published in London by W. Faden in I798 and gives the impression of careful work."[Steers, J. A. 1940\. "The Cays and the Palisadoes, Port Royal, Jamaica". *Geographical Review*, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Apr., 1940\), pp. 279–296\.](https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/210146.pdf) Gaul was elected to the [American Philosophical Society](/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society "American Philosophical Society") in 1774,{{Cite web\|url\=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator\=George\+guald\&title\=\&subject\=\&subdiv\=\&mem\=\&year\=\&year\-max\=\&dead\=\&keyword\=\&smode\=advanced\|title \= APS Member History}} and in 1773 he presented some of his findings to the society in the hopes that they would be published in the *Transactions*.“Volume 1769\-1774\.” *Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society*, vol. 22, no. 119, 1885, pp. 80\-81\. [JSTOR website](http://www.jstor.org/stable/982528) Retrieved 24 Dec. 2022\. Although his report was not published, it became one of the first submissions entered into the Society's collections. This manuscript also includes a letter from Dr. [John Lorimer](/wiki/John_Lorimer_%28surgeon%29 "John Lorimer (surgeon)") to Gauld, and a sketch of the Middle and Yellow Rivers of West Florida by [Thomas Hutchins](/wiki/Thomas_Hutchins "Thomas Hutchins"). In 1774, Gauld, Lorimer, [Thomas Hutchins](/wiki/Thomas_Hutchins "Thomas Hutchins"), Captain [Thomas Davey](/wiki/Thomas_Davey_%28sailor%29 "Thomas Davey (sailor)"), RN, and Major Alexander Dickson of the [16th Regiment of Foot](/wiki/16th_Regiment_of_Foot "16th Regiment of Foot"), made a mapping expedition from [Manchac](/wiki/Manchac "Manchac") to the mouth of the [Yazoo River](/wiki/Yazoo_River "Yazoo River"). Major Dickson went with them for the first part of the survey, and helped them investigate the Manchac region, but evidently left the group at Natchez. Dr. Lorimer made careful measurements of latitude at [Natchez](/wiki/Natchez%2C_Mississippi "Natchez, Mississippi"), and then the remainder of the party continued further north to the mouth of the Yazoo River. Major Dickson was back in [Pensacola](/wiki/Pensacola "Pensacola") by 30 April, although it is unknown if he returned by going up the Manchac to the Iberville River, or south to [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans "New Orleans"). He appeared back in Pensacola almost two weeks after the return of the main party that went up further north.Ware, John D., and Robert Right Rea. 1982\. *George Gauld, surveyor and cartographer of the Gulf Coast*. Pages 161–162\. They had hoped to be able to find a route up the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River "Mississippi River") without having to go through Spanish controlled New Orleans. The second reason for this map is to show the landholdings of various planters and speculators. Many were speculators, including Gauld and Lorimer. The land they owned on Thompson's Creek were acquired by Lorimer and Gauld in 1772, and then visited by them, perhaps for the first time, during this trip. This cheap land was mostly purchased for speculation, because running the property profitably as a plantation would have been too difficult as absentee landlords from their homes on the Gulf Coast.Ware, John D., and Robert Right Rea. 1982\. *George Gauld, surveyor and cartographer of the Gulf Coast*. Pages 190–191\. Later, Thomas Hutchins would write an account of this journey, with acknowledgment to the information he had received from Gauld: "It may be proper to observe that I have had the assistance of the remarks and surveys, so far as relates to the mouths of the Mississippi and the coast and foundings of West Florida, of the late ingenious Mr. George Gauld, a Gentleman who was employed by the Lords of the Admiralty for the express purpose of making an accurate chart of the above mentioned places."Hutchins, Thomas. 1784\. "An Historical Narrative and Topographical Description of Louisiana and West Florida". Philadelphia. Page 3\. Many people copied his maps and charts in those days before strict copyright laws. A book by [William Stork](/wiki/William_Stork "William Stork") reputedly featured a plagiarised copy of a map by Gauld, who later wrote (speaking of himself in the third person):[Gauld, George. 1790\. "An account of the surveys of Florida, \&c: with directions for sailing from Jamaica or the West Indies, by the west end of Cuba, and through the Gulph of Florida. To accompany Mr. Gauld's charts". Page 6\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=jq1bAAAAQAAJ&q=inauthor%3A%22George+Gauld%22) {{quote\|In the summer of 1765 he made an accurate survey of the Bay of ''Spiritu Santo'', which soon afterwards appeared in Stork's History of East Florida. How it happened to be published there we cannot pretend to say; but it is the only part of the many surreptitious sketches, which have been pirated from Mr. Gauld's works, that has been literally and pretty correctly copied; tho' there is an error of about 30 miles or more in the Latitude.}} In 1776, Gauld was forced to suspend his work in the [Dry Tortugas](/wiki/Dry_Tortugas "Dry Tortugas") and [Florida Keys](/wiki/Florida_Keys "Florida Keys") due to the depredations of American privateers, and he was taken prisoner at the [Siege of Pensacola](/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola "Siege of Pensacola") in 1781\. He was carried off first to Cuba and then to New York.
[ "Life\n----", "George Gauld was born in [Ardbrack](/wiki/Ardbrack \"Ardbrack\"), [Banffshire](/wiki/Banffshire \"Banffshire\"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"), in 1731, and was educated at King's College in [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen \"Aberdeen\"), where he received his Master of Arts degree. He became a cartographer and painter, and was on {{HMS\\|Deptford\\|1732\\|6}} in 1761, same ship that proved [John Harrison](/wiki/John_Harrison \"John Harrison\")'s [marine chronometer](/wiki/Marine_chronometer \"Marine chronometer\") to be correct.", "Prior to the [French and Indian War](/wiki/French_and_Indian_War \"French and Indian War\") (Seven Years' War) the British possessed few detailed maps of the interior of North America. The land beyond the Appalachian Mountains had been dominated by the French and their Indian allies. However, British colonial expansion and the military operations led to a flurry of mapping in the form of reconnaissance and route maps, fortification plans, and map depicting engagements. \"At the conclusion of the war in 1763, Britain was left in possession of a vast and little known addition to its seaboard colonies. To facilitate the administration and development of Canada and the western territory, topographical surveys were initiated. Notable examples are the [James Murray](/wiki/James_Murray_%28Quebec_governor%29 \"James Murray (Quebec governor)\") survey of the [St. Lawrence River](/wiki/St._Lawrence_River \"St. Lawrence River\") valley (1761–63\\), the first detailed hydrographic survey of the Ohio River by Harry Gordon and [Thomas Hutchins](/wiki/Thomas_Hutchins \"Thomas Hutchins\") (1766\\), [Philip Pittman](/wiki/Philip_Pittman \"Philip Pittman\")'s surveys of the Mississippi and [Iberville River](/wiki/Iberville_River \"Iberville River\") (now known as [Bayou Manchac](/wiki/Bayou_Manchac \"Bayou Manchac\")) (1765\\), and the surveys of East and [West Florida](/wiki/West_Florida \"West Florida\") by [David Taitt](/wiki/David_Taitt \"David Taitt\"), George Gauld and [Bernard Romans](/wiki/Bernard_Romans \"Bernard Romans\") (1772–73\\).\"Bosse, David. 1989\\. \"Dartmouth on the Mississippi: Speculators and Surveyors in British North America in the Eighteenth Century\". *Imago Mundi*. Volume 41, page 9\\.", "Between 1764 and 1781, Gauld was assigned by the [British Admiralty](/wiki/British_Admiralty \"British Admiralty\") to chart the waters off the coast of the British colony of [West Florida](/wiki/West_Florida \"West Florida\"). \"After Florida came into the possession of Great Britain, the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, sent out Mr George Gauld to make a thorough survey of the whole coast. He was employed in surveying the coasts and harbours of West Florida, and the west coast of [East Florida](/wiki/East_Florida \"East Florida\") from the summer of 1764, to the year 1781, when he was made prisoner by the Spaniards, in their invasion of Florida. These surveys were not published until the year 1790, after the death of Mr Gauld. Much remains to be done by our own government in improving the charts of this dangerous coast. It does not appear precisely at what time.\"Sketches, Historical and Topographical, of the Floridas; More Particularly of East Florida by James Grant Forbes; Memoir on the Geography, and Natural and Civil History of Florida, Attended by a Map of That Country, \\&c. by William Darby. 1821\\. *The North American Review*. University of Northern Iowa: Jul. Volume 13, Issue 32, Pages pp. 91–92\\.", "A description of Jamaica mentions Gauld's early work. \"Modern charts give only the outline of this area; but there is a particularly interesting chart, \"Plan of Port Royal Harbour\", by George Gauld, \"Surveyor General of the Coast of West Florida\", the field work for which was apparently completed in I772, which shows the probable make\\-up of the Plum Point area at the time. The chart was published in London by W. Faden in I798 and gives the impression of careful work.\"[Steers, J. A. 1940\\. \"The Cays and the Palisadoes, Port Royal, Jamaica\". *Geographical Review*, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Apr., 1940\\), pp. 279–296\\.](https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/210146.pdf)", "Gaul was elected to the [American Philosophical Society](/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society \"American Philosophical Society\") in 1774,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator\\=George\\+guald\\&title\\=\\&subject\\=\\&subdiv\\=\\&mem\\=\\&year\\=\\&year\\-max\\=\\&dead\\=\\&keyword\\=\\&smode\\=advanced\\|title \\= APS Member History}} and in 1773 he presented some of his findings to the society in the hopes that they would be published in the *Transactions*.“Volume 1769\\-1774\\.” *Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society*, vol. 22, no. 119, 1885, pp. 80\\-81\\. [JSTOR website](http://www.jstor.org/stable/982528) Retrieved 24 Dec. 2022\\. Although his report was not published, it became one of the first submissions entered into the Society's collections. This manuscript also includes a letter from Dr. [John Lorimer](/wiki/John_Lorimer_%28surgeon%29 \"John Lorimer (surgeon)\") to Gauld, and a sketch of the Middle and Yellow Rivers of West Florida by [Thomas Hutchins](/wiki/Thomas_Hutchins \"Thomas Hutchins\").", "In 1774, Gauld, Lorimer, [Thomas Hutchins](/wiki/Thomas_Hutchins \"Thomas Hutchins\"), Captain [Thomas Davey](/wiki/Thomas_Davey_%28sailor%29 \"Thomas Davey (sailor)\"), RN, and Major Alexander Dickson of the [16th Regiment of Foot](/wiki/16th_Regiment_of_Foot \"16th Regiment of Foot\"), made a mapping expedition from [Manchac](/wiki/Manchac \"Manchac\") to the mouth of the [Yazoo River](/wiki/Yazoo_River \"Yazoo River\"). Major Dickson went with them for the first part of the survey, and helped them investigate the Manchac region, but evidently left the group at Natchez. Dr. Lorimer made careful measurements of latitude at [Natchez](/wiki/Natchez%2C_Mississippi \"Natchez, Mississippi\"), and then the remainder of the party continued further north to the mouth of the Yazoo River. Major Dickson was back in [Pensacola](/wiki/Pensacola \"Pensacola\") by 30 April, although it is unknown if he returned by going up the Manchac to the Iberville River, or south to [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\"). He appeared back in Pensacola almost two weeks after the return of the main party that went up further north.Ware, John D., and Robert Right Rea. 1982\\. *George Gauld, surveyor and cartographer of the Gulf Coast*. Pages 161–162\\. They had hoped to be able to find a route up the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River \"Mississippi River\") without having to go through Spanish controlled New Orleans. The second reason for this map is to show the landholdings of various planters and speculators. Many were speculators, including Gauld and Lorimer. The land they owned on Thompson's Creek were acquired by Lorimer and Gauld in 1772, and then visited by them, perhaps for the first time, during this trip. This cheap land was mostly purchased for speculation, because running the property profitably as a plantation would have been too difficult as absentee landlords from their homes on the Gulf Coast.Ware, John D., and Robert Right Rea. 1982\\. *George Gauld, surveyor and cartographer of the Gulf Coast*. Pages 190–191\\.", "Later, Thomas Hutchins would write an account of this journey, with acknowledgment to the information he had received from Gauld: \"It may be proper to observe that I have had the assistance of the remarks and surveys, so far as relates to the mouths of the Mississippi and the coast and foundings of West Florida, of the late ingenious Mr. George Gauld, a Gentleman who was employed by the Lords of the Admiralty for the express purpose of making an accurate chart of the above mentioned places.\"Hutchins, Thomas. 1784\\. \"An Historical Narrative and Topographical Description of Louisiana and West Florida\". Philadelphia. Page 3\\.", "Many people copied his maps and charts in those days before strict copyright laws. A book by [William Stork](/wiki/William_Stork \"William Stork\") reputedly featured a plagiarised copy of a map by Gauld, who later wrote (speaking of himself in the third person):[Gauld, George. 1790\\. \"An account of the surveys of Florida, \\&c: with directions for sailing from Jamaica or the West Indies, by the west end of Cuba, and through the Gulph of Florida. To accompany Mr. Gauld's charts\". Page 6\\.](https://books.google.com/books?id=jq1bAAAAQAAJ&q=inauthor%3A%22George+Gauld%22)", "{{quote\\|In the summer of 1765 he made an accurate survey of the Bay of ''Spiritu Santo'', which soon afterwards appeared in Stork's History of East Florida. How it happened to be published there we cannot pretend to say; but it is the only part of the many surreptitious sketches, which have been pirated from Mr. Gauld's works, that has been literally and pretty correctly copied; tho' there is an error of about 30 miles or more in the Latitude.}}", "In 1776, Gauld was forced to suspend his work in the [Dry Tortugas](/wiki/Dry_Tortugas \"Dry Tortugas\") and [Florida Keys](/wiki/Florida_Keys \"Florida Keys\") due to the depredations of American privateers, and he was taken prisoner at the [Siege of Pensacola](/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola \"Siege of Pensacola\") in 1781\\. He was carried off first to Cuba and then to New York.", "" ]
Linguistic features ------------------- ### Phonology Caló has six vowels: | | [Front](/wiki/Front_vowel "Front vowel") | [Central](/wiki/Central_vowel "Central vowel") | [Back](/wiki/Back_vowel "Back vowel") | | **[Close](/wiki/Close_vowel "Close vowel")** | {{IPA\|i}} | | {{IPA\|u}} | | **[Mid](/wiki/Mid_vowel "Mid vowel")** | {{IPA\|e̞}} | {{IPA\|ə}} | {{IPA\|o̞}} | | **[Open](/wiki/Open_vowel "Open vowel")** | | {{IPA\|a}} | | It has the following consonant inventory: | | [Labial](/wiki/Labial_consonant "Labial consonant") | [Alveolar](/wiki/Alveolar_consonant "Alveolar consonant") | [Postalveolar](/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant "Postalveolar consonant") | [Palatal](/wiki/Palatal_consonant "Palatal consonant") | [Velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant "Velar consonant") | [Glottal](/wiki/Glottal_consonant "Glottal consonant") | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [Nasal](/wiki/Nasal_stop "Nasal stop") | {{IPA\|m}} | {{IPA\|n}} | | | | | | [Plosive](/wiki/Plosive "Plosive") | {{IPA\|p}}⠀{{IPA\|b}} | {{IPA\|t}}⠀{{IPA\|d}} | | | {{IPA\|k}}⠀{{IPA\|ɡ}} | | | [Affricate](/wiki/Affricate "Affricate") | | {{IPA\|t͡s}}⠀{{IPA\|d͡z}} | {{IPA\|t͡ʃ}}⠀{{IPA\|d͡ʒ}} | | | | | [Fricative](/wiki/Fricative "Fricative") | {{IPA\|f}} | {{IPA\|s}} | {{IPA\|ʃ}} | | {{IPA\|x}} | {{IPA\|h}} | | [Approximant](/wiki/Approximant "Approximant") | | {{IPA\|l}} | | {{IPA\|j}} | | | | [Tap](/wiki/Flap_consonant "Flap consonant") | | {{IPA\|ɾ}} | | | | | | [Trill](/wiki/Trill_consonant "Trill consonant") | | {{IPA\|r}} | | | | | Notable phonological features of Iberian Caló are: * the loss of the distinction between aspirated {{IPA\|/pʰ tʰ kʰ tʃʰ/}}, unaspirated {{IPA\|/p t k tʃ/}} and voiced {{IPA\|/b d ɡ dʒ/}}. * the merger of {{IPA\|/b/}} and {{IPA\|/v/}} – [betacism](/wiki/Betacism "Betacism"). * [affrication](/wiki/Affrication "Affrication") of {{IPA\|/t d/}} to {{IPA\|/tʃ dʒ/}} before the [front vowels](/wiki/Front_vowel "Front vowel") {{IPA\|/i/}} and {{IPA\|/e̞/}} cf. [Brazilian Portuguese](/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese "Brazilian Portuguese") {{IPA\|/ti/}}, {{IPA\|/di/}} \> {{IPA\|\[tʃi \~ tɕi]}}, {{IPA\|\[dʒi \~ dʑi]}}. ### Samples Spanish Romani: {{lang\|rmq\|Y sasta se hubiese catanado sueti baribustri, baribustri, y abillasen solictos á ó de los fores, os penó por parabola: Manu chaló abri á chibar desqueri simiente: y al chibarle, yeque aricata peró sunparal al drun, y sinaba hollada, y la jamáron as patrias e Charos. Y aver peró opré bar: y pur se ardiñó, se secó presas na terelaba humedad. Y aver peró andré jarres, y as jarres, sos ardiñáron sat siró, la mulabáron. Y aver peró andré pu lachi: y ardiñó, y diñó mibao á ciento por yeque. Penado ocono, se chibó á penar á goles: Coin terela canes de junelar, junele.}} [Parable of the Sower](/wiki/Parable_of_the_Sower "Parable of the Sower"), [Luke](/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke "Gospel of Luke"), 8, 4–8, as published by [George Borrow](/wiki/George_Borrow "George Borrow") in 1838[Biblia en acción](https://web.archive.org/web/20070115152743/http://img.forministry.com/B/B8/B8EA8ADD-FCF4-491A-9BC86982189D33F4/DOC/PV13_Biblia_en_accion.pdf), *JORGE BORROW: Un inglés al encuentro de lo Español*. Compare with a Spanish version: {{lang\|es\|Cuando una gran multitud se reunió y personas de cada ciudad fueron donde Jesús, Él les habló con una parábola. «Un campesino salió a sembrar su semilla. Al sembrar algunas cayeron en la carretera; fueron pisoteadas y se las comieron los pájaros del cielo. Otras semillas cayeron encima de la roca, tan pronto como crecieron se secaron porque no tenían humedad. Otras cayeron entre los espinos, y los espinos crecieron con éstas y las sofocaron. Otras cayeron en tierra buena; crecieron y dieron fruto, cien veces más.» Después de decir estas cosas gritó, «¡Aquel que tiene oídos para escuchar, que escuche!»}}*[Traducción de dominio público abierta a mejoras](https://web.archive.org/web/20070812184607/http://de.geocities.com/nuestroamigojesus/bdp/lucas-libro.html)* derived from the [World English Bible](/wiki/World_English_Bible "World English Bible"). #### The Lord's Prayer The [Lord's Prayer](/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer "Lord's Prayer") has often been used as a [parallel text](/wiki/Parallel_text "Parallel text"): Spanish Caló: {{lang\|rmq\|Amaro Dada, oté andré o Tarpe, majarificable sinele tun nao. Abillele tun chim. Sinele querdi tun pesquital andré a jolili, sasta andré o Tarpe. Diñamangue achibes amaro manro de cada chibes. Y amangue ertina amarias visabas, andiar sasta mu ertinamos á os sares, sos debisarelen amangue buchi. Y na enseeles amangue andré o chungalo y choro.}} Luke, 11, 2\-4, [Embéo e Majaró Lucas](http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29470/29470-h/29470-h.htm), translated by George Borrow, 1837\. Lovara Balkans Romani: {{lang\|rom\|Amaro Dat, kai san ando rhaio, te avel cho anav ankerdo Swunto. Chi amperetsia te avel, chi voia te kerdiol pe phuv sar ando rhaio. De amen adies amaro manrho sar swako dies. Iertisar amare bezexa; sar vi ame iertis kodolen kai keren bezexa karing amende. Na mek ame te zhas ando zumaimos; numa skepisar ame katar o nasul iek.}} Luke, 11, 2\-4, [Romani (Gypsy) New Testament: E Lashi Viasta](https://jesusfellowship.uk/cgi-bin/bible/bible.cgi?SEARCH=++&CASE=ON&HILITE=ON&FIRST=OK&R1=I&BIBLE=Romani+NT&BOOK=42&CHAP=11&SUBMIT=Read). Ruth Modrow, 1984\. Spanish: {{lang\|es\|Padre nuestro que estás en los cielos: Santificado sea tu nombre; venga tu reino; sea hecha tu voluntad, como en el cielo, así también en la tierra. el pan nuestro de cada día, dánoslo hoy; y perdónanos nuestros pecados porque también nosotros perdonamos a todos los que nos deben. Y no nos metas en tentación, mas líbranos del mal.}} Luke, 11, 2\-4, [Spanish Bible](https://jesusfellowship.uk/cgi-bin/bible/bible.cgi?SEARCH=++&CASE=ON&HILITE=ON&FIRST=OK&R1=I&BIBLE=Spanish&BOOK=42&CHAP=11&SUBMIT=Read): [Reina\-Valera](/wiki/Reina-Valera "Reina-Valera") 1569, revised 1960\.
[ "Linguistic features\n-------------------", "### Phonology", "Caló has six vowels:", "| | [Front](/wiki/Front_vowel \"Front vowel\") | [Central](/wiki/Central_vowel \"Central vowel\") | [Back](/wiki/Back_vowel \"Back vowel\") |", "| **[Close](/wiki/Close_vowel \"Close vowel\")** | {{IPA\\|i}} | | {{IPA\\|u}} |\n| **[Mid](/wiki/Mid_vowel \"Mid vowel\")** | {{IPA\\|e̞}} | {{IPA\\|ə}} | {{IPA\\|o̞}} |\n| **[Open](/wiki/Open_vowel \"Open vowel\")** | | {{IPA\\|a}} | |", "", "It has the following consonant inventory:", "| | [Labial](/wiki/Labial_consonant \"Labial consonant\") | [Alveolar](/wiki/Alveolar_consonant \"Alveolar consonant\") | [Postalveolar](/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant \"Postalveolar consonant\") | [Palatal](/wiki/Palatal_consonant \"Palatal consonant\") | [Velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant \"Velar consonant\") | [Glottal](/wiki/Glottal_consonant \"Glottal consonant\") |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Nasal](/wiki/Nasal_stop \"Nasal stop\") | {{IPA\\|m}} | {{IPA\\|n}} | | | | |\n| [Plosive](/wiki/Plosive \"Plosive\") | {{IPA\\|p}}⠀{{IPA\\|b}} | {{IPA\\|t}}⠀{{IPA\\|d}} | | | {{IPA\\|k}}⠀{{IPA\\|ɡ}} | |\n| [Affricate](/wiki/Affricate \"Affricate\") | | {{IPA\\|t͡s}}⠀{{IPA\\|d͡z}} | {{IPA\\|t͡ʃ}}⠀{{IPA\\|d͡ʒ}} | | | |\n| [Fricative](/wiki/Fricative \"Fricative\") | {{IPA\\|f}} | {{IPA\\|s}} | {{IPA\\|ʃ}} | | {{IPA\\|x}} | {{IPA\\|h}} |\n| [Approximant](/wiki/Approximant \"Approximant\") | | {{IPA\\|l}} | | {{IPA\\|j}} | | |\n| [Tap](/wiki/Flap_consonant \"Flap consonant\") | | {{IPA\\|ɾ}} | | | | |\n| [Trill](/wiki/Trill_consonant \"Trill consonant\") | | {{IPA\\|r}} | | | | |", "", "Notable phonological features of Iberian Caló are:\n* the loss of the distinction between aspirated {{IPA\\|/pʰ tʰ kʰ tʃʰ/}}, unaspirated {{IPA\\|/p t k tʃ/}} and voiced {{IPA\\|/b d ɡ dʒ/}}.\n* the merger of {{IPA\\|/b/}} and {{IPA\\|/v/}} – [betacism](/wiki/Betacism \"Betacism\").\n* [affrication](/wiki/Affrication \"Affrication\") of {{IPA\\|/t d/}} to {{IPA\\|/tʃ dʒ/}} before the [front vowels](/wiki/Front_vowel \"Front vowel\") {{IPA\\|/i/}} and {{IPA\\|/e̞/}} cf. [Brazilian Portuguese](/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese \"Brazilian Portuguese\") {{IPA\\|/ti/}}, {{IPA\\|/di/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[tʃi \\~ tɕi]}}, {{IPA\\|\\[dʒi \\~ dʑi]}}.", "### Samples", "Spanish Romani:\n{{lang\\|rmq\\|Y sasta se hubiese catanado sueti baribustri, baribustri, y abillasen solictos á ó de los fores, os penó por parabola: Manu chaló abri á chibar desqueri simiente: y al chibarle, yeque aricata peró sunparal al drun, y sinaba hollada, y la jamáron as patrias e Charos. Y aver peró opré bar: y pur se ardiñó, se secó presas na terelaba humedad. Y aver peró andré jarres, y as jarres, sos ardiñáron sat siró, la mulabáron. Y aver peró andré pu lachi: y ardiñó, y diñó mibao á ciento por yeque. Penado ocono, se chibó á penar á goles: Coin terela canes de junelar, junele.}}\n[Parable of the Sower](/wiki/Parable_of_the_Sower \"Parable of the Sower\"), [Luke](/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke \"Gospel of Luke\"), 8, 4–8, as published by [George Borrow](/wiki/George_Borrow \"George Borrow\") in 1838[Biblia en acción](https://web.archive.org/web/20070115152743/http://img.forministry.com/B/B8/B8EA8ADD-FCF4-491A-9BC86982189D33F4/DOC/PV13_Biblia_en_accion.pdf), *JORGE BORROW: Un inglés al encuentro de lo Español*.\nCompare with a Spanish version:\n{{lang\\|es\\|Cuando una gran multitud se reunió y personas de cada ciudad fueron donde Jesús, Él les habló con una parábola. «Un campesino salió a sembrar su semilla. Al sembrar algunas cayeron en la carretera; fueron pisoteadas y se las comieron los pájaros del cielo. Otras semillas cayeron encima de la roca, tan pronto como crecieron se secaron porque no tenían humedad. Otras cayeron entre los espinos, y los espinos crecieron con éstas y las sofocaron. Otras cayeron en tierra buena; crecieron y dieron fruto, cien veces más.» Después de decir estas cosas gritó, «¡Aquel que tiene oídos para escuchar, que escuche!»}}*[Traducción de dominio público abierta a mejoras](https://web.archive.org/web/20070812184607/http://de.geocities.com/nuestroamigojesus/bdp/lucas-libro.html)* derived from the [World English Bible](/wiki/World_English_Bible \"World English Bible\").", "#### The Lord's Prayer", "The [Lord's Prayer](/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer \"Lord's Prayer\") has often been used as a [parallel text](/wiki/Parallel_text \"Parallel text\"):", "Spanish Caló:\n{{lang\\|rmq\\|Amaro Dada, oté andré o Tarpe, majarificable sinele tun nao. Abillele tun chim. Sinele querdi tun pesquital andré a jolili, sasta andré o Tarpe. Diñamangue achibes amaro manro de cada chibes. Y amangue ertina amarias visabas, andiar sasta mu ertinamos á os sares, sos debisarelen amangue buchi. Y na enseeles amangue andré o chungalo y choro.}}\n Luke, 11, 2\\-4, [Embéo e Majaró Lucas](http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29470/29470-h/29470-h.htm), translated by George Borrow, 1837\\.", "Lovara Balkans Romani:\n{{lang\\|rom\\|Amaro Dat, kai san ando rhaio, te avel cho anav ankerdo Swunto. Chi amperetsia te avel, chi voia te kerdiol pe phuv sar ando rhaio. De amen adies amaro manrho sar swako dies. Iertisar amare bezexa; sar vi ame iertis kodolen kai keren bezexa karing amende. Na mek ame te zhas ando zumaimos; numa skepisar ame katar o nasul iek.}}\n Luke, 11, 2\\-4, [Romani (Gypsy) New Testament: E Lashi Viasta](https://jesusfellowship.uk/cgi-bin/bible/bible.cgi?SEARCH=++&CASE=ON&HILITE=ON&FIRST=OK&R1=I&BIBLE=Romani+NT&BOOK=42&CHAP=11&SUBMIT=Read). Ruth Modrow, 1984\\.", "Spanish:\n{{lang\\|es\\|Padre nuestro que estás en los cielos: Santificado sea tu nombre; venga tu reino; sea hecha tu voluntad, como en el cielo, así también en la tierra. el pan nuestro de cada día, dánoslo hoy; y perdónanos nuestros pecados porque también nosotros perdonamos a todos los que nos deben. Y no nos metas en tentación, mas líbranos del mal.}}\n Luke, 11, 2\\-4, [Spanish Bible](https://jesusfellowship.uk/cgi-bin/bible/bible.cgi?SEARCH=++&CASE=ON&HILITE=ON&FIRST=OK&R1=I&BIBLE=Spanish&BOOK=42&CHAP=11&SUBMIT=Read): [Reina\\-Valera](/wiki/Reina-Valera \"Reina-Valera\") 1569, revised 1960\\.", "" ]
Loans ----- ### Spanish Many Caló terms have been borrowed in Spanish (especially as [slangisms](/wiki/Slang "Slang") and [colloquialisms](/wiki/Colloquialism "Colloquialism")), often through [flamenco lyrics](/wiki/Flamenco "Flamenco") and [criminal jargon](/wiki/Criminal_jargon "Criminal jargon") ({{lang\|es\|\[\[germanía]]}}). Examples are {{lang\|es\|gachó/gachí}} ("man/woman", from *[gadjo/gadji](/wiki/Gadji "Gadji")*), {{lang\|es\|chaval}} ("boy", originally "son", also present in English as *[chav](/wiki/Chav "Chav")*{{lang\|es\|\[\[Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana]]}}, vol. II, p. 39\. [Joan Corominas](/wiki/Joan_Corominas "Joan Corominas"), Francke Verlag, Bern, 1954\. {{ISBN\|978\-84\-249\-1361\-8}}.), {{lang\|es\|parné}} ("money"), {{lang\|es\|currelar}} or {{lang\|es\|currar}} ("to work"), {{lang\|es\|fetén}} ("excellent"), {{lang\|es\|pinreles}} ("feet"), {{lang\|es\|biruji}} ("cold"), {{lang\|es\|churumbel}} ("baby"), {{lang\|es\|gilí}} ("silly, stupid"), {{lang\|es\|chachi}} ("outstanding, genuine"), {{lang\|es\|(un)debel}} or {{lang\|es\|debla}} ("god/goddess"), {{lang\|es\|mengue}} ("demon"), {{lang\|es\|chorar}} ("to steal"), also present in English slang as *to chaw*, {{lang\|es\|molar}} ("to be appealing to someone"), {{lang\|es\|piltra}} ("bed"), {{lang\|es\|acais}} ("eyes"), {{lang\|es\|chola}} ("head"), {{lang\|es\|jeró}} ("face"), {{lang\|es\|napia}} ("nose"), {{lang\|es\|muí}} ("mouth"), {{lang\|es\|lache}} ("shame"), {{lang\|es\|pitingo}} ("vain"), {{lang\|es\|chungo}} ("bad, nasty, dodgy"), {{lang\|es\|guripa}} ("cheeky, soldier"), {{lang\|es\|ful}} ("fake"), {{lang\|es\|paripé}} ("pretence"), {{lang\|es\|juncal}} ("slender, graceful"), {{lang\|es\|pure}} or {{lang\|es\|pureta}} ("old"), {{lang\|es\|sobar}} ("to sleep"), {{lang\|es\|quer}} or {{lang\|es\|queli}} ("house"), {{lang\|es\|garito}} ("house, gambling den"), {{lang\|es\|jalar}} ("to eat"), {{lang\|es\|cate}} ("hit"), {{lang\|es\|jiñar}} ("to defecate, to fear"), {{lang\|es\|diñar}} ("to give, to die"), {{lang\|es\|palmar}} ("to die"), {{lang\|es\|chinarse}} ("to get upset"), {{lang\|es\|langui}} ("lame"), {{lang\|es\|chalado}} or {{lang\|es\|pirado}} ("crazy"), {{lang\|es\|pirarse}} ("to leave", "to make oneself scarce"), {{lang\|es\|changar}} ("to break"), {{lang\|es\|chivarse}} ("to denounce *sb*, to squeal"), {{lang\|es\|chivato}} ("informer"), {{lang\|es\|hacerse el longuis}} ("to pretend to be absent\-minded"), *pringar* ("to get *sb* mixed up, to overdo"), {{lang\|es\|chingar}} ("to have sexual relations, to bother"), {{lang\|es\|chinorri}} ("little"), {{lang\|es\|najar}} ("to flee"), {{lang\|es\|privar}} ("drink, to drink"), {{lang\|es\|mangar}} ("to steal"), {{lang\|es\|nanay}} ("no way, there isn't"), {{lang\|es\|chorizo}} ("thief"), {{lang\|es\|achantar}} ("to intimidate"), {{lang\|es\|pispar}} ("to nick"), {{lang\|es\|birlar}} ("to nick"), {{lang\|es\|achanta la muí}} ("shut your mouth"), {{lang\|es\|canguelo}} or {{lang\|es\|cangueli}} ("fear"), {{lang\|es\|cañí}} ("Romani person"), {{lang\|es\|calé}} ("Romani person"), {{lang\|es\|caló}} ("language of the [Iberian Kale](/wiki/Romani_people "Romani people")"), {{lang\|es\|calas}} ("money"), {{lang\|es\|curda}} ("drunkenness"), {{lang\|es\|menda}} ("myself"), and {{lang\|es\|galochi}} ("heart").[Aportacions gitanes al castellà](http://oliba.uoc.edu/gitanos/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=118&Itemid=273&lang=ca) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722022230/http://oliba.uoc.edu/gitanos/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=category\&layout\=blog\&id\=118\&Itemid\=273⟨\=ca \|date\=2011\-07\-22 }}. Some words underwent a shift in meaning in the process: {{lang\|es\|camelar}} ([etymologically](/wiki/Etymology "Etymology") related to [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit") *[kāma](/wiki/K%C4%81ma "Kāma")*, "love, desire") in [colloquial](/wiki/Colloquial "Colloquial") Spanish has the meaning of "to woo, to seduce, to deceive by adulation" (but also "to love", "to want"; although this sense has fallen into disuse),*[camelar](http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?TIPO_HTML=2&TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=camelar)* in the *[Diccionario de la Real Academia](/wiki/Diccionario_de_la_Real_Academia "Diccionario de la Real Academia")*, but in Caló it more closely matches the Spanish meanings of {{lang\|es\|querer}} ("to want" and "to love"). In addition {{lang\|es\|camelar}} and the noun {{lang\|es\|camelo}} can also mean either "lie" or "con". Caló also appears to have influenced Madrid slang {{lang\|es\-ES\|\[\[cheli]]}} and [quinqui](/wiki/Quinqui "Quinqui"), the language of another Iberian group of travellers who are not ethnically Romani. {{lang\|es\-ES\|\[\[Gacería]]}}, a [cant](/wiki/Cant_%28language%29 "Cant (language)") spoken by makers of agricultural equipment in a village of [Segovia](/wiki/Segovia_%28province%29 "Segovia (province)"), also derives some words from Caló. ### Catalan To a lesser extent than in Spanish, Caló terms have also been adapted into Catalan as [slangisms](/wiki/Slang "Slang") and [colloquialisms](/wiki/Colloquialism "Colloquialism"), most of which were taken adopted from Spanish slang. Examples are {{lang\|ca\|halar}} ({{IPA\|ca\|həˈla\|pron}} or {{IPA\|ca\|xəˈla\|}}; "to eat"), {{lang\|ca\|xaval}} ("boy"), {{lang\|ca\|dinyar(\-la)}} ("to die"), {{lang\|ca\|palmar(\-la)}} ("to die"), {{lang\|ca\|cangueli}} ("fear"), {{lang\|ca\|paio}} ("non\-Romani person"), {{lang\|ca\|calés}} ("money"), {{lang\|ca\|caló}} ("language of the [Iberian Kale](/wiki/Romani_people "Romani people")"), {{lang\|ca\|cangrí}} ("prison"), {{lang\|ca\|pispar}} ("to nick"), {{lang\|ca\|birlar}} ("to nick"), {{lang\|ca\|xorar}} ("to steal"), {{lang\|ca\|mangar}} ("to steal"), {{lang\|ca\|molar}} ("to like"), {{lang\|ca\|pringar}} ("to get *sb* mixed up, to overdo"), {{lang\|ca\|pirar(\-se)}} ("to leave, to make oneself scarce"), {{lang\|ca\|sobar}} ("to sleep"), {{lang\|ca\|privar}} ("drink, to drink"), ("pleb"), {{lang\|ca\|laxe}} ("shame"), {{lang\|ca\|catipén}} ("stink"), {{lang\|ca\|xaxi}} ("outstanding, genuine"), {{lang\|ca\|xivar\-se}} ("to denounce *sb*, to squeal"), {{lang\|ca\|xivato}} ("informer"), {{lang\|ca\|xinar(\-se)}} ("to get upset"), {{lang\|ca\|fer el llonguis}} (lit. "Do a long one" fig. "to pretend to be thick/slow") and {{lang\|ca\|potra}} ("luck").[Aportacions gitanes al català](http://oliba.uoc.edu/gitanos/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=120&Itemid=275&lang=ca) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722022245/http://oliba.uoc.edu/gitanos/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=category\&layout\=blog\&id\=120\&Itemid\=275⟨\=ca \|date\=2011\-07\-22 }}[El català dels gitanos](http://www.edu3.cat/Edu3tv/Fitxa?p_id=23242). *Caçadors de Paraules* (TV3, edu3\.cat). ### Portuguese There are a small number of words of Caló (Calão) origin and many of those are indirect loans, borrowed via [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language "Spanish language"). The examples generally understood by most or all speakers of Portuguese include {{lang\|pt\|gajo}} ({{IPA\|pt\|ˈɡaʒu\|pron}}, "man, dude", primarily in Portugal),{{Cite web\|url\=https://dicionario.priberam.org/gajão\|title\=gajão\|first\=Priberam Informática\|last\=S.A\|website\=Dicionário Priberam}} {{lang\|pt\|chavalo}} ("lad, young boy"), chunga ("bad, nasty, dodgy"), chibar\-se ("to denounce sb, to squeal"), chibo ("informer"),{{Cite web\|url\=https://dicionario.priberam.org/chavalo\|title\=Chavalo\|first\=Priberam Informática\|last\=S.A\|website\=Dicionário Priberam}} {{lang\|pt\|baque}} ({{IPA\|pt\|ˈbaki\|}}, {{IPA\|pt\|ˈbakɨ\|}},{{Cite web\|url\=https://michaelis.uol.com.br/moderno\-portugues/busca/portugues\-brasileiro/baque\|title\=Baque\|website\=Michaelis On\-Line}} generally "impact", but in this sense "sudden happiness"), {{lang\|pt\|pileque}} ({{IPA\|pt\|piˈlɛki\|}}, {{IPA\|pt\|piˈlɛk(ɨ)\|}}, "drunkenness"),{{Cite web\|url\=https://michaelis.uol.com.br/moderno\-portugues/busca/portugues\-brasileiro/pileque/\|title\=Pileque\|website\=Michaelis On\-Line}} {{lang\|pt\|chulé}} ("bad smell of feet),{{Cite web\|url\=https://michaelis.uol.com.br/moderno\-portugues/busca/portugues\-brasileiro/Chul%C3%A9\+/\|title\=Chulé\|website\=Michaelis On\-Line}} {{lang\|pt\|pirar\-se}} ("to leave"),{{Cite web\|url\=https://michaelis.uol.com.br/busca?r\=0\&f\=0\&t\=0\&palavra\=Pirar\|title\=Pirar\|website\=Michaelis On\-Line}} {{lang\|pt\|pirado}} and {{lang\|pt\|chalado}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://dicionario.priberam.org/chalado\|title\=Chalado\|first\=Priberam Informática\|last\=S.A\|website\=Dicionário Priberam}} ("crazy").[Suplemento do léxico cigano](https://lordcesarvalentine.blogspot.com.br/2010/05/mundo-cigano.html). Mundo Cigano.
[ "Loans\n-----", "### Spanish", "Many Caló terms have been borrowed in Spanish (especially as [slangisms](/wiki/Slang \"Slang\") and [colloquialisms](/wiki/Colloquialism \"Colloquialism\")), often through [flamenco lyrics](/wiki/Flamenco \"Flamenco\") and [criminal jargon](/wiki/Criminal_jargon \"Criminal jargon\") ({{lang\\|es\\|\\[\\[germanía]]}}).", "Examples are {{lang\\|es\\|gachó/gachí}} (\"man/woman\", from *[gadjo/gadji](/wiki/Gadji \"Gadji\")*), {{lang\\|es\\|chaval}} (\"boy\", originally \"son\", also present in English as *[chav](/wiki/Chav \"Chav\")*{{lang\\|es\\|\\[\\[Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana]]}}, vol. II, p. 39\\. [Joan Corominas](/wiki/Joan_Corominas \"Joan Corominas\"), Francke Verlag, Bern, 1954\\. {{ISBN\\|978\\-84\\-249\\-1361\\-8}}.), {{lang\\|es\\|parné}} (\"money\"), {{lang\\|es\\|currelar}} or {{lang\\|es\\|currar}} (\"to work\"), {{lang\\|es\\|fetén}} (\"excellent\"), {{lang\\|es\\|pinreles}} (\"feet\"), {{lang\\|es\\|biruji}} (\"cold\"), {{lang\\|es\\|churumbel}} (\"baby\"), {{lang\\|es\\|gilí}} (\"silly, stupid\"), {{lang\\|es\\|chachi}} (\"outstanding, genuine\"), {{lang\\|es\\|(un)debel}} or {{lang\\|es\\|debla}} (\"god/goddess\"), {{lang\\|es\\|mengue}} (\"demon\"), {{lang\\|es\\|chorar}} (\"to steal\"), also present in English slang as *to chaw*, {{lang\\|es\\|molar}} (\"to be appealing to someone\"), {{lang\\|es\\|piltra}} (\"bed\"), {{lang\\|es\\|acais}} (\"eyes\"), {{lang\\|es\\|chola}} (\"head\"), {{lang\\|es\\|jeró}} (\"face\"), {{lang\\|es\\|napia}} (\"nose\"), {{lang\\|es\\|muí}} (\"mouth\"), {{lang\\|es\\|lache}} (\"shame\"), {{lang\\|es\\|pitingo}} (\"vain\"), {{lang\\|es\\|chungo}} (\"bad, nasty, dodgy\"), {{lang\\|es\\|guripa}} (\"cheeky, soldier\"), {{lang\\|es\\|ful}} (\"fake\"), {{lang\\|es\\|paripé}} (\"pretence\"), {{lang\\|es\\|juncal}} (\"slender, graceful\"), {{lang\\|es\\|pure}} or {{lang\\|es\\|pureta}} (\"old\"), {{lang\\|es\\|sobar}} (\"to sleep\"), {{lang\\|es\\|quer}} or {{lang\\|es\\|queli}} (\"house\"), {{lang\\|es\\|garito}} (\"house, gambling den\"), {{lang\\|es\\|jalar}} (\"to eat\"), {{lang\\|es\\|cate}} (\"hit\"), {{lang\\|es\\|jiñar}} (\"to defecate, to fear\"), {{lang\\|es\\|diñar}} (\"to give, to die\"), {{lang\\|es\\|palmar}} (\"to die\"), {{lang\\|es\\|chinarse}} (\"to get upset\"), {{lang\\|es\\|langui}} (\"lame\"), {{lang\\|es\\|chalado}} or {{lang\\|es\\|pirado}} (\"crazy\"), {{lang\\|es\\|pirarse}} (\"to leave\", \"to make oneself scarce\"), {{lang\\|es\\|changar}} (\"to break\"), {{lang\\|es\\|chivarse}} (\"to denounce *sb*, to squeal\"), {{lang\\|es\\|chivato}} (\"informer\"), {{lang\\|es\\|hacerse el longuis}} (\"to pretend to be absent\\-minded\"), *pringar* (\"to get *sb* mixed up, to overdo\"), {{lang\\|es\\|chingar}} (\"to have sexual relations, to bother\"), {{lang\\|es\\|chinorri}} (\"little\"), {{lang\\|es\\|najar}} (\"to flee\"), {{lang\\|es\\|privar}} (\"drink, to drink\"), {{lang\\|es\\|mangar}} (\"to steal\"), {{lang\\|es\\|nanay}} (\"no way, there isn't\"), {{lang\\|es\\|chorizo}} (\"thief\"), {{lang\\|es\\|achantar}} (\"to intimidate\"), {{lang\\|es\\|pispar}} (\"to nick\"), {{lang\\|es\\|birlar}} (\"to nick\"), {{lang\\|es\\|achanta la muí}} (\"shut your mouth\"), {{lang\\|es\\|canguelo}} or {{lang\\|es\\|cangueli}} (\"fear\"), {{lang\\|es\\|cañí}} (\"Romani person\"), {{lang\\|es\\|calé}} (\"Romani person\"), {{lang\\|es\\|caló}} (\"language of the [Iberian Kale](/wiki/Romani_people \"Romani people\")\"), {{lang\\|es\\|calas}} (\"money\"), {{lang\\|es\\|curda}} (\"drunkenness\"), {{lang\\|es\\|menda}} (\"myself\"), and {{lang\\|es\\|galochi}} (\"heart\").[Aportacions gitanes al castellà](http://oliba.uoc.edu/gitanos/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=118&Itemid=273&lang=ca) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722022230/http://oliba.uoc.edu/gitanos/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=category\\&layout\\=blog\\&id\\=118\\&Itemid\\=273⟨\\=ca \\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-22 }}.", "Some words underwent a shift in meaning in the process: {{lang\\|es\\|camelar}} ([etymologically](/wiki/Etymology \"Etymology\") related to [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit \"Sanskrit\") *[kāma](/wiki/K%C4%81ma \"Kāma\")*, \"love, desire\") in [colloquial](/wiki/Colloquial \"Colloquial\") Spanish has the meaning of \"to woo, to seduce, to deceive by adulation\" (but also \"to love\", \"to want\"; although this sense has fallen into disuse),*[camelar](http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?TIPO_HTML=2&TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=camelar)* in the *[Diccionario de la Real Academia](/wiki/Diccionario_de_la_Real_Academia \"Diccionario de la Real Academia\")*, but in Caló it more closely matches the Spanish meanings of {{lang\\|es\\|querer}} (\"to want\" and \"to love\"). In addition {{lang\\|es\\|camelar}} and the noun {{lang\\|es\\|camelo}} can also mean either \"lie\" or \"con\".", "Caló also appears to have influenced Madrid slang {{lang\\|es\\-ES\\|\\[\\[cheli]]}} and [quinqui](/wiki/Quinqui \"Quinqui\"), the language of another Iberian group of travellers who are not ethnically Romani.\n{{lang\\|es\\-ES\\|\\[\\[Gacería]]}}, a [cant](/wiki/Cant_%28language%29 \"Cant (language)\") spoken by makers of agricultural equipment in a village of [Segovia](/wiki/Segovia_%28province%29 \"Segovia (province)\"), also derives some words from Caló.", "### Catalan", "To a lesser extent than in Spanish, Caló terms have also been adapted into Catalan as [slangisms](/wiki/Slang \"Slang\") and [colloquialisms](/wiki/Colloquialism \"Colloquialism\"), most of which were taken adopted from Spanish slang.", "Examples are {{lang\\|ca\\|halar}} ({{IPA\\|ca\\|həˈla\\|pron}} or {{IPA\\|ca\\|xəˈla\\|}}; \"to eat\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|xaval}} (\"boy\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|dinyar(\\-la)}} (\"to die\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|palmar(\\-la)}} (\"to die\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|cangueli}} (\"fear\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|paio}} (\"non\\-Romani person\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|calés}} (\"money\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|caló}} (\"language of the [Iberian Kale](/wiki/Romani_people \"Romani people\")\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|cangrí}} (\"prison\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|pispar}} (\"to nick\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|birlar}} (\"to nick\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|xorar}} (\"to steal\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|mangar}} (\"to steal\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|molar}} (\"to like\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|pringar}} (\"to get *sb* mixed up, to overdo\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|pirar(\\-se)}} (\"to leave, to make oneself scarce\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|sobar}} (\"to sleep\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|privar}} (\"drink, to drink\"), (\"pleb\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|laxe}} (\"shame\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|catipén}} (\"stink\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|xaxi}} (\"outstanding, genuine\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|xivar\\-se}} (\"to denounce *sb*, to squeal\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|xivato}} (\"informer\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|xinar(\\-se)}} (\"to get upset\"), {{lang\\|ca\\|fer el llonguis}} (lit. \"Do a long one\" fig. \"to pretend to be thick/slow\") and {{lang\\|ca\\|potra}} (\"luck\").[Aportacions gitanes al català](http://oliba.uoc.edu/gitanos/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=120&Itemid=275&lang=ca) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722022245/http://oliba.uoc.edu/gitanos/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=category\\&layout\\=blog\\&id\\=120\\&Itemid\\=275⟨\\=ca \\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-22 }}[El català dels gitanos](http://www.edu3.cat/Edu3tv/Fitxa?p_id=23242). *Caçadors de Paraules* (TV3, edu3\\.cat).", "### Portuguese", "There are a small number of words of Caló (Calão) origin and many of those are indirect loans, borrowed via [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language \"Spanish language\").", "The examples generally understood by most or all speakers of Portuguese include {{lang\\|pt\\|gajo}} ({{IPA\\|pt\\|ˈɡaʒu\\|pron}}, \"man, dude\", primarily in Portugal),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://dicionario.priberam.org/gajão\\|title\\=gajão\\|first\\=Priberam Informática\\|last\\=S.A\\|website\\=Dicionário Priberam}} {{lang\\|pt\\|chavalo}} (\"lad, young boy\"), chunga (\"bad, nasty, dodgy\"), chibar\\-se (\"to denounce sb, to squeal\"), chibo (\"informer\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://dicionario.priberam.org/chavalo\\|title\\=Chavalo\\|first\\=Priberam Informática\\|last\\=S.A\\|website\\=Dicionário Priberam}} {{lang\\|pt\\|baque}} ({{IPA\\|pt\\|ˈbaki\\|}}, {{IPA\\|pt\\|ˈbakɨ\\|}},{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://michaelis.uol.com.br/moderno\\-portugues/busca/portugues\\-brasileiro/baque\\|title\\=Baque\\|website\\=Michaelis On\\-Line}} generally \"impact\", but in this sense \"sudden happiness\"), {{lang\\|pt\\|pileque}} ({{IPA\\|pt\\|piˈlɛki\\|}}, {{IPA\\|pt\\|piˈlɛk(ɨ)\\|}}, \"drunkenness\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://michaelis.uol.com.br/moderno\\-portugues/busca/portugues\\-brasileiro/pileque/\\|title\\=Pileque\\|website\\=Michaelis On\\-Line}} {{lang\\|pt\\|chulé}} (\"bad smell of feet),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://michaelis.uol.com.br/moderno\\-portugues/busca/portugues\\-brasileiro/Chul%C3%A9\\+/\\|title\\=Chulé\\|website\\=Michaelis On\\-Line}} {{lang\\|pt\\|pirar\\-se}} (\"to leave\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://michaelis.uol.com.br/busca?r\\=0\\&f\\=0\\&t\\=0\\&palavra\\=Pirar\\|title\\=Pirar\\|website\\=Michaelis On\\-Line}} {{lang\\|pt\\|pirado}} and {{lang\\|pt\\|chalado}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://dicionario.priberam.org/chalado\\|title\\=Chalado\\|first\\=Priberam Informática\\|last\\=S.A\\|website\\=Dicionário Priberam}} (\"crazy\").[Suplemento do léxico cigano](https://lordcesarvalentine.blogspot.com.br/2010/05/mundo-cigano.html). Mundo Cigano.", "" ]
Gameplay -------- ### Main game Seven celebrities, each designated as an expert in a different subject, sit in chairs mounted on the outer edge of a {{convert\|13\|metre\|ft\|adj\=on}} wide{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2ZMbp3lmXqgdtj5rYNHMKxS/about\-the\-show\|title\=BBC One \- Michael McIntyre's The Wheel \- About the Show\|website\=\[\[British Broadcasting Company\|bbc.co.uk]]}} wheel on the main stage. They face in toward the centre, below which is a secondary stage where three contestants sit in chairs on a smaller wheel. This wheel is spun to choose a contestant at random, who is lifted up in their chair to the main stage. In each round, the contestant chooses a subject, the seat of whose expert lights up gold, and also an expert to "shut down" – the one they believe is least likely to know about it, whose seat lights up red. The wheel is then spun to choose an expert at random; if it does not stop on the "shut\-down" one, the host asks a question with four multiple\-choice answers. The contestant may discuss it with the expert before answering; a correct response adds £10,000 to the bank if the subject expert was spun, or £3,000 otherwise. If the contestant misses a question or spins an expert who has been shut down, their turn ends and they are lowered back onto the smaller wheel, which is spun to choose a new contestant. Since the selection is random and all three contestants are always eligible to be chosen, it is possible for the same contestant to return to the game immediately after being dismissed. Each subject remains in play until a contestant correctly answers a question in it.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2ZMbp3lmXqgdtj5rYNHMKxS/about\-the\-show\|title\=BBC One \- Michael McIntyre's The Wheel \- About the Show\|website\=BBC}} The other six experts also answer the question, using keypads to lock in their answers. If an expert misses a question in their own subject, whether or not they were spun for it, they are automatically shut down for the next round in addition to the expert chosen by the contestant. If all seven experts answer correctly (a "Perfect Wheel"), a bonus of £5,000 is added to the bank. When only one subject remains, the seats of all other experts who are not currently shut down and who have not been spun during the game turn silver, setting the question value at £6,000 if the wheel stops on any of them. After all seven subjects have been used, the current contestant moves on to the final and has the first chance to win the bank. #### Moneyspinner Introduced in the second series, this round is played after the third question as a way to increase the bank. The host asks a question with at least seven answers (e.g. signs of the [zodiac](/wiki/Zodiac "Zodiac") that contain the letter A), and the wheel begins to turn slowly through one complete rotation. Each expert must give an answer as they move past the pointer; the bank increases by £1,000 for each correct answer. A further £3,000 is added if all seven respond correctly, for a potential total increase of £10,000\. If any expert gives an incorrect answer or fails to respond, the round ends immediately. The host announces the subject for the question at the start of this round, and the contestant decides which expert will answer first. ### Final: Cashout The experts are ranked by how many questions they have answered correctly during the game. The contestant may choose the best, fourth\-best, or worst performer to assist them; these choices respectively set the prize at 50%, 100%, or 200% of the banked total. The wheel is spun to choose one of three new subjects, after which the host asks a question. The contestant may discuss it with the chosen expert for 30 seconds before locking in a response. A correct answer awards the money at stake to the contestant and ends the game. If the contestant misses, they are returned to the smaller wheel and a new contestant is chosen. The subject of the missed question, the expert chosen for it, and the prize associated with them are all removed from play. If the contestants miss questions with all three experts, all of them leave with nothing. During the first two series, four subjects were available on the wheel, and those for missed questions were replaced. The maximum potential winnings total in series 1 is £210,000, achievable by correctly answering a question in all seven subjects with the help of the respective experts, achieving a Perfect Wheel on each of those turns, and giving a correct answer in the final with the worst performer. Beginning with series 2, the maximum is £230,000, requiring a correct answer from every expert in the Moneyspinner as well. In series 3, the final is referred to by [Michael McIntyre](/wiki/Michael_McIntyre "Michael McIntyre") as the Cashout. ### Mechanics The position at which the wheel stops after a spin is determined at random by a computer beforehand.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/the\-wheel\-bbc\-michael\-mcintyre\-facts\-secrets\-behind\-the\-scenes\_uk\_618ab5b5e4b055e47d80c3e3\|title\=The Wheel: 15 Behind\-The\-Scenes Facts You Didn't Know About Michael McIntyre's BBC Gameshow\|date\=13 November 2021 }}
[ "Gameplay\n--------", "### Main game", "Seven celebrities, each designated as an expert in a different subject, sit in chairs mounted on the outer edge of a {{convert\\|13\\|metre\\|ft\\|adj\\=on}} wide{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2ZMbp3lmXqgdtj5rYNHMKxS/about\\-the\\-show\\|title\\=BBC One \\- Michael McIntyre's The Wheel \\- About the Show\\|website\\=\\[\\[British Broadcasting Company\\|bbc.co.uk]]}} wheel on the main stage. They face in toward the centre, below which is a secondary stage where three contestants sit in chairs on a smaller wheel. This wheel is spun to choose a contestant at random, who is lifted up in their chair to the main stage.", "In each round, the contestant chooses a subject, the seat of whose expert lights up gold, and also an expert to \"shut down\" – the one they believe is least likely to know about it, whose seat lights up red. The wheel is then spun to choose an expert at random; if it does not stop on the \"shut\\-down\" one, the host asks a question with four multiple\\-choice answers. The contestant may discuss it with the expert before answering; a correct response adds £10,000 to the bank if the subject expert was spun, or £3,000 otherwise. If the contestant misses a question or spins an expert who has been shut down, their turn ends and they are lowered back onto the smaller wheel, which is spun to choose a new contestant. Since the selection is random and all three contestants are always eligible to be chosen, it is possible for the same contestant to return to the game immediately after being dismissed. Each subject remains in play until a contestant correctly answers a question in it.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2ZMbp3lmXqgdtj5rYNHMKxS/about\\-the\\-show\\|title\\=BBC One \\- Michael McIntyre's The Wheel \\- About the Show\\|website\\=BBC}}", "The other six experts also answer the question, using keypads to lock in their answers. If an expert misses a question in their own subject, whether or not they were spun for it, they are automatically shut down for the next round in addition to the expert chosen by the contestant. If all seven experts answer correctly (a \"Perfect Wheel\"), a bonus of £5,000 is added to the bank. When only one subject remains, the seats of all other experts who are not currently shut down and who have not been spun during the game turn silver, setting the question value at £6,000 if the wheel stops on any of them.", "After all seven subjects have been used, the current contestant moves on to the final and has the first chance to win the bank.", "#### Moneyspinner", "Introduced in the second series, this round is played after the third question as a way to increase the bank. The host asks a question with at least seven answers (e.g. signs of the [zodiac](/wiki/Zodiac \"Zodiac\") that contain the letter A), and the wheel begins to turn slowly through one complete rotation. Each expert must give an answer as they move past the pointer; the bank increases by £1,000 for each correct answer. A further £3,000 is added if all seven respond correctly, for a potential total increase of £10,000\\. If any expert gives an incorrect answer or fails to respond, the round ends immediately. The host announces the subject for the question at the start of this round, and the contestant decides which expert will answer first.", "### Final: Cashout", "The experts are ranked by how many questions they have answered correctly during the game. The contestant may choose the best, fourth\\-best, or worst performer to assist them; these choices respectively set the prize at 50%, 100%, or 200% of the banked total.", "The wheel is spun to choose one of three new subjects, after which the host asks a question. The contestant may discuss it with the chosen expert for 30 seconds before locking in a response. A correct answer awards the money at stake to the contestant and ends the game. If the contestant misses, they are returned to the smaller wheel and a new contestant is chosen. The subject of the missed question, the expert chosen for it, and the prize associated with them are all removed from play. If the contestants miss questions with all three experts, all of them leave with nothing.", "During the first two series, four subjects were available on the wheel, and those for missed questions were replaced.", "The maximum potential winnings total in series 1 is £210,000, achievable by correctly answering a question in all seven subjects with the help of the respective experts, achieving a Perfect Wheel on each of those turns, and giving a correct answer in the final with the worst performer. Beginning with series 2, the maximum is £230,000, requiring a correct answer from every expert in the Moneyspinner as well. In series 3, the final is referred to by [Michael McIntyre](/wiki/Michael_McIntyre \"Michael McIntyre\") as the Cashout.", "### Mechanics", "The position at which the wheel stops after a spin is determined at random by a computer beforehand.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/the\\-wheel\\-bbc\\-michael\\-mcintyre\\-facts\\-secrets\\-behind\\-the\\-scenes\\_uk\\_618ab5b5e4b055e47d80c3e3\\|title\\=The Wheel: 15 Behind\\-The\\-Scenes Facts You Didn't Know About Michael McIntyre's BBC Gameshow\\|date\\=13 November 2021 }}", "" ]
Service history --------------- The submarine was [laid down](/wiki/Keel_laying "Keel laying") on 25 September 1940 at [Blohm \& Voss](/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss "Blohm & Voss"), [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg") as yard number 558, [launched](/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching "Ceremonial ship launching") on 12 June 1941 and [commissioned](/wiki/Ship_commissioning "Ship commissioning") on 7 August under the command of *[Korvettenkapitän](/wiki/Korvettenkapit%C3%A4n "Korvettenkapitän")* Werner Schulte. She served with the [5th U\-boat Flotilla](/wiki/5th_U-boat_Flotilla "5th U-boat Flotilla") from 7 August 1941 for training and the [1st U\-boat Flotilla](/wiki/1st_U-boat_Flotilla "1st U-boat Flotilla") for operations until her loss, from 1 January until 5 October 1942\. ### First patrol *U\-582*{{'}}s first patrol was preceded by a diversion to [Trondheim](/wiki/Trondheim "Trondheim") in Norway to replace the stud bolts of her exhaust valves.Gannon, Michael – *Operation Drumbeat – the dramatic true story of Germany's first U\-boat attacks along the American coast in World War II*, 1990, Harper and Row publishers, {{ISBN\|0\-06\-016155\-8}}, p. 133 She left the Nordic port on 3 January 1942 and headed for the Atlantic Ocean via the [gap](/wiki/GIUK_gap "GIUK gap") separating the [Faroe](/wiki/Faroe_Islands "Faroe Islands") and [Shetland Islands](/wiki/Shetland_Islands "Shetland Islands"). A lookout broke an arm in bad weather on the tenth, but she sank the *Refast* on the 26th off [St. Johns](/wiki/St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador"). She arrived at [Brest](/wiki/Brest%2C_France "Brest, France") in occupied France, on 7 February. ### Second patrol Her second foray took her to the US east coast, but the pickings were thin, she returned to Brest on 24 May 1942 without any successes. ### Third patrol She sank the *Port Hunter* on 12 July 1942 {{convert\|370\|nmi}} west southwest of [Madeira](/wiki/Madeira "Madeira"). The ship had been carrying ammunition and depth charges as well as HMNZS *ML\-1090*, a 46\-tons patrol craft being taken from Britain to New Zealand as deck cargo. Debris from the exploding ship was found on the U\-boat's casing. She also sank the *Empire Attendant* a few days later (15 July) southwest of the [Canary Islands](/wiki/Canary_Islands "Canary Islands"). When she sank the *Honolulan* on 22 July {{convert\|400\|nmi}} south of the [Cape Verde Islands](/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islands "Cape Verde Islands"), the vessel went down with her steam whistle still sounding, some two hours after being hit. *U\-582* disposed of the *Stella Lykes* {{convert\|500\|nmi}} south of [Fogo](/wiki/Fogo%2C_Cape_Verde "Fogo, Cape Verde") in the Cape Verde Islands on 27 July 1942 with seven demolition charges placed by a boarding party in the abandoned ship. The U\-boat had fired two torpedoes and 161 rounds from her [deck gun](/wiki/Deck_gun "Deck gun") but she remained afloat. The master and chief engineer were taken prisoner; the ship sank by the stern. ### Fourth patrol and loss The submarine left Brest for the last time on 14 September 1942\. On the 23rd, she sank the *Vibran* about {{convert\|400\|nmi}} north northeast of the [Azores](/wiki/Azores "Azores"). She was sunk on 5 October 1942 by depth charges dropped by a US [PBY Catalina](/wiki/PBY_Catalina "PBY Catalina") from [VP\-73](/wiki/VP-34 "VP-34") southwest of Iceland. Forty\-six men died with *U\-582*; there were no survivors.
[ "Service history\n---------------", "The submarine was [laid down](/wiki/Keel_laying \"Keel laying\") on 25 September 1940 at [Blohm \\& Voss](/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss \"Blohm & Voss\"), [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\") as yard number 558, [launched](/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching \"Ceremonial ship launching\") on 12 June 1941 and [commissioned](/wiki/Ship_commissioning \"Ship commissioning\") on 7 August under the command of *[Korvettenkapitän](/wiki/Korvettenkapit%C3%A4n \"Korvettenkapitän\")* Werner Schulte.", "She served with the [5th U\\-boat Flotilla](/wiki/5th_U-boat_Flotilla \"5th U-boat Flotilla\") from 7 August 1941 for training and the [1st U\\-boat Flotilla](/wiki/1st_U-boat_Flotilla \"1st U-boat Flotilla\") for operations until her loss, from 1 January until 5 October 1942\\.", "### First patrol", "*U\\-582*{{'}}s first patrol was preceded by a diversion to [Trondheim](/wiki/Trondheim \"Trondheim\") in Norway to replace the stud bolts of her exhaust valves.Gannon, Michael – *Operation Drumbeat – the dramatic true story of Germany's first U\\-boat attacks along the American coast in World War II*, 1990, Harper and Row publishers, {{ISBN\\|0\\-06\\-016155\\-8}}, p. 133 She left the Nordic port on 3 January 1942 and headed for the Atlantic Ocean via the [gap](/wiki/GIUK_gap \"GIUK gap\") separating the [Faroe](/wiki/Faroe_Islands \"Faroe Islands\") and [Shetland Islands](/wiki/Shetland_Islands \"Shetland Islands\"). A lookout broke an arm in bad weather on the tenth, but she sank the *Refast* on the 26th off [St. Johns](/wiki/St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador\").", "She arrived at [Brest](/wiki/Brest%2C_France \"Brest, France\") in occupied France, on 7 February.", "### Second patrol", "Her second foray took her to the US east coast, but the pickings were thin, she returned to Brest on 24 May 1942 without any successes.", "### Third patrol", "She sank the *Port Hunter* on 12 July 1942 {{convert\\|370\\|nmi}} west southwest of [Madeira](/wiki/Madeira \"Madeira\"). The ship had been carrying ammunition and depth charges as well as HMNZS *ML\\-1090*, a 46\\-tons patrol craft being taken from Britain to New Zealand as deck cargo. Debris from the exploding ship was found on the U\\-boat's casing.", "She also sank the *Empire Attendant* a few days later (15 July) southwest of the [Canary Islands](/wiki/Canary_Islands \"Canary Islands\").", "When she sank the *Honolulan* on 22 July {{convert\\|400\\|nmi}} south of the [Cape Verde Islands](/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islands \"Cape Verde Islands\"), the vessel went down with her steam whistle still sounding, some two hours after being hit.", "*U\\-582* disposed of the *Stella Lykes* {{convert\\|500\\|nmi}} south of [Fogo](/wiki/Fogo%2C_Cape_Verde \"Fogo, Cape Verde\") in the Cape Verde Islands on 27 July 1942 with seven demolition charges placed by a boarding party in the abandoned ship. The U\\-boat had fired two torpedoes and 161 rounds from her [deck gun](/wiki/Deck_gun \"Deck gun\") but she remained afloat. The master and chief engineer were taken prisoner; the ship sank by the stern.", "### Fourth patrol and loss", "The submarine left Brest for the last time on 14 September 1942\\. On the 23rd, she sank the *Vibran* about {{convert\\|400\\|nmi}} north northeast of the [Azores](/wiki/Azores \"Azores\").", "She was sunk on 5 October 1942 by depth charges dropped by a US [PBY Catalina](/wiki/PBY_Catalina \"PBY Catalina\") from [VP\\-73](/wiki/VP-34 \"VP-34\") southwest of Iceland.", "Forty\\-six men died with *U\\-582*; there were no survivors.", "" ]
History ------- The official announcement on the agreement to create a national rugby competition in Australia was made in mid\-2006, following a 70\-person three\-day summit in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney") that agreed to an eight team competition. However, the competition was not without its share of controversy, with some of the strong state\-level clubs being against the formation of a new level of competition, claiming it could harm club and grassroots rugby. In September, an ARU board meeting, after hearing these concerns, officially approved the new competition. A month later, the competition kicked off, however the Queensland teams performed poorly as the [East Coast Aces](/wiki/East_Coast_Aces "East Coast Aces") and [Ballymore Tornadoes](/wiki/Ballymore_Tornadoes "Ballymore Tornadoes") finished last and second last respectively. The [Perth Spirit](/wiki/Perth_Spirit "Perth Spirit") performed the best out of the regular rounds winning six out of eight games, but due to bonus points finished third on the ladder behind the [Central Coast Rays](/wiki/Central_Coast_Rays "Central Coast Rays") and minor premiers the [Western Sydney Rams](/wiki/Greater_Sydney_Rams%23ARC:Western_Sydney_Rams "Western Sydney Rams"). After the top four teams took part in the semi\-finals, the [Melbourne Rebels](/wiki/Melbourne_Rebels_%28ARC%29 "Melbourne Rebels (ARC)") and [Central Coast Rays](/wiki/Central_Coast_Rays "Central Coast Rays") would compete in the first and last ARC Grand Final: the Rays defeated the Rebels 20–12 to win the premiership. After a review of the ARC was undertaken following the 2007 season, it was found that it had run $1\.3 million over budget and had lost $4\.7 million for the 2007 season, with forecast losses for a 2008 season coming to a further $3\.3 million. The ARU, concluding that a cumulative loss of $8 million over two years would be fiscal irresponsibility and that it was likely there would be further heavy future losses beyond 2008, immediately decided to shut down the competition. ### Final Details for the only season held: |Year Final Losing semi\-finalists | | |Winner Score Runner\-up Venue City 1st 2nd | 2007 | **[Central Coast Rays](/wiki/Sydney_%28NRC_team%29 "Sydney (NRC team)")** | 20–12 | [Melbourne Rebels](/wiki/Melbourne_Rebels_%28ARC%29 "Melbourne Rebels (ARC)") | [Bluetongue Stadium](/wiki/Central_Coast_Stadium "Central Coast Stadium") | [Gosford](/wiki/Gosford "Gosford"), NSW | [Perth Spirit](/wiki/Perth_Spirit "Perth Spirit") | [Western Sydney Rams](/wiki/Greater_Sydney_Rams "Greater Sydney Rams") |
[ "History\n-------", "The official announcement on the agreement to create a national rugby competition in Australia was made in mid\\-2006, following a 70\\-person three\\-day summit in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\") that agreed to an eight team competition. However, the competition was not without its share of controversy, with some of the strong state\\-level clubs being against the formation of a new level of competition, claiming it could harm club and grassroots rugby. In September, an ARU board meeting, after hearing these concerns, officially approved the new competition.", "A month later, the competition kicked off, however the Queensland teams performed poorly as the [East Coast Aces](/wiki/East_Coast_Aces \"East Coast Aces\") and [Ballymore Tornadoes](/wiki/Ballymore_Tornadoes \"Ballymore Tornadoes\") finished last and second last respectively.", "The [Perth Spirit](/wiki/Perth_Spirit \"Perth Spirit\") performed the best out of the regular rounds winning six out of eight games, but due to bonus points finished third on the ladder behind the [Central Coast Rays](/wiki/Central_Coast_Rays \"Central Coast Rays\") and minor premiers the [Western Sydney Rams](/wiki/Greater_Sydney_Rams%23ARC:Western_Sydney_Rams \"Western Sydney Rams\").", "After the top four teams took part in the semi\\-finals, the [Melbourne Rebels](/wiki/Melbourne_Rebels_%28ARC%29 \"Melbourne Rebels (ARC)\") and [Central Coast Rays](/wiki/Central_Coast_Rays \"Central Coast Rays\") would compete in the first and last ARC Grand Final: the Rays defeated the Rebels 20–12 to win the premiership.", "After a review of the ARC was undertaken following the 2007 season, it was found that it had run $1\\.3 million over budget and had lost $4\\.7 million for the 2007 season, with forecast losses for a 2008 season coming to a further $3\\.3 million. The ARU, concluding that a cumulative loss of $8 million over two years would be fiscal irresponsibility and that it was likely there would be further heavy future losses beyond 2008, immediately decided to shut down the competition.", "### Final", "Details for the only season held:", "|Year", "", "Final", "", "Losing semi\\-finalists", "| |\n|Winner", "Score", "Runner\\-up", "Venue", "City", "1st", "2nd", "| 2007 | **[Central Coast Rays](/wiki/Sydney_%28NRC_team%29 \"Sydney (NRC team)\")** | 20–12 | [Melbourne Rebels](/wiki/Melbourne_Rebels_%28ARC%29 \"Melbourne Rebels (ARC)\") | [Bluetongue Stadium](/wiki/Central_Coast_Stadium \"Central Coast Stadium\") | [Gosford](/wiki/Gosford \"Gosford\"), NSW | [Perth Spirit](/wiki/Perth_Spirit \"Perth Spirit\") | [Western Sydney Rams](/wiki/Greater_Sydney_Rams \"Greater Sydney Rams\") |", "", "" ]
Format ------ ### Competition The competition ran for eight weeks, with finals being competed over an additional two weeks \- each side played eight games, with the top four teams qualifying for the semi\-finals where the winners move into the final. The competition kicked off in August, after the Super 14 and the March to July club competitions finished, and avoiding a clash with Australian under\-19 and under\-21 duties and the [Pacific Nations Cup](/wiki/Pacific_Nations_Cup "Pacific Nations Cup") (in which [Australia A](/wiki/Australia_A_national_rugby_union_team "Australia A national rugby union team") played). In total, 35 matches were played in the ARC over 10 weeks from 11 August and 14 October, with games played on Fridays and Sundays. It was originally planned that games would not be played at 'traditional' times for rugby matches, but this decision was changed when the ABC insisted that its televised games be played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons. The inaugural final was played between the Central Coast Rays and the Melbourne Rebels in Gosford. ### Players The timeframe of the season ensured the availability of Super 14 players (excluding [Wallabies](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team "Australia national rugby union team")). There was no [draft](/wiki/Draft_%28sports%29 "Draft (sports)"), and players were free to choose their team, although there was a salary cap in place. Players came from local competitions (which includes Super 14 players). Each Super 14 franchise was aligned with the respective teams, except for Melbourne, as Victoria had no Super rugby team at the time. It was planned that although 35 footballers will be on international duty for the Wallabies, over 90 Super 14 players would go into the ARC, leaving the way for over 120 footballers to step up from first grade club competitions. It was also planned that each team would have one "marquee" footballer not be subject to financial restrictions of the player contracting protocol. The player could be either foreign or a non\-contracted domestic footballer, and if a team signed an Australian as their marquee footballer, they would still be able to sign up a foreign footballer, though they would have to fit within the contract restrictions. ### Rules The ARU announced in June 2007 that the inaugural championship would adopt the [Experimental Law Variations](/wiki/Stellenbosch_Laws "Stellenbosch Laws") (ELVs), which were initially trialled at [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa")'s [Stellenbosch University](/wiki/Stellenbosch_University "Stellenbosch University") and which aim to bring more free\-flowing play into the game. The laws were implemented in both the Sydney and Brisbane club competitions and were well received. ### Referees The referees supplied for the tournament predominantly come from the Australian Rugby Union Panels. Referees for the tournament included: Matt Goddard, James Leckie, James Scholtens, George Ayoub, Daniel Cheever, Brett Bowden, Andrew Lindsay and Geoff Acton. Stuart Dickinson and Paul Marks did not referee in the tournament, as they refereed at the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France.
[ "Format\n------", "### Competition", "The competition ran for eight weeks, with finals being competed over an additional two weeks \\- each side played eight games, with the top four teams qualifying for the semi\\-finals where the winners move into the final. The competition kicked off in August, after the Super 14 and the March to July club competitions finished, and avoiding a clash with Australian under\\-19 and under\\-21 duties and the [Pacific Nations Cup](/wiki/Pacific_Nations_Cup \"Pacific Nations Cup\") (in which [Australia A](/wiki/Australia_A_national_rugby_union_team \"Australia A national rugby union team\") played). In total, 35 matches were played in the ARC over 10 weeks from 11 August and 14 October, with games played on Fridays and Sundays. It was originally planned that games would not be played at 'traditional' times for rugby matches, but this decision was changed when the ABC insisted that its televised games be played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons. The inaugural final was played between the Central Coast Rays and the Melbourne Rebels in Gosford.", "### Players", "The timeframe of the season ensured the availability of Super 14 players (excluding [Wallabies](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team \"Australia national rugby union team\")). There was no [draft](/wiki/Draft_%28sports%29 \"Draft (sports)\"), and players were free to choose their team, although there was a salary cap in place. Players came from local competitions (which includes Super 14 players). Each Super 14 franchise was aligned with the respective teams, except for Melbourne, as Victoria had no Super rugby team at the time.", "It was planned that although 35 footballers will be on international duty for the Wallabies, over 90 Super 14 players would go into the ARC, leaving the way for over 120 footballers to step up from first grade club competitions.", "It was also planned that each team would have one \"marquee\" footballer not be subject to financial restrictions of the player contracting protocol. The player could be either foreign or a non\\-contracted domestic footballer, and if a team signed an Australian as their marquee footballer, they would still be able to sign up a foreign footballer, though they would have to fit within the contract restrictions.", "### Rules", "The ARU announced in June 2007 that the inaugural championship would adopt the [Experimental Law Variations](/wiki/Stellenbosch_Laws \"Stellenbosch Laws\") (ELVs), which were initially trialled at [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\")'s [Stellenbosch University](/wiki/Stellenbosch_University \"Stellenbosch University\") and which aim to bring more free\\-flowing play into the game. The laws were implemented in both the Sydney and Brisbane club competitions and were well received.", "### Referees", "The referees supplied for the tournament predominantly come from the Australian Rugby Union Panels.", "Referees for the tournament included: Matt Goddard, James Leckie, James Scholtens, George Ayoub, Daniel Cheever, Brett Bowden, Andrew Lindsay and Geoff Acton.", "Stuart Dickinson and Paul Marks did not referee in the tournament, as they refereed at the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France.", "" ]
Biography --------- Chung was born in Hong Kong in 1957\. He was inspired by [Mao Zedong Thought](/wiki/Mao_Zedong_Thought "Mao Zedong Thought") when he was young and joined the [pro\-Beijing](/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp "Pro-Beijing camp") organisation Hok Yau Club in 1974, where he went on to become its president. During the 1980s when the colonial government introduced elections to the [District Boards](/wiki/District_Councils_of_Hong_Kong "District Councils of Hong Kong"), he participated in the discussion in the club which decided not to participate.{{cite news\|url\=https://theinitium.com/article/20151123\-hongkong\-chrischung/\|title\=鍾樹根痛失24年議席： 「我從政 Timing 不好」\|work\=The Initium\|date\=23 November 2015}} He first contested in the [1988 District Board elections](/wiki/1988_Hong_Kong_local_elections "1988 Hong Kong local elections"), where he initially considered standing in [North Point](/wiki/North_Point "North Point"), but switched with [Chan Yuen\-han](/wiki/Chan_Yuen-han "Chan Yuen-han") and ran in [Chai Wan](/wiki/Chai_Wan "Chai Wan"), where he lost the [Reform Club](/wiki/Reform_Club_of_Hong_Kong "Reform Club of Hong Kong")'s [Brook Bernacchi](/wiki/Brook_Bernacchi "Brook Bernacchi") and nonpartisan Wong Ming\-kuen. In 1989, Chung represented the club to join the [Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_in_China "Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China") during the [Tiananmen Square protests of 1989](/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989 "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989") in China but left after a half year. He was first elected to the [Eastern District Board](/wiki/Eastern_District_Council "Eastern District Council") in 1991 through Chai Wan East. He joined the newly established [Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong](/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_of_Hong_Kong "Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong") (DAB), the flagship pro\-Beijing party in 1993\. He went on to become the chairman of the party branch in Hong Kong Island East. He was also one of the last [Urban Councillor](/wiki/Urban_Council "Urban Council") elected in 1995 until the council was abolished in 2000\. Since the [1998 Legislative Council election](/wiki/1998_Hong_Kong_legislative_election "1998 Hong Kong legislative election"), he had been nominated in the DAB party list in [Hong Kong Island](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island_%28constituency%29 "Hong Kong Island (constituency)") placing after party's big names such as [Cheng Kai\-nam](/wiki/Cheng_Kai-nam "Cheng Kai-nam"), [Choy So\-yuk](/wiki/Choy_So-yuk "Choy So-yuk"), [Ma Lik](/wiki/Ma_Lik "Ma Lik") and [Tsang Yok\-sing](/wiki/Tsang_Yok-sing "Tsang Yok-sing"). In 2000, after DAB legislator [Cheng Kai\-nam](/wiki/Cheng_Kai-nam "Cheng Kai-nam") resigned soon right the [2000 Legislative Council election](/wiki/2000_Hong_Kong_legislative_election "2000 Hong Kong legislative election") after he was suspected of corruption. The party nominated Chung as the candidate for the [by\-election](/wiki/2000_Hong_Kong_Island_by-election "2000 Hong Kong Island by-election") against barrister [Audrey Eu](/wiki/Audrey_Eu "Audrey Eu") who was supported by the [pro\-democracy camp](/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_in_Hong_Kong "Pro-democracy camp in Hong Kong"). Chung received more than 78,000 votes, 37 percent of the total votes and was defeated by Eu. Chung was briefly chairman of the Eastern District Council in 2012\. He was then nominated by the party to lead a candidate list in the [2012 Legislative Council election](/wiki/2012_Hong_Kong_legislative_election "2012 Hong Kong legislative election"), while another DAB list was led by [Legislative Council President](/wiki/President_of_the_Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong "President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong") Tsang Yok\-sing. Both DAB lists successfully win a seat, while Chung's list received nearly 34,000 votes and took the fourth out of nine seats in Hong Kong Island. In 2013, Chung was accused of making racist comments in a LegCo debate, during which he described foreigners as "flawed by nature", that they "knew nothing about Hongkong" and therefore were not fit to manage the [West Kowloon Cultural District](/wiki/West_Kowloon_Cultural_District "West Kowloon Cultural District") project.[Lawmakers veto WKCD scrutiny](http://www.rthk.org.hk/rthk/news/englishnews/news.htm?main&20130628&56&931531) He is widely known by the nickname "Tree Gun", direct translation and transliteration of the two characters of his Chinese name, respectively. He was surprisingly defeated by [Chui Chi\-kin](/wiki/Chui_Chi-kin "Chui Chi-kin"), an "umbrella soldier" inspired by the [2014 Hong Kong protests](/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests "2014 Hong Kong protests") almost unknown to the public before he was elected in the [2015 District Council election](/wiki/2015_Hong_Kong_district_council_elections "2015 Hong Kong district council elections") with 2,017 votes against Chung's 1,829 votes in [Yue Wan](/wiki/Yue_Wan_%28constituency%29 "Yue Wan (constituency)"), which ended his 25\-year service as District Councillor. After having been listed by the party as a candidate for the [2016 Legislative Council election](/wiki/2016_Hong_Kong_legislative_election "2016 Hong Kong legislative election"), he was dropped in May 2016 when the party decided to field only one candidate list in Hong Kong Island, to be led by [Horace Cheung](/wiki/Horace_Cheung "Horace Cheung"). He protested the party's decision and considered running as an independent.{{cite news\|url\=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/news/20160601/55174598\|date\=1 June 2016\|newspaper\=Apple Daily\|title\=民建聯拍板派一隊選立會港島 鍾樹根：無奈被棄}}
[ "Biography\n---------", "Chung was born in Hong Kong in 1957\\. He was inspired by [Mao Zedong Thought](/wiki/Mao_Zedong_Thought \"Mao Zedong Thought\") when he was young and joined the [pro\\-Beijing](/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp \"Pro-Beijing camp\") organisation Hok Yau Club in 1974, where he went on to become its president. During the 1980s when the colonial government introduced elections to the [District Boards](/wiki/District_Councils_of_Hong_Kong \"District Councils of Hong Kong\"), he participated in the discussion in the club which decided not to participate.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://theinitium.com/article/20151123\\-hongkong\\-chrischung/\\|title\\=鍾樹根痛失24年議席： 「我從政 Timing 不好」\\|work\\=The Initium\\|date\\=23 November 2015}}", "He first contested in the [1988 District Board elections](/wiki/1988_Hong_Kong_local_elections \"1988 Hong Kong local elections\"), where he initially considered standing in [North Point](/wiki/North_Point \"North Point\"), but switched with [Chan Yuen\\-han](/wiki/Chan_Yuen-han \"Chan Yuen-han\") and ran in [Chai Wan](/wiki/Chai_Wan \"Chai Wan\"), where he lost the [Reform Club](/wiki/Reform_Club_of_Hong_Kong \"Reform Club of Hong Kong\")'s [Brook Bernacchi](/wiki/Brook_Bernacchi \"Brook Bernacchi\") and nonpartisan Wong Ming\\-kuen. In 1989, Chung represented the club to join the [Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_in_China \"Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China\") during the [Tiananmen Square protests of 1989](/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989 \"Tiananmen Square protests of 1989\") in China but left after a half year.", "He was first elected to the [Eastern District Board](/wiki/Eastern_District_Council \"Eastern District Council\") in 1991 through Chai Wan East. He joined the newly established [Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong](/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_of_Hong_Kong \"Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong\") (DAB), the flagship pro\\-Beijing party in 1993\\. He went on to become the chairman of the party branch in Hong Kong Island East. He was also one of the last [Urban Councillor](/wiki/Urban_Council \"Urban Council\") elected in 1995 until the council was abolished in 2000\\.", "Since the [1998 Legislative Council election](/wiki/1998_Hong_Kong_legislative_election \"1998 Hong Kong legislative election\"), he had been nominated in the DAB party list in [Hong Kong Island](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island_%28constituency%29 \"Hong Kong Island (constituency)\") placing after party's big names such as [Cheng Kai\\-nam](/wiki/Cheng_Kai-nam \"Cheng Kai-nam\"), [Choy So\\-yuk](/wiki/Choy_So-yuk \"Choy So-yuk\"), [Ma Lik](/wiki/Ma_Lik \"Ma Lik\") and [Tsang Yok\\-sing](/wiki/Tsang_Yok-sing \"Tsang Yok-sing\"). In 2000, after DAB legislator [Cheng Kai\\-nam](/wiki/Cheng_Kai-nam \"Cheng Kai-nam\") resigned soon right the [2000 Legislative Council election](/wiki/2000_Hong_Kong_legislative_election \"2000 Hong Kong legislative election\") after he was suspected of corruption. The party nominated Chung as the candidate for the [by\\-election](/wiki/2000_Hong_Kong_Island_by-election \"2000 Hong Kong Island by-election\") against barrister [Audrey Eu](/wiki/Audrey_Eu \"Audrey Eu\") who was supported by the [pro\\-democracy camp](/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_in_Hong_Kong \"Pro-democracy camp in Hong Kong\"). Chung received more than 78,000 votes, 37 percent of the total votes and was defeated by Eu.", "Chung was briefly chairman of the Eastern District Council in 2012\\. He was then nominated by the party to lead a candidate list in the [2012 Legislative Council election](/wiki/2012_Hong_Kong_legislative_election \"2012 Hong Kong legislative election\"), while another DAB list was led by [Legislative Council President](/wiki/President_of_the_Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong \"President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong\") Tsang Yok\\-sing. Both DAB lists successfully win a seat, while Chung's list received nearly 34,000 votes and took the fourth out of nine seats in Hong Kong Island.", "In 2013, Chung was accused of making racist comments in a LegCo debate, during which he described foreigners as \"flawed by nature\", that they \"knew nothing about Hongkong\" and therefore were not fit to manage the [West Kowloon Cultural District](/wiki/West_Kowloon_Cultural_District \"West Kowloon Cultural District\") project.[Lawmakers veto WKCD scrutiny](http://www.rthk.org.hk/rthk/news/englishnews/news.htm?main&20130628&56&931531) He is widely known by the nickname \"Tree Gun\", direct translation and transliteration of the two characters of his Chinese name, respectively.", "He was surprisingly defeated by [Chui Chi\\-kin](/wiki/Chui_Chi-kin \"Chui Chi-kin\"), an \"umbrella soldier\" inspired by the [2014 Hong Kong protests](/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests \"2014 Hong Kong protests\") almost unknown to the public before he was elected in the [2015 District Council election](/wiki/2015_Hong_Kong_district_council_elections \"2015 Hong Kong district council elections\") with 2,017 votes against Chung's 1,829 votes in [Yue Wan](/wiki/Yue_Wan_%28constituency%29 \"Yue Wan (constituency)\"), which ended his 25\\-year service as District Councillor.", "After having been listed by the party as a candidate for the [2016 Legislative Council election](/wiki/2016_Hong_Kong_legislative_election \"2016 Hong Kong legislative election\"), he was dropped in May 2016 when the party decided to field only one candidate list in Hong Kong Island, to be led by [Horace Cheung](/wiki/Horace_Cheung \"Horace Cheung\"). He protested the party's decision and considered running as an independent.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/news/20160601/55174598\\|date\\=1 June 2016\\|newspaper\\=Apple Daily\\|title\\=民建聯拍板派一隊選立會港島 鍾樹根：無奈被棄}}", "" ]
Life after 1914 --------------- ### Anti\-German pressure [thumb\|*Solid*, an anti\-German cartoon regarding Germany's opposition to the Anglo\-French [entente](/wiki/Entente_cordiale "Entente cordiale"), from *[Punch](/wiki/Punch_%28magazine%29 "Punch (magazine)")*, 1911 GERMANY: "Donnerwetter! It's rock. I thought it was going to be paper."](/wiki/File:Solid%2C_Punch%2C_August_1911.png "Solid, Punch, August 1911.png") The end of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century saw rising [anti\-German sentiment](/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment%23Early_20th_century "Anti-German sentiment#Early 20th century") in Britain. As the [naval arms race](/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I%23Arms_race "Causes of World War I#Arms race") between Britain and Germany escalated, distrust of Germans and those of German origin was stirred\-up by press warnings of the rising military threat from Germany. This was developed further in popular magazines such as the *[National Review](/wiki/National_Review_%28London%29 "National Review (London)")* and in novels such as [Erskine Childers'](/wiki/Erskine_Childers_%28author%29 "Erskine Childers (author)") *[The Riddle of the Sands](/wiki/The_Riddle_of_the_Sands "The Riddle of the Sands")* and [invasion novels](/wiki/Invasion_literature "Invasion literature") such as [William Le Queux](/wiki/William_Le_Queux "William Le Queux")'s *[The Invasion of 1910](/wiki/The_Invasion_of_1910 "The Invasion of 1910")*. Following the British declaration of war with Germany on 4 August 1914, Speyer resigned as a partner of the Frankfurt branch of the bank. After a Royal Proclamation on 11 September 1914{{London Gazette \|issue\=28899 \|date\=11 September 1914 \|pages\=7199–7200 }} ``` requiring British subjects to have no links with companies doing business with Germany, Speyer resigned as a partner of the American bank. ``` {{cite news \|title \= Messers. Speyer and the War \|work \= \[\[The Times]] \|page \= 13 \|date \= 14 October 1914 \|url \= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\=ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1914\-10\-14\-13\-002,ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1914\-10\-14\-13 \|access\-date \= 5 September 2008 \| location\=London}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} (registration required). Nonetheless, suspicions regarding Speyer's German parentage led to a hate campaign against him. Crowds gathered outside his home and jeered visitors. Accusations of his disloyalty and [treachery](/wiki/Treachery_%28law%29 "Treachery (law)") appeared in the Press, and he was accused of signalling to German submarines from his Norfolk house. Lady Speyer was ostracised from societies and associations of which she had formerly been a member. Speyer was asked to resign from the board of the Poplar Hospital due to threats of substantial reductions in donations if he remained. The couple was asked to remove their children from school as other parents were threatening to remove theirs.[Benson 1932](/wiki/%23Reference-benson "#Reference-benson"), p. 249\. Speyer ignored a call to write one of the "loyalty letters" that Sir [Arthur Pinero](/wiki/Arthur_Wing_Pinero "Arthur Wing Pinero") proposed be provided by prominent naturalised citizens of German origin.[Holmes 1991](/wiki/%23Reference-holmes "#Reference-holmes"), p. 27\. {{cite news \|date\=11 May 1915 \|title\=Where Protest is Due. Letters to the Editor \|work\=\[\[The Times]] \|issue\=40851 \|page\= 9 \|url\=http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/790/467/51642893w16/purl\=rc1\_TTDA\_0\_CS151848107\&dyn\=46!xrn\_3\_0\_CS151848107\&hst\_1?sw\_aep\=kccl \|access\-date\=31 January 2009 }} (registration required). Instead, on 17 May 1915, Speyer wrote to Asquith, then Prime Minister, asking him to accept his resignation as a Privy Counsellor and to revoke his baronetcy, stating: > Nothing is harder to bear than a sense of injustice that finds no vent in expression. For the last nine months I have kept silence and treated with disdain the charges of disloyalty and suggestions of treachery made against me in the Press and elsewhere. But I can keep silence no longer, for these charges and suggestion have now been repeated by public men who have not scrupled to use their position to inflame the overstrained feelings of the people. I am not a man who can be driven or drummed by threats or abuse into an attitude of justification. But I consider it due to my honour as a loyal British subject and my personal dignity as a man to retire all my public positions. I therefore write to ask you to accept my resignation as a Privy Councillor and to revoke my baronetcy.{{cite news \|title \= Sir Edgar Speyer – Charges of Disloyalty Disdained \|work \= \[\[The Times]] \|page \= 8 \|date \= 18 May 1915 \|url \= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\=ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1915\-05\-18\-08\-006,ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1915\-05\-18\-08 \|access\-date \= 5 September 2008 \| location\=London}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} (registration required). He resigned as chairman of the UERL and from the boards of the King Edward's Hospital Fund, the Poplar Hospital and the Whitechapel Art Gallery.{{cite journal\|date\=19 May 1915\|title\=New Chairman of the Underground\|journal\=\[\[The Times]]\|issue\=40858\|page\=13\|url\=http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/984/131/69299049w16/purl\=rc1\_TTDA\_0\_CS219219123\&dyn\=59!xrn\_4\_0\_CS219219123\&hst\_1?sw\_aep\=kccl\|access\-date\=9 August 2009}} (registration required). It is doubtful whether it was possible for Speyer to resign from the Privy Council or as a baronet, there being no normal mechanism to do so,{{cite news \|title \= The Position of Sir Edgar Speyer – Legal Aspect \|work \= \[\[The Times]] \|page \= 5 \|date \= 19 May 1915 \|url \= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\=ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1915\-05\-19\-05\-011,ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1915\-05\-19\-05 \|access\-date \= 5 September 2008 \|quote \= ...because a baronetcy is hereditary there is then little doubt that a baronet cannot resign his title and its privileges...", "None the less it would seem that the office \[of Privy Counsellor] cannot be vacated by the holder... as the honour is conferred by the King he alone can take it away. \| location\=London}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} (registration required). but the Prime Minister's response was supportive: "I have known you long, and well enough to estimate at their true value these baseless and malignant imputations upon your loyalty to the British Crown. The King is not prepared to take any step such as you suggest in regard to the marks of distinction which you have received in recognition of public services and philanthropic munificence."{{cite news \|title \= The King and Sir E. Speyer – Letter from Mr. Asquith \|work \= \[\[The Times]] \|page \= 6 \|date \= 25 May 1915 \|url \= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\=ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1915\-05\-25\-06\-002,ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1915\-05\-25\-06 \|access\-date \= 5 September 2008 \| location\=London}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} (registration required). On 26 May 1915, Speyer and his family left for America. In June 1915, [Sir George Makgill](/wiki/George_Makgill "George Makgill"), Secretary of the [Anti\-German Union](/wiki/British_Empire_Union "British Empire Union"), applied for permission from the High Court to issue *[quo warranto](/wiki/Quo_warranto "Quo warranto")* [writs](/wiki/Writ "Writ") against Speyer and [Sir Ernest Cassel](/wiki/Ernest_Cassel "Ernest Cassel"), a German\-born Privy Counsellor, requiring them to prove their right to hold that position.{{cite news \|title \= Privy Councillors of Alien Birth – Re Sir Edgar Speyer and Sir Ernest Cassel \|work \= \[\[The Times]] \|page \= 3 \|date \= 24 June 1915 \|url \= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\=ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1915\-06\-24\-03\-001,ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1915\-06\-24\-03 \|access\-date \= 5 September 2008 \| location\=London}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} (registration required). Makgill's claim was that the [Act of Settlement 1701](/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701 "Act of Settlement 1701") prevented a person born outside Britain or its [dominions](/wiki/Dominion "Dominion") from being a Privy Counsellor. In December 1915, [Lord Chief Justice](/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales "Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales") [Lord Reading](/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Reading "Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading") rejected the application on the grounds that the relevant sections of the Act of Settlement had been repealed by later legislation.[Walker\-Smith 1934](/wiki/%23Reference-walker "#Reference-walker"), pp. 346–352\. ### Revocation of naturalisation [thumb\|upright\|Sir Edgar and Lady Speyer, circa 1921](/wiki/File:Sir_Edgar_%26_Lady_Leonora_Speyer_circa_1921.jpg "Sir Edgar & Lady Leonora Speyer circa 1921.jpg") On 2 August 1918, in a House of Lords debate on the Denaturalisation Bill, the subject of Speyer's membership of the Privy Council was brought up by [Lord Lincolnshire](/wiki/Charles_Wynn-Carington%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Lincolnshire "Charles Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire"), who condemned "the brutal and insolent German manner in which Sir Edgar Speyer had resigned his dignity." [Lord Curzon](/wiki/George_Curzon%2C_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston "George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston") announced that the Home Office was examining his membership of the council.{{cite news \|title \= Status of Enemy Aliens – Debate in the Lords – Membership of the Privy Council \|work \= \[\[The Times]] \|page \= 7 \|date \= 3 August 1918 \|url \= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\=ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1918\-08\-03\-07\-005,ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1918\-08\-03\-07 \|access\-date \= 5 September 2008 \| location\=London}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} (registration required). Speyer again offered the Prime Minister, then [David Lloyd George](/wiki/David_Lloyd_George "David Lloyd George"), his resignation from the council, but received no response.{{cite news \|title \= Sir E. Speyer's Reply – Attack on the British Government – "Partisan Report" \|work \= \[\[The Times]] \|page \= 12 \|date \= 9 January 1922 \|url \= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\=ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1922\-01\-09\-12\-004,ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1922\-01\-09\-12 \|access\-date \= 5 September 2008 \| location\=London}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} (registration required). Following an investigation into Speyer's wartime conduct held *[in camera](/wiki/In_camera "In camera")* by the Home Office's *Certificates of Naturalisation (Revocation) Committee*, Speyer's naturalisation was revoked by an order dated 1 December 1921\. On 13 December 1921 an order was issued by King [George V](/wiki/George_V "George V") for Speyer to be struck off the list of the Privy Council. The next person to be struck off the list was [Elliot Morley](/wiki/Elliot_Morley "Elliot Morley") in 2011,{{London Gazette \|issue\=59820 \|page\=11257 \|date\=14 June 2011 }} though others resigned in the intervening period.{{cite web \| author \= Staff reporter \| title \= Queen Accepts Aitken's Resignation \| year\= 1997 \| publisher\= British Broadcasting Corporation \| url \= http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/news/06/0626/aitken.shtml \| access\-date\=17 September 2008 \| quote \= The Queen has accepted Jonathan Aitken's resignation from the Privy Council. \[...] Two former disgraced ministers, John Profumo and John Stonehouse, have also resigned from the Council, but no one has been thrown off since 1921 when Sir Edgar Speyer was struck off for collaborating with the Germans in the First World War.}} The committee decided that Speyer had "shown himself by act and speech to be disaffected and disloyal to His Majesty; and \[had]... unlawfully communicated with subjects of an enemy State and associated with a business which was to his knowledge carried on in such manner as to assist the enemy in such war." The committee's final opinion was "that the continuance of Sir Edgar Speyer's certificate is not conducive to the public good."{{London Gazette \|issue\=32547 \|date\=13 December 1921 \|page\=10123 }} Lady Speyer and the couple's children also lost their British nationality. The report of the committee was published on 7 January 1922\. The committee had considered nine issues in making its decision:{{cite news \|title \= Speyer Report Revelations – "Disaffected and Disloyal" – Trading with the Enemy \|work \= \[\[The Times]] \|page \= 5 \|date \= 7 January 1922 \|url \= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\=ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1922\-01\-07\-05\-001,ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1922\-01\-07\-05 \|access\-date \= 5 September 2008 \| location\=London}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} (registration required). 1. Retirement from Speyer \& Co. – it was decided that Speyer had been slow and reluctant to resign as a partner of the American bank of which he was still in partnership with his German brother\-in\-law, Edward Beit von Speyer. 2. Association with enemy traffic – Speyer Brothers had continued to trade jointly with a Dutch firm, Teixeira de Mattos Brothers, between February and June 1915\. As they were based in a neutral country, Teixeira had continued to trade with German businesses. The committee calculated that Speyer Brothers had made £1,000 by these trades, despite an inspection of the company's accounts showing no trade with Germany. It concluded that "Sir Edgar Speyer seems to have preferred his private financial interests to the prompt discharge of his duty to the State." 3. Communication with enemy subjects – Speyer had continued to correspond with his German brother\-in\-law throughout the war. 4. Evasion of the censorship – in his correspondence with his brother\-in\-law, Speyer had used various means including aliases and intermediaries to avoid the censor inspecting his letters. 5. Proposed return to Berlin – the contents of intercepted letters from Edward Beit von Speyer suggested that Speyer had proposed living in Germany after the war. Speyer denied this and stated that the meaning of the letters had been misconstrued in the absence of his side of the correspondence being before the committee. 6. Association with Muck – while living in America Speyer had become friendly with [Karl Muck](/wiki/Karl_Muck "Karl Muck"), the German conductor of the [Boston Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra "Boston Symphony Orchestra"), who remained strongly pro\-German even after the United States entered the war. Unknown to Speyer, who stated that their friendship was based on a shared love of music, Muck was suspected of being a German agent. 7. Association with Koren – in America, Speyer was friendly with [John Koren](/wiki/John_Koren "John Koren"), an American statistician who represented the United States on the International Prisons Commission. In 1916, Speyer had funded a fact\-finding trip by Koren to Europe, during which Koren visited Germany and met Speyer's sister and friends. Although the committee considered the trip strange, they drew no inference of disloyalty from the events. 8. The Boston Journal – in April 1917, on the advice of John Koren, Speyer had provided a loan to *[The Boston Journal](/wiki/The_Boston_Journal "The Boston Journal")* newspaper to prevent it from going out of business. The newspaper had printed some articles of a pro\-German nature and the committee thought it imprudent but not disloyal of Speyer to have lent the money. 9. Paying money to enemy subjects – some of Speyer's friends had made claims at the Frankfurt bank for payment of sums due to them that were in the hands of Speyer in London. Speyer had authorised the payments, although this was not allowed by the wartime regulations. The committee commented that in similar circumstances it had shown leniency to others doing the same thing, and would not have attached great importance to the matter if it had stood alone. On 7 January 1922, Speyer's partners published a letter supporting Speyer and rejecting the implications of his correspondence with his German relatives, stating that he was "incapable of any act of treachery against the country of his adoption".{{cite news \|title \= Speyer Partners Defend Sir Edgar \|work \= \[\[The New York Times]] \|page \= 20 \|date \= 8 January 1922 \|url \= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\=9C05E0DD1239E133A2575BC0A9679C946395D6CF \|access\-date \= 29 November 2008 }} Two days later, Speyer also issued a statement responding to the report and rebutting the committee's interpretation of the facts. He stated that he had been advised of the committee's investigation in 1919 and, after considerable delay by the Home Office, had persuaded it to carry out an investigation in America into allegations made against his conduct there. These investigations, he stated, had demonstrated that the allegations were false, but, after he returned to Britain for the formal hearing in 1921, a further series of allegations were presented regarding his business transactions. Speyer stated that the issues involved were of a trivial nature and were similar to those encountered by other British banks which had traded without censure. He stated that "the whole thing is neither more nor less than the culmination of years of political persecution. The Home Secretary simply dared not give me the vindication to which I was entitled." He challenged the government to publish the evidence presented, and "to point to a strip of material evidence that would induce any fairminded man to support the monstrous conclusions of this report". ### Final years [thumb\|250px\|The Sea Marge, [Overstrand](/wiki/Overstrand "Overstrand")](/wiki/File:Sea_Marge_Hotel%2C_Overstrand.jpg "Sea Marge Hotel, Overstrand.jpg") In January 1920, Speyer Brothers sold its shareholding in the UERL for approximately £1 million (£{{Formatprice\|{{Inflation\|UK\|1000000\|1920\|r\=\-4}}\|0}} today).{{Inflation\-fn\|UK\|df\=y}}{{cite news \|title \= Underground Railway Deal – Purchase of Speyer Shares \|work \= \[\[The Times]] \|page \= 12 \|date \= 5 January 1920 \|url \= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\=ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1920\-01\-05\-12\-015,ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1920\-01\-05\-12 \|access\-date \= 5 September 2008 \| location\=London}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} (registration required). A month later, Speyer put the Grosvenor Street house up for sale although it did not reach its [reserve price](/wiki/Reservation_price "Reservation price") at auction. On 1 April 1922, Speyer and his remaining partner in the London bank, Henry William Brown, [dissolved](/wiki/Dissolution_%28law%29 "Dissolution (law)") Speyer Brothers.{{London Gazette \|issue\=32661 \|date\=4 April 1922 \|page\=2763 \|supp\=y }} The Grosvenor Street house was eventually sold in early 1923 and became the American Women's club.{{cite news \|title \= American Women's club – Opening of New Quarters \|work \= \[\[The Times]] \|page \= 14 \|date \= 27 June 1923 \|url \= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\=ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1920\-01\-05\-12\-015,ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1920\-01\-05\-12 \|access\-date \= 5 September 2008 \| location\=London}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} (subscription required) Speyer rejoined the surviving American and German branches of the family bank and continued to live in New York. In 1929, he lived in [Washington Square](/wiki/Washington_Square_Park%2C_New_York "Washington Square Park, New York").[Klein 2003](/wiki/%23Reference-klein "#Reference-klein"), p. 212\. He died on 16 February 1932 in Berlin, after having travelled there for an operation on his nose.{{cite news \|title \= Sir Edgar Speyer – A Naturalised Alien's Honours \|work \= \[\[The Times]] \|page \= 17 \|date \= 18 February 1932 \|url \= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\=ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1932\-02\-18\-17\-003,ARCHIVE\-The\_Times\-1932\-02\-18\-17 \|access\-date \= 5 September 2008 \| location\=London}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} (subscription required). He was buried in [Dahlem](/wiki/Cemetery_Dahlem "Cemetery Dahlem"), Berlin.[Liebmann 2015](/wiki/%23Reference-liebmann "#Reference-liebmann"), p. 72\. He had continued to hold his baronetcy,{{cite web \|url\=https://api.parliament.uk/historic\-hansard/commons/1924/jun/16/liquor\-traffic\-united\-states \|title\=Prime Minister's Oral Answers to Questions – Liquor Traffic, United States \|date\=16 June 1924 \|work\=\[\[Hansard\|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] \|access\-date\=14 September 2008}} although it became extinct with his death as he had no male heirs. After his death, Speyer's UK estate was assessed at £3,362 and his US estate at $245,287,{{cite news \|title \= Edgar Speyer Left Estate of $245,287 \|work \= \[\[The New York Times]] \|page \= 17 \|date \= 23 January 1934 \|url \= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\=F10F1FF63F5D167A93C1AB178AD85F408385F9 \|access\-date \= 29 November 2008 }} equivalent to a net worth of approximately £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\|UK\|3363\|1932\|r\=\-2}}}} and ${{Formatprice\|{{Inflation\|US\|245287\|1934\|r\=\-2}}}} today.{{Inflation\-fn\|UK\|df\=y}}{{Inflation\-fn\|US}}
[ "Life after 1914\n---------------", "### Anti\\-German pressure", "[thumb\\|*Solid*, an anti\\-German cartoon regarding Germany's opposition to the Anglo\\-French [entente](/wiki/Entente_cordiale \"Entente cordiale\"), from *[Punch](/wiki/Punch_%28magazine%29 \"Punch (magazine)\")*, 1911 \nGERMANY: \"Donnerwetter! It's rock. I thought it was going to be paper.\"](/wiki/File:Solid%2C_Punch%2C_August_1911.png \"Solid, Punch, August 1911.png\")\nThe end of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century saw rising [anti\\-German sentiment](/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment%23Early_20th_century \"Anti-German sentiment#Early 20th century\") in Britain. As the [naval arms race](/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I%23Arms_race \"Causes of World War I#Arms race\") between Britain and Germany escalated, distrust of Germans and those of German origin was stirred\\-up by press warnings of the rising military threat from Germany. This was developed further in popular magazines such as the *[National Review](/wiki/National_Review_%28London%29 \"National Review (London)\")* and in novels such as [Erskine Childers'](/wiki/Erskine_Childers_%28author%29 \"Erskine Childers (author)\") *[The Riddle of the Sands](/wiki/The_Riddle_of_the_Sands \"The Riddle of the Sands\")* and [invasion novels](/wiki/Invasion_literature \"Invasion literature\") such as [William Le Queux](/wiki/William_Le_Queux \"William Le Queux\")'s *[The Invasion of 1910](/wiki/The_Invasion_of_1910 \"The Invasion of 1910\")*.", "Following the British declaration of war with Germany on 4 August 1914, Speyer resigned as a partner of the Frankfurt branch of the bank. After a Royal Proclamation on 11 September 1914{{London Gazette\n\\|issue\\=28899\n\\|date\\=11 September 1914\n\\|pages\\=7199–7200", "}}\n```\nrequiring British subjects to have no links with companies doing business with Germany, Speyer resigned as a partner of the American bank.\n```", "{{cite news\n\\|title \\= Messers. Speyer and the War\n\\|work \\= \\[\\[The Times]]\n\\|page \\= 13\n\\|date \\= 14 October 1914\n\\|url \\= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\\=ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1914\\-10\\-14\\-13\\-002,ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1914\\-10\\-14\\-13\n\\|access\\-date \\= 5 September 2008\n \\| location\\=London}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} (registration required). Nonetheless, suspicions regarding Speyer's German parentage led to a hate campaign against him. Crowds gathered outside his home and jeered visitors.", "Accusations of his disloyalty and [treachery](/wiki/Treachery_%28law%29 \"Treachery (law)\") appeared in the Press, and he was accused of signalling to German submarines from his Norfolk house. Lady Speyer was ostracised from societies and associations of which she had formerly been a member. Speyer was asked to resign from the board of the Poplar Hospital due to threats of substantial reductions in donations if he remained. The couple was asked to remove their children from school as other parents were threatening to remove theirs.[Benson 1932](/wiki/%23Reference-benson \"#Reference-benson\"), p. 249\\.", "Speyer ignored a call to write one of the \"loyalty letters\" that Sir [Arthur Pinero](/wiki/Arthur_Wing_Pinero \"Arthur Wing Pinero\") proposed be provided by prominent naturalised citizens of German origin.[Holmes 1991](/wiki/%23Reference-holmes \"#Reference-holmes\"), p. 27\\.\n{{cite news\n\\|date\\=11 May 1915\n\\|title\\=Where Protest is Due. Letters to the Editor\n\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times]]\n\\|issue\\=40851\n\\|page\\= 9\n\\|url\\=http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/790/467/51642893w16/purl\\=rc1\\_TTDA\\_0\\_CS151848107\\&dyn\\=46!xrn\\_3\\_0\\_CS151848107\\&hst\\_1?sw\\_aep\\=kccl \\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2009 }} (registration required). Instead, on 17 May 1915, Speyer wrote to Asquith, then Prime Minister, asking him to accept his resignation as a Privy Counsellor and to revoke his baronetcy, stating:", "", "> Nothing is harder to bear than a sense of injustice that finds no vent in expression.", "For the last nine months I have kept silence and treated with disdain the charges of disloyalty and suggestions of treachery made against me in the Press and elsewhere. But I can keep silence no longer, for these charges and suggestion have now been repeated by public men who have not scrupled to use their position to inflame the overstrained feelings of the people.\nI am not a man who can be driven or drummed by threats or abuse into an attitude of justification. But I consider it due to my honour as a loyal British subject and my personal dignity as a man to retire all my public positions.\nI therefore write to ask you to accept my resignation as a Privy Councillor and to revoke my baronetcy.{{cite news\n\\|title \\= Sir Edgar Speyer – Charges of Disloyalty Disdained\n\\|work \\= \\[\\[The Times]]\n\\|page \\= 8\n\\|date \\= 18 May 1915\n\\|url \\= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\\=ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1915\\-05\\-18\\-08\\-006,ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1915\\-05\\-18\\-08\n\\|access\\-date \\= 5 September 2008\n\\| location\\=London}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} (registration required).\nHe resigned as chairman of the UERL and from the boards of the King Edward's Hospital Fund, the Poplar Hospital and the Whitechapel Art Gallery.{{cite journal\\|date\\=19 May 1915\\|title\\=New Chairman of the Underground\\|journal\\=\\[\\[The Times]]\\|issue\\=40858\\|page\\=13\\|url\\=http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/984/131/69299049w16/purl\\=rc1\\_TTDA\\_0\\_CS219219123\\&dyn\\=59!xrn\\_4\\_0\\_CS219219123\\&hst\\_1?sw\\_aep\\=kccl\\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2009}} (registration required).", "It is doubtful whether it was possible for Speyer to resign from the Privy Council or as a baronet, there being no normal mechanism to do so,{{cite news\n\\|title \\= The Position of Sir Edgar Speyer – Legal Aspect\n\\|work \\= \\[\\[The Times]]\n\\|page \\= 5\n\\|date \\= 19 May 1915\n\\|url \\= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\\=ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1915\\-05\\-19\\-05\\-011,ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1915\\-05\\-19\\-05\n\\|access\\-date \\= 5 September 2008\n\\|quote \\= ...because a baronetcy is hereditary there is then little doubt that a baronet cannot resign his title and its privileges...\", \"None the less it would seem that the office \\[of Privy Counsellor] cannot be vacated by the holder... as the honour is conferred by the King he alone can take it away.\n \\| location\\=London}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} (registration required). but the Prime Minister's response was supportive: \"I have known you long, and well enough to estimate at their true value these baseless and malignant imputations upon your loyalty to the British Crown. The King is not prepared to take any step such as you suggest in regard to the marks of distinction which you have received in recognition of public services and philanthropic munificence.\"{{cite news\n\\|title \\= The King and Sir E. Speyer – Letter from Mr. Asquith\n\\|work \\= \\[\\[The Times]]\n\\|page \\= 6\n\\|date \\= 25 May 1915\n\\|url \\= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\\=ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1915\\-05\\-25\\-06\\-002,ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1915\\-05\\-25\\-06\n\\|access\\-date \\= 5 September 2008\n \\| location\\=London}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} (registration required). On 26 May 1915, Speyer and his family left for America.", "In June 1915, [Sir George Makgill](/wiki/George_Makgill \"George Makgill\"), Secretary of the [Anti\\-German Union](/wiki/British_Empire_Union \"British Empire Union\"), applied for permission from the High Court to issue *[quo warranto](/wiki/Quo_warranto \"Quo warranto\")* [writs](/wiki/Writ \"Writ\") against Speyer and [Sir Ernest Cassel](/wiki/Ernest_Cassel \"Ernest Cassel\"), a German\\-born Privy Counsellor, requiring them to prove their right to hold that position.{{cite news\n\\|title \\= Privy Councillors of Alien Birth – Re Sir Edgar Speyer and Sir Ernest Cassel\n\\|work \\= \\[\\[The Times]]\n\\|page \\= 3\n\\|date \\= 24 June 1915\n\\|url \\= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\\=ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1915\\-06\\-24\\-03\\-001,ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1915\\-06\\-24\\-03\n\\|access\\-date \\= 5 September 2008\n \\| location\\=London}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} (registration required). Makgill's claim was that the [Act of Settlement 1701](/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701 \"Act of Settlement 1701\") prevented a person born outside Britain or its [dominions](/wiki/Dominion \"Dominion\") from being a Privy Counsellor. In December 1915, [Lord Chief Justice](/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales \"Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales\") [Lord Reading](/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Reading \"Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading\") rejected the application on the grounds that the relevant sections of the Act of Settlement had been repealed by later legislation.[Walker\\-Smith 1934](/wiki/%23Reference-walker \"#Reference-walker\"), pp. 346–352\\.", "### Revocation of naturalisation", "[thumb\\|upright\\|Sir Edgar and Lady Speyer, circa 1921](/wiki/File:Sir_Edgar_%26_Lady_Leonora_Speyer_circa_1921.jpg \"Sir Edgar & Lady Leonora Speyer circa 1921.jpg\")\nOn 2 August 1918, in a House of Lords debate on the Denaturalisation Bill, the subject of Speyer's membership of the Privy Council was brought up by [Lord Lincolnshire](/wiki/Charles_Wynn-Carington%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Lincolnshire \"Charles Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire\"), who condemned \"the brutal and insolent German manner in which Sir Edgar Speyer had resigned his dignity.\" [Lord Curzon](/wiki/George_Curzon%2C_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston \"George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston\") announced that the Home Office was examining his membership of the council.{{cite news\n\\|title \\= Status of Enemy Aliens – Debate in the Lords – Membership of the Privy Council\n\\|work \\= \\[\\[The Times]]\n\\|page \\= 7\n\\|date \\= 3 August 1918\n\\|url \\= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\\=ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1918\\-08\\-03\\-07\\-005,ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1918\\-08\\-03\\-07\n\\|access\\-date \\= 5 September 2008\n \\| location\\=London}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} (registration required). Speyer again offered the Prime Minister, then [David Lloyd George](/wiki/David_Lloyd_George \"David Lloyd George\"), his resignation from the council, but received no response.{{cite news\n\\|title \\= Sir E. Speyer's Reply – Attack on the British Government – \"Partisan Report\"\n\\|work \\= \\[\\[The Times]]\n\\|page \\= 12\n\\|date \\= 9 January 1922\n\\|url \\= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\\=ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1922\\-01\\-09\\-12\\-004,ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1922\\-01\\-09\\-12\n\\|access\\-date \\= 5 September 2008\n \\| location\\=London}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} (registration required).", "Following an investigation into Speyer's wartime conduct held *[in camera](/wiki/In_camera \"In camera\")* by the Home Office's *Certificates of Naturalisation (Revocation) Committee*, Speyer's naturalisation was revoked by an order dated 1 December 1921\\. On 13 December 1921 an order was issued by King [George V](/wiki/George_V \"George V\") for Speyer to be struck off the list of the Privy Council. The next person to be struck off the list was [Elliot Morley](/wiki/Elliot_Morley \"Elliot Morley\") in 2011,{{London Gazette \\|issue\\=59820 \\|page\\=11257 \\|date\\=14 June 2011 }} though others resigned in the intervening period.{{cite web\n\\| author \\= Staff reporter\n\\| title \\= Queen Accepts Aitken's Resignation\n\\| year\\= 1997\n\\| publisher\\= British Broadcasting Corporation\n\\| url \\= http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/news/06/0626/aitken.shtml\n\\| access\\-date\\=17 September 2008\n\\| quote \\= The Queen has accepted Jonathan Aitken's resignation from the Privy Council. \\[...] Two former disgraced ministers, John Profumo and John Stonehouse, have also resigned from the Council, but no one has been thrown off since 1921 when Sir Edgar Speyer was struck off for collaborating with the Germans in the First World War.}}", "The committee decided that Speyer had \"shown himself by act and speech to be disaffected and disloyal to His Majesty; and \\[had]... unlawfully communicated with subjects of an enemy State and associated with a business which was to his knowledge carried on in such manner as to assist the enemy in such war.\" The committee's final opinion was \"that the continuance of Sir Edgar Speyer's certificate is not conducive to the public good.\"{{London Gazette\n\\|issue\\=32547\n\\|date\\=13 December 1921\n\\|page\\=10123\n}} Lady Speyer and the couple's children also lost their British nationality.", "The report of the committee was published on 7 January 1922\\. The committee had considered nine issues in making its decision:{{cite news\n\\|title \\= Speyer Report Revelations – \"Disaffected and Disloyal\" – Trading with the Enemy\n\\|work \\= \\[\\[The Times]]\n\\|page \\= 5\n\\|date \\= 7 January 1922\n\\|url \\= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\\=ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1922\\-01\\-07\\-05\\-001,ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1922\\-01\\-07\\-05\n\\|access\\-date \\= 5 September 2008\n \\| location\\=London}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} (registration required).\n1. Retirement from Speyer \\& Co. – it was decided that Speyer had been slow and reluctant to resign as a partner of the American bank of which he was still in partnership with his German brother\\-in\\-law, Edward Beit von Speyer.\n2. Association with enemy traffic – Speyer Brothers had continued to trade jointly with a Dutch firm, Teixeira de Mattos Brothers, between February and June 1915\\. As they were based in a neutral country, Teixeira had continued to trade with German businesses. The committee calculated that Speyer Brothers had made £1,000 by these trades, despite an inspection of the company's accounts showing no trade with Germany. It concluded that \"Sir Edgar Speyer seems to have preferred his private financial interests to the prompt discharge of his duty to the State.\"\n3. Communication with enemy subjects – Speyer had continued to correspond with his German brother\\-in\\-law throughout the war.\n4. Evasion of the censorship – in his correspondence with his brother\\-in\\-law, Speyer had used various means including aliases and intermediaries to avoid the censor inspecting his letters.\n5. Proposed return to Berlin – the contents of intercepted letters from Edward Beit von Speyer suggested that Speyer had proposed living in Germany after the war. Speyer denied this and stated that the meaning of the letters had been misconstrued in the absence of his side of the correspondence being before the committee.\n6. Association with Muck – while living in America Speyer had become friendly with [Karl Muck](/wiki/Karl_Muck \"Karl Muck\"), the German conductor of the [Boston Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra \"Boston Symphony Orchestra\"), who remained strongly pro\\-German even after the United States entered the war. Unknown to Speyer, who stated that their friendship was based on a shared love of music, Muck was suspected of being a German agent.\n7. Association with Koren – in America, Speyer was friendly with [John Koren](/wiki/John_Koren \"John Koren\"), an American statistician who represented the United States on the International Prisons Commission. In 1916, Speyer had funded a fact\\-finding trip by Koren to Europe, during which Koren visited Germany and met Speyer's sister and friends. Although the committee considered the trip strange, they drew no inference of disloyalty from the events.\n8. The Boston Journal – in April 1917, on the advice of John Koren, Speyer had provided a loan to *[The Boston Journal](/wiki/The_Boston_Journal \"The Boston Journal\")* newspaper to prevent it from going out of business. The newspaper had printed some articles of a pro\\-German nature and the committee thought it imprudent but not disloyal of Speyer to have lent the money.\n9. Paying money to enemy subjects – some of Speyer's friends had made claims at the Frankfurt bank for payment of sums due to them that were in the hands of Speyer in London. Speyer had authorised the payments, although this was not allowed by the wartime regulations. The committee commented that in similar circumstances it had shown leniency to others doing the same thing, and would not have attached great importance to the matter if it had stood alone.", "On 7 January 1922, Speyer's partners published a letter supporting Speyer and rejecting the implications of his correspondence with his German relatives, stating that he was \"incapable of any act of treachery against the country of his adoption\".{{cite news\n\\|title \\= Speyer Partners Defend Sir Edgar\n\\|work \\= \\[\\[The New York Times]]\n\\|page \\= 20\n\\|date \\= 8 January 1922\n\\|url \\= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\\=9C05E0DD1239E133A2575BC0A9679C946395D6CF\n\\|access\\-date \\= 29 November 2008\n}} Two days later, Speyer also issued a statement responding to the report and rebutting the committee's interpretation of the facts. He stated that he had been advised of the committee's investigation in 1919 and, after considerable delay by the Home Office, had persuaded it to carry out an investigation in America into allegations made against his conduct there. These investigations, he stated, had demonstrated that the allegations were false, but, after he returned to Britain for the formal hearing in 1921, a further series of allegations were presented regarding his business transactions. Speyer stated that the issues involved were of a trivial nature and were similar to those encountered by other British banks which had traded without censure. He stated that \"the whole thing is neither more nor less than the culmination of years of political persecution. The Home Secretary simply dared not give me the vindication to which I was entitled.\" He challenged the government to publish the evidence presented, and \"to point to a strip of material evidence that would induce any fairminded man to support the monstrous conclusions of this report\".", "### Final years", "[thumb\\|250px\\|The Sea Marge, [Overstrand](/wiki/Overstrand \"Overstrand\")](/wiki/File:Sea_Marge_Hotel%2C_Overstrand.jpg \"Sea Marge Hotel, Overstrand.jpg\")\nIn January 1920, Speyer Brothers sold its shareholding in the UERL for approximately £1 million (£{{Formatprice\\|{{Inflation\\|UK\\|1000000\\|1920\\|r\\=\\-4}}\\|0}} today).{{Inflation\\-fn\\|UK\\|df\\=y}}{{cite news\n\\|title \\= Underground Railway Deal – Purchase of Speyer Shares\n\\|work \\= \\[\\[The Times]]\n\\|page \\= 12\n\\|date \\= 5 January 1920\n\\|url \\= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\\=ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1920\\-01\\-05\\-12\\-015,ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1920\\-01\\-05\\-12\n\\|access\\-date \\= 5 September 2008\n \\| location\\=London}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} (registration required). A month later, Speyer put the Grosvenor Street house up for sale although it did not reach its [reserve price](/wiki/Reservation_price \"Reservation price\") at auction. On 1 April 1922, Speyer and his remaining partner in the London bank, Henry William Brown, [dissolved](/wiki/Dissolution_%28law%29 \"Dissolution (law)\") Speyer Brothers.{{London Gazette\n\\|issue\\=32661\n\\|date\\=4 April 1922\n\\|page\\=2763\n\\|supp\\=y\n}} The Grosvenor Street house was eventually sold in early 1923 and became the American Women's club.{{cite news\n\\|title \\= American Women's club – Opening of New Quarters\n\\|work \\= \\[\\[The Times]]\n\\|page \\= 14\n\\|date \\= 27 June 1923\n\\|url \\= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\\=ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1920\\-01\\-05\\-12\\-015,ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1920\\-01\\-05\\-12\n\\|access\\-date \\= 5 September 2008\n \\| location\\=London}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} (subscription required)", "Speyer rejoined the surviving American and German branches of the family bank and continued to live in New York. In 1929, he lived in [Washington Square](/wiki/Washington_Square_Park%2C_New_York \"Washington Square Park, New York\").[Klein 2003](/wiki/%23Reference-klein \"#Reference-klein\"), p. 212\\. He died on 16 February 1932 in Berlin, after having travelled there for an operation on his nose.{{cite news\n\\|title \\= Sir Edgar Speyer – A Naturalised Alien's Honours\n\\|work \\= \\[\\[The Times]]\n\\|page \\= 17\n\\|date \\= 18 February 1932\n\\|url \\= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/emailArticleViewer.arc?articleId\\=ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1932\\-02\\-18\\-17\\-003,ARCHIVE\\-The\\_Times\\-1932\\-02\\-18\\-17\n\\|access\\-date \\= 5 September 2008\n \\| location\\=London}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} (subscription required). He was buried in [Dahlem](/wiki/Cemetery_Dahlem \"Cemetery Dahlem\"), Berlin.[Liebmann 2015](/wiki/%23Reference-liebmann \"#Reference-liebmann\"), p. 72\\. He had continued to hold his baronetcy,{{cite web\n\\|url\\=https://api.parliament.uk/historic\\-hansard/commons/1924/jun/16/liquor\\-traffic\\-united\\-states\n\\|title\\=Prime Minister's Oral Answers to Questions – Liquor Traffic, United States\n\\|date\\=16 June 1924\n\\|work\\=\\[\\[Hansard\\|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]\n\\|access\\-date\\=14 September 2008}} although it became extinct with his death as he had no male heirs.", "After his death, Speyer's UK estate was assessed at £3,362 and his US estate at $245,287,{{cite news\n\\|title \\= Edgar Speyer Left Estate of $245,287\n\\|work \\= \\[\\[The New York Times]]\n\\|page \\= 17\n\\|date \\= 23 January 1934\n\\|url \\= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\\=F10F1FF63F5D167A93C1AB178AD85F408385F9\n\\|access\\-date \\= 29 November 2008\n}} equivalent to a net worth of approximately £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|UK\\|3363\\|1932\\|r\\=\\-2}}}} and ${{Formatprice\\|{{Inflation\\|US\\|245287\\|1934\\|r\\=\\-2}}}} today.{{Inflation\\-fn\\|UK\\|df\\=y}}{{Inflation\\-fn\\|US}}", "", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\|3GG Transmitter site on Brandy Creek Road](/wiki/File:3GG_1.JPG "3GG 1.JPG") [thumb\|3GG antenna masts](/wiki/File:3GG_2.JPG "3GG 2.JPG") 3GG first went to air in 1937 as 3UL, named after the town from which it then broadcast; [Warragul](/wiki/Warragul "Warragul").{{cite news\|title\=OPENING OF STATION 3UL WARRAGUL\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article11065203\|access\-date\=22 May 2010\|newspaper\=\[\[The Argus (Melbourne)\|The Argus]]\|date\=19 May 1937}} 3UL's founder was Vic Dinenny.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2013/05/11/3756857\.htm\|title\=Ballarat heritage: broadcasting pioneers of radio and television\|first\=Jarrod\|last\=Watt\|date\=11 May 2013\|publisher\=\[\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} Dinenny had earlier operated [3YB](/wiki/3YB "3YB") as a mobile station, broadcasting from various towns around [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria%2C_Australia "Victoria, Australia"). As more and more rural stations opened in Victoria, the concept of a mobile station became less practical. Therefore, Dinenny applied for and received licences for two non\-mobile (or conventional) stations, one in [Warrnambool](/wiki/Warrnambool "Warrnambool"), which kept the 3YB call sign, and the other being 3UL in Warragul, which used the last two letters of the town name as its call sign. Within a few years of opening, 3UL became part of the Argus Broadcasting Services network, along with 3YB Warrnambool and [3SR](/wiki/Triple_M_Goulburn_Valley "Triple M Goulburn Valley") [Shepparton](/wiki/Shepparton "Shepparton").{{cite web\|url\=http://tdgq.com.au/dha/writings/argus\_broadcasting\_services.html\|title\=The "Argus" Broadcasting Services\|website\=tdgq.com.au\|access\-date\=30 June 2019\|archive\-date\=11 March 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311063815/http://tdgq.com.au/dha/writings/argus\_broadcasting\_services.html\|url\-status\=dead}} This Victorian rural radio network was operated by *[The Argus](/wiki/The_Argus_%28Melbourne%29 "The Argus (Melbourne)")*, then a daily newspaper. When *The Argus* closed in January 1957, their radio network evolved into the Associated Broadcasting Company which owned 3UL until it was sold to Regional Communications Pty Ltd in 1982\.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.radioheritage.net/Story305\.asp \| title\=Retro Radio Dial: 1988 Australia Victoria/Tasmania AM Radio }} In August 1988 it was purchased by Shepparton Broadcasting. [Wesgo](/wiki/Wesgo "Wesgo") purchased a 60% shareholding in March 1990\.[Wesgo tries many paths to growth](https://web.archive.org/web/20230331110441/https://www.afr.com/companies/wesgo-tries-many-paths-to-growth-19900420-kam88) *[Australian Financial Review](/wiki/Australian_Financial_Review "Australian Financial Review")* 20 April 1990 In 1990 the station was purchased by two private shareholders.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.standard.net.au/story/3440150/history\-jimmy\-rocking\-the\-bay/\|title\=History: Jimmy rocking the Bay\|date\=22 October 2015\|website\=The Standard}} In November 1989, 3UL moved premises from Warragul to Traralgon, in the Latrobe Valley, and changed its callsign to 3GG. Under Program Director, Steve Woods, 3GG became the number one station in the listening area. After ten years, 3GG returned to Warragul. In 2002, owners [RG Capital](/wiki/RG_Capital "RG Capital") launched sister station [Sea FM](/wiki/3SEA "3SEA"). In 2004, both 3GG and Sea FM were purchased by [Macquarie Regional RadioWorks](/wiki/Macquarie_Regional_RadioWorks "Macquarie Regional RadioWorks") – the only change being to Sea FM, which was rebranded as Star FM. Because of changes in media law, and following the purchase of [Southern Cross Ten](/wiki/Southern_Cross_Ten "Southern Cross Ten") by [Macquarie Southern Cross Media](/wiki/Macquarie_Southern_Cross_Media "Macquarie Southern Cross Media"), either Sea FM or 3GG would have to be sold – the latter was sold to [Resonate Broadcasting](/wiki/Resonate_Broadcasting "Resonate Broadcasting"), a new entity operated by [Austereo](/wiki/Austereo "Austereo") executives Guy Dobson and Rex Morris. Due to Resonate's Austereo connections – and following the merger of Southern Cross Media Group and Austereo – the station was closely aligned to the [Triple M](/wiki/Triple_M "Triple M") network. In February 2015, 3GG was acquired by the [Capital Radio Network](/wiki/Capital_Radio_Network "Capital Radio Network").{{cite news\|title\=3GG finally sold. Kevin Blyton new owner.\|url\=https://www.radioinfo.com.au/news/3gg\-finally\-sold\-kevin\-blyton\-new\-owner\|access\-date\=10 January 2015\|work\=Radioinfo.com.au\|date\=9 January 2015}}{{cite news\|title\=3GG Sold to Kevin Blyton\|url\=http://www.radiotoday.com.au/news/whats\-new/6089\-3gg\-sold\-to\-kevin\-blyton.html\|access\-date\=10 January 2015\|work\=Radio Today\|date\=9 January 2015}} As a result, the station shifted music formats from [adult contemporary](/wiki/Adult_contemporary "Adult contemporary") to [classic hits](/wiki/Classic_hits "Classic hits"), in line with other network stations. ### Transmitter and studios While the transmitter location has always remained on Brandy Creek Road just north of Warragul, the studio location has over the years changed from Warragul to Traralgon and back to Warragul at its current location of 7/61 Smith Street, Warragul. Its reception can be heard in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne") and [Geelong](/wiki/Geelong "Geelong"), plus King Island.
