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History
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The Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest has been held at the [original location](/wiki/Nathan%27s_Famous "Nathan's Famous") on [Coney Island](/wiki/Coney_Island "Coney Island") most years since about 1972, usually in conjunction with [Independence Day](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28United_States%29 "Independence Day (United States)").{{cite web\| url\=http://shop.nathansfamous.com/famousfacts\| title\=Famous Facts\| publisher\=Nathan's Famous Hot Dogs\| access\-date\=December 11, 2006\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080803005044/http://shop.nathansfamous.com/famousfacts \|archive\-date \= August 3, 2008}} As Coney Island is often linked with recreational activities of the summer season, several early contests were held on other holidays associated with summer besides Independence Day; for example, multiple contests in the 1970s were scheduled on [Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day "Memorial Day"){{cite web \|author\=Robert D. McFadden \|date\=May 28, 1972 \|title\=Yesterday Was for Traveling, Strolling, Eating and Relaxing \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/28/archives/yesterday\-was\-for\-traveling\-strolling\-eating\-and\-relaxing.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809132126/http://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/28/archives/yesterday\-was\-for\-traveling\-strolling\-eating\-and\-relaxing.html \|archive\-date\=August 9, 2017 \|access\-date\=February 11, 2017 \|work\=The New York Times}} or [Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day "Labor Day").{{cite web \|date\=September 3, 1972 \|title\=105\-Pound Girl Eats 12 Hot Dogs to Win Contest \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=AaheAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=melody%20andorfer\&pg\=5416%2C216648 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519041830/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=AaheAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=melody%20andorfer\&pg\=5416,216648 \|archive\-date\=May 19, 2022 \|access\-date\=October 17, 2020 \|work\=St. Joseph (Mo.) News\-Press (sec. A, p. 2\)}}
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the competition was dominated by [Japanese](/wiki/Japanese_people "Japanese people") contestants, particularly Kobayashi, who won six consecutive contests from 2001 to 2006\. In 2001, Kobayashi transformed the competition and the world of competitive eating by downing 50 hot dogs—smashing the previous record of 25\.5\. The Japanese eater introduced advanced eating and training techniques that shattered previous [competitive eating](/wiki/Competitive_eating "Competitive eating") world records. The rise in popularity of the event coincided with the surge in popularity of the worldwide competitive eating circuit.
In recent years, a considerable amount of pomp and circumstance have surrounded the days leading up to the event, which has become an annual [spectacle](/wiki/Spectacle "Spectacle") of [competitive entertainment](/wiki/Sports_entertainment "Sports entertainment"). The event is presented on an extravagant stage complete with colorful live announcers and an overall party atmosphere. The day before the contest is a public weigh\-in with the [mayor of New York City](/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City "Mayor of New York City"). Some competitors don flamboyant costumes and/or [makeup](/wiki/Makeup "Makeup"), while others may promote themselves with eating\-related [nicknames](/wiki/List_of_competitive_eaters "List of competitive eaters"). On the morning of the event, they have a heralded arrival to Coney Island on the "bus of champions" and are called to the stage individually during introductions. In 2013, six\-time defending champion [Joey Chestnut](/wiki/Joey_Chestnut "Joey Chestnut") was escorted to the stage in a [sedan chair](/wiki/Litter_%28vehicle%29 "Litter (vehicle)").
The competition draws many spectators and worldwide press coverage. In 2004 a three\-story\-high "Hot Dog Eating Wall of Fame" was erected at the site of the annual contest. The wall lists past winners, and has a digital clock which counts down the minutes until the next contest. In 2007, an estimated 50,000 came out to witness the event. Despite substantial damage suffered at [Nathan's](/wiki/Nathan%27s_Famous "Nathan's Famous") due to [Hurricane Sandy](/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy "Hurricane Sandy") in October 2012, the location was repaired, reopened, and the 2013 event was held as scheduled.[Nathan's Famous Reopens On Coney Island In Time For Memorial Day Weekend](https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/nathans-famous-reopens-on-coney-island-in-time-for-memorial-day-weekend/) \- [CBS News](/wiki/CBS_News "CBS News") New York
ESPN has long enjoyed solid ratings from its broadcast of the Hot Dog Eating Contest on Independence Day, and on July 1, 2014, the network announced it had extended its agreement with [Major League Eating](/wiki/Major_League_Eating "Major League Eating") and would broadcast the contest through 2024\.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/breaking/chi\-espn\-hot\-dog\-eating\-contest\-20140701,0,7676919\.story \|title\=ESPN Locks In Hot Dog Eating Contest through 2024 \|publisher\=\[\[Chicago Tribune]] \|access\-date\=July 1, 2014 \|archive\-date\=July 27, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727175608/http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/breaking/chi\-espn\-hot\-dog\-eating\-contest\-20140701,0,7676919\.story \|url\-status\=live }} The most recent broadcast rights deal, announced in November 2022, will keep the contest airing on ESPN through 2029\.{{cite web \|last1\=Manzo \|first1\=John R. \|title\=ESPN \& the International Federation of Competitive Eating Reach Extension on Nathan's Famous Hot Dog Eating Contest \|url\=https://espnpressroom.com/us/press\-releases/2022/11/espn\-the\-international\-federation\-of\-competitive\-eating\-reach\-extension\-on\-nathans\-famous\-hot\-dog\-eating\-contest/ \|website\=espnpressroom.com \|date\=November 21, 2022 \|publisher\=ESPN, Inc. \|access\-date\=1 December 2023}}
In 2003 former [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League") player [William "The Refrigerator" Perry](/wiki/William_Perry_%28American_football%29 "William Perry (American football)") competed as a celebrity contestant. Though he had won a qualifier by eating twelve hot dogs, he ate only four at the contest, stopping after just five minutes.{{cite web \|title\=14 Delicious Facts About Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest \|url\=https://asliceofbrooklyn.com/14\-delicious\-facts\-about\-nathans\-hot\-dog\-eating\-contest/ \|website\=asliceofbrooklyn.com \|date\=June 30, 2016 \|publisher\=A Slice of Brooklyn \|access\-date\=September 24, 2020 \|archive\-date\=June 1, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601210714/https://asliceofbrooklyn.com/14\-delicious\-facts\-about\-nathans\-hot\-dog\-eating\-contest/ \|url\-status\=live }} The celebrity contestant experiment has not been held since.
At the 2007 contest, the results were delayed to review whether defending champion Kobayashi had vomited (also known as a "Roman method incident" or "reversal of fortune") in the final seconds of regulation. Such an incident results in the disqualification of the competitor under the rules of the IFOCE. The judges ruled in Kobayashi's favor. A similar incident occurred involving Kobayashi in 2002{{cite web \|url\=https://www.espn.com/page2/s/rovell/020704\.html \|title\=ESPN.com \- Page2 \- Accusations hurled at hot dog contest \|publisher\=Espn.go.com \|access\-date\=February 24, 2012 \|archive\-date\=January 7, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107143559/http://espn.go.com/page2/s/rovell/020704\.html \|url\-status\=live }} in a victory over [Eric "Badlands" Booker](/wiki/Eric_Booker "Eric Booker").
On July 4, 2011, [Sonya Thomas](/wiki/Sonya_Thomas "Sonya Thomas") became the champion of the first Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest for Women.{{cite web \|author\=Whitney Holtzman \|url\=https://www.espn.com/espnw/features/story/\_/id/6721754/nathan\-evens\-playing\-field \|title\=Nathan's evens playing field \|publisher\=ESPN \|date\=July 2, 2011 \|access\-date\=July 4, 2018 \|archive\-date\=July 4, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704183349/http://www.espn.com/espnw/features/article/6721754/nathan\-evens\-playing\-field \|url\-status\=live }} Previously, women and men had competed against each other, except for one Memorial Day competition held in 1975\.{{cite web \|author\=Howard Thompson \|date\=May 26, 1975 \|title\=Going Out Guide \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/26/archives/going\-out\-guide.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519041839/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/26/archives/going\-out\-guide.html \|archive\-date\=May 19, 2022 \|access\-date\=February 11, 2017 \|work\=The New York Times (p. 6\)}} Eating 40 hot dogs in 10 minutes, Thomas earned the inaugural [Pepto\-Bismol](/wiki/Bismuth_subsalicylate "Bismuth subsalicylate")\-sponsored pink belt and won $10,000\.{{cite web
\|title \= Sonya Thomas, The First Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest Women's Champion!
\|url \= http://gothamist.com/2011/07/04/first\_nathans\_hot\_dog\_eating\_contes.php
\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20171106064124/http://gothamist.com/2011/07/04/first\_nathans\_hot\_dog\_eating\_contes.php
\|url\-status \= dead
\|archive\-date \= November 6, 2017
\|publisher \= Gothamist
\|author \= Jen Chung
\|access\-date \= July 4, 2011
}}
In 2020, due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), the contest was held without spectators at an indoor location in [Williamsburg, Brooklyn](/wiki/Williamsburg%2C_Brooklyn "Williamsburg, Brooklyn"), and only five eaters competed in each category instead of the usual 15\.{{cite web \|url\=https://6abc.com/nathans\-hot\-dog\-contest\-eating\-2020\-hotdog/6297799/ \|title\=Joey Chestnut, Miki Sudo win Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest, break records \|date\=July 4, 2020 \|publisher\=\[\[WPVI\-TV]] \|access\-date\=July 4, 2020 \|archive\-date\=July 4, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704184823/https://6abc.com/nathans\-hot\-dog\-contest\-eating\-2020\-hotdog/6297799/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web\|title\=The 2020 Hot Dog Eating Contest {{!}} Nathan's Famous\|url\=https://nathansfamous.com/hot\-dog\-eating\-contest/\|access\-date\=August 3, 2020\|website\=nathansfamous.com\|postscript\=. The background of some pictures indicate this competition occurred in Williamsburg, Brooklyn\|archive\-date\=August 12, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812000018/https://www.nathansfamous.com/hot\-dog\-eating\-contest/\|url\-status\=live}} In 2021, the event was held at [Maimonides Park](/wiki/Maimonides_Park "Maimonides Park"), with a reduced crowd of 7,000\.
### Competitor bans
Kobayashi has not competed in the contest since 2009 due to his refusal to sign an exclusive contract with Major League Eating, which is the current sanctioning body of the contest. In 2010, he was arrested by police after attempting to jump on the stage after the contest was over and disrupt the proceedings. Some witnesses reported that Kobayashi was attempting to congratulate the winner, Chestnut.{{cite news\|url\=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/415463\-chestnut\-wins\-for\-4th\-straight\-year\-kobayashi\-arrested\|title\=Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest 2010: Joey Chestnut Wins for Fourth Year\|date\=July 4, 2010\|publisher\=\[\[Bleacher Report]]\|access\-date\=July 4, 2010\|archive\-date\=October 1, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001221339/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/415463\-chestnut\-wins\-for\-4th\-straight\-year\-kobayashi\-arrested\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.nydailynews.com/ny\_local/2010/07/04/2010\-07\-04\_joey\_jaws\_chestnut\_wins\_nathans\_july\_fourth\_hot\_dog\_eating\_contest.html\|title\=Joey 'Jaws' Chestnut Wins Nathan's July Fourth Hot Dog Eating Contest\|date\=July 4, 2010\|work\=\[\[Daily News (New York)\|Daily News]]\|access\-date\=July 4, 2010\|archive\-date\=July 6, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706215818/http://www.nydailynews.com/ny\_local/2010/07/04/2010\-07\-04\_joey\_jaws\_chestnut\_wins\_nathans\_july\_fourth\_hot\_dog\_eating\_contest.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/38086913/ns/sports\-othersports/\|title\=Kobayashi Arrested After Chestnut's Hot Dog Win\|date\=July 4, 2010\|publisher\=\[\[NBC Sports]]\|access\-date\=July 4, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709030959/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/38086913/ns/sports\-othersports/\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} On August 5, 2010, all charges against Kobayashi were dismissed by a judge in Brooklyn. Despite his six consecutive victories in their annual event, Nathan's removed Kobayashi's image from their "Wall of Fame" in 2011\. Kobayashi again refused to compete in 2011, but instead conducted his own hot dog eating exhibition, consuming 69 HDB, seven more than Chestnut accomplished in the Nathan's contest.{{cite web \|url\=http://weirdnews.aol.com/2011/07/04/joey\-chestnut\-nathans\-2011\-hot\-dog\-contest\_n\_889722\.html\#s302839\&title\=Joey\_Chestnut\_Wins \|title\=Takeru Kobayashi Sets World Record With 69 Hot Dogs, Joey Chestnut Wins 2011 Nathan's Famous International Hot Dog Eating Contest \|publisher\=Weirdnews.aol.com \|access\-date\=February 24, 2012 \|archive\-date\=July 7, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707160533/http://weirdnews.aol.com/2011/07/04/joey\-chestnut\-nathans\-2011\-hot\-dog\-contest\_n\_889722\.html\#s302839\&title\=Joey\_Chestnut\_Wins \|url\-status\=dead }} The sports website [Deadspin](/wiki/Deadspin "Deadspin") deemed Kobayashi's solo appearance "an improbably perfect 'up yours' to the Nathan's hot dog eating contest."{{cite web \|first\=Luke \|last\=O'Brien \|url\=http://deadspin.com/5817974 \|title\=Kobayashi Somehow Sets A New, Totally Unofficial Hot Dog Eating Record \|publisher\=Deadspin.com \|date\=July 4, 2011 \|access\-date\=February 24, 2012 \|archive\-date\=November 6, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106160340/https://deadspin.com/5817974 \|url\-status\=live }}
Chestnut was banned from the 2024 contest due to signing a deal with Impossible Food, which sells plant based products including hot dogs. A Major League Eating executive claimed that Nathan's asked for an exemption to the deal be made regarding Impossible Food's hot dogs which was denied with Major League Eating banning Chestnut as a result.[Joey Chestnut barred from Nathan’s hot dog contest over Impossible Foods deal](https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2024/06/11/joey-chestnut-nathans-hot-dog-contest-impossible-foods/) [Washington Post](/wiki/Washington_Post "Washington Post")[Hot dog\-eating champ Joey Chestnut won't compete this July 4\. What’s the beef?](https://www.npr.org/2024/06/12/nx-s1-5003036/joey-chestnut-banned-nathans-hot-dog-eating-competition) [NPR](/wiki/NPR "NPR") On June 25, Chestnut instead agreed to attend [Fort Bliss](/wiki/Fort_Bliss "Fort Bliss")' Pop Goes the Fort celebration and compete in a 4 versus 1 eating competition with a five minute time limit,[Banned from Nathan’s, hot dog\-eating champion Joey Chestnut will compete in Texas](https://www.dallasnews.com/news/texas/2024/06/27/joey-chesnut-july-4-2024/) [The Dallas Morning News](/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News "The Dallas Morning News")[Joey Chestnut to Face Soldiers in Hot Dog Eating Contest on July 4 amid Nathan's Ban](https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10126420-joey-chestnut-to-face-soldiers-in-hot-dog-eating-contest-on-july-4-amid-nathans-ban) [Bleacher Report](/wiki/Bleacher_Report "Bleacher Report") with Chestnut prevailing 57 to 49 while raising $106,000 for [Operation Homefront](/wiki/Operation_Homefront "Operation Homefront").[Joey Chestnut, banned from Coney Island, takes his hot dog\-eating skills to Fort Bliss](https://www.npr.org/2024/07/05/nx-s1-5030161/joey-chestnut-hot-dog-contest-fort-bliss-coney-island) [NPR](/wiki/NPR "NPR")
### Fake history of the contest
In 2010, Nathan's promoter Mortimer "Morty" Matz admitted to having fabricated the legend of the 1916 start date with a man named Max Rosey in the early 1970s as part of a publicity stunt.{{cite news \|author\=Sam Roberts \|date\=August 18, 2010 \|title\=No, He Did Not Invent the Publicity Stunt \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/nyregion/19experience.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106193843/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/nyregion/19experience.html \|archive\-date\=January 6, 2017 \|access\-date\=February 11, 2017 \|work\=The New York Times}}
According to that legend, on July 4, 1916, four immigrants held a hot dog eating contest at Nathan's Famous stand on Coney Island to settle an argument about who was the most [patriotic](/wiki/Patriotism "Patriotism"). Some accounts alleged that a man named Jim Mullen won the first contest.{{cite book \|author\=Jason Fagone \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=3Y7fSMRrkUEC\&q\=%22Jim\+Mullen%2A\+is\+the\+original\+hot\-dog\+champion.%22\&pg\=PT271 \|title\=Horsemen of the Esophagus: Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=Crown/Archetype \|isbn\=9780307347152 \|page\=215}} Others described [Jimmy Durante](/wiki/Jimmy_Durante "Jimmy Durante"), who was *not* an immigrant, as competing in that all\-immigrant inaugural contest, which was judged by [Eddie Cantor](/wiki/Eddie_Cantor "Eddie Cantor") and [Sophie Tucker](/wiki/Sophie_Tucker "Sophie Tucker").{{cite web \|date\=July 4, 1980 \|title\=America is 204 years old \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=bMUPAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5694%2C528768 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306091440/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=bMUPAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5694,528768 \|archive\-date\=March 6, 2023 \|access\-date\=October 17, 2020 \|work\=Boca Raton (Fla.) News (sec. A, p. 2\)}} Another co\-founder describes the event as beginning "in 1917, and pitted [Mae West](/wiki/Mae_West "Mae West")'s father, Jack, against entertainer Eddie Cantor."{{cite book \|author\=Jason Fagone \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=utR6mUoZBVIC\&q\=%22Rosey\+also\+elaborated\+on\+the\+contest%27s\+backstory%22\&pg\=PA221 \|title\=Horsemen of the Esophagus: Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=Crown/Archetype \|isbn\=9780307237392 \|page\=222}} Nathan made the spurious claim that the contest has been held each year since then except 1941, "as a protest to the war in Europe",{{Cite web \|title\=Nathan's Famous July 4th Contest History \|url\=https://majorleagueeating.com/articles/1035/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-12 \|website\=majorleagueeating.com \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|date\=2015\-07\-03 \|title\=How Hot Dog Eating Contest Became July 4 Tradition \|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\-news/how\-did\-july\-4\-hot\-dog\-eating\-contest\-become\-holiday\-n386456 \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-12 \|website\=NBC News \|language\=en}} and 1971, as a protest to political unrest in the U.S.
The legend grew over the years, to the point where *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* and other publications were known to have repeatedly listed 1916 as the inaugural year, although no evidence of the contest exists.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest has been held at the [original location](/wiki/Nathan%27s_Famous \"Nathan's Famous\") on [Coney Island](/wiki/Coney_Island \"Coney Island\") most years since about 1972, usually in conjunction with [Independence Day](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28United_States%29 \"Independence Day (United States)\").{{cite web\\| url\\=http://shop.nathansfamous.com/famousfacts\\| title\\=Famous Facts\\| publisher\\=Nathan's Famous Hot Dogs\\| access\\-date\\=December 11, 2006\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080803005044/http://shop.nathansfamous.com/famousfacts \\|archive\\-date \\= August 3, 2008}} As Coney Island is often linked with recreational activities of the summer season, several early contests were held on other holidays associated with summer besides Independence Day; for example, multiple contests in the 1970s were scheduled on [Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day \"Memorial Day\"){{cite web \\|author\\=Robert D. McFadden \\|date\\=May 28, 1972 \\|title\\=Yesterday Was for Traveling, Strolling, Eating and Relaxing \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/28/archives/yesterday\\-was\\-for\\-traveling\\-strolling\\-eating\\-and\\-relaxing.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809132126/http://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/28/archives/yesterday\\-was\\-for\\-traveling\\-strolling\\-eating\\-and\\-relaxing.html \\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2017 \\|work\\=The New York Times}} or [Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day \"Labor Day\").{{cite web \\|date\\=September 3, 1972 \\|title\\=105\\-Pound Girl Eats 12 Hot Dogs to Win Contest \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=AaheAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=melody%20andorfer\\&pg\\=5416%2C216648 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519041830/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=AaheAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=melody%20andorfer\\&pg\\=5416,216648 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 19, 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020 \\|work\\=St. Joseph (Mo.) News\\-Press (sec. A, p. 2\\)}}",
"In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the competition was dominated by [Japanese](/wiki/Japanese_people \"Japanese people\") contestants, particularly Kobayashi, who won six consecutive contests from 2001 to 2006\\. In 2001, Kobayashi transformed the competition and the world of competitive eating by downing 50 hot dogs—smashing the previous record of 25\\.5\\. The Japanese eater introduced advanced eating and training techniques that shattered previous [competitive eating](/wiki/Competitive_eating \"Competitive eating\") world records. The rise in popularity of the event coincided with the surge in popularity of the worldwide competitive eating circuit.",
"In recent years, a considerable amount of pomp and circumstance have surrounded the days leading up to the event, which has become an annual [spectacle](/wiki/Spectacle \"Spectacle\") of [competitive entertainment](/wiki/Sports_entertainment \"Sports entertainment\"). The event is presented on an extravagant stage complete with colorful live announcers and an overall party atmosphere. The day before the contest is a public weigh\\-in with the [mayor of New York City](/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City \"Mayor of New York City\"). Some competitors don flamboyant costumes and/or [makeup](/wiki/Makeup \"Makeup\"), while others may promote themselves with eating\\-related [nicknames](/wiki/List_of_competitive_eaters \"List of competitive eaters\"). On the morning of the event, they have a heralded arrival to Coney Island on the \"bus of champions\" and are called to the stage individually during introductions. In 2013, six\\-time defending champion [Joey Chestnut](/wiki/Joey_Chestnut \"Joey Chestnut\") was escorted to the stage in a [sedan chair](/wiki/Litter_%28vehicle%29 \"Litter (vehicle)\").",
"The competition draws many spectators and worldwide press coverage. In 2004 a three\\-story\\-high \"Hot Dog Eating Wall of Fame\" was erected at the site of the annual contest. The wall lists past winners, and has a digital clock which counts down the minutes until the next contest. In 2007, an estimated 50,000 came out to witness the event. Despite substantial damage suffered at [Nathan's](/wiki/Nathan%27s_Famous \"Nathan's Famous\") due to [Hurricane Sandy](/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy \"Hurricane Sandy\") in October 2012, the location was repaired, reopened, and the 2013 event was held as scheduled.[Nathan's Famous Reopens On Coney Island In Time For Memorial Day Weekend](https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/nathans-famous-reopens-on-coney-island-in-time-for-memorial-day-weekend/) \\- [CBS News](/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\") New York",
"ESPN has long enjoyed solid ratings from its broadcast of the Hot Dog Eating Contest on Independence Day, and on July 1, 2014, the network announced it had extended its agreement with [Major League Eating](/wiki/Major_League_Eating \"Major League Eating\") and would broadcast the contest through 2024\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/breaking/chi\\-espn\\-hot\\-dog\\-eating\\-contest\\-20140701,0,7676919\\.story \\|title\\=ESPN Locks In Hot Dog Eating Contest through 2024 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 27, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727175608/http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/breaking/chi\\-espn\\-hot\\-dog\\-eating\\-contest\\-20140701,0,7676919\\.story \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The most recent broadcast rights deal, announced in November 2022, will keep the contest airing on ESPN through 2029\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Manzo \\|first1\\=John R. \\|title\\=ESPN \\& the International Federation of Competitive Eating Reach Extension on Nathan's Famous Hot Dog Eating Contest \\|url\\=https://espnpressroom.com/us/press\\-releases/2022/11/espn\\-the\\-international\\-federation\\-of\\-competitive\\-eating\\-reach\\-extension\\-on\\-nathans\\-famous\\-hot\\-dog\\-eating\\-contest/ \\|website\\=espnpressroom.com \\|date\\=November 21, 2022 \\|publisher\\=ESPN, Inc. \\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2023}}",
"In 2003 former [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\") player [William \"The Refrigerator\" Perry](/wiki/William_Perry_%28American_football%29 \"William Perry (American football)\") competed as a celebrity contestant. Though he had won a qualifier by eating twelve hot dogs, he ate only four at the contest, stopping after just five minutes.{{cite web \\|title\\=14 Delicious Facts About Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest \\|url\\=https://asliceofbrooklyn.com/14\\-delicious\\-facts\\-about\\-nathans\\-hot\\-dog\\-eating\\-contest/ \\|website\\=asliceofbrooklyn.com \\|date\\=June 30, 2016 \\|publisher\\=A Slice of Brooklyn \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 1, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601210714/https://asliceofbrooklyn.com/14\\-delicious\\-facts\\-about\\-nathans\\-hot\\-dog\\-eating\\-contest/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The celebrity contestant experiment has not been held since.",
"At the 2007 contest, the results were delayed to review whether defending champion Kobayashi had vomited (also known as a \"Roman method incident\" or \"reversal of fortune\") in the final seconds of regulation. Such an incident results in the disqualification of the competitor under the rules of the IFOCE. The judges ruled in Kobayashi's favor. A similar incident occurred involving Kobayashi in 2002{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/page2/s/rovell/020704\\.html \\|title\\=ESPN.com \\- Page2 \\- Accusations hurled at hot dog contest \\|publisher\\=Espn.go.com \\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 7, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107143559/http://espn.go.com/page2/s/rovell/020704\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} in a victory over [Eric \"Badlands\" Booker](/wiki/Eric_Booker \"Eric Booker\").",
"On July 4, 2011, [Sonya Thomas](/wiki/Sonya_Thomas \"Sonya Thomas\") became the champion of the first Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest for Women.{{cite web \\|author\\=Whitney Holtzman \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/espnw/features/story/\\_/id/6721754/nathan\\-evens\\-playing\\-field \\|title\\=Nathan's evens playing field \\|publisher\\=ESPN \\|date\\=July 2, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=July 4, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 4, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704183349/http://www.espn.com/espnw/features/article/6721754/nathan\\-evens\\-playing\\-field \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Previously, women and men had competed against each other, except for one Memorial Day competition held in 1975\\.{{cite web \\|author\\=Howard Thompson \\|date\\=May 26, 1975 \\|title\\=Going Out Guide \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/26/archives/going\\-out\\-guide.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519041839/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/26/archives/going\\-out\\-guide.html \\|archive\\-date\\=May 19, 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2017 \\|work\\=The New York Times (p. 6\\)}} Eating 40 hot dogs in 10 minutes, Thomas earned the inaugural [Pepto\\-Bismol](/wiki/Bismuth_subsalicylate \"Bismuth subsalicylate\")\\-sponsored pink belt and won $10,000\\.{{cite web\n \\|title \\= Sonya Thomas, The First Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest Women's Champion!\n \\|url \\= http://gothamist.com/2011/07/04/first\\_nathans\\_hot\\_dog\\_eating\\_contes.php\n \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20171106064124/http://gothamist.com/2011/07/04/first\\_nathans\\_hot\\_dog\\_eating\\_contes.php\n \\|url\\-status \\= dead\n \\|archive\\-date \\= November 6, 2017\n \\|publisher \\= Gothamist\n \\|author \\= Jen Chung\n \\|access\\-date \\= July 4, 2011\n}}",
"In 2020, due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), the contest was held without spectators at an indoor location in [Williamsburg, Brooklyn](/wiki/Williamsburg%2C_Brooklyn \"Williamsburg, Brooklyn\"), and only five eaters competed in each category instead of the usual 15\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://6abc.com/nathans\\-hot\\-dog\\-contest\\-eating\\-2020\\-hotdog/6297799/ \\|title\\=Joey Chestnut, Miki Sudo win Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest, break records \\|date\\=July 4, 2020 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[WPVI\\-TV]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 4, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 4, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704184823/https://6abc.com/nathans\\-hot\\-dog\\-contest\\-eating\\-2020\\-hotdog/6297799/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web\\|title\\=The 2020 Hot Dog Eating Contest {{!}} Nathan's Famous\\|url\\=https://nathansfamous.com/hot\\-dog\\-eating\\-contest/\\|access\\-date\\=August 3, 2020\\|website\\=nathansfamous.com\\|postscript\\=. The background of some pictures indicate this competition occurred in Williamsburg, Brooklyn\\|archive\\-date\\=August 12, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812000018/https://www.nathansfamous.com/hot\\-dog\\-eating\\-contest/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2021, the event was held at [Maimonides Park](/wiki/Maimonides_Park \"Maimonides Park\"), with a reduced crowd of 7,000\\.",
"### Competitor bans",
"Kobayashi has not competed in the contest since 2009 due to his refusal to sign an exclusive contract with Major League Eating, which is the current sanctioning body of the contest. In 2010, he was arrested by police after attempting to jump on the stage after the contest was over and disrupt the proceedings. Some witnesses reported that Kobayashi was attempting to congratulate the winner, Chestnut.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/415463\\-chestnut\\-wins\\-for\\-4th\\-straight\\-year\\-kobayashi\\-arrested\\|title\\=Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest 2010: Joey Chestnut Wins for Fourth Year\\|date\\=July 4, 2010\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bleacher Report]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 4, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=October 1, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001221339/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/415463\\-chestnut\\-wins\\-for\\-4th\\-straight\\-year\\-kobayashi\\-arrested\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nydailynews.com/ny\\_local/2010/07/04/2010\\-07\\-04\\_joey\\_jaws\\_chestnut\\_wins\\_nathans\\_july\\_fourth\\_hot\\_dog\\_eating\\_contest.html\\|title\\=Joey 'Jaws' Chestnut Wins Nathan's July Fourth Hot Dog Eating Contest\\|date\\=July 4, 2010\\|work\\=\\[\\[Daily News (New York)\\|Daily News]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 4, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=July 6, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706215818/http://www.nydailynews.com/ny\\_local/2010/07/04/2010\\-07\\-04\\_joey\\_jaws\\_chestnut\\_wins\\_nathans\\_july\\_fourth\\_hot\\_dog\\_eating\\_contest.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/38086913/ns/sports\\-othersports/\\|title\\=Kobayashi Arrested After Chestnut's Hot Dog Win\\|date\\=July 4, 2010\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NBC Sports]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 4, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709030959/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/38086913/ns/sports\\-othersports/\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On August 5, 2010, all charges against Kobayashi were dismissed by a judge in Brooklyn. Despite his six consecutive victories in their annual event, Nathan's removed Kobayashi's image from their \"Wall of Fame\" in 2011\\. Kobayashi again refused to compete in 2011, but instead conducted his own hot dog eating exhibition, consuming 69 HDB, seven more than Chestnut accomplished in the Nathan's contest.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://weirdnews.aol.com/2011/07/04/joey\\-chestnut\\-nathans\\-2011\\-hot\\-dog\\-contest\\_n\\_889722\\.html\\#s302839\\&title\\=Joey\\_Chestnut\\_Wins \\|title\\=Takeru Kobayashi Sets World Record With 69 Hot Dogs, Joey Chestnut Wins 2011 Nathan's Famous International Hot Dog Eating Contest \\|publisher\\=Weirdnews.aol.com \\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 7, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707160533/http://weirdnews.aol.com/2011/07/04/joey\\-chestnut\\-nathans\\-2011\\-hot\\-dog\\-contest\\_n\\_889722\\.html\\#s302839\\&title\\=Joey\\_Chestnut\\_Wins \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The sports website [Deadspin](/wiki/Deadspin \"Deadspin\") deemed Kobayashi's solo appearance \"an improbably perfect 'up yours' to the Nathan's hot dog eating contest.\"{{cite web \\|first\\=Luke \\|last\\=O'Brien \\|url\\=http://deadspin.com/5817974 \\|title\\=Kobayashi Somehow Sets A New, Totally Unofficial Hot Dog Eating Record \\|publisher\\=Deadspin.com \\|date\\=July 4, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 6, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106160340/https://deadspin.com/5817974 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Chestnut was banned from the 2024 contest due to signing a deal with Impossible Food, which sells plant based products including hot dogs. A Major League Eating executive claimed that Nathan's asked for an exemption to the deal be made regarding Impossible Food's hot dogs which was denied with Major League Eating banning Chestnut as a result.[Joey Chestnut barred from Nathan’s hot dog contest over Impossible Foods deal](https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2024/06/11/joey-chestnut-nathans-hot-dog-contest-impossible-foods/) [Washington Post](/wiki/Washington_Post \"Washington Post\")[Hot dog\\-eating champ Joey Chestnut won't compete this July 4\\. What’s the beef?](https://www.npr.org/2024/06/12/nx-s1-5003036/joey-chestnut-banned-nathans-hot-dog-eating-competition) [NPR](/wiki/NPR \"NPR\") On June 25, Chestnut instead agreed to attend [Fort Bliss](/wiki/Fort_Bliss \"Fort Bliss\")' Pop Goes the Fort celebration and compete in a 4 versus 1 eating competition with a five minute time limit,[Banned from Nathan’s, hot dog\\-eating champion Joey Chestnut will compete in Texas](https://www.dallasnews.com/news/texas/2024/06/27/joey-chesnut-july-4-2024/) [The Dallas Morning News](/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News \"The Dallas Morning News\")[Joey Chestnut to Face Soldiers in Hot Dog Eating Contest on July 4 amid Nathan's Ban](https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10126420-joey-chestnut-to-face-soldiers-in-hot-dog-eating-contest-on-july-4-amid-nathans-ban) [Bleacher Report](/wiki/Bleacher_Report \"Bleacher Report\") with Chestnut prevailing 57 to 49 while raising $106,000 for [Operation Homefront](/wiki/Operation_Homefront \"Operation Homefront\").[Joey Chestnut, banned from Coney Island, takes his hot dog\\-eating skills to Fort Bliss](https://www.npr.org/2024/07/05/nx-s1-5030161/joey-chestnut-hot-dog-contest-fort-bliss-coney-island) [NPR](/wiki/NPR \"NPR\")",
"### Fake history of the contest",
"In 2010, Nathan's promoter Mortimer \"Morty\" Matz admitted to having fabricated the legend of the 1916 start date with a man named Max Rosey in the early 1970s as part of a publicity stunt.{{cite news \\|author\\=Sam Roberts \\|date\\=August 18, 2010 \\|title\\=No, He Did Not Invent the Publicity Stunt \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/nyregion/19experience.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106193843/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/nyregion/19experience.html \\|archive\\-date\\=January 6, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2017 \\|work\\=The New York Times}}",
"According to that legend, on July 4, 1916, four immigrants held a hot dog eating contest at Nathan's Famous stand on Coney Island to settle an argument about who was the most [patriotic](/wiki/Patriotism \"Patriotism\"). Some accounts alleged that a man named Jim Mullen won the first contest.{{cite book \\|author\\=Jason Fagone \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3Y7fSMRrkUEC\\&q\\=%22Jim\\+Mullen%2A\\+is\\+the\\+original\\+hot\\-dog\\+champion.%22\\&pg\\=PT271 \\|title\\=Horsemen of the Esophagus: Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Crown/Archetype \\|isbn\\=9780307347152 \\|page\\=215}} Others described [Jimmy Durante](/wiki/Jimmy_Durante \"Jimmy Durante\"), who was *not* an immigrant, as competing in that all\\-immigrant inaugural contest, which was judged by [Eddie Cantor](/wiki/Eddie_Cantor \"Eddie Cantor\") and [Sophie Tucker](/wiki/Sophie_Tucker \"Sophie Tucker\").{{cite web \\|date\\=July 4, 1980 \\|title\\=America is 204 years old \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=bMUPAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5694%2C528768 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306091440/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=bMUPAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5694,528768 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 6, 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020 \\|work\\=Boca Raton (Fla.) News (sec. A, p. 2\\)}} Another co\\-founder describes the event as beginning \"in 1917, and pitted [Mae West](/wiki/Mae_West \"Mae West\")'s father, Jack, against entertainer Eddie Cantor.\"{{cite book \\|author\\=Jason Fagone \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=utR6mUoZBVIC\\&q\\=%22Rosey\\+also\\+elaborated\\+on\\+the\\+contest%27s\\+backstory%22\\&pg\\=PA221 \\|title\\=Horsemen of the Esophagus: Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Crown/Archetype \\|isbn\\=9780307237392 \\|page\\=222}} Nathan made the spurious claim that the contest has been held each year since then except 1941, \"as a protest to the war in Europe\",{{Cite web \\|title\\=Nathan's Famous July 4th Contest History \\|url\\=https://majorleagueeating.com/articles/1035/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-12 \\|website\\=majorleagueeating.com \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-07\\-03 \\|title\\=How Hot Dog Eating Contest Became July 4 Tradition \\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\\-news/how\\-did\\-july\\-4\\-hot\\-dog\\-eating\\-contest\\-become\\-holiday\\-n386456 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-12 \\|website\\=NBC News \\|language\\=en}} and 1971, as a protest to political unrest in the U.S.",
"The legend grew over the years, to the point where *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* and other publications were known to have repeatedly listed 1916 as the inaugural year, although no evidence of the contest exists.",
""
] |
Results
-------
### By year (color\-coded by belt color)
| Year | Winner(and date, if prior to permanently moving all contests to Independence Day in 1997\) | Hot dogs and buns(HDB) | Contest duration | Note(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2024 |*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} [Patrick Bertoletti](/wiki/Patrick_Bertoletti "Patrick Bertoletti")
58
10 min |
Joey Chestnut is absent from the men’s event for the first time since 2004, due to a purported sponsorship issue between Chestnut and Major League Eating. Chestnut eats 57 HDB in 5 minutes in a non\-sponsored event. Miki Sudo sets a new women’s record, with 51 HDB eaten. |
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} [Miki Sudo](/wiki/Miki_Sudo "Miki Sudo")
**51**
|2023{{Cite web \|url\=https://abc7ny.com/nathans\-hotdogs\-content\-2023\-hot\-dog\-eating\-contest\-coney\-island\-joey\-chestnut/13456057/ \|title\=Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest: Reigning champs Chestnut, Sudo eat their way to victory \|date\=2023\-07\-04 \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-04 \|website\=\[\[WABC\-TV]]}}
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} [Joey Chestnut](/wiki/Joey_Chestnut "Joey Chestnut")
62
10 min
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Miki Sudo
{{frac\|39\|1\|2}}
|2022
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
63{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}}
10 min
Miki Sudo returns from her pregnancy to reclaim her title. After being shoved from the table, Joey Chestnut puts a protester who ran onto the stage during the event in a chokehold. Geoffrey Esper (47 HDB) finished second. James Webb (41 HDB) finished third.
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Miki Sudo
40
|2021
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
**76**
10 min
The event is held at [Maimonides Park](/wiki/Maimonides_Park "Maimonides Park") due to capacity restrictions and other health and safety requirements. Joey Chestnut breaks the world record with 76 HDB. Defending champion [Miki Sudo](/wiki/Miki_Sudo "Miki Sudo") was out due to her pregnancy.
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} [Michelle Lesco](/wiki/Michelle_Lesco "Michelle Lesco")
{{frac\|30\|3\|4}}
|2020
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
75
10 min
First time event is being held indoors without fans caused by the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). Joey Chestnut breaks the world record with 75 HDB. Darron Breeden (42 HDB) finished second. Nick Wehry (39\.5 HDB) finished third. Miki Sudo breaks the women's world record with 48\.5 HDB.
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Miki Sudo
{{frac\|48\|1\|2}}
|2019
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
71
10 min
Joey Chestnut won his 12th title. Darron Breeden (50 HDB) finished second. Geoffrey Esper (47 HDB) finished third. Sudo (31 HDB) edged out Lesco (26 HDB) to win her sixth Nathan's belt.
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Miki Sudo
31
|2018
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
74
10 min
After a judging error had left the results in question, the final results showed that Joey Chestnut broke the world record with 74 HDB. Carmen Cincotti (64 HDB) finished second. Darron Breeden (43 HDB) finished third. Sudo won her fifth women's belt. Michelle Lesco (28 HDB) finished second. Sonya Thomas and Juliet Lee (25 HDB) tied for third. This is the last competition that Thomas competed in.
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Miki Sudo
37
|2017
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
72
10 min
Joey Chestnut breaks the contest record with 72 HDB. Carmen Cincotti (60 HDB) finished second. Matt Stonie (48 HDB) finished third. Sudo won her fourth women's title, beating [Michelle Lesco](/wiki/Michelle_Lesco "Michelle Lesco") (32 HDB) and Thomas (30 HDB).
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Miki Sudo
41
|2016
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
70
10 min
Joey Chestnut won the mustard\-colored belt for the ninth time, eating 70 hot dogs and buns. Defending champion Matt Stonie consumed 53 HDB. Sudo ({{frac\|38\|1\|2}}) won her third consecutive women's title, edging out Thomas (35 HDB). At the Giant National Capital BBQ Battle in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), on June 25, Chestnut set the record of 73\.5 in an official qualifier.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/moresports/story/\_/id/16763727/joey\-chestnut\-eats\-70\-hot\-dogs\-wins\-nathan\-famous\-crown\|title\=Joey Chestnut eats 70 hot dogs, 17 more than Matt Stonie, to win Nathan's title\|last\=Balsamo\|first\=Michael\|date\=July 4, 2016\|website\=\[\[ESPN]]\|publisher\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|access\-date\=July 4, 2016\|archive\-date\=July 28, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728130707/http://espn.go.com/moresports/story/\_/id/16763727/joey\-chestnut\-eats\-70\-hot\-dogs\-wins\-nathan\-famous\-crown\|url\-status\=live}}
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Miki Sudo
{{frac\|38\|1\|2}}
|2015
*MEN'S*{{flagicon\|USA}} [Matt Stonie](/wiki/Matt_Stonie "Matt Stonie") |
62
10 min
Matt Stonie ended the 8 year winning streak of Joey Chestnut, eating 62 HDB to Joey's 60\. [Tim Janus](/wiki/Tim_Janus "Tim Janus") (35 HDB) finished third. Sudo won her second women's belt, beating Thomas (31 HDB).
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Miki Sudo
38
|2014
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
61
10 min
Joey Chestnut faced fierce competition from Matt Stonie, who finished second with 56 HDB. Tim Janus (44 HDB) finished in 3rd. This became Joey's 8th consecutive win. Miki Sudo (34 HDB) dethroned Thomas ({{frac\|27\|3\|4}} HDB), the first time in the history of the competition that Thomas had been defeated since the inception of the women's division. Sudo also ended a long tradition by becoming the first champion in a quarter\-century to decline to use a nickname during Nathan's competitions.
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Miki Sudo
34
|2013
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
69
10 min
Joey Chestnut beat his own record with 69 HDB. Matt Stonie (51HDB) finished second. Tim Janus (50 HDB) finished in 3rd. After facing fierce competition from Juliet Lee (36 HDB), Thomas ({{frac\|36\|3\|4}} HDB) won her third title.