[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\|3GG Transmitter site on Brandy Creek Road](/wiki/File:3GG_1.JPG \"3GG 1.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|3GG antenna masts](/wiki/File:3GG_2.JPG \"3GG 2.JPG\")\n3GG first went to air in 1937 as 3UL, named after the town from which it then broadcast; [Warragul](/wiki/Warragul \"Warragul\").{{cite news\\|title\\=OPENING OF STATION 3UL WARRAGUL\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article11065203\\|access\\-date\\=22 May 2010\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Argus (Melbourne)\\|The Argus]]\\|date\\=19 May 1937}} 3UL's founder was Vic Dinenny.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2013/05/11/3756857\\.htm\\|title\\=Ballarat heritage: broadcasting pioneers of radio and television\\|first\\=Jarrod\\|last\\=Watt\\|date\\=11 May 2013\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} Dinenny had earlier operated [3YB](/wiki/3YB \"3YB\") as a mobile station, broadcasting from various towns around [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria%2C_Australia \"Victoria, Australia\"). As more and more rural stations opened in Victoria, the concept of a mobile station became less practical. Therefore, Dinenny applied for and received licences for two non\\-mobile (or conventional) stations, one in [Warrnambool](/wiki/Warrnambool \"Warrnambool\"), which kept the 3YB call sign, and the other being 3UL in Warragul, which used the last two letters of the town name as its call sign.", "Within a few years of opening, 3UL became part of the Argus Broadcasting Services network, along with 3YB Warrnambool and [3SR](/wiki/Triple_M_Goulburn_Valley \"Triple M Goulburn Valley\") [Shepparton](/wiki/Shepparton \"Shepparton\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tdgq.com.au/dha/writings/argus\\_broadcasting\\_services.html\\|title\\=The \"Argus\" Broadcasting Services\\|website\\=tdgq.com.au\\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=11 March 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311063815/http://tdgq.com.au/dha/writings/argus\\_broadcasting\\_services.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} This Victorian rural radio network was operated by *[The Argus](/wiki/The_Argus_%28Melbourne%29 \"The Argus (Melbourne)\")*, then a daily newspaper. When *The Argus* closed in January 1957, their radio network evolved into the Associated Broadcasting Company which owned 3UL until it was sold to Regional Communications Pty Ltd in 1982\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.radioheritage.net/Story305\\.asp \\| title\\=Retro Radio Dial: 1988 Australia Victoria/Tasmania AM Radio }} In August 1988 it was purchased by Shepparton Broadcasting. [Wesgo](/wiki/Wesgo \"Wesgo\") purchased a 60% shareholding in March 1990\\.[Wesgo tries many paths to growth](https://web.archive.org/web/20230331110441/https://www.afr.com/companies/wesgo-tries-many-paths-to-growth-19900420-kam88) *[Australian Financial Review](/wiki/Australian_Financial_Review \"Australian Financial Review\")* 20 April 1990 In 1990 the station was purchased by two private shareholders.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.standard.net.au/story/3440150/history\\-jimmy\\-rocking\\-the\\-bay/\\|title\\=History: Jimmy rocking the Bay\\|date\\=22 October 2015\\|website\\=The Standard}} \nIn November 1989, 3UL moved premises from Warragul to Traralgon, in the Latrobe Valley, and changed its callsign to 3GG. Under Program Director, Steve Woods, 3GG became the number one station in the listening area.", "After ten years, 3GG returned to Warragul. In 2002, owners [RG Capital](/wiki/RG_Capital \"RG Capital\") launched sister station [Sea FM](/wiki/3SEA \"3SEA\"). In 2004, both 3GG and Sea FM were purchased by [Macquarie Regional RadioWorks](/wiki/Macquarie_Regional_RadioWorks \"Macquarie Regional RadioWorks\") – the only change being to Sea FM, which was rebranded as Star FM.", "Because of changes in media law, and following the purchase of [Southern Cross Ten](/wiki/Southern_Cross_Ten \"Southern Cross Ten\") by [Macquarie Southern Cross Media](/wiki/Macquarie_Southern_Cross_Media \"Macquarie Southern Cross Media\"), either Sea FM or 3GG would have to be sold – the latter was sold to [Resonate Broadcasting](/wiki/Resonate_Broadcasting \"Resonate Broadcasting\"), a new entity operated by [Austereo](/wiki/Austereo \"Austereo\") executives Guy Dobson and Rex Morris. Due to Resonate's Austereo connections – and following the merger of Southern Cross Media Group and Austereo – the station was closely aligned to the [Triple M](/wiki/Triple_M \"Triple M\") network.", "In February 2015, 3GG was acquired by the [Capital Radio Network](/wiki/Capital_Radio_Network \"Capital Radio Network\").{{cite news\\|title\\=3GG finally sold. Kevin Blyton new owner.\\|url\\=https://www.radioinfo.com.au/news/3gg\\-finally\\-sold\\-kevin\\-blyton\\-new\\-owner\\|access\\-date\\=10 January 2015\\|work\\=Radioinfo.com.au\\|date\\=9 January 2015}}{{cite news\\|title\\=3GG Sold to Kevin Blyton\\|url\\=http://www.radiotoday.com.au/news/whats\\-new/6089\\-3gg\\-sold\\-to\\-kevin\\-blyton.html\\|access\\-date\\=10 January 2015\\|work\\=Radio Today\\|date\\=9 January 2015}} As a result, the station shifted music formats from [adult contemporary](/wiki/Adult_contemporary \"Adult contemporary\") to [classic hits](/wiki/Classic_hits \"Classic hits\"), in line with other network stations.", "### Transmitter and studios", "While the transmitter location has always remained on Brandy Creek Road just north of Warragul, the studio location has over the years changed from Warragul to Traralgon and back to Warragul at its current location of 7/61 Smith Street, Warragul. Its reception can be heard in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\") and [Geelong](/wiki/Geelong \"Geelong\"), plus King Island.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Incubus [thumb\|left\|Einziger performing with Incubus in 2004](/wiki/File:Mike_Einziger_of_Incubus_live_2004.jpg "Mike Einziger of Incubus live 2004.jpg") Einziger co\-founded Incubus with [Calabasas High School](/wiki/Calabasas_High_School "Calabasas High School") classmates Brandon Boyd, Jose Pasillas II, and Alex Katunich in 1991\. Incubus has sold over 23 million albums worldwide and has been nominated for two Grammys, MTV music video awards, American Music Awards, MTV U Woodie Award, and the Billboard Awards. Incubus has performed sold\-out concerts at The Hollywood Bowl, The Great Western Forum, Madison Square Garden, Radio City Music Hall, Wembley Arena in London, and Araneta Coliseum in Manila, Philippines. ### Solo work and current projects Outside of his work with Incubus, Einziger founded his own project [Time Lapse Consortium](/wiki/Time_Lapse_Consortium "Time Lapse Consortium") in 2003\. The group featured Incubus musicians Jose Pasillas II and Ben Kenney (who was not a member of Incubus at the time), Neal Evans of the band Soulive, and long\-time collaborator Suzie Katayama contributing string arrangements. The band had their debut show at The Roxy in LA, and would go on to play Jimmy Kimmel and the Knitting Factory in New York City. Einziger's career as a film score composer began in the early 2000s, first with the short film *Miss Gentilbelle*, and then the independent comedy film *[Sol Goode](/wiki/Sol_Goode "Sol Goode")*, which also featured [Jared Leto](/wiki/Jared_Leto "Jared Leto") of the band [Thirty Seconds to Mars](/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars "Thirty Seconds to Mars").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/sol\_goode \| title\=Sol Goode \| website\=\[\[Rotten Tomatoes]] }} He has sporadically continued to compose background music for films. In 2003 Einziger contributed to Ziggy Marley's debut solo album *Dragonfly* alongside fellow Incubus member Chris Kilmore as well as [Flea](/wiki/Flea_%28musician%29 "Flea (musician)") and [John Frusciante](/wiki/John_Frusciante "John Frusciante") of [Red Hot Chili Peppers](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers "Red Hot Chili Peppers").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.laphil.com/press/press\-release/index.cfm?id\=1748 \|title\=KCRW'S WORLD FESTIVAL \|date\=August 13, 2009\|publisher\=Laphil.com \|access\-date\=November 13, 2009}} Einziger also expanded into the realm of video games when he and his bandmates worked on the soundtrack of the popular game [Halo 2](/wiki/Halo_2 "Halo 2"), writing a 26\-minute song that also featured Flea on trumpet. In 2006 Einziger produced the debut album "Red Rover" by Agent Sparks; a collaboration with younger brothers Benjamin Einziger and Paul Fried. In 2007, Einziger produced *[Nighttiming](/wiki/Nighttiming "Nighttiming")*, the debut album of long\-time friend and former [Phantom Planet](/wiki/Phantom_Planet "Phantom Planet") drummer and actor [Jason Schwartzman](/wiki/Jason_Schwartzman "Jason Schwartzman")'s [Coconut Records](/wiki/Coconut_Records_%28Music%29 "Coconut Records (Music)") project.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/nighttiming\-mw0001601718/credits \|title\=Nighttiming – Coconut Records \| Credits \|publisher\=AllMusic \|access\-date\=July 15, 2014}} The album featured appearances by [Kirsten Dunst](/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst "Kirsten Dunst"), [Zooey Deschanel](/wiki/Zooey_Deschanel "Zooey Deschanel"), and Robert Schwartzman, and was recorded at Einziger's own home studio in [Malibu, CA](/wiki/Malibu%2C_CA "Malibu, CA") (Casa Chica). #### End.\>vacuum Einziger began crafting an orchestral composition "End.\>vacuum" following surgery in March 2007 for [carpal tunnel syndrome](/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome "Carpal tunnel syndrome"), a repetitive\-strain injury to his left wrist. The condition forced him to take a hiatus from the band and his instrument. The piece consisted of nine musical movements (approximately 40 minutes total) and was performed by a chamber orchestra led by renowned Los Angeles conductor and Einziger's longtime collaborator Suzie Katayama. Inspiration has been attributed to such iconoclastic modern and avant\-garde composers as [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky "Igor Stravinsky"), [George Antheil](/wiki/George_Antheil "George Antheil"), [George Crumb](/wiki/George_Crumb "George Crumb"), [Samuel Barber](/wiki/Samuel_Barber "Samuel Barber"), [Krzysztof Penderecki](/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki "Krzysztof Penderecki") and [Frank Zappa](/wiki/Frank_Zappa "Frank Zappa"). According to Einziger, "End.\>vacuum" makes reference to his perception of the outer edge of human understanding, "the finite place where rational scientific knowledge stops and pure speculation ensues…The event horizon between what we know and what we don't know is what keeps me awake at night, but also gets me out of bed every day."{{cite web\|last\=Beth \|first\=Mary \|url\=http://www.laweekly.com/2008\-08\-21/stage/mike\-einziger\-39\-s\-vacuum\-chamber\-music/full/ \|title\=Mike Einziger's Vacuum Chamber Music \| Classical and New Music \| Los Angeles \| Los Angeles News and Events \|publisher\=LA Weekly \|date\=August 20, 2008 \|access\-date\=July 15, 2014}} "Einziger's work plays with time." [Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")' Steve Hochman proclaimed, "Pulsating tribal/mechanical rhythms melt into sustained, almost static stretches before the rhythm reemerges. The early\-'80s large ensemble work of [John Adams](/wiki/John_Adams_%28composer%29 "John Adams (composer)") comes to mind, but the character of the piece is Einziger's own."{{cite news \|url\=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/arts/la\-et\-classicmetal23\-2008aug23,0,7508087\.story \|title\=Incubus guitarist Mike Einziger's 'End. \> vacuum' to premiere at UCLA's Royce Hall \|access\-date\=October 28, 2009 \|last\=Hochman \|first\=Steve \|date\=August 23, 2008 \|work\= Los Angeles Times}} End.\>vacuum was Einziger's first original orchestral composition. It debuted at [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA "UCLA")'s famed [Royce Hall](/wiki/Royce_Hall "Royce Hall") on August 23, 2008\. #### Harvard and studies Einziger has studied the history and philosophy of physics with physicist/historian, Dr. Peter Galison, of Harvard University. He has a profound interest in the physical sciences. In 2008 he contributed to an article on the topic of human evolution with evolutionary biology figure and Brown University professor Dr. Kenneth Miller.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.malibumag.com/site/article/evolution\_the\_forbidden\_love\_triangle\_between\_faith\_science\_and\_charles\_dar/ \|title\=Evolution: The forbidden Love Triangle Between Faith, Science and Charles Darwin \|access\-date\=November 13, 2009 \|last\=Joffe \|first\=Daniela \|date\=March 19, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817100407/http://www.malibumag.com/site/article/evolution\_the\_forbidden\_love\_triangle\_between\_faith\_science\_and\_charles\_dar/ \|archive\-date\=August 17, 2009 }} On June 17, 2008, Einziger took a personal tour of the [Large Hadron Collider](/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider "Large Hadron Collider") at [CERN](/wiki/CERN "CERN") in [Geneva, Switzerland](/wiki/Geneva%2C_Switzerland "Geneva, Switzerland") with British physicist [Dr. Brian Cox](/wiki/Brian_Cox_%28physicist%29 "Brian Cox (physicist)"). During that visit, Einziger invited Dr. Cox to appear as a speaker at his concert for "End.\>vacuum" later that Fall. #### Other recent works [thumb\|Einziger performing in 2023](/wiki/File:Incubus_performing_at_Caesars_Windsor%2C_2023-08-05_04.jpg "Incubus performing at Caesars Windsor, 2023-08-05 04.jpg") In 2009, Einziger orchestrated and recorded the additional strings for the [Thirty Seconds to Mars](/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars "Thirty Seconds to Mars") third album *[This Is War](/wiki/This_Is_War "This Is War")*.{{cite AV media notes \|title\=\[\[This Is War]] \|others\=\[\[Thirty Seconds to Mars]] \|year\=2009 \|type\=Liner notes \|publisher\=\[\[Virgin Records]] \|id\=9651112}} In 2012 Einziger began working with [progressive house](/wiki/Progressive_house "Progressive house") artist [Avicii](/wiki/Avicii "Avicii") on the EDM producer's song "[Wake Me Up!](/wiki/Wake_Me_Up_%28Avicii_song%29 "Wake Me Up (Avicii song)")" for his debut studio album *[True](/wiki/True_%28Avicii_album%29 "True (Avicii album)")*. Einziger helped premiere the song live at [Ultra 15](/wiki/Ultra_Music_Festival%232013 "Ultra Music Festival#2013") along with bandmates [Jose Pasillas](/wiki/Jose_Pasillas "Jose Pasillas"), [Ben Kenney](/wiki/Ben_Kenney "Ben Kenney") and country music legend [Mac Davis](/wiki/Mac_Davis "Mac Davis"). As of July 2013, the song reached No. 1 on the charts in 39 countries.{{cite news\|last\=Wolfe\|first\=Alexandra\|title\=Michael Eizinger\|newspaper\=Wall Street Journal\|date\=August 3–4, 2013}} Einziger also worked on music for *[The Amazing Spider\-Man 2](/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man_2 "The Amazing Spider-Man 2")* with [Hans Zimmer](/wiki/Hans_Zimmer "Hans Zimmer"), [Pharrell Williams](/wiki/Pharrell_Williams "Pharrell Williams"), [Johnny Marr](/wiki/Johnny_Marr "Johnny Marr") and [David A. Stewart](/wiki/David_A._Stewart "David A. Stewart").{{cite web\|url\=http://hollywoodreporter.com/heat\-vision/marc\-webb\-hans\-zimmer\-form\-652222 \|title\=Marc Webb, Hans Zimmer Form Supergroup for 'Amazing Spider\-Man 2' \|publisher\=Hollywood Reporter \|date\=October 31, 2013 \|access\-date\=July 15, 2014}}
[ "Career\n------", "### Incubus", "[thumb\\|left\\|Einziger performing with Incubus in 2004](/wiki/File:Mike_Einziger_of_Incubus_live_2004.jpg \"Mike Einziger of Incubus live 2004.jpg\")\nEinziger co\\-founded Incubus with [Calabasas High School](/wiki/Calabasas_High_School \"Calabasas High School\") classmates Brandon Boyd, Jose Pasillas II, and Alex Katunich in 1991\\. Incubus has sold over 23 million albums worldwide and has been nominated for two Grammys, MTV music video awards, American Music Awards, MTV U Woodie Award, and the Billboard Awards. Incubus has performed sold\\-out concerts at The Hollywood Bowl, The Great Western Forum, Madison Square Garden, Radio City Music Hall, Wembley Arena in London, and Araneta Coliseum in Manila, Philippines.", "### Solo work and current projects", "Outside of his work with Incubus, Einziger founded his own project [Time Lapse Consortium](/wiki/Time_Lapse_Consortium \"Time Lapse Consortium\") in 2003\\. The group featured Incubus musicians Jose Pasillas II and Ben Kenney (who was not a member of Incubus at the time), Neal Evans of the band Soulive, and long\\-time collaborator Suzie Katayama contributing string arrangements. The band had their debut show at The Roxy in LA, and would go on to play Jimmy Kimmel and the Knitting Factory in New York City.", "Einziger's career as a film score composer began in the early 2000s, first with the short film *Miss Gentilbelle*, and then the independent comedy film *[Sol Goode](/wiki/Sol_Goode \"Sol Goode\")*, which also featured [Jared Leto](/wiki/Jared_Leto \"Jared Leto\") of the band [Thirty Seconds to Mars](/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars \"Thirty Seconds to Mars\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/sol\\_goode \\| title\\=Sol Goode \\| website\\=\\[\\[Rotten Tomatoes]] }} He has sporadically continued to compose background music for films.", "In 2003 Einziger contributed to Ziggy Marley's debut solo album *Dragonfly* alongside fellow Incubus member Chris Kilmore as well as [Flea](/wiki/Flea_%28musician%29 \"Flea (musician)\") and [John Frusciante](/wiki/John_Frusciante \"John Frusciante\") of [Red Hot Chili Peppers](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers \"Red Hot Chili Peppers\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.laphil.com/press/press\\-release/index.cfm?id\\=1748 \\|title\\=KCRW'S WORLD FESTIVAL \\|date\\=August 13, 2009\\|publisher\\=Laphil.com \\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2009}} Einziger also expanded into the realm of video games when he and his bandmates worked on the soundtrack of the popular game [Halo 2](/wiki/Halo_2 \"Halo 2\"), writing a 26\\-minute song that also featured Flea on trumpet. In 2006 Einziger produced the debut album \"Red Rover\" by Agent Sparks; a collaboration with younger brothers Benjamin Einziger and Paul Fried.", "In 2007, Einziger produced *[Nighttiming](/wiki/Nighttiming \"Nighttiming\")*, the debut album of long\\-time friend and former [Phantom Planet](/wiki/Phantom_Planet \"Phantom Planet\") drummer and actor [Jason Schwartzman](/wiki/Jason_Schwartzman \"Jason Schwartzman\")'s [Coconut Records](/wiki/Coconut_Records_%28Music%29 \"Coconut Records (Music)\") project.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/nighttiming\\-mw0001601718/credits \\|title\\=Nighttiming – Coconut Records \\| Credits \\|publisher\\=AllMusic \\|access\\-date\\=July 15, 2014}} The album featured appearances by [Kirsten Dunst](/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst \"Kirsten Dunst\"), [Zooey Deschanel](/wiki/Zooey_Deschanel \"Zooey Deschanel\"), and Robert Schwartzman, and was recorded at Einziger's own home studio in [Malibu, CA](/wiki/Malibu%2C_CA \"Malibu, CA\") (Casa Chica).", "#### End.\\>vacuum", "Einziger began crafting an orchestral composition \"End.\\>vacuum\" following surgery in March 2007 for [carpal tunnel syndrome](/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome \"Carpal tunnel syndrome\"), a repetitive\\-strain injury to his left wrist. The condition forced him to take a hiatus from the band and his instrument.", "The piece consisted of nine musical movements (approximately 40 minutes total) and was performed by a chamber orchestra led by renowned Los Angeles conductor and Einziger's longtime collaborator Suzie Katayama. Inspiration has been attributed to such iconoclastic modern and avant\\-garde composers as [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky \"Igor Stravinsky\"), [George Antheil](/wiki/George_Antheil \"George Antheil\"), [George Crumb](/wiki/George_Crumb \"George Crumb\"), [Samuel Barber](/wiki/Samuel_Barber \"Samuel Barber\"), [Krzysztof Penderecki](/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki \"Krzysztof Penderecki\") and [Frank Zappa](/wiki/Frank_Zappa \"Frank Zappa\").", "According to Einziger, \"End.\\>vacuum\" makes reference to his perception of the outer edge of human understanding, \"the finite place where rational scientific knowledge stops and pure speculation ensues…The event horizon between what we know and what we don't know is what keeps me awake at night, but also gets me out of bed every day.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Beth \\|first\\=Mary \\|url\\=http://www.laweekly.com/2008\\-08\\-21/stage/mike\\-einziger\\-39\\-s\\-vacuum\\-chamber\\-music/full/ \\|title\\=Mike Einziger's Vacuum Chamber Music \\| Classical and New Music \\| Los Angeles \\| Los Angeles News and Events \\|publisher\\=LA Weekly \\|date\\=August 20, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=July 15, 2014}}", "\"Einziger's work plays with time.\" [Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")' Steve Hochman proclaimed, \"Pulsating tribal/mechanical rhythms melt into sustained, almost static stretches before the rhythm reemerges. The early\\-'80s large ensemble work of [John Adams](/wiki/John_Adams_%28composer%29 \"John Adams (composer)\") comes to mind, but the character of the piece is Einziger's own.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/arts/la\\-et\\-classicmetal23\\-2008aug23,0,7508087\\.story \\|title\\=Incubus guitarist Mike Einziger's 'End. \\> vacuum' to premiere at UCLA's Royce Hall \\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2009 \\|last\\=Hochman \\|first\\=Steve \\|date\\=August 23, 2008 \\|work\\= Los Angeles Times}}", "End.\\>vacuum was Einziger's first original orchestral composition. It debuted at [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA \"UCLA\")'s famed [Royce Hall](/wiki/Royce_Hall \"Royce Hall\") on August 23, 2008\\.", "#### Harvard and studies", "Einziger has studied the history and philosophy of physics with physicist/historian, Dr. Peter Galison, of Harvard University.", "He has a profound interest in the physical sciences. In 2008 he contributed to an article on the topic of human evolution with evolutionary biology figure and Brown University professor Dr. Kenneth Miller.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.malibumag.com/site/article/evolution\\_the\\_forbidden\\_love\\_triangle\\_between\\_faith\\_science\\_and\\_charles\\_dar/ \\|title\\=Evolution: The forbidden Love Triangle Between Faith, Science and Charles Darwin \\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2009 \\|last\\=Joffe \\|first\\=Daniela \\|date\\=March 19, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817100407/http://www.malibumag.com/site/article/evolution\\_the\\_forbidden\\_love\\_triangle\\_between\\_faith\\_science\\_and\\_charles\\_dar/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 17, 2009 }}", "On June 17, 2008, Einziger took a personal tour of the [Large Hadron Collider](/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider \"Large Hadron Collider\") at [CERN](/wiki/CERN \"CERN\") in [Geneva, Switzerland](/wiki/Geneva%2C_Switzerland \"Geneva, Switzerland\") with British physicist [Dr. Brian Cox](/wiki/Brian_Cox_%28physicist%29 \"Brian Cox (physicist)\"). During that visit, Einziger invited Dr. Cox to appear as a speaker at his concert for \"End.\\>vacuum\" later that Fall.", "#### Other recent works", "[thumb\\|Einziger performing in 2023](/wiki/File:Incubus_performing_at_Caesars_Windsor%2C_2023-08-05_04.jpg \"Incubus performing at Caesars Windsor, 2023-08-05 04.jpg\")\nIn 2009, Einziger orchestrated and recorded the additional strings for the [Thirty Seconds to Mars](/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars \"Thirty Seconds to Mars\") third album *[This Is War](/wiki/This_Is_War \"This Is War\")*.{{cite AV media notes \\|title\\=\\[\\[This Is War]] \\|others\\=\\[\\[Thirty Seconds to Mars]] \\|year\\=2009 \\|type\\=Liner notes \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Virgin Records]] \\|id\\=9651112}}", "In 2012 Einziger began working with [progressive house](/wiki/Progressive_house \"Progressive house\") artist [Avicii](/wiki/Avicii \"Avicii\") on the EDM producer's song \"[Wake Me Up!](/wiki/Wake_Me_Up_%28Avicii_song%29 \"Wake Me Up (Avicii song)\")\" for his debut studio album *[True](/wiki/True_%28Avicii_album%29 \"True (Avicii album)\")*. Einziger helped premiere the song live at [Ultra 15](/wiki/Ultra_Music_Festival%232013 \"Ultra Music Festival#2013\") along with bandmates [Jose Pasillas](/wiki/Jose_Pasillas \"Jose Pasillas\"), [Ben Kenney](/wiki/Ben_Kenney \"Ben Kenney\") and country music legend [Mac Davis](/wiki/Mac_Davis \"Mac Davis\"). As of July 2013, the song reached No. 1 on the charts in 39 countries.{{cite news\\|last\\=Wolfe\\|first\\=Alexandra\\|title\\=Michael Eizinger\\|newspaper\\=Wall Street Journal\\|date\\=August 3–4, 2013}}", "Einziger also worked on music for *[The Amazing Spider\\-Man 2](/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man_2 \"The Amazing Spider-Man 2\")* with [Hans Zimmer](/wiki/Hans_Zimmer \"Hans Zimmer\"), [Pharrell Williams](/wiki/Pharrell_Williams \"Pharrell Williams\"), [Johnny Marr](/wiki/Johnny_Marr \"Johnny Marr\") and [David A. Stewart](/wiki/David_A._Stewart \"David A. Stewart\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://hollywoodreporter.com/heat\\-vision/marc\\-webb\\-hans\\-zimmer\\-form\\-652222 \\|title\\=Marc Webb, Hans Zimmer Form Supergroup for 'Amazing Spider\\-Man 2' \\|publisher\\=Hollywood Reporter \\|date\\=October 31, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=July 15, 2014}}", "" ]
### Solo work and current projects Outside of his work with Incubus, Einziger founded his own project [Time Lapse Consortium](/wiki/Time_Lapse_Consortium "Time Lapse Consortium") in 2003\. The group featured Incubus musicians Jose Pasillas II and Ben Kenney (who was not a member of Incubus at the time), Neal Evans of the band Soulive, and long\-time collaborator Suzie Katayama contributing string arrangements. The band had their debut show at The Roxy in LA, and would go on to play Jimmy Kimmel and the Knitting Factory in New York City. Einziger's career as a film score composer began in the early 2000s, first with the short film *Miss Gentilbelle*, and then the independent comedy film *[Sol Goode](/wiki/Sol_Goode "Sol Goode")*, which also featured [Jared Leto](/wiki/Jared_Leto "Jared Leto") of the band [Thirty Seconds to Mars](/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars "Thirty Seconds to Mars").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/sol\_goode \| title\=Sol Goode \| website\=\[\[Rotten Tomatoes]] }} He has sporadically continued to compose background music for films. In 2003 Einziger contributed to Ziggy Marley's debut solo album *Dragonfly* alongside fellow Incubus member Chris Kilmore as well as [Flea](/wiki/Flea_%28musician%29 "Flea (musician)") and [John Frusciante](/wiki/John_Frusciante "John Frusciante") of [Red Hot Chili Peppers](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers "Red Hot Chili Peppers").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.laphil.com/press/press\-release/index.cfm?id\=1748 \|title\=KCRW'S WORLD FESTIVAL \|date\=August 13, 2009\|publisher\=Laphil.com \|access\-date\=November 13, 2009}} Einziger also expanded into the realm of video games when he and his bandmates worked on the soundtrack of the popular game [Halo 2](/wiki/Halo_2 "Halo 2"), writing a 26\-minute song that also featured Flea on trumpet. In 2006 Einziger produced the debut album "Red Rover" by Agent Sparks; a collaboration with younger brothers Benjamin Einziger and Paul Fried. In 2007, Einziger produced *[Nighttiming](/wiki/Nighttiming "Nighttiming")*, the debut album of long\-time friend and former [Phantom Planet](/wiki/Phantom_Planet "Phantom Planet") drummer and actor [Jason Schwartzman](/wiki/Jason_Schwartzman "Jason Schwartzman")'s [Coconut Records](/wiki/Coconut_Records_%28Music%29 "Coconut Records (Music)") project.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/nighttiming\-mw0001601718/credits \|title\=Nighttiming – Coconut Records \| Credits \|publisher\=AllMusic \|access\-date\=July 15, 2014}} The album featured appearances by [Kirsten Dunst](/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst "Kirsten Dunst"), [Zooey Deschanel](/wiki/Zooey_Deschanel "Zooey Deschanel"), and Robert Schwartzman, and was recorded at Einziger's own home studio in [Malibu, CA](/wiki/Malibu%2C_CA "Malibu, CA") (Casa Chica). #### End.\>vacuum Einziger began crafting an orchestral composition "End.\>vacuum" following surgery in March 2007 for [carpal tunnel syndrome](/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome "Carpal tunnel syndrome"), a repetitive\-strain injury to his left wrist. The condition forced him to take a hiatus from the band and his instrument. The piece consisted of nine musical movements (approximately 40 minutes total) and was performed by a chamber orchestra led by renowned Los Angeles conductor and Einziger's longtime collaborator Suzie Katayama. Inspiration has been attributed to such iconoclastic modern and avant\-garde composers as [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky "Igor Stravinsky"), [George Antheil](/wiki/George_Antheil "George Antheil"), [George Crumb](/wiki/George_Crumb "George Crumb"), [Samuel Barber](/wiki/Samuel_Barber "Samuel Barber"), [Krzysztof Penderecki](/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki "Krzysztof Penderecki") and [Frank Zappa](/wiki/Frank_Zappa "Frank Zappa"). According to Einziger, "End.\>vacuum" makes reference to his perception of the outer edge of human understanding, "the finite place where rational scientific knowledge stops and pure speculation ensues…The event horizon between what we know and what we don't know is what keeps me awake at night, but also gets me out of bed every day."{{cite web\|last\=Beth \|first\=Mary \|url\=http://www.laweekly.com/2008\-08\-21/stage/mike\-einziger\-39\-s\-vacuum\-chamber\-music/full/ \|title\=Mike Einziger's Vacuum Chamber Music \| Classical and New Music \| Los Angeles \| Los Angeles News and Events \|publisher\=LA Weekly \|date\=August 20, 2008 \|access\-date\=July 15, 2014}} "Einziger's work plays with time." [Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")' Steve Hochman proclaimed, "Pulsating tribal/mechanical rhythms melt into sustained, almost static stretches before the rhythm reemerges. The early\-'80s large ensemble work of [John Adams](/wiki/John_Adams_%28composer%29 "John Adams (composer)") comes to mind, but the character of the piece is Einziger's own."{{cite news \|url\=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/arts/la\-et\-classicmetal23\-2008aug23,0,7508087\.story \|title\=Incubus guitarist Mike Einziger's 'End. \> vacuum' to premiere at UCLA's Royce Hall \|access\-date\=October 28, 2009 \|last\=Hochman \|first\=Steve \|date\=August 23, 2008 \|work\= Los Angeles Times}} End.\>vacuum was Einziger's first original orchestral composition. It debuted at [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA "UCLA")'s famed [Royce Hall](/wiki/Royce_Hall "Royce Hall") on August 23, 2008\. #### Harvard and studies Einziger has studied the history and philosophy of physics with physicist/historian, Dr. Peter Galison, of Harvard University. He has a profound interest in the physical sciences. In 2008 he contributed to an article on the topic of human evolution with evolutionary biology figure and Brown University professor Dr. Kenneth Miller.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.malibumag.com/site/article/evolution\_the\_forbidden\_love\_triangle\_between\_faith\_science\_and\_charles\_dar/ \|title\=Evolution: The forbidden Love Triangle Between Faith, Science and Charles Darwin \|access\-date\=November 13, 2009 \|last\=Joffe \|first\=Daniela \|date\=March 19, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817100407/http://www.malibumag.com/site/article/evolution\_the\_forbidden\_love\_triangle\_between\_faith\_science\_and\_charles\_dar/ \|archive\-date\=August 17, 2009 }} On June 17, 2008, Einziger took a personal tour of the [Large Hadron Collider](/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider "Large Hadron Collider") at [CERN](/wiki/CERN "CERN") in [Geneva, Switzerland](/wiki/Geneva%2C_Switzerland "Geneva, Switzerland") with British physicist [Dr. Brian Cox](/wiki/Brian_Cox_%28physicist%29 "Brian Cox (physicist)"). During that visit, Einziger invited Dr. Cox to appear as a speaker at his concert for "End.\>vacuum" later that Fall. #### Other recent works [thumb\|Einziger performing in 2023](/wiki/File:Incubus_performing_at_Caesars_Windsor%2C_2023-08-05_04.jpg "Incubus performing at Caesars Windsor, 2023-08-05 04.jpg") In 2009, Einziger orchestrated and recorded the additional strings for the [Thirty Seconds to Mars](/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars "Thirty Seconds to Mars") third album *[This Is War](/wiki/This_Is_War "This Is War")*.{{cite AV media notes \|title\=\[\[This Is War]] \|others\=\[\[Thirty Seconds to Mars]] \|year\=2009 \|type\=Liner notes \|publisher\=\[\[Virgin Records]] \|id\=9651112}} In 2012 Einziger began working with [progressive house](/wiki/Progressive_house "Progressive house") artist [Avicii](/wiki/Avicii "Avicii") on the EDM producer's song "[Wake Me Up!](/wiki/Wake_Me_Up_%28Avicii_song%29 "Wake Me Up (Avicii song)")" for his debut studio album *[True](/wiki/True_%28Avicii_album%29 "True (Avicii album)")*. Einziger helped premiere the song live at [Ultra 15](/wiki/Ultra_Music_Festival%232013 "Ultra Music Festival#2013") along with bandmates [Jose Pasillas](/wiki/Jose_Pasillas "Jose Pasillas"), [Ben Kenney](/wiki/Ben_Kenney "Ben Kenney") and country music legend [Mac Davis](/wiki/Mac_Davis "Mac Davis"). As of July 2013, the song reached No. 1 on the charts in 39 countries.{{cite news\|last\=Wolfe\|first\=Alexandra\|title\=Michael Eizinger\|newspaper\=Wall Street Journal\|date\=August 3–4, 2013}} Einziger also worked on music for *[The Amazing Spider\-Man 2](/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man_2 "The Amazing Spider-Man 2")* with [Hans Zimmer](/wiki/Hans_Zimmer "Hans Zimmer"), [Pharrell Williams](/wiki/Pharrell_Williams "Pharrell Williams"), [Johnny Marr](/wiki/Johnny_Marr "Johnny Marr") and [David A. Stewart](/wiki/David_A._Stewart "David A. Stewart").{{cite web\|url\=http://hollywoodreporter.com/heat\-vision/marc\-webb\-hans\-zimmer\-form\-652222 \|title\=Marc Webb, Hans Zimmer Form Supergroup for 'Amazing Spider\-Man 2' \|publisher\=Hollywood Reporter \|date\=October 31, 2013 \|access\-date\=July 15, 2014}}
[ "### Solo work and current projects", "Outside of his work with Incubus, Einziger founded his own project [Time Lapse Consortium](/wiki/Time_Lapse_Consortium \"Time Lapse Consortium\") in 2003\\. The group featured Incubus musicians Jose Pasillas II and Ben Kenney (who was not a member of Incubus at the time), Neal Evans of the band Soulive, and long\\-time collaborator Suzie Katayama contributing string arrangements. The band had their debut show at The Roxy in LA, and would go on to play Jimmy Kimmel and the Knitting Factory in New York City.", "Einziger's career as a film score composer began in the early 2000s, first with the short film *Miss Gentilbelle*, and then the independent comedy film *[Sol Goode](/wiki/Sol_Goode \"Sol Goode\")*, which also featured [Jared Leto](/wiki/Jared_Leto \"Jared Leto\") of the band [Thirty Seconds to Mars](/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars \"Thirty Seconds to Mars\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/sol\\_goode \\| title\\=Sol Goode \\| website\\=\\[\\[Rotten Tomatoes]] }} He has sporadically continued to compose background music for films.", "In 2003 Einziger contributed to Ziggy Marley's debut solo album *Dragonfly* alongside fellow Incubus member Chris Kilmore as well as [Flea](/wiki/Flea_%28musician%29 \"Flea (musician)\") and [John Frusciante](/wiki/John_Frusciante \"John Frusciante\") of [Red Hot Chili Peppers](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers \"Red Hot Chili Peppers\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.laphil.com/press/press\\-release/index.cfm?id\\=1748 \\|title\\=KCRW'S WORLD FESTIVAL \\|date\\=August 13, 2009\\|publisher\\=Laphil.com \\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2009}} Einziger also expanded into the realm of video games when he and his bandmates worked on the soundtrack of the popular game [Halo 2](/wiki/Halo_2 \"Halo 2\"), writing a 26\\-minute song that also featured Flea on trumpet. In 2006 Einziger produced the debut album \"Red Rover\" by Agent Sparks; a collaboration with younger brothers Benjamin Einziger and Paul Fried.", "In 2007, Einziger produced *[Nighttiming](/wiki/Nighttiming \"Nighttiming\")*, the debut album of long\\-time friend and former [Phantom Planet](/wiki/Phantom_Planet \"Phantom Planet\") drummer and actor [Jason Schwartzman](/wiki/Jason_Schwartzman \"Jason Schwartzman\")'s [Coconut Records](/wiki/Coconut_Records_%28Music%29 \"Coconut Records (Music)\") project.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/nighttiming\\-mw0001601718/credits \\|title\\=Nighttiming – Coconut Records \\| Credits \\|publisher\\=AllMusic \\|access\\-date\\=July 15, 2014}} The album featured appearances by [Kirsten Dunst](/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst \"Kirsten Dunst\"), [Zooey Deschanel](/wiki/Zooey_Deschanel \"Zooey Deschanel\"), and Robert Schwartzman, and was recorded at Einziger's own home studio in [Malibu, CA](/wiki/Malibu%2C_CA \"Malibu, CA\") (Casa Chica).", "#### End.\\>vacuum", "Einziger began crafting an orchestral composition \"End.\\>vacuum\" following surgery in March 2007 for [carpal tunnel syndrome](/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome \"Carpal tunnel syndrome\"), a repetitive\\-strain injury to his left wrist. The condition forced him to take a hiatus from the band and his instrument.", "The piece consisted of nine musical movements (approximately 40 minutes total) and was performed by a chamber orchestra led by renowned Los Angeles conductor and Einziger's longtime collaborator Suzie Katayama. Inspiration has been attributed to such iconoclastic modern and avant\\-garde composers as [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky \"Igor Stravinsky\"), [George Antheil](/wiki/George_Antheil \"George Antheil\"), [George Crumb](/wiki/George_Crumb \"George Crumb\"), [Samuel Barber](/wiki/Samuel_Barber \"Samuel Barber\"), [Krzysztof Penderecki](/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki \"Krzysztof Penderecki\") and [Frank Zappa](/wiki/Frank_Zappa \"Frank Zappa\").", "According to Einziger, \"End.\\>vacuum\" makes reference to his perception of the outer edge of human understanding, \"the finite place where rational scientific knowledge stops and pure speculation ensues…The event horizon between what we know and what we don't know is what keeps me awake at night, but also gets me out of bed every day.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Beth \\|first\\=Mary \\|url\\=http://www.laweekly.com/2008\\-08\\-21/stage/mike\\-einziger\\-39\\-s\\-vacuum\\-chamber\\-music/full/ \\|title\\=Mike Einziger's Vacuum Chamber Music \\| Classical and New Music \\| Los Angeles \\| Los Angeles News and Events \\|publisher\\=LA Weekly \\|date\\=August 20, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=July 15, 2014}}", "\"Einziger's work plays with time.\" [Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")' Steve Hochman proclaimed, \"Pulsating tribal/mechanical rhythms melt into sustained, almost static stretches before the rhythm reemerges. The early\\-'80s large ensemble work of [John Adams](/wiki/John_Adams_%28composer%29 \"John Adams (composer)\") comes to mind, but the character of the piece is Einziger's own.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/arts/la\\-et\\-classicmetal23\\-2008aug23,0,7508087\\.story \\|title\\=Incubus guitarist Mike Einziger's 'End. \\> vacuum' to premiere at UCLA's Royce Hall \\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2009 \\|last\\=Hochman \\|first\\=Steve \\|date\\=August 23, 2008 \\|work\\= Los Angeles Times}}", "End.\\>vacuum was Einziger's first original orchestral composition. It debuted at [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA \"UCLA\")'s famed [Royce Hall](/wiki/Royce_Hall \"Royce Hall\") on August 23, 2008\\.", "#### Harvard and studies", "Einziger has studied the history and philosophy of physics with physicist/historian, Dr. Peter Galison, of Harvard University.", "He has a profound interest in the physical sciences. In 2008 he contributed to an article on the topic of human evolution with evolutionary biology figure and Brown University professor Dr. Kenneth Miller.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.malibumag.com/site/article/evolution\\_the\\_forbidden\\_love\\_triangle\\_between\\_faith\\_science\\_and\\_charles\\_dar/ \\|title\\=Evolution: The forbidden Love Triangle Between Faith, Science and Charles Darwin \\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2009 \\|last\\=Joffe \\|first\\=Daniela \\|date\\=March 19, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817100407/http://www.malibumag.com/site/article/evolution\\_the\\_forbidden\\_love\\_triangle\\_between\\_faith\\_science\\_and\\_charles\\_dar/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 17, 2009 }}", "On June 17, 2008, Einziger took a personal tour of the [Large Hadron Collider](/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider \"Large Hadron Collider\") at [CERN](/wiki/CERN \"CERN\") in [Geneva, Switzerland](/wiki/Geneva%2C_Switzerland \"Geneva, Switzerland\") with British physicist [Dr. Brian Cox](/wiki/Brian_Cox_%28physicist%29 \"Brian Cox (physicist)\"). During that visit, Einziger invited Dr. Cox to appear as a speaker at his concert for \"End.\\>vacuum\" later that Fall.", "#### Other recent works", "[thumb\\|Einziger performing in 2023](/wiki/File:Incubus_performing_at_Caesars_Windsor%2C_2023-08-05_04.jpg \"Incubus performing at Caesars Windsor, 2023-08-05 04.jpg\")\nIn 2009, Einziger orchestrated and recorded the additional strings for the [Thirty Seconds to Mars](/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars \"Thirty Seconds to Mars\") third album *[This Is War](/wiki/This_Is_War \"This Is War\")*.{{cite AV media notes \\|title\\=\\[\\[This Is War]] \\|others\\=\\[\\[Thirty Seconds to Mars]] \\|year\\=2009 \\|type\\=Liner notes \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Virgin Records]] \\|id\\=9651112}}", "In 2012 Einziger began working with [progressive house](/wiki/Progressive_house \"Progressive house\") artist [Avicii](/wiki/Avicii \"Avicii\") on the EDM producer's song \"[Wake Me Up!](/wiki/Wake_Me_Up_%28Avicii_song%29 \"Wake Me Up (Avicii song)\")\" for his debut studio album *[True](/wiki/True_%28Avicii_album%29 \"True (Avicii album)\")*. Einziger helped premiere the song live at [Ultra 15](/wiki/Ultra_Music_Festival%232013 \"Ultra Music Festival#2013\") along with bandmates [Jose Pasillas](/wiki/Jose_Pasillas \"Jose Pasillas\"), [Ben Kenney](/wiki/Ben_Kenney \"Ben Kenney\") and country music legend [Mac Davis](/wiki/Mac_Davis \"Mac Davis\"). As of July 2013, the song reached No. 1 on the charts in 39 countries.{{cite news\\|last\\=Wolfe\\|first\\=Alexandra\\|title\\=Michael Eizinger\\|newspaper\\=Wall Street Journal\\|date\\=August 3–4, 2013}}", "Einziger also worked on music for *[The Amazing Spider\\-Man 2](/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man_2 \"The Amazing Spider-Man 2\")* with [Hans Zimmer](/wiki/Hans_Zimmer \"Hans Zimmer\"), [Pharrell Williams](/wiki/Pharrell_Williams \"Pharrell Williams\"), [Johnny Marr](/wiki/Johnny_Marr \"Johnny Marr\") and [David A. Stewart](/wiki/David_A._Stewart \"David A. Stewart\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://hollywoodreporter.com/heat\\-vision/marc\\-webb\\-hans\\-zimmer\\-form\\-652222 \\|title\\=Marc Webb, Hans Zimmer Form Supergroup for 'Amazing Spider\\-Man 2' \\|publisher\\=Hollywood Reporter \\|date\\=October 31, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=July 15, 2014}}", "" ]
History ------- ### Formation In 1659, towards the end of the [Franco\-Spanish War](/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_%281635%E2%80%931659%29 "Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)"), which had involved the [Duchy of Savoy](/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy "Duchy of Savoy") on the French side, Duke [Charles Emmanuel II](/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_II%2C_Duke_of_Savoy "Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy") ordered that the best troops from Savoyard militia regiments should be transferred to regular regiments.{{cite book \|last1\=Scala \|first1\=Edoardo \|title\=Storia delle Fanterie Italiane \- Volume VII \- I Granatieri di Sardegna \|date\=1950 \|publisher\=Esercito \- Biblioteca Storica \|location\=Rome \|pages\=3–5, 18–19, 34–39 \|url\=https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/storia\-delle\-fanterie\-vol\-7\-testo \|access\-date\=30 December 2022}} On 18 April 1659 Duke Charles Emmanuel II ordered to form a Guards Regiment ({{langx\|it\|Reggimento Guardie}}), which would protect the Duke during battles. The Guards Regiment consisted of twelve companies of 100 men each, six of which were transferred from existing regiments, while the other six were newly formed.{{cite book \| publisher \= Enrico Voghera \|title\=Annuario militare del regno d'Italia \| volume \= I \|date\=1909 \|location\=Rome \|page\=370}} ### Cabinet Wars In 1663 the regiment was deployed to occupy the [Val Pellice](/wiki/Val_Pellice "Val Pellice") and [Val Chisone](/wiki/Val_Chisone "Val Chisone") valleys during that year's campaign against the [Waldensian rebels](/wiki/Savoyard%E2%80%93Waldensian_wars "Savoyard–Waldensian wars"). On 19 October 1664 Duke Charles Emmanuel II issued an order of precedence for his military, which ranked the Guards Regiment first among infantry regiments. This gave the regiment the right to march at the head of a column or parade, and regiment placed furthest right on inspection or in a line of battle. In 1672 the regiment participated in the [Second Genoese–Savoyard War](/wiki/Second_Genoese%E2%80%93Savoyard_War "Second Genoese–Savoyard War"). Between 1690 and 1697 the regiment participated in the [Nine Years' War](/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War "Nine Years' War") against the [Kingdom of France](/wiki/Kingdom_of_France "Kingdom of France"). The regiment fought in 1690 in the [Battle of Staffarda](/wiki/Battle_of_Staffarda "Battle of Staffarda"), in 1693 in the [Battle of Marsaglia](/wiki/Battle_of_Marsaglia "Battle of Marsaglia"), in 1693 in the [Siege of Pinerolo](/wiki/Siege_of_Pinerolo "Siege of Pinerolo"), and in 1695 in the [Siege of Casale](/wiki/Siege_of_Casale "Siege of Casale"). On 2 April 1692 the regiment's companies had been organized into two battalions, with six companies per battalion. On 18 April 1696 one company from each of the regiment's two battalions was reorganized as a [Grenadier](/wiki/Grenadier "Grenadier") company. On 31 May 1701 the regiment added a third battalion and the same year Duke [Victor Amadeus II](/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II_of_Sardinia "Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia") joined the [War of the Spanish Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession "War of the Spanish Succession") and the regiment fought in 1701 in the [Battle of Chiari](/wiki/Battle_of_Chiari "Battle of Chiari") and in 1702 in the [Battle of Luzzara](/wiki/Battle_of_Luzzara "Battle of Luzzara"). In 1704 the regiment's II and III battalions were taken prisoner by the French after the surrender of [Vercelli](/wiki/Vercelli "Vercelli"). On 4 August of the same year the regiment was reorganized and now consisted of two battalions, with six [fusilier](/wiki/Fusilier "Fusilier") companies and one grenadier company per battalion. In 1706 the regiment participated in the [Defense of Turin](/wiki/Siege_of_Turin "Siege of Turin"). In 1707 the regiment fought in the [Siege of Toulon](/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon_%281707%29 "Siege of Toulon (1707)") and in 1708 the sieges of the forts of [Exilles](/wiki/Exilles "Exilles") and [Fenestrelle](/wiki/Fenestrelle "Fenestrelle"). In 1713 the war ended with the [Peace of Utrecht](/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht "Peace of Utrecht"), which transferred the [Kingdom of Sicily](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily "Kingdom of Sicily") and parts of the [Duchy of Milan](/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan "Duchy of Milan") to Savoy. In October 1713 Victor Amadeus II and his wife, [Anne Marie d'Orléans](/wiki/Anne_Marie_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans "Anne Marie d'Orléans"), travelled from [Nice](/wiki/Nice "Nice") to [Palermo](/wiki/Palermo "Palermo"), where on 24 December 1713 they were crowned in the [cathedral of Palermo](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Palermo "Cathedral of Palermo") King and Queen of Sicily. Afterwards the Guards Regiment moved from [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont "Piedmont") to [Sicily](/wiki/Sicily "Sicily"). In July 1718 [Spain](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain "Kingdom of Spain") landed troops on Sicily and tried to recover the [Kingdom of Sicily from Savoy rule](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily_under_Savoy "Kingdom of Sicily under Savoy"). On 2 August 1718 [Britain](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain "Kingdom of Great Britain"), [France](/wiki/Kingdom_of_France "Kingdom of France"), [Austria](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy "Habsburg monarchy"), and the [Dutch Republic](/wiki/Dutch_Republic "Dutch Republic") formed an alliance to defeat Spain in the [War of the Quadruple Alliance](/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance "War of the Quadruple Alliance"). For the next two year the Guards Regiment fought Spanish forces in Sicily. The war ended with the 1720 [Treaty of The Hague](/wiki/Treaty_of_The_Hague_%281720%29 "Treaty of The Hague (1720)"), which restored the position prior to 1717, but with [Savoy](/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy "Duchy of Savoy") and Austria exchanging Sardinia and Sicily. In 1733 King [Charles Emmanuel III](/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_III_of_Sardinia "Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia") joined the [War of the Polish Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession "War of the Polish Succession") on the French\-Spanish side. In 1733 the regiment fought in the [Siege of Pizzighettone](/wiki/Siege_of_Pizzighettone "Siege of Pizzighettone") and the following [Siege of Milan](/wiki/Siege_of_Milan "Siege of Milan"). In 1734 the regiment fought in the [Battle of San Pietro](/wiki/Battle_of_San_Pietro "Battle of San Pietro") and the [Battle of Guastalla](/wiki/Battle_of_Guastalla "Battle of Guastalla") against [Austrian](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy "Habsburg monarchy") forces. In 1742 King Charles Emmanuel III joined the [War of the Austrian Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession "War of the Austrian Succession") on the Austrian side and the regiment participated in 1742 in the Siege of [Mirandola](/wiki/Mirandola "Mirandola") and in 1743 in the [First Battle of Casteldelfino](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Casteldelfino "First Battle of Casteldelfino"). In 1744 the regiment fought in the [Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo](/wiki/Battle_of_Madonna_dell%27Olmo "Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo") and in 1745 in the [Battle of Bassignano](/wiki/Battle_of_Bassignano "Battle of Bassignano"). In 1745\-46 the regiment participated in the sieges of [Asti](/wiki/Asti "Asti"), [Valenza](/wiki/Valenza "Valenza"), and [Alessandria](/wiki/Alessandria "Alessandria"). In 1747 the regiment fought in the decisive [Battle of Assietta](/wiki/Battle_of_Assietta "Battle of Assietta"). [thumb\|Grenadiers in historical uniform during the mass in memory of Don Alberto Genovese on 18 February 2016](/wiki/File:Italian_Army_-_Mechanized_Brigade_%22Granatieri_di_Sardegna%22_grenadiers_in_historical_uniform_during_the_mass_in_memory_of_Don_Alberto_Genovese%2C_18_February_2016.jpg "Italian Army - Mechanized Brigade ") In 1743 the name of the regiment had been changed to the Regiment of the Guards ({{langx\|it\|Reggimento delle Guardie}}) and in 1753 the regiment received white toggles around its uniform buttons to distinguish it from the other infantry regiments. From 21 October 1774 to 15 June 1786 the regiment consisted of three battalions. ### French Revolutionary Wars In 1792 King [Victor Amadeus III](/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_III_of_Sardinia "Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia") joined the [War of the First Coalition](/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition "War of the First Coalition") against the [French Republic](/wiki/French_First_Republic "French First Republic"). From 1792 to 1796 the regiment fought against the French [Army of Italy](/wiki/Army_of_Italy_%28France%29 "Army of Italy (France)"). In March 1796 [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte "Napoleon Bonaparte") arrived in Italy and took command of the French forces, with which he defeated the [Royal Sardinian Army](/wiki/Royal_Sardinian_Army "Royal Sardinian Army") in the [Montenotte campaign](/wiki/Montenotte_campaign "Montenotte campaign") within a month. During the Montenotte campaign the regiment fought in the [Battle of Ceva](/wiki/Battle_of_Ceva "Battle of Ceva") and the [Battle of Mondovì](/wiki/Battle_of_Mondov%C3%AC "Battle of Mondovì"). In fall 1798 France invaded Piedmont and on 6 December 1798 French forces occupied [Turin](/wiki/Turin "Turin"). On 8 December 1798 King [Charles Emmanuel IV](/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_IV_of_Sardinia "Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia") was forced to sign a document of abdication, which also ordered his former subjects to recognise French laws and his troops to obey the orders of the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army "French Army"). Charles Emmanuel IV went into exile on [Sardinia](/wiki/Sardinia "Sardinia"), while his former territories became the [Piedmontese Republic](/wiki/Piedmontese_Republic "Piedmontese Republic"). On 9 December 1798 the Sardinian troops were released from their oath of allegiance to the King and sworn to the Piedmontese Republic, with the exception of the [Regiment of Sardinia](/wiki/Regiment_of_Sardinia "Regiment of Sardinia"), which escaped that fate as it was out of reach of the French Army in [Sardinia](/wiki/Sardinia "Sardinia"). On 8 February 1799 the Regiment of the Guards was integrated into the newly formed 1st Light Piedmontese [Demi\-brigade](/wiki/Demi-brigade "Demi-brigade"), which in spring 1799 fought with the French in the [War of the Second Coalition](/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition "War of the Second Coalition") against the Austrians. On 5 April 1799 the French lost the [Battle of Magnano](/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano "Battle of Magnano") and were forced out of Italy. With the French retreat the Piedmontese Republic dissolved and the 1st Light Piedmontese Demi\-brigade, like all military units of the Piedmontese Republic, was disbanded on 10 May 1799\. Immediately after the Austro\-Russian army had entered Turin the Austrian began to reform Piedmontese regiments and by 10 June 1799 two companies with personnel of the Regiment of the Guards had been formed. On 10 September 1799 the process to reform a battalion of the Regiment of the Guards commenced and by 20 February 1800 a battalion of seven companies had been formed, with each company fielding four officers and 115 troops. On 26 May 1800 the battalion fought against the French vanguard at [Chiusella](/wiki/Chiusella "Chiusella") and then retreated to the city of Turin. On 14 June 1800 Napoleon defeated the Austrians in the [Battle of Marengo](/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo "Battle of Marengo") and forced the Austrians to leave Piedmont. On 24 June 1800 the personnel of the Guards battalion was forced the enter French service and assigned to four Piedmontese infantry battalions, which were assigned to the French 111th Demi\-brigade of the Line and 112th Demi\-brigade of the Line. ### Restoration On 11 April 1814 Napoleon abdicated and on 20 May 1814 King [Victor Emmanuel I](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia "Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia") returned from exile in Sardinia to Turin. On 24 May 1814 Victor Emmanuel I ordered to reform the regiments that had existed in 1798 and by July 1814 the 1st Battalion of the Guards Regiment consisted of four [Fusilier](/wiki/Fusilier "Fusilier"), one [Jäger](/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_%28infantry%29 "Jäger (infantry)"), and one [Grenadier](/wiki/Grenadier "Grenadier") company. On 1 January 1815 the regiment's reformation was completed with the formation of the regiment's 2nd Battalion. On 26 February 1815 Napoleon escaped from [Elba](/wiki/Elba "Elba") and on 1 March 1815 he landed in [Golfe\-Juan](/wiki/Golfe-Juan "Golfe-Juan") in France. This triggered the [War of the Seventh Coalition](/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition "War of the Seventh Coalition"), which Sardinia joined against France. The Guards Regiment participated in the [Hundred Days](/wiki/Hundred_Days "Hundred Days") campaign, during which the regiment fought on 6 July at [Grenoble](/wiki/Grenoble "Grenoble"). In 1815 the [Royal Sardinian Army](/wiki/Royal_Sardinian_Army "Royal Sardinian Army") disbanded its 15 provincial militia regiments and their battalions were assigned to the regular regiments. Consequently, on 1 November 1815, all infantry regiment were renamed brigades. Each brigade consisted of two battalions in peacetime and four reserve battalions, which would be mobilized in wartime. Each of the provincial militia regiments included two grenadier companies, 16 of which were transferred on 20 November 1815 to the Guards Brigade. Consequently, on 20 January 1816, King Victor Emmanuel I decreed that the brigade would be renamed Grenadier Guards Brigade. ### 1831 reform [thumb\|right\|Italian grenadier with the bearskin cap introduced in 1834](/wiki/File:1st_Sardinia_Grenadiers_Bastille_Day_2007_n1.jpg "1st Sardinia Grenadiers Bastille Day 2007 n1.jpg") In 1831 the new King [Charles Albert](/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia "Charles Albert of Sardinia") ordered that the uniform of the Grenadier Guards Brigade be modified and the white toggles be replaced with white [gorget patches](/wiki/Italian_Army_gorget_patches "Italian Army gorget patches"), which are still worn on the uniform today. On 25 October of the same year all infantry brigades of the army divided their battalions into two regiments. However, as the Grenadier Guards Brigade was too small to split into two regiments the brigade was reorganized, with the battalions of the brigade forming the 1st Grenadier Regiment (Guards Brigade), which was joined in the brigade by the [2nd Jäger Regiment (Guards Brigade)](/wiki/2nd_Regiment_%22Granatieri_di_Sardegna%22 "2nd Regiment "). The 1st Grenadier Regiment consisted of a depot and two battalions, with five grenadier companies and one guard company per battalion, while the 2nd Jäger Regiment consisted of a depot in Sardinia and two battalions, with five Jäger companies and one [Carabinieri](/wiki/Carabinieri "Carabinieri") company per battalion. On 8 October 1833 the depot of the 1st Grenadier Regiment was established in [Turin](/wiki/Turin "Turin"). On 21 January 1834 the depot's personnel formed the regiment's III Battalion and a new IV Battalion was formed as depot unit. The same year the battalions were reorganized and now consisted of six grenadier companies and regiment added [bearskin caps](/wiki/Bearskin_cap "Bearskin cap") to its parade and guard uniform. In 1839 the 1st Grenadier Regiment grew to four battalions and a depot battalion, while the 2nd Jäger Regiment grew to three battalions and a depot battalion. As the 2nd Jäger Regiment had its roots in Sardinia, the depot battalion and one of its regular battalions were based on the island, while the other two battalions were based in Piedmont. ### Italian Wars of Independence #### First Italian War of Independence On 23 March 1848 the [First Italian War of Independence](/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence "First Italian War of Independence") began and the Guards Brigade formed two regiments for the war: the 1st Grenadier Regiment, which consisted of the I and III grenadier battalions and the I Jäger Battalion; and the 2nd Grenadier Regiment, which consisted of the II and IV grenadier battalions and the II Jäger Battalion. In this form the brigade fought in 1848 in the battles of [Pastrengo](/wiki/Skirmish_of_Pastrengo_%281848%29 "Skirmish of Pastrengo (1848)"), [Santa Lucia](/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Lucia "Battle of Santa Lucia"), [Goito](/wiki/Battle_of_Goito "Battle of Goito"), Sommacampagna, Staffalo, [Custoza](/wiki/Battle_of_Custoza_%281848%29 "Battle of Custoza (1848)"), and Milan. On 14 October 1848 the brigade was reorganized and now consisted of the following units: * **Guards Brigade** + 1st Grenadier Regiment (I and III Grenadier battalions) + 2nd Grenadier Regiment (II and IV Grenadier battalions) + 1st Jäger Regiment (I and II Jäger battalions) On 6 February 1849 both Grenadier Regiments added a third battalion and on 10 February the Provisional Grenadier Guards Regiment was formed, which consisted of the freshly levied I and II Provisional Grenadier Guards battalions. On 11 March 1849 this regiment was renamed [3rd Grenadier Guards Regiment](/wiki/3rd_Grenadier_Guards_Regiment "3rd Grenadier Guards Regiment"). In 1849 the Guards Brigade fought in the battles of [Mortara](/wiki/Battle_of_Mortara "Battle of Mortara") and [Novara](/wiki/Battle_of_Novara_%281849%29 "Battle of Novara (1849)"). After the Sardinian defeat in the war the 3rd Grenadier Guards Regiment was disbanded in June 1849 and on 12 October 1849 the 1st Grenadier Regiment and 2nd Grenadier Regiment were reduced to a staff and two battalions each, with four grenadiers and one guard company per battalion. On 20 April 1850 the 1st Jäger Regiment left the brigade and was renamed Jäger Regiment of Sardinia ({{langx\|it\|Reggimento Cacciatori di Sardegna}}). On the same date the Guards Brigade was renamed Grenadiers Brigade. On 16 March 1852 the Jäger Regiment of Sardinia was disbanded and its battalions merged into the two regiments of the Grenadiers Brigade, which was renamed on the same date Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade ({{langx\|it\|Brigata Granatieri di Sardegna}}), while the traditions of the Jäger Regiment of Sardinia were assigned to the 2nd Grenadier Regiment. Both grenadier regiments of the brigade consisted now of a staff and four battalions, with each battalion fielding four companies.{{cite web \|title\=Duca di San Pietro \- Cenni Storici \|url\=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/organizzazione/capo\-di\-sme/COMFOTER/Comando\-Forze\-Operative\-Sud/Brigata\-Mec\-Granatieri\-di\-Sardegna/Pagine/Duca\-di\-San\-Pietro.aspx \|publisher\=Italian Army \|access\-date\=31 December 2022}} In 1855 the regiment's 1st, 5th, 9th, and 13th company were used to form the I Battalion of the 1st Provisional Regiment of the [Sardinian expeditionary corps](/wiki/Sardinian_expeditionary_corps_in_the_Crimean_War "Sardinian expeditionary corps in the Crimean War"), which fought in the [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War "Crimean War") and distinguished itself on 16 August 1855 in the [Battle of the Chernaya](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chernaya "Battle of the Chernaya"). #### Second Italian War of Independence On 26 April 1859 the [Second Italian War of Independence](/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence "Second Italian War of Independence") began and the brigade fought in the [Battle of Solferino](/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino "Battle of Solferino") and the Battle of Peschiera. On 12 July 1859 the war ended with the [Armistice of Villafranca](/wiki/Armistice_of_Villafranca "Armistice of Villafranca"), which included the transfer of [Lombardy](/wiki/Lombardy "Lombardy") from the [Austrian Empire](/wiki/Austrian_Empire "Austrian Empire") to the [Second French Empire](/wiki/Second_French_Empire "Second French Empire") and then onward to the [Kingdom of Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia "Kingdom of Sardinia"). On 1 November 1859 the 1st Grenadier Regiment (Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade) ceded its II and IV Battalion to help form the [3rd Grenadier Regiment](/wiki/73rd_Infantry_Regiment_%22Lombardia%22 "73rd Infantry Regiment ") ([Grenadiers of Lombardy Brigade](/wiki/Grenadiers_of_Lombardy_Brigade "Grenadiers of Lombardy Brigade")) and the 2nd Grenadier Regiment (Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade) ceded its II and IV Battalion to help form the 4th Grenadier Regiment (Grenadiers of Lombardy Brigade). On 5 November of the same year the two regiments of the Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade re\-formed their two ceded battalions and all four grenadier regiments consisted now of four battalions. In the 1860\-1861 the brigade participated in the campaign in central and southern Italy and fought in the [Battle of Perugia](/wiki/Battle_of_Perugia_%281860%29 "Battle of Perugia (1860)"), the [Siege of Ancona](/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona_%281860%29 "Siege of Ancona (1860)"), the [Battle of Mola](/wiki/Battle_of_Mola "Battle of Mola"), and the [Siege of Gaeta](/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_%281860%E2%80%931861%29 "Siege of Gaeta (1860–1861)"). For its conduct during the Siege of Gaeta the 1st Grenadier Regiment was awarded a [Gold Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valor "Gold Medal of Military Valor") and for its conduct during the Battle of Perugia the regiment was awarded a [Silver Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor "Silver Medal of Military Valor"). Additionally the regiment's medical corps was awarded a [Bronze Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Bronze_Medal_of_Military_Valor "Bronze Medal of Military Valor") for its conduct at [Perugia](/wiki/Perugia "Perugia").{{cite web \|title\=1° Reggimento "Granatieri di Sardegna" \|url\=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/18244 \|publisher\=President of Italy \|access\-date\=30 December 2022}} On 27 January 1861 the Kingdom of Sardinia annexed the [Kingdom of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies") and on 17 March of the same year the [Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy "Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy") was issued. On 16 April 1861 the two grenadier regiments of the Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade ceded their IV battalions to help form the [5th Grenadier Regiment](/wiki/75th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Napoli%22 "75th Infantry Regiment ") ([Grenadiers of Naples Brigade](/wiki/Grenadiers_of_Naples_Brigade "Grenadiers of Naples Brigade")), while on the same date the two grenadier regiments of the Grenadiers of Lombardy Brigade ceded their IV battalions to help form the [6th Grenadier Regiment](/wiki/76th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Napoli%22 "76th Infantry Regiment ") (Grenadiers of Naples Brigade). All six grenadier regiments consisted of a staff and three battalions, with six grenadier companies per battalion. On 1 August 1862 the 1st, 3rd, and 5th grenadier regiments ceded their 17th and 18th companies to help form the 7th Grenadier Regiment ([Grenadiers of Tuscany Brigade](/wiki/Grenadiers_of_Tuscany_Brigade "Grenadiers of Tuscany Brigade")), while on the same date the 2nd, 4th, and 6th grenadier regiments ceded their 17th and 18th companies to help form the [8th Grenadier Regiment](/wiki/78th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Toscana%22 "78th Infantry Regiment ") (Grenadiers of Tuscany Brigade). All eight grenadier regiments consisted of a staff and three battalions, with six grenadier companies per battalion. In 1861\-65 the 1st Grenadier Regiment operated in [southern Italy](/wiki/Southern_Italy "Southern Italy") to suppress the [anti\-Sardinian revolt](/wiki/Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 "Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861") that resisted the annexation of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. #### Third Italian War of Independence In 1866 the regiment participated in the [Third Italian War of Independence](/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence "Third Italian War of Independence") and fought in the [Battle of Custoza](/wiki/Battle_of_Custoza_%281866%29 "Battle of Custoza (1866)"). On 5 March 1871 all [Royal Italian Army](/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army "Royal Italian Army") infantry regiments were reorganized and now consisted of a staff company, a depot company, and three battalions, with four companies per battalion. On 1 April 1871 the six grenadier regiments of the Grenadiers of Lombardy, Grenadiers of Naples, and Grenadiers of Tuscany brigades were transferred to the line infantry. On 15 October of the same year the brigade level was abolished and the two grenadier regiments of the Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade were renamed 1st Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna" respectively 2nd Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna". On 2 January 1881 the brigade level was reintroduced and the two regiments were renamed again as 1st Grenadier Regiment (Brigade "Granatieri di Sardegna") and 2nd Grenadier Regiment (Brigade "Granatieri di Sardegna"). In 1895\-96 the regiment provided eleven officers and 332 enlisted for units deployed to [Italian Eritrea](/wiki/Italian_Eritrea "Italian Eritrea") for the [First Italo\-Ethiopian War](/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War "First Italo-Ethiopian War"). In December 1908, the regiment was deployed to the area of the [Strait of Messina](/wiki/Strait_of_Messina "Strait of Messina") for the recovery efforts after the [1908 Messina earthquake](/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake "1908 Messina earthquake"). For its service the regiment was awarded a Silver Medal of Merit, which was affixed to the regiment's flag. ### Italo\-Turkish War In 1911 the regiment's III Battalion was deployed to [Libya](/wiki/Libya "Libya") for the [Italo\-Turkish War](/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War "Italo-Turkish War"). On 26 November 1911 the battalion fought at Henni Mesri and on 4 December in the [Battle of Ain Zara](/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Zara "Battle of Ain Zara"). In 1912 the battalion fought at Gargarish, at Bu\-Chemez, on 26–28 June in the occupation of Sidi Said, and in the Battle of Sidi Alo. In 1913 the battalion participated in the occupation of [El Agheila](/wiki/El_Agheila "El Agheila"). ### World War I {{See also\|Brigade "Granatieri di Sardegna"}} At the outbreak of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), the Brigade "Granatieri di Sardegna" formed, together with the [Brigade "Messina"](/wiki/Brigade_%22Messina%22 "Brigade ") and the 31st Field Artillery Regiment, the 13th Division. At the time the 1st Grenadier Regiment consisted of three battalions, each of which fielded four [grenadier](/wiki/Grenadier "Grenadier") companies and one machine gun section. After [Italy's entry into the war](/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I "Italian entry into World War I") on 23 May 1915 the Brigade "Granatieri di Sardegna" was deployed, as per tradition, on the extreme right of the [Italian front](/wiki/Italian_front_%28World_War_I%29 "Italian front (World War I)") at [Monfalcone](/wiki/Monfalcone "Monfalcone") on the shores of the [Adriatic Sea](/wiki/Adriatic_Sea "Adriatic Sea"). In June and July 1915 the brigade participated in the [First Battle of the Isonzo](/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Isonzo "First Battle of the Isonzo") and in the [Second Battle of the Isonzo](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Isonzo "Second Battle of the Isonzo") in the Monfalcone sector. In October of the same year the brigade was transferred to the [Monte Sabotino](/wiki/Sabotin "Sabotin") sector, where it fought in the [Third Battle of the Isonzo](/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Isonzo "Third Battle of the Isonzo"). In November the brigade fought in the [Fourth Battle of the Isonzo](/wiki/Fourth_Battle_of_the_Isonzo "Fourth Battle of the Isonzo") in the [Oslavia](/wiki/Oslavia "Oslavia") area.{{cite web \|title\=Brigata "Granatieri di Sardegna" \|url\=http://www.frontedelpiave.info/public/modules/Fronte\_del\_Piave\_article/Fronte\_del\_Piave\_view\_article.php?id\_a\=400\&app\_l2\=397\&app\_l3\=400\&sito\=Fronte\-del\-Piave\&titolo\=Brigata\-Granatieri \|publisher\=Fronte del Piave \|access\-date\=30 December 2022}} In May 1916 the brigade was transferred to the [Sette Comuni](/wiki/Sette_Comuni "Sette Comuni") plateau to reinforce Italian units under heavy attack by [Austro\-Hungarian](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian "Austro-Hungarian") forces during the [Battle of Asiago](/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago "Battle of Asiago"). From 29 May to 3 June the brigade strenuously defended [Monte Cengio](/wiki/Monte_Cengio "Monte Cengio") against a series of ferocious Austro\-Hungarian attacks. On 4 June the remnants of the brigade were ordered to fall back to the Italian positions on [Monte Pau](/wiki/Monte_Pau "Monte Pau"). On 7 June the survivors of the brigade were relieved from the front and merged into a single battalion. The defense of Monte Cengio had cost the brigade 4,615 casualties out of approximately 6,000 men the brigade fielded when it arrived on the Sette Comuni Plateau. After being reformed in the rear the brigade was back at the front in August 1916 for the [Sixth Battle of the Isonzo](/wiki/Sixth_Battle_of_the_Isonzo "Sixth Battle of the Isonzo"). This time the brigade fought on the [Karst plateau](/wiki/Karst_plateau "Karst plateau") on [Monte San Michele](/wiki/Monte_San_Michele "Monte San Michele") and on [Nad Logem](/wiki/Nad_Logem "Nad Logem"). In September of the same year the brigade fought in the [Seventh Battle of the Isonzo](/wiki/Seventh_Battle_of_the_Isonzo "Seventh Battle of the Isonzo") in the area of [Fornaza](/wiki/Fornaza "Fornaza") near [Jamiano](/wiki/Jamiano "Jamiano"). On 28 December 1916 the two regiments of the brigade were both awarded a [Silver Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor "Silver Medal of Military Valor") for their conduct during the first two years of the war. In May and June 1917 the brigade fought in [Tenth Battle of the Isonzo](/wiki/Tenth_Battle_of_the_Isonzo "Tenth Battle of the Isonzo") on the Karst plateau and suffered 3,201 casualties in futile attempts to conquer Austro\-Hungarian positions. In August of the same year the brigade fought in the [Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo](/wiki/Eleventh_Battle_of_the_Isonzo "Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo") on the area of [Opatje Selo](/wiki/Opatje_Selo "Opatje Selo"). After the Italian defeat in the [Battle of Caporetto](/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto "Battle of Caporetto") the brigade covered the Italian retreat to the [Piave](/wiki/Piave_%28river%29 "Piave (river)") river, suffering another 2,895 casualties during the retreat. In June 1918 the brigade was kept in reserve during the [Second Battle of the Piave River](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River "Second Battle of the Piave River"), but on 2 July the brigade was ordered to cross the old Piave river and drive the Austro\-Hungarian forces back over the new Piave river in the area of [Musile di Piave](/wiki/Musile_di_Piave "Musile di Piave"). By 7 July the Italian forces had succeeded to push back the enemy lines, with the grenadiers suffering another 954 casualties. In November 1918, after the Austro\-Hungarian forces had been routed in the [Battle of Vittorio Veneto](/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto "Battle of Vittorio Veneto"), the brigade advanced to the [Livenza](/wiki/Livenza "Livenza") river and from there to the bridges at [Latisana](/wiki/Latisana "Latisana"). For their conduct on Monte Cengio and at Fornaza the two grenadier regiments were both awarded a [Gold Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valor "Gold Medal of Military Valor") after the war.{{cite web \|title\=1° Reggimento "Granatieri di Sardegna" \|url\=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/18402 \|publisher\=President of Italy \|access\-date\=30 December 2022}}{{cite web \|title\=2° Reggimento "Granatieri di Sardegna" \|url\=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/18275 \|publisher\=President of Italy \|access\-date\=30 December 2022}} ### Interwar years After the war the two regiments were reduced to two battalions per regiment, with three grenadier companies and one machine gunners company per battalion. On 31 October 1926 the Brigade "Granatieri di Sardegna" was renamed [XXI Infantry Brigade](/wiki/21st_Infantry_Division_%22Granatieri_di_Sardegna%22 "21st Infantry Division "). On the same date the brigade's two regiments were renamed 1st Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna", respectively 2nd Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna". The XXI Infantry Brigade was the infantry component of the 21st Territorial Division of [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"). As infantry brigades formed in 1926 consisted of three regiments on 4 November the [3rd Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna"](/wiki/3rd_Regiment_%22Granatieri_di_Sardegna%22 "3rd Regiment ") was formed in [Viterbo](/wiki/Viterbo "Viterbo"). The new regiment's I Battalion and depot were formed with personnel ceded by the 1st Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna", while the II Battalion and the new regiment's command were formed with personnel ceded by the 2nd Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna". All three grenadier regiments consisted of a command, a command company, two grenadier battalions, and a depot.{{cite book \|title\=Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II\-3 e 4 2002 \|date\=2002 \|publisher\=Ministero della Difesa \- Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito \- Ufficio Storico \|location\=Rome \|page\=248 \|url\=https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/bollettino\-ii\-n.3\-4\-2002\-testo \|access\-date\=30 October 2022}}{{cite web \|title\=21ª Divisione di fanteria "Granatieri di Sardegna" \|url\=http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/fanteria/rediv21\.htm \|publisher\=Regio Esercito \|access\-date\=30 December 2022}} On 8 February 1934 the 21st Territorial Division of Rome changed its name to [Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna"](/wiki/Infantry_Division_%22Granatieri_di_Sardegna%22 "Infantry Division "). In 1935\-36 the regiment contributed 21 officers and 236 enlisted for units, which were deployed to [East Africa](/wiki/East_Africa "East Africa") for the [Second Italo\-Ethiopian War](/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War "Second Italo-Ethiopian War"). After the war the [regimental depot](/wiki/Regimental_depot "Regimental depot") of the 1st Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna" in Rome formed the 10th Regiment "Granatieri di Savoia", which was mustered on 12 October 1936 and assigned to the [65th Infantry Division "Granatieri di Savoia"](/wiki/65th_Infantry_Division_%22Granatieri_di_Savoia%22 "65th Infantry Division ") on 26 October 1936\. The division was then transferred to [Italian occupied Ethiopia](/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia "Italian Ethiopia").{{cite web \|title\=10° Reggimento "Granatieri di Savoia" \|url\=http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/fanteria/rgt/gran\_rgt10\.htm \|publisher\=Regio Esercito \|access\-date\=30 December 2022}}{{cite web \|title\=65ª Divisione di fanteria "Granatieri di Savoia" \|url\=http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/fanteria/rediv65\.htm \|publisher\=Regio Esercito \|access\-date\=30 December 2022}} On 6 April 1939 a provisional regiment with elements from all three grenadier regiments was formed for the [Italian invasion of Albania](/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania "Italian invasion of Albania"). In the night from 7 to 8 April a battalion of that regiment was airlifted to [Tirana](/wiki/Tirana "Tirana") with the rest of the provisional regiment following by sea a few days later. As the Royal Italian Army reorganized its divisions as [binary divisions](/wiki/Binary_division "Binary division") the 3rd Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna" left the Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna" and became an autonomous unit. On 25 July 1939 the 3rd Regiment moved from Viterbo to Tirana, where it replaced the provisional regiment, which was repatriated and disbanded in Rome on 28 July. ### World War II #### 21st Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna" {{See also\|21st Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna"}} At the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") the regiment consisted of a command, a command company, three grenadier battalions, a support weapons battery equipped with [65/17](/wiki/Cannone_da_65/17_modello_13 "Cannone da 65/17 modello 13") [infantry support guns](/wiki/Infantry_support_gun "Infantry support gun"), and a mortar company equipped with [81mm Mod. 35](/wiki/81/14_Model_35_Mortar "81/14 Model 35 Mortar") [mortars](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 "Mortar (weapon)"). In June 1940 during the [invasion of France](/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France "Italian invasion of France") the division was in the reserve and not involved in any operations. In May 1941 the division was transferred to [occupied Yugoslavia](/wiki/Occupied_Yugoslavia "Occupied Yugoslavia"), where it remained on [anti\-partisan](/wiki/Yugoslav_partisans "Yugoslav partisans") duty until the second half of November 1942, when it returned to [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome") to defend the city in case of an [Allied attack](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II"). After the announcement of the [Armistice of Cassibile](/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile "Armistice of Cassibile") on 8 September 1943 the division, together with the [12th Infantry Division "Sassari"](/wiki/12th_Infantry_Division_%22Sassari%22 "12th Infantry Division ") and the [Armored Reconnaissance Grouping "Lancieri di Montebello" (8th)](/wiki/Armored_Reconnaissance_Grouping_%22Lancieri_di_Montebello%22_%288th%29 "Armored Reconnaissance Grouping ") defended Rome against [invading German forces](/wiki/Operation_Achse "Operation Achse"). On 10 September the Granatieri, Lancieri di Montebello, remnants of the Sassari and hundreds of civilians fell back to [Porta San Paolo](/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo "Porta San Paolo") for a last stand. By 17:00 the Germans broke the line of the Italian defenders, who had suffered 570 dead. Soon after the units surrendered to the Germans as the flight of the Italian King [Victor Emmanuel III](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy") from Rome made further resistance senseless. The division and its regiments were declared lost due to wartime events on 10 September 1943\. For their role in the defence of the Rome the 1st Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna" and the "Lancieri di Montebello" were each awarded a [Silver Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor "Silver Medal of Military Valor"), while the 2nd Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna" was awarded a [Bronze Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Bronze_Medal_of_Military_Valor "Bronze Medal of Military Valor"). #### Minor units During the war the depots of the two grenadier regiments in Rome formed the following autonomous units: * IV Truck\-transported Anti\-tank Battalion, equipped with [47/32](/wiki/Cannone_da_47/32 "Cannone da 47/32") [anti\-tank guns](/wiki/Anti-tank_gun "Anti-tank gun") * XXXII Truck\-transported Anti\-tank Battalion, equipped with 47/32 anti\-tank guns * 21st Anti\-tank Cannons Company, equipped with 47/32 anti\-tank guns * 121st Anti\-tank Cannons Company, equipped with 47/32 anti\-tank guns * 203rd, 204th, and 205th anti\-aircraft companies * II Replacements Battalion * Special Grouping "Granatieri di Sardegna" The IV Truck\-transported Anti\-tank Battalion consisted of three anti\-tank cannons companies and was transferred in December 1941 to [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa "North Africa") for the [Western Desert Campaign](/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign "Western Desert Campaign"). On 13 January 1942 the battalion arrived in [Tripolitania](/wiki/Tripolitania "Tripolitania") and was assigned to the [132nd Armored Division "Ariete"](/wiki/132nd_Armored_Division_%22Ariete%22 "132nd Armored Division "). After the Axis defeat in the [Second Battle of El Alamein](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein "Second Battle of El Alamein") the survivors of the battalion retreated to [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia "Tunisia"), where the battalion was assigned to the [66th Infantry Regiment "Trieste"](/wiki/66th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Trieste%22 "66th Infantry Regiment ") of the [101st Motorized Division "Trieste"](/wiki/101st_Motorized_Division_%22Trieste%22 "101st Motorized Division ") for the [Tunisian Campaign](/wiki/Tunisian_Campaign "Tunisian Campaign"). The 21st Anti\-tank Cannons Company was also transferred to North Africa and served in the Tunisian Campaign. Both units were lost when Axis forces in North Africa surrendered on 13 May 1943\. The XXXII Truck\-transported Anti\-tank Battalion consisted of three anti\-tank cannons companies and was, together with the 121st Anti\-tank Cannons Company, assigned to the [Italian Army in Russia](/wiki/Italian_Army_in_Russia "Italian Army in Russia")/8th Army and sent in 1942 to the [Eastern Front](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_II%29 "Eastern Front (World War II)"). The XXXII Truck\-transported Anti\-tank Battalion was initially assigned to the [5th Infantry Division "Cosseria"](/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_%22Cosseria%22 "5th Infantry Division ") and then the [3rd Infantry Division "Ravenna"](/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_%22Ravenna%22 "3rd Infantry Division "), while the 121st Anti\-tank Cannons Company was assigned to the 2nd Infantry Division "Sforzesca". Both units were destroyed during on the [Don](/wiki/Don_%28river%29 "Don (river)") river during the Soviet [Operation Little Saturn](/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn "Operation Little Saturn") in December 1942 and the [Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive](/wiki/Ostrogozhsk%E2%80%93Rossosh_offensive "Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive"), which began on 13 Januar 1943\. The three anti\-aircraft companies were deployed in Sicily to guard rail installations: the 203rd in [Palermo](/wiki/Palermo "Palermo"), the 204th in [Syracuse](/wiki/Syracuse%2C_Sicily "Syracuse, Sicily"), and the 205th in [Agrigento](/wiki/Agrigento "Agrigento"). All three companies were destroyed during the [Allied invasion of Sicily](/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily "Allied invasion of Sicily"). The II Replacements Battalion remained in Yugoslavia when the 21st Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna" returned to Rome. The battalion was disbanded by German forces after the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile. The Special Grouping "Granatieri di Sardegna" consisted of three grenadier battalions, which were deployed to [Sardinia](/wiki/Sardinia "Sardinia") (I and II battalions) and occupied [Corsica](/wiki/Corsica "Corsica") (III Battalion). #### Italian Co\-belligerent Army After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile the Special Grouping "Granatieri di Sardegna" remained loyal to King Victor Emmanuel III and joined the [Italian Co\-belligerent Army](/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army "Italian Co-belligerent Army"). On 15 May 1944 the Special Grouping "Granatieri di Sardegna" was reorganized as Grenadiers Division and the battalions of the grouping were used form the 1st Grenadier Regiment and the 2nd Grenadier Regiment. The division also included the [32nd Tank Infantry Regiment](/wiki/32nd_Tank_Infantry_Regiment "32nd Tank Infantry Regiment"), [132nd Tank Infantry Regiment](/wiki/132nd_Tank_Infantry_Regiment "132nd Tank Infantry Regiment"), 553rd Artillery Regiment, and 548th Artillery Regiment. On 7 August 1944 the 1st Grenadier Regiment moved from Sardinia to [Afragola](/wiki/Afragola "Afragola") in southern Italy and was assigned to the [Division "Friuli"](/wiki/Division_%22Friuli%22 "Division "). On 21 August the regiment was disbanded and its personnel formed a grenadiers battalion, which was inserted into the [87th Infantry Regiment "Friuli"](/wiki/87th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Friuli%22 "87th Infantry Regiment ") as the regiment's III Battalion. On 20 September 1944 the division was as reorganized as [Combat Group "Friuli"](/wiki/Combat_Group_%22Friuli%22 "Combat Group ") and received British weapons, uniforms and materiel. On 5 February 1945 the Friuli entered combat and served for the remainder of the war in the [Italian campaign](/wiki/Italian_campaign_%28World_War_II%29 "Italian campaign (World War II)").{{cite web \|title\=Gruppo di Combattimento "Friuli" \- La Storia \|url\=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/pagine/gruppo\-di\-combattimento\-friuli\-la\-storia.aspx \|publisher\=Italian Army \|access\-date\=31 December 2022}} ### Cold War {{See also\|Mechanized Brigade "Granatieri di Sardegna"}} On 1 July 1946 the 1st Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna" was reformed in Rome. The regiment consisted of a command, a command platoon (later increased to a command company), and three battalions. The regiment soon added a Mortar Company equipped with [81mm Mod. 35](/wiki/81/14_Model_35_Mortar "81/14 Model 35 Mortar") mortars and a Anti\-tank Cannons Company with [QF 6\-pounder](/wiki/Ordnance_QF_6-pounder "Ordnance QF 6-pounder") [anti\-tank guns](/wiki/Anti-tank_gun "Anti-tank gun"). On 1 April 1948 the regiment was assigned to the [Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna"](/wiki/Infantry_Division_%22Granatieri_di_Sardegna%22 "Infantry Division "). In the early 1960s the regiment formed the IV Mechanized Battalion in Civitavecchia. During the [1975 army reform](/wiki/Italian_Army_1975_reform "Italian Army 1975 reform") the Italian Army disbanded the regimental level and newly independent battalions were granted for the first time their own flags. On 31 August 1975 the I Battalion of the 1st Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna" was renamed 1st Grenadiers Battalion "Assietta", while the regiment's II Battalion was renamed 2nd Grenadiers Battalion "Cengio". On 30 September 1975 the 1st Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna" and the regiment's III and IV battalions were disbanded. The next day the 1st Grenadiers Battalion "Assietta" was renamed 1st Mechanized Grenadiers Battalion "Assietta" and assigned the flag and traditions of the 1st Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna", while the 2nd Grenadiers Battalion "Cengio" was renamed 2nd Mechanized Grenadiers Battalion "Cengio" and assigned the flag and traditions of the 2nd Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna".{{cite web \|title\=Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 12 novembre 1976, n. 846 \|url\=https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie\_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta\=1976\-12\-22\&atto.codiceRedazionale\=076U0846 \|publisher\=Quirinale \- Presidenza della Repubblica \|access\-date\=20 January 2024}} To avoid confusion with the support units of the Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna" the two battalions were renamed for locations, where the Grenadiers had distinguished themselves in battles in the past. The two battalions consisted of a command, a command and services company, three mechanized companies with [M113](/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier "M113 armored personnel carrier") [armored personnel carriers](/wiki/Armored_personnel_carrier "Armored personnel carrier"), and a heavy mortar company with [M106 mortar carriers](/wiki/M106_mortar_carrier "M106 mortar carrier") with 120 mm Mod. 63 mortars. At the time the battalion fielded 896 men (45 officers, 100 non\-commissioned officers, and 751 soldiers).{{cite book \|last1\=Stefani \|first1\=Filippo \|title\=La storia della dottrina e degli ordinamenti dell'Esercito Italiano \- Vol. III \- Tomo 2° \|date\=1989 \|publisher\=Ufficio Storico \- Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito \|location\=Rome \|pages\=1190–1192}} On 1 November 1976 the Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna" was reorganized as [Mechanized Brigade "Granatieri di Sardegna"](/wiki/Mechanized_Brigade_%22Granatieri_di_Sardegna%22 "Mechanized Brigade ") and both battalions were assigned to the brigade. ### Recent times On 1 October 1992 the 1st Mechanized Grenadiers Battalion "Assietta" lost its autonomy and the next day the battalion entered the reformed 1st Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna" as Grenadiers Battalion "Assietta". From 26 June 1993 to 7 January 1994 one company of the regiment participated in the [United Nations Operation in Somalia II](/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II "United Nations Operation in Somalia II"). On 29 October 2002 the [2nd Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna"](/wiki/2nd_Regiment_%22Granatieri_di_Sardegna%22 "2nd Regiment ") was disbanded and its remaining companies assigned to the 1st Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna" as detachment in [Spoleto](/wiki/Spoleto "Spoleto"). On 21 November 2017 these companies were used to reform the 2nd Grenadiers Battalion "Cengio" in Spoleto, which remained assigned to the 1st Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna". On the same date the Grenadiers Battalion "Assietta" was renamed 1st Grenadiers Battalion "Assietta". On 31 August 2022 the 2nd Grenadiers Battalion "Cengio" left the 1st Regiment and the next day the 2nd Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna" was reformed in Spoleto.{{cite web \|title\=Ricostituzione del 2° Reggimento "Granatieri di Sardegna" \|url\=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/comunicazione/Pagine/Ricostituzione\-del\-2\-Reggimento\-Granatieri\-Di\-Sardegna.aspx \|publisher\=Italian Army \|access\-date\=2 September 2022}}
[ "History\n-------", "### Formation", "In 1659, towards the end of the [Franco\\-Spanish War](/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_%281635%E2%80%931659%29 \"Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)\"), which had involved the [Duchy of Savoy](/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy \"Duchy of Savoy\") on the French side, Duke [Charles Emmanuel II](/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_II%2C_Duke_of_Savoy \"Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy\") ordered that the best troops from Savoyard militia regiments should be transferred to regular regiments.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Scala \\|first1\\=Edoardo \\|title\\=Storia delle Fanterie Italiane \\- Volume VII \\- I Granatieri di Sardegna \\|date\\=1950 \\|publisher\\=Esercito \\- Biblioteca Storica \\|location\\=Rome \\|pages\\=3–5, 18–19, 34–39 \\|url\\=https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/storia\\-delle\\-fanterie\\-vol\\-7\\-testo \\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2022}} On 18 April 1659 Duke Charles Emmanuel II ordered to form a Guards Regiment ({{langx\\|it\\|Reggimento Guardie}}), which would protect the Duke during battles. The Guards Regiment consisted of twelve companies of 100 men each, six of which were transferred from existing regiments, while the other six were newly formed.{{cite book \\| publisher \\= Enrico Voghera \\|title\\=Annuario militare del regno d'Italia \\| volume \\= I \\|date\\=1909 \\|location\\=Rome \\|page\\=370}}", "### Cabinet Wars", "In 1663 the regiment was deployed to occupy the [Val Pellice](/wiki/Val_Pellice \"Val Pellice\") and [Val Chisone](/wiki/Val_Chisone \"Val Chisone\") valleys during that year's campaign against the [Waldensian rebels](/wiki/Savoyard%E2%80%93Waldensian_wars \"Savoyard–Waldensian wars\"). On 19 October 1664 Duke Charles Emmanuel II issued an order of precedence for his military, which ranked the Guards Regiment first among infantry regiments. This gave the regiment the right to march at the head of a column or parade, and regiment placed furthest right on inspection or in a line of battle.", "In 1672 the regiment participated in the [Second Genoese–Savoyard War](/wiki/Second_Genoese%E2%80%93Savoyard_War \"Second Genoese–Savoyard War\"). Between 1690 and 1697 the regiment participated in the [Nine Years' War](/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War \"Nine Years' War\") against the [Kingdom of France](/wiki/Kingdom_of_France \"Kingdom of France\"). The regiment fought in 1690 in the [Battle of Staffarda](/wiki/Battle_of_Staffarda \"Battle of Staffarda\"), in 1693 in the [Battle of Marsaglia](/wiki/Battle_of_Marsaglia \"Battle of Marsaglia\"), in 1693 in the [Siege of Pinerolo](/wiki/Siege_of_Pinerolo \"Siege of Pinerolo\"), and in 1695 in the [Siege of Casale](/wiki/Siege_of_Casale \"Siege of Casale\"). On 2 April 1692 the regiment's companies had been organized into two battalions, with six companies per battalion. On 18 April 1696 one company from each of the regiment's two battalions was reorganized as a [Grenadier](/wiki/Grenadier \"Grenadier\") company.", "On 31 May 1701 the regiment added a third battalion and the same year Duke [Victor Amadeus II](/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II_of_Sardinia \"Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia\") joined the [War of the Spanish Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession \"War of the Spanish Succession\") and the regiment fought in 1701 in the [Battle of Chiari](/wiki/Battle_of_Chiari \"Battle of Chiari\") and in 1702 in the [Battle of Luzzara](/wiki/Battle_of_Luzzara \"Battle of Luzzara\"). In 1704 the regiment's II and III battalions were taken prisoner by the French after the surrender of [Vercelli](/wiki/Vercelli \"Vercelli\"). On 4 August of the same year the regiment was reorganized and now consisted of two battalions, with six [fusilier](/wiki/Fusilier \"Fusilier\") companies and one grenadier company per battalion. In 1706 the regiment participated in the [Defense of Turin](/wiki/Siege_of_Turin \"Siege of Turin\"). In 1707 the regiment fought in the [Siege of Toulon](/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon_%281707%29 \"Siege of Toulon (1707)\") and in 1708 the sieges of the forts of [Exilles](/wiki/Exilles \"Exilles\") and [Fenestrelle](/wiki/Fenestrelle \"Fenestrelle\"). In 1713 the war ended with the [Peace of Utrecht](/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht \"Peace of Utrecht\"), which transferred the [Kingdom of Sicily](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily \"Kingdom of Sicily\") and parts of the [Duchy of Milan](/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan \"Duchy of Milan\") to Savoy. In October 1713 Victor Amadeus II and his wife, [Anne Marie d'Orléans](/wiki/Anne_Marie_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans \"Anne Marie d'Orléans\"), travelled from [Nice](/wiki/Nice \"Nice\") to [Palermo](/wiki/Palermo \"Palermo\"), where on 24 December 1713 they were crowned in the [cathedral of Palermo](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Palermo \"Cathedral of Palermo\") King and Queen of Sicily. Afterwards the Guards Regiment moved from [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont \"Piedmont\") to [Sicily](/wiki/Sicily \"Sicily\").", "In July 1718 [Spain](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain \"Kingdom of Spain\") landed troops on Sicily and tried to recover the [Kingdom of Sicily from Savoy rule](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily_under_Savoy \"Kingdom of Sicily under Savoy\"). On 2 August 1718 [Britain](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain \"Kingdom of Great Britain\"), [France](/wiki/Kingdom_of_France \"Kingdom of France\"), [Austria](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy \"Habsburg monarchy\"), and the [Dutch Republic](/wiki/Dutch_Republic \"Dutch Republic\") formed an alliance to defeat Spain in the [War of the Quadruple Alliance](/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance \"War of the Quadruple Alliance\"). For the next two year the Guards Regiment fought Spanish forces in Sicily. The war ended with the 1720 [Treaty of The Hague](/wiki/Treaty_of_The_Hague_%281720%29 \"Treaty of The Hague (1720)\"), which restored the position prior to 1717, but with [Savoy](/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy \"Duchy of Savoy\") and Austria exchanging Sardinia and Sicily.", "In 1733 King [Charles Emmanuel III](/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_III_of_Sardinia \"Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia\") joined the [War of the Polish Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession \"War of the Polish Succession\") on the French\\-Spanish side. In 1733 the regiment fought in the [Siege of Pizzighettone](/wiki/Siege_of_Pizzighettone \"Siege of Pizzighettone\") and the following [Siege of Milan](/wiki/Siege_of_Milan \"Siege of Milan\"). In 1734 the regiment fought in the [Battle of San Pietro](/wiki/Battle_of_San_Pietro \"Battle of San Pietro\") and the [Battle of Guastalla](/wiki/Battle_of_Guastalla \"Battle of Guastalla\") against [Austrian](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy \"Habsburg monarchy\") forces.", "In 1742 King Charles Emmanuel III joined the [War of the Austrian Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession \"War of the Austrian Succession\") on the Austrian side and the regiment participated in 1742 in the Siege of [Mirandola](/wiki/Mirandola \"Mirandola\") and in 1743 in the [First Battle of Casteldelfino](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Casteldelfino \"First Battle of Casteldelfino\"). In 1744 the regiment fought in the [Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo](/wiki/Battle_of_Madonna_dell%27Olmo \"Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo\") and in 1745 in the [Battle of Bassignano](/wiki/Battle_of_Bassignano \"Battle of Bassignano\"). In 1745\\-46 the regiment participated in the sieges of [Asti](/wiki/Asti \"Asti\"), [Valenza](/wiki/Valenza \"Valenza\"), and [Alessandria](/wiki/Alessandria \"Alessandria\"). In 1747 the regiment fought in the decisive [Battle of Assietta](/wiki/Battle_of_Assietta \"Battle of Assietta\").", "[thumb\\|Grenadiers in historical uniform during the mass in memory of Don Alberto Genovese on 18 February 2016](/wiki/File:Italian_Army_-_Mechanized_Brigade_%22Granatieri_di_Sardegna%22_grenadiers_in_historical_uniform_during_the_mass_in_memory_of_Don_Alberto_Genovese%2C_18_February_2016.jpg \"Italian Army - Mechanized Brigade \")", "In 1743 the name of the regiment had been changed to the Regiment of the Guards ({{langx\\|it\\|Reggimento delle Guardie}}) and in 1753 the regiment received white toggles around its uniform buttons to distinguish it from the other infantry regiments. From 21 October 1774 to 15 June 1786 the regiment consisted of three battalions.", "### French Revolutionary Wars", "In 1792 King [Victor Amadeus III](/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_III_of_Sardinia \"Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia\") joined the [War of the First Coalition](/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition \"War of the First Coalition\") against the [French Republic](/wiki/French_First_Republic \"French First Republic\"). From 1792 to 1796 the regiment fought against the French [Army of Italy](/wiki/Army_of_Italy_%28France%29 \"Army of Italy (France)\"). In March 1796 [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte \"Napoleon Bonaparte\") arrived in Italy and took command of the French forces, with which he defeated the [Royal Sardinian Army](/wiki/Royal_Sardinian_Army \"Royal Sardinian Army\") in the [Montenotte campaign](/wiki/Montenotte_campaign \"Montenotte campaign\") within a month. During the Montenotte campaign the regiment fought in the [Battle of Ceva](/wiki/Battle_of_Ceva \"Battle of Ceva\") and the [Battle of Mondovì](/wiki/Battle_of_Mondov%C3%AC \"Battle of Mondovì\").", "In fall 1798 France invaded Piedmont and on 6 December 1798 French forces occupied [Turin](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\"). On 8 December 1798 King [Charles Emmanuel IV](/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_IV_of_Sardinia \"Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia\") was forced to sign a document of abdication, which also ordered his former subjects to recognise French laws and his troops to obey the orders of the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army \"French Army\"). Charles Emmanuel IV went into exile on [Sardinia](/wiki/Sardinia \"Sardinia\"), while his former territories became the [Piedmontese Republic](/wiki/Piedmontese_Republic \"Piedmontese Republic\"). On 9 December 1798 the Sardinian troops were released from their oath of allegiance to the King and sworn to the Piedmontese Republic, with the exception of the [Regiment of Sardinia](/wiki/Regiment_of_Sardinia \"Regiment of Sardinia\"), which escaped that fate as it was out of reach of the French Army in [Sardinia](/wiki/Sardinia \"Sardinia\"). On 8 February 1799 the Regiment of the Guards was integrated into the newly formed 1st Light Piedmontese [Demi\\-brigade](/wiki/Demi-brigade \"Demi-brigade\"), which in spring 1799 fought with the French in the [War of the Second Coalition](/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition \"War of the Second Coalition\") against the Austrians. On 5 April 1799 the French lost the [Battle of Magnano](/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano \"Battle of Magnano\") and were forced out of Italy. With the French retreat the Piedmontese Republic dissolved and the 1st Light Piedmontese Demi\\-brigade, like all military units of the Piedmontese Republic, was disbanded on 10 May 1799\\.", "Immediately after the Austro\\-Russian army had entered Turin the Austrian began to reform Piedmontese regiments and by 10 June 1799 two companies with personnel of the Regiment of the Guards had been formed. On 10 September 1799 the process to reform a battalion of the Regiment of the Guards commenced and by 20 February 1800 a battalion of seven companies had been formed, with each company fielding four officers and 115 troops. On 26 May 1800 the battalion fought against the French vanguard at [Chiusella](/wiki/Chiusella \"Chiusella\") and then retreated to the city of Turin. On 14 June 1800 Napoleon defeated the Austrians in the [Battle of Marengo](/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo \"Battle of Marengo\") and forced the Austrians to leave Piedmont. On 24 June 1800 the personnel of the Guards battalion was forced the enter French service and assigned to four Piedmontese infantry battalions, which were assigned to the French 111th Demi\\-brigade of the Line and 112th Demi\\-brigade of the Line.", "### Restoration", "On 11 April 1814 Napoleon abdicated and on 20 May 1814 King [Victor Emmanuel I](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia \"Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia\") returned from exile in Sardinia to Turin. On 24 May 1814 Victor Emmanuel I ordered to reform the regiments that had existed in 1798 and by July 1814 the 1st Battalion of the Guards Regiment consisted of four [Fusilier](/wiki/Fusilier \"Fusilier\"), one [Jäger](/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_%28infantry%29 \"Jäger (infantry)\"), and one [Grenadier](/wiki/Grenadier \"Grenadier\") company. On 1 January 1815 the regiment's reformation was completed with the formation of the regiment's 2nd Battalion.", "On 26 February 1815 Napoleon escaped from [Elba](/wiki/Elba \"Elba\") and on 1 March 1815 he landed in [Golfe\\-Juan](/wiki/Golfe-Juan \"Golfe-Juan\") in France. This triggered the [War of the Seventh Coalition](/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition \"War of the Seventh Coalition\"), which Sardinia joined against France. The Guards Regiment participated in the [Hundred Days](/wiki/Hundred_Days \"Hundred Days\") campaign, during which the regiment fought on 6 July at [Grenoble](/wiki/Grenoble \"Grenoble\").", "In 1815 the [Royal Sardinian Army](/wiki/Royal_Sardinian_Army \"Royal Sardinian Army\") disbanded its 15 provincial militia regiments and their battalions were assigned to the regular regiments. Consequently, on 1 November 1815, all infantry regiment were renamed brigades. Each brigade consisted of two battalions in peacetime and four reserve battalions, which would be mobilized in wartime. Each of the provincial militia regiments included two grenadier companies, 16 of which were transferred on 20 November 1815 to the Guards Brigade. Consequently, on 20 January 1816, King Victor Emmanuel I decreed that the brigade would be renamed Grenadier Guards Brigade.", "### 1831 reform", "[thumb\\|right\\|Italian grenadier with the bearskin cap introduced in 1834](/wiki/File:1st_Sardinia_Grenadiers_Bastille_Day_2007_n1.jpg \"1st Sardinia Grenadiers Bastille Day 2007 n1.jpg\")", "In 1831 the new King [Charles Albert](/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia \"Charles Albert of Sardinia\") ordered that the uniform of the Grenadier Guards Brigade be modified and the white toggles be replaced with white [gorget patches](/wiki/Italian_Army_gorget_patches \"Italian Army gorget patches\"), which are still worn on the uniform today. On 25 October of the same year all infantry brigades of the army divided their battalions into two regiments. However, as the Grenadier Guards Brigade was too small to split into two regiments the brigade was reorganized, with the battalions of the brigade forming the 1st Grenadier Regiment (Guards Brigade), which was joined in the brigade by the [2nd Jäger Regiment (Guards Brigade)](/wiki/2nd_Regiment_%22Granatieri_di_Sardegna%22 \"2nd Regiment \"). The 1st Grenadier Regiment consisted of a depot and two battalions, with five grenadier companies and one guard company per battalion, while the 2nd Jäger Regiment consisted of a depot in Sardinia and two battalions, with five Jäger companies and one [Carabinieri](/wiki/Carabinieri \"Carabinieri\") company per battalion. On 8 October 1833 the depot of the 1st Grenadier Regiment was established in [Turin](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\"). On 21 January 1834 the depot's personnel formed the regiment's III Battalion and a new IV Battalion was formed as depot unit. The same year the battalions were reorganized and now consisted of six grenadier companies and regiment added [bearskin caps](/wiki/Bearskin_cap \"Bearskin cap\") to its parade and guard uniform. In 1839 the 1st Grenadier Regiment grew to four battalions and a depot battalion, while the 2nd Jäger Regiment grew to three battalions and a depot battalion. As the 2nd Jäger Regiment had its roots in Sardinia, the depot battalion and one of its regular battalions were based on the island, while the other two battalions were based in Piedmont.", "### Italian Wars of Independence", "#### First Italian War of Independence", "On 23 March 1848 the [First Italian War of Independence](/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence \"First Italian War of Independence\") began and the Guards Brigade formed two regiments for the war: the 1st Grenadier Regiment, which consisted of the I and III grenadier battalions and the I Jäger Battalion; and the 2nd Grenadier Regiment, which consisted of the II and IV grenadier battalions and the II Jäger Battalion. In this form the brigade fought in 1848 in the battles of [Pastrengo](/wiki/Skirmish_of_Pastrengo_%281848%29 \"Skirmish of Pastrengo (1848)\"), [Santa Lucia](/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Lucia \"Battle of Santa Lucia\"), [Goito](/wiki/Battle_of_Goito \"Battle of Goito\"), Sommacampagna, Staffalo, [Custoza](/wiki/Battle_of_Custoza_%281848%29 \"Battle of Custoza (1848)\"), and Milan. On 14 October 1848 the brigade was reorganized and now consisted of the following units:\n* **Guards Brigade**\n\t+ 1st Grenadier Regiment (I and III Grenadier battalions)\n\t+ 2nd Grenadier Regiment (II and IV Grenadier battalions)\n\t+ 1st Jäger Regiment (I and II Jäger battalions)", "On 6 February 1849 both Grenadier Regiments added a third battalion and on 10 February the Provisional Grenadier Guards Regiment was formed, which consisted of the freshly levied I and II Provisional Grenadier Guards battalions. On 11 March 1849 this regiment was renamed [3rd Grenadier Guards Regiment](/wiki/3rd_Grenadier_Guards_Regiment \"3rd Grenadier Guards Regiment\").", "In 1849 the Guards Brigade fought in the battles of [Mortara](/wiki/Battle_of_Mortara \"Battle of Mortara\") and [Novara](/wiki/Battle_of_Novara_%281849%29 \"Battle of Novara (1849)\"). After the Sardinian defeat in the war the 3rd Grenadier Guards Regiment was disbanded in June 1849 and on 12 October 1849 the 1st Grenadier Regiment and 2nd Grenadier Regiment were reduced to a staff and two battalions each, with four grenadiers and one guard company per battalion. On 20 April 1850 the 1st Jäger Regiment left the brigade and was renamed Jäger Regiment of Sardinia ({{langx\\|it\\|Reggimento Cacciatori di Sardegna}}). On the same date the Guards Brigade was renamed Grenadiers Brigade.", "On 16 March 1852 the Jäger Regiment of Sardinia was disbanded and its battalions merged into the two regiments of the Grenadiers Brigade, which was renamed on the same date Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade ({{langx\\|it\\|Brigata Granatieri di Sardegna}}), while the traditions of the Jäger Regiment of Sardinia were assigned to the 2nd Grenadier Regiment. Both grenadier regiments of the brigade consisted now of a staff and four battalions, with each battalion fielding four companies.{{cite web \\|title\\=Duca di San Pietro \\- Cenni Storici \\|url\\=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/organizzazione/capo\\-di\\-sme/COMFOTER/Comando\\-Forze\\-Operative\\-Sud/Brigata\\-Mec\\-Granatieri\\-di\\-Sardegna/Pagine/Duca\\-di\\-San\\-Pietro.aspx \\|publisher\\=Italian Army \\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2022}}", "In 1855 the regiment's 1st, 5th, 9th, and 13th company were used to form the I Battalion of the 1st Provisional Regiment of the [Sardinian expeditionary corps](/wiki/Sardinian_expeditionary_corps_in_the_Crimean_War \"Sardinian expeditionary corps in the Crimean War\"), which fought in the [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War \"Crimean War\") and distinguished itself on 16 August 1855 in the [Battle of the Chernaya](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chernaya \"Battle of the Chernaya\").", "#### Second Italian War of Independence", "On 26 April 1859 the [Second Italian War of Independence](/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence \"Second Italian War of Independence\") began and the brigade fought in the [Battle of Solferino](/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino \"Battle of Solferino\") and the Battle of Peschiera. On 12 July 1859 the war ended with the [Armistice of Villafranca](/wiki/Armistice_of_Villafranca \"Armistice of Villafranca\"), which included the transfer of [Lombardy](/wiki/Lombardy \"Lombardy\") from the [Austrian Empire](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\") to the [Second French Empire](/wiki/Second_French_Empire \"Second French Empire\") and then onward to the [Kingdom of Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia \"Kingdom of Sardinia\"). On 1 November 1859 the 1st Grenadier Regiment (Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade) ceded its II and IV Battalion to help form the [3rd Grenadier Regiment](/wiki/73rd_Infantry_Regiment_%22Lombardia%22 \"73rd Infantry Regiment \") ([Grenadiers of Lombardy Brigade](/wiki/Grenadiers_of_Lombardy_Brigade \"Grenadiers of Lombardy Brigade\")) and the 2nd Grenadier Regiment (Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade) ceded its II and IV Battalion to help form the 4th Grenadier Regiment (Grenadiers of Lombardy Brigade). On 5 November of the same year the two regiments of the Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade re\\-formed their two ceded battalions and all four grenadier regiments consisted now of four battalions.", "In the 1860\\-1861 the brigade participated in the campaign in central and southern Italy and fought in the [Battle of Perugia](/wiki/Battle_of_Perugia_%281860%29 \"Battle of Perugia (1860)\"), the [Siege of Ancona](/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona_%281860%29 \"Siege of Ancona (1860)\"), the [Battle of Mola](/wiki/Battle_of_Mola \"Battle of Mola\"), and the [Siege of Gaeta](/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_%281860%E2%80%931861%29 \"Siege of Gaeta (1860–1861)\"). For its conduct during the Siege of Gaeta the 1st Grenadier Regiment was awarded a [Gold Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valor \"Gold Medal of Military Valor\") and for its conduct during the Battle of Perugia the regiment was awarded a [Silver Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor \"Silver Medal of Military Valor\"). Additionally the regiment's medical corps was awarded a [Bronze Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Bronze_Medal_of_Military_Valor \"Bronze Medal of Military Valor\") for its conduct at [Perugia](/wiki/Perugia \"Perugia\").{{cite web \\|title\\=1° Reggimento \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" \\|url\\=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/18244 \\|publisher\\=President of Italy \\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2022}}", "On 27 January 1861 the Kingdom of Sardinia annexed the [Kingdom of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Kingdom of the Two Sicilies\") and on 17 March of the same year the [Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy \"Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy\") was issued. On 16 April 1861 the two grenadier regiments of the Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade ceded their IV battalions to help form the [5th Grenadier Regiment](/wiki/75th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Napoli%22 \"75th Infantry Regiment \") ([Grenadiers of Naples Brigade](/wiki/Grenadiers_of_Naples_Brigade \"Grenadiers of Naples Brigade\")), while on the same date the two grenadier regiments of the Grenadiers of Lombardy Brigade ceded their IV battalions to help form the [6th Grenadier Regiment](/wiki/76th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Napoli%22 \"76th Infantry Regiment \") (Grenadiers of Naples Brigade). All six grenadier regiments consisted of a staff and three battalions, with six grenadier companies per battalion.", "On 1 August 1862 the 1st, 3rd, and 5th grenadier regiments ceded their 17th and 18th companies to help form the 7th Grenadier Regiment ([Grenadiers of Tuscany Brigade](/wiki/Grenadiers_of_Tuscany_Brigade \"Grenadiers of Tuscany Brigade\")), while on the same date the 2nd, 4th, and 6th grenadier regiments ceded their 17th and 18th companies to help form the [8th Grenadier Regiment](/wiki/78th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Toscana%22 \"78th Infantry Regiment \") (Grenadiers of Tuscany Brigade). All eight grenadier regiments consisted of a staff and three battalions, with six grenadier companies per battalion.", "In 1861\\-65 the 1st Grenadier Regiment operated in [southern Italy](/wiki/Southern_Italy \"Southern Italy\") to suppress the [anti\\-Sardinian revolt](/wiki/Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 \"Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861\") that resisted the annexation of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies.", "#### Third Italian War of Independence", "In 1866 the regiment participated in the [Third Italian War of Independence](/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence \"Third Italian War of Independence\") and fought in the [Battle of Custoza](/wiki/Battle_of_Custoza_%281866%29 \"Battle of Custoza (1866)\").", "On 5 March 1871 all [Royal Italian Army](/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army \"Royal Italian Army\") infantry regiments were reorganized and now consisted of a staff company, a depot company, and three battalions, with four companies per battalion. On 1 April 1871 the six grenadier regiments of the Grenadiers of Lombardy, Grenadiers of Naples, and Grenadiers of Tuscany brigades were transferred to the line infantry. On 15 October of the same year the brigade level was abolished and the two grenadier regiments of the Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade were renamed 1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" respectively 2nd Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\".", "On 2 January 1881 the brigade level was reintroduced and the two regiments were renamed again as 1st Grenadier Regiment (Brigade \"Granatieri di Sardegna\") and 2nd Grenadier Regiment (Brigade \"Granatieri di Sardegna\").", "In 1895\\-96 the regiment provided eleven officers and 332 enlisted for units deployed to [Italian Eritrea](/wiki/Italian_Eritrea \"Italian Eritrea\") for the [First Italo\\-Ethiopian War](/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War \"First Italo-Ethiopian War\"). In December 1908, the regiment was deployed to the area of the [Strait of Messina](/wiki/Strait_of_Messina \"Strait of Messina\") for the recovery efforts after the [1908 Messina earthquake](/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake \"1908 Messina earthquake\"). For its service the regiment was awarded a Silver Medal of Merit, which was affixed to the regiment's flag.", "### Italo\\-Turkish War", "In 1911 the regiment's III Battalion was deployed to [Libya](/wiki/Libya \"Libya\") for the [Italo\\-Turkish War](/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War \"Italo-Turkish War\"). On 26 November 1911 the battalion fought at Henni Mesri and on 4 December in the [Battle of Ain Zara](/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Zara \"Battle of Ain Zara\"). In 1912 the battalion fought at Gargarish, at Bu\\-Chemez, on 26–28 June in the occupation of Sidi Said, and in the Battle of Sidi Alo. In 1913 the battalion participated in the occupation of [El Agheila](/wiki/El_Agheila \"El Agheila\").", "### World War I", "{{See also\\|Brigade \"Granatieri di Sardegna\"}}", "At the outbreak of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), the Brigade \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" formed, together with the [Brigade \"Messina\"](/wiki/Brigade_%22Messina%22 \"Brigade \") and the 31st Field Artillery Regiment, the 13th Division. At the time the 1st Grenadier Regiment consisted of three battalions, each of which fielded four [grenadier](/wiki/Grenadier \"Grenadier\") companies and one machine gun section. After [Italy's entry into the war](/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I \"Italian entry into World War I\") on 23 May 1915 the Brigade \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" was deployed, as per tradition, on the extreme right of the [Italian front](/wiki/Italian_front_%28World_War_I%29 \"Italian front (World War I)\") at [Monfalcone](/wiki/Monfalcone \"Monfalcone\") on the shores of the [Adriatic Sea](/wiki/Adriatic_Sea \"Adriatic Sea\"). In June and July 1915 the brigade participated in the [First Battle of the Isonzo](/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Isonzo \"First Battle of the Isonzo\") and in the [Second Battle of the Isonzo](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Isonzo \"Second Battle of the Isonzo\") in the Monfalcone sector. In October of the same year the brigade was transferred to the [Monte Sabotino](/wiki/Sabotin \"Sabotin\") sector, where it fought in the [Third Battle of the Isonzo](/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Isonzo \"Third Battle of the Isonzo\"). In November the brigade fought in the [Fourth Battle of the Isonzo](/wiki/Fourth_Battle_of_the_Isonzo \"Fourth Battle of the Isonzo\") in the [Oslavia](/wiki/Oslavia \"Oslavia\") area.{{cite web \\|title\\=Brigata \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" \\|url\\=http://www.frontedelpiave.info/public/modules/Fronte\\_del\\_Piave\\_article/Fronte\\_del\\_Piave\\_view\\_article.php?id\\_a\\=400\\&app\\_l2\\=397\\&app\\_l3\\=400\\&sito\\=Fronte\\-del\\-Piave\\&titolo\\=Brigata\\-Granatieri \\|publisher\\=Fronte del Piave \\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2022}}", "In May 1916 the brigade was transferred to the [Sette Comuni](/wiki/Sette_Comuni \"Sette Comuni\") plateau to reinforce Italian units under heavy attack by [Austro\\-Hungarian](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian \"Austro-Hungarian\") forces during the [Battle of Asiago](/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago \"Battle of Asiago\"). From 29 May to 3 June the brigade strenuously defended [Monte Cengio](/wiki/Monte_Cengio \"Monte Cengio\") against a series of ferocious Austro\\-Hungarian attacks. On 4 June the remnants of the brigade were ordered to fall back to the Italian positions on [Monte Pau](/wiki/Monte_Pau \"Monte Pau\"). On 7 June the survivors of the brigade were relieved from the front and merged into a single battalion. The defense of Monte Cengio had cost the brigade 4,615 casualties out of approximately 6,000 men the brigade fielded when it arrived on the Sette Comuni Plateau.", "After being reformed in the rear the brigade was back at the front in August 1916 for the [Sixth Battle of the Isonzo](/wiki/Sixth_Battle_of_the_Isonzo \"Sixth Battle of the Isonzo\"). This time the brigade fought on the [Karst plateau](/wiki/Karst_plateau \"Karst plateau\") on [Monte San Michele](/wiki/Monte_San_Michele \"Monte San Michele\") and on [Nad Logem](/wiki/Nad_Logem \"Nad Logem\"). In September of the same year the brigade fought in the [Seventh Battle of the Isonzo](/wiki/Seventh_Battle_of_the_Isonzo \"Seventh Battle of the Isonzo\") in the area of [Fornaza](/wiki/Fornaza \"Fornaza\") near [Jamiano](/wiki/Jamiano \"Jamiano\"). On 28 December 1916 the two regiments of the brigade were both awarded a [Silver Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor \"Silver Medal of Military Valor\") for their conduct during the first two years of the war.", "In May and June 1917 the brigade fought in [Tenth Battle of the Isonzo](/wiki/Tenth_Battle_of_the_Isonzo \"Tenth Battle of the Isonzo\") on the Karst plateau and suffered 3,201 casualties in futile attempts to conquer Austro\\-Hungarian positions. In August of the same year the brigade fought in the [Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo](/wiki/Eleventh_Battle_of_the_Isonzo \"Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo\") on the area of [Opatje Selo](/wiki/Opatje_Selo \"Opatje Selo\"). After the Italian defeat in the [Battle of Caporetto](/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto \"Battle of Caporetto\") the brigade covered the Italian retreat to the [Piave](/wiki/Piave_%28river%29 \"Piave (river)\") river, suffering another 2,895 casualties during the retreat.", "In June 1918 the brigade was kept in reserve during the [Second Battle of the Piave River](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River \"Second Battle of the Piave River\"), but on 2 July the brigade was ordered to cross the old Piave river and drive the Austro\\-Hungarian forces back over the new Piave river in the area of [Musile di Piave](/wiki/Musile_di_Piave \"Musile di Piave\"). By 7 July the Italian forces had succeeded to push back the enemy lines, with the grenadiers suffering another 954 casualties. In November 1918, after the Austro\\-Hungarian forces had been routed in the [Battle of Vittorio Veneto](/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto \"Battle of Vittorio Veneto\"), the brigade advanced to the [Livenza](/wiki/Livenza \"Livenza\") river and from there to the bridges at [Latisana](/wiki/Latisana \"Latisana\"). For their conduct on Monte Cengio and at Fornaza the two grenadier regiments were both awarded a [Gold Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valor \"Gold Medal of Military Valor\") after the war.{{cite web \\|title\\=1° Reggimento \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" \\|url\\=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/18402 \\|publisher\\=President of Italy \\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2022}}{{cite web \\|title\\=2° Reggimento \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" \\|url\\=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/18275 \\|publisher\\=President of Italy \\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2022}}", "### Interwar years", "After the war the two regiments were reduced to two battalions per regiment, with three grenadier companies and one machine gunners company per battalion. On 31 October 1926 the Brigade \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" was renamed [XXI Infantry Brigade](/wiki/21st_Infantry_Division_%22Granatieri_di_Sardegna%22 \"21st Infantry Division \"). On the same date the brigade's two regiments were renamed 1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\", respectively 2nd Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\". The XXI Infantry Brigade was the infantry component of the 21st Territorial Division of [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"). As infantry brigades formed in 1926 consisted of three regiments on 4 November the [3rd Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\"](/wiki/3rd_Regiment_%22Granatieri_di_Sardegna%22 \"3rd Regiment \") was formed in [Viterbo](/wiki/Viterbo \"Viterbo\"). The new regiment's I Battalion and depot were formed with personnel ceded by the 1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\", while the II Battalion and the new regiment's command were formed with personnel ceded by the 2nd Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\". All three grenadier regiments consisted of a command, a command company, two grenadier battalions, and a depot.{{cite book \\|title\\=Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II\\-3 e 4 2002 \\|date\\=2002 \\|publisher\\=Ministero della Difesa \\- Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito \\- Ufficio Storico \\|location\\=Rome \\|page\\=248 \\|url\\=https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/bollettino\\-ii\\-n.3\\-4\\-2002\\-testo \\|access\\-date\\=30 October 2022}}{{cite web \\|title\\=21ª Divisione di fanteria \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" \\|url\\=http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/fanteria/rediv21\\.htm \\|publisher\\=Regio Esercito \\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2022}}", "On 8 February 1934 the 21st Territorial Division of Rome changed its name to [Infantry Division \"Granatieri di Sardegna\"](/wiki/Infantry_Division_%22Granatieri_di_Sardegna%22 \"Infantry Division \"). In 1935\\-36 the regiment contributed 21 officers and 236 enlisted for units, which were deployed to [East Africa](/wiki/East_Africa \"East Africa\") for the [Second Italo\\-Ethiopian War](/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War \"Second Italo-Ethiopian War\"). After the war the [regimental depot](/wiki/Regimental_depot \"Regimental depot\") of the 1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" in Rome formed the 10th Regiment \"Granatieri di Savoia\", which was mustered on 12 October 1936 and assigned to the [65th Infantry Division \"Granatieri di Savoia\"](/wiki/65th_Infantry_Division_%22Granatieri_di_Savoia%22 \"65th Infantry Division \") on 26 October 1936\\. The division was then transferred to [Italian occupied Ethiopia](/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia \"Italian Ethiopia\").{{cite web \\|title\\=10° Reggimento \"Granatieri di Savoia\" \\|url\\=http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/fanteria/rgt/gran\\_rgt10\\.htm \\|publisher\\=Regio Esercito \\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2022}}{{cite web \\|title\\=65ª Divisione di fanteria \"Granatieri di Savoia\" \\|url\\=http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/fanteria/rediv65\\.htm \\|publisher\\=Regio Esercito \\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2022}}", "On 6 April 1939 a provisional regiment with elements from all three grenadier regiments was formed for the [Italian invasion of Albania](/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania \"Italian invasion of Albania\"). In the night from 7 to 8 April a battalion of that regiment was airlifted to [Tirana](/wiki/Tirana \"Tirana\") with the rest of the provisional regiment following by sea a few days later. As the Royal Italian Army reorganized its divisions as [binary divisions](/wiki/Binary_division \"Binary division\") the 3rd Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" left the Infantry Division \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" and became an autonomous unit. On 25 July 1939 the 3rd Regiment moved from Viterbo to Tirana, where it replaced the provisional regiment, which was repatriated and disbanded in Rome on 28 July.", "### World War II", "#### 21st Infantry Division \"Granatieri di Sardegna\"", "{{See also\\|21st Infantry Division \"Granatieri di Sardegna\"}}", "At the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") the regiment consisted of a command, a command company, three grenadier battalions, a support weapons battery equipped with [65/17](/wiki/Cannone_da_65/17_modello_13 \"Cannone da 65/17 modello 13\") [infantry support guns](/wiki/Infantry_support_gun \"Infantry support gun\"), and a mortar company equipped with [81mm Mod. 35](/wiki/81/14_Model_35_Mortar \"81/14 Model 35 Mortar\") [mortars](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 \"Mortar (weapon)\"). In June 1940 during the [invasion of France](/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France \"Italian invasion of France\") the division was in the reserve and not involved in any operations.", "In May 1941 the division was transferred to [occupied Yugoslavia](/wiki/Occupied_Yugoslavia \"Occupied Yugoslavia\"), where it remained on [anti\\-partisan](/wiki/Yugoslav_partisans \"Yugoslav partisans\") duty until the second half of November 1942, when it returned to [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") to defend the city in case of an [Allied attack](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\").", "After the announcement of the [Armistice of Cassibile](/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile \"Armistice of Cassibile\") on 8 September 1943 the division, together with the [12th Infantry Division \"Sassari\"](/wiki/12th_Infantry_Division_%22Sassari%22 \"12th Infantry Division \") and the [Armored Reconnaissance Grouping \"Lancieri di Montebello\" (8th)](/wiki/Armored_Reconnaissance_Grouping_%22Lancieri_di_Montebello%22_%288th%29 \"Armored Reconnaissance Grouping \") defended Rome against [invading German forces](/wiki/Operation_Achse \"Operation Achse\"). On 10 September the Granatieri, Lancieri di Montebello, remnants of the Sassari and hundreds of civilians fell back to [Porta San Paolo](/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo \"Porta San Paolo\") for a last stand. By 17:00 the Germans broke the line of the Italian defenders, who had suffered 570 dead. Soon after the units surrendered to the Germans as the flight of the Italian King [Victor Emmanuel III](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy \"Victor Emmanuel III of Italy\") from Rome made further resistance senseless. The division and its regiments were declared lost due to wartime events on 10 September 1943\\.", "For their role in the defence of the Rome the 1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" and the \"Lancieri di Montebello\" were each awarded a [Silver Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor \"Silver Medal of Military Valor\"), while the 2nd Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" was awarded a [Bronze Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Bronze_Medal_of_Military_Valor \"Bronze Medal of Military Valor\").", "#### Minor units", "During the war the depots of the two grenadier regiments in Rome formed the following autonomous units:\n* IV Truck\\-transported Anti\\-tank Battalion, equipped with [47/32](/wiki/Cannone_da_47/32 \"Cannone da 47/32\") [anti\\-tank guns](/wiki/Anti-tank_gun \"Anti-tank gun\")\n* XXXII Truck\\-transported Anti\\-tank Battalion, equipped with 47/32 anti\\-tank guns\n* 21st Anti\\-tank Cannons Company, equipped with 47/32 anti\\-tank guns\n* 121st Anti\\-tank Cannons Company, equipped with 47/32 anti\\-tank guns\n* 203rd, 204th, and 205th anti\\-aircraft companies\n* II Replacements Battalion\n* Special Grouping \"Granatieri di Sardegna\"", "The IV Truck\\-transported Anti\\-tank Battalion consisted of three anti\\-tank cannons companies and was transferred in December 1941 to [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa \"North Africa\") for the [Western Desert Campaign](/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign \"Western Desert Campaign\"). On 13 January 1942 the battalion arrived in [Tripolitania](/wiki/Tripolitania \"Tripolitania\") and was assigned to the [132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\"](/wiki/132nd_Armored_Division_%22Ariete%22 \"132nd Armored Division \"). After the Axis defeat in the [Second Battle of El Alamein](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein \"Second Battle of El Alamein\") the survivors of the battalion retreated to [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia \"Tunisia\"), where the battalion was assigned to the [66th Infantry Regiment \"Trieste\"](/wiki/66th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Trieste%22 \"66th Infantry Regiment \") of the [101st Motorized Division \"Trieste\"](/wiki/101st_Motorized_Division_%22Trieste%22 \"101st Motorized Division \") for the [Tunisian Campaign](/wiki/Tunisian_Campaign \"Tunisian Campaign\"). The 21st Anti\\-tank Cannons Company was also transferred to North Africa and served in the Tunisian Campaign. Both units were lost when Axis forces in North Africa surrendered on 13 May 1943\\.", "The XXXII Truck\\-transported Anti\\-tank Battalion consisted of three anti\\-tank cannons companies and was, together with the 121st Anti\\-tank Cannons Company, assigned to the [Italian Army in Russia](/wiki/Italian_Army_in_Russia \"Italian Army in Russia\")/8th Army and sent in 1942 to the [Eastern Front](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_II%29 \"Eastern Front (World War II)\"). The XXXII Truck\\-transported Anti\\-tank Battalion was initially assigned to the [5th Infantry Division \"Cosseria\"](/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_%22Cosseria%22 \"5th Infantry Division \") and then the [3rd Infantry Division \"Ravenna\"](/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_%22Ravenna%22 \"3rd Infantry Division \"), while the 121st Anti\\-tank Cannons Company was assigned to the 2nd Infantry Division \"Sforzesca\". Both units were destroyed during on the [Don](/wiki/Don_%28river%29 \"Don (river)\") river during the Soviet [Operation Little Saturn](/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn \"Operation Little Saturn\") in December 1942 and the [Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive](/wiki/Ostrogozhsk%E2%80%93Rossosh_offensive \"Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive\"), which began on 13 Januar 1943\\.", "The three anti\\-aircraft companies were deployed in Sicily to guard rail installations: the 203rd in [Palermo](/wiki/Palermo \"Palermo\"), the 204th in [Syracuse](/wiki/Syracuse%2C_Sicily \"Syracuse, Sicily\"), and the 205th in [Agrigento](/wiki/Agrigento \"Agrigento\"). All three companies were destroyed during the [Allied invasion of Sicily](/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily \"Allied invasion of Sicily\"). The II Replacements Battalion remained in Yugoslavia when the 21st Infantry Division \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" returned to Rome. The battalion was disbanded by German forces after the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile.", "The Special Grouping \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" consisted of three grenadier battalions, which were deployed to [Sardinia](/wiki/Sardinia \"Sardinia\") (I and II battalions) and occupied [Corsica](/wiki/Corsica \"Corsica\") (III Battalion).", "#### Italian Co\\-belligerent Army", "After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile the Special Grouping \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" remained loyal to King Victor Emmanuel III and joined the [Italian Co\\-belligerent Army](/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army \"Italian Co-belligerent Army\"). On 15 May 1944 the Special Grouping \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" was reorganized as Grenadiers Division and the battalions of the grouping were used form the 1st Grenadier Regiment and the 2nd Grenadier Regiment. The division also included the [32nd Tank Infantry Regiment](/wiki/32nd_Tank_Infantry_Regiment \"32nd Tank Infantry Regiment\"), [132nd Tank Infantry Regiment](/wiki/132nd_Tank_Infantry_Regiment \"132nd Tank Infantry Regiment\"), 553rd Artillery Regiment, and 548th Artillery Regiment.", "On 7 August 1944 the 1st Grenadier Regiment moved from Sardinia to [Afragola](/wiki/Afragola \"Afragola\") in southern Italy and was assigned to the [Division \"Friuli\"](/wiki/Division_%22Friuli%22 \"Division \"). On 21 August the regiment was disbanded and its personnel formed a grenadiers battalion, which was inserted into the [87th Infantry Regiment \"Friuli\"](/wiki/87th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Friuli%22 \"87th Infantry Regiment \") as the regiment's III Battalion. On 20 September 1944 the division was as reorganized as [Combat Group \"Friuli\"](/wiki/Combat_Group_%22Friuli%22 \"Combat Group \") and received British weapons, uniforms and materiel. On 5 February 1945 the Friuli entered combat and served for the remainder of the war in the [Italian campaign](/wiki/Italian_campaign_%28World_War_II%29 \"Italian campaign (World War II)\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Gruppo di Combattimento \"Friuli\" \\- La Storia \\|url\\=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/pagine/gruppo\\-di\\-combattimento\\-friuli\\-la\\-storia.aspx \\|publisher\\=Italian Army \\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2022}}", "### Cold War", "{{See also\\|Mechanized Brigade \"Granatieri di Sardegna\"}}", "On 1 July 1946 the 1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" was reformed in Rome. The regiment consisted of a command, a command platoon (later increased to a command company), and three battalions. The regiment soon added a Mortar Company equipped with [81mm Mod. 35](/wiki/81/14_Model_35_Mortar \"81/14 Model 35 Mortar\") mortars and a Anti\\-tank Cannons Company with [QF 6\\-pounder](/wiki/Ordnance_QF_6-pounder \"Ordnance QF 6-pounder\") [anti\\-tank guns](/wiki/Anti-tank_gun \"Anti-tank gun\"). On 1 April 1948 the regiment was assigned to the [Infantry Division \"Granatieri di Sardegna\"](/wiki/Infantry_Division_%22Granatieri_di_Sardegna%22 \"Infantry Division \"). In the early 1960s the regiment formed the IV Mechanized Battalion in Civitavecchia.", "During the [1975 army reform](/wiki/Italian_Army_1975_reform \"Italian Army 1975 reform\") the Italian Army disbanded the regimental level and newly independent battalions were granted for the first time their own flags. On 31 August 1975 the I Battalion of the 1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" was renamed 1st Grenadiers Battalion \"Assietta\", while the regiment's II Battalion was renamed 2nd Grenadiers Battalion \"Cengio\". On 30 September 1975 the 1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" and the regiment's III and IV battalions were disbanded. The next day the 1st Grenadiers Battalion \"Assietta\" was renamed 1st Mechanized Grenadiers Battalion \"Assietta\" and assigned the flag and traditions of the 1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\", while the 2nd Grenadiers Battalion \"Cengio\" was renamed 2nd Mechanized Grenadiers Battalion \"Cengio\" and assigned the flag and traditions of the 2nd Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\".{{cite web \\|title\\=Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 12 novembre 1976, n. 846 \\|url\\=https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie\\_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta\\=1976\\-12\\-22\\&atto.codiceRedazionale\\=076U0846 \\|publisher\\=Quirinale \\- Presidenza della Repubblica \\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2024}} To avoid confusion with the support units of the Infantry Division \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" the two battalions were renamed for locations, where the Grenadiers had distinguished themselves in battles in the past. The two battalions consisted of a command, a command and services company, three mechanized companies with [M113](/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier \"M113 armored personnel carrier\") [armored personnel carriers](/wiki/Armored_personnel_carrier \"Armored personnel carrier\"), and a heavy mortar company with [M106 mortar carriers](/wiki/M106_mortar_carrier \"M106 mortar carrier\") with 120 mm Mod. 63 mortars. At the time the battalion fielded 896 men (45 officers, 100 non\\-commissioned officers, and 751 soldiers).{{cite book \\|last1\\=Stefani \\|first1\\=Filippo \\|title\\=La storia della dottrina e degli ordinamenti dell'Esercito Italiano \\- Vol. III \\- Tomo 2° \\|date\\=1989 \\|publisher\\=Ufficio Storico \\- Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito \\|location\\=Rome \\|pages\\=1190–1192}} On 1 November 1976 the Infantry Division \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" was reorganized as [Mechanized Brigade \"Granatieri di Sardegna\"](/wiki/Mechanized_Brigade_%22Granatieri_di_Sardegna%22 \"Mechanized Brigade \") and both battalions were assigned to the brigade.", "### Recent times", "On 1 October 1992 the 1st Mechanized Grenadiers Battalion \"Assietta\" lost its autonomy and the next day the battalion entered the reformed 1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" as Grenadiers Battalion \"Assietta\". From 26 June 1993 to 7 January 1994 one company of the regiment participated in the [United Nations Operation in Somalia II](/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II \"United Nations Operation in Somalia II\").", "On 29 October 2002 the [2nd Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\"](/wiki/2nd_Regiment_%22Granatieri_di_Sardegna%22 \"2nd Regiment \") was disbanded and its remaining companies assigned to the 1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" as detachment in [Spoleto](/wiki/Spoleto \"Spoleto\"). On 21 November 2017 these companies were used to reform the 2nd Grenadiers Battalion \"Cengio\" in Spoleto, which remained assigned to the 1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\". On the same date the Grenadiers Battalion \"Assietta\" was renamed 1st Grenadiers Battalion \"Assietta\". On 31 August 2022 the 2nd Grenadiers Battalion \"Cengio\" left the 1st Regiment and the next day the 2nd Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" was reformed in Spoleto.{{cite web \\|title\\=Ricostituzione del 2° Reggimento \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" \\|url\\=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/comunicazione/Pagine/Ricostituzione\\-del\\-2\\-Reggimento\\-Granatieri\\-Di\\-Sardegna.aspx \\|publisher\\=Italian Army \\|access\\-date\\=2 September 2022}}", "" ]
### Cabinet Wars In 1663 the regiment was deployed to occupy the [Val Pellice](/wiki/Val_Pellice "Val Pellice") and [Val Chisone](/wiki/Val_Chisone "Val Chisone") valleys during that year's campaign against the [Waldensian rebels](/wiki/Savoyard%E2%80%93Waldensian_wars "Savoyard–Waldensian wars"). On 19 October 1664 Duke Charles Emmanuel II issued an order of precedence for his military, which ranked the Guards Regiment first among infantry regiments. This gave the regiment the right to march at the head of a column or parade, and regiment placed furthest right on inspection or in a line of battle. In 1672 the regiment participated in the [Second Genoese–Savoyard War](/wiki/Second_Genoese%E2%80%93Savoyard_War "Second Genoese–Savoyard War"). Between 1690 and 1697 the regiment participated in the [Nine Years' War](/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War "Nine Years' War") against the [Kingdom of France](/wiki/Kingdom_of_France "Kingdom of France"). The regiment fought in 1690 in the [Battle of Staffarda](/wiki/Battle_of_Staffarda "Battle of Staffarda"), in 1693 in the [Battle of Marsaglia](/wiki/Battle_of_Marsaglia "Battle of Marsaglia"), in 1693 in the [Siege of Pinerolo](/wiki/Siege_of_Pinerolo "Siege of Pinerolo"), and in 1695 in the [Siege of Casale](/wiki/Siege_of_Casale "Siege of Casale"). On 2 April 1692 the regiment's companies had been organized into two battalions, with six companies per battalion. On 18 April 1696 one company from each of the regiment's two battalions was reorganized as a [Grenadier](/wiki/Grenadier "Grenadier") company. On 31 May 1701 the regiment added a third battalion and the same year Duke [Victor Amadeus II](/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II_of_Sardinia "Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia") joined the [War of the Spanish Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession "War of the Spanish Succession") and the regiment fought in 1701 in the [Battle of Chiari](/wiki/Battle_of_Chiari "Battle of Chiari") and in 1702 in the [Battle of Luzzara](/wiki/Battle_of_Luzzara "Battle of Luzzara"). In 1704 the regiment's II and III battalions were taken prisoner by the French after the surrender of [Vercelli](/wiki/Vercelli "Vercelli"). On 4 August of the same year the regiment was reorganized and now consisted of two battalions, with six [fusilier](/wiki/Fusilier "Fusilier") companies and one grenadier company per battalion. In 1706 the regiment participated in the [Defense of Turin](/wiki/Siege_of_Turin "Siege of Turin"). In 1707 the regiment fought in the [Siege of Toulon](/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon_%281707%29 "Siege of Toulon (1707)") and in 1708 the sieges of the forts of [Exilles](/wiki/Exilles "Exilles") and [Fenestrelle](/wiki/Fenestrelle "Fenestrelle"). In 1713 the war ended with the [Peace of Utrecht](/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht "Peace of Utrecht"), which transferred the [Kingdom of Sicily](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily "Kingdom of Sicily") and parts of the [Duchy of Milan](/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan "Duchy of Milan") to Savoy. In October 1713 Victor Amadeus II and his wife, [Anne Marie d'Orléans](/wiki/Anne_Marie_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans "Anne Marie d'Orléans"), travelled from [Nice](/wiki/Nice "Nice") to [Palermo](/wiki/Palermo "Palermo"), where on 24 December 1713 they were crowned in the [cathedral of Palermo](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Palermo "Cathedral of Palermo") King and Queen of Sicily. Afterwards the Guards Regiment moved from [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont "Piedmont") to [Sicily](/wiki/Sicily "Sicily"). In July 1718 [Spain](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain "Kingdom of Spain") landed troops on Sicily and tried to recover the [Kingdom of Sicily from Savoy rule](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily_under_Savoy "Kingdom of Sicily under Savoy"). On 2 August 1718 [Britain](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain "Kingdom of Great Britain"), [France](/wiki/Kingdom_of_France "Kingdom of France"), [Austria](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy "Habsburg monarchy"), and the [Dutch Republic](/wiki/Dutch_Republic "Dutch Republic") formed an alliance to defeat Spain in the [War of the Quadruple Alliance](/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance "War of the Quadruple Alliance"). For the next two year the Guards Regiment fought Spanish forces in Sicily. The war ended with the 1720 [Treaty of The Hague](/wiki/Treaty_of_The_Hague_%281720%29 "Treaty of The Hague (1720)"), which restored the position prior to 1717, but with [Savoy](/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy "Duchy of Savoy") and Austria exchanging Sardinia and Sicily. In 1733 King [Charles Emmanuel III](/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_III_of_Sardinia "Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia") joined the [War of the Polish Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession "War of the Polish Succession") on the French\-Spanish side. In 1733 the regiment fought in the [Siege of Pizzighettone](/wiki/Siege_of_Pizzighettone "Siege of Pizzighettone") and the following [Siege of Milan](/wiki/Siege_of_Milan "Siege of Milan"). In 1734 the regiment fought in the [Battle of San Pietro](/wiki/Battle_of_San_Pietro "Battle of San Pietro") and the [Battle of Guastalla](/wiki/Battle_of_Guastalla "Battle of Guastalla") against [Austrian](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy "Habsburg monarchy") forces. In 1742 King Charles Emmanuel III joined the [War of the Austrian Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession "War of the Austrian Succession") on the Austrian side and the regiment participated in 1742 in the Siege of [Mirandola](/wiki/Mirandola "Mirandola") and in 1743 in the [First Battle of Casteldelfino](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Casteldelfino "First Battle of Casteldelfino"). In 1744 the regiment fought in the [Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo](/wiki/Battle_of_Madonna_dell%27Olmo "Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo") and in 1745 in the [Battle of Bassignano](/wiki/Battle_of_Bassignano "Battle of Bassignano"). In 1745\-46 the regiment participated in the sieges of [Asti](/wiki/Asti "Asti"), [Valenza](/wiki/Valenza "Valenza"), and [Alessandria](/wiki/Alessandria "Alessandria"). In 1747 the regiment fought in the decisive [Battle of Assietta](/wiki/Battle_of_Assietta "Battle of Assietta"). [thumb\|Grenadiers in historical uniform during the mass in memory of Don Alberto Genovese on 18 February 2016](/wiki/File:Italian_Army_-_Mechanized_Brigade_%22Granatieri_di_Sardegna%22_grenadiers_in_historical_uniform_during_the_mass_in_memory_of_Don_Alberto_Genovese%2C_18_February_2016.jpg "Italian Army - Mechanized Brigade ") In 1743 the name of the regiment had been changed to the Regiment of the Guards ({{langx\|it\|Reggimento delle Guardie}}) and in 1753 the regiment received white toggles around its uniform buttons to distinguish it from the other infantry regiments. From 21 October 1774 to 15 June 1786 the regiment consisted of three battalions.
[ "### Cabinet Wars", "In 1663 the regiment was deployed to occupy the [Val Pellice](/wiki/Val_Pellice \"Val Pellice\") and [Val Chisone](/wiki/Val_Chisone \"Val Chisone\") valleys during that year's campaign against the [Waldensian rebels](/wiki/Savoyard%E2%80%93Waldensian_wars \"Savoyard–Waldensian wars\"). On 19 October 1664 Duke Charles Emmanuel II issued an order of precedence for his military, which ranked the Guards Regiment first among infantry regiments. This gave the regiment the right to march at the head of a column or parade, and regiment placed furthest right on inspection or in a line of battle.", "In 1672 the regiment participated in the [Second Genoese–Savoyard War](/wiki/Second_Genoese%E2%80%93Savoyard_War \"Second Genoese–Savoyard War\"). Between 1690 and 1697 the regiment participated in the [Nine Years' War](/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War \"Nine Years' War\") against the [Kingdom of France](/wiki/Kingdom_of_France \"Kingdom of France\"). The regiment fought in 1690 in the [Battle of Staffarda](/wiki/Battle_of_Staffarda \"Battle of Staffarda\"), in 1693 in the [Battle of Marsaglia](/wiki/Battle_of_Marsaglia \"Battle of Marsaglia\"), in 1693 in the [Siege of Pinerolo](/wiki/Siege_of_Pinerolo \"Siege of Pinerolo\"), and in 1695 in the [Siege of Casale](/wiki/Siege_of_Casale \"Siege of Casale\"). On 2 April 1692 the regiment's companies had been organized into two battalions, with six companies per battalion. On 18 April 1696 one company from each of the regiment's two battalions was reorganized as a [Grenadier](/wiki/Grenadier \"Grenadier\") company.", "On 31 May 1701 the regiment added a third battalion and the same year Duke [Victor Amadeus II](/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II_of_Sardinia \"Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia\") joined the [War of the Spanish Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession \"War of the Spanish Succession\") and the regiment fought in 1701 in the [Battle of Chiari](/wiki/Battle_of_Chiari \"Battle of Chiari\") and in 1702 in the [Battle of Luzzara](/wiki/Battle_of_Luzzara \"Battle of Luzzara\"). In 1704 the regiment's II and III battalions were taken prisoner by the French after the surrender of [Vercelli](/wiki/Vercelli \"Vercelli\"). On 4 August of the same year the regiment was reorganized and now consisted of two battalions, with six [fusilier](/wiki/Fusilier \"Fusilier\") companies and one grenadier company per battalion. In 1706 the regiment participated in the [Defense of Turin](/wiki/Siege_of_Turin \"Siege of Turin\"). In 1707 the regiment fought in the [Siege of Toulon](/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon_%281707%29 \"Siege of Toulon (1707)\") and in 1708 the sieges of the forts of [Exilles](/wiki/Exilles \"Exilles\") and [Fenestrelle](/wiki/Fenestrelle \"Fenestrelle\"). In 1713 the war ended with the [Peace of Utrecht](/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht \"Peace of Utrecht\"), which transferred the [Kingdom of Sicily](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily \"Kingdom of Sicily\") and parts of the [Duchy of Milan](/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan \"Duchy of Milan\") to Savoy. In October 1713 Victor Amadeus II and his wife, [Anne Marie d'Orléans](/wiki/Anne_Marie_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans \"Anne Marie d'Orléans\"), travelled from [Nice](/wiki/Nice \"Nice\") to [Palermo](/wiki/Palermo \"Palermo\"), where on 24 December 1713 they were crowned in the [cathedral of Palermo](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Palermo \"Cathedral of Palermo\") King and Queen of Sicily. Afterwards the Guards Regiment moved from [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont \"Piedmont\") to [Sicily](/wiki/Sicily \"Sicily\").", "In July 1718 [Spain](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain \"Kingdom of Spain\") landed troops on Sicily and tried to recover the [Kingdom of Sicily from Savoy rule](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily_under_Savoy \"Kingdom of Sicily under Savoy\"). On 2 August 1718 [Britain](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain \"Kingdom of Great Britain\"), [France](/wiki/Kingdom_of_France \"Kingdom of France\"), [Austria](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy \"Habsburg monarchy\"), and the [Dutch Republic](/wiki/Dutch_Republic \"Dutch Republic\") formed an alliance to defeat Spain in the [War of the Quadruple Alliance](/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance \"War of the Quadruple Alliance\"). For the next two year the Guards Regiment fought Spanish forces in Sicily. The war ended with the 1720 [Treaty of The Hague](/wiki/Treaty_of_The_Hague_%281720%29 \"Treaty of The Hague (1720)\"), which restored the position prior to 1717, but with [Savoy](/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy \"Duchy of Savoy\") and Austria exchanging Sardinia and Sicily.", "In 1733 King [Charles Emmanuel III](/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_III_of_Sardinia \"Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia\") joined the [War of the Polish Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession \"War of the Polish Succession\") on the French\\-Spanish side. In 1733 the regiment fought in the [Siege of Pizzighettone](/wiki/Siege_of_Pizzighettone \"Siege of Pizzighettone\") and the following [Siege of Milan](/wiki/Siege_of_Milan \"Siege of Milan\"). In 1734 the regiment fought in the [Battle of San Pietro](/wiki/Battle_of_San_Pietro \"Battle of San Pietro\") and the [Battle of Guastalla](/wiki/Battle_of_Guastalla \"Battle of Guastalla\") against [Austrian](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy \"Habsburg monarchy\") forces.", "In 1742 King Charles Emmanuel III joined the [War of the Austrian Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession \"War of the Austrian Succession\") on the Austrian side and the regiment participated in 1742 in the Siege of [Mirandola](/wiki/Mirandola \"Mirandola\") and in 1743 in the [First Battle of Casteldelfino](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Casteldelfino \"First Battle of Casteldelfino\"). In 1744 the regiment fought in the [Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo](/wiki/Battle_of_Madonna_dell%27Olmo \"Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo\") and in 1745 in the [Battle of Bassignano](/wiki/Battle_of_Bassignano \"Battle of Bassignano\"). In 1745\\-46 the regiment participated in the sieges of [Asti](/wiki/Asti \"Asti\"), [Valenza](/wiki/Valenza \"Valenza\"), and [Alessandria](/wiki/Alessandria \"Alessandria\"). In 1747 the regiment fought in the decisive [Battle of Assietta](/wiki/Battle_of_Assietta \"Battle of Assietta\").", "[thumb\\|Grenadiers in historical uniform during the mass in memory of Don Alberto Genovese on 18 February 2016](/wiki/File:Italian_Army_-_Mechanized_Brigade_%22Granatieri_di_Sardegna%22_grenadiers_in_historical_uniform_during_the_mass_in_memory_of_Don_Alberto_Genovese%2C_18_February_2016.jpg \"Italian Army - Mechanized Brigade \")", "In 1743 the name of the regiment had been changed to the Regiment of the Guards ({{langx\\|it\\|Reggimento delle Guardie}}) and in 1753 the regiment received white toggles around its uniform buttons to distinguish it from the other infantry regiments. From 21 October 1774 to 15 June 1786 the regiment consisted of three battalions.", "" ]
### Italian Wars of Independence #### First Italian War of Independence On 23 March 1848 the [First Italian War of Independence](/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence "First Italian War of Independence") began and the Guards Brigade formed two regiments for the war: the 1st Grenadier Regiment, which consisted of the I and III grenadier battalions and the I Jäger Battalion; and the 2nd Grenadier Regiment, which consisted of the II and IV grenadier battalions and the II Jäger Battalion. In this form the brigade fought in 1848 in the battles of [Pastrengo](/wiki/Skirmish_of_Pastrengo_%281848%29 "Skirmish of Pastrengo (1848)"), [Santa Lucia](/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Lucia "Battle of Santa Lucia"), [Goito](/wiki/Battle_of_Goito "Battle of Goito"), Sommacampagna, Staffalo, [Custoza](/wiki/Battle_of_Custoza_%281848%29 "Battle of Custoza (1848)"), and Milan. On 14 October 1848 the brigade was reorganized and now consisted of the following units: * **Guards Brigade** + 1st Grenadier Regiment (I and III Grenadier battalions) + 2nd Grenadier Regiment (II and IV Grenadier battalions) + 1st Jäger Regiment (I and II Jäger battalions) On 6 February 1849 both Grenadier Regiments added a third battalion and on 10 February the Provisional Grenadier Guards Regiment was formed, which consisted of the freshly levied I and II Provisional Grenadier Guards battalions. On 11 March 1849 this regiment was renamed [3rd Grenadier Guards Regiment](/wiki/3rd_Grenadier_Guards_Regiment "3rd Grenadier Guards Regiment"). In 1849 the Guards Brigade fought in the battles of [Mortara](/wiki/Battle_of_Mortara "Battle of Mortara") and [Novara](/wiki/Battle_of_Novara_%281849%29 "Battle of Novara (1849)"). After the Sardinian defeat in the war the 3rd Grenadier Guards Regiment was disbanded in June 1849 and on 12 October 1849 the 1st Grenadier Regiment and 2nd Grenadier Regiment were reduced to a staff and two battalions each, with four grenadiers and one guard company per battalion. On 20 April 1850 the 1st Jäger Regiment left the brigade and was renamed Jäger Regiment of Sardinia ({{langx\|it\|Reggimento Cacciatori di Sardegna}}). On the same date the Guards Brigade was renamed Grenadiers Brigade. On 16 March 1852 the Jäger Regiment of Sardinia was disbanded and its battalions merged into the two regiments of the Grenadiers Brigade, which was renamed on the same date Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade ({{langx\|it\|Brigata Granatieri di Sardegna}}), while the traditions of the Jäger Regiment of Sardinia were assigned to the 2nd Grenadier Regiment. Both grenadier regiments of the brigade consisted now of a staff and four battalions, with each battalion fielding four companies.{{cite web \|title\=Duca di San Pietro \- Cenni Storici \|url\=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/organizzazione/capo\-di\-sme/COMFOTER/Comando\-Forze\-Operative\-Sud/Brigata\-Mec\-Granatieri\-di\-Sardegna/Pagine/Duca\-di\-San\-Pietro.aspx \|publisher\=Italian Army \|access\-date\=31 December 2022}} In 1855 the regiment's 1st, 5th, 9th, and 13th company were used to form the I Battalion of the 1st Provisional Regiment of the [Sardinian expeditionary corps](/wiki/Sardinian_expeditionary_corps_in_the_Crimean_War "Sardinian expeditionary corps in the Crimean War"), which fought in the [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War "Crimean War") and distinguished itself on 16 August 1855 in the [Battle of the Chernaya](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chernaya "Battle of the Chernaya"). #### Second Italian War of Independence On 26 April 1859 the [Second Italian War of Independence](/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence "Second Italian War of Independence") began and the brigade fought in the [Battle of Solferino](/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino "Battle of Solferino") and the Battle of Peschiera. On 12 July 1859 the war ended with the [Armistice of Villafranca](/wiki/Armistice_of_Villafranca "Armistice of Villafranca"), which included the transfer of [Lombardy](/wiki/Lombardy "Lombardy") from the [Austrian Empire](/wiki/Austrian_Empire "Austrian Empire") to the [Second French Empire](/wiki/Second_French_Empire "Second French Empire") and then onward to the [Kingdom of Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia "Kingdom of Sardinia"). On 1 November 1859 the 1st Grenadier Regiment (Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade) ceded its II and IV Battalion to help form the [3rd Grenadier Regiment](/wiki/73rd_Infantry_Regiment_%22Lombardia%22 "73rd Infantry Regiment ") ([Grenadiers of Lombardy Brigade](/wiki/Grenadiers_of_Lombardy_Brigade "Grenadiers of Lombardy Brigade")) and the 2nd Grenadier Regiment (Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade) ceded its II and IV Battalion to help form the 4th Grenadier Regiment (Grenadiers of Lombardy Brigade). On 5 November of the same year the two regiments of the Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade re\-formed their two ceded battalions and all four grenadier regiments consisted now of four battalions. In the 1860\-1861 the brigade participated in the campaign in central and southern Italy and fought in the [Battle of Perugia](/wiki/Battle_of_Perugia_%281860%29 "Battle of Perugia (1860)"), the [Siege of Ancona](/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona_%281860%29 "Siege of Ancona (1860)"), the [Battle of Mola](/wiki/Battle_of_Mola "Battle of Mola"), and the [Siege of Gaeta](/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_%281860%E2%80%931861%29 "Siege of Gaeta (1860–1861)"). For its conduct during the Siege of Gaeta the 1st Grenadier Regiment was awarded a [Gold Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valor "Gold Medal of Military Valor") and for its conduct during the Battle of Perugia the regiment was awarded a [Silver Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor "Silver Medal of Military Valor"). Additionally the regiment's medical corps was awarded a [Bronze Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Bronze_Medal_of_Military_Valor "Bronze Medal of Military Valor") for its conduct at [Perugia](/wiki/Perugia "Perugia").{{cite web \|title\=1° Reggimento "Granatieri di Sardegna" \|url\=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/18244 \|publisher\=President of Italy \|access\-date\=30 December 2022}} On 27 January 1861 the Kingdom of Sardinia annexed the [Kingdom of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies") and on 17 March of the same year the [Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy "Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy") was issued. On 16 April 1861 the two grenadier regiments of the Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade ceded their IV battalions to help form the [5th Grenadier Regiment](/wiki/75th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Napoli%22 "75th Infantry Regiment ") ([Grenadiers of Naples Brigade](/wiki/Grenadiers_of_Naples_Brigade "Grenadiers of Naples Brigade")), while on the same date the two grenadier regiments of the Grenadiers of Lombardy Brigade ceded their IV battalions to help form the [6th Grenadier Regiment](/wiki/76th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Napoli%22 "76th Infantry Regiment ") (Grenadiers of Naples Brigade). All six grenadier regiments consisted of a staff and three battalions, with six grenadier companies per battalion. On 1 August 1862 the 1st, 3rd, and 5th grenadier regiments ceded their 17th and 18th companies to help form the 7th Grenadier Regiment ([Grenadiers of Tuscany Brigade](/wiki/Grenadiers_of_Tuscany_Brigade "Grenadiers of Tuscany Brigade")), while on the same date the 2nd, 4th, and 6th grenadier regiments ceded their 17th and 18th companies to help form the [8th Grenadier Regiment](/wiki/78th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Toscana%22 "78th Infantry Regiment ") (Grenadiers of Tuscany Brigade). All eight grenadier regiments consisted of a staff and three battalions, with six grenadier companies per battalion. In 1861\-65 the 1st Grenadier Regiment operated in [southern Italy](/wiki/Southern_Italy "Southern Italy") to suppress the [anti\-Sardinian revolt](/wiki/Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 "Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861") that resisted the annexation of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. #### Third Italian War of Independence In 1866 the regiment participated in the [Third Italian War of Independence](/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence "Third Italian War of Independence") and fought in the [Battle of Custoza](/wiki/Battle_of_Custoza_%281866%29 "Battle of Custoza (1866)"). On 5 March 1871 all [Royal Italian Army](/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army "Royal Italian Army") infantry regiments were reorganized and now consisted of a staff company, a depot company, and three battalions, with four companies per battalion. On 1 April 1871 the six grenadier regiments of the Grenadiers of Lombardy, Grenadiers of Naples, and Grenadiers of Tuscany brigades were transferred to the line infantry. On 15 October of the same year the brigade level was abolished and the two grenadier regiments of the Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade were renamed 1st Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna" respectively 2nd Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna". On 2 January 1881 the brigade level was reintroduced and the two regiments were renamed again as 1st Grenadier Regiment (Brigade "Granatieri di Sardegna") and 2nd Grenadier Regiment (Brigade "Granatieri di Sardegna"). In 1895\-96 the regiment provided eleven officers and 332 enlisted for units deployed to [Italian Eritrea](/wiki/Italian_Eritrea "Italian Eritrea") for the [First Italo\-Ethiopian War](/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War "First Italo-Ethiopian War"). In December 1908, the regiment was deployed to the area of the [Strait of Messina](/wiki/Strait_of_Messina "Strait of Messina") for the recovery efforts after the [1908 Messina earthquake](/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake "1908 Messina earthquake"). For its service the regiment was awarded a Silver Medal of Merit, which was affixed to the regiment's flag.