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} [Sonya Thomas](/wiki/Sonya_Thomas "Sonya Thomas")
{{frac\|36\|3\|4}}
|2012
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
68
10 min
Chestnut tied his previous record, previously set in 2009\. He also became the second person to win six consecutive titles. Tim Janus (52\.25\) and [Patrick Bertoletti](/wiki/Patrick_Bertoletti "Patrick Bertoletti") (51\) finish second and third. Matt Stonie, who would go on to claim victory in 2015 finished fourth with 46 HDB. [Bob Shoudt](/wiki/Bob_Shoudt "Bob Shoudt") was 5th (45 HDB) broke Thomas' record for oldest person to eat their age in HDB (45 yr) Thomas (45 HDB) broke the female record and set a new record for the oldest person to eat their age in HDB (44 yr), beating Juliet Lee (33 HDB).
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Sonya Thomas
45
|2011
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
62
10 min
Separate competitions are held for women and men for the first time since the 1975 one\-off event. Chestnut dominates on his way to his fifth straight title. Sonya Thomas (40 HDB) won the inaugural women's event. Patrick Bertoletti (53\) and Tim "Eater X" Janus (45\) finish 2nd and 3rd for the second year in a row.
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Sonya Thomas
40
| 2010 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
54
10 min |
Chestnut (54\), Tim "Eater X" Janus (45\), and Patrick Bertoletti (37\) round out the top three. |
| 2009 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
68
10 min |
Chestnut (68 HDB) beat his previous record in 10 minutes, setting new event, U.S., and world records. Kobayashi ({{frac\|64\|1\|2}} HDB) set a Japanese record. Patrick Bertoletti (55 HDB) finished third. Sonya Thomas (41 HDB) broke the female record. |
| 2008 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
59
Eat\-off: 5
10 minEat\-off: untimed, but completed in 50 sec. |
Event, Japanese, U.S., and world records set (59 HDB). First event using the new ten\-minute time limit, and first tie and eat\-off since 1980\. Chestnut \& Kobayashi tied for first with 59 in regulation. In overtime Chestnut is the first to finish a plate of 5 HDB in 50 seconds. Kobayashi, losing by 7 seconds, finishes second. Tim Janus finished third with 42\. |
| 2007 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut |66
12 min |
Having broken the world and U.S. records with {{frac\|59\|1\|2}} HDB at a qualifier contest on June 2, 2007, Chestnut (66 HDB) finishes first, setting new event, U.S. and world records. Defeating Kobayashi (63 HDB) for the first time. Fifth place Sonya Thomas (39 HDB) sets female record. |
| 2006 |{{flagicon\|JPN}} [Takeru Kobayashi](/wiki/Takeru_Kobayashi "Takeru Kobayashi")
{{frac\|53\|3\|4}}
12 min |
Winner Kobayashi sets event, Japanese and world records. Second place Joey Chestnut (52 HDB), sets U.S. record. Sonya Thomas (37\) finishes third. |
| 2005 |{{flagicon\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi
49
12 min |
2nd: Sonya Thomas (37\) sets U.S. record, Women's record. Future winner Joey Chestnut finishes third with 32\. |
| 2004 |{{flagicon\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi
{{frac\|53\|1\|2}}
12 min |
Event, United States and world records set. 2nd: Nobuyuki Shirota (38\), Sonya Thomas (32 HDB) sets the female and U.S. records. |
| 2003 |{{flagicon\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi
{{frac\|44\|1\|2}}
12 min |
Sonya Thomas (25 HDB) sets the female record. 2nd: Ed Jarvis ({{frac\|30\|1\|2}}, American record), 3rd: Eric Booker (29\). Twenty competitors and 3,000 spectators in attendance. [William "The Refrigerator" Perry](/wiki/William_Perry_%28American_football%29 "William Perry (American football)") competes, but eats only four HDB and drops out after five minutes.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.espn.com/moresports/news/2003/0704/1576745\.html \|title\=2003 ESPN.com report \|access\-date\=July 10, 2010 \|archive\-date\=March 5, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305111144/http://espn.go.com/moresports/news/2003/0704/1576745\.html \|url\-status\=live }} |
| 2002 |{{flagicon\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi
{{frac\|50\|1\|2}}
12 min |
Event, Japanese and world records set. |
| 2001 |{{flagicon\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi
50
12 min |
20 competitors total. All\-time world records set.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200605/competitive\-eating/6 \|title\=Horsemen of the Esophagus \|publisher\=Theatlantic.com \|date\=May 1, 2006 \|access\-date\=February 24, 2012 \|archive\-date\=September 7, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907071835/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200605/competitive\-eating/6 \|url\-status\=dead }} 2nd: Kazutoyo Arai (31\), 3rd: Eric "Badlands" Booker (22\). |
| 2000 |{{flagicon\|JPN}} Kazutoyo Arai
{{frac\|25\|1\|8}}
12 min |
The contest was won by a 100\-pound 32\-year\-old mattress salesman from [Saitama, Japan](/wiki/Saitama%2C_Saitama "Saitama, Saitama"). The prizes were "the coveted mustard\-yellow International Belt, a huge red trophy, and 20 pounds of Nathan's hot dogs." Misao Fujita (also known as "Wild Beast"{{cite web\|title\=Early eating world's best deciding match!\|url\=http://www.tv\-tokyo.co.jp.e.ck.hp.transer.com/tvchamp1/000824/under.htm\|work\=tv\-tokyo.co.jp\|date\=2000\|access\-date\=July 29, 2016\|archive\-date\=July 5, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705032916/http://www.tv\-tokyo.co.jp.e.ck.hp.transer.com/tvchamp1/000824/under.htm\|url\-status\=live}}) of [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan") was the runner\-up and consumed 24 hot dogs. A woman, [Takako Akasaka](/wiki/Takako_Akasaka "Takako Akasaka") of Japan, was the third\-place finisher and consumed 22 hot dogs. 41 year old [locomotive](/wiki/Locomotive "Locomotive") machinist Steve Addicks of [Finksburg, Maryland](/wiki/Finksburg%2C_Maryland "Finksburg, Maryland"), was the fourth\-place finisher and consumed 21 hot dogs. 391\-pound, 35 year old reigning champion Steve Keiner of [Atlantic City, New Jersey](/wiki/Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey "Atlantic City, New Jersey") "finished in the middle of the pack" and consumed 15 hot dogs. "Dozens" of contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916\.{{cite web\|title\=Japanese Man Wins Hot Dog Contest\|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id\=96638\&page\=1\|work\=abcnews.go.com\|date\=July 4, 2000\|access\-date\=July 28, 2016\|archive\-date\=July 2, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702112106/https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id\=96638\&page\=1\|url\-status\=live}} Another describes this as the 85th annual contest. |
| 1999 |{{flagicon\|USA}} [Steve Keiner](/wiki/Steve_Keiner "Steve Keiner")
{{frac\|21\|1\|2}}
12 min |
The contest was won by a 317\-pound, 50\-year\-old man from [Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey](/wiki/Egg_Harbor_Township%2C_New_Jersey "Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey"). The prize was the bejeweled mustard\-colored belt{{cite web\|author\=Robert D. McFadden\|date\=July 5, 1999\|title\=Holiday Parades March By, But the Heat Is Just Settling In\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/05/nyregion/holiday\-parades\-march\-by\-but\-the\-heat\-is\-just\-settling\-in.html\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=February 11, 2017\|archive\-date\=August 31, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831212621/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/05/nyregion/holiday\-parades\-march\-by\-but\-the\-heat\-is\-just\-settling\-in.html\|url\-status\=live}} and 60 pounds of hot dogs.{{cite web\|title\=Newsmakers: Nathan's hot\-dog champ is dogged by controversy\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/179185487/?terms\=%22dogged%20by%20controversy%22\&match\=1\|work\=\[\[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] (sec. D, p. 2\)\|date\=July 6, 1999\|access\-date\=July 9, 2022\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709010608/https://www.newspapers.com/image/179185487/?terms\=%22dogged%20by%20controversy%22\&match\=1\|url\-status\=live}} Footage recorded by [NY1](/wiki/NY1 "NY1") appeared to show that he actually consumed half of a hot dog before the starting gun was fired and should have been disqualified by the judges. Charles Hardy and Bartoszek Tadeusz, both of [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn"), were the runners\-up and consumed 20 hot dogs each. Hardy charged that he could have consumed more had he been given another plate of hot dogs before time expired.{{cite web\|author\=Michael Finnegan\|date\=July 6, 1999\|title\=Nathan's Champ Called Cheat Eating Contest Rematch Sought\|url\=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/nathan\-champ\-called\-cheat\-eating\-contest\-rematch\-sought\-article\-1\.852481\|work\=New York Daily News\|access\-date\=August 8, 2016\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205344/https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/nathan\-champ\-called\-cheat\-eating\-contest\-rematch\-sought\-article\-1\.852481\|url\-status\=live}} 134\-pound, reigning champion Hirofumi Nakajima of Japan consumed 19 hot dogs. Former champion Mike DeVito also participated. |
| 1998 |{{flagicon\|JPN}} Hirofumi Nakajima
19
12 min |
The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 135\-pound, 23 year old furniture delivery worker from [Kōfu, Japan](/wiki/K%C5%8Dfu "Kōfu"). The prizes were "the coveted mustard\-yellow International Belt, a huge red trophy, and 20 pounds of Nathan's hot dogs."{{cite news\|author\=Jeanne King\|date\=July 5, 1998\|title\=Japanese retains hot dog competition title\|agency\=Reuters}} A 387\-pound, 29 year old corrections officer from Brooklyn, Charles "Hungry" Hardy, was the runner\-up and consumed {{frac\|17\|1\|2}} hot dogs.{{cite web\|author\=Lisi De Bourbon\|date\=July 5, 1998\|title\=World's champion hot dog eater retains his crown at Coney Island\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/95429866/?terms\=%22retains%20his%20crown%22\&match\=1\|work\=\[\[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] (sec. C, p. 9\)\|access\-date\=July 9, 2022\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709010609/https://www.newspapers.com/image/95429866/?terms\=%22retains%20his%20crown%22\&match\=1\|url\-status\=live}} 381\-pound, 35 year old mechanical engineer and former champion Ed Krachie came out of retirement in a vain attempt to break Japan's win streak but was the third\-place finisher and consumed 14 hot dogs. A 53 year old [haggis](/wiki/Haggis "Haggis")\-eating champion from the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"), Barry Noble, also participated. In all, 16 contestants participated.{{cite web\|title\=(Hot) Dog Days of Summer: 19 Takes Title\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/160058641/?terms\=%22%28Hot%29%20Dog%20Days%22\|work\=Los Angeles Times (sec. A, p. 20\)\|date\=July 5, 1998\|access\-date\=July 9, 2022\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709010608/https://www.newspapers.com/image/160058641/?terms\=%22(Hot)%20Dog%20Days%22\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1997 |{{flagicon\|JPN}} Hirofumi Nakajima
{{frac\|24\|1\|2}}
12 min |
Although Nathan's attempted to expand its pool of American contestants by sponsoring "a circuit of qualifying contests leading up to the grand finale on the Fourth",{{cite book\|author\=Ryan Nerz\|date\=April 2006\|title\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\&q\=%22Three\+years\+later%2C\+in\+January\+of\+1991%2C\+Max\+Rosey\+lay\+in\+a\+hospital\+bed%22\&pg\=PA15\|publisher\=St. Martin's Press \|page\=15\|isbn\=9780312339685}} Japanese contestants continued to increase their influence. The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 135\-pound, 22 year old furniture delivery worker from Kōfu, Japan. The prizes were "a large emerald and brass trophy, a Mustard\-Yellow International Belt, and a 20\-pack take\-out order for Nathan's hot dogs." 100\-pound, 30 year old future champion Kazutoyo Arai of Saitama, Japan was the runner\-up and consumed 24 hot dogs. 330\-pound, 34 year old former champion Ed Krachie was the third\-place finisher and consumed 20 hot dogs. 23 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916\.{{cite web\|title\=Japanese Goes Faster, 'Furter in Hot Dog Contest\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1997\-jul\-05\-mn\-9854\-story.html\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=July 5, 1997\|access\-date\=July 27, 2016\|archive\-date\=August 19, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819164506/http://articles.latimes.com/1997/jul/05/news/mn\-9854\|url\-status\=live}} |
|1996
*ONE\-ON\-ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN*
{{flagicon\|Japan}} Hirofumi Nakajima
*December 4*
{{frac\|23\|1\|4}}
12 min |
The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 300\-pound man from [Queens](/wiki/Queens "Queens").{{cite web\|title\=Man downs 22 hot dogs to win contest\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/EVENTS/1996/4july/stories/hotdog.contest/index.html\|work\=cnn.com\|date\=July 4, 1996\|access\-date\=February 24, 2012\|archive\-date\=November 12, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112131534/http://www.cnn.com/EVENTS/1996/4july/stories/hotdog.contest/index.html\|url\-status\=live}} The prizes apparently included the bejeweled mustard\-yellow belt and a trophy, if not more.{{cite web\|title\=Nathan's 4th July Hot Dog Contest (caption)\|url\=http://www.gettyimages.com/event/nathans\-4th\-july\-hot\-dog\-contest\-560367575\#still\-champ\-ed\-krachie\-of\-queens\-holds\-up\-his\-winners\-belt\-and\-trophy\-picture\-id97320723\|work\=gettyimages.com\|date\=July 4, 1996\|access\-date\=July 26, 2014\|archive\-date\=August 20, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820203934/http://www.gettyimages.com/event/nathans\-4th\-july\-hot\-dog\-contest\-560367575\#still\-champ\-ed\-krachie\-of\-queens\-holds\-up\-his\-winners\-belt\-and\-trophy\-picture\-id97320723\|url\-status\=live}} Former champion Mike DeVito was the runner\-up and consumed 20 hot dogs. 200\-pound, 42 year old [Guardian Angels](/wiki/Guardian_Angels "Guardian Angels") founder [Curtis Sliwa](/wiki/Curtis_Sliwa "Curtis Sliwa") was also a contestant.{{cite web\|author\=Tracy Connor\|date\=July 1, 1996\|title\=Sliwa makes bid for frank\-eating title\|url\=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/07/01/Sliwa\-makes\-bid\-for\-frank\-eating\-title/8818836193600/\|work\=United Press International\|access\-date\=July 25, 2016\|archive\-date\=August 8, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808001607/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/07/01/Sliwa\-makes\-bid\-for\-frank\-eating\-title/8818836193600/\|url\-status\=live}} 20 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916, except for 1939, 1940, and 1941—this time held under the moniker "Battle of the Burroughs". A later 1996 contest was also sponsored by Nathan's (and [TV Tokyo](/wiki/TV_Tokyo "TV Tokyo"){{cite book\|author\=Ryan Nerz\|date\=April 2006\|title\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\&q\=%22A\+YEAR\+OF\+GORGING\+AND\+GLORY%22\|work\=Macmillan (p. 63\)\|publisher\=Macmillan \|isbn\=9780312339685}}), but was held at [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park "Central Park") instead of at its traditional location. It was won by a 144\-pound, 22\-year\-old man from Japan; he had never eaten a hot dog until the day before the competition. The prizes were the bejeweled mustard\-yellow belt and $2,000\. 320\-pound, 33 year old mechanical engineer Ed Krachie of [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)") was the runner\-up. Only those 2 contestants participated.{{cite web\|author\=Scott Neuman\|date\=December 4, 1996\|title\=Japan snatches top dog title from U.S.\|url\=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/12/04/Japan\-snatches\-top\-dog\-title\-from\-US/4034849675600/\|work\=United Press International\|accessdate\=July 24, 2016\|archive\-date\=August 7, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807230457/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/12/04/Japan\-snatches\-top\-dog\-title\-from\-US/4034849675600/\|url\-status\=live}}
|{{flagicon\|USA}} Ed Krachie
*[Independence Day](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28United_States%29 "Independence Day (United States)")*
22
12 min |
| 1995 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Ed Krachie
*Independence Day*
{{frac\|19\|1\|2}}
12 min |
The contest was won by a 350\-pound [NYNEX](/wiki/NYNEX "NYNEX") [engineer](/wiki/Engineer "Engineer") from Queens. 205\-pound, 33 year old [Salomon Brothers](/wiki/Salomon_Brothers "Salomon Brothers") vice president and reigning champion Mike DeVito of [Manalapan Township, New Jersey](/wiki/Manalapan_Township%2C_New_Jersey "Manalapan Township, New Jersey"), was the runner\-up and consumed 19 hot dogs.{{cite news\|author\=David Stout\|date\=July 5, 1995\|title\=New Jersey Daily Briefing: A Coup in Hot Dog Land\|url\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\=990CE5D8123EF936A35754C0A963958260\|work\=The New York Times}} |
| 1994 |{{flagicon\|USA}} [Mike DeVito](/wiki/Michael_DeVito "Michael DeVito")
*Independence Day*
20
12 min{{cite web\|author\=Corky Siemaszko\|date\=July 5, 1994\|title\=A boom town for the day: Big Apple proudly hails Fourth of July\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/474269751/?terms\=%22Big%20Apple%20proudly%22\&match\=1\|work\=\[\[New York City\|New York]] \[\[New York Daily News\|Daily News]] (sec. C, p. 3\)\|access\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000232/https://www.newspapers.com/image/474269751/?terms\=%22Big%20Apple%20proudly%22\&match\=1\|url\-status\=live}} |
The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 32 year old [accountant](/wiki/Accountant "Accountant").{{cite web\|title\=Chronicle\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/05/nyregion/chronicle\-582492\.html\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=July 5, 1994\|access\-date\=February 11, 2017\|archive\-date\=August 19, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819105728/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/05/nyregion/chronicle\-582492\.html\|url\-status\=live}} Future champion Ed Krachie was the runner\-up. 40 year old Guardian Angels founder Curtis Sliwa was the third\-place finisher and consumed 13 hot dogs. |
|1993
*ONE\-ON\-ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Mike DeVito
*October 27{{cite news\|title\=Devouring those dirty\-water dogs (caption)\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50010441/the\-journal\-news/\|work\=\[\[Rockland, New York\|Rockland]] (\[\[New York (state)\|N.Y.]]) \[\[The Journal News\|Journal–News]] (sec. B, p. 5\)\|date\=October 28, 1993\|page\=29\|access\-date\=June 14, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195412/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50010441/the\-journal\-news/\|url\-status\=live}}*
18
30 min |
The contest was won by a former champion, a [Wall Street](/wiki/Wall_Street "Wall Street") brokerage firm worker from Manalapan Township, New Jersey. The prize was 365 hot dogs. Joe Gotay of Brooklyn was the runner\-up and consumed {{frac\|14\|1\|2}} hot dogs. Willie Dykstra of Brooklyn was the top female contestant and consumed {{frac\|7\|1\|2}} hot dogs. 18 men and 2 women participated. The reigning champion, 290\-pound Frankie Dellarosa of Brooklyn, "canceled out at the last minute due to a family emergency"{{cite web\|title\=Jersey hotdog gobbler wins back title\|url\=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/07/04/Jersey\-hotdog\-gobbler\-wins\-back\-title/2922741758400/\|work\=United Press International\|date\=July 4, 1993\|access\-date\=July 24, 2016\|archive\-date\=August 8, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808050722/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/07/04/Jersey\-hotdog\-gobbler\-wins\-back\-title/2922741758400/\|url\-status\=live}} and was unable to defend his title. Instead, he declared that he was now retired from competitions and planned to pursue an acting career,{{cite book\|author\=Ryan Nerz\|date\=April 2006\|title\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\&q\=%221990%2C\+while\+commuting\+from\+his\+New\+Jersey\+home\+to\+his\+job\+on\+Wall%22\&pg\=PA62\|publisher\=St. Martin's Press \|page\=62\|isbn\=9780312339685}} something that he would later have a modest success in.{{cite web\|title\=Frankie Dellarosa\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0217456/\|work\=imdb.com\|access\-date\=July 23, 2016\|archive\-date\=February 17, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217084206/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0217456/\|url\-status\=live}} A press account from the time describes this as the 77th annual contest, held regularly since 1916\. A later 1993 contest was also sponsored by Nathan's (and recorded by TV Tokyo), but was held under the [Brooklyn Bridge](/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge "Brooklyn Bridge") in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan") instead of at its traditional location. It was won by reigning champion DeVito.{{cite book\|author\=Ryan Nerz\|date\=April 2006\|title\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\&dq\=%22proach\+to\+the\+sport\+%28he\+was\+the\+first\+to\+realize\+that\+a\+two\-dog\-%22\&pg\=PA17\|publisher\=St. Martin's Press (p. 17\)\|isbn\=9780312339685}} Years later it was stated that the prize was the bejeweled mustard\-colored belt "created by the descendants of [Fabergé](/wiki/House_of_Faberg%C3%A9 "House of Fabergé")" that remains in use today but had supposedly been held in Japan for some years after having been won by a Japanese contestant at Nathan's (presumably at the February 11, 1986, competition). The earliest that the belt's existence is known to be covered by the press is 1996\. A woman, Orio Ito of Japan, was the runner\-up and consumed 16 hot dogs. Only those 2 contestants participated.
|{{flagicon\|USA}} Mike DeVito
*Independence Day*
17
12 min |
| 1992 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Frankie Dellarosa
*Independence Day*
19
12 min{{cite web\|title\=Frankly, this king still rules\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/469833057/?terms\=%22franks%20do%20after%20downing%2020%22\&match\=1\|work\=\[\[New York City\|New York]] \[\[New York Daily News\|Daily News]] (p. 3\)\|date\=July 5, 1992\|access\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000239/https://www.newspapers.com/image/469833057/?terms\=%22franks%20do%20after%20downing%2020%22\&match\=1\|url\-status\=live}} |
The contest was won by the reigning champion. The prize was 365 hot dogs. Former and future champion Mike DeVito was the runner\-up and consumed 17 hot dogs. 18 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 76th annual contest. |
| 1991 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Frankie Dellarosa
*Independence Day*
21
12 min |
The contest was won by a 270\-pound, 23 year old engineer{{cite web\|title\=Engineer wolfs way to dog title\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=gQoxAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5282%2C843952\|work\=Reading (Pa.) Eagle (p. 1 )\|date\=July 5, 1991\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 10, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144350/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=gQoxAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5282,843952\|url\-status\=live}} and part\-time [Hofstra University football](/wiki/Hofstra_Pride_football "Hofstra Pride football") coach from Queens. The prize was "a 3\-foot trophy, topped with an athlete, plate, and hot dog. He also received hats, cups, and a year's supply of hot dogs." 20 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 75th annual contest, this time held under the motto "No Guts, No Glory". |
| 1990 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Mike DeVito
{{flagicon\|USA}} Jay Green
*Independence Day*
15
12 min |
The contest was tied by the reigning champion, from Brooklyn, (Green) who was allowed to compete again despite previous contest rules, and a 28 year old from [Staten Island](/wiki/Staten_Island "Staten Island") (DeVito).{{cite web\|title\=On the Fourth, Feeling Cooked On a 93 degrees Grill\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/05/nyregion/on\-the\-fourth\-feeling\-cooked\-on\-a\-93\-degrees\-grill.html\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=July 5, 1990\|access\-date\=February 11, 2017\|archive\-date\=October 7, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007060840/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/05/nyregion/on\-the\-fourth\-feeling\-cooked\-on\-a\-93\-degrees\-grill.html\|url\-status\=live}} There was apparently no tie\-breaking eat\-off. A press account from the time describes this as the 7th annual contest.{{cite web\|title\=A day to relish\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=XyMiAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=2893%2C391246\|work\=Norwalk (Conn.) Hour (p. 3\)\|date\=July 5, 1990\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205705/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=XyMiAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=2893,391246\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1989 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Jay Green
*Independence Day*
{{frac\|15\|1\|2}}
12 min |
The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 215\-pound, 31 year old dry wall contractor, who, as per contest rules, was declared "retired" after the competition for being a two\-time winner. 24 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 73rd annual contest.{{cite web\|title\=Green Claims 2nd Victory in Hot Dog Contest\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=xnEhAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=5168%2C735803\|work\=Schenectady (N.Y.) Gazette (p. 12\)\|date\=July 5, 1989\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 7, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122107/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=xnEhAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=5168,735803\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1988 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Jay Green
*Independence Day*
10
12 min |
The contest was won by a 30 year old limousine service manager from [Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn](/wiki/Sheepshead_Bay%2C_Brooklyn "Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn"). 13 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 72nd annual contest.{{cite web\|title\=1987 runner\-up is hot dog king\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=7dsxAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=6804%2C3382102\|work\=Reading (Pa.) Eagle (p. 14\)\|date\=July 5, 1988\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205704/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=7dsxAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=6804,3382102\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1987 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Don Wolfman
*Independence Day*
{{frac\|13\|1\|2}}
10 min |
29 year old future champion Jay Green was the runner\-up and consumed {{frac\|13\|1\|4}} hot dogs. A press account from the time describes this as the 71st annual contest.{{cite web\|title\=Americans mark July 4 with parades, fireworks\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=C4A1AAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6731,829074\&dq\=hot\+dog\+contest\&hl\=en\|work\=Eugene (Ore.) Register\-Guard (sec. C, p. 10\)\|date\=July 4, 1987\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205805/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=C4A1AAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6731,829074\&dq\=hot\+dog\+contest\&hl\=en\|url\-status\=live}} |
|1986
{{flagicon\|USA}} Mark Heller
*Independence Day*
{{frac\|15\|1\|2}}
10 min |
The contest was won by a 245\-pound man; the prizes were a plaque and a year supply of hot dogs.{{cite web\|title\=Contest winner finishes 'dog' tired\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/112353886/?terms\=%22Contest%20winner%20finishes%22\&match\=1\|work\=\[\[Nashville, Tennessee\|Nashville]] \[\[The Tennessean\|Tennessean]] (sec. A, p. 3\)\|date\=July 7, 1986\|access\-date\=July 9, 2022\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709010609/https://www.newspapers.com/image/112353886/?terms\=%22Contest%20winner%20finishes%22\&match\=1\|url\-status\=live}} Robert Gerber was the runner\-up and consumed 13 hot dogs. 24 men participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 70th annual contest, held regularly since 1916\.{{cite web\|title\=Winner a hot dog\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=W9xVAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4742,1457580\&dq\=hot\+dog\+contest\&hl\=en\|work\=Eugene (Ore.) Register\-Guard (sec. A, p. 2\)\|date\=July 7, 1986\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015944/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=W9xVAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4742,1457580\&dq\=hot\+dog\+contest\&hl\=en\|url\-status\=live}} An earlier 1986 contest was also sponsored by Nathan's. It was won by a 264\-pound, 21\-year\-old student from [Tokyo, Japan](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"). Reigning champion Oscar Rodriguez was the runner\-up and consumed {{frac\|9\|1\|2}} hot dogs. Only those 2 contestants participated.{{cite web\|title\=Hot dog champion relishes his victory but craves sushi\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=8tQjAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=5326%2C5275788\|work\=Salt Lake City Deseret News (sec. A, p. 3\)\|date\=February 13–14, 1986\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 10, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144420/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=8tQjAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=5326,5275788\|url\-status\=live}}
|*ONE\-ON\-ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN*
{{flagicon\|Japan}} Hiroaki Tominaga
*February 11*
{{frac\|10\|1\|2}}
10 min |
| 1985 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Oscar Rodriguez
*Independence Day*
{{frac\|11\|3\|4}}
12 min |
The contest was won by a 21\-year\-old man. More than 40 contestants participated.{{cite web\|author\=Jilian Mincer\|date\=July 5, 1985\|title\=Miss Liberty Offstage, Buy City Has A Popping 4th\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/05/nyregion/miss\-liberty\-offstage\-buy\-city\-has\-a\-popping\-4th.html\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=February 11, 2017\|archive\-date\=October 7, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007060831/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/05/nyregion/miss\-liberty\-offstage\-buy\-city\-has\-a\-popping\-4th.html\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1984 |{{flagicon\|GER}} Birgit Felden
*Independence Day*
{{frac\|9\|1\|2}}
10 min |
The contest was won by a 130\-pound,{{cite web\|title\=German Scores in Frankfurter Contest\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=QpkpAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3427%2C2101684\|work\=Daytona Beach (Fla.) Morning Journal (sec. D, p. 3\)\|date\=July 5, 1984\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015946/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=QpkpAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3427,2101684\|url\-status\=live}} 17 year old [West German](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany") women's [judo](/wiki/Judo "Judo") team member from [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne"); she had never eaten a hot dog before the competition. Publicist Morty Matz described her as being only the second female to have ever won the contest. 17 year old U.S. women's judo team member Jean Kanokogi (and daughter of [Ryohei](/wiki/Ryohei_Kanokogi "Ryohei Kanokogi") and [Rusty Kanokogi](/wiki/Rena_Kanokogi "Rena Kanokogi")) of Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn was the runner\-up and consumed 8 hot dogs. 20 men and 4 women participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 68th annual contest. |
| 1983 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Emil Gomez*Independence Day* |{{frac\|10\|1\|2}}
10 min |
The contest was won by a 210\-pound, 25 year old accountant from [the Bronx](/wiki/The_Bronx "The Bronx").{{cite web\|title\=America waves flag to celebrate Fourth\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=kyA0AAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3469,1241371\&dq\=hot\+dog\+contest\&hl\=en\|work\=Bangor (Maine) Daily News (p. 1\)\|date\=July 5, 1983\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015948/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=kyA0AAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3469,1241371\&dq\=hot\+dog\+contest\&hl\=en\|url\-status\=live}} His brother, Andre Gomez, was the runner\-up and consumed 10 hot dogs. 11 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 17th annual contest.{{cite web\|title\=It's hot in the Big Apple\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/114181403/\|work\=Poughkeepsie (N.Y.) Journal (p. 8\)\|date\=July 5, 1983\|access\-date\=July 10, 2016\|archive\-date\=August 18, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818134049/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/114181403/\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1982 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Steven Abrams
*Independence Day*
*(observed July 5\)*
11\+
10 min{{cite web\|author\=Larry Sutton\|date\=July 6, 1982\|title\=Boatload o' joy\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/490103666/?terms\=%22Larry%20Sutton%22\&match\=1\|work\=\[\[New York City\|New York]] \[\[New York Daily News\|Daily News]] (p. 4\)\|access\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000234/https://www.newspapers.com/image/490103666/?terms\=%22Larry%20Sutton%22\&match\=1\|url\-status\=live}} |
The contest was held on Monday, July 5, the observed date of Independence Day, as the holiday fell on a Sunday. It was won by a 26 year old from [Flushing, Queens](/wiki/Flushing%2C_Queens "Flushing, Queens"). He ate one bite of a twelfth hot dog.{{cite web\|author\=Robert D. McFadden\|date\=July 6, 1982\|title\=Holiday Crowds Sample Pristine Day's Pleasures\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/06/nyregion/holiday\-crowds\-sample\-pristine\-day\-s\-pleasures.html\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=February 11, 2017\|archive\-date\=October 7, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007060950/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/06/nyregion/holiday\-crowds\-sample\-pristine\-day\-s\-pleasures.html\|url\-status\=live}} Sid Smith of Brooklyn was the runner\-up and consumed 10 hot dogs, and Risto Puulos of [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki "Helsinki") was the third\-place finisher and consumed 8\. |
| 1981 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Thomas DeBerry
*Independence Day*
11
5 min{{cite web\|author\=Marcia Kramer\|date\=July 5, 1981\|title\=Red, white \& blue banishes the gray\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/488680159/?terms\=%22Marcia%20Kramer%22\&match\=1\|work\=\[\[New York City\|New York]] \[\[New York Daily News\|Daily News]] (p. 4\)\|access\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000233/https://www.newspapers.com/image/488680159/?terms\=%22Marcia%20Kramer%22\&match\=1\|url\-status\=live}} |
The contest was won by a 35 year old Housing Authority gardener from Coney Island, Brooklyn. He "downed 11 hot dogs in five minutes and then rushed off with his family to attend a barbecue."{{cite web\|author\=Paul L. Montgomery\|date\=July 5, 1981\|title\=Rain Curtails Fourth of July Crowds\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/05/nyregion/rain\-curtails\-fourth\-of\-july\-crowds.html\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=February 11, 2017\|archive\-date\=October 7, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007060857/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/05/nyregion/rain\-curtails\-fourth\-of\-july\-crowds.html\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1980 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Joe Baldini
{{flagicon\|USA}} [Paul Siederman](/wiki/Jerry_Butler_%28actor%29 "Jerry Butler (actor)")
*Independence Day*
{{frac\|9\|3\|4}}\+
Eat\-off: {{frac\|3\|1\|2}}
10 minEat\-off: 3 min |
The contest was tied by a 190\-pound, 25 year old unemployed pharmacist (Baldini) and a 260\-pound, 21 year old unemployed actor (Siederman), both from Brooklyn. Each then tied again after a tie\-breaking eat\-off. The prizes were "two trophies and a pair of yellow plastic bags". Reigning co\-champion Jim Mattner was the third\-place finisher and consumed approximately 9 hot dogs. 28 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 64th annual contest.{{cite web\|title\=Coney kings crowned after hotdog contest\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=8iZYAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4459%2C6933148\|work\=Bend (Ore.) Bulletin (p. 25\)\|date\=July 5, 1980\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015945/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=8iZYAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4459,6933148\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1979 |
{{flagicon\|USA}} Luther Frazier
{{flagicon\|USA}} Jim Mattner
*Independence Day*
10
Eat\-off: {{frac\|3\|1\|2}}{{cite web\|title\=A Rainy Fourth Fails to Dampen City's Celebration\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/717038572/?terms\=%22Rainy%20Fourth%22\&match\=1\|work\=\[\[New York City\|New York]] \[\[Newsday]] (sec. Q, p. 7\)\|date\=July 5, 1979\|access\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000237/https://www.newspapers.com/image/717038572/?terms\=%22Rainy%20Fourth%22\&match\=1\|url\-status\=live}}
10 minEat\-off: {{frac\|3\|1\|2}} min |
The contest was tied by a 172\-pound 17\-year\-old boy from Brooklyn (Frazier) and a 205\-pound, 35 year old bond dealer from [Ozone Park, Queens](/wiki/Ozone_Park%2C_Queens "Ozone Park, Queens") (Mattner). Each then tied again after a tie\-breaking eat\-off. They consumed what was considered a "record" number of hot dogs, when including the eat\-off total. A press account from the time describes this as the 63rd annual contest. |
| 1978 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Manel Hollenback
{{flagicon\|USA}} Kevin Sinclair
*[Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day "Memorial Day")*
10
{{frac\|6\|1\|2}} min |
The contest was held on Memorial Day and was tied by a 180\-pound, 18 year old basketball player from [Newark, New Jersey](/wiki/Newark%2C_New_Jersey "Newark, New Jersey") (Hollenback) and a 75\-pound, 10\-year\-old student (Sinclair). There was apparently no tie\-breaking eat\-off. 28 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1917, except for 1942 and 1944\.{{cite web\|title\=Two share prize\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=8W9UAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=nathan%20hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=4174%2C4040481\|work\=Ellensburg (Wash.) Daily Record (p. 11\)\|date\=May 31, 1978\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205705/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=8W9UAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=nathan%20hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=4174,4040481\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1976–1977 |*(no documented contests)*
|1975
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Lonnie Brown
*Memorial Day*
8
{{frac\|3\|1\|2}} min, with a 1 min break
An all\-female contest was originally scheduled to be held on Memorial Day with the winner to be declared "Miss Coney Island;" the contest was won by a 30 year old market researcher from Manhattan.{{cite web\|title\=News Makers: Hot dog queen?\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/137063370/\|work\=\[\[Rochester, New York\|Rochester]] \[\[Democrat and Chronicle]] (sec. C, p. 1\)\|date\=May 27, 1975\|access\-date\=June 12, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 12, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612160000/https://www.newspapers.com/image/137063370/\|url\-status\=live}} A contemporary press account indicates that when the contest was held it was ultimately decided to allow men to participate and that the top\-finishing male was awarded a plaque;{{cite web\|author\=Jerry Adler\|date\=May 27, 1975\|title\=Slip In a Ringer at Hot Dog Chompfest\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/464395798/\|work\=\[\[New York City\|New York]] \[\[New York Daily News\|Daily News]] (sec. ML, p. 7\)\|access\-date\=June 14, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 14, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614230111/https://www.newspapers.com/image/464395798/\|url\-status\=live}} he was a 28 year old [National Guardsman](/wiki/National_Guard_%28United_States%29 "National Guard (United States)") from [Far Rockaway, Queens](/wiki/Far_Rockaway%2C_Queens "Far Rockaway, Queens"). 15 contestants participated.
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Sharlene Smith
*Memorial Day*
{{frac\|8\|1\|2}}
|1974
{{flagicon\|USA}} Walter Paul
{{flagicon\|USA}} Paul Sirop
*[Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day "Labor Day")*
*(unknown)*
*(unknown)* |
The first 1974 contest was held on April 7 (opening day for Coney Island's summer season activities){{cite book\|author\=Jason Fagone\|date\=2007\|title\=Horsemen of the Esophagus: Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=utR6mUoZBVIC\&q\=%22column\+about\+how\+Morty\+would%22\&pg\=PA221\|work\=Crown/Archetype (p. 221\)\|publisher\=Three Rivers Press \|isbn\=9780307237392}} and was won by a 22 year old [Manhattan Community College](/wiki/Borough_of_Manhattan_Community_College "Borough of Manhattan Community College") student from [Astoria, Queens](/wiki/Astoria%2C_Queens "Astoria, Queens"); the prize was a trophy.{{cite web\|title\=Nine hot dogs get him a trophy\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/156110578/\|work\=Wilmington (Del.) Morning News (p. 22\)\|date\=April 12, 1974\|access\-date\=July 7, 2016\|archive\-date\=August 19, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819072358/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/156110578/\|url\-status\=live}} Six contestants participated. The second 1974 contest was held on Independence Day and was won by a 185\-pound, 24 year old from Brooklyn; the prize was "a trophy with an emblazoned hot dog on it".{{cite web\|title\=Still Hungry\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=uBpdAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=1646%2C530505\|work\=St. Joseph (Mo.) Gazette (sec. B, p. 2\)\|date\=July 5, 1974\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015944/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=uBpdAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=1646,530505\|url\-status\=live}} The third 1974 contest was held on Labor Day and was tied by Walter Paul—the event's first two\-time winner—and Paul Sirop.{{cite web\|title\=A Weiner \& Hungry Look\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/491512804/?terms\=%22Charles%20Frattini%22\&match\=1\|work\=\[\[New York City\|New York]] \[\[New York Daily News\|Daily News]] (p. 7\)\|date\=September 3, 1974\|access\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000236/https://www.newspapers.com/image/491512804/?terms\=%22Charles%20Frattini%22\&match\=1\|url\-status\=live}} There was apparently no tie\-breaking eat\-off.
|{{flagicon\|USA}} Roberto Muriel
*Independence Day*
10
{{frac\|3\|1\|2}} min |
|{{flagicon\|USA}} John Connolly
*Opening day of Coney Island's summer season*
*(April 7\)*
9
{{frac\|2\|1\|2}} min |
|1973
*(unknown)*
*Independence Day*
*(unknown)*
*(unknown)* |
The first 1973 contest was scheduled to be held on April 7 (opening day for Coney Island's summer season activities) but was canceled due to the [1973 meat boycott](/wiki/1973_meat_boycott "1973 meat boycott"). A press account from the time describes this to have been the 23rd annual contest.{{cite web\|author\=Colleen Sullivan\|date\=April 8, 1973\|title\=Boycott Leaders Hail Protest; Price Watchers Are Skeptical\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/718540930/\|work\=\[\[Melville, New York\|Melville]] (\[\[New York (state)\|N.Y.]]) \[\[Newsday\|Sunday Newsday]]: \[\[Suffolk County, New York\|Suffolk]] Ed. (p. 5\)\|access\-date\=June 12, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 12, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612160000/https://www.newspapers.com/image/718540930/\|url\-status\=live}} A contest was scheduled to be held on Independence Day (designated as the 106th anniversary of the invention of the hot dog) and refereed by the "1973 Hot Dog Queen",{{cite web\|author\=Linda Greenhouse\|date\=July 4, 1973\|title\=Old\-Time One\-Day Fourth To Get New Angles Here\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/04/archives/oldtime\-oneday\-fourth\-to\-get\-new\-angles\-here\-air\-show\-scheduled.html\|work\=The New York Times (p. 38\)\|access\-date\=February 11, 2017\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015945/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/04/archives/oldtime\-oneday\-fourth\-to\-get\-new\-angles\-here\-air\-show\-scheduled.html\|url\-status\=live}} but no results are known to have been compiled and released to the public.