[ "### Italian Wars of Independence", "#### First Italian War of Independence", "On 23 March 1848 the [First Italian War of Independence](/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence \"First Italian War of Independence\") began and the Guards Brigade formed two regiments for the war: the 1st Grenadier Regiment, which consisted of the I and III grenadier battalions and the I Jäger Battalion; and the 2nd Grenadier Regiment, which consisted of the II and IV grenadier battalions and the II Jäger Battalion. In this form the brigade fought in 1848 in the battles of [Pastrengo](/wiki/Skirmish_of_Pastrengo_%281848%29 \"Skirmish of Pastrengo (1848)\"), [Santa Lucia](/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Lucia \"Battle of Santa Lucia\"), [Goito](/wiki/Battle_of_Goito \"Battle of Goito\"), Sommacampagna, Staffalo, [Custoza](/wiki/Battle_of_Custoza_%281848%29 \"Battle of Custoza (1848)\"), and Milan. On 14 October 1848 the brigade was reorganized and now consisted of the following units:\n* **Guards Brigade**\n\t+ 1st Grenadier Regiment (I and III Grenadier battalions)\n\t+ 2nd Grenadier Regiment (II and IV Grenadier battalions)\n\t+ 1st Jäger Regiment (I and II Jäger battalions)", "On 6 February 1849 both Grenadier Regiments added a third battalion and on 10 February the Provisional Grenadier Guards Regiment was formed, which consisted of the freshly levied I and II Provisional Grenadier Guards battalions. On 11 March 1849 this regiment was renamed [3rd Grenadier Guards Regiment](/wiki/3rd_Grenadier_Guards_Regiment \"3rd Grenadier Guards Regiment\").", "In 1849 the Guards Brigade fought in the battles of [Mortara](/wiki/Battle_of_Mortara \"Battle of Mortara\") and [Novara](/wiki/Battle_of_Novara_%281849%29 \"Battle of Novara (1849)\"). After the Sardinian defeat in the war the 3rd Grenadier Guards Regiment was disbanded in June 1849 and on 12 October 1849 the 1st Grenadier Regiment and 2nd Grenadier Regiment were reduced to a staff and two battalions each, with four grenadiers and one guard company per battalion. On 20 April 1850 the 1st Jäger Regiment left the brigade and was renamed Jäger Regiment of Sardinia ({{langx\\|it\\|Reggimento Cacciatori di Sardegna}}). On the same date the Guards Brigade was renamed Grenadiers Brigade.", "On 16 March 1852 the Jäger Regiment of Sardinia was disbanded and its battalions merged into the two regiments of the Grenadiers Brigade, which was renamed on the same date Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade ({{langx\\|it\\|Brigata Granatieri di Sardegna}}), while the traditions of the Jäger Regiment of Sardinia were assigned to the 2nd Grenadier Regiment. Both grenadier regiments of the brigade consisted now of a staff and four battalions, with each battalion fielding four companies.{{cite web \\|title\\=Duca di San Pietro \\- Cenni Storici \\|url\\=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/organizzazione/capo\\-di\\-sme/COMFOTER/Comando\\-Forze\\-Operative\\-Sud/Brigata\\-Mec\\-Granatieri\\-di\\-Sardegna/Pagine/Duca\\-di\\-San\\-Pietro.aspx \\|publisher\\=Italian Army \\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2022}}", "In 1855 the regiment's 1st, 5th, 9th, and 13th company were used to form the I Battalion of the 1st Provisional Regiment of the [Sardinian expeditionary corps](/wiki/Sardinian_expeditionary_corps_in_the_Crimean_War \"Sardinian expeditionary corps in the Crimean War\"), which fought in the [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War \"Crimean War\") and distinguished itself on 16 August 1855 in the [Battle of the Chernaya](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chernaya \"Battle of the Chernaya\").", "#### Second Italian War of Independence", "On 26 April 1859 the [Second Italian War of Independence](/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence \"Second Italian War of Independence\") began and the brigade fought in the [Battle of Solferino](/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino \"Battle of Solferino\") and the Battle of Peschiera. On 12 July 1859 the war ended with the [Armistice of Villafranca](/wiki/Armistice_of_Villafranca \"Armistice of Villafranca\"), which included the transfer of [Lombardy](/wiki/Lombardy \"Lombardy\") from the [Austrian Empire](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\") to the [Second French Empire](/wiki/Second_French_Empire \"Second French Empire\") and then onward to the [Kingdom of Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia \"Kingdom of Sardinia\"). On 1 November 1859 the 1st Grenadier Regiment (Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade) ceded its II and IV Battalion to help form the [3rd Grenadier Regiment](/wiki/73rd_Infantry_Regiment_%22Lombardia%22 \"73rd Infantry Regiment \") ([Grenadiers of Lombardy Brigade](/wiki/Grenadiers_of_Lombardy_Brigade \"Grenadiers of Lombardy Brigade\")) and the 2nd Grenadier Regiment (Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade) ceded its II and IV Battalion to help form the 4th Grenadier Regiment (Grenadiers of Lombardy Brigade). On 5 November of the same year the two regiments of the Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade re\\-formed their two ceded battalions and all four grenadier regiments consisted now of four battalions.", "In the 1860\\-1861 the brigade participated in the campaign in central and southern Italy and fought in the [Battle of Perugia](/wiki/Battle_of_Perugia_%281860%29 \"Battle of Perugia (1860)\"), the [Siege of Ancona](/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona_%281860%29 \"Siege of Ancona (1860)\"), the [Battle of Mola](/wiki/Battle_of_Mola \"Battle of Mola\"), and the [Siege of Gaeta](/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_%281860%E2%80%931861%29 \"Siege of Gaeta (1860–1861)\"). For its conduct during the Siege of Gaeta the 1st Grenadier Regiment was awarded a [Gold Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valor \"Gold Medal of Military Valor\") and for its conduct during the Battle of Perugia the regiment was awarded a [Silver Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor \"Silver Medal of Military Valor\"). Additionally the regiment's medical corps was awarded a [Bronze Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Bronze_Medal_of_Military_Valor \"Bronze Medal of Military Valor\") for its conduct at [Perugia](/wiki/Perugia \"Perugia\").{{cite web \\|title\\=1° Reggimento \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" \\|url\\=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/18244 \\|publisher\\=President of Italy \\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2022}}", "On 27 January 1861 the Kingdom of Sardinia annexed the [Kingdom of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Kingdom of the Two Sicilies\") and on 17 March of the same year the [Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy \"Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy\") was issued. On 16 April 1861 the two grenadier regiments of the Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade ceded their IV battalions to help form the [5th Grenadier Regiment](/wiki/75th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Napoli%22 \"75th Infantry Regiment \") ([Grenadiers of Naples Brigade](/wiki/Grenadiers_of_Naples_Brigade \"Grenadiers of Naples Brigade\")), while on the same date the two grenadier regiments of the Grenadiers of Lombardy Brigade ceded their IV battalions to help form the [6th Grenadier Regiment](/wiki/76th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Napoli%22 \"76th Infantry Regiment \") (Grenadiers of Naples Brigade). All six grenadier regiments consisted of a staff and three battalions, with six grenadier companies per battalion.", "On 1 August 1862 the 1st, 3rd, and 5th grenadier regiments ceded their 17th and 18th companies to help form the 7th Grenadier Regiment ([Grenadiers of Tuscany Brigade](/wiki/Grenadiers_of_Tuscany_Brigade \"Grenadiers of Tuscany Brigade\")), while on the same date the 2nd, 4th, and 6th grenadier regiments ceded their 17th and 18th companies to help form the [8th Grenadier Regiment](/wiki/78th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Toscana%22 \"78th Infantry Regiment \") (Grenadiers of Tuscany Brigade). All eight grenadier regiments consisted of a staff and three battalions, with six grenadier companies per battalion.", "In 1861\\-65 the 1st Grenadier Regiment operated in [southern Italy](/wiki/Southern_Italy \"Southern Italy\") to suppress the [anti\\-Sardinian revolt](/wiki/Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 \"Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861\") that resisted the annexation of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies.", "#### Third Italian War of Independence", "In 1866 the regiment participated in the [Third Italian War of Independence](/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence \"Third Italian War of Independence\") and fought in the [Battle of Custoza](/wiki/Battle_of_Custoza_%281866%29 \"Battle of Custoza (1866)\").", "On 5 March 1871 all [Royal Italian Army](/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army \"Royal Italian Army\") infantry regiments were reorganized and now consisted of a staff company, a depot company, and three battalions, with four companies per battalion. On 1 April 1871 the six grenadier regiments of the Grenadiers of Lombardy, Grenadiers of Naples, and Grenadiers of Tuscany brigades were transferred to the line infantry. On 15 October of the same year the brigade level was abolished and the two grenadier regiments of the Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade were renamed 1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" respectively 2nd Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\".", "On 2 January 1881 the brigade level was reintroduced and the two regiments were renamed again as 1st Grenadier Regiment (Brigade \"Granatieri di Sardegna\") and 2nd Grenadier Regiment (Brigade \"Granatieri di Sardegna\").", "In 1895\\-96 the regiment provided eleven officers and 332 enlisted for units deployed to [Italian Eritrea](/wiki/Italian_Eritrea \"Italian Eritrea\") for the [First Italo\\-Ethiopian War](/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War \"First Italo-Ethiopian War\"). In December 1908, the regiment was deployed to the area of the [Strait of Messina](/wiki/Strait_of_Messina \"Strait of Messina\") for the recovery efforts after the [1908 Messina earthquake](/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake \"1908 Messina earthquake\"). For its service the regiment was awarded a Silver Medal of Merit, which was affixed to the regiment's flag.", "" ]
### World War II #### 21st Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna" {{See also\|21st Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna"}} At the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") the regiment consisted of a command, a command company, three grenadier battalions, a support weapons battery equipped with [65/17](/wiki/Cannone_da_65/17_modello_13 "Cannone da 65/17 modello 13") [infantry support guns](/wiki/Infantry_support_gun "Infantry support gun"), and a mortar company equipped with [81mm Mod. 35](/wiki/81/14_Model_35_Mortar "81/14 Model 35 Mortar") [mortars](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 "Mortar (weapon)"). In June 1940 during the [invasion of France](/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France "Italian invasion of France") the division was in the reserve and not involved in any operations. In May 1941 the division was transferred to [occupied Yugoslavia](/wiki/Occupied_Yugoslavia "Occupied Yugoslavia"), where it remained on [anti\-partisan](/wiki/Yugoslav_partisans "Yugoslav partisans") duty until the second half of November 1942, when it returned to [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome") to defend the city in case of an [Allied attack](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II"). After the announcement of the [Armistice of Cassibile](/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile "Armistice of Cassibile") on 8 September 1943 the division, together with the [12th Infantry Division "Sassari"](/wiki/12th_Infantry_Division_%22Sassari%22 "12th Infantry Division ") and the [Armored Reconnaissance Grouping "Lancieri di Montebello" (8th)](/wiki/Armored_Reconnaissance_Grouping_%22Lancieri_di_Montebello%22_%288th%29 "Armored Reconnaissance Grouping ") defended Rome against [invading German forces](/wiki/Operation_Achse "Operation Achse"). On 10 September the Granatieri, Lancieri di Montebello, remnants of the Sassari and hundreds of civilians fell back to [Porta San Paolo](/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo "Porta San Paolo") for a last stand. By 17:00 the Germans broke the line of the Italian defenders, who had suffered 570 dead. Soon after the units surrendered to the Germans as the flight of the Italian King [Victor Emmanuel III](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy") from Rome made further resistance senseless. The division and its regiments were declared lost due to wartime events on 10 September 1943\. For their role in the defence of the Rome the 1st Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna" and the "Lancieri di Montebello" were each awarded a [Silver Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor "Silver Medal of Military Valor"), while the 2nd Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna" was awarded a [Bronze Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Bronze_Medal_of_Military_Valor "Bronze Medal of Military Valor"). #### Minor units During the war the depots of the two grenadier regiments in Rome formed the following autonomous units: * IV Truck\-transported Anti\-tank Battalion, equipped with [47/32](/wiki/Cannone_da_47/32 "Cannone da 47/32") [anti\-tank guns](/wiki/Anti-tank_gun "Anti-tank gun") * XXXII Truck\-transported Anti\-tank Battalion, equipped with 47/32 anti\-tank guns * 21st Anti\-tank Cannons Company, equipped with 47/32 anti\-tank guns * 121st Anti\-tank Cannons Company, equipped with 47/32 anti\-tank guns * 203rd, 204th, and 205th anti\-aircraft companies * II Replacements Battalion * Special Grouping "Granatieri di Sardegna" The IV Truck\-transported Anti\-tank Battalion consisted of three anti\-tank cannons companies and was transferred in December 1941 to [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa "North Africa") for the [Western Desert Campaign](/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign "Western Desert Campaign"). On 13 January 1942 the battalion arrived in [Tripolitania](/wiki/Tripolitania "Tripolitania") and was assigned to the [132nd Armored Division "Ariete"](/wiki/132nd_Armored_Division_%22Ariete%22 "132nd Armored Division "). After the Axis defeat in the [Second Battle of El Alamein](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein "Second Battle of El Alamein") the survivors of the battalion retreated to [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia "Tunisia"), where the battalion was assigned to the [66th Infantry Regiment "Trieste"](/wiki/66th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Trieste%22 "66th Infantry Regiment ") of the [101st Motorized Division "Trieste"](/wiki/101st_Motorized_Division_%22Trieste%22 "101st Motorized Division ") for the [Tunisian Campaign](/wiki/Tunisian_Campaign "Tunisian Campaign"). The 21st Anti\-tank Cannons Company was also transferred to North Africa and served in the Tunisian Campaign. Both units were lost when Axis forces in North Africa surrendered on 13 May 1943\. The XXXII Truck\-transported Anti\-tank Battalion consisted of three anti\-tank cannons companies and was, together with the 121st Anti\-tank Cannons Company, assigned to the [Italian Army in Russia](/wiki/Italian_Army_in_Russia "Italian Army in Russia")/8th Army and sent in 1942 to the [Eastern Front](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_II%29 "Eastern Front (World War II)"). The XXXII Truck\-transported Anti\-tank Battalion was initially assigned to the [5th Infantry Division "Cosseria"](/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_%22Cosseria%22 "5th Infantry Division ") and then the [3rd Infantry Division "Ravenna"](/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_%22Ravenna%22 "3rd Infantry Division "), while the 121st Anti\-tank Cannons Company was assigned to the 2nd Infantry Division "Sforzesca". Both units were destroyed during on the [Don](/wiki/Don_%28river%29 "Don (river)") river during the Soviet [Operation Little Saturn](/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn "Operation Little Saturn") in December 1942 and the [Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive](/wiki/Ostrogozhsk%E2%80%93Rossosh_offensive "Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive"), which began on 13 Januar 1943\. The three anti\-aircraft companies were deployed in Sicily to guard rail installations: the 203rd in [Palermo](/wiki/Palermo "Palermo"), the 204th in [Syracuse](/wiki/Syracuse%2C_Sicily "Syracuse, Sicily"), and the 205th in [Agrigento](/wiki/Agrigento "Agrigento"). All three companies were destroyed during the [Allied invasion of Sicily](/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily "Allied invasion of Sicily"). The II Replacements Battalion remained in Yugoslavia when the 21st Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna" returned to Rome. The battalion was disbanded by German forces after the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile. The Special Grouping "Granatieri di Sardegna" consisted of three grenadier battalions, which were deployed to [Sardinia](/wiki/Sardinia "Sardinia") (I and II battalions) and occupied [Corsica](/wiki/Corsica "Corsica") (III Battalion). #### Italian Co\-belligerent Army After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile the Special Grouping "Granatieri di Sardegna" remained loyal to King Victor Emmanuel III and joined the [Italian Co\-belligerent Army](/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army "Italian Co-belligerent Army"). On 15 May 1944 the Special Grouping "Granatieri di Sardegna" was reorganized as Grenadiers Division and the battalions of the grouping were used form the 1st Grenadier Regiment and the 2nd Grenadier Regiment. The division also included the [32nd Tank Infantry Regiment](/wiki/32nd_Tank_Infantry_Regiment "32nd Tank Infantry Regiment"), [132nd Tank Infantry Regiment](/wiki/132nd_Tank_Infantry_Regiment "132nd Tank Infantry Regiment"), 553rd Artillery Regiment, and 548th Artillery Regiment. On 7 August 1944 the 1st Grenadier Regiment moved from Sardinia to [Afragola](/wiki/Afragola "Afragola") in southern Italy and was assigned to the [Division "Friuli"](/wiki/Division_%22Friuli%22 "Division "). On 21 August the regiment was disbanded and its personnel formed a grenadiers battalion, which was inserted into the [87th Infantry Regiment "Friuli"](/wiki/87th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Friuli%22 "87th Infantry Regiment ") as the regiment's III Battalion. On 20 September 1944 the division was as reorganized as [Combat Group "Friuli"](/wiki/Combat_Group_%22Friuli%22 "Combat Group ") and received British weapons, uniforms and materiel. On 5 February 1945 the Friuli entered combat and served for the remainder of the war in the [Italian campaign](/wiki/Italian_campaign_%28World_War_II%29 "Italian campaign (World War II)").{{cite web \|title\=Gruppo di Combattimento "Friuli" \- La Storia \|url\=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/pagine/gruppo\-di\-combattimento\-friuli\-la\-storia.aspx \|publisher\=Italian Army \|access\-date\=31 December 2022}}
[ "### World War II", "#### 21st Infantry Division \"Granatieri di Sardegna\"", "{{See also\\|21st Infantry Division \"Granatieri di Sardegna\"}}", "At the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") the regiment consisted of a command, a command company, three grenadier battalions, a support weapons battery equipped with [65/17](/wiki/Cannone_da_65/17_modello_13 \"Cannone da 65/17 modello 13\") [infantry support guns](/wiki/Infantry_support_gun \"Infantry support gun\"), and a mortar company equipped with [81mm Mod. 35](/wiki/81/14_Model_35_Mortar \"81/14 Model 35 Mortar\") [mortars](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 \"Mortar (weapon)\"). In June 1940 during the [invasion of France](/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France \"Italian invasion of France\") the division was in the reserve and not involved in any operations.", "In May 1941 the division was transferred to [occupied Yugoslavia](/wiki/Occupied_Yugoslavia \"Occupied Yugoslavia\"), where it remained on [anti\\-partisan](/wiki/Yugoslav_partisans \"Yugoslav partisans\") duty until the second half of November 1942, when it returned to [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") to defend the city in case of an [Allied attack](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\").", "After the announcement of the [Armistice of Cassibile](/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile \"Armistice of Cassibile\") on 8 September 1943 the division, together with the [12th Infantry Division \"Sassari\"](/wiki/12th_Infantry_Division_%22Sassari%22 \"12th Infantry Division \") and the [Armored Reconnaissance Grouping \"Lancieri di Montebello\" (8th)](/wiki/Armored_Reconnaissance_Grouping_%22Lancieri_di_Montebello%22_%288th%29 \"Armored Reconnaissance Grouping \") defended Rome against [invading German forces](/wiki/Operation_Achse \"Operation Achse\"). On 10 September the Granatieri, Lancieri di Montebello, remnants of the Sassari and hundreds of civilians fell back to [Porta San Paolo](/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo \"Porta San Paolo\") for a last stand. By 17:00 the Germans broke the line of the Italian defenders, who had suffered 570 dead. Soon after the units surrendered to the Germans as the flight of the Italian King [Victor Emmanuel III](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy \"Victor Emmanuel III of Italy\") from Rome made further resistance senseless. The division and its regiments were declared lost due to wartime events on 10 September 1943\\.", "For their role in the defence of the Rome the 1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" and the \"Lancieri di Montebello\" were each awarded a [Silver Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor \"Silver Medal of Military Valor\"), while the 2nd Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" was awarded a [Bronze Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Bronze_Medal_of_Military_Valor \"Bronze Medal of Military Valor\").", "#### Minor units", "During the war the depots of the two grenadier regiments in Rome formed the following autonomous units:\n* IV Truck\\-transported Anti\\-tank Battalion, equipped with [47/32](/wiki/Cannone_da_47/32 \"Cannone da 47/32\") [anti\\-tank guns](/wiki/Anti-tank_gun \"Anti-tank gun\")\n* XXXII Truck\\-transported Anti\\-tank Battalion, equipped with 47/32 anti\\-tank guns\n* 21st Anti\\-tank Cannons Company, equipped with 47/32 anti\\-tank guns\n* 121st Anti\\-tank Cannons Company, equipped with 47/32 anti\\-tank guns\n* 203rd, 204th, and 205th anti\\-aircraft companies\n* II Replacements Battalion\n* Special Grouping \"Granatieri di Sardegna\"", "The IV Truck\\-transported Anti\\-tank Battalion consisted of three anti\\-tank cannons companies and was transferred in December 1941 to [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa \"North Africa\") for the [Western Desert Campaign](/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign \"Western Desert Campaign\"). On 13 January 1942 the battalion arrived in [Tripolitania](/wiki/Tripolitania \"Tripolitania\") and was assigned to the [132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\"](/wiki/132nd_Armored_Division_%22Ariete%22 \"132nd Armored Division \"). After the Axis defeat in the [Second Battle of El Alamein](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein \"Second Battle of El Alamein\") the survivors of the battalion retreated to [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia \"Tunisia\"), where the battalion was assigned to the [66th Infantry Regiment \"Trieste\"](/wiki/66th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Trieste%22 \"66th Infantry Regiment \") of the [101st Motorized Division \"Trieste\"](/wiki/101st_Motorized_Division_%22Trieste%22 \"101st Motorized Division \") for the [Tunisian Campaign](/wiki/Tunisian_Campaign \"Tunisian Campaign\"). The 21st Anti\\-tank Cannons Company was also transferred to North Africa and served in the Tunisian Campaign. Both units were lost when Axis forces in North Africa surrendered on 13 May 1943\\.", "The XXXII Truck\\-transported Anti\\-tank Battalion consisted of three anti\\-tank cannons companies and was, together with the 121st Anti\\-tank Cannons Company, assigned to the [Italian Army in Russia](/wiki/Italian_Army_in_Russia \"Italian Army in Russia\")/8th Army and sent in 1942 to the [Eastern Front](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_II%29 \"Eastern Front (World War II)\"). The XXXII Truck\\-transported Anti\\-tank Battalion was initially assigned to the [5th Infantry Division \"Cosseria\"](/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_%22Cosseria%22 \"5th Infantry Division \") and then the [3rd Infantry Division \"Ravenna\"](/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_%22Ravenna%22 \"3rd Infantry Division \"), while the 121st Anti\\-tank Cannons Company was assigned to the 2nd Infantry Division \"Sforzesca\". Both units were destroyed during on the [Don](/wiki/Don_%28river%29 \"Don (river)\") river during the Soviet [Operation Little Saturn](/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn \"Operation Little Saturn\") in December 1942 and the [Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive](/wiki/Ostrogozhsk%E2%80%93Rossosh_offensive \"Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive\"), which began on 13 Januar 1943\\.", "The three anti\\-aircraft companies were deployed in Sicily to guard rail installations: the 203rd in [Palermo](/wiki/Palermo \"Palermo\"), the 204th in [Syracuse](/wiki/Syracuse%2C_Sicily \"Syracuse, Sicily\"), and the 205th in [Agrigento](/wiki/Agrigento \"Agrigento\"). All three companies were destroyed during the [Allied invasion of Sicily](/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily \"Allied invasion of Sicily\"). The II Replacements Battalion remained in Yugoslavia when the 21st Infantry Division \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" returned to Rome. The battalion was disbanded by German forces after the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile.", "The Special Grouping \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" consisted of three grenadier battalions, which were deployed to [Sardinia](/wiki/Sardinia \"Sardinia\") (I and II battalions) and occupied [Corsica](/wiki/Corsica \"Corsica\") (III Battalion).", "#### Italian Co\\-belligerent Army", "After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile the Special Grouping \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" remained loyal to King Victor Emmanuel III and joined the [Italian Co\\-belligerent Army](/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army \"Italian Co-belligerent Army\"). On 15 May 1944 the Special Grouping \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" was reorganized as Grenadiers Division and the battalions of the grouping were used form the 1st Grenadier Regiment and the 2nd Grenadier Regiment. The division also included the [32nd Tank Infantry Regiment](/wiki/32nd_Tank_Infantry_Regiment \"32nd Tank Infantry Regiment\"), [132nd Tank Infantry Regiment](/wiki/132nd_Tank_Infantry_Regiment \"132nd Tank Infantry Regiment\"), 553rd Artillery Regiment, and 548th Artillery Regiment.", "On 7 August 1944 the 1st Grenadier Regiment moved from Sardinia to [Afragola](/wiki/Afragola \"Afragola\") in southern Italy and was assigned to the [Division \"Friuli\"](/wiki/Division_%22Friuli%22 \"Division \"). On 21 August the regiment was disbanded and its personnel formed a grenadiers battalion, which was inserted into the [87th Infantry Regiment \"Friuli\"](/wiki/87th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Friuli%22 \"87th Infantry Regiment \") as the regiment's III Battalion. On 20 September 1944 the division was as reorganized as [Combat Group \"Friuli\"](/wiki/Combat_Group_%22Friuli%22 \"Combat Group \") and received British weapons, uniforms and materiel. On 5 February 1945 the Friuli entered combat and served for the remainder of the war in the [Italian campaign](/wiki/Italian_campaign_%28World_War_II%29 \"Italian campaign (World War II)\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Gruppo di Combattimento \"Friuli\" \\- La Storia \\|url\\=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/pagine/gruppo\\-di\\-combattimento\\-friuli\\-la\\-storia.aspx \\|publisher\\=Italian Army \\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2022}}", "" ]
Plot ---- Peter, Michael, and Jack are living happily together with Mary, who is now five, and her mother, Sylvia. Peter and Michael continue as an architect and cartoonist, while Jack has little acting work. Sylvia has become a famous actress and is dating director Edward who wishes to marry her, but Sylvia is unsure how it will affect Mary. Sylvia and Peter are clearly in love with each other, although he won't admit his true feelings. When visiting, Sylvia's mother warns her that he may never be able to express or admit his feelings. Sylvia, realizing she wants to get married and start a family, accepts Edward's proposal, announcing she and Mary will be moving to the UK after the wedding. Inviting Edward to the apartment, Peter tells him he believes he won't be a good father for Mary. When he leaves, Sylvia confronts Peter, leading to a falling out when she calls him selfish, and he reminds her she abandoned Mary once (as described in [the first film](/wiki/Three_Men_and_a_Baby "Three Men and a Baby")). Sylvia and Mary leave the next day for the UK. The men, depressed, try to cheer themselves up with one of their bachelor\-style parties, but are still miserable without Mary and Sylvia. They go to the UK to visit Mary, who is unhappy without them. Peter and Michael arrive in time for the rehearsal dinner, happily reuniting with Mary and Sylvia. Miss Elspeth Lomax, headmistress of Pileforth Academy for Girls, is introduced to Peter by Edward (who tells her Peter is secretly interested in her). Peter and Sylvia apologize to each other for the fight. With the wedding imminent, Peter is concerned as Mary says Edward dislikes her. Peter and Michael realize Edward plans to send Mary to Pileforth. Edward denies it and Sylvia refuses to believe Peter, who has always disliked Edward. Jack arrives mid\-argument and Sylvia and Edward leave. Peter admits he loves Sylvia but stayed silent because of him. Jack insists that Sylvia only loves Peter and he must follow his heart. The night before the wedding, Peter breaks into Pileforth to get proof of Edward's scheme. Elspeth believes Peter is admitting his "feelings", throwing herself at him. Very surprised and deflecting her advances, he gets away with the evidence in hand. After his car breaks down he calls Jack and Michael and confirms that he has the proof, but he will be late. Michael, Jack, and Mary try to stall the wedding. Michael kidnaps the vicar and Jack disguises himself as an elderly replacement. Peter, with help from Elspeth, heads to the wedding. During the ride, she says Edward told her Peter was interested in her, but Peter says Edward lied, apologizing for his deceit. After numerous delays, Peter and Elspeth arrive at the chapel. Peter shows Sylvia the truth, but she remains in disbelief until Elspeth confirms that Edward has been lying to her. Sylvia comes to her senses and confronts Edward, whom Mary accuses of lying again when he tries to defend his decision. Edward shows his true colors by swearing at Mary, causing Peter to punch him out. Sylvia insists she's going home, but Peter stops her, ultimately declaring his love. Then, Edward regains consciousness, stating it is too late as they are already married. Jack then reveals himself – he has both finally proven his acting skills and rendered the marriage invalid. Peter and Sylvia wed with Mary as their bridesmaid. Mary throws the bouquet into the air as they leave the chapel, and it is caught by a shocked Jack.
[ "Plot\n----", "Peter, Michael, and Jack are living happily together with Mary, who is now five, and her mother, Sylvia. Peter and Michael continue as an architect and cartoonist, while Jack has little acting work. Sylvia has become a famous actress and is dating director Edward who wishes to marry her, but Sylvia is unsure how it will affect Mary.", "Sylvia and Peter are clearly in love with each other, although he won't admit his true feelings. When visiting, Sylvia's mother warns her that he may never be able to express or admit his feelings. Sylvia, realizing she wants to get married and start a family, accepts Edward's proposal, announcing she and Mary will be moving to the UK after the wedding.", "Inviting Edward to the apartment, Peter tells him he believes he won't be a good father for Mary. When he leaves, Sylvia confronts Peter, leading to a falling out when she calls him selfish, and he reminds her she abandoned Mary once (as described in [the first film](/wiki/Three_Men_and_a_Baby \"Three Men and a Baby\")).", "Sylvia and Mary leave the next day for the UK. The men, depressed, try to cheer themselves up with one of their bachelor\\-style parties, but are still miserable without Mary and Sylvia. They go to the UK to visit Mary, who is unhappy without them. Peter and Michael arrive in time for the rehearsal dinner, happily reuniting with Mary and Sylvia. Miss Elspeth Lomax, headmistress of Pileforth Academy for Girls, is introduced to Peter by Edward (who tells her Peter is secretly interested in her). Peter and Sylvia apologize to each other for the fight.", "With the wedding imminent, Peter is concerned as Mary says Edward dislikes her. Peter and Michael realize Edward plans to send Mary to Pileforth. Edward denies it and Sylvia refuses to believe Peter, who has always disliked Edward. Jack arrives mid\\-argument and Sylvia and Edward leave. Peter admits he loves Sylvia but stayed silent because of him. Jack insists that Sylvia only loves Peter and he must follow his heart.", "The night before the wedding, Peter breaks into Pileforth to get proof of Edward's scheme. Elspeth believes Peter is admitting his \"feelings\", throwing herself at him. Very surprised and deflecting her advances, he gets away with the evidence in hand. After his car breaks down he calls Jack and Michael and confirms that he has the proof, but he will be late. Michael, Jack, and Mary try to stall the wedding. Michael kidnaps the vicar and Jack disguises himself as an elderly replacement. Peter, with help from Elspeth, heads to the wedding. During the ride, she says Edward told her Peter was interested in her, but Peter says Edward lied, apologizing for his deceit.", "After numerous delays, Peter and Elspeth arrive at the chapel. Peter shows Sylvia the truth, but she remains in disbelief until Elspeth confirms that Edward has been lying to her. Sylvia comes to her senses and confronts Edward, whom Mary accuses of lying again when he tries to defend his decision. Edward shows his true colors by swearing at Mary, causing Peter to punch him out. Sylvia insists she's going home, but Peter stops her, ultimately declaring his love. Then, Edward regains consciousness, stating it is too late as they are already married. Jack then reveals himself – he has both finally proven his acting skills and rendered the marriage invalid.", "Peter and Sylvia wed with Mary as their bridesmaid. Mary throws the bouquet into the air as they leave the chapel, and it is caught by a shocked Jack.", "" ]
History ------- ### C.D. Zamora The club was founded on December 26, 1950, and quickly joined [Mexican Second Division](/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_Profesional "Segunda División Profesional") along with [Zacatepec](/wiki/Zacatepec "Zacatepec"), [Monterrey](/wiki/Club_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Monterrey "Club de Fútbol Monterrey"), [Toluca](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Toluca "Club Deportivo Toluca"), [Deportivo Irapuato](/wiki/Deportivo_Irapuato "Deportivo Irapuato"), Zamora, [Querétaro](/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_F%C3%BAtbol_Club "Querétaro Fútbol Club"), [Morelia](/wiki/Monarcas_Morelia "Monarcas Morelia") and [Pachuca](/wiki/Pachuca_Club_de_F%C3%BAtbol "Pachuca Club de Fútbol"). Some clubs were newcomers, and some were rejoining the league. In their first league, the club quickly became a contender and finished a couple of points behind the champion Zacatepec, who earned the chance to join the [Primera División de México](/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico "Primera División de México"). The following years were also successful years, but not good enough to crown themselves. In the 1954\-55 tournament, the club once again finished runner\-up, this time just behind [F.C. Atlas](/wiki/F.C._Atlas "F.C. Atlas");, this time the club was allowed to be promoted after the federation decided to increase the number of clubs in the top division to 14\. A playoff tournament was organized with 2 clubs from the first division along with the 11 and 12 place clubs from the first division clubs: [Cuautla FC](/wiki/Cuautla_FC "Cuautla FC"), Zamora, Querétaro, [Atlante](/wiki/Club_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Atlante "Club de Fútbol Atlante") and [Marte](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Marte "Club Deportivo Marte"). With the result of Atlante remaining in the top division, joined by Cuautla FC and Zamora. Querétaro remained in the second division, joined by the relegated Marte. In the 1955\-56{{cite web \| title\=All first division season played by Zamora \| url\= https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/mexhist.html \| publisher\=\[\[Femexfut]]\| access\-date\=2009\-07\-28}} season the club played its first tournament in the top league under the management of the Enrique Álvarez.The club had a terrible time in the top division and so lost the category, being relegated back to the second division, leaving its spot to [C.F. Monterrey](/wiki/C.F._Monterrey "C.F. Monterrey"), who had been promoted. In the 1956–57 season, the club finally won its first title led by the [Argentine](/wiki/Argentine "Argentine") Raúl Leguizamón. This time the club took over the empty spot left by C.F. Monterrey, who a year ago had taken over the spot Zamora had left. That same year [Puebla FC](/wiki/Puebla_FC "Puebla FC") decided to leave the league, and so its spot was taken over by Atlético Morelia, marking this the first time 2 clubs from the state of [Michoacán](/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n "Michoacán") played in the top division. The club once again lost the category in the 1959\-60 tournament after playing 3 not\-so\-good tournaments, with its best season finish in 1957–58, finishing 7th with 25 points. In 1960 the club finished last under the management of Carlos Seville. The club would not return to the first division, having 2 good opportunities one in 1963\-64 when they played a promotion matched against [Cruz Azul](/wiki/Cruz_Azul "Cruz Azul") who would beat them 7–1\. The club would eventually be relegated to the third division where they would win the 1977\-78 title to return to the second division where in 1982\-83 tournament they would have its second opportunity to return to the top division facing [Unión de Curtidores](/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_Curtidores "Unión de Curtidores") in a second promotional match which they lost 1–0\. ### Resurgence A second division team returned to Zamora in 1989–90, when Cachorros Guaymas moved to the city. In this season, the club won the Segunda División "B" and was promoted to Segunda "A".{{cite web \|title\=Mexico \- List of Final Tables Second Division "B" (Third Level 1982\-1994\) \|url\=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/mex2bhist.html \|website\=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation \|access\-date\=14 April 2019 \|date\=24 August 2017}} In 1990\-91 was relegated to Segunda "B", in 1994 was dissolved. The club has played on and off since 1994 until 2004, when was created a new team called Jaguares de Zamora, a [Chiapas](/wiki/Chiapas_F.C. "Chiapas F.C.") inferior reserve squad. In 2007 the club became once again independent and rejoined the [Segunda División Profesional](/wiki/Liga_Premier_de_M%C3%A9xico "Liga Premier de México") until 2008\. In 2010, the club returned with the name Atlético Zamora in Second Division, playing in [Liga de Nuevos Talentos](/wiki/Serie_B_de_M%C3%A9xico "Serie B de México"), this team was dissolved in 2011, its franchise was moved to Cuernavaca to compete in the [Liga Premier de Ascenso](/wiki/Serie_A_de_M%C3%A9xico "Serie A de México"). ### Real Zamora In 2008 a club called Real Zamora was created in the [Third Division](/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico "Tercera División de México"). Real Zamora was created from the license of Real Cavadas, who played at [La Piedad](/wiki/La_Piedad "La Piedad"),{{cite web \|title\=HISTORIA \- Real Zamora \|url\=http://realzamora.com/?page\_id\=8 \|access\-date\=14 April 2019 \|language\=es}} in 2008–09 season, the team played with Real Cavadas register.{{cite web \|title\=Real Cavadas \- Estadísticas 2008\-09 \|url\=http://ligamx.net/estadistica/tj/eyJ0aXR1bG9UYWJsYSI6IiBUSiAtIFJFQUwgQ0FWQURBUyAiLCIgcHNUaXBvRXN0ZCI6IiIsImlkVGVtcG9yYWRhIjoiNTkiLCJpZFRvcm5lbyI6IjE1IiwiaWRDbHViIjoiMTQ3OCIsImlkRGl2aXNpb24iOiI4IiwiRmFzZSI6IjEifQ\=\= \|website\=Liga MX \|access\-date\=14 April 2019 \|language\=es}} As of the 2009–10 season, the team got its name officially.{{cite web \|title\=Informe Arbitral: Leones Rojos del Instituto Oviedo \- Real Zamora \|url\=https://administrador.ligamx.net/php/cmpt/CMPT\_InfrArbt.php?pnIDPartido\=38011 \|website\=Liga MX \|access\-date\=14 April 2019 \|language\=es \|date\=22 August 2009}} In 2013–14 season, Real Zamora reached the final of the championship, the team was defeated by [Tuzos Pachuca](/wiki/C.F._Pachuca "C.F. Pachuca"). The status as runner\-up allowed the team to be promoted to the [Liga de Nuevos Talentos](/wiki/Serie_B_de_M%C3%A9xico "Serie B de México").{{cite web \|last1\=Hernández \|first1\=Francisco \|title\=Real Zamora se quedó con el Sub Campeonato de la Tercera División \|url\=http://www.el\-independiente.com.mx/real\-zamora\-se\-quedo\-con\-el\-sub\-campeonato\-de\-la\-tercera\-division/ \|website\=El Independiente \|access\-date\=14 April 2019 \|language\=es \|date\=2 June 2014}} In the [Apertura 2015 tournament](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Liga_de_Nuevos_Talentos_season%23Torneo_Apertura "2015–16 Liga de Nuevos Talentos season#Torneo Apertura"), Real Zamora was runner\-up of Liga de Nuevos Talentos, the squad was defeated by [Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas](/wiki/Correcaminos_UAT_Premier "Correcaminos UAT Premier").{{cite web \|last1\=Hernández \|first1\=Francisco \|title\=U. A. de Tamaulipas se coronó Campeón de Segunda División en casa del Real Zamora \|url\=http://www.el\-independiente.com.mx/u\-a\-de\-tamaulipas\-se\-corono\-campeon\-de\-segunda\-division\-en\-casa\-del\-real\-zamora/ \|website\=El Independiente \|access\-date\=14 April 2019 \|language\=es \|date\=7 December 2015}} However, in [Clausura 2016](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Liga_de_Nuevos_Talentos_season%23Torneo_Clausura "2015–16 Liga de Nuevos Talentos season#Torneo Clausura"), Real Zamora won the tournament by defeating [Sporting Canamy](/wiki/Sporting_Canamy "Sporting Canamy") by a 4\-1 aggregate score.{{cite web \|last1\=Hernández \|first1\=Francisco \|title\=Real Zamora es Campeón del Clausura 2016 en la Liga Nuevos Talentos \|url\=http://www.el\-independiente.com.mx/real\-zamora\-es\-campeon\-del\-clausura\-2016\-en\-la\-liga\-nuevos\-talentos/ \|website\=El Independiente \|access\-date\=14 April 2019 \|language\=es \|date\=3 May 2016}} The squad won the right to play the promotion playoff against Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Real Zamora won the series by a 7\-1 aggregate score and was promoted to Liga Premier de Ascenso.{{cite web \|last1\=Herrera \|first1\=Rubén \|title\=¡ Real Zamora Campeón de la Liga Nuevos Talentos ¡ \|url\=https://www.contramuro.com/real\-zamora\-campeon\-de\-la\-liga\-nuevos\-talentos/ \|website\=Contramuro \|access\-date\=14 April 2019 \|language\=es \|date\=7 May 2016}} In [2016\-17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Liga_Premier_de_Ascenso_season "2016–17 Liga Premier de Ascenso season") Real Zamora was promoted to the Liga Premier de Ascenso, with this achievement, the club and the city council collaborated to resume the construction works of the [Estadio Zamora](/wiki/Estadio_Zamora "Estadio Zamora") with the aim of fulfilling the guidelines of the Second Division.{{Cite web\|url\=https://enzamora.mx/estadio\-zamoracumplira\-con\-los\-requisitos\-de\-la\-segunda\-division.html\|title\=Estadio Zamora, cumplirá con los requisitos de la Segunda División\|access\-date\=14 April 2019\|website\=enzamora.mx\|language\=es}} On October 1, 2016, Real Zamora played its first game in the stadium.{{cite web \|title\=Real Zamora cae en debut de su nuevo estadio \|url\=http://diarioabc.mx/noticias/?p\=45169 \|website\=Diario ABC de Michoacán \|access\-date\=14 April 2019 \|language\=es \|date\=3 October 2016}} The team played its first three games in the [Estadio Juan N. López](/wiki/Estadio_Juan_N._L%C3%B3pez "Estadio Juan N. López"), [La Piedad](/wiki/La_Piedad "La Piedad"). In June 2017, the former footballer [Heriberto Morales](/wiki/Heriberto_Morales "Heriberto Morales") acquired 30% of the club's shares through the [Promotora Valladolid](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Valladolid "Club Atlético Valladolid").{{cite web \|last1\=Herrera \|first1\=Rubén \|title\=Atlético Valladolid y Real Zamora, por el sueño de la Liga de Ascenso \|url\=https://www.contramuro.com/atletico\-valladolid\-y\-real\-zamora\-por\-el\-sueno\-de\-la\-liga\-de\-ascenso/ \|website\=Contramuro \|access\-date\=14 April 2019 \|language\=es \|date\=22 June 2017}} However, he sold his participation a year later. In July 2018, José Trinidad Melgoza, who was part of the board of the [Reboceros de La Piedad](/wiki/Reboceros_de_La_Piedad "Reboceros de La Piedad"), decided to move the project of the mentioned club to join him with the Zamora's team, including footballers and coaching staff, and he went on to be a majority partner in addition to taking the vice\-presidency of the team.{{cite web \|last1\=Sierra Rangel \|first1\=Yoshio Axel \|title\=Franquicia de los Reboceros se muda a Zamora \|url\=http://www.cambiodemichoacan.com.mx/nota\-n45406 \|website\=Cambio de Michoacán \|access\-date\=14 April 2019 \|language\=es \|date\=3 August 2018}} With the arrival of Melgoza to the administration, a Real Zamora's reserve squad was created, this team plays in Tercera División,{{cite web \|last1\=Río \|first1\=Guillermo \|title\=Real Zamora realiza visorías para conformar equipo de tercera división \|url\=http://www.el\-independiente.com.mx/real\-zamora\-realiza\-visorias\-para\-conformar\-equipo\-de\-tercera\-division/ \|website\=El Independiente \|access\-date\=14 April 2019 \|language\=es \|date\=10 August 2018}} however the reserve squad participate in this season with the Queseros de San José register.{{cite web \|last1\=Ruíz Muñoz \|first1\=Eduardo \|title\=Cédula Arbitral refiere que Reboceros no tenía registro de sus jugadores \|url\=https://www.periodicolaredaccion.com/cedula\-arbitral\-refiere\-que\-reboceros\-no\-tenia\-registro\-de\-sus\-jugadores/ \|website\=Periódico La Redacción \|access\-date\=14 April 2019 \|language\=es \|date\=18 September 2018}} In December 2018, Melgoza returned to La Piedad board, with this fact Real Zamora and Reboceros de La Piedad started an exchange of players and coaches between both teams with the aim of uniting their projects and promoting the development of football in the region.{{cite web \|title\=Reestructura en Reboceros y Chongueros \|url\=http://acueductoonline.com/reestructura\-en\-reboceros\-y\-chongueros/ \|website\=Acueducto Online \|access\-date\=14 April 2019 \|language\=es \|date\=7 December 2018}} On June 28, 2019, it was announced that the team's franchise was put on hiatus during a season due to the breach of the sports infrastructure required by the Liga Premier de México \- Serie A, the period without activity was reserved to make the necessary improvements to comply with the regulation and thus qualify for promotion to a higher category.{{cite web \|title\=Zamora Deportivo \|url\=https://twitter.com/ZamoraDeportivo/status/1143906496142438401 \|access\-date\=9 July 2019 \|language\=es}} In July 2020, due to the problem with its facilities, the Real Zamora franchise was used so that [Azores de Hidalgo](/wiki/Azores_de_Hidalgo "Azores de Hidalgo") could compete in the Liga Premier de México.{{cite web \|last1\=García \|first1\=Oliver \|title\=Llegada de Azores de Hidalgo confronta a cabildo de Apan \|url\=https://hidalgo.lasillarota.com/estados/llegada\-de\-azores\-de\-hidalgo\-confronta\-a\-cabildo\-de\-apan\-equipo\-conflicto\-privatizacion\-rehabilitada/423019 \|website\=La Silla Rota \|access\-date\=29 August 2020 \|language\=es \|date\=12 August 2020}} For the 2021–22 season, the Real Zamora franchise officially became [Inter de Querétaro F.C.](/wiki/Inter_de_Quer%C3%A9taro_F.C. "Inter de Querétaro F.C.") In 2024, Inter de Querétaro renounced its rights to the franchise, so Real Zamora returned to compete officially, however, the team is totally independent of the administration it had until 2019, so for its return to the competition it was established in the city of La Piedad instead of Zamora. Also, the team was enrolled on the Liga Premier – Serie B.{{cite web \|title\=REAL ZAMORA EN EL JUAN N. LÓPEZ \|url\=https://www.ligapremiermagazine.mx/\#/inicio/noticias/real\-zamora\-en\-el\-juan\-n.\-lopez \|website\=Liga Premier Magazine \|access\-date\=22 August 2024 \|language\=es \|date\=22 August 2024}} Initially, [Bucaneros de Zitácuaro](/wiki/Bucaneros_de_Zit%C3%A1cuaro "Bucaneros de Zitácuaro") was going to absorb the franchise, but the league did not authorize the move, leaving Real Zamora as the name of the team but with players and administration from Zitácuaro.
[ "History\n-------", "### C.D. Zamora", "The club was founded on December 26, 1950, and quickly joined [Mexican Second Division](/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_Profesional \"Segunda División Profesional\") along with [Zacatepec](/wiki/Zacatepec \"Zacatepec\"), [Monterrey](/wiki/Club_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Monterrey \"Club de Fútbol Monterrey\"), [Toluca](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Toluca \"Club Deportivo Toluca\"), [Deportivo Irapuato](/wiki/Deportivo_Irapuato \"Deportivo Irapuato\"), Zamora, [Querétaro](/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_F%C3%BAtbol_Club \"Querétaro Fútbol Club\"), [Morelia](/wiki/Monarcas_Morelia \"Monarcas Morelia\") and [Pachuca](/wiki/Pachuca_Club_de_F%C3%BAtbol \"Pachuca Club de Fútbol\"). Some clubs were newcomers, and some were rejoining the league. In their first league, the club quickly became a contender and finished a couple of points behind the champion Zacatepec, who earned the chance to join the [Primera División de México](/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico \"Primera División de México\"). The following years were also successful years, but not good enough to crown themselves.", "In the 1954\\-55 tournament, the club once again finished runner\\-up, this time just behind [F.C. Atlas](/wiki/F.C._Atlas \"F.C. Atlas\");, this time the club was allowed to be promoted after the federation decided to increase the number of clubs in the top division to 14\\. A playoff tournament was organized with 2 clubs from the first division along with the 11 and 12 place clubs from the first division clubs: [Cuautla FC](/wiki/Cuautla_FC \"Cuautla FC\"), Zamora, Querétaro, [Atlante](/wiki/Club_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Atlante \"Club de Fútbol Atlante\") and [Marte](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Marte \"Club Deportivo Marte\"). With the result of Atlante remaining in the top division, joined by Cuautla FC and Zamora. Querétaro remained in the second division, joined by the relegated Marte.", "In the 1955\\-56{{cite web \\| title\\=All first division season played by Zamora \\| url\\= https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/mexhist.html \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Femexfut]]\\| access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-28}} season the club played its first tournament in the top league under the management of the Enrique Álvarez.The club had a terrible time in the top division and so lost the category, being relegated back to the second division, leaving its spot to [C.F. Monterrey](/wiki/C.F._Monterrey \"C.F. Monterrey\"), who had been promoted.", "In the 1956–57 season, the club finally won its first title led by the [Argentine](/wiki/Argentine \"Argentine\") Raúl Leguizamón. This time the club took over the empty spot left by C.F. Monterrey, who a year ago had taken over the spot Zamora had left. That same year [Puebla FC](/wiki/Puebla_FC \"Puebla FC\") decided to leave the league, and so its spot was taken over by Atlético Morelia, marking this the first time 2 clubs from the state of [Michoacán](/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n \"Michoacán\") played in the top division.", "The club once again lost the category in the 1959\\-60 tournament after playing 3 not\\-so\\-good tournaments, with its best season finish in 1957–58, finishing 7th with 25 points. In 1960 the club finished last under the management of Carlos Seville.", "The club would not return to the first division, having 2 good opportunities one in 1963\\-64 when they played a promotion matched against [Cruz Azul](/wiki/Cruz_Azul \"Cruz Azul\") who would beat them 7–1\\. The club would eventually be relegated to the third division where they would win the 1977\\-78 title to return to the second division where in 1982\\-83 tournament they would have its second opportunity to return to the top division facing [Unión de Curtidores](/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_Curtidores \"Unión de Curtidores\") in a second promotional match which they lost 1–0\\.", "### Resurgence", "A second division team returned to Zamora in 1989–90, when Cachorros Guaymas moved to the city. In this season, the club won the Segunda División \"B\" and was promoted to Segunda \"A\".{{cite web \\|title\\=Mexico \\- List of Final Tables Second Division \"B\" (Third Level 1982\\-1994\\) \\|url\\=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/mex2bhist.html \\|website\\=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation \\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2019 \\|date\\=24 August 2017}} In 1990\\-91 was relegated to Segunda \"B\", in 1994 was dissolved.", "The club has played on and off since 1994 until 2004, when was created a new team called Jaguares de Zamora, a [Chiapas](/wiki/Chiapas_F.C. \"Chiapas F.C.\") inferior reserve squad. In 2007 the club became once again independent and rejoined the [Segunda División Profesional](/wiki/Liga_Premier_de_M%C3%A9xico \"Liga Premier de México\") until 2008\\.", "In 2010, the club returned with the name Atlético Zamora in Second Division, playing in [Liga de Nuevos Talentos](/wiki/Serie_B_de_M%C3%A9xico \"Serie B de México\"), this team was dissolved in 2011, its franchise was moved to Cuernavaca to compete in the [Liga Premier de Ascenso](/wiki/Serie_A_de_M%C3%A9xico \"Serie A de México\").", "### Real Zamora", "In 2008 a club called Real Zamora was created in the [Third Division](/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico \"Tercera División de México\"). Real Zamora was created from the license of Real Cavadas, who played at [La Piedad](/wiki/La_Piedad \"La Piedad\"),{{cite web \\|title\\=HISTORIA \\- Real Zamora \\|url\\=http://realzamora.com/?page\\_id\\=8 \\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2019 \\|language\\=es}} in 2008–09 season, the team played with Real Cavadas register.{{cite web \\|title\\=Real Cavadas \\- Estadísticas 2008\\-09 \\|url\\=http://ligamx.net/estadistica/tj/eyJ0aXR1bG9UYWJsYSI6IiBUSiAtIFJFQUwgQ0FWQURBUyAiLCIgcHNUaXBvRXN0ZCI6IiIsImlkVGVtcG9yYWRhIjoiNTkiLCJpZFRvcm5lbyI6IjE1IiwiaWRDbHViIjoiMTQ3OCIsImlkRGl2aXNpb24iOiI4IiwiRmFzZSI6IjEifQ\\=\\= \\|website\\=Liga MX \\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2019 \\|language\\=es}} As of the 2009–10 season, the team got its name officially.{{cite web \\|title\\=Informe Arbitral: Leones Rojos del Instituto Oviedo \\- Real Zamora \\|url\\=https://administrador.ligamx.net/php/cmpt/CMPT\\_InfrArbt.php?pnIDPartido\\=38011 \\|website\\=Liga MX \\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2019 \\|language\\=es \\|date\\=22 August 2009}}", "In 2013–14 season, Real Zamora reached the final of the championship, the team was defeated by [Tuzos Pachuca](/wiki/C.F._Pachuca \"C.F. Pachuca\"). The status as runner\\-up allowed the team to be promoted to the [Liga de Nuevos Talentos](/wiki/Serie_B_de_M%C3%A9xico \"Serie B de México\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Hernández \\|first1\\=Francisco \\|title\\=Real Zamora se quedó con el Sub Campeonato de la Tercera División \\|url\\=http://www.el\\-independiente.com.mx/real\\-zamora\\-se\\-quedo\\-con\\-el\\-sub\\-campeonato\\-de\\-la\\-tercera\\-division/ \\|website\\=El Independiente \\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2019 \\|language\\=es \\|date\\=2 June 2014}}", "In the [Apertura 2015 tournament](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Liga_de_Nuevos_Talentos_season%23Torneo_Apertura \"2015–16 Liga de Nuevos Talentos season#Torneo Apertura\"), Real Zamora was runner\\-up of Liga de Nuevos Talentos, the squad was defeated by [Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas](/wiki/Correcaminos_UAT_Premier \"Correcaminos UAT Premier\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Hernández \\|first1\\=Francisco \\|title\\=U. A. de Tamaulipas se coronó Campeón de Segunda División en casa del Real Zamora \\|url\\=http://www.el\\-independiente.com.mx/u\\-a\\-de\\-tamaulipas\\-se\\-corono\\-campeon\\-de\\-segunda\\-division\\-en\\-casa\\-del\\-real\\-zamora/ \\|website\\=El Independiente \\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2019 \\|language\\=es \\|date\\=7 December 2015}} However, in [Clausura 2016](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Liga_de_Nuevos_Talentos_season%23Torneo_Clausura \"2015–16 Liga de Nuevos Talentos season#Torneo Clausura\"), Real Zamora won the tournament by defeating [Sporting Canamy](/wiki/Sporting_Canamy \"Sporting Canamy\") by a 4\\-1 aggregate score.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Hernández \\|first1\\=Francisco \\|title\\=Real Zamora es Campeón del Clausura 2016 en la Liga Nuevos Talentos \\|url\\=http://www.el\\-independiente.com.mx/real\\-zamora\\-es\\-campeon\\-del\\-clausura\\-2016\\-en\\-la\\-liga\\-nuevos\\-talentos/ \\|website\\=El Independiente \\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2019 \\|language\\=es \\|date\\=3 May 2016}} The squad won the right to play the promotion playoff against Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Real Zamora won the series by a 7\\-1 aggregate score and was promoted to Liga Premier de Ascenso.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Herrera \\|first1\\=Rubén \\|title\\=¡ Real Zamora Campeón de la Liga Nuevos Talentos ¡ \\|url\\=https://www.contramuro.com/real\\-zamora\\-campeon\\-de\\-la\\-liga\\-nuevos\\-talentos/ \\|website\\=Contramuro \\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2019 \\|language\\=es \\|date\\=7 May 2016}}", "In [2016\\-17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Liga_Premier_de_Ascenso_season \"2016–17 Liga Premier de Ascenso season\") Real Zamora was promoted to the Liga Premier de Ascenso, with this achievement, the club and the city council collaborated to resume the construction works of the [Estadio Zamora](/wiki/Estadio_Zamora \"Estadio Zamora\") with the aim of fulfilling the guidelines of the Second Division.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://enzamora.mx/estadio\\-zamoracumplira\\-con\\-los\\-requisitos\\-de\\-la\\-segunda\\-division.html\\|title\\=Estadio Zamora, cumplirá con los requisitos de la Segunda División\\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2019\\|website\\=enzamora.mx\\|language\\=es}} On October 1, 2016, Real Zamora played its first game in the stadium.{{cite web \\|title\\=Real Zamora cae en debut de su nuevo estadio \\|url\\=http://diarioabc.mx/noticias/?p\\=45169 \\|website\\=Diario ABC de Michoacán \\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2019 \\|language\\=es \\|date\\=3 October 2016}} The team played its first three games in the [Estadio Juan N. López](/wiki/Estadio_Juan_N._L%C3%B3pez \"Estadio Juan N. López\"), [La Piedad](/wiki/La_Piedad \"La Piedad\"). In June 2017, the former footballer [Heriberto Morales](/wiki/Heriberto_Morales \"Heriberto Morales\") acquired 30% of the club's shares through the [Promotora Valladolid](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Valladolid \"Club Atlético Valladolid\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Herrera \\|first1\\=Rubén \\|title\\=Atlético Valladolid y Real Zamora, por el sueño de la Liga de Ascenso \\|url\\=https://www.contramuro.com/atletico\\-valladolid\\-y\\-real\\-zamora\\-por\\-el\\-sueno\\-de\\-la\\-liga\\-de\\-ascenso/ \\|website\\=Contramuro \\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2019 \\|language\\=es \\|date\\=22 June 2017}} However, he sold his participation a year later.", "In July 2018, José Trinidad Melgoza, who was part of the board of the [Reboceros de La Piedad](/wiki/Reboceros_de_La_Piedad \"Reboceros de La Piedad\"), decided to move the project of the mentioned club to join him with the Zamora's team, including footballers and coaching staff, and he went on to be a majority partner in addition to taking the vice\\-presidency of the team.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Sierra Rangel \\|first1\\=Yoshio Axel \\|title\\=Franquicia de los Reboceros se muda a Zamora \\|url\\=http://www.cambiodemichoacan.com.mx/nota\\-n45406 \\|website\\=Cambio de Michoacán \\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2019 \\|language\\=es \\|date\\=3 August 2018}} With the arrival of Melgoza to the administration, a Real Zamora's reserve squad was created, this team plays in Tercera División,{{cite web \\|last1\\=Río \\|first1\\=Guillermo \\|title\\=Real Zamora realiza visorías para conformar equipo de tercera división \\|url\\=http://www.el\\-independiente.com.mx/real\\-zamora\\-realiza\\-visorias\\-para\\-conformar\\-equipo\\-de\\-tercera\\-division/ \\|website\\=El Independiente \\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2019 \\|language\\=es \\|date\\=10 August 2018}} however the reserve squad participate in this season with the Queseros de San José register.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ruíz Muñoz \\|first1\\=Eduardo \\|title\\=Cédula Arbitral refiere que Reboceros no tenía registro de sus jugadores \\|url\\=https://www.periodicolaredaccion.com/cedula\\-arbitral\\-refiere\\-que\\-reboceros\\-no\\-tenia\\-registro\\-de\\-sus\\-jugadores/ \\|website\\=Periódico La Redacción \\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2019 \\|language\\=es \\|date\\=18 September 2018}}", "In December 2018, Melgoza returned to La Piedad board, with this fact Real Zamora and Reboceros de La Piedad started an exchange of players and coaches between both teams with the aim of uniting their projects and promoting the development of football in the region.{{cite web \\|title\\=Reestructura en Reboceros y Chongueros \\|url\\=http://acueductoonline.com/reestructura\\-en\\-reboceros\\-y\\-chongueros/ \\|website\\=Acueducto Online \\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2019 \\|language\\=es \\|date\\=7 December 2018}}", "On June 28, 2019, it was announced that the team's franchise was put on hiatus during a season due to the breach of the sports infrastructure required by the Liga Premier de México \\- Serie A, the period without activity was reserved to make the necessary improvements to comply with the regulation and thus qualify for promotion to a higher category.{{cite web \\|title\\=Zamora Deportivo \\|url\\=https://twitter.com/ZamoraDeportivo/status/1143906496142438401 \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2019 \\|language\\=es}}", "In July 2020, due to the problem with its facilities, the Real Zamora franchise was used so that [Azores de Hidalgo](/wiki/Azores_de_Hidalgo \"Azores de Hidalgo\") could compete in the Liga Premier de México.{{cite web \\|last1\\=García \\|first1\\=Oliver \\|title\\=Llegada de Azores de Hidalgo confronta a cabildo de Apan \\|url\\=https://hidalgo.lasillarota.com/estados/llegada\\-de\\-azores\\-de\\-hidalgo\\-confronta\\-a\\-cabildo\\-de\\-apan\\-equipo\\-conflicto\\-privatizacion\\-rehabilitada/423019 \\|website\\=La Silla Rota \\|access\\-date\\=29 August 2020 \\|language\\=es \\|date\\=12 August 2020}} For the 2021–22 season, the Real Zamora franchise officially became [Inter de Querétaro F.C.](/wiki/Inter_de_Quer%C3%A9taro_F.C. \"Inter de Querétaro F.C.\")", "In 2024, Inter de Querétaro renounced its rights to the franchise, so Real Zamora returned to compete officially, however, the team is totally independent of the administration it had until 2019, so for its return to the competition it was established in the city of La Piedad instead of Zamora. Also, the team was enrolled on the Liga Premier – Serie B.{{cite web \\|title\\=REAL ZAMORA EN EL JUAN N. LÓPEZ \\|url\\=https://www.ligapremiermagazine.mx/\\#/inicio/noticias/real\\-zamora\\-en\\-el\\-juan\\-n.\\-lopez \\|website\\=Liga Premier Magazine \\|access\\-date\\=22 August 2024 \\|language\\=es \\|date\\=22 August 2024}} Initially, [Bucaneros de Zitácuaro](/wiki/Bucaneros_de_Zit%C3%A1cuaro \"Bucaneros de Zitácuaro\") was going to absorb the franchise, but the league did not authorize the move, leaving Real Zamora as the name of the team but with players and administration from Zitácuaro.", "" ]
### C.D. Zamora The club was founded on December 26, 1950, and quickly joined [Mexican Second Division](/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_Profesional "Segunda División Profesional") along with [Zacatepec](/wiki/Zacatepec "Zacatepec"), [Monterrey](/wiki/Club_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Monterrey "Club de Fútbol Monterrey"), [Toluca](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Toluca "Club Deportivo Toluca"), [Deportivo Irapuato](/wiki/Deportivo_Irapuato "Deportivo Irapuato"), Zamora, [Querétaro](/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_F%C3%BAtbol_Club "Querétaro Fútbol Club"), [Morelia](/wiki/Monarcas_Morelia "Monarcas Morelia") and [Pachuca](/wiki/Pachuca_Club_de_F%C3%BAtbol "Pachuca Club de Fútbol"). Some clubs were newcomers, and some were rejoining the league. In their first league, the club quickly became a contender and finished a couple of points behind the champion Zacatepec, who earned the chance to join the [Primera División de México](/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico "Primera División de México"). The following years were also successful years, but not good enough to crown themselves. In the 1954\-55 tournament, the club once again finished runner\-up, this time just behind [F.C. Atlas](/wiki/F.C._Atlas "F.C. Atlas");, this time the club was allowed to be promoted after the federation decided to increase the number of clubs in the top division to 14\. A playoff tournament was organized with 2 clubs from the first division along with the 11 and 12 place clubs from the first division clubs: [Cuautla FC](/wiki/Cuautla_FC "Cuautla FC"), Zamora, Querétaro, [Atlante](/wiki/Club_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Atlante "Club de Fútbol Atlante") and [Marte](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Marte "Club Deportivo Marte"). With the result of Atlante remaining in the top division, joined by Cuautla FC and Zamora. Querétaro remained in the second division, joined by the relegated Marte. In the 1955\-56{{cite web \| title\=All first division season played by Zamora \| url\= https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/mexhist.html \| publisher\=\[\[Femexfut]]\| access\-date\=2009\-07\-28}} season the club played its first tournament in the top league under the management of the Enrique Álvarez.The club had a terrible time in the top division and so lost the category, being relegated back to the second division, leaving its spot to [C.F. Monterrey](/wiki/C.F._Monterrey "C.F. Monterrey"), who had been promoted. In the 1956–57 season, the club finally won its first title led by the [Argentine](/wiki/Argentine "Argentine") Raúl Leguizamón. This time the club took over the empty spot left by C.F. Monterrey, who a year ago had taken over the spot Zamora had left. That same year [Puebla FC](/wiki/Puebla_FC "Puebla FC") decided to leave the league, and so its spot was taken over by Atlético Morelia, marking this the first time 2 clubs from the state of [Michoacán](/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n "Michoacán") played in the top division. The club once again lost the category in the 1959\-60 tournament after playing 3 not\-so\-good tournaments, with its best season finish in 1957–58, finishing 7th with 25 points. In 1960 the club finished last under the management of Carlos Seville. The club would not return to the first division, having 2 good opportunities one in 1963\-64 when they played a promotion matched against [Cruz Azul](/wiki/Cruz_Azul "Cruz Azul") who would beat them 7–1\. The club would eventually be relegated to the third division where they would win the 1977\-78 title to return to the second division where in 1982\-83 tournament they would have its second opportunity to return to the top division facing [Unión de Curtidores](/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_Curtidores "Unión de Curtidores") in a second promotional match which they lost 1–0\.
[ "### C.D. Zamora", "The club was founded on December 26, 1950, and quickly joined [Mexican Second Division](/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_Profesional \"Segunda División Profesional\") along with [Zacatepec](/wiki/Zacatepec \"Zacatepec\"), [Monterrey](/wiki/Club_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Monterrey \"Club de Fútbol Monterrey\"), [Toluca](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Toluca \"Club Deportivo Toluca\"), [Deportivo Irapuato](/wiki/Deportivo_Irapuato \"Deportivo Irapuato\"), Zamora, [Querétaro](/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_F%C3%BAtbol_Club \"Querétaro Fútbol Club\"), [Morelia](/wiki/Monarcas_Morelia \"Monarcas Morelia\") and [Pachuca](/wiki/Pachuca_Club_de_F%C3%BAtbol \"Pachuca Club de Fútbol\"). Some clubs were newcomers, and some were rejoining the league. In their first league, the club quickly became a contender and finished a couple of points behind the champion Zacatepec, who earned the chance to join the [Primera División de México](/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico \"Primera División de México\"). The following years were also successful years, but not good enough to crown themselves.", "In the 1954\\-55 tournament, the club once again finished runner\\-up, this time just behind [F.C. Atlas](/wiki/F.C._Atlas \"F.C. Atlas\");, this time the club was allowed to be promoted after the federation decided to increase the number of clubs in the top division to 14\\. A playoff tournament was organized with 2 clubs from the first division along with the 11 and 12 place clubs from the first division clubs: [Cuautla FC](/wiki/Cuautla_FC \"Cuautla FC\"), Zamora, Querétaro, [Atlante](/wiki/Club_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Atlante \"Club de Fútbol Atlante\") and [Marte](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Marte \"Club Deportivo Marte\"). With the result of Atlante remaining in the top division, joined by Cuautla FC and Zamora. Querétaro remained in the second division, joined by the relegated Marte.", "In the 1955\\-56{{cite web \\| title\\=All first division season played by Zamora \\| url\\= https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/mexhist.html \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Femexfut]]\\| access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-28}} season the club played its first tournament in the top league under the management of the Enrique Álvarez.The club had a terrible time in the top division and so lost the category, being relegated back to the second division, leaving its spot to [C.F. Monterrey](/wiki/C.F._Monterrey \"C.F. Monterrey\"), who had been promoted.", "In the 1956–57 season, the club finally won its first title led by the [Argentine](/wiki/Argentine \"Argentine\") Raúl Leguizamón. This time the club took over the empty spot left by C.F. Monterrey, who a year ago had taken over the spot Zamora had left. That same year [Puebla FC](/wiki/Puebla_FC \"Puebla FC\") decided to leave the league, and so its spot was taken over by Atlético Morelia, marking this the first time 2 clubs from the state of [Michoacán](/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n \"Michoacán\") played in the top division.", "The club once again lost the category in the 1959\\-60 tournament after playing 3 not\\-so\\-good tournaments, with its best season finish in 1957–58, finishing 7th with 25 points. In 1960 the club finished last under the management of Carlos Seville.", "The club would not return to the first division, having 2 good opportunities one in 1963\\-64 when they played a promotion matched against [Cruz Azul](/wiki/Cruz_Azul \"Cruz Azul\") who would beat them 7–1\\. The club would eventually be relegated to the third division where they would win the 1977\\-78 title to return to the second division where in 1982\\-83 tournament they would have its second opportunity to return to the top division facing [Unión de Curtidores](/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_Curtidores \"Unión de Curtidores\") in a second promotional match which they lost 1–0\\.", "" ]
Two variables ------------- Let S be a [set](/wiki/Set_%28mathematics%29 "Set (mathematics)") and A be an [additive](/wiki/Additive_group "Additive group") [abelian group](/wiki/Abelian_group "Abelian group"). A map \\alpha : S \\times S \\to A is called a **{{visible anchor\|symmetric map}}** if \\alpha(s,t) \= \\alpha(t,s) \\quad \\text{ for all } s, t \\in S. It is called an **{{visible anchor\|antisymmetric map}}** if instead \\alpha(s,t) \= \- \\alpha(t,s) \\quad \\text{ for all } s, t \\in S. The **{{visible anchor\|symmetrization}}** of a map \\alpha : S \\times S \\to A is the map (x,y) \\mapsto \\alpha(x,y) \+ \\alpha(y,x). Similarly, the **{{visible anchor\|antisymmetrization}}** or **{{visible anchor\|skew\-symmetrization}}** of a map \\alpha : S \\times S \\to A is the map (x,y) \\mapsto \\alpha(x,y) \- \\alpha(y,x). The sum of the symmetrization and the antisymmetrization of a map \\alpha is 2 \\alpha. Thus, [away from 2](/wiki/Localization_of_a_ring%23Terminology_explained_by_the_context "Localization of a ring#Terminology explained by the context"), meaning if 2 is [invertible](/wiki/Unit_%28ring_theory%29 "Unit (ring theory)"), such as for the [real numbers](/wiki/Real_number "Real number"), one can divide by 2 and express every function as a sum of a symmetric function and an anti\-symmetric function. The symmetrization of a symmetric map is its double, while the symmetrization of an [alternating map](/wiki/Alternating_map "Alternating map") is zero; similarly, the antisymmetrization of a symmetric map is zero, while the antisymmetrization of an anti\-symmetric map is its double. ### Bilinear forms The symmetrization and antisymmetrization of a [bilinear map](/wiki/Bilinear_map "Bilinear map") are bilinear; thus away from 2, every bilinear form is a sum of a symmetric form and a skew\-symmetric form, and there is no difference between a symmetric form and a quadratic form. At 2, not every form can be decomposed into a symmetric form and a skew\-symmetric form. For instance, over the [integers](/wiki/Integer "Integer"), the associated symmetric form (over the [rationals](/wiki/Rational_number "Rational number")) may take half\-integer values, while over \\Z / 2\\Z, a function is skew\-symmetric if and only if it is symmetric (as 1 \= \- 1). This leads to the notion of [ε\-quadratic forms](/wiki/E-quadratic_form "E-quadratic form") and ε\-symmetric forms. ### Representation theory In terms of [representation theory](/wiki/Representation_theory "Representation theory"): * exchanging variables gives a representation of the [symmetric group](/wiki/Symmetric_group "Symmetric group") on the space of functions in two variables, * the symmetric and antisymmetric functions are the [subrepresentations](/wiki/Subrepresentation "Subrepresentation") corresponding to the [trivial representation](/wiki/Trivial_representation "Trivial representation") and the [sign representation](/wiki/Sign_representation "Sign representation"), and * symmetrization and antisymmetrization map a function into these subrepresentations – if one divides by 2, these yield [projection maps](/wiki/Projection_map "Projection map"). As the symmetric group of order two equals the [cyclic group](/wiki/Cyclic_group "Cyclic group") of order two (\\mathrm{S}\_2 \= \\mathrm{C}\_2), this corresponds to the [discrete Fourier transform](/wiki/Discrete_Fourier_transform "Discrete Fourier transform") of order two.
[ "Two variables\n-------------", "Let S be a [set](/wiki/Set_%28mathematics%29 \"Set (mathematics)\") and A be an [additive](/wiki/Additive_group \"Additive group\") [abelian group](/wiki/Abelian_group \"Abelian group\"). A map \\\\alpha : S \\\\times S \\\\to A is called a **{{visible anchor\\|symmetric map}}** if\n\\\\alpha(s,t) \\= \\\\alpha(t,s) \\\\quad \\\\text{ for all } s, t \\\\in S.\nIt is called an **{{visible anchor\\|antisymmetric map}}** if instead \n\\\\alpha(s,t) \\= \\- \\\\alpha(t,s) \\\\quad \\\\text{ for all } s, t \\\\in S.", "The **{{visible anchor\\|symmetrization}}** of a map \\\\alpha : S \\\\times S \\\\to A is the map (x,y) \\\\mapsto \\\\alpha(x,y) \\+ \\\\alpha(y,x).\nSimilarly, the **{{visible anchor\\|antisymmetrization}}** or **{{visible anchor\\|skew\\-symmetrization}}** of a map \\\\alpha : S \\\\times S \\\\to A is the map (x,y) \\\\mapsto \\\\alpha(x,y) \\- \\\\alpha(y,x).", "The sum of the symmetrization and the antisymmetrization of a map \\\\alpha is 2 \\\\alpha.\nThus, [away from 2](/wiki/Localization_of_a_ring%23Terminology_explained_by_the_context \"Localization of a ring#Terminology explained by the context\"), meaning if 2 is [invertible](/wiki/Unit_%28ring_theory%29 \"Unit (ring theory)\"), such as for the [real numbers](/wiki/Real_number \"Real number\"), one can divide by 2 and express every function as a sum of a symmetric function and an anti\\-symmetric function.", "The symmetrization of a symmetric map is its double, while the symmetrization of an [alternating map](/wiki/Alternating_map \"Alternating map\") is zero; similarly, the antisymmetrization of a symmetric map is zero, while the antisymmetrization of an anti\\-symmetric map is its double.", "### Bilinear forms", "The symmetrization and antisymmetrization of a [bilinear map](/wiki/Bilinear_map \"Bilinear map\") are bilinear; thus away from 2, every bilinear form is a sum of a symmetric form and a skew\\-symmetric form, and there is no difference between a symmetric form and a quadratic form.", "At 2, not every form can be decomposed into a symmetric form and a skew\\-symmetric form. For instance, over the [integers](/wiki/Integer \"Integer\"), the associated symmetric form (over the [rationals](/wiki/Rational_number \"Rational number\")) may take half\\-integer values, while over \\\\Z / 2\\\\Z, a function is skew\\-symmetric if and only if it is symmetric (as 1 \\= \\- 1).", "This leads to the notion of [ε\\-quadratic forms](/wiki/E-quadratic_form \"E-quadratic form\") and ε\\-symmetric forms.", "### Representation theory", "In terms of [representation theory](/wiki/Representation_theory \"Representation theory\"):\n* exchanging variables gives a representation of the [symmetric group](/wiki/Symmetric_group \"Symmetric group\") on the space of functions in two variables,\n* the symmetric and antisymmetric functions are the [subrepresentations](/wiki/Subrepresentation \"Subrepresentation\") corresponding to the [trivial representation](/wiki/Trivial_representation \"Trivial representation\") and the [sign representation](/wiki/Sign_representation \"Sign representation\"), and\n* symmetrization and antisymmetrization map a function into these subrepresentations – if one divides by 2, these yield [projection maps](/wiki/Projection_map \"Projection map\").", "As the symmetric group of order two equals the [cyclic group](/wiki/Cyclic_group \"Cyclic group\") of order two (\\\\mathrm{S}\\_2 \\= \\\\mathrm{C}\\_2), this corresponds to the [discrete Fourier transform](/wiki/Discrete_Fourier_transform \"Discrete Fourier transform\") of order two.", "" ]
History ------- ### Indigenous Era Native Americans lived in this region for hundreds of years: [Chumash](/wiki/Chumash_people "Chumash people"), tribes grouped together under the settler name [Yokuts](/wiki/Yokuts "Yokuts"), and others.{{cite web \|title\=Native Land Digital Map \|url\=https://native\-land.ca/ \|website\=Native\-Land.ca \|access\-date\=December 2, 2021 \|language\=en}} ### Spanish era Spain claimed the area in 1769\. Entering from [Grapevine Canyon](/wiki/Grapevine_Canyon%2C_California "Grapevine Canyon, California") to the south in 1772, Commander [Don Pedro Fages](/wiki/Pedro_Fages "Pedro Fages") became the first European to set foot in the area. The Battle of San Emigdio took place in Kern County in March 1824\. The [Chumash](/wiki/Chumash_people "Chumash people") Native Americans of [Mission Santa Barbara](/wiki/Mission_Santa_Barbara "Mission Santa Barbara") rebelled against the Mexican government and its taking over mission property and ejecting the natives. The battle occurred in the canyon where San Emigdio Creek flows down [San Emigdio Mountain](/wiki/San_Emigdio_Mountains "San Emigdio Mountains") and the Blue Ridge, south of Bakersfield near today's Highway 166\. Mexican forces from [Monterey](/wiki/Monterey%2C_California "Monterey, California") were commanded by Carlos Carrillo and the conflict was a low\-casualty encounter, with only four Native Americans being killed and no Mexicans. The surviving Native Americans were pacified and brought back to Santa Barbara in June 1824 after a pursuit and negotiation in which many were allowed to keep their arms for the return march over the mountains.Hubert Howe Bancroft, *History of California*. The History Company, Publishers. San Francisco, 1886\. pp. 532\-536\. ### American era [thumb\|200px\|right\|The Havilah Court building was restored in the 1970s and now serves as a museum. Photo circa 2007\.](/wiki/File:Havilah_CA_Courthouse_Museum.JPG "Havilah CA Courthouse Museum.JPG") In the beginning, what was to become Kern County was dominated by mining in the mountains and in the desert. In 1855 the California legislature attempted to form a county in the area by giving the southeastern territory of Tulare County on the west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains to [Buena Vista County](/wiki/Buena_Vista_County%2C_California "Buena Vista County, California"). However, it was never officially organized prior to 1859, when the enabling legislation expired. The south of Tulare County was later organized as Kern County in 1866, with additions from [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County%2C_California "Los Angeles County, California") and [San Bernardino Counties](/wiki/San_Bernardino_County%2C_California "San Bernardino County, California"). Its first county seat was the mining town of [Havilah](/wiki/Havilah%2C_California "Havilah, California"), in the mountains east of Bakersfield and north of [Tehachapi](/wiki/Tehachapi%2C_California "Tehachapi, California").1865\-1866 Calif. Stats., Chap. 569, § 3 Settlers considered the flat land of the valley inhospitable and impassable at the time due to swamps, lakes, tule reeds and diseases such as malaria. This changed when residents started draining land for farming and constructing canals, most dug by hired Chinese laborers. Within 10 years the valley surpassed the mining areas as the economic power of the county, and as a result the county seat was moved from Havilah to Bakersfield in 1874\.{{Citation needed\|date\=December 2011}} In 1899, the discovery well of the [Kern River Oil Field](/wiki/Kern_River_Oil_Field "Kern River Oil Field") was dug by hand and soon the towns of [Oil City](/wiki/Oil_City%2C_California "Oil City, California"), [Oil Center](/wiki/Oil_Center "Oil Center") and [Oildale](/wiki/Oildale "Oildale") came into existence. #### Etymology The county derives its name from the [Kern River](/wiki/Kern_River "Kern River"), which was named for [Edward Kern](/wiki/Edward_Kern "Edward Kern"), [cartographer](/wiki/Cartographer "Cartographer") for General [John C. Frémont](/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont "John C. Frémont")'s 1845 expedition, which crossed [Walker Pass](/wiki/Walker_Pass "Walker Pass"). The Kern River was originally named Rio Bravo de San Felipe by Father [Francisco Garcés](/wiki/Francisco_Garc%C3%A9s "Francisco Garcés") when he explored the area in 1776\. #### Earthquakes {{Main\|1952 Kern County earthquake\|2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes}} {{More citations needed section\|date\=August 2017}} Throughout recorded history, severe earthquakes have struck Kern County, including the [1857 Fort Tejon earthquake](/wiki/1857_Fort_Tejon_earthquake "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake"). On July 21, 1952, an earthquake occurred with the [epicenter](/wiki/Epicenter "Epicenter") about {{convert\|23\|mi\|km}} south of Bakersfield. It measured 7\.3 on the [moment magnitude scale](/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale "Moment magnitude scale") and killed 12 people. In addition to the deaths, it was responsible for hundreds of injuries and more than $60 million in property damage. The main shock was felt over much of California and as far away as Phoenix, Arizona and Reno, Nevada. The earthquake occurred on the White Wolf Fault and was the strongest to occur in California since the [1906 San Francisco earthquake](/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake "1906 San Francisco earthquake"). [Tehachapi](/wiki/Tehachapi%2C_California "Tehachapi, California") suffered the greatest damage and loss of life from the earthquake, though its effects were widely felt throughout central and southern California. The event had a significant [aftershock](/wiki/Aftershock "Aftershock") sequence that persisted into July and August with the strongest coming on August 22, an M5\.8 event with a maximum perceived intensity of VIII (Severe) and resulted in two additional deaths and an additional $10 million in property damage. Repercussions of the sequence of earthquakes were still being felt in the heavily damaged downtown area of Bakersfield well into the 1990s as city leaders attempted to improve safety of the surviving non\-reinforced masonry buildings. Following the event, a field survey was conducted along the fault zone with the goal of estimating the peak ground acceleration of the shock based on visually evaluating rock formations and other indicators. Ground disturbances that were created by the earthquakes were also surveyed, both in the valley and in the foothills, with both vertical and horizontal displacements present in the epicenter area. The motion records that were acquired from the event were significant, and a reconnaissance report was recognized for its coverage of the event, and its setting a standard for similar engineering or scientific papers. #### Abuse trials Between 1983 and 1986, several ritual sex ring [child abuse cases](/wiki/Kern_county_child_abuse_cases "Kern county child abuse cases") occurred in Kern County, resulting in numerous long prison sentences, all of which were overturned—some of them decades later, because the prosecutors had coerced false testimonies from the purported child victims.[Truth In Justice](http://truthinjustice.org/ed-jagels.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413044218/http://truthinjustice.org/ed\-jagels.htm \|date\=April 13, 2015 }}. Accessed January 28, 2008\. The details of these false accusations are covered extensively in the 2008 documentary *Witch Hunt*, narrated by [Sean Penn](/wiki/Sean_Penn "Sean Penn").{{IMDb title\|qid\=Q123901043\|title\=Witch Hunt}}
[ "History\n-------", "### Indigenous Era", "Native Americans lived in this region for hundreds of years: [Chumash](/wiki/Chumash_people \"Chumash people\"), tribes grouped together under the settler name [Yokuts](/wiki/Yokuts \"Yokuts\"), and others.{{cite web \\|title\\=Native Land Digital Map \\|url\\=https://native\\-land.ca/ \\|website\\=Native\\-Land.ca \\|access\\-date\\=December 2, 2021 \\|language\\=en}}", "### Spanish era", "Spain claimed the area in 1769\\. Entering from [Grapevine Canyon](/wiki/Grapevine_Canyon%2C_California \"Grapevine Canyon, California\") to the south in 1772, Commander [Don Pedro Fages](/wiki/Pedro_Fages \"Pedro Fages\") became the first European to set foot in the area.", "The Battle of San Emigdio took place in Kern County in March 1824\\. The [Chumash](/wiki/Chumash_people \"Chumash people\") Native Americans of [Mission Santa Barbara](/wiki/Mission_Santa_Barbara \"Mission Santa Barbara\") rebelled against the Mexican government and its taking over mission property and ejecting the natives. The battle occurred in the canyon where San Emigdio Creek flows down [San Emigdio Mountain](/wiki/San_Emigdio_Mountains \"San Emigdio Mountains\") and the Blue Ridge, south of Bakersfield near today's Highway 166\\. Mexican forces from [Monterey](/wiki/Monterey%2C_California \"Monterey, California\") were commanded by Carlos Carrillo and the conflict was a low\\-casualty encounter, with only four Native Americans being killed and no Mexicans. The surviving Native Americans were pacified and brought back to Santa Barbara in June 1824 after a pursuit and negotiation in which many were allowed to keep their arms for the return march over the mountains.Hubert Howe Bancroft, *History of California*. The History Company, Publishers. San Francisco, 1886\\. pp. 532\\-536\\.", "### American era", "[thumb\\|200px\\|right\\|The Havilah Court building was restored in the 1970s and now serves as a museum. Photo circa 2007\\.](/wiki/File:Havilah_CA_Courthouse_Museum.JPG \"Havilah CA Courthouse Museum.JPG\")", "In the beginning, what was to become Kern County was dominated by mining in the mountains and in the desert. In 1855 the California legislature attempted to form a county in the area by giving the southeastern territory of Tulare County on the west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains to [Buena Vista County](/wiki/Buena_Vista_County%2C_California \"Buena Vista County, California\"). However, it was never officially organized prior to 1859, when the enabling legislation expired. The south of Tulare County was later organized as Kern County in 1866, with additions from [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County%2C_California \"Los Angeles County, California\") and [San Bernardino Counties](/wiki/San_Bernardino_County%2C_California \"San Bernardino County, California\"). Its first county seat was the mining town of [Havilah](/wiki/Havilah%2C_California \"Havilah, California\"), in the mountains east of Bakersfield and north of [Tehachapi](/wiki/Tehachapi%2C_California \"Tehachapi, California\").1865\\-1866 Calif. Stats., Chap. 569, § 3", "Settlers considered the flat land of the valley inhospitable and impassable at the time due to swamps, lakes, tule reeds and diseases such as malaria. This changed when residents started draining land for farming and constructing canals, most dug by hired Chinese laborers. Within 10 years the valley surpassed the mining areas as the economic power of the county, and as a result the county seat was moved from Havilah to Bakersfield in 1874\\.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2011}}", "In 1899, the discovery well of the [Kern River Oil Field](/wiki/Kern_River_Oil_Field \"Kern River Oil Field\") was dug by hand and soon the towns of [Oil City](/wiki/Oil_City%2C_California \"Oil City, California\"), [Oil Center](/wiki/Oil_Center \"Oil Center\") and [Oildale](/wiki/Oildale \"Oildale\") came into existence.", "#### Etymology", "The county derives its name from the [Kern River](/wiki/Kern_River \"Kern River\"), which was named for [Edward Kern](/wiki/Edward_Kern \"Edward Kern\"), [cartographer](/wiki/Cartographer \"Cartographer\") for General [John C. Frémont](/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont \"John C. Frémont\")'s 1845 expedition, which crossed [Walker Pass](/wiki/Walker_Pass \"Walker Pass\"). The Kern River was originally named Rio Bravo de San Felipe by Father [Francisco Garcés](/wiki/Francisco_Garc%C3%A9s \"Francisco Garcés\") when he explored the area in 1776\\.", "#### Earthquakes", "{{Main\\|1952 Kern County earthquake\\|2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes}}\n{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=August 2017}}\nThroughout recorded history, severe earthquakes have struck Kern County, including the [1857 Fort Tejon earthquake](/wiki/1857_Fort_Tejon_earthquake \"1857 Fort Tejon earthquake\").", "On July 21, 1952, an earthquake occurred with the [epicenter](/wiki/Epicenter \"Epicenter\") about {{convert\\|23\\|mi\\|km}} south of Bakersfield. It measured 7\\.3 on the [moment magnitude scale](/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale \"Moment magnitude scale\") and killed 12 people. In addition to the deaths, it was responsible for hundreds of injuries and more than $60 million in property damage. The main shock was felt over much of California and as far away as Phoenix, Arizona and Reno, Nevada. The earthquake occurred on the White Wolf Fault and was the strongest to occur in California since the [1906 San Francisco earthquake](/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake \"1906 San Francisco earthquake\"). [Tehachapi](/wiki/Tehachapi%2C_California \"Tehachapi, California\") suffered the greatest damage and loss of life from the earthquake, though its effects were widely felt throughout central and southern California. The event had a significant [aftershock](/wiki/Aftershock \"Aftershock\") sequence that persisted into July and August with the strongest coming on August 22, an M5\\.8 event with a maximum perceived intensity of VIII (Severe) and resulted in two additional deaths and an additional $10 million in property damage. Repercussions of the sequence of earthquakes were still being felt in the heavily damaged downtown area of Bakersfield well into the 1990s as city leaders attempted to improve safety of the surviving non\\-reinforced masonry buildings.", "Following the event, a field survey was conducted along the fault zone with the goal of estimating the peak ground acceleration of the shock based on visually evaluating rock formations and other indicators. Ground disturbances that were created by the earthquakes were also surveyed, both in the valley and in the foothills, with both vertical and horizontal displacements present in the epicenter area. The motion records that were acquired from the event were significant, and a reconnaissance report was recognized for its coverage of the event, and its setting a standard for similar engineering or scientific papers.", "#### Abuse trials", "Between 1983 and 1986, several ritual sex ring [child abuse cases](/wiki/Kern_county_child_abuse_cases \"Kern county child abuse cases\") occurred in Kern County, resulting in numerous long prison sentences, all of which were overturned—some of them decades later, because the prosecutors had coerced false testimonies from the purported child victims.[Truth In Justice](http://truthinjustice.org/ed-jagels.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413044218/http://truthinjustice.org/ed\\-jagels.htm \\|date\\=April 13, 2015 }}. Accessed January 28, 2008\\. The details of these false accusations are covered extensively in the 2008 documentary *Witch Hunt*, narrated by [Sean Penn](/wiki/Sean_Penn \"Sean Penn\").{{IMDb title\\|qid\\=Q123901043\\|title\\=Witch Hunt}}", "" ]
Government, policing, and politics ---------------------------------- ### Government Kern County is a [California Constitution](/wiki/California_Constitution "California Constitution")\-defined general law county and is governed by an elected Board of Supervisors. The Board consists of five members, elected by districts, who serve four\-year staggered terms. The county government provides countywide services such as elections and voter registration, some law enforcement, jails, vital records, property records, tax collection, public health, and social services. In addition, the County serves as the local government for all unincorporated areas. ### Safety #### Fire [thumb\|Logo of the Kern County Fire Department](/wiki/File:Kern_County_Fire_Department_Logo.png "Kern County Fire Department Logo.png") The Kern County Fire Department (KCFD) provides fire protection and emergency response services for the unincorporated areas of the county, as well as the cities of [Arvin](/wiki/Arvin%2C_California "Arvin, California"), [Delano](/wiki/Delano%2C_California "Delano, California"), [Maricopa](/wiki/Maricopa%2C_California "Maricopa, California"), [McFarland](/wiki/McFarland%2C_California "McFarland, California"), [Ridgecrest](/wiki/Ridgecrest%2C_California "Ridgecrest, California"), [Shafter](/wiki/Shafter%2C_California "Shafter, California"), [Taft](/wiki/Taft%2C_California "Taft, California"), [Tehachapi](/wiki/Tehachapi%2C_California "Tehachapi, California") and [Wasco](/wiki/Wasco%2C_California "Wasco, California").{{cite web\|title\=Stations List\|url\=http://www.kerncountyfire.org/index.php?option\=com\_webmapplus\&view\=webmapplus\&category\=1\&Itemid\=17\|publisher\=Kern County Fire Department\|accessdate\=January 17, 2014\|archive\-date\=March 17, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317020416/http://www.kerncountyfire.org/index.php?option\=com\_webmapplus\&view\=webmapplus\&category\=1\&Itemid\=17\|url\-status\=live}} Bakersfield has its own fire department, the [Bakersfield Fire Department](/wiki/Bakersfield_Fire_Department "Bakersfield Fire Department"). #### Sheriff The Kern County Sheriff provides court protection, jail administration, and coroner services for the entire county of approximately 900,000 in population. It provides patrol and detective services for the unincorporated areas of the county and by contract to certain municipalities. The main Sheriff's office and station is at Bakersfield. There are 15 sheriff substations for the widespread county. #### Municipal police Municipal police departments in the county are: Bakersfield, population 384,000; Delano, 54,000; Ridgecrest, 29,000; Wasco, 28,000; Arvin, 21,000; Shafter, 20,000; McFarland, 15,000; California City, 14,671; Tehachapi, 13,000; Taft, 9,327; Maricopa (sheriff contract city), 1,200\. ### Politics and voter registration | Population and registered voters | | | | --- | --- | --- | | Total populationU.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey, 2011 American Community Survey 5\-Year Estimates, Table B02001\. [U.S. Census website](https://www.census.gov). Retrieved October 26, 2013\. | 909,235 | | | Registered votersCalifornia Secretary of State. [February 10, 2013 — Report of Registration](http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ror/ror-pages/ror-odd-year-2013/political-sub.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727173649/http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ror/ror\-pages/ror\-odd\-year\-2013/political\-sub.pdf \|date\=July 27, 2013}}. Retrieved October 31, 2013\.Percentage of registered voters with respect to total population. Percentages of party members with respect to registered voters follow. | 426,481 | 46\.9% | | Democratic | 148,701 | 34\.9% | | Republican | 154,612 | 36\.3% | | Democratic–Republican spread | **\-5,911** | **\-1\.6%** | | American Independent | 18,938 | 3\.3% | | Green | 1,343 | 0\.2% | | Libertarian | 5,510 | 0\.6% | | Peace and Freedom | 3,073 | 0\.3% | | Americans Elect | 12 | 0\.0% | | Other | 6,947 | 0\.1% | | No party preference | 87,357 | 18\.8% | #### Cities by population and voter registration | Cities by population and voter registration | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | City | Population | Registered voters | Democratic | Republican | D–R spread | Other | No party preference | | [Arvin](/wiki/Arvin%2C_California "Arvin, California") | 19,495 | 30\.1% | 55\.6% | 13\.2% | **\+42\.4%** | 6\.8% | 24\.4% | | [Bakersfield](/wiki/Bakersfield%2C_California "Bakersfield, California") | 403,455 | 50\.9% | 36\.6% | 34\.5% | **\+2\.1%** | 8\.0% | 20\.9% | | [California City](/wiki/California_City%2C_California "California City, California") | 14,973 | 44\.1% | 35\.9% | 32\.2% | **\+3\.7%** | 10\.4% | 21\.5% | | [Delano](/wiki/Delano%2C_California "Delano, California") | 51,428 | 32\.7% | 53\.6% | 16\.6% | **\+37\.0%** | 7\.0% | 22\.8% | | [Maricopa](/wiki/Maricopa%2C_California "Maricopa, California") | 1,100 | 44\.5% | 13\.7% | 62\.2% | **\-48\.5%** | 10\.4% | 13\.7% | | [McFarland](/wiki/McFarland%2C_California "McFarland, California") | 14,161 | 28\.0% | 52\.3% | 17\.7% | **\+36\.6%** | 6\.2% | 23\.8% | | [Ridgecrest](/wiki/Ridgecrest%2C_California "Ridgecrest, California") | 27,959 | 56\.7% | 23\.6% | 45\.1% | **\-21\.5%** | 10\.3% | 21\.0% | | [Shafter](/wiki/Shafter%2C_California "Shafter, California") | 19,953 | 44\.8% | 40\.7% | 31\.2% | **\+9\.5%** | 6\.9% | 21\.2% | | [Taft](/wiki/Taft%2C_California "Taft, California") | 8,546 | 39\.4% | 14\.9% | 58\.4% | **\-43\.5%** | 9\.6% | 17\.1% | | [Tehachapi](/wiki/Tehachapi%2C_California "Tehachapi, California") | 12,939 | 38\.9% | 22\.4% | 46\.4% | **\-24\.0%** | 10\.4% | 20\.8% | | [Wasco](/wiki/Wasco%2C_California "Wasco, California") | 25,457 | 30\.4% | 45\.3% | 23\.5% | **\+21\.8%** | 7\.6% | 23\.6% | ### Federal Kern is a strongly [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") county in [Presidential](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") and [congressional](/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress") elections. The last Democratic candidate for president to win a majority in the county was [Lyndon Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") in [1964](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_California "1964 United States presidential election in California"). The county is also a Republican stronghold at the state level, with Jerry Brown being the last Democrat to win the county in a gubernatorial election in 1978\. Kern remains the only county in [Southern California](/wiki/Southern_California "Southern California") that consistently votes Republican in recent elections. However, Republican margins in the county have shrunk recently, with [Donald Trump's](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") 10\.2% margin of victory in [2020](/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_California "2020 United States presidential election in California") being the smallest since [Gerald Ford's](/wiki/Gerald_Ford "Gerald Ford") 6\.7% majority in [1976](/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_California "1976 United States presidential election in California"). This makes constituencies in Kern County in particular some of the most widely contested in California, and the United States as of the early 2020s,{{Cite web \|date\=November 7, 2022 \|title\=Kern County isn't as 'red' as you might think it is \|url\=https://www.turnto23\.com/news/election\-2022/kern\-county\-isnt\-as\-red\-as\-you\-might\-think\-it\-is \|access\-date\=October 27, 2023 \|website\=KERO 23 ABC News Bakersfield \|language\=en}}{{Cite news \|last\=Hoeven \|first\=Emily \|date\=October 21, 2022 \|title\=Inside California's overlooked political powerhouse \|language\=en\-US \|work\=CalMatters \|url\=http://calmatters.org/newsletters/whatmatters/2022/10/kern\-county\-california\-election/ \|access\-date\=October 27, 2023}} with the [2022 race for the 22nd US House district](/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California "2022 United States House of Representatives elections in California") being close, and the [26th Senate District](/wiki/California%27s_26th_Senate_District "California's 26th Senate District") having one of the tightest margins in electoral history, with incumbent Democrat [Melissa Hurtado](/wiki/Melissa_Hurtado "Melissa Hurtado") retaining her seat by 13 votes.{{Cite web \|last\=Patrick \|first\=Lacey \|date\=January 20, 2023 \|title\=Hurtado secures her victory in senate district 16 election \|url\=https://thesungazette.com/article/news/2023/01/19/hurtado\-secures\-her\-victory\-in\-senate\-district\-16\-election/ \|access\-date\=October 27, 2023 \|website\=The Sun\-Gazette Newspaper \|language\=en\-US}} Democratic strength is concentrated in the small agricultural towns in the San Joaquin Valley portion of the county, such as Arvin, Delano, McFarland, Shafter and Wasco. Unincorporated communities close to agricultural areas, such as Lamont and Lost Hills, are Democratic strongholds. The eastern and southern parts of Bakersfield, along with unincorporated East Bakersfield have also become reliably Democratic. Republican strength is found in the foothill, mountain and high desert communities of the county. The cities of Maricopa, Ridgecrest, Taft and Tehachapi are Republican strongholds. Along with the northern parts of Bakersfield, the wealthy unincorporated area of Rosedale and working\-class Oildale are also seen as being strongly Republican. Cities like California City and the western areas of Bakersfield are seen as competitive in most elections. Bakersfield as a whole is seen as being competitive with a Republican lean. The remainder of the unincorporated areas of Kern County are seen as strongly Republican. {{PresHead\|place\=Kern County, California\|source\={{Cite web\|url\=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/\|title\=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\|last\=Leip\|first\=David\|website\=uselectionatlas.org\|access\-date\=August 31, 2018}}}} {{PresRow\|2020\|Republican\|164,484\|133,366\|7,442\|California}} {{PresRow\|2016\|Republican\|129,584\|98,689\|15,890\|California}} {{PresRow\|2012\|Republican\|126,618\|89,495\|6,076\|California}} {{PresRow\|2008\|Republican\|134,793\|93,457\|5,558\|California}} {{PresRow\|2004\|Republican\|140,417\|68,603\|2,154\|California}} {{PresRow\|2000\|Republican\|110,663\|66,003\|5,642\|California}} {{PresRow\|1996\|Republican\|92,151\|62,658\|16,582\|California}} {{PresRow\|1992\|Republican\|80,762\|60,510\|37,991\|California}} {{PresRow\|1988\|Republican\|90,550\|55,083\|1,660\|California}} {{PresRow\|1984\|Republican\|94,776\|49,567\|1,401\|California}} {{PresRow\|1980\|Republican\|72,842\|41,097\|8,182\|California}} {{PresRow\|1976\|Republican\|58,023\|50,567\|2,371\|California}} {{PresRow\|1972\|Republican\|71,686\|41,937\|5,570\|California}} {{PresRow\|1968\|Republican\|53,990\|49,284\|12,558\|California}} {{PresRow\|1964\|Democratic\|45,014\|64,174\|120\|California}} {{PresRow\|1960\|Republican\|52,800\|51,440\|465\|California}} {{PresRow\|1956\|Republican\|46,220\|43,533\|322\|California}} {{PresRow\|1952\|Republican\|46,497\|37,240\|602\|California}} {{PresRow\|1948\|Democratic\|24,464\|33,029\|1,318\|California}} {{PresRow\|1944\|Democratic\|20,730\|26,205\|226\|California}} {{PresRow\|1940\|Democratic\|19,445\|32,202\|479\|California}} {{PresRow\|1936\|Democratic\|8,345\|25,726\|408\|California}} {{PresRow\|1932\|Democratic\|7,011\|19,634\|1,275\|California}} {{PresRow\|1928\|Republican\|14,692\|8,541\|212\|California}} {{PresRow\|1924\|Republican\|8,646\|3,159\|6,958\|California}} {{PresRow\|1920\|Republican\|7,079\|6,095\|1,270\|California}} {{PresRow\|1916\|Democratic\|5,611\|9,566\|804\|California}} {{PresRow\|1912\|Democratic\|67\|5,569\|5,129\|California}} {{PresRow\|1908\|Republican\|2,270\|2,215\|493\|California}} {{PresRow\|1904\|Republican\|2,359\|1,724\|488\|California}} {{PresRow\|1900\|Democratic\|1,692\|1,960\|94\|California}} {{PresRow\|1896\|Democratic\|1,430\|1,763\|72\|California}} {{PresRow\|1892\|Democratic\|992\|1,266\|255\|California}} {{PresRow\|1888\|Democratic\|910\|1,229\|56\|California}} {{PresRow\|1884\|Democratic\|598\|798\|27\|California}} {{PresFoot\|1880\|Democratic\|463\|661\|7\|California}} In the [United States House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives"), Kern County is split between {{Representative\|cacd\|20\|fmt\=district}}, {{Representative\|cacd\|22\|fmt\=district}}, and {{Representative\|cacd\|23\|fmt\=district}}. ### State In the [State Assembly](/wiki/California_State_Assembly "California State Assembly"), Kern County is split between the following four Assembly districts: * {{Representative\|caad\|26\|fmt\=adistrict}} * {{Representative\|caad\|32\|fmt\=adistrict}} * {{Representative\|caad\|34\|fmt\=adistrict}}, and * {{Representative\|caad\|36\|fmt\=adistrict}}.{{Cite web \|url\=http://assembly.ca.gov/assemblymembers \|title\=Members Assembly \|access\-date\=April 11, 2013 \|publisher\=State of California}} In the [State Senate](/wiki/California_State_Senate "California State Senate"), Kern County is split between {{Representative\|casd\|14\|fmt\=sdistrict}}, and {{Representative\|casd\|16\|fmt\=sdistrict}}.{{Cite web \|url\=http://senate.ca.gov/senators \|title\=Senators \|access\-date\=April 11, 2013 \|publisher\=State of California}} On November 4, 2008, Kern County voted 75\.29% in favor of [Proposition 8](/wiki/Proposition_8 "Proposition 8"), which amended the California Constitution to ban same\-sex marriages.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/2008\-general/sov\_complete.pdf \|title\=Statement of Vote: 2008 General Election \|publisher\=\[\[California Secretary of State]] \|date\=December 13, 2008 \|access\-date\=February 3, 2021 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506165548/http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/2008\-general/sov\_complete.pdf \|archive\-date\=May 6, 2013 }} ### County Kern County is governed by a five\-member [Board of Supervisors](/wiki/Board_of_supervisors "Board of supervisors"). Jeff Flores of District 3 currently serves as chairman. As of August 2, 2024, they are:{{Cite web \|title\=Board of Supervisors {{!}} Kern County, CA \|url\=https://www.kerncounty.com/government/board\-of\-supervisors \|access\-date\=March 1, 2023 \|website\=www.kerncounty.com \|language\=en}} * District 1, Philip Peters. * District 2, Vacant. * District 3, Jeff Flores. * District 4, David Couch. * District 5, Leticia Perez.
[ "Government, policing, and politics\n----------------------------------", "### Government", "Kern County is a [California Constitution](/wiki/California_Constitution \"California Constitution\")\\-defined general law county and is governed by an elected Board of Supervisors. The Board consists of five members, elected by districts, who serve four\\-year staggered terms. The county government provides countywide services such as elections and voter registration, some law enforcement, jails, vital records, property records, tax collection, public health, and social services. In addition, the County serves as the local government for all unincorporated areas.", "### Safety", "#### Fire", "[thumb\\|Logo of the Kern County Fire Department](/wiki/File:Kern_County_Fire_Department_Logo.png \"Kern County Fire Department Logo.png\")\nThe Kern County Fire Department (KCFD) provides fire protection and emergency response services for the unincorporated areas of the county, as well as the cities of [Arvin](/wiki/Arvin%2C_California \"Arvin, California\"), [Delano](/wiki/Delano%2C_California \"Delano, California\"), [Maricopa](/wiki/Maricopa%2C_California \"Maricopa, California\"), [McFarland](/wiki/McFarland%2C_California \"McFarland, California\"), [Ridgecrest](/wiki/Ridgecrest%2C_California \"Ridgecrest, California\"), [Shafter](/wiki/Shafter%2C_California \"Shafter, California\"), [Taft](/wiki/Taft%2C_California \"Taft, California\"), [Tehachapi](/wiki/Tehachapi%2C_California \"Tehachapi, California\") and [Wasco](/wiki/Wasco%2C_California \"Wasco, California\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Stations List\\|url\\=http://www.kerncountyfire.org/index.php?option\\=com\\_webmapplus\\&view\\=webmapplus\\&category\\=1\\&Itemid\\=17\\|publisher\\=Kern County Fire Department\\|accessdate\\=January 17, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=March 17, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317020416/http://www.kerncountyfire.org/index.php?option\\=com\\_webmapplus\\&view\\=webmapplus\\&category\\=1\\&Itemid\\=17\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Bakersfield has its own fire department, the [Bakersfield Fire Department](/wiki/Bakersfield_Fire_Department \"Bakersfield Fire Department\").", "#### Sheriff", "The Kern County Sheriff provides court protection, jail administration, and coroner services for the entire county of approximately 900,000 in population. It provides patrol and detective services for the unincorporated areas of the county and by contract to certain municipalities. The main Sheriff's office and station is at Bakersfield. There are 15 sheriff substations for the widespread county.", "#### Municipal police", "Municipal police departments in the county are: Bakersfield, population 384,000; Delano, 54,000; Ridgecrest, 29,000; Wasco, 28,000; Arvin, 21,000; Shafter, 20,000; McFarland, 15,000; California City, 14,671; Tehachapi, 13,000; Taft, 9,327; Maricopa (sheriff contract city), 1,200\\.", "### Politics and voter registration", "", "| Population and registered voters | | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Total populationU.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey, 2011 American Community Survey 5\\-Year Estimates, Table B02001\\. [U.S. Census website](https://www.census.gov). Retrieved October 26, 2013\\. | 909,235 | |\n| Registered votersCalifornia Secretary of State. [February 10, 2013 — Report of Registration](http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ror/ror-pages/ror-odd-year-2013/political-sub.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727173649/http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ror/ror\\-pages/ror\\-odd\\-year\\-2013/political\\-sub.pdf \\|date\\=July 27, 2013}}. Retrieved October 31, 2013\\.Percentage of registered voters with respect to total population. Percentages of party members with respect to registered voters follow. | 426,481 | 46\\.9% |\n| Democratic | 148,701 | 34\\.9% |\n| Republican | 154,612 | 36\\.3% |\n| Democratic–Republican spread | **\\-5,911** | **\\-1\\.6%** |\n| American Independent | 18,938 | 3\\.3% |\n| Green | 1,343 | 0\\.2% |\n| Libertarian | 5,510 | 0\\.6% |\n| Peace and Freedom | 3,073 | 0\\.3% |\n| Americans Elect | 12 | 0\\.0% |\n| Other | 6,947 | 0\\.1% |\n| No party preference | 87,357 | 18\\.8% |", "#### Cities by population and voter registration", "", "| Cities by population and voter registration | | | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| City | Population | Registered voters | Democratic | Republican | D–R spread | Other | No party preference |\n| [Arvin](/wiki/Arvin%2C_California \"Arvin, California\") | 19,495 | 30\\.1% | 55\\.6% | 13\\.2% | **\\+42\\.4%** | 6\\.8% | 24\\.4% |\n| [Bakersfield](/wiki/Bakersfield%2C_California \"Bakersfield, California\") | 403,455 | 50\\.9% | 36\\.6% | 34\\.5% | **\\+2\\.1%** | 8\\.0% | 20\\.9% |\n| [California City](/wiki/California_City%2C_California \"California City, California\") | 14,973 | 44\\.1% | 35\\.9% | 32\\.2% | **\\+3\\.7%** | 10\\.4% | 21\\.5% |\n| [Delano](/wiki/Delano%2C_California \"Delano, California\") | 51,428 | 32\\.7% | 53\\.6% | 16\\.6% | **\\+37\\.0%** | 7\\.0% | 22\\.8% |\n| [Maricopa](/wiki/Maricopa%2C_California \"Maricopa, California\") | 1,100 | 44\\.5% | 13\\.7% | 62\\.2% | **\\-48\\.5%** | 10\\.4% | 13\\.7% |\n| [McFarland](/wiki/McFarland%2C_California \"McFarland, California\") | 14,161 | 28\\.0% | 52\\.3% | 17\\.7% | **\\+36\\.6%** | 6\\.2% | 23\\.8% |\n| [Ridgecrest](/wiki/Ridgecrest%2C_California \"Ridgecrest, California\") | 27,959 | 56\\.7% | 23\\.6% | 45\\.1% | **\\-21\\.5%** | 10\\.3% | 21\\.0% |\n| [Shafter](/wiki/Shafter%2C_California \"Shafter, California\") | 19,953 | 44\\.8% | 40\\.7% | 31\\.2% | **\\+9\\.5%** | 6\\.9% | 21\\.2% |\n| [Taft](/wiki/Taft%2C_California \"Taft, California\") | 8,546 | 39\\.4% | 14\\.9% | 58\\.4% | **\\-43\\.5%** | 9\\.6% | 17\\.1% |\n| [Tehachapi](/wiki/Tehachapi%2C_California \"Tehachapi, California\") | 12,939 | 38\\.9% | 22\\.4% | 46\\.4% | **\\-24\\.0%** | 10\\.4% | 20\\.8% |\n| [Wasco](/wiki/Wasco%2C_California \"Wasco, California\") | 25,457 | 30\\.4% | 45\\.3% | 23\\.5% | **\\+21\\.8%** | 7\\.6% | 23\\.6% |", "### Federal", "Kern is a strongly [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") county in [Presidential](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") and [congressional](/wiki/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\") elections. The last Democratic candidate for president to win a majority in the county was [Lyndon Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson \"Lyndon B. Johnson\") in [1964](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_California \"1964 United States presidential election in California\"). The county is also a Republican stronghold at the state level, with Jerry Brown being the last Democrat to win the county in a gubernatorial election in 1978\\. Kern remains the only county in [Southern California](/wiki/Southern_California \"Southern California\") that consistently votes Republican in recent elections. However, Republican margins in the county have shrunk recently, with [Donald Trump's](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") 10\\.2% margin of victory in [2020](/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_California \"2020 United States presidential election in California\") being the smallest since [Gerald Ford's](/wiki/Gerald_Ford \"Gerald Ford\") 6\\.7% majority in [1976](/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_California \"1976 United States presidential election in California\"). This makes constituencies in Kern County in particular some of the most widely contested in California, and the United States as of the early 2020s,{{Cite web \\|date\\=November 7, 2022 \\|title\\=Kern County isn't as 'red' as you might think it is \\|url\\=https://www.turnto23\\.com/news/election\\-2022/kern\\-county\\-isnt\\-as\\-red\\-as\\-you\\-might\\-think\\-it\\-is \\|access\\-date\\=October 27, 2023 \\|website\\=KERO 23 ABC News Bakersfield \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Hoeven \\|first\\=Emily \\|date\\=October 21, 2022 \\|title\\=Inside California's overlooked political powerhouse \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=CalMatters \\|url\\=http://calmatters.org/newsletters/whatmatters/2022/10/kern\\-county\\-california\\-election/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 27, 2023}} with the [2022 race for the 22nd US House district](/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California \"2022 United States House of Representatives elections in California\") being close, and the [26th Senate District](/wiki/California%27s_26th_Senate_District \"California's 26th Senate District\") having one of the tightest margins in electoral history, with incumbent Democrat [Melissa Hurtado](/wiki/Melissa_Hurtado \"Melissa Hurtado\") retaining her seat by 13 votes.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Patrick \\|first\\=Lacey \\|date\\=January 20, 2023 \\|title\\=Hurtado secures her victory in senate district 16 election \\|url\\=https://thesungazette.com/article/news/2023/01/19/hurtado\\-secures\\-her\\-victory\\-in\\-senate\\-district\\-16\\-election/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 27, 2023 \\|website\\=The Sun\\-Gazette Newspaper \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "Democratic strength is concentrated in the small agricultural towns in the San Joaquin Valley portion of the county, such as Arvin, Delano, McFarland, Shafter and Wasco. Unincorporated communities close to agricultural areas, such as Lamont and Lost Hills, are Democratic strongholds. The eastern and southern parts of Bakersfield, along with unincorporated East Bakersfield have also become reliably Democratic. Republican strength is found in the foothill, mountain and high desert communities of the county. The cities of Maricopa, Ridgecrest, Taft and Tehachapi are Republican strongholds. Along with the northern parts of Bakersfield, the wealthy unincorporated area of Rosedale and working\\-class Oildale are also seen as being strongly Republican. Cities like California City and the western areas of Bakersfield are seen as competitive in most elections. Bakersfield as a whole is seen as being competitive with a Republican lean. The remainder of the unincorporated areas of Kern County are seen as strongly Republican.", "{{PresHead\\|place\\=Kern County, California\\|source\\={{Cite web\\|url\\=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/\\|title\\=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\\|last\\=Leip\\|first\\=David\\|website\\=uselectionatlas.org\\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2018}}}}\n{{PresRow\\|2020\\|Republican\\|164,484\\|133,366\\|7,442\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|2016\\|Republican\\|129,584\\|98,689\\|15,890\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|2012\\|Republican\\|126,618\\|89,495\\|6,076\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|2008\\|Republican\\|134,793\\|93,457\\|5,558\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|2004\\|Republican\\|140,417\\|68,603\\|2,154\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|2000\\|Republican\\|110,663\\|66,003\\|5,642\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1996\\|Republican\\|92,151\\|62,658\\|16,582\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1992\\|Republican\\|80,762\\|60,510\\|37,991\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1988\\|Republican\\|90,550\\|55,083\\|1,660\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1984\\|Republican\\|94,776\\|49,567\\|1,401\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1980\\|Republican\\|72,842\\|41,097\\|8,182\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1976\\|Republican\\|58,023\\|50,567\\|2,371\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1972\\|Republican\\|71,686\\|41,937\\|5,570\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1968\\|Republican\\|53,990\\|49,284\\|12,558\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1964\\|Democratic\\|45,014\\|64,174\\|120\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1960\\|Republican\\|52,800\\|51,440\\|465\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1956\\|Republican\\|46,220\\|43,533\\|322\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1952\\|Republican\\|46,497\\|37,240\\|602\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1948\\|Democratic\\|24,464\\|33,029\\|1,318\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1944\\|Democratic\\|20,730\\|26,205\\|226\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1940\\|Democratic\\|19,445\\|32,202\\|479\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1936\\|Democratic\\|8,345\\|25,726\\|408\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1932\\|Democratic\\|7,011\\|19,634\\|1,275\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1928\\|Republican\\|14,692\\|8,541\\|212\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1924\\|Republican\\|8,646\\|3,159\\|6,958\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1920\\|Republican\\|7,079\\|6,095\\|1,270\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1916\\|Democratic\\|5,611\\|9,566\\|804\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1912\\|Democratic\\|67\\|5,569\\|5,129\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1908\\|Republican\\|2,270\\|2,215\\|493\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1904\\|Republican\\|2,359\\|1,724\\|488\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1900\\|Democratic\\|1,692\\|1,960\\|94\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1896\\|Democratic\\|1,430\\|1,763\\|72\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1892\\|Democratic\\|992\\|1,266\\|255\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1888\\|Democratic\\|910\\|1,229\\|56\\|California}}\n{{PresRow\\|1884\\|Democratic\\|598\\|798\\|27\\|California}}\n{{PresFoot\\|1880\\|Democratic\\|463\\|661\\|7\\|California}}", "In the [United States House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives \"United States House of Representatives\"), Kern County is split between {{Representative\\|cacd\\|20\\|fmt\\=district}}, {{Representative\\|cacd\\|22\\|fmt\\=district}}, and {{Representative\\|cacd\\|23\\|fmt\\=district}}.", "### State", "In the [State Assembly](/wiki/California_State_Assembly \"California State Assembly\"), Kern County is split between the following four Assembly districts:\n* {{Representative\\|caad\\|26\\|fmt\\=adistrict}}\n* {{Representative\\|caad\\|32\\|fmt\\=adistrict}}\n* {{Representative\\|caad\\|34\\|fmt\\=adistrict}}, and\n* {{Representative\\|caad\\|36\\|fmt\\=adistrict}}.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://assembly.ca.gov/assemblymembers \\|title\\=Members Assembly \\|access\\-date\\=April 11, 2013 \\|publisher\\=State of California}}", "In the [State Senate](/wiki/California_State_Senate \"California State Senate\"), Kern County is split between {{Representative\\|casd\\|14\\|fmt\\=sdistrict}}, and {{Representative\\|casd\\|16\\|fmt\\=sdistrict}}.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://senate.ca.gov/senators \\|title\\=Senators \\|access\\-date\\=April 11, 2013 \\|publisher\\=State of California}}", "On November 4, 2008, Kern County voted 75\\.29% in favor of [Proposition 8](/wiki/Proposition_8 \"Proposition 8\"), which amended the California Constitution to ban same\\-sex marriages.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/2008\\-general/sov\\_complete.pdf \\|title\\=Statement of Vote: 2008 General Election \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[California Secretary of State]] \\|date\\=December 13, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506165548/http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/2008\\-general/sov\\_complete.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2013 }}", "### County", "Kern County is governed by a five\\-member [Board of Supervisors](/wiki/Board_of_supervisors \"Board of supervisors\"). Jeff Flores of District 3 currently serves as chairman. As of August 2, 2024, they are:{{Cite web \\|title\\=Board of Supervisors {{!}} Kern County, CA \\|url\\=https://www.kerncounty.com/government/board\\-of\\-supervisors \\|access\\-date\\=March 1, 2023 \\|website\\=www.kerncounty.com \\|language\\=en}}", "* District 1, Philip Peters.\n* District 2, Vacant.\n* District 3, Jeff Flores.\n* District 4, David Couch.\n* District 5, Leticia Perez." ]
Biography --------- ### Birth and parentage [thumb\|right\|[Jean\-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Lefranc%2C_Marquis_de_Pompignan "Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan"), widely rumoured to be Olympe de Gouges' father](/wiki/Image:LeFranc_de_Pompignan.jpg "LeFranc de Pompignan.jpg") Marie Gouze was born on 7 May 1748 in [Montauban](/wiki/Montauban "Montauban"), [Quercy](/wiki/Quercy "Quercy") (in the present\-day [department](/wiki/Departments_of_France "Departments of France") of [Tarn\-et\-Garonne](/wiki/Tarn-et-Garonne "Tarn-et-Garonne")) in southwestern France.{{Cite web \|last\=Kuiper \|first\=Kathleen \|title\=Researcher's Note: Who was Olympe de Gouges's father? \|url\=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olympe\-de\-Gouges/additional\-info \|access\-date\=1 June 2021 \|website\=Encyclopedia Britannica \|language\=en}} Her mother, Anne Olympe Mouisset Gouze, was the daughter of a [bourgeois](/wiki/Bourgeoisie "Bourgeoisie") family.{{cite book \|last\= Mousset \|first\= Sophie \|title\= Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges \|year\= 2007 \|publisher\= Transaction Publishers \|location\= New Brunswick (US) \& London \|isbn\= 978\-0\-7658\-0345\-0 \|page\= 9 }} The identity of her father is ambiguous. Her father may have been her mother's husband, Pierre Gouze, or she may have been the [illegitimate](/wiki/Legitimacy_%28family_law%29 "Legitimacy (family law)") daughter of [Jean\-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Lefranc%2C_Marquis_de_Pompignan "Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan"). Marie Gouze encouraged rumours that Pompignan was her father, and their relationship is considered plausible but "historically unverifiable."{{Cite book\|last\=Cole\|first\=John R.\|title\=Between the Queen and the Cabby: Olympe de Gouge's Rights of Woman\|publisher\=McGill\-Queen's University Press\|year\=2011\|isbn\=9780773538863\|location\=Montreal; Kingston; London; Ithaca\|pages\=8–9}} Other rumours in the eighteenth century also suggested that her father might be [Louis XV](/wiki/Louis_XV "Louis XV"), but this identification is not considered credible. The Pompignan family had long\-standing close ties to the Mouisset family of Marie Gouze's mother, Anne. When Anne was born in 1727, the eldest Pompignan son, Jean\-Jacques Lefranc de Pompignan (age five), was her godfather. Anne's father tutored him as he grew. During their childhoods, Pompignan became close to Anne, but was separated from her in 1734 when he was sent to Paris. Anne married Pierre Gouze, a butcher, in 1737 and had three children before Marie, a son and two girls.{{cite book\|last\=Mousset\|first\=Sophie\|title\=Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges\|publisher\=Transaction Publishers\|year\=2007\|isbn\=978\-0\-7658\-0345\-0\|location\=New Brunswick (US) \& London\|page\=10}} Pompignan returned to Montauban in 1747, the year before Marie's birth. Pierre was legally recognized as Marie's father. Pierre did not attend Marie's baptism on 8 May. Her godfather was a workman named Jean Portié, and her godmother a woman named Marie Grimal.{{cite book\|last\=Mousset\|first\=Sophie\|title\=Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges\|publisher\=Transaction Publishers\|year\=2007\|isbn\=978\-0\-7658\-0345\-0\|location\=New Brunswick (US) \& London\|page\=11}} Pierre died in 1750\. The primary support for the identification of Pompignan as Marie Gouze's father is found in her semi\-autobiographical novel, *{{lang\|fr\|Mémoires de Madame de Valmont}}*, published after Pompignan's death. According to the contemporary politician {{ill\|Jean\-Baptiste Poncet\-Delpech\|fr\|Jean\-Baptiste Poncet\-Delpech}} and others, "all of Montauban" knew that Pompignan was Gouze's father.{{cite web\|last\=Paul\|first\=Pauline\|date\=2 June 1989\|title\=I Foresaw it All: The Amazing Life and Oeuvre of Olympe de Gouges\|url\=http://www.logosjournal.com/issue\_5\.2/paul.htm\|work\=\[\[Die Zeit]]\|translator\=Kai Artur Diers}} However, some historians consider it likely that Gouze fabricated the story for her memoirs in order to raise her prestige and social standing when she moved to Paris. ### Early life [thumb\|left\|upright\|Olympe de Gouges' son, Pierre Aubry](/wiki/File:G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Pierre_Aubry_de_Gouges.jpg "Général Pierre Aubry de Gouges.jpg") Marie\-Olympe de Gouges (formally Marie Gouze) was born into a wealthy family, and although her mother was privately tutored, she had no actual formal education herself.Diamond, p. 98 Reportedly illiterate, she was said to dictate to a secretary.Sokolnikova, page 88 Gouze was married on 24 October 1765 to Louis Yves Aubry, a caterer, against her will.{{cite book\|last\=Mousset\|first\=Sophie\|title\=Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges\|publisher\=Transaction Publishers\|year\=2007\|isbn\=978\-0\-7658\-0345\-0\|location\=New Brunswick (US) \& London\|pages\=14–15}} The heroine of her semi\-autobiographical novel {{lang\|fr\|Mémoires}} is fourteen at her wedding; the new Marie Aubry herself was seventeen. Her novel strongly decried the marriage: "I was married to a man I did not love and who was neither rich nor well\-born. I was sacrificed for no reason that could make up for the repugnance I felt for this man."{{cite book \|first\=Paul \|last\=Noack \|title\=Olympe de Gouges, 1748–1793: Kurtisane und Kampferin für die Rechte der Frau \|trans\-title\=Olympe de Gouges, 1748–1793: Courtesan and Activist for Women's Rights \|publisher\=Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag \|year\=1992 \|language\=de \|page\=31 \|isbn\=978\-3\-423\-30319\-4 }} Marie's substantially larger fortune allowed her new husband Louis to leave his employer and start his own business. On 29 August 1766, she gave birth to their son, Pierre Aubry. That November, a destructive flood of the river [Tarn](/wiki/Tarn_%28river%29 "Tarn (river)") caused Louis' death.{{cite book\|last\=Mousset\|first\=Sophie\|title\=Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges\|publisher\=Transaction Publishers\|year\=2007\|isbn\=978\-0\-7658\-0345\-0\|location\=New Brunswick (US) \& London\|page\=16}} She never married again, calling the institution of marriage "the tomb of trust and love".{{Cite book\|title\=Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolutions\|author1\=Lisa L. Moore \|author2\=Joanna Brooks \|author3\=Caroline Wigginton \|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|year\=2012\|isbn\=978\-0199743483\|page\=245}} Known under the name Marie Aubry, after her husband's death she changed her name to Olympe de Gouges, from her surname (Gouze) and adding her mother's middle name, Olympe.Scott p. 222 Soon after, she began a relationship with the wealthy Jacques Biétrix de Rozières, a businessman from Lyon.{{Cite encyclopedia \|year\=2006 \|title\=Marie\-Olympe De Gouges \|encyclopedia\=Europe 1789–1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire \|publisher\=Charles Scribner's Sons \|last\=Hesse \|first\=Carla \|editor\-last\=Merriman \|editor\-first\=John \|editor2\-last\=Winter \|editor2\-first\=Jay}} ### Move to Paris In 1768, Biétrix funded de Gouges's move to Paris, where he provided her with an income. She lived with her son and her sister. She socialized in fashionable society, at one point being called "one of Paris' prettiest women," and formed friendships with [Madame de Montesson](/wiki/Madame_de_Montesson "Madame de Montesson") and [Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans](/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II%2C_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans "Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans").{{cite book\|last\=Mousset\|first\=Sophie\|title\=Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges\|publisher\=Transaction Publishers\|year\=2007\|isbn\=978\-0\-7658\-0345\-0\|location\=New Brunswick (US) \& London\|page\=27}} De Gouges attended the artistic and philosophical *{{lang\|fr\|\[\[salon (gathering)\|salons]]}}* of Paris, where she met many writers, including [La Harpe](/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Harpe "Jean-François de La Harpe"), [Mercier](/wiki/Louis-S%C3%A9bastien_Mercier "Louis-Sébastien Mercier"), and [Chamfort](/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort "Nicolas Chamfort"), as well as future politicians such as [Brissot](/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot "Jacques Pierre Brissot") and [Condorcet](/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet "Marquis de Condorcet"). She usually was invited to the *{{lang\|fr\|salons}}* of [Madame de Montesson](/wiki/Madame_de_Montesson "Madame de Montesson") and the [Comtesse de Beauharnais](/wiki/Fanny_de_Beauharnais "Fanny de Beauharnais"), who also were playwrights. De Gouges began her career as a writer in Paris, publishing a novel in 1784 and then beginning a prolific career as a playwright. As a woman from the province and of lowly birth she fashioned herself to fit in with the Paris establishment.{{Cite book\|title\=Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth\-Century France \|author\=Annie Smart \|publisher\=University of Delaware\|year\=2011\|isbn\=978\-1611493559\|page\=121}} De Gouges signed her public letters with *citoyenne*, the feminised version of [citizen](/wiki/Citizen "Citizen"). In pre\-revolutionary France there were no citizens, and authors were the subjects of the king, but in revolutionary France there were only *citoyens*. It was in October 1792 that the Convention decreed the use of *citoyenne* to replace *Madame* and *Mademoiselle*.{{Cite book\|title\=Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth\-Century France \|author\=Annie Smart\|publisher\=University of Delaware\|year\=2011\|isbn\=978\-1611493559\|page\=122}} [thumb\|upright\|The [Code Noir](/wiki/Code_Noir "Code Noir"), a decree passed by King [Louis XIV](/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France "Louis XIV of France") in 1685\. The *Code Noir* defined the conditions of [slavery](/wiki/Slavery "Slavery") in the [French colonial empire](/wiki/French_colonial_empire "French colonial empire") and restricted the activities of free [Negroes](/wiki/Negro "Negro")](/wiki/File:Code_noir.jpg "Code noir.jpg") In 1788 she published *Réflexions sur les hommes nègres*, which demanded compassion for the plight of slaves in the French colonies.{{Cite book\|title\=Cartesian Women: Versions and Subversions of Rational Discourse in the Old Regime \|url\=https://archive.org/details/cartesianwomenve00hart \|url\-access\=limited \|author\=Erica Harth \|publisher\=Cornell University Press\|year\=1992\|isbn\=978\-0801499982\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/cartesianwomenve00hart/page/227 227]}} For de Gouges there was a direct link between the autocratic monarchy in France and the institution of slavery. She argued that "Men everywhere are equal... Kings who are just do not want slaves; they know that they have submissive subjects."{{Cite book \|title\=Cartesian Women: Versions and Subversions of Rational Discourse in the Old Regime \|url\=https://archive.org/details/cartesianwomenve00hart/page/229 \|url\-access\=limited \|author\=Erica Harth \|publisher\=Cornell University Press \|year\=1992\|isbn\=978\-0801499982\|page\=229}} She came to the public's attention with the play *L'Esclavage des Noirs*, which was staged at the famous [Comédie\-Française](/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise "Comédie-Française") in 1785\. Her stance against slavery in the French colonies made her the target of threats. De Gouges was also attacked by those who thought that a woman's proper place was not in the theatre. The influential [Abraham\-Joseph Bénard](/wiki/Abraham-Joseph_B%C3%A9nard "Abraham-Joseph Bénard") remarked "Mme de Gouges is one of those women to whom one feels like giving razor blades as a present, who through their pretensions lose the charming qualities of their sex... Every woman author is in a false position, regardless of her talent." De Gouges was defiant: she wrote "I'm determined to be a success, and I'll do it in spite of my enemies." The slave trade lobby mounted a press campaign against her play and she eventually took legal action, forcing Comédie\-Française to stage *L'Esclavage des Noirs*. But the play closed after three performances; the lobby had paid hecklers to sabotage the performances.{{Cite book\|title\=Sexual Politics in the Enlightenment: Women Writers Read Rousseau\|author\=Mary Seidman Trouille\| publisher\=SUNY Press\| year\=1997\|isbn\= 978\-0791434895 \|page\=272}} ### Revolutionary politics A passionate advocate of [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights "Human rights"), de Gouges greeted the outbreak of the Revolution with hope and joy, but soon became disenchanted when *{{lang\|fr\|égalité}}* (equal rights) was not extended to women. In 1791, influenced and inspired by John Locke's treatises on natural rights, de Gouges became part of the [Society of the Friends of Truth](/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth "Society of the Friends of Truth"), also known as the "Social Club," which was an association whose goals included establishing equal political and legal rights for women. Members sometimes gathered at the home of the well\-known women's rights advocate, [Sophie de Condorcet](/wiki/Sophie_de_Condorcet "Sophie de Condorcet"). In 1791, in response to the [Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen](/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen"), she wrote the *{{lang\|fr\|Déclaration des droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne}}* ("{{lang\|en\|\[\[Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen]]}}"). In that pamphlet she expressed, for the first time, her famous statement: > A woman has the right to mount the scaffold. She must possess equally the right to mount the speaker's platform.Longman (1989\). *Chronicle of the French Revolution*, p. 235 This was followed by her *{{lang\|fr\|Contrat Social}}* ("{{lang\|en\|Social Contract}}", named after a famous work of [Jean\-Jacques Rousseau](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau "Jean-Jacques Rousseau")), proposing marriage based upon gender equality. In 1790 and 1791, in the French colony of [Saint\-Domingue](/wiki/Saint-Domingue "Saint-Domingue") (present\-day [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti "Haiti")), free people of colour and African slaves revolted in response to the ideals expressed in the *Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen*.{{Cite book\|title\= Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolutions\|author1\=Lisa L. Moore \|author2\=Joanna Brooks \|author3\=Caroline Wigginton \|publisher\= Oxford University Press\|year\= 2012\|isbn\= 978\-0199743483\|page\= 15}} De Gouges did not approve of violent revolution, and published *L'Esclavage des Noirs* with a preface in 1792, arguing that the slaves and the free people who responded to the horrors of slavery with "barbaric and atrocious torture" in turn justified the behavior of the tyrants. In Paris, de Gouges was accused by the mayor of Paris of having incited the insurrection in Saint\-Domingue with the play.{{Cite book\|title\= Rosewater of the Revolution: Olympe de Gouges Feminist Humanism\|author\= Lisa Gålmark\|publisher\= Dela förlag\|year\= 2020 \|isbn\= 978\-9163919695\|page\= 41}} When it was staged again in December 1792 a riot erupted in Paris.{{Cite book\|title\= Tropics of Haiti: Race and the Literary History of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World, 1789–1865\|author\= Marlene L. Daut\|publisher\= Oxford University Press\|year\= 2015 \|isbn\= 978\-1781381847\|page\= 248}} De Gouges opposed the execution of [Louis XVI](/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France "Louis XVI of France") (which took place on 21 January 1793\), partly out of opposition to [capital punishment](/wiki/Capital_punishment "Capital punishment") and partly because she favored [constitutional monarchy](/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy "Constitutional monarchy"). This earned her the ire of many hard\-line republicans, even into the next generation—such as the 19th\-century historian [Jules Michelet](/wiki/Jules_Michelet "Jules Michelet"), a fierce apologist for the Revolution, who wrote, "She allowed herself to act and write about more than one affair that her weak head did not understand."J. Michelet, *{{lang\|fr\|La Révolution Française}}*. Michelet opposed any political participation by women and thus disliked de Gouges.See Charles Monselet, *{{lang\|fr\|Les Oubliés et les Dédaignés}}* \[{{lang\|en\|The Forgotten and the Scorned}}]. See also Joan Scott in *Rebel Daughters*. In December 1792, when Louis XVI was about to be put on trial, she wrote to the National Assembly offering to defend him, causing outrage among many deputies. In her letter she argued that he had been duped—that he was guilty as a king, but innocent as a man, and that he should be exiled rather than executed.Longman (1989\). *Chronicle of the French Revolution*, p. 311 Olympe de Gouges was associated with the Gironde faction, which ultimately led to her being executed. She did not go to the guillotine for her feminism, as many might think. Instead her crime was spreading Federalism as a replacement for Montagnard revolutionary central rule. Revolutionary rule during the Terror was accompanied by emphasis on masculine public political authority that resulted, for example, in the expulsion of women from Jacobin clubs.Scott p. 232 Due to her being part of the Gironde faction which were targeted by the more radical Montagnard faction. After the execution of Louis XVI she became wary of Robespierre's Montagnard faction and in open letters criticized their violence and summary killings.\[13] ### Arrest and execution [thumb\|right\|Olympe de Gouges, 1793](/wiki/File:Olympe_de_Gouges.jpg "Olympe de Gouges.jpg") [thumb\|right\|*{{lang\|fr\|Les trois urnes}}*, the 1793 poster by Olympe de Gouges that led to her arrest and execution](/wiki/File:Olympe_de_Gouges._Les_Trois_Urnes%2C_ou_Le_salut_de_la_patrie_%28Paris%2C_1793%29._British_Library_443.a.3%287%29.jpg "Olympe de Gouges. Les Trois Urnes, ou Le salut de la patrie (Paris, 1793). British Library 443.a.3(7).jpg") As the Revolution progressed, she became more and more vehement in her writings. On 2 June 1793, the [Jacobins](/wiki/Jacobin_Club "Jacobin Club") of the Montagnard faction imprisoned prominent Girondins; they were sent to the guillotine in October. Finally, her poster *{{lang\|fr\|Les Trois urnes, ou le Salut de la Patrie, par un voyageur aérien}}* ("{{lang\|en\|The Three Urns, or the Salvation of the Fatherland, by an Aerial Traveller}}") of 1793, led to her arrest. Olympe decreed in this publication that "Now is the time to establish a decent government whose energy comes from the strength of its laws; now is the time to put a stop to assassinations and the suffering they cause, for merely holding opposing views. Let everyone examine their consciences; let them see the incalculable harm caused by such a long\-lasting division...and then everyone can pronounce freely on the government of their choice. The majority must carry the day. It is time for death to rest and for anarchy to return to the underworld."De Gouges, Olympe. *Les Trois Urnes, Ou Le Salut De La Patrie, Par Un Voyageur Aérien*. 1793\. \["Urnes" is the French equivalent of ballot boxes.] She also called for an end to the bloodshed of the Revolution saying "It is time to put a stop to this cruel war that has only swallowed up your treasure and harvested the most brilliant of your young. Blood, alas, has flowed far too freely!" and warned that "The divided French... are fighting for three opposing governments; like warring brothers they rush to their downfall and, if I do not halt them, they will soon imitate the Thebans, ending up by slitting each others throats to the last man standing".De Gouges, Olympe. Les Trois Urnes, Ou Le Salut De La Patrie, Par Un Voyageur Aérien. 1793\. That piece demanded a [plebiscite](/wiki/Referendum "Referendum") for a choice among three potential forms of government: the first, a unitary [republic](/wiki/Republic "Republic"), the second, a [federalist](/wiki/Federalism "Federalism") government, or the third, a constitutional monarchy. The problem was that the law of the revolution made it a capital offense for anyone to publish a book or pamphlet that encouraged reestablishing the monarchy.Walsh, William Shepard (1913\). *A Handy Book of Curious Information: Comprising Strange Happenings in the Life of Men and Animals, Odd Statistics, Extraordinary Phenomena, and Out of the Way Facts Concerning the Wonderlands of the Earth.* J. B. Lippincott \& Co.. p. 834 Marie\-Olympe de Gouges was arrested on July 20, 1793\. Although she was arrested in July, she would not meet the end of her life until November of that year.Vanpee p. 47 After her arrest, the commissioners searched her house for evidence. When they could not find any in her home, she voluntarily led them to the storehouse where she kept her papers. It was there that the commissioners found an unfinished play titled *{{lang\|fr\|La France Sauvée ou le Tyran Détroné}}* ("{{lang\|en\|France Preserved, or The Tyrant Dethroned}}"). In the first act (only the first act and a half remain), [Marie\-Antoinette](/wiki/Marie-Antoinette "Marie-Antoinette") is planning defense strategies to retain the crumbling monarchy and is confronted by revolutionary forces, including de Gouges herself. The first act ends with de Gouges reproving the queen for having seditious intentions and lecturing her about how she should lead her people. Both de Gouges and her prosecutor used this play as evidence in her trial. The prosecutor claimed that de Gouges's depictions of the queen threatened to stir up sympathy and support for the Royalists, whereas de Gouges stated that the play showed that she had always been a supporter of the Revolution.{{cite journal \|last\= Vanpée \|first\= Janie \|title\= Performing Justice: The Trials of Olympe de Gouges \|journal\= Theatre Journal \|date\= March 1999 \|volume\= 51 \|issue\= 1 \|pages\= 47–65 \|jstor\= 25068623 \|doi\= 10\.1353/tj.1999\.0018\|s2cid\= 191977456 }} She spent three months in jail without an attorney as the presiding judge had denied de Gouges her legal right to a lawyer on the grounds that she was more than capable of representing herself. It is likely that the judge based this argument on de Gouges's tendency to represent herself in her writings. Through her friends, she managed to publish two texts: *{{lang\|fr\|Olympe de Gouges au tribunal révolutionnaire}}* ("{{lang\|en\|Olympe de Gouges at the Revolutionary tribunal}}"), in which she related her interrogations; and her last work, *{{lang\|fr\|Une patriote persécutée}}* ("{{lang\|en\|A \[female] patriot persecuted}}"), in which she condemned the Terror. De Gouges had acquired for her son, Pierre Aubry, a position as a vice\-general and head of battalion in exchange for a payment of 1,500 livres, and he was suspended from this office after her arrest.{{Cite book\|title\= Commemorating Mirabeau: 'Mirabeau aux Champs\-Elysées' and other texts\|author\= Jessica Goodman\|publisher\= MHRA\|year\= 2017\|isbn\= 978\-1781882184\|page\= 59}} On 2 November 1793 she wrote to him: "I die, my dear son, a victim of my idolatry for the fatherland and for the people. Under the specious mask of republicanism, her enemies have brought me remorselessly to the scaffold."{{Cite book\|title\= From Enlightenment to Romanticism: Anthology I\|author1\=Ian L. Donnachie \|author2\=Ian Donnachie \|author3\=Carmen Lavin \|publisher\= Manchester University Press\|year\= 2003\|isbn\= 978\-0719066719\|page\= 94}} [thumb\|right\|The execution of Olympe de Gouges](/wiki/File:Olympe_gouges.jpg "Olympe gouges.jpg") On 3 November 1793, the [Revolutionary Tribunal](/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal "Revolutionary Tribunal") sentenced her to death, and she was executed for seditious behavior and attempting to reinstate the monarchy.{{cite journal \|doi\= 10\.1080/13621025\.2016\.1229195 \|title\= Olympe de Gouges's trial and the affective politics of denaturalization in France \|journal\= Citizenship Studies \|volume\= 20 \|issue\= 8 \|pages\= 943–56 \|year\= 2016 \|last1\= Beauchamps \|first1\= Marie \|url\= http://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/olympe\-de\-gougess\-trial\-and\-the\-affective\-politics\-of\-denaturalization\-in\-france(b22656a1\-2621\-4e9d\-bc05\-3f18827a525f).html\|doi\-access\= free \|hdl\= 11245\.1/b22656a1\-2621\-4e9d\-bc05\-3f18827a525f \|hdl\-access\= free }} Olympe was executed only a month after [Condorcet](/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet "Marquis de Condorcet") had been proscribed, and just three days after the Girondin leaders had been guillotined. Her body was disposed of in the [Madeleine Cemetery](/wiki/Madeleine_Cemetery "Madeleine Cemetery").Beyern, B. *Guide des tombes d'hommes célèbres*, Le Cherche Midi, 2008, p. 377, {{ISBN\|978\-2\-7491\-1350\-0}} Olympe's last moments were depicted by an anonymous Parisian who kept a chronicle of events: > Yesterday, at seven o'clock in the evening, a most extraordinary person called Olympe de Gouges who held the imposing title of woman of letters, was taken to the scaffold, while all of Paris, while admiring her beauty, knew that she didn't even know her alphabet... She approached the scaffold with a calm and serene expression on her face, and forced the guillotine's furies, which had driven her to this place of torture, to admit that such courage and beauty had never been seen before... That woman... had thrown herself in the Revolution, body and soul. But having quickly perceived how atrocious the system adopted by the Jacobins was, she chose to retrace her steps. She attempted to unmask the villains through the literary productions which she had printed and put up. They never forgave her, and she paid for her carelessness with her head. > {{cite book > \|last\= Mousset \|first\= Sophie > \|title\= Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges > \|year\= 2007 \|publisher\= Transaction Publishers > \|location\= New Brunswick (US) \& London > \|isbn\= 978\-0\-7658\-0345\-0 \|page\= 99 }} ### Posthumous political impact [thumb\|right\|The execution of the [Girondins](/wiki/Girondins "Girondins")](/wiki/File:La_fourn%C3%A9e_des_Girondins_10-11-1793.jpg "La fournée des Girondins 10-11-1793.jpg") [thumb\|Cartoon showing [Robespierre](/wiki/Robespierre "Robespierre") guillotining the executioner after having guillotined everyone else in France.](/wiki/File:Robespierre_ex%C3%A9cutant_le_bourreau.jpg "Robespierre exécutant le bourreau.jpg") Her execution was used as a warning to other politically active women. At the 15 November 1793 meeting of the Commune, [Pierre Gaspard Chaumette](/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette "Pierre Gaspard Chaumette") cautioned a group of women wearing [Phrygian bonnets](/wiki/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution%23Liberty_cap "Symbolism in the French Revolution#Liberty cap"), reminding them of "the impudent Olympe de Gouges, who was the first woman to start up women's political clubs, who abandoned the cares of her home, to meddle in the affairs of the Republic, and whose head fell under avenging blade of the law". This posthumous characterisation of de Gouges by the political establishment was misleading, as de Gouges had no role in founding the [Society of Revolutionary Republican Women](/wiki/Society_of_Revolutionary_Republican_Women "Society of Revolutionary Republican Women"). In her political writings de Gouges had not called for women to abandon their homes, but she was cast by the politicians as an enemy of the natural order, and thus enemy of the ruling Jacobin party. Paradoxically, the two women who had started the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, [Claire Lacombe](/wiki/Claire_Lacombe "Claire Lacombe") and [Pauline Léon](/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on "Pauline Léon"), were not executed.{{Cite book\|title\=Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth\-Century France \|author\=Annie Smart\|publisher\=University of Delaware\|year\=2011\|isbn\=978\-1611493559\|page\=144}} Lacombe, Léon and [Theroigne de Mericourt](/wiki/Theroigne_de_Mericourt "Theroigne de Mericourt") had spoken at women's and mixed clubs, and the Assemblée, while de Gouges had shown a reluctance to engage in public speaking, but prolifically published pamphlets.{{Cite book\|title\=Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth\-Century France \|author\=Annie Smart\|publisher\=University of Delaware\|year\=2011\|isbn\=978\-1611493559\|page\=148}} However, Chaumette was a staunch opponent of the Girondins, and had characterised de Gouges as unnatural and unrepublican prior to her execution.{{Cite book\|title\=Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth\-Century France \|author\=Annie Smart\|publisher\=University of Delaware\|year\=2011\|isbn\=978\-1611493559\|page\=150}} The year 1793 has been described as a watershed for the construction of women's place in revolutionary France, and the deconstruction of the Girondins' [Marianne](/wiki/Marianne "Marianne"). That year a number of women with a public role in politics were executed, including [Madame Roland](/wiki/Madame_Roland "Madame Roland") and [Marie\-Antoinette](/wiki/Marie-Antoinette "Marie-Antoinette"). The new *Républicaine* was the republican mother that nurtured the new citizen. During this time the Convention banned all women's political associations and executed many politically active women.{{Cite book\|title\=Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth\-Century France\|author\=Annie Smart\| publisher\=University of Delaware\|year\=2011\|isbn\=978\-1611493559\|page\=154}} 1793 marked the start of the [Reign of Terror](/wiki/Reign_of_Terror "Reign of Terror") in post\-revolutionary France, where thousands of people were executed. Across the Atlantic world observers of the French Revolution were shocked, but the ideals of [liberté, égalité, fraternité](/wiki/Libert%C3%A9%2C_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9%2C_fraternit%C3%A9 "Liberté, égalité, fraternité") had taken a life of their own.{{Cite book\|title\=Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolutions\|author1\=Lisa L. Moore \|author2\=Joanna Brooks \|author3\=Caroline Wigginton \|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|year\=2012\|isbn\=978\-0199743483\|page\=14}} De Gouges's [Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen](/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_and_of_the_Female_Citizen "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen") had been widely reproduced and influenced the writings of women's advocates in the Atlantic world.{{Cite book\|title\=Women in Higher Education: An Encyclopedia\|url\=https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem \|url\-access\=limited \|author1\=Ana M. Martínez Alemán \|author2\=Kristen A. Renn \|publisher\=ABC\-CLIO\|year\=2002\|isbn\=978\-1576076149\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem/page/n58 34]}} One year after its publication, in 1792, the keen observer of the French Revolution [Mary Wollstonecraft](/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft "Mary Wollstonecraft") published *[A Vindication of the Rights of Woman](/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman")*.{{Cite book\|title\=Women in Higher Education: An Encyclopedia\|url\=https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem\|url\-access\=limited\|author1\=Ana M. Martínez Alemán \|author2\=Kristen A. Renn \|publisher\=ABC\-CLIO\|year\=2002\|isbn\=978\-1576076149\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem/page/n59 35]}} Writings on women and their lack of rights became widely available. The experience of French women during the revolution entered the collective consciousness. American women began to refer to themselves as *citess* or *citizeness* and took to the streets to achieve equality and freedom.{{Cite book\|title\=Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolutions\|author1\=Lisa L. Moore \|author2\=Joanna Brooks \|author3\=Caroline Wigginton \|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|year\=2012\|isbn\=978\-0199743483\|page\=16}} The same year de Gouges was executed the pamphlet *On the Marriage of Two Celebrated Widows* was published anonymously, proclaiming that "two celebrated widows, ladies of America and France, after having repudiated their husbands on account of their ill treatment, conceived of the design of living together in the strictest union and friendship."{{Cite book\|title\=Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolutions\|author1\=Lisa L. Moore \|author2\=Joanna Brooks \|author3\=Caroline Wigginton \|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|year\=2012\|isbn\=978\-0199743483\|page\=297}} Revolutionary novels were published that put women at the centre of violent struggle, such as the narratives written by [Helen Maria Williams](/wiki/Helen_Maria_Williams "Helen Maria Williams") and [Leonora Sansay](/wiki/Leonora_Sansay "Leonora Sansay"). At the 1848 Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, the rhetorical style of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen was employed to paraphrase the [United States Declaration of Independence](/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence "United States Declaration of Independence") into the [Declaration of Sentiments](/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments "Declaration of Sentiments"),{{Cite book\|title\=Women in Higher Education: An Encyclopedia\|url\=https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem\|url\-access\=limited\|author1\=Ana M. Martínez Alemán \|author2\=Kristen A. Renn \|publisher\=ABC\-CLIO\|year\=2002\|isbn\=978\-1576076149\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem/page/n61 37]}} which demanded women's right to vote.{{Cite book\|title\=Women in Higher Education: An Encyclopedia\|url\=https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem\|url\-access\=limited\|author1\=Ana M. Martínez Alemán \|author2\=Kristen A. Renn \|publisher\=ABC\-CLIO\|year\=2002\|isbn\=978\-1576076149\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem/page/n62 38]}} After her execution her son Pierre Aubry signed a letter in which he denied his endorsement for her political legacy. He tried to change her name in the records, to Marie Aubry, but the name she had given herself has endured.{{Cite book\|title\=Commemorating Mirabeau: 'Mirabeau aux Champs\-Elysées' and other texts\|author\=Jessica Goodman\|publisher\=MHRA\|year\=2017\|isbn\=978\-1781882184\|page\=35}}
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Birth and parentage", "[thumb\\|right\\|[Jean\\-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Lefranc%2C_Marquis_de_Pompignan \"Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan\"), widely rumoured to be Olympe de Gouges' father](/wiki/Image:LeFranc_de_Pompignan.jpg \"LeFranc de Pompignan.jpg\")\nMarie Gouze was born on 7 May 1748 in [Montauban](/wiki/Montauban \"Montauban\"), [Quercy](/wiki/Quercy \"Quercy\") (in the present\\-day [department](/wiki/Departments_of_France \"Departments of France\") of [Tarn\\-et\\-Garonne](/wiki/Tarn-et-Garonne \"Tarn-et-Garonne\")) in southwestern France.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kuiper \\|first\\=Kathleen \\|title\\=Researcher's Note: Who was Olympe de Gouges's father? \\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olympe\\-de\\-Gouges/additional\\-info \\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2021 \\|website\\=Encyclopedia Britannica \\|language\\=en}} Her mother, Anne Olympe Mouisset Gouze, was the daughter of a [bourgeois](/wiki/Bourgeoisie \"Bourgeoisie\") family.{{cite book \\|last\\= Mousset \\|first\\= Sophie \\|title\\= Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges \\|year\\= 2007 \\|publisher\\= Transaction Publishers \\|location\\= New Brunswick (US) \\& London \\|isbn\\= 978\\-0\\-7658\\-0345\\-0 \\|page\\= 9 }} The identity of her father is ambiguous. Her father may have been her mother's husband, Pierre Gouze, or she may have been the [illegitimate](/wiki/Legitimacy_%28family_law%29 \"Legitimacy (family law)\") daughter of [Jean\\-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Lefranc%2C_Marquis_de_Pompignan \"Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan\"). Marie Gouze encouraged rumours that Pompignan was her father, and their relationship is considered plausible but \"historically unverifiable.\"{{Cite book\\|last\\=Cole\\|first\\=John R.\\|title\\=Between the Queen and the Cabby: Olympe de Gouge's Rights of Woman\\|publisher\\=McGill\\-Queen's University Press\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=9780773538863\\|location\\=Montreal; Kingston; London; Ithaca\\|pages\\=8–9}} Other rumours in the eighteenth century also suggested that her father might be [Louis XV](/wiki/Louis_XV \"Louis XV\"), but this identification is not considered credible.", "The Pompignan family had long\\-standing close ties to the Mouisset family of Marie Gouze's mother, Anne. When Anne was born in 1727, the eldest Pompignan son, Jean\\-Jacques Lefranc de Pompignan (age five), was her godfather. Anne's father tutored him as he grew. During their childhoods, Pompignan became close to Anne, but was separated from her in 1734 when he was sent to Paris. Anne married Pierre Gouze, a butcher, in 1737 and had three children before Marie, a son and two girls.{{cite book\\|last\\=Mousset\\|first\\=Sophie\\|title\\=Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges\\|publisher\\=Transaction Publishers\\|year\\=2007\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7658\\-0345\\-0\\|location\\=New Brunswick (US) \\& London\\|page\\=10}} Pompignan returned to Montauban in 1747, the year before Marie's birth. Pierre was legally recognized as Marie's father. Pierre did not attend Marie's baptism on 8 May. Her godfather was a workman named Jean Portié, and her godmother a woman named Marie Grimal.{{cite book\\|last\\=Mousset\\|first\\=Sophie\\|title\\=Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges\\|publisher\\=Transaction Publishers\\|year\\=2007\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7658\\-0345\\-0\\|location\\=New Brunswick (US) \\& London\\|page\\=11}} Pierre died in 1750\\.", "The primary support for the identification of Pompignan as Marie Gouze's father is found in her semi\\-autobiographical novel, *{{lang\\|fr\\|Mémoires de Madame de Valmont}}*, published after Pompignan's death. According to the contemporary politician {{ill\\|Jean\\-Baptiste Poncet\\-Delpech\\|fr\\|Jean\\-Baptiste Poncet\\-Delpech}} and others, \"all of Montauban\" knew that Pompignan was Gouze's father.{{cite web\\|last\\=Paul\\|first\\=Pauline\\|date\\=2 June 1989\\|title\\=I Foresaw it All: The Amazing Life and Oeuvre of Olympe de Gouges\\|url\\=http://www.logosjournal.com/issue\\_5\\.2/paul.htm\\|work\\=\\[\\[Die Zeit]]\\|translator\\=Kai Artur Diers}} However, some historians consider it likely that Gouze fabricated the story for her memoirs in order to raise her prestige and social standing when she moved to Paris.", "### Early life", "[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Olympe de Gouges' son, Pierre Aubry](/wiki/File:G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Pierre_Aubry_de_Gouges.jpg \"Général Pierre Aubry de Gouges.jpg\")", "Marie\\-Olympe de Gouges (formally Marie Gouze) was born into a wealthy family, and although her mother was privately tutored, she had no actual formal education herself.Diamond, p. 98 Reportedly illiterate, she was said to dictate to a secretary.Sokolnikova, page 88", "Gouze was married on 24 October 1765 to Louis Yves Aubry, a caterer, against her will.{{cite book\\|last\\=Mousset\\|first\\=Sophie\\|title\\=Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges\\|publisher\\=Transaction Publishers\\|year\\=2007\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7658\\-0345\\-0\\|location\\=New Brunswick (US) \\& London\\|pages\\=14–15}} The heroine of her semi\\-autobiographical novel {{lang\\|fr\\|Mémoires}} is fourteen at her wedding; the new Marie Aubry herself was seventeen. Her novel strongly decried the marriage: \"I was married to a man I did not love and who was neither rich nor well\\-born. I was sacrificed for no reason that could make up for the repugnance I felt for this man.\"{{cite book \\|first\\=Paul \\|last\\=Noack \\|title\\=Olympe de Gouges, 1748–1793: Kurtisane und Kampferin für die Rechte der Frau \\|trans\\-title\\=Olympe de Gouges, 1748–1793: Courtesan and Activist for Women's Rights \\|publisher\\=Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag \\|year\\=1992 \\|language\\=de \\|page\\=31 \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-423\\-30319\\-4 }} Marie's substantially larger fortune allowed her new husband Louis to leave his employer and start his own business. On 29 August 1766, she gave birth to their son, Pierre Aubry. That November, a destructive flood of the river [Tarn](/wiki/Tarn_%28river%29 \"Tarn (river)\") caused Louis' death.{{cite book\\|last\\=Mousset\\|first\\=Sophie\\|title\\=Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges\\|publisher\\=Transaction Publishers\\|year\\=2007\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7658\\-0345\\-0\\|location\\=New Brunswick (US) \\& London\\|page\\=16}} She never married again, calling the institution of marriage \"the tomb of trust and love\".{{Cite book\\|title\\=Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolutions\\|author1\\=Lisa L. Moore \\|author2\\=Joanna Brooks \\|author3\\=Caroline Wigginton \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|year\\=2012\\|isbn\\=978\\-0199743483\\|page\\=245}}", "Known under the name Marie Aubry, after her husband's death she changed her name to Olympe de Gouges, from her surname (Gouze) and adding her mother's middle name, Olympe.Scott p. 222 Soon after, she began a relationship with the wealthy Jacques Biétrix de Rozières, a businessman from Lyon.{{Cite encyclopedia \\|year\\=2006 \\|title\\=Marie\\-Olympe De Gouges \\|encyclopedia\\=Europe 1789–1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire \\|publisher\\=Charles Scribner's Sons \\|last\\=Hesse \\|first\\=Carla \\|editor\\-last\\=Merriman \\|editor\\-first\\=John \\|editor2\\-last\\=Winter \\|editor2\\-first\\=Jay}}", "### Move to Paris", "In 1768, Biétrix funded de Gouges's move to Paris, where he provided her with an income. She lived with her son and her sister. She socialized in fashionable society, at one point being called \"one of Paris' prettiest women,\" and formed friendships with [Madame de Montesson](/wiki/Madame_de_Montesson \"Madame de Montesson\") and [Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans](/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II%2C_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans \"Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Mousset\\|first\\=Sophie\\|title\\=Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges\\|publisher\\=Transaction Publishers\\|year\\=2007\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7658\\-0345\\-0\\|location\\=New Brunswick (US) \\& London\\|page\\=27}} De Gouges attended the artistic and philosophical *{{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[salon (gathering)\\|salons]]}}* of Paris, where she met many writers, including [La Harpe](/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Harpe \"Jean-François de La Harpe\"), [Mercier](/wiki/Louis-S%C3%A9bastien_Mercier \"Louis-Sébastien Mercier\"), and [Chamfort](/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort \"Nicolas Chamfort\"), as well as future politicians such as [Brissot](/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot \"Jacques Pierre Brissot\") and [Condorcet](/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet \"Marquis de Condorcet\"). She usually was invited to the *{{lang\\|fr\\|salons}}* of [Madame de Montesson](/wiki/Madame_de_Montesson \"Madame de Montesson\") and the [Comtesse de Beauharnais](/wiki/Fanny_de_Beauharnais \"Fanny de Beauharnais\"), who also were playwrights.", "De Gouges began her career as a writer in Paris, publishing a novel in 1784 and then beginning a prolific career as a playwright. As a woman from the province and of lowly birth she fashioned herself to fit in with the Paris establishment.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth\\-Century France \\|author\\=Annie Smart \\|publisher\\=University of Delaware\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=978\\-1611493559\\|page\\=121}} De Gouges signed her public letters with *citoyenne*, the feminised version of [citizen](/wiki/Citizen \"Citizen\"). In pre\\-revolutionary France there were no citizens, and authors were the subjects of the king, but in revolutionary France there were only *citoyens*. It was in October 1792 that the Convention decreed the use of *citoyenne* to replace *Madame* and *Mademoiselle*.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth\\-Century France \\|author\\=Annie Smart\\|publisher\\=University of Delaware\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=978\\-1611493559\\|page\\=122}}", "[thumb\\|upright\\|The [Code Noir](/wiki/Code_Noir \"Code Noir\"), a decree passed by King [Louis XIV](/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France \"Louis XIV of France\") in 1685\\. The *Code Noir* defined the conditions of [slavery](/wiki/Slavery \"Slavery\") in the [French colonial empire](/wiki/French_colonial_empire \"French colonial empire\") and restricted the activities of free [Negroes](/wiki/Negro \"Negro\")](/wiki/File:Code_noir.jpg \"Code noir.jpg\")", "In 1788 she published *Réflexions sur les hommes nègres*, which demanded compassion for the plight of slaves in the French colonies.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Cartesian Women: Versions and Subversions of Rational Discourse in the Old Regime \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/cartesianwomenve00hart \\|url\\-access\\=limited \\|author\\=Erica Harth \\|publisher\\=Cornell University Press\\|year\\=1992\\|isbn\\=978\\-0801499982\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/cartesianwomenve00hart/page/227 227]}} For de Gouges there was a direct link between the autocratic monarchy in France and the institution of slavery. She argued that \"Men everywhere are equal... Kings who are just do not want slaves; they know that they have submissive subjects.\"{{Cite book \\|title\\=Cartesian Women: Versions and Subversions of Rational Discourse in the Old Regime \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/cartesianwomenve00hart/page/229 \\|url\\-access\\=limited \\|author\\=Erica Harth \\|publisher\\=Cornell University Press \\|year\\=1992\\|isbn\\=978\\-0801499982\\|page\\=229}} She came to the public's attention with the play *L'Esclavage des Noirs*, which was staged at the famous [Comédie\\-Française](/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise \"Comédie-Française\") in 1785\\. Her stance against slavery in the French colonies made her the target of threats. De Gouges was also attacked by those who thought that a woman's proper place was not in the theatre. The influential [Abraham\\-Joseph Bénard](/wiki/Abraham-Joseph_B%C3%A9nard \"Abraham-Joseph Bénard\") remarked \"Mme de Gouges is one of those women to whom one feels like giving razor blades as a present, who through their pretensions lose the charming qualities of their sex... Every woman author is in a false position, regardless of her talent.\" De Gouges was defiant: she wrote \"I'm determined to be a success, and I'll do it in spite of my enemies.\" The slave trade lobby mounted a press campaign against her play and she eventually took legal action, forcing Comédie\\-Française to stage *L'Esclavage des Noirs*. But the play closed after three performances; the lobby had paid hecklers to sabotage the performances.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Sexual Politics in the Enlightenment: Women Writers Read Rousseau\\|author\\=Mary Seidman Trouille\\| publisher\\=SUNY Press\\| year\\=1997\\|isbn\\= 978\\-0791434895 \\|page\\=272}}", "### Revolutionary politics", "A passionate advocate of [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights \"Human rights\"), de Gouges greeted the outbreak of the Revolution with hope and joy, but soon became disenchanted when *{{lang\\|fr\\|égalité}}* (equal rights) was not extended to women. In 1791, influenced and inspired by John Locke's treatises on natural rights, de Gouges became part of the [Society of the Friends of Truth](/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth \"Society of the Friends of Truth\"), also known as the \"Social Club,\" which was an association whose goals included establishing equal political and legal rights for women. Members sometimes gathered at the home of the well\\-known women's rights advocate, [Sophie de Condorcet](/wiki/Sophie_de_Condorcet \"Sophie de Condorcet\"). In 1791, in response to the [Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen](/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen \"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen\"), she wrote the *{{lang\\|fr\\|Déclaration des droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne}}* (\"{{lang\\|en\\|\\[\\[Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen]]}}\"). In that pamphlet she expressed, for the first time, her famous statement:", "", "> A woman has the right to mount the scaffold. She must possess equally the right to mount the speaker's platform.Longman (1989\\). *Chronicle of the French Revolution*, p. 235", "This was followed by her *{{lang\\|fr\\|Contrat Social}}* (\"{{lang\\|en\\|Social Contract}}\", named after a famous work of [Jean\\-Jacques Rousseau](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau \"Jean-Jacques Rousseau\")), proposing marriage based upon gender equality.", "In 1790 and 1791, in the French colony of [Saint\\-Domingue](/wiki/Saint-Domingue \"Saint-Domingue\") (present\\-day [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti \"Haiti\")), free people of colour and African slaves revolted in response to the ideals expressed in the *Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen*.{{Cite book\\|title\\= Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolutions\\|author1\\=Lisa L. Moore \\|author2\\=Joanna Brooks \\|author3\\=Caroline Wigginton \\|publisher\\= Oxford University Press\\|year\\= 2012\\|isbn\\= 978\\-0199743483\\|page\\= 15}} De Gouges did not approve of violent revolution, and published *L'Esclavage des Noirs* with a preface in 1792, arguing that the slaves and the free people who responded to the horrors of slavery with \"barbaric and atrocious torture\" in turn justified the behavior of the tyrants. In Paris, de Gouges was accused by the mayor of Paris of having incited the insurrection in Saint\\-Domingue with the play.{{Cite book\\|title\\= Rosewater of the Revolution: Olympe de Gouges Feminist Humanism\\|author\\= Lisa Gålmark\\|publisher\\= Dela förlag\\|year\\= 2020 \\|isbn\\= 978\\-9163919695\\|page\\= 41}} When it was staged again in December 1792 a riot erupted in Paris.{{Cite book\\|title\\= Tropics of Haiti: Race and the Literary History of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World, 1789–1865\\|author\\= Marlene L. Daut\\|publisher\\= Oxford University Press\\|year\\= 2015 \\|isbn\\= 978\\-1781381847\\|page\\= 248}}", "De Gouges opposed the execution of [Louis XVI](/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France \"Louis XVI of France\") (which took place on 21 January 1793\\), partly out of opposition to [capital punishment](/wiki/Capital_punishment \"Capital punishment\") and partly because she favored [constitutional monarchy](/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy \"Constitutional monarchy\"). This earned her the ire of many hard\\-line republicans, even into the next generation—such as the 19th\\-century historian [Jules Michelet](/wiki/Jules_Michelet \"Jules Michelet\"), a fierce apologist for the Revolution, who wrote, \"She allowed herself to act and write about more than one affair that her weak head did not understand.\"J. Michelet, *{{lang\\|fr\\|La Révolution Française}}*. Michelet opposed any political participation by women and thus disliked de Gouges.See Charles Monselet, *{{lang\\|fr\\|Les Oubliés et les Dédaignés}}* \\[{{lang\\|en\\|The Forgotten and the Scorned}}]. See also Joan Scott in *Rebel Daughters*. In December 1792, when Louis XVI was about to be put on trial, she wrote to the National Assembly offering to defend him, causing outrage among many deputies. In her letter she argued that he had been duped—that he was guilty as a king, but innocent as a man, and that he should be exiled rather than executed.Longman (1989\\). *Chronicle of the French Revolution*, p. 311", "Olympe de Gouges was associated with the Gironde faction, which ultimately led to her being executed. She did not go to the guillotine for her feminism, as many might think. Instead her crime was spreading Federalism as a replacement for Montagnard revolutionary central rule. Revolutionary rule during the Terror was accompanied by emphasis on masculine public political authority that resulted, for example, in the expulsion of women from Jacobin clubs.Scott p. 232", "Due to her being part of the Gironde faction which were targeted by the more radical Montagnard faction. After the execution of Louis XVI she became wary of Robespierre's Montagnard faction and in open letters criticized their violence and summary killings.\\[13]", "### Arrest and execution", "[thumb\\|right\\|Olympe de Gouges, 1793](/wiki/File:Olympe_de_Gouges.jpg \"Olympe de Gouges.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|*{{lang\\|fr\\|Les trois urnes}}*, the 1793 poster by Olympe de Gouges that led to her arrest and execution](/wiki/File:Olympe_de_Gouges._Les_Trois_Urnes%2C_ou_Le_salut_de_la_patrie_%28Paris%2C_1793%29._British_Library_443.a.3%287%29.jpg \"Olympe de Gouges. Les Trois Urnes, ou Le salut de la patrie (Paris, 1793). British Library 443.a.3(7).jpg\")", "As the Revolution progressed, she became more and more vehement in her writings. On 2 June 1793, the [Jacobins](/wiki/Jacobin_Club \"Jacobin Club\") of the Montagnard faction imprisoned prominent Girondins; they were sent to the guillotine in October. Finally, her poster *{{lang\\|fr\\|Les Trois urnes, ou le Salut de la Patrie, par un voyageur aérien}}* (\"{{lang\\|en\\|The Three Urns, or the Salvation of the Fatherland, by an Aerial Traveller}}\") of 1793, led to her arrest. Olympe decreed in this publication that \"Now is the time to establish a decent government whose energy comes from the strength of its laws; now is the time to put a stop to assassinations and the suffering they cause, for merely holding opposing views. Let everyone examine their consciences; let them see the incalculable harm caused by such a long\\-lasting division...and then everyone can pronounce freely on the government of their choice. The majority must carry the day. It is time for death to rest and for anarchy to return to the underworld.\"De Gouges, Olympe. *Les Trois Urnes, Ou Le Salut De La Patrie, Par Un Voyageur Aérien*. 1793\\. \\[\"Urnes\" is the French equivalent of ballot boxes.] She also called for an end to the bloodshed of the Revolution saying \"It is time to put a stop to this cruel war that has only swallowed up your treasure and harvested the most brilliant of your young. Blood, alas, has flowed far too freely!\" and warned that \"The divided French... are fighting for three opposing governments; like warring brothers they rush to their downfall and, if I do not halt them, they will soon imitate the Thebans, ending up by slitting each others throats to the last man standing\".De Gouges, Olympe. Les Trois Urnes, Ou Le Salut De La Patrie, Par Un Voyageur Aérien. 1793\\. That piece demanded a [plebiscite](/wiki/Referendum \"Referendum\") for a choice among three potential forms of government: the first, a unitary [republic](/wiki/Republic \"Republic\"), the second, a [federalist](/wiki/Federalism \"Federalism\") government, or the third, a constitutional monarchy. The problem was that the law of the revolution made it a capital offense for anyone to publish a book or pamphlet that encouraged reestablishing the monarchy.Walsh, William Shepard (1913\\). *A Handy Book of Curious Information: Comprising Strange Happenings in the Life of Men and Animals, Odd Statistics, Extraordinary Phenomena, and Out of the Way Facts Concerning the Wonderlands of the Earth.* J. B. Lippincott \\& Co.. p. 834", "Marie\\-Olympe de Gouges was arrested on July 20, 1793\\. Although she was arrested in July, she would not meet the end of her life until November of that year.Vanpee p. 47\nAfter her arrest, the commissioners searched her house for evidence. When they could not find any in her home, she voluntarily led them to the storehouse where she kept her papers. It was there that the commissioners found an unfinished play titled *{{lang\\|fr\\|La France Sauvée ou le Tyran Détroné}}* (\"{{lang\\|en\\|France Preserved, or The Tyrant Dethroned}}\"). In the first act (only the first act and a half remain), [Marie\\-Antoinette](/wiki/Marie-Antoinette \"Marie-Antoinette\") is planning defense strategies to retain the crumbling monarchy and is confronted by revolutionary forces, including de Gouges herself. The first act ends with de Gouges reproving the queen for having seditious intentions and lecturing her about how she should lead her people. Both de Gouges and her prosecutor used this play as evidence in her trial. The prosecutor claimed that de Gouges's depictions of the queen threatened to stir up sympathy and support for the Royalists, whereas de Gouges stated that the play showed that she had always been a supporter of the Revolution.{{cite journal \\|last\\= Vanpée \\|first\\= Janie \\|title\\= Performing Justice: The Trials of Olympe de Gouges \\|journal\\= Theatre Journal \\|date\\= March 1999 \\|volume\\= 51 \\|issue\\= 1 \\|pages\\= 47–65 \\|jstor\\= 25068623 \\|doi\\= 10\\.1353/tj.1999\\.0018\\|s2cid\\= 191977456 }}", "She spent three months in jail without an attorney as the presiding judge had denied de Gouges her legal right to a lawyer on the grounds that she was more than capable of representing herself. It is likely that the judge based this argument on de Gouges's tendency to represent herself in her writings. Through her friends, she managed to publish two texts: *{{lang\\|fr\\|Olympe de Gouges au tribunal révolutionnaire}}* (\"{{lang\\|en\\|Olympe de Gouges at the Revolutionary tribunal}}\"), in which she related her interrogations; and her last work, *{{lang\\|fr\\|Une patriote persécutée}}* (\"{{lang\\|en\\|A \\[female] patriot persecuted}}\"), in which she condemned the Terror.", "De Gouges had acquired for her son, Pierre Aubry, a position as a vice\\-general and head of battalion in exchange for a payment of 1,500 livres, and he was suspended from this office after her arrest.{{Cite book\\|title\\= Commemorating Mirabeau: 'Mirabeau aux Champs\\-Elysées' and other texts\\|author\\= Jessica Goodman\\|publisher\\= MHRA\\|year\\= 2017\\|isbn\\= 978\\-1781882184\\|page\\= 59}} On 2 November 1793 she wrote to him: \"I die, my dear son, a victim of my idolatry for the fatherland and for the people. Under the specious mask of republicanism, her enemies have brought me remorselessly to the scaffold.\"{{Cite book\\|title\\= From Enlightenment to Romanticism: Anthology I\\|author1\\=Ian L. Donnachie \\|author2\\=Ian Donnachie \\|author3\\=Carmen Lavin \\|publisher\\= Manchester University Press\\|year\\= 2003\\|isbn\\= 978\\-0719066719\\|page\\= 94}}", "[thumb\\|right\\|The execution of Olympe de Gouges](/wiki/File:Olympe_gouges.jpg \"Olympe gouges.jpg\")", "On 3 November 1793, the [Revolutionary Tribunal](/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal \"Revolutionary Tribunal\") sentenced her to death, and she was executed for seditious behavior and attempting to reinstate the monarchy.{{cite journal \\|doi\\= 10\\.1080/13621025\\.2016\\.1229195 \\|title\\= Olympe de Gouges's trial and the affective politics of denaturalization in France \\|journal\\= Citizenship Studies \\|volume\\= 20 \\|issue\\= 8 \\|pages\\= 943–56 \\|year\\= 2016 \\|last1\\= Beauchamps \\|first1\\= Marie \\|url\\= http://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/olympe\\-de\\-gougess\\-trial\\-and\\-the\\-affective\\-politics\\-of\\-denaturalization\\-in\\-france(b22656a1\\-2621\\-4e9d\\-bc05\\-3f18827a525f).html\\|doi\\-access\\= free \\|hdl\\= 11245\\.1/b22656a1\\-2621\\-4e9d\\-bc05\\-3f18827a525f \\|hdl\\-access\\= free }} Olympe was executed only a month after [Condorcet](/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet \"Marquis de Condorcet\") had been proscribed, and just three days after the Girondin leaders had been guillotined. Her body was disposed of in the [Madeleine Cemetery](/wiki/Madeleine_Cemetery \"Madeleine Cemetery\").Beyern, B. *Guide des tombes d'hommes célèbres*, Le Cherche Midi, 2008, p. 377, {{ISBN\\|978\\-2\\-7491\\-1350\\-0}} Olympe's last moments were depicted by an anonymous Parisian who kept a chronicle of events:", "", "> Yesterday, at seven o'clock in the evening, a most extraordinary person called Olympe de Gouges who held the imposing title of woman of letters, was taken to the scaffold, while all of Paris, while admiring her beauty, knew that she didn't even know her alphabet... She approached the scaffold with a calm and serene expression on her face, and forced the guillotine's furies, which had driven her to this place of torture, to admit that such courage and beauty had never been seen before... That woman... had thrown herself in the Revolution, body and soul. But having quickly perceived how atrocious the system adopted by the Jacobins was, she chose to retrace her steps. She attempted to unmask the villains through the literary productions which she had printed and put up. They never forgave her, and she paid for her carelessness with her head.\n> {{cite book\n> \\|last\\= Mousset \\|first\\= Sophie\n> \\|title\\= Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges\n> \\|year\\= 2007 \\|publisher\\= Transaction Publishers\n> \\|location\\= New Brunswick (US) \\& London\n> \\|isbn\\= 978\\-0\\-7658\\-0345\\-0 \\|page\\= 99 }}", "### Posthumous political impact", "[thumb\\|right\\|The execution of the [Girondins](/wiki/Girondins \"Girondins\")](/wiki/File:La_fourn%C3%A9e_des_Girondins_10-11-1793.jpg \"La fournée des Girondins 10-11-1793.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Cartoon showing [Robespierre](/wiki/Robespierre \"Robespierre\") guillotining the executioner after having guillotined everyone else in France.](/wiki/File:Robespierre_ex%C3%A9cutant_le_bourreau.jpg \"Robespierre exécutant le bourreau.jpg\")", "Her execution was used as a warning to other politically active women. At the 15 November 1793 meeting of the Commune, [Pierre Gaspard Chaumette](/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette \"Pierre Gaspard Chaumette\") cautioned a group of women wearing [Phrygian bonnets](/wiki/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution%23Liberty_cap \"Symbolism in the French Revolution#Liberty cap\"), reminding them of \"the impudent Olympe de Gouges, who was the first woman to start up women's political clubs, who abandoned the cares of her home, to meddle in the affairs of the Republic, and whose head fell under avenging blade of the law\". This posthumous characterisation of de Gouges by the political establishment was misleading, as de Gouges had no role in founding the [Society of Revolutionary Republican Women](/wiki/Society_of_Revolutionary_Republican_Women \"Society of Revolutionary Republican Women\"). In her political writings de Gouges had not called for women to abandon their homes, but she was cast by the politicians as an enemy of the natural order, and thus enemy of the ruling Jacobin party. Paradoxically, the two women who had started the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, [Claire Lacombe](/wiki/Claire_Lacombe \"Claire Lacombe\") and [Pauline Léon](/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on \"Pauline Léon\"), were not executed.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth\\-Century France \\|author\\=Annie Smart\\|publisher\\=University of Delaware\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=978\\-1611493559\\|page\\=144}} Lacombe, Léon and [Theroigne de Mericourt](/wiki/Theroigne_de_Mericourt \"Theroigne de Mericourt\") had spoken at women's and mixed clubs, and the Assemblée, while de Gouges had shown a reluctance to engage in public speaking, but prolifically published pamphlets.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth\\-Century France \\|author\\=Annie Smart\\|publisher\\=University of Delaware\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=978\\-1611493559\\|page\\=148}} However, Chaumette was a staunch opponent of the Girondins, and had characterised de Gouges as unnatural and unrepublican prior to her execution.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth\\-Century France \\|author\\=Annie Smart\\|publisher\\=University of Delaware\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=978\\-1611493559\\|page\\=150}}", "The year 1793 has been described as a watershed for the construction of women's place in revolutionary France, and the deconstruction of the Girondins' [Marianne](/wiki/Marianne \"Marianne\"). That year a number of women with a public role in politics were executed, including [Madame Roland](/wiki/Madame_Roland \"Madame Roland\") and [Marie\\-Antoinette](/wiki/Marie-Antoinette \"Marie-Antoinette\"). The new *Républicaine* was the republican mother that nurtured the new citizen. During this time the Convention banned all women's political associations and executed many politically active women.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth\\-Century France\\|author\\=Annie Smart\\| publisher\\=University of Delaware\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=978\\-1611493559\\|page\\=154}} 1793 marked the start of the [Reign of Terror](/wiki/Reign_of_Terror \"Reign of Terror\") in post\\-revolutionary France, where thousands of people were executed. Across the Atlantic world observers of the French Revolution were shocked, but the ideals of [liberté, égalité, fraternité](/wiki/Libert%C3%A9%2C_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9%2C_fraternit%C3%A9 \"Liberté, égalité, fraternité\") had taken a life of their own.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolutions\\|author1\\=Lisa L. Moore \\|author2\\=Joanna Brooks \\|author3\\=Caroline Wigginton \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|year\\=2012\\|isbn\\=978\\-0199743483\\|page\\=14}}", "De Gouges's [Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen](/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_and_of_the_Female_Citizen \"Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen\") had been widely reproduced and influenced the writings of women's advocates in the Atlantic world.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Women in Higher Education: An Encyclopedia\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem \\|url\\-access\\=limited \\|author1\\=Ana M. Martínez Alemán \\|author2\\=Kristen A. Renn \\|publisher\\=ABC\\-CLIO\\|year\\=2002\\|isbn\\=978\\-1576076149\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem/page/n58 34]}} One year after its publication, in 1792, the keen observer of the French Revolution [Mary Wollstonecraft](/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft \"Mary Wollstonecraft\") published *[A Vindication of the Rights of Woman](/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman \"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman\")*.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Women in Higher Education: An Encyclopedia\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem\\|url\\-access\\=limited\\|author1\\=Ana M. Martínez Alemán \\|author2\\=Kristen A. Renn \\|publisher\\=ABC\\-CLIO\\|year\\=2002\\|isbn\\=978\\-1576076149\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem/page/n59 35]}} Writings on women and their lack of rights became widely available. The experience of French women during the revolution entered the collective consciousness.", "American women began to refer to themselves as *citess* or *citizeness* and took to the streets to achieve equality and freedom.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolutions\\|author1\\=Lisa L. Moore \\|author2\\=Joanna Brooks \\|author3\\=Caroline Wigginton \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|year\\=2012\\|isbn\\=978\\-0199743483\\|page\\=16}} The same year de Gouges was executed the pamphlet *On the Marriage of Two Celebrated Widows* was published anonymously, proclaiming that \"two celebrated widows, ladies of America and France, after having repudiated their husbands on account of their ill treatment, conceived of the design of living together in the strictest union and friendship.\"{{Cite book\\|title\\=Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolutions\\|author1\\=Lisa L. Moore \\|author2\\=Joanna Brooks \\|author3\\=Caroline Wigginton \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|year\\=2012\\|isbn\\=978\\-0199743483\\|page\\=297}} Revolutionary novels were published that put women at the centre of violent struggle, such as the narratives written by [Helen Maria Williams](/wiki/Helen_Maria_Williams \"Helen Maria Williams\") and [Leonora Sansay](/wiki/Leonora_Sansay \"Leonora Sansay\"). At the 1848 Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, the rhetorical style of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen was employed to paraphrase the [United States Declaration of Independence](/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence \"United States Declaration of Independence\") into the [Declaration of Sentiments](/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments \"Declaration of Sentiments\"),{{Cite book\\|title\\=Women in Higher Education: An Encyclopedia\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem\\|url\\-access\\=limited\\|author1\\=Ana M. Martínez Alemán \\|author2\\=Kristen A. Renn \\|publisher\\=ABC\\-CLIO\\|year\\=2002\\|isbn\\=978\\-1576076149\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem/page/n61 37]}} which demanded women's right to vote.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Women in Higher Education: An Encyclopedia\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem\\|url\\-access\\=limited\\|author1\\=Ana M. Martínez Alemán \\|author2\\=Kristen A. Renn \\|publisher\\=ABC\\-CLIO\\|year\\=2002\\|isbn\\=978\\-1576076149\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem/page/n62 38]}}", "After her execution her son Pierre Aubry signed a letter in which he denied his endorsement for her political legacy. He tried to change her name in the records, to Marie Aubry, but the name she had given herself has endured.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Commemorating Mirabeau: 'Mirabeau aux Champs\\-Elysées' and other texts\\|author\\=Jessica Goodman\\|publisher\\=MHRA\\|year\\=2017\\|isbn\\=978\\-1781882184\\|page\\=35}}", "" ]