|*(canceled)*
*Opening day of Coney Island's summer season*
*(April 7\)*
—
— |
|1972
{{flagicon\|USA}} Melody Andorfer
*Labor Day*
12
5 min |
The first 1972 contest was held on Memorial Day and was won by a [Brooklyn College](/wiki/Brooklyn_College "Brooklyn College") student; the prize "was a book of certificates for forty more hot dogs". The second 1972 contest was held on Labor Day and was won by a 105\-pound, 18\-year\-old female community activist from Astoria, Queens; the prize was a paper crown (on July 2, 2021, she received a belt similar to those awarded to recent winners, for her past achievement).{{cite web\|author\=Charles Denson\|date\=April 23, 2020\|title\=Melody Andorfer: 'Hot Dog Queen' and Winner of the 1972 Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest\|url\=https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/oral\-history\-archive/melody\-andorfer\|work\=coneyislandhistory.org\|accessdate\=2021\-07\-20\|archive\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000243/https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/oral\-history\-archive/melody\-andorfer\|url\-status\=live}} 260\-pound, 19 year old Gary Silverman of Brooklyn was the runner\-up and consumed 10 hot dogs. 8 men and 8 women participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 23rd annual contest. In 2020, the [Coney Island History Project](/wiki/Coney_Island_History_Project "Coney Island History Project") interviewed Andorfer.{{Cite web \|date\=2020\-06\-10 \|title\=Melody Andorfer \|url\=https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/oral\-history\-archive/melody\-andorfer \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-16 \|website\=Coney Island History Project \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=July 22, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000243/https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/oral\-history\-archive/melody\-andorfer \|url\-status\=live }}
|{{flagicon\|USA}} Jason Schechter
*Memorial Day*
14
{{frac\|3\|1\|2}} min |
| 1968–1971 |*(no documented contests)*
| 1967 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Walter Paul
*[Centennial](/wiki/Centennial "Centennial") celebration of the invention of the hot dog*
*(June 30\)*
17{{ref\|reference\_name\_B\|b}}
60 min |
The contest was held on June 30 (designated as the 100th anniversary of the invention of the hot dog) and was won by a 400\-pound, 32 year old truck driver. The prize was "a trophy proclaiming him the world's champion hot dog eater." He consumed the hot dogs over the period of "one hour flat".{{cite web\|title\=Frankfurter Fan Downs 127 for Centennial Title\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=FgMqAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4511,12128\&hl\=en\|work\=Milwaukee Journal (p. 2\)\|date\=July 1, 1967}}{{Dead link\|date\=March 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}{{cite web\|title\=Man Gobbles 127 Hot Dogs\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=IxwrAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6803%2C365137\|work\=Reading (Pa.) Eagle (p. 14\)\|date\=July 2, 1967\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=July 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703201454/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=IxwrAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6803%2C365137\|url\-status\=live}} It is not immediately clear if he ate buns with the hot dogs. |
{{note\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} final total may have been affected by interruption from protestor{{cite web\|author\=Scott Gleeson\|date\=July 4, 2022\|title\=Joey Chestnut puts protestor in brief chokehold during his Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest victory\|url\=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/joey\-chestnut\-puts\-protestor\-brief\-175356245\.html\|work\=\[\[USA Today]]\|access\-date\=2022\-07\-04\|archive\-date\=July 4, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704203548/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/joey\-chestnut\-puts\-protestor\-brief\-175356245\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
{{note\|reference\_name\_B\|b}} though Walter Paul's 1967 feat is documented in multiple [UPI](/wiki/UPI "UPI") press accounts from the time, he has also been mentioned in passing in more recent press accounts for supposedly establishing the contest's then\-record *17* hot dogs consumed; several other people have similarly been credited for records of {{frac\|13\|1\|2}}, {{frac\|17\|1\|2}}, or {{frac\|18\|1\|2}} hot dogs consumed; the following feats are not known to be documented more fully in press accounts from the time of their occurrence and, as such, may not be credible and are not included in the *Results* table above:
"Several years" before 1986: unspecified contestant, {{frac\|13\|1\|2}}
1979: unspecified contestant, {{frac\|17\|1\|2}}
1978: Walter Paul (described as being from [Coney Island](/wiki/Coney_Island "Coney Island"), [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn")), 17{{cite web\|title\=Extra! Man bites dog—15 of 'em\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/13855370/\|work\=Tyrone (Pa.) Daily Herald (p. 6\)\|date\=July 7, 1986\|access\-date\=July 10, 2016\|archive\-date\=August 19, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819020354/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/13855370/\|url\-status\=live}}
1974: unspecified contestant, 16
1968: Walter Paul (described as "a rotund Coney Island carnival caretaker"), 17
1959: Peter Washburn (described as "a one\-armed Brooklyn Carnival worker"), {{frac\|18\|1\|2}}{{cite book\|author\=Ryan Nerz\|date\=April 2006\|title\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\&q\=%22selhoff%2C\+the\+former\+Baywatch\+star%22\&pg\=PA61\|work\=St. Martin's Griffin (p. 61\)\|publisher\=Macmillan \|isbn\=9780312339685}} or 17
1959: Paul Washburn (described as a carnival worker from Brooklyn), {{frac\|17\|1\|2}}
1959: Walter Paul (described as a 260\-pound man from Brooklyn), 17
1957: Paul Washburn, {{frac\|17\|1\|2}}
### By champion
| No. of Titles | Name | Year(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 16 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Joey Chestnut](/wiki/Joey_Chestnut "Joey Chestnut") | 2007–2014, 2016–2023 |
| 9 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Miki Sudo](/wiki/Miki_Sudo "Miki Sudo") | 2014–2020, 2022–2023 |
| 6 | {{flagicon\|Japan}} [Takeru Kobayashi](/wiki/Takeru_Kobayashi "Takeru Kobayashi") | 2001–2006 |
| 4 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Mike DeVito](/wiki/Michael_DeVito "Michael DeVito") | 1990,{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} 1993 *([Independence Day](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28United_States%29 "Independence Day (United States)") \& October 27\)*–1994 |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Jay Green | 1988–1990{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|Japan}} Hirofumi Nakajima | 1996 *(December 4\)*–1998 |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Sonya Thomas](/wiki/Sonya_Thomas "Sonya Thomas") | 2011–2013 |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Frankie Dellarosa | 1991–1992 |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Ed Krachie | 1995–1996 |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Walter Paul | 1967 *(Centennial celebration of the invention of the hot dog)*, 1974 *([Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day "Labor Day"))*{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Steven Abrams | 1982 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Melody Andorfer | 1972 *(Labor Day)* |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|Japan}} Kazutoyo Arai | 2000 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Joe Baldini | 1980{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Patrick Bertoletti](/wiki/Patrick_Bertoletti "Patrick Bertoletti") | 2024 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Lonnie Brown | 1975 *([Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day "Memorial Day"))* |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} John Connolly | 1974 *(Opening day of Coney Island's summer season)* |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Thomas DeBerry | 1981 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|GER}} Birgit Felden | 1984 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Luther Frazier | 1979{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Emil Gomez | 1983 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Mark Heller | 1986 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Manel Hollenback | 1978{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Steve Keiner](/wiki/Steve_Keiner "Steve Keiner") | 1999 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Michelle Lesco](/wiki/Michelle_Lesco "Michelle Lesco") | 2021 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Jim Mattner | 1979{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Roberto Muriel | 1974 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Oscar Rodriguez | 1985 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Jason Schechter | 1972 *(Memorial Day)* |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Paul Siederman](/wiki/Jerry_Butler_%28actor%29 "Jerry Butler (actor)") | 1980{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Kevin Sinclair | 1978{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Paul Sirop | 1974 *(Labor Day)*{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Sharlene Smith | 1975 *(Memorial Day)* |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Matt Stonie](/wiki/Matt_Stonie "Matt Stonie") | 2015 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|Japan}} Hiroaki Tominaga | 1986 *(February 11\)* |
| 1 | *(unknown)* | 1973 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Don Wolfman | 1987 |
{{note\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} the 1974 *[Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day "Labor Day")* and 1978, 1979, 1980, and 1990 *[Independence Day](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28United_States%29 "Independence Day (United States)")* competitions ended in ties
### By contest type
| \+Joint male \& female competitions (1967, 1972–1974, 1978–2010\) |
| No. of Titles
Name
Year(s)
| 6 | {{flagicon\|Japan}} [Takeru Kobayashi](/wiki/Takeru_Kobayashi "Takeru Kobayashi") | 2001–2006 |
| 4 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Joey Chestnut](/wiki/Joey_Chestnut "Joey Chestnut") | 2007–2010 |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Mike DeVito](/wiki/Michael_DeVito "Michael DeVito") | 1990,{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} 1993–1994 |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Jay Green | 1988–1990{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Frankie Dellarosa | 1991–1992 |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Ed Krachie | 1995–1996 |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|Japan}} Hirofumi Nakajima | 1997–1998 |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Walter Paul | 1967 *(Centennial celebration of the invention of the hot dog)*, 1974 *([Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day "Labor Day"))*{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Steven Abrams | 1982 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Melody Andorfer | 1972 *(Labor Day)* |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|Japan}} Kazutoyo Arai | 2000 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Joe Baldini | 1980{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} John Connolly | 1974 *(Opening day of Coney Island's summer season)* |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Thomas DeBerry | 1981 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|GER}} Birgit Felden | 1984 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Luther Frazier | 1979{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Emil Gomez | 1983 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Mark Heller | 1986 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Manel Hollenback | 1978{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Steve Keiner](/wiki/Steve_Keiner "Steve Keiner") | 1999 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Jim Mattner | 1979{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Roberto Muriel | 1974 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Oscar Rodriguez | 1985 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Jason Schechter | 1972 *([Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day "Memorial Day"))* |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Paul Siederman](/wiki/Jerry_Butler_%28actor%29 "Jerry Butler (actor)") | 1980{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Kevin Sinclair | 1978{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Paul Sirop | 1974 *(Labor Day)*{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} |
| 1 | *(unknown)* | 1973 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Don Wolfman | 1987 |
{{note\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} the 1974 *[Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day "Labor Day")* and 1978, 1979, 1980, and 1990 *[Independence Day](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28United_States%29 "Independence Day (United States)")* competitions ended in ties
| \+Men's\-only competitions (1975, 2011–Present) |
| No. of Titles
Name
Year(s)
| 11 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Joey Chestnut](/wiki/Joey_Chestnut "Joey Chestnut") | 2011–2014, 2016–2023 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Patrick Bertoletti](/wiki/Patrick_Bertoletti "Patrick Bertoletti") | 2024 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Lonnie Brown | 1975 *([Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day "Memorial Day"))* |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Matt Stonie](/wiki/Matt_Stonie "Matt Stonie") | 2015 |
| \+Women's\-only competitions (1975, 2011–Present){{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} |
| No. of Titles
Name
Year(s)
| 8 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Miki Sudo](/wiki/Miki_Sudo "Miki Sudo") | 2014–2020, 2022–2023 |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Sonya Thomas](/wiki/Sonya_Thomas "Sonya Thomas") | 2011–2013 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Michelle Lesco](/wiki/Michelle_Lesco "Michelle Lesco") | 2021 |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Sharlene Smith | 1975 *([Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day "Memorial Day"))* |
{{note\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} prior to restructuring the competition to offer women's\-only contests, the media was known to use the term "women's category" to describe female participation;{{cite web\|title\=Ready, set, eat (caption)\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/277359883/?terms\=%22Takeru%20Kobayashi%22\&match\=1\|work\=\[\[Tulare, California\|Tulare]] (\[\[California\|Calif.]]) Advance\-Register (sec. A, p. 4\)\|date\=July 5, 2004\|access\-date\=July 9, 2022\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709010609/https://www.newspapers.com/image/277359883/?terms\=%22Takeru%20Kobayashi%22\&match\=1\|url\-status\=live}} the top\-finishers of the "women's category" in this era included, for **2003:** [Sonya Thomas](/wiki/Sonya_Thomas "Sonya Thomas") (25\), **2004:** Sonya Thomas (32\), **2005:** Sonya Thomas (37\), **2006:** Sonya Thomas (37\), **2007:** Sonya Thomas (39\), **2008:** Sonya Thomas (34\), **2009:** Sonya Thomas (41\), and **2010:** Sonya Thomas (36\){{cite web\|title\=Nathan's Annual Hot Dog Eating Contest\|url\=https://www.yummymath.com/wp\-content/uploads/2021/05/hot\-dog\-eating.pdf\|work\=yummymath.com\|access\-date\=July 9, 2022\|archive\-date\=August 7, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807140359/https://www.yummymath.com/wp\-content/uploads/2021/05/hot\-dog\-eating.pdf\|url\-status\=live}}
| \+One\-on\-One Challenges with Japan (1986, 1993, 1996\) |
| No. of Titles
Name
Year
| 1 | {{flagicon\|USA}} [Mike DeVito](/wiki/Michael_DeVito "Michael DeVito") | 1993 *(October 27\)* |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|Japan}} Hirofumi Nakajima | 1996 *(December 4\)* |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|Japan}} Hiroaki Tominaga | 1986 *(February 11\)* |
|
[
"Results\n-------",
"### By year (color\\-coded by belt color)",
"",
"| Year | Winner(and date, if prior to permanently moving all contests to Independence Day in 1997\\) | Hot dogs and buns(HDB) | Contest duration | Note(s) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2024 |*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} [Patrick Bertoletti](/wiki/Patrick_Bertoletti \"Patrick Bertoletti\")",
"58",
"10 min |\n Joey Chestnut is absent from the men’s event for the first time since 2004, due to a purported sponsorship issue between Chestnut and Major League Eating. Chestnut eats 57 HDB in 5 minutes in a non\\-sponsored event. Miki Sudo sets a new women’s record, with 51 HDB eaten. |\n|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} [Miki Sudo](/wiki/Miki_Sudo \"Miki Sudo\")",
"**51**",
"|2023{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://abc7ny.com/nathans\\-hotdogs\\-content\\-2023\\-hot\\-dog\\-eating\\-contest\\-coney\\-island\\-joey\\-chestnut/13456057/ \\|title\\=Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest: Reigning champs Chestnut, Sudo eat their way to victory \\|date\\=2023\\-07\\-04 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-04 \\|website\\=\\[\\[WABC\\-TV]]}}",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} [Joey Chestnut](/wiki/Joey_Chestnut \"Joey Chestnut\")",
"62",
"10 min",
"",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Miki Sudo",
"{{frac\\|39\\|1\\|2}}",
"|2022",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"63{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}}",
"10 min",
"Miki Sudo returns from her pregnancy to reclaim her title. After being shoved from the table, Joey Chestnut puts a protester who ran onto the stage during the event in a chokehold. Geoffrey Esper (47 HDB) finished second. James Webb (41 HDB) finished third.",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Miki Sudo",
"40",
"|2021",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"**76**",
"10 min",
"The event is held at [Maimonides Park](/wiki/Maimonides_Park \"Maimonides Park\") due to capacity restrictions and other health and safety requirements. Joey Chestnut breaks the world record with 76 HDB. Defending champion [Miki Sudo](/wiki/Miki_Sudo \"Miki Sudo\") was out due to her pregnancy.",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} [Michelle Lesco](/wiki/Michelle_Lesco \"Michelle Lesco\")",
"{{frac\\|30\\|3\\|4}}",
"|2020",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"75",
"10 min",
"First time event is being held indoors without fans caused by the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"). Joey Chestnut breaks the world record with 75 HDB. Darron Breeden (42 HDB) finished second. Nick Wehry (39\\.5 HDB) finished third. Miki Sudo breaks the women's world record with 48\\.5 HDB.",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Miki Sudo",
"{{frac\\|48\\|1\\|2}}",
"|2019",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"71",
"10 min",
"Joey Chestnut won his 12th title. Darron Breeden (50 HDB) finished second. Geoffrey Esper (47 HDB) finished third. Sudo (31 HDB) edged out Lesco (26 HDB) to win her sixth Nathan's belt.",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Miki Sudo",
"31",
"|2018",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"74",
"10 min",
"After a judging error had left the results in question, the final results showed that Joey Chestnut broke the world record with 74 HDB. Carmen Cincotti (64 HDB) finished second. Darron Breeden (43 HDB) finished third. Sudo won her fifth women's belt. Michelle Lesco (28 HDB) finished second. Sonya Thomas and Juliet Lee (25 HDB) tied for third. This is the last competition that Thomas competed in.",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Miki Sudo",
"37",
"|2017",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"72",
"10 min",
"Joey Chestnut breaks the contest record with 72 HDB. Carmen Cincotti (60 HDB) finished second. Matt Stonie (48 HDB) finished third. Sudo won her fourth women's title, beating [Michelle Lesco](/wiki/Michelle_Lesco \"Michelle Lesco\") (32 HDB) and Thomas (30 HDB).",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Miki Sudo",
"41",
"|2016",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"70",
"10 min",
"Joey Chestnut won the mustard\\-colored belt for the ninth time, eating 70 hot dogs and buns. Defending champion Matt Stonie consumed 53 HDB. Sudo ({{frac\\|38\\|1\\|2}}) won her third consecutive women's title, edging out Thomas (35 HDB). At the Giant National Capital BBQ Battle in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), on June 25, Chestnut set the record of 73\\.5 in an official qualifier.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/moresports/story/\\_/id/16763727/joey\\-chestnut\\-eats\\-70\\-hot\\-dogs\\-wins\\-nathan\\-famous\\-crown\\|title\\=Joey Chestnut eats 70 hot dogs, 17 more than Matt Stonie, to win Nathan's title\\|last\\=Balsamo\\|first\\=Michael\\|date\\=July 4, 2016\\|website\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 4, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=July 28, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728130707/http://espn.go.com/moresports/story/\\_/id/16763727/joey\\-chestnut\\-eats\\-70\\-hot\\-dogs\\-wins\\-nathan\\-famous\\-crown\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Miki Sudo",
"{{frac\\|38\\|1\\|2}}",
"|2015",
"*MEN'S*{{flagicon\\|USA}} [Matt Stonie](/wiki/Matt_Stonie \"Matt Stonie\") |\n62",
"10 min",
"Matt Stonie ended the 8 year winning streak of Joey Chestnut, eating 62 HDB to Joey's 60\\. [Tim Janus](/wiki/Tim_Janus \"Tim Janus\") (35 HDB) finished third. Sudo won her second women's belt, beating Thomas (31 HDB).",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Miki Sudo",
"38",
"|2014",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"61",
"10 min",
"Joey Chestnut faced fierce competition from Matt Stonie, who finished second with 56 HDB. Tim Janus (44 HDB) finished in 3rd. This became Joey's 8th consecutive win. Miki Sudo (34 HDB) dethroned Thomas ({{frac\\|27\\|3\\|4}} HDB), the first time in the history of the competition that Thomas had been defeated since the inception of the women's division. Sudo also ended a long tradition by becoming the first champion in a quarter\\-century to decline to use a nickname during Nathan's competitions.",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Miki Sudo",
"34",
"|2013",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"69",
"10 min",
"Joey Chestnut beat his own record with 69 HDB. Matt Stonie (51HDB) finished second. Tim Janus (50 HDB) finished in 3rd. After facing fierce competition from Juliet Lee (36 HDB), Thomas ({{frac\\|36\\|3\\|4}} HDB) won her third title.",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} [Sonya Thomas](/wiki/Sonya_Thomas \"Sonya Thomas\")",
"{{frac\\|36\\|3\\|4}}",
"|2012",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"68",
"10 min",
"Chestnut tied his previous record, previously set in 2009\\. He also became the second person to win six consecutive titles. Tim Janus (52\\.25\\) and [Patrick Bertoletti](/wiki/Patrick_Bertoletti \"Patrick Bertoletti\") (51\\) finish second and third. Matt Stonie, who would go on to claim victory in 2015 finished fourth with 46 HDB. [Bob Shoudt](/wiki/Bob_Shoudt \"Bob Shoudt\") was 5th (45 HDB) broke Thomas' record for oldest person to eat their age in HDB (45 yr) Thomas (45 HDB) broke the female record and set a new record for the oldest person to eat their age in HDB (44 yr), beating Juliet Lee (33 HDB).",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Sonya Thomas",
"45",
"|2011",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"62",
"10 min",
"Separate competitions are held for women and men for the first time since the 1975 one\\-off event. Chestnut dominates on his way to his fifth straight title. Sonya Thomas (40 HDB) won the inaugural women's event. Patrick Bertoletti (53\\) and Tim \"Eater X\" Janus (45\\) finish 2nd and 3rd for the second year in a row.",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Sonya Thomas",
"40",
"| 2010 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"54",
"10 min |\n Chestnut (54\\), Tim \"Eater X\" Janus (45\\), and Patrick Bertoletti (37\\) round out the top three. |\n| 2009 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"68",
"10 min |\n Chestnut (68 HDB) beat his previous record in 10 minutes, setting new event, U.S., and world records. Kobayashi ({{frac\\|64\\|1\\|2}} HDB) set a Japanese record. Patrick Bertoletti (55 HDB) finished third. Sonya Thomas (41 HDB) broke the female record. |\n| 2008 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"59 \n \nEat\\-off: 5",
"10 minEat\\-off: untimed, but completed in 50 sec. |\n Event, Japanese, U.S., and world records set (59 HDB). First event using the new ten\\-minute time limit, and first tie and eat\\-off since 1980\\. Chestnut \\& Kobayashi tied for first with 59 in regulation. In overtime Chestnut is the first to finish a plate of 5 HDB in 50 seconds. Kobayashi, losing by 7 seconds, finishes second. Tim Janus finished third with 42\\. |\n| 2007 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut |66",
"12 min |\n Having broken the world and U.S. records with {{frac\\|59\\|1\\|2}} HDB at a qualifier contest on June 2, 2007, Chestnut (66 HDB) finishes first, setting new event, U.S. and world records. Defeating Kobayashi (63 HDB) for the first time. Fifth place Sonya Thomas (39 HDB) sets female record. |\n| 2006 |{{flagicon\\|JPN}} [Takeru Kobayashi](/wiki/Takeru_Kobayashi \"Takeru Kobayashi\")",
"{{frac\\|53\\|3\\|4}}",
"12 min |\n Winner Kobayashi sets event, Japanese and world records. Second place Joey Chestnut (52 HDB), sets U.S. record. Sonya Thomas (37\\) finishes third. |\n| 2005 |{{flagicon\\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi",