Writing ------- All of Olympe de Gouges' plays and novels convey the overarching theme of her life's work: indignation at social injustices. In addition to women's rights, de Gouges engaged contested topics including the [slave trade](/wiki/History_of_slavery "History of slavery"), [divorce](/wiki/Divorce "Divorce"), [marriage](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage"), [debtors' prisons](/wiki/Debtors%27_prison "Debtors' prison"), [children's rights](/wiki/Children%27s_rights "Children's rights"), and government work schemes for the [unemployed](/wiki/Unemployment "Unemployment"). Much of her work foregrounded the troubling intersections of two or more issues. While many plays by women playwrights staged at the Comédie Française were published anonymously or under male pseudonyms, de Gouges broke with tradition; not only did she publish using her own name, but she also pushed the boundaries of what was deemed appropriate subject matter for women playwrights—and withstood the consequences.{{Cite web \|last\=Woolfrey \|first\=Joan \|title\=Olympe de Gouges (1748\-1793\) \|url\=https://iep.utm.edu/gouges/ \|access\-date\=18 March 2024 \|website\=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy}} A record of her papers which were seized at the time of execution in 1793 lists about 40 plays.Sherman, C. *Reading Olympe de Gouges*. Palgrave Pivot; 2013 ed., p. 51\. {{ISBN\|9781137346452}} In 1784 she published an [epistolary](/wiki/Epistolary_novel "Epistolary novel") novel inspired by *[Les Liaisons dangereuses](/wiki/Les_Liaisons_dangereuses "Les Liaisons dangereuses")* (1782\) by [Pierre Choderlos de Laclos](/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos "Pierre Choderlos de Laclos"). Her novel claimed to consist of authentic letters exchanged with her father the Marquis de Pompignan, with the names changed. "Madame Valmont" thus represented de Gouges herself, and "Monsieur de Flaucourt" was Pompignan.{{cite book \|last\=Mousset \|first\=Sophie \|title\=Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges \|publisher\=Transaction Publishers \|year\=2007 \|isbn\=978\-0\-7658\-0345\-0 \|location\=New Brunswick (US) \& London \|page\=26}} The full title of the novel, published shortly after Pompignan's death, indicated its claim: *{{lang\|fr\|Mémoires de Madame de Valmont sur l'ingratitude et la cruauté de la famille des Flaucourt avec la sienne dont les sieurs de Flaucourt on reçu tant de services}} (Madame de Valmont's Memoirs on the Ingratitude and Cruelty of the Flaucourt Family Towards her Own, which Rendered such Services to the Sirs Flaucourt).*{{cite book \|last\=Mousset \|first\=Sophie \|title\=Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges \|publisher\=Transaction Publishers \|year\=2007 \|isbn\=978\-0\-7658\-0345\-0 \|location\=New Brunswick (US) \& London \|page\=28}} As a playwright, she charged into the contemporary political controversies and was often in the vanguard.{{Cite book \|author\=David Williams \|title\=The Enlightenment \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|year\=1999 \|isbn\=978\-0521564908 \|page\=317}} Alongside [Marquis de Condorcet](/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet "Marquis de Condorcet"), de Gouges is considered one of France's earliest public opponents of slavery. De Gouges' first staged production was originally titled *Zamore et Mirza*; ou *L'Heureux Naufrage* \[*Zamore and Mirza;* or *The Happy Shipwreck*] (1788\). Drawing both praise from abolitionists and attacks from pro\-slavery traders, it is the first French play to focus not only on the inhumanity of slavery but also the first to feature the first\-person perspective of an enslaved individual.{{Cite web \|last\=Woolfrey \|first\=Joan \|access\-date\=18 March 2024 \|title\=Olympe de Gouges (1748–1793\) \|url\=https://iep.utm.edu/gouges/ }} In her 1788 "Réflexions sur les Hommes Nègres" she brought to attention the horrible plight of slaves in the French colonies and condemned the injustice of the institution declaring “I clearly realized that it was force and prejudice that had condemned them to that horrible slavery, in which Nature plays no role, and for which the unjust and powerful interests of Whites are alone responsible” likewise declaring that "Men everywhere are equal... Kings who are just do not want slaves; they know that they have submissive subjects."De Gouges, Olympe. *Réflexions Sur Les Hommes Nègres*. 1788\. In the final act of *L'Esclavage des Noirs* de Gouges lets the French colonial master, not the slave, utter a prayer for freedom: "Let our common rejoicings be a happy portent of liberty". She drew a parallel between colonial slavery and political oppression in France. One of the slave protagonists explains that the French must gain their own freedom, before they can deal with slavery. De Gouges also openly attacked the notion that [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights "Human rights") were a reality in revolutionary France. The slave protagonist comments on the situation in France "The power of one Master alone is in the hands of a thousand Tyrants who trample the People under foot. The People will one day burst their chains and will claim all its rights under Natural law. It will teach the Tyrants just what a people united by long oppression and enlightened by sound philosophy can do". While it was common in France to equate political oppression to slavery, this was an analogy and not an abolitionist sentiment.{{Cite book\|title\=Cartesian Women: Versions and Subversions of Rational Discourse in the Old Regime \|url\=https://archive.org/details/cartesianwomenve00hart \|url\-access\=limited \|author\=Erica Harth \|publisher\=Cornell University Press\|year\=1992\|isbn\=978\-0801499982\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/cartesianwomenve00hart/page/228 228]}} ### Political pamphlets and letters [thumb\|upright\|First page of [Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen](/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_and_of_the_Female_Citizen "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen")](/wiki/File:DDFC.jpg "DDFC.jpg") Over the course of her career, de Gouges published 68 pamphlets.{{Cite book \|last\=Blanc \|first\=Olivier \|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54205328 \|title\=Marie\-Olympe de Gouges : une humaniste à la fin du XVIIIe siècle \|date\=2003 \|publisher\=R. Viénet \|isbn\=2\-84983\-000\-3 \|location\=Paris \|pages\=244–247 \|oclc\=54205328}} Her first political brochure was published in November 1788, a manifesto entitled *Letter to the people, or project for a patriotic fund*. In early 1789 she published *Remarques Patriotiques* setting out her proposals for [social security](/wiki/Social_security "Social security"), care for the elderly, institutions for homeless children, hostels for the unemployed, and the introduction of a [jury system](/wiki/Jury_system "Jury system"). In this work, she highlighted and promulgated the issues facing France on the brink of revolution writing “France is sunk in grief, the people are suffering and the Monarch cries out. Parliament is demanding the Estates\-General and the Nation cannot come to an agreement. There is no consensus on electing these assemblies...The Third Estate, with reason, claims a voice equal to that of the Clergy and Nobility...for the problems that get worse every day” and declared to the king that “Your People are unhappy. Unhappy!”.De Gouges, Olympe. Remarques Patriotiques. 1789\. She also called upon women to "shake off the yoke of shameful slavery". The same year she wrote a series of pamphlets on a range of social concerns, such as illegitimate children. In these pamphlets she advanced the public debate on issues that would later be picked up by feminists, such as [Flora Tristan](/wiki/Flora_Tristan "Flora Tristan"). She continued to publish political essays between 1788 and 1791\. Such as *Cry of the wise man, by a woman* in response to Louis XVI calling together the Estates\-General. De Gouges wrote her famous [Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen](/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_and_of_the_Female_Citizen "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen") shortly after the [French Constitution of 1791](/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791 "French Constitution of 1791") was ratified by [King Louis XVI](/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France "Louis XVI of France"), and dedicated it to his wife, [Queen Marie Antoinette](/wiki/Marie_Antoinette "Marie Antoinette"). The French Constitution marked the birth of the short\-lived [constitutional monarchy](/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy "Constitutional monarchy") and implemented a status based citizenship. Citizens were defined as men over 25 who were "independent" and who had paid the [poll tax](/wiki/Poll_tax "Poll tax"). These citizens had the right to vote. Furthermore, active citizenship was two\-tiered, with those who could vote and those who were fit for [public office](/wiki/Public_office "Public office"). Women were by definition not afforded any rights of active citizenship. Like men who could not pay the poll tax, children, domestic servants, rural day\-laborers and slaves, Jews, actors and hangmen, women had no [political rights](/wiki/Political_rights "Political rights"). In transferring [sovereignty](/wiki/Sovereignty "Sovereignty") to the nation the constitution dismantled the old regime, but de Gouges argued that it did not go far enough.{{Cite book\|title\=Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth\-Century France \|author\=Annie Smart\|publisher\=University of Delaware\|year\=2011\|isbn\=978\-1611493559\|page\=134}} De Gouges was not the only feminist who attempted to influence the political structures of late Enlightenment France. But like the writings of [Etta Palm d'Aelders](/wiki/Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders "Etta Palm d'Aelders"), [Theroigne de Mericourt](/wiki/Theroigne_de_Mericourt "Theroigne de Mericourt"), [Claire Lacombe](/wiki/Claire_Lacombe "Claire Lacombe") and [Marquis de Condorcet](/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet "Marquis de Condorcet"), her arguments fell on deaf ears. At the end of the 18th century influential political actors such as [Honoré Gabriel Riqueti](/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti%2C_comte_de_Mirabeau "Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau"), [Charles Maurice de Talleyrand\-Périgord](/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord "Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord") and [Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès](/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s "Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès") were not convinced of the case for equality.{{Cite book\|title\=The Enlightenment\|author\=David Williams\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\|year\=1999\|isbn\=978\-0521564908\|page\=38}} In her early political letters de Gouges made a point of being a woman, and that she spoke "as a woman". She addressed her public letters, published often as pamphlets, to statesmen such as [Jacques Necker](/wiki/Jacques_Necker "Jacques Necker"), the [Duke of Orléans](/wiki/Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans "Duke of Orléans"), or the queen [Marie\-Antoinette](/wiki/Marie-Antoinette "Marie-Antoinette"). Like other pamphlet writers in revolutionary France, she spoke from the margins and spoke of her experience as a citizen with a desire to influence the ongoing public debate. In her letters she articulated the values of the [Enlightenment](/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment "Age of Enlightenment"), and commented on how they may be put into practice, such as [civic virtue](/wiki/Civic_virtue "Civic virtue"), [universal rights](/wiki/Universal_rights "Universal rights"), [natural rights](/wiki/Natural_rights "Natural rights") and [political rights](/wiki/Political_rights "Political rights"). In language and practice this was a debate among men and about men. Republicans discussed civic virtue in terms of patriotic manliness (*la vertu mâle et répub\-licaine*). Women were not granted political rights in revolutionary France, thus de Gouges used her pamphlets to enter the public debate and she argued that the debate needed to include the female civic voice. De Gouges signed her pamphlets with *citoyenne*. It has been suggested that she adopted this notion from Rousseau's letter *To the Republic of Geneva*, where he speaks directly to two types of Genevans: the "dear fellow citizens" or his "brothers", and the *aimables et virtueses Citoyenne*, that is the women citizens. In the public letter *Remarques Patriotique* from December 1788 de Gouges justified why she is publishing her political thoughts, arguing that "This dream, strange though it may seem, will show the nation a truly civic heart, a spirit that is always concerned with the public good".{{Cite book\|title\=Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth\-Century France\|author\=Annie Smart\|publisher\=University of Delaware\|year\=2011\|isbn\=978\-1611493559\|page\=123}} As the politics of revolutionary France changed and progressed de Gouges failed to become an actor on the political stage, but in her letters offered advice to the political establishment. Her proposition for a political order remained largely unchanged. She expresses faith in the [Estates General](/wiki/Estates_General_%28France%29 "Estates General (France)") and in reference to the [estates of the realm](/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm "Estates of the realm"), that the people of France (Third Estate) would be able to ensure harmony between the three estates, that is [clergy](/wiki/Clergy "Clergy"), [nobility](/wiki/Nobility "Nobility") and the people. Despite this she expresses loyalty for the ministers [Jacques Necker](/wiki/Jacques_Necker "Jacques Necker") and [Charles Alexandre de Calonne](/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne "Charles Alexandre de Calonne"). De Gouges opposes [absolutism](/wiki/Absolute_monarchy "Absolute monarchy"), but believed France should retain a [constitutional monarchy](/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy "Constitutional monarchy"). In her open letter to Marie\-Antoinette, de Gouges declared: > I could never convince myself that a princess, raised in the midst of grandeur, had all the vices of baseness... Madame, may a nobler function characterize you, excite your ambition, and fix your attention. Only one whom chance had elevated to an eminent position can assume the task of lending weight to the progress of the Rights of Woman and of hastening its success. If you were less well informed, Madame, I might fear that your individual interests would outweigh those of your sex. You love glory; think, Madame, the greatest crimes immortalize one as much as the greatest virtues, but what a different fame in the annals of history! The one is ceaselessly taken as an example, and the other is eternally the execration of the human race.{{Cite book\|title\=Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolutions\|author1\=Lisa L. Moore \|author2\=Joanna Brooks \|author3\=Caroline Wigginton \|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|year\=2012\|isbn\=978\-0199743483\|page\=247}} Public letters, or pamphlets, were the primary means for the working class and women writers to engage in the public debate of revolutionary France. The intention was not to court the favour of the addressee, often a public figure. Frequently these pamphlets were intended to stir up public anger. They were widely circulated within and outside France. De Gouges's contemporary [Madame Roland](/wiki/Madame_Roland "Madame Roland") of the Gironde party became notorious for her *Letter to Louis XVI* in 1792\. In the same year de Gouges penned *Letter to Citizen Robespierre*, which [Robespierre](/wiki/Robespierre "Robespierre") refused to answer. De Gouges took to the street, and on behalf of the French people proclaimed "Let us plunge into the Seine! Thou hast need of a bath... thy death will claim things, and as for myself, the sacrifice of a pure life will disarm the heavens."{{Cite book\|title\=Romantic Correspondence: Women, Politics and the Fiction of Letters \|author\=Mary A. Favret \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\|year\=2005\|isbn\=978\-0521604284\|pages\=114, 119}}
[ "Writing\n-------", "All of Olympe de Gouges' plays and novels convey the overarching theme of her life's work: indignation at social injustices. In addition to women's rights, de Gouges engaged contested topics including the [slave trade](/wiki/History_of_slavery \"History of slavery\"), [divorce](/wiki/Divorce \"Divorce\"), [marriage](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\"), [debtors' prisons](/wiki/Debtors%27_prison \"Debtors' prison\"), [children's rights](/wiki/Children%27s_rights \"Children's rights\"), and government work schemes for the [unemployed](/wiki/Unemployment \"Unemployment\"). Much of her work foregrounded the troubling intersections of two or more issues. While many plays by women playwrights staged at the Comédie Française were published anonymously or under male pseudonyms, de Gouges broke with tradition; not only did she publish using her own name, but she also pushed the boundaries of what was deemed appropriate subject matter for women playwrights—and withstood the consequences.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Woolfrey \\|first\\=Joan \\|title\\=Olympe de Gouges (1748\\-1793\\) \\|url\\=https://iep.utm.edu/gouges/ \\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2024 \\|website\\=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy}} A record of her papers which were seized at the time of execution in 1793 lists about 40 plays.Sherman, C. *Reading Olympe de Gouges*. Palgrave Pivot; 2013 ed., p. 51\\. {{ISBN\\|9781137346452}}", "In 1784 she published an [epistolary](/wiki/Epistolary_novel \"Epistolary novel\") novel inspired by *[Les Liaisons dangereuses](/wiki/Les_Liaisons_dangereuses \"Les Liaisons dangereuses\")* (1782\\) by [Pierre Choderlos de Laclos](/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos \"Pierre Choderlos de Laclos\"). Her novel claimed to consist of authentic letters exchanged with her father the Marquis de Pompignan, with the names changed. \"Madame Valmont\" thus represented de Gouges herself, and \"Monsieur de Flaucourt\" was Pompignan.{{cite book \\|last\\=Mousset \\|first\\=Sophie \\|title\\=Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges \\|publisher\\=Transaction Publishers \\|year\\=2007 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7658\\-0345\\-0 \\|location\\=New Brunswick (US) \\& London \\|page\\=26}} The full title of the novel, published shortly after Pompignan's death, indicated its claim: *{{lang\\|fr\\|Mémoires de Madame de Valmont sur l'ingratitude et la cruauté de la famille des Flaucourt avec la sienne dont les sieurs de Flaucourt on reçu tant de services}} (Madame de Valmont's Memoirs on the Ingratitude and Cruelty of the Flaucourt Family Towards her Own, which Rendered such Services to the Sirs Flaucourt).*{{cite book \\|last\\=Mousset \\|first\\=Sophie \\|title\\=Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges \\|publisher\\=Transaction Publishers \\|year\\=2007 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7658\\-0345\\-0 \\|location\\=New Brunswick (US) \\& London \\|page\\=28}}", "As a playwright, she charged into the contemporary political controversies and was often in the vanguard.{{Cite book \\|author\\=David Williams \\|title\\=The Enlightenment \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|year\\=1999 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0521564908 \\|page\\=317}} Alongside [Marquis de Condorcet](/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet \"Marquis de Condorcet\"), de Gouges is considered one of France's earliest public opponents of slavery.", "De Gouges' first staged production was originally titled *Zamore et Mirza*; ou *L'Heureux Naufrage* \\[*Zamore and Mirza;* or *The Happy Shipwreck*] (1788\\). Drawing both praise from abolitionists and attacks from pro\\-slavery traders, it is the first French play to focus not only on the inhumanity of slavery but also the first to feature the first\\-person perspective of an enslaved individual.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Woolfrey \\|first\\=Joan \\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2024 \\|title\\=Olympe de Gouges (1748–1793\\) \\|url\\=https://iep.utm.edu/gouges/ }}", "In her 1788 \"Réflexions sur les Hommes Nègres\" she brought to attention the horrible plight of slaves in the French colonies and condemned the injustice of the institution declaring “I clearly realized that it was force and prejudice that had condemned them to that horrible slavery, in which Nature plays no role, and for which the unjust and powerful interests of Whites are alone responsible” likewise declaring that \"Men everywhere are equal... Kings who are just do not want slaves; they know that they have submissive subjects.\"De Gouges, Olympe. *Réflexions Sur Les Hommes Nègres*. 1788\\.", "In the final act of *L'Esclavage des Noirs* de Gouges lets the French colonial master, not the slave, utter a prayer for freedom: \"Let our common rejoicings be a happy portent of liberty\". She drew a parallel between colonial slavery and political oppression in France. One of the slave protagonists explains that the French must gain their own freedom, before they can deal with slavery. De Gouges also openly attacked the notion that [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights \"Human rights\") were a reality in revolutionary France. The slave protagonist comments on the situation in France \"The power of one Master alone is in the hands of a thousand Tyrants who trample the People under foot. The People will one day burst their chains and will claim all its rights under Natural law. It will teach the Tyrants just what a people united by long oppression and enlightened by sound philosophy can do\". While it was common in France to equate political oppression to slavery, this was an analogy and not an abolitionist sentiment.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Cartesian Women: Versions and Subversions of Rational Discourse in the Old Regime \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/cartesianwomenve00hart \\|url\\-access\\=limited \\|author\\=Erica Harth \\|publisher\\=Cornell University Press\\|year\\=1992\\|isbn\\=978\\-0801499982\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/cartesianwomenve00hart/page/228 228]}}", "### Political pamphlets and letters", "[thumb\\|upright\\|First page of [Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen](/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_and_of_the_Female_Citizen \"Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen\")](/wiki/File:DDFC.jpg \"DDFC.jpg\")", "Over the course of her career, de Gouges published 68 pamphlets.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Blanc \\|first\\=Olivier \\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54205328 \\|title\\=Marie\\-Olympe de Gouges : une humaniste à la fin du XVIIIe siècle \\|date\\=2003 \\|publisher\\=R. Viénet \\|isbn\\=2\\-84983\\-000\\-3 \\|location\\=Paris \\|pages\\=244–247 \\|oclc\\=54205328}} Her first political brochure was published in November 1788, a manifesto entitled *Letter to the people, or project for a patriotic fund*. In early 1789 she published *Remarques Patriotiques* setting out her proposals for [social security](/wiki/Social_security \"Social security\"), care for the elderly, institutions for homeless children, hostels for the unemployed, and the introduction of a [jury system](/wiki/Jury_system \"Jury system\"). In this work, she highlighted and promulgated the issues facing France on the brink of revolution writing “France is sunk in grief, the people are suffering and the Monarch cries out. Parliament is demanding the Estates\\-General and the Nation cannot come to an agreement. There is no consensus on electing these assemblies...The Third Estate, with reason, claims a voice equal to that of the Clergy and Nobility...for the problems that get worse every day” and declared to the king that “Your People are unhappy. Unhappy!”.De Gouges, Olympe. Remarques Patriotiques. 1789\\. She also called upon women to \"shake off the yoke of shameful slavery\". The same year she wrote a series of pamphlets on a range of social concerns, such as illegitimate children. In these pamphlets she advanced the public debate on issues that would later be picked up by feminists, such as [Flora Tristan](/wiki/Flora_Tristan \"Flora Tristan\"). She continued to publish political essays between 1788 and 1791\\. Such as *Cry of the wise man, by a woman* in response to Louis XVI calling together the Estates\\-General.", "De Gouges wrote her famous [Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen](/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_and_of_the_Female_Citizen \"Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen\") shortly after the [French Constitution of 1791](/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791 \"French Constitution of 1791\") was ratified by [King Louis XVI](/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France \"Louis XVI of France\"), and dedicated it to his wife, [Queen Marie Antoinette](/wiki/Marie_Antoinette \"Marie Antoinette\"). The French Constitution marked the birth of the short\\-lived [constitutional monarchy](/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy \"Constitutional monarchy\") and implemented a status based citizenship. Citizens were defined as men over 25 who were \"independent\" and who had paid the [poll tax](/wiki/Poll_tax \"Poll tax\"). These citizens had the right to vote. Furthermore, active citizenship was two\\-tiered, with those who could vote and those who were fit for [public office](/wiki/Public_office \"Public office\"). Women were by definition not afforded any rights of active citizenship. Like men who could not pay the poll tax, children, domestic servants, rural day\\-laborers and slaves, Jews, actors and hangmen, women had no [political rights](/wiki/Political_rights \"Political rights\"). In transferring [sovereignty](/wiki/Sovereignty \"Sovereignty\") to the nation the constitution dismantled the old regime, but de Gouges argued that it did not go far enough.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth\\-Century France\n\\|author\\=Annie Smart\\|publisher\\=University of Delaware\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=978\\-1611493559\\|page\\=134}}", "De Gouges was not the only feminist who attempted to influence the political structures of late Enlightenment France. But like the writings of [Etta Palm d'Aelders](/wiki/Etta_Palm_d%27Aelders \"Etta Palm d'Aelders\"), [Theroigne de Mericourt](/wiki/Theroigne_de_Mericourt \"Theroigne de Mericourt\"), [Claire Lacombe](/wiki/Claire_Lacombe \"Claire Lacombe\") and [Marquis de Condorcet](/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet \"Marquis de Condorcet\"), her arguments fell on deaf ears. At the end of the 18th century influential political actors such as [Honoré Gabriel Riqueti](/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti%2C_comte_de_Mirabeau \"Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau\"), [Charles Maurice de Talleyrand\\-Périgord](/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord \"Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord\") and [Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès](/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s \"Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès\") were not convinced of the case for equality.{{Cite book\\|title\\=The Enlightenment\\|author\\=David Williams\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\|year\\=1999\\|isbn\\=978\\-0521564908\\|page\\=38}}", "In her early political letters de Gouges made a point of being a woman, and that she spoke \"as a woman\". She addressed her public letters, published often as pamphlets, to statesmen such as [Jacques Necker](/wiki/Jacques_Necker \"Jacques Necker\"), the [Duke of Orléans](/wiki/Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans \"Duke of Orléans\"), or the queen [Marie\\-Antoinette](/wiki/Marie-Antoinette \"Marie-Antoinette\"). Like other pamphlet writers in revolutionary France, she spoke from the margins and spoke of her experience as a citizen with a desire to influence the ongoing public debate. In her letters she articulated the values of the [Enlightenment](/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment \"Age of Enlightenment\"), and commented on how they may be put into practice, such as [civic virtue](/wiki/Civic_virtue \"Civic virtue\"), [universal rights](/wiki/Universal_rights \"Universal rights\"), [natural rights](/wiki/Natural_rights \"Natural rights\") and [political rights](/wiki/Political_rights \"Political rights\"). In language and practice this was a debate among men and about men. Republicans discussed civic virtue in terms of patriotic manliness (*la vertu mâle et répub\\-licaine*). Women were not granted political rights in revolutionary France, thus de Gouges used her pamphlets to enter the public debate and she argued that the debate needed to include the female civic voice.", "De Gouges signed her pamphlets with *citoyenne*. It has been suggested that she adopted this notion from Rousseau's letter *To the Republic of Geneva*, where he speaks directly to two types of Genevans: the \"dear fellow citizens\" or his \"brothers\", and the *aimables et virtueses Citoyenne*, that is the women citizens. In the public letter *Remarques Patriotique* from December 1788 de Gouges justified why she is publishing her political thoughts, arguing that \"This dream, strange though it may seem, will show the nation a truly civic heart, a spirit that is always concerned with the public good\".{{Cite book\\|title\\=Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth\\-Century France\\|author\\=Annie Smart\\|publisher\\=University of Delaware\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=978\\-1611493559\\|page\\=123}}", "As the politics of revolutionary France changed and progressed de Gouges failed to become an actor on the political stage, but in her letters offered advice to the political establishment. Her proposition for a political order remained largely unchanged. She expresses faith in the [Estates General](/wiki/Estates_General_%28France%29 \"Estates General (France)\") and in reference to the [estates of the realm](/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm \"Estates of the realm\"), that the people of France (Third Estate) would be able to ensure harmony between the three estates, that is [clergy](/wiki/Clergy \"Clergy\"), [nobility](/wiki/Nobility \"Nobility\") and the people. Despite this she expresses loyalty for the ministers [Jacques Necker](/wiki/Jacques_Necker \"Jacques Necker\") and [Charles Alexandre de Calonne](/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne \"Charles Alexandre de Calonne\"). De Gouges opposes [absolutism](/wiki/Absolute_monarchy \"Absolute monarchy\"), but believed France should retain a [constitutional monarchy](/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy \"Constitutional monarchy\").", "In her open letter to Marie\\-Antoinette, de Gouges declared:", "", "> I could never convince myself that a princess, raised in the midst of grandeur, had all the vices of baseness... Madame, may a nobler function characterize you, excite your ambition, and fix your attention. Only one whom chance had elevated to an eminent position can assume the task of lending weight to the progress of the Rights of Woman and of hastening its success. If you were less well informed, Madame, I might fear that your individual interests would outweigh those of your sex. You love glory; think, Madame, the greatest crimes immortalize one as much as the greatest virtues, but what a different fame in the annals of history! The one is ceaselessly taken as an example, and the other is eternally the execration of the human race.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolutions\\|author1\\=Lisa L. Moore \\|author2\\=Joanna Brooks \\|author3\\=Caroline Wigginton \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|year\\=2012\\|isbn\\=978\\-0199743483\\|page\\=247}}", "Public letters, or pamphlets, were the primary means for the working class and women writers to engage in the public debate of revolutionary France. The intention was not to court the favour of the addressee, often a public figure. Frequently these pamphlets were intended to stir up public anger. They were widely circulated within and outside France. De Gouges's contemporary [Madame Roland](/wiki/Madame_Roland \"Madame Roland\") of the Gironde party became notorious for her *Letter to Louis XVI* in 1792\\. In the same year de Gouges penned *Letter to Citizen Robespierre*, which [Robespierre](/wiki/Robespierre \"Robespierre\") refused to answer. De Gouges took to the street, and on behalf of the French people proclaimed \"Let us plunge into the Seine! Thou hast need of a bath... thy death will claim things, and as for myself, the sacrifice of a pure life will disarm the heavens.\"{{Cite book\\|title\\=Romantic Correspondence: Women, Politics and the Fiction of Letters \\|author\\=Mary A. Favret \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\|year\\=2005\\|isbn\\=978\\-0521604284\\|pages\\=114, 119}}", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|1930\= 365 \|1940\= 600 \|1950\= 736 \|1960\= 636 \|1970\= 671 \|1980\= 644 \|1990\= 645 \|2000\= 672 \|2010\= 712 \|2020\= 778 \|estyear\=2022 \|estimate\=774 \|estref\={{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time\-series/demo/popest/2020s\-total\-cities\-and\-towns.html\|date\=November 3, 2023\|title\=City and Town Population Totals: 2020\-2022\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=November 3, 2023}} \|align\-fn\=center \|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|author\=United States Census Bureau\|author\-link\=United States Census Bureau\|access\-date\=August 31, 2014}} 2020 Census }} ### 2020 census As of the [2020 census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census"), there were 778 people, 284 households in the city. ### 2010 census As of the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census "2010 United States census"), there were 712 people, 286 households, and 161 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1148\.4\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 313 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|504\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 72\.2% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.3% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.1% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), 19\.0% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 6\.9% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 28\.1% of the population. There were 286 households, of which 35\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 11\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 7\.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43\.7% were non\-families. 34\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.46 and the average family size was 3\.15\. The median age in the city was 35\.2 years. 26\.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31\.9% were from 25 to 44; 24\.8% were from 45 to 64; and 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53\.8% male and 46\.2% female. ### 2000 census As of the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census "2000 United States census"), there were 672 people, 286 households, and 157 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was 1,032\.4 people per square mile (399\.2/km2). There were 327 housing units at an average density of 502\.4 per square mile (194\.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 72\.62% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.30% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 3\.72% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.74% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 17\.56% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 5\.06% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 25\.30% of the population. There were 286 households, out of which 34\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 12\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45\.1% were non\-families. 37\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.33 and the average family size was 3\.18\. In the city, the population was spread out, with 29\.5% under the age of 18, 9\.7% from 18 to 24, 31\.1% from 25 to 44, 21\.3% from 45 to 64, and 8\.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 102\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101\.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $24,375, and the median income for a family was $27,361\. Males had a median income of $27,083 versus $19,886 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $12,290\. About 21\.4% of families and 25\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 33\.5% of those under age 18 and 26\.2% of those age 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|1930\\= 365\n\\|1940\\= 600\n\\|1950\\= 736\n\\|1960\\= 636\n\\|1970\\= 671\n\\|1980\\= 644\n\\|1990\\= 645\n\\|2000\\= 672\n\\|2010\\= 712\n\\|2020\\= 778\n\\|estyear\\=2022\n\\|estimate\\=774\n\\|estref\\={{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time\\-series/demo/popest/2020s\\-total\\-cities\\-and\\-towns.html\\|date\\=November 3, 2023\\|title\\=City and Town Population Totals: 2020\\-2022\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=November 3, 2023}}\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|author\\=United States Census Bureau\\|author\\-link\\=United States Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2014}} \n2020 Census\n}}", "### 2020 census", "As of the [2020 census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 778 people, 284 households in the city.", "### 2010 census", "As of the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census \"2010 United States census\"), there were 712 people, 286 households, and 161 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1148\\.4\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 313 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|504\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 72\\.2% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.3% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.1% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), 19\\.0% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 6\\.9% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 28\\.1% of the population.", "There were 286 households, of which 35\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37\\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 11\\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 7\\.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43\\.7% were non\\-families. 34\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.46 and the average family size was 3\\.15\\.", "The median age in the city was 35\\.2 years. 26\\.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31\\.9% were from 25 to 44; 24\\.8% were from 45 to 64; and 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53\\.8% male and 46\\.2% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census \"2000 United States census\"), there were 672 people, 286 households, and 157 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 1,032\\.4 people per square mile (399\\.2/km2). There were 327 housing units at an average density of 502\\.4 per square mile (194\\.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 72\\.62% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.30% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 3\\.72% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.74% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 17\\.56% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 5\\.06% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 25\\.30% of the population.", "There were 286 households, out of which 34\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36\\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 12\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45\\.1% were non\\-families. 37\\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.33 and the average family size was 3\\.18\\.", "In the city, the population was spread out, with 29\\.5% under the age of 18, 9\\.7% from 18 to 24, 31\\.1% from 25 to 44, 21\\.3% from 45 to 64, and 8\\.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 102\\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101\\.7 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $24,375, and the median income for a family was $27,361\\. Males had a median income of $27,083 versus $19,886 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $12,290\\. About 21\\.4% of families and 25\\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 33\\.5% of those under age 18 and 26\\.2% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\|Essa\-queta, Plains Apache chief](/wiki/File:Kiowa_Apache_Essa-queta.jpg "Kiowa Apache Essa-queta.jpg") Their [oral history](/wiki/Oral_history "Oral history") states that the Plains Apache broke away from the [Tsuutʼina](/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina "Tsuutʼina"), an Athabascan people who moved onto the [Great Plains](/wiki/Great_Plains "Great Plains") in [Alberta, Canada](/wiki/Alberta%2C_Canada "Alberta, Canada"). They migrated south, where the [Lakota](/wiki/Lakota_people "Lakota people") gave them territory south of the [Black Hills](/wiki/Black_Hills "Black Hills") in what became [South Dakota](/wiki/South_Dakota "South Dakota") and [Wyoming](/wiki/Wyoming "Wyoming"). The Apache are associated with the [Dismal River culture](/wiki/Dismal_River_culture "Dismal River culture") (ca. 1650–1750\) of the western Plains,E. Steve Cassells, *The Archeology of Colorado* (Boulder, Colorado: Johnson Books, 1997\), 236\. {{ISBN\|1\-55566\-193\-9}}. generally attributed to the Paloma and [Cuartelejo](/wiki/El_Cuartelejo "El Cuartelejo") Apaches. [Jicarilla Apache](/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache "Jicarilla Apache") pottery has also been found in some of the Dismal River complex sites.Gibbon, Guy E.; Ames, Kenneth M. (1998\) [*Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia*.](https://books.google.com/books?id=_0u2y_SVnmoC&pg=PA213) p. 213\. {{ISBN\|0\-8153\-0725\-X}}. Some of the people from the Dismal River culture joined the Plains Apache in the Black Hills. ### 18th century Due to pressure from the [Comanche](/wiki/Comanche "Comanche") from the west and [Pawnee](/wiki/Pawnee_people "Pawnee people") and [French](/wiki/French_people "French people") from the east, the Kiowa and remaining people of Dismal River culture migrated south where they later joined the [Lipan Apache](/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people "Lipan Apache people") and [Jicarilla Apache](/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache "Jicarilla Apache") nations. In the early 18th century, the Plains Apache lived around the upper [Missouri River](/wiki/Missouri_River "Missouri River") and maintained close connections to the Kiowa. They were ethnically different and spoke different languages. They communicated with their allies using the sophisticated [Plains Indian Sign Language](/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language "Plains Indian Sign Language"). The Plains Apache continued migrating south along the eastern [Rocky Mountains](/wiki/Rocky_Mountains "Rocky Mountains") and hunting bison. They allied with the [Pawnee](/wiki/Pawnee_people "Pawnee people"), [Arapaho](/wiki/Arapaho_people "Arapaho people"), and Kiowa. Even before contact with Europeans, their numbers were never large, and their 1780 population was estimated at 400\. ### 19th century The Plains Apache and Kiowa had migrated into the Southern Plains sometime around 1800\. The Treaty of Medicine Lodge in 1867 established an [Indian Reservation](/wiki/Indian_Reservation "Indian Reservation") for the Kiowa, Plains Apache, and Comanche in Western Oklahoma. They were forced to move south of the Washita River to the Red River and Western Oklahoma with the Comanche and the Kiowa. The 1890 Census showed 1,598 Comanche at the Fort Sill reservation, which they shared with 1,140 Kiowa and 326 Plains Apache.["The Passing of the Indian Era"](http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/forts/indians.html), Texas Beyond History Some groups of Plains Apache refused to settle on reservations and were involved in Kiowa and Comanche uprisings, most notably the [First Battle of Adobe Walls](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Adobe_Walls "First Battle of Adobe Walls") which was the largest battle of the Indian Wars. It would be the last battle in which the Natives repelled the U.S. Army in the Southern Plains. The Kiowa\-Comanche\-Apache (KCA) Reservation was broken up into individual allotments under the [1889 Springer Amendment](/wiki/1889_Springer_Amendment "1889 Springer Amendment") to the [Indian Appropriations Act](/wiki/Indian_Appropriations_Act "Indian Appropriations Act"). ### 20th century The so\-called "surplus" lands of the KCA Reservaton were opened up to white settlement in 1901\.{{cite web \|author\=Benjamin R. Kracht \|title\=Kiowa\-Comanche\-Apache Opening \|url\=https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry\=KI020 \|website\=The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History \|publisher\=Oklahoma Historical Society \|access\-date\=14 May 2024}} The U.S. federal government took more KCA lands in 1906\. Despite tribal opposition to the land sessions, the U.S. courts upheld allotment. Most Plains Apache families chose land north of the [Wichita Mountains](/wiki/Wichita_Mountains "Wichita Mountains"). In 1966, the tribe organized a business committee and regained federal recognition. In 1972, the Kiowa, Comanche, and Plains Apache legally separated.
[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\|Essa\\-queta, Plains Apache chief](/wiki/File:Kiowa_Apache_Essa-queta.jpg \"Kiowa Apache Essa-queta.jpg\")\nTheir [oral history](/wiki/Oral_history \"Oral history\") states that the Plains Apache broke away from the [Tsuutʼina](/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina \"Tsuutʼina\"), an Athabascan people who moved onto the [Great Plains](/wiki/Great_Plains \"Great Plains\") in [Alberta, Canada](/wiki/Alberta%2C_Canada \"Alberta, Canada\"). They migrated south, where the [Lakota](/wiki/Lakota_people \"Lakota people\") gave them territory south of the [Black Hills](/wiki/Black_Hills \"Black Hills\") in what became [South Dakota](/wiki/South_Dakota \"South Dakota\") and [Wyoming](/wiki/Wyoming \"Wyoming\").", "The Apache are associated with the [Dismal River culture](/wiki/Dismal_River_culture \"Dismal River culture\") (ca. 1650–1750\\) of the western Plains,E. Steve Cassells, *The Archeology of Colorado* (Boulder, Colorado: Johnson Books, 1997\\), 236\\. {{ISBN\\|1\\-55566\\-193\\-9}}. generally attributed to the Paloma and [Cuartelejo](/wiki/El_Cuartelejo \"El Cuartelejo\") Apaches. [Jicarilla Apache](/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache \"Jicarilla Apache\") pottery has also been found in some of the Dismal River complex sites.Gibbon, Guy E.; Ames, Kenneth M. (1998\\) [*Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia*.](https://books.google.com/books?id=_0u2y_SVnmoC&pg=PA213) p. 213\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-8153\\-0725\\-X}}. Some of the people from the Dismal River culture joined the Plains Apache in the Black Hills.", "### 18th century", "Due to pressure from the [Comanche](/wiki/Comanche \"Comanche\") from the west and [Pawnee](/wiki/Pawnee_people \"Pawnee people\") and [French](/wiki/French_people \"French people\") from the east, the Kiowa and remaining people of Dismal River culture migrated south where they later joined the [Lipan Apache](/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people \"Lipan Apache people\") and [Jicarilla Apache](/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache \"Jicarilla Apache\") nations.", "In the early 18th century, the Plains Apache lived around the upper [Missouri River](/wiki/Missouri_River \"Missouri River\") and maintained close connections to the Kiowa. They were ethnically different and spoke different languages. They communicated with their allies using the sophisticated [Plains Indian Sign Language](/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language \"Plains Indian Sign Language\").", "The Plains Apache continued migrating south along the eastern [Rocky Mountains](/wiki/Rocky_Mountains \"Rocky Mountains\") and hunting bison. They allied with the [Pawnee](/wiki/Pawnee_people \"Pawnee people\"), [Arapaho](/wiki/Arapaho_people \"Arapaho people\"), and Kiowa.", "Even before contact with Europeans, their numbers were never large, and their 1780 population was estimated at 400\\.", "### 19th century", "The Plains Apache and Kiowa had migrated into the Southern Plains sometime around 1800\\. The Treaty of Medicine Lodge in 1867 established an [Indian Reservation](/wiki/Indian_Reservation \"Indian Reservation\") for the Kiowa, Plains Apache, and Comanche in Western Oklahoma. They were forced to move south of the Washita River to the Red River and Western Oklahoma with the Comanche and the Kiowa. The 1890 Census showed 1,598 Comanche at the Fort Sill reservation, which they shared with 1,140 Kiowa and 326 Plains Apache.[\"The Passing of the Indian Era\"](http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/forts/indians.html), Texas Beyond History", "Some groups of Plains Apache refused to settle on reservations and were involved in Kiowa and Comanche uprisings, most notably the [First Battle of Adobe Walls](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Adobe_Walls \"First Battle of Adobe Walls\") which was the largest battle of the Indian Wars. It would be the last battle in which the Natives repelled the U.S. Army in the Southern Plains.", "The Kiowa\\-Comanche\\-Apache (KCA) Reservation was broken up into individual allotments under the [1889 Springer Amendment](/wiki/1889_Springer_Amendment \"1889 Springer Amendment\") to the [Indian Appropriations Act](/wiki/Indian_Appropriations_Act \"Indian Appropriations Act\").", "### 20th century", "The so\\-called \"surplus\" lands of the KCA Reservaton were opened up to white settlement in 1901\\.{{cite web \\|author\\=Benjamin R. Kracht \\|title\\=Kiowa\\-Comanche\\-Apache Opening \\|url\\=https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry\\=KI020 \\|website\\=The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History \\|publisher\\=Oklahoma Historical Society \\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2024}} The U.S. federal government took more KCA lands in 1906\\. Despite tribal opposition to the land sessions, the U.S. courts upheld allotment. Most Plains Apache families chose land north of the [Wichita Mountains](/wiki/Wichita_Mountains \"Wichita Mountains\").", "In 1966, the tribe organized a business committee and regained federal recognition. In 1972, the Kiowa, Comanche, and Plains Apache legally separated.", "" ]
Biography and early career -------------------------- Barnes served in the [United States Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army") from 1946 to 1948 as a [Private First Class](/wiki/Private_First_Class "Private First Class") in the [Military Police](/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Police_Corps "United States Army Military Police Corps"). Barnes received a [B.A.](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts "Bachelor of Arts") from [Providence College](/wiki/Providence_College "Providence College") in [Political Science](/wiki/Political_Science "Political Science"). He has done Post\-Baccalaureate work at [Kean College](/wiki/Kean_College "Kean College") in [Public Administration](/wiki/Public_Administration "Public Administration"). He is also a graduate of the F.B.I. Crime Resistance and Hostage Negotiating Schools and of the F.B.I. Management Training Program. At age 25, Barnes was hired as a Special Agent for the [Federal Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation "Federal Bureau of Investigation") (F.B.I.) where he served as an Assistant Senior Supervisory Agent and was responsible for investigating numerous violations of Federal Criminal Statutes. In his first year, 1954, Barnes was assigned to F.B.I. San Francisco, where he served until 1957\. During his time there, he investigated cases involving [bank robberies](/wiki/Bank_robberies "Bank robberies"), Soviet [espionage](/wiki/Espionage "Espionage"), and [kidnappings](/wiki/Kidnappings "Kidnappings"). In 1956, he worked on the Stephanie Bryant kidnapping case, which at that time was the most prominent kidnapping case the [State of California](/wiki/State_of_California "State of California") had ever seen. In 1958, Barnes was transferred to New Jersey, where he worked at F.B.I. Headquarters in Newark. He would spend the rest of his F.B.I. career in New Jersey, working at the F.B.I. New Brunswick and ending his career in 1980 at F.B.I. Piscataway. While in New Jersey, he was responsible for investigating cases involving [white\-collar crime](/wiki/White-collar_crime "White-collar crime"), [bank robberies](/wiki/Bank_robberies "Bank robberies"), and internal security. In 1981, Barnes became the Director of Security for the [New Jersey Devils](/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils "New Jersey Devils") Hockey Team where he served until 1995\. Barnes began his public service in 1991 by serving as the Director of Public Safety in [Edison](/wiki/Edison%2C_New_Jersey "Edison, New Jersey"), [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey"). Only six months into his new position, Barnes led the Edison Police Department as it engaged in a two\-day hostage standoff with John Arias, a 22\-year\-old Connecticut man. On June 1, 1991, *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* reported {{cite news\|url\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\=9D0CEED61538F932A35755C0A967958260\|title\=Hostage Is Freed to End Standoff After a Slaying\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|authorlink\=Craig Wolff\|first\=Craig\|last\=Wolff\|date\=1991\-06\-01\|accessdate\=2008\-03\-28}} that Arias went to the home of his 20\-year\-old former girlfriend who had recently filed sexual assault charges against him, shot her four times, then locked himself in her Edison home where he killed the woman's mother, 38, and took her 9\-year\-old brother hostage. With his F.B.I. training, Barnes ran the hostage negotiating team, which included one\-on\-one telephone contact with the hostage taker, Mr. Arias. The situation concluded one\-day later at 7 p.m. when Barnes and his Deputy Chief, Anthony Calomoneri, were determined to "lay it on the line and get tough." They decided to send an armed personnel carrier rumbling up toward the house in an effort to scare the suspect into surrendering. Clearly shaken by this maneuver, John Arias phoned the police and said, "I'll be out in five seconds. Let me put my shoes on." The boy followed and was unharmed. Arias was subsequently sentenced to Life in Prison plus 50 years. He will not be eligible for parole until 2041\. Barnes remained the Director of Public Safety in Edison until 1993\. Following, he served [East Brunswick](/wiki/East_Brunswick%2C_New_Jersey "East Brunswick, New Jersey") as Director of Public Safety in 1997\. He then returned again in 2005\. Both times, he served the Township in an unpaid capacity.
[ "Biography and early career\n--------------------------", "Barnes served in the [United States Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\") from 1946 to 1948 as a [Private First Class](/wiki/Private_First_Class \"Private First Class\") in the [Military Police](/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Police_Corps \"United States Army Military Police Corps\"). Barnes received a [B.A.](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts \"Bachelor of Arts\") from [Providence College](/wiki/Providence_College \"Providence College\") in [Political Science](/wiki/Political_Science \"Political Science\"). He has done Post\\-Baccalaureate work at [Kean College](/wiki/Kean_College \"Kean College\") in [Public Administration](/wiki/Public_Administration \"Public Administration\"). He is also a graduate of the F.B.I. Crime Resistance and Hostage Negotiating Schools and of the F.B.I. Management Training Program.", "At age 25, Barnes was hired as a Special Agent for the [Federal Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation \"Federal Bureau of Investigation\") (F.B.I.) where he served as an Assistant Senior Supervisory Agent and was responsible for investigating numerous violations of Federal Criminal Statutes.", "In his first year, 1954, Barnes was assigned to F.B.I. San Francisco, where he served until 1957\\. During his time there, he investigated cases involving [bank robberies](/wiki/Bank_robberies \"Bank robberies\"), Soviet [espionage](/wiki/Espionage \"Espionage\"), and [kidnappings](/wiki/Kidnappings \"Kidnappings\"). In 1956, he worked on the Stephanie Bryant kidnapping case, which at that time was the most prominent kidnapping case the [State of California](/wiki/State_of_California \"State of California\") had ever seen.", "In 1958, Barnes was transferred to New Jersey, where he worked at F.B.I. Headquarters in Newark. He would spend the rest of his F.B.I. career in New Jersey, working at the F.B.I. New Brunswick and ending his career in 1980 at F.B.I. Piscataway. While in New Jersey, he was responsible for investigating cases involving [white\\-collar crime](/wiki/White-collar_crime \"White-collar crime\"), [bank robberies](/wiki/Bank_robberies \"Bank robberies\"), and internal security.", "In 1981, Barnes became the Director of Security for the [New Jersey Devils](/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils \"New Jersey Devils\") Hockey Team where he served until 1995\\.", "Barnes began his public service in 1991 by serving as the Director of Public Safety in [Edison](/wiki/Edison%2C_New_Jersey \"Edison, New Jersey\"), [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\"). Only six months into his new position, Barnes led the Edison Police Department as it engaged in a two\\-day hostage standoff with John Arias, a 22\\-year\\-old Connecticut man. On June 1, 1991, *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* reported {{cite news\\|url\\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\\=9D0CEED61538F932A35755C0A967958260\\|title\\=Hostage Is Freed to End Standoff After a Slaying\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|authorlink\\=Craig Wolff\\|first\\=Craig\\|last\\=Wolff\\|date\\=1991\\-06\\-01\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-03\\-28}} that Arias went to the home of his 20\\-year\\-old former girlfriend who had recently filed sexual assault charges against him, shot her four times, then locked himself in her Edison home where he killed the woman's mother, 38, and took her 9\\-year\\-old brother hostage.", "With his F.B.I. training, Barnes ran the hostage negotiating team, which included one\\-on\\-one telephone contact with the hostage taker, Mr. Arias. The situation concluded one\\-day later at 7 p.m. when Barnes and his Deputy Chief, Anthony Calomoneri, were determined to \"lay it on the line and get tough.\" They decided to send an armed personnel carrier rumbling up toward the house in an effort to scare the suspect into surrendering. Clearly shaken by this maneuver, John Arias phoned the police and said, \"I'll be out in five seconds. Let me put my shoes on.\" The boy followed and was unharmed. Arias was subsequently sentenced to Life in Prison plus 50 years. He will not be eligible for parole until 2041\\.", "Barnes remained the Director of Public Safety in Edison until 1993\\.", "Following, he served [East Brunswick](/wiki/East_Brunswick%2C_New_Jersey \"East Brunswick, New Jersey\") as Director of Public Safety in 1997\\. He then returned again in 2005\\. Both times, he served the Township in an unpaid capacity.", "" ]
Political career ---------------- Barnes was first elected to the General Assembly in 1995 alongside recently elected [Barbara Buono](/wiki/Barbara_Buono "Barbara Buono") defeating incumbent [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") [Jeffrey A. Warsh](/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Warsh "Jeffrey A. Warsh") and his running mate x.{{cite news \|author\=Sullivan, John \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/12/nyregion/politics\-why\-a\-swing\-district\-swung\-to\-the\-democrats.html \|title\=POLITICS; Why a Swing District Swung to the Democrats \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=November 12, 1995 \|accessdate\=July 9, 2010}} Barnes served on the Assembly Law and Public Safety Committee (Chair), the Assembly Regulatory Oversight Committee and the Human Services Committee.[Assembly Committees](http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/committees/assembly.asp) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425061702/http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/committees/assembly.asp \|date\=2006\-04\-25 }}, accessed February 8, 2007 During his tenure in the Assembly, Barnes was the primary sponsor of 62 bills that were signed into law. He authored several major pieces of legislation, including a landmark bill that was signed into law in 2004 creating the New Jersey Commission to Review Criminal Sentencing. This research outlet is composed of key representatives of the criminal justice system, who serve without compensation, and is charged with promoting sound sentencing policy founded on the basic principles of public safety, proportionality and fairness. After conducting empirically\-based research, this deliberative body is charged with making recommendations to the Legislature on appropriate amendments to the State's sentencing code. To honor the death of New Brunswick Deputy Fire Chief Jimmy D'heron, who was killed in the line of duty on September 3, 2004, Barnes also introduced a bill that was signed into law in 2006, which established certain hiring preferences for the children of firefighters and law enforcement officers killed in the line of duty. In June 2006, Michael D'heron, Jimmy's son, was hired by the New Brunswick Fire Department. For the Assemblyman's efforts, he was honored by the Professional Firefighters Association of New Jersey. Barnes also sponsored legislation that created stricter regulation of unlicensed, unsupervised, and untrained bounty hunters; created a law aimed at keeping common bomb\-making materials away from terrorists; and given state and local law enforcement officers more tools to investigate online sex crimes against children. Before resigning his seat, the Assemblyman introduced a controversial piece of legislation, Assembly Bill 2877, which would have reduced drug\-free school and public property zones from 1,000 to 200 feet. This bill was introduced in response to a report issued by a blue\-ribbon panel, the New Jersey Commission to Review Criminal Sentencing, which strongly argued that the current drug\-free school zone laws do not serve as the deterrent that they were purported to be. While this legislation remains the subject of some debate, it has received praise from the editorial page of *[The Star\-Ledger](/wiki/The_Star-Ledger "The Star-Ledger")*, New Jersey's largest newspaper. In addition, this report and subsequent legislation generated national attention and was reported in a variety of national daily newspapers.[National Sentencing News](http://sentencing.nj.gov/news.html#natnews), New Jersey Commission to Review Criminal Sentencing. Accessed November 4, 2007\. On February 5, 2007, [Governor of New Jersey](/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey "Governor of New Jersey") [Jon Corzine](/wiki/Jon_Corzine "Jon Corzine") nominated Barnes to serve as Chairman of the New Jersey State Parole Board. In mid\-March, he resigned his Assembly seat to assume the Parole Board Chairmanship.[Barnes to head parole board](http://www.thnt.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070206/NEWS/702060381/1001) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001424/http://www.thnt.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\=%2F20070206%2FNEWS%2F702060381%2F1001 \|date\=2007\-09\-27 }}, *[Home News Tribune](/wiki/Home_News_Tribune "Home News Tribune")* by Gina Vergel, February 6, 2007 On March 14, 2007, Barnes was confirmed by the [New Jersey Senate](/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate "New Jersey Senate") and Barnes' son, Edison Councilman [Peter J. Barnes III](/wiki/Peter_J._Barnes_III "Peter J. Barnes III"), was chosen to fill his father's vacant seat.[Assembly OKs online database of Legislature's votes](http://www.thnt.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/B3/20070315/NEWS0301/70315057) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001554/http://www.thnt.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\=%2FB3%2F20070315%2FNEWS0301%2F70315057 \|date\=2007\-09\-27 }}, ''[Home News Tribune](/wiki/Home_News_Tribune "Home News Tribune") by Gregory J. Volpe, March 15, 2007
[ "Political career\n----------------", "Barnes was first elected to the General Assembly in 1995 alongside recently elected [Barbara Buono](/wiki/Barbara_Buono \"Barbara Buono\") defeating incumbent [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") [Jeffrey A. Warsh](/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Warsh \"Jeffrey A. Warsh\") and his running mate x.{{cite news \\|author\\=Sullivan, John \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/12/nyregion/politics\\-why\\-a\\-swing\\-district\\-swung\\-to\\-the\\-democrats.html \\|title\\=POLITICS; Why a Swing District Swung to the Democrats \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=November 12, 1995 \\|accessdate\\=July 9, 2010}} Barnes served on the Assembly Law and Public Safety Committee (Chair), the Assembly Regulatory Oversight Committee and the Human Services Committee.[Assembly Committees](http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/committees/assembly.asp) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425061702/http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/committees/assembly.asp \\|date\\=2006\\-04\\-25 }}, accessed February 8, 2007 During his tenure in the Assembly, Barnes was the primary sponsor of 62 bills that were signed into law.", "He authored several major pieces of legislation, including a landmark bill that was signed into law in 2004 creating the New Jersey Commission to Review Criminal Sentencing. This research outlet is composed of key representatives of the criminal justice system, who serve without compensation, and is charged with promoting sound sentencing policy founded on the basic principles of public safety, proportionality and fairness. After conducting empirically\\-based research, this deliberative body is charged with making recommendations to the Legislature on appropriate amendments to the State's sentencing code.", "To honor the death of New Brunswick Deputy Fire Chief Jimmy D'heron, who was killed in the line of duty on September 3, 2004, Barnes also introduced a bill that was signed into law in 2006, which established certain hiring preferences for the children of firefighters and law enforcement officers killed in the line of duty. In June 2006, Michael D'heron, Jimmy's son, was hired by the New Brunswick Fire Department. For the Assemblyman's efforts, he was honored by the Professional Firefighters Association of New Jersey.", "Barnes also sponsored legislation that created stricter regulation of unlicensed, unsupervised, and untrained bounty hunters; created a law aimed at keeping common bomb\\-making materials away from terrorists; and given state and local law enforcement officers more tools to investigate online sex crimes against children.", "Before resigning his seat, the Assemblyman introduced a controversial piece of legislation, Assembly Bill 2877, which would have reduced drug\\-free school and public property zones from 1,000 to 200 feet. This bill was introduced in response to a report issued by a blue\\-ribbon panel, the New Jersey Commission to Review Criminal Sentencing, which strongly argued that the current drug\\-free school zone laws do not serve as the deterrent that they were purported to be. While this legislation remains the subject of some debate, it has received praise from the editorial page of *[The Star\\-Ledger](/wiki/The_Star-Ledger \"The Star-Ledger\")*, New Jersey's largest newspaper. In addition, this report and subsequent legislation generated national attention and was reported in a variety of national daily newspapers.[National Sentencing News](http://sentencing.nj.gov/news.html#natnews), New Jersey Commission to Review Criminal Sentencing. Accessed November 4, 2007\\.", "On February 5, 2007, [Governor of New Jersey](/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey \"Governor of New Jersey\") [Jon Corzine](/wiki/Jon_Corzine \"Jon Corzine\") nominated Barnes to serve as Chairman of the New Jersey State Parole Board. In mid\\-March, he resigned his Assembly seat to assume the Parole Board Chairmanship.[Barnes to head parole board](http://www.thnt.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070206/NEWS/702060381/1001) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001424/http://www.thnt.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\\=%2F20070206%2FNEWS%2F702060381%2F1001 \\|date\\=2007\\-09\\-27 }}, *[Home News Tribune](/wiki/Home_News_Tribune \"Home News Tribune\")* by Gina Vergel, February 6, 2007 On March 14, 2007, Barnes was confirmed by the [New Jersey Senate](/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate \"New Jersey Senate\") and Barnes' son, Edison Councilman [Peter J. Barnes III](/wiki/Peter_J._Barnes_III \"Peter J. Barnes III\"), was chosen to fill his father's vacant seat.[Assembly OKs online database of Legislature's votes](http://www.thnt.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/B3/20070315/NEWS0301/70315057) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001554/http://www.thnt.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\\=%2FB3%2F20070315%2FNEWS0301%2F70315057 \\|date\\=2007\\-09\\-27 }}, ''[Home News Tribune](/wiki/Home_News_Tribune \"Home News Tribune\") by Gregory J. Volpe, March 15, 2007", "" ]
Biography --------- Born into an affluent Boston, Massachusetts, family, he was commissioned into the Marine Corps Reserve in 1933 as a Second Lieutenant and completed [Harvard Law School](/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School") in 1934\. Johnson designed a recoil\-operated rifle ([M1941 Johnson rifle](/wiki/M1941_Johnson_rifle "M1941 Johnson rifle")) while serving for the Marines as an observer at the Army's Springfield Armory in 1935\. Johnson received four U.S. patents on various design features. He also designed the [Johnson Light Machine Gun](/wiki/M1941_Johnson_machine_gun "M1941 Johnson machine gun"), derived from the M1941 rifle, which was used in limited numbers during World War II and the [M1947 Johnson auto carbine](/wiki/M1947_Johnson_auto_carbine "M1947 Johnson auto carbine"), also derived from the M1941 rifle and M1941 light machine gun. He co\-authored the 1942 book *Weapons for the Future*, which is part of the Infantry Journal series. The other author was Army Ordnance Corps member Charles T. Haven. Throughout the war, Johnson put up a lot of effort to promote his machine gun and rifle. Johnson transferred to the Army Ordnance Corps Reserve from the Marine Corps Reserve in 1949 and rose to the rank of Colonel. In 1949, [Winchester](/wiki/Winchester_Repeating_Arms_Company "Winchester Repeating Arms Company") bought the Johnson Automatics corporation and employed Johnson for a short period.[Johnson biography](http://www.johnsonautomatics.com/Biography.htm) While at Winchester, Johnson was employed alongside ["Carbine" Williams](/wiki/David_Marshall_Williams "David Marshall Williams") though it is unknown if they worked on the same projects. He was later appointed as weapons consultant to the Secretary of Defense in 1951\. Johnson's patents were used by [Armalite](/wiki/Armalite "Armalite") on the [AR\-10](/wiki/AR-10 "AR-10"), [AR\-15](/wiki/AR-15_style_rifle "AR-15 style rifle"), and later [M16 rifles](/wiki/M16_rifle "M16 rifle"). Johnson was hired by Armalite as a consultant to promote their rifle incorporating his bolt design.[The Guns Of Miltech](http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQY/is_1_47/ai_67717285/pg_3) Johnson also worked to improve the [M1 Carbine](/wiki/M1_Carbine "M1 Carbine") eventually developing the **5\.7mm MMJ** (commonly known as [.22 Spitfire](/wiki/.22_Spitfire ".22 Spitfire")) cartridge, unsuccessfully submitting it to the U.S. Ordnance Department as a cost effective alternate cartridge conversion for the M1 Carbine. Such conversions are easily accomplished by replacing the barrel, or relining the barrel with a .22 caliber liner and restoring the gas port, as well as adding a caliber specific [feed ramp](/wiki/Feed_ramp "Feed ramp"). In 1963, he then started Johnson Arms, Inc. to make, sell, convert, and promote M1 Carbines using his 5\.7mm MMJ cartridge. While on a business trip to New York City in 1965, Johnson died of a heart attack. He is buried in [Mount Auburn Cemetery](/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery "Mount Auburn Cemetery") in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Born into an affluent Boston, Massachusetts, family, he was commissioned into the Marine Corps Reserve in 1933 as a Second Lieutenant and completed [Harvard Law School](/wiki/Harvard_Law_School \"Harvard Law School\") in 1934\\. Johnson designed a recoil\\-operated rifle ([M1941 Johnson rifle](/wiki/M1941_Johnson_rifle \"M1941 Johnson rifle\")) while serving for the Marines as an observer at the Army's Springfield Armory in 1935\\. Johnson received four U.S. patents on various design features. He also designed the [Johnson Light Machine Gun](/wiki/M1941_Johnson_machine_gun \"M1941 Johnson machine gun\"), derived from the M1941 rifle, which was used in limited numbers during World War II and the [M1947 Johnson auto carbine](/wiki/M1947_Johnson_auto_carbine \"M1947 Johnson auto carbine\"), also derived from the M1941 rifle and M1941 light machine gun.", "He co\\-authored the 1942 book *Weapons for the Future*, which is part of the Infantry Journal series. The other author was Army Ordnance Corps member Charles T. Haven. Throughout the war, Johnson put up a lot of effort to promote his machine gun and rifle.", "Johnson transferred to the Army Ordnance Corps Reserve from the Marine Corps Reserve in 1949 and rose to the rank of Colonel. In 1949, [Winchester](/wiki/Winchester_Repeating_Arms_Company \"Winchester Repeating Arms Company\") bought the Johnson Automatics corporation and employed Johnson for a short period.[Johnson biography](http://www.johnsonautomatics.com/Biography.htm) While at Winchester, Johnson was employed alongside [\"Carbine\" Williams](/wiki/David_Marshall_Williams \"David Marshall Williams\") though it is unknown if they worked on the same projects.", "He was later appointed as weapons consultant to the Secretary of Defense in 1951\\.", "Johnson's patents were used by [Armalite](/wiki/Armalite \"Armalite\") on the [AR\\-10](/wiki/AR-10 \"AR-10\"), [AR\\-15](/wiki/AR-15_style_rifle \"AR-15 style rifle\"), and later [M16 rifles](/wiki/M16_rifle \"M16 rifle\"). Johnson was hired by Armalite as a consultant to promote their rifle incorporating his bolt design.[The Guns Of Miltech](http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQY/is_1_47/ai_67717285/pg_3) Johnson also worked to improve the [M1 Carbine](/wiki/M1_Carbine \"M1 Carbine\") eventually developing the **5\\.7mm MMJ** (commonly known as [.22 Spitfire](/wiki/.22_Spitfire \".22 Spitfire\")) cartridge, unsuccessfully submitting it to the U.S. Ordnance Department as a cost effective alternate cartridge conversion for the M1 Carbine. Such conversions are easily accomplished by replacing the barrel, or relining the barrel with a .22 caliber liner and restoring the gas port, as well as adding a caliber specific [feed ramp](/wiki/Feed_ramp \"Feed ramp\"). In 1963, he then started Johnson Arms, Inc. to make, sell, convert, and promote M1 Carbines using his 5\\.7mm MMJ cartridge.", "While on a business trip to New York City in 1965, Johnson died of a heart attack. He is buried in [Mount Auburn Cemetery](/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery \"Mount Auburn Cemetery\") in Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "" ]
Methods ------- There are a few methods of geotagging photographs, either automatic or manual. Automatic methods provide the easiest and most precise method of geotagging an image, providing that a good signal has been acquired at the time of taking the photo. ### Automatic using a built\-in GPS Several manufacturers offer cameras with a built\-in [GPS receiver](/wiki/GPS_receiver "GPS receiver"), but most cameras with this capability are [camera phones](/wiki/Camera_phone "Camera phone"), as camera manufacturers after initial experience in the market came to treat GPS cameras as a [niche market](/wiki/Niche_market "Niche market").[New York Times Gadgetwise 2010/07/28](http://gadgetwise.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/28/why-dont-more-cameras-offer-gps/) Why don't more cameras offer GPS? The 2008 [Nikon P6000](/wiki/Nikon_P6000 "Nikon P6000"), for example, an early geotagging camera, was replaced in 2010 by the [P7000](/wiki/Nikon_P7000 "Nikon P7000") which lacked that feature.[CNET UK](http://crave.cnet.co.uk/digitalcameras/nikon-coolpix-p7000-nikon-says-no-to-gps-50000673/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811032236/http://crave.cnet.co.uk/digitalcameras/nikon\-coolpix\-p7000\-nikon\-says\-no\-to\-gps\-50000673/ \|date\=2011\-08\-11 }} Nikon says No to GPS Some models also include a [compass](/wiki/Compass "Compass") to indicate the direction the camera was facing when the picture was taken. * [Canon EOS 6D](/wiki/Canon_EOS_6D "Canon EOS 6D") * [Canon PowerShot SX280HS](/wiki/Canon_PowerShot_S%23Super_Zoom_S.2FSX_series "Canon PowerShot S#Super Zoom S.2FSX series") * [Canon PowerShot S100](/wiki/Canon_PowerShot_S100 "Canon PowerShot S100") * [Fujifilm FinePix F550EXR](/wiki/Fujifilm_FinePix_F550EXR "Fujifilm FinePix F550EXR") * [Fujifilm FinePix F770EXR](/wiki/Fujifilm_FinePix_F770EXR "Fujifilm FinePix F770EXR") * [Nikon COOLPIX P330](/wiki/Nikon_COOLPIX_P330 "Nikon COOLPIX P330") * [Nikon COOLPIX P6000](/wiki/Nikon_COOLPIX_P6000 "Nikon COOLPIX P6000") * [Panasonic Lumix DMC\-TZ10](/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-TZ10 "Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ10") * [Panasonic Lumix DMC\-TZ40](/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-TZ40 "Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ40") * [Sony Alpha 55V](/wiki/Sony_Alpha_55 "Sony Alpha 55") ([DSLR](/wiki/DSLR "DSLR")) * Some mobile phones with [assisted GPS](/wiki/Assisted_GPS "Assisted GPS") use the cell phone network to speed GPS [acquisition times](/wiki/Time_to_First_Fix "Time to First Fix"). ### Automatic using a connected GPS [thumb\|Geotagger "Solmeta N2 Compass" \+ Nikon D5000](/wiki/File:Solmeta_N2_auf_Nikon_D5000_Rueckansicht.JPG "Solmeta N2 auf Nikon D5000 Rueckansicht.JPG") The [D1X and D1H](/wiki/Nikon_D1%23D1H_and_D1X "Nikon D1#D1H and D1X") that Nikon introduced in 2002 included a GPS interface.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.nikonsupport.eu/europe/Download/Other%20Downloads/gps\_instructions.pdf \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2011\-04\-01 \|archive\-date\=2014\-06\-30 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630092042/http://www.nikonsupport.eu/europe/Download/Other%20Downloads/gps\_instructions.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }} In 2006 the first special GPS receiver for Nikon was produced by [Dawntech](/wiki/Dawntech "Dawntech").{{cite web \| url\=http://gps\-camera.eu/wissen/29\-hardware/202\-die\-anfaenge\-unser\-erstes\-dawntech\-di\-gps.html \| title\=GPS für (Fast) jede Kamera }} Since 2009 Nikon has sold its own Geotagger GP\-1\. Canon uses the USB socket on the wireless file transmitter unit (WFT) as the GPS interface. Some [digital cameras](/wiki/Digital_camera "Digital camera") and [camera phones](/wiki/Camera_phone "Camera phone") support an external [GPS](/wiki/Global_Positioning_System "Global Positioning System") receiver connected by cable, or inserted into the memory card slot or flash shoe. The Samsung SH100 can connect using [Wi\-Fi](/wiki/Wi-Fi "Wi-Fi") to get position data from a GPS\-enabled [smartphone](/wiki/Smartphone "Smartphone").{{cite web\|title\=CES: Samsung's SH100 Wi\-Fi\-enabled camera\|url\=http://www.macworld.com/article/156989/2011/01/samsung\_sh100\.html\|publisher\=MacWorld\|date\=7 January 2011}} Generally the relevant GPS data is automatically stored in the photo's [Exif](/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format "Exchangeable image file format") information when the photo is taken. A connected GPS will generally remain switched on continuously, requiring power, and will then have location information available immediately when the camera is switched on. Many GPS\-ready cameras are currently available, made by manufacturers such as [Nikon](/wiki/Nikon "Nikon"), [Fujifilm](/wiki/Fujifilm "Fujifilm"), [Sony](/wiki/Sony "Sony") and [Panasonic](/wiki/Panasonic "Panasonic"). Automatic geotagging combined with real\-time transfer and publishing results in [real\-time tagging](/wiki/Real-time_tagging "Real-time tagging"). ### Synchronizing with a separate GPS Most cameras sold today do not contain a built\-in GPS receiver; however, an external location\-aware device, such as a hand\-held [GPS logger](/wiki/GPS_tracking_unit%23Data_loggers "GPS tracking unit#Data loggers"), can still be used with a non\-GPS digital camera for geotagging. The photo is taken without geographical information and is processed later using software in conjunction with the GPS data. [Timestamps](/wiki/Timestamp "Timestamp") made by the camera can be compared with timestamps in the recorded GPS information, provided that the clocks in the separate devices can be synchronized. The resulting coordinates can then be added to the Exif information of the photo. ### Manual geotagging Location information can also be added to photos, for example via its [Exif](/wiki/Exif "Exif") specification that has fields for longitude/latitude, even if no GPS device was present when the photo was taken. The information can be entered by directly giving the coordinates or by selecting a location from a map using software tools. Some tools allow entry of tags such as city, [postal code](/wiki/Postal_code "Postal code") or a street address. [Geocoding](/wiki/Geocoding "Geocoding") and [reverse geocoding](/wiki/Reverse_geocoding "Reverse geocoding") can be used to convert between locations and addresses. Manual geotagging also introduces possibilities of error, where a photograph's location is incorrectly represented by wrong coordinates. An advanced comparative analysis of such photos with the total collection set of all photos available from the surrounding coordinates, needs to be done to single out and flag such photos, but such a software's value, need and purpose could be limited in today's environment where almost every smartphone and camera have geotagging built\-in and users do not need to manually enter this information. ### Remote standoff capture [thumb\|right\|Screenshot from a [U.S. Customs and Border Protection](/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection "U.S. Customs and Border Protection") [Predator UAV](/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-1_Predator "General Atomics MQ-1 Predator"), showing the GPS position of the aircraft (red) and the target (blue)](/wiki/File:Predator_screenshot.jpg "Predator screenshot.jpg") Some manufacturers of military and professional mapping\-grade GPS instruments have integrated a GPS receiver with a [laser rangefinder](/wiki/Laser_rangefinder "Laser rangefinder") and [digital camera](/wiki/Digital_camera "Digital camera"). These multi\-functional tools are able to determine a remote subject's GPS position by calculating the subject's geographic location relative to the camera's GPS position. These instruments are commonly used in military applications when an aircraft or operator is targeting an area, the position is inaccessible (for example over a valley or wetland), there are personal health \& safety concerns (motorway traffic), or the user wants to quickly capture multiple targets from a single, safe position (trees, street signage and furniture). Civilian integrated GPS cameras with rangefinders and remote standoff capability are currently available made by manufacturers such as Ricoh and Surveylab.
[ "Methods\n-------", "There are a few methods of geotagging photographs, either automatic or manual. Automatic methods provide the easiest and most precise method of geotagging an image, providing that a good signal has been acquired at the time of taking the photo.", "### Automatic using a built\\-in GPS", "Several manufacturers offer cameras with a built\\-in [GPS receiver](/wiki/GPS_receiver \"GPS receiver\"), but most cameras with this capability are [camera phones](/wiki/Camera_phone \"Camera phone\"), as camera manufacturers after initial experience in the market came to treat GPS cameras as a [niche market](/wiki/Niche_market \"Niche market\").[New York Times Gadgetwise 2010/07/28](http://gadgetwise.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/28/why-dont-more-cameras-offer-gps/) Why don't more cameras offer GPS? The 2008 [Nikon P6000](/wiki/Nikon_P6000 \"Nikon P6000\"), for example, an early geotagging camera, was replaced in 2010 by the [P7000](/wiki/Nikon_P7000 \"Nikon P7000\") which lacked that feature.[CNET UK](http://crave.cnet.co.uk/digitalcameras/nikon-coolpix-p7000-nikon-says-no-to-gps-50000673/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811032236/http://crave.cnet.co.uk/digitalcameras/nikon\\-coolpix\\-p7000\\-nikon\\-says\\-no\\-to\\-gps\\-50000673/ \\|date\\=2011\\-08\\-11 }} Nikon says No to GPS Some models also include a [compass](/wiki/Compass \"Compass\") to indicate the direction the camera was facing when the picture was taken.", "* [Canon EOS 6D](/wiki/Canon_EOS_6D \"Canon EOS 6D\")\n* [Canon PowerShot SX280HS](/wiki/Canon_PowerShot_S%23Super_Zoom_S.2FSX_series \"Canon PowerShot S#Super Zoom S.2FSX series\")\n* [Canon PowerShot S100](/wiki/Canon_PowerShot_S100 \"Canon PowerShot S100\")\n* [Fujifilm FinePix F550EXR](/wiki/Fujifilm_FinePix_F550EXR \"Fujifilm FinePix F550EXR\")\n* [Fujifilm FinePix F770EXR](/wiki/Fujifilm_FinePix_F770EXR \"Fujifilm FinePix F770EXR\")\n* [Nikon COOLPIX P330](/wiki/Nikon_COOLPIX_P330 \"Nikon COOLPIX P330\")\n* [Nikon COOLPIX P6000](/wiki/Nikon_COOLPIX_P6000 \"Nikon COOLPIX P6000\")\n* [Panasonic Lumix DMC\\-TZ10](/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-TZ10 \"Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ10\")\n* [Panasonic Lumix DMC\\-TZ40](/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-TZ40 \"Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ40\")\n* [Sony Alpha 55V](/wiki/Sony_Alpha_55 \"Sony Alpha 55\") ([DSLR](/wiki/DSLR \"DSLR\"))\n* Some mobile phones with [assisted GPS](/wiki/Assisted_GPS \"Assisted GPS\") use the cell phone network to speed GPS [acquisition times](/wiki/Time_to_First_Fix \"Time to First Fix\").", "### Automatic using a connected GPS", "[thumb\\|Geotagger \"Solmeta N2 Compass\" \\+ Nikon D5000](/wiki/File:Solmeta_N2_auf_Nikon_D5000_Rueckansicht.JPG \"Solmeta N2 auf Nikon D5000 Rueckansicht.JPG\")\nThe [D1X and D1H](/wiki/Nikon_D1%23D1H_and_D1X \"Nikon D1#D1H and D1X\") that Nikon introduced in 2002 included a GPS interface.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nikonsupport.eu/europe/Download/Other%20Downloads/gps\\_instructions.pdf \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-01 \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-06\\-30 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630092042/http://www.nikonsupport.eu/europe/Download/Other%20Downloads/gps\\_instructions.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In 2006 the first special GPS receiver for Nikon was produced by [Dawntech](/wiki/Dawntech \"Dawntech\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://gps\\-camera.eu/wissen/29\\-hardware/202\\-die\\-anfaenge\\-unser\\-erstes\\-dawntech\\-di\\-gps.html \\| title\\=GPS für (Fast) jede Kamera }} Since 2009 Nikon has sold its own Geotagger GP\\-1\\. Canon uses the USB socket on the wireless file transmitter unit (WFT) as the GPS interface.", "Some [digital cameras](/wiki/Digital_camera \"Digital camera\") and [camera phones](/wiki/Camera_phone \"Camera phone\") support an external [GPS](/wiki/Global_Positioning_System \"Global Positioning System\") receiver connected by cable, or inserted into the memory card slot or flash shoe. The Samsung SH100 can connect using [Wi\\-Fi](/wiki/Wi-Fi \"Wi-Fi\") to get position data from a GPS\\-enabled [smartphone](/wiki/Smartphone \"Smartphone\").{{cite web\\|title\\=CES: Samsung's SH100 Wi\\-Fi\\-enabled camera\\|url\\=http://www.macworld.com/article/156989/2011/01/samsung\\_sh100\\.html\\|publisher\\=MacWorld\\|date\\=7 January 2011}} Generally the relevant GPS data is automatically stored in the photo's [Exif](/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format \"Exchangeable image file format\") information when the photo is taken. A connected GPS will generally remain switched on continuously, requiring power, and will then have location information available immediately when the camera is switched on.", "Many GPS\\-ready cameras are currently available, made by manufacturers such as [Nikon](/wiki/Nikon \"Nikon\"), [Fujifilm](/wiki/Fujifilm \"Fujifilm\"), [Sony](/wiki/Sony \"Sony\") and [Panasonic](/wiki/Panasonic \"Panasonic\"). Automatic geotagging combined with real\\-time transfer and publishing results in [real\\-time tagging](/wiki/Real-time_tagging \"Real-time tagging\").", "### Synchronizing with a separate GPS", "Most cameras sold today do not contain a built\\-in GPS receiver; however, an external location\\-aware device, such as a hand\\-held [GPS logger](/wiki/GPS_tracking_unit%23Data_loggers \"GPS tracking unit#Data loggers\"), can still be used with a non\\-GPS digital camera for geotagging. The photo is taken without geographical information and is processed later using software in conjunction with the GPS data. [Timestamps](/wiki/Timestamp \"Timestamp\") made by the camera can be compared with timestamps in the recorded GPS information, provided that the clocks in the separate devices can be synchronized. The resulting coordinates can then be added to the Exif information of the photo.", "### Manual geotagging", "Location information can also be added to photos, for example via its [Exif](/wiki/Exif \"Exif\") specification that has fields for longitude/latitude, even if no GPS device was present when the photo was taken.", "The information can be entered by directly giving the coordinates or by selecting a location from a map using software tools. Some tools allow entry of tags such as city, [postal code](/wiki/Postal_code \"Postal code\") or a street address. [Geocoding](/wiki/Geocoding \"Geocoding\") and [reverse geocoding](/wiki/Reverse_geocoding \"Reverse geocoding\") can be used to convert between locations and addresses.", "Manual geotagging also introduces possibilities of error, where a photograph's location is incorrectly represented by wrong coordinates. An advanced comparative analysis of such photos with the total collection set of all photos available from the surrounding coordinates, needs to be done to single out and flag such photos, but such a software's value, need and purpose could be limited in today's environment where almost every smartphone and camera have geotagging built\\-in and users do not need to manually enter this information.", "### Remote standoff capture", "[thumb\\|right\\|Screenshot from a [U.S. Customs and Border Protection](/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection \"U.S. Customs and Border Protection\") [Predator UAV](/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-1_Predator \"General Atomics MQ-1 Predator\"), showing the GPS position of the aircraft (red) and the target (blue)](/wiki/File:Predator_screenshot.jpg \"Predator screenshot.jpg\")\nSome manufacturers of military and professional mapping\\-grade GPS instruments have integrated a GPS receiver with a [laser rangefinder](/wiki/Laser_rangefinder \"Laser rangefinder\") and [digital camera](/wiki/Digital_camera \"Digital camera\"). These multi\\-functional tools are able to determine a remote subject's GPS position by calculating the subject's geographic location relative to the camera's GPS position. These instruments are commonly used in military applications when an aircraft or operator is targeting an area, the position is inaccessible (for example over a valley or wetland), there are personal health \\& safety concerns (motorway traffic), or the user wants to quickly capture multiple targets from a single, safe position (trees, street signage and furniture).", "Civilian integrated GPS cameras with rangefinders and remote standoff capability are currently available made by manufacturers such as Ricoh and Surveylab.", "" ]
World War II ------------ Michael Pössinger joined the mountain troops of the [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht") in October 1937, and took part in the [Invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland "Invasion of Poland") (1939\) and the [Battle of France](/wiki/Battle_of_France "Battle of France") (1940\). He was awarded the [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross "Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross") on 19 July 1940\. In 1941, he fought in the [Balkans Campaign](/wiki/Balkans_Campaign_%28World_War_II%29 "Balkans Campaign (World War II)") and [Operation Barbarossa](/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa "Operation Barbarossa").Berger 2004, p. 363\. In 1941 Pössinger participated in the [FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1941](/wiki/FIS_Alpine_World_Ski_Championships_1941 "FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1941") at [Cortina d'Ampezzo](/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo "Cortina d'Ampezzo") in [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") and won a Silver Medal.In 1946, the results were cancelled by the [FIS](/wiki/International_Ski_Federation "International Ski Federation") because of the limited number of participants from only German\-friendly countries during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").Berger 2004, p. 364\. At the end of 1941 he was put in charge of a [Ski](/wiki/Ski "Ski") company in the [1st Mountain Division](/wiki/1st_Mountain_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 "1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)"). For two months it operated behind Russian lines, attacking supply positions and other strong points, returning to his own lines in February 1942\. He continued leading the company in the [Caucasus](/wiki/Caucasus "Caucasus") until he was severely wounded in the summer of 1942\. On 16 February 1943 Pössinger was awarded the [German Cross](/wiki/German_Cross "German Cross") in Gold. Promoted to *[Hauptmann](/wiki/Hauptmann "Hauptmann")* on 1 October 1943 he was put in command of the *I. Battalion* of the 98th *Gebirgsjäger\-Regiment*.Berger 2004, p. 365\. I. *Battalion* of the 98th Gebirgsjäger\-Regiment was responsible for burning to death 21 civilians at [Kefalovryso](/wiki/Kefalovryso%2C_Ioannina "Kefalovryso, Ioannina"), Greece on 10 July 1943\. Historian Hermann Frank Meyer assumes that the actions were personally led by Pössinger.Meyer 2008, pp. 171, 647\. In October 1944, Pössinger was put in charge of the II. Battalion of the *Grenadier\-Regiment 1123*. For his autonomous counter\-attack and break through at [Allenstein](/wiki/Olsztyn "Olsztyn"), he was awarded the [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves "Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves"). In May 1945 he received the [Close Combat Clasp in Gold](/wiki/Close_Combat_Clasp "Close Combat Clasp"). He surrendered to the American forces in May 1945\.Berger 2004, p. 366\. After World War II he initially worked as a business man. On 26 April 1956 he joined the *[Bundeswehr](/wiki/Bundeswehr "Bundeswehr")* with the rank of *[Major](/wiki/Major_%28Germany%29 "Major (Germany)")*. From October 1961 to October 1965 he was commander of the *Mountain and Winter Combat School* in [Mittenwald](/wiki/Mittenwald "Mittenwald"). He commanded the VKK 653 (*Verteidigungskreiskommando*—District Defense Command of the German Army) in [Murnau](/wiki/Murnau_am_Staffelsee "Murnau am Staffelsee") until March 1975 and retired from the *Bundeswehr* on 31 March 1975\.
[ "World War II\n------------", "Michael Pössinger joined the mountain troops of the [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\") in October 1937, and took part in the [Invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland \"Invasion of Poland\") (1939\\) and the [Battle of France](/wiki/Battle_of_France \"Battle of France\") (1940\\). He was awarded the [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") on 19 July 1940\\. In 1941, he fought in the [Balkans Campaign](/wiki/Balkans_Campaign_%28World_War_II%29 \"Balkans Campaign (World War II)\") and [Operation Barbarossa](/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa \"Operation Barbarossa\").Berger 2004, p. 363\\. In 1941 Pössinger participated in the [FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1941](/wiki/FIS_Alpine_World_Ski_Championships_1941 \"FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1941\") at [Cortina d'Ampezzo](/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo \"Cortina d'Ampezzo\") in [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") and won a Silver Medal.In 1946, the results were cancelled by the [FIS](/wiki/International_Ski_Federation \"International Ski Federation\") because of the limited number of participants from only German\\-friendly countries during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").Berger 2004, p. 364\\.", "At the end of 1941 he was put in charge of a [Ski](/wiki/Ski \"Ski\") company in the [1st Mountain Division](/wiki/1st_Mountain_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)\"). For two months it operated behind Russian lines, attacking supply positions and other strong points, returning to his own lines in February 1942\\. He continued leading the company in the [Caucasus](/wiki/Caucasus \"Caucasus\") until he was severely wounded in the summer of 1942\\. On 16 February 1943 Pössinger was awarded the [German Cross](/wiki/German_Cross \"German Cross\") in Gold. Promoted to *[Hauptmann](/wiki/Hauptmann \"Hauptmann\")* on 1 October 1943 he was put in command of the *I. Battalion* of the 98th *Gebirgsjäger\\-Regiment*.Berger 2004, p. 365\\.", "I. *Battalion* of the 98th Gebirgsjäger\\-Regiment was responsible for burning to death 21 civilians at [Kefalovryso](/wiki/Kefalovryso%2C_Ioannina \"Kefalovryso, Ioannina\"), Greece on 10 July 1943\\. Historian Hermann Frank Meyer assumes that the actions were personally led by Pössinger.Meyer 2008, pp. 171, 647\\.", "In October 1944, Pössinger was put in charge of the II. Battalion of the *Grenadier\\-Regiment 1123*. For his autonomous counter\\-attack and break through at [Allenstein](/wiki/Olsztyn \"Olsztyn\"), he was awarded the [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves\"). In May 1945 he received the [Close Combat Clasp in Gold](/wiki/Close_Combat_Clasp \"Close Combat Clasp\"). He surrendered to the American forces in May 1945\\.Berger 2004, p. 366\\.", "After World War II he initially worked as a business man. On 26 April 1956 he joined the *[Bundeswehr](/wiki/Bundeswehr \"Bundeswehr\")* with the rank of *[Major](/wiki/Major_%28Germany%29 \"Major (Germany)\")*. From October 1961 to October 1965 he was commander of the *Mountain and Winter Combat School* in [Mittenwald](/wiki/Mittenwald \"Mittenwald\"). He commanded the VKK 653 (*Verteidigungskreiskommando*—District Defense Command of the German Army) in [Murnau](/wiki/Murnau_am_Staffelsee \"Murnau am Staffelsee\") until March 1975 and retired from the *Bundeswehr* on 31 March 1975\\.", "" ]
Synopsis -------- Tulisa, the beautiful daughter of a poor woodcutter (Nur Singh, or Nursingh), approaches a fountain, when she hears a voice, with a most strange proposition: "Will you marry me?". Not knowing whose voice it is, she pays no heed. The episode repeats a few times, and she tells her father of the curious happening. Her would\-be suitor is the Prince (or King) of Snakes, Basnak Dau, and promises riches to Tulisa's father, in exchange for his daughter's hand in marriage. She relents to the proposal and moves into a splendid palace. Tulisa marries the mysterious owner of the voice, under the condition that she may never see her husband when he comes to the bridal bed, at night, and that she must not receive any visitor. At a certain point, she helps a squirrel, who tells her it will return the favor in the future. One day, an old lady (a creature named Sarkasukis, in disguise) was helped by Tulisa into the palace. In conversation with the mistress of the house, the old lady persuades Tulisa into asking the name of her husband. The fateful day arrives: when Tulisa asks him the question, he answers his name is "Basnak Dau", and suddenly the palace and the prince vanish, and leave her there, alone. Tulisa returns to her parents, once again in poverty. One day, she receives the visit of the grateful squirrel, and learns of the mystery of her husband: he is the Prince of Snakes, dethroned by his own mother. If she succeeds in taking the eyes from the snake that coils around the Queen's neck, by a specific bird (the [Huma bird](/wiki/Huma_bird "Huma bird")), the Queen will be defeated and the true King restored. Tulisa and the squirrel arrive at the palace of the Queen of the Serpents in order to fulfill the tasks assigned to her, thanks to the squirrel's help. First, she receives a crystal casket and must fill it with the perfume of a thousand flowers, but she is guided to a walled garden. Suddenly, a swarm of bees come buzzing into the garden, bringing the scent of flowers in bags. Next, Tulisa is to change a bag full of seeds into precious stones: many squirrels come, chew the seeds and transform them into precious stones. The last quest is to steal the egg of the [Huma bird](/wiki/Huma_bird "Huma bird"), across a moat filled with poisonous snakes. Tulisa, with the help of bees and squirrels, manages to accomplish the task.
[ "Synopsis\n--------", "Tulisa, the beautiful daughter of a poor woodcutter (Nur Singh, or Nursingh), approaches a fountain, when she hears a voice, with a most strange proposition: \"Will you marry me?\". Not knowing whose voice it is, she pays no heed. The episode repeats a few times, and she tells her father of the curious happening.", "Her would\\-be suitor is the Prince (or King) of Snakes, Basnak Dau, and promises riches to Tulisa's father, in exchange for his daughter's hand in marriage. She relents to the proposal and moves into a splendid palace. Tulisa marries the mysterious owner of the voice, under the condition that she may never see her husband when he comes to the bridal bed, at night, and that she must not receive any visitor.", "At a certain point, she helps a squirrel, who tells her it will return the favor in the future. One day, an old lady (a creature named Sarkasukis, in disguise) was helped by Tulisa into the palace. In conversation with the mistress of the house, the old lady persuades Tulisa into asking the name of her husband. The fateful day arrives: when Tulisa asks him the question, he answers his name is \"Basnak Dau\", and suddenly the palace and the prince vanish, and leave her there, alone.", "Tulisa returns to her parents, once again in poverty. One day, she receives the visit of the grateful squirrel, and learns of the mystery of her husband: he is the Prince of Snakes, dethroned by his own mother. If she succeeds in taking the eyes from the snake that coils around the Queen's neck, by a specific bird (the [Huma bird](/wiki/Huma_bird \"Huma bird\")), the Queen will be defeated and the true King restored.", "Tulisa and the squirrel arrive at the palace of the Queen of the Serpents in order to fulfill the tasks assigned to her, thanks to the squirrel's help. First, she receives a crystal casket and must fill it with the perfume of a thousand flowers, but she is guided to a walled garden. Suddenly, a swarm of bees come buzzing into the garden, bringing the scent of flowers in bags. Next, Tulisa is to change a bag full of seeds into precious stones: many squirrels come, chew the seeds and transform them into precious stones.", "The last quest is to steal the egg of the [Huma bird](/wiki/Huma_bird \"Huma bird\"), across a moat filled with poisonous snakes. Tulisa, with the help of bees and squirrels, manages to accomplish the task.", "" ]
Variants -------- ### Europe #### Romani people [Transylvanian](/wiki/Transylvania "Transylvania") linguist [Heinrich von Wlislocki](/wiki/Heinrich_von_Wlislocki "Heinrich von Wlislocki") collected and published a "Zigeunermärchen" from the [Romani](/wiki/Romani_people "Romani people") titled *O thágár sápengré* or *Der Schlangenkönig*{{cite journal \|last1\=von Wlislocki \|first1\=Heinrich \|title\=Beiträge zu Benfey's Pantschatantra \|journal\=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft \|date\=1888 \|volume\=42 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=113–150 \|jstor\=43361931 }} ([English](/wiki/English_language "English language"): "The Snake King"). He noted the great resemblance to the Indian story of Tulisa: a girl named Lolerme goes to the forest to fetch firewood and finds some pieces of gold on the ground. She picks one up and sees that they make a trail to a cavern entry. When she sits to rest, a giant snake with "a head shining like gold" and a red beard appears and introduces itself as the King of Snakes, who has fallen in love with Lolerme. The girl is frightened at first but the snake reveals it wants to give her mother great wealth. They marry and she lives a comfortable life, but her husband comes at night in human form. One day, a pregnant Lolerme helps an ugly old woman in front of the cave; she advises the girl who asks herself who the father of the child is, and about the youth that comes at night. She does so: the youth reveals himself to be the Snake King who the ugly old woman, a witch, cursed into serpent form. The youth curses his wife that she will not give birth, nor she will ever see him again, and vanishes. Desolate, Lolerme cries on the forest ground, until a giant cat approaches her and gives her the egg of the Tscharana bird ([de](/wiki/Tscharana "Tscharana")), which, if roosted, will hatch a bird that can kill the witch and bring her husband back. Johannes Bolte and Jiří Polívka also listed Wislocki's tale as another variant of *The Singing, Springing Lark*.Bolte, Johannes; Polívka, Jiri. *Anmerkungen zu den Kinder\- u. hausmärchen der brüder Grimm*. Zweiter Band (NR. 61\-120\). Germany, Leipzig: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. 1913\. p. 258\. Danish scholar [Inger Margrethe Boberg](/wiki/Inger_Margrethe_Boberg "Inger Margrethe Boberg") noted that the Lolerme story corresponded to *Tulisa*, although it lacked the long wandering of type 425A, and the tasks of type 425B.Boberg, I. M. (1938\). "The Tale of [Cupid and Psyche](/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche "Cupid and Psyche")". In: *[Classica et Medievalia](https://books.google.com/books?id=DbeEAAAAIAAJ&q=%22425+C%22)* 1: 186\. #### Albania In an [Albanian](/wiki/Albania "Albania") tale titled *Gjarpëri dhe e bija e mbretit*{{cite book \|last\=Berisha \|first\=Anton \|author\-link\=Anton Berisha \|title\= Antologji e përrallës shqipe \|publisher\=Rilindja \|date\=1982 \|pages\=58–64 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_2QKAQAAIAAJ\&q\=%22Gjarp%C3%ABri\+dhe\+e\+bija\+e\+mbretit%22 \|language\=sq}} ("Serpent and King's Daughter"), translated into Russian as "Змей и королевская дочь" ("Serpent and Royal Daughter")"[Албанские народные сказки](https://books.google.com/books?id=oALaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%D0%97%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%99+%D0%98+%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%92%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%AF+%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%A7%D0%AC%22)" \[Albanian Folk Tales]. Khudozh. lit\-ra., 1989\. pp. 21\-30\. {{ISBN\|9785280006188}}. and by Albanologist [Robert Elsie](/wiki/Robert_Elsie "Robert Elsie") as *The Snake and the King's Daughter*, a snake slithers into an old woman's basket and, after some time, asks the old woman to go to the king and request for the hand of his daughter in marriage. The king sets as condition three tasks for the future son\-in\-law, which the snake performs with a magic ring. The princess and the snake marry. On the nuptial night, he reveals he is a handsome prince named "Swift" (Shpejt/Shpeit) underneath the snakeskin and warns that she must not tell anything to her family. One day, the princess is invited to a wedding, and her husband appears lately at the occasion, to everyone's surprise. The princess reveals the man is her husband and he disappears. She goes on a quest for him with a pair of iron shoes, and passes by the houses of the [Mother of the Sun](/wiki/N%C3%ABna_e_Diellit "Nëna e Diellit"), the Mother of the Moon and the Mother of the Winds. The Wind tells her her husband Swift is being held prisoner by a monster named [Kulshedra](/wiki/Kulshedra "Kulshedra"), on an island across the sea, and she begs him to take her there. The Wind carries her across the sea to the island and the Kulshedra captures her, taking her to its lair. Secretly, Swift lets his ring fall into a jug she is washing and she recognizes her husband is there. The next day, the Kulshedra forces the girl to sweep some parts of the floor and not sweep the others, and to fill two cauldrons with her tears \- both tasks accomplished with her husband's advice: for the first task, the princess is advised to sweep the floor with breadcrust; for the second task, she is told by Shpejt to fill the cauldrons with water and sprinkle salt over it. Seeing that the princess fulfilled the tasks, the Kulshedra then plans to eat the prince, so Shpejt devises a plan to get rid of the monster: he disguises himself as a poor man and chops wood in the nearby forest. The Kulshedra approaches and inquires the man, who answers that he is fashioning a coffin for Swift. The man convinces the Kulshedra to take a look inside the coffin, shoves the creature inside and burns it to ashes. Now freed from the Kulshedra's grasp, he takes the princess home with him, and they live happily.Elsie, Robert. *[Albanian Folktales and Legends](https://books.google.com/books?id=ve4SAQAAIAAJ&q=%22The+snake+and+the+king%27s+daughter%22)*. Dukagjini Publishing House, 2001\. pp. 98\-107\. #### Romania Author Iuliu Traian Mera published in magazine *[Convorbiri Literare](/wiki/Convorbiri_Literare "Convorbiri Literare")* a [Romanian](/wiki/Romania "Romania") variant titled *Crăişorul Şărpilor* or *Crăişorul Şerpilor* ("Prince Serpent").Mera, Iuliu Traian. "Crăişorul Şărpilor". In: *[Convorbiri Literare](http://digitool.bibnat.ro/R/DIDFIV5EAS9Q7VEY5AUMMJK3XT3VTN4TNXQGXKT3K4LPFVJHG5-02898?func=results-jump-full&set_entry=000047&set_number=000161&base=GEN01)*, Anul XVI (1882\-1883\), No. 6 (1 Septembre, 1882\). pp. 205\-218\. In this tale, an old peasant couple lives in the edge of the village, in the forest. They live by scavenging from the forest. One day, the old man finds a little snake in the forest and brings it home. His wife decides to take care of it with milk. Time passes; the little snake refers to the couple as its parents and, when he is old enough, decides to choose a bride: the daughter of the Imparatul Verde ("Green Emperor"). The snake's mother goes to the Green Emperor to ask for her hand in marriage, but the Green Emperor sets three tasks: first, to build a palace over the poor couple's hut; second, to build a bridge between their palaces, with gardens by its side, with singing little birds and a bell on each bird; third, to have, under the bridge, water sweet as honey and as crystalline, whose waves crash at the Green Emperor's palace, and where every fish swims. Crăişorul Şărpilor, as a snake, fulfills the tasks and gets to marry the Green Emperor's daughter. After they enter the wedding chambers, the snake takes off its skin to become a handsome man, with golden hair, face fair as milkfoam, and dark eyes. Crăişorul Şărpilor remains human by night and wears the snakeskin by day. This goes on for some time, until the Green Emperor wants to invite nobles from all around the world for a banquet. Crăişorul Şărpilor worries about being a snake during the celebration, but he takes off the snakeskin and goes with his wife. Meanwhile, the Green Emperor's wife, the Empress, finds the snakeskin and throws it in an oven \- the story explains that the snake prince's curse was about to end, had the snakeskin not been destroyed. During the banquet, Crăişorul Şărpilor senses the snakeskin was burned, and talks to his wife that he needs to disappear, and he will only be found in the Isle of Snakes ("ostrovul şărpilor"), though the path is dangerous and even more dangerous is the Isle, filled with snakes and dragons. He disappears, leaving the princess alone; his palace, the bridge and the sea also vanishing with him. The Green Emperor's daughter begins her long quest. On the road, she helps a little bird, a hare and a deer, which promise to help her in the future. She then reaches the lair of the [Mama Padurii](/wiki/Muma_P%C4%83durii "Muma Pădurii") ("Mother of the Forest"), deep in a dark forest. Mama Padurii promises to guide the princess, in exchange for a year of servitude under her. The princess's task is to watch over her hens, but one of them disappears after the princess dozes off. She summons the little bird, the hare and the deer to help her locate the lost hen. The hen disappears again on the next two days, but her animal helpers aid her. Now free of Mama Padurii, the creature tells the princess to cross a dangerous valley. The deer helper advises the princess to seek the help of Sfânta Duminecă (Holy Sunday), who lives in a hut. Sfânta Duminecă asks the princess to work for her for another year, just herding the sheep. With an easier task, the princess performs her chores. For her kindness, Sfânta Duminecă tells that a river marks the threshold between their world and the Isle of Snakes, and that her husband, Crăişorul Şărpilor, takes a bath every morning by sunrise in the river. Armed with this knowledge, the princess keeps walking for another nine years, through nine lands and nine seas, until, one day, by sunrise, she sees her husband taking a bath in the river and goes to him. She embraces him, but he warns her that his family (four sisters and his mother) are terrible, snake\-like creatures that will kill her. She decides to remain with him, despite the danger. The snake\-like family returns and hisses at their guest, who Crăişorul Şărpilor introduces as his human wife. Crăişorul Şărpilor's mother begins to devise a way to kill her. On the first day, she orders the princess to bake six pies for them, three unbaked and three baked; on the second day, to fill a bottle with her tears. Crăişorul Şărpilor helps her on both tasks. As a third task, the princess is to get a sieve from a draconic neighbour. Crăişorul Şărpilor gives her a ring and tells the princess to use it as the draconic neighbour goes to the kitchen to sharpen her teeth. In the neighbour's house, the princess places the ring to answer for her, gets the sieve and escapes. Finally, Crăişorul Şărpilor and his wife decide to escape from his snake family in a "Magic Flight" sequence: they shapeshift into a melon orchard (the princess) and an orchard keeper (him), then into a mill (the princess) and a miller (him), next into a pair of birds pecking corn on the road (both), and lastly into an elm tree (the princess) and ivy (him). Crăişorul Şărpilor's mother comes to the tree, recognizes it as both her son and his wife, but, not knowing which is which, lets them be. Crăişorul Şărpilor and his wife go back to the Green Emperor's palace and live out their days in peace and happiness.Mera, Iuliu Traian. *[Din lumea basmelor](http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/handle/123456789/79347)*. Bucureşti: Institutul de Arte Grafice si Editură "Minerva", 1906\. pp. 5\-43\. ### Asia #### India In a variant collected by Alice Elizabeth Dracott, in [Simla](/wiki/Simla "Simla"), with the title *The Snake's Bride*, Rajah Bunsi Lall becomes a snake and moves to a new home underground. One day, he sees a maiden named Sukkia in the forest gathering sticks and asks her if she wants to marry him. She returns to her stepmother and tells her the incident. The stepmother says she must agree if the snake can fill her house with silver. Sukkia becomes the Snake's Bride, and notices that her husband can transform into human form at night, but never reveals his true name. Sukkia's stepmother, who knows the whole story, convinces her stepdaughter to ask the snake his true name. She does and he disappears, going back to his underground home. Sukkia wanders through the world and arrives at Rajah Bunsi Lall's kingdom while fetching water. She gives her engagement ring to the Rajah's servants, who take it to their master. The Rajah's mother discovers her daughter\-in\-law is trying to contact her son and, enraged, tries to kill Sukkia, first by filling a room with scorpions and snakes and inviting her to sleep there. However, Bunsi Lall discovers his mother's ploy and removes the animals from the room to protect his wife. Next, Bunsi Lall's mother forces her to count mustard seeds \- punishable by death if failing. Bunsi Lall summons little birds to help her. Lastly she makes Sukkia carry torches during the Rajah's wedding procession, where she begins to shout she is burning. Sukkia's husband, the Rajah, hears her screams and takes her back to their home in the upper world.Dracott, Alice Elizabeth. *[Simla Village Tales, or Folk Tales from the Himalayas](http://www.gutenberg.org/files/58816/58816-h/58816-h.htm#ch7)*. England, London: John Murray. 1906\. pp. 15–20\. #### Sri Lanka Author [Henry Parker](/wiki/Henry_Parker_%28author%29 "Henry Parker (author)") collected a [Sinhalese language](/wiki/Sinhalese_language "Sinhalese language") tale from [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka "Sri Lanka") with the title *Rāksayāgeyi Kumārikāwageyi Katantaraya*,Parker, Henry. *Village folk\-tales of Ceylon*. Volume 3\. London: Luzac \& Co., 1914\. pp. 424\-426 (Sinhalese text). translated as *The Story of the Rākshasa and the Princess*. In this tale, a king and a queen have a daughter, the princess. While divining her future, they learn that her future spouse is a [Rakshasa](/wiki/Rakshasa "Rakshasa"). Some time later, the king and the queen die, leaving the princess on her own. Meanwhile, the Rakshasa uses his powers to summon the princess's palace to his location ("wishes the palace away", in the text). It happens thus. The princess leaves the palace and meets the Rakshasa, who takes her in to his mother, a Rakshasi. One day, the Rakshasi tells the princess she is going out to eat some human bodies, and orders the girl to bring seven large pots of water, seven large bundles of firewood, boil and pound seven paelas of paddy\-rice, plaster cow dung in seven houses, and have the Rakshasi's bathwater ready. After she leaves, the princess begins to cry, when the Rakshasa appears to her and offers to do the chores in her place. Next, the Rakshasi orders the princess to pay a visit to the Rakshasi's younger sister and take from there a box. The Rakshasa advises the princess to get the box near the door and escape while his aunt is distracted blowing the fire in the hearth. The princess follows his orders and takes the box; the Rakshasi's younger sister chases after her, but fails to catch her. Thirdly, the Rakshasi prepares her son's wedding, and orders the princess to set the tables and chair and prepare the food. After the Rakshasa's marriage, the Rakshasi asks her daughter\-in\-law to eat the human princess, but somehow she cannot do so. Back to the Rakshasa and the princess, they enter her palace and teleport away.Parker, Henry. *Village folk\-tales of Ceylon*. Volume 2\. London: Luzac \& Co., 1914\. pp. 237\-240\. #### Indonesia In a [Sangir](/wiki/Sangirese_language "Sangirese language") tale collected with the title *Bion Gansaļangi Dĕduan Donan Sampakang* and translated by [Nicolaus Adriani](/wiki/Nicolaus_Adriani "Nicolaus Adriani") as *Verhaal von Gansaļangi en Donan Sampakang* (English: "Tale about Gansaļangi and Donan Sampakang"), a king and queen have nine daughters. One day, the princesses go to the river to with their fishing nets to catch some shrimp. While they are fishing, a fish named Lumbake jumps into the first princess's net, who rejects him. The fish jumps into the other princesses' nets until the ninth princess catches him. The fish begs to be spared, and the ninth princess places him a pond. Time passes, and the fish asks the princess to bathe with him in the river. The fish swims upstream until he reaches a place where he takes off the piscine skin, revealing he is a human youth underneath it. The princess watches his transformation, takes the fish skin and burns it. The youth goes to look for his skin and does not find it; he then utters a magical command for golden garments and a golden horse to appear to him. He takes the golden horse and rides past the eight princesses. He then summons a house of glass and 100 slaves to appear before him. The tale then explains the prince is named Gansalangi, and the ninth princess Donan Sampakang. The prince then tells Donan Sampakang she is his wife in the earthly realm, but he has another in the celestial realm, and he is going to visit his parents, the king and queen of heaven. Gansalangi goes alone to Heaven and meets his mother, who marries him to another woman, to his great sadness. Later, Gansalangi descends to earth again and meets his human wife, telling her he will go back home the next day. Donan Sampakang offers to go with him, despite his objections. On the way up, Donan Sampakang sees devils and creatures screaming in a fire. When they arrive in Heaven, Gansalangi warns the princess his mother is a killer who walks with a dagger in hand, and, to protect herself, the princess has to say she is but a slave. Gansalangi's mother comes and questions her son about the woman he brought with him, and deduces she is a princess, due to her clothes and golden\-pointed hair. She then scatters millet around the house, and the princess cries. The princess, however, utters a command for the grains to fill a jar. Next, the Queen of Heaven gives Donan Sampakang a white tunic, which is to be washed until it turns to a red colour. Prince Gansalangi utters an incantation to summon the [bidadaris](/wiki/Bidadari "Bidadari") to help his human wife. The prince and the princess at last wish to be home, and live in happiness together.{{cite journal \|last\=ADRIANI \|first\=N. \|title\=SANGIREESCHE TEKSTEN (Vervolg) \|journal\=Bijdragen tot de Taal\-, Land\- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch\-Indië \|volume\=44 \|issue\=1 \|date\=1894 \|pages\=132\-134 (Sangir text); 134\-137 (Dutch translation) \|jstor\=25737775 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=lbRiPtQTu4YC\&dq\=No\+Bion\+Gansalangi\+d%C4%9Bduan\+Donan\&pg\=PA132 }} Accessed 10 Feb. 2023\. Jan\-Öjvind Swahn classified the tale as his type A, which corresponds to the Graeco\-Roman myth of *Cupid and Psyche*: supernatural bridegroom and tasks for mother\-in\-law.Swahn, Jan Öjvind. *[The Tale of Cupid and Psyche](https://books.google.com/books?id=s3_YAAAAMAAJ&q=%22sangir%22)*. Lund, C.W.K. Gleerup. 1955\. p. 131\. Author J. A. T. Schwarz collected from the [Tomtenboan](/wiki/Tontemboan_language "Tontemboan language") a tale titled *Sisil an doro’ i Anak tuama i Tjolano a langit wo si Wawu’ am bawo in tana*, translated into Dutch as *Verhaal van den Koningszoon in den hemel en de Koningsdochter op de aarde* (English: "Tale about the Prince in Heaven and the Princess on Earth"). Folklorist [Paul Hambruch](/wiki/Paul_Hambruch "Paul Hambruch") translated into German as *Die Erzählung vom himmlischen Prinzen und der irdischen Prinzessin* ("Tale of the Heavenly Prince and Earthly Princess"), and sourced it from [Minahasa](/wiki/Minahasa_Peninsula "Minahasa Peninsula").{{cite book \|last\=Hambruch \|first\=Paul \|title\=Malaiische Märchen aus Madagaskar und Insulinde \|location\=Jena \|publisher\=Eugen Diederich \|date\=1922 \|pages\=112\-116 (German translation for tale nr. 32\), 320 (source) \|language\=German}} In the tale, a prince comes down from the Heavens in the shape of a goat, and asks a human king if any of his daughters agrees to marry him. The two elder princess refuse to marry the goat, while the youngest agrees. They celebrate their marriage and move out to another house, where she places a basin of water near the bed so she can wash her face. The next morning, the princess wakes up and sees that someone has used the water in the basin, and questions her maidservant, who does not know anything about it. On the day after, while the princess is asleep, the maidservant notices that the goat is washing his face in the basin, and wakes the princess up. The girl goes to embrace her husband. They live like this for a while, until one day, the goat (in human form) tells the princess he will go fishing, and wears the caprine skin again. While he is away, the princess is visited by her sisters and falls for their cunning tricks: she is told to drop a basin of scalding water on him so he will love her better. She follows their suggestion, but the goat husband questions her actions. The next time, the princess's sisters advise her to drop a large knife on him as soon as he comes back, for the same reason as before. The goat goes home and is welcomed with a large knife dropping on him. Feeling mistreated by his wife, he tells her he will go back to his celestial father, and departs. The princess follows him until they reach a mountain, where she rests by his side. After she falls asleep, the goat calls out to the mountain, and continues on his journey. The princess wakes up and follows the goat again, until she falls asleep on his arms. While the girl is asleep, the goat calls out to a "[ricebird](/wiki/Java_sparrow "Java sparrow")", and walks away from his wife. Their third stop is a river called "Blackening Water" ("Zwartmakende water", in the Dutch translation), where he bathes with his wife. The goat then explains he is going back to his celestial realm and is taking the princess with him, but, once they arrive there, he will pass her off as a maidservant, since his parents do not approve of his marriage to a mortal. It happens thus: in the celestial realm, the prince's mother asks her son about the human girl, and he says she is a maidservant. As they prepare for the prince's wedding, the queen scatters mustard seeds all over the floor and orders the princess to gather them. The princess goes to her husband for help, and he summons a colony of ants to gather the seeds. Next, the queen gives the princess a basket and orders her to fetch water with it. The prince tells her to go to the water margin and says the prince commanded the eels to come and fill the basket to make it impermeable. The princess brings the basket with water. Lastly, the queen orders the princess to hold torches with resin during the prince's wedding night. Twice, the prince sees that his human wife's hands are hurt by the melting resin, but heals her with a spell. The third time, the prince takes his human wife and both return to Earth.{{Cite book \|last\=Schwarz \|first\=J. A. T. \|title\=Tontemboansche Teksten \|date\=1907a \|publisher\=Martinus Nijhoff \|volume\=1 \|location\='s Gravenhage \|language\=nl \|pages\=37–41 (Tontemboan text for tale nr. 21\) \|url\=https://archive.org/details/tontemboanschet01schwgoog/page/n58/mode/1up}}{{Cite book \|last\=Schwarz \|first\=J. A. T. \|title\=Tontemboansche Teksten \|date\=1907b \|publisher\=E. J. Brill \|volume\=2 \|location\=Leiden \|language\=nl \|pages\=56–61 (Dutch translation for tale nr. 21\) \|url\=https://archive.org/details/tontemboanschet02schwgoog/page/56/mode/1up}} Schwarz noted that the Totemboan tale found a "parallel" in the Sangir story of "Gansalangi and Donan Sampakang".{{Cite book \|last\=Schwarz \|first\=J. A. T. \|title\=Tontemboansche Teksten \|date\=1907b \|publisher\=E. J. Brill \|volume\=2 \|location\=Leiden \|language\=nl \|page\=39 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/tontemboanschet02schwgoog/page/56/mode/1up}} Jan\-Öjvind Swahn classiified the tale as his type A, which corresponds to the Graeco\-Roman myth of *Cupid and Psyche*: supernatural bridegroom and tasks for mother\-in\-law.Swahn, Jan Öjvind. *[The Tale of Cupid and Psyche](https://books.google.com/books?id=s3_YAAAAMAAJ&q=%22sangir%22)*. Lund, C.W.K. Gleerup. 1955\. p. 131\.
[ "Variants\n--------", "### Europe", "#### Romani people", "[Transylvanian](/wiki/Transylvania \"Transylvania\") linguist [Heinrich von Wlislocki](/wiki/Heinrich_von_Wlislocki \"Heinrich von Wlislocki\") collected and published a \"Zigeunermärchen\" from the [Romani](/wiki/Romani_people \"Romani people\") titled *O thágár sápengré* or *Der Schlangenkönig*{{cite journal \\|last1\\=von Wlislocki \\|first1\\=Heinrich \\|title\\=Beiträge zu Benfey's Pantschatantra \\|journal\\=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft \\|date\\=1888 \\|volume\\=42 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=113–150 \\|jstor\\=43361931 }} ([English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\"): \"The Snake King\"). He noted the great resemblance to the Indian story of Tulisa: a girl named Lolerme goes to the forest to fetch firewood and finds some pieces of gold on the ground. She picks one up and sees that they make a trail to a cavern entry. When she sits to rest, a giant snake with \"a head shining like gold\" and a red beard appears and introduces itself as the King of Snakes, who has fallen in love with Lolerme. The girl is frightened at first but the snake reveals it wants to give her mother great wealth. They marry and she lives a comfortable life, but her husband comes at night in human form. One day, a pregnant Lolerme helps an ugly old woman in front of the cave; she advises the girl who asks herself who the father of the child is, and about the youth that comes at night. She does so: the youth reveals himself to be the Snake King who the ugly old woman, a witch, cursed into serpent form. The youth curses his wife that she will not give birth, nor she will ever see him again, and vanishes. Desolate, Lolerme cries on the forest ground, until a giant cat approaches her and gives her the egg of the Tscharana bird ([de](/wiki/Tscharana \"Tscharana\")), which, if roosted, will hatch a bird that can kill the witch and bring her husband back. Johannes Bolte and Jiří Polívka also listed Wislocki's tale as another variant of *The Singing, Springing Lark*.Bolte, Johannes; Polívka, Jiri. *Anmerkungen zu den Kinder\\- u. hausmärchen der brüder Grimm*. Zweiter Band (NR. 61\\-120\\). Germany, Leipzig: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. 1913\\. p. 258\\. Danish scholar [Inger Margrethe Boberg](/wiki/Inger_Margrethe_Boberg \"Inger Margrethe Boberg\") noted that the Lolerme story corresponded to *Tulisa*, although it lacked the long wandering of type 425A, and the tasks of type 425B.Boberg, I. M. (1938\\). \"The Tale of [Cupid and Psyche](/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche \"Cupid and Psyche\")\". In: *[Classica et Medievalia](https://books.google.com/books?id=DbeEAAAAIAAJ&q=%22425+C%22)* 1: 186\\.", "#### Albania", "In an [Albanian](/wiki/Albania \"Albania\") tale titled *Gjarpëri dhe e bija e mbretit*{{cite book \\|last\\=Berisha \\|first\\=Anton \\|author\\-link\\=Anton Berisha \\|title\\= Antologji e përrallës shqipe \\|publisher\\=Rilindja \\|date\\=1982 \\|pages\\=58–64 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_2QKAQAAIAAJ\\&q\\=%22Gjarp%C3%ABri\\+dhe\\+e\\+bija\\+e\\+mbretit%22 \\|language\\=sq}} (\"Serpent and King's Daughter\"), translated into Russian as \"Змей и королевская дочь\" (\"Serpent and Royal Daughter\")\"[Албанские народные сказки](https://books.google.com/books?id=oALaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%D0%97%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%99+%D0%98+%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%92%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%AF+%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%A7%D0%AC%22)\" \\[Albanian Folk Tales]. Khudozh. lit\\-ra., 1989\\. pp. 21\\-30\\. {{ISBN\\|9785280006188}}. and by Albanologist [Robert Elsie](/wiki/Robert_Elsie \"Robert Elsie\") as *The Snake and the King's Daughter*, a snake slithers into an old woman's basket and, after some time, asks the old woman to go to the king and request for the hand of his daughter in marriage. The king sets as condition three tasks for the future son\\-in\\-law, which the snake performs with a magic ring. The princess and the snake marry. On the nuptial night, he reveals he is a handsome prince named \"Swift\" (Shpejt/Shpeit) underneath the snakeskin and warns that she must not tell anything to her family. One day, the princess is invited to a wedding, and her husband appears lately at the occasion, to everyone's surprise. The princess reveals the man is her husband and he disappears. She goes on a quest for him with a pair of iron shoes, and passes by the houses of the [Mother of the Sun](/wiki/N%C3%ABna_e_Diellit \"Nëna e Diellit\"), the Mother of the Moon and the Mother of the Winds. The Wind tells her her husband Swift is being held prisoner by a monster named [Kulshedra](/wiki/Kulshedra \"Kulshedra\"), on an island across the sea, and she begs him to take her there. The Wind carries her across the sea to the island and the Kulshedra captures her, taking her to its lair. Secretly, Swift lets his ring fall into a jug she is washing and she recognizes her husband is there. The next day, the Kulshedra forces the girl to sweep some parts of the floor and not sweep the others, and to fill two cauldrons with her tears \\- both tasks accomplished with her husband's advice: for the first task, the princess is advised to sweep the floor with breadcrust; for the second task, she is told by Shpejt to fill the cauldrons with water and sprinkle salt over it. Seeing that the princess fulfilled the tasks, the Kulshedra then plans to eat the prince, so Shpejt devises a plan to get rid of the monster: he disguises himself as a poor man and chops wood in the nearby forest. The Kulshedra approaches and inquires the man, who answers that he is fashioning a coffin for Swift. The man convinces the Kulshedra to take a look inside the coffin, shoves the creature inside and burns it to ashes. Now freed from the Kulshedra's grasp, he takes the princess home with him, and they live happily.Elsie, Robert. *[Albanian Folktales and Legends](https://books.google.com/books?id=ve4SAQAAIAAJ&q=%22The+snake+and+the+king%27s+daughter%22)*. Dukagjini Publishing House, 2001\\. pp. 98\\-107\\.", "#### Romania", "Author Iuliu Traian Mera published in magazine *[Convorbiri Literare](/wiki/Convorbiri_Literare \"Convorbiri Literare\")* a [Romanian](/wiki/Romania \"Romania\") variant titled *Crăişorul Şărpilor* or *Crăişorul Şerpilor* (\"Prince Serpent\").Mera, Iuliu Traian. \"Crăişorul Şărpilor\". In: *[Convorbiri Literare](http://digitool.bibnat.ro/R/DIDFIV5EAS9Q7VEY5AUMMJK3XT3VTN4TNXQGXKT3K4LPFVJHG5-02898?func=results-jump-full&set_entry=000047&set_number=000161&base=GEN01)*, Anul XVI (1882\\-1883\\), No. 6 (1 Septembre, 1882\\). pp. 205\\-218\\. In this tale, an old peasant couple lives in the edge of the village, in the forest. They live by scavenging from the forest. One day, the old man finds a little snake in the forest and brings it home. His wife decides to take care of it with milk. Time passes; the little snake refers to the couple as its parents and, when he is old enough, decides to choose a bride: the daughter of the Imparatul Verde (\"Green Emperor\"). The snake's mother goes to the Green Emperor to ask for her hand in marriage, but the Green Emperor sets three tasks: first, to build a palace over the poor couple's hut; second, to build a bridge between their palaces, with gardens by its side, with singing little birds and a bell on each bird; third, to have, under the bridge, water sweet as honey and as crystalline, whose waves crash at the Green Emperor's palace, and where every fish swims. Crăişorul Şărpilor, as a snake, fulfills the tasks and gets to marry the Green Emperor's daughter. After they enter the wedding chambers, the snake takes off its skin to become a handsome man, with golden hair, face fair as milkfoam, and dark eyes. Crăişorul Şărpilor remains human by night and wears the snakeskin by day. This goes on for some time, until the Green Emperor wants to invite nobles from all around the world for a banquet. Crăişorul Şărpilor worries about being a snake during the celebration, but he takes off the snakeskin and goes with his wife. Meanwhile, the Green Emperor's wife, the Empress, finds the snakeskin and throws it in an oven \\- the story explains that the snake prince's curse was about to end, had the snakeskin not been destroyed. During the banquet, Crăişorul Şărpilor senses the snakeskin was burned, and talks to his wife that he needs to disappear, and he will only be found in the Isle of Snakes (\"ostrovul şărpilor\"), though the path is dangerous and even more dangerous is the Isle, filled with snakes and dragons. He disappears, leaving the princess alone; his palace, the bridge and the sea also vanishing with him. The Green Emperor's daughter begins her long quest. On the road, she helps a little bird, a hare and a deer, which promise to help her in the future. She then reaches the lair of the [Mama Padurii](/wiki/Muma_P%C4%83durii \"Muma Pădurii\") (\"Mother of the Forest\"), deep in a dark forest. Mama Padurii promises to guide the princess, in exchange for a year of servitude under her. The princess's task is to watch over her hens, but one of them disappears after the princess dozes off. She summons the little bird, the hare and the deer to help her locate the lost hen. The hen disappears again on the next two days, but her animal helpers aid her. Now free of Mama Padurii, the creature tells the princess to cross a dangerous valley. The deer helper advises the princess to seek the help of Sfânta Duminecă (Holy Sunday), who lives in a hut. Sfânta Duminecă asks the princess to work for her for another year, just herding the sheep. With an easier task, the princess performs her chores. For her kindness, Sfânta Duminecă tells that a river marks the threshold between their world and the Isle of Snakes, and that her husband, Crăişorul Şărpilor, takes a bath every morning by sunrise in the river. Armed with this knowledge, the princess keeps walking for another nine years, through nine lands and nine seas, until, one day, by sunrise, she sees her husband taking a bath in the river and goes to him. She embraces him, but he warns her that his family (four sisters and his mother) are terrible, snake\\-like creatures that will kill her. She decides to remain with him, despite the danger. The snake\\-like family returns and hisses at their guest, who Crăişorul Şărpilor introduces as his human wife. Crăişorul Şărpilor's mother begins to devise a way to kill her. On the first day, she orders the princess to bake six pies for them, three unbaked and three baked; on the second day, to fill a bottle with her tears. Crăişorul Şărpilor helps her on both tasks. As a third task, the princess is to get a sieve from a draconic neighbour. Crăişorul Şărpilor gives her a ring and tells the princess to use it as the draconic neighbour goes to the kitchen to sharpen her teeth. In the neighbour's house, the princess places the ring to answer for her, gets the sieve and escapes. Finally, Crăişorul Şărpilor and his wife decide to escape from his snake family in a \"Magic Flight\" sequence: they shapeshift into a melon orchard (the princess) and an orchard keeper (him), then into a mill (the princess) and a miller (him), next into a pair of birds pecking corn on the road (both), and lastly into an elm tree (the princess) and ivy (him). Crăişorul Şărpilor's mother comes to the tree, recognizes it as both her son and his wife, but, not knowing which is which, lets them be. Crăişorul Şărpilor and his wife go back to the Green Emperor's palace and live out their days in peace and happiness.Mera, Iuliu Traian. *[Din lumea basmelor](http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/handle/123456789/79347)*. Bucureşti: Institutul de Arte Grafice si Editură \"Minerva\", 1906\\. pp. 5\\-43\\.", "### Asia", "#### India", "In a variant collected by Alice Elizabeth Dracott, in [Simla](/wiki/Simla \"Simla\"), with the title *The Snake's Bride*, Rajah Bunsi Lall becomes a snake and moves to a new home underground. One day, he sees a maiden named Sukkia in the forest gathering sticks and asks her if she wants to marry him. She returns to her stepmother and tells her the incident. The stepmother says she must agree if the snake can fill her house with silver. Sukkia becomes the Snake's Bride, and notices that her husband can transform into human form at night, but never reveals his true name. Sukkia's stepmother, who knows the whole story, convinces her stepdaughter to ask the snake his true name. She does and he disappears, going back to his underground home. Sukkia wanders through the world and arrives at Rajah Bunsi Lall's kingdom while fetching water. She gives her engagement ring to the Rajah's servants, who take it to their master. The Rajah's mother discovers her daughter\\-in\\-law is trying to contact her son and, enraged, tries to kill Sukkia, first by filling a room with scorpions and snakes and inviting her to sleep there. However, Bunsi Lall discovers his mother's ploy and removes the animals from the room to protect his wife. Next, Bunsi Lall's mother forces her to count mustard seeds \\- punishable by death if failing. Bunsi Lall summons little birds to help her. Lastly she makes Sukkia carry torches during the Rajah's wedding procession, where she begins to shout she is burning. Sukkia's husband, the Rajah, hears her screams and takes her back to their home in the upper world.Dracott, Alice Elizabeth. *[Simla Village Tales, or Folk Tales from the Himalayas](http://www.gutenberg.org/files/58816/58816-h/58816-h.htm#ch7)*. England, London: John Murray. 1906\\. pp. 15–20\\.", "#### Sri Lanka", "Author [Henry Parker](/wiki/Henry_Parker_%28author%29 \"Henry Parker (author)\") collected a [Sinhalese language](/wiki/Sinhalese_language \"Sinhalese language\") tale from [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka \"Sri Lanka\") with the title *Rāksayāgeyi Kumārikāwageyi Katantaraya*,Parker, Henry. *Village folk\\-tales of Ceylon*. Volume 3\\. London: Luzac \\& Co., 1914\\. pp. 424\\-426 (Sinhalese text). translated as *The Story of the Rākshasa and the Princess*. In this tale, a king and a queen have a daughter, the princess. While divining her future, they learn that her future spouse is a [Rakshasa](/wiki/Rakshasa \"Rakshasa\"). Some time later, the king and the queen die, leaving the princess on her own. Meanwhile, the Rakshasa uses his powers to summon the princess's palace to his location (\"wishes the palace away\", in the text). It happens thus. The princess leaves the palace and meets the Rakshasa, who takes her in to his mother, a Rakshasi. One day, the Rakshasi tells the princess she is going out to eat some human bodies, and orders the girl to bring seven large pots of water, seven large bundles of firewood, boil and pound seven paelas of paddy\\-rice, plaster cow dung in seven houses, and have the Rakshasi's bathwater ready. After she leaves, the princess begins to cry, when the Rakshasa appears to her and offers to do the chores in her place. Next, the Rakshasi orders the princess to pay a visit to the Rakshasi's younger sister and take from there a box. The Rakshasa advises the princess to get the box near the door and escape while his aunt is distracted blowing the fire in the hearth. The princess follows his orders and takes the box; the Rakshasi's younger sister chases after her, but fails to catch her. Thirdly, the Rakshasi prepares her son's wedding, and orders the princess to set the tables and chair and prepare the food. After the Rakshasa's marriage, the Rakshasi asks her daughter\\-in\\-law to eat the human princess, but somehow she cannot do so. Back to the Rakshasa and the princess, they enter her palace and teleport away.Parker, Henry. *Village folk\\-tales of Ceylon*. Volume 2\\. London: Luzac \\& Co., 1914\\. pp. 237\\-240\\.", "#### Indonesia", "In a [Sangir](/wiki/Sangirese_language \"Sangirese language\") tale collected with the title *Bion Gansaļangi Dĕduan Donan Sampakang* and translated by [Nicolaus Adriani](/wiki/Nicolaus_Adriani \"Nicolaus Adriani\") as *Verhaal von Gansaļangi en Donan Sampakang* (English: \"Tale about Gansaļangi and Donan Sampakang\"), a king and queen have nine daughters. One day, the princesses go to the river to with their fishing nets to catch some shrimp. While they are fishing, a fish named Lumbake jumps into the first princess's net, who rejects him. The fish jumps into the other princesses' nets until the ninth princess catches him. The fish begs to be spared, and the ninth princess places him a pond. Time passes, and the fish asks the princess to bathe with him in the river. The fish swims upstream until he reaches a place where he takes off the piscine skin, revealing he is a human youth underneath it. The princess watches his transformation, takes the fish skin and burns it. The youth goes to look for his skin and does not find it; he then utters a magical command for golden garments and a golden horse to appear to him. He takes the golden horse and rides past the eight princesses. He then summons a house of glass and 100 slaves to appear before him. The tale then explains the prince is named Gansalangi, and the ninth princess Donan Sampakang. The prince then tells Donan Sampakang she is his wife in the earthly realm, but he has another in the celestial realm, and he is going to visit his parents, the king and queen of heaven. Gansalangi goes alone to Heaven and meets his mother, who marries him to another woman, to his great sadness. Later, Gansalangi descends to earth again and meets his human wife, telling her he will go back home the next day. Donan Sampakang offers to go with him, despite his objections. On the way up, Donan Sampakang sees devils and creatures screaming in a fire. When they arrive in Heaven, Gansalangi warns the princess his mother is a killer who walks with a dagger in hand, and, to protect herself, the princess has to say she is but a slave. Gansalangi's mother comes and questions her son about the woman he brought with him, and deduces she is a princess, due to her clothes and golden\\-pointed hair. She then scatters millet around the house, and the princess cries. The princess, however, utters a command for the grains to fill a jar. Next, the Queen of Heaven gives Donan Sampakang a white tunic, which is to be washed until it turns to a red colour. Prince Gansalangi utters an incantation to summon the [bidadaris](/wiki/Bidadari \"Bidadari\") to help his human wife. The prince and the princess at last wish to be home, and live in happiness together.{{cite journal \\|last\\=ADRIANI \\|first\\=N. \\|title\\=SANGIREESCHE TEKSTEN (Vervolg) \\|journal\\=Bijdragen tot de Taal\\-, Land\\- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch\\-Indië \\|volume\\=44 \\|issue\\=1 \\|date\\=1894 \\|pages\\=132\\-134 (Sangir text); 134\\-137 (Dutch translation) \\|jstor\\=25737775 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=lbRiPtQTu4YC\\&dq\\=No\\+Bion\\+Gansalangi\\+d%C4%9Bduan\\+Donan\\&pg\\=PA132 }} Accessed 10 Feb. 2023\\. Jan\\-Öjvind Swahn classified the tale as his type A, which corresponds to the Graeco\\-Roman myth of *Cupid and Psyche*: supernatural bridegroom and tasks for mother\\-in\\-law.Swahn, Jan Öjvind. *[The Tale of Cupid and Psyche](https://books.google.com/books?id=s3_YAAAAMAAJ&q=%22sangir%22)*. Lund, C.W.K. Gleerup. 1955\\. p. 131\\.", "Author J. A. T. Schwarz collected from the [Tomtenboan](/wiki/Tontemboan_language \"Tontemboan language\") a tale titled *Sisil an doro’ i Anak tuama i Tjolano a langit wo si Wawu’ am bawo in tana*, translated into Dutch as *Verhaal van den Koningszoon in den hemel en de Koningsdochter op de aarde* (English: \"Tale about the Prince in Heaven and the Princess on Earth\"). Folklorist [Paul Hambruch](/wiki/Paul_Hambruch \"Paul Hambruch\") translated into German as *Die Erzählung vom himmlischen Prinzen und der irdischen Prinzessin* (\"Tale of the Heavenly Prince and Earthly Princess\"), and sourced it from [Minahasa](/wiki/Minahasa_Peninsula \"Minahasa Peninsula\").{{cite book \\|last\\=Hambruch \\|first\\=Paul \\|title\\=Malaiische Märchen aus Madagaskar und Insulinde \\|location\\=Jena \\|publisher\\=Eugen Diederich \\|date\\=1922 \\|pages\\=112\\-116 (German translation for tale nr. 32\\), 320 (source) \\|language\\=German}} In the tale, a prince comes down from the Heavens in the shape of a goat, and asks a human king if any of his daughters agrees to marry him. The two elder princess refuse to marry the goat, while the youngest agrees. They celebrate their marriage and move out to another house, where she places a basin of water near the bed so she can wash her face. The next morning, the princess wakes up and sees that someone has used the water in the basin, and questions her maidservant, who does not know anything about it. On the day after, while the princess is asleep, the maidservant notices that the goat is washing his face in the basin, and wakes the princess up. The girl goes to embrace her husband. They live like this for a while, until one day, the goat (in human form) tells the princess he will go fishing, and wears the caprine skin again. While he is away, the princess is visited by her sisters and falls for their cunning tricks: she is told to drop a basin of scalding water on him so he will love her better. She follows their suggestion, but the goat husband questions her actions. The next time, the princess's sisters advise her to drop a large knife on him as soon as he comes back, for the same reason as before. The goat goes home and is welcomed with a large knife dropping on him. Feeling mistreated by his wife, he tells her he will go back to his celestial father, and departs. The princess follows him until they reach a mountain, where she rests by his side. After she falls asleep, the goat calls out to the mountain, and continues on his journey. The princess wakes up and follows the goat again, until she falls asleep on his arms. While the girl is asleep, the goat calls out to a \"[ricebird](/wiki/Java_sparrow \"Java sparrow\")\", and walks away from his wife. Their third stop is a river called \"Blackening Water\" (\"Zwartmakende water\", in the Dutch translation), where he bathes with his wife. The goat then explains he is going back to his celestial realm and is taking the princess with him, but, once they arrive there, he will pass her off as a maidservant, since his parents do not approve of his marriage to a mortal. It happens thus: in the celestial realm, the prince's mother asks her son about the human girl, and he says she is a maidservant. As they prepare for the prince's wedding, the queen scatters mustard seeds all over the floor and orders the princess to gather them. The princess goes to her husband for help, and he summons a colony of ants to gather the seeds. Next, the queen gives the princess a basket and orders her to fetch water with it. The prince tells her to go to the water margin and says the prince commanded the eels to come and fill the basket to make it impermeable. The princess brings the basket with water. Lastly, the queen orders the princess to hold torches with resin during the prince's wedding night. Twice, the prince sees that his human wife's hands are hurt by the melting resin, but heals her with a spell. The third time, the prince takes his human wife and both return to Earth.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Schwarz \\|first\\=J. A. T. \\|title\\=Tontemboansche Teksten \\|date\\=1907a \\|publisher\\=Martinus Nijhoff \\|volume\\=1 \\|location\\='s Gravenhage \\|language\\=nl \\|pages\\=37–41 (Tontemboan text for tale nr. 21\\) \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/tontemboanschet01schwgoog/page/n58/mode/1up}}{{Cite book \\|last\\=Schwarz \\|first\\=J. A. T. \\|title\\=Tontemboansche Teksten \\|date\\=1907b \\|publisher\\=E. J. Brill \\|volume\\=2 \\|location\\=Leiden \\|language\\=nl \\|pages\\=56–61 (Dutch translation for tale nr. 21\\) \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/tontemboanschet02schwgoog/page/56/mode/1up}} Schwarz noted that the Totemboan tale found a \"parallel\" in the Sangir story of \"Gansalangi and Donan Sampakang\".{{Cite book \\|last\\=Schwarz \\|first\\=J. A. T. \\|title\\=Tontemboansche Teksten \\|date\\=1907b \\|publisher\\=E. J. Brill \\|volume\\=2 \\|location\\=Leiden \\|language\\=nl \\|page\\=39 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/tontemboanschet02schwgoog/page/56/mode/1up}} Jan\\-Öjvind Swahn classiified the tale as his type A, which corresponds to the Graeco\\-Roman myth of *Cupid and Psyche*: supernatural bridegroom and tasks for mother\\-in\\-law.Swahn, Jan Öjvind. *[The Tale of Cupid and Psyche](https://books.google.com/books?id=s3_YAAAAMAAJ&q=%22sangir%22)*. Lund, C.W.K. Gleerup. 1955\\. p. 131\\.", "" ]
History ------- ### Native settlers | {{hidden begin\|title\=European encroachment\|bodyalign\=left\|titlebackground\=\#D2B48C\|bodybackground\=\#fffefd\|titlestyle\=padding\-center: 0\.5em;}}Although Savannah was the first permanent colonial settlement in modern\-day Georgia, it was far from the first European encroachment into Yamasee/Creek/Guale lands. As early as the 16th century, Spanish missions and presidios (military outposts) were established all along the Georgia coast. Spanish missions such as [Santa Catalina de Guale](/wiki/Santa_Catalina_de_Guale "Santa Catalina de Guale") and Santo Domingo de Talaje, attacked and weakened by the [Guale](/wiki/Guale "Guale") revolt of 1597, were finally abandoned by the 1680s as a result of continuous encroachment by traders from the Carolina Lowcountry. Hoping to capitalize on the power vacuum created by the Spanish withdrawal to Florida, [the Crown](/wiki/The_Crown "The Crown") allied itself with the native bands on the Georgia coast, such as the [Yamasee](/wiki/Yamasee "Yamasee"), a relatively new Indian group made up of remnants of earlier groups including the Guale. {{hidden end}} | | --- | The [Yamacraws](/wiki/Yamacraw "Yamacraw"), a [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") tribe, were the first known people to settle in and around Savannah. In the 18th century, under their leader [Tomochichi](/wiki/Tomochichi "Tomochichi"), they met the newly arriving European settlers. ### Oglethorpe's arrival and the establishment of a colony | {{hidden begin\|title\=The Yamasee War\|bodyalign\=left\|titlebackground\=\#D2B48C\|bodybackground\=\#fffefd\|titlestyle\=padding\-center: 0\.5em;}}Much has been written about Oglethorpe, his reputation as a reformer and his friendship with the Yamasee and Creek peoples. However, it should be stressed that the alliance between the Yamasee and the colonists was tenuous at best. Earlier in the 18th century the Yamasee, having become deeply indebted to Carolinian traders, were increasingly convinced that this debt would be paid through their enslavement. The [Yamasee War](/wiki/Yamasee_War "Yamasee War") of 1715–1717 left the Yamasee weakened and opened their lands to settlement; the conflict ultimately enabled the successful colonization of the Georgia coast. {{hidden end}} | | --- | [thumb\|left\|General James Edward Oglethorpe, a colonial representative of King George II to the American colonies, was sent to create a buffer south of the Savannah River to protect the Carolinas from Spanish Florida and French Louisiana.](/wiki/File:JamesOlethrope.jpg "JamesOlethrope.jpg") In November 1732 the [merchantman](/wiki/Merchant_ship "Merchant ship") *Anne*, carrying 114 colonists (including General [James Oglethorpe](/wiki/James_Oglethorpe "James Oglethorpe")), set sail to the Americas.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government\-politics/james\-oglethorpe\-1696\-1785\|title\=James Oglethorpe (1696\-1785\)\|last\=Jackson\|first\=Edwin L.\|date\=August 1, 2019\|website\=New Georgia Encyclopedia\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805202849/https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government\-politics/james\-oglethorpe\-1696\-1785\|archive\-date\=August 5, 2019\|access\-date\=January 21, 2020}} On February 12, 1733,[O.S.](/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates "Old Style and New Style dates") February 1, 1732, according to the Julian calendar used in the British colonies until September 2, 1752\. With the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, eleven days in the date were omitted and the modern New Year (January 1\) replaced the Julian contemporary New Year (March 25\), previously observed in England and Wales. The Gregorian date in 1733 is observed locally, just as Gregorian dates are used throughout the United States for this era. after a brief stay at Charles Town, South Carolina, Oglethorpe and his settlers landed at [Yamacraw Bluff](/wiki/Yamacraw_Bluff "Yamacraw Bluff") and were greeted by Tomochici, the Yamacraws, and John and [Mary Musgrove](/wiki/Mary_Musgrove "Mary Musgrove"), Indian traders. ([Mary Musgrove](/wiki/Mary_Musgrove "Mary Musgrove") often served as an interpreter.) The city of Savannah was founded on that date, along with the [Province of Georgia](/wiki/Province_of_Georgia "Province of Georgia"). Because of the friendship between Oglethorpe and Tomochici, Savannah was able to flourish unhindered by warfare with Native American tribes that marked the beginnings of many early American colonies. In July 1733, five months after the arrival of the *Anne*, 41 [Jews](/wiki/Jews "Jews") from the [Sephardi](/wiki/Sephardic_Jews "Sephardic Jews") community in [London](/wiki/London "London") arrived in Savannah, the largest such group to enter a colony up to that time.{{cite web \|title\=The Jewish Community of Savannah \|url\=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/savannah \|publisher\=The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot}} ### Growth of the colony [thumb\|right\|190px\|View of Savannah, 1734\.](/wiki/File:A_view_of_Savannah_as_it_stood_the_29th_of_March_1734.jpg "A view of Savannah as it stood the 29th of March 1734.jpg") Prior to arriving in America, Oglethorpe developed an elaborate plan for the growth of towns and regions within the framework of a sustainable agrarian economy and the challenges presented by an often hostile frontier. Features of the plan, now known as [the Oglethorpe Plan](/wiki/The_Oglethorpe_Plan "The Oglethorpe Plan"), especially as it relates to town planning, have been preserved in Savannah, as well as in [Darien, Georgia](/wiki/Darien%2C_Georgia "Darien, Georgia") and at [Fort Frederica National Monument](/wiki/Fort_Frederica_National_Monument "Fort Frederica National Monument").Wilson, Thomas D. *The Oglethorpe Plan: Enlightenment Design in Savannah and Beyond.* Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2012\. Chapter 4\. Although religious toleration was beginning to emerge as a value during the Enlightenment, it was the pragmatic need to attract settlers that led to broad religious freedoms. South Carolina wanted German Lutherans, Scottish [Presbyterians](/wiki/Presbyterian "Presbyterian"), [Moravians](/wiki/Moravian_Church "Moravian Church"), French [Huguenots](/wiki/Huguenot "Huguenot") and Jews as a counter to the French and Spanish Catholic absolutist presence to the south, which was perceived by Georgian settlers as a threat to the freedoms they had traditionally held.Patricia U. Bonomi, "Under the Cope of Heaven. Religion, Society and Politics in Colonial America", Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 33 After Georgia became a royal colony (1754\), there were so many dissenters (Protestants of minority, non\-Anglican denominations) that the establishment of the Church of England was successfully resisted until 1752\. These dissenting churches were the mainstay of the American Revolutionary movement that culminated in a [war for independence from the British Crown](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War"). Through the patriotic and anti\-authoritarian sermons of their ministers, these churches fostered and organized rebellion. Whereas the [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican "Anglican") Church tended to preach stability and loyalty to the Crown, Protestant sects preached heavily from the Old Testament, with its emphasis on freedom and equality of all men before God, and the moral responsibility to rebel against tyrants.Bonomi, 1986, Chapter 7 'Religion and the American Revolution' Over the next century and a half, Savannah welcomed numerous [European immigrants](/wiki/European_Americans "European Americans"); these included the [Irish](/wiki/Irish_Americans "Irish Americans"), the [French](/wiki/French_Americans "French Americans"), [Greeks](/wiki/Greek_Americans "Greek Americans") and others. In 1740 [George Whitefield](/wiki/George_Whitefield "George Whitefield") founded the [Bethesda Orphanage](/wiki/Bethesda_Orphanage "Bethesda Orphanage"), which is now the oldest extant orphanage in the U.S. [Solomon's Lodge](/wiki/Solomon%27s_Lodge%2C_Savannah "Solomon's Lodge, Savannah") was founded in 1734 by [James Oglethorpe](/wiki/James_Oglethorpe "James Oglethorpe"), and it is considered to be the oldest continuously operating [Masonic Lodge](/wiki/Masonic_Lodge "Masonic Lodge") in [North America](/wiki/North_America "North America").{{cite book\|last\=Hirschfeld\|first\=Fritz \|title\=George Washington and The Jews\|publisher\=University of Delaware Press\|year\=2005\|pages\=26\|isbn\=978\-0\-87413\-927\-3}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.glofga.org/history.html\|title\=Our History\|publisher\=Grand Lodge of Georgia\|access\-date\=2008\-10\-03\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064305/http://www.glofga.org/history.html\|archive\-date\=2008\-09\-15\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.angelfire.com/ga/Solomon/home.html\|title\=Home page of Solomon's Lodge}} Originally called simply the Lodge of Savannah, it was officially renamed Solomon's Lodge in 1776\.{{cite book\|last\=Tatsch\|first\=J. Hugo\|title\=Solomon's Lodge and Freemasonry in Georgia, Freemasonry in the Thirteen Colonies\|publisher\=Kessinger Publishing\|year\=1995\|pages\=75\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=MT8TG7sHDoAC\&q\=Solomon%27s\+Lodge\+Savannah\&pg\=PA75\|isbn\=978\-1\-56459\-595\-9}} ### Province of Georgia The great experiment came to an end after Savannah and the rest of Georgia became a [Royal Colony](/wiki/Royal_Colony "Royal Colony") in 1754\. Entrepreneurs and slaves were brought into the struggling colony, and Savannah was made the colonial capital of Georgia. The low marshes were converted into wild [rice fields](/wiki/Rice_field "Rice field") and tended by skilled slaves imported from [West Africa](/wiki/West_Africa "West Africa") (where these strains of rice had been grown by European colonists, who brought rice from its native Southeast Asia. However, attempts to establish a rice industry in Africa failed). The combination of European agricultural technology, and African labor, proved to be of great benefit for the city. Initially, [Creek](/wiki/Creek_people "Creek people") groups gradually ceded lands to European settlers. In 1763 the Creeks agreed to the first of several large land cessions. This first agreement gave Georgia the land between the Savannah and Ogeechee rivers, south of Augusta, along with coastal land between the Altamaha and St. Marys rivers. An additional two million acres (8000 km{{sup\|2}}) of land between the Ogeechee and Altamaha rivers and the headwaters of the Oconee and Savannah rivers was ceded to Georgia by the Creeks and Cherokees in 1773\. Additional fortune came to the city in 1763 following the [Treaty of Paris](/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281763%29 "Treaty of Paris (1763)"), which opened the interior of North America to economic interests in the American colonies. This was an important milestone in the development of Savannah, as it marks the beginning of economic ties to the interior. Trade, particularly the [trade of deerskins](/wiki/Fur_trading "Fur trading"), flourished along the upper Savannah River where skins were sent to Augusta and finally through Savannah for export to Europe. The establishment of a trading network on the Savannah River also curtailed [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina "Charleston, South Carolina")'s monopoly on the South Atlantic deerskin trade. Between 1764 and 1773 Savannah exported hides from 500,000 [deer](/wiki/Deer "Deer") (2 million pounds), which established the city as a significant commercial port on the South Atlantic coast. ### American Revolution | {{hidden begin\|title\=Savannah and the American Revolution\|bodyalign\=left\|titlebackground\=\#D2B48C\|bodybackground\=\#fffefd\|titlestyle\=padding\-center: 0\.5em;}}For additional information you may also want to view the following articles: [Siege of Savannah](/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah "Siege of Savannah") {{hidden end}} | | --- | * [thumb\|left\|Plan of Savannah, 1779\. From the I. N. Phelps Stokes Collection of American Historical Prints, [New York Public Library](/wiki/New_York_Public_Library "New York Public Library")](/wiki/File:Plan_of_Savannah_and_the_islands_and_country_around_it_%28NYPL_Hades-118275-54221%29.tif "Plan of Savannah and the islands and country around it (NYPL Hades-118275-54221).tif") In 1778 during the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War"), Savannah came under [British](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain "Kingdom of Great Britain") and [Loyalist](/wiki/Loyalist_%28American_Revolution%29 "Loyalist (American Revolution)") control.{{cite book\|author\=Chappell, Joseph Harris \|title\=Georgia History Stories. Chapter X: the Capture of Savanna \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=iO4XAAAAIAAJ\&pg\=PA131\|year\=1905\|publisher\=Silver, Burdett\|pages\=131–144}} At the [Siege of Savannah](/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah "Siege of Savannah") in 1779, American and [French](/wiki/France "France") troops fought unsuccessfully to retake the city. ### Late 18th/Early 19th century On January 27, 1785, members of the State Assembly gathered in Savannah to found the nation's first state\-chartered, public university—the [University of Georgia](/wiki/University_of_Georgia "University of Georgia") (in [Athens](/wiki/Athens%2C_Georgia "Athens, Georgia")). In 1792 the Savannah Golf Club opened within a mile of Fort Jackson, on what is now President Street. It is the first known American golf club. In 1804 [Candler Hospital](/wiki/Candler_Hospital_%28Savannah%29 "Candler Hospital (Savannah)") was founded, and is the second oldest hospital in America in continuous operation. On January 11, 1820, a fire broke out and burned a large section of the city, bringing nationwide attention to Savannah.{{cite journal\|last1\=Mason\|first1\=Matthew\|title\='The Fire\-Brand of Discord': The North, the South, and the Savannah Fire of 1820\|journal\=Georgia Historical Quarterly\|date\=2008\|volume\=92\|issue\=4\|pages\=443–459\|url\=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct\=true\&db\=a9h\&AN\=36322077\&site\=eds\-live\&scope\=site\|access\-date\=14 February 2018}} A [yellow fever](/wiki/Yellow_fever "Yellow fever") epidemic struck Savannah in 1854, killing 650 residents.{{cite journal\|last1\=Lockley\|first1\=Tim\|title\='Like a clap of thunder in a clear sky': differential mortality during Savannah's yellow fever epidemic of 1854\|journal\=Social History\|date\=2012\|volume\=37\|issue\=2\|pages\=166–186\|doi\=10\.1080/03071022\.2012\.675657\|s2cid\=2571401\|url\=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/49566/1/WRAP\_Lockley\_9670721\-hi\-160114\-like\_a\_clap\_of\_thunder\_in\_a\_clear\_sky.pdf}} Another followed in the summer of 1876, believed to have originated in the city, specifically from [J. W. Schull](/wiki/J._W._Schull "J. W. Schull"), a sailor who was taken ill on July 23 and died seven days later.{{Cite book \|title\=Public Health Papers and Reports, Volume 5 \|publisher\=\[\[American Public Health Association]] \|year\=1880 \|pages\=89}} ### American Civil War | {{hidden begin\|title\=Savannah and the Civil War\|bodyalign\=left\|titlebackground\=\#D2B48C\|bodybackground\=\#fffefd\|titlestyle\=padding\-center: 0\.5em;}}For additional information on Savannah and the American Civil War, you may wish to view the following articles: [Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 120](/wiki/Sherman%27s_Special_Field_Orders%2C_No._120 "Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 120") [Sherman's March to the Sea](/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea "Sherman's March to the Sea") [Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15](/wiki/Sherman%27s_Special_Field_Orders%2C_No._15 "Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15") {{hidden end}} | | --- | * + - {{quote box \|quote \= I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty guns and plenty of ammunition, also about twenty\-five thousand bales of cotton.\|source\= — General \[\[William Tecumseh Sherman]] in a telegraphed message to President \[\[Abraham Lincoln]]}} In November 1864, two months after capturing the city of Atlanta, General [William Tecumseh Sherman](/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman "William Tecumseh Sherman") and his army of 62,000 men began the [march south to Savannah](/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea "Sherman's March to the Sea"). They lived off the land and, by Sherman's own estimate, caused more than $100 million in property damage in Georgia alone.Report by Maj. Gen. W.T. Sherman, January 1, 1865, quoted in Grimsley, p. 200 Sherman called this harsh tactic of material war "hard war" (in modern times known as [total war](/wiki/Total_war "Total war")).History Channel Sherman and his troops captured Savannah on December 22, 1864\. Sherman then telegraphed his commander\-in\-chief, President [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln"), offering him the city as a Christmas present. {{clear}} ### Late 19th century | [President Grover Cleveland](/wiki/Grover_Cleveland "Grover Cleveland") and his entourage paid a visit to Savannah in February 1888\. Cleveland visited the new [Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Telfair_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences") gallery and officiated at the ceremony dedicating a monument of Revolutionary War hero Sergeant [William Jasper](/wiki/William_Jasper "William Jasper"). A 21\-gun salute was given by the Chatham County artillery to honor the commander\-in\-chief.{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=mJlXpPn1OlkC\|title\=Ebook on President Grover Cleveland's 1888 visit}} | | --- | As the 19th century progressed, Savannah's population increased slightly and its wealth exponentially, but its ranking among the largest U.S. cities steadily dropped. The city went from 41st most populous city in 1860 to 62nd in 1880 (the first year Atlanta exceeded Savannah as Georgia's largest city). Savannah was the 86th\-largest city in 1910, and by 1930 it was no longer ranked in the top 100 most populous U.S. cities. Savannah State University was founded in 1890 and is the oldest African\-American public college in Georgia.*Savannah, Georgia* by Charles J. Elmore Ph.D. page 7 ### 20th century [thumb\|right\|Savannah in the 1930s](/wiki/File:Georgia_-_Savannah_-_NARA_-_23937145_%28cropped%29.jpg "Georgia - Savannah - NARA - 23937145 (cropped).jpg") On 5 February 1958, during a training mission flown by a [B\-47](/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet "Boeing B-47 Stratojet"), a [Mark 15 nuclear bomb](/wiki/Mark_15_nuclear_bomb "Mark 15 nuclear bomb"), also known as the [Tybee Bomb](/wiki/Tybee_Bomb "Tybee Bomb"), was lost off the coast of [Tybee Island](/wiki/Tybee_Island%2C_Georgia "Tybee Island, Georgia") near Savannah. The bomb was thought by the Department of Energy to lie buried in silt at the bottom of [Wassaw Sound](/wiki/Wassaw_Sound "Wassaw Sound").{{cite news \|title\=For 50 Years, Nuclear Bomb Lost in Watery Grave \|url\=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\=18587608\&t\=1566568815867 \|work\=NPR \|date\=February 3, 2008}} In December 1986, an oil tanker docked at the port of Savannah caused [an oil spill](/wiki/Amazon_Venture_oil_spill "Amazon Venture oil spill"), resulting in approximately {{Convert\|500,000\|gal\|l}} of fuel oil leaking into the Savannah River.
[ "History\n-------", "### Native settlers", "", "| {{hidden begin\\|title\\=European encroachment\\|bodyalign\\=left\\|titlebackground\\=\\#D2B48C\\|bodybackground\\=\\#fffefd\\|titlestyle\\=padding\\-center: 0\\.5em;}}Although Savannah was the first permanent colonial settlement in modern\\-day Georgia, it was far from the first European encroachment into Yamasee/Creek/Guale lands. As early as the 16th century, Spanish missions and presidios (military outposts) were established all along the Georgia coast. Spanish missions such as [Santa Catalina de Guale](/wiki/Santa_Catalina_de_Guale \"Santa Catalina de Guale\") and Santo Domingo de Talaje, attacked and weakened by the [Guale](/wiki/Guale \"Guale\") revolt of 1597, were finally abandoned by the 1680s as a result of continuous encroachment by traders from the Carolina Lowcountry. Hoping to capitalize on the power vacuum created by the Spanish withdrawal to Florida, [the Crown](/wiki/The_Crown \"The Crown\") allied itself with the native bands on the Georgia coast, such as the [Yamasee](/wiki/Yamasee \"Yamasee\"), a relatively new Indian group made up of remnants of earlier groups including the Guale. {{hidden end}} |\n| --- |", "The [Yamacraws](/wiki/Yamacraw \"Yamacraw\"), a [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") tribe, were the first known people to settle in and around Savannah. In the 18th century, under their leader [Tomochichi](/wiki/Tomochichi \"Tomochichi\"), they met the newly arriving European settlers.", "### Oglethorpe's arrival and the establishment of a colony", "", "| {{hidden begin\\|title\\=The Yamasee War\\|bodyalign\\=left\\|titlebackground\\=\\#D2B48C\\|bodybackground\\=\\#fffefd\\|titlestyle\\=padding\\-center: 0\\.5em;}}Much has been written about Oglethorpe, his reputation as a reformer and his friendship with the Yamasee and Creek peoples. However, it should be stressed that the alliance between the Yamasee and the colonists was tenuous at best. Earlier in the 18th century the Yamasee, having become deeply indebted to Carolinian traders, were increasingly convinced that this debt would be paid through their enslavement. The [Yamasee War](/wiki/Yamasee_War \"Yamasee War\") of 1715–1717 left the Yamasee weakened and opened their lands to settlement; the conflict ultimately enabled the successful colonization of the Georgia coast. {{hidden end}} |\n| --- |", "[thumb\\|left\\|General James Edward Oglethorpe, a colonial representative of King George II to the American colonies, was sent to create a buffer south of the Savannah River to protect the Carolinas from Spanish Florida and French Louisiana.](/wiki/File:JamesOlethrope.jpg \"JamesOlethrope.jpg\")\nIn November 1732 the [merchantman](/wiki/Merchant_ship \"Merchant ship\") *Anne*, carrying 114 colonists (including General [James Oglethorpe](/wiki/James_Oglethorpe \"James Oglethorpe\")), set sail to the Americas.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government\\-politics/james\\-oglethorpe\\-1696\\-1785\\|title\\=James Oglethorpe (1696\\-1785\\)\\|last\\=Jackson\\|first\\=Edwin L.\\|date\\=August 1, 2019\\|website\\=New Georgia Encyclopedia\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805202849/https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government\\-politics/james\\-oglethorpe\\-1696\\-1785\\|archive\\-date\\=August 5, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=January 21, 2020}} On February 12, 1733,[O.S.](/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates \"Old Style and New Style dates\") February 1, 1732, according to the Julian calendar used in the British colonies until September 2, 1752\\. With the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, eleven days in the date were omitted and the modern New Year (January 1\\) replaced the Julian contemporary New Year (March 25\\), previously observed in England and Wales. The Gregorian date in 1733 is observed locally, just as Gregorian dates are used throughout the United States for this era. after a brief stay at Charles Town, South Carolina, Oglethorpe and his settlers landed at [Yamacraw Bluff](/wiki/Yamacraw_Bluff \"Yamacraw Bluff\") and were greeted by Tomochici, the Yamacraws, and John and [Mary Musgrove](/wiki/Mary_Musgrove \"Mary Musgrove\"), Indian traders. ([Mary Musgrove](/wiki/Mary_Musgrove \"Mary Musgrove\") often served as an interpreter.) The city of Savannah was founded on that date, along with the [Province of Georgia](/wiki/Province_of_Georgia \"Province of Georgia\"). Because of the friendship between Oglethorpe and Tomochici, Savannah was able to flourish unhindered by warfare with Native American tribes that marked the beginnings of many early American colonies. In July 1733, five months after the arrival of the *Anne*, 41 [Jews](/wiki/Jews \"Jews\") from the [Sephardi](/wiki/Sephardic_Jews \"Sephardic Jews\") community in [London](/wiki/London \"London\") arrived in Savannah, the largest such group to enter a colony up to that time.{{cite web \\|title\\=The Jewish Community of Savannah \\|url\\=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/savannah \\|publisher\\=The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot}}", "### Growth of the colony", "[thumb\\|right\\|190px\\|View of Savannah, 1734\\.](/wiki/File:A_view_of_Savannah_as_it_stood_the_29th_of_March_1734.jpg \"A view of Savannah as it stood the 29th of March 1734.jpg\")\nPrior to arriving in America, Oglethorpe developed an elaborate plan for the growth of towns and regions within the framework of a sustainable agrarian economy and the challenges presented by an often hostile frontier. Features of the plan, now known as [the Oglethorpe Plan](/wiki/The_Oglethorpe_Plan \"The Oglethorpe Plan\"), especially as it relates to town planning, have been preserved in Savannah, as well as in [Darien, Georgia](/wiki/Darien%2C_Georgia \"Darien, Georgia\") and at [Fort Frederica National Monument](/wiki/Fort_Frederica_National_Monument \"Fort Frederica National Monument\").Wilson, Thomas D. *The Oglethorpe Plan: Enlightenment Design in Savannah and Beyond.* Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2012\\. Chapter 4\\.", "Although religious toleration was beginning to emerge as a value during the Enlightenment, it was the pragmatic need to attract settlers that led to broad religious freedoms. South Carolina wanted German Lutherans, Scottish [Presbyterians](/wiki/Presbyterian \"Presbyterian\"), [Moravians](/wiki/Moravian_Church \"Moravian Church\"), French [Huguenots](/wiki/Huguenot \"Huguenot\") and Jews as a counter to the French and Spanish Catholic absolutist presence to the south, which was perceived by Georgian settlers as a threat to the freedoms they had traditionally held.Patricia U. Bonomi, \"Under the Cope of Heaven. Religion, Society and Politics in Colonial America\", Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 33", "After Georgia became a royal colony (1754\\), there were so many dissenters (Protestants of minority, non\\-Anglican denominations) that the establishment of the Church of England was successfully resisted until 1752\\. These dissenting churches were the mainstay of the American Revolutionary movement that culminated in a [war for independence from the British Crown](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\"). Through the patriotic and anti\\-authoritarian sermons of their ministers, these churches fostered and organized rebellion. Whereas the [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican \"Anglican\") Church tended to preach stability and loyalty to the Crown, Protestant sects preached heavily from the Old Testament, with its emphasis on freedom and equality of all men before God, and the moral responsibility to rebel against tyrants.Bonomi, 1986, Chapter 7 'Religion and the American Revolution'", "Over the next century and a half, Savannah welcomed numerous [European immigrants](/wiki/European_Americans \"European Americans\"); these included the [Irish](/wiki/Irish_Americans \"Irish Americans\"), the [French](/wiki/French_Americans \"French Americans\"), [Greeks](/wiki/Greek_Americans \"Greek Americans\") and others.", "In 1740 [George Whitefield](/wiki/George_Whitefield \"George Whitefield\") founded the [Bethesda Orphanage](/wiki/Bethesda_Orphanage \"Bethesda Orphanage\"), which is now the oldest extant orphanage in the U.S.", "[Solomon's Lodge](/wiki/Solomon%27s_Lodge%2C_Savannah \"Solomon's Lodge, Savannah\") was founded in 1734 by [James Oglethorpe](/wiki/James_Oglethorpe \"James Oglethorpe\"), and it is considered to be the oldest continuously operating [Masonic Lodge](/wiki/Masonic_Lodge \"Masonic Lodge\") in [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Hirschfeld\\|first\\=Fritz \\|title\\=George Washington and The Jews\\|publisher\\=University of Delaware Press\\|year\\=2005\\|pages\\=26\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-87413\\-927\\-3}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.glofga.org/history.html\\|title\\=Our History\\|publisher\\=Grand Lodge of Georgia\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-03\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064305/http://www.glofga.org/history.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-09\\-15\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.angelfire.com/ga/Solomon/home.html\\|title\\=Home page of Solomon's Lodge}} Originally called simply the Lodge of Savannah, it was officially renamed Solomon's Lodge in 1776\\.{{cite book\\|last\\=Tatsch\\|first\\=J. Hugo\\|title\\=Solomon's Lodge and Freemasonry in Georgia, Freemasonry in the Thirteen Colonies\\|publisher\\=Kessinger Publishing\\|year\\=1995\\|pages\\=75\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=MT8TG7sHDoAC\\&q\\=Solomon%27s\\+Lodge\\+Savannah\\&pg\\=PA75\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-56459\\-595\\-9}}", "### Province of Georgia", "The great experiment came to an end after Savannah and the rest of Georgia became a [Royal Colony](/wiki/Royal_Colony \"Royal Colony\") in 1754\\. Entrepreneurs and slaves were brought into the struggling colony, and Savannah was made the colonial capital of Georgia. The low marshes were converted into wild [rice fields](/wiki/Rice_field \"Rice field\") and tended by skilled slaves imported from [West Africa](/wiki/West_Africa \"West Africa\") (where these strains of rice had been grown by European colonists, who brought rice from its native Southeast Asia. However, attempts to establish a rice industry in Africa failed). The combination of European agricultural technology, and African labor, proved to be of great benefit for the city.", "Initially, [Creek](/wiki/Creek_people \"Creek people\") groups gradually ceded lands to European settlers. In 1763 the Creeks agreed to the first of several large land cessions. This first agreement gave Georgia the land between the Savannah and Ogeechee rivers, south of Augusta, along with coastal land between the Altamaha and St. Marys rivers. An additional two million acres (8000 km{{sup\\|2}}) of land between the Ogeechee and Altamaha rivers and the headwaters of the Oconee and Savannah rivers was ceded to Georgia by the Creeks and Cherokees in 1773\\.", "Additional fortune came to the city in 1763 following the [Treaty of Paris](/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281763%29 \"Treaty of Paris (1763)\"), which opened the interior of North America to economic interests in the American colonies. This was an important milestone in the development of Savannah, as it marks the beginning of economic ties to the interior. Trade, particularly the [trade of deerskins](/wiki/Fur_trading \"Fur trading\"), flourished along the upper Savannah River where skins were sent to Augusta and finally through Savannah for export to Europe. The establishment of a trading network on the Savannah River also curtailed [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina \"Charleston, South Carolina\")'s monopoly on the South Atlantic deerskin trade. Between 1764 and 1773 Savannah exported hides from 500,000 [deer](/wiki/Deer \"Deer\") (2 million pounds), which established the city as a significant commercial port on the South Atlantic coast.", "### American Revolution", "", "| {{hidden begin\\|title\\=Savannah and the American Revolution\\|bodyalign\\=left\\|titlebackground\\=\\#D2B48C\\|bodybackground\\=\\#fffefd\\|titlestyle\\=padding\\-center: 0\\.5em;}}For additional information you may also want to view the following articles: [Siege of Savannah](/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah \"Siege of Savannah\") {{hidden end}} |\n| --- |", "* [thumb\\|left\\|Plan of Savannah, 1779\\. From the I. N. Phelps Stokes Collection of American Historical Prints, [New York Public Library](/wiki/New_York_Public_Library \"New York Public Library\")](/wiki/File:Plan_of_Savannah_and_the_islands_and_country_around_it_%28NYPL_Hades-118275-54221%29.tif \"Plan of Savannah and the islands and country around it (NYPL Hades-118275-54221).tif\")", "In 1778 during the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\"), Savannah came under [British](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain \"Kingdom of Great Britain\") and [Loyalist](/wiki/Loyalist_%28American_Revolution%29 \"Loyalist (American Revolution)\") control.{{cite book\\|author\\=Chappell, Joseph Harris \\|title\\=Georgia History Stories. Chapter X: the Capture of Savanna\n\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=iO4XAAAAIAAJ\\&pg\\=PA131\\|year\\=1905\\|publisher\\=Silver, Burdett\\|pages\\=131–144}} At the [Siege of Savannah](/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah \"Siege of Savannah\") in 1779, American and [French](/wiki/France \"France\") troops fought unsuccessfully to retake the city.", "### Late 18th/Early 19th century", "On January 27, 1785, members of the State Assembly gathered in Savannah to found the nation's first state\\-chartered, public university—the [University of Georgia](/wiki/University_of_Georgia \"University of Georgia\") (in [Athens](/wiki/Athens%2C_Georgia \"Athens, Georgia\")). In 1792 the Savannah Golf Club opened within a mile of Fort Jackson, on what is now President Street. It is the first known American golf club. In 1804 [Candler Hospital](/wiki/Candler_Hospital_%28Savannah%29 \"Candler Hospital (Savannah)\") was founded, and is the second oldest hospital in America in continuous operation.", "On January 11, 1820, a fire broke out and burned a large section of the city, bringing nationwide attention to Savannah.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Mason\\|first1\\=Matthew\\|title\\='The Fire\\-Brand of Discord': The North, the South, and the Savannah Fire of 1820\\|journal\\=Georgia Historical Quarterly\\|date\\=2008\\|volume\\=92\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=443–459\\|url\\=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct\\=true\\&db\\=a9h\\&AN\\=36322077\\&site\\=eds\\-live\\&scope\\=site\\|access\\-date\\=14 February 2018}}", "A [yellow fever](/wiki/Yellow_fever \"Yellow fever\") epidemic struck Savannah in 1854, killing 650 residents.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Lockley\\|first1\\=Tim\\|title\\='Like a clap of thunder in a clear sky': differential mortality during Savannah's yellow fever epidemic of 1854\\|journal\\=Social History\\|date\\=2012\\|volume\\=37\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=166–186\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/03071022\\.2012\\.675657\\|s2cid\\=2571401\\|url\\=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/49566/1/WRAP\\_Lockley\\_9670721\\-hi\\-160114\\-like\\_a\\_clap\\_of\\_thunder\\_in\\_a\\_clear\\_sky.pdf}} Another followed in the summer of 1876, believed to have originated in the city, specifically from [J. W. Schull](/wiki/J._W._Schull \"J. W. Schull\"), a sailor who was taken ill on July 23 and died seven days later.{{Cite book \\|title\\=Public Health Papers and Reports, Volume 5 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[American Public Health Association]] \\|year\\=1880 \\|pages\\=89}}", "### American Civil War", "", "| {{hidden begin\\|title\\=Savannah and the Civil War\\|bodyalign\\=left\\|titlebackground\\=\\#D2B48C\\|bodybackground\\=\\#fffefd\\|titlestyle\\=padding\\-center: 0\\.5em;}}For additional information on Savannah and the American Civil War, you may wish to view the following articles: [Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 120](/wiki/Sherman%27s_Special_Field_Orders%2C_No._120 \"Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 120\") [Sherman's March to the Sea](/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea \"Sherman's March to the Sea\") [Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15](/wiki/Sherman%27s_Special_Field_Orders%2C_No._15 \"Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15\") {{hidden end}} |\n| --- |", "* + - {{quote box \\|quote \\= I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty guns and plenty of ammunition, also about twenty\\-five thousand bales of cotton.\\|source\\= — General \\[\\[William Tecumseh Sherman]] in a telegraphed message to President \\[\\[Abraham Lincoln]]}}", "In November 1864, two months after capturing the city of Atlanta, General [William Tecumseh Sherman](/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman \"William Tecumseh Sherman\") and his army of 62,000 men began the [march south to Savannah](/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea \"Sherman's March to the Sea\"). They lived off the land and, by Sherman's own estimate, caused more than $100 million in property damage in Georgia alone.Report by Maj. Gen. W.T. Sherman, January 1, 1865, quoted in Grimsley, p. 200 Sherman called this harsh tactic of material war \"hard war\" (in modern times known as [total war](/wiki/Total_war \"Total war\")).History Channel", "Sherman and his troops captured Savannah on December 22, 1864\\. Sherman then telegraphed his commander\\-in\\-chief, President [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln \"Abraham Lincoln\"), offering him the city as a Christmas present.\n{{clear}}", "### Late 19th century", "", "| [President Grover Cleveland](/wiki/Grover_Cleveland \"Grover Cleveland\") and his entourage paid a visit to Savannah in February 1888\\. Cleveland visited the new [Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Telfair_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences \"Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences\") gallery and officiated at the ceremony dedicating a monument of Revolutionary War hero Sergeant [William Jasper](/wiki/William_Jasper \"William Jasper\"). A 21\\-gun salute was given by the Chatham County artillery to honor the commander\\-in\\-chief.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=mJlXpPn1OlkC\\|title\\=Ebook on President Grover Cleveland's 1888 visit}} |\n| --- |", "As the 19th century progressed, Savannah's population increased slightly and its wealth exponentially, but its ranking among the largest U.S. cities steadily dropped. The city went from 41st most populous city in 1860 to 62nd in 1880 (the first year Atlanta exceeded Savannah as Georgia's largest city).", "Savannah was the 86th\\-largest city in 1910, and by 1930 it was no longer ranked in the top 100 most populous U.S. cities. Savannah State University was founded in 1890 and is the oldest African\\-American public college in Georgia.*Savannah, Georgia* by Charles J. Elmore Ph.D. page 7", "### 20th century", "[thumb\\|right\\|Savannah in the 1930s](/wiki/File:Georgia_-_Savannah_-_NARA_-_23937145_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Georgia - Savannah - NARA - 23937145 (cropped).jpg\")\nOn 5 February 1958, during a training mission flown by a [B\\-47](/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet \"Boeing B-47 Stratojet\"), a [Mark 15 nuclear bomb](/wiki/Mark_15_nuclear_bomb \"Mark 15 nuclear bomb\"), also known as the [Tybee Bomb](/wiki/Tybee_Bomb \"Tybee Bomb\"), was lost off the coast of [Tybee Island](/wiki/Tybee_Island%2C_Georgia \"Tybee Island, Georgia\") near Savannah. The bomb was thought by the Department of Energy to lie buried in silt at the bottom of [Wassaw Sound](/wiki/Wassaw_Sound \"Wassaw Sound\").{{cite news \\|title\\=For 50 Years, Nuclear Bomb Lost in Watery Grave \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\\=18587608\\&t\\=1566568815867 \\|work\\=NPR \\|date\\=February 3, 2008}}", "In December 1986, an oil tanker docked at the port of Savannah caused [an oil spill](/wiki/Amazon_Venture_oil_spill \"Amazon Venture oil spill\"), resulting in approximately {{Convert\\|500,000\\|gal\\|l}} of fuel oil leaking into the Savannah River.", "" ]
Economic development -------------------- [thumb\|right\|235px\|*View of Savannah from the River*, 1872, [wood engraving](/wiki/Wood_engraving "Wood engraving") by [Harry Fenn](/wiki/Harry_Fenn "Harry Fenn")](/wiki/File:View_of_Savannah_from_the_River.jpg "View of Savannah from the River.jpg") ### Cotton industry [thumb\|right\|235px\|The *Savannah Line Terminal* in the Harbor of New York City, Piers 34 and 35 (1893\)](/wiki/File:%28King1893NYC%29_pg101_OCEAN_STEAMSHIP_CO_OF_SAVANNAH%2C_PIERS_34_AND_35%2C_NORTH_RIVER.jpg "(King1893NYC) pg101 OCEAN STEAMSHIP CO OF SAVANNAH, PIERS 34 AND 35, NORTH RIVER.jpg") The Savannah Cotton Exchange was established in 1876 and made its permanent home on [Bay Street](/wiki/Bay_Street_%28Savannah%2C_Georgia%29 "Bay Street (Savannah, Georgia)") in 1883, with the warehouses down below on [River Street](/wiki/River_Street_%28Savannah%2C_Georgia%29 "River Street (Savannah, Georgia)"). The exchange was established to provide [King Cotton](/wiki/King_Cotton "King Cotton") factors, brokers serving planters' interest in the market, a place to congregate and set the market value of cotton exported to larger markets such as [New York](/wiki/New_York%2C_New_York "New York, New York") or [London](/wiki/London%2C_England "London, England"). By the end of the 19th century factorage was on the decline as more planters were selling their products at interior markets, thus merely shipping them from Savannah via the extensive [rail](/wiki/Railroad "Railroad") connections between the city and the interior. By 1870 three principal railroads—the [Central of Georgia Railway](/wiki/Central_of_Georgia_Railway "Central of Georgia Railway"), the [Savannah and Charleston](/wiki/Savannah_and_Charleston_Railroad "Savannah and Charleston Railroad") and the Savannah and Gulf—connected the city to markets along the coast and the interior. The Central of Georgia, whose principal shareholder was the city of Savannah, established its own [docks](/wiki/Dock_%28maritime%29 "Dock (maritime)") and [canals](/wiki/Canal "Canal") to the west of the existing Savannah riverfront. This marks the first shift of industrial\-commercial activity outside of the central plan of the city. An additional railroad was built extending from the Drayton Street Depot out to [Tybee Island](/wiki/Tybee_Island "Tybee Island") in 1887\. The rate, 1 cent per mile or 17\.7 cents each way, enabled city dwellers to escape to the ocean and spend their newfound leisure hours at the beach on Tybee Island. This became the first commuter line from Savannah to an outlying area. [thumb\|right\|235px\|*The City and Harbor of Savannah, Georgia*, 1883, by J. O. Davidson.](/wiki/File:City_and_Harbor_of_Savannah%2C_Georgia.jpg "City and Harbor of Savannah, Georgia.jpg") [right\|thumb\|Savannah cotton Exchange building](/wiki/File:Savannah_Cotton_Exchange%2C_Savannah%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg "Savannah Cotton Exchange, Savannah, GA, US.jpg") 19th\-century development in Savannah was dominated by the emergence of cotton as a widespread cash crop and a subsequent shift in the economy of the city. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 by [Eli Whitney](/wiki/Eli_Whitney "Eli Whitney") changed the face of agriculture in the American South. Whitney's gin was produced in response to the state of Georgia's appointed commission for the promotion of a gin suitable to remove seed from fibers on the short\-staple, green\-seed cotton. Whitney developed the gin at [Mulberry Grove Plantation](/wiki/Mulberry_Grove_Plantation "Mulberry Grove Plantation") outside Savannah while he was a tutor to the children of Revolutionary War General [Nathanael Greene](/wiki/Nathanael_Greene "Nathanael Greene"). Sea Island or long\-staple cotton had been very profitable in the years immediately following the Revolutionary War, but the production of this variety was relegated to the narrow coastal zone and would not grow in the upland interior of the South. Green\-seed cotton could be grown in the uplands but was difficult to process with the pre\-1793 roller gin; consequently, Whitney's invention opened the interior of the South to widespread cotton production. The development of Georgia's interior had a tremendous impact on Savannah, as cotton production was focused on lands newly appropriated from the Creeks along the upper [Savannah River](/wiki/Savannah_River "Savannah River"). Planters on both the Georgia and South Carolina sides of the river shipped their cotton downriver to market and export at Savannah. This increase in trade corresponds to the increase in population, as Savannah was the eighteenth\-largest urban area in the United States by 1820\. In 1818 shipping and business stopped temporarily when the city fell under [quarantine](/wiki/Quarantine "Quarantine") due to a [yellow fever](/wiki/Yellow_fever "Yellow fever") [epidemic](/wiki/Epidemic "Epidemic"). | {{hidden begin\|title\=Economic competition\|bodyalign\=left\|titlebackground\=\#D2B48C\|bodybackground\=\#fffefd\|titlestyle\=padding\-center: 0\.5em;}}This monopoly on the interior markets did not last long; in 1833, the [South Carolina Railroad](/wiki/South_Carolina_Railroad "South Carolina Railroad"), extending from Charleston to [Hamburg, South Carolina](/wiki/Hamburg%2C_South_Carolina "Hamburg, South Carolina"), was completed. The longest rail line of its day, the South Carolina Railroad was primarily built to redirect the export of cotton grown along the Savannah River through Charleston. The siphoning\-off of cotton markets along the upper Savannah prompted the increased interest in the development of north Georgia. The Central of Georgia Railroad was organized in 1833 to open a commercial line between Savannah and the vast interior of central and north Georgia. The forcible expulsion of nearly 18,000 Cherokees, following the [Indian Removal Act](/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act "Indian Removal Act") of 1830, ensured that north Georgia would be open to settlement and cotton production. The Central of Georgia Railroad extended to [Macon](/wiki/Macon%2C_Georgia "Macon, Georgia") by 1843 and to Terminus (later known as [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia "Atlanta, Georgia")) by 1846\. {{hidden end}} | | --- | In 1828, construction began on the [Savannah\-Ogeechee Canal](/wiki/Savannah-Ogeechee_Canal "Savannah-Ogeechee Canal"), a {{convert\|16\.5\|mi\|km\|adj\=on}} canal connecting the [Ogeechee River](/wiki/Ogeechee_River "Ogeechee River") to the southwest (near present\-day [Richmond Hill](/wiki/Richmond_Hill%2C_Georgia "Richmond Hill, Georgia")) and the Savannah River, slightly to the west of Savannah's newly established riverfront. The canal was completed in 1831, directing the resources of Georgia's south\-central interior to Savannah. The expansions of Savannah during the 1830s and 1840s led to the need for a new city map, which was published by [Edward A. Vincent](/wiki/Edward_A._Vincent "Edward A. Vincent") in 1853\. Despite its small population, Savannah amassed an enormous amount of wealth. By 1820, Savannah was exporting $18 million worth of goods. It is important to recognize, however, that this wealth came about as the result of both the removal of indigenous peoples from the interior as well as the [slave trade](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States "Slavery in the United States"). Although originally [banned from the colony](/wiki/Georgia_Experiment "Georgia Experiment") upon the insistence of Oglethorpe, the slave population exceeded the free population in Savannah by the end of the 18th century (5,146 free and 8,201 slave in 1800\). Little is known about the slave population of Savannah beyond what can be read in census information: between 1810 and 1830, there was a decrease in the number of slaves in the city, followed by an increase in the slave population from 9,478 in 1830 to 14,018 in 1850\. As the population of free people of color grew by 68 percent between 1850 and 1860, the slave population remained relatively stable. Additionally, Savannah retained a consistent number of free [African Americans](/wiki/African_Americans "African Americans") throughout the antebellum years (725 in 1860\), and they were engaged in a variety of entrepreneurial activities. ### Heavy industry and manufacturing [thumb\|Workers load a lumber schooner in Savannah, c. 1903](/wiki/File:Loading_a_lumber_schooner%2C_Savannah%2C_GA.jpg "Loading a lumber schooner, Savannah, GA.jpg") Diversification in Savannah's economy arrived as [heavy industry](/wiki/Heavy_industry "Heavy industry") and manufacturing entered into the region during the late 19th century and early 20th century. Union Camp, a division of the American Pulp and Paper Company, was established around the turn of the 20th century, locating its mill upriver from the historic core of the city. Contributing to the trend of upriver industrial development, the Kehoe Iron Works was established in 1883 by Irish immigrant William Kehoe. As working\-class residents began to move into neighborhoods adjacent to the new industries, the population of the densely packed historic core of the city began to dissipate. Additionally, building continued to the south, as the city experienced a 65 percent increase in population between 1900 and 1920 (54,244 in 1900 to 83,252 in 1920\). An additional boost to Savannah's economy arrived with the increased export of naval stores. Items such as [pitch](/wiki/Pitch_%28resin%29 "Pitch (resin)") and [turpentine](/wiki/Turpentine "Turpentine"), recovered from [South Atlantic yellow pine](/wiki/Longleaf_pine "Longleaf pine"), were essential in the manufacture and upkeep of wooden ships. In 1902 the naval stores industry was revolutionized by former University of Georgia chemist [Charles Herty](/wiki/Charles_Herty "Charles Herty"). Herty devised a method of collecting the raw [sap](/wiki/Sap "Sap") from yellow pine in nearby Statesboro, Ga., proved that the method was not only more effective than previous methods of extraction but also enabled the trees to live into maturity and be eventually harvested. The harvesting of yellow pine further diversified Savannah's economy as a [lumber](/wiki/Lumber "Lumber") exporter. By this time Savannah, with vast yellow pine forests extending far into Georgia's [coastal plain](/wiki/Coastal_plain "Coastal plain"), became the chief exporter of naval stores in the world. The [boll weevil](/wiki/Boll_weevil "Boll weevil") outbreak of the 1920s dealt a devastating blow to the cotton market of Savannah and the South in general. The naval stores industry also fell into decline by World War II as iron had largely replaced wood in the manufacture of ships. Savannah's economy continued to shift as more heavy industry was added upriver. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), Savannah manufacturing aided the [war effort](/wiki/War_effort "War effort") through the construction of [Liberty ships](/wiki/Liberty_ship "Liberty ship"), further shifting the population out of the historic core of the city. ### Development of the tourism industry In the 1930s and 1940s, some of the distinguished buildings in the historic district were demolished, and the trend appeared to be poised to accelerate in the 1950s when city plans were drafted to make downtown Savannah competitive with commercial development in the emerging suburbs. The threat of demolition of historic structures to make way for high\-rise buildings, parking, road widening, and freeways spurred concern over the city's historic legacy.Wilson, T., *The Oglethorpe Plan*, chapter 4\. In 1955, the demolition of the [City Market](/wiki/City_Market_%28Savannah%2C_Georgia%29 "City Market (Savannah, Georgia)") (1870\) on Ellis Square and the attempted demolition of the Davenport House (1821\) prompted seven Georgia women, led by Davenport descendant Lucy Barrow McIntire, to create the Historic Savannah Foundation. In the late 1950s, and throughout the 1960s, the foundation was able to halt some further destruction of historic buildings and to preserve original structures. In 1978 the [Savannah College of Art and Design](/wiki/Savannah_College_of_Art_and_Design "Savannah College of Art and Design") was founded, and rather than building one centralized campus, it began a process of renovation and adaptive reuse of many notable downtown buildings. These efforts, along with the work of the Historic Savannah Foundation and smaller preservation groups, have contributed greatly to Savannah's now\-famous rebirth. The city's popularity as a tourist destination, modest in the 1970s, grew in the 1980s and was solidified by the best\-selling 1994 book and 1997 motion picture *[Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil](/wiki/Midnight_in_the_Garden_of_Good_and_Evil "Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil")*, both set in Savannah. | {{hidden begin\|title\=Public drinking policy\|bodyalign\=left\|titlebackground\=\#D2B48C\|bodybackground\=\#fffefd\|titlestyle\=padding\-center: 0\.5em;}}Downtown Savannah's historic district is one of only five places in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") where possession and consumption of [open containers](/wiki/United_States_open_container_laws "United States open container laws") of [alcoholic beverages](/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage "Alcoholic beverage") are allowed on the street (but not in a vehicle), although they remain prohibited throughout the rest of Savannah. (Only one open plastic container is allowed per person over the age of 21, and it can be no larger than 16 ounces.){{cite web\|title\=Savannah City Code Section 6\-1215(b)\|url\=http://www.municode.com/resources/gateway.asp?pid\=11556\&sid\=10\|access\-date\=2007\-11\-28}} {{hidden end}} | | --- | Savannah has also become a popular destination for people to celebrate [St. Patrick's Day](/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day "St. Patrick's Day"), including the second\-largest parade in the United States. This is aided by a very lenient public drinking policy which allows open alcoholic beverages every day of the year in the Landmark Historic District.
[ "Economic development\n--------------------", "[thumb\\|right\\|235px\\|*View of Savannah from the River*, 1872, [wood engraving](/wiki/Wood_engraving \"Wood engraving\") by [Harry Fenn](/wiki/Harry_Fenn \"Harry Fenn\")](/wiki/File:View_of_Savannah_from_the_River.jpg \"View of Savannah from the River.jpg\")", "### Cotton industry", "[thumb\\|right\\|235px\\|The *Savannah Line Terminal* in the Harbor of New York City, Piers 34 and 35 (1893\\)](/wiki/File:%28King1893NYC%29_pg101_OCEAN_STEAMSHIP_CO_OF_SAVANNAH%2C_PIERS_34_AND_35%2C_NORTH_RIVER.jpg \"(King1893NYC) pg101 OCEAN STEAMSHIP CO OF SAVANNAH, PIERS 34 AND 35, NORTH RIVER.jpg\") \nThe Savannah Cotton Exchange was established in 1876 and made its permanent home on [Bay Street](/wiki/Bay_Street_%28Savannah%2C_Georgia%29 \"Bay Street (Savannah, Georgia)\") in 1883, with the warehouses down below on [River Street](/wiki/River_Street_%28Savannah%2C_Georgia%29 \"River Street (Savannah, Georgia)\"). The exchange was established to provide [King Cotton](/wiki/King_Cotton \"King Cotton\") factors, brokers serving planters' interest in the market, a place to congregate and set the market value of cotton exported to larger markets such as [New York](/wiki/New_York%2C_New_York \"New York, New York\") or [London](/wiki/London%2C_England \"London, England\"). By the end of the 19th century factorage was on the decline as more planters were selling their products at interior markets, thus merely shipping them from Savannah via the extensive [rail](/wiki/Railroad \"Railroad\") connections between the city and the interior.", "By 1870 three principal railroads—the [Central of Georgia Railway](/wiki/Central_of_Georgia_Railway \"Central of Georgia Railway\"), the [Savannah and Charleston](/wiki/Savannah_and_Charleston_Railroad \"Savannah and Charleston Railroad\") and the Savannah and Gulf—connected the city to markets along the coast and the interior. The Central of Georgia, whose principal shareholder was the city of Savannah, established its own [docks](/wiki/Dock_%28maritime%29 \"Dock (maritime)\") and [canals](/wiki/Canal \"Canal\") to the west of the existing Savannah riverfront. This marks the first shift of industrial\\-commercial activity outside of the central plan of the city. An additional railroad was built extending from the Drayton Street Depot out to [Tybee Island](/wiki/Tybee_Island \"Tybee Island\") in 1887\\. The rate, 1 cent per mile or 17\\.7 cents each way, enabled city dwellers to escape to the ocean and spend their newfound leisure hours at the beach on Tybee Island. This became the first commuter line from Savannah to an outlying area.\n[thumb\\|right\\|235px\\|*The City and Harbor of Savannah, Georgia*, 1883, by J. O. Davidson.](/wiki/File:City_and_Harbor_of_Savannah%2C_Georgia.jpg \"City and Harbor of Savannah, Georgia.jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|Savannah cotton Exchange building](/wiki/File:Savannah_Cotton_Exchange%2C_Savannah%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg \"Savannah Cotton Exchange, Savannah, GA, US.jpg\")", "19th\\-century development in Savannah was dominated by the emergence of cotton as a widespread cash crop and a subsequent shift in the economy of the city. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 by [Eli Whitney](/wiki/Eli_Whitney \"Eli Whitney\") changed the face of agriculture in the American South. Whitney's gin was produced in response to the state of Georgia's appointed commission for the promotion of a gin suitable to remove seed from fibers on the short\\-staple, green\\-seed cotton. Whitney developed the gin at [Mulberry Grove Plantation](/wiki/Mulberry_Grove_Plantation \"Mulberry Grove Plantation\") outside Savannah while he was a tutor to the children of Revolutionary War General [Nathanael Greene](/wiki/Nathanael_Greene \"Nathanael Greene\").", "Sea Island or long\\-staple cotton had been very profitable in the years immediately following the Revolutionary War, but the production of this variety was relegated to the narrow coastal zone and would not grow in the upland interior of the South. Green\\-seed cotton could be grown in the uplands but was difficult to process with the pre\\-1793 roller gin; consequently, Whitney's invention opened the interior of the South to widespread cotton production.", "The development of Georgia's interior had a tremendous impact on Savannah, as cotton production was focused on lands newly appropriated from the Creeks along the upper [Savannah River](/wiki/Savannah_River \"Savannah River\"). Planters on both the Georgia and South Carolina sides of the river shipped their cotton downriver to market and export at Savannah. This increase in trade corresponds to the increase in population, as Savannah was the eighteenth\\-largest urban area in the United States by 1820\\. In 1818 shipping and business stopped temporarily when the city fell under [quarantine](/wiki/Quarantine \"Quarantine\") due to a [yellow fever](/wiki/Yellow_fever \"Yellow fever\") [epidemic](/wiki/Epidemic \"Epidemic\").", "", "| {{hidden begin\\|title\\=Economic competition\\|bodyalign\\=left\\|titlebackground\\=\\#D2B48C\\|bodybackground\\=\\#fffefd\\|titlestyle\\=padding\\-center: 0\\.5em;}}This monopoly on the interior markets did not last long; in 1833, the [South Carolina Railroad](/wiki/South_Carolina_Railroad \"South Carolina Railroad\"), extending from Charleston to [Hamburg, South Carolina](/wiki/Hamburg%2C_South_Carolina \"Hamburg, South Carolina\"), was completed. The longest rail line of its day, the South Carolina Railroad was primarily built to redirect the export of cotton grown along the Savannah River through Charleston. The siphoning\\-off of cotton markets along the upper Savannah prompted the increased interest in the development of north Georgia. The Central of Georgia Railroad was organized in 1833 to open a commercial line between Savannah and the vast interior of central and north Georgia. The forcible expulsion of nearly 18,000 Cherokees, following the [Indian Removal Act](/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act \"Indian Removal Act\") of 1830, ensured that north Georgia would be open to settlement and cotton production. The Central of Georgia Railroad extended to [Macon](/wiki/Macon%2C_Georgia \"Macon, Georgia\") by 1843 and to Terminus (later known as [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia \"Atlanta, Georgia\")) by 1846\\. {{hidden end}} |\n| --- |", "In 1828, construction began on the [Savannah\\-Ogeechee Canal](/wiki/Savannah-Ogeechee_Canal \"Savannah-Ogeechee Canal\"), a {{convert\\|16\\.5\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} canal connecting the [Ogeechee River](/wiki/Ogeechee_River \"Ogeechee River\") to the southwest (near present\\-day [Richmond Hill](/wiki/Richmond_Hill%2C_Georgia \"Richmond Hill, Georgia\")) and the Savannah River, slightly to the west of Savannah's newly established riverfront. The canal was completed in 1831, directing the resources of Georgia's south\\-central interior to Savannah. The expansions of Savannah during the 1830s and 1840s led to the need for a new city map, which was published by [Edward A. Vincent](/wiki/Edward_A._Vincent \"Edward A. Vincent\") in 1853\\.", "Despite its small population, Savannah amassed an enormous amount of wealth. By 1820, Savannah was exporting $18 million worth of goods. It is important to recognize, however, that this wealth came about as the result of both the removal of indigenous peoples from the interior as well as the [slave trade](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States \"Slavery in the United States\"). Although originally [banned from the colony](/wiki/Georgia_Experiment \"Georgia Experiment\") upon the insistence of Oglethorpe, the slave population exceeded the free population in Savannah by the end of the 18th century (5,146 free and 8,201 slave in 1800\\). Little is known about the slave population of Savannah beyond what can be read in census information: between 1810 and 1830, there was a decrease in the number of slaves in the city, followed by an increase in the slave population from 9,478 in 1830 to 14,018 in 1850\\. As the population of free people of color grew by 68 percent between 1850 and 1860, the slave population remained relatively stable. Additionally, Savannah retained a consistent number of free [African Americans](/wiki/African_Americans \"African Americans\") throughout the antebellum years (725 in 1860\\), and they were engaged in a variety of entrepreneurial activities.", "### Heavy industry and manufacturing", "[thumb\\|Workers load a lumber schooner in Savannah, c. 1903](/wiki/File:Loading_a_lumber_schooner%2C_Savannah%2C_GA.jpg \"Loading a lumber schooner, Savannah, GA.jpg\")\nDiversification in Savannah's economy arrived as [heavy industry](/wiki/Heavy_industry \"Heavy industry\") and manufacturing entered into the region during the late 19th century and early 20th century. Union Camp, a division of the American Pulp and Paper Company, was established around the turn of the 20th century, locating its mill upriver from the historic core of the city. Contributing to the trend of upriver industrial development, the Kehoe Iron Works was established in 1883 by Irish immigrant William Kehoe.", "As working\\-class residents began to move into neighborhoods adjacent to the new industries, the population of the densely packed historic core of the city began to dissipate. Additionally, building continued to the south, as the city experienced a 65 percent increase in population between 1900 and 1920 (54,244 in 1900 to 83,252 in 1920\\).", "An additional boost to Savannah's economy arrived with the increased export of naval stores. Items such as [pitch](/wiki/Pitch_%28resin%29 \"Pitch (resin)\") and [turpentine](/wiki/Turpentine \"Turpentine\"), recovered from [South Atlantic yellow pine](/wiki/Longleaf_pine \"Longleaf pine\"), were essential in the manufacture and upkeep of wooden ships. In 1902 the naval stores industry was revolutionized by former University of Georgia chemist [Charles Herty](/wiki/Charles_Herty \"Charles Herty\"). Herty devised a method of collecting the raw [sap](/wiki/Sap \"Sap\") from yellow pine in nearby Statesboro, Ga., proved that the method was not only more effective than previous methods of extraction but also enabled the trees to live into maturity and be eventually harvested. The harvesting of yellow pine further diversified Savannah's economy as a [lumber](/wiki/Lumber \"Lumber\") exporter. By this time Savannah, with vast yellow pine forests extending far into Georgia's [coastal plain](/wiki/Coastal_plain \"Coastal plain\"), became the chief exporter of naval stores in the world.", "The [boll weevil](/wiki/Boll_weevil \"Boll weevil\") outbreak of the 1920s dealt a devastating blow to the cotton market of Savannah and the South in general. The naval stores industry also fell into decline by World War II as iron had largely replaced wood in the manufacture of ships. Savannah's economy continued to shift as more heavy industry was added upriver. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), Savannah manufacturing aided the [war effort](/wiki/War_effort \"War effort\") through the construction of [Liberty ships](/wiki/Liberty_ship \"Liberty ship\"), further shifting the population out of the historic core of the city.", "### Development of the tourism industry", "In the 1930s and 1940s, some of the distinguished buildings in the historic district were demolished, and the trend appeared to be poised to accelerate in the 1950s when city plans were drafted to make downtown Savannah competitive with commercial development in the emerging suburbs. The threat of demolition of historic structures to make way for high\\-rise buildings, parking, road widening, and freeways spurred concern over the city's historic legacy.Wilson, T., *The Oglethorpe Plan*, chapter 4\\. In 1955, the demolition of the [City Market](/wiki/City_Market_%28Savannah%2C_Georgia%29 \"City Market (Savannah, Georgia)\") (1870\\) on Ellis Square and the attempted demolition of the Davenport House (1821\\) prompted seven Georgia women, led by Davenport descendant Lucy Barrow McIntire, to create the Historic Savannah Foundation. In the late 1950s, and throughout the 1960s, the foundation was able to halt some further destruction of historic buildings and to preserve original structures. In 1978 the [Savannah College of Art and Design](/wiki/Savannah_College_of_Art_and_Design \"Savannah College of Art and Design\") was founded, and rather than building one centralized campus, it began a process of renovation and adaptive reuse of many notable downtown buildings. These efforts, along with the work of the Historic Savannah Foundation and smaller preservation groups, have contributed greatly to Savannah's now\\-famous rebirth.", "The city's popularity as a tourist destination, modest in the 1970s, grew in the 1980s and was solidified by the best\\-selling 1994 book and 1997 motion picture *[Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil](/wiki/Midnight_in_the_Garden_of_Good_and_Evil \"Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil\")*, both set in Savannah.", "", "| {{hidden begin\\|title\\=Public drinking policy\\|bodyalign\\=left\\|titlebackground\\=\\#D2B48C\\|bodybackground\\=\\#fffefd\\|titlestyle\\=padding\\-center: 0\\.5em;}}Downtown Savannah's historic district is one of only five places in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") where possession and consumption of [open containers](/wiki/United_States_open_container_laws \"United States open container laws\") of [alcoholic beverages](/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage \"Alcoholic beverage\") are allowed on the street (but not in a vehicle), although they remain prohibited throughout the rest of Savannah. (Only one open plastic container is allowed per person over the age of 21, and it can be no larger than 16 ounces.){{cite web\\|title\\=Savannah City Code Section 6\\-1215(b)\\|url\\=http://www.municode.com/resources/gateway.asp?pid\\=11556\\&sid\\=10\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-28}} {{hidden end}} |\n| --- |", "Savannah has also become a popular destination for people to celebrate [St. Patrick's Day](/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day \"St. Patrick's Day\"), including the second\\-largest parade in the United States. This is aided by a very lenient public drinking policy which allows open alcoholic beverages every day of the year in the Landmark Historic District.", "" ]
Plot ---- This film, together with *[My Father's Glory](/wiki/My_Father%27s_Glory_%28film%29 "My Father's Glory (film)")*, is set in the period between 1900 and the First World War in 1914\. Following the summer holiday which features in *[My Father's Glory](/wiki/My_Father%27s_Glory_%28film%29 "My Father's Glory (film)")*, the family returns to [Marseilles](/wiki/Marseilles "Marseilles") but Marcel still yearns for the hills. His wish is granted when they return for the Christmas holiday, much to Marcel's delight. Although only a few kilometers outside Marseilles, the journey to the holiday home is time consuming as [public transport](/wiki/Public_transport "Public transport") takes them only a short portion of the way and the rest is a walk along a long, winding road. Marcel then tells of an encounter with a girl, Isabelle. He meets her while out in the hills collecting thyme for his mother, and they plan to meet at her house in the future to play. On his first visit to her house he meets her mother, an eccentric who appears to disapprove of his scruffy demeanour. On a subsequent visit, Marcel meets her father, another eccentric who drinks [absinthe](/wiki/Absinthe "Absinthe") to aid his poetic composition. Isabelle herself is also a bit strange, always dressing up in different dresses, and demanding that Marcel dress up as a dog, a soldier, and a slave. When they play, Isabelle commands Marcel to do various tasks, which he obliges. At one point, she tells him to close his eyes and open his mouth. She then feeds him a grasshopper. Lili and Paul, Marcel's younger brother, observe this, and they report it to Marcel's father. He then forbids Marcel to continue meeting "with that crazy girl". Marcel later observes the departure of Isabelle and her family. One day, when travelling to their house, the family encounters one of Marcel's father's former pupils, who now works in maintaining a canal which runs from the hills into Marseilles. The canal runs across private estates and so he is issued with a key which allows him to pass through several locked doors along the towpath. The employee points out to the family that this is a shortcut which will allow them to reach their house in a fraction of the journey time and offers them his spare key. Marcel's father, being honest and upright realises that this would amount to trespassing. He nevertheless accepts the key after much persuasion from his family for use in an emergency. Despite his reservations, the family use the key more and more and the reduced journey time allows them to visit the holiday home every weekend. They still have an apprehension each time they unlock a door fearing they will be caught. As time passes, however, they encounter the owner of one property and the groundsman of another, who are friendly and quite happy that they cross their land. At the beginning of the summer holidays they make the journey again and Marcel's mother feels a great fear and trepidation of meeting the owner. When they reach the final door they discover it has been padlocked. They are confronted by the caretaker of the final property who has been watching them for some time and who decides to make an official report. Marcel's father is devastated, believing a complaint could damage his career prospects and he could possibly lose his job as a [school teacher](/wiki/Teacher "Teacher"). The employees of the canal however, confront the caretaker threatening him with prosecution for having unlawfully padlocked one of the company's doors. The caretaker withdraws his complaint against Marcel's family and the matter is concluded. Unfortunately during the ordeal between the canal workers and the caretaker they take the padlock, put it around the gate, and give the key to his dog so he can't leave the estate. The epilogue mentions that uncle Jules hired a carriage for the family. The film jumps 5 years to the future, telling of the death of Marcel's mother. It also tells of Lili and Paul: Paul was a goatherd in the countryside of the Provence, until his sudden death at the age of 31\. Lili is killed in 1917, during the First World War. Marcel is the only one left of their childhood company, now a successful [film director](/wiki/Film_director "Film director"). His company has purchased a large old house in the Marseilles area to turn into a [film studio](/wiki/Film_studio "Film studio"). When walking through the grounds he sees a familiar door and realizes that this is the last property on his childhood journey to his [holiday home](/wiki/Holiday_home "Holiday home"). In a burst of rage he picks up a rock and smashes the door and thus ends a bad spell.
[ "Plot\n----", "This film, together with *[My Father's Glory](/wiki/My_Father%27s_Glory_%28film%29 \"My Father's Glory (film)\")*, is set in the period between 1900 and the First World War in 1914\\. Following the summer holiday which features in *[My Father's Glory](/wiki/My_Father%27s_Glory_%28film%29 \"My Father's Glory (film)\")*, the family returns to [Marseilles](/wiki/Marseilles \"Marseilles\") but Marcel still yearns for the hills. His wish is granted when they return for the Christmas holiday, much to Marcel's delight. Although only a few kilometers outside Marseilles, the journey to the holiday home is time consuming as [public transport](/wiki/Public_transport \"Public transport\") takes them only a short portion of the way and the rest is a walk along a long, winding road.", "Marcel then tells of an encounter with a girl, Isabelle. He meets her while out in the hills collecting thyme for his mother, and they plan to meet at her house in the future to play. On his first visit to her house he meets her mother, an eccentric who appears to disapprove of his scruffy demeanour. On a subsequent visit, Marcel meets her father, another eccentric who drinks [absinthe](/wiki/Absinthe \"Absinthe\") to aid his poetic composition. Isabelle herself is also a bit strange, always dressing up in different dresses, and demanding that Marcel dress up as a dog, a soldier, and a slave. When they play, Isabelle commands Marcel to do various tasks, which he obliges. At one point, she tells him to close his eyes and open his mouth. She then feeds him a grasshopper. Lili and Paul, Marcel's younger brother, observe this, and they report it to Marcel's father. He then forbids Marcel to continue meeting \"with that crazy girl\". Marcel later observes the departure of Isabelle and her family.", "One day, when travelling to their house, the family encounters one of Marcel's father's former pupils, who now works in maintaining a canal which runs from the hills into Marseilles. The canal runs across private estates and so he is issued with a key which allows him to pass through several locked doors along the towpath. The employee points out to the family that this is a shortcut which will allow them to reach their house in a fraction of the journey time and offers them his spare key. Marcel's father, being honest and upright realises that this would amount to trespassing. He nevertheless accepts the key after much persuasion from his family for use in an emergency.", "Despite his reservations, the family use the key more and more and the reduced journey time allows them to visit the holiday home every weekend. They still have an apprehension each time they unlock a door fearing they will be caught. As time passes, however, they encounter the owner of one property and the groundsman of another, who are friendly and quite happy that they cross their land.", "At the beginning of the summer holidays they make the journey again and Marcel's mother feels a great fear and trepidation of meeting the owner. When they reach the final door they discover it has been padlocked. They are confronted by the caretaker of the final property who has been watching them for some time and who decides to make an official report.", "Marcel's father is devastated, believing a complaint could damage his career prospects and he could possibly lose his job as a [school teacher](/wiki/Teacher \"Teacher\"). The employees of the canal however, confront the caretaker threatening him with prosecution for having unlawfully padlocked one of the company's doors. The caretaker withdraws his complaint against Marcel's family and the matter is concluded. Unfortunately during the ordeal between the canal workers and the caretaker they take the padlock, put it around the gate, and give the key to his dog so he can't leave the estate.", "The epilogue mentions that uncle Jules hired a carriage for the family. The film jumps 5 years to the future, telling of the death of Marcel's mother. It also tells of Lili and Paul: Paul was a goatherd in the countryside of the Provence, until his sudden death at the age of 31\\. Lili is killed in 1917, during the First World War. Marcel is the only one left of their childhood company, now a successful [film director](/wiki/Film_director \"Film director\"). His company has purchased a large old house in the Marseilles area to turn into a [film studio](/wiki/Film_studio \"Film studio\"). When walking through the grounds he sees a familiar door and realizes that this is the last property on his childhood journey to his [holiday home](/wiki/Holiday_home \"Holiday home\"). In a burst of rage he picks up a rock and smashes the door and thus ends a bad spell.", "" ]
Early years in the VFL: 1897–1915 --------------------------------- St Kilda's early years in the Victorian Football League were not successful, finishing last in nine of the first 14 seasons. In 1899, St Kilda scored the lowest score ever recorded in a VFL/AFL match, one point against Geelong (who scored 162\).[Jim Main](/wiki/Jim_Main "Jim Main"), *Aussie Rules for dummies* (2nd edition, 2008\) p 45\. In 1897, 1898 and 1899 St Kilda finished eighth on the ladder. In the opening round of 1900 St Kilda and Melbourne tied, but a St Kilda protest over an incorrectly awarded point was upheld. The relief was only temporary as the team lost every other game for the year. By an ironical twist, Melbourne went on to the premiership. The Saints finished last on the ladder again in 1901 and 1902, setting a record for ineptitude unequalled in a major Australian football league until [Sturt](/wiki/Sturt_Football_Club "Sturt Football Club") took its seventh consecutive wooden spoon in [the 1995 season](/wiki/1995_Sturt_Football_Club_season "1995 Sturt Football Club season") and finished with eight consecutive from 1989 to 1996\.[Sturt football Club Biography](http://australianfootball.com/clubs/bio/Sturt/322) In 1903 St Kilda finished fifth on the ladder. In 1904 a committee shake\-up heralded a bold new recruiting drive and the club netted much\-travelled ruckman Vic Cumberland and champion Tasmanian rover Vic Barwick, but in 1904 St Kilda finished eighth on the ladder and in 1905 seventh. Within two years of the bold new recruiting drive the brilliant young forward Dave McNamara and a talented batch of interstate men were on the books and St Kilda rose to sixth place in 1906\. The St Kilda team took the football world by storm early in 1907 by winning the opening six games. Six successive wins to start the 1907 season saw the club make the finals for the first time, finishing third with nine wins and eight losses. St Kilda 4\.11 (35\) were beaten by Carlton 13\.13 (91\) in the club's first VFL final by 56 points in front of 26,100 at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG). The team again finished third in 1908 and qualified for the finals again. St Kilda 3\.8 (26\) were eliminated by Carlton 12\.12 (84\) by 58 points in front of 25,531 at the MCG. In 1909 and 1010 St Kilda finished last on the ladder after a protest by [Geelong](/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club "Geelong Football Club") over the eligibility of Bill Stewart whom the Saints played when suspended, second last in 1911 and third last in 1912\. ### 1913 season In the 1913 season, St Kilda finished fourth and made a storming run to the 1913 finals. In the Preliminary Final St Kilda 10\.10 (70\) defeated Fitzroy 6\.9 (45\), in front of 54,846 at the MCG making it into the grand final. St Kilda ended up playing Fitzroy for the Premiership in the [1913 Grand Final](/wiki/1913_VFL_Grand_Final "1913 VFL Grand Final") for the first time in the club's history. The match became a nightmare for the Saints when they hadn't scored a goal by half\-time. At the last change they trailed by 25 points.[1913 VFL Grand Final statistics](http://afltables.com/afl/stats/games/1913/061519130927.html) Suddenly St Kilda sparked to life and four goals brought the within a point.Ross, J. (ed), *100 Years of Australian Football 1897–1996: The Complete Story of the AFL, All the Big Stories, All the Great Pictures, All the Champions, Every AFL Season Reported*, Viking, (Ringwood), 1996\. {{ISBN\|0\-670\-86814\-0}} St Kilda charged forward again and landed the ball with Baird who marked within scoring range, yet amazingly tried to handpass to Morissey who hurriedly shot for goal, scoring just a point. Fitzroy then scored two more goals to win by 13 points.*The Complete History of Every club in the VFL/AFL* p 323\. Fitzroy 7\-14 (56\) to St Kilda 5\-13 (43\). ### 1914 and 1915 seasons In the 1914 season the St Kilda finished seventh on the ladder and did not make the finals. In 1915 they were also disappointing as the club finished eighth on the ladder. Due to World War I, the St Kilda team were in recess in 1916 and 1917\.
[ "Early years in the VFL: 1897–1915\n---------------------------------", "St Kilda's early years in the Victorian Football League were not successful, finishing last in nine of the first 14 seasons. In 1899, St Kilda scored the lowest score ever recorded in a VFL/AFL match, one point against Geelong (who scored 162\\).[Jim Main](/wiki/Jim_Main \"Jim Main\"), *Aussie Rules for dummies* (2nd edition, 2008\\) p 45\\.", "In 1897, 1898 and 1899 St Kilda finished eighth on the ladder. In the opening round of 1900 St Kilda and Melbourne tied, but a St Kilda protest over an incorrectly awarded point was upheld. The relief was only temporary as the team lost every other game for the year. By an ironical twist, Melbourne went on to the premiership. The Saints finished last on the ladder again in 1901 and 1902, setting a record for ineptitude unequalled in a major Australian football league until [Sturt](/wiki/Sturt_Football_Club \"Sturt Football Club\") took its seventh consecutive wooden spoon in [the 1995 season](/wiki/1995_Sturt_Football_Club_season \"1995 Sturt Football Club season\") and finished with eight consecutive from 1989 to 1996\\.[Sturt football Club Biography](http://australianfootball.com/clubs/bio/Sturt/322) In 1903 St Kilda finished fifth on the ladder. In 1904 a committee shake\\-up heralded a bold new recruiting drive and the club netted much\\-travelled ruckman Vic Cumberland and champion Tasmanian rover Vic Barwick, but in 1904 St Kilda finished eighth on the ladder and in 1905 seventh. Within two years of the bold new recruiting drive the brilliant young forward Dave McNamara and a talented batch of interstate men were on the books and St Kilda rose to sixth place in 1906\\.", "The St Kilda team took the football world by storm early in 1907 by winning the opening six games. Six successive wins to start the 1907 season saw the club make the finals for the first time, finishing third with nine wins and eight losses. St Kilda 4\\.11 (35\\) were beaten by Carlton 13\\.13 (91\\) in the club's first VFL final by 56 points in front of 26,100 at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG). The team again finished third in 1908 and qualified for the finals again. St Kilda 3\\.8 (26\\) were eliminated by Carlton 12\\.12 (84\\) by 58 points in front of 25,531 at the MCG. In 1909 and 1010 St Kilda finished last on the ladder after a protest by [Geelong](/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club \"Geelong Football Club\") over the eligibility of Bill Stewart whom the Saints played when suspended, second last in 1911 and third last in 1912\\.", "### 1913 season", "In the 1913 season, St Kilda finished fourth and made a storming run to the 1913 finals. In the Preliminary Final St Kilda 10\\.10 (70\\) defeated Fitzroy 6\\.9 (45\\), in front of 54,846 at the MCG making it into the grand final. St Kilda ended up playing Fitzroy for the Premiership in the [1913 Grand Final](/wiki/1913_VFL_Grand_Final \"1913 VFL Grand Final\") for the first time in the club's history. The match became a nightmare for the Saints when they hadn't scored a goal by half\\-time. At the last change they trailed by 25 points.[1913 VFL Grand Final statistics](http://afltables.com/afl/stats/games/1913/061519130927.html) Suddenly St Kilda sparked to life and four goals brought the within a point.Ross, J. (ed), *100 Years of Australian Football 1897–1996: The Complete Story of the AFL, All the Big Stories, All the Great Pictures, All the Champions, Every AFL Season Reported*, Viking, (Ringwood), 1996\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-670\\-86814\\-0}} St Kilda charged forward again and landed the ball with Baird who marked within scoring range, yet amazingly tried to handpass to Morissey who hurriedly shot for goal, scoring just a point. Fitzroy then scored two more goals to win by 13 points.*The Complete History of Every club in the VFL/AFL* p 323\\. Fitzroy 7\\-14 (56\\) to St Kilda 5\\-13 (43\\).", "### 1914 and 1915 seasons", "In the 1914 season the St Kilda finished seventh on the ladder and did not make the finals. In 1915 they were also disappointing as the club finished eighth on the ladder. Due to World War I, the St Kilda team were in recess in 1916 and 1917\\.", "" ]
1960–73 ------- In 1961, after finishing sixth in 1960, [Allan Jeans](/wiki/Allan_Jeans "Allan Jeans") was appointed coach. St Kilda made the final four for the first time since 1939, finishing third with eleven wins and seven losses. However, with star full\-back [Verdun Howell](/wiki/Verdun_Howell "Verdun Howell") unfit, the club lost to [Footscray](/wiki/Footscray_Football_Club "Footscray Football Club") 9\.15 (69\) to St Kilda 8\.12 (60\) in the first semi\-final, in front of 86,411 at the MCG. In 1962 [St Kilda Football Club](/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club "St Kilda Football Club") finished 9th on the Ladder with a modest nine wins and nine losses during the home and away season. St Kilda had a convincing sequence of six consecutive wins ever over the last six rounds of the 1963 season to finish in fourth position with 13 wins (52 premiership points), two premiership points behind minor premiers Hawthorn. The club lost to [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne") 9\.17 (71\) to St Kilda 8\.16 (64\) in the first semi\-final, in front of 88,914 at the MCG. In 1964 St Kilda was defeated in the final of the [Consolation Night Series](/wiki/1964_VFL_season "1964 VFL season") competition, a competition played at night at the end of the home and away rounds between the eight teams that finished between 5th and 12th and failed to qualify for the VFL Premiership Season Finals Series. St Kilda was defeated by Footscray 11\.12 (78\) to 11\.7 (73\) in the final. | **[1965 VFL SEASON](/wiki/1965_VFL_season "1965 VFL season")** | | --- | | **1st Minor Premiership** | After the 1964 season, the club moved to [Moorabbin Oval](/wiki/Moorabbin_Oval "Moorabbin Oval") in the south\-eastern suburbs of [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne") in an effort to attract the population of a rapidly growing region. The move was a success and in 1965 St Kilda finished a game clear on top of the [standings](/wiki/1965_VFL_season "1965 VFL season") with 14 wins and 4 losses, qualifying for the finals series in first position and winning the minor premiership for the first time in 1965\. [Ian Stewart](/wiki/Ian_Stewart_%28Australian_rules_footballer%29 "Ian Stewart (Australian rules footballer)") won the 1965 [Brownlow Medal](/wiki/Brownlow_Medal "Brownlow Medal"). Finishing second on the table St Kilda went into the 1965 Finals Series confident. In the second semi final St Kilda 13\.24 (102\) defeated Collingwood 14\.17 (101\) by 1 point in front of 98,395 at the MCG on the 11/9/1965, which meant that they progressed to the Grand Final. St Kilda played in the Grand Final against the Essendon Football Club and lost 14\.21 (105\) to St Kilda's 9\.16 (70\) in front of 104,846 at the MCG on the 25/9/1965\. ### 1966 season In round 1 of the 1966 VFL season, St Kilda thrashed Melbourne by 76 points at the MCG. This was followed by a 53\-point win against Carlton the following round at Moorabbin Oval. In Round 3, St Kilda continued its winning streak by defeating North Melbourne 9\.13\.67 to St Kilda 15\.13\.103 and followed this by pushing aside Geelong the next week by 43 points. In the following rounds St Kilda defeated South Melbourne by 42 points, Fitzroy by 64 points, Hawthorn by 24 points and Essendon by 7 points. In Round 9, St Kilda's undefeated streak came to an end when they were defeated by Richmond at the MCG by 35 points. St Kilda were thrashed by Collingwood the following round at Victoria Park by 72 points. St Kilda won their next two games against Footscray and Melbourne before being defeated by Carlton by 16 points in Round 13\. St Kilda's 38 point win against North Melbourne was followed by a loss to Geelong in round 15 by 23 points. St Kilda then won its final 3 games against South Melbourne, Fitzroy and Hawthorn. St Kilda finished with 14 wins and 4 losses, qualifying for the finals in second place and Ian Stewart won his second consecutive [Brownlow Medal](/wiki/Brownlow_Medal "Brownlow Medal"). {{Aussie rules team\|align\=right \| title \= St Kilda 1966 Grand Final Side \| backpocket1 \= \[\[Rodger Head]] \| fullback \= \[\[Bob Murray (Australian footballer)\|Bob Murray]] \| backpocket2 \= \[\[Brian Sierakowski]] \| halfbackflank1 \= \[\[Verdun Howell]] \| centrehalfback \= \[\[Ian Synman]] \| halfbackflank2 \= \[\[John Bingley]] \| wing1 \= \[\[Jeff Moran]] \| centre \= \[\[Ian Stewart (Australian rules footballer)\|Ian Stewart]] \| wing2 \= \[\[Jim Read (footballer)\|Jim Read]] \| halfforwardflank1 \= \[\[Ian Cooper (Australian footballer born 1946\)\|Ian Cooper]] \| centrehalfforward \= \[\[Darrel Baldock]] (c) \| halfforwardflank2 \= \[\[Barry Breen]] \| forwardpocket1 \= \[\[Alan Morrow]] \| fullforward \= \[\[Kevin Neale]] \| forwardpocket2 \= \[\[Allan Davis (footballer)\|Allan Davis]] \| ruck \= \[\[Brian Mynott]] \| ruckrover \= \[\[Daryl Griffiths (Australian rules footballer)\|Daryl Griffiths]] \| rover \= \[\[Ross G. Smith\|Ross Smith]] \| reserve1 \= \[\[Travis Payze]] \| reserve2 \= \[\[Kevin Billing]] \| coach \= \[\[Allan Jeans]]}} | **[1966 VFL Grand Final](/wiki/1966_VFL_Grand_Final "1966 VFL Grand Final")** | | --- | | **1st Premiership** | The 1966 finals series saw St Kilda play Collingwood in the first semi\-final, in which St Kilda lost 13\.11 (89\) to Collingwood 15\.9 (99\) in front of 95,614 at the MCG. This took St Kilda to the preliminary in which St Kilda 15\.4 (94\) defeated Essendon 7\.10 (52\) in front of 93,543 at the MCG. This took St Kilda to the grand final against Collingwood. Twenty\-five minutes into the final quarter and with scores level, Collingwood's Wayne Richardson had a shot at goal on the run but kicked it out of bounds on the full. St Kilda then began to work the ball out of defence after winning the boundary throw in. A kick from Ian Cooper saw the ball make its way to centre half forward. Collingwood defender Ted Potter failed to mark the ball low down and with the players scrummaging for the ball a bounce was called. Brian Mynott won the tap for the Saints but it was intercepted by Potter who was quickly tackled. Potter however managed to get out a hand pass but it found its way to St Kilda's Barry Breen who snapped at goal and kicked a behind to put his side in front. With about a minute left on the clock, Collingwood were able to work the ball towards their forward line. Robert Murray, however, was able to take a mark at centre half back and the siren sounded after he kicked the ball towards the wing. St Kilda defeated Collingwood in the [1966 grand final](/wiki/1966_VFL_Grand_Final "1966 VFL Grand Final") 10\-14 (74\) to 10\-13 (73\), winning the premiership for the first time. ### Post 1966 In the 1967 VFL Season, Ross Smith won the league's highest individual award, the Brownlow Medal. The 1968 season saw the Saints qualify fourth with 14 wins, 5 losses and a draw. In the 1968 Finals Series St Kilda played Geelong in the First Semi\-final. St Kilda lost 11\.17 (83\) to Geelong 19\.13 (127\) at the MCG in front of 98,885 people. A disappointing seventh place home and away season finish in 1969 was followed by another finals appearance in 1970, where St Kilda qualified in third place with 14 wins and 8 losses. The St Kilda Football Club qualified for the 1970 Finals Series, in which it played South Melbourne in the First Semi\-final. St Kilda ended up winning the match by 53 points, 22\.11 (143\) to South Melbourne 13\.12 (90\), in front of 104,239 at the MCG. In the Preliminary Final St Kilda 7\.19 (61\) lost to [Carlton](/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club "Carlton Football Club") 17\.21 (123\) in front of 108,215 at the MCG. In the 1971 Premiership season St Kilda qualified for the Finals Series in second place at the end of the home and away season with 16 wins. In the 1971 Finals Series St Kilda played [Hawthorn](/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club "Hawthorn Football Club") in the Second Semi\-final in which St Kilda lost 12\.16 (88\) to Hawthorn 12\.18 (90\) in front of 99,822 at the MCG. In the Preliminary Final St Kilda 16\.12 (108\) defeated Richmond 12\.6 (78\) in front of 102,484 at the MCG. This took St Kilda to the Grand Final against Hawthorn in front of 118,192 at the [MCG](/wiki/MCG "MCG"). St Kilda 11\.9 (75\) lost to Hawthorn 12\.10 (82\) on the 25/9/1971\. The club then qualified fourth for the finals series in 1972, with 14 wins and 8 losses. In the 1972 Finals Series St Kilda played Essendon in the Elimination Final in which St Kilda won 18\.16 (124\) to [Essendon](/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club "Essendon Football Club") 10\.11 (71\) in front of 52,499 at Waverley Park. In the First Semi\-final St Kilda 11\.17 (83\) defeated [Collingwood](/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club "Collingwood Football Club") 8\.17 (65\) in front of 91,857 at the MCG. This took St Kilda to the Preliminary Final against Carlton in front of 92,272 at the MCG. St Kilda 13\.15 (93\) lost to Carlton 16\.13 (109\) on the 30/9/1972\. 1973 saw the club qualify for a record fourth consecutive finals series in fifth with 12 wins. In the 1973 Finals Series St Kilda played Essendon in the Elimination Final in which St Kilda won 24\.14 (134\) to Essendon 13\.13 (91\) in front of 53,405 at Waverley Park. In the First Semi\-final St Kilda 9\.14 (68\) lost to Richmond 15\.18 (108\) in front of 86,483at the MCG. From 1960 to 1973, St Kilda qualified for 9 finals series in 13 years, four preliminary finals including three in a row in 1970, 1971 \& 1972, and 3 Grand Finals in 1965, 1966 and 1971\. The club won one premiership and one minor premiership from 1960 to 1973\. [Allan Jeans](/wiki/Allan_Jeans "Allan Jeans") coaching career at St Kilda ended with his retirement from St Kilda's coaching team at the end of the 1976 season.
[ "1960–73\n-------", "In 1961, after finishing sixth in 1960, [Allan Jeans](/wiki/Allan_Jeans \"Allan Jeans\") was appointed coach. St Kilda made the final four for the first time since 1939, finishing third with eleven wins and seven losses. However, with star full\\-back [Verdun Howell](/wiki/Verdun_Howell \"Verdun Howell\") unfit, the club lost to [Footscray](/wiki/Footscray_Football_Club \"Footscray Football Club\") 9\\.15 (69\\) to St Kilda 8\\.12 (60\\) in the first semi\\-final, in front of 86,411 at the MCG. In 1962 [St Kilda Football Club](/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club \"St Kilda Football Club\") finished 9th on the Ladder with a modest nine wins and nine losses during the home and away season. St Kilda had a convincing sequence of six consecutive wins ever over the last six rounds of the 1963 season to finish in fourth position with 13 wins (52 premiership points), two premiership points behind minor premiers Hawthorn. The club lost to [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\") 9\\.17 (71\\) to St Kilda 8\\.16 (64\\) in the first semi\\-final, in front of 88,914 at the MCG. In 1964 St Kilda was defeated in the final of the [Consolation Night Series](/wiki/1964_VFL_season \"1964 VFL season\") competition, a competition played at night at the end of the home and away rounds between the eight teams that finished between 5th and 12th and failed to qualify for the VFL Premiership Season Finals Series. St Kilda was defeated by Footscray 11\\.12 (78\\) to 11\\.7 (73\\) in the final.", "", "| **[1965 VFL SEASON](/wiki/1965_VFL_season \"1965 VFL season\")** |\n| --- |\n| **1st Minor Premiership** |", "After the 1964 season, the club moved to [Moorabbin Oval](/wiki/Moorabbin_Oval \"Moorabbin Oval\") in the south\\-eastern suburbs of [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\") in an effort to attract the population of a rapidly growing region. The move was a success and in 1965 St Kilda finished a game clear on top of the [standings](/wiki/1965_VFL_season \"1965 VFL season\") with 14 wins and 4 losses, qualifying for the finals series in first position and winning the minor premiership for the first time in 1965\\. [Ian Stewart](/wiki/Ian_Stewart_%28Australian_rules_footballer%29 \"Ian Stewart (Australian rules footballer)\") won the 1965 [Brownlow Medal](/wiki/Brownlow_Medal \"Brownlow Medal\").", "Finishing second on the table St Kilda went into the 1965 Finals Series confident. In the second semi final St Kilda 13\\.24 (102\\) defeated Collingwood 14\\.17 (101\\) by 1 point in front of 98,395 at the MCG on the 11/9/1965, which meant that they progressed to the Grand Final. St Kilda played in the Grand Final against the Essendon Football Club and lost 14\\.21 (105\\) to St Kilda's 9\\.16 (70\\) in front of 104,846 at the MCG on the 25/9/1965\\.", "### 1966 season", "In round 1 of the 1966 VFL season, St Kilda thrashed Melbourne by 76 points at the MCG. This was followed by a 53\\-point win against Carlton the following round at Moorabbin Oval. In Round 3, St Kilda continued its winning streak by defeating North Melbourne 9\\.13\\.67 to St Kilda 15\\.13\\.103 and followed this by pushing aside Geelong the next week by 43 points. In the following rounds St Kilda defeated South Melbourne by 42 points, Fitzroy by 64 points, Hawthorn by 24 points and Essendon by 7 points. In Round 9, St Kilda's undefeated streak came to an end when they were defeated by Richmond at the MCG by 35 points. St Kilda were thrashed by Collingwood the following round at Victoria Park by 72 points. St Kilda won their next two games against Footscray and Melbourne before being defeated by Carlton by 16 points in Round 13\\. St Kilda's 38 point win against North Melbourne was followed by a loss to Geelong in round 15 by 23 points. St Kilda then won its final 3 games against South Melbourne, Fitzroy and Hawthorn. St Kilda finished with 14 wins and 4 losses, qualifying for the finals in second place and Ian Stewart won his second consecutive [Brownlow Medal](/wiki/Brownlow_Medal \"Brownlow Medal\").", "{{Aussie rules team\\|align\\=right\n\\| title \\= St Kilda 1966 Grand Final Side\n\\| backpocket1 \\= \\[\\[Rodger Head]]\n\\| fullback \\= \\[\\[Bob Murray (Australian footballer)\\|Bob Murray]]\n\\| backpocket2 \\= \\[\\[Brian Sierakowski]]\n\\| halfbackflank1 \\= \\[\\[Verdun Howell]]\n\\| centrehalfback \\= \\[\\[Ian Synman]]\n\\| halfbackflank2 \\= \\[\\[John Bingley]]\n\\| wing1 \\= \\[\\[Jeff Moran]]\n\\| centre \\= \\[\\[Ian Stewart (Australian rules footballer)\\|Ian Stewart]]\n\\| wing2 \\= \\[\\[Jim Read (footballer)\\|Jim Read]]\n\\| halfforwardflank1 \\= \\[\\[Ian Cooper (Australian footballer born 1946\\)\\|Ian Cooper]]\n\\| centrehalfforward \\= \\[\\[Darrel Baldock]] (c)\n\\| halfforwardflank2 \\= \\[\\[Barry Breen]]\n\\| forwardpocket1 \\= \\[\\[Alan Morrow]]\n\\| fullforward \\= \\[\\[Kevin Neale]]\n\\| forwardpocket2 \\= \\[\\[Allan Davis (footballer)\\|Allan Davis]]\n\\| ruck \\= \\[\\[Brian Mynott]]\n\\| ruckrover \\= \\[\\[Daryl Griffiths (Australian rules footballer)\\|Daryl Griffiths]]\n\\| rover \\= \\[\\[Ross G. Smith\\|Ross Smith]]\n\\| reserve1 \\= \\[\\[Travis Payze]]\n\\| reserve2 \\= \\[\\[Kevin Billing]]\n\\| coach \\= \\[\\[Allan Jeans]]}}", "", "| **[1966 VFL Grand Final](/wiki/1966_VFL_Grand_Final \"1966 VFL Grand Final\")** |\n| --- |\n| **1st Premiership** |", "The 1966 finals series saw St Kilda play Collingwood in the first semi\\-final, in which St Kilda lost 13\\.11 (89\\) to Collingwood 15\\.9 (99\\) in front of 95,614 at the MCG. This took St Kilda to the preliminary in which St Kilda 15\\.4 (94\\) defeated Essendon 7\\.10 (52\\) in front of 93,543 at the MCG. This took St Kilda to the grand final against Collingwood. Twenty\\-five minutes into the final quarter and with scores level, Collingwood's Wayne Richardson had a shot at goal on the run but kicked it out of bounds on the full. St Kilda then began to work the ball out of defence after winning the boundary throw in. A kick from Ian Cooper saw the ball make its way to centre half forward. Collingwood defender Ted Potter failed to mark the ball low down and with the players scrummaging for the ball a bounce was called. Brian Mynott won the tap for the Saints but it was intercepted by Potter who was quickly tackled. Potter however managed to get out a hand pass but it found its way to St Kilda's Barry Breen who snapped at goal and kicked a behind to put his side in front. With about a minute left on the clock, Collingwood were able to work the ball towards their forward line. Robert Murray, however, was able to take a mark at centre half back and the siren sounded after he kicked the ball towards the wing. St Kilda defeated Collingwood in the [1966 grand final](/wiki/1966_VFL_Grand_Final \"1966 VFL Grand Final\") 10\\-14 (74\\) to 10\\-13 (73\\), winning the premiership for the first time.", "### Post 1966", "In the 1967 VFL Season, Ross Smith won the league's highest individual award, the Brownlow Medal. The 1968 season saw the Saints qualify fourth with 14 wins, 5 losses and a draw. In the 1968 Finals Series St Kilda played Geelong in the First Semi\\-final. St Kilda lost 11\\.17 (83\\) to Geelong 19\\.13 (127\\) at the MCG in front of 98,885 people. A disappointing seventh place home and away season finish in 1969 was followed by another finals appearance in 1970, where St Kilda qualified in third place with 14 wins and 8 losses. The St Kilda Football Club qualified for the 1970 Finals Series, in which it played South Melbourne in the First Semi\\-final. St Kilda ended up winning the match by 53 points, 22\\.11 (143\\) to South Melbourne 13\\.12 (90\\), in front of 104,239 at the MCG. In the Preliminary Final St Kilda 7\\.19 (61\\) lost to [Carlton](/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club \"Carlton Football Club\") 17\\.21 (123\\) in front of 108,215 at the MCG. In the 1971 Premiership season St Kilda qualified for the Finals Series in second place at the end of the home and away season with 16 wins. In the 1971 Finals Series St Kilda played [Hawthorn](/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club \"Hawthorn Football Club\") in the Second Semi\\-final in which St Kilda lost 12\\.16 (88\\) to Hawthorn 12\\.18 (90\\) in front of 99,822 at the MCG. In the Preliminary Final St Kilda 16\\.12 (108\\) defeated Richmond 12\\.6 (78\\) in front of 102,484 at the MCG. This took St Kilda to the Grand Final against Hawthorn in front of 118,192 at the [MCG](/wiki/MCG \"MCG\"). St Kilda 11\\.9 (75\\) lost to Hawthorn 12\\.10 (82\\) on the 25/9/1971\\. The club then qualified fourth for the finals series in 1972, with 14 wins and 8 losses. In the 1972 Finals Series St Kilda played Essendon in the Elimination Final in which St Kilda won 18\\.16 (124\\) to [Essendon](/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club \"Essendon Football Club\") 10\\.11 (71\\) in front of 52,499 at Waverley Park. In the First Semi\\-final St Kilda 11\\.17 (83\\) defeated [Collingwood](/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club \"Collingwood Football Club\") 8\\.17 (65\\) in front of 91,857 at the MCG. This took St Kilda to the Preliminary Final against Carlton in front of 92,272 at the MCG. St Kilda 13\\.15 (93\\) lost to Carlton 16\\.13 (109\\) on the 30/9/1972\\. 1973 saw the club qualify for a record fourth consecutive finals series in fifth with 12 wins. In the 1973 Finals Series St Kilda played Essendon in the Elimination Final in which St Kilda won 24\\.14 (134\\) to Essendon 13\\.13 (91\\) in front of 53,405 at Waverley Park. In the First Semi\\-final St Kilda 9\\.14 (68\\) lost to Richmond 15\\.18 (108\\) in front of 86,483at the MCG.", "From 1960 to 1973, St Kilda qualified for 9 finals series in 13 years, four preliminary finals including three in a row in 1970, 1971 \\& 1972, and 3 Grand Finals in 1965, 1966 and 1971\\. The club won one premiership and one minor premiership from 1960 to 1973\\. [Allan Jeans](/wiki/Allan_Jeans \"Allan Jeans\") coaching career at St Kilda ended with his retirement from St Kilda's coaching team at the end of the 1976 season.", "" ]
VFL to AFL: 1990–2000 --------------------- Under Ken Sheldon, coach from 1990 to 1993, St Kilda underwent a brief revival, contesting finals series in 1991 and 1992 with limited success. At their best, the Saints of the early 1990s were as good as any other side in the competition. Boasting arguably the game's premier key forwards in [Tony Lockett](/wiki/Tony_Lockett "Tony Lockett") and [Stewart Loewe](/wiki/Stewart_Loewe "Stewart Loewe"), and with a formidable midfield set up incorporating the likes of [Nicky Winmar](/wiki/Nicky_Winmar "Nicky Winmar"), [Nathan Burke](/wiki/Nathan_Burke "Nathan Burke"), [Gilbert McAdam](/wiki/Gilbert_McAdam "Gilbert McAdam") and [Dean Greig](/wiki/Dean_Greig "Dean Greig"), St Kilda were capable, on their day, of producing some high standard football. The Victorian Football League was renamed the Australian Football League prior to the start of the 1990 premiership season. A very competitive [1991 AFL season](/wiki/1991_AFL_season "1991 AFL season") saw St Kilda qualify for the finals series for the first time since 1973, qualifying fourth at the end of the home and away rounds. With Tony Lockett winning the [Coleman Medal](/wiki/Coleman_Medal "Coleman Medal") for leading goalkicker in the home and away season with 118 goals. In the 1991 finals series St Kilda, 14\.13 (97\), were defeated by Geelong, 15\.14 (104\), in an elimination final in front of 63,796 people at Waverley Park on 8 September 1991 and were eliminated from the finals. In a competitive [1992 AFL season](/wiki/1992_AFL_season "1992 AFL season"), St Kilda again qualified for the finals series, qualifying sixth at the end of the home and away rounds. In an elimination final St Kilda, 13\.13 (91\), defeated Collingwood, 12\.11 (83\), to progress to the semi\-finals when, on 12 September 1992, in front of 60,000 people at Waverley Park, St Kilda, 14\.6 (90\), were defeated by Footscray, 19\.5 (119\), and were eliminated from the finals. A mediocre season in 1993 precipitated Sheldon's departure. ### Stan Alves era: 1994–98 Under Stan Alves, there was little immediate indication that the club was about to turn the corner. A combination of continued financial pressures and unpredictable factors, such as the loss of glamour full forward Lockett to Sydney, made St Kilda's long\-term prospects begin to look precarious.{{Citation needed\|date\=July 2010}} | **[1996 AFL Ansett Cup](/wiki/1996_Ansett_Australia_Cup "1996 Ansett Australia Cup")** | | --- | | **1st AFL Cup** | In the 1994 premiership season St Kilda finished 13th on the ladder out of 15 teams in a disappointing season. The following 1995 season, St Kilda once again disappointed as they finished 14th out of 16 teams. St Kilda won the [1996 Ansett Australia Cup](/wiki/1996_Ansett_Australia_Cup "1996 Ansett Australia Cup") pre\-season competition with a 58\-point defeat of reigning day premiers Carlton. The team had wins over Hawthorn in the round of 16, Adelaide in the quarter\-finals, West Coast in the semi\-finals and defeated Carlton in the final 20\-10 (130\) to 10\-12 (72\) in front of 66,888 people at Waverley Park, with [Nicky Winmar](/wiki/Nicky_Winmar "Nicky Winmar") winning the [Michael Tuck Medal](/wiki/Michael_Tuck_Medal "Michael Tuck Medal") for the player judged best on ground. In the 1996 season St Kilda disappointed its supporters after a promising pre\-season competition to find itself finished 10th after round 22\. St Kilda won just 10 games for the season. [thumb\|right\|130px\| [St Kilda's](/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club "St Kilda Football Club") home jumper in 1997\.](/wiki/File:St_Kilda_FC_Cross_Jumper.png "St Kilda FC Cross Jumper.png") In the [1997 premiership season](/wiki/1997_AFL_season "1997 AFL season"), St Kilda had a consistent home and away season. St Kilda qualified for the 1997 finals series in first position at the end of the home and away rounds with 15 wins and 7 losses and [winning the minor premiership](/wiki/1997_AFL_season "1997 AFL season") for the second time in the club's history. At the end of the 1997 season [Robert Harvey](/wiki/Robert_Harvey_%28footballer%29 "Robert Harvey (footballer)") won the league's highest individual award, the [Brownlow Medal](/wiki/Brownlow_Medal "Brownlow Medal"), with a total of 26 votes. | **[1997 AFL SEASON](/wiki/1997_AFL_season "1997 AFL season")** | | --- | | **2nd Minor Premiership** | In the 1997 finals series St Kilda played Brisbane in a qualifying final. St Kilda 20\.15 (135\) defeated Brisbane 13\.11 (89\), in front of 50,035 at Waverley Park on 7 September. In a preliminary final St Kilda 15\.14 (104\) defeated North Melbourne 11\.7 (73\) by 31 points at the MCG in front of 77,531\. St Kilda was now in the [AFL Grand Final](/wiki/AFL_Grand_Final "AFL Grand Final") against Adelaide. St Kilda played well in the first half to lead at the main break by 13 points, but the second half was a disaster as the Crows added 14 goals to 6 to win pulling away. Players like Harvey, Cook and Jones were conspicuous for the Saints, but too many of their colleagues went missing when the action heated up. St Kilda 13\.16 (94\) lost to Adelaide 19\.11 (125\) in front of 98,828 at the MCG. In 1998 St Kilda also won through to the Ansett Australia Cup Final before being eliminated by North Melbourne. St Kilda 12\.11 (83\) lost to North Melbourne 14\.13 (97\) by 14 points at Waverley Park. In a competitive [1998 Premiership season](/wiki/1998_AFL_season "1998 AFL season"), St Kilda had a great start winning 11 of its first 14 Games, but unfortunately an end of season drop of in from saw St Kilda drop down the Ladder. St Kilda again qualified for the Finals Series finishing sixth. [Robert Harvey](/wiki/Robert_Harvey_%28footballer%29 "Robert Harvey (footballer)") won his second successive Brownlow Medal. In the 1998 Finals Series St Kilda 13\.9 (87\) was defeated by Sydney 12\.17 (89\) in the Qualifying Final in front of 36,076 at the SCG on the 5/9/1998\. In the semi\-final, St Kilda 7\.14 (56\) lost to Melbourne 15\.17 (107\) by 51 in front of 88,456 at the MCG. At the end of the 1998 season Stan Alves was sacked as St Kilda coach. ### Under Tim Watson: 1999–2000 St Kilda's 1999 side was on the decline winning just 10 games. In [2000](/wiki/2000_AFL_season "2000 AFL season") the St Kilda Football Club moved to a new playing home at [Docklands Stadium](/wiki/Docklands_Stadium "Docklands Stadium"), Melbourne (currently also called Marvel Stadium, a sponsorship name) whilst maintaining training and administration headquarters at Moorabbin. Success was limited, in the 2000 season St Kilda won just two games for the entire season and Tim Watson resigned but finished the year.
[ "VFL to AFL: 1990–2000\n---------------------", "Under Ken Sheldon, coach from 1990 to 1993, St Kilda underwent a brief revival, contesting finals series in 1991 and 1992 with limited success. At their best, the Saints of the early 1990s were as good as any other side in the competition. Boasting arguably the game's premier key forwards in [Tony Lockett](/wiki/Tony_Lockett \"Tony Lockett\") and [Stewart Loewe](/wiki/Stewart_Loewe \"Stewart Loewe\"), and with a formidable midfield set up incorporating the likes of [Nicky Winmar](/wiki/Nicky_Winmar \"Nicky Winmar\"), [Nathan Burke](/wiki/Nathan_Burke \"Nathan Burke\"), [Gilbert McAdam](/wiki/Gilbert_McAdam \"Gilbert McAdam\") and [Dean Greig](/wiki/Dean_Greig \"Dean Greig\"), St Kilda were capable, on their day, of producing some high standard football.", "The Victorian Football League was renamed the Australian Football League prior to the start of the 1990 premiership season. A very competitive [1991 AFL season](/wiki/1991_AFL_season \"1991 AFL season\") saw St Kilda qualify for the finals series for the first time since 1973, qualifying fourth at the end of the home and away rounds. With Tony Lockett winning the [Coleman Medal](/wiki/Coleman_Medal \"Coleman Medal\") for leading goalkicker in the home and away season with 118 goals. In the 1991 finals series St Kilda, 14\\.13 (97\\), were defeated by Geelong, 15\\.14 (104\\), in an elimination final in front of 63,796 people at Waverley Park on 8 September 1991 and were eliminated from the finals.", "In a competitive [1992 AFL season](/wiki/1992_AFL_season \"1992 AFL season\"), St Kilda again qualified for the finals series, qualifying sixth at the end of the home and away rounds. In an elimination final St Kilda, 13\\.13 (91\\), defeated Collingwood, 12\\.11 (83\\), to progress to the semi\\-finals when, on 12 September 1992, in front of 60,000 people at Waverley Park, St Kilda, 14\\.6 (90\\), were defeated by Footscray, 19\\.5 (119\\), and were eliminated from the finals.", "A mediocre season in 1993 precipitated Sheldon's departure.", "### Stan Alves era: 1994–98", "Under Stan Alves, there was little immediate indication that the club was about to turn the corner. A combination of continued financial pressures and unpredictable factors, such as the loss of glamour full forward Lockett to Sydney, made St Kilda's long\\-term prospects begin to look precarious.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=July 2010}}", "", "| **[1996 AFL Ansett Cup](/wiki/1996_Ansett_Australia_Cup \"1996 Ansett Australia Cup\")** |\n| --- |\n| **1st AFL Cup** |", "In the 1994 premiership season St Kilda finished 13th on the ladder out of 15 teams in a disappointing season. The following 1995 season, St Kilda once again disappointed as they finished 14th out of 16 teams. St Kilda won the [1996 Ansett Australia Cup](/wiki/1996_Ansett_Australia_Cup \"1996 Ansett Australia Cup\") pre\\-season competition with a 58\\-point defeat of reigning day premiers Carlton. The team had wins over Hawthorn in the round of 16, Adelaide in the quarter\\-finals, West Coast in the semi\\-finals and defeated Carlton in the final 20\\-10 (130\\) to 10\\-12 (72\\) in front of 66,888 people at Waverley Park, with [Nicky Winmar](/wiki/Nicky_Winmar \"Nicky Winmar\") winning the [Michael Tuck Medal](/wiki/Michael_Tuck_Medal \"Michael Tuck Medal\") for the player judged best on ground. In the 1996 season St Kilda disappointed its supporters after a promising pre\\-season competition to find itself finished 10th after round 22\\. St Kilda won just 10 games for the season.", "[thumb\\|right\\|130px\\| [St Kilda's](/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club \"St Kilda Football Club\") home jumper in 1997\\.](/wiki/File:St_Kilda_FC_Cross_Jumper.png \"St Kilda FC Cross Jumper.png\")", "In the [1997 premiership season](/wiki/1997_AFL_season \"1997 AFL season\"), St Kilda had a consistent home and away season. St Kilda qualified for the 1997 finals series in first position at the end of the home and away rounds with 15 wins and 7 losses and [winning the minor premiership](/wiki/1997_AFL_season \"1997 AFL season\") for the second time in the club's history. At the end of the 1997 season [Robert Harvey](/wiki/Robert_Harvey_%28footballer%29 \"Robert Harvey (footballer)\") won the league's highest individual award, the [Brownlow Medal](/wiki/Brownlow_Medal \"Brownlow Medal\"), with a total of 26 votes.", "", "| **[1997 AFL SEASON](/wiki/1997_AFL_season \"1997 AFL season\")** |\n| --- |\n| **2nd Minor Premiership** |", "In the 1997 finals series St Kilda played Brisbane in a qualifying final. St Kilda 20\\.15 (135\\) defeated Brisbane 13\\.11 (89\\), in front of 50,035 at Waverley Park on 7 September. In a preliminary final St Kilda 15\\.14 (104\\) defeated North Melbourne 11\\.7 (73\\) by 31 points at the MCG in front of 77,531\\. St Kilda was now in the [AFL Grand Final](/wiki/AFL_Grand_Final \"AFL Grand Final\") against Adelaide. St Kilda played well in the first half to lead at the main break by 13 points, but the second half was a disaster as the Crows added 14 goals to 6 to win pulling away. Players like Harvey, Cook and Jones were conspicuous for the Saints, but too many of their colleagues went missing when the action heated up. St Kilda 13\\.16 (94\\) lost to Adelaide 19\\.11 (125\\) in front of 98,828 at the MCG. In 1998 St Kilda also won through to the Ansett Australia Cup Final before being eliminated by North Melbourne. St Kilda 12\\.11 (83\\) lost to North Melbourne 14\\.13 (97\\) by 14 points at Waverley Park. In a competitive [1998 Premiership season](/wiki/1998_AFL_season \"1998 AFL season\"), St Kilda had a great start winning 11 of its first 14 Games, but unfortunately an end of season drop of in from saw St Kilda drop down the Ladder. St Kilda again qualified for the Finals Series finishing sixth. [Robert Harvey](/wiki/Robert_Harvey_%28footballer%29 \"Robert Harvey (footballer)\") won his second successive Brownlow Medal. In the 1998 Finals Series St Kilda 13\\.9 (87\\) was defeated by Sydney 12\\.17 (89\\) in the Qualifying Final in front of 36,076 at the SCG on the 5/9/1998\\. In the semi\\-final, St Kilda 7\\.14 (56\\) lost to Melbourne 15\\.17 (107\\) by 51 in front of 88,456 at the MCG. At the end of the 1998 season Stan Alves was sacked as St Kilda coach.", "### Under Tim Watson: 1999–2000", "St Kilda's 1999 side was on the decline winning just 10 games. In [2000](/wiki/2000_AFL_season \"2000 AFL season\") the St Kilda Football Club moved to a new playing home at [Docklands Stadium](/wiki/Docklands_Stadium \"Docklands Stadium\"), Melbourne (currently also called Marvel Stadium, a sponsorship name) whilst maintaining training and administration headquarters at Moorabbin. Success was limited, in the 2000 season St Kilda won just two games for the entire season and Tim Watson resigned but finished the year.", "" ]
Ross Lyon era: 2007–2011 ------------------------ In 2006 [Ross Lyon](/wiki/Ross_Lyon "Ross Lyon") was shortlisted as a candidate for the position of coach of the [St Kilda Football Club](/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club "St Kilda Football Club") for the 2007 season. Although some considered him a surprise candidate,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/footy/common/story\_page/0,8033,20533407%255E19773,00\.html\|title\=Herald Sun \| Breaking News and Headlines from Melbourne and Victoria \| Herald Sun}} Lyon was appointed for three years after a lengthy application process.{{Cite web \|url\=http://afl.com.au/default.asp?pg\=feature\&spg\=display\&articleid\=302736 \|title\=AFL \- Official Website of the Australian Football League \|access\-date\=17 May 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422015712/http://afl.com.au/default.asp?pg\=feature \|archive\-date\=22 April 2006 \|url\-status\=dead }} Upon becoming coach of the club, Lyon hired his own assistants, with close friend and AFL Team of the Century fullback [Stephen Silvagni](/wiki/Stephen_Silvagni "Stephen Silvagni"), former Kangaroos and Hawthorn player and Melbourne assistant coach [Anthony Rock](/wiki/Anthony_Rock "Anthony Rock"), former Carlton assistant coach [Tony Elshaug](/wiki/Tony_Elshaug "Tony Elshaug") and former Fitzroy and Hawthorn forward [John Barker](/wiki/John_Barker_%28Australian_footballer%29 "John Barker (Australian footballer)") all being appointed in assistant coaching positions. Lyon also recruited veteran ruckman [Matthew Clarke](/wiki/Matthew_Clarke_%28Australian_footballer%29 "Matthew Clarke (Australian footballer)") to the club and oversaw the recruitment of six rookies for the first time in the club's history. ### 2007–2008 seasons {{Main\|St Kilda Football Club Season 2007\|St Kilda Football Club Season 2008}} Lyon began his first season as coach with a victory against Melbourne in Round 1 of 2007 and the Saints then won four of their first seven games . Injuries hit the club badly in Round 8, however, with St Kilda having only 24 out of a possible 38 players to choose from against the [Hawthorn Football Club](/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club "Hawthorn Football Club"). Lyon was criticised for flooding excessively and many became angry with the more defensive style of St Kilda over the subsequent weeks{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/footy/common/story\_page/0,8033,21666463%255E19742,00\.html\|title\=Herald Sun \| Breaking News and Headlines from Melbourne and Victoria \| Herald Sun}} After an upset victory in [Robert Harvey](/wiki/Robert_Harvey_%28footballer%29 "Robert Harvey (footballer)")'s 350th match in Round 12 against West Coast, Lyon proceeded to guide his Saints to win three out of the next four matches and draw a game against the [Western Bulldogs](/wiki/Western_Bulldogs "Western Bulldogs"). This left the Saints in eighth position on the ladder, a spot the side was unable to maintain after narrow losses to reigning grand\-finalists Sydney and West Coast in the remaining five rounds.[http://afltables.com/afl/stats/games/2007/SKWC20070824\.html{{Dead link\|date\=January 2020 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}](http://afltables.com/afl/stats/games/2007/SKWC20070824.html{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) The club narrowly missed playing finals for the fourth consecutive season, finishing 9th with 11 wins, 1 draw and 10 losses for the year. Despite missing finals action the Saints finished the year strongly, winning 7\.5 of the last 11 matches.{{Cite web\|url\=http://afltables.com/afl/seas/2007\.html\|title\=AFL Tables \- 2007 Season Scores}} Lyon oversaw a team in transition in his first season as coach, with a significant part of the Saints' squad from the 2004 and 2005 seasons having retired or moved on. | **[2008 AFL NAB Cup](/wiki/2008_NAB_Cup "2008 NAB Cup")** | | --- | | **3rd AFL Cup** | During the 2007 trade period, St Kilda were widely considered to have traded very well, picking up Geelong premiership ruckman [Steven King](/wiki/Steven_King_%28footballer%29 "Steven King (footballer)"), Geelong forward [Charlie Gardiner](/wiki/Charlie_Gardiner_%28Australian_footballer%29 "Charlie Gardiner (Australian footballer)") and Swans pair [Adam Schneider](/wiki/Adam_Schneider "Adam Schneider") and [Sean Dempster](/wiki/Sean_Dempster "Sean Dempster") for draft selections No. 26 and No. 90\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://news.realfooty.com.au/steven\-king\-heads\-to\-st\-kilda/20073512\-1429\.html \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=17 May 2009 \|archive\-date\=14 October 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014011854/http://news.realfooty.com.au/steven\-king\-heads\-to\-st\-kilda/20073512\-1429\.html \|url\-status\=dead }} The [St Kilda Football Club Season 2008](/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club_Season_2008 "St Kilda Football Club Season 2008") began with the club winning the [NAB Cup](/wiki/2008_NAB_Cup "2008 NAB Cup"). The club had wins over Richmond in the round of 16, Geelong in the quarter\-final, Essendon in the semi\-final and won the final against the [Adelaide Crows](/wiki/Adelaide_Crows "Adelaide Crows") by 5 points at [AAMI Stadium](/wiki/AAMI_Stadium "AAMI Stadium"), 69 to 64\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.aflfootyblog.com/afl\-nab\-cup\-champions/ \|title\=2008 AFL NAB Cup Grand Final Winners \- St Kilda \| AFL Football Blog \|access\-date\=26 July 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621080124/http://www.aflfootyblog.com/afl\-nab\-cup\-champions/ \|archive\-date\=21 June 2009 \|url\-status\=dead }} [Jason Gram](/wiki/Jason_Gram "Jason Gram") won the [Michael Tuck Medal](/wiki/Michael_Tuck_Medal "Michael Tuck Medal") for the player judged best on ground during the final. Despite the great start, the Saints went on to have a mixed first half of the season with a five\-win, six\-loss record. However, since then their fortunes have vastly improved, having sealed a spot in the finals series. This mixed season drew both criticism and praise at differing times towards Lyon, from supporters and the media. His game plan has been described as one championing accountability, similar to the [Sydney Swans](/wiki/Sydney_Swans "Sydney Swans") model by [Paul Roos](/wiki/Paul_Roos_%28Australian_rules_footballer%29 "Paul Roos (Australian rules footballer)").[All one way for Saint Nick Dal Santo](http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,,23892430-11088,00.html) Lyon's surprise move to drop midfield star [Nick Dal Santo](/wiki/Nick_Dal_Santo "Nick Dal Santo") (as well as [Stephen Milne](/wiki/Stephen_Milne "Stephen Milne") from the side was due to them not meeting these "benchmarks".{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.realfooty.com.au/news/news/rise\-and\-fall\-of\-saint\-nick/2008/06/19/1213770827314\.html \|title\=Rise and Fall of Saint Nick \|access\-date\=17 May 2009 \|archive\-date\=12 October 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012164949/http://realfooty.com.au/news/news/rise\-and\-fall\-of\-saint\-nick/2008/06/19/1213770827314\.html \|url\-status\=dead }} Arguably, it was a turning point in the Saints' season, as they went on to win the next 4 games following this bold move, and was considered a strong message by Lyon. In a very competitive [2008 Premiership season](/wiki/2008_AFL_season "2008 AFL season") St Kilda Football Club qualified for the 2008 Premiership Season Finals Series finishing the home and away rounds in the top four in fourth position with 13 wins. In the 2008 finals series, St Kilda played Geelong in a qualifying final. St Kilda 8\.13 (61\) lost to Geelong 17\.17 (119\) in front of 71,653 at the MCG. In the semi\-finals St Kilda 17\.4 (106\) defeated Collingwood 9\.18 (72\) in front 76,707\. In the preliminary finals St Kilda 9\.10 (64\) lost to Hawthorn 18\.10 (118\) by 54 points in front of 77,002 at the MC, being knocked out of the finals. ### 2009 season {{Main\|St Kilda Football Club Season 2009}} St Kilda were eliminated from the 2009 NAB Cup in the opening round, with Brisbane 1\.8\.8 (65\) defeating St Kilda 0\.8\.8 (56\).{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,25055860\-10389,00\.html\|title \= The Courier Mail \| Breaking News Headlines for Brisbane and Queensland \| the Courier Mail}} | **[2009 AFL SEASON](/wiki/2009_AFL_season "2009 AFL season")** | | --- | | **3rd Minor Premiership** | In Round 1 of the 2009 Australian Football League season, Zac Dawson made a surprise debut for St Kilda being promoted from the rookie list in time to confront Sydney at Docklands,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/sport/afl/story/0,26576,25207630\-19742,00\.html\|title \= Herald Sun \| Breaking News and Headlines from Melbourne and Victoria \| Herald Sun}} as St Kilda defenders Matt Maguire and Max Hudghton were injured. St Kilda 12\.8 (80\) defeated Sydney 9\.11 (65\) at Docklands Stadium in front of a 32,442 crowd.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/73923/default.aspx \|title\=Saints sink Swans \- AFL.com.au \|accessdate\=2009\-03\-28 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329085051/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/73923/default.aspx \|archivedate\=2009\-03\-29 }} In Round 2, Adelaide 10\.9 (69\) lost to St Kilda 15\.11 (101\) before 41,189 at Football Park.[afl.com.au](https://web.archive.org/web/20090406063916/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/74351/default.aspx) St Kilda 25\.11 (161\) defeated West Coast 9\.10 (64\) at Docklands Stadium in front of 29,006\.[afl.com.au](https://web.archive.org/web/20090414094348/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/74764/default.aspx) Round 4 saw {{AFL Stk}} defeat {{AFL Fre}} by 83 points, and restrict them to 4\.4 (28\), their second\-lowest ever score at that time and the equal\-lowest score ever recorded at Dockland Stadium (tied with St Kilda's 3\.10 (28\) in [2002](/wiki/2002_AFL_season "2002 AFL season")).[afl.com.au](https://web.archive.org/web/20090421105831/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/75200/default.aspx) In round 5, St Kilda restricted Port Adelaide to their second\-lowest score in their club history, going down 15\.12 (102\) to 5\.6 (36\).[afl.com.au](https://web.archive.org/web/20090425123336/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/75596/default.aspx) Round 6 saw the Western Bulldogs 11\.10 (76\) lose to St Kilda 14\.20 (104\) in front of 36,302 at Docklands Stadium. Round 7 saw St Kilda and Collingwood play a Monday night game, the AFL's first for several seasons. St Kilda won easily 20\.8 (128\) to Collingwood 5\.10 (40\), making it the lowest Collingwood score under Mick Malthouse as coach. Round 8 saw St Kilda 13\.12 (90\) defeat Essendon 10\.11 (71\) at Etihad Stadium in front of 45,594\. Round 9 saw St Kilda 14\.13 (97\) defeat the Brisbane Lions 13\.3 (81\) at Docklands Stadium in front of 30,673\. In Round 10 St Kilda held Melbourne goalless in the second half of their 37\-point victory, St Kilda 11\.17 (83\) to Melbourne 6\.10 (46\). In Round 11 St Kilda won its 11th consecutive game, breaking the previous club record of 10 set in 2004 by beating North Melbourne by 46 points, despite trailing by almost five goals in the first quarter. In Round 12 Carlton 14\.11 (95\) were defeated by St Kilda 16\.8 (104\) at Docklands Stadium in front of 50,820\. In Round 13, St Kilda 13\.14 (92\) defeated Richmond 5\.6 (36\) at Docklands Stadium in front 38,196\. The Round 14 clash between St Kilda and Geelong broke the previous record of the largest crowd at an AFL game held at Docklands Stadium with an attendance of 54,444\. St Kilda 14\.7 (91\) defeated Geelong 13\.7 (85\). St Kilda extended its winning streak to 15 wins in round 15, with a hard\-fought victory over West Coast 11\.4 (70\) to St Kilda 13\.12 (90\). Round 16 saw St Kilda 15\.15 (105\) defeat Adelaide 7\.6 (48\) at Etihad Stadium. In Round 17 St Kilda 16\.10 (106\) defeated Western Bulldogs 9\.7 (61\) at Etihad Stadium. Round 18 saw Sydney 13\.15 (93\) defeated by St Kilda 13\.15 (94\) at the SCG. Round 19 saw Hawthorn 7\.7 (49\) defeated by St Kilda 10\.14 (74\) at Aurora Stadium. Round 20 saw St Kildas first loss of the season proper kicking 16\.12 (108\) to Essendon 16\.14 (110\) at Etihad Stadium. Round 21 St Kilda 8\.11 (59\) lost to North Melbourne 10\.4 (64\) at Etihad Stadium. St Kilda played its first game at the MCG in Round 22 and defeated Melbourne 10\.7 (67\) to St Kilda 17\.12 (114\). ### 2010: Drawn grand final {{Main\|2010 St Kilda Football Club season\|2010 AFL Grand Final}} St Kilda reached the final of the [2010 NAB Cup](/wiki/2010_NAB_Cup "2010 NAB Cup") competition with wins over Collingwood in the first round,{{cite web\|last\=Holmesby\|first\=Luke\|url\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/89722/default.aspx\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222193956/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/89722/default.aspx\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=22 February 2010\|title\=Saints defy Pie surge\|work\=AFL.com.au\|date\=19 February 2010\|access\-date\=4 July 2011}} Sydney in the quarter\-finals{{cite news\|last\=Hogan\|first\=Jesse\|url\=http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl\-news/supergoals\-set\-up\-a\-saints\-win\-20100227\-pady.html \| work\=The Age \| title\=Supergoals set up a Saints win\| date\=28 February 2010}} and Fremantle in the semi\-finals.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/nab\-cup/st\-kilda\-beat\-fremantle\-by\-70\-points\-to\-advance\-to\-nab\-cup\-final/story\-e6frf3el\-1225918602887\|title\=Saints storm into NAB Cup final\|work\=Fox Sports\|date\=16 March 2010\|access\-date\=4 July 2011}} St Kilda were defeated by the Western Bulldogs in the NAB Cup final 16\.8 104 to 9\.10 64\.{{cite news\| last\=Hanlon \| first\=Peter \| url\=http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl\-news/the\-difference\-\-one\-big\-forward\-20100313\-q5et.html \| work\=The Age \| title\=The difference – one big forward\| date\=14 March 2010\|access\-date\=4 July 2011}} Stephen Milne produced three goal of the year nominations, in Rounds 5, 11, 13\. The Saints qualified for the 2010 AFL finals in third position with a home and away record of 15 wins, one draw and six losses, the fourth best home and away season record in the club's history. St Kilda defeated Geelong in the 2nd Qualifying Final at the MCG by four points – 12\.11 (83\) to 11\.13 (79\){{cite web\|last\=McNicol\|first\=Adam\|url\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/101904/default.aspx\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906075349/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/101904/default.aspx\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=6 September 2010\|title\=Saints into prelim\|work\=AFL.com.au\|date\=3 September 2010\|access\-date\=6 July 2011}} – to record the club's first ever finals match win over Geelong. St Kilda then defeated the Western Bulldogs by 24 points in the 2nd Preliminary Final – 13\.10 (88\) to 8\.16 (64\) to qualify for their second consecutive grand final.{{cite web\|last\=Cooper\|first\=Adam\|url\=http://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/afl\-premiership/st\-kilda\-advance\-to\-afl\-grand\-final\-with\-seven\-point\-win\-over\-western\-bulldogs/story\-e6frf3e3\-1225776851528\|title\=Saints sneak past gallant Bulldogs\|work\=\[\[Fox Sports (Australia)\|Fox Sports]]\|date\=18 September 2010\|access\-date\=2 July 2011}} In the [2010 AFL Grand Final](/wiki/2010_AFL_Grand_Final "2010 AFL Grand Final") on 25 September, the Saints played against the Collingwood Football Club, with the match ending in a draw – 10\.8\. (68\) to 9\.14\. (68\).{{cite web\|last\=Phelan\|first\=Jason\|url\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/103174/default.aspx\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928084825/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/103174/default.aspx\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=28 September 2010\|title\=Saints, Pies to return as GF ends in draw\|work\=AFL.com.au\|date\=25 September 2010\|access\-date\=2 July 2011}} This was the third drawn grand final in league history and had an attendance of 100,016\. St Kilda midfielder [Lenny Hayes](/wiki/Lenny_Hayes "Lenny Hayes") won the [Norm Smith Medal](/wiki/Norm_Smith_Medal "Norm Smith Medal") for the player judged the best on ground in the match, making him the first St Kilda player to ever win the medal.{{cite news\| url\=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/lenny\-hayes\-wins\-norm\-smith\-medal/story\-e6frf9jf\-1225929336528 \| work\=Herald Sun \| first1\=Scott \| last1\=Gullan \| title\=Lenny Hayes's heroics to win Norm Smith Medal prove critics wrong \| date\=25 September 2010\|access\-date\=2 July 2011}} In the Grand Final replay, on 2 October at the [MCG](/wiki/MCG "MCG"), Collingwood won by 56 points.{{cite web\|last\=Phelan\|first\=Jason\|url\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/103599/default.aspx\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005032103/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/103599/default.aspx\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=5 October 2010\|title\=Saints shattered by perfect Magpies storm\|work\=AFL.com.au\|date\=2 October 2010\|access\-date\=2 July 2011}} In December 2010, the club received the keys to their new additional training and administration property in the [City of Frankston](/wiki/City_of_Frankston "City of Frankston") at [Seaford](/wiki/Seaford%2C_Victoria "Seaford, Victoria"){{cite web\|last\=George\|first\=Felicity\|url\=http://www.saints.com.au/tabid/5315/default.aspx?newsid\=106072\|title\=Saints receive keys for Linen House Centre at Frankston\|publisher\=Official St Kilda Website\|date\=9 December 2010\|access\-date\=2 July 2011\|archive\-date\=20 March 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320014846/http://www.saints.com.au/tabid/5315/default.aspx?newsid\=106072\|url\-status\=dead}} – currently known by its sponsorship name of the Linen House Centre – after its construction was completed at a cost of approximately $9\.5 million. As a consequence of the new additional facility being completed – and a cash operating profit after depreciation of $1\.69 million in 2010 – the Saints announced a record net profit of $7\.467 million for season 2010\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.saints.com.au/portals/0/saints\_docs/pdf2010/annualreport2010\.pdf \|title\=2010 Annual Report \|publisher\=Official St Kilda Website\|access\-date\=2 July 2011}} The Saints achieved a new record membership for a season (over 40,000 for the first time), new record home total attendance of 418,098, new record home average attendance for a season, new record total attendance for all matches in a season of 1,151,816 – and averaged 76,628 for all matches at the MCG in 2010 – more than any other team. ### 2011 season {{Main\|2011 St Kilda Football Club season}} St Kilda reached the semi\-finals of the restructured [2011 NAB Cup](/wiki/2011_NAB_Cup "2011 NAB Cup") competition with a win over Brisbane and a draw with Essendon in the pool games in Round 1{{cite web \|last\=Macgugan\|first\=Mark\|url\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/108077/default.aspx\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221102459/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/108077/default.aspx\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=21 February 2011\|title\=Saints KO young Lions with late flurry \|date\=18 February 2011\|work\=AFL.com.au\|access\-date\=2 July 2011}}{{cite web \|last\=Macgugan\|first\=Mark\|url\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/108081/default.aspx \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221100931/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/108081/default.aspx \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=21 February 2011 \|title\=Dons, Saints can't be split \|date\=18 February 2011\|work\=AFL.com.au\|access\-date\=2 July 2011}} then a win over Geelong in the quarter\-finals{{cite web\|last\=Witham\|first\=Jennifer\|url\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/108473/default.aspx\|title\=Saints march over young Cats\|date\=26 February 2011\|work\=AFL.com.au\|access\-date\=2 July 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301095341/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/108473/default.aspx\|archive\-date\=1 March 2011}} before losing to Essendon in the semi\-finals.{{cite web\|last\=Witham\|first\=Jennifer\|url\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/108473/default.aspx\|title\=Saints tears into NAB Cup GF\|date\=4 March 2011\|access\-date\=2 July 2011\|work\=AFL.com.au\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301095341/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/108473/default.aspx\|archive\-date\=1 March 2011}} The Saints opened their 2011 premiership campaign on 25 March 2011, losing to the Geelong Cats by one point.{{cite web\|last\=Phelan\|first\=Jason\|url\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/110027/default.aspx\|date\=25 March 2011\|title\=Cats by a whisker\|work\=AFL.com.au\|access\-date\=2 July 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327193859/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/110027/default.aspx\|archive\-date\=27 March 2011}} St Kilda qualified for the [2011 AFL finals series](/wiki/2011_AFL_finals_series "2011 AFL finals series") – for a club record equalling fourth successive season – with a win over North Melbourne at Docklands Stadium by 65 points in Round 23 of the [2011 AFL Premiership Season](/wiki/2011_AFL_season "2011 AFL season").{{cite web\|last2\=Guthrie\|first2\=Ben\|last1\=Holmesby\|first1\=Luke\|title\=Finals\-bound Saints destroy Kangaroos\|url\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/122047/default.aspx\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010204712/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/122047/default.aspx\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=10 October 2012\|work\=AFL.com.au\|date\=27 August 2011\|access\-date\=30 August 2011}} St Kilda played in an elimination final in Week 1 of the finals against Sydney at Docklands Stadium, losing by 25 points.{{cite web\|last2\=Twomey\|first2\=Callum\|last1\=Phelan\|first1\=Jason\|title\=Saints' long march over\|url\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/123147/default.aspx\|work\=AFL.com.au\|date\=10 September 2011\|access\-date\=12 September 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420044932/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/123147/default.aspx\|archive\-date\=20 April 2012}} After the elimination final, coach Ross Lyon left the club, despite one year remaining on his contract, to join {{AFL Fre}}.{{cite web \|last\=Nial\|first\=Jake\|url\=http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl\-news/lyons\-freo\-shocker\-20110915\-1kc0u.html \|date\=16 September 2011\|title\=Lyon's Freo shocker \|work\=The Age\|access\-date\=7 May 2012}} Former Sydney, Fremantle and West Coast player and Collingwood assistant coach [Scott Watters](/wiki/Scott_Watters "Scott Watters") was announced as Lyon's replacement in October 2011\.{{cite news \|agency\=Australian Associated Press\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011\-10\-15/watters\-to\-coach\-st\-kilda/3573110 \|date\=11 October 2011\|title\=Watters to coach St Kilda \|newspaper\=ABC News \|publisher\=Australian Broadcasting Corporation\|access\-date\=7 May 2012}}
[ "Ross Lyon era: 2007–2011\n------------------------", "In 2006 [Ross Lyon](/wiki/Ross_Lyon \"Ross Lyon\") was shortlisted as a candidate for the position of coach of the [St Kilda Football Club](/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club \"St Kilda Football Club\") for the 2007 season. Although some considered him a surprise candidate,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/footy/common/story\\_page/0,8033,20533407%255E19773,00\\.html\\|title\\=Herald Sun \\| Breaking News and Headlines from Melbourne and Victoria \\| Herald Sun}} Lyon was appointed for three years after a lengthy application process.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://afl.com.au/default.asp?pg\\=feature\\&spg\\=display\\&articleid\\=302736 \\|title\\=AFL \\- Official Website of the Australian Football League \\|access\\-date\\=17 May 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422015712/http://afl.com.au/default.asp?pg\\=feature \\|archive\\-date\\=22 April 2006 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Upon becoming coach of the club, Lyon hired his own assistants, with close friend and AFL Team of the Century fullback [Stephen Silvagni](/wiki/Stephen_Silvagni \"Stephen Silvagni\"), former Kangaroos and Hawthorn player and Melbourne assistant coach [Anthony Rock](/wiki/Anthony_Rock \"Anthony Rock\"), former Carlton assistant coach [Tony Elshaug](/wiki/Tony_Elshaug \"Tony Elshaug\") and former Fitzroy and Hawthorn forward [John Barker](/wiki/John_Barker_%28Australian_footballer%29 \"John Barker (Australian footballer)\") all being appointed in assistant coaching positions. Lyon also recruited veteran ruckman [Matthew Clarke](/wiki/Matthew_Clarke_%28Australian_footballer%29 \"Matthew Clarke (Australian footballer)\") to the club and oversaw the recruitment of six rookies for the first time in the club's history.", "### 2007–2008 seasons", "{{Main\\|St Kilda Football Club Season 2007\\|St Kilda Football Club Season 2008}}\nLyon began his first season as coach with a victory against Melbourne in Round 1 of 2007 and the Saints then won four of their first seven games . Injuries hit the club badly in Round 8, however, with St Kilda having only 24 out of a possible 38 players to choose from against the [Hawthorn Football Club](/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club \"Hawthorn Football Club\"). Lyon was criticised for flooding excessively and many became angry with the more defensive style of St Kilda over the subsequent weeks{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/footy/common/story\\_page/0,8033,21666463%255E19742,00\\.html\\|title\\=Herald Sun \\| Breaking News and Headlines from Melbourne and Victoria \\| Herald Sun}} After an upset victory in [Robert Harvey](/wiki/Robert_Harvey_%28footballer%29 \"Robert Harvey (footballer)\")'s 350th match in Round 12 against West Coast, Lyon proceeded to guide his Saints to win three out of the next four matches and draw a game against the [Western Bulldogs](/wiki/Western_Bulldogs \"Western Bulldogs\"). This left the Saints in eighth position on the ladder, a spot the side was unable to maintain after narrow losses to reigning grand\\-finalists Sydney and West Coast in the remaining five rounds.[http://afltables.com/afl/stats/games/2007/SKWC20070824\\.html{{Dead link\\|date\\=January 2020 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}](http://afltables.com/afl/stats/games/2007/SKWC20070824.html{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) The club narrowly missed playing finals for the fourth consecutive season, finishing 9th with 11 wins, 1 draw and 10 losses for the year. Despite missing finals action the Saints finished the year strongly, winning 7\\.5 of the last 11 matches.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://afltables.com/afl/seas/2007\\.html\\|title\\=AFL Tables \\- 2007 Season Scores}} Lyon oversaw a team in transition in his first season as coach, with a significant part of the Saints' squad from the 2004 and 2005 seasons having retired or moved on.", "", "| **[2008 AFL NAB Cup](/wiki/2008_NAB_Cup \"2008 NAB Cup\")** |\n| --- |\n| **3rd AFL Cup** |", "During the 2007 trade period, St Kilda were widely considered to have traded very well, picking up Geelong premiership ruckman [Steven King](/wiki/Steven_King_%28footballer%29 \"Steven King (footballer)\"), Geelong forward [Charlie Gardiner](/wiki/Charlie_Gardiner_%28Australian_footballer%29 \"Charlie Gardiner (Australian footballer)\") and Swans pair [Adam Schneider](/wiki/Adam_Schneider \"Adam Schneider\") and [Sean Dempster](/wiki/Sean_Dempster \"Sean Dempster\") for draft selections No. 26 and No. 90\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://news.realfooty.com.au/steven\\-king\\-heads\\-to\\-st\\-kilda/20073512\\-1429\\.html \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=17 May 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 October 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014011854/http://news.realfooty.com.au/steven\\-king\\-heads\\-to\\-st\\-kilda/20073512\\-1429\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "The [St Kilda Football Club Season 2008](/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club_Season_2008 \"St Kilda Football Club Season 2008\") began with the club winning the [NAB Cup](/wiki/2008_NAB_Cup \"2008 NAB Cup\"). The club had wins over Richmond in the round of 16, Geelong in the quarter\\-final, Essendon in the semi\\-final and won the final against the [Adelaide Crows](/wiki/Adelaide_Crows \"Adelaide Crows\") by 5 points at [AAMI Stadium](/wiki/AAMI_Stadium \"AAMI Stadium\"), 69 to 64\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.aflfootyblog.com/afl\\-nab\\-cup\\-champions/ \\|title\\=2008 AFL NAB Cup Grand Final Winners \\- St Kilda \\| AFL Football Blog \\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621080124/http://www.aflfootyblog.com/afl\\-nab\\-cup\\-champions/ \\|archive\\-date\\=21 June 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} [Jason Gram](/wiki/Jason_Gram \"Jason Gram\") won the [Michael Tuck Medal](/wiki/Michael_Tuck_Medal \"Michael Tuck Medal\") for the player judged best on ground during the final. Despite the great start, the Saints went on to have a mixed first half of the season with a five\\-win, six\\-loss record. However, since then their fortunes have vastly improved, having sealed a spot in the finals series. This mixed season drew both criticism and praise at differing times towards Lyon, from supporters and the media. His game plan has been described as one championing accountability, similar to the [Sydney Swans](/wiki/Sydney_Swans \"Sydney Swans\") model by [Paul Roos](/wiki/Paul_Roos_%28Australian_rules_footballer%29 \"Paul Roos (Australian rules footballer)\").[All one way for Saint Nick Dal Santo](http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,,23892430-11088,00.html) Lyon's surprise move to drop midfield star [Nick Dal Santo](/wiki/Nick_Dal_Santo \"Nick Dal Santo\") (as well as [Stephen Milne](/wiki/Stephen_Milne \"Stephen Milne\") from the side was due to them not meeting these \"benchmarks\".{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.realfooty.com.au/news/news/rise\\-and\\-fall\\-of\\-saint\\-nick/2008/06/19/1213770827314\\.html \\|title\\=Rise and Fall of Saint Nick \\|access\\-date\\=17 May 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 October 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012164949/http://realfooty.com.au/news/news/rise\\-and\\-fall\\-of\\-saint\\-nick/2008/06/19/1213770827314\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Arguably, it was a turning point in the Saints' season, as they went on to win the next 4 games following this bold move, and was considered a strong message by Lyon. In a very competitive [2008 Premiership season](/wiki/2008_AFL_season \"2008 AFL season\") St Kilda Football Club qualified for the 2008 Premiership Season Finals Series finishing the home and away rounds in the top four in fourth position with 13 wins.", "In the 2008 finals series, St Kilda played Geelong in a qualifying final. St Kilda 8\\.13 (61\\) lost to Geelong 17\\.17 (119\\) in front of 71,653 at the MCG. In the semi\\-finals St Kilda 17\\.4 (106\\) defeated Collingwood 9\\.18 (72\\) in front 76,707\\. In the preliminary finals St Kilda 9\\.10 (64\\) lost to Hawthorn 18\\.10 (118\\) by 54 points in front of 77,002 at the MC, being knocked out of the finals.", "### 2009 season", "{{Main\\|St Kilda Football Club Season 2009}}\nSt Kilda were eliminated from the 2009 NAB Cup in the opening round, with Brisbane 1\\.8\\.8 (65\\) defeating St Kilda 0\\.8\\.8 (56\\).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,25055860\\-10389,00\\.html\\|title \\= The Courier Mail \\| Breaking News Headlines for Brisbane and Queensland \\| the Courier Mail}}", "", "| **[2009 AFL SEASON](/wiki/2009_AFL_season \"2009 AFL season\")** |\n| --- |\n| **3rd Minor Premiership** |", "In Round 1 of the 2009 Australian Football League season, Zac Dawson made a surprise debut for St Kilda being promoted from the rookie list in time to confront Sydney at Docklands,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/sport/afl/story/0,26576,25207630\\-19742,00\\.html\\|title \\= Herald Sun \\| Breaking News and Headlines from Melbourne and Victoria \\| Herald Sun}} as St Kilda defenders Matt Maguire and Max Hudghton were injured. St Kilda 12\\.8 (80\\) defeated Sydney 9\\.11 (65\\) at Docklands Stadium in front of a 32,442 crowd.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/73923/default.aspx \\|title\\=Saints sink Swans \\- AFL.com.au \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-03\\-28 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329085051/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/73923/default.aspx \\|archivedate\\=2009\\-03\\-29 }} In Round 2, Adelaide 10\\.9 (69\\) lost to St Kilda 15\\.11 (101\\) before 41,189 at Football Park.[afl.com.au](https://web.archive.org/web/20090406063916/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/74351/default.aspx) St Kilda 25\\.11 (161\\) defeated West Coast 9\\.10 (64\\) at Docklands Stadium in front of 29,006\\.[afl.com.au](https://web.archive.org/web/20090414094348/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/74764/default.aspx) Round 4 saw {{AFL Stk}} defeat {{AFL Fre}} by 83 points, and restrict them to 4\\.4 (28\\), their second\\-lowest ever score at that time and the equal\\-lowest score ever recorded at Dockland Stadium (tied with St Kilda's 3\\.10 (28\\) in [2002](/wiki/2002_AFL_season \"2002 AFL season\")).[afl.com.au](https://web.archive.org/web/20090421105831/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/75200/default.aspx) In round 5, St Kilda restricted Port Adelaide to their second\\-lowest score in their club history, going down 15\\.12 (102\\) to 5\\.6 (36\\).[afl.com.au](https://web.archive.org/web/20090425123336/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/75596/default.aspx) Round 6 saw the Western Bulldogs 11\\.10 (76\\) lose to St Kilda 14\\.20 (104\\) in front of 36,302 at Docklands Stadium. Round 7 saw St Kilda and Collingwood play a Monday night game, the AFL's first for several seasons. St Kilda won easily 20\\.8 (128\\) to Collingwood 5\\.10 (40\\), making it the lowest Collingwood score under Mick Malthouse as coach. Round 8 saw St Kilda 13\\.12 (90\\) defeat Essendon 10\\.11 (71\\) at Etihad Stadium in front of 45,594\\. Round 9 saw St Kilda 14\\.13 (97\\) defeat the Brisbane Lions 13\\.3 (81\\) at Docklands Stadium in front of 30,673\\. In Round 10 St Kilda held Melbourne goalless in the second half of their 37\\-point victory, St Kilda 11\\.17 (83\\) to Melbourne 6\\.10 (46\\). In Round 11 St Kilda won its 11th consecutive game, breaking the previous club record of 10 set in 2004 by beating North Melbourne by 46 points, despite trailing by almost five goals in the first quarter. In Round 12 Carlton 14\\.11 (95\\) were defeated by St Kilda 16\\.8 (104\\) at Docklands Stadium in front of 50,820\\. In Round 13, St Kilda 13\\.14 (92\\) defeated Richmond 5\\.6 (36\\) at Docklands Stadium in front 38,196\\. The Round 14 clash between St Kilda and Geelong broke the previous record of the largest crowd at an AFL game held at Docklands Stadium with an attendance of 54,444\\. St Kilda 14\\.7 (91\\) defeated Geelong 13\\.7 (85\\). St Kilda extended its winning streak to 15 wins in round 15, with a hard\\-fought victory over West Coast 11\\.4 (70\\) to St Kilda 13\\.12 (90\\). Round 16 saw St Kilda 15\\.15 (105\\) defeat Adelaide 7\\.6 (48\\) at Etihad Stadium. In Round 17 St Kilda 16\\.10 (106\\) defeated Western Bulldogs 9\\.7 (61\\) at Etihad Stadium. Round 18 saw Sydney 13\\.15 (93\\) defeated by St Kilda 13\\.15 (94\\) at the SCG. Round 19 saw Hawthorn 7\\.7 (49\\) defeated by St Kilda 10\\.14 (74\\) at Aurora Stadium. Round 20 saw St Kildas first loss of the season proper kicking 16\\.12 (108\\) to Essendon 16\\.14 (110\\) at Etihad Stadium. Round 21 St Kilda 8\\.11 (59\\) lost to North Melbourne 10\\.4 (64\\) at Etihad Stadium. St Kilda played its first game at the MCG in Round 22 and defeated Melbourne 10\\.7 (67\\) to St Kilda 17\\.12 (114\\).", "### 2010: Drawn grand final", "{{Main\\|2010 St Kilda Football Club season\\|2010 AFL Grand Final}}\nSt Kilda reached the final of the [2010 NAB Cup](/wiki/2010_NAB_Cup \"2010 NAB Cup\") competition with wins over Collingwood in the first round,{{cite web\\|last\\=Holmesby\\|first\\=Luke\\|url\\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/89722/default.aspx\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222193956/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/89722/default.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=22 February 2010\\|title\\=Saints defy Pie surge\\|work\\=AFL.com.au\\|date\\=19 February 2010\\|access\\-date\\=4 July 2011}} Sydney in the quarter\\-finals{{cite news\\|last\\=Hogan\\|first\\=Jesse\\|url\\=http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl\\-news/supergoals\\-set\\-up\\-a\\-saints\\-win\\-20100227\\-pady.html \\| work\\=The Age \\| title\\=Supergoals set up a Saints win\\| date\\=28 February 2010}} and Fremantle in the semi\\-finals.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/nab\\-cup/st\\-kilda\\-beat\\-fremantle\\-by\\-70\\-points\\-to\\-advance\\-to\\-nab\\-cup\\-final/story\\-e6frf3el\\-1225918602887\\|title\\=Saints storm into NAB Cup final\\|work\\=Fox Sports\\|date\\=16 March 2010\\|access\\-date\\=4 July 2011}} St Kilda were defeated by the Western Bulldogs in the NAB Cup final 16\\.8 104 to 9\\.10 64\\.{{cite news\\| last\\=Hanlon \\| first\\=Peter \\| url\\=http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl\\-news/the\\-difference\\-\\-one\\-big\\-forward\\-20100313\\-q5et.html \\| work\\=The Age \\| title\\=The difference – one big forward\\| date\\=14 March 2010\\|access\\-date\\=4 July 2011}} Stephen Milne produced three goal of the year nominations, in Rounds 5, 11, 13\\.", "The Saints qualified for the 2010 AFL finals in third position with a home and away record of 15 wins, one draw and six losses, the fourth best home and away season record in the club's history.", "St Kilda defeated Geelong in the 2nd Qualifying Final at the MCG by four points – 12\\.11 (83\\) to 11\\.13 (79\\){{cite web\\|last\\=McNicol\\|first\\=Adam\\|url\\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/101904/default.aspx\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906075349/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/101904/default.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=6 September 2010\\|title\\=Saints into prelim\\|work\\=AFL.com.au\\|date\\=3 September 2010\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2011}} – to record the club's first ever finals match win over Geelong. St Kilda then defeated the Western Bulldogs by 24 points in the 2nd Preliminary Final – 13\\.10 (88\\) to 8\\.16 (64\\) to qualify for their second consecutive grand final.{{cite web\\|last\\=Cooper\\|first\\=Adam\\|url\\=http://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/afl\\-premiership/st\\-kilda\\-advance\\-to\\-afl\\-grand\\-final\\-with\\-seven\\-point\\-win\\-over\\-western\\-bulldogs/story\\-e6frf3e3\\-1225776851528\\|title\\=Saints sneak past gallant Bulldogs\\|work\\=\\[\\[Fox Sports (Australia)\\|Fox Sports]]\\|date\\=18 September 2010\\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2011}}", "In the [2010 AFL Grand Final](/wiki/2010_AFL_Grand_Final \"2010 AFL Grand Final\") on 25 September, the Saints played against the Collingwood Football Club, with the match ending in a draw – 10\\.8\\. (68\\) to 9\\.14\\. (68\\).{{cite web\\|last\\=Phelan\\|first\\=Jason\\|url\\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/103174/default.aspx\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928084825/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/103174/default.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=28 September 2010\\|title\\=Saints, Pies to return as GF ends in draw\\|work\\=AFL.com.au\\|date\\=25 September 2010\\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2011}} This was the third drawn grand final in league history and had an attendance of 100,016\\. St Kilda midfielder [Lenny Hayes](/wiki/Lenny_Hayes \"Lenny Hayes\") won the [Norm Smith Medal](/wiki/Norm_Smith_Medal \"Norm Smith Medal\") for the player judged the best on ground in the match, making him the first St Kilda player to ever win the medal.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/lenny\\-hayes\\-wins\\-norm\\-smith\\-medal/story\\-e6frf9jf\\-1225929336528 \\| work\\=Herald Sun \\| first1\\=Scott \\| last1\\=Gullan \\| title\\=Lenny Hayes's heroics to win Norm Smith Medal prove critics wrong \\| date\\=25 September 2010\\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2011}}", "In the Grand Final replay, on 2 October at the [MCG](/wiki/MCG \"MCG\"), Collingwood won by 56 points.{{cite web\\|last\\=Phelan\\|first\\=Jason\\|url\\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/103599/default.aspx\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005032103/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/103599/default.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=5 October 2010\\|title\\=Saints shattered by perfect Magpies storm\\|work\\=AFL.com.au\\|date\\=2 October 2010\\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2011}}", "In December 2010, the club received the keys to their new additional training and administration property in the [City of Frankston](/wiki/City_of_Frankston \"City of Frankston\") at [Seaford](/wiki/Seaford%2C_Victoria \"Seaford, Victoria\"){{cite web\\|last\\=George\\|first\\=Felicity\\|url\\=http://www.saints.com.au/tabid/5315/default.aspx?newsid\\=106072\\|title\\=Saints receive keys for Linen House Centre at Frankston\\|publisher\\=Official St Kilda Website\\|date\\=9 December 2010\\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=20 March 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320014846/http://www.saints.com.au/tabid/5315/default.aspx?newsid\\=106072\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} – currently known by its sponsorship name of the Linen House Centre – after its construction was completed at a cost of approximately $9\\.5 million. As a consequence of the new additional facility being completed – and a cash operating profit after depreciation of $1\\.69 million in 2010 – the Saints announced a record net profit of $7\\.467 million for season 2010\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.saints.com.au/portals/0/saints\\_docs/pdf2010/annualreport2010\\.pdf \\|title\\=2010 Annual Report \\|publisher\\=Official St Kilda Website\\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2011}}", "The Saints achieved a new record membership for a season (over 40,000 for the first time), new record home total attendance of 418,098, new record home average attendance for a season, new record total attendance for all matches in a season of 1,151,816 – and averaged 76,628 for all matches at the MCG in 2010 – more than any other team.", "### 2011 season", "{{Main\\|2011 St Kilda Football Club season}}\nSt Kilda reached the semi\\-finals of the restructured [2011 NAB Cup](/wiki/2011_NAB_Cup \"2011 NAB Cup\") competition with a win over Brisbane and a draw with Essendon in the pool games in Round 1{{cite web \\|last\\=Macgugan\\|first\\=Mark\\|url\\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/108077/default.aspx\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221102459/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/108077/default.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=21 February 2011\\|title\\=Saints KO young Lions with late flurry \\|date\\=18 February 2011\\|work\\=AFL.com.au\\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2011}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Macgugan\\|first\\=Mark\\|url\\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/108081/default.aspx \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221100931/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/108081/default.aspx \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=21 February 2011 \\|title\\=Dons, Saints can't be split \\|date\\=18 February 2011\\|work\\=AFL.com.au\\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2011}} then a win over Geelong in the quarter\\-finals{{cite web\\|last\\=Witham\\|first\\=Jennifer\\|url\\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/108473/default.aspx\\|title\\=Saints march over young Cats\\|date\\=26 February 2011\\|work\\=AFL.com.au\\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301095341/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/108473/default.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=1 March 2011}} before losing to Essendon in the semi\\-finals.{{cite web\\|last\\=Witham\\|first\\=Jennifer\\|url\\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/108473/default.aspx\\|title\\=Saints tears into NAB Cup GF\\|date\\=4 March 2011\\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2011\\|work\\=AFL.com.au\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301095341/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/108473/default.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=1 March 2011}}", "The Saints opened their 2011 premiership campaign on 25 March 2011, losing to the Geelong Cats by one point.{{cite web\\|last\\=Phelan\\|first\\=Jason\\|url\\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/110027/default.aspx\\|date\\=25 March 2011\\|title\\=Cats by a whisker\\|work\\=AFL.com.au\\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327193859/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/110027/default.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=27 March 2011}}", "St Kilda qualified for the [2011 AFL finals series](/wiki/2011_AFL_finals_series \"2011 AFL finals series\") – for a club record equalling fourth successive season – with a win over North Melbourne at Docklands Stadium by 65 points in Round 23 of the [2011 AFL Premiership Season](/wiki/2011_AFL_season \"2011 AFL season\").{{cite web\\|last2\\=Guthrie\\|first2\\=Ben\\|last1\\=Holmesby\\|first1\\=Luke\\|title\\=Finals\\-bound Saints destroy Kangaroos\\|url\\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/122047/default.aspx\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010204712/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/122047/default.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2012\\|work\\=AFL.com.au\\|date\\=27 August 2011\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2011}}", "St Kilda played in an elimination final in Week 1 of the finals against Sydney at Docklands Stadium, losing by 25 points.{{cite web\\|last2\\=Twomey\\|first2\\=Callum\\|last1\\=Phelan\\|first1\\=Jason\\|title\\=Saints' long march over\\|url\\=http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/123147/default.aspx\\|work\\=AFL.com.au\\|date\\=10 September 2011\\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420044932/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/123147/default.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2012}} After the elimination final, coach Ross Lyon left the club, despite one year remaining on his contract, to join {{AFL Fre}}.{{cite web \\|last\\=Nial\\|first\\=Jake\\|url\\=http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl\\-news/lyons\\-freo\\-shocker\\-20110915\\-1kc0u.html \\|date\\=16 September 2011\\|title\\=Lyon's Freo shocker \\|work\\=The Age\\|access\\-date\\=7 May 2012}} Former Sydney, Fremantle and West Coast player and Collingwood assistant coach [Scott Watters](/wiki/Scott_Watters \"Scott Watters\") was announced as Lyon's replacement in October 2011\\.{{cite news \\|agency\\=Australian Associated Press\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011\\-10\\-15/watters\\-to\\-coach\\-st\\-kilda/3573110 \\|date\\=11 October 2011\\|title\\=Watters to coach St Kilda \\|newspaper\\=ABC News \\|publisher\\=Australian Broadcasting Corporation\\|access\\-date\\=7 May 2012}}", "" ]
Watters and Richardson: 2012–2019 --------------------------------- Under their new coach the Saints started the 2012 season with some improvement on 2011, winning three of their first five games, including a 92\-point win against the Gold Coast Suns.[AFL website.](http://www.afl.com.au/tabid/16931/Default.aspx#fixtureid=7676&tab=Recap) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520224903/http://www.afl.com.au/tabid/16931/Default.aspx \|date\=20 May 2012 }} They finished with 12 wins from 22 games and finished ninth on the ladder, just missing out on the finals for the first time since 2007\. The 2013 season marked a historic moment for the St Kilda Football Club and the AFL with the first home and away season match outside of Australia. The match was held in Wellington, New Zealand, on 25 April ([Anzac Day](/wiki/Anzac_Day "Anzac Day")), the day each year on which both Australia and New Zealand commemorate the soldiers from both countries who have fought in conflicts around the world. The match began in the early evening and was held at Westpac Trust Stadium with the Saints hosting the Sydney Swans. The match was played in frigid and slippery conditions. The Saints lost the match by 16 points. In Round 23, St Kilda hosted Fremantle in what would be the last game for three 200 game players, [Stephen Milne](/wiki/Stephen_Milne "Stephen Milne"), [Jason Blake](/wiki/Jason_Blake_%28footballer%29 "Jason Blake (footballer)") and [Justin Koschitzke](/wiki/Justin_Koschitzke "Justin Koschitzke"). The Saints won by 71 points. St Kilda won five matches for the year and finished 16th on the ladder. On 1 November, senior coach [Scott Watters](/wiki/Scott_Watters "Scott Watters") was sacked. On 14 November, former Port Adelaide director of coaching [Alan Richardson](/wiki/Alan_Richardson_%28footballer%2C_born_1965%29 "Alan Richardson (footballer, born 1965)") was announced as new senior coach for the next three years. In the off\-season, the Saints trading negotiations resulted in the arrival of [Shane Savage](/wiki/Shane_Savage "Shane Savage"), [Luke Delaney](/wiki/Luke_Delaney "Luke Delaney"), [Josh Bruce](/wiki/Josh_Bruce "Josh Bruce") and [Billy Longer](/wiki/Billy_Longer "Billy Longer"), while also picking up draft picks 3, 18 and 19, which were used to take [Jack Billings](/wiki/Jack_Billings "Jack Billings"), [Luke Dunstan](/wiki/Luke_Dunstan "Luke Dunstan") and Blake Acres respectively. St Kilda began 2014 under new coach Richardson with a 17\-point win over favourites Melbourne. They followed this with a win over the [GWS Giants](/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney_Giants "Greater Western Sydney Giants") to start the season 2\-0 for the first time since 2010\. After a close loss to West Coast and a heavy defeat to Adelaide, the Saints managed to upset top eight favourites Essendon by 16 points. Following this, the Saints lost the next 11 games, including losses by over 80 points to Hawthorn, Collingwood, Geelong and Carlton. On 15 July, [Lenny Hayes](/wiki/Lenny_Hayes "Lenny Hayes") announced that he would retire at the end of the 2014 season. The following weekend, the Saints beat Fremantle by 58 points at Etihad Stadium in the upset of the season. The Saints then lost the remaining five games to end the season with 4 wins and 18 losses as well as their first wooden spoon since 2000\. With pick one in the draft, St Kilda selected key forward [Patrick McCartin](/wiki/Patrick_McCartin "Patrick McCartin"). In 2015, the club still struggled to compete with the higher echelons of the competition, however, the team still showed its potential with an eleven\-goal comeback against the Western Bulldogs a particular highlight, as well as the emergence of key forward [Josh Bruce](/wiki/Josh_Bruce "Josh Bruce"), who finished the year with 50 goals. 2016 saw the club begin to challenge for the top 8, however despite gaining twelve wins (including victories against Geelong and eventual premiers the Western Bulldogs) and the continued development of the club's young stars, St Kilda finished ninth on the AFL ladder, missing the finals on percentage. In 2017, St Kilda once again challenged for a spot in the top 8, highlighted by their Round 16 victory over eventual premiers Richmond, in which they recorded an 82\-point margin at half time, leading 14\.8 (92\) to 1\.4 (10\) before running away to a comfortable 21\.12 (138\) to 10\.11 (71\) win. However, after a mid season dip in form which saw them lose three games in a row by over six goals to the Sydney Swans (50 points), the Western Bulldogs (40 points) and the Adelaide Crows (57 points), coupled with late season losses to Melbourne and Richmond, St Kilda's finals chances were dismissed, eventually leading to the Saints finishing the season at 11th place on the ladder with 11 wins and 11 losses. 2017 also ended with the retirements of club greats [Nick Riewoldt](/wiki/Nick_Riewoldt "Nick Riewoldt") (336 games), [Leigh Montagna](/wiki/Leigh_Montagna "Leigh Montagna") (282 games) and [Sean Dempster](/wiki/Sean_Dempster "Sean Dempster") (222 games for Sydney and St Kilda). The 2018 season saw a drastic fall in the club's form, as the Saints tumbled to 16th place on the ladder with four wins and a draw. Increased scrutiny on Richardson as coach saw the club bring experienced assistants [Brett Ratten](/wiki/Brett_Ratten "Brett Ratten") and [Brendon Lade](/wiki/Brendon_Lade "Brendon Lade") to Moorabbin, along with NRL legend [Billy Slater](/wiki/Billy_Slater "Billy Slater") in a leadership role. While 2019 started brightly with four wins from the first five games, the Saints eventually suffered a similar dip in form to the previous year, losing 9 of the next 11 matches. After being advised that his contract would not be renewed for 2020, coach [Alan Richardson](/wiki/Alan_Richardson_%28footballer%2C_born_1965%29 "Alan Richardson (footballer, born 1965)") resigned from his position as senior coach. Ratten took over as caretaker coach and, after winning three of the season's last six games, was appointed permanent senior coach in September 2019\.