"49",
"12 min |\n 2nd: Sonya Thomas (37\\) sets U.S. record, Women's record. Future winner Joey Chestnut finishes third with 32\\. |\n| 2004 |{{flagicon\\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi",
"{{frac\\|53\\|1\\|2}}",
"12 min |\n Event, United States and world records set. 2nd: Nobuyuki Shirota (38\\), Sonya Thomas (32 HDB) sets the female and U.S. records. |\n| 2003 |{{flagicon\\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi",
"{{frac\\|44\\|1\\|2}}",
"12 min |\n Sonya Thomas (25 HDB) sets the female record. 2nd: Ed Jarvis ({{frac\\|30\\|1\\|2}}, American record), 3rd: Eric Booker (29\\). Twenty competitors and 3,000 spectators in attendance. [William \"The Refrigerator\" Perry](/wiki/William_Perry_%28American_football%29 \"William Perry (American football)\") competes, but eats only four HDB and drops out after five minutes.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/moresports/news/2003/0704/1576745\\.html \\|title\\=2003 ESPN.com report \\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 5, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305111144/http://espn.go.com/moresports/news/2003/0704/1576745\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} |\n| 2002 |{{flagicon\\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi",
"{{frac\\|50\\|1\\|2}}",
"12 min |\n Event, Japanese and world records set. |\n| 2001 |{{flagicon\\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi",
"50",
"12 min |\n 20 competitors total. All\\-time world records set.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200605/competitive\\-eating/6 \\|title\\=Horsemen of the Esophagus \\|publisher\\=Theatlantic.com \\|date\\=May 1, 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 7, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907071835/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200605/competitive\\-eating/6 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} 2nd: Kazutoyo Arai (31\\), 3rd: Eric \"Badlands\" Booker (22\\). |\n| 2000 |{{flagicon\\|JPN}} Kazutoyo Arai",
"{{frac\\|25\\|1\\|8}}",
"12 min |\n The contest was won by a 100\\-pound 32\\-year\\-old mattress salesman from [Saitama, Japan](/wiki/Saitama%2C_Saitama \"Saitama, Saitama\"). The prizes were \"the coveted mustard\\-yellow International Belt, a huge red trophy, and 20 pounds of Nathan's hot dogs.\" Misao Fujita (also known as \"Wild Beast\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Early eating world's best deciding match!\\|url\\=http://www.tv\\-tokyo.co.jp.e.ck.hp.transer.com/tvchamp1/000824/under.htm\\|work\\=tv\\-tokyo.co.jp\\|date\\=2000\\|access\\-date\\=July 29, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=July 5, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705032916/http://www.tv\\-tokyo.co.jp.e.ck.hp.transer.com/tvchamp1/000824/under.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}) of [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") was the runner\\-up and consumed 24 hot dogs. A woman, [Takako Akasaka](/wiki/Takako_Akasaka \"Takako Akasaka\") of Japan, was the third\\-place finisher and consumed 22 hot dogs. 41 year old [locomotive](/wiki/Locomotive \"Locomotive\") machinist Steve Addicks of [Finksburg, Maryland](/wiki/Finksburg%2C_Maryland \"Finksburg, Maryland\"), was the fourth\\-place finisher and consumed 21 hot dogs. 391\\-pound, 35 year old reigning champion Steve Keiner of [Atlantic City, New Jersey](/wiki/Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey \"Atlantic City, New Jersey\") \"finished in the middle of the pack\" and consumed 15 hot dogs. \"Dozens\" of contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Japanese Man Wins Hot Dog Contest\\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id\\=96638\\&page\\=1\\|work\\=abcnews.go.com\\|date\\=July 4, 2000\\|access\\-date\\=July 28, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=July 2, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702112106/https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id\\=96638\\&page\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Another describes this as the 85th annual contest. |\n| 1999 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} [Steve Keiner](/wiki/Steve_Keiner \"Steve Keiner\")",
"{{frac\\|21\\|1\\|2}}",
"12 min |\n The contest was won by a 317\\-pound, 50\\-year\\-old man from [Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey](/wiki/Egg_Harbor_Township%2C_New_Jersey \"Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey\"). The prize was the bejeweled mustard\\-colored belt{{cite web\\|author\\=Robert D. McFadden\\|date\\=July 5, 1999\\|title\\=Holiday Parades March By, But the Heat Is Just Settling In\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/05/nyregion/holiday\\-parades\\-march\\-by\\-but\\-the\\-heat\\-is\\-just\\-settling\\-in.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=August 31, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831212621/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/05/nyregion/holiday\\-parades\\-march\\-by\\-but\\-the\\-heat\\-is\\-just\\-settling\\-in.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and 60 pounds of hot dogs.{{cite web\\|title\\=Newsmakers: Nathan's hot\\-dog champ is dogged by controversy\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/179185487/?terms\\=%22dogged%20by%20controversy%22\\&match\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] (sec. D, p. 2\\)\\|date\\=July 6, 1999\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709010608/https://www.newspapers.com/image/179185487/?terms\\=%22dogged%20by%20controversy%22\\&match\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Footage recorded by [NY1](/wiki/NY1 \"NY1\") appeared to show that he actually consumed half of a hot dog before the starting gun was fired and should have been disqualified by the judges. Charles Hardy and Bartoszek Tadeusz, both of [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\"), were the runners\\-up and consumed 20 hot dogs each. Hardy charged that he could have consumed more had he been given another plate of hot dogs before time expired.{{cite web\\|author\\=Michael Finnegan\\|date\\=July 6, 1999\\|title\\=Nathan's Champ Called Cheat Eating Contest Rematch Sought\\|url\\=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/nathan\\-champ\\-called\\-cheat\\-eating\\-contest\\-rematch\\-sought\\-article\\-1\\.852481\\|work\\=New York Daily News\\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205344/https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/nathan\\-champ\\-called\\-cheat\\-eating\\-contest\\-rematch\\-sought\\-article\\-1\\.852481\\|url\\-status\\=live}} 134\\-pound, reigning champion Hirofumi Nakajima of Japan consumed 19 hot dogs. Former champion Mike DeVito also participated. |\n| 1998 |{{flagicon\\|JPN}} Hirofumi Nakajima",
"19",
"12 min |\n The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 135\\-pound, 23 year old furniture delivery worker from [Kōfu, Japan](/wiki/K%C5%8Dfu \"Kōfu\"). The prizes were \"the coveted mustard\\-yellow International Belt, a huge red trophy, and 20 pounds of Nathan's hot dogs.\"{{cite news\\|author\\=Jeanne King\\|date\\=July 5, 1998\\|title\\=Japanese retains hot dog competition title\\|agency\\=Reuters}} A 387\\-pound, 29 year old corrections officer from Brooklyn, Charles \"Hungry\" Hardy, was the runner\\-up and consumed {{frac\\|17\\|1\\|2}} hot dogs.{{cite web\\|author\\=Lisi De Bourbon\\|date\\=July 5, 1998\\|title\\=World's champion hot dog eater retains his crown at Coney Island\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/95429866/?terms\\=%22retains%20his%20crown%22\\&match\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] (sec. C, p. 9\\)\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709010609/https://www.newspapers.com/image/95429866/?terms\\=%22retains%20his%20crown%22\\&match\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} 381\\-pound, 35 year old mechanical engineer and former champion Ed Krachie came out of retirement in a vain attempt to break Japan's win streak but was the third\\-place finisher and consumed 14 hot dogs. A 53 year old [haggis](/wiki/Haggis \"Haggis\")\\-eating champion from the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), Barry Noble, also participated. In all, 16 contestants participated.{{cite web\\|title\\=(Hot) Dog Days of Summer: 19 Takes Title\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/160058641/?terms\\=%22%28Hot%29%20Dog%20Days%22\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times (sec. A, p. 20\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1998\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709010608/https://www.newspapers.com/image/160058641/?terms\\=%22(Hot)%20Dog%20Days%22\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1997 |{{flagicon\\|JPN}} Hirofumi Nakajima",
"{{frac\\|24\\|1\\|2}}",
"12 min |\n Although Nathan's attempted to expand its pool of American contestants by sponsoring \"a circuit of qualifying contests leading up to the grand finale on the Fourth\",{{cite book\\|author\\=Ryan Nerz\\|date\\=April 2006\\|title\\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\\&q\\=%22Three\\+years\\+later%2C\\+in\\+January\\+of\\+1991%2C\\+Max\\+Rosey\\+lay\\+in\\+a\\+hospital\\+bed%22\\&pg\\=PA15\\|publisher\\=St. Martin's Press \\|page\\=15\\|isbn\\=9780312339685}} Japanese contestants continued to increase their influence. The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 135\\-pound, 22 year old furniture delivery worker from Kōfu, Japan. The prizes were \"a large emerald and brass trophy, a Mustard\\-Yellow International Belt, and a 20\\-pack take\\-out order for Nathan's hot dogs.\" 100\\-pound, 30 year old future champion Kazutoyo Arai of Saitama, Japan was the runner\\-up and consumed 24 hot dogs. 330\\-pound, 34 year old former champion Ed Krachie was the third\\-place finisher and consumed 20 hot dogs. 23 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Japanese Goes Faster, 'Furter in Hot Dog Contest\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1997\\-jul\\-05\\-mn\\-9854\\-story.html\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=July 5, 1997\\|access\\-date\\=July 27, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=August 19, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819164506/http://articles.latimes.com/1997/jul/05/news/mn\\-9854\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n|1996",
"*ONE\\-ON\\-ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN* \n{{flagicon\\|Japan}} Hirofumi Nakajima \n*December 4*",
"{{frac\\|23\\|1\\|4}}",
"12 min |\nThe contest was won by the reigning champion, a 300\\-pound man from [Queens](/wiki/Queens \"Queens\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Man downs 22 hot dogs to win contest\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/EVENTS/1996/4july/stories/hotdog.contest/index.html\\|work\\=cnn.com\\|date\\=July 4, 1996\\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=November 12, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112131534/http://www.cnn.com/EVENTS/1996/4july/stories/hotdog.contest/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The prizes apparently included the bejeweled mustard\\-yellow belt and a trophy, if not more.{{cite web\\|title\\=Nathan's 4th July Hot Dog Contest (caption)\\|url\\=http://www.gettyimages.com/event/nathans\\-4th\\-july\\-hot\\-dog\\-contest\\-560367575\\#still\\-champ\\-ed\\-krachie\\-of\\-queens\\-holds\\-up\\-his\\-winners\\-belt\\-and\\-trophy\\-picture\\-id97320723\\|work\\=gettyimages.com\\|date\\=July 4, 1996\\|access\\-date\\=July 26, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=August 20, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820203934/http://www.gettyimages.com/event/nathans\\-4th\\-july\\-hot\\-dog\\-contest\\-560367575\\#still\\-champ\\-ed\\-krachie\\-of\\-queens\\-holds\\-up\\-his\\-winners\\-belt\\-and\\-trophy\\-picture\\-id97320723\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Former champion Mike DeVito was the runner\\-up and consumed 20 hot dogs. 200\\-pound, 42 year old [Guardian Angels](/wiki/Guardian_Angels \"Guardian Angels\") founder [Curtis Sliwa](/wiki/Curtis_Sliwa \"Curtis Sliwa\") was also a contestant.{{cite web\\|author\\=Tracy Connor\\|date\\=July 1, 1996\\|title\\=Sliwa makes bid for frank\\-eating title\\|url\\=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/07/01/Sliwa\\-makes\\-bid\\-for\\-frank\\-eating\\-title/8818836193600/\\|work\\=United Press International\\|access\\-date\\=July 25, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=August 8, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808001607/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/07/01/Sliwa\\-makes\\-bid\\-for\\-frank\\-eating\\-title/8818836193600/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} 20 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916, except for 1939, 1940, and 1941—this time held under the moniker \"Battle of the Burroughs\". A later 1996 contest was also sponsored by Nathan's (and [TV Tokyo](/wiki/TV_Tokyo \"TV Tokyo\"){{cite book\\|author\\=Ryan Nerz\\|date\\=April 2006\\|title\\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\\&q\\=%22A\\+YEAR\\+OF\\+GORGING\\+AND\\+GLORY%22\\|work\\=Macmillan (p. 63\\)\\|publisher\\=Macmillan \\|isbn\\=9780312339685}}), but was held at [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park \"Central Park\") instead of at its traditional location. It was won by a 144\\-pound, 22\\-year\\-old man from Japan; he had never eaten a hot dog until the day before the competition. The prizes were the bejeweled mustard\\-yellow belt and $2,000\\. 320\\-pound, 33 year old mechanical engineer Ed Krachie of [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\") was the runner\\-up. Only those 2 contestants participated.{{cite web\\|author\\=Scott Neuman\\|date\\=December 4, 1996\\|title\\=Japan snatches top dog title from U.S.\\|url\\=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/12/04/Japan\\-snatches\\-top\\-dog\\-title\\-from\\-US/4034849675600/\\|work\\=United Press International\\|accessdate\\=July 24, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=August 7, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807230457/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/12/04/Japan\\-snatches\\-top\\-dog\\-title\\-from\\-US/4034849675600/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"|{{flagicon\\|USA}} Ed Krachie \n*[Independence Day](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28United_States%29 \"Independence Day (United States)\")*",
"22",
"12 min |\n| 1995 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Ed Krachie \n*Independence Day*",
"{{frac\\|19\\|1\\|2}}",
"12 min |\n The contest was won by a 350\\-pound [NYNEX](/wiki/NYNEX \"NYNEX\") [engineer](/wiki/Engineer \"Engineer\") from Queens. 205\\-pound, 33 year old [Salomon Brothers](/wiki/Salomon_Brothers \"Salomon Brothers\") vice president and reigning champion Mike DeVito of [Manalapan Township, New Jersey](/wiki/Manalapan_Township%2C_New_Jersey \"Manalapan Township, New Jersey\"), was the runner\\-up and consumed 19 hot dogs.{{cite news\\|author\\=David Stout\\|date\\=July 5, 1995\\|title\\=New Jersey Daily Briefing: A Coup in Hot Dog Land\\|url\\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\\=990CE5D8123EF936A35754C0A963958260\\|work\\=The New York Times}} |\n| 1994 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} [Mike DeVito](/wiki/Michael_DeVito \"Michael DeVito\") \n*Independence Day*",
"20",
"12 min{{cite web\\|author\\=Corky Siemaszko\\|date\\=July 5, 1994\\|title\\=A boom town for the day: Big Apple proudly hails Fourth of July\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/474269751/?terms\\=%22Big%20Apple%20proudly%22\\&match\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York City\\|New York]] \\[\\[New York Daily News\\|Daily News]] (sec. C, p. 3\\)\\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000232/https://www.newspapers.com/image/474269751/?terms\\=%22Big%20Apple%20proudly%22\\&match\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 32 year old [accountant](/wiki/Accountant \"Accountant\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Chronicle\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/05/nyregion/chronicle\\-582492\\.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=July 5, 1994\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=August 19, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819105728/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/05/nyregion/chronicle\\-582492\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Future champion Ed Krachie was the runner\\-up. 40 year old Guardian Angels founder Curtis Sliwa was the third\\-place finisher and consumed 13 hot dogs. |\n|1993",
"*ONE\\-ON\\-ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Mike DeVito \n*October 27{{cite news\\|title\\=Devouring those dirty\\-water dogs (caption)\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50010441/the\\-journal\\-news/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Rockland, New York\\|Rockland]] (\\[\\[New York (state)\\|N.Y.]]) \\[\\[The Journal News\\|Journal–News]] (sec. B, p. 5\\)\\|date\\=October 28, 1993\\|page\\=29\\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195412/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50010441/the\\-journal\\-news/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}*",
"18",
"30 min |\nThe contest was won by a former champion, a [Wall Street](/wiki/Wall_Street \"Wall Street\") brokerage firm worker from Manalapan Township, New Jersey. The prize was 365 hot dogs. Joe Gotay of Brooklyn was the runner\\-up and consumed {{frac\\|14\\|1\\|2}} hot dogs. Willie Dykstra of Brooklyn was the top female contestant and consumed {{frac\\|7\\|1\\|2}} hot dogs. 18 men and 2 women participated. The reigning champion, 290\\-pound Frankie Dellarosa of Brooklyn, \"canceled out at the last minute due to a family emergency\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Jersey hotdog gobbler wins back title\\|url\\=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/07/04/Jersey\\-hotdog\\-gobbler\\-wins\\-back\\-title/2922741758400/\\|work\\=United Press International\\|date\\=July 4, 1993\\|access\\-date\\=July 24, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=August 8, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808050722/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/07/04/Jersey\\-hotdog\\-gobbler\\-wins\\-back\\-title/2922741758400/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and was unable to defend his title. Instead, he declared that he was now retired from competitions and planned to pursue an acting career,{{cite book\\|author\\=Ryan Nerz\\|date\\=April 2006\\|title\\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\\&q\\=%221990%2C\\+while\\+commuting\\+from\\+his\\+New\\+Jersey\\+home\\+to\\+his\\+job\\+on\\+Wall%22\\&pg\\=PA62\\|publisher\\=St. Martin's Press \\|page\\=62\\|isbn\\=9780312339685}} something that he would later have a modest success in.{{cite web\\|title\\=Frankie Dellarosa\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0217456/\\|work\\=imdb.com\\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=February 17, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217084206/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0217456/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} A press account from the time describes this as the 77th annual contest, held regularly since 1916\\. A later 1993 contest was also sponsored by Nathan's (and recorded by TV Tokyo), but was held under the [Brooklyn Bridge](/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge \"Brooklyn Bridge\") in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\") instead of at its traditional location. It was won by reigning champion DeVito.{{cite book\\|author\\=Ryan Nerz\\|date\\=April 2006\\|title\\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\\&dq\\=%22proach\\+to\\+the\\+sport\\+%28he\\+was\\+the\\+first\\+to\\+realize\\+that\\+a\\+two\\-dog\\-%22\\&pg\\=PA17\\|publisher\\=St. Martin's Press (p. 17\\)\\|isbn\\=9780312339685}} Years later it was stated that the prize was the bejeweled mustard\\-colored belt \"created by the descendants of [Fabergé](/wiki/House_of_Faberg%C3%A9 \"House of Fabergé\")\" that remains in use today but had supposedly been held in Japan for some years after having been won by a Japanese contestant at Nathan's (presumably at the February 11, 1986, competition). The earliest that the belt's existence is known to be covered by the press is 1996\\. A woman, Orio Ito of Japan, was the runner\\-up and consumed 16 hot dogs. Only those 2 contestants participated.",
"|{{flagicon\\|USA}} Mike DeVito \n*Independence Day*",
"17",
"12 min |\n| 1992 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Frankie Dellarosa \n*Independence Day*",
"19",
"12 min{{cite web\\|title\\=Frankly, this king still rules\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/469833057/?terms\\=%22franks%20do%20after%20downing%2020%22\\&match\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York City\\|New York]] \\[\\[New York Daily News\\|Daily News]] (p. 3\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1992\\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000239/https://www.newspapers.com/image/469833057/?terms\\=%22franks%20do%20after%20downing%2020%22\\&match\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n The contest was won by the reigning champion. The prize was 365 hot dogs. Former and future champion Mike DeVito was the runner\\-up and consumed 17 hot dogs. 18 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 76th annual contest. |\n| 1991 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Frankie Dellarosa \n*Independence Day*",
"21",
"12 min |\n The contest was won by a 270\\-pound, 23 year old engineer{{cite web\\|title\\=Engineer wolfs way to dog title\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=gQoxAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5282%2C843952\\|work\\=Reading (Pa.) Eagle (p. 1 )\\|date\\=July 5, 1991\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 10, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144350/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=gQoxAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5282,843952\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and part\\-time [Hofstra University football](/wiki/Hofstra_Pride_football \"Hofstra Pride football\") coach from Queens. The prize was \"a 3\\-foot trophy, topped with an athlete, plate, and hot dog. He also received hats, cups, and a year's supply of hot dogs.\" 20 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 75th annual contest, this time held under the motto \"No Guts, No Glory\". |\n| 1990 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Mike DeVito \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Jay Green \n*Independence Day*",
"15",
"12 min |\n The contest was tied by the reigning champion, from Brooklyn, (Green) who was allowed to compete again despite previous contest rules, and a 28 year old from [Staten Island](/wiki/Staten_Island \"Staten Island\") (DeVito).{{cite web\\|title\\=On the Fourth, Feeling Cooked On a 93 degrees Grill\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/05/nyregion/on\\-the\\-fourth\\-feeling\\-cooked\\-on\\-a\\-93\\-degrees\\-grill.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=July 5, 1990\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=October 7, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007060840/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/05/nyregion/on\\-the\\-fourth\\-feeling\\-cooked\\-on\\-a\\-93\\-degrees\\-grill.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} There was apparently no tie\\-breaking eat\\-off. A press account from the time describes this as the 7th annual contest.{{cite web\\|title\\=A day to relish\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=XyMiAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=2893%2C391246\\|work\\=Norwalk (Conn.) Hour (p. 3\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1990\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205705/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=XyMiAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=2893,391246\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1989 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Jay Green \n*Independence Day*",
"{{frac\\|15\\|1\\|2}}",
"12 min |\n The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 215\\-pound, 31 year old dry wall contractor, who, as per contest rules, was declared \"retired\" after the competition for being a two\\-time winner. 24 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 73rd annual contest.{{cite web\\|title\\=Green Claims 2nd Victory in Hot Dog Contest\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=xnEhAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=5168%2C735803\\|work\\=Schenectady (N.Y.) Gazette (p. 12\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1989\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 7, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122107/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=xnEhAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=5168,735803\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1988 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Jay Green \n*Independence Day*",
"10",
"12 min |\n The contest was won by a 30 year old limousine service manager from [Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn](/wiki/Sheepshead_Bay%2C_Brooklyn \"Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn\"). 13 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 72nd annual contest.{{cite web\\|title\\=1987 runner\\-up is hot dog king\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=7dsxAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=6804%2C3382102\\|work\\=Reading (Pa.) Eagle (p. 14\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1988\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205704/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=7dsxAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=6804,3382102\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1987 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Don Wolfman \n*Independence Day*",