[ "Watters and Richardson: 2012–2019\n---------------------------------", "Under their new coach the Saints started the 2012 season with some improvement on 2011, winning three of their first five games, including a 92\\-point win against the Gold Coast Suns.[AFL website.](http://www.afl.com.au/tabid/16931/Default.aspx#fixtureid=7676&tab=Recap) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520224903/http://www.afl.com.au/tabid/16931/Default.aspx \\|date\\=20 May 2012 }} They finished with 12 wins from 22 games and finished ninth on the ladder, just missing out on the finals for the first time since 2007\\.", "The 2013 season marked a historic moment for the St Kilda Football Club and the AFL with the first home and away season match outside of Australia. The match was held in Wellington, New Zealand, on 25 April ([Anzac Day](/wiki/Anzac_Day \"Anzac Day\")), the day each year on which both Australia and New Zealand commemorate the soldiers from both countries who have fought in conflicts around the world.", "The match began in the early evening and was held at Westpac Trust Stadium with the Saints hosting the Sydney Swans. The match was played in frigid and slippery conditions. The Saints lost the match by 16 points.", "In Round 23, St Kilda hosted Fremantle in what would be the last game for three 200 game players, [Stephen Milne](/wiki/Stephen_Milne \"Stephen Milne\"), [Jason Blake](/wiki/Jason_Blake_%28footballer%29 \"Jason Blake (footballer)\") and [Justin Koschitzke](/wiki/Justin_Koschitzke \"Justin Koschitzke\"). The Saints won by 71 points.", "St Kilda won five matches for the year and finished 16th on the ladder. On 1 November, senior coach [Scott Watters](/wiki/Scott_Watters \"Scott Watters\") was sacked. On 14 November, former Port Adelaide director of coaching [Alan Richardson](/wiki/Alan_Richardson_%28footballer%2C_born_1965%29 \"Alan Richardson (footballer, born 1965)\") was announced as new senior coach for the next three years. In the off\\-season, the Saints trading negotiations resulted in the arrival of [Shane Savage](/wiki/Shane_Savage \"Shane Savage\"), [Luke Delaney](/wiki/Luke_Delaney \"Luke Delaney\"), [Josh Bruce](/wiki/Josh_Bruce \"Josh Bruce\") and [Billy Longer](/wiki/Billy_Longer \"Billy Longer\"), while also picking up draft picks 3, 18 and 19, which were used to take [Jack Billings](/wiki/Jack_Billings \"Jack Billings\"), [Luke Dunstan](/wiki/Luke_Dunstan \"Luke Dunstan\") and Blake Acres respectively.", "St Kilda began 2014 under new coach Richardson with a 17\\-point win over favourites Melbourne. They followed this with a win over the [GWS Giants](/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney_Giants \"Greater Western Sydney Giants\") to start the season 2\\-0 for the first time since 2010\\. After a close loss to West Coast and a heavy defeat to Adelaide, the Saints managed to upset top eight favourites Essendon by 16 points. Following this, the Saints lost the next 11 games, including losses by over 80 points to Hawthorn, Collingwood, Geelong and Carlton. On 15 July, [Lenny Hayes](/wiki/Lenny_Hayes \"Lenny Hayes\") announced that he would retire at the end of the 2014 season. The following weekend, the Saints beat Fremantle by 58 points at Etihad Stadium in the upset of the season. The Saints then lost the remaining five games to end the season with 4 wins and 18 losses as well as their first wooden spoon since 2000\\. With pick one in the draft, St Kilda selected key forward [Patrick McCartin](/wiki/Patrick_McCartin \"Patrick McCartin\").", "In 2015, the club still struggled to compete with the higher echelons of the competition, however, the team still showed its potential with an eleven\\-goal comeback against the Western Bulldogs a particular highlight, as well as the emergence of key forward [Josh Bruce](/wiki/Josh_Bruce \"Josh Bruce\"), who finished the year with 50 goals. 2016 saw the club begin to challenge for the top 8, however despite gaining twelve wins (including victories against Geelong and eventual premiers the Western Bulldogs) and the continued development of the club's young stars, St Kilda finished ninth on the AFL ladder, missing the finals on percentage.", "In 2017, St Kilda once again challenged for a spot in the top 8, highlighted by their Round 16 victory over eventual premiers Richmond, in which they recorded an 82\\-point margin at half time, leading 14\\.8 (92\\) to 1\\.4 (10\\) before running away to a comfortable 21\\.12 (138\\) to 10\\.11 (71\\) win. However, after a mid season dip in form which saw them lose three games in a row by over six goals to the Sydney Swans (50 points), the Western Bulldogs (40 points) and the Adelaide Crows (57 points), coupled with late season losses to Melbourne and Richmond, St Kilda's finals chances were dismissed, eventually leading to the Saints finishing the season at 11th place on the ladder with 11 wins and 11 losses. 2017 also ended with the retirements of club greats [Nick Riewoldt](/wiki/Nick_Riewoldt \"Nick Riewoldt\") (336 games), [Leigh Montagna](/wiki/Leigh_Montagna \"Leigh Montagna\") (282 games) and [Sean Dempster](/wiki/Sean_Dempster \"Sean Dempster\") (222 games for Sydney and St Kilda).", "The 2018 season saw a drastic fall in the club's form, as the Saints tumbled to 16th place on the ladder with four wins and a draw. Increased scrutiny on Richardson as coach saw the club bring experienced assistants [Brett Ratten](/wiki/Brett_Ratten \"Brett Ratten\") and [Brendon Lade](/wiki/Brendon_Lade \"Brendon Lade\") to Moorabbin, along with NRL legend [Billy Slater](/wiki/Billy_Slater \"Billy Slater\") in a leadership role. While 2019 started brightly with four wins from the first five games, the Saints eventually suffered a similar dip in form to the previous year, losing 9 of the next 11 matches. After being advised that his contract would not be renewed for 2020, coach [Alan Richardson](/wiki/Alan_Richardson_%28footballer%2C_born_1965%29 \"Alan Richardson (footballer, born 1965)\") resigned from his position as senior coach. Ratten took over as caretaker coach and, after winning three of the season's last six games, was appointed permanent senior coach in September 2019\\.", "" ]
Career ------ He graduated from [Institut d’études politiques de Paris](/wiki/Institut_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Paris "Institut d’études politiques de Paris") (Sciences Po) in 1978 and from the Centre de formation des journalistes (CFJ) in 1979\. After serving as press attaché at the French embassy in [Bahrain](/wiki/Bahrain "Bahrain") (1979–1980\), he was free lance [Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf") correspondent for several French speaking media (1981–1982\), based in Bahrain. Back in France, he was awarded the Journalists in Europe fellowship and joined [Radio France Internationale](/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale "Radio France Internationale") (RFI) in 1983 as [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East") correspondent. In 1995, he was appointed deputy\-editor in chief at Radio Monte Carlo Moyen\-Orient (SOMERA), an Arabic speaking broadcasting corporation based in Paris. In 1998, he returns to the Foreign desk of RFI, covering the Middle East. From 2000 to 2005, he is deputy editor in chief of RFI's multimedia newsroom. In 2005, he is appointed RFI's Foreign editor and has been subsequently RFI's week\-end editor in chief from 2010 to 2023\. He is currently associate researcher at IRIS. Da Lage has published several books and numerous articles on the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East") and the [Arabian Peninsula](/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula "Arabian Peninsula") as well as on [India](/wiki/India "India") and is a regular lecturer at [IRIS](http://www.iris-france.org/en/index.php/) (Institut de relations internationales et stratégiques), a Paris\-based foreign policy think tank, and has taught in several Journalism colleges on [journalism ethics](/wiki/Journalism_ethics "Journalism ethics") and Press law.
[ "Career\n------", "He graduated from [Institut d’études politiques de Paris](/wiki/Institut_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Paris \"Institut d’études politiques de Paris\") (Sciences Po) in 1978 and from the Centre de formation des journalistes (CFJ) in 1979\\.", "After serving as press attaché at the French embassy in [Bahrain](/wiki/Bahrain \"Bahrain\") (1979–1980\\), he was free lance [Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf \"Persian Gulf\") correspondent for several French speaking media (1981–1982\\), based in Bahrain.", "Back in France, he was awarded the Journalists in Europe fellowship and joined [Radio France Internationale](/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale \"Radio France Internationale\") (RFI) in 1983 as [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\") correspondent.", "In 1995, he was appointed deputy\\-editor in chief at Radio Monte Carlo Moyen\\-Orient (SOMERA), an Arabic speaking broadcasting corporation based in Paris. In 1998, he returns to the Foreign desk of RFI, covering the Middle East. From 2000 to 2005, he is deputy editor in chief of RFI's multimedia newsroom. In 2005, he is appointed RFI's Foreign editor and has been subsequently RFI's week\\-end editor in chief from 2010 to 2023\\.", "He is currently associate researcher at IRIS.", "Da Lage has published several books and numerous articles on the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\") and the [Arabian Peninsula](/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula \"Arabian Peninsula\") as well as on [India](/wiki/India \"India\") and is a regular lecturer at [IRIS](http://www.iris-france.org/en/index.php/) (Institut de relations internationales et stratégiques), a Paris\\-based foreign policy think tank, and has taught in several Journalism colleges on [journalism ethics](/wiki/Journalism_ethics \"Journalism ethics\") and Press law.", "" ]
Ontogeny and phylogeny of sleep ------------------------------- [thumb\|Animal Sleep: Sleeping white tiger](/wiki/File:Sleep_Tiger.jpg "Sleep Tiger.jpg") The questions of how sleep evolved in the animal kingdom and how it developed in humans are especially important because they might provide a clue to the functions and mechanisms of sleep respectively. ### Sleep evolution {{See also\|Sleep (non\-human)}} The evolution of different types of sleep patterns is influenced by a number of [selective pressures](/wiki/Natural_Selection "Natural Selection"), including body size, relative metabolic rate, predation, type and location of food sources, and immune function.McNamara, P., R. A. Barton, and C. L. Nunn. 2010, Evolution of sleep: Phylogenetic and functional perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Capellini I, Nunn CL, McNamara P, Preston BT, Barton RA \| title \= Energetic constraints, not predation, influence the evolution of sleep patterning in mammals \| journal \= Functional Ecology \| volume \= 22 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 847–853 \| date \= October 2008 \| pmid \= 20428321 \| pmc \= 2860325 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1365\-2435\.2008\.01449\.x \| bibcode \= 2008FuEco..22\..847C }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Acerbi A, McNamara P, Nunn CL \| title \= To sleep or not to sleep: the ecology of sleep in artificial organisms \| journal \= BMC Ecology \| volume \= 8 \| pages \= 10 \| date \= May 2008 \| issue \= 1 \| pmid \= 18479523 \| pmc \= 2396600 \| doi \= 10\.1186/1472\-6785\-8\-10 \| doi\-access \= free \| bibcode \= 2008BMCE....8\...10A }}Preston, B. T., I. Capellini, P. McNamara, R. A. Barton, and C. L. Nunn. 2009\. Parasite resistance and the adaptive significance of sleep. Bmc Evolutionary Biology 9\. Sleep (especially deep [SWS](/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep "Slow-wave sleep") and [REM](/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep "Rapid eye movement sleep")) is tricky behavior because it steeply increases [predation](/wiki/Predation "Predation") risk. This means that, for sleep to have evolved, the functions of sleep should have provided a substantial advantage over the risk it entails. In fact, studying sleep in different organisms shows how they have balanced this risk by evolving partial sleep mechanisms or by having protective habitats. Thus, studying the evolution of sleep might give a clue not only to the developmental aspects and mechanisms, but also to an [adaptive](/wiki/Adaptation "Adaptation") justification for sleep. One challenge studying sleep evolution is that adequate sleep information is known only for two phyla of animals\- [chordata](/wiki/Chordate "Chordate") and [arthropoda](/wiki/Arthropod "Arthropod"). With the available data, comparative studies have been used to determine how sleep might have evolved. One question that scientists try to answer through these studies is whether sleep evolved only once or multiple times. To understand this, they look at sleep patterns in different classes of animals whose evolutionary histories are fairly well\-known and study their similarities and differences. Humans possess both slow wave and REM sleep, in both phases both eyes are closed and both [hemispheres](/wiki/Brain_hemisphere "Brain hemisphere") of the brain involved. Sleep has also been recorded in [mammals](/wiki/Mammals "Mammals") other than humans. One study showed that [echidnas](/wiki/Echidna "Echidna") possess only slow wave sleep (non\-REM). This seems to indicate that REM sleep appeared in evolution only after [therians](/wiki/Therians "Therians").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Allison T, Van Twyver H, Goff WR \| title \= Electrophysiological studies of the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus. I. Waking and sleep \| journal \= Archives Italiennes de Biologie \| volume \= 110 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 145–84 \| date \= July 1972 \| pmid \= 4342268 }} But this has later been contested by studies that claim that sleep in echidna combines both modes into a single sleeping state.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Siegel JM, Manger PR, Nienhuis R, Fahringer HM, Pettigrew JD \| title \= The echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus combines REM and non\-REM aspects in a single sleep state: implications for the evolution of sleep \| journal \= The Journal of Neuroscience \| volume \= 16 \| issue \= 10 \| pages \= 3500–6 \| date \= May 1996 \| pmid \= 8627382 \| pmc \= 6579141 \| doi \= 10\.1523/JNEUROSCI.16\-10\-03500\.1996 }} Other studies have shown a peculiar form of sleep in [odontocetes](/wiki/Toothed_whale "Toothed whale") (like [dolphins](/wiki/Dolphins "Dolphins") and [porpoises](/wiki/Porpoises "Porpoises")). This is called the [unihemispherical slow wave sleep](/wiki/Unihemispheric_slow-wave_sleep "Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep") (USWS). At any time during this sleep mode, the EEG of one brain hemisphere indicates sleep while that of the other is equivalent to wakefulness. In some cases, the corresponding eye is open. This might allow the animal to reduce predator risk and sleep while swimming in water, though the animal may also be capable of sleeping at rest.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Mukhametov LM \| title \= Unihemispheric slow\-wave sleep in the Amazonian dolphin, Inia geoffrensis \| journal \= Neuroscience Letters \| volume \= 79 \| issue \= 1–2 \| pages \= 128–32 \| date \= August 1987 \| pmid \= 3670722 \| doi \= 10\.1016/0304\-3940(87\)90684\-7 \| s2cid \= 30316737 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Lyamin OI, Mukhametov LM, Siegel JM, Nazarenko EA, Polyakova IG, Shpak OV \| title \= Unihemispheric slow wave sleep and the state of the eyes in a white whale \| journal \= Behavioural Brain Research \| volume \= 129 \| issue \= 1–2 \| pages \= 125–9 \| date \= February 2002 \| pmid \= 11809503 \| doi \= 10\.1016/S0166\-4328(01\)00346\-1 \| pmc \= 8788623 \| s2cid \= 27009685 }} The correlates of sleep found for mammals are valid for [birds](/wiki/Birds "Birds") as well i.e. bird sleep is very similar to mammals and involves both SWS and REM sleep with similar features, including closure of both eyes, lowered muscle tone, etc.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Roth TC, Lesku JA, Amlaner CJ, Lima SL \| title \= A phylogenetic analysis of the correlates of sleep in birds \| journal \= Journal of Sleep Research \| volume \= 15 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 395–402 \| date \= December 2006 \| pmid \= 17118096 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1365\-2869\.2006\.00559\.x \| doi\-access \= free }} However, the proportion of REM sleep in birds is much lower. Also, some birds can sleep with one eye open if there is high predation risk in the environment.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Mascetti GG, Bobbo D, Rugger M, Vallortigara G \| title \= Monocular sleep in male domestic chicks \| journal \= Behavioural Brain Research \| volume \= 153 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 447–52 \| date \= August 2004 \| pmid \= 15265641 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.bbr.2003\.12\.022 \| s2cid \= 19793594 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Rattenborg NC, Lima SL, Amlaner CJ \| title \= Facultative control of avian unihemispheric sleep under the risk of predation \| journal \= Behavioural Brain Research \| volume \= 105 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 163–72 \| date \= November 1999 \| pmid \= 10563490 \| doi \= 10\.1016/S0166\-4328(99\)00070\-4 \| s2cid \= 8570743 }} This gives rise to the possibility of sleep in flight; considering that sleep is very important and some bird species can fly for weeks continuously, this seems to be the obvious result. However, sleep in flight has not been recorded, and is so far unsupported by EEG data. Further research may explain whether birds sleep during flight or if there are other mechanisms which ensure their remaining healthy during long flights in the absence of sleep. Unlike in birds, very few consistent features of sleep have been found among [reptile](/wiki/Reptile "Reptile") species. The only common observation is that reptiles do not have REM sleep. Sleep in some [invertebrates](/wiki/Invertebrates "Invertebrates") has also been extensively studied, e.g., sleep in [fruitflies (Drosophila)](/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster "Drosophila melanogaster"){{cite journal \| vauthors \= Shaw PJ, Cirelli C, Greenspan RJ, Tononi G \| title \= Correlates of sleep and waking in Drosophila melanogaster \| journal \= Science \| volume \= 287 \| issue \= 5459 \| pages \= 1834–7 \| date \= March 2000 \| pmid \= 10710313 \| doi \= 10\.1126/science.287\.5459\.1834 \| bibcode \= 2000Sci...287\.1834S }} and [honeybees](/wiki/Honeybees "Honeybees").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Sauer S, Kinkelin M, Herrmann E, Kaiser W \| title \= The dynamics of sleep\-like behaviour in honey bees \| journal \= Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural \& Behavioral Physiology \| volume \= 189 \| issue \= 8 \| pages \= 599–607 \| date \= August 2003 \| pmid \= 12861424 \| doi \= 10\.1007/s00359\-003\-0436\-9 \| s2cid \= 13603649 }} Some of the mechanisms of sleep in these animals have been discovered while others remain quite obscure. The features defining sleep have been identified for the most part, and like mammals, this includes reduced reaction to sensory input, lack of motor response in the form of [antennal](/wiki/Antenna_%28biology%29 "Antenna (biology)") immobility, etc. The fact that both the forms of sleep are found in mammals and birds, but not in reptiles (which are considered to be an intermediate stage) indicates that sleep might have evolved separately in both. Substantiating this might be followed by further research on whether the EEG correlates of sleep are involved in its functions or if they are merely a feature. This might further help in understanding the role of sleep in long term plasticity. According to Tsoukalas (2012\), REM sleep is an evolutionary transformation of a well\-known defensive mechanism, the [tonic immobility](/wiki/Tonic_immobility "Tonic immobility") reflex. This reflex, also known as animal hypnosis or death feigning, functions as the last line of defense against an attacking predator and consists of the total immobilization of the animal: the animal appears dead (cf. "playing possum"). The neurophysiology and phenomenology of this reaction show striking similarities to REM sleep, a fact which betrays a deep evolutionary kinship. For example, both reactions exhibit brainstem control, paralysis, sympathetic activation, and thermoregulatory changes. This theory integrates many earlier findings into a unified, and evolutionary well informed, framework.{{cite journal\|doi\=10\.1037/a0030790\|title\=The origin of REM sleep: A hypothesis\|year\=2012\| vauthors \= Tsoukalas I \|journal\=Dreaming\|volume\=22\|issue\=4\|pages\=253–283}}{{cite web \| vauthors \= Vitelli R \| date \= 25 March 2013 \| url \= http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/media\-spotlight/201303/exploring\-the\-mystery\-rem\-sleep \| title \= Exploring the Mystery of REM Sleep \| work \= Psychology Today On\-line blog }} ### Sleep development and aging The ontogeny of sleep is the study of sleep across different age groups of a species, particularly during [development](/wiki/Human_development_%28biology%29 "Human development (biology)") and [aging](/wiki/Aging "Aging"). Among mammals, infants sleep the longest.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Parmelee AH, Wenner WH, Schulz HR \| title \= Infant sleep patterns: From birth to 16 weeks of age \| journal \= The Journal of Pediatrics \| volume \= 65 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 576–82 \| date \= October 1964 \| pmid \= 14216645 \| doi \= 10\.1016/S0022\-3476(64\)80291\-2 \| name\-list\-style \= vanc }} Human babies have 8 hours of REM sleep and 8 hours of NREM sleep on an average. The percentage of time spent on each mode of sleep varies greatly in the first few weeks of development and some studies have correlated this to the degree of precociality of the child.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Gertner S, Greenbaum CW, Sadeh A, Dolfin Z, Sirota L, Ben\-Nun Y \| title \= Sleep\-wake patterns in preterm infants and 6 month's home environment: implications for early cognitive development \| journal \= Early Human Development \| volume \= 68 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 93–102 \| date \= July 2002 \| pmid \= 12113995 \| doi \= 10\.1016/S0378\-3782(02\)00018\-X }} Within a few months of postnatal development, there is a marked reduction in percentage of hours spent in REM sleep. By the time the child becomes an adult, he spends about 6–7 hours in NREM sleep and only about an hour in REM sleep.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Plat L \| title \= Age\-related changes in slow wave sleep and REM sleep and relationship with growth hormone and cortisol levels in healthy men \| journal \= JAMA \| volume \= 284 \| issue \= 7 \| pages \= 861–8 \| date \= August 2000 \| pmid \= 10938176 \| doi \= 10\.1001/jama.284\.7\.861 \| doi\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Roffwarg HP, Muzio JN, Dement WC \| title \= Ontogenetic development of the human sleep\-dream cycle \| journal \= Science \| volume \= 152 \| issue \= 3722 \| pages \= 604–19 \| date \= April 1966 \| pmid \= 17779492 \| doi \= 10\.1126/science.152\.3722\.604 \| bibcode \= 1966Sci...152\..604R }} This is true not only of humans, but of many animals dependent on their parents for food.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Ibuka N \| title \= Ontogenesis of circadian sleep\-wakefulness rhythms and developmental changes of sleep in the altricial rat and in the precocial guinea pig \| journal \= Behavioural Brain Research \| volume \= 11 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 185–96 \| date \= March 1984 \| pmid \= 6721913 \| doi \= 10\.1016/0166\-4328(84\)90210\-9 \| s2cid \= 11458572 }} The observation that the percentage of REM sleep is very high in the first stages of development has led to the hypothesis that REM sleep might facilitate early brain development. However, this theory has been contested by other studies. Sleep behavior undergoes substantial changes during [adolescence](/wiki/Adolescence "Adolescence"). Some of these changes may be societal in humans, but other changes are hormonal. Another important change is the decrease in the number of hours of sleep, as compared to childhood, which gradually becomes identical to an adult. It is also being speculated that [homeostatic regulation](/wiki/Homeostatic "Homeostatic") mechanisms may be altered during adolescence. Apart from this, the effect of changing routines of adolescents on other behavior such as cognition and attention is yet to be studied.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Carskadon MA, Wolfson AR, Acebo C, Tzischinsky O, Seifer R \| title \= Adolescent sleep patterns, circadian timing, and sleepiness at a transition to early school days \| journal \= Sleep \| volume \= 21 \| issue \= 8 \| pages \= 871–81 \| date \= December 1998 \| pmid \= 9871949 \| doi \= 10\.1093/sleep/21\.8\.871 \| doi\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Wolfson AR, Carskadon MA \| title \= Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents \| journal \= Child Development \| volume \= 69 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 875–87 \| date \= August 1998 \| pmid \= 9768476 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1467\-8624\.1998\.tb06149\.x \| doi\-access \= free }} Ohayon et al., for example, have stated that the decline in total sleep time from childhood to adolescence seems to be more associated with environmental factors rather than biological feature. In adulthood, the sleep architecture has been showing that the sleep latency and the time spent in NREM stages 1 and 2 may increase with aging, while the time spent in REM and SWS sleep seem to decrease. These changes have been frequently associated with brain atrophy, cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disorders in old age.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Ohayon M, Carskadon M, Guilleminault C, Vitiello M \| year \= 2004 \| title \= Meta\-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: Developing normative sleep values across the human lifespan \| journal \= Sleep \| volume \= 27 \| issue \= 7\| pages \= 1255–73 \| doi \= 10\.1093/sleep/27\.7\.1255 \| pmid \= 15586779 \| doi\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Backhaus J, Born J, Hoeckesfeld R, Fokuhl S, Hohagen F, Junghanns K \| year \= 2007 \| title \= Midlife Decline in Declarative Memory Consolidation Is Correlated with a Decline in Slow Wave Sleep \| journal \= Learning \& Memory \| volume \= 14 \| issue \= 5\| pages \= 336–341 \| doi \= 10\.1101/lm.470507 \| pmid \= 17522024 \| pmc \= 1876757 }}Mander, B., Rao, V., Lu, B., Saletin, J., Lindquist, J., Ancoli\-Israel, S., . . . Walker, M. (2013\). Prefrontal atrophy, disrupted NREM slow waves and impaired hippocampal\-dependent memory in aging. 357 \- 364\.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Zhong N, Rogers, Lewis \| year \= 2011 \| title \= Sleep–wake disturbances in common neurodegenerative diseases: A closer look at selected aspects of the neural circuitry \| journal \= Journal of the Neurological Sciences \| volume \= 307 \| issue \= 1–2\| pages \= 9–14 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.jns.2011\.04\.020 \| pmid \= 21570695 \| s2cid \= 44744844 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Cordi M, Schlarb A, Rasch B \| year \= 2014 \| title \= Deepening sleep by hypnotic suggestion \| journal \= Sleep \| volume \= 37 \| issue \= 6\| pages \= 1143–52 \| doi \= 10\.5665/sleep.3778 \| pmid \= 24882909 \| pmc \= 4015388 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Malkani R, Attarian H \| year \= 2015 \| title \= Sleep in Neurodegenerative Disorders \| journal \= Current Sleep Medicine Reports \| volume \= 1 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 81–90 \| doi \= 10\.1007/s40675\-015\-0016\-x \| doi\-access \= free }} For instance, Backhaus et al. have pointed out that a decline in declarative memory consolidation in midlife (in their experiment: 48 to 55 years old) is due to a lower amount of SWS, which might already start to decrease around age of 30 years old. According to Mander et al., atrophy in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) gray matter is a predictor of disruption in slow activity during NREM sleep that may impair memory consolidation in older adults. And sleep disturbances, such as excessive daytime sleepiness and nighttime [insomnia](/wiki/Insomnia "Insomnia"), have been often referred as factor risk of progressive functional impairment in [Alzheimer's disease](/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease "Alzheimer's disease") (AD) or [Parkinson's disease](/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease "Parkinson's disease") (PD). Therefore, sleep in aging is another equally important area of research. A common observation is that many older adults spend time awake in bed after sleep onset in an inability to fall asleep and experience marked decrease in sleep efficiency.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Weitzman ED, Czeisler CA, Coleman RM, Spielman AJ, Zimmerman JC, Dement W, Richardson G, Pollak CP \| title \= Delayed sleep phase syndrome. A chronobiological disorder with sleep\-onset insomnia \| journal \= Archives of General Psychiatry \| volume \= 38 \| issue \= 7 \| pages \= 737–46 \| date \= July 1981 \| pmid \= 7247637 \| doi \= 10\.1001/archpsyc.1981\.01780320017001 }} There may also be some changes in [circadian rhythms](/wiki/Circadian_rhythm "Circadian rhythm").{{cite journal\|vauthors\=Myers BL, Badia P\|date\=1995\|title\=Changes in circadian rhythms and sleep quality with aging: mechanisms and interventions\|journal\=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews\|volume\=19\|issue\=4\|pages\=553–71\|doi\=10\.1016/0149\-7634(95\)00018\-6\|pmid\=8684716\|s2cid\=23651761}} Studies are ongoing about what causes these changes and how they may be reduced to ensure comfortable sleep of old adults.
[ "Ontogeny and phylogeny of sleep\n-------------------------------", "[thumb\\|Animal Sleep: Sleeping white tiger](/wiki/File:Sleep_Tiger.jpg \"Sleep Tiger.jpg\")\nThe questions of how sleep evolved in the animal kingdom and how it developed in humans are especially important because they might provide a clue to the functions and mechanisms of sleep respectively.", "### Sleep evolution", "{{See also\\|Sleep (non\\-human)}}\nThe evolution of different types of sleep patterns is influenced by a number of [selective pressures](/wiki/Natural_Selection \"Natural Selection\"), including body size, relative metabolic rate, predation, type and location of food sources, and immune function.McNamara, P., R. A. Barton, and C. L. Nunn. 2010, Evolution of sleep: Phylogenetic and functional perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Capellini I, Nunn CL, McNamara P, Preston BT, Barton RA \\| title \\= Energetic constraints, not predation, influence the evolution of sleep patterning in mammals \\| journal \\= Functional Ecology \\| volume \\= 22 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 847–853 \\| date \\= October 2008 \\| pmid \\= 20428321 \\| pmc \\= 2860325 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1365\\-2435\\.2008\\.01449\\.x \\| bibcode \\= 2008FuEco..22\\..847C }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Acerbi A, McNamara P, Nunn CL \\| title \\= To sleep or not to sleep: the ecology of sleep in artificial organisms \\| journal \\= BMC Ecology \\| volume \\= 8 \\| pages \\= 10 \\| date \\= May 2008 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pmid \\= 18479523 \\| pmc \\= 2396600 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1186/1472\\-6785\\-8\\-10 \\| doi\\-access \\= free \\| bibcode \\= 2008BMCE....8\\...10A }}Preston, B. T., I. Capellini, P. McNamara, R. A. Barton, and C. L. Nunn. 2009\\. Parasite resistance and the adaptive significance of sleep. Bmc Evolutionary Biology 9\\. Sleep (especially deep [SWS](/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep \"Slow-wave sleep\") and [REM](/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep \"Rapid eye movement sleep\")) is tricky behavior because it steeply increases [predation](/wiki/Predation \"Predation\") risk. This means that, for sleep to have evolved, the functions of sleep should have provided a substantial advantage over the risk it entails. In fact, studying sleep in different organisms shows how they have balanced this risk by evolving partial sleep mechanisms or by having protective habitats. Thus, studying the evolution of sleep might give a clue not only to the developmental aspects and mechanisms, but also to an [adaptive](/wiki/Adaptation \"Adaptation\") justification for sleep.", "One challenge studying sleep evolution is that adequate sleep information is known only for two phyla of animals\\- [chordata](/wiki/Chordate \"Chordate\") and [arthropoda](/wiki/Arthropod \"Arthropod\"). With the available data, comparative studies have been used to determine how sleep might have evolved. One question that scientists try to answer through these studies is whether sleep evolved only once or multiple times. To understand this, they look at sleep patterns in different classes of animals whose evolutionary histories are fairly well\\-known and study their similarities and differences.", "Humans possess both slow wave and REM sleep, in both phases both eyes are closed and both [hemispheres](/wiki/Brain_hemisphere \"Brain hemisphere\") of the brain involved. Sleep has also been recorded in [mammals](/wiki/Mammals \"Mammals\") other than humans. One study showed that [echidnas](/wiki/Echidna \"Echidna\") possess only slow wave sleep (non\\-REM). This seems to indicate that REM sleep appeared in evolution only after [therians](/wiki/Therians \"Therians\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Allison T, Van Twyver H, Goff WR \\| title \\= Electrophysiological studies of the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus. I. Waking and sleep \\| journal \\= Archives Italiennes de Biologie \\| volume \\= 110 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 145–84 \\| date \\= July 1972 \\| pmid \\= 4342268 }} But this has later been contested by studies that claim that sleep in echidna combines both modes into a single sleeping state.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Siegel JM, Manger PR, Nienhuis R, Fahringer HM, Pettigrew JD \\| title \\= The echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus combines REM and non\\-REM aspects in a single sleep state: implications for the evolution of sleep \\| journal \\= The Journal of Neuroscience \\| volume \\= 16 \\| issue \\= 10 \\| pages \\= 3500–6 \\| date \\= May 1996 \\| pmid \\= 8627382 \\| pmc \\= 6579141 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1523/JNEUROSCI.16\\-10\\-03500\\.1996 }} Other studies have shown a peculiar form of sleep in [odontocetes](/wiki/Toothed_whale \"Toothed whale\") (like [dolphins](/wiki/Dolphins \"Dolphins\") and [porpoises](/wiki/Porpoises \"Porpoises\")). This is called the [unihemispherical slow wave sleep](/wiki/Unihemispheric_slow-wave_sleep \"Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep\") (USWS). At any time during this sleep mode, the EEG of one brain hemisphere indicates sleep while that of the other is equivalent to wakefulness. In some cases, the corresponding eye is open. This might allow the animal to reduce predator risk and sleep while swimming in water, though the animal may also be capable of sleeping at rest.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Mukhametov LM \\| title \\= Unihemispheric slow\\-wave sleep in the Amazonian dolphin, Inia geoffrensis \\| journal \\= Neuroscience Letters \\| volume \\= 79 \\| issue \\= 1–2 \\| pages \\= 128–32 \\| date \\= August 1987 \\| pmid \\= 3670722 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/0304\\-3940(87\\)90684\\-7 \\| s2cid \\= 30316737 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Lyamin OI, Mukhametov LM, Siegel JM, Nazarenko EA, Polyakova IG, Shpak OV \\| title \\= Unihemispheric slow wave sleep and the state of the eyes in a white whale \\| journal \\= Behavioural Brain Research \\| volume \\= 129 \\| issue \\= 1–2 \\| pages \\= 125–9 \\| date \\= February 2002 \\| pmid \\= 11809503 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/S0166\\-4328(01\\)00346\\-1 \\| pmc \\= 8788623 \\| s2cid \\= 27009685 }}", "The correlates of sleep found for mammals are valid for [birds](/wiki/Birds \"Birds\") as well i.e. bird sleep is very similar to mammals and involves both SWS and REM sleep with similar features, including closure of both eyes, lowered muscle tone, etc.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Roth TC, Lesku JA, Amlaner CJ, Lima SL \\| title \\= A phylogenetic analysis of the correlates of sleep in birds \\| journal \\= Journal of Sleep Research \\| volume \\= 15 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 395–402 \\| date \\= December 2006 \\| pmid \\= 17118096 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1365\\-2869\\.2006\\.00559\\.x \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} However, the proportion of REM sleep in birds is much lower. Also, some birds can sleep with one eye open if there is high predation risk in the environment.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Mascetti GG, Bobbo D, Rugger M, Vallortigara G \\| title \\= Monocular sleep in male domestic chicks \\| journal \\= Behavioural Brain Research \\| volume \\= 153 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 447–52 \\| date \\= August 2004 \\| pmid \\= 15265641 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.bbr.2003\\.12\\.022 \\| s2cid \\= 19793594 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Rattenborg NC, Lima SL, Amlaner CJ \\| title \\= Facultative control of avian unihemispheric sleep under the risk of predation \\| journal \\= Behavioural Brain Research \\| volume \\= 105 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 163–72 \\| date \\= November 1999 \\| pmid \\= 10563490 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/S0166\\-4328(99\\)00070\\-4 \\| s2cid \\= 8570743 }} This gives rise to the possibility of sleep in flight; considering that sleep is very important and some bird species can fly for weeks continuously, this seems to be the obvious result. However, sleep in flight has not been recorded, and is so far unsupported by EEG data. Further research may explain whether birds sleep during flight or if there are other mechanisms which ensure their remaining healthy during long flights in the absence of sleep.", "Unlike in birds, very few consistent features of sleep have been found among [reptile](/wiki/Reptile \"Reptile\") species. The only common observation is that reptiles do not have REM sleep.", "Sleep in some [invertebrates](/wiki/Invertebrates \"Invertebrates\") has also been extensively studied, e.g., sleep in [fruitflies (Drosophila)](/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster \"Drosophila melanogaster\"){{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Shaw PJ, Cirelli C, Greenspan RJ, Tononi G \\| title \\= Correlates of sleep and waking in Drosophila melanogaster \\| journal \\= Science \\| volume \\= 287 \\| issue \\= 5459 \\| pages \\= 1834–7 \\| date \\= March 2000 \\| pmid \\= 10710313 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.287\\.5459\\.1834 \\| bibcode \\= 2000Sci...287\\.1834S }} and [honeybees](/wiki/Honeybees \"Honeybees\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Sauer S, Kinkelin M, Herrmann E, Kaiser W \\| title \\= The dynamics of sleep\\-like behaviour in honey bees \\| journal \\= Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural \\& Behavioral Physiology \\| volume \\= 189 \\| issue \\= 8 \\| pages \\= 599–607 \\| date \\= August 2003 \\| pmid \\= 12861424 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/s00359\\-003\\-0436\\-9 \\| s2cid \\= 13603649 }} Some of the mechanisms of sleep in these animals have been discovered while others remain quite obscure. The features defining sleep have been identified for the most part, and like mammals, this includes reduced reaction to sensory input, lack of motor response in the form of [antennal](/wiki/Antenna_%28biology%29 \"Antenna (biology)\") immobility, etc.", "The fact that both the forms of sleep are found in mammals and birds, but not in reptiles (which are considered to be an intermediate stage) indicates that sleep might have evolved separately in both. Substantiating this might be followed by further research on whether the EEG correlates of sleep are involved in its functions or if they are merely a feature. This might further help in understanding the role of sleep in long term plasticity.", "According to Tsoukalas (2012\\), REM sleep is an evolutionary transformation of a well\\-known defensive mechanism, the [tonic immobility](/wiki/Tonic_immobility \"Tonic immobility\") reflex. This reflex, also known as animal hypnosis or death feigning, functions as the last line of defense against an attacking predator and consists of the total immobilization of the animal: the animal appears dead (cf. \"playing possum\"). The neurophysiology and phenomenology of this reaction show striking similarities to REM sleep, a fact which betrays a deep evolutionary kinship. For example, both reactions exhibit brainstem control, paralysis, sympathetic activation, and thermoregulatory changes. This theory integrates many earlier findings into a unified, and evolutionary well informed, framework.{{cite journal\\|doi\\=10\\.1037/a0030790\\|title\\=The origin of REM sleep: A hypothesis\\|year\\=2012\\| vauthors \\= Tsoukalas I \\|journal\\=Dreaming\\|volume\\=22\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=253–283}}{{cite web \\| vauthors \\= Vitelli R \\| date \\= 25 March 2013 \\| url \\= http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/media\\-spotlight/201303/exploring\\-the\\-mystery\\-rem\\-sleep \\| title \\= Exploring the Mystery of REM Sleep \\| work \\= Psychology Today On\\-line blog }}", "### Sleep development and aging", "The ontogeny of sleep is the study of sleep across different age groups of a species, particularly during [development](/wiki/Human_development_%28biology%29 \"Human development (biology)\") and [aging](/wiki/Aging \"Aging\"). Among mammals, infants sleep the longest.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Parmelee AH, Wenner WH, Schulz HR \\| title \\= Infant sleep patterns: From birth to 16 weeks of age \\| journal \\= The Journal of Pediatrics \\| volume \\= 65 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 576–82 \\| date \\= October 1964 \\| pmid \\= 14216645 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/S0022\\-3476(64\\)80291\\-2 \\| name\\-list\\-style \\= vanc }} Human babies have 8 hours of REM sleep and 8 hours of NREM sleep on an average. The percentage of time spent on each mode of sleep varies greatly in the first few weeks of development and some studies have correlated this to the degree of precociality of the child.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Gertner S, Greenbaum CW, Sadeh A, Dolfin Z, Sirota L, Ben\\-Nun Y \\| title \\= Sleep\\-wake patterns in preterm infants and 6 month's home environment: implications for early cognitive development \\| journal \\= Early Human Development \\| volume \\= 68 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 93–102 \\| date \\= July 2002 \\| pmid \\= 12113995 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/S0378\\-3782(02\\)00018\\-X }} Within a few months of postnatal development, there is a marked reduction in percentage of hours spent in REM sleep. By the time the child becomes an adult, he spends about 6–7 hours in NREM sleep and only about an hour in REM sleep.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Plat L \\| title \\= Age\\-related changes in slow wave sleep and REM sleep and relationship with growth hormone and cortisol levels in healthy men \\| journal \\= JAMA \\| volume \\= 284 \\| issue \\= 7 \\| pages \\= 861–8 \\| date \\= August 2000 \\| pmid \\= 10938176 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1001/jama.284\\.7\\.861 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Roffwarg HP, Muzio JN, Dement WC \\| title \\= Ontogenetic development of the human sleep\\-dream cycle \\| journal \\= Science \\| volume \\= 152 \\| issue \\= 3722 \\| pages \\= 604–19 \\| date \\= April 1966 \\| pmid \\= 17779492 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.152\\.3722\\.604 \\| bibcode \\= 1966Sci...152\\..604R }} This is true not only of humans, but of many animals dependent on their parents for food.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Ibuka N \\| title \\= Ontogenesis of circadian sleep\\-wakefulness rhythms and developmental changes of sleep in the altricial rat and in the precocial guinea pig \\| journal \\= Behavioural Brain Research \\| volume \\= 11 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 185–96 \\| date \\= March 1984 \\| pmid \\= 6721913 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/0166\\-4328(84\\)90210\\-9 \\| s2cid \\= 11458572 }} The observation that the percentage of REM sleep is very high in the first stages of development has led to the hypothesis that REM sleep might facilitate early brain development. However, this theory has been contested by other studies.", "Sleep behavior undergoes substantial changes during [adolescence](/wiki/Adolescence \"Adolescence\"). Some of these changes may be societal in humans, but other changes are hormonal. Another important change is the decrease in the number of hours of sleep, as compared to childhood, which gradually becomes identical to an adult. It is also being speculated that [homeostatic regulation](/wiki/Homeostatic \"Homeostatic\") mechanisms may be altered during adolescence. Apart from this, the effect of changing routines of adolescents on other behavior such as cognition and attention is yet to be studied.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Carskadon MA, Wolfson AR, Acebo C, Tzischinsky O, Seifer R \\| title \\= Adolescent sleep patterns, circadian timing, and sleepiness at a transition to early school days \\| journal \\= Sleep \\| volume \\= 21 \\| issue \\= 8 \\| pages \\= 871–81 \\| date \\= December 1998 \\| pmid \\= 9871949 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/sleep/21\\.8\\.871 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Wolfson AR, Carskadon MA \\| title \\= Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents \\| journal \\= Child Development \\| volume \\= 69 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 875–87 \\| date \\= August 1998 \\| pmid \\= 9768476 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1467\\-8624\\.1998\\.tb06149\\.x \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} Ohayon et al., for example, have stated that the decline in total sleep time from childhood to adolescence seems to be more associated with environmental factors rather than biological feature.", "In adulthood, the sleep architecture has been showing that the sleep latency and the time spent in NREM stages 1 and 2 may increase with aging, while the time spent in REM and SWS sleep seem to decrease. These changes have been frequently associated with brain atrophy, cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disorders in old age.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Ohayon M, Carskadon M, Guilleminault C, Vitiello M \\| year \\= 2004 \\| title \\= Meta\\-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: Developing normative sleep values across the human lifespan \\| journal \\= Sleep \\| volume \\= 27 \\| issue \\= 7\\| pages \\= 1255–73 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/sleep/27\\.7\\.1255 \\| pmid \\= 15586779 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Backhaus J, Born J, Hoeckesfeld R, Fokuhl S, Hohagen F, Junghanns K \\| year \\= 2007 \\| title \\= Midlife Decline in Declarative Memory Consolidation Is Correlated with a Decline in Slow Wave Sleep \\| journal \\= Learning \\& Memory \\| volume \\= 14 \\| issue \\= 5\\| pages \\= 336–341 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1101/lm.470507 \\| pmid \\= 17522024 \\| pmc \\= 1876757 }}Mander, B., Rao, V., Lu, B., Saletin, J., Lindquist, J., Ancoli\\-Israel, S., . . . Walker, M. (2013\\). Prefrontal atrophy, disrupted NREM slow waves and impaired hippocampal\\-dependent memory in aging. 357 \\- 364\\.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Zhong N, Rogers, Lewis \\| year \\= 2011 \\| title \\= Sleep–wake disturbances in common neurodegenerative diseases: A closer look at selected aspects of the neural circuitry \\| journal \\= Journal of the Neurological Sciences \\| volume \\= 307 \\| issue \\= 1–2\\| pages \\= 9–14 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.jns.2011\\.04\\.020 \\| pmid \\= 21570695 \\| s2cid \\= 44744844 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Cordi M, Schlarb A, Rasch B \\| year \\= 2014 \\| title \\= Deepening sleep by hypnotic suggestion \\| journal \\= Sleep \\| volume \\= 37 \\| issue \\= 6\\| pages \\= 1143–52 \\| doi \\= 10\\.5665/sleep.3778 \\| pmid \\= 24882909 \\| pmc \\= 4015388 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Malkani R, Attarian H \\| year \\= 2015 \\| title \\= Sleep in Neurodegenerative Disorders \\| journal \\= Current Sleep Medicine Reports \\| volume \\= 1 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 81–90 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/s40675\\-015\\-0016\\-x \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} For instance, Backhaus et al. have pointed out that a decline in declarative memory consolidation in midlife (in their experiment: 48 to 55 years old) is due to a lower amount of SWS, which might already start to decrease around age of 30 years old. According to Mander et al., atrophy in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) gray matter is a predictor of disruption in slow activity during NREM sleep that may impair memory consolidation in older adults. And sleep disturbances, such as excessive daytime sleepiness and nighttime [insomnia](/wiki/Insomnia \"Insomnia\"), have been often referred as factor risk of progressive functional impairment in [Alzheimer's disease](/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease \"Alzheimer's disease\") (AD) or [Parkinson's disease](/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease \"Parkinson's disease\") (PD).", "Therefore, sleep in aging is another equally important area of research. A common observation is that many older adults spend time awake in bed after sleep onset in an inability to fall asleep and experience marked decrease in sleep efficiency.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Weitzman ED, Czeisler CA, Coleman RM, Spielman AJ, Zimmerman JC, Dement W, Richardson G, Pollak CP \\| title \\= Delayed sleep phase syndrome. A chronobiological disorder with sleep\\-onset insomnia \\| journal \\= Archives of General Psychiatry \\| volume \\= 38 \\| issue \\= 7 \\| pages \\= 737–46 \\| date \\= July 1981 \\| pmid \\= 7247637 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1001/archpsyc.1981\\.01780320017001 }} There may also be some changes in [circadian rhythms](/wiki/Circadian_rhythm \"Circadian rhythm\").{{cite journal\\|vauthors\\=Myers BL, Badia P\\|date\\=1995\\|title\\=Changes in circadian rhythms and sleep quality with aging: mechanisms and interventions\\|journal\\=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews\\|volume\\=19\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=553–71\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0149\\-7634(95\\)00018\\-6\\|pmid\\=8684716\\|s2cid\\=23651761}} Studies are ongoing about what causes these changes and how they may be reduced to ensure comfortable sleep of old adults.", "" ]
### Sleep evolution {{See also\|Sleep (non\-human)}} The evolution of different types of sleep patterns is influenced by a number of [selective pressures](/wiki/Natural_Selection "Natural Selection"), including body size, relative metabolic rate, predation, type and location of food sources, and immune function.McNamara, P., R. A. Barton, and C. L. Nunn. 2010, Evolution of sleep: Phylogenetic and functional perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Capellini I, Nunn CL, McNamara P, Preston BT, Barton RA \| title \= Energetic constraints, not predation, influence the evolution of sleep patterning in mammals \| journal \= Functional Ecology \| volume \= 22 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 847–853 \| date \= October 2008 \| pmid \= 20428321 \| pmc \= 2860325 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1365\-2435\.2008\.01449\.x \| bibcode \= 2008FuEco..22\..847C }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Acerbi A, McNamara P, Nunn CL \| title \= To sleep or not to sleep: the ecology of sleep in artificial organisms \| journal \= BMC Ecology \| volume \= 8 \| pages \= 10 \| date \= May 2008 \| issue \= 1 \| pmid \= 18479523 \| pmc \= 2396600 \| doi \= 10\.1186/1472\-6785\-8\-10 \| doi\-access \= free \| bibcode \= 2008BMCE....8\...10A }}Preston, B. T., I. Capellini, P. McNamara, R. A. Barton, and C. L. Nunn. 2009\. Parasite resistance and the adaptive significance of sleep. Bmc Evolutionary Biology 9\. Sleep (especially deep [SWS](/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep "Slow-wave sleep") and [REM](/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep "Rapid eye movement sleep")) is tricky behavior because it steeply increases [predation](/wiki/Predation "Predation") risk. This means that, for sleep to have evolved, the functions of sleep should have provided a substantial advantage over the risk it entails. In fact, studying sleep in different organisms shows how they have balanced this risk by evolving partial sleep mechanisms or by having protective habitats. Thus, studying the evolution of sleep might give a clue not only to the developmental aspects and mechanisms, but also to an [adaptive](/wiki/Adaptation "Adaptation") justification for sleep. One challenge studying sleep evolution is that adequate sleep information is known only for two phyla of animals\- [chordata](/wiki/Chordate "Chordate") and [arthropoda](/wiki/Arthropod "Arthropod"). With the available data, comparative studies have been used to determine how sleep might have evolved. One question that scientists try to answer through these studies is whether sleep evolved only once or multiple times. To understand this, they look at sleep patterns in different classes of animals whose evolutionary histories are fairly well\-known and study their similarities and differences. Humans possess both slow wave and REM sleep, in both phases both eyes are closed and both [hemispheres](/wiki/Brain_hemisphere "Brain hemisphere") of the brain involved. Sleep has also been recorded in [mammals](/wiki/Mammals "Mammals") other than humans. One study showed that [echidnas](/wiki/Echidna "Echidna") possess only slow wave sleep (non\-REM). This seems to indicate that REM sleep appeared in evolution only after [therians](/wiki/Therians "Therians").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Allison T, Van Twyver H, Goff WR \| title \= Electrophysiological studies of the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus. I. Waking and sleep \| journal \= Archives Italiennes de Biologie \| volume \= 110 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 145–84 \| date \= July 1972 \| pmid \= 4342268 }} But this has later been contested by studies that claim that sleep in echidna combines both modes into a single sleeping state.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Siegel JM, Manger PR, Nienhuis R, Fahringer HM, Pettigrew JD \| title \= The echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus combines REM and non\-REM aspects in a single sleep state: implications for the evolution of sleep \| journal \= The Journal of Neuroscience \| volume \= 16 \| issue \= 10 \| pages \= 3500–6 \| date \= May 1996 \| pmid \= 8627382 \| pmc \= 6579141 \| doi \= 10\.1523/JNEUROSCI.16\-10\-03500\.1996 }} Other studies have shown a peculiar form of sleep in [odontocetes](/wiki/Toothed_whale "Toothed whale") (like [dolphins](/wiki/Dolphins "Dolphins") and [porpoises](/wiki/Porpoises "Porpoises")). This is called the [unihemispherical slow wave sleep](/wiki/Unihemispheric_slow-wave_sleep "Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep") (USWS). At any time during this sleep mode, the EEG of one brain hemisphere indicates sleep while that of the other is equivalent to wakefulness. In some cases, the corresponding eye is open. This might allow the animal to reduce predator risk and sleep while swimming in water, though the animal may also be capable of sleeping at rest.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Mukhametov LM \| title \= Unihemispheric slow\-wave sleep in the Amazonian dolphin, Inia geoffrensis \| journal \= Neuroscience Letters \| volume \= 79 \| issue \= 1–2 \| pages \= 128–32 \| date \= August 1987 \| pmid \= 3670722 \| doi \= 10\.1016/0304\-3940(87\)90684\-7 \| s2cid \= 30316737 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Lyamin OI, Mukhametov LM, Siegel JM, Nazarenko EA, Polyakova IG, Shpak OV \| title \= Unihemispheric slow wave sleep and the state of the eyes in a white whale \| journal \= Behavioural Brain Research \| volume \= 129 \| issue \= 1–2 \| pages \= 125–9 \| date \= February 2002 \| pmid \= 11809503 \| doi \= 10\.1016/S0166\-4328(01\)00346\-1 \| pmc \= 8788623 \| s2cid \= 27009685 }} The correlates of sleep found for mammals are valid for [birds](/wiki/Birds "Birds") as well i.e. bird sleep is very similar to mammals and involves both SWS and REM sleep with similar features, including closure of both eyes, lowered muscle tone, etc.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Roth TC, Lesku JA, Amlaner CJ, Lima SL \| title \= A phylogenetic analysis of the correlates of sleep in birds \| journal \= Journal of Sleep Research \| volume \= 15 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 395–402 \| date \= December 2006 \| pmid \= 17118096 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1365\-2869\.2006\.00559\.x \| doi\-access \= free }} However, the proportion of REM sleep in birds is much lower. Also, some birds can sleep with one eye open if there is high predation risk in the environment.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Mascetti GG, Bobbo D, Rugger M, Vallortigara G \| title \= Monocular sleep in male domestic chicks \| journal \= Behavioural Brain Research \| volume \= 153 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 447–52 \| date \= August 2004 \| pmid \= 15265641 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.bbr.2003\.12\.022 \| s2cid \= 19793594 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Rattenborg NC, Lima SL, Amlaner CJ \| title \= Facultative control of avian unihemispheric sleep under the risk of predation \| journal \= Behavioural Brain Research \| volume \= 105 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 163–72 \| date \= November 1999 \| pmid \= 10563490 \| doi \= 10\.1016/S0166\-4328(99\)00070\-4 \| s2cid \= 8570743 }} This gives rise to the possibility of sleep in flight; considering that sleep is very important and some bird species can fly for weeks continuously, this seems to be the obvious result. However, sleep in flight has not been recorded, and is so far unsupported by EEG data. Further research may explain whether birds sleep during flight or if there are other mechanisms which ensure their remaining healthy during long flights in the absence of sleep. Unlike in birds, very few consistent features of sleep have been found among [reptile](/wiki/Reptile "Reptile") species. The only common observation is that reptiles do not have REM sleep. Sleep in some [invertebrates](/wiki/Invertebrates "Invertebrates") has also been extensively studied, e.g., sleep in [fruitflies (Drosophila)](/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster "Drosophila melanogaster"){{cite journal \| vauthors \= Shaw PJ, Cirelli C, Greenspan RJ, Tononi G \| title \= Correlates of sleep and waking in Drosophila melanogaster \| journal \= Science \| volume \= 287 \| issue \= 5459 \| pages \= 1834–7 \| date \= March 2000 \| pmid \= 10710313 \| doi \= 10\.1126/science.287\.5459\.1834 \| bibcode \= 2000Sci...287\.1834S }} and [honeybees](/wiki/Honeybees "Honeybees").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Sauer S, Kinkelin M, Herrmann E, Kaiser W \| title \= The dynamics of sleep\-like behaviour in honey bees \| journal \= Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural \& Behavioral Physiology \| volume \= 189 \| issue \= 8 \| pages \= 599–607 \| date \= August 2003 \| pmid \= 12861424 \| doi \= 10\.1007/s00359\-003\-0436\-9 \| s2cid \= 13603649 }} Some of the mechanisms of sleep in these animals have been discovered while others remain quite obscure. The features defining sleep have been identified for the most part, and like mammals, this includes reduced reaction to sensory input, lack of motor response in the form of [antennal](/wiki/Antenna_%28biology%29 "Antenna (biology)") immobility, etc. The fact that both the forms of sleep are found in mammals and birds, but not in reptiles (which are considered to be an intermediate stage) indicates that sleep might have evolved separately in both. Substantiating this might be followed by further research on whether the EEG correlates of sleep are involved in its functions or if they are merely a feature. This might further help in understanding the role of sleep in long term plasticity. According to Tsoukalas (2012\), REM sleep is an evolutionary transformation of a well\-known defensive mechanism, the [tonic immobility](/wiki/Tonic_immobility "Tonic immobility") reflex. This reflex, also known as animal hypnosis or death feigning, functions as the last line of defense against an attacking predator and consists of the total immobilization of the animal: the animal appears dead (cf. "playing possum"). The neurophysiology and phenomenology of this reaction show striking similarities to REM sleep, a fact which betrays a deep evolutionary kinship. For example, both reactions exhibit brainstem control, paralysis, sympathetic activation, and thermoregulatory changes. This theory integrates many earlier findings into a unified, and evolutionary well informed, framework.{{cite journal\|doi\=10\.1037/a0030790\|title\=The origin of REM sleep: A hypothesis\|year\=2012\| vauthors \= Tsoukalas I \|journal\=Dreaming\|volume\=22\|issue\=4\|pages\=253–283}}{{cite web \| vauthors \= Vitelli R \| date \= 25 March 2013 \| url \= http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/media\-spotlight/201303/exploring\-the\-mystery\-rem\-sleep \| title \= Exploring the Mystery of REM Sleep \| work \= Psychology Today On\-line blog }}
[ "### Sleep evolution", "{{See also\\|Sleep (non\\-human)}}\nThe evolution of different types of sleep patterns is influenced by a number of [selective pressures](/wiki/Natural_Selection \"Natural Selection\"), including body size, relative metabolic rate, predation, type and location of food sources, and immune function.McNamara, P., R. A. Barton, and C. L. Nunn. 2010, Evolution of sleep: Phylogenetic and functional perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Capellini I, Nunn CL, McNamara P, Preston BT, Barton RA \\| title \\= Energetic constraints, not predation, influence the evolution of sleep patterning in mammals \\| journal \\= Functional Ecology \\| volume \\= 22 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 847–853 \\| date \\= October 2008 \\| pmid \\= 20428321 \\| pmc \\= 2860325 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1365\\-2435\\.2008\\.01449\\.x \\| bibcode \\= 2008FuEco..22\\..847C }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Acerbi A, McNamara P, Nunn CL \\| title \\= To sleep or not to sleep: the ecology of sleep in artificial organisms \\| journal \\= BMC Ecology \\| volume \\= 8 \\| pages \\= 10 \\| date \\= May 2008 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pmid \\= 18479523 \\| pmc \\= 2396600 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1186/1472\\-6785\\-8\\-10 \\| doi\\-access \\= free \\| bibcode \\= 2008BMCE....8\\...10A }}Preston, B. T., I. Capellini, P. McNamara, R. A. Barton, and C. L. Nunn. 2009\\. Parasite resistance and the adaptive significance of sleep. Bmc Evolutionary Biology 9\\. Sleep (especially deep [SWS](/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep \"Slow-wave sleep\") and [REM](/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep \"Rapid eye movement sleep\")) is tricky behavior because it steeply increases [predation](/wiki/Predation \"Predation\") risk. This means that, for sleep to have evolved, the functions of sleep should have provided a substantial advantage over the risk it entails. In fact, studying sleep in different organisms shows how they have balanced this risk by evolving partial sleep mechanisms or by having protective habitats. Thus, studying the evolution of sleep might give a clue not only to the developmental aspects and mechanisms, but also to an [adaptive](/wiki/Adaptation \"Adaptation\") justification for sleep.", "One challenge studying sleep evolution is that adequate sleep information is known only for two phyla of animals\\- [chordata](/wiki/Chordate \"Chordate\") and [arthropoda](/wiki/Arthropod \"Arthropod\"). With the available data, comparative studies have been used to determine how sleep might have evolved. One question that scientists try to answer through these studies is whether sleep evolved only once or multiple times. To understand this, they look at sleep patterns in different classes of animals whose evolutionary histories are fairly well\\-known and study their similarities and differences.", "Humans possess both slow wave and REM sleep, in both phases both eyes are closed and both [hemispheres](/wiki/Brain_hemisphere \"Brain hemisphere\") of the brain involved. Sleep has also been recorded in [mammals](/wiki/Mammals \"Mammals\") other than humans. One study showed that [echidnas](/wiki/Echidna \"Echidna\") possess only slow wave sleep (non\\-REM). This seems to indicate that REM sleep appeared in evolution only after [therians](/wiki/Therians \"Therians\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Allison T, Van Twyver H, Goff WR \\| title \\= Electrophysiological studies of the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus. I. Waking and sleep \\| journal \\= Archives Italiennes de Biologie \\| volume \\= 110 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 145–84 \\| date \\= July 1972 \\| pmid \\= 4342268 }} But this has later been contested by studies that claim that sleep in echidna combines both modes into a single sleeping state.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Siegel JM, Manger PR, Nienhuis R, Fahringer HM, Pettigrew JD \\| title \\= The echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus combines REM and non\\-REM aspects in a single sleep state: implications for the evolution of sleep \\| journal \\= The Journal of Neuroscience \\| volume \\= 16 \\| issue \\= 10 \\| pages \\= 3500–6 \\| date \\= May 1996 \\| pmid \\= 8627382 \\| pmc \\= 6579141 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1523/JNEUROSCI.16\\-10\\-03500\\.1996 }} Other studies have shown a peculiar form of sleep in [odontocetes](/wiki/Toothed_whale \"Toothed whale\") (like [dolphins](/wiki/Dolphins \"Dolphins\") and [porpoises](/wiki/Porpoises \"Porpoises\")). This is called the [unihemispherical slow wave sleep](/wiki/Unihemispheric_slow-wave_sleep \"Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep\") (USWS). At any time during this sleep mode, the EEG of one brain hemisphere indicates sleep while that of the other is equivalent to wakefulness. In some cases, the corresponding eye is open. This might allow the animal to reduce predator risk and sleep while swimming in water, though the animal may also be capable of sleeping at rest.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Mukhametov LM \\| title \\= Unihemispheric slow\\-wave sleep in the Amazonian dolphin, Inia geoffrensis \\| journal \\= Neuroscience Letters \\| volume \\= 79 \\| issue \\= 1–2 \\| pages \\= 128–32 \\| date \\= August 1987 \\| pmid \\= 3670722 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/0304\\-3940(87\\)90684\\-7 \\| s2cid \\= 30316737 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Lyamin OI, Mukhametov LM, Siegel JM, Nazarenko EA, Polyakova IG, Shpak OV \\| title \\= Unihemispheric slow wave sleep and the state of the eyes in a white whale \\| journal \\= Behavioural Brain Research \\| volume \\= 129 \\| issue \\= 1–2 \\| pages \\= 125–9 \\| date \\= February 2002 \\| pmid \\= 11809503 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/S0166\\-4328(01\\)00346\\-1 \\| pmc \\= 8788623 \\| s2cid \\= 27009685 }}", "The correlates of sleep found for mammals are valid for [birds](/wiki/Birds \"Birds\") as well i.e. bird sleep is very similar to mammals and involves both SWS and REM sleep with similar features, including closure of both eyes, lowered muscle tone, etc.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Roth TC, Lesku JA, Amlaner CJ, Lima SL \\| title \\= A phylogenetic analysis of the correlates of sleep in birds \\| journal \\= Journal of Sleep Research \\| volume \\= 15 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 395–402 \\| date \\= December 2006 \\| pmid \\= 17118096 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1365\\-2869\\.2006\\.00559\\.x \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} However, the proportion of REM sleep in birds is much lower. Also, some birds can sleep with one eye open if there is high predation risk in the environment.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Mascetti GG, Bobbo D, Rugger M, Vallortigara G \\| title \\= Monocular sleep in male domestic chicks \\| journal \\= Behavioural Brain Research \\| volume \\= 153 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 447–52 \\| date \\= August 2004 \\| pmid \\= 15265641 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.bbr.2003\\.12\\.022 \\| s2cid \\= 19793594 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Rattenborg NC, Lima SL, Amlaner CJ \\| title \\= Facultative control of avian unihemispheric sleep under the risk of predation \\| journal \\= Behavioural Brain Research \\| volume \\= 105 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 163–72 \\| date \\= November 1999 \\| pmid \\= 10563490 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/S0166\\-4328(99\\)00070\\-4 \\| s2cid \\= 8570743 }} This gives rise to the possibility of sleep in flight; considering that sleep is very important and some bird species can fly for weeks continuously, this seems to be the obvious result. However, sleep in flight has not been recorded, and is so far unsupported by EEG data. Further research may explain whether birds sleep during flight or if there are other mechanisms which ensure their remaining healthy during long flights in the absence of sleep.", "Unlike in birds, very few consistent features of sleep have been found among [reptile](/wiki/Reptile \"Reptile\") species. The only common observation is that reptiles do not have REM sleep.", "Sleep in some [invertebrates](/wiki/Invertebrates \"Invertebrates\") has also been extensively studied, e.g., sleep in [fruitflies (Drosophila)](/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster \"Drosophila melanogaster\"){{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Shaw PJ, Cirelli C, Greenspan RJ, Tononi G \\| title \\= Correlates of sleep and waking in Drosophila melanogaster \\| journal \\= Science \\| volume \\= 287 \\| issue \\= 5459 \\| pages \\= 1834–7 \\| date \\= March 2000 \\| pmid \\= 10710313 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.287\\.5459\\.1834 \\| bibcode \\= 2000Sci...287\\.1834S }} and [honeybees](/wiki/Honeybees \"Honeybees\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Sauer S, Kinkelin M, Herrmann E, Kaiser W \\| title \\= The dynamics of sleep\\-like behaviour in honey bees \\| journal \\= Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural \\& Behavioral Physiology \\| volume \\= 189 \\| issue \\= 8 \\| pages \\= 599–607 \\| date \\= August 2003 \\| pmid \\= 12861424 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/s00359\\-003\\-0436\\-9 \\| s2cid \\= 13603649 }} Some of the mechanisms of sleep in these animals have been discovered while others remain quite obscure. The features defining sleep have been identified for the most part, and like mammals, this includes reduced reaction to sensory input, lack of motor response in the form of [antennal](/wiki/Antenna_%28biology%29 \"Antenna (biology)\") immobility, etc.", "The fact that both the forms of sleep are found in mammals and birds, but not in reptiles (which are considered to be an intermediate stage) indicates that sleep might have evolved separately in both. Substantiating this might be followed by further research on whether the EEG correlates of sleep are involved in its functions or if they are merely a feature. This might further help in understanding the role of sleep in long term plasticity.", "According to Tsoukalas (2012\\), REM sleep is an evolutionary transformation of a well\\-known defensive mechanism, the [tonic immobility](/wiki/Tonic_immobility \"Tonic immobility\") reflex. This reflex, also known as animal hypnosis or death feigning, functions as the last line of defense against an attacking predator and consists of the total immobilization of the animal: the animal appears dead (cf. \"playing possum\"). The neurophysiology and phenomenology of this reaction show striking similarities to REM sleep, a fact which betrays a deep evolutionary kinship. For example, both reactions exhibit brainstem control, paralysis, sympathetic activation, and thermoregulatory changes. This theory integrates many earlier findings into a unified, and evolutionary well informed, framework.{{cite journal\\|doi\\=10\\.1037/a0030790\\|title\\=The origin of REM sleep: A hypothesis\\|year\\=2012\\| vauthors \\= Tsoukalas I \\|journal\\=Dreaming\\|volume\\=22\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=253–283}}{{cite web \\| vauthors \\= Vitelli R \\| date \\= 25 March 2013 \\| url \\= http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/media\\-spotlight/201303/exploring\\-the\\-mystery\\-rem\\-sleep \\| title \\= Exploring the Mystery of REM Sleep \\| work \\= Psychology Today On\\-line blog }}", "" ]
Brain activity during sleep --------------------------- {{multiple image \| width \= 220 \| direction \= vertical \| footer \= EEG waveforms of brain activity during sleep \| image1 \= Screen shot of a patient during Slow Wave Sleep.jpg \| caption1 \= Slow Wave Sleep \| image2 \= Sleep EEG REM.png \| caption2 \= REM Sleep }} [thumb\|Hypnogram showing sleep architecture from midnight to 6:30 am, with deep sleep early on. There is more REM (marked red) before waking. (Current hypnograms reflect the recent decision to combine NREM stages 3 and 4 into a single stage 3\.)\|alt\=Hypnogram showing sleep cycles from midnight to morning.](/wiki/File:Sleep_Hypnogram.svg "Sleep Hypnogram.svg") Understanding the activity of different parts of the brain during sleep can give a clue to the functions of sleep. It has been observed that mental activity is present during all stages of sleep, though from different regions in the brain. So, contrary to popular understanding, the brain never completely shuts down during sleep. Also, sleep intensity of a particular region is [homeostatically](/wiki/Homeostasis "Homeostasis") related to the corresponding amount of activity before sleeping.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Borbély AA \| title \= Processes underlying sleep regulation \| journal \= Hormone Research \| volume \= 49 \| issue \= 3–4 \| pages \= 114–7 \| date \= 1 January 1998 \| pmid \= 9550110 \| doi \= 10\.1159/000023156 \| s2cid \= 15651050 \| url \= https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/885/1/23156\.pdf }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Mazoyer B, Houdé O, Joliot M, Mellet E, Tzourio\-Mazoyer N \| title \= Regional cerebral blood flow increases during wakeful rest following cognitive training \| journal \= Brain Research Bulletin \| volume \= 80 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 133–8 \| date \= September 2009 \| pmid \= 19589374 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.brainresbull.2009\.06\.021 \| s2cid \= 22696285 }} The use of imaging modalities like PET, fMRI and MEG, combined with EEG recordings, gives a clue to which brain regions participate in creating the characteristic wave signals and what their functions might be.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Brancaccio A, Tabarelli D, Bigica M, Baldauf D \| title \= Cortical source localization of sleep\-stage specific oscillatory activity \| journal \= Scientific Reports \| volume \= 10 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 6976 \| date \= April 2020 \| pmid \= 32332806 \| pmc \= 7181624 \| doi \= 10\.1038/s41598\-020\-63933\-5 \| bibcode \= 2020NatSR..10\.6976B }} ### Historical development of the stages model The stages of sleep were first described in 1937 by [Alfred Lee Loomis](/wiki/Alfred_Lee_Loomis "Alfred Lee Loomis") and his coworkers, who separated the different [electroencephalography](/wiki/Electroencephalography "Electroencephalography") (EEG) features of sleep into five levels (A to E), representing the spectrum from wakefulness to deep sleep.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Loomis AL, Harvey EN, Hobart GA \| title \= III Cerebral states during sleep, as studied by human brain potentials \| journal \= J. Exp. Psychol. \| year \= 1937 \| volume \= 21 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 127–44 \| doi \= 10\.1037/h0057431 }} In 1953, REM sleep was discovered as distinct, and thus [William C. Dement](/wiki/William_C._Dement "William C. Dement") and [Nathaniel Kleitman](/wiki/Nathaniel_Kleitman "Nathaniel Kleitman") reclassified sleep into four NREM stages and REM. The staging criteria were standardized in 1968 by [Allan Rechtschaffen](/wiki/Allan_Rechtschaffen "Allan Rechtschaffen") and Anthony Kales in the "R\&K sleep scoring manual." In the R\&K standard, NREM sleep was divided into four stages, with slow\-wave sleep comprising stages 3 and 4\. In stage 3, delta waves made up less than 50% of the total wave patterns, while they made up more than 50% in stage 4\. Furthermore, REM sleep was sometimes referred to as stage 5\. In 2004, the AASM commissioned the AASM Visual Scoring Task Force to review the R\&K scoring system. The review resulted in several changes, the most significant being the combination of stages 3 and 4 into Stage N3\. The revised scoring was published in 2007 as *The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events*.{{cite book \| vauthors \= Iber C, Ancoli\-Israel S, Chesson A, Quan SF, ((American Academy of Sleep Medicine)) \|title\=The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications \|location\=Westchester \|publisher\=American Academy of Sleep Medicine \|year\=2007}} Arousals, respiratory, cardiac, and movement events were also added.{{cite web \|url\=http://web.mst.edu/\~psyworld/general/sleepstages/sleepstages.pdf \|title\= Stages of Sleep \|access\-date\=15 June 2008 \| work \= Psychology World \|year\=1998 \|quote\=(includes illustrations of "sleep spindles" and "K\-complexes")}}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Schulz H \| title \= Rethinking sleep analysis \| journal \= Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine \| volume \= 4 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 99–103 \| date \= April 2008 \| pmid \= 18468306 \| pmc \= 2335403 \| doi \= 10\.5664/jcsm.27124 }} ### NREM sleep activity [NREM sleep](/wiki/NREM_sleep "NREM sleep") is characterized by decreased global and regional [cerebral blood flow](/wiki/Cerebral_blood_flow "Cerebral blood flow"). It constitutes \~80% of all sleep in adult humans.Parmeggiani (2011\), *Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep*, *passim*. Initially, it was expected that the [brainstem](/wiki/Brainstem "Brainstem"), which was implicated in arousal would be inactive, but this was later on found to have been due to low resolution of PET studies and it was shown that there is some slow wave activity in the brainstem as well. However, other parts of the brain, including the [precuneus](/wiki/Precuneus "Precuneus"), [basal forebrain](/wiki/Basal_forebrain "Basal forebrain") and [basal ganglia](/wiki/Basal_ganglia "Basal ganglia") are deactivated during sleep. Many areas of the cortex are also inactive, but to different levels. For example, the [ventromedial prefrontal cortex](/wiki/Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex "Ventromedial prefrontal cortex") is considered the least active area while the [primary cortex](/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex "Primary motor cortex"), the least deactivated.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Braun AR, Balkin TJ, Wesenten NJ, Carson RE, Varga M, Baldwin P, Selbie S, Belenky G, Herscovitch P \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep\-wake cycle. An H2(15\)O PET study \| journal \= Brain \| volume \= 120 ( Pt 7\) \| issue \= 7 \| pages \= 1173–97 \| date \= July 1997 \| pmid \= 9236630 \| doi \= 10\.1093/brain/120\.7\.1173 \| doi\-access \= free }} NREM sleep is characterized by slow oscillations, [spindles](/wiki/Sleep_spindles "Sleep spindles") and [delta waves](/wiki/Delta_waves "Delta waves"). The slow oscillations have been shown to be from the cortex, as lesions in other parts of the brain do not affect them, but lesions in the cortex do.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= McGinty DJ, Sterman MB \| title \= Sleep suppression after basal forebrain lesions in the cat \| journal \= Science \| volume \= 160 \| issue \= 3833 \| pages \= 1253–5 \| date \= June 1968 \| pmid \= 5689683 \| doi \= 10\.1126/science.160\.3833\.1253 \| s2cid \= 24677928 \| bibcode \= 1968Sci...160\.1253M }} The delta waves have been shown to be generated by recurrent connections within the cerebral cortex. During slow wave sleep, the cortex generates brief periods of activity and inactivity at 0\.5–4 Hz, resulting in the generation of the delta waves of slow wave sleep. During this period, the thalamus stops relaying sensory information to the brain, however it continues to produce signals, such as spindle waves, that are sent to its cortical projections. Sleep spindles of slow wave sleep are generated as an interaction of the thalamic reticular nucleus with thalamic relay neurons.{{cite journal \|last1\=McCormick \|first1\=DA \|last2\=Bal \|first2\=T \|title\=Sleep and Arousal: Thalamocortical mechanisms. \|journal\=Annual Review of Neuroscience \|date\=1997 \|volume\=20 \|pages\=185–215 \|doi\=10\.1146/annurev.neuro.20\.1\.185\|pmid\=9056712 }} The sleep spindles have been predicted to play a role in disconnecting the cortex from sensory input and allowing entry of calcium ions into cells, thus potentially playing a role in [plasticity](/wiki/Neuroplasticity "Neuroplasticity").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Steriade M \| title \= Synchronized activities of coupled oscillators in the cerebral cortex and thalamus at different levels of vigilance \| journal \= Cerebral Cortex \| volume \= 7 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 583–604 \| date \= September 1997 \| pmid \= 9276182 \| doi \= 10\.1093/cercor/7\.6\.583 \| doi\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Contreras D, Destexhe A, Sejnowski TJ, Steriade M \| title \= Spatiotemporal patterns of spindle oscillations in cortex and thalamus \| journal \= The Journal of Neuroscience \| volume \= 17 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 1179–96 \| date \= February 1997 \| pmid \= 8994070 \| pmc \= 6573181 \| doi \= 10\.1523/JNEUROSCI.17\-03\-01179\.1997 }} #### NREM 1 NREM Stage 1 (N1 – light sleep, [somnolence](/wiki/Somnolence "Somnolence"), drowsy sleep – 5–10% of total sleep in adults): This is a stage of sleep that usually occurs between sleep and wakefulness, and sometimes occurs between periods of deeper sleep and periods of REM. The muscles are active, and the eyes roll slowly, opening and closing moderately. The brain transitions from [alpha waves](/wiki/Alpha_waves "Alpha waves") having a frequency of 8–13 [Hz](/wiki/Hertz "Hertz") (common in the awake state) to [theta waves](/wiki/Theta_wave "Theta wave") having a frequency of 4–7 Hz. Sudden twitches and [hypnic jerks](/wiki/Hypnic_jerk "Hypnic jerk"), also known as positive [myoclonus](/wiki/Myoclonus "Myoclonus"), may be associated with the onset of sleep during N1\. Some people may also experience [hypnagogic hallucinations](/wiki/Hypnagogic_hallucination "Hypnagogic hallucination") during this stage. During Non\-REM1, humans lose some [muscle tone](/wiki/Muscle_tone "Muscle tone") and most conscious awareness of the external environment. #### NREM 2 NREM Stage 2 (N2 – 45–55% of total sleep in adults{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Fuller PM, Gooley JJ, Saper CB \| title \= Neurobiology of the sleep\-wake cycle: sleep architecture, circadian regulation, and regulatory feedback \| journal \= Journal of Biological Rhythms \| volume \= 21 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 482–93 \| date \= December 2006 \| pmid \= 17107938 \| doi \= 10\.1177/0748730406294627 \| s2cid \= 36572447 }}): In this stage, [theta activity](/wiki/Theta_rhythm "Theta rhythm") is observed and sleepers become gradually harder to awaken; the [alpha waves](/wiki/Alpha_wave "Alpha wave") of the previous stage are interrupted by abrupt activity called [sleep spindles](/wiki/Sleep_spindle "Sleep spindle") (or thalamocortical spindles) and [K\-complexes](/wiki/K-complex "K-complex").{{cite book \| vauthors \= Schacter DL, Gilbert DT, Wegner DM \| year \= 2009 \| title \= Psychology \| publisher \= Worth Publishers \| isbn \= 978\-1\-4292\-0615\-0 }} Sleep spindles range from 11 to 16 Hz (most commonly 12–14 Hz). During this stage, muscular activity as measured by EMG decreases, and conscious awareness of the external environment disappears. #### NREM 3 {{Main\|Slow\-wave sleep}} [thumb\|30 seconds of N3 – deep sleep.](/wiki/File:Sleep_Stage_N3.png "Sleep Stage N3.png") NREM Stage 3 (N3 – 15–25% of total sleep in adults): Formerly divided into stages 3 and 4, this stage is called [slow\-wave sleep](/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep "Slow-wave sleep") (SWS) or deep sleep. SWS is initiated in the [preoptic area](/wiki/Preoptic_area "Preoptic area") and consists of [delta activity](/wiki/Delta_activity "Delta activity"), high amplitude waves at less than 3\.5 Hz. The sleeper is less responsive to the environment; many environmental stimuli no longer produce any reactions. Slow\-wave sleep is thought to be the most restful form of sleep, the phase which most relieves subjective feelings of sleepiness and restores the body.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Waterhouse J, Fukuda Y, Morita T \| title \= Daily rhythms of the sleep\-wake cycle \| journal \= Journal of Physiological Anthropology \| volume \= 31 \| pages \= 5 \| date \= March 2012 \| issue \= 1 \| pmid \= 22738268 \| pmc \= 3375033 \| doi \= 10\.1186/1880\-6805\-31\-5 \| doi\-access \= free }} This stage is characterized by the presence of a minimum of 20% [delta waves](/wiki/Delta_wave "Delta wave") ranging from 0\.5–2 Hz and having a peak\-to\-peak amplitude \>75 μV. (EEG standards define delta waves to be from 0 to 4 Hz, but sleep standards in both the original R\&K model ([Allan Rechtschaffen](/wiki/Allan_Rechtschaffen "Allan Rechtschaffen") and Anthony Kales in the "R\&K sleep scoring manual."),[Brown](/wiki/%23Brown "#Brown"), pp. 1108–1109\.{{cite book \| url\=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rechschaffen\-Kales\-\-\-Manual.pdf \| veditors \= Rechtschaffen A, Kales A \| title\=A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. \| publisher\=Washington: Public Health Service, US Government Printing Office \| year\=1968 }} as well as the new 2007 AASM guidelines have a range of 0\.5–2 Hz.) This is the stage in which parasomnias such as [night terrors](/wiki/Night_terror "Night terror"), [nocturnal enuresis](/wiki/Nocturnal_enuresis "Nocturnal enuresis"), [sleepwalking](/wiki/Sleepwalking "Sleepwalking"), and [somniloquy](/wiki/Somniloquy "Somniloquy") occur. Many illustrations and descriptions still show a stage N3 with 20–50% delta waves and a stage N4 with greater than 50% delta waves; these have been combined as stage N3\. ### REM sleep activity {{Main\|Rapid eye movement sleep}} [thumb\|30 seconds of REM sleep. Eye movements highlighted by red box.](/wiki/File:Sleep_Stage_REM.png "Sleep Stage REM.png") REM Stage (REM Sleep – 20–25% of total sleep in adults{{cite book \| vauthors \= Myers DG \|title\=Psychology, Seventh Edition, in Modules (High School Version)\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=oYuBwPDsQZoC\&pg\=PA268\|access\-date\=22 August 2012\|date\=22 September 2003\|publisher\=Macmillan\|isbn\=978\-0\-7167\-8595\-8\|pages\=268–}}): REM sleep is where most muscles are paralyzed, and heart rate, breathing and body temperature become unregulated. REM sleep is turned on by [acetylcholine](/wiki/Acetylcholine "Acetylcholine") secretion and is inhibited by neurons that secrete monoamines including [serotonin](/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin"). REM is also referred to as *paradoxical sleep* because the sleeper, although exhibiting high\-frequency EEG waves similar to a waking state, is harder to arouse than at any other sleep stage. Vital signs indicate arousal and oxygen consumption by the brain is higher than when the sleeper is awake.{{cite book\| vauthors \= Saladin KS \|title\=Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, 6th Edition\|year\=2012\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|isbn\=978\-0\-07\-337825\-1\|page\=537}} REM sleep is characterized by high global cerebral blood flow, comparable to wakefulness.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Reivich M, Isaacs G, Evarts E, Kety S \| title \= The effect of slow wave sleep and REM sleep on regional cerebral blood flow in cats \| journal \= Journal of Neurochemistry \| volume \= 15 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 301–6 \| date \= April 1968 \| pmid \= 5641651 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1471\-4159\.1968\.tb11614\.x \| s2cid \= 27688214 }} In fact, many areas in the cortex have been recorded to have more blood flow during REM sleep than even wakefulness\- this includes the [hippocampus](/wiki/Hippocampus "Hippocampus"), [temporal](/wiki/Temporal_lobe "Temporal lobe")\-[occipital](/wiki/Occipital_lobe "Occipital lobe") areas, some parts of the cortex, and [basal forebrain](/wiki/Basal_forebrain "Basal forebrain"). The [limbic](/wiki/Limbic "Limbic") and para[limbic system](/wiki/Limbic_system "Limbic system") including the [amygdala](/wiki/Amygdala "Amygdala") are other active regions during REM sleep.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Maquet P, Péters J, Aerts J, Delfiore G, Degueldre C, Luxen A, Franck G \| title \= Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid\-eye\-movement sleep and dreaming \| journal \= Nature \| volume \= 383 \| issue \= 6596 \| pages \= 163–6 \| date \= September 1996 \| pmid \= 8774879 \| doi \= 10\.1038/383163a0 \| url \= http://www\-psych.stanford.edu/\~knutson/ans/maquet96\.pdf \| access\-date \= 2012\-07\-28 \| url\-status \= dead \| bibcode \= 1996Natur.383\..163M \| s2cid \= 19628239 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20100705040550/http://www\-psych.stanford.edu/\~knutson/ans/maquet96\.pdf \| archive\-date \= 2010\-07\-05 }} Though the brain activity during REM sleep appears very similar to wakefulness, the main difference between REM and wakefulness is that, [arousal](/wiki/Arousal "Arousal") in REM is more effectively inhibited. This, along with the virtual silence of [monoaminergic](/wiki/Monoaminergic "Monoaminergic") neurons in the brain, may be said to characterize REM.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Saper CB, Scammell TE, Lu J \| title \= Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms \| journal \= Nature \| volume \= 437 \| issue \= 7063 \| pages \= 1257–63 \| date \= October 2005 \| pmid \= 16251950 \| doi \= 10\.1038/nature04284 \| s2cid \= 1793658 \| bibcode \= 2005Natur.437\.1257S }} A newborn baby spends 8 to 9 hours a day just in REM sleep. By the age of five or so, only slightly over two hours is spent in REM.{{cite encyclopedia\| vauthors \= Siegel JM \|url\= http://www.npi.ucla.edu/sleepresearch/encarta/Article.htm \|title\=Sleep \|access\-date\=25 January 2008 \|year\=1999 \|encyclopedia\=Encarta Encyclopedia \|publisher\=Microsoft \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214003754/http://www.npi.ucla.edu/sleepresearch/encarta/Article.htm \|archive\-date\=14 December 2007}} The function of REM sleep is uncertain but a lack of it impairs the ability to learn complex tasks. Functional paralysis from muscular [atonia](/wiki/Atonia "Atonia") in REM may be necessary to protect organisms from self\-damage through physically acting out scenes from the often\-vivid dreams that occur during this stage. In EEG recordings, REM sleep is characterized by high frequency, low amplitude activity and spontaneous occurrence of [beta](/wiki/Beta_wave "Beta wave") and [gamma waves](/wiki/Gamma_waves "Gamma waves"). The best candidates for generation of these fast frequency waves are fast rhythmic bursting neurons in corticothalamic circuits. Unlike in slow wave sleep, the fast frequency rhythms are synchronized over restricted areas in specific local circuits between thalamocortical and neocortical areas. These are said to be generated by [cholinergic](/wiki/Cholinergic "Cholinergic") processes from brainstem structures. Apart from this, the amygdala plays a role in REM sleep modulation, supporting the hypothesis that REM sleep allows internal information processing. The high amygdalar activity may also cause the emotional responses during dreams.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Siegel JM \| title \= The stuff dreams are made of: anatomical substrates of REM sleep \| journal \= Nature Neuroscience \| volume \= 9 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 721–2 \| date \= June 2006 \| pmid \= 16732200 \| doi \= 10\.1038/nn0606\-721 \| pmc \= 8779714 \| s2cid \= 7951497 }} Similarly, the bizarreness of dreams may be due to the decreased activity of [prefrontal](/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex "Prefrontal cortex") regions, which are involved in integrating information as well as [episodic memory](/wiki/Episodic_memory "Episodic memory"). ### Ponto\-geniculo\-occipital waves REM sleep is also related to the firing of [ponto\-geniculo\-occipital](/wiki/Ponto-geniculo-occipital_waves "Ponto-geniculo-occipital waves") waves (also called phasic activity or PGO waves) and activity in the cholinergic ascending arousal system. PGO waves have been recorded in the [lateral geniculate nucleus](/wiki/Lateral_geniculate_nucleus "Lateral geniculate nucleus") and [occipital cortex](/wiki/Occipital_cortex "Occipital cortex") during the pre\-REM period and are thought to represent dream content. The greater signal\-to\-noise ratio in the LG cortical channel suggests that visual imagery in dreams may appear before full development of REM sleep, but this has not yet been confirmed. PGO waves may also play a role in development and structural maturation of brain, as well as [long term potentiation](/wiki/Long_term_potentiation "Long term potentiation") in immature animals, based on the fact that there is high PGO activity during sleep in the developmental brain.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Nelson JP, McCarley RW, Hobson JA \| title \= REM sleep burst neurons, PGO waves, and eye movement information \| journal \= Journal of Neurophysiology \| volume \= 50 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 784–97 \| date \= October 1983 \| pmid \= 6631463 \| doi \= 10\.1152/jn.1983\.50\.4\.784 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Hobson JA, Stickgold R, Pace\-Schott EF \| title \= The neuropsychology of REM sleep dreaming \| journal \= NeuroReport \| volume \= 9 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= R1–14 \| date \= February 1998 \| pmid \= 9512371 \| doi \= 10\.1097/00001756\-199802160\-00033 }} ### Network reactivation The other form of activity during sleep is reactivation. Some electrophysiological studies have shown that neuronal activity patterns found during a learning task before sleep are reactivated in the brain during sleep.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Wilson MA, McNaughton BL \| title \= Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep \| journal \= Science \| volume \= 265 \| issue \= 5172 \| pages \= 676–9 \| date \= July 1994 \| pmid \= 8036517 \| doi \= 10\.1126/science.8036517 \| bibcode \= 1994Sci...265\..676W \| s2cid \= 890257 }} This, along with the coincidence of active areas with areas responsible for memory have led to the theory that sleep might have some memory consolidation functions. In this relation, some studies have shown that after a sequential motor task, the pre\-motor and [visual cortex](/wiki/Visual_cortex "Visual cortex") areas involved are most active during REM sleep, but not during NREM. Similarly, the [hippocampal](/wiki/Hippocampus "Hippocampus") areas involved in spatial learning tasks are reactivated in NREM sleep, but not in REM. Such studies suggest a role of sleep in consolidation of specific memory types. It is, however, still unclear whether other types of memory are also consolidated by these mechanisms.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Stickgold R, Walker MP \| title \= Sleep\-dependent memory consolidation and reconsolidation \| journal \= Sleep Medicine \| volume \= 8 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 331–43 \| date \= June 2007 \| pmid \= 17470412 \| pmc \= 2680680 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.sleep.2007\.03\.011 }} ### Hippocampal neocortical dialog The hippocampal neocortical dialog refers to the very structured interactions during [SWS](/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep "Slow-wave sleep") between groups of neurons called ensembles in the [hippocampus](/wiki/Hippocampus "Hippocampus") and [neocortex](/wiki/Neocortex "Neocortex").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Buzsáki G \| title \= The hippocampo\-neocortical dialogue \| journal \= Cerebral Cortex \| volume \= 6 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 81–92 \| date \= 1 January 1996 \| pmid \= 8670641 \| doi \= 10\.1093/cercor/6\.2\.81 \| doi\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Buzsáki G \| title \= Memory consolidation during sleep: a neurophysiological perspective \| journal \= Journal of Sleep Research \| volume \= 7 Suppl 1 \| issue \= S1 \| pages \= 17–23 \| date \= 1 June 1998 \| pmid \= 9682189 \| doi \= 10\.1046/j.1365\-2869\.7\.s1\.3\.x \| s2cid \= 221891765 }} Sharp wave patterns (SPW) dominate the hippocampus during SWS and neuron populations in the hippocampus participate in organized bursts during this phase. This is done in synchrony with state changes in the cortex (DOWN/UP state) and coordinated by the slow oscillations in cortex. These observations, coupled with the knowledge that the hippocampus plays a role in short to medium term memory whereas the cortex plays a role in long\-term memory, have led to the hypothesis that the hippocampal neocortical dialog might be a mechanism through which the hippocampus transfers information to the cortex. Thus, the hippocampal neocortical dialog is said to play a role in memory consolidation.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Ferrara M, Moroni F, De Gennaro L, Nobili L \| title \= Hippocampal sleep features: relations to human memory function \| journal \= Frontiers in Neurology \| volume \= 3 \| pages \= 57 \| date \= 1 January 2012 \| pmid \= 22529835 \| pmc \= 3327976 \| doi \= 10\.3389/fneur.2012\.00057 \| doi\-access \= free }}
[ "Brain activity during sleep\n---------------------------", "{{multiple image\n \\| width \\= 220\n \\| direction \\= vertical\n \\| footer \\= EEG waveforms of brain activity during sleep\n \\| image1 \\= Screen shot of a patient during Slow Wave Sleep.jpg\n \\| caption1 \\= Slow Wave Sleep\n \\| image2 \\= Sleep EEG REM.png\n \\| caption2 \\= REM Sleep\n }}\n[thumb\\|Hypnogram showing sleep architecture from midnight to 6:30 am, with deep sleep early on. There is more REM (marked red) before waking. (Current hypnograms reflect the recent decision to combine NREM stages 3 and 4 into a single stage 3\\.)\\|alt\\=Hypnogram showing sleep cycles from midnight to morning.](/wiki/File:Sleep_Hypnogram.svg \"Sleep Hypnogram.svg\")", "Understanding the activity of different parts of the brain during sleep can give a clue to the functions of sleep. It has been observed that mental activity is present during all stages of sleep, though from different regions in the brain. So, contrary to popular understanding, the brain never completely shuts down during sleep. Also, sleep intensity of a particular region is [homeostatically](/wiki/Homeostasis \"Homeostasis\") related to the corresponding amount of activity before sleeping.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Borbély AA \\| title \\= Processes underlying sleep regulation \\| journal \\= Hormone Research \\| volume \\= 49 \\| issue \\= 3–4 \\| pages \\= 114–7 \\| date \\= 1 January 1998 \\| pmid \\= 9550110 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1159/000023156 \\| s2cid \\= 15651050 \\| url \\= https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/885/1/23156\\.pdf }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Mazoyer B, Houdé O, Joliot M, Mellet E, Tzourio\\-Mazoyer N \\| title \\= Regional cerebral blood flow increases during wakeful rest following cognitive training \\| journal \\= Brain Research Bulletin \\| volume \\= 80 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 133–8 \\| date \\= September 2009 \\| pmid \\= 19589374 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.brainresbull.2009\\.06\\.021 \\| s2cid \\= 22696285 }} The use of imaging modalities like PET, fMRI and MEG, combined with EEG recordings, gives a clue to which brain regions participate in creating the characteristic wave signals and what their functions might be.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Brancaccio A, Tabarelli D, Bigica M, Baldauf D \\| title \\= Cortical source localization of sleep\\-stage specific oscillatory activity \\| journal \\= Scientific Reports \\| volume \\= 10 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 6976 \\| date \\= April 2020 \\| pmid \\= 32332806 \\| pmc \\= 7181624 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/s41598\\-020\\-63933\\-5 \\| bibcode \\= 2020NatSR..10\\.6976B }}", "### Historical development of the stages model", "The stages of sleep were first described in 1937 by [Alfred Lee Loomis](/wiki/Alfred_Lee_Loomis \"Alfred Lee Loomis\") and his coworkers, who separated the different [electroencephalography](/wiki/Electroencephalography \"Electroencephalography\") (EEG) features of sleep into five levels (A to E), representing the spectrum from wakefulness to deep sleep.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Loomis AL, Harvey EN, Hobart GA \\| title \\= III Cerebral states during sleep, as studied by human brain potentials \\| journal \\= J. Exp. Psychol. \\| year \\= 1937 \\| volume \\= 21 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 127–44 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1037/h0057431 }} In 1953, REM sleep was discovered as distinct, and thus [William C. Dement](/wiki/William_C._Dement \"William C. Dement\") and [Nathaniel Kleitman](/wiki/Nathaniel_Kleitman \"Nathaniel Kleitman\") reclassified sleep into four NREM stages and REM. The staging criteria were standardized in 1968 by [Allan Rechtschaffen](/wiki/Allan_Rechtschaffen \"Allan Rechtschaffen\") and Anthony Kales in the \"R\\&K sleep scoring manual.\"", "In the R\\&K standard, NREM sleep was divided into four stages, with slow\\-wave sleep comprising stages 3 and 4\\. In stage 3, delta waves made up less than 50% of the total wave patterns, while they made up more than 50% in stage 4\\. Furthermore, REM sleep was sometimes referred to as stage 5\\. In 2004, the AASM commissioned the AASM Visual Scoring Task Force to review the R\\&K scoring system. The review resulted in several changes, the most significant being the combination of stages 3 and 4 into Stage N3\\. The revised scoring was published in 2007 as *The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events*.{{cite book \\| vauthors \\= Iber C, Ancoli\\-Israel S, Chesson A, Quan SF, ((American Academy of Sleep Medicine)) \\|title\\=The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications \\|location\\=Westchester \\|publisher\\=American Academy of Sleep Medicine \\|year\\=2007}} Arousals, respiratory, cardiac, and movement events were also added.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://web.mst.edu/\\~psyworld/general/sleepstages/sleepstages.pdf \\|title\\= Stages of Sleep \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2008 \\| work \\= Psychology World \\|year\\=1998 \\|quote\\=(includes illustrations of \"sleep spindles\" and \"K\\-complexes\")}}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Schulz H \\| title \\= Rethinking sleep analysis \\| journal \\= Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine \\| volume \\= 4 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 99–103 \\| date \\= April 2008 \\| pmid \\= 18468306 \\| pmc \\= 2335403 \\| doi \\= 10\\.5664/jcsm.27124 }}", "### NREM sleep activity", "[NREM sleep](/wiki/NREM_sleep \"NREM sleep\") is characterized by decreased global and regional [cerebral blood flow](/wiki/Cerebral_blood_flow \"Cerebral blood flow\"). It constitutes \\~80% of all sleep in adult humans.Parmeggiani (2011\\), *Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep*, *passim*. Initially, it was expected that the [brainstem](/wiki/Brainstem \"Brainstem\"), which was implicated in arousal would be inactive, but this was later on found to have been due to low resolution of PET studies and it was shown that there is some slow wave activity in the brainstem as well. However, other parts of the brain, including the [precuneus](/wiki/Precuneus \"Precuneus\"), [basal forebrain](/wiki/Basal_forebrain \"Basal forebrain\") and [basal ganglia](/wiki/Basal_ganglia \"Basal ganglia\") are deactivated during sleep. Many areas of the cortex are also inactive, but to different levels. For example, the [ventromedial prefrontal cortex](/wiki/Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex \"Ventromedial prefrontal cortex\") is considered the least active area while the [primary cortex](/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex \"Primary motor cortex\"), the least deactivated.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Braun AR, Balkin TJ, Wesenten NJ, Carson RE, Varga M, Baldwin P, Selbie S, Belenky G, Herscovitch P \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep\\-wake cycle. An H2(15\\)O PET study \\| journal \\= Brain \\| volume \\= 120 ( Pt 7\\) \\| issue \\= 7 \\| pages \\= 1173–97 \\| date \\= July 1997 \\| pmid \\= 9236630 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/brain/120\\.7\\.1173 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}", "NREM sleep is characterized by slow oscillations, [spindles](/wiki/Sleep_spindles \"Sleep spindles\") and [delta waves](/wiki/Delta_waves \"Delta waves\"). The slow oscillations have been shown to be from the cortex, as lesions in other parts of the brain do not affect them, but lesions in the cortex do.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= McGinty DJ, Sterman MB \\| title \\= Sleep suppression after basal forebrain lesions in the cat \\| journal \\= Science \\| volume \\= 160 \\| issue \\= 3833 \\| pages \\= 1253–5 \\| date \\= June 1968 \\| pmid \\= 5689683 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.160\\.3833\\.1253 \\| s2cid \\= 24677928 \\| bibcode \\= 1968Sci...160\\.1253M }} The delta waves have been shown to be generated by recurrent connections within the cerebral cortex. During slow wave sleep, the cortex generates brief periods of activity and inactivity at 0\\.5–4 Hz, resulting in the generation of the delta waves of slow wave sleep. During this period, the thalamus stops relaying sensory information to the brain, however it continues to produce signals, such as spindle waves, that are sent to its cortical projections. Sleep spindles of slow wave sleep are generated as an interaction of the thalamic reticular nucleus with thalamic relay neurons.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=McCormick \\|first1\\=DA \\|last2\\=Bal \\|first2\\=T \\|title\\=Sleep and Arousal: Thalamocortical mechanisms. \\|journal\\=Annual Review of Neuroscience \\|date\\=1997 \\|volume\\=20 \\|pages\\=185–215 \\|doi\\=10\\.1146/annurev.neuro.20\\.1\\.185\\|pmid\\=9056712 }} The sleep spindles have been predicted to play a role in disconnecting the cortex from sensory input and allowing entry of calcium ions into cells, thus potentially playing a role in [plasticity](/wiki/Neuroplasticity \"Neuroplasticity\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Steriade M \\| title \\= Synchronized activities of coupled oscillators in the cerebral cortex and thalamus at different levels of vigilance \\| journal \\= Cerebral Cortex \\| volume \\= 7 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 583–604 \\| date \\= September 1997 \\| pmid \\= 9276182 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/cercor/7\\.6\\.583 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Contreras D, Destexhe A, Sejnowski TJ, Steriade M \\| title \\= Spatiotemporal patterns of spindle oscillations in cortex and thalamus \\| journal \\= The Journal of Neuroscience \\| volume \\= 17 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 1179–96 \\| date \\= February 1997 \\| pmid \\= 8994070 \\| pmc \\= 6573181 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1523/JNEUROSCI.17\\-03\\-01179\\.1997 }}", "#### NREM 1", "NREM Stage 1 (N1 – light sleep, [somnolence](/wiki/Somnolence \"Somnolence\"), drowsy sleep – 5–10% of total sleep in adults): This is a stage of sleep that usually occurs between sleep and wakefulness, and sometimes occurs between periods of deeper sleep and periods of REM. The muscles are active, and the eyes roll slowly, opening and closing moderately. The brain transitions from [alpha waves](/wiki/Alpha_waves \"Alpha waves\") having a frequency of 8–13 [Hz](/wiki/Hertz \"Hertz\") (common in the awake state) to [theta waves](/wiki/Theta_wave \"Theta wave\") having a frequency of 4–7 Hz. Sudden twitches and [hypnic jerks](/wiki/Hypnic_jerk \"Hypnic jerk\"), also known as positive [myoclonus](/wiki/Myoclonus \"Myoclonus\"), may be associated with the onset of sleep during N1\\. Some people may also experience [hypnagogic hallucinations](/wiki/Hypnagogic_hallucination \"Hypnagogic hallucination\") during this stage. During Non\\-REM1, humans lose some [muscle tone](/wiki/Muscle_tone \"Muscle tone\") and most conscious awareness of the external environment.", "#### NREM 2", "NREM Stage 2 (N2 – 45–55% of total sleep in adults{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Fuller PM, Gooley JJ, Saper CB \\| title \\= Neurobiology of the sleep\\-wake cycle: sleep architecture, circadian regulation, and regulatory feedback \\| journal \\= Journal of Biological Rhythms \\| volume \\= 21 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 482–93 \\| date \\= December 2006 \\| pmid \\= 17107938 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1177/0748730406294627 \\| s2cid \\= 36572447 }}): In this stage, [theta activity](/wiki/Theta_rhythm \"Theta rhythm\") is observed and sleepers become gradually harder to awaken; the [alpha waves](/wiki/Alpha_wave \"Alpha wave\") of the previous stage are interrupted by abrupt activity called [sleep spindles](/wiki/Sleep_spindle \"Sleep spindle\") (or thalamocortical spindles) and [K\\-complexes](/wiki/K-complex \"K-complex\").{{cite book \\| vauthors \\= Schacter DL, Gilbert DT, Wegner DM \\| year \\= 2009 \\| title \\= Psychology \\| publisher \\= Worth Publishers \\| isbn \\= 978\\-1\\-4292\\-0615\\-0 }} Sleep spindles range from 11 to 16 Hz (most commonly 12–14 Hz). During this stage, muscular activity as measured by EMG decreases, and conscious awareness of the external environment disappears.", "#### NREM 3", "{{Main\\|Slow\\-wave sleep}}\n[thumb\\|30 seconds of N3 – deep sleep.](/wiki/File:Sleep_Stage_N3.png \"Sleep Stage N3.png\")\nNREM Stage 3 (N3 – 15–25% of total sleep in adults): Formerly divided into stages 3 and 4, this stage is called [slow\\-wave sleep](/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep \"Slow-wave sleep\") (SWS) or deep sleep. SWS is initiated in the [preoptic area](/wiki/Preoptic_area \"Preoptic area\") and consists of [delta activity](/wiki/Delta_activity \"Delta activity\"), high amplitude waves at less than 3\\.5 Hz. The sleeper is less responsive to the environment; many environmental stimuli no longer produce any reactions. Slow\\-wave sleep is thought to be the most restful form of sleep, the phase which most relieves subjective feelings of sleepiness and restores the body.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Waterhouse J, Fukuda Y, Morita T \\| title \\= Daily rhythms of the sleep\\-wake cycle \\| journal \\= Journal of Physiological Anthropology \\| volume \\= 31 \\| pages \\= 5 \\| date \\= March 2012 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pmid \\= 22738268 \\| pmc \\= 3375033 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1186/1880\\-6805\\-31\\-5 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}", "This stage is characterized by the presence of a minimum of 20% [delta waves](/wiki/Delta_wave \"Delta wave\") ranging from 0\\.5–2 Hz and having a peak\\-to\\-peak amplitude \\>75 μV. (EEG standards define delta waves to be from 0 to 4 Hz, but sleep standards in both the original R\\&K model ([Allan Rechtschaffen](/wiki/Allan_Rechtschaffen \"Allan Rechtschaffen\") and Anthony Kales in the \"R\\&K sleep scoring manual.\"),[Brown](/wiki/%23Brown \"#Brown\"), pp. 1108–1109\\.{{cite book \\| url\\=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rechschaffen\\-Kales\\-\\-\\-Manual.pdf \\| veditors \\= Rechtschaffen A, Kales A \\| title\\=A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. \\| publisher\\=Washington: Public Health Service, US Government Printing Office \\| year\\=1968 }} as well as the new 2007 AASM guidelines have a range of 0\\.5–2 Hz.) This is the stage in which parasomnias such as [night terrors](/wiki/Night_terror \"Night terror\"), [nocturnal enuresis](/wiki/Nocturnal_enuresis \"Nocturnal enuresis\"), [sleepwalking](/wiki/Sleepwalking \"Sleepwalking\"), and [somniloquy](/wiki/Somniloquy \"Somniloquy\") occur. Many illustrations and descriptions still show a stage N3 with 20–50% delta waves and a stage N4 with greater than 50% delta waves; these have been combined as stage N3\\.", "### REM sleep activity", "{{Main\\|Rapid eye movement sleep}}\n[thumb\\|30 seconds of REM sleep. Eye movements highlighted by red box.](/wiki/File:Sleep_Stage_REM.png \"Sleep Stage REM.png\")\nREM Stage (REM Sleep – 20–25% of total sleep in adults{{cite book \\| vauthors \\= Myers DG \\|title\\=Psychology, Seventh Edition, in Modules (High School Version)\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=oYuBwPDsQZoC\\&pg\\=PA268\\|access\\-date\\=22 August 2012\\|date\\=22 September 2003\\|publisher\\=Macmillan\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7167\\-8595\\-8\\|pages\\=268–}}): REM sleep is where most muscles are paralyzed, and heart rate, breathing and body temperature become unregulated. REM sleep is turned on by [acetylcholine](/wiki/Acetylcholine \"Acetylcholine\") secretion and is inhibited by neurons that secrete monoamines including [serotonin](/wiki/Serotonin \"Serotonin\"). REM is also referred to as *paradoxical sleep* because the sleeper, although exhibiting high\\-frequency EEG waves similar to a waking state, is harder to arouse than at any other sleep stage. Vital signs indicate arousal and oxygen consumption by the brain is higher than when the sleeper is awake.{{cite book\\| vauthors \\= Saladin KS \\|title\\=Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, 6th Edition\\|year\\=2012\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-07\\-337825\\-1\\|page\\=537}} REM sleep is characterized by high global cerebral blood flow, comparable to wakefulness.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Reivich M, Isaacs G, Evarts E, Kety S \\| title \\= The effect of slow wave sleep and REM sleep on regional cerebral blood flow in cats \\| journal \\= Journal of Neurochemistry \\| volume \\= 15 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 301–6 \\| date \\= April 1968 \\| pmid \\= 5641651 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1471\\-4159\\.1968\\.tb11614\\.x \\| s2cid \\= 27688214 }} In fact, many areas in the cortex have been recorded to have more blood flow during REM sleep than even wakefulness\\- this includes the [hippocampus](/wiki/Hippocampus \"Hippocampus\"), [temporal](/wiki/Temporal_lobe \"Temporal lobe\")\\-[occipital](/wiki/Occipital_lobe \"Occipital lobe\") areas, some parts of the cortex, and [basal forebrain](/wiki/Basal_forebrain \"Basal forebrain\"). The [limbic](/wiki/Limbic \"Limbic\") and para[limbic system](/wiki/Limbic_system \"Limbic system\") including the [amygdala](/wiki/Amygdala \"Amygdala\") are other active regions during REM sleep.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Maquet P, Péters J, Aerts J, Delfiore G, Degueldre C, Luxen A, Franck G \\| title \\= Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid\\-eye\\-movement sleep and dreaming \\| journal \\= Nature \\| volume \\= 383 \\| issue \\= 6596 \\| pages \\= 163–6 \\| date \\= September 1996 \\| pmid \\= 8774879 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/383163a0 \\| url \\= http://www\\-psych.stanford.edu/\\~knutson/ans/maquet96\\.pdf \\| access\\-date \\= 2012\\-07\\-28 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| bibcode \\= 1996Natur.383\\..163M \\| s2cid \\= 19628239 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100705040550/http://www\\-psych.stanford.edu/\\~knutson/ans/maquet96\\.pdf \\| archive\\-date \\= 2010\\-07\\-05 }} Though the brain activity during REM sleep appears very similar to wakefulness, the main difference between REM and wakefulness is that, [arousal](/wiki/Arousal \"Arousal\") in REM is more effectively inhibited. This, along with the virtual silence of [monoaminergic](/wiki/Monoaminergic \"Monoaminergic\") neurons in the brain, may be said to characterize REM.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Saper CB, Scammell TE, Lu J \\| title \\= Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms \\| journal \\= Nature \\| volume \\= 437 \\| issue \\= 7063 \\| pages \\= 1257–63 \\| date \\= October 2005 \\| pmid \\= 16251950 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/nature04284 \\| s2cid \\= 1793658 \\| bibcode \\= 2005Natur.437\\.1257S }}", "A newborn baby spends 8 to 9 hours a day just in REM sleep. By the age of five or so, only slightly over two hours is spent in REM.{{cite encyclopedia\\| vauthors \\= Siegel JM \\|url\\= http://www.npi.ucla.edu/sleepresearch/encarta/Article.htm \\|title\\=Sleep \\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2008 \\|year\\=1999 \\|encyclopedia\\=Encarta Encyclopedia \\|publisher\\=Microsoft \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214003754/http://www.npi.ucla.edu/sleepresearch/encarta/Article.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=14 December 2007}} The function of REM sleep is uncertain but a lack of it impairs the ability to learn complex tasks. Functional paralysis from muscular [atonia](/wiki/Atonia \"Atonia\") in REM may be necessary to protect organisms from self\\-damage through physically acting out scenes from the often\\-vivid dreams that occur during this stage.", "In EEG recordings, REM sleep is characterized by high frequency, low amplitude activity and spontaneous occurrence of [beta](/wiki/Beta_wave \"Beta wave\") and [gamma waves](/wiki/Gamma_waves \"Gamma waves\"). The best candidates for generation of these fast frequency waves are fast rhythmic bursting neurons in corticothalamic circuits. Unlike in slow wave sleep, the fast frequency rhythms are synchronized over restricted areas in specific local circuits between thalamocortical and neocortical areas. These are said to be generated by [cholinergic](/wiki/Cholinergic \"Cholinergic\") processes from brainstem structures.", "Apart from this, the amygdala plays a role in REM sleep modulation, supporting the hypothesis that REM sleep allows internal information processing. The high amygdalar activity may also cause the emotional responses during dreams.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Siegel JM \\| title \\= The stuff dreams are made of: anatomical substrates of REM sleep \\| journal \\= Nature Neuroscience \\| volume \\= 9 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 721–2 \\| date \\= June 2006 \\| pmid \\= 16732200 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/nn0606\\-721 \\| pmc \\= 8779714 \\| s2cid \\= 7951497 }} Similarly, the bizarreness of dreams may be due to the decreased activity of [prefrontal](/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex \"Prefrontal cortex\") regions, which are involved in integrating information as well as [episodic memory](/wiki/Episodic_memory \"Episodic memory\").", "### Ponto\\-geniculo\\-occipital waves", "REM sleep is also related to the firing of [ponto\\-geniculo\\-occipital](/wiki/Ponto-geniculo-occipital_waves \"Ponto-geniculo-occipital waves\") waves (also called phasic activity or PGO waves) and activity in the cholinergic ascending arousal system. PGO waves have been recorded in the [lateral geniculate nucleus](/wiki/Lateral_geniculate_nucleus \"Lateral geniculate nucleus\") and [occipital cortex](/wiki/Occipital_cortex \"Occipital cortex\") during the pre\\-REM period and are thought to represent dream content. The greater signal\\-to\\-noise ratio in the LG cortical channel suggests that visual imagery in dreams may appear before full development of REM sleep, but this has not yet been confirmed. PGO waves may also play a role in development and structural maturation of brain, as well as [long term potentiation](/wiki/Long_term_potentiation \"Long term potentiation\") in immature animals, based on the fact that there is high PGO activity during sleep in the developmental brain.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Nelson JP, McCarley RW, Hobson JA \\| title \\= REM sleep burst neurons, PGO waves, and eye movement information \\| journal \\= Journal of Neurophysiology \\| volume \\= 50 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 784–97 \\| date \\= October 1983 \\| pmid \\= 6631463 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1152/jn.1983\\.50\\.4\\.784 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Hobson JA, Stickgold R, Pace\\-Schott EF \\| title \\= The neuropsychology of REM sleep dreaming \\| journal \\= NeuroReport \\| volume \\= 9 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= R1–14 \\| date \\= February 1998 \\| pmid \\= 9512371 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1097/00001756\\-199802160\\-00033 }}", "### Network reactivation", "The other form of activity during sleep is reactivation. Some electrophysiological studies have shown that neuronal activity patterns found during a learning task before sleep are reactivated in the brain during sleep.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Wilson MA, McNaughton BL \\| title \\= Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep \\| journal \\= Science \\| volume \\= 265 \\| issue \\= 5172 \\| pages \\= 676–9 \\| date \\= July 1994 \\| pmid \\= 8036517 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.8036517 \\| bibcode \\= 1994Sci...265\\..676W \\| s2cid \\= 890257 }} This, along with the coincidence of active areas with areas responsible for memory have led to the theory that sleep might have some memory consolidation functions. In this relation, some studies have shown that after a sequential motor task, the pre\\-motor and [visual cortex](/wiki/Visual_cortex \"Visual cortex\") areas involved are most active during REM sleep, but not during NREM. Similarly, the [hippocampal](/wiki/Hippocampus \"Hippocampus\") areas involved in spatial learning tasks are reactivated in NREM sleep, but not in REM. Such studies suggest a role of sleep in consolidation of specific memory types. It is, however, still unclear whether other types of memory are also consolidated by these mechanisms.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Stickgold R, Walker MP \\| title \\= Sleep\\-dependent memory consolidation and reconsolidation \\| journal \\= Sleep Medicine \\| volume \\= 8 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 331–43 \\| date \\= June 2007 \\| pmid \\= 17470412 \\| pmc \\= 2680680 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.sleep.2007\\.03\\.011 }}", "### Hippocampal neocortical dialog", "The hippocampal neocortical dialog refers to the very structured interactions during [SWS](/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep \"Slow-wave sleep\") between groups of neurons called ensembles in the [hippocampus](/wiki/Hippocampus \"Hippocampus\") and [neocortex](/wiki/Neocortex \"Neocortex\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Buzsáki G \\| title \\= The hippocampo\\-neocortical dialogue \\| journal \\= Cerebral Cortex \\| volume \\= 6 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 81–92 \\| date \\= 1 January 1996 \\| pmid \\= 8670641 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/cercor/6\\.2\\.81 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Buzsáki G \\| title \\= Memory consolidation during sleep: a neurophysiological perspective \\| journal \\= Journal of Sleep Research \\| volume \\= 7 Suppl 1 \\| issue \\= S1 \\| pages \\= 17–23 \\| date \\= 1 June 1998 \\| pmid \\= 9682189 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1046/j.1365\\-2869\\.7\\.s1\\.3\\.x \\| s2cid \\= 221891765 }} Sharp wave patterns (SPW) dominate the hippocampus during SWS and neuron populations in the hippocampus participate in organized bursts during this phase. This is done in synchrony with state changes in the cortex (DOWN/UP state) and coordinated by the slow oscillations in cortex. These observations, coupled with the knowledge that the hippocampus plays a role in short to medium term memory whereas the cortex plays a role in long\\-term memory, have led to the hypothesis that the hippocampal neocortical dialog might be a mechanism through which the hippocampus transfers information to the cortex. Thus, the hippocampal neocortical dialog is said to play a role in memory consolidation.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Ferrara M, Moroni F, De Gennaro L, Nobili L \\| title \\= Hippocampal sleep features: relations to human memory function \\| journal \\= Frontiers in Neurology \\| volume \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 57 \\| date \\= 1 January 2012 \\| pmid \\= 22529835 \\| pmc \\= 3327976 \\| doi \\= 10\\.3389/fneur.2012\\.00057 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}", "" ]
Sleep function -------------- Sleep deprivation studies show that sleep is particularly important to normal brain function. Sleep is needed to remove [reactive oxygen species](/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species "Reactive oxygen species") caused by [oxidative stress](/wiki/Oxidative_stress "Oxidative stress") (and generally [autophagy](/wiki/Autophagy "Autophagy")) and to repair DNA. REM sleep also decrease concentration of [noradrenaline](/wiki/Norepinephrine "Norepinephrine"), which when in excess amount causes the cell to undergo [apoptosis](/wiki/Apoptosis "Apoptosis"). It is likely that sleep evolved to fulfill some primeval function and took on multiple functions over time{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Krueger JM, Rector DM, Roy S, Van Dongen HP, Belenky G, Panksepp J \| title \= Sleep as a fundamental property of neuronal assemblies \| journal \= Nature Reviews. Neuroscience \| volume \= 9 \| issue \= 12 \| pages \= 910–9 \| date \= December 2008 \| pmid \= 18985047 \| pmc \= 2586424 \| doi \= 10\.1038/nrn2521 }} (analogous to the [larynx](/wiki/Larynx "Larynx"), which controls the passage of food and air, but [descended](/wiki/Larynx%23Descended_larynx "Larynx#Descended larynx") over time to develop speech capabilities). The multiple hypotheses proposed to explain the function of sleep reflect the incomplete understanding of the subject. While some functions of sleep are known, others have been proposed but not completely substantiated or understood. Some of the early ideas about sleep function were based on the fact that most (if not all) external activity is stopped during sleep. Initially, it was thought that sleep was simply a mechanism for the body to "take a break" and reduce wear. Later observations of the low [metabolic](/wiki/Metabolism "Metabolism") rates in the brain during sleep seemed to indicate some metabolic functions of sleep.{{cite book \|title\=Ciba Foundation symposium on the nature of sleep\|year\=1961\|publisher\=Little, Brown\|location\=Boston\|isbn\=978\-0\-470\-71922\-0 \| vauthors \= Wolstenholme GE, O'Connor M }} This theory is not fully adequate as sleep only decreases metabolism by about 5–10%.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sleephomepages.org/sleepsyllabus/b.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050318204532/http://www.sleephomepages.org/sleepsyllabus/b.html \|archive\-date\=2005\-03\-18 \|title\=Sleep Syllabus. B. The Phylogeny of Sleep\|access\-date\=26 September 2010 \|publisher\=Sleep Research Society, Education Committee}}["Function of Sleep."](https://www.scribd.com/doc/13916183/AQA-ALevel-Psychology-PYA4-Function-of-Sleep). Scribd.com. Retrieved on 1 December 2011\. With the development of EEG, it was found that the brain has almost continuous internal activity during sleep, leading to the idea that the function could be that of reorganization or specification of neuronal circuits or strengthening of connections.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Krueger JM, Obál F, Fang J \| title \= Why we sleep: a theoretical view of sleep function \| journal \= Sleep Medicine Reviews \| volume \= 3 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 119–29 \| date \= June 1999 \| pmid \= 15310481 \| doi \= 10\.1016/S1087\-0792(99\)90019\-9 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Krueger JM, Obál F \| title \= A neuronal group theory of sleep function \| journal \= Journal of Sleep Research \| volume \= 2 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 63–69 \| date \= June 1993 \| pmid \= 10607073 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1365\-2869\.1993\.tb00064\.x \| doi\-access \= free }} These hypotheses are still being explored. Other proposed functions of sleep include\- maintaining hormonal balance, temperature regulation and maintaining heart rate. According to a recent sleep disruption and insomnia review study,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Medic G, Wille M, Hemels ME \| title \= Short\- and long\-term health consequences of sleep disruption \| language \= en \| journal \= Nature and Science of Sleep \| volume \= 9 \| pages \= 151–161 \| date \= 2017\-05\-19 \| pmid \= 28579842 \| pmc \= 5449130 \| doi \= 10\.2147/nss.s134864 \| doi\-access \= free }} there are short\-term and long\-term negative consequences on healthy individuals. The short term consequences include increased stress responsivity and psychosocial issues such as impaired cognitive or academic performance and depression. Experiments indicated that, in healthy children and adults, episodes of fragmented sleep or insomnia increased sympathetic activation, which can disrupt mood and cognition. The long term consequences include metabolic issues such as glucose homeostasis disruption and even tumor formation and increased risks of cancer. ### Preservation The "Preservation and Protection" theory holds that sleep serves an adaptive function. It protects the animal during that portion of the 24\-hour day in which being awake, and hence roaming around, would place the individual at greatest risk.Choi, Charles Q. (25 August 2009\) [New Theory Questions Why We Sleep](http://www.livescience.com/health/090825-why-sleep.html), LiveScience.com. Organisms do not require 24 hours to feed themselves and meet other necessities. From this perspective of adaptation, organisms are safer by staying out of harm's way, where potentially they could be prey to other, stronger organisms. They sleep at times that maximize their safety, given their physical capacities and their habitats. This theory fails to explain why the brain disengages from the external environment during normal sleep. However, the brain consumes a large proportion of the body's energy at any one time and preservation of energy could only occur by limiting its sensory inputs. Another argument against the theory is that sleep is not simply a passive consequence of removing the animal from the environment, but is a "drive"; animals alter their behaviors in order to obtain sleep. Therefore, circadian regulation is more than sufficient to explain periods of activity and [quiescence](/wiki/wikt:Quiescence "Quiescence") that are adaptive to an organism, but the more peculiar specializations of sleep probably serve different and unknown functions. Moreover, the preservation theory needs to explain why carnivores like lions, which are on top of the [food chain](/wiki/Food_chain "Food chain") and thus have little to fear, sleep the most. It has been suggested that they need to minimize energy expenditure when not hunting. ### Waste clearance from the brain During sleep, [metabolic waste](/wiki/Metabolic_waste "Metabolic waste") products, such as [immunoglobulins](/wiki/Immunoglobulins "Immunoglobulins"), [protein](/wiki/Protein "Protein") fragments or intact proteins like [beta\-amyloid](/wiki/Amyloid_beta "Amyloid beta"), may be cleared from the [interstitium](/wiki/Interstitium "Interstitium") via a [glymphatic system](/wiki/Glymphatic_system "Glymphatic system") of [lymph](/wiki/Lymph "Lymph")\-like channels coursing along [perivascular spaces](/wiki/Perivascular_space "Perivascular space") and the [astrocyte](/wiki/Astrocyte "Astrocyte") network of the brain.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q, Chen MJ, Liao Y, Thiyagarajan M, O'Donnell J, Christensen DJ, Nicholson C, Iliff JJ, Takano T, Deane R, Nedergaard M \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain \| journal \= Science \| volume \= 342 \| issue \= 6156 \| pages \= 373–7 \| date \= October 2013 \| pmid \= 24136970 \| pmc \= 3880190 \| doi \= 10\.1126/science.1241224 \| bibcode \= 2013Sci...342\..373X }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Nedergaard M, Goldman SA \| title \= BRAIN DRAIN \| journal \= Scientific American \| volume \= 314 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 44–9 \| date \= March 2016 \| pmid \= 27066643 \| pmc \= 5347443 \| doi \= 10\.1038/scientificamerican0316\-44 \| name\-list\-style \= vanc \| bibcode \= 2016SciAm.314c..44N }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Strazielle N, Ghersi\-Egea JF \| title \= Physiology of blood\-brain interfaces in relation to brain disposition of small compounds and macromolecules \| journal \= Molecular Pharmaceutics \| volume \= 10 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 1473–91 \| date \= May 2013 \| pmid \= 23298398 \| doi \= 10\.1021/mp300518e \| doi\-access \= free }} According to this model, hollow tubes between the blood vessels and astrocytes act like a [spillway](/wiki/Spillway "Spillway") allowing drainage of [cerebrospinal fluid](/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid "Cerebrospinal fluid") carrying wastes out of the brain into systemic blood. Such mechanisms, which remain under preliminary research as of 2017, indicate potential ways in which sleep is a regulated maintenance period for brain [immune](/wiki/Immunity_%28medical%29 "Immunity (medical)") functions and clearance of beta\-amyloid, a [risk factor](/wiki/Risk_factor "Risk factor") for [Alzheimer's disease](/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease "Alzheimer's disease"). ### Restoration [Wound healing](/wiki/Wound_healing "Wound healing") has been shown to be affected by sleep.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Gümüştekín K, Seven B, Karabulut N, Aktaş O, Gürsan N, Aslan S, Keleş M, Varoglu E, Dane S \| title \= Effects of sleep deprivation, nicotine, and selenium on wound healing in rats \| journal \= The International Journal of Neuroscience \| volume \= 114 \| issue \= 11 \| pages \= 1433–42 \| date \= November 2004 \| pmid \= 15636354 \| doi \= 10\.1080/00207450490509168 \| s2cid \= 30346608 \| url \= http://osf.io/jshra/ \| type \= Submitted manuscript }} It has been shown that sleep deprivation affects the [immune system](/wiki/Immune_system "Immune system").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Zager A, Andersen ML, Ruiz FS, Antunes IB, Tufik S \| title \= Effects of acute and chronic sleep loss on immune modulation of rats \| journal \= American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology \| volume \= 293 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= R504–9 \| date \= July 2007 \| pmid \= 17409265 \| doi \= 10\.1152/ajpregu.00105\.2007 }} It is now possible to state that "sleep loss impairs immune function and immune challenge alters sleep," and it has been suggested that sleep increases white blood cell counts.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Opp MR \| title \= Sleeping to fuel the immune system: mammalian sleep and resistance to parasites \| journal \= BMC Evolutionary Biology \| volume \= 9 \| pages \= 8 \| date \= January 2009 \| issue \= 1 \| pmid \= 19134176 \| pmc \= 2633283 \| doi \= 10\.1186/1471\-2148\-9\-8 \| doi\-access \= free \| bibcode \= 2009BMCEE...9\....8O }} A 2014 study found that depriving mice of sleep increased cancer growth and dampened the immune system's ability to control cancers.Peres, Judy (14 March 2012\) [A good reason to get your zzz's](http://www.chicagotribune.com/health/sc-health-0312-sleep-cancer-20140312%2C0%2C1047371.story?msource=MAG10) Chicago Tribune Health, retrieved 26 March 2014 The effect of sleep duration on [somatic](/wiki/Somatic_%28biology%29 "Somatic (biology)") growth is not completely known. One study recorded growth, height, and weight, as correlated to parent\-reported time in bed in 305 children over a period of nine years (age 1–10\). It was found that "the variation of sleep duration among children does not seem to have an effect on growth."{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Jenni OG, Molinari L, Caflisch JA, Largo RH \| title \= Sleep duration from ages 1 to 10 years: variability and stability in comparison with growth \| journal \= Pediatrics \| volume \= 120 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= e769–76 \| date \= October 2007 \| pmid \= 17908734 \| doi \= 10\.1542/peds.2006\-3300 \| s2cid \= 16754966 }} It is well established that slow\-wave sleep affects [growth hormone](/wiki/Growth_hormone "Growth hormone") levels in adult men. During eight hours' sleep, Van Cauter, Leproult, and Plat found that the men with a high percentage of SWS (average 24%) also had high growth hormone secretion, while subjects with a low percentage of SWS (average 9%) had low growth hormone secretion. There is some supporting evidence of the restorative function of sleep. The sleeping brain has been shown to remove metabolic waste products at a faster rate than during an awake state.{{cite web\|title\=Brain may flush out toxins during sleep\|url\=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/news\_and\_events/news\_articles/pressrelease\_brain\_sleep\_10182013\.htm\|work\=\[\[National Institutes of Health]]\|access\-date\=25 October 2013}} While awake, metabolism generates reactive oxygen species, which are damaging to cells. In sleep, metabolic rates decrease and reactive oxygen species generation is reduced allowing restorative processes to take over. It is theorized that sleep helps facilitate the synthesis of molecules that help repair and protect the brain from these harmful elements generated during waking.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Siegel JM \| title \= Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep \| journal \= Nature \| volume \= 437 \| issue \= 7063 \| pages \= 1264–71 \| date \= October 2005 \| pmid \= 16251951 \| doi \= 10\.1038/nature04285 \| pmc \= 8760626 \| bibcode \= 2005Natur.437\.1264S \| s2cid \= 234089 }} The metabolic phase during sleep is anabolic; anabolic hormones such as growth hormones (as mentioned above) are secreted preferentially during sleep. Energy conservation could as well have been accomplished by resting quiescent without shutting off the organism from the environment, potentially a dangerous situation. A sedentary nonsleeping animal is more likely to survive predators, while still preserving energy. Sleep, therefore, seems to serve another purpose, or other purposes, than simply conserving energy. Another potential purpose for sleep could be to restore signal strength in synapses that are activated while awake to a "baseline" level, weakening unnecessary connections that to better facilitate learning and memory functions again the next day; this means the brain is forgetting some of the things we learn each day. ### Entropy reduction This theory is related to the restorative role of [sleep](/wiki/Sleep "Sleep") but distinct enough since it deals with a very specific quantify: [entropy](/wiki/Entropy "Entropy").{{Cite journal \|last1\=Soca \|first1\=Rodolfo \|last2\=Gedeon \|first2\=Tomas \|last3\=Attarian \|first3\=Hrayr \|date\=May 2024 \|title\=The fundamental role of sleep is the reduction of thermodynamic entropy of the central nervous system \|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1016/j.mehy.2024\.111336 \|journal\=Medical Hypotheses \|volume\=186 \|pages\=111336 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.mehy.2024\.111336 \|issn\=0306\-9877}} In a very simplified way, wakefulness can be associated with increased disorder in the nervous system and this disorder can threaten the high order that is needed for proper function of the nervous system. Entropy is related to order and disorder, but it is not necessarily the same. [Cortical activity](/wiki/Neural_oscillation "Neural oscillation") gets progressively disrupted during wakefulness and sleep restores the levels of cortical activity close to [criticality](/wiki/Computational_science "Computational science").{{Cite journal \|last1\=Xu \|first1\=Yifan \|last2\=Schneider \|first2\=Aidan \|last3\=Wessel \|first3\=Ralf \|last4\=Hengen \|first4\=Keith B. \|date\=February 2024 \|title\=Sleep restores an optimal computational regime in cortical networks \|url\=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593\-023\-01536\-9 \|journal\=Nature Neuroscience \|language\=en \|volume\=27 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=328–338 \|doi\=10\.1038/s41593\-023\-01536\-9 \|pmid\=38182837 \|issn\=1546\-1726\|pmc\=11272063 }} Signal [noise](/wiki/Noise_reduction "Noise reduction") affects many aspect of the central nervous system.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Faisal \|first1\=A. Aldo \|last2\=Selen \|first2\=Luc P. J. \|last3\=Wolpert \|first3\=Daniel M. \|date\=April 2008 \|title\=Noise in the nervous system \|journal\=Nature Reviews Neuroscience \|language\=en \|volume\=9 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=292–303 \|doi\=10\.1038/nrn2258 \|issn\=1471\-003X \|pmc\=2631351 \|pmid\=18319728}} Understanding the relationship between wakefulness and entropy can be approached from the field of [statistical mechanics](/wiki/Statistical_mechanics "Statistical mechanics"). At a substratum level, interactions with the environment increase the number of possible [micro states](/wiki/Microstate_%28statistical_mechanics%29 "Microstate (statistical mechanics)") of the nervous system and this leads to an increase in entropy. The reduction in entropy can also be approached from the perspective of [classic](/wiki/Thermodynamics "Thermodynamics") and [non\-equilibrium thermodynamics](/wiki/Non-equilibrium_thermodynamics "Non-equilibrium thermodynamics"). The [central nervous system](/wiki/Central_nervous_system "Central nervous system") uses a disproportionate amount of the available energy supply.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Mink \|first1\=J. W. \|last2\=Blumenschine \|first2\=R. J. \|last3\=Adams \|first3\=D. B. \|date\=1981\-09\-01 \|title\=Ratio of central nervous system to body metabolism in vertebrates: its constancy and functional basis \|url\=https://www.physiology.org/doi/10\.1152/ajpregu.1981\.241\.3\.R203 \|journal\=American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology \|language\=en \|volume\=241 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=R203–R212 \|doi\=10\.1152/ajpregu.1981\.241\.3\.R203 \|pmid\=7282965 \|issn\=0363\-6119}} Most of the energy usage of the nervous system is devoted to electric neuronal activity and synaptic processes.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Attwell \|first1\=David \|last2\=Laughlin \|first2\=Simon B. \|date\=October 2001 \|title\=An Energy Budget for Signaling in the Grey Matter of the Brain \|url\=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10\.1097/00004647\-200110000\-00001 \|journal\=Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow \& Metabolism \|language\=en \|volume\=21 \|issue\=10 \|pages\=1133–1145 \|doi\=10\.1097/00004647\-200110000\-00001 \|pmid\=11598490 \|issn\=0271\-678X}} Energy is used in large amounts by the [Na\+/K \+ \-ATPase pump](/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93potassium_pump "Sodium–potassium pump") to move sodium and potassium in the generation of [action potentials](/wiki/Action_potential "Action potential"); this process is highly efficient but entropy is still generated. ### Endocrine function The secretion of many [hormones](/wiki/Hormones "Hormones") is affected by sleep\-wake cycles. For example, [melatonin](/wiki/Melatonin "Melatonin"), a hormonal timekeeper, is considered a strongly [circadian](/wiki/Circadian "Circadian") hormone, whose secretion increases at dim light and peaks during nocturnal sleep, diminishing with bright light to the eyes.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Lewy AJ, Wehr TA, Goodwin FK, Newsome DA, Markey SP \| title \= Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans \| journal \= Science \| volume \= 210 \| issue \= 4475 \| pages \= 1267–9 \| date \= December 1980 \| pmid \= 7434030 \| doi \= 10\.1126/science.7434030 \| bibcode \= 1980Sci...210\.1267L }} In some organisms melatonin secretion depends on sleep, but in humans it is independent of sleep and depends only on light level. Of course, in humans as well as other animals, such a hormone may facilitate coordination of sleep onset. Similarly, [cortisol](/wiki/Cortisol "Cortisol") and [thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)](/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone "Thyroid-stimulating hormone") are strongly circadian and diurnal hormones, mostly independent of sleep.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Leproult R, Colecchia EF, L'Hermite\-Balériaux M, Van Cauter E \| title \= Transition from dim to bright light in the morning induces an immediate elevation of cortisol levels \| journal \= The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism \| volume \= 86 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 151–7 \| date \= January 2001 \| pmid \= 11231993 \| doi \= 10\.1210/jcem.86\.1\.7102 \| doi\-access \= free }} In contrast, other hormones like [growth hormone (GH)](/wiki/Growth_hormone "Growth hormone") \& [prolactin](/wiki/Prolactin "Prolactin") are critically sleep\-dependent, and are suppressed in the absence of sleep.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Van Cauter E, Kerkhofs M, Caufriez A, Van Onderbergen A, Thorner MO, Copinschi G \| title \= A quantitative estimation of growth hormone secretion in normal man: reproducibility and relation to sleep and time of day \| journal \= The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism \| volume \= 74 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 1441–50 \| date \= June 1992 \| pmid \= 1592892 \| doi \= 10\.1210/jcem.74\.6\.1592892 }} GH has maximum increase during SWS while prolactin is secreted early after sleep onset and rises through the night. In some hormones whose secretion is controlled by light level, sleep seems to increase secretion. Almost in all cases, sleep deprivation has detrimental effects. For example, cortisol, which is essential for metabolism (it is so important that animals can die within a week of its deficiency) and affects the ability to withstand noxious stimuli, is increased by waking and during REM sleep.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Kern W, Dodt C, Born J, Fehm HL \| title \= Changes in cortisol and growth hormone secretion during nocturnal sleep in the course of aging \| journal \= The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences \| volume \= 51 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= M3–9 \| date \= January 1996 \| pmid \= 8548511 \| doi \= 10\.1093/gerona/51A.1\.M3 \| doi\-access \= free }} Similarly, TSH increases during nocturnal sleep and decreases with prolonged periods of reduced sleep, but increases during total acute sleep deprivation.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Knutson KL, Spiegel K, Penev P, Van Cauter E \| title \= The metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation \| journal \= Sleep Medicine Reviews \| volume \= 11 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 163–78 \| date \= June 2007 \| pmid \= 17442599 \| pmc \= 1991337 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.smrv.2007\.01\.002 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E \| title \= Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function \| journal \= Lancet \| volume \= 354 \| issue \= 9188 \| pages \= 1435–9 \| date \= October 1999 \| pmid \= 10543671 \| doi \= 10\.1016/S0140\-6736(99\)01376\-8 \| s2cid \= 3854642 }} Because hormones play a major role in energy balance and metabolism, and sleep plays a critical role in the timing and amplitude of their secretion, sleep has a sizable effect on metabolism. This could explain some of the early theories of sleep function that predicted that sleep has a metabolic regulation role. ### Memory processing {{Main\|Sleep and memory}} According to Plihal \& Born, sleep generally increases recalling of previous learning and experiences, and its benefit depends on the phase of sleep and the type of memory.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Plihal W, Born J \| year \= 1997 \| title \= Effects of early and late nocturnal sleep on declarative and procedural memory \| journal \= Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience \| volume \= 9 \| issue \= 4\| pages \= 534–547 \| doi \= 10\.1162/jocn.1997\.9\.4\.534 \| pmid \= 23968216 \| s2cid \= 3300300 }} For example, studies based on declarative and [procedural memory](/wiki/Procedural_memory "Procedural memory") tasks applied over early and late nocturnal sleep, as well as wakefulness controlled conditions, have been shown that declarative memory improves more during early sleep (dominated by SWS) while procedural memory during late sleep (dominated by REM sleep).{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Rasch B, Büchel C, Gais S, Born J \| year \= 2007 \| title \= Odor cues during slow\-wave sleep prompt declarative memory consolidation \| journal \= Science \| volume \= 315 \| issue \= 5817\| pages \= 1426–9 \| doi \= 10\.1126/science.1138581 \| pmid \= 17347444 \| bibcode \= 2007Sci...315\.1426R \| s2cid \= 19788434 }} Regarding to declarative memory, the functional role of SWS has been associated with hippocampal replays of previously encoded neural patterns that seem to facilitate long\-term memories consolidation. This assumption is based on the active system consolidation hypothesis, which states that repeated reactivations of newly encoded information in hippocampus during slow oscillations in NREM sleep mediate the stabilization and gradually integration of declarative memory with pre\-existing knowledge networks on the cortical level.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Diekelmann S, Born J \| year \= 2010 \| title \= The memory function of sleep \| journal \= Nature Reviews Neuroscience \| volume \= 11 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 114–126 \| doi \= 10\.1038/nrn2762 \| pmid \= 20046194 \| s2cid \= 1851910 }} It assumes the hippocampus might hold information only temporarily and in fast\-learning rate, whereas the neocortex is related to long\-term storage and slow\-learning rate.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Rasch B, Born J \| year \= 2013 \| title \= About sleep's role in memory \| journal \= Physiological Reviews \| volume \= 93 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 681–766 \| doi \= 10\.1152/physrev.00032\.2012 \| pmid \= 23589831 \| pmc \= 3768102 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Schreiner T, Rasch B \| year \= 2015 \| title \= Boosting Vocabulary Learning by Verbal Cueing During Sleep \| journal \= Cerebral Cortex \| volume \= 25 \| issue \= 11\| pages \= 4169–4179 \| doi \= 10\.1093/cercor/bhu139 \| pmid \= 24962994 \| doi\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Schreiner, Rasch \| year \= 2017 \| title \= The beneficial role of memory reactivation for language learning during sleep: A review \| url \= http://doc.rero.ch/record/323249/files/schreinerrasch2017\_brainlang.pdf\| journal \= Brain and Language \| volume \= 167 \| pages \= 94–105 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.bandl.2016\.02\.005 \| pmid \= 27036946 \| s2cid \= 3377186 }} This dialogue between hippocampus and neocortex occurs in parallel with hippocampal [sharp\-wave ripples](/wiki/Sharp_waves_and_ripples "Sharp waves and ripples") and [thalamo\-cortical spindles](/wiki/Sleep_spindle "Sleep spindle"), synchrony that drives the formation of spindle\-ripple event which seems to be a prerequisite for the formation of long\-term memories.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Born J, Wilhelm I \| year \= 2012 \| title \= System consolidation of memory during sleep \| journal \= Psychological Research \| volume \= 76 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 192–203 \| doi \= 10\.1007/s00426\-011\-0335\-6 \| pmid \= 21541757 \| pmc \= 3278619 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Ngo H, Martinetz T, Born J, Mölle M \| year \= 2013 \| title \= Auditory Closed\-Loop Stimulation of the Sleep Slow Oscillation Enhances Memory \| journal \= Neuron \| volume \= 78 \| issue \= 3\| pages \= 545–553 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.neuron.2013\.03\.006 \| pmid \= 23583623 \| doi\-access \= free }} Reactivation of memory also occurs during wakefulness and its function is associated with serving to update the reactivated memory with new encoded information, whereas reactivations during SWS are presented as crucial for memory stabilization. Based on targeted memory reactivation (TMR) experiments that use associated memory cues to triggering memory traces during sleep, several studies have been reassuring the importance of nocturnal reactivations for the formation of persistent memories in neocortical networks, as well as highlighting the possibility of increasing people's memory performance at declarative recalls.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Klinzing J, Kugler S, Soekadar S, Rasch B, Born J, Diekelmann S \| year \= 2018 \| title \= Odor cueing during slow\-wave sleep benefits memory independently of low cholinergic tone \| journal \= Psychopharmacology \| volume \= 235 \| issue \= 1\| pages \= 291–299 \| doi \= 10\.1007/s00213\-017\-4768\-5 \| pmid \= 29119218 \| pmc \= 5748395 }} Furthermore, nocturnal reactivation seems to share the same neural oscillatory patterns as reactivation during wakefulness, processes which might be coordinated by [theta activity](/wiki/Theta_wave "Theta wave").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Schreiner T, Doeller C, Jensen O, Rasch B, Staudigl T \| year \= 2018 \| title \= Theta Phase\-Coordinated Memory Reactivation Reoccurs in a Slow\-Oscillatory Rhythm during NREM Sleep \| journal \= Cell Reports \| volume \= 25 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 296–301 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.celrep.2018\.09\.037 \| pmid \= 30304670 \| pmc \= 6198287 }} During wakefulness, theta oscillations have been often related to successful performance in memory tasks, and cued memory reactivations during sleep have been showing that theta activity is significantly stronger in subsequent recognition of cued stimuli as compared to uncued ones, possibly indicating a strengthening of memory traces and lexical integration by cuing during sleep.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Schreiner T, Göldi M, Rasch B \| year \= 2015 \| title \= Cueing vocabulary during sleep increases theta activity during later recognition testing \| journal \= Psychophysiology \| volume \= 52 \| issue \= 11\| pages \= 1538–1543 \| doi \= 10\.1111/psyp.12505 \| pmid \= 26235609 }} However, the beneficial effect of TMR for memory consolidation seems to occur only if the cued memories can be related to prior knowledge.Groch, S., Schreiner, T., Rasch, B., Huber, R., \& Wilhelm, I. (2017\). Prior knowledge is essential for the beneficial effect of targeted memory reactivation during sleep. *Scientific Reports*, 7 Other studies have been also looking at the specific effects of different stages of sleep on different types of memory. For example, it has been found that sleep deprivation does not significantly affect recognition of faces, but can produce a significant impairment of temporal memory (discriminating which face belonged to which set shown). Sleep deprivation was also found to increase beliefs of being correct, especially if they were wrong. Another study reported that the performance on free recall of a list of nouns is significantly worse when sleep deprived (an average of 2\.8 ± 2 words) compared to having a normal night of sleep (4\.7 ± 4 words). These results reinforce the role of sleep on [declarative memory](/wiki/Declarative_memory "Declarative memory") formation. This has been further confirmed by observations of low metabolic activity in the [prefrontal cortex](/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex "Prefrontal cortex") and [temporal](/wiki/Temporal_lobe "Temporal lobe") and [parietal lobes](/wiki/Parietal_lobes "Parietal lobes") for the temporal learning and verbal learning tasks respectively. Data analysis has also shown that the neural assemblies during SWS correlated significantly more with templates than during waking hours or REM sleep. Also, post\-learning, post\-SWS reverberations lasted 48 hours, much longer than the duration of novel object learning (1 hour), indicating [long term potentiation](/wiki/Long_term_potentiation "Long term potentiation"). Moreover, observations include the importance of [napping](/wiki/Nap "Nap"): improved performance in some kinds of tasks after a 1\-hour afternoon nap; studies of performance of shift workers, showing that an equal number of hours of sleep in the day is not the same as in the night. Current research studies look at the molecular and physiological basis of [memory consolidation](/wiki/Memory_consolidation "Memory consolidation") during sleep. These, along with studies of genes that may play a role in this phenomenon, together promise to give a more complete picture of the role of sleep in memory. ### Renormalizing the synaptic strength Sleep can also serve to weaken synaptic connections that were acquired over the course of the day but which are not essential to optimal functioning. In doing so, the resource demands can be lessened, since the upkeep and strengthening of synaptic connections constitutes a large portion of energy consumption by the brain and tax other cellular mechanisms such as [protein synthesis](/wiki/Protein_synthesis "Protein synthesis") for new channels.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Tononi G, Cirelli C \| title \= Perchance to prune. During sleep, the brain weakens the connections among nerve cells, apparently conserving energy and, paradoxically, aiding memory \| journal \= Scientific American \| volume \= 309 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 34–9 \| date \= August 2013 \| pmid \= 23923204 \| doi \= 10\.1038/scientificamerican0813\-34 \| bibcode \= 2013SciAm.309b..34T \| name\-list\-style \= vanc }}{{cite AV media \| vauthors \= Tononi G \| title \= Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis \| medium \= Conference talk \| publisher \= Allen Institute \| date \= 2011 \| url \= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=HEbyITI13zg }} Without a mechanism like this taking place during sleep, the metabolic needs of the brain would increase over repeated exposure to daily synaptic strengthening, up to a point where the strains become excessive or untenable. ### Behavior change with sleep deprivation One approach to understanding the role of sleep is to study the deprivation of it.{{cite book \|vauthors\=Carlson NR, Miller HL, Heth DS, Donahoe JW, Martin GN \| title \= Psychology The Science of Behavior, Books a La Carte Edition. \| date \= 2010 \| publisher \= Pearson College Div \| isbn \= 978\-0\-205\-76223\-1 }} [Sleep deprivation](/wiki/Sleep_deprivation "Sleep deprivation") is common and sometimes even necessary in modern societies because of occupational and domestic reasons like round\-the\-clock service, security or media coverage, cross\-time\-zone projects etc. This makes understanding the effects of sleep deprivation very important. Many studies have been done from the early 1900s to document the effect of sleep deprivation. The study of REM deprivation began with [William C. Dement](/wiki/William_C._Dement "William C. Dement") around 1960\. He conducted a sleep and dream research project on eight subjects, all male. For a span of up to 7 days, he deprived the participants of REM sleep by waking them each time they started to enter the stage. He monitored this with small electrodes attached to their scalp and temples. As the study went on, he noticed that the more he deprived the men of REM sleep, the more often he had to wake them. Afterwards, they showed more REM sleep than usual, later named [REM rebound](/wiki/REM_rebound "REM rebound").{{cite book \| vauthors \= Hock RR \| year \= 2013 \| chapter \= To sleep, no doubt to dream… \| title \= Forty Studies That Changed Psychology \| edition \= 7th \| pages \= 42–49 \| location \= Upper Saddle River, NJ \| publisher \= Pearson Education \| isbn \= 978\-0\-205\-91839\-3 \| title\-link \= Forty Studies That Changed Psychology }}{{cite book \| vauthors \= Dement W \| author\-link \= William Dement \| chapter \= Chapter 12: The Effect of Dream Deprivation: The need for a certain amount of dreaming each night is suggested by recent experiments \| title \= Brian Physiology and Psychology \| publisher \= University of California Press \| date \= 1966 }} The [neurobehavioral](/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience "Behavioral neuroscience") basis for these has been studied only recently. Sleep deprivation has been strongly correlated with increased probability of accidents and industrial errors.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Van Dongen HP, Maislin G, Mullington JM, Dinges DF \| title \= The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose\-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation \| journal \= Sleep \| volume \= 26 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 117–26 \| date \= March 2003 \| pmid \= 12683469 \| doi \= 10\.1093/sleep/26\.2\.117 \| doi\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Connor J, Norton R, \[\[Shanthi Ameratunga\|Ameratunga S]], Robinson E, Civil I, Dunn R, Bailey J, Jackson R \| title \= Driver sleepiness and risk of serious injury to car occupants: population based case control study \| journal \= BMJ \| volume \= 324 \| issue \= 7346 \| pages \= 1125 \| date \= May 2002 \| pmid \= 12003884 \| pmc \= 107904 \| doi \= 10\.1136/bmj.324\.7346\.1125 }} Many studies have shown the slowing of metabolic activity in the brain with many hours of [sleep debt](/wiki/Sleep_debt "Sleep debt"). Some studies have also shown that the [attention](/wiki/Attention "Attention") network in the brain is particularly affected by lack of sleep,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Lim J, Dinges DF \| title \= Sleep deprivation and vigilant attention \| journal \= Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences \| volume \= 1129 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 305–22 \| date \= 1 May 2008 \| pmid \= 18591490 \| doi \= 10\.1196/annals.1417\.002 \| bibcode \= 2008NYASA1129\..305L \| s2cid \= 14220859 }} and though some of the effects on attention may be masked by alternate activities (like standing or walking) or caffeine consumption,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Wright KP, Badia P, Myers BL, Plenzler SC \| title \= Combination of bright light and caffeine as a countermeasure for impaired alertness and performance during extended sleep deprivation \| journal \= Journal of Sleep Research \| volume \= 6 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 26–35 \| date \= March 1997 \| pmid \= 9125696 \| doi \= 10\.1046/j.1365\-2869\.1997\.00022\.x \| s2cid \= 6615362 \| doi\-access \= free }} attention deficit cannot be completely avoided. Sleep deprivation has been shown to have a detrimental effect on cognitive tasks, especially involving divergent functions or multitasking.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Durmer JS, Dinges DF \| title \= Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation \| journal \= Seminars in Neurology \| volume \= 25 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 117–29 \| date \= March 2005 \| pmid \= 15798944 \| doi \= 10\.1055/s\-2005\-867080 \| citeseerx \= 10\.1\.1\.580\.1922 \| s2cid \= 7434705 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Drummond SP, Gillin JC, Brown GG \| title \= Increased cerebral response during a divided attention task following sleep deprivation \| journal \= Journal of Sleep Research \| volume \= 10 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 85–92 \| date \= June 2001 \| pmid \= 11422722 \| doi \= 10\.1046/j.1365\-2869\.2001\.00245\.x \| doi\-access \= free }} It also has effects on mood and emotion, and there have been multiple reports of increased tendency for rage, fear or depression with sleep debt.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= van der Helm E, Gujar N, Walker MP \| title \= Sleep deprivation impairs the accurate recognition of human emotions \| journal \= Sleep \| volume \= 33 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 335–42 \| date \= March 2010 \| pmid \= 20337191 \| pmc \= 2831427 \| doi \= 10\.1093/sleep/33\.3\.335 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Tsuno N, Besset A, Ritchie K \| title \= Sleep and depression \| journal \= The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry \| volume \= 66 \| issue \= 10 \| pages \= 1254–69 \| date \= October 2005 \| pmid \= 16259539 \| doi \= 10\.4088/JCP.v66n1008 }} However, some of the higher cognitive functions seem to remain unaffected albeit slower. Many of these effects vary from person to person{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Chee MW, Chuah LY \| title \= Functional neuroimaging insights into how sleep and sleep deprivation affect memory and cognition \| journal \= Current Opinion in Neurology \| volume \= 21 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 417–23 \| date \= August 2008 \| pmid \= 18607201 \| doi \= 10\.1097/WCO.0b013e3283052cf7 \| s2cid \= 15785066 }} i.e. while some individuals have high degrees of cognitive impairment with lack of sleep, in others, it has minimal effects. The exact mechanisms for the above are still unknown and the exact neural pathways and cellular mechanisms of sleep debt are still being researched.
[ "Sleep function\n--------------", "Sleep deprivation studies show that sleep is particularly important to normal brain function. Sleep is needed to remove [reactive oxygen species](/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species \"Reactive oxygen species\") caused by [oxidative stress](/wiki/Oxidative_stress \"Oxidative stress\") (and generally [autophagy](/wiki/Autophagy \"Autophagy\")) and to repair DNA. REM sleep also decrease concentration of [noradrenaline](/wiki/Norepinephrine \"Norepinephrine\"), which when in excess amount causes the cell to undergo [apoptosis](/wiki/Apoptosis \"Apoptosis\").", "It is likely that sleep evolved to fulfill some primeval function and took on multiple functions over time{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Krueger JM, Rector DM, Roy S, Van Dongen HP, Belenky G, Panksepp J \\| title \\= Sleep as a fundamental property of neuronal assemblies \\| journal \\= Nature Reviews. Neuroscience \\| volume \\= 9 \\| issue \\= 12 \\| pages \\= 910–9 \\| date \\= December 2008 \\| pmid \\= 18985047 \\| pmc \\= 2586424 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/nrn2521 }} (analogous to the [larynx](/wiki/Larynx \"Larynx\"), which controls the passage of food and air, but [descended](/wiki/Larynx%23Descended_larynx \"Larynx#Descended larynx\") over time to develop speech capabilities).", "The multiple hypotheses proposed to explain the function of sleep reflect the incomplete understanding of the subject. While some functions of sleep are known, others have been proposed but not completely substantiated or understood. Some of the early ideas about sleep function were based on the fact that most (if not all) external activity is stopped during sleep. Initially, it was thought that sleep was simply a mechanism for the body to \"take a break\" and reduce wear. Later observations of the low [metabolic](/wiki/Metabolism \"Metabolism\") rates in the brain during sleep seemed to indicate some metabolic functions of sleep.{{cite book \\|title\\=Ciba Foundation symposium on the nature of sleep\\|year\\=1961\\|publisher\\=Little, Brown\\|location\\=Boston\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-470\\-71922\\-0 \\| vauthors \\= Wolstenholme GE, O'Connor M }} This theory is not fully adequate as sleep only decreases metabolism by about 5–10%.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sleephomepages.org/sleepsyllabus/b.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050318204532/http://www.sleephomepages.org/sleepsyllabus/b.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2005\\-03\\-18 \\|title\\=Sleep Syllabus. B. The Phylogeny of Sleep\\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2010 \\|publisher\\=Sleep Research Society, Education Committee}}[\"Function of Sleep.\"](https://www.scribd.com/doc/13916183/AQA-ALevel-Psychology-PYA4-Function-of-Sleep). Scribd.com. Retrieved on 1 December 2011\\. With the development of EEG, it was found that the brain has almost continuous internal activity during sleep, leading to the idea that the function could be that of reorganization or specification of neuronal circuits or strengthening of connections.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Krueger JM, Obál F, Fang J \\| title \\= Why we sleep: a theoretical view of sleep function \\| journal \\= Sleep Medicine Reviews \\| volume \\= 3 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 119–29 \\| date \\= June 1999 \\| pmid \\= 15310481 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/S1087\\-0792(99\\)90019\\-9 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Krueger JM, Obál F \\| title \\= A neuronal group theory of sleep function \\| journal \\= Journal of Sleep Research \\| volume \\= 2 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 63–69 \\| date \\= June 1993 \\| pmid \\= 10607073 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1365\\-2869\\.1993\\.tb00064\\.x \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} These hypotheses are still being explored. Other proposed functions of sleep include\\- maintaining hormonal balance, temperature regulation and maintaining heart rate.", "According to a recent sleep disruption and insomnia review study,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Medic G, Wille M, Hemels ME \\| title \\= Short\\- and long\\-term health consequences of sleep disruption \\| language \\= en \\| journal \\= Nature and Science of Sleep \\| volume \\= 9 \\| pages \\= 151–161 \\| date \\= 2017\\-05\\-19 \\| pmid \\= 28579842 \\| pmc \\= 5449130 \\| doi \\= 10\\.2147/nss.s134864 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} there are short\\-term and long\\-term negative consequences on healthy individuals. The short term consequences include increased stress responsivity and psychosocial issues such as impaired cognitive or academic performance and depression. Experiments indicated that, in healthy children and adults, episodes of fragmented sleep or insomnia increased sympathetic activation, which can disrupt mood and cognition. The long term consequences include metabolic issues such as glucose homeostasis disruption and even tumor formation and increased risks of cancer.", "### Preservation", "The \"Preservation and Protection\" theory holds that sleep serves an adaptive function. It protects the animal during that portion of the 24\\-hour day in which being awake, and hence roaming around, would place the individual at greatest risk.Choi, Charles Q. (25 August 2009\\) [New Theory Questions Why We Sleep](http://www.livescience.com/health/090825-why-sleep.html), LiveScience.com. Organisms do not require 24 hours to feed themselves and meet other necessities. From this perspective of adaptation, organisms are safer by staying out of harm's way, where potentially they could be prey to other, stronger organisms. They sleep at times that maximize their safety, given their physical capacities and their habitats.", "This theory fails to explain why the brain disengages from the external environment during normal sleep. However, the brain consumes a large proportion of the body's energy at any one time and preservation of energy could only occur by limiting its sensory inputs. Another argument against the theory is that sleep is not simply a passive consequence of removing the animal from the environment, but is a \"drive\"; animals alter their behaviors in order to obtain sleep.", "Therefore, circadian regulation is more than sufficient to explain periods of activity and [quiescence](/wiki/wikt:Quiescence \"Quiescence\") that are adaptive to an organism, but the more peculiar specializations of sleep probably serve different and unknown functions. Moreover, the preservation theory needs to explain why carnivores like lions, which are on top of the [food chain](/wiki/Food_chain \"Food chain\") and thus have little to fear, sleep the most. It has been suggested that they need to minimize energy expenditure when not hunting.", "### Waste clearance from the brain", "During sleep, [metabolic waste](/wiki/Metabolic_waste \"Metabolic waste\") products, such as [immunoglobulins](/wiki/Immunoglobulins \"Immunoglobulins\"), [protein](/wiki/Protein \"Protein\") fragments or intact proteins like [beta\\-amyloid](/wiki/Amyloid_beta \"Amyloid beta\"), may be cleared from the [interstitium](/wiki/Interstitium \"Interstitium\") via a [glymphatic system](/wiki/Glymphatic_system \"Glymphatic system\") of [lymph](/wiki/Lymph \"Lymph\")\\-like channels coursing along [perivascular spaces](/wiki/Perivascular_space \"Perivascular space\") and the [astrocyte](/wiki/Astrocyte \"Astrocyte\") network of the brain.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q, Chen MJ, Liao Y, Thiyagarajan M, O'Donnell J, Christensen DJ, Nicholson C, Iliff JJ, Takano T, Deane R, Nedergaard M \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain \\| journal \\= Science \\| volume \\= 342 \\| issue \\= 6156 \\| pages \\= 373–7 \\| date \\= October 2013 \\| pmid \\= 24136970 \\| pmc \\= 3880190 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.1241224 \\| bibcode \\= 2013Sci...342\\..373X }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Nedergaard M, Goldman SA \\| title \\= BRAIN DRAIN \\| journal \\= Scientific American \\| volume \\= 314 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 44–9 \\| date \\= March 2016 \\| pmid \\= 27066643 \\| pmc \\= 5347443 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/scientificamerican0316\\-44 \\| name\\-list\\-style \\= vanc \\| bibcode \\= 2016SciAm.314c..44N }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Strazielle N, Ghersi\\-Egea JF \\| title \\= Physiology of blood\\-brain interfaces in relation to brain disposition of small compounds and macromolecules \\| journal \\= Molecular Pharmaceutics \\| volume \\= 10 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 1473–91 \\| date \\= May 2013 \\| pmid \\= 23298398 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1021/mp300518e \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} According to this model, hollow tubes between the blood vessels and astrocytes act like a [spillway](/wiki/Spillway \"Spillway\") allowing drainage of [cerebrospinal fluid](/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid \"Cerebrospinal fluid\") carrying wastes out of the brain into systemic blood. Such mechanisms, which remain under preliminary research as of 2017, indicate potential ways in which sleep is a regulated maintenance period for brain [immune](/wiki/Immunity_%28medical%29 \"Immunity (medical)\") functions and clearance of beta\\-amyloid, a [risk factor](/wiki/Risk_factor \"Risk factor\") for [Alzheimer's disease](/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease \"Alzheimer's disease\").", "### Restoration", "[Wound healing](/wiki/Wound_healing \"Wound healing\") has been shown to be affected by sleep.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Gümüştekín K, Seven B, Karabulut N, Aktaş O, Gürsan N, Aslan S, Keleş M, Varoglu E, Dane S \\| title \\= Effects of sleep deprivation, nicotine, and selenium on wound healing in rats \\| journal \\= The International Journal of Neuroscience \\| volume \\= 114 \\| issue \\= 11 \\| pages \\= 1433–42 \\| date \\= November 2004 \\| pmid \\= 15636354 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1080/00207450490509168 \\| s2cid \\= 30346608 \\| url \\= http://osf.io/jshra/ \\| type \\= Submitted manuscript }}", "It has been shown that sleep deprivation affects the [immune system](/wiki/Immune_system \"Immune system\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Zager A, Andersen ML, Ruiz FS, Antunes IB, Tufik S \\| title \\= Effects of acute and chronic sleep loss on immune modulation of rats \\| journal \\= American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology \\| volume \\= 293 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= R504–9 \\| date \\= July 2007 \\| pmid \\= 17409265 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1152/ajpregu.00105\\.2007 }} It is now possible to state that \"sleep loss impairs immune function and immune challenge alters sleep,\" and it has been suggested that sleep increases white blood cell counts.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Opp MR \\| title \\= Sleeping to fuel the immune system: mammalian sleep and resistance to parasites \\| journal \\= BMC Evolutionary Biology \\| volume \\= 9 \\| pages \\= 8 \\| date \\= January 2009 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pmid \\= 19134176 \\| pmc \\= 2633283 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1186/1471\\-2148\\-9\\-8 \\| doi\\-access \\= free \\| bibcode \\= 2009BMCEE...9\\....8O }} A 2014 study found that depriving mice of sleep increased cancer growth and dampened the immune system's ability to control cancers.Peres, Judy (14 March 2012\\) [A good reason to get your zzz's](http://www.chicagotribune.com/health/sc-health-0312-sleep-cancer-20140312%2C0%2C1047371.story?msource=MAG10) Chicago Tribune Health, retrieved 26 March 2014", "The effect of sleep duration on [somatic](/wiki/Somatic_%28biology%29 \"Somatic (biology)\") growth is not completely known. One study recorded growth, height, and weight, as correlated to parent\\-reported time in bed in 305 children over a period of nine years (age 1–10\\). It was found that \"the variation of sleep duration among children does not seem to have an effect on growth.\"{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Jenni OG, Molinari L, Caflisch JA, Largo RH \\| title \\= Sleep duration from ages 1 to 10 years: variability and stability in comparison with growth \\| journal \\= Pediatrics \\| volume \\= 120 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= e769–76 \\| date \\= October 2007 \\| pmid \\= 17908734 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1542/peds.2006\\-3300 \\| s2cid \\= 16754966 }} It is well established that slow\\-wave sleep affects [growth hormone](/wiki/Growth_hormone \"Growth hormone\") levels in adult men. During eight hours' sleep, Van Cauter, Leproult, and Plat found that the men with a high percentage of SWS (average 24%) also had high growth hormone secretion, while subjects with a low percentage of SWS (average 9%) had low growth hormone secretion.", "There is some supporting evidence of the restorative function of sleep. The sleeping brain has been shown to remove metabolic waste products at a faster rate than during an awake state.{{cite web\\|title\\=Brain may flush out toxins during sleep\\|url\\=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/news\\_and\\_events/news\\_articles/pressrelease\\_brain\\_sleep\\_10182013\\.htm\\|work\\=\\[\\[National Institutes of Health]]\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2013}} While awake, metabolism generates reactive oxygen species, which are damaging to cells. In sleep, metabolic rates decrease and reactive oxygen species generation is reduced allowing restorative processes to take over. It is theorized that sleep helps facilitate the synthesis of molecules that help repair and protect the brain from these harmful elements generated during waking.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Siegel JM \\| title \\= Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep \\| journal \\= Nature \\| volume \\= 437 \\| issue \\= 7063 \\| pages \\= 1264–71 \\| date \\= October 2005 \\| pmid \\= 16251951 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/nature04285 \\| pmc \\= 8760626 \\| bibcode \\= 2005Natur.437\\.1264S \\| s2cid \\= 234089 }} The metabolic phase during sleep is anabolic; anabolic hormones such as growth hormones (as mentioned above) are secreted preferentially during sleep.", "Energy conservation could as well have been accomplished by resting quiescent without shutting off the organism from the environment, potentially a dangerous situation. A sedentary nonsleeping animal is more likely to survive predators, while still preserving energy. Sleep, therefore, seems to serve another purpose, or other purposes, than simply conserving energy. Another potential purpose for sleep could be to restore signal strength in synapses that are activated while awake to a \"baseline\" level, weakening unnecessary connections that to better facilitate learning and memory functions again the next day; this means the brain is forgetting some of the things we learn each day.", "### Entropy reduction", "This theory is related to the restorative role of [sleep](/wiki/Sleep \"Sleep\") but distinct enough since it deals with a very specific quantify: [entropy](/wiki/Entropy \"Entropy\").{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Soca \\|first1\\=Rodolfo \\|last2\\=Gedeon \\|first2\\=Tomas \\|last3\\=Attarian \\|first3\\=Hrayr \\|date\\=May 2024 \\|title\\=The fundamental role of sleep is the reduction of thermodynamic entropy of the central nervous system \\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1016/j.mehy.2024\\.111336 \\|journal\\=Medical Hypotheses \\|volume\\=186 \\|pages\\=111336 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.mehy.2024\\.111336 \\|issn\\=0306\\-9877}} In a very simplified way, wakefulness can be associated with increased disorder in the nervous system and this disorder can threaten the high order that is needed for proper function of the nervous system. Entropy is related to order and disorder, but it is not necessarily the same. [Cortical activity](/wiki/Neural_oscillation \"Neural oscillation\") gets progressively disrupted during wakefulness and sleep restores the levels of cortical activity close to [criticality](/wiki/Computational_science \"Computational science\").{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Xu \\|first1\\=Yifan \\|last2\\=Schneider \\|first2\\=Aidan \\|last3\\=Wessel \\|first3\\=Ralf \\|last4\\=Hengen \\|first4\\=Keith B. \\|date\\=February 2024 \\|title\\=Sleep restores an optimal computational regime in cortical networks \\|url\\=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593\\-023\\-01536\\-9 \\|journal\\=Nature Neuroscience \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=27 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=328–338 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/s41593\\-023\\-01536\\-9 \\|pmid\\=38182837 \\|issn\\=1546\\-1726\\|pmc\\=11272063 }} Signal [noise](/wiki/Noise_reduction \"Noise reduction\") affects many aspect of the central nervous system.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Faisal \\|first1\\=A. Aldo \\|last2\\=Selen \\|first2\\=Luc P. J. \\|last3\\=Wolpert \\|first3\\=Daniel M. \\|date\\=April 2008 \\|title\\=Noise in the nervous system \\|journal\\=Nature Reviews Neuroscience \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=9 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=292–303 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/nrn2258 \\|issn\\=1471\\-003X \\|pmc\\=2631351 \\|pmid\\=18319728}} Understanding the relationship between wakefulness and entropy can be approached from the field of [statistical mechanics](/wiki/Statistical_mechanics \"Statistical mechanics\"). At a substratum level, interactions with the environment increase the number of possible [micro states](/wiki/Microstate_%28statistical_mechanics%29 \"Microstate (statistical mechanics)\") of the nervous system and this leads to an increase in entropy.", "The reduction in entropy can also be approached from the perspective of [classic](/wiki/Thermodynamics \"Thermodynamics\") and [non\\-equilibrium thermodynamics](/wiki/Non-equilibrium_thermodynamics \"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics\"). The [central nervous system](/wiki/Central_nervous_system \"Central nervous system\") uses a disproportionate amount of the available energy supply.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Mink \\|first1\\=J. W. \\|last2\\=Blumenschine \\|first2\\=R. J. \\|last3\\=Adams \\|first3\\=D. B. \\|date\\=1981\\-09\\-01 \\|title\\=Ratio of central nervous system to body metabolism in vertebrates: its constancy and functional basis \\|url\\=https://www.physiology.org/doi/10\\.1152/ajpregu.1981\\.241\\.3\\.R203 \\|journal\\=American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=241 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=R203–R212 \\|doi\\=10\\.1152/ajpregu.1981\\.241\\.3\\.R203 \\|pmid\\=7282965 \\|issn\\=0363\\-6119}} Most of the energy usage of the nervous system is devoted to electric neuronal activity and synaptic processes.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Attwell \\|first1\\=David \\|last2\\=Laughlin \\|first2\\=Simon B. \\|date\\=October 2001 \\|title\\=An Energy Budget for Signaling in the Grey Matter of the Brain \\|url\\=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10\\.1097/00004647\\-200110000\\-00001 \\|journal\\=Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow \\& Metabolism \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=21 \\|issue\\=10 \\|pages\\=1133–1145 \\|doi\\=10\\.1097/00004647\\-200110000\\-00001 \\|pmid\\=11598490 \\|issn\\=0271\\-678X}} Energy is used in large amounts by the [Na\\+/K \\+ \\-ATPase pump](/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93potassium_pump \"Sodium–potassium pump\") to move sodium and potassium in the generation of [action potentials](/wiki/Action_potential \"Action potential\"); this process is highly efficient but entropy is still generated.", "### Endocrine function", "The secretion of many [hormones](/wiki/Hormones \"Hormones\") is affected by sleep\\-wake cycles. For example, [melatonin](/wiki/Melatonin \"Melatonin\"), a hormonal timekeeper, is considered a strongly [circadian](/wiki/Circadian \"Circadian\") hormone, whose secretion increases at dim light and peaks during nocturnal sleep, diminishing with bright light to the eyes.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Lewy AJ, Wehr TA, Goodwin FK, Newsome DA, Markey SP \\| title \\= Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans \\| journal \\= Science \\| volume \\= 210 \\| issue \\= 4475 \\| pages \\= 1267–9 \\| date \\= December 1980 \\| pmid \\= 7434030 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.7434030 \\| bibcode \\= 1980Sci...210\\.1267L }} In some organisms melatonin secretion depends on sleep, but in humans it is independent of sleep and depends only on light level. Of course, in humans as well as other animals, such a hormone may facilitate coordination of sleep onset. Similarly, [cortisol](/wiki/Cortisol \"Cortisol\") and [thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)](/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone \"Thyroid-stimulating hormone\") are strongly circadian and diurnal hormones, mostly independent of sleep.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Leproult R, Colecchia EF, L'Hermite\\-Balériaux M, Van Cauter E \\| title \\= Transition from dim to bright light in the morning induces an immediate elevation of cortisol levels \\| journal \\= The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism \\| volume \\= 86 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 151–7 \\| date \\= January 2001 \\| pmid \\= 11231993 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1210/jcem.86\\.1\\.7102 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} In contrast, other hormones like [growth hormone (GH)](/wiki/Growth_hormone \"Growth hormone\") \\& [prolactin](/wiki/Prolactin \"Prolactin\") are critically sleep\\-dependent, and are suppressed in the absence of sleep.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Van Cauter E, Kerkhofs M, Caufriez A, Van Onderbergen A, Thorner MO, Copinschi G \\| title \\= A quantitative estimation of growth hormone secretion in normal man: reproducibility and relation to sleep and time of day \\| journal \\= The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism \\| volume \\= 74 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 1441–50 \\| date \\= June 1992 \\| pmid \\= 1592892 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1210/jcem.74\\.6\\.1592892 }} GH has maximum increase during SWS while prolactin is secreted early after sleep onset and rises through the night. In some hormones whose secretion is controlled by light level, sleep seems to increase secretion. Almost in all cases, sleep deprivation has detrimental effects. For example, cortisol, which is essential for metabolism (it is so important that animals can die within a week of its deficiency) and affects the ability to withstand noxious stimuli, is increased by waking and during REM sleep.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Kern W, Dodt C, Born J, Fehm HL \\| title \\= Changes in cortisol and growth hormone secretion during nocturnal sleep in the course of aging \\| journal \\= The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences \\| volume \\= 51 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= M3–9 \\| date \\= January 1996 \\| pmid \\= 8548511 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/gerona/51A.1\\.M3 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} Similarly, TSH increases during nocturnal sleep and decreases with prolonged periods of reduced sleep, but increases during total acute sleep deprivation.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Knutson KL, Spiegel K, Penev P, Van Cauter E \\| title \\= The metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation \\| journal \\= Sleep Medicine Reviews \\| volume \\= 11 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 163–78 \\| date \\= June 2007 \\| pmid \\= 17442599 \\| pmc \\= 1991337 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.smrv.2007\\.01\\.002 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E \\| title \\= Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function \\| journal \\= Lancet \\| volume \\= 354 \\| issue \\= 9188 \\| pages \\= 1435–9 \\| date \\= October 1999 \\| pmid \\= 10543671 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/S0140\\-6736(99\\)01376\\-8 \\| s2cid \\= 3854642 }}", "Because hormones play a major role in energy balance and metabolism, and sleep plays a critical role in the timing and amplitude of their secretion, sleep has a sizable effect on metabolism. This could explain some of the early theories of sleep function that predicted that sleep has a metabolic regulation role.", "### Memory processing", "{{Main\\|Sleep and memory}}\nAccording to Plihal \\& Born, sleep generally increases recalling of previous learning and experiences, and its benefit depends on the phase of sleep and the type of memory.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Plihal W, Born J \\| year \\= 1997 \\| title \\= Effects of early and late nocturnal sleep on declarative and procedural memory \\| journal \\= Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience \\| volume \\= 9 \\| issue \\= 4\\| pages \\= 534–547 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1162/jocn.1997\\.9\\.4\\.534 \\| pmid \\= 23968216 \\| s2cid \\= 3300300 }} For example, studies based on declarative and [procedural memory](/wiki/Procedural_memory \"Procedural memory\") tasks applied over early and late nocturnal sleep, as well as wakefulness controlled conditions, have been shown that declarative memory improves more during early sleep (dominated by SWS) while procedural memory during late sleep (dominated by REM sleep).{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Rasch B, Büchel C, Gais S, Born J \\| year \\= 2007 \\| title \\= Odor cues during slow\\-wave sleep prompt declarative memory consolidation \\| journal \\= Science \\| volume \\= 315 \\| issue \\= 5817\\| pages \\= 1426–9 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.1138581 \\| pmid \\= 17347444 \\| bibcode \\= 2007Sci...315\\.1426R \\| s2cid \\= 19788434 }}", "Regarding to declarative memory, the functional role of SWS has been associated with hippocampal replays of previously encoded neural patterns that seem to facilitate long\\-term memories consolidation. This assumption is based on the active system consolidation hypothesis, which states that repeated reactivations of newly encoded information in hippocampus during slow oscillations in NREM sleep mediate the stabilization and gradually integration of declarative memory with pre\\-existing knowledge networks on the cortical level.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Diekelmann S, Born J \\| year \\= 2010 \\| title \\= The memory function of sleep \\| journal \\= Nature Reviews Neuroscience \\| volume \\= 11 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 114–126 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/nrn2762 \\| pmid \\= 20046194 \\| s2cid \\= 1851910 }} It assumes the hippocampus might hold information only temporarily and in fast\\-learning rate, whereas the neocortex is related to long\\-term storage and slow\\-learning rate.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Rasch B, Born J \\| year \\= 2013 \\| title \\= About sleep's role in memory \\| journal \\= Physiological Reviews \\| volume \\= 93 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 681–766 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1152/physrev.00032\\.2012 \\| pmid \\= 23589831 \\| pmc \\= 3768102 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Schreiner T, Rasch B \\| year \\= 2015 \\| title \\= Boosting Vocabulary Learning by Verbal Cueing During Sleep \\| journal \\= Cerebral Cortex \\| volume \\= 25 \\| issue \\= 11\\| pages \\= 4169–4179 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/cercor/bhu139 \\| pmid \\= 24962994 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Schreiner, Rasch \\| year \\= 2017 \\| title \\= The beneficial role of memory reactivation for language learning during sleep: A review \\| url \\= http://doc.rero.ch/record/323249/files/schreinerrasch2017\\_brainlang.pdf\\| journal \\= Brain and Language \\| volume \\= 167 \\| pages \\= 94–105 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.bandl.2016\\.02\\.005 \\| pmid \\= 27036946 \\| s2cid \\= 3377186 }} This dialogue between hippocampus and neocortex occurs in parallel with hippocampal [sharp\\-wave ripples](/wiki/Sharp_waves_and_ripples \"Sharp waves and ripples\") and [thalamo\\-cortical spindles](/wiki/Sleep_spindle \"Sleep spindle\"), synchrony that drives the formation of spindle\\-ripple event which seems to be a prerequisite for the formation of long\\-term memories.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Born J, Wilhelm I \\| year \\= 2012 \\| title \\= System consolidation of memory during sleep \\| journal \\= Psychological Research \\| volume \\= 76 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 192–203 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/s00426\\-011\\-0335\\-6 \\| pmid \\= 21541757 \\| pmc \\= 3278619 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Ngo H, Martinetz T, Born J, Mölle M \\| year \\= 2013 \\| title \\= Auditory Closed\\-Loop Stimulation of the Sleep Slow Oscillation Enhances Memory \\| journal \\= Neuron \\| volume \\= 78 \\| issue \\= 3\\| pages \\= 545–553 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.neuron.2013\\.03\\.006 \\| pmid \\= 23583623 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}", "Reactivation of memory also occurs during wakefulness and its function is associated with serving to update the reactivated memory with new encoded information, whereas reactivations during SWS are presented as crucial for memory stabilization. Based on targeted memory reactivation (TMR) experiments that use associated memory cues to triggering memory traces during sleep, several studies have been reassuring the importance of nocturnal reactivations for the formation of persistent memories in neocortical networks, as well as highlighting the possibility of increasing people's memory performance at declarative recalls.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Klinzing J, Kugler S, Soekadar S, Rasch B, Born J, Diekelmann S \\| year \\= 2018 \\| title \\= Odor cueing during slow\\-wave sleep benefits memory independently of low cholinergic tone \\| journal \\= Psychopharmacology \\| volume \\= 235 \\| issue \\= 1\\| pages \\= 291–299 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/s00213\\-017\\-4768\\-5 \\| pmid \\= 29119218 \\| pmc \\= 5748395 }}", "Furthermore, nocturnal reactivation seems to share the same neural oscillatory patterns as reactivation during wakefulness, processes which might be coordinated by [theta activity](/wiki/Theta_wave \"Theta wave\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Schreiner T, Doeller C, Jensen O, Rasch B, Staudigl T \\| year \\= 2018 \\| title \\= Theta Phase\\-Coordinated Memory Reactivation Reoccurs in a Slow\\-Oscillatory Rhythm during NREM Sleep \\| journal \\= Cell Reports \\| volume \\= 25 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 296–301 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.celrep.2018\\.09\\.037 \\| pmid \\= 30304670 \\| pmc \\= 6198287 }} During wakefulness, theta oscillations have been often related to successful performance in memory tasks, and cued memory reactivations during sleep have been showing that theta activity is significantly stronger in subsequent recognition of cued stimuli as compared to uncued ones, possibly indicating a strengthening of memory traces and lexical integration by cuing during sleep.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Schreiner T, Göldi M, Rasch B \\| year \\= 2015 \\| title \\= Cueing vocabulary during sleep increases theta activity during later recognition testing \\| journal \\= Psychophysiology \\| volume \\= 52 \\| issue \\= 11\\| pages \\= 1538–1543 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/psyp.12505 \\| pmid \\= 26235609 }} However, the beneficial effect of TMR for memory consolidation seems to occur only if the cued memories can be related to prior knowledge.Groch, S., Schreiner, T., Rasch, B., Huber, R., \\& Wilhelm, I. (2017\\). Prior knowledge is essential for the beneficial effect of targeted memory reactivation during sleep. *Scientific Reports*, 7", "Other studies have been also looking at the specific effects of different stages of sleep on different types of memory. For example, it has been found that sleep deprivation does not significantly affect recognition of faces, but can produce a significant impairment of temporal memory (discriminating which face belonged to which set shown). Sleep deprivation was also found to increase beliefs of being correct, especially if they were wrong. Another study reported that the performance on free recall of a list of nouns is significantly worse when sleep deprived (an average of 2\\.8 ± 2 words) compared to having a normal night of sleep (4\\.7 ± 4 words). These results reinforce the role of sleep on [declarative memory](/wiki/Declarative_memory \"Declarative memory\") formation. This has been further confirmed by observations of low metabolic activity in the [prefrontal cortex](/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex \"Prefrontal cortex\") and [temporal](/wiki/Temporal_lobe \"Temporal lobe\") and [parietal lobes](/wiki/Parietal_lobes \"Parietal lobes\") for the temporal learning and verbal learning tasks respectively. Data analysis has also shown that the neural assemblies during SWS correlated significantly more with templates than during waking hours or REM sleep. Also, post\\-learning, post\\-SWS reverberations lasted 48 hours, much longer than the duration of novel object learning (1 hour), indicating [long term potentiation](/wiki/Long_term_potentiation \"Long term potentiation\").", "Moreover, observations include the importance of [napping](/wiki/Nap \"Nap\"): improved performance in some kinds of tasks after a 1\\-hour afternoon nap; studies of performance of shift workers, showing that an equal number of hours of sleep in the day is not the same as in the night. Current research studies look at the molecular and physiological basis of [memory consolidation](/wiki/Memory_consolidation \"Memory consolidation\") during sleep. These, along with studies of genes that may play a role in this phenomenon, together promise to give a more complete picture of the role of sleep in memory.", "### Renormalizing the synaptic strength", "Sleep can also serve to weaken synaptic connections that were acquired over the course of the day but which are not essential to optimal functioning. In doing so, the resource demands can be lessened, since the upkeep and strengthening of synaptic connections constitutes a large portion of energy consumption by the brain and tax other cellular mechanisms such as [protein synthesis](/wiki/Protein_synthesis \"Protein synthesis\") for new channels.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Tononi G, Cirelli C \\| title \\= Perchance to prune. During sleep, the brain weakens the connections among nerve cells, apparently conserving energy and, paradoxically, aiding memory \\| journal \\= Scientific American \\| volume \\= 309 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 34–9 \\| date \\= August 2013 \\| pmid \\= 23923204 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/scientificamerican0813\\-34 \\| bibcode \\= 2013SciAm.309b..34T \\| name\\-list\\-style \\= vanc }}{{cite AV media \\| vauthors \\= Tononi G \\| title \\= Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis \\| medium \\= Conference talk \\| publisher \\= Allen Institute \\| date \\= 2011 \\| url \\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=HEbyITI13zg }} Without a mechanism like this taking place during sleep, the metabolic needs of the brain would increase over repeated exposure to daily synaptic strengthening, up to a point where the strains become excessive or untenable.", "### Behavior change with sleep deprivation", "One approach to understanding the role of sleep is to study the deprivation of it.{{cite book \\|vauthors\\=Carlson NR, Miller HL, Heth DS, Donahoe JW, Martin GN \\| title \\= Psychology The Science of Behavior, Books a La Carte Edition. \\| date \\= 2010 \\| publisher \\= Pearson College Div \\| isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-205\\-76223\\-1 }} [Sleep deprivation](/wiki/Sleep_deprivation \"Sleep deprivation\") is common and sometimes even necessary in modern societies because of occupational and domestic reasons like round\\-the\\-clock service, security or media coverage, cross\\-time\\-zone projects etc. This makes understanding the effects of sleep deprivation very important.", "Many studies have been done from the early 1900s to document the effect of sleep deprivation. The study of REM deprivation began with [William C. Dement](/wiki/William_C._Dement \"William C. Dement\") around 1960\\. He conducted a sleep and dream research project on eight subjects, all male. For a span of up to 7 days, he deprived the participants of REM sleep by waking them each time they started to enter the stage. He monitored this with small electrodes attached to their scalp and temples. As the study went on, he noticed that the more he deprived the men of REM sleep, the more often he had to wake them. Afterwards, they showed more REM sleep than usual, later named [REM rebound](/wiki/REM_rebound \"REM rebound\").{{cite book \\| vauthors \\= Hock RR \\| year \\= 2013 \\| chapter \\= To sleep, no doubt to dream… \\| title \\= Forty Studies That Changed Psychology \\| edition \\= 7th \\| pages \\= 42–49 \\| location \\= Upper Saddle River, NJ \\| publisher \\= Pearson Education \\| isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-205\\-91839\\-3 \\| title\\-link \\= Forty Studies That Changed Psychology }}{{cite book \\| vauthors \\= Dement W \\| author\\-link \\= William Dement \\| chapter \\= Chapter 12: The Effect of Dream Deprivation: The need for a certain amount of dreaming each night is suggested by recent experiments \\| title \\= Brian Physiology and Psychology \\| publisher \\= University of California Press \\| date \\= 1966 }}", "The [neurobehavioral](/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience \"Behavioral neuroscience\") basis for these has been studied only recently. Sleep deprivation has been strongly correlated with increased probability of accidents and industrial errors.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Van Dongen HP, Maislin G, Mullington JM, Dinges DF \\| title \\= The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose\\-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation \\| journal \\= Sleep \\| volume \\= 26 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 117–26 \\| date \\= March 2003 \\| pmid \\= 12683469 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/sleep/26\\.2\\.117 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Connor J, Norton R, \\[\\[Shanthi Ameratunga\\|Ameratunga S]], Robinson E, Civil I, Dunn R, Bailey J, Jackson R \\| title \\= Driver sleepiness and risk of serious injury to car occupants: population based case control study \\| journal \\= BMJ \\| volume \\= 324 \\| issue \\= 7346 \\| pages \\= 1125 \\| date \\= May 2002 \\| pmid \\= 12003884 \\| pmc \\= 107904 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1136/bmj.324\\.7346\\.1125 }} Many studies have shown the slowing of metabolic activity in the brain with many hours of [sleep debt](/wiki/Sleep_debt \"Sleep debt\"). Some studies have also shown that the [attention](/wiki/Attention \"Attention\") network in the brain is particularly affected by lack of sleep,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Lim J, Dinges DF \\| title \\= Sleep deprivation and vigilant attention \\| journal \\= Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences \\| volume \\= 1129 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 305–22 \\| date \\= 1 May 2008 \\| pmid \\= 18591490 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1196/annals.1417\\.002 \\| bibcode \\= 2008NYASA1129\\..305L \\| s2cid \\= 14220859 }} and though some of the effects on attention may be masked by alternate activities (like standing or walking) or caffeine consumption,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Wright KP, Badia P, Myers BL, Plenzler SC \\| title \\= Combination of bright light and caffeine as a countermeasure for impaired alertness and performance during extended sleep deprivation \\| journal \\= Journal of Sleep Research \\| volume \\= 6 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 26–35 \\| date \\= March 1997 \\| pmid \\= 9125696 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1046/j.1365\\-2869\\.1997\\.00022\\.x \\| s2cid \\= 6615362 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} attention deficit cannot be completely avoided.", "Sleep deprivation has been shown to have a detrimental effect on cognitive tasks, especially involving divergent functions or multitasking.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Durmer JS, Dinges DF \\| title \\= Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation \\| journal \\= Seminars in Neurology \\| volume \\= 25 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 117–29 \\| date \\= March 2005 \\| pmid \\= 15798944 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1055/s\\-2005\\-867080 \\| citeseerx \\= 10\\.1\\.1\\.580\\.1922 \\| s2cid \\= 7434705 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Drummond SP, Gillin JC, Brown GG \\| title \\= Increased cerebral response during a divided attention task following sleep deprivation \\| journal \\= Journal of Sleep Research \\| volume \\= 10 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 85–92 \\| date \\= June 2001 \\| pmid \\= 11422722 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1046/j.1365\\-2869\\.2001\\.00245\\.x \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} It also has effects on mood and emotion, and there have been multiple reports of increased tendency for rage, fear or depression with sleep debt.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= van der Helm E, Gujar N, Walker MP \\| title \\= Sleep deprivation impairs the accurate recognition of human emotions \\| journal \\= Sleep \\| volume \\= 33 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 335–42 \\| date \\= March 2010 \\| pmid \\= 20337191 \\| pmc \\= 2831427 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/sleep/33\\.3\\.335 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Tsuno N, Besset A, Ritchie K \\| title \\= Sleep and depression \\| journal \\= The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry \\| volume \\= 66 \\| issue \\= 10 \\| pages \\= 1254–69 \\| date \\= October 2005 \\| pmid \\= 16259539 \\| doi \\= 10\\.4088/JCP.v66n1008 }} However, some of the higher cognitive functions seem to remain unaffected albeit slower. Many of these effects vary from person to person{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Chee MW, Chuah LY \\| title \\= Functional neuroimaging insights into how sleep and sleep deprivation affect memory and cognition \\| journal \\= Current Opinion in Neurology \\| volume \\= 21 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 417–23 \\| date \\= August 2008 \\| pmid \\= 18607201 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1097/WCO.0b013e3283052cf7 \\| s2cid \\= 15785066 }} i.e. while some individuals have high degrees of cognitive impairment with lack of sleep, in others, it has minimal effects. The exact mechanisms for the above are still unknown and the exact neural pathways and cellular mechanisms of sleep debt are still being researched.", "" ]
Sleep disorders --------------- {{Main\|Sleep disorder}} A sleep disorder, or somnipathy, is a medical disorder of the sleep patterns of a person or animal. [Polysomnography](/wiki/Polysomnography "Polysomnography") is a test commonly used for diagnosing some sleep disorders. Sleep disorders are broadly classified into [dyssomnias](/wiki/Dyssomnias "Dyssomnias"), [parasomnias](/wiki/Parasomnias "Parasomnias"), [circadian rhythm sleep disorders](/wiki/Circadian_rhythm_sleep_disorder "Circadian rhythm sleep disorder") (CRSD), and other disorders including ones caused by medical or psychological conditions and [sleeping sickness](/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis "African trypanosomiasis"). Some common sleep disorders include [insomnia](/wiki/Insomnia "Insomnia") (chronic inability to sleep), [sleep apnea](/wiki/Sleep_apnea "Sleep apnea") (abnormally low breathing during sleep), [narcolepsy](/wiki/Narcolepsy "Narcolepsy") (excessive sleepiness at inappropriate times), [cataplexy](/wiki/Cataplexy "Cataplexy") (sudden and transient loss of muscle tone), and sleeping sickness (disruption of sleep cycle due to infection). Other disorders that are being studied include [sleepwalking](/wiki/Sleepwalking "Sleepwalking"), [sleep terror](/wiki/Sleep_terror "Sleep terror") and [bed wetting](/wiki/Bed_wetting "Bed wetting"). Studying sleep disorders is particularly useful as it gives some clues as to which parts of the brain may be involved in the modified function. This is done by comparing the imaging and histological patterns in normal and affected subjects. Treatment of sleep disorders typically involves behavioral and [psychotherapeutic](/wiki/Psychotherapeutic "Psychotherapeutic") methods though other techniques may also be used. The choice of treatment methodology for a specific patient depends on the patient's diagnosis, medical and psychiatric history, and preferences, as well as the expertise of the treating clinician. Often, behavioral or psychotherapeutic and [pharmacological](/wiki/Pharmacology "Pharmacology") approaches are compatible and can effectively be combined to maximize therapeutic benefits. Frequently, sleep disorders have been also associated with neurodegenerative diseases, mainly when they are characterized by abnormal accumulation of [alpha\-synuclein](/wiki/Alpha-synuclein "Alpha-synuclein"), such as [multiple system atrophy](/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy "Multiple system atrophy") (MSA), [Parkinson's disease](/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease "Parkinson's disease") (PD) and [Lewy body disease](/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies "Dementia with Lewy bodies") (LBD).{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Aurora R, Zak R, Maganti R, Auerbach S, Casey K, Chowdhuri S, Morgenthaler T \| year \= 2010 \| title \= Best practice guide for the treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) \| journal \= Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine \| volume \= 6 \| issue \= 1\| pages \= 85–95 \| doi \= 10\.5664/jcsm.27717 \| pmid \= 20191945 \| pmc \= 2823283 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Bjørnarå D, Toft \| year \= 2013 \| title \= REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease – Is there a gender difference? \| journal \= Parkinsonism and Related Disorders \| volume \= 19 \| issue \= 1\| pages \= 120–122 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.parkreldis.2012\.05\.027 \| pmid \= 22726815 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Bjørnarå K, Dietrichs E, Toft M \| year \= 2015 \| title \= Longitudinal assessment of probable rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson's disease \| journal \= European Journal of Neurology \| volume \= 22 \| issue \= 8\| pages \= 1242–1244 \| doi \= 10\.1111/ene.12723 \| pmid \= 25904103 \| s2cid \= 5237488 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Wang P, Wing YK, Xing J \| display\-authors \= etal \| year \= 2016 \| title \= Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease\| journal \= Aging Clin Exp Res \| volume \= 28 \| issue \= 5\| pages \= 951–957 \| doi \= 10\.1007/s40520\-015\-0382\-8 \| pmid \= 26022447 \| s2cid \= 29014852 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= McCarter S, Howell J \| year \= 2017 \| title \= REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Other Sleep Disturbances in Non\-Alzheimer Dementias \| journal \= Current Sleep Medicine Reports \| volume \= 3 \| issue \= 3\| pages \= 193–203 \| doi \= 10\.1007/s40675\-017\-0078\-z \| s2cid \= 148800517 }} For instance, people diagnosed with PD have often presented different kinds of sleep concerns, commonly regard to [insomnia](/wiki/Insomnia "Insomnia") (around 70% of the PD population), [hypersomnia](/wiki/Hypersomnia "Hypersomnia") (more than 50% of the PD population), and [REM sleep behavior disorder](/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder "Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder") (RBD) \- that may affect around 40% of the PD population and it is associated with increased motor symptoms. Furthermore, RBD has been also highlighted as a strong precursor of future development of those neurodegenerative diseases over several years in prior, which seems to be a great opportunity for improving treatments. Sleep disturbances have been also observed in [Alzheimer's disease](/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease "Alzheimer's disease") (AD), affecting about 45% of its population. Moreover, when it is based on caregiver reports this percentage is even higher, about 70%.Dick\-Muehlke, C. (2015\). Psychosocial studies of the individual's changing perspectives in Alzheimer's disease (Premier Reference Source). Hershey, PA: Medical Information Science Reference. As well as in PD population, [insomnia](/wiki/Insomnia "Insomnia") and [hypersomnia](/wiki/Hypersomnia "Hypersomnia") are frequently recognized in AD patients, which are associated with accumulation of [Beta\-amyloid](/wiki/Amyloid_beta "Amyloid beta"), [circadian rhythm sleep disorders](/wiki/Circadian_rhythm_sleep_disorder "Circadian rhythm sleep disorder") (CRSD) and [melatonin](/wiki/Melatonin "Melatonin") alteration. Additionally, changes in [sleep architecture](/wiki/Sleep "Sleep") are observed in AD too. Even though with ageing the sleep architecture seems to change naturally, in AD patients it is aggravated. SWS is potentially decreased (sometimes totally absent), spindles and the time spent in REM sleep are also reduced, while its latency is increased. The poorly sleep onset in AD has been also associated with dream\-related hallucination, increased restlessness, wandering and agitation, that seem to be related with [sundowning](/wiki/Sundowning "Sundowning") \- a typical chronobiological phenomenon presented in the disease. The neurodegenerative conditions are commonly related to brain structures impairments, which might disrupt the states of sleep and wakefulness, circadian rhythm, motor or non motor functioning. On the other hand, sleep disturbances are also frequently related to worsening patient's cognitive functioning, emotional state and quality of life. Furthermore, these abnormal behavioural symptoms negatively contribute to overwhelming their relatives and caregivers. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the relationship between sleep disorders and neurodegenerative diseases seems to be extremely important, mainly considering the limited research related to it and the increasing expectancy of life. A related field is that of [sleep medicine](/wiki/Sleep_medicine "Sleep medicine") which involves the diagnosis and therapy of sleep disorders and sleep deprivation, which is a major cause of accidents. This involves a variety of diagnostic methods including polysomnography, [sleep diary](/wiki/Sleep_diary "Sleep diary"), [multiple sleep latency test](/wiki/Multiple_sleep_latency_test "Multiple sleep latency test"), etc. Similarly, treatment may be behavioral such as [cognitive behavioral therapy](/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy "Cognitive behavioral therapy") or may include pharmacological medication or [bright light therapy](/wiki/Bright_light_therapy "Bright light therapy").
[ "Sleep disorders\n---------------", "{{Main\\|Sleep disorder}}\nA sleep disorder, or somnipathy, is a medical disorder of the sleep patterns of a person or animal. [Polysomnography](/wiki/Polysomnography \"Polysomnography\") is a test commonly used for diagnosing some sleep disorders. Sleep disorders are broadly classified into [dyssomnias](/wiki/Dyssomnias \"Dyssomnias\"), [parasomnias](/wiki/Parasomnias \"Parasomnias\"), [circadian rhythm sleep disorders](/wiki/Circadian_rhythm_sleep_disorder \"Circadian rhythm sleep disorder\") (CRSD), and other disorders including ones caused by medical or psychological conditions and [sleeping sickness](/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis \"African trypanosomiasis\"). Some common sleep disorders include [insomnia](/wiki/Insomnia \"Insomnia\") (chronic inability to sleep), [sleep apnea](/wiki/Sleep_apnea \"Sleep apnea\") (abnormally low breathing during sleep), [narcolepsy](/wiki/Narcolepsy \"Narcolepsy\") (excessive sleepiness at inappropriate times), [cataplexy](/wiki/Cataplexy \"Cataplexy\") (sudden and transient loss of muscle tone), and sleeping sickness (disruption of sleep cycle due to infection). Other disorders that are being studied include [sleepwalking](/wiki/Sleepwalking \"Sleepwalking\"), [sleep terror](/wiki/Sleep_terror \"Sleep terror\") and [bed wetting](/wiki/Bed_wetting \"Bed wetting\").", "Studying sleep disorders is particularly useful as it gives some clues as to which parts of the brain may be involved in the modified function. This is done by comparing the imaging and histological patterns in normal and affected subjects. Treatment of sleep disorders typically involves behavioral and [psychotherapeutic](/wiki/Psychotherapeutic \"Psychotherapeutic\") methods though other techniques may also be used. The choice of treatment methodology for a specific patient depends on the patient's diagnosis, medical and psychiatric history, and preferences, as well as the expertise of the treating clinician. Often, behavioral or psychotherapeutic and [pharmacological](/wiki/Pharmacology \"Pharmacology\") approaches are compatible and can effectively be combined to maximize therapeutic benefits.", "Frequently, sleep disorders have been also associated with neurodegenerative diseases, mainly when they are characterized by abnormal accumulation of [alpha\\-synuclein](/wiki/Alpha-synuclein \"Alpha-synuclein\"), such as [multiple system atrophy](/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy \"Multiple system atrophy\") (MSA), [Parkinson's disease](/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease \"Parkinson's disease\") (PD) and [Lewy body disease](/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies \"Dementia with Lewy bodies\") (LBD).{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Aurora R, Zak R, Maganti R, Auerbach S, Casey K, Chowdhuri S, Morgenthaler T \\| year \\= 2010 \\| title \\= Best practice guide for the treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) \\| journal \\= Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine \\| volume \\= 6 \\| issue \\= 1\\| pages \\= 85–95 \\| doi \\= 10\\.5664/jcsm.27717 \\| pmid \\= 20191945 \\| pmc \\= 2823283 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Bjørnarå D, Toft \\| year \\= 2013 \\| title \\= REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease – Is there a gender difference? \\| journal \\= Parkinsonism and Related Disorders \\| volume \\= 19 \\| issue \\= 1\\| pages \\= 120–122 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.parkreldis.2012\\.05\\.027 \\| pmid \\= 22726815 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Bjørnarå K, Dietrichs E, Toft M \\| year \\= 2015 \\| title \\= Longitudinal assessment of probable rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson's disease \\| journal \\= European Journal of Neurology \\| volume \\= 22 \\| issue \\= 8\\| pages \\= 1242–1244 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/ene.12723 \\| pmid \\= 25904103 \\| s2cid \\= 5237488 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Wang P, Wing YK, Xing J \\| display\\-authors \\= etal \\| year \\= 2016 \\| title \\= Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease\\| journal \\= Aging Clin Exp Res \\| volume \\= 28 \\| issue \\= 5\\| pages \\= 951–957 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/s40520\\-015\\-0382\\-8 \\| pmid \\= 26022447 \\| s2cid \\= 29014852 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= McCarter S, Howell J \\| year \\= 2017 \\| title \\= REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Other Sleep Disturbances in Non\\-Alzheimer Dementias \\| journal \\= Current Sleep Medicine Reports \\| volume \\= 3 \\| issue \\= 3\\| pages \\= 193–203 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/s40675\\-017\\-0078\\-z \\| s2cid \\= 148800517 }} For instance, people diagnosed with PD have often presented different kinds of sleep concerns, commonly regard to [insomnia](/wiki/Insomnia \"Insomnia\") (around 70% of the PD population), [hypersomnia](/wiki/Hypersomnia \"Hypersomnia\") (more than 50% of the PD population), and [REM sleep behavior disorder](/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder \"Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder\") (RBD) \\- that may affect around 40% of the PD population and it is associated with increased motor symptoms. Furthermore, RBD has been also highlighted as a strong precursor of future development of those neurodegenerative diseases over several years in prior, which seems to be a great opportunity for improving treatments.", "Sleep disturbances have been also observed in [Alzheimer's disease](/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease \"Alzheimer's disease\") (AD), affecting about 45% of its population. Moreover, when it is based on caregiver reports this percentage is even higher, about 70%.Dick\\-Muehlke, C. (2015\\). Psychosocial studies of the individual's changing perspectives in Alzheimer's disease (Premier Reference Source). Hershey, PA: Medical Information Science Reference. As well as in PD population, [insomnia](/wiki/Insomnia \"Insomnia\") and [hypersomnia](/wiki/Hypersomnia \"Hypersomnia\") are frequently recognized in AD patients, which are associated with accumulation of [Beta\\-amyloid](/wiki/Amyloid_beta \"Amyloid beta\"), [circadian rhythm sleep disorders](/wiki/Circadian_rhythm_sleep_disorder \"Circadian rhythm sleep disorder\") (CRSD) and [melatonin](/wiki/Melatonin \"Melatonin\") alteration. Additionally, changes in [sleep architecture](/wiki/Sleep \"Sleep\") are observed in AD too. Even though with ageing the sleep architecture seems to change naturally, in AD patients it is aggravated. SWS is potentially decreased (sometimes totally absent), spindles and the time spent in REM sleep are also reduced, while its latency is increased. The poorly sleep onset in AD has been also associated with dream\\-related hallucination, increased restlessness, wandering and agitation, that seem to be related with [sundowning](/wiki/Sundowning \"Sundowning\") \\- a typical chronobiological phenomenon presented in the disease.", "The neurodegenerative conditions are commonly related to brain structures impairments, which might disrupt the states of sleep and wakefulness, circadian rhythm, motor or non motor functioning. On the other hand, sleep disturbances are also frequently related to worsening patient's cognitive functioning, emotional state and quality of life. Furthermore, these abnormal behavioural symptoms negatively contribute to overwhelming their relatives and caregivers. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the relationship between sleep disorders and neurodegenerative diseases seems to be extremely important, mainly considering the limited research related to it and the increasing expectancy of life.", "A related field is that of [sleep medicine](/wiki/Sleep_medicine \"Sleep medicine\") which involves the diagnosis and therapy of sleep disorders and sleep deprivation, which is a major cause of accidents. This involves a variety of diagnostic methods including polysomnography, [sleep diary](/wiki/Sleep_diary \"Sleep diary\"), [multiple sleep latency test](/wiki/Multiple_sleep_latency_test \"Multiple sleep latency test\"), etc. Similarly, treatment may be behavioral such as [cognitive behavioral therapy](/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy \"Cognitive behavioral therapy\") or may include pharmacological medication or [bright light therapy](/wiki/Bright_light_therapy \"Bright light therapy\").", "" ]
Dreaming -------- {{Main\|Dream}} [thumb\|"The Knight's Dream", a 1655 painting by Antonio de Pereda](/wiki/File:Antonio_de_Pereda_-_El_sue%C3%B1o_del_caballero_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg "Antonio de Pereda - El sueño del caballero - Google Art Project.jpg") Dreams are successions of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that occur involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep (mainly the REM stage). The content and purpose of dreams are not yet clearly understood though various theories have been proposed. The scientific study of dreams is called [oneirology](/wiki/Oneirology "Oneirology"). There are many theories about the neurological basis of dreaming. This includes the [activation synthesis theory](/wiki/Activation_synthesis_theory "Activation synthesis theory")—the theory that dreams result from brain stem activation during REM sleep; the continual activation theory—the theory that dreaming is a result of activation and synthesis but dreams and REM sleep are controlled by different structures in the brain; and dreams as excitations of long\-term memory—a theory which claims that long\-term memory excitations are prevalent during waking hours as well but are usually controlled and become apparent only during sleep. There are multiple theories about dream function as well. Some studies claim that dreams strengthen semantic memories. This is based on the role of [hippocampal neocortical dialog](/wiki/%23Hippocampal_neocortical_dialog "#Hippocampal neocortical dialog") and general connections between sleep and memory. One study surmises that dreams erase junk data in the brain. [Emotional adaptation](/wiki/Emotion "Emotion") and [mood regulation](/wiki/Mood_%28psychology%29 "Mood (psychology)") are other proposed functions of dreaming. From an [evolutionary](/wiki/Evolution "Evolution") standpoint, dreams might simulate and rehearse threatening events, that were common in the organism's ancestral environment, hence increasing a person's ability to tackle everyday problems and challenges in the present. For this reason these threatening events may have been passed on in the form of [genetic memories](/wiki/Genetic_memory_%28psychology%29 "Genetic memory (psychology)").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Revonsuo A \| title \= The reinterpretation of dreams: an evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming \| journal \= The Behavioral and Brain Sciences \| volume \= 23 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 877–901; discussion 904–1121 \| date \= December 2000 \| pmid \= 11515147 \| doi \= 10\.1017/s0140525x00004015 \| s2cid \= 145340071 }}{{cite journal\| vauthors \= Montangero J \|title\=A more general evolutionary hypothesis about dream function\|journal\=Behavioral and Brain Sciences\|year\=2000\|volume\=23\|issue\=6\|pages\=972–973\|doi\=10\.1017/s0140525x00664026\|s2cid\=144709903 }} This theory accords well with the claim that REM sleep is an evolutionary transformation of a well\-known defensive mechanism, the tonic immobility reflex. Most theories of dream function appear to be conflicting, but it is possible that many short\-term dream functions could act together to achieve a bigger long\-term function. It may be noted that evidence for none of these theories is entirely conclusive. The incorporation of waking memory events into dreams is another area of active research and some researchers have tried to link it to the declarative memory consolidation functions of dreaming.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Stickgold R, Hobson JA, Fosse R, Fosse M \| title \= Sleep, learning, and dreams: off\-line memory reprocessing \| journal \= Science \| volume \= 294 \| issue \= 5544 \| pages \= 1052–7 \| date \= November 2001 \| pmid \= 11691983 \| doi \= 10\.1126/science.1063530 \| bibcode \= 2001Sci...294\.1052S \| s2cid \= 8631140 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Greenberg R, Katz H, Schwartz W, Pearlman C \| title \= A research\-based reconsideration of the psychoanalytic theory of dreaming \| journal \= Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association \| volume \= 40 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 531–50 \| year \= 1992 \| pmid \= 1593084 \| doi \= 10\.1177/000306519204000211 \| s2cid \= 24985171 }} A related area of research is the neuroscience basis of [nightmares](/wiki/Nightmares "Nightmares"). Many studies have confirmed a high prevalence of nightmares and some have correlated them with high [stress](/wiki/Stress_%28psychological%29 "Stress (psychological)") levels.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Sadeh A, Keinan G, Daon K \| title \= Effects of stress on sleep: the moderating role of coping style \| journal \= Health Psychology \| volume \= 23 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 542–5 \| date \= September 2004 \| pmid \= 15367075 \| doi \= 10\.1037/0278\-6133\.23\.5\.542 \| citeseerx \= 10\.1\.1\.476\.8304 \| s2cid \= 12126324 }} Multiple models of nightmare production have been proposed including neo\-[Freudian](/wiki/Freudian "Freudian") models as well as other models such as image contextualization model, boundary thickness model, threat simulation model etc.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Nielsen T, Levin R \| title \= Nightmares: a new neurocognitive model \| journal \= Sleep Medicine Reviews \| volume \= 11 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 295–310 \| date \= August 2007 \| pmid \= 17498981 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.smrv.2007\.03\.004 }} [Neurotransmitter](/wiki/Neurotransmitter "Neurotransmitter") imbalance has been proposed as a cause of nightmares, as also affective network dysfunction\- a model which claims that nightmare is a product of dysfunction of circuitry normally involved in dreaming.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Pagel JF \| title \= Drugs, Dreams, and Nightmares\|journal\=Sleep Medicine Clinics\|volume\=5\|issue\=2\|pages\=277–287\|doi\=10\.1016/j.jsmc.2010\.01\.007\|year\=2010}}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Levin R, Nielsen T \| title\=Nightmares, Bad Dreams, and Emotion Dysregulation: A Review and New Neurocognitive Model of Dreaming\|journal\=Current Directions in Psychological Science\|date\=1 April 2009\|volume\=18\|issue\=2\|pages\=84–88\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1467\-8721\.2009\.01614\.x\| s2cid \= 41082725 }} As with dreaming, none of the models have yielded conclusive results and studies continue about these questions.
[ "Dreaming\n--------", "{{Main\\|Dream}}\n[thumb\\|\"The Knight's Dream\", a 1655 painting by Antonio de Pereda](/wiki/File:Antonio_de_Pereda_-_El_sue%C3%B1o_del_caballero_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg \"Antonio de Pereda - El sueño del caballero - Google Art Project.jpg\")\nDreams are successions of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that occur involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep (mainly the REM stage). The content and purpose of dreams are not yet clearly understood though various theories have been proposed. The scientific study of dreams is called [oneirology](/wiki/Oneirology \"Oneirology\").", "There are many theories about the neurological basis of dreaming. This includes the [activation synthesis theory](/wiki/Activation_synthesis_theory \"Activation synthesis theory\")—the theory that dreams result from brain stem activation during REM sleep; the continual activation theory—the theory that dreaming is a result of activation and synthesis but dreams and REM sleep are controlled by different structures in the brain; and dreams as excitations of long\\-term memory—a theory which claims that long\\-term memory excitations are prevalent during waking hours as well but are usually controlled and become apparent only during sleep.", "There are multiple theories about dream function as well. Some studies claim that dreams strengthen semantic memories. This is based on the role of [hippocampal neocortical dialog](/wiki/%23Hippocampal_neocortical_dialog \"#Hippocampal neocortical dialog\") and general connections between sleep and memory. One study surmises that dreams erase junk data in the brain. [Emotional adaptation](/wiki/Emotion \"Emotion\") and [mood regulation](/wiki/Mood_%28psychology%29 \"Mood (psychology)\") are other proposed functions of dreaming.", "From an [evolutionary](/wiki/Evolution \"Evolution\") standpoint, dreams might simulate and rehearse threatening events, that were common in the organism's ancestral environment, hence increasing a person's ability to tackle everyday problems and challenges in the present. For this reason these threatening events may have been passed on in the form of [genetic memories](/wiki/Genetic_memory_%28psychology%29 \"Genetic memory (psychology)\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Revonsuo A \\| title \\= The reinterpretation of dreams: an evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming \\| journal \\= The Behavioral and Brain Sciences \\| volume \\= 23 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 877–901; discussion 904–1121 \\| date \\= December 2000 \\| pmid \\= 11515147 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1017/s0140525x00004015 \\| s2cid \\= 145340071 }}{{cite journal\\| vauthors \\= Montangero J \\|title\\=A more general evolutionary hypothesis about dream function\\|journal\\=Behavioral and Brain Sciences\\|year\\=2000\\|volume\\=23\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=972–973\\|doi\\=10\\.1017/s0140525x00664026\\|s2cid\\=144709903 }} This theory accords well with the claim that REM sleep is an evolutionary transformation of a well\\-known defensive mechanism, the tonic immobility reflex.", "Most theories of dream function appear to be conflicting, but it is possible that many short\\-term dream functions could act together to achieve a bigger long\\-term function. It may be noted that evidence for none of these theories is entirely conclusive.", "The incorporation of waking memory events into dreams is another area of active research and some researchers have tried to link it to the declarative memory consolidation functions of dreaming.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Stickgold R, Hobson JA, Fosse R, Fosse M \\| title \\= Sleep, learning, and dreams: off\\-line memory reprocessing \\| journal \\= Science \\| volume \\= 294 \\| issue \\= 5544 \\| pages \\= 1052–7 \\| date \\= November 2001 \\| pmid \\= 11691983 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.1063530 \\| bibcode \\= 2001Sci...294\\.1052S \\| s2cid \\= 8631140 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Greenberg R, Katz H, Schwartz W, Pearlman C \\| title \\= A research\\-based reconsideration of the psychoanalytic theory of dreaming \\| journal \\= Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association \\| volume \\= 40 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 531–50 \\| year \\= 1992 \\| pmid \\= 1593084 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1177/000306519204000211 \\| s2cid \\= 24985171 }}", "A related area of research is the neuroscience basis of [nightmares](/wiki/Nightmares \"Nightmares\"). Many studies have confirmed a high prevalence of nightmares and some have correlated them with high [stress](/wiki/Stress_%28psychological%29 \"Stress (psychological)\") levels.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Sadeh A, Keinan G, Daon K \\| title \\= Effects of stress on sleep: the moderating role of coping style \\| journal \\= Health Psychology \\| volume \\= 23 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 542–5 \\| date \\= September 2004 \\| pmid \\= 15367075 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1037/0278\\-6133\\.23\\.5\\.542 \\| citeseerx \\= 10\\.1\\.1\\.476\\.8304 \\| s2cid \\= 12126324 }} Multiple models of nightmare production have been proposed including neo\\-[Freudian](/wiki/Freudian \"Freudian\") models as well as other models such as image contextualization model, boundary thickness model, threat simulation model etc.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Nielsen T, Levin R \\| title \\= Nightmares: a new neurocognitive model \\| journal \\= Sleep Medicine Reviews \\| volume \\= 11 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 295–310 \\| date \\= August 2007 \\| pmid \\= 17498981 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.smrv.2007\\.03\\.004 }} [Neurotransmitter](/wiki/Neurotransmitter \"Neurotransmitter\") imbalance has been proposed as a cause of nightmares, as also affective network dysfunction\\- a model which claims that nightmare is a product of dysfunction of circuitry normally involved in dreaming.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Pagel JF \\| title \\= Drugs, Dreams, and Nightmares\\|journal\\=Sleep Medicine Clinics\\|volume\\=5\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=277–287\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jsmc.2010\\.01\\.007\\|year\\=2010}}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Levin R, Nielsen T \\| title\\=Nightmares, Bad Dreams, and Emotion Dysregulation: A Review and New Neurocognitive Model of Dreaming\\|journal\\=Current Directions in Psychological Science\\|date\\=1 April 2009\\|volume\\=18\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=84–88\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1467\\-8721\\.2009\\.01614\\.x\\| s2cid \\= 41082725 }} As with dreaming, none of the models have yielded conclusive results and studies continue about these questions.", "" ]
Biography --------- Matteo Pérez was the son of Antonio de Alessio and Madama Lucente. He was born in [Lecce](/wiki/Lecce "Lecce") in the [Apulia](/wiki/Apulia "Apulia") region. ### Italy, Malta and Seville He studied under [Michelangelo](/wiki/Michelangelo "Michelangelo"), working on the [Sistine Chapel](/wiki/Sistine_Chapel "Sistine Chapel"), in the [Vatican](/wiki/Vatican_City "Vatican City"), painting the *Fall of the Angels* in the facade facing Michelangelo's *Last Judgment*. He was a member of the [Accademia di San Luca](/wiki/Accademia_di_San_Luca "Accademia di San Luca") in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"). He also painted an altarpiece for *Sant'Eligio degli Orefici*. He travelled to [Naples](/wiki/Naples "Naples") where he met the artist [Pablo Moron](/wiki/Pablo_Moron "Pablo Moron"), who became his long standing assistant. Perez's works in Rome include the fresco *The Dispute over the Body of Moses* (circa 1574\) in the Sistine Chapel; [frescoes](/wiki/Fresco "Fresco") in the [Villa d'Este](/wiki/Villa_d%27Este "Villa d'Este") in [Tivoli](/wiki/Tivoli%2C_Italy "Tivoli, Italy") and the [Villa Mondragone](/wiki/Villa_Mondragone "Villa Mondragone") in [Frascati](/wiki/Frascati "Frascati"). He also worked in [Malta](/wiki/Malta "Malta") (from 1576\), [Seville](/wiki/Seville "Seville") (in the 1580s) and [Lima](/wiki/Lima "Lima") (from 1589\), where he died. The Hall of St Michael and St George, also known as the Throne Room, of the Grandmaster's Palace, [Valletta](/wiki/Valletta "Valletta"), is decorated with 13 of his frescoes showing the events of the [great siege of Malta](/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_%281565%29 "Siege of Malta (1565)") by the [Turks](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") in 1565\. He is credited with having introduced mannerism to Malta with his frescoes. These were painted from 1575 to 1581, at the same time as the oil paintings of the same scene, four of which can be found in the Cube Room of the [Queen's House](/wiki/Queen%27s_House%2C_Greenwich "Queen's House, Greenwich"), [Greenwich, London](/wiki/Greenwich%2C_London%2C_England "Greenwich, London, England"). Among his other works in Malta there is the Baptism of Christ which was originally the titular painting of the [St. John's Co\-Cathedral](/wiki/St._John%27s_Co-Cathedral "St. John's Co-Cathedral"). He migrated to Spain in 1583\. He completed a monumental fresco, in 1584, in the [cathedral of Seville](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Seville "Cathedral of Seville"), representing a giant *St. Christopher carrying the Infant Saviour on his shoulder*. He painted in 1587 the same subject for the church of San Miguel, and he also painted in other public edifices at Seville. ### Peru Pérez de Alesio came to [Lima](/wiki/Lima "Lima") from Rome, accompanied by his disciple and helper Pedro Pablo Morón whom he had contracted as an apprentice in 1583\. Morón was to serve him as a helper with a salary of 200 ducados for the 10 years that the contract would last. In 1593, Pérez de Alesio renewed the contract for another 2 and a half years, giving Morón three times the original agreed upon amount. He renewed the contract again for another two years in 1595\. Contracts dating from 1588 to 1628 place Pérez de Alesio in Lima. He brought with him a collection of prints by [Dürer](/wiki/D%C3%BCrer "Dürer") and opened a workshop that attracted a number of students and disciples, including Pedro Pablo Morón but also Francisco García (in 1595\); the Augustinian friar Francisco Bejarano (in 1599\); Domingo Gil from 1600 to 1603; Cosme Ferrero Figueroa and later his son Adriano; forming what [Rubén Vargas Ugarte](/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Vargas_Ugarte "Rubén Vargas Ugarte") described as one of the first art academies in Lima. In 1590 he painted a portrait of the viceroy [García Hurtado de Mendoza](/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Hurtado_de_Mendoza "García Hurtado de Mendoza"), the fourth Marques of Cañete, and as a result he signed a document as "Painter of his Lordship the Lord Viceroy." In 1592 he achieved the degree of Gentleman of the Company of Arcabuz Horsemen of the "Guard of this Kingdom of Peru" Archivo de la Nación folio 141, registrador, Bello, year 1592 According to a document dated 1591 from the Peruvian Nacional Archive, recorded by the scribe Córdova \[f. 376] he contracted to make several paintings for the general Don Antonio Picado for 300 pesos, among these paintings an image of the Virgin Mary on a copper plate; and a full\-length portrait of Picado's wife, Doña Mayor Bravo de Saravia. Antonio Picado was procurador for the city of [Arequipa](/wiki/Arequipa "Arequipa"), where Pérez de Alesio made the main altarpiece of the church of Saint Dominic. He carved an altarpiece for the Mercedarian church of [Huánuco](/wiki/Hu%C3%A1nuco "Huánuco") as well.Authorship discovered in 1988 by [Luis E. Tord](/wiki/Luis_E._Tord "Luis E. Tord"). In 1595 Pérez de Alesio acquired from Francisco López, for 350 pesos, 50 portraits of figures that López had brought from Castille. Aside from his art, Pérez de Alesio also tried to make his fortune in the gold and silver mines of [Vilcabamba](/wiki/Vilcabamba_mountain_range "Vilcabamba mountain range") ([Cusco](/wiki/Cusco "Cusco")) and [Huancavelica](/wiki/Huancavelica "Huancavelica"). Many documents of mercantile and business exchanges survive that attest to his activity in these areas; these documents rarely mention his artistic facet. In 1600 he was charged with the adornment of the main chapel of the church of Saint Dominic of Lima, along with Morón, but some documents suggest that this work had already begun between 1593 and 1594 thanks to a donation from Don Alonso Picado in support of Pérez de Alesio's work. In 1606, at the request of Juan de Vega, he painted seven paintings for one of the churches of Huánuco. The paintings were of relatively small size and included as themes "Christ with the Cross on his back and his Holy Mother" and another representing Jesus in on the cross.According to a contract in the Peruvian National Archive. Many biographies describe him as dying in 1616, but a contract of 1628 rejects this theory; in that year he sold an image of the Virgin Mary to the friar Francisco Puche of the order of Saint Benito for the church of Monserrate. In the same year he also decorated, with Morón, the funerary chapel of Captain Bernardo de Villegas and his wife Marcela de Montoya in the church of La Merced in Lima.Ananda Cohen\-Suárez, "Painting Beyond the Frame: Religious Murals in Colonial Peru," Collection in Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion, 2016 [http://mavcor.yale.edu/material\-objects/collections/painting\-beyond\-frame\-religious\-murals\-colonial\-peru](http://mavcor.yale.edu/material-objects/collections/painting-beyond-frame-religious-murals-colonial-peru){{Cite web\|url\=http://mavcor.yale.edu/material\-objects/funerary\-chapel\-captain\-bernardo\-villegas\|title\=Funerary chapel of Captain Bernardo Villegas\|date\=25 April 2016}}
[ "Biography\n---------", "Matteo Pérez was the son of Antonio de Alessio and Madama Lucente. He was born in [Lecce](/wiki/Lecce \"Lecce\") in the [Apulia](/wiki/Apulia \"Apulia\") region.", "### Italy, Malta and Seville", "He studied under [Michelangelo](/wiki/Michelangelo \"Michelangelo\"), working on the [Sistine Chapel](/wiki/Sistine_Chapel \"Sistine Chapel\"), in the [Vatican](/wiki/Vatican_City \"Vatican City\"), painting the *Fall of the Angels* in the facade facing Michelangelo's *Last Judgment*. He was a member of the [Accademia di San Luca](/wiki/Accademia_di_San_Luca \"Accademia di San Luca\") in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"). He also painted an altarpiece for *Sant'Eligio degli Orefici*.", "He travelled to [Naples](/wiki/Naples \"Naples\") where he met the artist [Pablo Moron](/wiki/Pablo_Moron \"Pablo Moron\"), who became his long standing assistant. Perez's works in Rome include the fresco *The Dispute over the Body of Moses* (circa 1574\\) in the Sistine Chapel; [frescoes](/wiki/Fresco \"Fresco\") in the [Villa d'Este](/wiki/Villa_d%27Este \"Villa d'Este\") in [Tivoli](/wiki/Tivoli%2C_Italy \"Tivoli, Italy\") and the [Villa Mondragone](/wiki/Villa_Mondragone \"Villa Mondragone\") in [Frascati](/wiki/Frascati \"Frascati\"). He also worked in [Malta](/wiki/Malta \"Malta\") (from 1576\\), [Seville](/wiki/Seville \"Seville\") (in the 1580s) and [Lima](/wiki/Lima \"Lima\") (from 1589\\), where he died.", "The Hall of St Michael and St George, also known as the Throne Room, of the Grandmaster's Palace, [Valletta](/wiki/Valletta \"Valletta\"), is decorated with 13 of his frescoes showing the events of the [great siege of Malta](/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_%281565%29 \"Siege of Malta (1565)\") by the [Turks](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\") in 1565\\. He is credited with having introduced mannerism to Malta with his frescoes. These were painted from 1575 to 1581, at the same time as the oil paintings of the same scene, four of which can be found in the Cube Room of the [Queen's House](/wiki/Queen%27s_House%2C_Greenwich \"Queen's House, Greenwich\"), [Greenwich, London](/wiki/Greenwich%2C_London%2C_England \"Greenwich, London, England\"). Among his other works in Malta there is the Baptism of Christ which was originally the titular painting of the [St. John's Co\\-Cathedral](/wiki/St._John%27s_Co-Cathedral \"St. John's Co-Cathedral\").", "He migrated to Spain in 1583\\. He completed a monumental fresco, in 1584, in the [cathedral of Seville](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Seville \"Cathedral of Seville\"), representing a giant *St. Christopher carrying the Infant Saviour on his shoulder*. He painted in 1587 the same subject for the church of San Miguel, and he also painted in other public edifices at Seville.", "### Peru", "Pérez de Alesio came to [Lima](/wiki/Lima \"Lima\") from Rome, accompanied by his disciple and helper Pedro Pablo Morón whom he had contracted as an apprentice in 1583\\. Morón was to serve him as a helper with a salary of 200 ducados for the 10 years that the contract would last. In 1593, Pérez de Alesio renewed the contract for another 2 and a half years, giving Morón three times the original agreed upon amount. He renewed the contract again for another two years in 1595\\.", "Contracts dating from 1588 to 1628 place Pérez de Alesio in Lima. He brought with him a collection of prints by [Dürer](/wiki/D%C3%BCrer \"Dürer\") and opened a workshop that attracted a number of students and disciples, including Pedro Pablo Morón but also Francisco García (in 1595\\); the Augustinian friar Francisco Bejarano (in 1599\\); Domingo Gil from 1600 to 1603; Cosme Ferrero Figueroa and later his son Adriano; forming what [Rubén Vargas Ugarte](/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Vargas_Ugarte \"Rubén Vargas Ugarte\") described as one of the first art academies in Lima. In 1590 he painted a portrait of the viceroy [García Hurtado de Mendoza](/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Hurtado_de_Mendoza \"García Hurtado de Mendoza\"), the fourth Marques of Cañete, and as a result he signed a document as \"Painter of his Lordship the Lord Viceroy.\" In 1592 he achieved the degree of Gentleman of the Company of Arcabuz Horsemen of the \"Guard of this Kingdom of Peru\" Archivo de la Nación folio 141, registrador, Bello, year 1592", "According to a document dated 1591 from the Peruvian Nacional Archive, recorded by the scribe Córdova \\[f. 376] he contracted to make several paintings for the general Don Antonio Picado for 300 pesos, among these paintings an image of the Virgin Mary on a copper plate; and a full\\-length portrait of Picado's wife, Doña Mayor Bravo de Saravia. Antonio Picado was procurador for the city of [Arequipa](/wiki/Arequipa \"Arequipa\"), where Pérez de Alesio made the main altarpiece of the church of Saint Dominic. He carved an altarpiece for the Mercedarian church of [Huánuco](/wiki/Hu%C3%A1nuco \"Huánuco\") as well.Authorship discovered in 1988 by [Luis E. Tord](/wiki/Luis_E._Tord \"Luis E. Tord\").", "In 1595 Pérez de Alesio acquired from Francisco López, for 350 pesos, 50 portraits of figures that López had brought from Castille. Aside from his art, Pérez de Alesio also tried to make his fortune in the gold and silver mines of [Vilcabamba](/wiki/Vilcabamba_mountain_range \"Vilcabamba mountain range\") ([Cusco](/wiki/Cusco \"Cusco\")) and [Huancavelica](/wiki/Huancavelica \"Huancavelica\"). Many documents of mercantile and business exchanges survive that attest to his activity in these areas; these documents rarely mention his artistic facet.", "In 1600 he was charged with the adornment of the main chapel of the church of Saint Dominic of Lima, along with Morón, but some documents suggest that this work had already begun between 1593 and 1594 thanks to a donation from Don Alonso Picado in support of Pérez de Alesio's work.", "In 1606, at the request of Juan de Vega, he painted seven paintings for one of the churches of Huánuco. The paintings were of relatively small size and included as themes \"Christ with the Cross on his back and his Holy Mother\" and another representing Jesus in on the cross.According to a contract in the Peruvian National Archive.", "Many biographies describe him as dying in 1616, but a contract of 1628 rejects this theory; in that year he sold an image of the Virgin Mary to the friar Francisco Puche of the order of Saint Benito for the church of Monserrate. In the same year he also decorated, with Morón, the funerary chapel of Captain Bernardo de Villegas and his wife Marcela de Montoya in the church of La Merced in Lima.Ananda Cohen\\-Suárez, \"Painting Beyond the Frame: Religious Murals in Colonial Peru,\" Collection in Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion, 2016 [http://mavcor.yale.edu/material\\-objects/collections/painting\\-beyond\\-frame\\-religious\\-murals\\-colonial\\-peru](http://mavcor.yale.edu/material-objects/collections/painting-beyond-frame-religious-murals-colonial-peru){{Cite web\\|url\\=http://mavcor.yale.edu/material\\-objects/funerary\\-chapel\\-captain\\-bernardo\\-villegas\\|title\\=Funerary chapel of Captain Bernardo Villegas\\|date\\=25 April 2016}}", "" ]
### Peru Pérez de Alesio came to [Lima](/wiki/Lima "Lima") from Rome, accompanied by his disciple and helper Pedro Pablo Morón whom he had contracted as an apprentice in 1583\. Morón was to serve him as a helper with a salary of 200 ducados for the 10 years that the contract would last. In 1593, Pérez de Alesio renewed the contract for another 2 and a half years, giving Morón three times the original agreed upon amount. He renewed the contract again for another two years in 1595\. Contracts dating from 1588 to 1628 place Pérez de Alesio in Lima. He brought with him a collection of prints by [Dürer](/wiki/D%C3%BCrer "Dürer") and opened a workshop that attracted a number of students and disciples, including Pedro Pablo Morón but also Francisco García (in 1595\); the Augustinian friar Francisco Bejarano (in 1599\); Domingo Gil from 1600 to 1603; Cosme Ferrero Figueroa and later his son Adriano; forming what [Rubén Vargas Ugarte](/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Vargas_Ugarte "Rubén Vargas Ugarte") described as one of the first art academies in Lima. In 1590 he painted a portrait of the viceroy [García Hurtado de Mendoza](/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Hurtado_de_Mendoza "García Hurtado de Mendoza"), the fourth Marques of Cañete, and as a result he signed a document as "Painter of his Lordship the Lord Viceroy." In 1592 he achieved the degree of Gentleman of the Company of Arcabuz Horsemen of the "Guard of this Kingdom of Peru" Archivo de la Nación folio 141, registrador, Bello, year 1592 According to a document dated 1591 from the Peruvian Nacional Archive, recorded by the scribe Córdova \[f. 376] he contracted to make several paintings for the general Don Antonio Picado for 300 pesos, among these paintings an image of the Virgin Mary on a copper plate; and a full\-length portrait of Picado's wife, Doña Mayor Bravo de Saravia. Antonio Picado was procurador for the city of [Arequipa](/wiki/Arequipa "Arequipa"), where Pérez de Alesio made the main altarpiece of the church of Saint Dominic. He carved an altarpiece for the Mercedarian church of [Huánuco](/wiki/Hu%C3%A1nuco "Huánuco") as well.Authorship discovered in 1988 by [Luis E. Tord](/wiki/Luis_E._Tord "Luis E. Tord"). In 1595 Pérez de Alesio acquired from Francisco López, for 350 pesos, 50 portraits of figures that López had brought from Castille. Aside from his art, Pérez de Alesio also tried to make his fortune in the gold and silver mines of [Vilcabamba](/wiki/Vilcabamba_mountain_range "Vilcabamba mountain range") ([Cusco](/wiki/Cusco "Cusco")) and [Huancavelica](/wiki/Huancavelica "Huancavelica"). Many documents of mercantile and business exchanges survive that attest to his activity in these areas; these documents rarely mention his artistic facet. In 1600 he was charged with the adornment of the main chapel of the church of Saint Dominic of Lima, along with Morón, but some documents suggest that this work had already begun between 1593 and 1594 thanks to a donation from Don Alonso Picado in support of Pérez de Alesio's work. In 1606, at the request of Juan de Vega, he painted seven paintings for one of the churches of Huánuco. The paintings were of relatively small size and included as themes "Christ with the Cross on his back and his Holy Mother" and another representing Jesus in on the cross.According to a contract in the Peruvian National Archive. Many biographies describe him as dying in 1616, but a contract of 1628 rejects this theory; in that year he sold an image of the Virgin Mary to the friar Francisco Puche of the order of Saint Benito for the church of Monserrate. In the same year he also decorated, with Morón, the funerary chapel of Captain Bernardo de Villegas and his wife Marcela de Montoya in the church of La Merced in Lima.Ananda Cohen\-Suárez, "Painting Beyond the Frame: Religious Murals in Colonial Peru," Collection in Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion, 2016 [http://mavcor.yale.edu/material\-objects/collections/painting\-beyond\-frame\-religious\-murals\-colonial\-peru](http://mavcor.yale.edu/material-objects/collections/painting-beyond-frame-religious-murals-colonial-peru){{Cite web\|url\=http://mavcor.yale.edu/material\-objects/funerary\-chapel\-captain\-bernardo\-villegas\|title\=Funerary chapel of Captain Bernardo Villegas\|date\=25 April 2016}}
[ "### Peru", "Pérez de Alesio came to [Lima](/wiki/Lima \"Lima\") from Rome, accompanied by his disciple and helper Pedro Pablo Morón whom he had contracted as an apprentice in 1583\\. Morón was to serve him as a helper with a salary of 200 ducados for the 10 years that the contract would last. In 1593, Pérez de Alesio renewed the contract for another 2 and a half years, giving Morón three times the original agreed upon amount. He renewed the contract again for another two years in 1595\\.", "Contracts dating from 1588 to 1628 place Pérez de Alesio in Lima. He brought with him a collection of prints by [Dürer](/wiki/D%C3%BCrer \"Dürer\") and opened a workshop that attracted a number of students and disciples, including Pedro Pablo Morón but also Francisco García (in 1595\\); the Augustinian friar Francisco Bejarano (in 1599\\); Domingo Gil from 1600 to 1603; Cosme Ferrero Figueroa and later his son Adriano; forming what [Rubén Vargas Ugarte](/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Vargas_Ugarte \"Rubén Vargas Ugarte\") described as one of the first art academies in Lima. In 1590 he painted a portrait of the viceroy [García Hurtado de Mendoza](/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Hurtado_de_Mendoza \"García Hurtado de Mendoza\"), the fourth Marques of Cañete, and as a result he signed a document as \"Painter of his Lordship the Lord Viceroy.\" In 1592 he achieved the degree of Gentleman of the Company of Arcabuz Horsemen of the \"Guard of this Kingdom of Peru\" Archivo de la Nación folio 141, registrador, Bello, year 1592", "According to a document dated 1591 from the Peruvian Nacional Archive, recorded by the scribe Córdova \\[f. 376] he contracted to make several paintings for the general Don Antonio Picado for 300 pesos, among these paintings an image of the Virgin Mary on a copper plate; and a full\\-length portrait of Picado's wife, Doña Mayor Bravo de Saravia. Antonio Picado was procurador for the city of [Arequipa](/wiki/Arequipa \"Arequipa\"), where Pérez de Alesio made the main altarpiece of the church of Saint Dominic. He carved an altarpiece for the Mercedarian church of [Huánuco](/wiki/Hu%C3%A1nuco \"Huánuco\") as well.Authorship discovered in 1988 by [Luis E. Tord](/wiki/Luis_E._Tord \"Luis E. Tord\").", "In 1595 Pérez de Alesio acquired from Francisco López, for 350 pesos, 50 portraits of figures that López had brought from Castille. Aside from his art, Pérez de Alesio also tried to make his fortune in the gold and silver mines of [Vilcabamba](/wiki/Vilcabamba_mountain_range \"Vilcabamba mountain range\") ([Cusco](/wiki/Cusco \"Cusco\")) and [Huancavelica](/wiki/Huancavelica \"Huancavelica\"). Many documents of mercantile and business exchanges survive that attest to his activity in these areas; these documents rarely mention his artistic facet.", "In 1600 he was charged with the adornment of the main chapel of the church of Saint Dominic of Lima, along with Morón, but some documents suggest that this work had already begun between 1593 and 1594 thanks to a donation from Don Alonso Picado in support of Pérez de Alesio's work.", "In 1606, at the request of Juan de Vega, he painted seven paintings for one of the churches of Huánuco. The paintings were of relatively small size and included as themes \"Christ with the Cross on his back and his Holy Mother\" and another representing Jesus in on the cross.According to a contract in the Peruvian National Archive.", "Many biographies describe him as dying in 1616, but a contract of 1628 rejects this theory; in that year he sold an image of the Virgin Mary to the friar Francisco Puche of the order of Saint Benito for the church of Monserrate. In the same year he also decorated, with Morón, the funerary chapel of Captain Bernardo de Villegas and his wife Marcela de Montoya in the church of La Merced in Lima.Ananda Cohen\\-Suárez, \"Painting Beyond the Frame: Religious Murals in Colonial Peru,\" Collection in Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion, 2016 [http://mavcor.yale.edu/material\\-objects/collections/painting\\-beyond\\-frame\\-religious\\-murals\\-colonial\\-peru](http://mavcor.yale.edu/material-objects/collections/painting-beyond-frame-religious-murals-colonial-peru){{Cite web\\|url\\=http://mavcor.yale.edu/material\\-objects/funerary\\-chapel\\-captain\\-bernardo\\-villegas\\|title\\=Funerary chapel of Captain Bernardo Villegas\\|date\\=25 April 2016}}", "" ]
Description ----------- There are several variations of the CAR test.{{cite book \| last1\=Castagné \| first1\=Vincent \| last2\=Moser \| first2\=Paul C. \| last3\=Porsolt \| first3\=Roger D. \| title\=Advances in Pharmacology \| chapter\=Preclinical Behavioral Models for Predicting Antipsychotic Activity \| publisher\=Elsevier \| year\=2009 \| volume\=57 \| issn\=1054\-3589 \| doi\=10\.1016/s1054\-3589(08\)57010\-4 \| pages\=381–418\| pmid\=20230767 \| isbn\=978\-0\-12\-378642\-5 }} The most common form of the test is the two\-way active avoidance test (also known as the two\-way discriminated shuttle box procedure). Other variations of the test include the one\-way active avoidance test (also known as the one\-way discriminated pole jump procedure or the pole\-jumping test) and the non\-discriminated operant continuous avoidance procedure (also known as the continuous avoidance test, the Sidman avoidance test, or simply the Sidman procedure). In the two\-way active avoidance test, an animal is placed in a two\-compartment [shuttle box](/wiki/Shuttle_box "Shuttle box") with an open doorway. Then, the animal is [trained](/wiki/Animal_training "Animal training") to avoid an [aversive](/wiki/Aversives "Aversives") [stimulus](/wiki/Stimulus_%28psychology%29 "Stimulus (psychology)") ([unconditioned stimulus](/wiki/Unconditioned_stimulus "Unconditioned stimulus")), usually an [electric footshock](/wiki/Footshock "Footshock"), on presentation of a neutral stimulus ([conditioned stimulus](/wiki/Conditioned_stimulus "Conditioned stimulus")), usually an auditory or visual stimulus like a tone or light, that shortly precedes it.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Forrest AD, Coto CA, Siegel SJ \| title \= Animal Models of Psychosis: Current State and Future Directions \| journal \= Curr Behav Neurosci Rep \| volume \= 1 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 100–116 \| date \= June 2014 \| pmid \= 25215267 \| doi \= 10\.1007/s40473\-014\-0013\-2 \| pmc \= 4157659 \| url \= }} The animal does this by performing a specific behavioral response, like moving to the other compartment of the box, and this response is referred to as "avoidance" or "conditioned avoidance". If the animal is late in performing the avoidance, the aversive stimulus is presented until the animal responds by moving to the compartment. This is referred to as "escape". If the animal does not escape within a certain amount of time, it is designated "escape failure". As such, there are three variables that can be measured in the CAR test: avoidance, escape, and escape failure. Drugs that are considered to show antipsychotic\-like effects *selectively* suppress the [avoidance response](/wiki/Avoidance_response "Avoidance response") without affecting [escape behavior](/wiki/Escape_response "Escape response"). Conversely, drugs that are not considered to have antipsychotic\-like effects either have no effect in the CAR test or suppress *both* avoidance behavior and escape behavior at the same doses. Examples of drugs that inhibit both avoidance and escape responses include [sedatives](/wiki/Sedative "Sedative") like [benzodiazepines](/wiki/Benzodiazepine "Benzodiazepine"), [barbiturates](/wiki/Barbiturate "Barbiturate"), and [meprobamate](/wiki/Meprobamate "Meprobamate") and [antidepressants](/wiki/Antidepressant "Antidepressant") like many [tricyclic antidepressants](/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant "Tricyclic antidepressant") (TCAs). The CAR test is considered to have high [predictive validity](/wiki/Predictive_validity "Predictive validity") in the identification of potential antipsychotics and is frequently used in [drug development](/wiki/Drug_development "Drug development"). However, its [face validity](/wiki/Face_validity "Face validity") and [construct validity](/wiki/Construct_validity "Construct validity") have been described as low or absent. Moreover, a described major limitation of the model is that drugs active in the test work by impairing a normal self\-preservation function; that is, avoiding an unpleasant or [painful](/wiki/Pain "Pain") stimulus. Another limitation of the CAR test is that selective suppression of avoidance responses by drugs is procedure\-specific. In procedures besides the one\-way discriminated pole jump procedure and the two\-way active avoidance test, such as the Sidman procedure, antipsychotics block avoidance behavior and escapes at almost the same doses. Conversely, benzodiazepines selectively suppress avoidance behavior without affecting escape behavior in the Sidman procedure. This is opposite to what is generally described as reflecting antipsychotic\-like activity. Hence, selective suppression of avoidance responses is not a specific predictor of antipsychotic efficacy, or at best, selective suppression of avoidance responses as a predictor of antipsychotic activity is dependent on the specific CAR procedure employed.
[ "Description\n-----------", "There are several variations of the CAR test.{{cite book \\| last1\\=Castagné \\| first1\\=Vincent \\| last2\\=Moser \\| first2\\=Paul C. \\| last3\\=Porsolt \\| first3\\=Roger D. \\| title\\=Advances in Pharmacology \\| chapter\\=Preclinical Behavioral Models for Predicting Antipsychotic Activity \\| publisher\\=Elsevier \\| year\\=2009 \\| volume\\=57 \\| issn\\=1054\\-3589 \\| doi\\=10\\.1016/s1054\\-3589(08\\)57010\\-4 \\| pages\\=381–418\\| pmid\\=20230767 \\| isbn\\=978\\-0\\-12\\-378642\\-5 }} The most common form of the test is the two\\-way active avoidance test (also known as the two\\-way discriminated shuttle box procedure). Other variations of the test include the one\\-way active avoidance test (also known as the one\\-way discriminated pole jump procedure or the pole\\-jumping test) and the non\\-discriminated operant continuous avoidance procedure (also known as the continuous avoidance test, the Sidman avoidance test, or simply the Sidman procedure).", "In the two\\-way active avoidance test, an animal is placed in a two\\-compartment [shuttle box](/wiki/Shuttle_box \"Shuttle box\") with an open doorway. Then, the animal is [trained](/wiki/Animal_training \"Animal training\") to avoid an [aversive](/wiki/Aversives \"Aversives\") [stimulus](/wiki/Stimulus_%28psychology%29 \"Stimulus (psychology)\") ([unconditioned stimulus](/wiki/Unconditioned_stimulus \"Unconditioned stimulus\")), usually an [electric footshock](/wiki/Footshock \"Footshock\"), on presentation of a neutral stimulus ([conditioned stimulus](/wiki/Conditioned_stimulus \"Conditioned stimulus\")), usually an auditory or visual stimulus like a tone or light, that shortly precedes it.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Forrest AD, Coto CA, Siegel SJ \\| title \\= Animal Models of Psychosis: Current State and Future Directions \\| journal \\= Curr Behav Neurosci Rep \\| volume \\= 1 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 100–116 \\| date \\= June 2014 \\| pmid \\= 25215267 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/s40473\\-014\\-0013\\-2 \\| pmc \\= 4157659 \\| url \\= }} The animal does this by performing a specific behavioral response, like moving to the other compartment of the box, and this response is referred to as \"avoidance\" or \"conditioned avoidance\". If the animal is late in performing the avoidance, the aversive stimulus is presented until the animal responds by moving to the compartment. This is referred to as \"escape\". If the animal does not escape within a certain amount of time, it is designated \"escape failure\". As such, there are three variables that can be measured in the CAR test: avoidance, escape, and escape failure.", "Drugs that are considered to show antipsychotic\\-like effects *selectively* suppress the [avoidance response](/wiki/Avoidance_response \"Avoidance response\") without affecting [escape behavior](/wiki/Escape_response \"Escape response\"). Conversely, drugs that are not considered to have antipsychotic\\-like effects either have no effect in the CAR test or suppress *both* avoidance behavior and escape behavior at the same doses. Examples of drugs that inhibit both avoidance and escape responses include [sedatives](/wiki/Sedative \"Sedative\") like [benzodiazepines](/wiki/Benzodiazepine \"Benzodiazepine\"), [barbiturates](/wiki/Barbiturate \"Barbiturate\"), and [meprobamate](/wiki/Meprobamate \"Meprobamate\") and [antidepressants](/wiki/Antidepressant \"Antidepressant\") like many [tricyclic antidepressants](/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant \"Tricyclic antidepressant\") (TCAs).", "The CAR test is considered to have high [predictive validity](/wiki/Predictive_validity \"Predictive validity\") in the identification of potential antipsychotics and is frequently used in [drug development](/wiki/Drug_development \"Drug development\"). However, its [face validity](/wiki/Face_validity \"Face validity\") and [construct validity](/wiki/Construct_validity \"Construct validity\") have been described as low or absent. Moreover, a described major limitation of the model is that drugs active in the test work by impairing a normal self\\-preservation function; that is, avoiding an unpleasant or [painful](/wiki/Pain \"Pain\") stimulus.", "Another limitation of the CAR test is that selective suppression of avoidance responses by drugs is procedure\\-specific. In procedures besides the one\\-way discriminated pole jump procedure and the two\\-way active avoidance test, such as the Sidman procedure, antipsychotics block avoidance behavior and escapes at almost the same doses. Conversely, benzodiazepines selectively suppress avoidance behavior without affecting escape behavior in the Sidman procedure. This is opposite to what is generally described as reflecting antipsychotic\\-like activity. Hence, selective suppression of avoidance responses is not a specific predictor of antipsychotic efficacy, or at best, selective suppression of avoidance responses as a predictor of antipsychotic activity is dependent on the specific CAR procedure employed.", "" ]
History ------- In August 1873, the [Red Cloud Agency](/wiki/Red_Cloud_Agency "Red Cloud Agency") was moved from the [North Platte River](/wiki/North_Platte_River "North Platte River") to the [White River](/wiki/White_River_%28Missouri_River%29 "White River (Missouri River)"), near what is now [Crawford, Nebraska](/wiki/Crawford%2C_Nebraska "Crawford, Nebraska"), in the northwest corner of the state. The following March, the [U. S. Government](/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States "Federal government of the United States") authorized the establishment of a military camp at the agency site. Some 13,000 [Lakota](/wiki/Lakota_people "Lakota people") had been subject to resettlement. The camp was named Camp Robinson in honor of Lt. Levi H. Robinson, who had been killed by Indians while on Indian land in February. In May, the military camp was moved {{convert\|1\.5\|mi\|km}} west of the agency to its present location; the camp was renamed Fort Robinson in January 1878\. Fort Robinson was a base of US military forces and played a major role in the [Sioux Wars](/wiki/Sioux_Wars "Sioux Wars") from 1876 to 1890\. The [Battle of Warbonnet Creek](/wiki/Battle_of_Warbonnet_Creek "Battle of Warbonnet Creek") took place nearby in July 1876\. The war chief [Crazy Horse](/wiki/Crazy_Horse "Crazy Horse") surrendered at the fort along with his 1,100 followers on May 6, 1877,{{cite web \| title \= Crazy Horse (tashunka witco) \| url \= https://nps.gov/libi/learn/historyculture/crazy\-horse.htm \| website \= National Park Service \| date \= March 17, 2023 \| access\-date \= October 6, 2023}} and on September 5 that year, he was killed there while resisting imprisonment. A historic plaque marks the site of his death. In January 1879, Chief [Morning Star](/wiki/Morning_Star_%28chief%29 "Morning Star (chief)") (also known as Dull Knife) led the Northern [Cheyenne](/wiki/Cheyenne "Cheyenne") in an outbreak from the Agency. Because the Cheyenne had refused to return to [Indian Territory](/wiki/Indian_Territory "Indian Territory"), where they believed conditions were too adverse for them to survive, the army had been holding and starving them of food, water and heat during the severe winter. This campaign of torture and neglect was a tactic to try to force them into submission. U.S. soldiers hunted down the escapees, killing men, women, and children in the [Fort Robinson massacre](/wiki/Fort_Robinson_massacre "Fort Robinson massacre"). The U.S. Supreme Court described it as a "shocking story", "one of the most melancholy of Indian tragedies". The event marked the end of the Sioux and Cheyenne wars in Nebraska. In 1885, the [9th Cavalry Regiment](/wiki/9th_Cavalry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "9th Cavalry Regiment (United States)"), nicknamed the [Buffalo Soldiers](/wiki/Buffalo_Soldier "Buffalo Soldier") by Native Americans, was stationed at Fort Robinson. During the next several years, the fort was enlarged, and military training was a major activity. From 1889 to 1890, Second Lieutenant [Charles Young](/wiki/Charles_Young_%28United_States_Army%29 "Charles Young (United States Army)") served here and later was reassigned to the regiment. A black pioneer officer who had graduated from [West Point](/wiki/West_Point "West Point"), he was the highest\-ranking black person in the US Army throughout his career and achieved the rank of colonel. From 1887 to 1898, the fort served as regimental headquarters. The post gymnasium and theatre, built in 1904, provided entertainment for the soldiers. In 1919 at the end of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), Fort Robinson became the world's largest [quartermaster remount depot](/wiki/U.S._Army_Remount_Service "U.S. Army Remount Service"). It was used as a breeding and training center for horses and mules for the military. In addition, stallions owned by the military were used to breed with local stock to improve it. During the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"), a [hobo](/wiki/Hobo "Hobo") was murdered on a [Chicago \& Northwestern](/wiki/Chicago_%26_Northwestern "Chicago & Northwestern") freight train within the fort. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), the fort was the site of a [K\-9 corps](/wiki/Police_dog "Police dog") training center and a [German](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") [prisoner\-of\-war camp](/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp "Prisoner-of-war camp"). Closing The U.S. Army decided to abandon Fort Robinson in 1947; in the following year, it transferred the property to the [U.S. Department of Agriculture](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture "United States Department of Agriculture") (USDA), for its Beef Cattle Research Station. After some buildings were demolished in the mid\-1950s, efforts were made to preserve the fort as a historic site. In 1955, History Nebraska, formally the Nebraska State Historical Society, began to acquire property on the fort; in 1956, they opened a museum on the site. The USDA closed its operation in 1971, and transferred the property to the state of Nebraska. State park The Fort Robinson State Park was established in 1956 following the purchase of a parcel of land by the Nebraska Game, Forestation and Parks Commission in 1955\. The park was expanded after much of the site was deeded over from the Federal government in 1964\. It reached its full size with Nebraska's purchase of the adjoining James Arthur Ranch in 1972\.
[ "History\n-------", "In August 1873, the [Red Cloud Agency](/wiki/Red_Cloud_Agency \"Red Cloud Agency\") was moved from the [North Platte River](/wiki/North_Platte_River \"North Platte River\") to the [White River](/wiki/White_River_%28Missouri_River%29 \"White River (Missouri River)\"), near what is now [Crawford, Nebraska](/wiki/Crawford%2C_Nebraska \"Crawford, Nebraska\"), in the northwest corner of the state. The following March, the [U. S. Government](/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States \"Federal government of the United States\") authorized the establishment of a military camp at the agency site. Some 13,000 [Lakota](/wiki/Lakota_people \"Lakota people\") had been subject to resettlement.", "The camp was named Camp Robinson in honor of Lt. Levi H. Robinson, who had been killed by Indians while on Indian land in February. In May, the military camp was moved {{convert\\|1\\.5\\|mi\\|km}} west of the agency to its present location; the camp was renamed Fort Robinson in January 1878\\.", "Fort Robinson was a base of US military forces and played a major role in the [Sioux Wars](/wiki/Sioux_Wars \"Sioux Wars\") from 1876 to 1890\\. The [Battle of Warbonnet Creek](/wiki/Battle_of_Warbonnet_Creek \"Battle of Warbonnet Creek\") took place nearby in July 1876\\. The war chief [Crazy Horse](/wiki/Crazy_Horse \"Crazy Horse\") surrendered at the fort along with his 1,100 followers on May 6, 1877,{{cite web \\| title \\= Crazy Horse (tashunka witco) \\| url \\= https://nps.gov/libi/learn/historyculture/crazy\\-horse.htm \\| website \\= National Park Service \\| date \\= March 17, 2023 \\| access\\-date \\= October 6, 2023}} and on September 5 that year, he was killed there while resisting imprisonment. A historic plaque marks the site of his death.", "In January 1879, Chief [Morning Star](/wiki/Morning_Star_%28chief%29 \"Morning Star (chief)\") (also known as Dull Knife) led the Northern [Cheyenne](/wiki/Cheyenne \"Cheyenne\") in an outbreak from the Agency. Because the Cheyenne had refused to return to [Indian Territory](/wiki/Indian_Territory \"Indian Territory\"), where they believed conditions were too adverse for them to survive, the army had been holding and starving them of food, water and heat during the severe winter. This campaign of torture and neglect was a tactic to try to force them into submission. U.S. soldiers hunted down the escapees, killing men, women, and children in the [Fort Robinson massacre](/wiki/Fort_Robinson_massacre \"Fort Robinson massacre\"). The U.S. Supreme Court described it as a \"shocking story\", \"one of the most melancholy of Indian tragedies\". The event marked the end of the Sioux and Cheyenne wars in Nebraska.", "In 1885, the [9th Cavalry Regiment](/wiki/9th_Cavalry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"9th Cavalry Regiment (United States)\"), nicknamed the [Buffalo Soldiers](/wiki/Buffalo_Soldier \"Buffalo Soldier\") by Native Americans, was stationed at Fort Robinson. During the next several years, the fort was enlarged, and military training was a major activity. From 1889 to 1890, Second Lieutenant [Charles Young](/wiki/Charles_Young_%28United_States_Army%29 \"Charles Young (United States Army)\") served here and later was reassigned to the regiment. A black pioneer officer who had graduated from [West Point](/wiki/West_Point \"West Point\"), he was the highest\\-ranking black person in the US Army throughout his career and achieved the rank of colonel. From 1887 to 1898, the fort served as regimental headquarters. The post gymnasium and theatre, built in 1904, provided entertainment for the soldiers.", "In 1919 at the end of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), Fort Robinson became the world's largest [quartermaster remount depot](/wiki/U.S._Army_Remount_Service \"U.S. Army Remount Service\"). It was used as a breeding and training center for horses and mules for the military. In addition, stallions owned by the military were used to breed with local stock to improve it. During the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\"), a [hobo](/wiki/Hobo \"Hobo\") was murdered on a [Chicago \\& Northwestern](/wiki/Chicago_%26_Northwestern \"Chicago & Northwestern\") freight train within the fort. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the fort was the site of a [K\\-9 corps](/wiki/Police_dog \"Police dog\") training center and a [German](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") [prisoner\\-of\\-war camp](/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp \"Prisoner-of-war camp\").", "Closing\nThe U.S. Army decided to abandon Fort Robinson in 1947; in the following year, it transferred the property to the [U.S. Department of Agriculture](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture \"United States Department of Agriculture\") (USDA), for its Beef Cattle Research Station. After some buildings were demolished in the mid\\-1950s, efforts were made to preserve the fort as a historic site. In 1955, History Nebraska, formally the Nebraska State Historical Society, began to acquire property on the fort; in 1956, they opened a museum on the site. The USDA closed its operation in 1971, and transferred the property to the state of Nebraska.\nState park\nThe Fort Robinson State Park was established in 1956 following the purchase of a parcel of land by the Nebraska Game, Forestation and Parks Commission in 1955\\. The park was expanded after much of the site was deeded over from the Federal government in 1964\\. It reached its full size with Nebraska's purchase of the adjoining James Arthur Ranch in 1972\\." ]
Champions by tournament ----------------------- ### 2020 (United States, 3rd title) * Edition of women's tournament: [6th](/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Water polo at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") * Host city: {{flagicon\|Japan}} [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan") * Number of participating teams: 10 * Competition format: [Round\-robin](/wiki/Round-robin_tournament "Round-robin tournament") pools advanced teams to [classification matches](/wiki/Classification_match "Classification match") * Champion: {{wpw\|United States}} (3rd title, 1st place in preliminary B group | Match | Round | Date | Capcolor | Opponent | Result | Goalsfor | Goalsagainst | Goalsdiff. | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Match 1/7 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\|24 July 2021}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Japan}} | Won | | | | | Match 2/7 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\|26 July 2021}} | {{color box\|white\|border\=silver}} White | {{wpw\|China}} | Won | | | | | Match 3/7 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\|28 July 2021}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Hungary}} | Lost | | | | | Match 4/7 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\|30 July 2021}} | {{color box\|white\|border\=silver}} White | {{wpw\|Russia}} | Won | | | | | Match 5/7 | Quarter\-finals | {{dts\|3 August 2021}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Canada}} | Won | | | | | Match 6/7 | Semi\-finals | {{dts\|5 August 2021}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Russia}} | Won | | | | | Match 7/7 | Gold medal match | {{dts\|7 August 2021}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Spain}} | Won | | | | | **Total** | **Matches played: 7 • Wins: 6 • Ties: 0 • Defeats: 1 • Win %: 85\.7%** | | | | | | | | Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 "#Official Results Books (IOC)") (PDF): 2021 ### 2016 (United States, 2nd title) \* Edition of women's tournament: [5th](/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Water polo at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") * Host city: {{flagicon\|Brazil}} [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") * Number of participating teams: 8 * Competition format: Round\-robin pools advanced teams to classification matches * Champion: {{wpw\|United States}} (2nd title; 1st place in preliminary B group) | Match | Round | Date | Capcolor | Opponent | Result | Goalsfor | Goalsagainst | Goalsdiff. | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Match 1/6 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\|9 August 2016}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Spain}} | Won | 11 | 4 | 7 | | Match 2/6 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\|11 August 2016}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|China}} | Won | 12 | 4 | 8 | | Match 3/6 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\|13 August 2016}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Hungary}} | Won | 11 | 6 | 5 | | Match 4/6 | Quarter\-finals | {{dts\|15 August 2016}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Brazil}} | Won | 13 | 3 | 10 | | Match 5/6 | Semi\-finals | {{dts\|17 August 2016}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Hungary}} | Won | 14 | 10 | 4 | | Match 6/6 | Gold medal match | {{dts\|19 August 2016}} | {{color box\|white\|border\=silver}} White | {{wpw\|Italy}} | Won | 12 | 5 | 7 | | Total | Matches played: 6 • Wins: 6 • Ties: 0 • Defeats: 0 • Win %: 100% | | | | | 73 | 32 | 41 | Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 "#Official Results Books (IOC)") (PDF): 2016 (pp. 142, 148, 158, 168, 176, 184\). {{United States women's water polo squad 2016 Summer Olympics}} * Head coach: {{flagicon\|United States}} [Adam Krikorian](/wiki/Adam_Krikorian "Adam Krikorian") (2nd title as head coach) * Assistant coaches: {{flagicon\|United States}} [Daniel Klatt](/wiki/Daniel_Klatt "Daniel Klatt"), {{flagicon\|United States}} [Chris Oeding](/wiki/Chris_Oeding "Chris Oeding") | \+ **Roster** | | --- | | CapNo. | Player | Pos | L/R | Height | Weight | Date of birth | Age ofwinning gold | Olydebut | ISHOFmember | | 1 | [Samantha Hill](/wiki/Samantha_Hill_%28water_polo%29 "Samantha Hill (water polo)") | GK | R | {{cvt\|1\.83\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|89\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|8 June 1992}} | {{ayd\|8 June 1992\|19 August 2016}} | Yes | | | 2 | [Maddie Musselman](/wiki/Maddie_Musselman "Maddie Musselman") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.81\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|65\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|16 June 1998}} | {{ayd\|16 June 1998\|19 August 2016}} | Yes | | | 3 | [Melissa Seidemann](/wiki/Melissa_Seidemann "Melissa Seidemann") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.83\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|104\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|26 June 1990}} | {{ayd\|26 June 1990\|19 August 2016}} | No | | | 4 | [Rachel Fattal](/wiki/Rachel_Fattal "Rachel Fattal") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.73\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|65\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|10 December 1993}} | {{ayd\|10 December 1993\|19 August 2016}} | Yes | | | 5 | [Caroline Clark](/wiki/Caroline_Clark "Caroline Clark") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.88\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|72\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|28 June 1990}} | {{ayd\|28 June 1990\|19 August 2016}} | Yes | | | 6 | [Maggie Steffens](/wiki/Maggie_Steffens "Maggie Steffens") (C) | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.73\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|74\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|4 June 1993}} | {{ayd\|4 June 1993\|19 August 2016}} | No | | | 7 | [Courtney Mathewson](/wiki/Courtney_Mathewson "Courtney Mathewson") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.71\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|69\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|14 September 1986}} | {{ayd\|14 September 1986\|19 August 2016}} | No | | | 8 | [Kiley Neushul](/wiki/Kiley_Neushul "Kiley Neushul") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.73\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|65\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|5 March 1993}} | {{ayd\|5 March 1993\|19 August 2016}} | Yes | | | 9 | [Aria Fischer](/wiki/Aria_Fischer "Aria Fischer") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.83\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|78\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|2 March 1999}} | {{ayd\|2 March 1999\|19 August 2016}} | Yes | | | 10 | [Kaleigh Gilchrist](/wiki/Kaleigh_Gilchrist "Kaleigh Gilchrist") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.76\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|77\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|16 May 1992}} | {{ayd\|16 May 1992\|19 August 2016}} | Yes | | | 11 | [Makenzie Fischer](/wiki/Makenzie_Fischer "Makenzie Fischer") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.86\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|74\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|29 March 1997}} | {{ayd\|29 March 1997\|19 August 2016}} | Yes | | | 12 | [Kami Craig](/wiki/Kami_Craig "Kami Craig") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.81\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|88\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|21 July 1987}} | {{ayd\|21 July 1987\|19 August 2016}} | No | | | 13 | [Ashleigh Johnson](/wiki/Ashleigh_Johnson "Ashleigh Johnson") | GK | R | {{cvt\|1\.86\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|81\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|12 September 1994}} | {{ayd\|12 September 1994\|19 August 2016}} | Yes | | | Average | | | | {{cvt\|1\.80\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|77\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|1 February 1993}} | {{ayd\|1 February 1993\|19 August 2016}} | | | | Coach | [Adam Krikorian](/wiki/Adam_Krikorian "Adam Krikorian") | | | | | {{dts\|22 July 1974}} | {{ayd\|22 July 1974\|19 August 2016}} | | | Note: [Aria Fischer](/wiki/Aria_Fischer "Aria Fischer") and [Makenzie Fischer](/wiki/Makenzie_Fischer "Makenzie Fischer") are sisters. Sources: * [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 "#Official Results Books (IOC)") (PDF): 2016 (p. 219\); * [ISHOF](/wiki/%23ISHOF "#ISHOF"). Abbreviation {{div col}} * MP – Matches played * Min – Minutes * G – Goals * Sh – Shots * AS – Assists * TF – Turnover fouls * ST – Steals * BL – Blocked shots * SP – Sprints * 20S – 20 seconds exclusion * DE – Double exclusion * Pen – Penalty * EX – Exclusion {{div col end}} | \+ **Statistics** | | --- | | CapNo. | Player | Pos | MP | Minutes played | | Goals/Shots | | | AS | TF | ST | BL | Sprints | | | Personal fouls | | | | | Min | % | G | Sh | % | Won | SP | % | 20S | DE | Pen | EX | | 1 | [Samantha Hill](/wiki/Samantha_Hill_%28water_polo%29 "Samantha Hill (water polo)") | GK | 6 | 15 | 7\.8% | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | [Maddie Musselman](/wiki/Maddie_Musselman "Maddie Musselman") | FP | 6 | 116 | 60\.4% | 12 | 25 | 48\.0% | | 7 | 4 | 3 | | | | 4 | 1 | | | | 3 | [Melissa Seidemann](/wiki/Melissa_Seidemann "Melissa Seidemann") | FP | 6 | 95 | 49\.5% | 3 | 11 | 27\.3% | 1 | 8 | 3 | 2 | | | | 5 | | | | | 4 | [Rachel Fattal](/wiki/Rachel_Fattal "Rachel Fattal") | FP | 6 | 146 | 76\.0% | 4 | 14 | 28\.6% | 5 | 8 | 9 | 3 | 17 | 23 | 73\.9% | 2 | | | | | 5 | [Caroline Clark](/wiki/Caroline_Clark "Caroline Clark") | FP | 6 | 62 | 32\.3% | 2 | 6 | 33\.3% | 1 | 1 | 4 | | | | | 6 | | | | | 6 | [Maggie Steffens](/wiki/Maggie_Steffens "Maggie Steffens") (C) | FP | 6 | 145 | 75\.5% | 17 | 24 | 70\.8% | 5 | 9 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 100% | 6 | | 1 | 1 | | 7 | [Courtney Mathewson](/wiki/Courtney_Mathewson "Courtney Mathewson") | FP | 6 | 96 | 50\.0% | 7 | 11 | 63\.6% | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | | | | | | | 8 | [Kiley Neushul](/wiki/Kiley_Neushul "Kiley Neushul") | FP | 6 | 149 | 77\.6% | 10 | 20 | 50\.0% | 2 | 7 | 5 | 1 | | | | 1 | | | | | 9 | [Aria Fischer](/wiki/Aria_Fischer "Aria Fischer") | FP | 6 | 69 | 35\.9% | 0 | 5 | 0\.0% | | 5 | 1 | 1 | | | | 2 | | | | | 10 | [Kaleigh Gilchrist](/wiki/Kaleigh_Gilchrist "Kaleigh Gilchrist") | FP | 6 | 99 | 51\.6% | 6 | 13 | 46\.2% | 5 | 5 | 2 | 5 | | | | 3 | | 1 | | | 11 | [Makenzie Fischer](/wiki/Makenzie_Fischer "Makenzie Fischer") | FP | 6 | 95 | 49\.5% | 7 | 23 | 30\.4% | 4 | 5 | 3 | 1 | | | | 8 | | 1 | 1 | | 12 | [Kami Craig](/wiki/Kami_Craig "Kami Craig") | FP | 6 | 81 | 42\.2% | 5 | 7 | 71\.4% | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | | | | 2 | | | | | 13 | [Ashleigh Johnson](/wiki/Ashleigh_Johnson "Ashleigh Johnson") | GK | 6 | 177 | 92\.2% | 0 | 4 | 0\.0% | 3 | 2 | 17 | | | | | | | | | | Team | | | | | | | | | | 16 | | | | | | | | | | | Total | | | 6 | 192 | 100% | 73 | 163 | 44\.8% | 31 | 78 | 53 | 21 | 18 | 24 | 75\.0% | 39 | 1 | 3 | 2 | | Against | | | | | | 32 | 156 | 20\.5% | 13 | 90 | 41 | 8 | 6 | 24 | 25\.0% | 40 | 1 | 5 | 0 | | CapNo. | Player | Pos | Saves/Shots | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Saves | Shots | % | | 1 | [Samantha Hill](/wiki/Samantha_Hill_%28water_polo%29 "Samantha Hill (water polo)") | GK | 6 | 10 | 60\.0% | | 13 | [Ashleigh Johnson](/wiki/Ashleigh_Johnson "Ashleigh Johnson") | GK | 51 | 79 | 64\.6% | | Total | | | 57 | 89 | 64\.0% | Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 "#Official Results Books (IOC)") (PDF): 2016 (p. 218\). ### 2012 (United States, 1st title) \* Edition of women's tournament: [4th](/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Water polo at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") * Host city: {{flagicon\|Great Britain}} [London](/wiki/London "London"), [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") * Number of participating teams: 8 * Competition format: Round\-robin pools advanced teams to classification matches * Champion: {{wpw\|United States}} (1st title; 2nd place in preliminary A group) | Match | Round | Date | Capcolor | Opponent | Result | Goalsfor | Goalsagainst | Goalsdiff. | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Match 1/6 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\|30 July 2012}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Hungary}} | Won | 14 | 13 | 1 | | Match 2/6 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\|1 August 2012}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Spain}} | Drawn | 9 | 9 | 0 | | Match 3/6 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\|3 August 2012}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|China}} | Won | 7 | 6 | 1 | | Match 4/6 | Quarter\-finals | {{dts\|5 August 2012}} | {{color box\|white\|border\=silver}} White | {{wpw\|Italy}} | Won | 9 | 6 | 3 | | Match 5/6 | Semi\-finals | {{dts\|7 August 2012}} | {{color box\|white\|border\=silver}} White | {{wpw\|Australia}} | Won | 11 | 9 | 2 | | Match 6/6 | Gold medal match | {{dts\|9 August 2012}} | {{color box\|white\|border\=silver}} White | {{wpw\|United States}} | Won | 8 | 5 | 3 | | Total | Matches played: 6 • Wins: 5 • Ties: 1 • Defeats: 0 • Win %: 83\.3% | | | | | 58 | 48 | 10 | Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 "#Official Results Books (IOC)") (PDF): 2012 (pp. 294, 300, 310, 312, 324, 334\). {{United States women's water polo squad 2012 Summer Olympics}} [thumb\|upright\|[Brenda Villa](/wiki/Brenda_Villa "Brenda Villa") was the captain of the United States at the 2012 Olympics.](/wiki/File:Brenda_Villa_-_Olympic_Medal_winner_at_ALMA_Awards_%28cropped%29.jpg "Brenda Villa - Olympic Medal winner at ALMA Awards (cropped).jpg") * Head coach: {{flagicon\|United States}} [Adam Krikorian](/wiki/Adam_Krikorian "Adam Krikorian") (1st title as head coach) * Assistant coaches: {{flagicon\|United States}} [Heather Moody](/wiki/Heather_Moody "Heather Moody"), {{flagicon\|United States}} [Daniel Klatt](/wiki/Daniel_Klatt "Daniel Klatt") | \+ **Roster** | | --- | | CapNo. | Player | Pos | L/R | Height | Weight | Date of birth | Age ofwinning gold | Olydebut | ISHOFmember | | 1 | [Elizabeth Armstrong](/wiki/Elizabeth_Armstrong_%28water_polo%29 "Elizabeth Armstrong (water polo)") | GK | R | {{cvt\|1\.88\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|77\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|31 January 1983}} | {{ayd\|31 January 1983\|9 August 2012}} | No | | | 2 | [Heather Petri](/wiki/Heather_Petri "Heather Petri") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.80\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|73\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|13 June 1978}} | {{ayd\|13 June 1978\|9 August 2012}} | No | | | 3 | [Melissa Seidemann](/wiki/Melissa_Seidemann "Melissa Seidemann") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.83\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|104\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|26 June 1990}} | {{ayd\|26 June 1990\|9 August 2012}} | Yes | | | 4 | [Brenda Villa](/wiki/Brenda_Villa "Brenda Villa") (C) | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.63\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|79\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|18 April 1980}} | {{ayd\|18 April 1980\|9 August 2012}} | No | 2018 | | 5 | [Lauren Wenger](/wiki/Lauren_Wenger "Lauren Wenger") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.91\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|77\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|11 March 1984}} | {{ayd\|11 March 1984\|9 August 2012}} | No | | | 6 | [Maggie Steffens](/wiki/Maggie_Steffens "Maggie Steffens") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.73\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|70\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|4 June 1993}} | {{ayd\|4 June 1993\|9 August 2012}} | Yes | | | 7 | [Courtney Mathewson](/wiki/Courtney_Mathewson "Courtney Mathewson") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.71\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|71\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|14 September 1986}} | {{ayd\|14 September 1986\|9 August 2012}} | Yes | | | 8 | [Jessica Steffens](/wiki/Jessica_Steffens "Jessica Steffens") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.83\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|75\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|7 April 1987}} | {{ayd\|7 April 1987\|9 August 2012}} | No | | | 9 | [Elsie Windes](/wiki/Elsie_Windes "Elsie Windes") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.78\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|70\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|17 June 1985}} | {{ayd\|17 June 1985\|9 August 2012}} | No | | | 10 | [Kelly Rulon](/wiki/Kelly_Rulon "Kelly Rulon") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.78\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|61\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|16 August 1984}} | {{ayd\|16 August 1984\|9 August 2012}} | No | | | 11 | [Annika Dries](/wiki/Annika_Dries "Annika Dries") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.85\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|88\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|10 February 1992}} | {{ayd\|10 February 1992\|9 August 2012}} | Yes | | | 12 | [Kami Craig](/wiki/Kami_Craig "Kami Craig") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.81\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|88\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|21 July 1987}} | {{ayd\|21 July 1987\|9 August 2012}} | No | | | 13 | [Tumua Anae](/wiki/Tumua_Anae "Tumua Anae") | GK | R | {{cvt\|1\.80\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|70\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|16 October 1988}} | {{ayd\|16 October 1988\|9 August 2012}} | Yes | | | Average | | | | {{cvt\|1\.80\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|77\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|5 May 1986}} | {{ayd\|5 May 1986\|9 August 2012}} | | | | Coach | [Adam Krikorian](/wiki/Adam_Krikorian "Adam Krikorian") | | | | | {{dts\|22 July 1974}} | {{ayd\|22 July 1974\|9 August 2012}} | | | Note: [Jessica Steffens](/wiki/Jessica_Steffens "Jessica Steffens") and [Maggie Steffens](/wiki/Maggie_Steffens "Maggie Steffens") are sisters. Sources: * [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 "#Official Results Books (IOC)") (PDF): 2012 (p. 369\); * [ISHOF](/wiki/%23ISHOF "#ISHOF"). Abbreviation {{div col}} * MP – Matches played * Min – Minutes * G – Goals * Sh – Shots * AS – Assists * TF – Turnover fouls * ST – Steals * BL – Blocked shots * SP – Sprints * 20S – 20 seconds exclusion * DE – Double exclusion * Pen – Penalty * EX – Exclusion {{div col end}} | \+ **Statistics** | | --- | | CapNo. | Player | Pos | MP | Minutes played | | Goals/Shots | | | AS | TF | ST | BL | Sprints | | | Personal fouls | | | | | Min | % | G | Sh | % | Won | SP | % | 20S | DE | Pen | EX | | 1 | [Elizabeth Armstrong](/wiki/Elizabeth_Armstrong_%28water_polo%29 "Elizabeth Armstrong (water polo)") | GK | 6 | 198 | 100% | | | | | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | [Heather Petri](/wiki/Heather_Petri "Heather Petri") | FP | 6 | 61 | 30\.8% | 1 | 12 | 8\.3% | 2 | 3 | | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50\.0% | 2 | | | | | 3 | [Melissa Seidemann](/wiki/Melissa_Seidemann "Melissa Seidemann") | FP | 6 | 95 | 48\.0% | 7 | 20 | 35\.0% | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | | | | 8 | 2 | 1 | 2 | | 4 | [Brenda Villa](/wiki/Brenda_Villa "Brenda Villa") (C) | FP | 6 | 153 | 77\.3% | 6 | 24 | 25\.0% | 12 | 4 | 4 | 5 | | | | 2 | 1 | | | | 5 | [Lauren Wenger](/wiki/Lauren_Wenger "Lauren Wenger") | FP | 6 | 161 | 81\.3% | 2 | 11 | 18\.2% | 6 | 8 | 4 | 10 | 1 | 13 | 7\.7% | 2 | | | | | 6 | [Maggie Steffens](/wiki/Maggie_Steffens "Maggie Steffens") | FP | 6 | 157 | 79\.3% | 21 | 27 | 77\.8% | 8 | 8 | 10 | 2 | | | | 7 | | 3 | | | 7 | [Courtney Mathewson](/wiki/Courtney_Mathewson "Courtney Mathewson") | FP | 6 | 95 | 48\.0% | 7 | 21 | 33\.3% | | 1 | 4 | 1 | | | | 1 | | | | | 8 | [Jessica Steffens](/wiki/Jessica_Steffens "Jessica Steffens") | FP | 6 | 83 | 41\.9% | 1 | 4 | 25\.0% | 2 | 6 | 2 | 2 | | | | 14 | | 1 | 3 | | 9 | [Elsie Windes](/wiki/Elsie_Windes "Elsie Windes") | FP | 6 | 98 | 49\.5% | 1 | 8 | 12\.5% | 5 | 6 | 2 | 3 | | | | 11 | | 3 | 3 | | 10 | [Kelly Rulon](/wiki/Kelly_Rulon "Kelly Rulon") | FP | 6 | 112 | 56\.6% | 4 | 12 | 33\.3% | 5 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 11 | 36\.4% | 2 | | | | | 11 | [Annika Dries](/wiki/Annika_Dries "Annika Dries") | FP | 6 | 65 | 32\.8% | 2 | 5 | 40\.0% | 1 | 11 | 1 | 2 | | | | 2 | | | | | 12 | [Kami Craig](/wiki/Kami_Craig "Kami Craig") | FP | 6 | 108 | 54\.5% | 6 | 9 | 66\.7% | 2 | 17 | 2 | 1 | | | | 2 | | | | | 13 | [Tumua Anae](/wiki/Tumua_Anae "Tumua Anae") | GK | 6 | 0 | 0\.0% | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Team | | | | | | | | | | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | Total | | | 6 | 198 | 100% | 58 | 153 | 37\.9% | 44 | 82 | 31 | 29 | 6 | 26 | 23\.1% | 53 | 3 | 8 | 8 | | Against | | | | | | 48 | 184 | 26\.1% | 31 | 65 | 42 | 14 | 20 | 26 | 76\.9% | 61 | 3 | 4 | 4 | | CapNo. | Player | Pos | Saves/Shots | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Saves | Shots | % | | 1 | [Elizabeth Armstrong](/wiki/Elizabeth_Armstrong_%28water_polo%29 "Elizabeth Armstrong (water polo)") | GK | 53 | 101 | 52\.5% | | 13 | [Tumua Anae](/wiki/Tumua_Anae "Tumua Anae") | GK | | | | | Total | | | 53 | 101 | 52\.5% | Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 "#Official Results Books (IOC)") (PDF): 2012 (p. 368\). ### 2008 (Netherlands, 1st title) \* Edition of women's tournament: [3rd](/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Water polo at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") * Host city: {{flagicon\|China}} [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing "Beijing"), [China](/wiki/China "China") * Number of participating teams: 8 * Competition format: Round\-robin pools advanced teams to classification matches * Champion: {{wpw\|Netherlands}} (1st title; 3rd place in preliminary B group) | Match | Round | Date | Capcolor | Opponent | Result | Goalsfor | Goalsagainst | Goalsdiff. | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Match 1/6 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\|11 August 2008}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Hungary}} | Lost | 9 | 11 | \-2 | | Match 2/6 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\|13 August 2008}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Greece}} | Won | 9 | 6 | 3 | | Match 3/6 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\|15 August 2008}} | {{color box\|white\|border\=silver}} White | {{wpw\|Australia}} | Lost | 9 | 10 | \-1 | | Match 4/6 | Quarter\-finals | {{dts\|17 August 2008}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Italy}} | Won | 13 | 11 | 2 | | Match 5/6 | Semi\-finals | {{dts\|19 August 2008}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Hungary}} | Won | 8 | 7 | 1 | | Match 6/6 | Gold medal match | {{dts\|21 August 2008}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|United States}} | Won | 9 | 8 | 1 | | Total | Matches played: 6 • Wins: 4 • Ties: 0 • Defeats: 2 • Win %: 66\.7% | | | | | 57 | 53 | 4 | Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 "#Official Results Books (IOC)") (PDF): 2008 (pp. 17, 23, 25, 33, 37, 43\). {{Netherlands women's water polo squad 2008 Summer Olympics}} [thumb\|upright\|[Daniëlle de Bruijn](/wiki/Dani%C3%ABlle_de_Bruijn "Daniëlle de Bruijn") scored 17 goals at the 2008 Olympics, including seven goals in the gold medal match, helping the Netherlands win gold.](/wiki/File:Danielle-de-bruijn-1344286670.jpg "Danielle-de-bruijn-1344286670.jpg") * Head coach: {{flagicon\|Netherlands}} [Robin van Galen](/wiki/Robin_van_Galen "Robin van Galen") (1st title as head coach) * Assistant coach: {{flagicon\|Netherlands}} [Ilse Sindorf](/wiki/Ilse_Sindorf "Ilse Sindorf") | \+ **Roster** | | --- | | CapNo. | Player | Pos | L/R | Height | Weight | Date of birth | Age ofwinning gold | Olydebut | ISHOFmember | | 1 | [Ilse van der Meijden](/wiki/Ilse_van_der_Meijden "Ilse van der Meijden") | GK | R | {{cvt\|1\.85\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|71\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|22 October 1988}} | {{ayd\|22 October 1988\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | | | 2 | [Yasemin Smit](/wiki/Yasemin_Smit "Yasemin Smit") (C) | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.78\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|70\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|21 November 1984}} | {{ayd\|21 November 1984\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | | | 3 | [Mieke Cabout](/wiki/Mieke_Cabout "Mieke Cabout") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.82\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|70\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|30 March 1986}} | {{ayd\|30 March 1986\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | | | 4 | [Biurakn Hakhverdian](/wiki/Biurakn_Hakhverdian "Biurakn Hakhverdian") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.72\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|65\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|4 October 1985}} | {{ayd\|4 October 1985\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | | | 5 | [Marieke van den Ham](/wiki/Marieke_van_den_Ham "Marieke van den Ham") | FP | L | {{cvt\|1\.69\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|80\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|21 January 1983}} | {{ayd\|21 January 1983\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | | | 6 | [Daniëlle de Bruijn](/wiki/Dani%C3%ABlle_de_Bruijn "Daniëlle de Bruijn") | FP | L | {{cvt\|1\.72\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|68\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|13 February 1978}} | {{ayd\|13 February 1978\|21 August 2008}} | No | | | 7 | [Iefke van Belkum](/wiki/Iefke_van_Belkum "Iefke van Belkum") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.85\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|75\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|22 July 1986}} | {{ayd\|22 July 1986\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | | | 8 | [Noeki Klein](/wiki/Noeki_Klein "Noeki Klein") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.79\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|80\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|28 April 1983}} | {{ayd\|28 April 1983\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | | | 9 | [Gillian van den Berg](/wiki/Gillian_van_den_Berg "Gillian van den Berg") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.73\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|66\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|8 September 1971}} | {{ayd\|8 September 1971\|21 August 2008}} | No | | | 10 | [Alette Sijbring](/wiki/Alette_Sijbring "Alette Sijbring") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.74\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|68\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|20 March 1982}} | {{ayd\|20 March 1982\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | | | 11 | [Rianne Guichelaar](/wiki/Rianne_Guichelaar "Rianne Guichelaar") | FP | L | {{cvt\|1\.74\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|63\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|16 August 1983}} | {{ayd\|16 August 1983\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | | | 12 | [Simone Koot](/wiki/Simone_Koot "Simone Koot") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.73\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|65\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|12 November 1980}} | {{ayd\|12 November 1980\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | | | 13 | [Meike de Nooy](/wiki/Meike_de_Nooy "Meike de Nooy") | GK | R | {{cvt\|1\.85\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|73\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|2 May 1983}} | {{ayd\|2 May 1983\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | | | Average | | | | {{cvt\|1\.77\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|70\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|17 December 1982}} | {{ayd\|17 December 1982\|21 August 2008}} | | | | Coach | [Robin van Galen](/wiki/Robin_van_Galen "Robin van Galen") | | | | | | | | | Sources: * [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 "#Official Results Books (IOC)") (PDF): 2008 (p. 72\); * [ISHOF](/wiki/%23ISHOF "#ISHOF"). Abbreviation {{div col}} * MP – Matches played * Min – Minutes * G – Goals * Sh – Shots * AS – Assists * TF – Turnover fouls * ST – Steals * BL – Blocked shots * SP – Sprints * 20S – 20 seconds exclusion * Pen – Penalty * EX – Exclusion {{div col end}} | \+ **Statistics** | | --- | | CapNo. | Player | Pos | MP | Minutes played | | Goals/Shots | | | AS | TF | ST | BL | Sprints | | | Personal fouls | | | | Min | % | G | Sh | % | Won | SP | % | 20S | Pen | EX | | 1 | [Ilse van der Meijden](/wiki/Ilse_van_der_Meijden "Ilse van der Meijden") | GK | 6 | 198 | 100% | 0 | 1 | 0\.0% | | 1 | 3 | | | | | | 1 | | | 2 | [Yasemin Smit](/wiki/Yasemin_Smit "Yasemin Smit") (C) | FP | 6 | 131 | 66\.2% | 2 | 12 | 16\.7% | 4 | 14 | 5 | 3 | | | | 10 | | 1 | | 3 | [Mieke Cabout](/wiki/Mieke_Cabout "Mieke Cabout") | FP | 6 | 178 | 89\.9% | 10 | 44 | 22\.7% | 1 | 10 | 9 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0\.0% | 5 | 2 | | | 4 | [Biurakn Hakhverdian](/wiki/Biurakn_Hakhverdian "Biurakn Hakhverdian") | FP | 6 | 30 | 15\.2% | 0 | 1 | 0\.0% | | 5 | 2 | | | | | 1 | | | | 5 | [Marieke van den Ham](/wiki/Marieke_van_den_Ham "Marieke van den Ham") | FP | 6 | 106 | 53\.5% | 9 | 20 | 45\.0% | 1 | 4 | 4 | | | | | 5 | | | | 6 | [Daniëlle de Bruijn](/wiki/Dani%C3%ABlle_de_Bruijn "Daniëlle de Bruijn") | FP | 6 | 177 | 89\.4% | 17 | 33 | 51\.5% | 2 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 15 | 22 | 68\.2% | 9 | | 1 | | 7 | [Iefke van Belkum](/wiki/Iefke_van_Belkum "Iefke van Belkum") | FP | 6 | 189 | 95\.5% | 10 | 36 | 27\.8% | | 18 | 7 | 7 | | | | 7 | | | | 8 | [Noeki Klein](/wiki/Noeki_Klein "Noeki Klein") | FP | 6 | 12 | 6\.1% | | | | | 3 | | | | | | | | | | 9 | [Gillian van den Berg](/wiki/Gillian_van_den_Berg "Gillian van den Berg") | FP | 6 | 125 | 63\.1% | 4 | 9 | 44\.4% | | 5 | 3 | | | | | 1 | | | | 10 | [Alette Sijbring](/wiki/Alette_Sijbring "Alette Sijbring") | FP | 6 | 92 | 46\.5% | 4 | 18 | 22\.2% | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | | | | 7 | 2 | 1 | | 11 | [Rianne Guichelaar](/wiki/Rianne_Guichelaar "Rianne Guichelaar") | FP | 6 | 97 | 49\.0% | 1 | 13 | 7\.7% | 1 | 4 | 3 | | | | | 3 | | | | 12 | [Simone Koot](/wiki/Simone_Koot "Simone Koot") | FP | 6 | 51 | 25\.8% | 0 | 1 | 0\.0% | | 2 | 3 | | 0 | 2 | 0\.0% | | | | | 13 | [Meike de Nooy](/wiki/Meike_de_Nooy "Meike de Nooy") | GK | 6 | 0 | 0\.0% | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Team | | | | | | | | | | 12 | | | | | | | | | | Total | | | 6 | 198 | 100% | 57 | 188 | 30\.3% | 10 | 87 | 44 | 18 | 15 | 26 | 57\.7% | 48 | 5 | 3 | | Against | | | | | | 53 | 159 | 33\.3% | 16 | 95 | 41 | 26 | 11 | 26 | 42\.3% | 53 | 3 | 5 | | CapNo. | Player | Pos | Saves/Shots | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Saves | Shots | % | | 1 | [Ilse van der Meijden](/wiki/Ilse_van_der_Meijden "Ilse van der Meijden") | GK | 45 | 98 | 45\.9% | | 13 | [Meike de Nooy](/wiki/Meike_de_Nooy "Meike de Nooy") | GK | | | | | Total | | | 45 | 98 | 45\.9% | Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 "#Official Results Books (IOC)") (PDF): 2008 (p. 71\). ### 2004 (Italy, 1st title) [thumb\|220px\|upright\|Several members of the [Italy women's national water polo team](/wiki/Italy_women%27s_national_water_polo_team "Italy women's national water polo team") with Italian President [Carlo Azeglio Ciampi](/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi "Carlo Azeglio Ciampi") after winning the Olympic gold in 2004\.](/wiki/File:Setterosa_Olimpiadi.jpg "Setterosa Olimpiadi.jpg") * Edition of women's tournament: [2nd](/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Water polo at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") * Host city: {{flagicon\|Greece}} [Athens](/wiki/Athens "Athens"), [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece") * Number of participating teams: 8 * Competition format: Round\-robin pools advanced teams to classification matches * Champion: {{wpw\|Italy}} (1st title; 2nd place in preliminary A group) | Match | Round | Date | Capcolor | Opponent | Result | Goalsfor | Goalsagainst | Goalsdiff. | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Match 1/6 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\|16 August 2004}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Australia}} | Lost | 5 | 6 | \-1 | | Match 2/6 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\|18 August 2004}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Greece}} | Won | 7 | 2 | 5 | | Match 3/6 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\|20 August 2004}} | {{color box\|white\|border\=silver}} White | {{wpw\|Kazakhstan}} | Won | 8 | 6 | 2 | | Match 4/6 | Quarter\-finals | {{dts\|22 August 2004}} | {{color box\|white\|border\=silver}} White | {{wpw\|Hungary}} | Won | 8 | 5 | 3 | | Match 5/6 | Semi\-finals | {{dts\|24 August 2004}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|United States}} | Won | 6 | 5 | 1 | | Match 6/6 | Gold medal match | {{dts\|26 August 2004}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Greece}} | Won | 10 | 9 | 1 | | Total | Matches played: 6 • Wins: 5 • Ties: 0 • Defeats: 1 • Win %: 83\.3% | | | | | 44 | 33 | 11 | Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 "#Official Results Books (IOC)") (PDF): 2004 (pp. 4, 10, 12, 32, 38, 42\). {{Italy women's water polo squad 2004 Summer Olympics}} * Head coach: {{flagicon\|Italy}} [Pierluigi Formiconi](/wiki/Pierluigi_Formiconi "Pierluigi Formiconi") (1st title as head coach) * Assistant coach: {{flagicon\|Italy}} [Mauro Maugeri](/wiki/Mauro_Maugeri "Mauro Maugeri") | \+ **Roster** | | --- | | CapNo. | Player | Pos | L/R | Height | Weight | Date of birth | Age ofwinning gold | Olydebut | ISHOFmember | | 1 | [Francesca Conti](/wiki/Francesca_Conti "Francesca Conti") | GK | R | {{cvt\|1\.79\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|71\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|21 May 1972}} | {{ayd\|21 May 1972\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | | | 2 | [Martina Miceli](/wiki/Martina_Miceli "Martina Miceli") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.68\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|65\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|22 October 1973}} | {{ayd\|22 October 1973\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | | | 3 | [Carmela Allucci](/wiki/Carmela_Allucci "Carmela Allucci") (C) | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.67\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|60\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|22 January 1970}} | {{ayd\|22 January 1970\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | | | 4 | [Silvia Bosurgi](/wiki/Silvia_Bosurgi "Silvia Bosurgi") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.65\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|61\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|17 April 1979}} | {{ayd\|17 April 1979\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | | | 5 | [Elena Gigli](/wiki/Elena_Gigli "Elena Gigli") | GK | R | {{cvt\|1\.90\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|70\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|9 July 1985}} | {{ayd\|9 July 1985\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | | | 6 | [Emanuela Zanchi](/wiki/Emanuela_Zanchi "Emanuela Zanchi") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.83\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|65\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|17 October 1977}} | {{ayd\|17 October 1977\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | | | 7 | [Tania Di Mario](/wiki/Tania_Di_Mario "Tania Di Mario") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.67\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|59\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|4 May 1979}} | {{ayd\|4 May 1979\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | | | 8 | [Cinzia Ragusa](/wiki/Cinzia_Ragusa "Cinzia Ragusa") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.72\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|70\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|24 May 1977}} | {{ayd\|24 May 1977\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | | | 9 | [Giusi Malato](/wiki/Giusi_Malato "Giusi Malato") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.70\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|77\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|9 July 1971}} | {{ayd\|9 July 1971\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | | | 10 | [Alexandra Araújo](/wiki/Alexandra_Ara%C3%BAjo "Alexandra Araújo") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.67\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|67\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|13 July 1972}} | {{ayd\|13 July 1972\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | | | 11 | [Maddalena Musumeci](/wiki/Maddalena_Musumeci "Maddalena Musumeci") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.70\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|63\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|26 March 1976}} | {{ayd\|26 March 1976\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | | | 12 | [Melania Grego](/wiki/Melania_Grego "Melania Grego") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.71\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|72\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|19 June 1973}} | {{ayd\|19 June 1973\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | | | 13 | [Noémi Tóth](/wiki/No%C3%A9mi_T%C3%B3th "Noémi Tóth") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.80\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|67\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|7 June 1976}} | {{ayd\|7 June 1976\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | | | Average | | | | {{cvt\|1\.73\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|67\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|30 October 1975}} | {{ayd\|30 October 1975\|26 August 2004}} | | | | Coach | [Pierluigi Formiconi](/wiki/Pierluigi_Formiconi "Pierluigi Formiconi") | | | | | | | | | Sources: * [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 "#Official Results Books (IOC)") (PDF): 2004 (p. 73\); * [ISHOF](/wiki/%23ISHOF "#ISHOF"). Abbreviation {{div col}} * MP – Matches played * Min – Minutes * G – Goals * Sh – Shots * AS – Assists * TF – Turnover fouls * ST – Steals * BL – Blocked shots * SP – Sprints * 20S – 20 seconds exclusion * Pen – Penalty * EX – Exclusion {{div col end}} | \+ **Statistics** | | --- | | CapNo. | Player | Pos | MP | Minutes played | | Goals/Shots | | | AS | TF | ST | BL | Sprints | | | Personal fouls | | | | Min | % | G | Sh | % | Won | SP | % | 20S | Pen | EX | | 1 | [Francesca Conti](/wiki/Francesca_Conti "Francesca Conti") | GK | 6 | 172 | 98\.9% | | | | | 1 | 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 | [Martina Miceli](/wiki/Martina_Miceli "Martina Miceli") | FP | 6 | 170 | 97\.7% | 9 | 25 | 36\.0% | 2 | 4 | 8 | 4 | | | | 5 | 1 | 1 | | 3 | [Carmela Allucci](/wiki/Carmela_Allucci "Carmela Allucci") (C) | FP | 6 | 83 | 47\.7% | 1 | 8 | 12\.5% | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | | | | 3 | | | | 4 | [Silvia Bosurgi](/wiki/Silvia_Bosurgi "Silvia Bosurgi") | FP | 6 | 40 | 23\.0% | 2 | 7 | 28\.6% | 1 | 1 | | | | | | 3 | | | | 5 | [Elena Gigli](/wiki/Elena_Gigli "Elena Gigli") | GK | 6 | 2 | 1\.1% | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | [Emanuela Zanchi](/wiki/Emanuela_Zanchi "Emanuela Zanchi") | FP | 6 | 163 | 93\.7% | 4 | 10 | 40\.0% | | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 10 | 20\.0% | 6 | | | | 7 | [Tania Di Mario](/wiki/Tania_Di_Mario "Tania Di Mario") | FP | 6 | 145 | 83\.3% | 14 | 27 | 51\.9% | 5 | 12 | | | 7 | 16 | 43\.8% | 7 | | 1 | | 8 | [Cinzia Ragusa](/wiki/Cinzia_Ragusa "Cinzia Ragusa") | FP | 6 | 82 | 47\.1% | 2 | 4 | 50\.0% | | 3 | 1 | 3 | | | | 6 | | | | 9 | [Giusi Malato](/wiki/Giusi_Malato "Giusi Malato") | FP | 6 | 119 | 68\.4% | 3 | 13 | 23\.1% | 1 | 20 | 3 | 1 | | | | 4 | | | | 10 | [Alexandra Araújo](/wiki/Alexandra_Ara%C3%BAjo "Alexandra Araújo") | FP | 6 | 55 | 31\.6% | 2 | 5 | 40\.0% | | 7 | 1 | | | | | 3 | | | | 11 | [Maddalena Musumeci](/wiki/Maddalena_Musumeci "Maddalena Musumeci") | FP | 6 | 66 | 37\.9% | 2 | 3 | 66\.7% | | 3 | 3 | | | | | 8 | | 1 | | 12 | [Melania Grego](/wiki/Melania_Grego "Melania Grego") | FP | 6 | 83 | 47\.7% | 4 | 14 | 28\.6% | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | | | 8 | | 1 | | 13 | [Noémi Tóth](/wiki/No%C3%A9mi_T%C3%B3th "Noémi Tóth") | FP | 6 | 39 | 22\.4% | 1 | 5 | 20\.0% | | 1 | | | | | | 3 | | | | Total | | | 6 | 174 | 100% | 44 | 121 | 36\.4% | 13 | 59 | 25 | 12 | 9 | 26 | 34\.6% | 56 | 1 | 4 | | Against | | | | | | 33 | 129 | 25\.6% | 5 | 45 | 42 | 16 | 17 | 26 | 65\.4% | 49 | 3 | 5 | | CapNo. | Player | Pos | Saves/Shots | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Saves | Shots | % | | 1 | [Francesca Conti](/wiki/Francesca_Conti "Francesca Conti") | GK | 39 | 72 | 54\.2% | | 5 | [Elena Gigli](/wiki/Elena_Gigli "Elena Gigli") | GK | | | | | Total | | | 39 | 72 | 54\.2% | Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 "#Official Results Books (IOC)") (PDF): 2004 (p. 72\). ### 2000 (Australia, 1st title) \* Edition of women's tournament: [1st](/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament "Water polo at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament") * Host city: {{flagicon\|Australia}} [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia") * Number of participating teams: 6 * Competition format: Round\-robin pools advanced teams to classification matches * Champion: {{wpw\|Australia}} (1st title; 1st place in preliminary A group) | Match | Round | Date | Capcolor | Opponent | Result | Goalsfor | Goalsagainst | Goalsdiff. | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Match 1/7 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\|16 September 2000}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Kazakhstan}} | Won | 9 | 2 | 7 | | Match 2/7 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\|17 September 2000}} | {{color box\|white\|border\=silver}} White | {{wpw\|Russia}} | Won | 6 | 3 | 3 | | Match 3/7 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\|18 September 2000}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Netherlands}} | Lost | 4 | 5 | \-1 | | Match 4/7 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\|19 September 2000}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|United States}} | Won | 7 | 6 | 1 | | Match 5/7 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\|20 September 2000}} | {{color box\|blue\|border\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\|Canada}} | Won | 9 | 4 | 5 | | Match 6/7 | Semi\-finals | {{dts\|22 September 2000}} | {{color box\|white\|border\=silver}} White | {{wpw\|Russia}} | Won | 7 | 6 | 1 | | Match 7/7 | Gold medal match | {{dts\|23 September 2000}} | {{color box\|white\|border\=silver}} White | {{wpw\|United States}} | Won | 4 | 3 | 1 | | Total | Matches played: 7 • Wins: 6 • Ties: 0 • Defeats: 1 • Win %: 85\.7% | | | | | 46 | 29 | 17 | Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 "#Official Results Books (IOC)") (PDF): 2000 (pp. 103, 106, 108, 111, 115, 119, 121\). {{Australia women's water polo squad 2000 Summer Olympics}} * Head coach: {{flagicon\|Hungary}} [István Görgényi](/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_G%C3%B6rg%C3%A9nyi "István Görgényi") (1st title as head coach) | \+ **Roster** | | --- | | CapNo. | Player | Pos | L/R | Height | Weight | Date of birth | Age ofwinning gold | Olydebut | ISHOFmember | | 1 | [Liz Weekes](/wiki/Liz_Weekes "Liz Weekes") | GK | R | {{cvt\|1\.80\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|68\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|22 September 1971}} | {{ayd\|22 September 1971\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | | | 2 | [Yvette Higgins](/wiki/Yvette_Higgins "Yvette Higgins") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.73\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|73\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|5 January 1978}} | {{ayd\|5 January 1978\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | | | 3 | [Gail Miller](/wiki/Gail_Miller_%28water_polo%29 "Gail Miller (water polo)") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.80\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|65\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|30 November 1976}} | {{ayd\|30 November 1976\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | | | 4 | [Naomi Castle](/wiki/Naomi_Castle "Naomi Castle") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.80\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|72\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|29 May 1974}} | {{ayd\|29 May 1974\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | | | 5 | [Bronwyn Mayer](/wiki/Bronwyn_Mayer "Bronwyn Mayer") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.76\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|65\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|3 July 1974}} | {{ayd\|3 July 1974\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | | | 6 | [Simone Hankin](/wiki/Simone_Hankin "Simone Hankin") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.82\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|80\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|28 February 1973}} | {{ayd\|28 February 1973\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | | | 7 | [Danielle Woodhouse](/wiki/Danielle_Woodhouse "Danielle Woodhouse") | GK | R | {{cvt\|1\.73\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|68\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|23 January 1969}} | {{ayd\|23 January 1969\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | | | 8 | [Kate Hooper](/wiki/Kate_Hooper "Kate Hooper") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.77\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|73\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|26 February 1978}} | {{ayd\|26 February 1978\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | | | 9 | [Debbie Watson](/wiki/Debbie_Watson_%28water_polo%29 "Debbie Watson (water polo)") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.78\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|71\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|28 September 1965}} | {{ayd\|28 September 1965\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | 2008 | | 10 | [Taryn Woods](/wiki/Taryn_Woods "Taryn Woods") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.75\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|76\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|12 August 1975}} | {{ayd\|12 August 1975\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | | | 11 | [Bridgette Gusterson](/wiki/Bridgette_Gusterson "Bridgette Gusterson") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.80\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|74\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|7 February 1973}} | {{ayd\|7 February 1973\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | 2017 | | 12 | [Joanne Fox](/wiki/Joanne_Fox "Joanne Fox") | FP | L | {{cvt\|1\.82\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|72\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|12 June 1979}} | {{ayd\|12 June 1979\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | | | 13 | [Melissa Mills](/wiki/Melissa_Byram "Melissa Byram") | FP | R | {{cvt\|1\.80\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|67\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|26 December 1973}} | {{ayd\|26 December 1973\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | | | Average | | | | {{cvt\|1\.78\|m\|ftin\|0}} | {{cvt\|71\|kg\|lb\|0}} | {{dts\|21 February 1974}} | {{ayd\|21 February 1974\|23 September 2000}} | | | | Coach | [István Görgényi](/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_G%C3%B6rg%C3%A9nyi "István Görgényi") | | | {{cvt\|1\.87\|m\|ftin\|0}} | | {{dts\|2 November 1946}} | {{ayd\|2 November 1946\|23 September 2000}} | | | Note: [Bridgette Gusterson](/wiki/Bridgette_Gusterson "Bridgette Gusterson") and [Danielle Woodhouse](/wiki/Danielle_Woodhouse "Danielle Woodhouse") are sisters; [Bronwyn Mayer](/wiki/Bronwyn_Mayer "Bronwyn Mayer") and [Taryn Woods](/wiki/Taryn_Woods "Taryn Woods") are cousins. Sources: * [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 "#Official Results Books (IOC)") (PDF): 2000 (p. 96\); * [Olympedia](/wiki/%23Olympedia "#Olympedia"): 2000 (women's tournament); * [ISHOF](/wiki/%23ISHOF "#ISHOF"). Abbreviation {{div col}} * MP – Matches played * G – Goals * Sh – Shots * AS – Assists * TF – Turnover fouls * ST – Steals * BL – Blocked shots * SP – Sprints * 20S – 20 seconds exclusion * Pen – Penalty * EX – Exclusion {{div col end}} | \+ **Statistics** | | --- | | CapNo. | Player | Pos | MP | Goals/Shots | | | AS | TF | ST | BL | Sprints | | | Personal fouls | | | | G | Sh | % | Won | SP | % | 20S | Pen | EX | | 1 | [Liz Weekes](/wiki/Liz_Weekes "Liz Weekes") | GK | 7 | | | | | | 3 | | | | | | | | | 2 | [Yvette Higgins](/wiki/Yvette_Higgins "Yvette Higgins") | FP | 7 | 8 | 18 | 44\.4% | 3 | 5 | 2 | | | | | 2 | | | | 3 | [Gail Miller](/wiki/Gail_Miller_%28water_polo%29 "Gail Miller (water polo)") | FP | 7 | 2 | 4 | 50\.0% | | 3 | 9 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 80\.0% | 3 | | | | 4 | [Naomi Castle](/wiki/Naomi_Castle "Naomi Castle") | FP | 7 | 3 | 22 | 13\.6% | 6 | 2 | 15 | 3 | | | | 8 | | | | 5 | [Bronwyn Mayer](/wiki/Bronwyn_Mayer "Bronwyn Mayer") | FP | 7 | 6 | 11 | 54\.5% | 3 | 3 | 9 | | 6 | 8 | 75\.0% | 3 | | | | 6 | [Simone Hankin](/wiki/Simone_Hankin "Simone Hankin") | FP | 7 | 4 | 18 | 22\.2% | 3 | 8 | 6 | | | | | 7 | | | | 7 | [Danielle Woodhouse](/wiki/Danielle_Woodhouse "Danielle Woodhouse") | GK | 7 | | | | | | 1 | | | | | | | | | 8 | [Kate Hooper](/wiki/Kate_Hooper "Kate Hooper") | FP | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9 | [Debbie Watson](/wiki/Debbie_Watson_%28water_polo%29 "Debbie Watson (water polo)") | FP | 7 | 3 | 10 | 30\.0% | 1 | 2 | 6 | 3 | | | | 4 | | | | 10 | [Taryn Woods](/wiki/Taryn_Woods "Taryn Woods") | FP | 7 | 3 | 22 | 13\.6% | 1 | 1 | 4 | | | | | 10 | | | | 11 | [Bridgette Gusterson](/wiki/Bridgette_Gusterson "Bridgette Gusterson") | FP | 7 | 11 | 30 | 36\.7% | 6 | 4 | 3 | | | | | 3 | | | | 12 | [Joanne Fox](/wiki/Joanne_Fox "Joanne Fox") | FP | 7 | 2 | 10 | 20\.0% | 2 | | 9 | 2 | | | | 9 | | | | 13 | [Melissa Mills](/wiki/Melissa_Byram "Melissa Byram") | FP | 7 | 4 | 16 | 25\.0% | 5 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 14 | 15 | 93\.3% | 3 | | | | Total | | | 7 | 46 | 161 | 28\.6% | 30 | 29 | 72 | 12 | 24 | 28 | 85\.7% | 52 | 0 | 0 | | Against | | | | 29 | 116 | 25\.0% | 12 | 43 | 50 | 10 | 4 | 28 | 14\.3% | 51 | 5 | 0 | | CapNo. | Player | Pos | Saves/Shots | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Saves | Shots | % | | 1 | [Liz Weekes](/wiki/Liz_Weekes "Liz Weekes") | GK | 21 | 46 | 45\.7% | | 7 | [Danielle Woodhouse](/wiki/Danielle_Woodhouse "Danielle Woodhouse") | GK | 11 | 15 | 73\.3% | | Total | | | 32 | 61 | 52\.5% | Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 "#Official Results Books (IOC)") (PDF): 2000 (p. 96\).