"{{frac\\|13\\|1\\|2}}",
"10 min |\n 29 year old future champion Jay Green was the runner\\-up and consumed {{frac\\|13\\|1\\|4}} hot dogs. A press account from the time describes this as the 71st annual contest.{{cite web\\|title\\=Americans mark July 4 with parades, fireworks\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=C4A1AAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6731,829074\\&dq\\=hot\\+dog\\+contest\\&hl\\=en\\|work\\=Eugene (Ore.) Register\\-Guard (sec. C, p. 10\\)\\|date\\=July 4, 1987\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205805/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=C4A1AAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6731,829074\\&dq\\=hot\\+dog\\+contest\\&hl\\=en\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n|1986",
"{{flagicon\\|USA}} Mark Heller \n*Independence Day*",
"{{frac\\|15\\|1\\|2}}",
"10 min |\nThe contest was won by a 245\\-pound man; the prizes were a plaque and a year supply of hot dogs.{{cite web\\|title\\=Contest winner finishes 'dog' tired\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/112353886/?terms\\=%22Contest%20winner%20finishes%22\\&match\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[Nashville, Tennessee\\|Nashville]] \\[\\[The Tennessean\\|Tennessean]] (sec. A, p. 3\\)\\|date\\=July 7, 1986\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709010609/https://www.newspapers.com/image/112353886/?terms\\=%22Contest%20winner%20finishes%22\\&match\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Robert Gerber was the runner\\-up and consumed 13 hot dogs. 24 men participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 70th annual contest, held regularly since 1916\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Winner a hot dog\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=W9xVAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4742,1457580\\&dq\\=hot\\+dog\\+contest\\&hl\\=en\\|work\\=Eugene (Ore.) Register\\-Guard (sec. A, p. 2\\)\\|date\\=July 7, 1986\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015944/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=W9xVAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4742,1457580\\&dq\\=hot\\+dog\\+contest\\&hl\\=en\\|url\\-status\\=live}} An earlier 1986 contest was also sponsored by Nathan's. It was won by a 264\\-pound, 21\\-year\\-old student from [Tokyo, Japan](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"). Reigning champion Oscar Rodriguez was the runner\\-up and consumed {{frac\\|9\\|1\\|2}} hot dogs. Only those 2 contestants participated.{{cite web\\|title\\=Hot dog champion relishes his victory but craves sushi\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=8tQjAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=5326%2C5275788\\|work\\=Salt Lake City Deseret News (sec. A, p. 3\\)\\|date\\=February 13–14, 1986\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 10, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144420/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=8tQjAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=5326,5275788\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"|*ONE\\-ON\\-ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN* \n{{flagicon\\|Japan}} Hiroaki Tominaga \n*February 11*",
"{{frac\\|10\\|1\\|2}}",
"10 min |\n| 1985 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Oscar Rodriguez \n*Independence Day*",
"{{frac\\|11\\|3\\|4}}",
"12 min |\n The contest was won by a 21\\-year\\-old man. More than 40 contestants participated.{{cite web\\|author\\=Jilian Mincer\\|date\\=July 5, 1985\\|title\\=Miss Liberty Offstage, Buy City Has A Popping 4th\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/05/nyregion/miss\\-liberty\\-offstage\\-buy\\-city\\-has\\-a\\-popping\\-4th.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=October 7, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007060831/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/05/nyregion/miss\\-liberty\\-offstage\\-buy\\-city\\-has\\-a\\-popping\\-4th.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1984 |{{flagicon\\|GER}} Birgit Felden \n*Independence Day*",
"{{frac\\|9\\|1\\|2}}",
"10 min |\n The contest was won by a 130\\-pound,{{cite web\\|title\\=German Scores in Frankfurter Contest\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=QpkpAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3427%2C2101684\\|work\\=Daytona Beach (Fla.) Morning Journal (sec. D, p. 3\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1984\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015946/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=QpkpAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3427,2101684\\|url\\-status\\=live}} 17 year old [West German](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\") women's [judo](/wiki/Judo \"Judo\") team member from [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\"); she had never eaten a hot dog before the competition. Publicist Morty Matz described her as being only the second female to have ever won the contest. 17 year old U.S. women's judo team member Jean Kanokogi (and daughter of [Ryohei](/wiki/Ryohei_Kanokogi \"Ryohei Kanokogi\") and [Rusty Kanokogi](/wiki/Rena_Kanokogi \"Rena Kanokogi\")) of Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn was the runner\\-up and consumed 8 hot dogs. 20 men and 4 women participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 68th annual contest. |\n| 1983 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Emil Gomez*Independence Day* |{{frac\\|10\\|1\\|2}}",
"10 min |\n The contest was won by a 210\\-pound, 25 year old accountant from [the Bronx](/wiki/The_Bronx \"The Bronx\").{{cite web\\|title\\=America waves flag to celebrate Fourth\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=kyA0AAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3469,1241371\\&dq\\=hot\\+dog\\+contest\\&hl\\=en\\|work\\=Bangor (Maine) Daily News (p. 1\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1983\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015948/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=kyA0AAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3469,1241371\\&dq\\=hot\\+dog\\+contest\\&hl\\=en\\|url\\-status\\=live}} His brother, Andre Gomez, was the runner\\-up and consumed 10 hot dogs. 11 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 17th annual contest.{{cite web\\|title\\=It's hot in the Big Apple\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/114181403/\\|work\\=Poughkeepsie (N.Y.) Journal (p. 8\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1983\\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=August 18, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818134049/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/114181403/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1982 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Steven Abrams \n*Independence Day* \n*(observed July 5\\)*",
"11\\+",
"10 min{{cite web\\|author\\=Larry Sutton\\|date\\=July 6, 1982\\|title\\=Boatload o' joy\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/490103666/?terms\\=%22Larry%20Sutton%22\\&match\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York City\\|New York]] \\[\\[New York Daily News\\|Daily News]] (p. 4\\)\\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000234/https://www.newspapers.com/image/490103666/?terms\\=%22Larry%20Sutton%22\\&match\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n The contest was held on Monday, July 5, the observed date of Independence Day, as the holiday fell on a Sunday. It was won by a 26 year old from [Flushing, Queens](/wiki/Flushing%2C_Queens \"Flushing, Queens\"). He ate one bite of a twelfth hot dog.{{cite web\\|author\\=Robert D. McFadden\\|date\\=July 6, 1982\\|title\\=Holiday Crowds Sample Pristine Day's Pleasures\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/06/nyregion/holiday\\-crowds\\-sample\\-pristine\\-day\\-s\\-pleasures.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=October 7, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007060950/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/06/nyregion/holiday\\-crowds\\-sample\\-pristine\\-day\\-s\\-pleasures.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Sid Smith of Brooklyn was the runner\\-up and consumed 10 hot dogs, and Risto Puulos of [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki \"Helsinki\") was the third\\-place finisher and consumed 8\\. |\n| 1981 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Thomas DeBerry \n*Independence Day*",
"11",
"5 min{{cite web\\|author\\=Marcia Kramer\\|date\\=July 5, 1981\\|title\\=Red, white \\& blue banishes the gray\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/488680159/?terms\\=%22Marcia%20Kramer%22\\&match\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York City\\|New York]] \\[\\[New York Daily News\\|Daily News]] (p. 4\\)\\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000233/https://www.newspapers.com/image/488680159/?terms\\=%22Marcia%20Kramer%22\\&match\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n The contest was won by a 35 year old Housing Authority gardener from Coney Island, Brooklyn. He \"downed 11 hot dogs in five minutes and then rushed off with his family to attend a barbecue.\"{{cite web\\|author\\=Paul L. Montgomery\\|date\\=July 5, 1981\\|title\\=Rain Curtails Fourth of July Crowds\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/05/nyregion/rain\\-curtails\\-fourth\\-of\\-july\\-crowds.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=October 7, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007060857/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/05/nyregion/rain\\-curtails\\-fourth\\-of\\-july\\-crowds.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1980 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joe Baldini \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} [Paul Siederman](/wiki/Jerry_Butler_%28actor%29 \"Jerry Butler (actor)\") \n*Independence Day*",
"{{frac\\|9\\|3\\|4}}\\+ \n \nEat\\-off: {{frac\\|3\\|1\\|2}}",
"10 minEat\\-off: 3 min |\n The contest was tied by a 190\\-pound, 25 year old unemployed pharmacist (Baldini) and a 260\\-pound, 21 year old unemployed actor (Siederman), both from Brooklyn. Each then tied again after a tie\\-breaking eat\\-off. The prizes were \"two trophies and a pair of yellow plastic bags\". Reigning co\\-champion Jim Mattner was the third\\-place finisher and consumed approximately 9 hot dogs. 28 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 64th annual contest.{{cite web\\|title\\=Coney kings crowned after hotdog contest\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=8iZYAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4459%2C6933148\\|work\\=Bend (Ore.) Bulletin (p. 25\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1980\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015945/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=8iZYAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4459,6933148\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1979 |\n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Luther Frazier \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Jim Mattner \n*Independence Day*",
"10 \n \nEat\\-off: {{frac\\|3\\|1\\|2}}{{cite web\\|title\\=A Rainy Fourth Fails to Dampen City's Celebration\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/717038572/?terms\\=%22Rainy%20Fourth%22\\&match\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York City\\|New York]] \\[\\[Newsday]] (sec. Q, p. 7\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1979\\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000237/https://www.newspapers.com/image/717038572/?terms\\=%22Rainy%20Fourth%22\\&match\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"10 minEat\\-off: {{frac\\|3\\|1\\|2}} min |\n The contest was tied by a 172\\-pound 17\\-year\\-old boy from Brooklyn (Frazier) and a 205\\-pound, 35 year old bond dealer from [Ozone Park, Queens](/wiki/Ozone_Park%2C_Queens \"Ozone Park, Queens\") (Mattner). Each then tied again after a tie\\-breaking eat\\-off. They consumed what was considered a \"record\" number of hot dogs, when including the eat\\-off total. A press account from the time describes this as the 63rd annual contest. |\n| 1978 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Manel Hollenback \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Kevin Sinclair \n*[Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day \"Memorial Day\")*",
"10",
"{{frac\\|6\\|1\\|2}} min |\n The contest was held on Memorial Day and was tied by a 180\\-pound, 18 year old basketball player from [Newark, New Jersey](/wiki/Newark%2C_New_Jersey \"Newark, New Jersey\") (Hollenback) and a 75\\-pound, 10\\-year\\-old student (Sinclair). There was apparently no tie\\-breaking eat\\-off. 28 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1917, except for 1942 and 1944\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Two share prize\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=8W9UAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=nathan%20hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=4174%2C4040481\\|work\\=Ellensburg (Wash.) Daily Record (p. 11\\)\\|date\\=May 31, 1978\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205705/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=8W9UAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=nathan%20hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=4174,4040481\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1976–1977 |*(no documented contests)*",
"|1975",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Lonnie Brown \n*Memorial Day*",
"8",
"{{frac\\|3\\|1\\|2}} min, with a 1 min break",
"An all\\-female contest was originally scheduled to be held on Memorial Day with the winner to be declared \"Miss Coney Island;\" the contest was won by a 30 year old market researcher from Manhattan.{{cite web\\|title\\=News Makers: Hot dog queen?\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/137063370/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Rochester, New York\\|Rochester]] \\[\\[Democrat and Chronicle]] (sec. C, p. 1\\)\\|date\\=May 27, 1975\\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 12, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612160000/https://www.newspapers.com/image/137063370/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} A contemporary press account indicates that when the contest was held it was ultimately decided to allow men to participate and that the top\\-finishing male was awarded a plaque;{{cite web\\|author\\=Jerry Adler\\|date\\=May 27, 1975\\|title\\=Slip In a Ringer at Hot Dog Chompfest\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/464395798/\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York City\\|New York]] \\[\\[New York Daily News\\|Daily News]] (sec. ML, p. 7\\)\\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614230111/https://www.newspapers.com/image/464395798/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} he was a 28 year old [National Guardsman](/wiki/National_Guard_%28United_States%29 \"National Guard (United States)\") from [Far Rockaway, Queens](/wiki/Far_Rockaway%2C_Queens \"Far Rockaway, Queens\"). 15 contestants participated.",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Sharlene Smith \n*Memorial Day*",
"{{frac\\|8\\|1\\|2}}",
"|1974",
"{{flagicon\\|USA}} Walter Paul \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Paul Sirop \n*[Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day \"Labor Day\")*",
"*(unknown)*",
"*(unknown)* |\nThe first 1974 contest was held on April 7 (opening day for Coney Island's summer season activities){{cite book\\|author\\=Jason Fagone\\|date\\=2007\\|title\\=Horsemen of the Esophagus: Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=utR6mUoZBVIC\\&q\\=%22column\\+about\\+how\\+Morty\\+would%22\\&pg\\=PA221\\|work\\=Crown/Archetype (p. 221\\)\\|publisher\\=Three Rivers Press \\|isbn\\=9780307237392}} and was won by a 22 year old [Manhattan Community College](/wiki/Borough_of_Manhattan_Community_College \"Borough of Manhattan Community College\") student from [Astoria, Queens](/wiki/Astoria%2C_Queens \"Astoria, Queens\"); the prize was a trophy.{{cite web\\|title\\=Nine hot dogs get him a trophy\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/156110578/\\|work\\=Wilmington (Del.) Morning News (p. 22\\)\\|date\\=April 12, 1974\\|access\\-date\\=July 7, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=August 19, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819072358/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/156110578/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Six contestants participated. The second 1974 contest was held on Independence Day and was won by a 185\\-pound, 24 year old from Brooklyn; the prize was \"a trophy with an emblazoned hot dog on it\".{{cite web\\|title\\=Still Hungry\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=uBpdAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=1646%2C530505\\|work\\=St. Joseph (Mo.) Gazette (sec. B, p. 2\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1974\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015944/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=uBpdAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=1646,530505\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The third 1974 contest was held on Labor Day and was tied by Walter Paul—the event's first two\\-time winner—and Paul Sirop.{{cite web\\|title\\=A Weiner \\& Hungry Look\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/491512804/?terms\\=%22Charles%20Frattini%22\\&match\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York City\\|New York]] \\[\\[New York Daily News\\|Daily News]] (p. 7\\)\\|date\\=September 3, 1974\\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000236/https://www.newspapers.com/image/491512804/?terms\\=%22Charles%20Frattini%22\\&match\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} There was apparently no tie\\-breaking eat\\-off.",
"|{{flagicon\\|USA}} Roberto Muriel \n*Independence Day*",
"10",
"{{frac\\|3\\|1\\|2}} min |\n|{{flagicon\\|USA}} John Connolly \n*Opening day of Coney Island's summer season* \n*(April 7\\)*",
"9",
"{{frac\\|2\\|1\\|2}} min |\n|1973",
"*(unknown)* \n*Independence Day*",
"*(unknown)*",
"*(unknown)* |\nThe first 1973 contest was scheduled to be held on April 7 (opening day for Coney Island's summer season activities) but was canceled due to the [1973 meat boycott](/wiki/1973_meat_boycott \"1973 meat boycott\"). A press account from the time describes this to have been the 23rd annual contest.{{cite web\\|author\\=Colleen Sullivan\\|date\\=April 8, 1973\\|title\\=Boycott Leaders Hail Protest; Price Watchers Are Skeptical\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/718540930/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Melville, New York\\|Melville]] (\\[\\[New York (state)\\|N.Y.]]) \\[\\[Newsday\\|Sunday Newsday]]: \\[\\[Suffolk County, New York\\|Suffolk]] Ed. (p. 5\\)\\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 12, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612160000/https://www.newspapers.com/image/718540930/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} A contest was scheduled to be held on Independence Day (designated as the 106th anniversary of the invention of the hot dog) and refereed by the \"1973 Hot Dog Queen\",{{cite web\\|author\\=Linda Greenhouse\\|date\\=July 4, 1973\\|title\\=Old\\-Time One\\-Day Fourth To Get New Angles Here\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/04/archives/oldtime\\-oneday\\-fourth\\-to\\-get\\-new\\-angles\\-here\\-air\\-show\\-scheduled.html\\|work\\=The New York Times (p. 38\\)\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015945/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/04/archives/oldtime\\-oneday\\-fourth\\-to\\-get\\-new\\-angles\\-here\\-air\\-show\\-scheduled.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} but no results are known to have been compiled and released to the public.",
"|*(canceled)* \n*Opening day of Coney Island's summer season* \n*(April 7\\)*",
"—",
"— |\n|1972",
"{{flagicon\\|USA}} Melody Andorfer \n*Labor Day*",
"12",
"5 min |\nThe first 1972 contest was held on Memorial Day and was won by a [Brooklyn College](/wiki/Brooklyn_College \"Brooklyn College\") student; the prize \"was a book of certificates for forty more hot dogs\". The second 1972 contest was held on Labor Day and was won by a 105\\-pound, 18\\-year\\-old female community activist from Astoria, Queens; the prize was a paper crown (on July 2, 2021, she received a belt similar to those awarded to recent winners, for her past achievement).{{cite web\\|author\\=Charles Denson\\|date\\=April 23, 2020\\|title\\=Melody Andorfer: 'Hot Dog Queen' and Winner of the 1972 Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest\\|url\\=https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/oral\\-history\\-archive/melody\\-andorfer\\|work\\=coneyislandhistory.org\\|accessdate\\=2021\\-07\\-20\\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000243/https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/oral\\-history\\-archive/melody\\-andorfer\\|url\\-status\\=live}} 260\\-pound, 19 year old Gary Silverman of Brooklyn was the runner\\-up and consumed 10 hot dogs. 8 men and 8 women participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 23rd annual contest. In 2020, the [Coney Island History Project](/wiki/Coney_Island_History_Project \"Coney Island History Project\") interviewed Andorfer.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2020\\-06\\-10 \\|title\\=Melody Andorfer \\|url\\=https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/oral\\-history\\-archive/melody\\-andorfer \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-16 \\|website\\=Coney Island History Project \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000243/https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/oral\\-history\\-archive/melody\\-andorfer \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"|{{flagicon\\|USA}} Jason Schechter \n*Memorial Day*",
"14",
"{{frac\\|3\\|1\\|2}} min |\n| 1968–1971 |*(no documented contests)*",
"| 1967 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Walter Paul \n*[Centennial](/wiki/Centennial \"Centennial\") celebration of the invention of the hot dog* \n*(June 30\\)*",
"17{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_B\\|b}}",
"60 min |\n The contest was held on June 30 (designated as the 100th anniversary of the invention of the hot dog) and was won by a 400\\-pound, 32 year old truck driver. The prize was \"a trophy proclaiming him the world's champion hot dog eater.\" He consumed the hot dogs over the period of \"one hour flat\".{{cite web\\|title\\=Frankfurter Fan Downs 127 for Centennial Title\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=FgMqAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4511,12128\\&hl\\=en\\|work\\=Milwaukee Journal (p. 2\\)\\|date\\=July 1, 1967}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=March 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}{{cite web\\|title\\=Man Gobbles 127 Hot Dogs\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=IxwrAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6803%2C365137\\|work\\=Reading (Pa.) Eagle (p. 14\\)\\|date\\=July 2, 1967\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=July 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703201454/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=IxwrAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6803%2C365137\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It is not immediately clear if he ate buns with the hot dogs. |",
"{{note\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} final total may have been affected by interruption from protestor{{cite web\\|author\\=Scott Gleeson\\|date\\=July 4, 2022\\|title\\=Joey Chestnut puts protestor in brief chokehold during his Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest victory\\|url\\=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/joey\\-chestnut\\-puts\\-protestor\\-brief\\-175356245\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=July 4, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704203548/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/joey\\-chestnut\\-puts\\-protestor\\-brief\\-175356245\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} \n{{note\\|reference\\_name\\_B\\|b}} though Walter Paul's 1967 feat is documented in multiple [UPI](/wiki/UPI \"UPI\") press accounts from the time, he has also been mentioned in passing in more recent press accounts for supposedly establishing the contest's then\\-record *17* hot dogs consumed; several other people have similarly been credited for records of {{frac\\|13\\|1\\|2}}, {{frac\\|17\\|1\\|2}}, or {{frac\\|18\\|1\\|2}} hot dogs consumed; the following feats are not known to be documented more fully in press accounts from the time of their occurrence and, as such, may not be credible and are not included in the *Results* table above:",
"\"Several years\" before 1986: unspecified contestant, {{frac\\|13\\|1\\|2}}",
"1979: unspecified contestant, {{frac\\|17\\|1\\|2}}",
"1978: Walter Paul (described as being from [Coney Island](/wiki/Coney_Island \"Coney Island\"), [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\")), 17{{cite web\\|title\\=Extra! Man bites dog—15 of 'em\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/13855370/\\|work\\=Tyrone (Pa.) Daily Herald (p. 6\\)\\|date\\=July 7, 1986\\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=August 19, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819020354/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/13855370/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"1974: unspecified contestant, 16",