[ "Champions by tournament\n-----------------------", "### 2020 (United States, 3rd title)", "* Edition of women's tournament: [6th](/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Water polo at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\")\n* Host city: {{flagicon\\|Japan}} [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\")\n* Number of participating teams: 10\n* Competition format: [Round\\-robin](/wiki/Round-robin_tournament \"Round-robin tournament\") pools advanced teams to [classification matches](/wiki/Classification_match \"Classification match\")\n* Champion: {{wpw\\|United States}} (3rd title, 1st place in preliminary B group", "", "| Match | Round | Date | Capcolor | Opponent | Result | Goalsfor | Goalsagainst | Goalsdiff. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Match 1/7 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\\|24 July 2021}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Japan}} | Won | | | |\n| Match 2/7 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\\|26 July 2021}} | {{color box\\|white\\|border\\=silver}} White | {{wpw\\|China}} | Won | | | |\n| Match 3/7 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\\|28 July 2021}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Hungary}} | Lost | | | |\n| Match 4/7 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\\|30 July 2021}} | {{color box\\|white\\|border\\=silver}} White | {{wpw\\|Russia}} | Won | | | |\n| Match 5/7 | Quarter\\-finals | {{dts\\|3 August 2021}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Canada}} | Won | | | |\n| Match 6/7 | Semi\\-finals | {{dts\\|5 August 2021}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Russia}} | Won | | | |\n| Match 7/7 | Gold medal match | {{dts\\|7 August 2021}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Spain}} | Won | | | |\n| **Total** | **Matches played: 7 • Wins: 6 • Ties: 0 • Defeats: 1 • Win %: 85\\.7%** | | | | | | | |", "Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 \"#Official Results Books (IOC)\") (PDF): 2021", "### 2016 (United States, 2nd title)", "\\* Edition of women's tournament: [5th](/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Water polo at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\")\n* Host city: {{flagicon\\|Brazil}} [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\")\n* Number of participating teams: 8\n* Competition format: Round\\-robin pools advanced teams to classification matches\n* Champion: {{wpw\\|United States}} (2nd title; 1st place in preliminary B group)", "", "| Match | Round | Date | Capcolor | Opponent | Result | Goalsfor | Goalsagainst | Goalsdiff. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Match 1/6 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\\|9 August 2016}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Spain}} | Won | 11 | 4 | 7 |\n| Match 2/6 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\\|11 August 2016}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|China}} | Won | 12 | 4 | 8 |\n| Match 3/6 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\\|13 August 2016}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Hungary}} | Won | 11 | 6 | 5 |\n| Match 4/6 | Quarter\\-finals | {{dts\\|15 August 2016}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Brazil}} | Won | 13 | 3 | 10 |\n| Match 5/6 | Semi\\-finals | {{dts\\|17 August 2016}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Hungary}} | Won | 14 | 10 | 4 |\n| Match 6/6 | Gold medal match | {{dts\\|19 August 2016}} | {{color box\\|white\\|border\\=silver}} White | {{wpw\\|Italy}} | Won | 12 | 5 | 7 |\n| Total | Matches played: 6 • Wins: 6 • Ties: 0 • Defeats: 0 • Win %: 100% | | | | | 73 | 32 | 41 |", "Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 \"#Official Results Books (IOC)\") (PDF): 2016 (pp. 142, 148, 158, 168, 176, 184\\).", "{{United States women's water polo squad 2016 Summer Olympics}}", "* Head coach: {{flagicon\\|United States}} [Adam Krikorian](/wiki/Adam_Krikorian \"Adam Krikorian\") (2nd title as head coach)\n* Assistant coaches: {{flagicon\\|United States}} [Daniel Klatt](/wiki/Daniel_Klatt \"Daniel Klatt\"), {{flagicon\\|United States}} [Chris Oeding](/wiki/Chris_Oeding \"Chris Oeding\")", "", "| \\+ **Roster** |\n| --- |\n| CapNo. | Player | Pos | L/R | Height | Weight | Date of birth | Age ofwinning gold | Olydebut | ISHOFmember |\n| 1 | [Samantha Hill](/wiki/Samantha_Hill_%28water_polo%29 \"Samantha Hill (water polo)\") | GK | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.83\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|89\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|8 June 1992}} | {{ayd\\|8 June 1992\\|19 August 2016}} | Yes | |\n| 2 | [Maddie Musselman](/wiki/Maddie_Musselman \"Maddie Musselman\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.81\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|65\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|16 June 1998}} | {{ayd\\|16 June 1998\\|19 August 2016}} | Yes | |\n| 3 | [Melissa Seidemann](/wiki/Melissa_Seidemann \"Melissa Seidemann\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.83\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|104\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|26 June 1990}} | {{ayd\\|26 June 1990\\|19 August 2016}} | No | |\n| 4 | [Rachel Fattal](/wiki/Rachel_Fattal \"Rachel Fattal\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.73\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|65\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|10 December 1993}} | {{ayd\\|10 December 1993\\|19 August 2016}} | Yes | |\n| 5 | [Caroline Clark](/wiki/Caroline_Clark \"Caroline Clark\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.88\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|72\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|28 June 1990}} | {{ayd\\|28 June 1990\\|19 August 2016}} | Yes | |\n| 6 | [Maggie Steffens](/wiki/Maggie_Steffens \"Maggie Steffens\") (C) | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.73\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|74\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|4 June 1993}} | {{ayd\\|4 June 1993\\|19 August 2016}} | No | |\n| 7 | [Courtney Mathewson](/wiki/Courtney_Mathewson \"Courtney Mathewson\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.71\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|69\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|14 September 1986}} | {{ayd\\|14 September 1986\\|19 August 2016}} | No | |\n| 8 | [Kiley Neushul](/wiki/Kiley_Neushul \"Kiley Neushul\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.73\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|65\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|5 March 1993}} | {{ayd\\|5 March 1993\\|19 August 2016}} | Yes | |\n| 9 | [Aria Fischer](/wiki/Aria_Fischer \"Aria Fischer\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.83\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|78\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|2 March 1999}} | {{ayd\\|2 March 1999\\|19 August 2016}} | Yes | |\n| 10 | [Kaleigh Gilchrist](/wiki/Kaleigh_Gilchrist \"Kaleigh Gilchrist\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.76\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|77\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|16 May 1992}} | {{ayd\\|16 May 1992\\|19 August 2016}} | Yes | |\n| 11 | [Makenzie Fischer](/wiki/Makenzie_Fischer \"Makenzie Fischer\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.86\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|74\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|29 March 1997}} | {{ayd\\|29 March 1997\\|19 August 2016}} | Yes | |\n| 12 | [Kami Craig](/wiki/Kami_Craig \"Kami Craig\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.81\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|88\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|21 July 1987}} | {{ayd\\|21 July 1987\\|19 August 2016}} | No | |\n| 13 | [Ashleigh Johnson](/wiki/Ashleigh_Johnson \"Ashleigh Johnson\") | GK | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.86\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|81\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|12 September 1994}} | {{ayd\\|12 September 1994\\|19 August 2016}} | Yes | |\n| Average | | | | {{cvt\\|1\\.80\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|77\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|1 February 1993}} | {{ayd\\|1 February 1993\\|19 August 2016}} | | |\n| Coach | [Adam Krikorian](/wiki/Adam_Krikorian \"Adam Krikorian\") | | | | | {{dts\\|22 July 1974}} | {{ayd\\|22 July 1974\\|19 August 2016}} | | |", "Note: [Aria Fischer](/wiki/Aria_Fischer \"Aria Fischer\") and [Makenzie Fischer](/wiki/Makenzie_Fischer \"Makenzie Fischer\") are sisters.", "Sources:\n* [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 \"#Official Results Books (IOC)\") (PDF): 2016 (p. 219\\);\n* [ISHOF](/wiki/%23ISHOF \"#ISHOF\").", "Abbreviation\n{{div col}}\n* MP – Matches played\n* Min – Minutes\n* G – Goals\n* Sh – Shots\n* AS – Assists\n* TF – Turnover fouls\n* ST – Steals\n* BL – Blocked shots\n* SP – Sprints\n* 20S – 20 seconds exclusion\n* DE – Double exclusion\n* Pen – Penalty\n* EX – Exclusion\n{{div col end}}", "", "| \\+ **Statistics** |\n| --- |\n| CapNo. | Player | Pos | MP | Minutes played | | Goals/Shots | | | AS | TF | ST | BL | Sprints | | | Personal fouls | | | |\n| Min | % | G | Sh | % | Won | SP | % | 20S | DE | Pen | EX |\n| 1 | [Samantha Hill](/wiki/Samantha_Hill_%28water_polo%29 \"Samantha Hill (water polo)\") | GK | 6 | 15 | 7\\.8% | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| 2 | [Maddie Musselman](/wiki/Maddie_Musselman \"Maddie Musselman\") | FP | 6 | 116 | 60\\.4% | 12 | 25 | 48\\.0% | | 7 | 4 | 3 | | | | 4 | 1 | | |\n| 3 | [Melissa Seidemann](/wiki/Melissa_Seidemann \"Melissa Seidemann\") | FP | 6 | 95 | 49\\.5% | 3 | 11 | 27\\.3% | 1 | 8 | 3 | 2 | | | | 5 | | | |\n| 4 | [Rachel Fattal](/wiki/Rachel_Fattal \"Rachel Fattal\") | FP | 6 | 146 | 76\\.0% | 4 | 14 | 28\\.6% | 5 | 8 | 9 | 3 | 17 | 23 | 73\\.9% | 2 | | | |\n| 5 | [Caroline Clark](/wiki/Caroline_Clark \"Caroline Clark\") | FP | 6 | 62 | 32\\.3% | 2 | 6 | 33\\.3% | 1 | 1 | 4 | | | | | 6 | | | |\n| 6 | [Maggie Steffens](/wiki/Maggie_Steffens \"Maggie Steffens\") (C) | FP | 6 | 145 | 75\\.5% | 17 | 24 | 70\\.8% | 5 | 9 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 100% | 6 | | 1 | 1 |\n| 7 | [Courtney Mathewson](/wiki/Courtney_Mathewson \"Courtney Mathewson\") | FP | 6 | 96 | 50\\.0% | 7 | 11 | 63\\.6% | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | | | | | |\n| 8 | [Kiley Neushul](/wiki/Kiley_Neushul \"Kiley Neushul\") | FP | 6 | 149 | 77\\.6% | 10 | 20 | 50\\.0% | 2 | 7 | 5 | 1 | | | | 1 | | | |\n| 9 | [Aria Fischer](/wiki/Aria_Fischer \"Aria Fischer\") | FP | 6 | 69 | 35\\.9% | 0 | 5 | 0\\.0% | | 5 | 1 | 1 | | | | 2 | | | |\n| 10 | [Kaleigh Gilchrist](/wiki/Kaleigh_Gilchrist \"Kaleigh Gilchrist\") | FP | 6 | 99 | 51\\.6% | 6 | 13 | 46\\.2% | 5 | 5 | 2 | 5 | | | | 3 | | 1 | |\n| 11 | [Makenzie Fischer](/wiki/Makenzie_Fischer \"Makenzie Fischer\") | FP | 6 | 95 | 49\\.5% | 7 | 23 | 30\\.4% | 4 | 5 | 3 | 1 | | | | 8 | | 1 | 1 |\n| 12 | [Kami Craig](/wiki/Kami_Craig \"Kami Craig\") | FP | 6 | 81 | 42\\.2% | 5 | 7 | 71\\.4% | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | | | | 2 | | | |\n| 13 | [Ashleigh Johnson](/wiki/Ashleigh_Johnson \"Ashleigh Johnson\") | GK | 6 | 177 | 92\\.2% | 0 | 4 | 0\\.0% | 3 | 2 | 17 | | | | | | | | |\n| Team | | | | | | | | | | 16 | | | | | | | | | |\n| Total | | | 6 | 192 | 100% | 73 | 163 | 44\\.8% | 31 | 78 | 53 | 21 | 18 | 24 | 75\\.0% | 39 | 1 | 3 | 2 |\n| Against | | | | | | 32 | 156 | 20\\.5% | 13 | 90 | 41 | 8 | 6 | 24 | 25\\.0% | 40 | 1 | 5 | 0 |", "", "| CapNo. | Player | Pos | Saves/Shots | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Saves | Shots | % |\n| 1 | [Samantha Hill](/wiki/Samantha_Hill_%28water_polo%29 \"Samantha Hill (water polo)\") | GK | 6 | 10 | 60\\.0% |\n| 13 | [Ashleigh Johnson](/wiki/Ashleigh_Johnson \"Ashleigh Johnson\") | GK | 51 | 79 | 64\\.6% |\n| Total | | | 57 | 89 | 64\\.0% |", "Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 \"#Official Results Books (IOC)\") (PDF): 2016 (p. 218\\).", "### 2012 (United States, 1st title)", "\\* Edition of women's tournament: [4th](/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Water polo at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\")\n* Host city: {{flagicon\\|Great Britain}} [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\")\n* Number of participating teams: 8\n* Competition format: Round\\-robin pools advanced teams to classification matches\n* Champion: {{wpw\\|United States}} (1st title; 2nd place in preliminary A group)", "", "| Match | Round | Date | Capcolor | Opponent | Result | Goalsfor | Goalsagainst | Goalsdiff. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Match 1/6 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\\|30 July 2012}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Hungary}} | Won | 14 | 13 | 1 |\n| Match 2/6 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\\|1 August 2012}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Spain}} | Drawn | 9 | 9 | 0 |\n| Match 3/6 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\\|3 August 2012}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|China}} | Won | 7 | 6 | 1 |\n| Match 4/6 | Quarter\\-finals | {{dts\\|5 August 2012}} | {{color box\\|white\\|border\\=silver}} White | {{wpw\\|Italy}} | Won | 9 | 6 | 3 |\n| Match 5/6 | Semi\\-finals | {{dts\\|7 August 2012}} | {{color box\\|white\\|border\\=silver}} White | {{wpw\\|Australia}} | Won | 11 | 9 | 2 |\n| Match 6/6 | Gold medal match | {{dts\\|9 August 2012}} | {{color box\\|white\\|border\\=silver}} White | {{wpw\\|United States}} | Won | 8 | 5 | 3 |\n| Total | Matches played: 6 • Wins: 5 • Ties: 1 • Defeats: 0 • Win %: 83\\.3% | | | | | 58 | 48 | 10 |", "Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 \"#Official Results Books (IOC)\") (PDF): 2012 (pp. 294, 300, 310, 312, 324, 334\\).", "{{United States women's water polo squad 2012 Summer Olympics}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|[Brenda Villa](/wiki/Brenda_Villa \"Brenda Villa\") was the captain of the United States at the 2012 Olympics.](/wiki/File:Brenda_Villa_-_Olympic_Medal_winner_at_ALMA_Awards_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Brenda Villa - Olympic Medal winner at ALMA Awards (cropped).jpg\")", "* Head coach: {{flagicon\\|United States}} [Adam Krikorian](/wiki/Adam_Krikorian \"Adam Krikorian\") (1st title as head coach)\n* Assistant coaches: {{flagicon\\|United States}} [Heather Moody](/wiki/Heather_Moody \"Heather Moody\"), {{flagicon\\|United States}} [Daniel Klatt](/wiki/Daniel_Klatt \"Daniel Klatt\")", "", "| \\+ **Roster** |\n| --- |\n| CapNo. | Player | Pos | L/R | Height | Weight | Date of birth | Age ofwinning gold | Olydebut | ISHOFmember |\n| 1 | [Elizabeth Armstrong](/wiki/Elizabeth_Armstrong_%28water_polo%29 \"Elizabeth Armstrong (water polo)\") | GK | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.88\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|77\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|31 January 1983}} | {{ayd\\|31 January 1983\\|9 August 2012}} | No | |\n| 2 | [Heather Petri](/wiki/Heather_Petri \"Heather Petri\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.80\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|73\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|13 June 1978}} | {{ayd\\|13 June 1978\\|9 August 2012}} | No | |\n| 3 | [Melissa Seidemann](/wiki/Melissa_Seidemann \"Melissa Seidemann\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.83\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|104\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|26 June 1990}} | {{ayd\\|26 June 1990\\|9 August 2012}} | Yes | |\n| 4 | [Brenda Villa](/wiki/Brenda_Villa \"Brenda Villa\") (C) | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.63\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|79\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|18 April 1980}} | {{ayd\\|18 April 1980\\|9 August 2012}} | No | 2018 |\n| 5 | [Lauren Wenger](/wiki/Lauren_Wenger \"Lauren Wenger\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.91\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|77\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|11 March 1984}} | {{ayd\\|11 March 1984\\|9 August 2012}} | No | |\n| 6 | [Maggie Steffens](/wiki/Maggie_Steffens \"Maggie Steffens\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.73\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|70\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|4 June 1993}} | {{ayd\\|4 June 1993\\|9 August 2012}} | Yes | |\n| 7 | [Courtney Mathewson](/wiki/Courtney_Mathewson \"Courtney Mathewson\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.71\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|71\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|14 September 1986}} | {{ayd\\|14 September 1986\\|9 August 2012}} | Yes | |\n| 8 | [Jessica Steffens](/wiki/Jessica_Steffens \"Jessica Steffens\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.83\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|75\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|7 April 1987}} | {{ayd\\|7 April 1987\\|9 August 2012}} | No | |\n| 9 | [Elsie Windes](/wiki/Elsie_Windes \"Elsie Windes\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.78\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|70\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|17 June 1985}} | {{ayd\\|17 June 1985\\|9 August 2012}} | No | |\n| 10 | [Kelly Rulon](/wiki/Kelly_Rulon \"Kelly Rulon\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.78\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|61\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|16 August 1984}} | {{ayd\\|16 August 1984\\|9 August 2012}} | No | |\n| 11 | [Annika Dries](/wiki/Annika_Dries \"Annika Dries\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.85\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|88\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|10 February 1992}} | {{ayd\\|10 February 1992\\|9 August 2012}} | Yes | |\n| 12 | [Kami Craig](/wiki/Kami_Craig \"Kami Craig\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.81\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|88\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|21 July 1987}} | {{ayd\\|21 July 1987\\|9 August 2012}} | No | |\n| 13 | [Tumua Anae](/wiki/Tumua_Anae \"Tumua Anae\") | GK | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.80\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|70\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|16 October 1988}} | {{ayd\\|16 October 1988\\|9 August 2012}} | Yes | |\n| Average | | | | {{cvt\\|1\\.80\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|77\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|5 May 1986}} | {{ayd\\|5 May 1986\\|9 August 2012}} | | |\n| Coach | [Adam Krikorian](/wiki/Adam_Krikorian \"Adam Krikorian\") | | | | | {{dts\\|22 July 1974}} | {{ayd\\|22 July 1974\\|9 August 2012}} | | |", "Note: [Jessica Steffens](/wiki/Jessica_Steffens \"Jessica Steffens\") and [Maggie Steffens](/wiki/Maggie_Steffens \"Maggie Steffens\") are sisters.", "Sources:\n* [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 \"#Official Results Books (IOC)\") (PDF): 2012 (p. 369\\);\n* [ISHOF](/wiki/%23ISHOF \"#ISHOF\").", "Abbreviation\n{{div col}}\n* MP – Matches played\n* Min – Minutes\n* G – Goals\n* Sh – Shots\n* AS – Assists\n* TF – Turnover fouls\n* ST – Steals\n* BL – Blocked shots\n* SP – Sprints\n* 20S – 20 seconds exclusion\n* DE – Double exclusion\n* Pen – Penalty\n* EX – Exclusion\n{{div col end}}", "", "| \\+ **Statistics** |\n| --- |\n| CapNo. | Player | Pos | MP | Minutes played | | Goals/Shots | | | AS | TF | ST | BL | Sprints | | | Personal fouls | | | |\n| Min | % | G | Sh | % | Won | SP | % | 20S | DE | Pen | EX |\n| 1 | [Elizabeth Armstrong](/wiki/Elizabeth_Armstrong_%28water_polo%29 \"Elizabeth Armstrong (water polo)\") | GK | 6 | 198 | 100% | | | | | 1 | | | | | | | | | |\n| 2 | [Heather Petri](/wiki/Heather_Petri \"Heather Petri\") | FP | 6 | 61 | 30\\.8% | 1 | 12 | 8\\.3% | 2 | 3 | | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50\\.0% | 2 | | | |\n| 3 | [Melissa Seidemann](/wiki/Melissa_Seidemann \"Melissa Seidemann\") | FP | 6 | 95 | 48\\.0% | 7 | 20 | 35\\.0% | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | | | | 8 | 2 | 1 | 2 |\n| 4 | [Brenda Villa](/wiki/Brenda_Villa \"Brenda Villa\") (C) | FP | 6 | 153 | 77\\.3% | 6 | 24 | 25\\.0% | 12 | 4 | 4 | 5 | | | | 2 | 1 | | |\n| 5 | [Lauren Wenger](/wiki/Lauren_Wenger \"Lauren Wenger\") | FP | 6 | 161 | 81\\.3% | 2 | 11 | 18\\.2% | 6 | 8 | 4 | 10 | 1 | 13 | 7\\.7% | 2 | | | |\n| 6 | [Maggie Steffens](/wiki/Maggie_Steffens \"Maggie Steffens\") | FP | 6 | 157 | 79\\.3% | 21 | 27 | 77\\.8% | 8 | 8 | 10 | 2 | | | | 7 | | 3 | |\n| 7 | [Courtney Mathewson](/wiki/Courtney_Mathewson \"Courtney Mathewson\") | FP | 6 | 95 | 48\\.0% | 7 | 21 | 33\\.3% | | 1 | 4 | 1 | | | | 1 | | | |\n| 8 | [Jessica Steffens](/wiki/Jessica_Steffens \"Jessica Steffens\") | FP | 6 | 83 | 41\\.9% | 1 | 4 | 25\\.0% | 2 | 6 | 2 | 2 | | | | 14 | | 1 | 3 |\n| 9 | [Elsie Windes](/wiki/Elsie_Windes \"Elsie Windes\") | FP | 6 | 98 | 49\\.5% | 1 | 8 | 12\\.5% | 5 | 6 | 2 | 3 | | | | 11 | | 3 | 3 |\n| 10 | [Kelly Rulon](/wiki/Kelly_Rulon \"Kelly Rulon\") | FP | 6 | 112 | 56\\.6% | 4 | 12 | 33\\.3% | 5 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 11 | 36\\.4% | 2 | | | |\n| 11 | [Annika Dries](/wiki/Annika_Dries \"Annika Dries\") | FP | 6 | 65 | 32\\.8% | 2 | 5 | 40\\.0% | 1 | 11 | 1 | 2 | | | | 2 | | | |\n| 12 | [Kami Craig](/wiki/Kami_Craig \"Kami Craig\") | FP | 6 | 108 | 54\\.5% | 6 | 9 | 66\\.7% | 2 | 17 | 2 | 1 | | | | 2 | | | |\n| 13 | [Tumua Anae](/wiki/Tumua_Anae \"Tumua Anae\") | GK | 6 | 0 | 0\\.0% | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| Team | | | | | | | | | | 7 | | | | | | | | | |\n| Total | | | 6 | 198 | 100% | 58 | 153 | 37\\.9% | 44 | 82 | 31 | 29 | 6 | 26 | 23\\.1% | 53 | 3 | 8 | 8 |\n| Against | | | | | | 48 | 184 | 26\\.1% | 31 | 65 | 42 | 14 | 20 | 26 | 76\\.9% | 61 | 3 | 4 | 4 |", "", "| CapNo. | Player | Pos | Saves/Shots | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Saves | Shots | % |\n| 1 | [Elizabeth Armstrong](/wiki/Elizabeth_Armstrong_%28water_polo%29 \"Elizabeth Armstrong (water polo)\") | GK | 53 | 101 | 52\\.5% |\n| 13 | [Tumua Anae](/wiki/Tumua_Anae \"Tumua Anae\") | GK | | | |\n| Total | | | 53 | 101 | 52\\.5% |", "Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 \"#Official Results Books (IOC)\") (PDF): 2012 (p. 368\\).", "### 2008 (Netherlands, 1st title)", "\\* Edition of women's tournament: [3rd](/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Water polo at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\")\n* Host city: {{flagicon\\|China}} [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\"), [China](/wiki/China \"China\")\n* Number of participating teams: 8\n* Competition format: Round\\-robin pools advanced teams to classification matches\n* Champion: {{wpw\\|Netherlands}} (1st title; 3rd place in preliminary B group)", "", "| Match | Round | Date | Capcolor | Opponent | Result | Goalsfor | Goalsagainst | Goalsdiff. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Match 1/6 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\\|11 August 2008}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Hungary}} | Lost | 9 | 11 | \\-2 |\n| Match 2/6 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\\|13 August 2008}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Greece}} | Won | 9 | 6 | 3 |\n| Match 3/6 | Preliminary round – Group B | {{dts\\|15 August 2008}} | {{color box\\|white\\|border\\=silver}} White | {{wpw\\|Australia}} | Lost | 9 | 10 | \\-1 |\n| Match 4/6 | Quarter\\-finals | {{dts\\|17 August 2008}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Italy}} | Won | 13 | 11 | 2 |\n| Match 5/6 | Semi\\-finals | {{dts\\|19 August 2008}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Hungary}} | Won | 8 | 7 | 1 |\n| Match 6/6 | Gold medal match | {{dts\\|21 August 2008}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|United States}} | Won | 9 | 8 | 1 |\n| Total | Matches played: 6 • Wins: 4 • Ties: 0 • Defeats: 2 • Win %: 66\\.7% | | | | | 57 | 53 | 4 |", "Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 \"#Official Results Books (IOC)\") (PDF): 2008 (pp. 17, 23, 25, 33, 37, 43\\).", "{{Netherlands women's water polo squad 2008 Summer Olympics}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|[Daniëlle de Bruijn](/wiki/Dani%C3%ABlle_de_Bruijn \"Daniëlle de Bruijn\") scored 17 goals at the 2008 Olympics, including seven goals in the gold medal match, helping the Netherlands win gold.](/wiki/File:Danielle-de-bruijn-1344286670.jpg \"Danielle-de-bruijn-1344286670.jpg\")", "* Head coach: {{flagicon\\|Netherlands}} [Robin van Galen](/wiki/Robin_van_Galen \"Robin van Galen\") (1st title as head coach)\n* Assistant coach: {{flagicon\\|Netherlands}} [Ilse Sindorf](/wiki/Ilse_Sindorf \"Ilse Sindorf\")", "", "| \\+ **Roster** |\n| --- |\n| CapNo. | Player | Pos | L/R | Height | Weight | Date of birth | Age ofwinning gold | Olydebut | ISHOFmember |\n| 1 | [Ilse van der Meijden](/wiki/Ilse_van_der_Meijden \"Ilse van der Meijden\") | GK | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.85\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|71\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|22 October 1988}} | {{ayd\\|22 October 1988\\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | |\n| 2 | [Yasemin Smit](/wiki/Yasemin_Smit \"Yasemin Smit\") (C) | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.78\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|70\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|21 November 1984}} | {{ayd\\|21 November 1984\\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | |\n| 3 | [Mieke Cabout](/wiki/Mieke_Cabout \"Mieke Cabout\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.82\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|70\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|30 March 1986}} | {{ayd\\|30 March 1986\\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | |\n| 4 | [Biurakn Hakhverdian](/wiki/Biurakn_Hakhverdian \"Biurakn Hakhverdian\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.72\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|65\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|4 October 1985}} | {{ayd\\|4 October 1985\\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | |\n| 5 | [Marieke van den Ham](/wiki/Marieke_van_den_Ham \"Marieke van den Ham\") | FP | L | {{cvt\\|1\\.69\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|80\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|21 January 1983}} | {{ayd\\|21 January 1983\\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | |\n| 6 | [Daniëlle de Bruijn](/wiki/Dani%C3%ABlle_de_Bruijn \"Daniëlle de Bruijn\") | FP | L | {{cvt\\|1\\.72\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|68\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|13 February 1978}} | {{ayd\\|13 February 1978\\|21 August 2008}} | No | |\n| 7 | [Iefke van Belkum](/wiki/Iefke_van_Belkum \"Iefke van Belkum\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.85\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|75\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|22 July 1986}} | {{ayd\\|22 July 1986\\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | |\n| 8 | [Noeki Klein](/wiki/Noeki_Klein \"Noeki Klein\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.79\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|80\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|28 April 1983}} | {{ayd\\|28 April 1983\\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | |\n| 9 | [Gillian van den Berg](/wiki/Gillian_van_den_Berg \"Gillian van den Berg\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.73\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|66\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|8 September 1971}} | {{ayd\\|8 September 1971\\|21 August 2008}} | No | |\n| 10 | [Alette Sijbring](/wiki/Alette_Sijbring \"Alette Sijbring\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.74\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|68\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|20 March 1982}} | {{ayd\\|20 March 1982\\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | |\n| 11 | [Rianne Guichelaar](/wiki/Rianne_Guichelaar \"Rianne Guichelaar\") | FP | L | {{cvt\\|1\\.74\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|63\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|16 August 1983}} | {{ayd\\|16 August 1983\\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | |\n| 12 | [Simone Koot](/wiki/Simone_Koot \"Simone Koot\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.73\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|65\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|12 November 1980}} | {{ayd\\|12 November 1980\\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | |\n| 13 | [Meike de Nooy](/wiki/Meike_de_Nooy \"Meike de Nooy\") | GK | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.85\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|73\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|2 May 1983}} | {{ayd\\|2 May 1983\\|21 August 2008}} | Yes | |\n| Average | | | | {{cvt\\|1\\.77\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|70\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|17 December 1982}} | {{ayd\\|17 December 1982\\|21 August 2008}} | | |\n| Coach | [Robin van Galen](/wiki/Robin_van_Galen \"Robin van Galen\") | | | | | | | | |", "Sources:\n* [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 \"#Official Results Books (IOC)\") (PDF): 2008 (p. 72\\);\n* [ISHOF](/wiki/%23ISHOF \"#ISHOF\").", "Abbreviation\n{{div col}}\n* MP – Matches played\n* Min – Minutes\n* G – Goals\n* Sh – Shots\n* AS – Assists\n* TF – Turnover fouls\n* ST – Steals\n* BL – Blocked shots\n* SP – Sprints\n* 20S – 20 seconds exclusion\n* Pen – Penalty\n* EX – Exclusion\n{{div col end}}", "", "| \\+ **Statistics** |\n| --- |\n| CapNo. | Player | Pos | MP | Minutes played | | Goals/Shots | | | AS | TF | ST | BL | Sprints | | | Personal fouls | | |\n| Min | % | G | Sh | % | Won | SP | % | 20S | Pen | EX |\n| 1 | [Ilse van der Meijden](/wiki/Ilse_van_der_Meijden \"Ilse van der Meijden\") | GK | 6 | 198 | 100% | 0 | 1 | 0\\.0% | | 1 | 3 | | | | | | 1 | |\n| 2 | [Yasemin Smit](/wiki/Yasemin_Smit \"Yasemin Smit\") (C) | FP | 6 | 131 | 66\\.2% | 2 | 12 | 16\\.7% | 4 | 14 | 5 | 3 | | | | 10 | | 1 |\n| 3 | [Mieke Cabout](/wiki/Mieke_Cabout \"Mieke Cabout\") | FP | 6 | 178 | 89\\.9% | 10 | 44 | 22\\.7% | 1 | 10 | 9 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0\\.0% | 5 | 2 | |\n| 4 | [Biurakn Hakhverdian](/wiki/Biurakn_Hakhverdian \"Biurakn Hakhverdian\") | FP | 6 | 30 | 15\\.2% | 0 | 1 | 0\\.0% | | 5 | 2 | | | | | 1 | | |\n| 5 | [Marieke van den Ham](/wiki/Marieke_van_den_Ham \"Marieke van den Ham\") | FP | 6 | 106 | 53\\.5% | 9 | 20 | 45\\.0% | 1 | 4 | 4 | | | | | 5 | | |\n| 6 | [Daniëlle de Bruijn](/wiki/Dani%C3%ABlle_de_Bruijn \"Daniëlle de Bruijn\") | FP | 6 | 177 | 89\\.4% | 17 | 33 | 51\\.5% | 2 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 15 | 22 | 68\\.2% | 9 | | 1 |\n| 7 | [Iefke van Belkum](/wiki/Iefke_van_Belkum \"Iefke van Belkum\") | FP | 6 | 189 | 95\\.5% | 10 | 36 | 27\\.8% | | 18 | 7 | 7 | | | | 7 | | |\n| 8 | [Noeki Klein](/wiki/Noeki_Klein \"Noeki Klein\") | FP | 6 | 12 | 6\\.1% | | | | | 3 | | | | | | | | |\n| 9 | [Gillian van den Berg](/wiki/Gillian_van_den_Berg \"Gillian van den Berg\") | FP | 6 | 125 | 63\\.1% | 4 | 9 | 44\\.4% | | 5 | 3 | | | | | 1 | | |\n| 10 | [Alette Sijbring](/wiki/Alette_Sijbring \"Alette Sijbring\") | FP | 6 | 92 | 46\\.5% | 4 | 18 | 22\\.2% | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | | | | 7 | 2 | 1 |\n| 11 | [Rianne Guichelaar](/wiki/Rianne_Guichelaar \"Rianne Guichelaar\") | FP | 6 | 97 | 49\\.0% | 1 | 13 | 7\\.7% | 1 | 4 | 3 | | | | | 3 | | |\n| 12 | [Simone Koot](/wiki/Simone_Koot \"Simone Koot\") | FP | 6 | 51 | 25\\.8% | 0 | 1 | 0\\.0% | | 2 | 3 | | 0 | 2 | 0\\.0% | | | |\n| 13 | [Meike de Nooy](/wiki/Meike_de_Nooy \"Meike de Nooy\") | GK | 6 | 0 | 0\\.0% | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| Team | | | | | | | | | | 12 | | | | | | | | |\n| Total | | | 6 | 198 | 100% | 57 | 188 | 30\\.3% | 10 | 87 | 44 | 18 | 15 | 26 | 57\\.7% | 48 | 5 | 3 |\n| Against | | | | | | 53 | 159 | 33\\.3% | 16 | 95 | 41 | 26 | 11 | 26 | 42\\.3% | 53 | 3 | 5 |", "", "| CapNo. | Player | Pos | Saves/Shots | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Saves | Shots | % |\n| 1 | [Ilse van der Meijden](/wiki/Ilse_van_der_Meijden \"Ilse van der Meijden\") | GK | 45 | 98 | 45\\.9% |\n| 13 | [Meike de Nooy](/wiki/Meike_de_Nooy \"Meike de Nooy\") | GK | | | |\n| Total | | | 45 | 98 | 45\\.9% |", "Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 \"#Official Results Books (IOC)\") (PDF): 2008 (p. 71\\).", "### 2004 (Italy, 1st title)", "[thumb\\|220px\\|upright\\|Several members of the [Italy women's national water polo team](/wiki/Italy_women%27s_national_water_polo_team \"Italy women's national water polo team\") with Italian President [Carlo Azeglio Ciampi](/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi \"Carlo Azeglio Ciampi\") after winning the Olympic gold in 2004\\.](/wiki/File:Setterosa_Olimpiadi.jpg \"Setterosa Olimpiadi.jpg\")", "* Edition of women's tournament: [2nd](/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Water polo at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\")\n* Host city: {{flagicon\\|Greece}} [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\"), [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\")\n* Number of participating teams: 8\n* Competition format: Round\\-robin pools advanced teams to classification matches\n* Champion: {{wpw\\|Italy}} (1st title; 2nd place in preliminary A group)", "", "| Match | Round | Date | Capcolor | Opponent | Result | Goalsfor | Goalsagainst | Goalsdiff. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Match 1/6 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\\|16 August 2004}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Australia}} | Lost | 5 | 6 | \\-1 |\n| Match 2/6 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\\|18 August 2004}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Greece}} | Won | 7 | 2 | 5 |\n| Match 3/6 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\\|20 August 2004}} | {{color box\\|white\\|border\\=silver}} White | {{wpw\\|Kazakhstan}} | Won | 8 | 6 | 2 |\n| Match 4/6 | Quarter\\-finals | {{dts\\|22 August 2004}} | {{color box\\|white\\|border\\=silver}} White | {{wpw\\|Hungary}} | Won | 8 | 5 | 3 |\n| Match 5/6 | Semi\\-finals | {{dts\\|24 August 2004}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|United States}} | Won | 6 | 5 | 1 |\n| Match 6/6 | Gold medal match | {{dts\\|26 August 2004}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Greece}} | Won | 10 | 9 | 1 |\n| Total | Matches played: 6 • Wins: 5 • Ties: 0 • Defeats: 1 • Win %: 83\\.3% | | | | | 44 | 33 | 11 |", "Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 \"#Official Results Books (IOC)\") (PDF): 2004 (pp. 4, 10, 12, 32, 38, 42\\).", "{{Italy women's water polo squad 2004 Summer Olympics}}", "* Head coach: {{flagicon\\|Italy}} [Pierluigi Formiconi](/wiki/Pierluigi_Formiconi \"Pierluigi Formiconi\") (1st title as head coach)\n* Assistant coach: {{flagicon\\|Italy}} [Mauro Maugeri](/wiki/Mauro_Maugeri \"Mauro Maugeri\")", "", "| \\+ **Roster** |\n| --- |\n| CapNo. | Player | Pos | L/R | Height | Weight | Date of birth | Age ofwinning gold | Olydebut | ISHOFmember |\n| 1 | [Francesca Conti](/wiki/Francesca_Conti \"Francesca Conti\") | GK | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.79\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|71\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|21 May 1972}} | {{ayd\\|21 May 1972\\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | |\n| 2 | [Martina Miceli](/wiki/Martina_Miceli \"Martina Miceli\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.68\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|65\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|22 October 1973}} | {{ayd\\|22 October 1973\\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | |\n| 3 | [Carmela Allucci](/wiki/Carmela_Allucci \"Carmela Allucci\") (C) | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.67\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|60\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|22 January 1970}} | {{ayd\\|22 January 1970\\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | |\n| 4 | [Silvia Bosurgi](/wiki/Silvia_Bosurgi \"Silvia Bosurgi\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.65\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|61\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|17 April 1979}} | {{ayd\\|17 April 1979\\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | |\n| 5 | [Elena Gigli](/wiki/Elena_Gigli \"Elena Gigli\") | GK | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.90\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|70\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|9 July 1985}} | {{ayd\\|9 July 1985\\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | |\n| 6 | [Emanuela Zanchi](/wiki/Emanuela_Zanchi \"Emanuela Zanchi\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.83\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|65\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|17 October 1977}} | {{ayd\\|17 October 1977\\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | |\n| 7 | [Tania Di Mario](/wiki/Tania_Di_Mario \"Tania Di Mario\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.67\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|59\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|4 May 1979}} | {{ayd\\|4 May 1979\\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | |\n| 8 | [Cinzia Ragusa](/wiki/Cinzia_Ragusa \"Cinzia Ragusa\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.72\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|70\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|24 May 1977}} | {{ayd\\|24 May 1977\\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | |\n| 9 | [Giusi Malato](/wiki/Giusi_Malato \"Giusi Malato\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.70\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|77\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|9 July 1971}} | {{ayd\\|9 July 1971\\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | |\n| 10 | [Alexandra Araújo](/wiki/Alexandra_Ara%C3%BAjo \"Alexandra Araújo\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.67\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|67\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|13 July 1972}} | {{ayd\\|13 July 1972\\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | |\n| 11 | [Maddalena Musumeci](/wiki/Maddalena_Musumeci \"Maddalena Musumeci\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.70\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|63\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|26 March 1976}} | {{ayd\\|26 March 1976\\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | |\n| 12 | [Melania Grego](/wiki/Melania_Grego \"Melania Grego\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.71\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|72\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|19 June 1973}} | {{ayd\\|19 June 1973\\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | |\n| 13 | [Noémi Tóth](/wiki/No%C3%A9mi_T%C3%B3th \"Noémi Tóth\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.80\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|67\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|7 June 1976}} | {{ayd\\|7 June 1976\\|26 August 2004}} | Yes | |\n| Average | | | | {{cvt\\|1\\.73\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|67\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|30 October 1975}} | {{ayd\\|30 October 1975\\|26 August 2004}} | | |\n| Coach | [Pierluigi Formiconi](/wiki/Pierluigi_Formiconi \"Pierluigi Formiconi\") | | | | | | | | |", "Sources:\n* [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 \"#Official Results Books (IOC)\") (PDF): 2004 (p. 73\\);\n* [ISHOF](/wiki/%23ISHOF \"#ISHOF\").", "Abbreviation\n{{div col}}\n* MP – Matches played\n* Min – Minutes\n* G – Goals\n* Sh – Shots\n* AS – Assists\n* TF – Turnover fouls\n* ST – Steals\n* BL – Blocked shots\n* SP – Sprints\n* 20S – 20 seconds exclusion\n* Pen – Penalty\n* EX – Exclusion\n{{div col end}}", "", "| \\+ **Statistics** |\n| --- |\n| CapNo. | Player | Pos | MP | Minutes played | | Goals/Shots | | | AS | TF | ST | BL | Sprints | | | Personal fouls | | |\n| Min | % | G | Sh | % | Won | SP | % | 20S | Pen | EX |\n| 1 | [Francesca Conti](/wiki/Francesca_Conti \"Francesca Conti\") | GK | 6 | 172 | 98\\.9% | | | | | 1 | 2 | | | | | | | |\n| 2 | [Martina Miceli](/wiki/Martina_Miceli \"Martina Miceli\") | FP | 6 | 170 | 97\\.7% | 9 | 25 | 36\\.0% | 2 | 4 | 8 | 4 | | | | 5 | 1 | 1 |\n| 3 | [Carmela Allucci](/wiki/Carmela_Allucci \"Carmela Allucci\") (C) | FP | 6 | 83 | 47\\.7% | 1 | 8 | 12\\.5% | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | | | | 3 | | |\n| 4 | [Silvia Bosurgi](/wiki/Silvia_Bosurgi \"Silvia Bosurgi\") | FP | 6 | 40 | 23\\.0% | 2 | 7 | 28\\.6% | 1 | 1 | | | | | | 3 | | |\n| 5 | [Elena Gigli](/wiki/Elena_Gigli \"Elena Gigli\") | GK | 6 | 2 | 1\\.1% | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| 6 | [Emanuela Zanchi](/wiki/Emanuela_Zanchi \"Emanuela Zanchi\") | FP | 6 | 163 | 93\\.7% | 4 | 10 | 40\\.0% | | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 10 | 20\\.0% | 6 | | |\n| 7 | [Tania Di Mario](/wiki/Tania_Di_Mario \"Tania Di Mario\") | FP | 6 | 145 | 83\\.3% | 14 | 27 | 51\\.9% | 5 | 12 | | | 7 | 16 | 43\\.8% | 7 | | 1 |\n| 8 | [Cinzia Ragusa](/wiki/Cinzia_Ragusa \"Cinzia Ragusa\") | FP | 6 | 82 | 47\\.1% | 2 | 4 | 50\\.0% | | 3 | 1 | 3 | | | | 6 | | |\n| 9 | [Giusi Malato](/wiki/Giusi_Malato \"Giusi Malato\") | FP | 6 | 119 | 68\\.4% | 3 | 13 | 23\\.1% | 1 | 20 | 3 | 1 | | | | 4 | | |\n| 10 | [Alexandra Araújo](/wiki/Alexandra_Ara%C3%BAjo \"Alexandra Araújo\") | FP | 6 | 55 | 31\\.6% | 2 | 5 | 40\\.0% | | 7 | 1 | | | | | 3 | | |\n| 11 | [Maddalena Musumeci](/wiki/Maddalena_Musumeci \"Maddalena Musumeci\") | FP | 6 | 66 | 37\\.9% | 2 | 3 | 66\\.7% | | 3 | 3 | | | | | 8 | | 1 |\n| 12 | [Melania Grego](/wiki/Melania_Grego \"Melania Grego\") | FP | 6 | 83 | 47\\.7% | 4 | 14 | 28\\.6% | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | | | 8 | | 1 |\n| 13 | [Noémi Tóth](/wiki/No%C3%A9mi_T%C3%B3th \"Noémi Tóth\") | FP | 6 | 39 | 22\\.4% | 1 | 5 | 20\\.0% | | 1 | | | | | | 3 | | |\n| Total | | | 6 | 174 | 100% | 44 | 121 | 36\\.4% | 13 | 59 | 25 | 12 | 9 | 26 | 34\\.6% | 56 | 1 | 4 |\n| Against | | | | | | 33 | 129 | 25\\.6% | 5 | 45 | 42 | 16 | 17 | 26 | 65\\.4% | 49 | 3 | 5 |", "", "| CapNo. | Player | Pos | Saves/Shots | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Saves | Shots | % |\n| 1 | [Francesca Conti](/wiki/Francesca_Conti \"Francesca Conti\") | GK | 39 | 72 | 54\\.2% |\n| 5 | [Elena Gigli](/wiki/Elena_Gigli \"Elena Gigli\") | GK | | | |\n| Total | | | 39 | 72 | 54\\.2% |", "Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 \"#Official Results Books (IOC)\") (PDF): 2004 (p. 72\\).", "### 2000 (Australia, 1st title)", "\\* Edition of women's tournament: [1st](/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Water polo at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\")\n* Host city: {{flagicon\\|Australia}} [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\")\n* Number of participating teams: 6\n* Competition format: Round\\-robin pools advanced teams to classification matches\n* Champion: {{wpw\\|Australia}} (1st title; 1st place in preliminary A group)", "", "| Match | Round | Date | Capcolor | Opponent | Result | Goalsfor | Goalsagainst | Goalsdiff. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Match 1/7 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\\|16 September 2000}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Kazakhstan}} | Won | 9 | 2 | 7 |\n| Match 2/7 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\\|17 September 2000}} | {{color box\\|white\\|border\\=silver}} White | {{wpw\\|Russia}} | Won | 6 | 3 | 3 |\n| Match 3/7 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\\|18 September 2000}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Netherlands}} | Lost | 4 | 5 | \\-1 |\n| Match 4/7 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\\|19 September 2000}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|United States}} | Won | 7 | 6 | 1 |\n| Match 5/7 | Preliminary round – Group A | {{dts\\|20 September 2000}} | {{color box\\|blue\\|border\\=silver}} Blue | {{wpw\\|Canada}} | Won | 9 | 4 | 5 |\n| Match 6/7 | Semi\\-finals | {{dts\\|22 September 2000}} | {{color box\\|white\\|border\\=silver}} White | {{wpw\\|Russia}} | Won | 7 | 6 | 1 |\n| Match 7/7 | Gold medal match | {{dts\\|23 September 2000}} | {{color box\\|white\\|border\\=silver}} White | {{wpw\\|United States}} | Won | 4 | 3 | 1 |\n| Total | Matches played: 7 • Wins: 6 • Ties: 0 • Defeats: 1 • Win %: 85\\.7% | | | | | 46 | 29 | 17 |", "Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 \"#Official Results Books (IOC)\") (PDF): 2000 (pp. 103, 106, 108, 111, 115, 119, 121\\).", "{{Australia women's water polo squad 2000 Summer Olympics}}", "* Head coach: {{flagicon\\|Hungary}} [István Görgényi](/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_G%C3%B6rg%C3%A9nyi \"István Görgényi\") (1st title as head coach)", "", "| \\+ **Roster** |\n| --- |\n| CapNo. | Player | Pos | L/R | Height | Weight | Date of birth | Age ofwinning gold | Olydebut | ISHOFmember |\n| 1 | [Liz Weekes](/wiki/Liz_Weekes \"Liz Weekes\") | GK | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.80\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|68\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|22 September 1971}} | {{ayd\\|22 September 1971\\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | |\n| 2 | [Yvette Higgins](/wiki/Yvette_Higgins \"Yvette Higgins\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.73\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|73\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|5 January 1978}} | {{ayd\\|5 January 1978\\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | |\n| 3 | [Gail Miller](/wiki/Gail_Miller_%28water_polo%29 \"Gail Miller (water polo)\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.80\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|65\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|30 November 1976}} | {{ayd\\|30 November 1976\\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | |\n| 4 | [Naomi Castle](/wiki/Naomi_Castle \"Naomi Castle\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.80\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|72\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|29 May 1974}} | {{ayd\\|29 May 1974\\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | |\n| 5 | [Bronwyn Mayer](/wiki/Bronwyn_Mayer \"Bronwyn Mayer\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.76\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|65\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|3 July 1974}} | {{ayd\\|3 July 1974\\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | |\n| 6 | [Simone Hankin](/wiki/Simone_Hankin \"Simone Hankin\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.82\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|80\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|28 February 1973}} | {{ayd\\|28 February 1973\\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | |\n| 7 | [Danielle Woodhouse](/wiki/Danielle_Woodhouse \"Danielle Woodhouse\") | GK | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.73\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|68\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|23 January 1969}} | {{ayd\\|23 January 1969\\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | |\n| 8 | [Kate Hooper](/wiki/Kate_Hooper \"Kate Hooper\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.77\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|73\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|26 February 1978}} | {{ayd\\|26 February 1978\\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | |\n| 9 | [Debbie Watson](/wiki/Debbie_Watson_%28water_polo%29 \"Debbie Watson (water polo)\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.78\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|71\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|28 September 1965}} | {{ayd\\|28 September 1965\\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | 2008 |\n| 10 | [Taryn Woods](/wiki/Taryn_Woods \"Taryn Woods\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.75\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|76\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|12 August 1975}} | {{ayd\\|12 August 1975\\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | |\n| 11 | [Bridgette Gusterson](/wiki/Bridgette_Gusterson \"Bridgette Gusterson\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.80\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|74\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|7 February 1973}} | {{ayd\\|7 February 1973\\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | 2017 |\n| 12 | [Joanne Fox](/wiki/Joanne_Fox \"Joanne Fox\") | FP | L | {{cvt\\|1\\.82\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|72\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|12 June 1979}} | {{ayd\\|12 June 1979\\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | |\n| 13 | [Melissa Mills](/wiki/Melissa_Byram \"Melissa Byram\") | FP | R | {{cvt\\|1\\.80\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|67\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|26 December 1973}} | {{ayd\\|26 December 1973\\|23 September 2000}} | Yes | |\n| Average | | | | {{cvt\\|1\\.78\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | {{cvt\\|71\\|kg\\|lb\\|0}} | {{dts\\|21 February 1974}} | {{ayd\\|21 February 1974\\|23 September 2000}} | | |\n| Coach | [István Görgényi](/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_G%C3%B6rg%C3%A9nyi \"István Görgényi\") | | | {{cvt\\|1\\.87\\|m\\|ftin\\|0}} | | {{dts\\|2 November 1946}} | {{ayd\\|2 November 1946\\|23 September 2000}} | | |", "Note: [Bridgette Gusterson](/wiki/Bridgette_Gusterson \"Bridgette Gusterson\") and [Danielle Woodhouse](/wiki/Danielle_Woodhouse \"Danielle Woodhouse\") are sisters; [Bronwyn Mayer](/wiki/Bronwyn_Mayer \"Bronwyn Mayer\") and [Taryn Woods](/wiki/Taryn_Woods \"Taryn Woods\") are cousins.", "Sources:\n* [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 \"#Official Results Books (IOC)\") (PDF): 2000 (p. 96\\);\n* [Olympedia](/wiki/%23Olympedia \"#Olympedia\"): 2000 (women's tournament);\n* [ISHOF](/wiki/%23ISHOF \"#ISHOF\").", "Abbreviation\n{{div col}}\n* MP – Matches played\n* G – Goals\n* Sh – Shots\n* AS – Assists\n* TF – Turnover fouls\n* ST – Steals\n* BL – Blocked shots\n* SP – Sprints\n* 20S – 20 seconds exclusion\n* Pen – Penalty\n* EX – Exclusion\n{{div col end}}", "", "| \\+ **Statistics** |\n| --- |\n| CapNo. | Player | Pos | MP | Goals/Shots | | | AS | TF | ST | BL | Sprints | | | Personal fouls | | |\n| G | Sh | % | Won | SP | % | 20S | Pen | EX |\n| 1 | [Liz Weekes](/wiki/Liz_Weekes \"Liz Weekes\") | GK | 7 | | | | | | 3 | | | | | | | |\n| 2 | [Yvette Higgins](/wiki/Yvette_Higgins \"Yvette Higgins\") | FP | 7 | 8 | 18 | 44\\.4% | 3 | 5 | 2 | | | | | 2 | | |\n| 3 | [Gail Miller](/wiki/Gail_Miller_%28water_polo%29 \"Gail Miller (water polo)\") | FP | 7 | 2 | 4 | 50\\.0% | | 3 | 9 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 80\\.0% | 3 | | |\n| 4 | [Naomi Castle](/wiki/Naomi_Castle \"Naomi Castle\") | FP | 7 | 3 | 22 | 13\\.6% | 6 | 2 | 15 | 3 | | | | 8 | | |\n| 5 | [Bronwyn Mayer](/wiki/Bronwyn_Mayer \"Bronwyn Mayer\") | FP | 7 | 6 | 11 | 54\\.5% | 3 | 3 | 9 | | 6 | 8 | 75\\.0% | 3 | | |\n| 6 | [Simone Hankin](/wiki/Simone_Hankin \"Simone Hankin\") | FP | 7 | 4 | 18 | 22\\.2% | 3 | 8 | 6 | | | | | 7 | | |\n| 7 | [Danielle Woodhouse](/wiki/Danielle_Woodhouse \"Danielle Woodhouse\") | GK | 7 | | | | | | 1 | | | | | | | |\n| 8 | [Kate Hooper](/wiki/Kate_Hooper \"Kate Hooper\") | FP | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| 9 | [Debbie Watson](/wiki/Debbie_Watson_%28water_polo%29 \"Debbie Watson (water polo)\") | FP | 7 | 3 | 10 | 30\\.0% | 1 | 2 | 6 | 3 | | | | 4 | | |\n| 10 | [Taryn Woods](/wiki/Taryn_Woods \"Taryn Woods\") | FP | 7 | 3 | 22 | 13\\.6% | 1 | 1 | 4 | | | | | 10 | | |\n| 11 | [Bridgette Gusterson](/wiki/Bridgette_Gusterson \"Bridgette Gusterson\") | FP | 7 | 11 | 30 | 36\\.7% | 6 | 4 | 3 | | | | | 3 | | |\n| 12 | [Joanne Fox](/wiki/Joanne_Fox \"Joanne Fox\") | FP | 7 | 2 | 10 | 20\\.0% | 2 | | 9 | 2 | | | | 9 | | |\n| 13 | [Melissa Mills](/wiki/Melissa_Byram \"Melissa Byram\") | FP | 7 | 4 | 16 | 25\\.0% | 5 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 14 | 15 | 93\\.3% | 3 | | |\n| Total | | | 7 | 46 | 161 | 28\\.6% | 30 | 29 | 72 | 12 | 24 | 28 | 85\\.7% | 52 | 0 | 0 |\n| Against | | | | 29 | 116 | 25\\.0% | 12 | 43 | 50 | 10 | 4 | 28 | 14\\.3% | 51 | 5 | 0 |", "", "| CapNo. | Player | Pos | Saves/Shots | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Saves | Shots | % |\n| 1 | [Liz Weekes](/wiki/Liz_Weekes \"Liz Weekes\") | GK | 21 | 46 | 45\\.7% |\n| 7 | [Danielle Woodhouse](/wiki/Danielle_Woodhouse \"Danielle Woodhouse\") | GK | 11 | 15 | 73\\.3% |\n| Total | | | 32 | 61 | 52\\.5% |", "Source: [Official Results Books](/wiki/%23Official_Results_Books_%28IOC%29 \"#Official Results Books (IOC)\") (PDF): 2000 (p. 96\\).", "" ]
Episodes -------- {{Episode table\|overall\=\|title\=\|airdate\=\|viewers\=\|country\=South Korea\|released\=y\|episodes\= {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 1 \| Title \= Extraordinary Attorney Woo \| TranslitTitle \= Isanghan Byeonhosa U\-yeong\-u \| NativeTitle \= 이상한 변호사 우영우 \| NativeTitleLangCode \= ko \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2022\|06\|29}} \| Viewers \= N/A \| ShortSummary \= In 2000, Woo Young\-woo is a seemingly \[\[nonverbal autism\|nonverbal]] child on the autism spectrum. When her father, Woo Gwang\-ho, is attacked by a neighbor's jealous husband, she finally speaks—citing definitions of assault memorized from her father's legal library. Twenty\-two years later, Young\-woo has graduated from \[\[Seoul National University]] at the top of her class and begins her first day at the Hanbada law firm. Senior attorney Jung Myung\-seok does not want the awkward newcomer on his team, but CEO Han Seon\-young agrees that he can dismiss Young\-woo if she mishandles her first case: defending her childhood neighbor, charged with attempting to murder her husband. Though a plea bargain for attempted murder has been set, Young\-woo realizes this would invalidate the defendant's pension and leave her homeless. The short\-tempered husband dies after cross\-examination from Young\-woo, who extracts testimony from a medical expert that he could have suffered from an underlying \[\[subdural hematoma]]. The charge is reduced to assault, and the defendant receives probation, with her pension and home intact. Young\-woo is aided in her new job by her colleague Lee Jun\-ho, navigating everyday obstacles like their office building's \[\[revolving door]]. }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 2 \| Title \= The Wedding Dress That Slipped Off \| TranslitTitle \= Heulleonaerin Wedingdeureseu \| NativeTitle \= 흘러내린 웨딩드레스 \| NativeTitleLangCode \= ko \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2022\|06\|30}} \| Viewers \= 0\.396 \| ShortSummary \= At her lavish wedding prepared by the Daehyeon Hotel, bride Kim Hwa\-young trips on her dress, exposing herself and her tattoo of the \[\[Korean Buddhism\|Buddha]]. Humiliated, her father, Kim Jeong\-gu, rejects his lawyers' advice to accept the hotel's generous refund and hires Hanbada instead. Determined to outdo rival law firm Taesan, Seon\-young agrees to pursue {{SK won\|1 billion}} in compensation. A wedding gift to the bride's family of land worth {{SK won\|33\.2 billion}} will not occur due to the botched wedding, which Young\-woo suggests entitles Jeong\-gu to \[\[Consequential damages\|special damages]], despite his daughter's unhappiness with the arranged marriage. Posing as a couple to investigate the hotel's wedding business, Jun\-ho sees Young\-woo in a different light after she tries on a wedding dress. He enlists a bridal assistant from the hotel to testify that Hwa\-young's dress was switched for a looser\-fitting version. As the actual aggrieved party, Hwa\-young withdraws the lawsuit, telling her father she is in fact a Buddhist and revealing her true love, her girlfriend. Young\-woo comes to the attention of Taesan's CEO, Tae Soo\-mi. }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 3 \| Title \= This Is \[\[Pengsoo]] \| TranslitTitle \= Pengsuro Hagesseumnida \| NativeTitle \= \[\[:ko:펭수\|펭수]]로 하겠습니다 \| NativeTitleLangCode \= ko \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2022\|07\|06}} \| Viewers \= 1\.069 \| ShortSummary \= Kim Jeong\-hoon, a young \[\[Severe autism\|severely autistic]] man, is discovered apparently attacking his older brother, a brilliant medical student who dies intoxicated with mysteriously broken ribs. Their father, a Hanbada client, asks the firm to handle Jeong\-hoon's defense. Young\-woo, following her father's advice on getting through to her as a child, tries to communicate with Jeong\-hoon through his love of \[\[Pengsoo]]. Young\-woo and Jun\-ho find evidence that the older brother tried to hang himself, but his parents refuse to accept that he was suicidal. The prosecution uses Young\-woo's high\-functioning autism to argue against the defendant's \[\[diminished capacity]]. Young\-woo is removed from the case, despite Myung\-seok's protests, and the case is reassigned to his rival. In her office, Young\-woo appears to attempt to hang herself but is saved by Jun\-ho. She realizes that Jeong\-hoon attempted to save his brother in the same way, breaking the deceased's ribs in the fall and by trying to perform \[\[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation\|CPR]]. The charges are reduced to bodily injury, and Jeong\-hoon is ruled mentally incompetent; a disenchanted Young\-woo resigns from Hanbada. }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 4 \| Title \= The Strife of the Three Brothers \| TranslitTitle \= Samhyeongje\-ui Nan \| NativeTitle \= 삼형제의 난 \| NativeTitleLangCode \= ko \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2022\|07\|07}} \| Viewers \= 1\.391 \| ShortSummary \= Dong Dong\-sam, the father of Young\-woo's best friend, Dong Geu\-ra\-mi, inherits land from his late father worth {{SK won\|10 billion}}. His older brothers pressure and deceive him into signing an agreement giving him only 20% but making him solely responsible for all taxes, which leaves him ₩260 million in debt. Young\-woo no longer considers herself an attorney but agrees to help as a personal favor. An eavesdropping neighbor overheard the brothers intimidate Dong\-sam but changes his story in court. Young\-woo advises Geu\-ra\-mi to create a drunken scene at her grandfather's memorial, leading her uncles to attack her and her father, which invokes a section of the civil code that invalidates the agreement. Dong\-sam is entitled to the entire inheritance but, after apologies from his brothers, agrees to divide the inheritance equally. Geu\-ra\-mi urges Jun\-ho to confess his feelings for Young\-woo. Myung\-seok kindly chooses "not to process" Young\-woo's resignation, and she rejoins the firm. }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 5 \| Title \= Wild Card VS Tactician \| TranslitTitle \= Udangtangtang VS Gwonmosulsu \| NativeTitle \= 우당탕탕 VS 권모술수 \| NativeTitleLangCode \= ko \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2022\|07\|13}} \| Viewers \= 2\.565 \| ShortSummary \= Hanbada is hired by ATM manufacturer Ihwa, who accuses rival company Geumgang of copying their technology, which Geumgang claims is an \[\[open\-design movement\|open\-source design]] Ihwa is fraudulently trying to patent. "Wild card" Young\-woo leads the case alongside her competitive colleague, "tactician" Kwon Min\-woo, who openly sabotages her. Geu\-ra\-mi and Jun\-ho advise Young\-woo how to detect when people are lying. Imha's convincing false testimony results in an injunction against Geumgang. Young\-woo shows Min\-woo a letter from the head of Geumgang begging her to pursue the truth as an honorable attorney, but he reminds her that their duty is to win for their client. Geumgang tracks down the last remaining ATM from a defunct company that used the same design, proving the technology pre\-dated Imha's patent. The injunction is lifted, but Imha has already taken over Geumgang's contracts and ruined their business. Young\-woo displays the letter on the wall of her office as a reminder to herself. As a candidate for \[\[Ministry of Justice (South Korea)\|Minister of Justice]], Tae Soo\-mi denies rumors that she had a child out of wedlock. }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 6 \| Title \= If I Were a Whale.. \| TranslitTitle \= Naega Gorae\-yeotdamyeon.. \| NativeTitle \= 내가 고래였다면.. \| NativeTitleLangCode \= ko \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2022\|07\|14}} \| Viewers \= 2\.529 \| ShortSummary \= Young\-woo and her colleague Choi Soo\-yeon become emotionally invested in defending Gye Hyang\-sim, a \[\[North Korean defector]]. Five years earlier, she was arrested after demanding money from a badly beaten debtor but fled to care for her young daughter and has now come forward to accept punishment. A drunken miscommunication leads Min\-woo to mistakenly tell Soo\-yeon that Jun\-ho has feelings for her. Arguing that the victim's wounds were caused by her abusive husband, Young\-woo questions the doctor who examined her, who admits his bias against defectors. Young\-woo argues that under North Korean law, the defendant would be guilty of a lesser crime, but Hyang\-sim confesses that she intended to get the money at any cost. While the jury deliberates, Young\-woo and Soo\-yeon sneak into the judge's chambers with a final plea for leniency. Telling Soo\-yeon about mother whales' bond with their children, Young\-woo struggles with her own mother's abandonment. The jury unanimously sentences Hyang\-sim to four years in prison, but the judge imposes probation instead, in light of her honest confession. Shopping with Soo\-yeon, Young\-woo nearly crosses paths with Tae Soo\-mi. }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 7 \| Title \= A Tale About Sodeok\-Dong I \| TranslitTitle \= Sodeokdong I\-yagi I \| NativeTitle \= 소덕동 이야기 I \| NativeTitleLangCode \= ko \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2022\|07\|20}} \| Viewers \= 2\.971 \| ShortSummary \= The villagers of Sodeok\-dong are distressed by plans for a highway that would cut through town. The head of Sodeok\-dong convinces Myung\-seok's team to handle the lawsuit against the construction after bringing them to see the colorful village. Taesan is hired as opposing counsel, led by Tae Soo\-mi herself. She and Young\-woo are impressed by each other, upsetting Young\-woo's father. He accuses Han Seon\-young of hiring Young\-woo as a pawn in her rivalry with Soo\-mi, who Young\-woo is unaware is her mother. Despite Soo\-mi's flashy presentations, Young\-woo's \[\[eidetic memory]] proves that the highway plans were finalized before a required environmental impact study, and the judge is persuaded to visit Sodeok\-dong himself. Soo\-yeon urges Young\-woo and Jun\-ho to face their feelings for each other. Young\-woo's father tells her that he and Seon\-young were friends in law school, and that she hired Young\-woo at his request. Deeply hurt, Young\-woo leaves home. Min\-woo, frustrated by what he perceives as Young\-woo's "special treatment", writes an anonymous post on Hanbada's website about the company's "corrupt hiring practices". }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 8 \| Title \= A Tale About Sodeok\-Dong II \| TranslitTitle \= Sodeokdong I\-yagi II \| NativeTitle \= 소덕동 이야기 II \| NativeTitleLangCode \= ko \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2022\|07\|21}} \| Viewers \= 3\.404 \| ShortSummary \= Despite gossip about Young\-woo and \[\[nepotism]], Soo\-yeon defends her to Min\-woo and the rest of the firm. At the judge's on\-site verification, Sodeok\-dong's appeal is dampened by rain. Taesan has already convinced residents to sign consent forms for construction by suggesting potentially higher compensation. The judge will dismiss the lawsuit if most of the residents consent, leading Taesan to flood the village with interns collecting signatures. Soo\-mi offers Young\-woo a job with Taesan, further frustrating Min\-woo. Young\-woo tells her father that she has decided to move out and join Taesan, and he reveals that Soo\-mi is her mother. Overwhelmed, Young\-woo collapses, and her father tells her the truth: he and Soo\-mi met in law school, but she rejected him when she became pregnant. After she gave birth, he dropped out to raise Young\-woo by himself. Learning that Sodeok\-dong's prized \[\[celtis\|hackberry tree]] was prevented from being considered a \[\[Natural monuments of South Korea\|natural monument]], Young\-woo secures the tree's protected status, ending construction and uniting the village. Revealing to Soo\-mi that she is her daughter, Young\-woo declines her offer. }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber \= 9 \|Title \= The Pied Piper \| TranslitTitle \= Piribuneun Sana\-i \| NativeTitle \= 피리부는 사나이 \| NativeTitleLangCode \= ko \|OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2022\|07\|27}} \| Viewers \= 4\.068 \|ShortSummary \= Young\-woo defends an eccentric young man who has adopted the humorous name "Bang Gu\-ppong" (which can be translated as "fart") and is charged with kidnapping a busload of children who were supposed to attend his mother's ''\[\[hagwon]]''. Instead, Gu\-ppong—self\-declared leader of the "Children's Liberation Army"— took them into the woods to play. Jun\-ho and Young\-woo learn the children are forced to study all day and night, prompting Gu\-ppong to try to free them of the intense pressure from parents and schools. A heartfelt plea from Gu\-ppong's mother convinces the children's mothers not to pursue a lawsuit. Abandoning her team's plan to deem Gu\-ppong mentally unfit, Young\-woo helps him declare his philosophy of play as a "political offender". Myung\-seok chastises Min\-woo for antagonizing Young\-woo. The mothers agree to let their children attend the trial, where Gu\-ppong leads them in a joyous recitation of his motto: play, be healthy, and be happy. Young\-woo struggles to demonstrate her affection for Jun\-ho, and they finally confess their feelings for each other, but she runs away. Visiting Gwang\-ho, Soo\-mi is secretly photographed by a reporter who connects her to Young\-woo. }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber \= 10 \|Title \= Holding Hands Can Wait \| TranslitTitle \= Sonjapgineun Da\-eum\-e \| NativeTitle \= 손잡기는 다음에 \| NativeTitleLangCode \= ko \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2022\|07\|28}} \| Viewers \= 4\.030 \| ShortSummary \= Young\-woo intervenes when a young man, Yang Jeong\-il, is arrested on the subway. Charged with \[\[Sexual consent in law\#South Korea\|quasi\-rape]] of Shin Hye\-yeong, a woman with intellectual disabilities, Jeong\-il claims that he and Hye\-yeong are in a loving relationship, and Young\-woo agrees to defend him. Jeong\-il's affectionate texts with Hye\-yeong are contradicted by her statement to the police. After meeting Young\-woo without her overprotective mother, Hye\-yeong testifies that the relationship was consensual, but the prosecution asserts that the sexual encounter drove her to self\-harm. The jury finds Jeong\-il not guilty of sexual assault, but the judge sentences him to two years in prison as a sex offender. Young\-woo sets Soo\-yeon up on an unsuccessful date with Kim Min\-shik, Geu\-ra\-mi's boss. Young\-woo and Jun\-ho work toward becoming an official couple, an endeavor complicated by Young\-woo's aversion to touch and judgement from Jun\-ho's friends, and they share their first kiss. Soo\-mi presents Gwang\-ho with an offer for Young\-woo to join Taesan's Boston branch, near numerous autism specialists, but he angrily throws her out. }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 11 \| Title \= Mr. Salt, Ms. Pepper, and Attorney Soy Sauce \| TranslitTitle \= Sogeumgun Huchu\-yang Ganjangbyeonhosa \| NativeTitle \= 소금군 후추양 간장변호사 \| NativeTitleLangCode \= ko \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2022\|08\|03}} \| Viewers \= 3\.788 \| ShortSummary \= Hanbada is hired by Shin Il\-soo, who bought lottery tickets with two gambling buddies, one of whom reneged on their promise to split the winnings after his ticket won the {{SK won\|6 billion}} jackpot. A casino employee witnessed their agreement to share the prize but is unwilling to testify as an undocumented immigrant. Il\-soo persuades employee Choi Da\-hae to testify about the agreement instead, and the judge rules that the prize must be shared between the three men. Young\-woo realizes Il\-soo is having an affair with Da\-hae and plans to divorce his wife, Sung Soo\-ji. Young\-woo and Jun\-ho try to warn Soo\-ji without violating \[\[attorney\-client privilege]], but her abusive husband is killed in a car accident, and she inherits his prize money. Soo\-yeon's new boyfriend is revealed to be a con artist preying on women with elite jobs, and Young\-woo finds herself thinking about Jun\-ho as often as she does about whales. Deducing the truth about Young\-woo's mother, Min\-woo blackmails Soo\-mi, who agrees to hire him at Taesan if he can force Young\-woo out of Hanbada. }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 12 \| Title \= Yangtze River Dolphin{{Efn\-ua\|The title of the episode is a reference to the endangered species of dolphins called the \[\[Baiji\|Yangtze River Dolphin]], which is used as a metaphor for attorneys fighting for people's rights.}} \| TranslitTitle \= Yangjjeugang Dolgorae \| NativeTitle \= 양쯔강 돌고래 \| NativeTitleLangCode \= ko \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2022\|08\|04}} \| Viewers \= 4\.103 \| ShortSummary \= Myung\-seok's team defends an insurance company in a gender discrimination case. Faced with downsizing, the company had employed 112 married couples and threatened the husbands' jobs if their wives did not resign instead, persuading most married women to quit. Activist attorney Ryu Jae\-sook represents the only two women willing to take on the company, and her belief in an attorney's duty to protect vulnerable people leaves Young\-woo conflicted. Exploiting this, Min\-woo tries to frame Young\-woo by sending Jae\-sook damaging Hanbada documents, but she is protected by Jae\-sook's goodwill. Jae\-sook submits evidence that the company's \[\[human resources]] manager was directly ordered to force female employees to resign; nevertheless, the judge dismisses the plaintiffs' claims of discrimination. Undeterred, Jae\-sook invites Young\-woo and Soo\-yeon to a rooftop party with her and the plaintiffs, and returns the documents. Gwang\-ho confronts Young\-woo after seeing her kiss Jun\-ho, who is hurt that she does not already consider them to be a couple. Myung\-seok grows paranoid when a murderer he defended is on the loose. The man is caught, but Myung\-seok finds himself coughing up blood. }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 13 \| Title \= The Blue Night of Jeju I \| TranslitTitle \= Jejudo\-ui Pureunbam I \| NativeTitle \= 제주도의 푸른밤 I \| NativeTitleLangCode \= ko \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2022\|08\|10}} \| Viewers \= 3\.634 \| ShortSummary \= Myung\-seok decides to visit a doctor after the events of the previous episode. The Hanbada team soon head to Jeju Island, along with Dong Geu\-ra\-mi and Kim Min\-sik, after Young\-woo accepts a case involving her landlady's father being charged an admission fee for being in the area of a local heritage site there, a temple called Hwangjisa, even though he had no intention to visit. As the case develops, Myung\-seok is saddened to see that his beloved Haengbok Noodle shop has closed down and later reveals to his coworkers how his overworking nature, typified by his honeymoon on Jeju Island, eventually caused his wife, Ji\-su, to leave him. The team visits the temple, guided by the cheerful abbot. Jun\-ho and Young\-woo also visit the former's sister, Seung\-hui, and her husband, with Seung\-hui expressing disapproval over Young\-woo. During the second day of court proceedings, Myung\-seok clutches his stomach in pain and collapses on the floor, to everyone's shock. }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 14 \| Title \= The Blue Night of Jeju II \| TranslitTitle \= Jejudo\-ui Pureunbam II \| NativeTitle \= 제주도의 푸른밤 II \| NativeTitleLangCode \= ko \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2022\|08\|11}} \| Viewers \= 3\.885 \| ShortSummary \= At the hospital, the other lawyers learn that Myung\-seok has been diagnosed with stage III stomach cancer. The Hanbada team decides to find the owner of Haengbok Noodles at Young\-woo's suggestion but are unable to make meaningful progress. Ji\-su visits Myung\-seok in the hospital, exasperated that he has not changed despite not seeing her in five years. After speaking with Ji\-su, Young\-woo doubts that she would be able to make Jun\-ho happy and initiates a breakup. The trial concludes with Hanbada's victory and the closure of the admission fee booth. The team visits the abbot again at Hwangjisa, who bears Hanbada no grudges and prays for Myung\-seok's well\-being. They accept the abbot's invitation for lunch and find out that Haengbok's owner has taken up residence at Hwangjisa as their ''gongyangju'' (cook). The team helps him reopen Haengbok via the proper legal channels, before returning to Seoul. Back in her office, Han Seon\-young meets reporter Lee Jun\-beom and confirms his suspicions of Young\-woo of being Tae Soo\-mi's daughter. She promises to tell him everything he wants to know, under the condition that he publishes the article right before Soo\-mi's confirmation hearing as minister of justice. }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 15 \| Title \= Saying and Doing Things Not Asked \| TranslitTitle \= Mutji Anh\-eun Mal, Sikiji Anh\-eun Il \| NativeTitle \= 묻지 않은 말, 시키지 않은 일 \| NativeTitleLangCode \= ko \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2022\|08\|17}} \| Viewers \= 3\.722 \| ShortSummary \= An employee working at Raon becomes the victim of spear phishing from an unknown hacker. As a result, millions of users' financial records are compromised. Jang Seung\-jun takes the place of Myung\-seok as leading attorney on the case, as the latter recuperates from surgery. However, he is dismissive of Young\-woo and proves incompetent on the first day of court proceedings to the point of displeasing Han Seon\-young. The CEO of Raon, In\-cheol, tries to bribe the judge with Seung\-jun, but the move backfires. Visiting Myeong\-seok in the hospital, Young\-woo is advised by him to lie low and confide in her peers. The next day, In\-cheol ingests cyanide and is rushed to the hospital. The Hanbada team is swarmed by reporters. Seung\-jun abandons his coworkers and flees. Without him, they regroup at Hairy's Pub, where Young\-woo realizes a crucial fact about the hacking. The team brings new information to Seung\-jun, who loses his temper at Young\-woo, kicking her off the case. However, Su\-yeon keeps what Young\-woo said in mind and goes against Seung\-jun's arguments. Min\-woo follows up, leaving a good impression on the judge. Raon wins the first lawsuit. In the ending scene, it is revealed that the hacker is Tae Soo\-mi's son, Choi Sang\-hyeon. }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 16 \| Title \= Though Unusual and Peculiar \| TranslitTitle \= Isanghago Byeollajiman \| NativeTitle \= 이상하고 별나지만 \| NativeTitleLangCode \= ko \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2022\|08\|18}} \| Viewers \= 4\.449 \| ShortSummary \= Sang\-hyeon confesses to Tae Soo\-mi that he was behind the Raon hacking but is told to keep everything a secret. During In\-cheol's absence, Kim Chan\-hong became Raon's CEO. In conversation with his ex\-wife, Ji\-su, a recuperating Myung\-seok considers quitting Hanbada. Sang\-hyeon feels guilty for In\-cheol's hospitalization and meets Young\-woo, revealing that Chan\-hong requested that he do the hacking to convince In\-cheol to spend more money on security. He gives her a flash drive containing his confession video. He also reveals that they are siblings. Han Seon\-yeong wants to use the confession video against Soo\-mi, but Young\-woo proposes another solution, as the hacked data remains encrypted. In court, the judge does not accept the video as evidence. Raon's board fires Chan\-hong. Sang\-hyeon is unable to testify in person, as Soo\-mi is sending him to the United States. Mending her relationship with Jun\-ho, Young\-woo meets Soo\-mi at the National Assembly right before Soo\-mi's hearing, giving an emotional plea requesting her to do the right thing for her son as a mother. After Sang\-hyeon testifies, Soo\-mi apologizes to the media for her son's misdeeds and steps down from her candidacy for minister of justice. The Hanbada team celebrates their victory. Young\-woo is given a full\-time contract at the firm and feels a sense of accomplishment in her life. }} }}
[ "Episodes\n--------", "{{Episode table\\|overall\\=\\|title\\=\\|airdate\\=\\|viewers\\=\\|country\\=South Korea\\|released\\=y\\|episodes\\=\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 1\n\\| Title \\= Extraordinary Attorney Woo\n\\| TranslitTitle \\= Isanghan Byeonhosa U\\-yeong\\-u\n\\| NativeTitle \\= 이상한 변호사 우영우\n\\| NativeTitleLangCode \\= ko\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2022\\|06\\|29}}\n\\| Viewers \\= N/A\n\\| ShortSummary \\= In 2000, Woo Young\\-woo is a seemingly \\[\\[nonverbal autism\\|nonverbal]] child on the autism spectrum. When her father, Woo Gwang\\-ho, is attacked by a neighbor's jealous husband, she finally speaks—citing definitions of assault memorized from her father's legal library.", "Twenty\\-two years later, Young\\-woo has graduated from \\[\\[Seoul National University]] at the top of her class and begins her first day at the Hanbada law firm. Senior attorney Jung Myung\\-seok does not want the awkward newcomer on his team, but CEO Han Seon\\-young agrees that he can dismiss Young\\-woo if she mishandles her first case: defending her childhood neighbor, charged with attempting to murder her husband. Though a plea bargain for attempted murder has been set, Young\\-woo realizes this would invalidate the defendant's pension and leave her homeless. The short\\-tempered husband dies after cross\\-examination from Young\\-woo, who extracts testimony from a medical expert that he could have suffered from an underlying \\[\\[subdural hematoma]]. The charge is reduced to assault, and the defendant receives probation, with her pension and home intact. Young\\-woo is aided in her new job by her colleague Lee Jun\\-ho, navigating everyday obstacles like their office building's \\[\\[revolving door]].\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 2\n\\| Title \\= The Wedding Dress That Slipped Off\n\\| TranslitTitle \\= Heulleonaerin Wedingdeureseu\n\\| NativeTitle \\= 흘러내린 웨딩드레스\n\\| NativeTitleLangCode \\= ko\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2022\\|06\\|30}}\n\\| Viewers \\= 0\\.396\n\\| ShortSummary \\= At her lavish wedding prepared by the Daehyeon Hotel, bride Kim Hwa\\-young trips on her dress, exposing herself and her tattoo of the \\[\\[Korean Buddhism\\|Buddha]]. Humiliated, her father, Kim Jeong\\-gu, rejects his lawyers' advice to accept the hotel's generous refund and hires Hanbada instead. Determined to outdo rival law firm Taesan, Seon\\-young agrees to pursue {{SK won\\|1 billion}} in compensation. A wedding gift to the bride's family of land worth {{SK won\\|33\\.2 billion}} will not occur due to the botched wedding, which Young\\-woo suggests entitles Jeong\\-gu to \\[\\[Consequential damages\\|special damages]], despite his daughter's unhappiness with the arranged marriage.", "Posing as a couple to investigate the hotel's wedding business, Jun\\-ho sees Young\\-woo in a different light after she tries on a wedding dress. He enlists a bridal assistant from the hotel to testify that Hwa\\-young's dress was switched for a looser\\-fitting version. As the actual aggrieved party, Hwa\\-young withdraws the lawsuit, telling her father she is in fact a Buddhist and revealing her true love, her girlfriend. Young\\-woo comes to the attention of Taesan's CEO, Tae Soo\\-mi.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 3\n\\| Title \\= This Is \\[\\[Pengsoo]]\n\\| TranslitTitle \\= Pengsuro Hagesseumnida\n\\| NativeTitle \\= \\[\\[:ko:펭수\\|펭수]]로 하겠습니다\n\\| NativeTitleLangCode \\= ko\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2022\\|07\\|06}}\n\\| Viewers \\= 1\\.069\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Kim Jeong\\-hoon, a young \\[\\[Severe autism\\|severely autistic]] man, is discovered apparently attacking his older brother, a brilliant medical student who dies intoxicated with mysteriously broken ribs. Their father, a Hanbada client, asks the firm to handle Jeong\\-hoon's defense. Young\\-woo, following her father's advice on getting through to her as a child, tries to communicate with Jeong\\-hoon through his love of \\[\\[Pengsoo]]. Young\\-woo and Jun\\-ho find evidence that the older brother tried to hang himself, but his parents refuse to accept that he was suicidal.", "The prosecution uses Young\\-woo's high\\-functioning autism to argue against the defendant's \\[\\[diminished capacity]]. Young\\-woo is removed from the case, despite Myung\\-seok's protests, and the case is reassigned to his rival. In her office, Young\\-woo appears to attempt to hang herself but is saved by Jun\\-ho. She realizes that Jeong\\-hoon attempted to save his brother in the same way, breaking the deceased's ribs in the fall and by trying to perform \\[\\[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation\\|CPR]]. The charges are reduced to bodily injury, and Jeong\\-hoon is ruled mentally incompetent; a disenchanted Young\\-woo resigns from Hanbada.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 4\n\\| Title \\= The Strife of the Three Brothers\n\\| TranslitTitle \\= Samhyeongje\\-ui Nan\n\\| NativeTitle \\= 삼형제의 난\n\\| NativeTitleLangCode \\= ko\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2022\\|07\\|07}}\n\\| Viewers \\= 1\\.391\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Dong Dong\\-sam, the father of Young\\-woo's best friend, Dong Geu\\-ra\\-mi, inherits land from his late father worth {{SK won\\|10 billion}}. His older brothers pressure and deceive him into signing an agreement giving him only 20% but making him solely responsible for all taxes, which leaves him ₩260 million in debt. Young\\-woo no longer considers herself an attorney but agrees to help as a personal favor. An eavesdropping neighbor overheard the brothers intimidate Dong\\-sam but changes his story in court. Young\\-woo advises Geu\\-ra\\-mi to create a drunken scene at her grandfather's memorial, leading her uncles to attack her and her father, which invokes a section of the civil code that invalidates the agreement. Dong\\-sam is entitled to the entire inheritance but, after apologies from his brothers, agrees to divide the inheritance equally. Geu\\-ra\\-mi urges Jun\\-ho to confess his feelings for Young\\-woo. Myung\\-seok kindly chooses \"not to process\" Young\\-woo's resignation, and she rejoins the firm.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 5\n\\| Title \\= Wild Card VS Tactician\n\\| TranslitTitle \\= Udangtangtang VS Gwonmosulsu\n\\| NativeTitle \\= 우당탕탕 VS 권모술수\n\\| NativeTitleLangCode \\= ko\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2022\\|07\\|13}}\n\\| Viewers \\= 2\\.565\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Hanbada is hired by ATM manufacturer Ihwa, who accuses rival company Geumgang of copying their technology, which Geumgang claims is an \\[\\[open\\-design movement\\|open\\-source design]] Ihwa is fraudulently trying to patent. \"Wild card\" Young\\-woo leads the case alongside her competitive colleague, \"tactician\" Kwon Min\\-woo, who openly sabotages her. Geu\\-ra\\-mi and Jun\\-ho advise Young\\-woo how to detect when people are lying. Imha's convincing false testimony results in an injunction against Geumgang.", "Young\\-woo shows Min\\-woo a letter from the head of Geumgang begging her to pursue the truth as an honorable attorney, but he reminds her that their duty is to win for their client. Geumgang tracks down the last remaining ATM from a defunct company that used the same design, proving the technology pre\\-dated Imha's patent. The injunction is lifted, but Imha has already taken over Geumgang's contracts and ruined their business. Young\\-woo displays the letter on the wall of her office as a reminder to herself.", "As a candidate for \\[\\[Ministry of Justice (South Korea)\\|Minister of Justice]], Tae Soo\\-mi denies rumors that she had a child out of wedlock.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 6\n\\| Title \\= If I Were a Whale..\n\\| TranslitTitle \\= Naega Gorae\\-yeotdamyeon..\n\\| NativeTitle \\= 내가 고래였다면..\n\\| NativeTitleLangCode \\= ko\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2022\\|07\\|14}}\n\\| Viewers \\= 2\\.529\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Young\\-woo and her colleague Choi Soo\\-yeon become emotionally invested in defending Gye Hyang\\-sim, a \\[\\[North Korean defector]]. Five years earlier, she was arrested after demanding money from a badly beaten debtor but fled to care for her young daughter and has now come forward to accept punishment. A drunken miscommunication leads Min\\-woo to mistakenly tell Soo\\-yeon that Jun\\-ho has feelings for her. Arguing that the victim's wounds were caused by her abusive husband, Young\\-woo questions the doctor who examined her, who admits his bias against defectors.", "Young\\-woo argues that under North Korean law, the defendant would be guilty of a lesser crime, but Hyang\\-sim confesses that she intended to get the money at any cost. While the jury deliberates, Young\\-woo and Soo\\-yeon sneak into the judge's chambers with a final plea for leniency. Telling Soo\\-yeon about mother whales' bond with their children, Young\\-woo struggles with her own mother's abandonment. The jury unanimously sentences Hyang\\-sim to four years in prison, but the judge imposes probation instead, in light of her honest confession.", "Shopping with Soo\\-yeon, Young\\-woo nearly crosses paths with Tae Soo\\-mi.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 7\n\\| Title \\= A Tale About Sodeok\\-Dong I\n\\| TranslitTitle \\= Sodeokdong I\\-yagi I\n\\| NativeTitle \\= 소덕동 이야기 I\n\\| NativeTitleLangCode \\= ko\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2022\\|07\\|20}}\n\\| Viewers \\= 2\\.971\n\\| ShortSummary \\= The villagers of Sodeok\\-dong are distressed by plans for a highway that would cut through town. The head of Sodeok\\-dong convinces Myung\\-seok's team to handle the lawsuit against the construction after bringing them to see the colorful village. Taesan is hired as opposing counsel, led by Tae Soo\\-mi herself. She and Young\\-woo are impressed by each other, upsetting Young\\-woo's father. He accuses Han Seon\\-young of hiring Young\\-woo as a pawn in her rivalry with Soo\\-mi, who Young\\-woo is unaware is her mother. Despite Soo\\-mi's flashy presentations, Young\\-woo's \\[\\[eidetic memory]] proves that the highway plans were finalized before a required environmental impact study, and the judge is persuaded to visit Sodeok\\-dong himself. Soo\\-yeon urges Young\\-woo and Jun\\-ho to face their feelings for each other. Young\\-woo's father tells her that he and Seon\\-young were friends in law school, and that she hired Young\\-woo at his request. Deeply hurt, Young\\-woo leaves home. Min\\-woo, frustrated by what he perceives as Young\\-woo's \"special treatment\", writes an anonymous post on Hanbada's website about the company's \"corrupt hiring practices\".\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 8\n\\| Title \\= A Tale About Sodeok\\-Dong II\n\\| TranslitTitle \\= Sodeokdong I\\-yagi II\n\\| NativeTitle \\= 소덕동 이야기 II\n\\| NativeTitleLangCode \\= ko\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2022\\|07\\|21}}\n\\| Viewers \\= 3\\.404\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Despite gossip about Young\\-woo and \\[\\[nepotism]], Soo\\-yeon defends her to Min\\-woo and the rest of the firm. At the judge's on\\-site verification, Sodeok\\-dong's appeal is dampened by rain. Taesan has already convinced residents to sign consent forms for construction by suggesting potentially higher compensation. The judge will dismiss the lawsuit if most of the residents consent, leading Taesan to flood the village with interns collecting signatures. Soo\\-mi offers Young\\-woo a job with Taesan, further frustrating Min\\-woo. Young\\-woo tells her father that she has decided to move out and join Taesan, and he reveals that Soo\\-mi is her mother. Overwhelmed, Young\\-woo collapses, and her father tells her the truth: he and Soo\\-mi met in law school, but she rejected him when she became pregnant. After she gave birth, he dropped out to raise Young\\-woo by himself. Learning that Sodeok\\-dong's prized \\[\\[celtis\\|hackberry tree]] was prevented from being considered a \\[\\[Natural monuments of South Korea\\|natural monument]], Young\\-woo secures the tree's protected status, ending construction and uniting the village. Revealing to Soo\\-mi that she is her daughter, Young\\-woo declines her offer.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 9\n \\|Title \\= The Pied Piper\n\\| TranslitTitle \\= Piribuneun Sana\\-i\n\\| NativeTitle \\= 피리부는 사나이\n\\| NativeTitleLangCode \\= ko\n \\|OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2022\\|07\\|27}}\n\\| Viewers \\= 4\\.068\n \\|ShortSummary \\= Young\\-woo defends an eccentric young man who has adopted the humorous name \"Bang Gu\\-ppong\" (which can be translated as \"fart\") and is charged with kidnapping a busload of children who were supposed to attend his mother's ''\\[\\[hagwon]]''. Instead, Gu\\-ppong—self\\-declared leader of the \"Children's Liberation Army\"— took them into the woods to play. Jun\\-ho and Young\\-woo learn the children are forced to study all day and night, prompting Gu\\-ppong to try to free them of the intense pressure from parents and schools.", "A heartfelt plea from Gu\\-ppong's mother convinces the children's mothers not to pursue a lawsuit. Abandoning her team's plan to deem Gu\\-ppong mentally unfit, Young\\-woo helps him declare his philosophy of play as a \"political offender\". Myung\\-seok chastises Min\\-woo for antagonizing Young\\-woo. The mothers agree to let their children attend the trial, where Gu\\-ppong leads them in a joyous recitation of his motto: play, be healthy, and be happy. Young\\-woo struggles to demonstrate her affection for Jun\\-ho, and they finally confess their feelings for each other, but she runs away.", "Visiting Gwang\\-ho, Soo\\-mi is secretly photographed by a reporter who connects her to Young\\-woo.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber \\= 10\n \\|Title \\= Holding Hands Can Wait\n\\| TranslitTitle \\= Sonjapgineun Da\\-eum\\-e\n\\| NativeTitle \\= 손잡기는 다음에\n\\| NativeTitleLangCode \\= ko\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2022\\|07\\|28}}\n\\| Viewers \\= 4\\.030\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Young\\-woo intervenes when a young man, Yang Jeong\\-il, is arrested on the subway. Charged with \\[\\[Sexual consent in law\\#South Korea\\|quasi\\-rape]] of Shin Hye\\-yeong, a woman with intellectual disabilities, Jeong\\-il claims that he and Hye\\-yeong are in a loving relationship, and Young\\-woo agrees to defend him. Jeong\\-il's affectionate texts with Hye\\-yeong are contradicted by her statement to the police. After meeting Young\\-woo without her overprotective mother, Hye\\-yeong testifies that the relationship was consensual, but the prosecution asserts that the sexual encounter drove her to self\\-harm. The jury finds Jeong\\-il not guilty of sexual assault, but the judge sentences him to two years in prison as a sex offender.", "Young\\-woo sets Soo\\-yeon up on an unsuccessful date with Kim Min\\-shik, Geu\\-ra\\-mi's boss. Young\\-woo and Jun\\-ho work toward becoming an official couple, an endeavor complicated by Young\\-woo's aversion to touch and judgement from Jun\\-ho's friends, and they share their first kiss. Soo\\-mi presents Gwang\\-ho with an offer for Young\\-woo to join Taesan's Boston branch, near numerous autism specialists, but he angrily throws her out.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 11\n\\| Title \\= Mr. Salt, Ms. Pepper, and Attorney Soy Sauce\n\\| TranslitTitle \\= Sogeumgun Huchu\\-yang Ganjangbyeonhosa\n\\| NativeTitle \\= 소금군 후추양 간장변호사\n\\| NativeTitleLangCode \\= ko\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2022\\|08\\|03}}\n\\| Viewers \\= 3\\.788\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Hanbada is hired by Shin Il\\-soo, who bought lottery tickets with two gambling buddies, one of whom reneged on their promise to split the winnings after his ticket won the {{SK won\\|6 billion}} jackpot. A casino employee witnessed their agreement to share the prize but is unwilling to testify as an undocumented immigrant. Il\\-soo persuades employee Choi Da\\-hae to testify about the agreement instead, and the judge rules that the prize must be shared between the three men.", "Young\\-woo realizes Il\\-soo is having an affair with Da\\-hae and plans to divorce his wife, Sung Soo\\-ji. Young\\-woo and Jun\\-ho try to warn Soo\\-ji without violating \\[\\[attorney\\-client privilege]], but her abusive husband is killed in a car accident, and she inherits his prize money. Soo\\-yeon's new boyfriend is revealed to be a con artist preying on women with elite jobs, and Young\\-woo finds herself thinking about Jun\\-ho as often as she does about whales.", "Deducing the truth about Young\\-woo's mother, Min\\-woo blackmails Soo\\-mi, who agrees to hire him at Taesan if he can force Young\\-woo out of Hanbada.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 12\n\\| Title \\= Yangtze River Dolphin{{Efn\\-ua\\|The title of the episode is a reference to the endangered species of dolphins called the \\[\\[Baiji\\|Yangtze River Dolphin]], which is used as a metaphor for attorneys fighting for people's rights.}}\n\\| TranslitTitle \\= Yangjjeugang Dolgorae\n\\| NativeTitle \\= 양쯔강 돌고래\n\\| NativeTitleLangCode \\= ko\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2022\\|08\\|04}}\n\\| Viewers \\= 4\\.103\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Myung\\-seok's team defends an insurance company in a gender discrimination case. Faced with downsizing, the company had employed 112 married couples and threatened the husbands' jobs if their wives did not resign instead, persuading most married women to quit. Activist attorney Ryu Jae\\-sook represents the only two women willing to take on the company, and her belief in an attorney's duty to protect vulnerable people leaves Young\\-woo conflicted.", "Exploiting this, Min\\-woo tries to frame Young\\-woo by sending Jae\\-sook damaging Hanbada documents, but she is protected by Jae\\-sook's goodwill. Jae\\-sook submits evidence that the company's \\[\\[human resources]] manager was directly ordered to force female employees to resign; nevertheless, the judge dismisses the plaintiffs' claims of discrimination. Undeterred, Jae\\-sook invites Young\\-woo and Soo\\-yeon to a rooftop party with her and the plaintiffs, and returns the documents.", "Gwang\\-ho confronts Young\\-woo after seeing her kiss Jun\\-ho, who is hurt that she does not already consider them to be a couple. Myung\\-seok grows paranoid when a murderer he defended is on the loose. The man is caught, but Myung\\-seok finds himself coughing up blood.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 13\n\\| Title \\= The Blue Night of Jeju I\n\\| TranslitTitle \\= Jejudo\\-ui Pureunbam I\n\\| NativeTitle \\= 제주도의 푸른밤 I\n\\| NativeTitleLangCode \\= ko\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2022\\|08\\|10}}\n\\| Viewers \\= 3\\.634\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Myung\\-seok decides to visit a doctor after the events of the previous episode. The Hanbada team soon head to Jeju Island, along with Dong Geu\\-ra\\-mi and Kim Min\\-sik, after Young\\-woo accepts a case involving her landlady's father being charged an admission fee for being in the area of a local heritage site there, a temple called Hwangjisa, even though he had no intention to visit.", "As the case develops, Myung\\-seok is saddened to see that his beloved Haengbok Noodle shop has closed down and later reveals to his coworkers how his overworking nature, typified by his honeymoon on Jeju Island, eventually caused his wife, Ji\\-su, to leave him. The team visits the temple, guided by the cheerful abbot. Jun\\-ho and Young\\-woo also visit the former's sister, Seung\\-hui, and her husband, with Seung\\-hui expressing disapproval over Young\\-woo. During the second day of court proceedings, Myung\\-seok clutches his stomach in pain and collapses on the floor, to everyone's shock.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 14\n\\| Title \\= The Blue Night of Jeju II\n\\| TranslitTitle \\= Jejudo\\-ui Pureunbam II\n\\| NativeTitle \\= 제주도의 푸른밤 II\n\\| NativeTitleLangCode \\= ko\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2022\\|08\\|11}}\n\\| Viewers \\= 3\\.885\n\\| ShortSummary \\= At the hospital, the other lawyers learn that Myung\\-seok has been diagnosed with stage III stomach cancer. The Hanbada team decides to find the owner of Haengbok Noodles at Young\\-woo's suggestion but are unable to make meaningful progress. Ji\\-su visits Myung\\-seok in the hospital, exasperated that he has not changed despite not seeing her in five years. After speaking with Ji\\-su, Young\\-woo doubts that she would be able to make Jun\\-ho happy and initiates a breakup. The trial concludes with Hanbada's victory and the closure of the admission fee booth.", "The team visits the abbot again at Hwangjisa, who bears Hanbada no grudges and prays for Myung\\-seok's well\\-being. They accept the abbot's invitation for lunch and find out that Haengbok's owner has taken up residence at Hwangjisa as their ''gongyangju'' (cook). The team helps him reopen Haengbok via the proper legal channels, before returning to Seoul. Back in her office, Han Seon\\-young meets reporter Lee Jun\\-beom and confirms his suspicions of Young\\-woo of being Tae Soo\\-mi's daughter. She promises to tell him everything he wants to know, under the condition that he publishes the article right before Soo\\-mi's confirmation hearing as minister of justice.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 15\n\\| Title \\= Saying and Doing Things Not Asked\n\\| TranslitTitle \\= Mutji Anh\\-eun Mal, Sikiji Anh\\-eun Il\n\\| NativeTitle \\= 묻지 않은 말, 시키지 않은 일\n\\| NativeTitleLangCode \\= ko\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2022\\|08\\|17}}\n\\| Viewers \\= 3\\.722\n\\| ShortSummary \\= An employee working at Raon becomes the victim of spear phishing from an unknown hacker. As a result, millions of users' financial records are compromised. Jang Seung\\-jun takes the place of Myung\\-seok as leading attorney on the case, as the latter recuperates from surgery. However, he is dismissive of Young\\-woo and proves incompetent on the first day of court proceedings to the point of displeasing Han Seon\\-young. The CEO of Raon, In\\-cheol, tries to bribe the judge with Seung\\-jun, but the move backfires. Visiting Myeong\\-seok in the hospital, Young\\-woo is advised by him to lie low and confide in her peers.", "The next day, In\\-cheol ingests cyanide and is rushed to the hospital. The Hanbada team is swarmed by reporters. Seung\\-jun abandons his coworkers and flees. Without him, they regroup at Hairy's Pub, where Young\\-woo realizes a crucial fact about the hacking. The team brings new information to Seung\\-jun, who loses his temper at Young\\-woo, kicking her off the case. However, Su\\-yeon keeps what Young\\-woo said in mind and goes against Seung\\-jun's arguments. Min\\-woo follows up, leaving a good impression on the judge. Raon wins the first lawsuit.", "In the ending scene, it is revealed that the hacker is Tae Soo\\-mi's son, Choi Sang\\-hyeon.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 16\n\\| Title \\= Though Unusual and Peculiar\n\\| TranslitTitle \\= Isanghago Byeollajiman\n\\| NativeTitle \\= 이상하고 별나지만\n\\| NativeTitleLangCode \\= ko\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2022\\|08\\|18}}\n\\| Viewers \\= 4\\.449\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Sang\\-hyeon confesses to Tae Soo\\-mi that he was behind the Raon hacking but is told to keep everything a secret. During In\\-cheol's absence, Kim Chan\\-hong became Raon's CEO. In conversation with his ex\\-wife, Ji\\-su, a recuperating Myung\\-seok considers quitting Hanbada. Sang\\-hyeon feels guilty for In\\-cheol's hospitalization and meets Young\\-woo, revealing that Chan\\-hong requested that he do the hacking to convince In\\-cheol to spend more money on security. He gives her a flash drive containing his confession video. He also reveals that they are siblings. Han Seon\\-yeong wants to use the confession video against Soo\\-mi, but Young\\-woo proposes another solution, as the hacked data remains encrypted.", "In court, the judge does not accept the video as evidence. Raon's board fires Chan\\-hong. Sang\\-hyeon is unable to testify in person, as Soo\\-mi is sending him to the United States. Mending her relationship with Jun\\-ho, Young\\-woo meets Soo\\-mi at the National Assembly right before Soo\\-mi's hearing, giving an emotional plea requesting her to do the right thing for her son as a mother. After Sang\\-hyeon testifies, Soo\\-mi apologizes to the media for her son's misdeeds and steps down from her candidacy for minister of justice.", "The Hanbada team celebrates their victory. Young\\-woo is given a full\\-time contract at the firm and feels a sense of accomplishment in her life.\n}}\n}}", "" ]
History and layout ------------------ The stadium is located in the neighbourhood of [Spangen](/wiki/Spangen "Spangen"), where it was built in 1916 as *Stadion Spangen* based on a plan of the architects J.H. de Roos and W.F. Overeynder. The name "Het Kasteel" (The Castle) is derived from the small building with two small towers which backs onto the south\-facing tribune (Kasteel Stand) of the stadium, which looks similar to a castle. This building is the only authentical remain of the original design. It was built in 1916\. The castle building, which is currently located along the length of the pitch, was originally positioned behind one of the goals. A famous incident took place at het Kasteel in November 1970, when [Feyenoord](/wiki/Feyenoord "Feyenoord") goalkeeper [Eddy Treijtel](/wiki/Eddy_Treijtel "Eddy Treijtel") took a goalkick and shot a passing seagull down from the air. The stuffed bird has been on display in the museum at Feyenoord's [De Kuip](/wiki/De_Kuip "De Kuip") stadion and not in Sparta's museum much to the annoyance of some prominent Sparta supporters.[Vogelhits van keeper Eddy Treijtel](http://www.ad.nl/ad/nl/1038/Rotterdam/article/detail/2166258/2008/10/19/Vogelhits-van-keeper-Eddy-Treijtel.dhtml) \- AD {{in lang\|nl}} ### 1928 Olympic Games For the [1928 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics "1928 Summer Olympics") in neighboring [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam"), the venue hosted two [football](/wiki/Football_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics") games. The first was on 5 June when host nation [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Netherlands at the 1928 Summer Olympics") defeated [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Belgium at the 1928 Summer Olympics") 3\-1 while the second was three days later when the Dutch team tied [Chile](/wiki/Chile_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Chile at the 1928 Summer Olympics") 2–2\. Through the years, the stands of "Stadion Sparta" were often renovated and extended, but the most radical renovation took place in 1998 and 1999: the stadium was completely rebuilt according to a plan of the architects [Zwarts \& Jansma](/wiki/ZJA_Zwarts_%26_Jansma_Architects "ZJA Zwarts & Jansma Architects"). During the renovation, the pitch was turned 90 degrees. At the same time, it was renamed *ENECO\-stadion*, after its main sponsor. That name was soon replaced by the present *Het Kasteel* ("The Castle"), which had already been the popular nickname for the stadium ever since it was built. *The Castle* was bought in November 2004 by businessman Hans van Heelsbergen, the manager of the textile company Hans Textiel and also the chairman of Sparta Rotterdam. Van Heelsbergen opened in this building a Sparta [museum](/wiki/Museum "Museum") (and an outlet of Hans Textiel). ### Tonny van Ede Stand The Tonny van Ede stand is on the north side of the ground and stands along the length of the pitch, opposite the Kasteel Stand. The most expensive tickets are to be found here. It houses the changing rooms as well as the corporate boxes, the ticket office and the boardroom. The players' tunnel runs from the centre of this stand onto the pitch between the two dugouts. The stand was named after one of Sparta's most famous sons, [Tonny van Ede](/wiki/Tonny_van_Ede "Tonny van Ede"), in 2010\. [300px\|thumb\|right\|Main entrance at Tonny van Ede stand.](/wiki/File:Sparta_Rotterdam_nieuw_Stadion.jpg "Sparta Rotterdam nieuw Stadion.jpg") [300px\|thumb\|right\|The interior of the stadium.](/wiki/File:Sparta_Stadion_Het_Kasteel_02.jpg "Sparta Stadion Het Kasteel 02.jpg") ### Denis Neville Stand The lowest priced tickets for home fans are to be found in the Denis Neville Stand. This is at the east end of the ground behind one of the goals. It houses the more vocal supporters of the club and is usually the first stand to sell\-out. The stand was named in honour of one of Sparta's most successful managers, [Denis Neville](/wiki/Denis_Neville "Denis Neville"). ### Bok de Korver Stand Opposite the Denis Neville Stand, the Bok de Korver Stand is assigned as the family stand but also houses the away fans. Formerly known as the West Stand, it was named after Sparta legend [Bok de Korver](/wiki/Bok_de_Korver "Bok de Korver"). ### Kasteel Stand Attached to the historic Kasteel building, the Kasteel Stand is on the south end of the ground and the club shop is based here as well as the Sparta Museum.
[ "History and layout\n------------------", "The stadium is located in the neighbourhood of [Spangen](/wiki/Spangen \"Spangen\"), where it was built in 1916 as *Stadion Spangen* based on a plan of the architects J.H. de Roos and W.F. Overeynder. \nThe name \"Het Kasteel\" (The Castle) is derived from the small building with two small towers which backs onto the south\\-facing tribune (Kasteel Stand) of the stadium, which looks similar to a castle. This building is the only authentical remain of the original design. It was built in 1916\\. The castle building, which is currently located along the length of the pitch, was originally positioned behind one of the goals.", "A famous incident took place at het Kasteel in November 1970, when [Feyenoord](/wiki/Feyenoord \"Feyenoord\") goalkeeper [Eddy Treijtel](/wiki/Eddy_Treijtel \"Eddy Treijtel\") took a goalkick and shot a passing seagull down from the air. The stuffed bird has been on display in the museum at Feyenoord's [De Kuip](/wiki/De_Kuip \"De Kuip\") stadion and not in Sparta's museum much to the annoyance of some prominent Sparta supporters.[Vogelhits van keeper Eddy Treijtel](http://www.ad.nl/ad/nl/1038/Rotterdam/article/detail/2166258/2008/10/19/Vogelhits-van-keeper-Eddy-Treijtel.dhtml) \\- AD {{in lang\\|nl}}", "### 1928 Olympic Games", "For the [1928 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics \"1928 Summer Olympics\") in neighboring [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\"), the venue hosted two [football](/wiki/Football_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics \"Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics\") games. The first was on 5 June when host nation [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics \"Netherlands at the 1928 Summer Olympics\") defeated [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics \"Belgium at the 1928 Summer Olympics\") 3\\-1 while the second was three days later when the Dutch team tied [Chile](/wiki/Chile_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics \"Chile at the 1928 Summer Olympics\") 2–2\\.", "Through the years, the stands of \"Stadion Sparta\" were often renovated and extended, but the most radical renovation took place in 1998 and 1999: the stadium was completely rebuilt according to a plan of the architects [Zwarts \\& Jansma](/wiki/ZJA_Zwarts_%26_Jansma_Architects \"ZJA Zwarts & Jansma Architects\"). During the renovation, the pitch was turned 90 degrees. At the same time, it was renamed *ENECO\\-stadion*, after its main sponsor. That name was soon replaced by the present *Het Kasteel* (\"The Castle\"), which had already been the popular nickname for the stadium ever since it was built.", "*The Castle* was bought in November 2004 by businessman Hans van Heelsbergen, the manager of the textile company Hans Textiel and also the chairman of Sparta Rotterdam. Van Heelsbergen opened in this building a Sparta [museum](/wiki/Museum \"Museum\") (and an outlet of Hans Textiel).", "### Tonny van Ede Stand", "The Tonny van Ede stand is on the north side of the ground and stands along the length of the pitch, opposite the Kasteel Stand. The most expensive tickets are to be found here. It houses the changing rooms as well as the corporate boxes, the ticket office and the boardroom. The players' tunnel runs from the centre of this stand onto the pitch between the two dugouts. The stand was named after one of Sparta's most famous sons, [Tonny van Ede](/wiki/Tonny_van_Ede \"Tonny van Ede\"), in 2010\\.\n[300px\\|thumb\\|right\\|Main entrance at Tonny van Ede stand.](/wiki/File:Sparta_Rotterdam_nieuw_Stadion.jpg \"Sparta Rotterdam nieuw Stadion.jpg\")\n[300px\\|thumb\\|right\\|The interior of the stadium.](/wiki/File:Sparta_Stadion_Het_Kasteel_02.jpg \"Sparta Stadion Het Kasteel 02.jpg\")", "### Denis Neville Stand", "The lowest priced tickets for home fans are to be found in the Denis Neville Stand. This is at the east end of the ground behind one of the goals. It houses the more vocal supporters of the club and is usually the first stand to sell\\-out.\nThe stand was named in honour of one of Sparta's most successful managers, [Denis Neville](/wiki/Denis_Neville \"Denis Neville\").", "### Bok de Korver Stand", "Opposite the Denis Neville Stand, the Bok de Korver Stand is assigned as the family stand but also houses the away fans. Formerly known as the West Stand, it was named after Sparta legend [Bok de Korver](/wiki/Bok_de_Korver \"Bok de Korver\").", "### Kasteel Stand", "Attached to the historic Kasteel building, the Kasteel Stand is on the south end of the ground and the club shop is based here as well as the Sparta Museum.", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\|200px\|[Nishio Castle](/wiki/Nishio_Castle "Nishio Castle") [Jōkamachi](/wiki/J%C5%8Dkamachi "Jōkamachi") (Junkaimachi Town)](/wiki/File:Ufo-ji_Temple_and_Junkai-machi_street.jpg "Ufo-ji Temple and Junkai-machi street.jpg") ### Origin The Mikawa area has been inhabited since prehistoric times, as attested by finds of pottery shards from the [Jōmon period](/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period "Jōmon period") and the megalithic [Kofun](/wiki/Kofun "Kofun") tomb in Kira, the oldest in the [Mikawa Province](/wiki/Mikawa_Province "Mikawa Province"). ### Ancient history The fertile plains along the [Yahagi River](/wiki/Yahagi_River "Yahagi River") have been used for rice\-farming as well as the production of tea and cotton since ancient times. [Shell mounds](/wiki/Midden "Midden") dating to the late [Japanese Paleolithic](/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic "Japanese Paleolithic") period which have been found in what is today the town center also point to fish and seafood as important early local produce. In Hazu, a shrine from the [Nara period](/wiki/Nara_period "Nara period") is evidence of an early cultural connection to the Japanese capital at the time. The soil around Nishio is rich in [mica](/wiki/Mica "Mica") deposits, which was already mined in the Nara period. ### Early modern period During the 15th century [Sengoku period](/wiki/Sengoku_period "Sengoku period"), Nishio was the home territory for the [Sakai clan](/wiki/Sakai_clan "Sakai clan"), based at [Nishio Castle](/wiki/Nishio_Castle "Nishio Castle"). The area eventually came under the control of the [Tokugawa clan](/wiki/Tokugawa_clan "Tokugawa clan"), and during the [Edo period](/wiki/Edo_period "Edo period"), most of the area was ruled as the [Nishio Domain](/wiki/Nishio_Domain "Nishio Domain"), a minor *[fudai](/wiki/Fudai "Fudai")* [feudal domain](/wiki/Han_%28administrative_division%29 "Han (administrative division)") under the [Tokugawa shogunate](/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate "Tokugawa shogunate"). The area prospered as a fishing port, and due to its location on the [Tōkaidō](/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_%28road%29 "Tōkaidō (road)") highway connecting [Edo](/wiki/Edo "Edo") with [Kyoto](/wiki/Kyoto "Kyoto"), although the town itself suffered heavy damage due to a [tsunami](/wiki/Tsunami "Tsunami") in the [1707 Hōei earthquake](/wiki/1707_H%C5%8Dei_earthquake "1707 Hōei earthquake"). ### Late modern period Early in the [Meiji period](/wiki/Meiji_period "Meiji period"), with the establishment of the modern municipalities system, Nishio was proclaimed a village in [Hazu District](/wiki/Hazu_District%2C_Aichi "Hazu District, Aichi") in 1871\. Following the [1891 Mino–Owari earthquake](/wiki/1891_Mino%E2%80%93Owari_earthquake "1891 Mino–Owari earthquake"), a tsunami killed over 60 people. Nishio was elevated to town status on May 1, 1906\. The town suffered damage in the [1944 Tōnankai earthquake](/wiki/1944_T%C5%8Dnankai_earthquake "1944 Tōnankai earthquake"), which killed 32 people, and the [1945 Mikawa earthquake](/wiki/1945_Mikawa_earthquake "1945 Mikawa earthquake"), which killed 765\. ### Contemporary history After the end of World War II, Nishio attracted many workers from the rural south of Japan and its population increased. In 1953, Nishio became a city with the annexation of neighboring Heisaka and Terazu towns and Fukuchi and Muroba villages; followed by Miwa and Meiji villages in 1955\. In 1959, [Typhoon Vera](/wiki/Typhoon_Vera "Typhoon Vera") caused considerable damage to the area, with 20 people killed. On April 1, 2011, the towns of [Hazu](/wiki/Hazu%2C_Aichi "Hazu, Aichi"), [Isshiki](/wiki/Isshiki%2C_Aichi "Isshiki, Aichi") and [Kira](/wiki/Kira%2C_Aichi "Kira, Aichi") (all from [Hazu District](/wiki/Hazu_District%2C_Aichi "Hazu District, Aichi")) were merged into Nishio. Hazu District was dissolved as a result of this merger.
[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\|200px\\|[Nishio Castle](/wiki/Nishio_Castle \"Nishio Castle\") [Jōkamachi](/wiki/J%C5%8Dkamachi \"Jōkamachi\") (Junkaimachi Town)](/wiki/File:Ufo-ji_Temple_and_Junkai-machi_street.jpg \"Ufo-ji Temple and Junkai-machi street.jpg\")", "### Origin", "The Mikawa area has been inhabited since prehistoric times, as attested by finds of pottery shards from the [Jōmon period](/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period \"Jōmon period\") and the megalithic [Kofun](/wiki/Kofun \"Kofun\") tomb in Kira, the oldest in the [Mikawa Province](/wiki/Mikawa_Province \"Mikawa Province\").", "### Ancient history", "The fertile plains along the [Yahagi River](/wiki/Yahagi_River \"Yahagi River\") have been used for rice\\-farming as well as the production of tea and cotton since ancient times.\n[Shell mounds](/wiki/Midden \"Midden\") dating to the late [Japanese Paleolithic](/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic \"Japanese Paleolithic\") period which have been found in what is today the town center also point to fish and seafood as important early local produce.", "In Hazu, a shrine from the [Nara period](/wiki/Nara_period \"Nara period\") is evidence of an early cultural connection to the Japanese capital at the time.\nThe soil around Nishio is rich in [mica](/wiki/Mica \"Mica\") deposits, which was already mined in the Nara period.", "### Early modern period", "During the 15th century [Sengoku period](/wiki/Sengoku_period \"Sengoku period\"), Nishio was the home territory for the [Sakai clan](/wiki/Sakai_clan \"Sakai clan\"), based at [Nishio Castle](/wiki/Nishio_Castle \"Nishio Castle\").\nThe area eventually came under the control of the [Tokugawa clan](/wiki/Tokugawa_clan \"Tokugawa clan\"), and during the [Edo period](/wiki/Edo_period \"Edo period\"), most of the area was ruled as the [Nishio Domain](/wiki/Nishio_Domain \"Nishio Domain\"), a minor *[fudai](/wiki/Fudai \"Fudai\")* [feudal domain](/wiki/Han_%28administrative_division%29 \"Han (administrative division)\") under the [Tokugawa shogunate](/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate \"Tokugawa shogunate\").\nThe area prospered as a fishing port, and due to its location on the [Tōkaidō](/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_%28road%29 \"Tōkaidō (road)\") highway connecting [Edo](/wiki/Edo \"Edo\") with [Kyoto](/wiki/Kyoto \"Kyoto\"), although the town itself suffered heavy damage due to a [tsunami](/wiki/Tsunami \"Tsunami\") in the [1707 Hōei earthquake](/wiki/1707_H%C5%8Dei_earthquake \"1707 Hōei earthquake\").", "### Late modern period", "Early in the [Meiji period](/wiki/Meiji_period \"Meiji period\"), with the establishment of the modern municipalities system, Nishio was proclaimed a village in [Hazu District](/wiki/Hazu_District%2C_Aichi \"Hazu District, Aichi\") in 1871\\.\nFollowing the [1891 Mino–Owari earthquake](/wiki/1891_Mino%E2%80%93Owari_earthquake \"1891 Mino–Owari earthquake\"), a tsunami killed over 60 people. Nishio was elevated to town status on May 1, 1906\\.\nThe town suffered damage in the [1944 Tōnankai earthquake](/wiki/1944_T%C5%8Dnankai_earthquake \"1944 Tōnankai earthquake\"), which killed 32 people, and the [1945 Mikawa earthquake](/wiki/1945_Mikawa_earthquake \"1945 Mikawa earthquake\"), which killed 765\\.", "### Contemporary history", "After the end of World War II, Nishio attracted many workers from the rural south of Japan and its population increased. In 1953, Nishio became a city with the annexation of neighboring Heisaka and Terazu towns and Fukuchi and Muroba villages; followed by Miwa and Meiji villages in 1955\\. In 1959, [Typhoon Vera](/wiki/Typhoon_Vera \"Typhoon Vera\") caused considerable damage to the area, with 20 people killed.", "On April 1, 2011, the towns of [Hazu](/wiki/Hazu%2C_Aichi \"Hazu, Aichi\"), [Isshiki](/wiki/Isshiki%2C_Aichi \"Isshiki, Aichi\") and [Kira](/wiki/Kira%2C_Aichi \"Kira, Aichi\") (all from [Hazu District](/wiki/Hazu_District%2C_Aichi \"Hazu District, Aichi\")) were merged into Nishio. Hazu District was dissolved as a result of this merger.", "" ]
Plot summary ------------ ### Season 1 ### Family The sitcom centers around the Thambi family. Balu, the patriarch, is a self\-employed electronics technician. His wife, Neelu, works as an accountant at a private firm. They have five children: Vishnu, Lakshmi (Lechu), Keshav (Keshu), Shivani (Shiva), and Parvathi (Parrukutty). The family is affectionately known as Paramada Veedu. #### Vishnu (Mudiyan) Vishnu, the eldest son, is a lively and talented dancer. He previously faced ridicule from his siblings for failing his Bachelors of Science (BSc) in Physics. However, he persevered and eventually passed in episode 803, much to the family's delight. Neelu holds a special place for Vishnu, her eldest. He leads a dance troupe and his unique hairstyle has contributed to his local fame. Vishnu even took responsibility for his baby sister when needed. His friend Meenu helped him secure a well\-paying job at an advertising agency in episode 803\. He later transitioned to a career in a private bank. #### Lakshmi (Lechu) Lakshmi, the eldest daughter, is known for her beauty consciousness and easygoing nature. While she enjoys teasing her younger siblings, she also possesses a creative side, often writing poems and singing. Lechu is frequently seen socializing with her friends. She later pursued a B.Com degree and married Sidharth in episode 1011\. Lechu's portrayal in the show ended in season 1 during episode 1013, due to actress Juhi Rustagi's departure. #### Keshav (Keshu) and Shivani (Shiva) Keshu and Shiva are the school\-going children, bringing youthful energy to the household. Keshu has a hearty appetite, while Shiva is more selective with food. Despite their occasional naughtiness, they share a strong bond. They often hatch playful schemes together, though Lechu is frequently the target of their pranks. The love between the siblings is undeniable, even amidst their playful bickering. #### Parvathi (Parukutty) Parukutty, the youngest child, is the apple of everyone's eye. Born in episode 604, she is an adorable baby who has captured the hearts of her family members. #### Extended family and neighbors The show occasionally features visits from Balu's relatives and neighbors. These include Balu's brother Surendran Thambi, their parents Madhavan Thambi and Sharada, his aunt, and his cousin Rema. Rema's husband Jayanthan, her father Shankaran Thambi (Balu's relative), Neelu's parents Kuttan Pillai and Bhavani Amma, also make appearances. The neighborhood comes alive with characters like Bhasi, Nawas, Shukoor, the newspaper boy Kannan, auto\-rickshaw driver Chandran, and his wife Kanakam (a distant relative of Balu). Neelu's brother Sreekkuttan (played by S. P. Sreekumar) also appeared in earlier episodes. Vishnu's friends Jerry, Meenakshi, and Jennah, along with Lechu's friend Gayathri, occasionally make appearances. #### Family dynamics The extended family adds layers to the narrative. Some episodes even venture outside the Paramada household, taking place at the Shoolamkudi house in Neyyattinkara (Thiruvananthapuram) and Padavalam Veedu in Piravom (Ernakulam). These location shifts provide a lighthearted commentary on the cultural distinctions between Trivandrum and Kochi, a common theme in friendly disputes between Balu and Neelu. #### Relatives and Recurring Characters Balu's brother Surendran, who runs a grocery shop in Neyyattinkara, has a gentle personality that Balu sometimes pokes fun at. Shankaran (Shankara Annan), a beloved family member despite his fondness for alcohol, is Neelu's aunt's husband. His daughter Rema, Balu's cousin, is married to Jayanthan, an unemployed politician. Their silly arguments are often mediated by Balu and Neelu. The introduction of auto\-rickshaw driver Chandran in episode 368 marked the beginning of a close friendship with the Paramada family. He eventually married Kanakam, a distant relative of Balu from Tamil Nadu, in episode 850\.The character of Sreeraj, Neelu's elder brother settled in Chennai with his family, was finally introduced in episode 1164, although he had been mentioned throughout the series. ### Season 2 Balu found a supervisor role, Neelu got promoted, and Lechu returned home. Shiva and Keshu are at the end of their teenage. Keshu started tutoring. Paru started nursery school. Vishnu eloped with Diya (episode 180\), marrying her without family approval. Diya's parents, Ram and Haimavati (introduced in episode 197\), disliked Vishnu's family and tried (unsuccessfully) to take Diya back. Their true motive? Ram's company relied on Ranna, whose son had a childhood crush on Diya. Lies and misunderstandings ensued. After a series of fun and drama, the tension between the families decreased and a joyous bond was formed. The season concluded with glimpses into daily life. Diya became a director at Ram's company. Lechu's story was rejected, but her poetry flourished. She won second place in a state competition, and Ram's publishing house helped her get recognition. The season ended with Diya leaving for Bangalore to join Vishnu. ### Season 3 A few years later, Neelima is currently the manager of the company where she worked, Keshu is currently doing his second year in BA Malayalam. Shiva is doing an Architecture degree in Chennai. The season begun with Balu and Neelima celebrating their 30th wedding anniversary. They are joined by Sreekuttan, Neelima's brother, who returned from abroad, along with his wife, Gouri. Sreekuttan returned with Gouri and informed them that they are married. The family, though shocked, accepted them with both hands.
[ "Plot summary\n------------", "### Season 1", "### Family", "The sitcom centers around the Thambi family. Balu, the patriarch, is a self\\-employed electronics technician. His wife, Neelu, works as an accountant at a private firm. They have five children: Vishnu, Lakshmi (Lechu), Keshav (Keshu), Shivani (Shiva), and Parvathi (Parrukutty). The family is affectionately known as Paramada Veedu.", "#### Vishnu (Mudiyan)", "Vishnu, the eldest son, is a lively and talented dancer. He previously faced ridicule from his siblings for failing his Bachelors of Science (BSc) in Physics. However, he persevered and eventually passed in episode 803, much to the family's delight. Neelu holds a special place for Vishnu, her eldest. He leads a dance troupe and his unique hairstyle has contributed to his local fame. Vishnu even took responsibility for his baby sister when needed. His friend Meenu helped him secure a well\\-paying job at an advertising agency in episode 803\\. He later transitioned to a career in a private bank.", "#### Lakshmi (Lechu)", "Lakshmi, the eldest daughter, is known for her beauty consciousness and easygoing nature. While she enjoys teasing her younger siblings, she also possesses a creative side, often writing poems and singing. Lechu is frequently seen socializing with her friends. She later pursued a B.Com degree and married Sidharth in episode 1011\\. Lechu's portrayal in the show ended in season 1 during episode 1013, due to actress Juhi Rustagi's departure.", "#### Keshav (Keshu) and Shivani (Shiva)", "Keshu and Shiva are the school\\-going children, bringing youthful energy to the household. Keshu has a hearty appetite, while Shiva is more selective with food. Despite their occasional naughtiness, they share a strong bond. They often hatch playful schemes together, though Lechu is frequently the target of their pranks. The love between the siblings is undeniable, even amidst their playful bickering.", "#### Parvathi (Parukutty)", "Parukutty, the youngest child, is the apple of everyone's eye. Born in episode 604, she is an adorable baby who has captured the hearts of her family members.", "#### Extended family and neighbors", "The show occasionally features visits from Balu's relatives and neighbors. These include Balu's brother Surendran Thambi, their parents Madhavan Thambi and Sharada, his aunt, and his cousin Rema. Rema's husband Jayanthan, her father Shankaran Thambi (Balu's relative), Neelu's parents Kuttan Pillai and Bhavani Amma, also make appearances. The neighborhood comes alive with characters like Bhasi, Nawas, Shukoor, the newspaper boy Kannan, auto\\-rickshaw driver Chandran, and his wife Kanakam (a distant relative of Balu). Neelu's brother Sreekkuttan (played by S. P. Sreekumar) also appeared in earlier episodes. Vishnu's friends Jerry, Meenakshi, and Jennah, along with Lechu's friend Gayathri, occasionally make appearances.", "#### Family dynamics", "The extended family adds layers to the narrative. Some episodes even venture outside the Paramada household, taking place at the Shoolamkudi house in Neyyattinkara (Thiruvananthapuram) and Padavalam Veedu in Piravom (Ernakulam). These location shifts provide a lighthearted commentary on the cultural distinctions between Trivandrum and Kochi, a common theme in friendly disputes between Balu and Neelu.", "#### Relatives and Recurring Characters", "Balu's brother Surendran, who runs a grocery shop in Neyyattinkara, has a gentle personality that Balu sometimes pokes fun at. Shankaran (Shankara Annan), a beloved family member despite his fondness for alcohol, is Neelu's aunt's husband. His daughter Rema, Balu's cousin, is married to Jayanthan, an unemployed politician. Their silly arguments are often mediated by Balu and Neelu.", "The introduction of auto\\-rickshaw driver Chandran in episode 368 marked the beginning of a close friendship with the Paramada family. He eventually married Kanakam, a distant relative of Balu from Tamil Nadu, in episode 850\\.The character of Sreeraj, Neelu's elder brother settled in Chennai with his family, was finally introduced in episode 1164, although he had been mentioned throughout the series.", "### Season 2", "Balu found a supervisor role, Neelu got promoted, and Lechu returned home. Shiva and Keshu are at the end of their teenage. Keshu started tutoring. Paru started nursery school.", "Vishnu eloped with Diya (episode 180\\), marrying her without family approval. Diya's parents, Ram and Haimavati (introduced in episode 197\\), disliked Vishnu's family and tried (unsuccessfully) to take Diya back. Their true motive? Ram's company relied on Ranna, whose son had a childhood crush on Diya. Lies and misunderstandings ensued.", "After a series of fun and drama, the tension between the families decreased and a joyous bond was formed.", "The season concluded with glimpses into daily life. Diya became a director at Ram's company. Lechu's story was rejected, but her poetry flourished. She won second place in a state competition, and Ram's publishing house helped her get recognition. The season ended with Diya leaving for Bangalore to join Vishnu.", "### Season 3", "A few years later, Neelima is currently the manager of the company where she worked, Keshu is currently doing his second year in BA Malayalam. Shiva is doing an Architecture degree in Chennai. The season begun with Balu and Neelima celebrating their 30th wedding anniversary. They are joined by Sreekuttan, Neelima's brother, who returned from abroad, along with his wife, Gouri. Sreekuttan returned with Gouri and informed them that they are married. The family, though shocked, accepted them with both hands.", "" ]
### Family The sitcom centers around the Thambi family. Balu, the patriarch, is a self\-employed electronics technician. His wife, Neelu, works as an accountant at a private firm. They have five children: Vishnu, Lakshmi (Lechu), Keshav (Keshu), Shivani (Shiva), and Parvathi (Parrukutty). The family is affectionately known as Paramada Veedu. #### Vishnu (Mudiyan) Vishnu, the eldest son, is a lively and talented dancer. He previously faced ridicule from his siblings for failing his Bachelors of Science (BSc) in Physics. However, he persevered and eventually passed in episode 803, much to the family's delight. Neelu holds a special place for Vishnu, her eldest. He leads a dance troupe and his unique hairstyle has contributed to his local fame. Vishnu even took responsibility for his baby sister when needed. His friend Meenu helped him secure a well\-paying job at an advertising agency in episode 803\. He later transitioned to a career in a private bank. #### Lakshmi (Lechu) Lakshmi, the eldest daughter, is known for her beauty consciousness and easygoing nature. While she enjoys teasing her younger siblings, she also possesses a creative side, often writing poems and singing. Lechu is frequently seen socializing with her friends. She later pursued a B.Com degree and married Sidharth in episode 1011\. Lechu's portrayal in the show ended in season 1 during episode 1013, due to actress Juhi Rustagi's departure. #### Keshav (Keshu) and Shivani (Shiva) Keshu and Shiva are the school\-going children, bringing youthful energy to the household. Keshu has a hearty appetite, while Shiva is more selective with food. Despite their occasional naughtiness, they share a strong bond. They often hatch playful schemes together, though Lechu is frequently the target of their pranks. The love between the siblings is undeniable, even amidst their playful bickering. #### Parvathi (Parukutty) Parukutty, the youngest child, is the apple of everyone's eye. Born in episode 604, she is an adorable baby who has captured the hearts of her family members. #### Extended family and neighbors The show occasionally features visits from Balu's relatives and neighbors. These include Balu's brother Surendran Thambi, their parents Madhavan Thambi and Sharada, his aunt, and his cousin Rema. Rema's husband Jayanthan, her father Shankaran Thambi (Balu's relative), Neelu's parents Kuttan Pillai and Bhavani Amma, also make appearances. The neighborhood comes alive with characters like Bhasi, Nawas, Shukoor, the newspaper boy Kannan, auto\-rickshaw driver Chandran, and his wife Kanakam (a distant relative of Balu). Neelu's brother Sreekkuttan (played by S. P. Sreekumar) also appeared in earlier episodes. Vishnu's friends Jerry, Meenakshi, and Jennah, along with Lechu's friend Gayathri, occasionally make appearances. #### Family dynamics The extended family adds layers to the narrative. Some episodes even venture outside the Paramada household, taking place at the Shoolamkudi house in Neyyattinkara (Thiruvananthapuram) and Padavalam Veedu in Piravom (Ernakulam). These location shifts provide a lighthearted commentary on the cultural distinctions between Trivandrum and Kochi, a common theme in friendly disputes between Balu and Neelu. #### Relatives and Recurring Characters Balu's brother Surendran, who runs a grocery shop in Neyyattinkara, has a gentle personality that Balu sometimes pokes fun at. Shankaran (Shankara Annan), a beloved family member despite his fondness for alcohol, is Neelu's aunt's husband. His daughter Rema, Balu's cousin, is married to Jayanthan, an unemployed politician. Their silly arguments are often mediated by Balu and Neelu. The introduction of auto\-rickshaw driver Chandran in episode 368 marked the beginning of a close friendship with the Paramada family. He eventually married Kanakam, a distant relative of Balu from Tamil Nadu, in episode 850\.The character of Sreeraj, Neelu's elder brother settled in Chennai with his family, was finally introduced in episode 1164, although he had been mentioned throughout the series.
[ "### Family", "The sitcom centers around the Thambi family. Balu, the patriarch, is a self\\-employed electronics technician. His wife, Neelu, works as an accountant at a private firm. They have five children: Vishnu, Lakshmi (Lechu), Keshav (Keshu), Shivani (Shiva), and Parvathi (Parrukutty). The family is affectionately known as Paramada Veedu.", "#### Vishnu (Mudiyan)", "Vishnu, the eldest son, is a lively and talented dancer. He previously faced ridicule from his siblings for failing his Bachelors of Science (BSc) in Physics. However, he persevered and eventually passed in episode 803, much to the family's delight. Neelu holds a special place for Vishnu, her eldest. He leads a dance troupe and his unique hairstyle has contributed to his local fame. Vishnu even took responsibility for his baby sister when needed. His friend Meenu helped him secure a well\\-paying job at an advertising agency in episode 803\\. He later transitioned to a career in a private bank.", "#### Lakshmi (Lechu)", "Lakshmi, the eldest daughter, is known for her beauty consciousness and easygoing nature. While she enjoys teasing her younger siblings, she also possesses a creative side, often writing poems and singing. Lechu is frequently seen socializing with her friends. She later pursued a B.Com degree and married Sidharth in episode 1011\\. Lechu's portrayal in the show ended in season 1 during episode 1013, due to actress Juhi Rustagi's departure.", "#### Keshav (Keshu) and Shivani (Shiva)", "Keshu and Shiva are the school\\-going children, bringing youthful energy to the household. Keshu has a hearty appetite, while Shiva is more selective with food. Despite their occasional naughtiness, they share a strong bond. They often hatch playful schemes together, though Lechu is frequently the target of their pranks. The love between the siblings is undeniable, even amidst their playful bickering.", "#### Parvathi (Parukutty)", "Parukutty, the youngest child, is the apple of everyone's eye. Born in episode 604, she is an adorable baby who has captured the hearts of her family members.", "#### Extended family and neighbors", "The show occasionally features visits from Balu's relatives and neighbors. These include Balu's brother Surendran Thambi, their parents Madhavan Thambi and Sharada, his aunt, and his cousin Rema. Rema's husband Jayanthan, her father Shankaran Thambi (Balu's relative), Neelu's parents Kuttan Pillai and Bhavani Amma, also make appearances. The neighborhood comes alive with characters like Bhasi, Nawas, Shukoor, the newspaper boy Kannan, auto\\-rickshaw driver Chandran, and his wife Kanakam (a distant relative of Balu). Neelu's brother Sreekkuttan (played by S. P. Sreekumar) also appeared in earlier episodes. Vishnu's friends Jerry, Meenakshi, and Jennah, along with Lechu's friend Gayathri, occasionally make appearances.", "#### Family dynamics", "The extended family adds layers to the narrative. Some episodes even venture outside the Paramada household, taking place at the Shoolamkudi house in Neyyattinkara (Thiruvananthapuram) and Padavalam Veedu in Piravom (Ernakulam). These location shifts provide a lighthearted commentary on the cultural distinctions between Trivandrum and Kochi, a common theme in friendly disputes between Balu and Neelu.", "#### Relatives and Recurring Characters", "Balu's brother Surendran, who runs a grocery shop in Neyyattinkara, has a gentle personality that Balu sometimes pokes fun at. Shankaran (Shankara Annan), a beloved family member despite his fondness for alcohol, is Neelu's aunt's husband. His daughter Rema, Balu's cousin, is married to Jayanthan, an unemployed politician. Their silly arguments are often mediated by Balu and Neelu.", "The introduction of auto\\-rickshaw driver Chandran in episode 368 marked the beginning of a close friendship with the Paramada family. He eventually married Kanakam, a distant relative of Balu from Tamil Nadu, in episode 850\\.The character of Sreeraj, Neelu's elder brother settled in Chennai with his family, was finally introduced in episode 1164, although he had been mentioned throughout the series.", "" ]
Basic strategy and tactics -------------------------- A game of Halma has three distinct phases. The beginning (before opposing pieces come into contact) is usually a set\-piece battle, with players setting up their favoured openings. The middle (when opposing pieces are blocking or jumping each other) is usually characterised by opportunistic play; the player with the most patience to check the whole board for opportunities, including those gained by moving backwards in order to move forwards, will gain an advantage. Players should also set up for the endgame (when opposing pieces have passed one another and must run for home), avoiding stragglers. As with most board games, early control of the center is a key tactic, as it provides additional mobility. Pieces can form a two\-layer blocking wall, deflecting the opponent from the center and forcing them into a longer trajectory; however, if the opponent builds an adjacent wall, then the first player to disband his wall usually suffers a strategic disadvantage. Paired pieces move faster than single pieces in the endgame. This means that a player with a pair of "leapfrogging" pieces has an advantage over a player with two individual stragglers. The larger boards have more strategic combinations available than the smaller boards, and the four player game offers more tactical intrigue than the two\-player game. In the 8x8 version of the game, the middle\-game involves three main considerations: keep your army together; make jumps as long as possible, particularly diagonally; and avoid stranded pieces. The end\-game is akin to a puzzle race with each side trying the minimum number of intricate moves to reach the final position.
[ "Basic strategy and tactics\n--------------------------", "A game of Halma has three distinct phases. The beginning (before opposing pieces come into contact) is usually a set\\-piece battle, with players setting up their favoured openings. The middle (when opposing pieces are blocking or jumping each other) is usually characterised by opportunistic play; the player with the most patience to check the whole board for opportunities, including those gained by moving backwards in order to move forwards, will gain an advantage. Players should also set up for the endgame (when opposing pieces have passed one another and must run for home), avoiding stragglers.", "As with most board games, early control of the center is a key tactic, as it provides additional mobility. Pieces can form a two\\-layer blocking wall, deflecting the opponent from the center and forcing them into a longer trajectory; however, if the opponent builds an adjacent wall, then the first player to disband his wall usually suffers a strategic disadvantage.", "Paired pieces move faster than single pieces in the endgame. This means that a player with a pair of \"leapfrogging\" pieces has an advantage over a player with two individual stragglers.", "The larger boards have more strategic combinations available than the smaller boards, and the four player game offers more tactical intrigue than the two\\-player game.", "In the 8x8 version of the game, the middle\\-game involves three main considerations: keep your army together; make jumps as long as possible, particularly diagonally; and avoid stranded pieces. The end\\-game is akin to a puzzle race with each side trying the minimum number of intricate moves to reach the final position.", "" ]