"1968: Walter Paul (described as \"a rotund Coney Island carnival caretaker\"), 17",
"1959: Peter Washburn (described as \"a one\\-armed Brooklyn Carnival worker\"), {{frac\\|18\\|1\\|2}}{{cite book\\|author\\=Ryan Nerz\\|date\\=April 2006\\|title\\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\\&q\\=%22selhoff%2C\\+the\\+former\\+Baywatch\\+star%22\\&pg\\=PA61\\|work\\=St. Martin's Griffin (p. 61\\)\\|publisher\\=Macmillan \\|isbn\\=9780312339685}} or 17",
"1959: Paul Washburn (described as a carnival worker from Brooklyn), {{frac\\|17\\|1\\|2}}",
"1959: Walter Paul (described as a 260\\-pound man from Brooklyn), 17",
"1957: Paul Washburn, {{frac\\|17\\|1\\|2}}",
"### By champion",
"",
"| No. of Titles | Name | Year(s) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 16 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Joey Chestnut](/wiki/Joey_Chestnut \"Joey Chestnut\") | 2007–2014, 2016–2023 |\n| 9 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Miki Sudo](/wiki/Miki_Sudo \"Miki Sudo\") | 2014–2020, 2022–2023 |\n| 6 | {{flagicon\\|Japan}} [Takeru Kobayashi](/wiki/Takeru_Kobayashi \"Takeru Kobayashi\") | 2001–2006 |\n| 4 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Mike DeVito](/wiki/Michael_DeVito \"Michael DeVito\") | 1990,{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} 1993 *([Independence Day](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28United_States%29 \"Independence Day (United States)\") \\& October 27\\)*–1994 |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Jay Green | 1988–1990{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|Japan}} Hirofumi Nakajima | 1996 *(December 4\\)*–1998 |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Sonya Thomas](/wiki/Sonya_Thomas \"Sonya Thomas\") | 2011–2013 |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Frankie Dellarosa | 1991–1992 |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Ed Krachie | 1995–1996 |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Walter Paul | 1967 *(Centennial celebration of the invention of the hot dog)*, 1974 *([Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day \"Labor Day\"))*{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Steven Abrams | 1982 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Melody Andorfer | 1972 *(Labor Day)* |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|Japan}} Kazutoyo Arai | 2000 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Joe Baldini | 1980{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Patrick Bertoletti](/wiki/Patrick_Bertoletti \"Patrick Bertoletti\") | 2024 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Lonnie Brown | 1975 *([Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day \"Memorial Day\"))* |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} John Connolly | 1974 *(Opening day of Coney Island's summer season)* |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Thomas DeBerry | 1981 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|GER}} Birgit Felden | 1984 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Luther Frazier | 1979{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Emil Gomez | 1983 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Mark Heller | 1986 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Manel Hollenback | 1978{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Steve Keiner](/wiki/Steve_Keiner \"Steve Keiner\") | 1999 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Michelle Lesco](/wiki/Michelle_Lesco \"Michelle Lesco\") | 2021 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Jim Mattner | 1979{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Roberto Muriel | 1974 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Oscar Rodriguez | 1985 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Jason Schechter | 1972 *(Memorial Day)* |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Paul Siederman](/wiki/Jerry_Butler_%28actor%29 \"Jerry Butler (actor)\") | 1980{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Kevin Sinclair | 1978{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Paul Sirop | 1974 *(Labor Day)*{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Sharlene Smith | 1975 *(Memorial Day)* |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Matt Stonie](/wiki/Matt_Stonie \"Matt Stonie\") | 2015 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|Japan}} Hiroaki Tominaga | 1986 *(February 11\\)* |\n| 1 | *(unknown)* | 1973 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Don Wolfman | 1987 |",
"{{note\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} the 1974 *[Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day \"Labor Day\")* and 1978, 1979, 1980, and 1990 *[Independence Day](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28United_States%29 \"Independence Day (United States)\")* competitions ended in ties",
"### By contest type",
"",
"| \\+Joint male \\& female competitions (1967, 1972–1974, 1978–2010\\) |",
"| No. of Titles",
"Name",
"Year(s)",
"| 6 | {{flagicon\\|Japan}} [Takeru Kobayashi](/wiki/Takeru_Kobayashi \"Takeru Kobayashi\") | 2001–2006 |\n| 4 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Joey Chestnut](/wiki/Joey_Chestnut \"Joey Chestnut\") | 2007–2010 |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Mike DeVito](/wiki/Michael_DeVito \"Michael DeVito\") | 1990,{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} 1993–1994 |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Jay Green | 1988–1990{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Frankie Dellarosa | 1991–1992 |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Ed Krachie | 1995–1996 |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|Japan}} Hirofumi Nakajima | 1997–1998 |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Walter Paul | 1967 *(Centennial celebration of the invention of the hot dog)*, 1974 *([Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day \"Labor Day\"))*{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Steven Abrams | 1982 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Melody Andorfer | 1972 *(Labor Day)* |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|Japan}} Kazutoyo Arai | 2000 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Joe Baldini | 1980{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} John Connolly | 1974 *(Opening day of Coney Island's summer season)* |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Thomas DeBerry | 1981 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|GER}} Birgit Felden | 1984 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Luther Frazier | 1979{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Emil Gomez | 1983 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Mark Heller | 1986 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Manel Hollenback | 1978{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Steve Keiner](/wiki/Steve_Keiner \"Steve Keiner\") | 1999 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Jim Mattner | 1979{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Roberto Muriel | 1974 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Oscar Rodriguez | 1985 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Jason Schechter | 1972 *([Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day \"Memorial Day\"))* |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Paul Siederman](/wiki/Jerry_Butler_%28actor%29 \"Jerry Butler (actor)\") | 1980{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Kevin Sinclair | 1978{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Paul Sirop | 1974 *(Labor Day)*{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} |\n| 1 | *(unknown)* | 1973 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Don Wolfman | 1987 |",
"{{note\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} the 1974 *[Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day \"Labor Day\")* and 1978, 1979, 1980, and 1990 *[Independence Day](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28United_States%29 \"Independence Day (United States)\")* competitions ended in ties",
"",
"| \\+Men's\\-only competitions (1975, 2011–Present) |",
"| No. of Titles",
"Name",
"Year(s)",
"| 11 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Joey Chestnut](/wiki/Joey_Chestnut \"Joey Chestnut\") | 2011–2014, 2016–2023 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Patrick Bertoletti](/wiki/Patrick_Bertoletti \"Patrick Bertoletti\") | 2024 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Lonnie Brown | 1975 *([Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day \"Memorial Day\"))* |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Matt Stonie](/wiki/Matt_Stonie \"Matt Stonie\") | 2015 |",
"| \\+Women's\\-only competitions (1975, 2011–Present){{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} |",
"| No. of Titles",
"Name",
"Year(s)",
"| 8 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Miki Sudo](/wiki/Miki_Sudo \"Miki Sudo\") | 2014–2020, 2022–2023 |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Sonya Thomas](/wiki/Sonya_Thomas \"Sonya Thomas\") | 2011–2013 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Michelle Lesco](/wiki/Michelle_Lesco \"Michelle Lesco\") | 2021 |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Sharlene Smith | 1975 *([Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day \"Memorial Day\"))* |",
"{{note\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} prior to restructuring the competition to offer women's\\-only contests, the media was known to use the term \"women's category\" to describe female participation;{{cite web\\|title\\=Ready, set, eat (caption)\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/277359883/?terms\\=%22Takeru%20Kobayashi%22\\&match\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[Tulare, California\\|Tulare]] (\\[\\[California\\|Calif.]]) Advance\\-Register (sec. A, p. 4\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 2004\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709010609/https://www.newspapers.com/image/277359883/?terms\\=%22Takeru%20Kobayashi%22\\&match\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} the top\\-finishers of the \"women's category\" in this era included, for **2003:** [Sonya Thomas](/wiki/Sonya_Thomas \"Sonya Thomas\") (25\\), **2004:** Sonya Thomas (32\\), **2005:** Sonya Thomas (37\\), **2006:** Sonya Thomas (37\\), **2007:** Sonya Thomas (39\\), **2008:** Sonya Thomas (34\\), **2009:** Sonya Thomas (41\\), and **2010:** Sonya Thomas (36\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Nathan's Annual Hot Dog Eating Contest\\|url\\=https://www.yummymath.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2021/05/hot\\-dog\\-eating.pdf\\|work\\=yummymath.com\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=August 7, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807140359/https://www.yummymath.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2021/05/hot\\-dog\\-eating.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"",
"| \\+One\\-on\\-One Challenges with Japan (1986, 1993, 1996\\) |",
"| No. of Titles",
"Name",
"Year",
"| 1 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Mike DeVito](/wiki/Michael_DeVito \"Michael DeVito\") | 1993 *(October 27\\)* |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|Japan}} Hirofumi Nakajima | 1996 *(December 4\\)* |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|Japan}} Hiroaki Tominaga | 1986 *(February 11\\)* |"
] |
### By year (color\-coded by belt color)
| Year | Winner(and date, if prior to permanently moving all contests to Independence Day in 1997\) | Hot dogs and buns(HDB) | Contest duration | Note(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2024 |*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} [Patrick Bertoletti](/wiki/Patrick_Bertoletti "Patrick Bertoletti")
58
10 min |
Joey Chestnut is absent from the men’s event for the first time since 2004, due to a purported sponsorship issue between Chestnut and Major League Eating. Chestnut eats 57 HDB in 5 minutes in a non\-sponsored event. Miki Sudo sets a new women’s record, with 51 HDB eaten. |
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} [Miki Sudo](/wiki/Miki_Sudo "Miki Sudo")
**51**
|2023{{Cite web \|url\=https://abc7ny.com/nathans\-hotdogs\-content\-2023\-hot\-dog\-eating\-contest\-coney\-island\-joey\-chestnut/13456057/ \|title\=Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest: Reigning champs Chestnut, Sudo eat their way to victory \|date\=2023\-07\-04 \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-04 \|website\=\[\[WABC\-TV]]}}
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} [Joey Chestnut](/wiki/Joey_Chestnut "Joey Chestnut")
62
10 min
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Miki Sudo
{{frac\|39\|1\|2}}
|2022
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
63{{ref\|reference\_name\_A\|a}}
10 min
Miki Sudo returns from her pregnancy to reclaim her title. After being shoved from the table, Joey Chestnut puts a protester who ran onto the stage during the event in a chokehold. Geoffrey Esper (47 HDB) finished second. James Webb (41 HDB) finished third.
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Miki Sudo
40
|2021
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
**76**
10 min
The event is held at [Maimonides Park](/wiki/Maimonides_Park "Maimonides Park") due to capacity restrictions and other health and safety requirements. Joey Chestnut breaks the world record with 76 HDB. Defending champion [Miki Sudo](/wiki/Miki_Sudo "Miki Sudo") was out due to her pregnancy.
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} [Michelle Lesco](/wiki/Michelle_Lesco "Michelle Lesco")
{{frac\|30\|3\|4}}
|2020
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
75
10 min
First time event is being held indoors without fans caused by the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). Joey Chestnut breaks the world record with 75 HDB. Darron Breeden (42 HDB) finished second. Nick Wehry (39\.5 HDB) finished third. Miki Sudo breaks the women's world record with 48\.5 HDB.
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Miki Sudo
{{frac\|48\|1\|2}}
|2019
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
71
10 min
Joey Chestnut won his 12th title. Darron Breeden (50 HDB) finished second. Geoffrey Esper (47 HDB) finished third. Sudo (31 HDB) edged out Lesco (26 HDB) to win her sixth Nathan's belt.
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Miki Sudo
31
|2018
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
74
10 min
After a judging error had left the results in question, the final results showed that Joey Chestnut broke the world record with 74 HDB. Carmen Cincotti (64 HDB) finished second. Darron Breeden (43 HDB) finished third. Sudo won her fifth women's belt. Michelle Lesco (28 HDB) finished second. Sonya Thomas and Juliet Lee (25 HDB) tied for third. This is the last competition that Thomas competed in.
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Miki Sudo
37
|2017
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
72
10 min
Joey Chestnut breaks the contest record with 72 HDB. Carmen Cincotti (60 HDB) finished second. Matt Stonie (48 HDB) finished third. Sudo won her fourth women's title, beating [Michelle Lesco](/wiki/Michelle_Lesco "Michelle Lesco") (32 HDB) and Thomas (30 HDB).
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Miki Sudo
41
|2016
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
70
10 min
Joey Chestnut won the mustard\-colored belt for the ninth time, eating 70 hot dogs and buns. Defending champion Matt Stonie consumed 53 HDB. Sudo ({{frac\|38\|1\|2}}) won her third consecutive women's title, edging out Thomas (35 HDB). At the Giant National Capital BBQ Battle in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), on June 25, Chestnut set the record of 73\.5 in an official qualifier.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/moresports/story/\_/id/16763727/joey\-chestnut\-eats\-70\-hot\-dogs\-wins\-nathan\-famous\-crown\|title\=Joey Chestnut eats 70 hot dogs, 17 more than Matt Stonie, to win Nathan's title\|last\=Balsamo\|first\=Michael\|date\=July 4, 2016\|website\=\[\[ESPN]]\|publisher\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|access\-date\=July 4, 2016\|archive\-date\=July 28, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728130707/http://espn.go.com/moresports/story/\_/id/16763727/joey\-chestnut\-eats\-70\-hot\-dogs\-wins\-nathan\-famous\-crown\|url\-status\=live}}
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Miki Sudo
{{frac\|38\|1\|2}}
|2015
*MEN'S*{{flagicon\|USA}} [Matt Stonie](/wiki/Matt_Stonie "Matt Stonie") |
62
10 min
Matt Stonie ended the 8 year winning streak of Joey Chestnut, eating 62 HDB to Joey's 60\. [Tim Janus](/wiki/Tim_Janus "Tim Janus") (35 HDB) finished third. Sudo won her second women's belt, beating Thomas (31 HDB).
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Miki Sudo
38
|2014
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
61
10 min
Joey Chestnut faced fierce competition from Matt Stonie, who finished second with 56 HDB. Tim Janus (44 HDB) finished in 3rd. This became Joey's 8th consecutive win. Miki Sudo (34 HDB) dethroned Thomas ({{frac\|27\|3\|4}} HDB), the first time in the history of the competition that Thomas had been defeated since the inception of the women's division. Sudo also ended a long tradition by becoming the first champion in a quarter\-century to decline to use a nickname during Nathan's competitions.
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Miki Sudo
34
|2013
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
69
10 min
Joey Chestnut beat his own record with 69 HDB. Matt Stonie (51HDB) finished second. Tim Janus (50 HDB) finished in 3rd. After facing fierce competition from Juliet Lee (36 HDB), Thomas ({{frac\|36\|3\|4}} HDB) won her third title.
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} [Sonya Thomas](/wiki/Sonya_Thomas "Sonya Thomas")
{{frac\|36\|3\|4}}
|2012
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
68
10 min
Chestnut tied his previous record, previously set in 2009\. He also became the second person to win six consecutive titles. Tim Janus (52\.25\) and [Patrick Bertoletti](/wiki/Patrick_Bertoletti "Patrick Bertoletti") (51\) finish second and third. Matt Stonie, who would go on to claim victory in 2015 finished fourth with 46 HDB. [Bob Shoudt](/wiki/Bob_Shoudt "Bob Shoudt") was 5th (45 HDB) broke Thomas' record for oldest person to eat their age in HDB (45 yr) Thomas (45 HDB) broke the female record and set a new record for the oldest person to eat their age in HDB (44 yr), beating Juliet Lee (33 HDB).
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Sonya Thomas
45
|2011
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
62
10 min
Separate competitions are held for women and men for the first time since the 1975 one\-off event. Chestnut dominates on his way to his fifth straight title. Sonya Thomas (40 HDB) won the inaugural women's event. Patrick Bertoletti (53\) and Tim "Eater X" Janus (45\) finish 2nd and 3rd for the second year in a row.
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Sonya Thomas
40
| 2010 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
54
10 min |
Chestnut (54\), Tim "Eater X" Janus (45\), and Patrick Bertoletti (37\) round out the top three. |
| 2009 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
68
10 min |
Chestnut (68 HDB) beat his previous record in 10 minutes, setting new event, U.S., and world records. Kobayashi ({{frac\|64\|1\|2}} HDB) set a Japanese record. Patrick Bertoletti (55 HDB) finished third. Sonya Thomas (41 HDB) broke the female record. |
| 2008 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut
59
Eat\-off: 5
10 minEat\-off: untimed, but completed in 50 sec. |
Event, Japanese, U.S., and world records set (59 HDB). First event using the new ten\-minute time limit, and first tie and eat\-off since 1980\. Chestnut \& Kobayashi tied for first with 59 in regulation. In overtime Chestnut is the first to finish a plate of 5 HDB in 50 seconds. Kobayashi, losing by 7 seconds, finishes second. Tim Janus finished third with 42\. |
| 2007 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Joey Chestnut |66
12 min |
Having broken the world and U.S. records with {{frac\|59\|1\|2}} HDB at a qualifier contest on June 2, 2007, Chestnut (66 HDB) finishes first, setting new event, U.S. and world records. Defeating Kobayashi (63 HDB) for the first time. Fifth place Sonya Thomas (39 HDB) sets female record. |
| 2006 |{{flagicon\|JPN}} [Takeru Kobayashi](/wiki/Takeru_Kobayashi "Takeru Kobayashi")
{{frac\|53\|3\|4}}
12 min |
Winner Kobayashi sets event, Japanese and world records. Second place Joey Chestnut (52 HDB), sets U.S. record. Sonya Thomas (37\) finishes third. |
| 2005 |{{flagicon\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi
49
12 min |
2nd: Sonya Thomas (37\) sets U.S. record, Women's record. Future winner Joey Chestnut finishes third with 32\. |
| 2004 |{{flagicon\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi
{{frac\|53\|1\|2}}
12 min |
Event, United States and world records set. 2nd: Nobuyuki Shirota (38\), Sonya Thomas (32 HDB) sets the female and U.S. records. |
| 2003 |{{flagicon\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi
{{frac\|44\|1\|2}}
12 min |
Sonya Thomas (25 HDB) sets the female record. 2nd: Ed Jarvis ({{frac\|30\|1\|2}}, American record), 3rd: Eric Booker (29\). Twenty competitors and 3,000 spectators in attendance. [William "The Refrigerator" Perry](/wiki/William_Perry_%28American_football%29 "William Perry (American football)") competes, but eats only four HDB and drops out after five minutes.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.espn.com/moresports/news/2003/0704/1576745\.html \|title\=2003 ESPN.com report \|access\-date\=July 10, 2010 \|archive\-date\=March 5, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305111144/http://espn.go.com/moresports/news/2003/0704/1576745\.html \|url\-status\=live }} |
| 2002 |{{flagicon\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi
{{frac\|50\|1\|2}}
12 min |
Event, Japanese and world records set. |
| 2001 |{{flagicon\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi
50
12 min |
20 competitors total. All\-time world records set.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200605/competitive\-eating/6 \|title\=Horsemen of the Esophagus \|publisher\=Theatlantic.com \|date\=May 1, 2006 \|access\-date\=February 24, 2012 \|archive\-date\=September 7, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907071835/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200605/competitive\-eating/6 \|url\-status\=dead }} 2nd: Kazutoyo Arai (31\), 3rd: Eric "Badlands" Booker (22\). |
| 2000 |{{flagicon\|JPN}} Kazutoyo Arai
{{frac\|25\|1\|8}}
12 min |
The contest was won by a 100\-pound 32\-year\-old mattress salesman from [Saitama, Japan](/wiki/Saitama%2C_Saitama "Saitama, Saitama"). The prizes were "the coveted mustard\-yellow International Belt, a huge red trophy, and 20 pounds of Nathan's hot dogs." Misao Fujita (also known as "Wild Beast"{{cite web\|title\=Early eating world's best deciding match!\|url\=http://www.tv\-tokyo.co.jp.e.ck.hp.transer.com/tvchamp1/000824/under.htm\|work\=tv\-tokyo.co.jp\|date\=2000\|access\-date\=July 29, 2016\|archive\-date\=July 5, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705032916/http://www.tv\-tokyo.co.jp.e.ck.hp.transer.com/tvchamp1/000824/under.htm\|url\-status\=live}}) of [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan") was the runner\-up and consumed 24 hot dogs. A woman, [Takako Akasaka](/wiki/Takako_Akasaka "Takako Akasaka") of Japan, was the third\-place finisher and consumed 22 hot dogs. 41 year old [locomotive](/wiki/Locomotive "Locomotive") machinist Steve Addicks of [Finksburg, Maryland](/wiki/Finksburg%2C_Maryland "Finksburg, Maryland"), was the fourth\-place finisher and consumed 21 hot dogs. 391\-pound, 35 year old reigning champion Steve Keiner of [Atlantic City, New Jersey](/wiki/Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey "Atlantic City, New Jersey") "finished in the middle of the pack" and consumed 15 hot dogs. "Dozens" of contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916\.{{cite web\|title\=Japanese Man Wins Hot Dog Contest\|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id\=96638\&page\=1\|work\=abcnews.go.com\|date\=July 4, 2000\|access\-date\=July 28, 2016\|archive\-date\=July 2, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702112106/https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id\=96638\&page\=1\|url\-status\=live}} Another describes this as the 85th annual contest. |
| 1999 |{{flagicon\|USA}} [Steve Keiner](/wiki/Steve_Keiner "Steve Keiner")
{{frac\|21\|1\|2}}
12 min |
The contest was won by a 317\-pound, 50\-year\-old man from [Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey](/wiki/Egg_Harbor_Township%2C_New_Jersey "Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey"). The prize was the bejeweled mustard\-colored belt{{cite web\|author\=Robert D. McFadden\|date\=July 5, 1999\|title\=Holiday Parades March By, But the Heat Is Just Settling In\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/05/nyregion/holiday\-parades\-march\-by\-but\-the\-heat\-is\-just\-settling\-in.html\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=February 11, 2017\|archive\-date\=August 31, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831212621/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/05/nyregion/holiday\-parades\-march\-by\-but\-the\-heat\-is\-just\-settling\-in.html\|url\-status\=live}} and 60 pounds of hot dogs.{{cite web\|title\=Newsmakers: Nathan's hot\-dog champ is dogged by controversy\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/179185487/?terms\=%22dogged%20by%20controversy%22\&match\=1\|work\=\[\[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] (sec. D, p. 2\)\|date\=July 6, 1999\|access\-date\=July 9, 2022\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709010608/https://www.newspapers.com/image/179185487/?terms\=%22dogged%20by%20controversy%22\&match\=1\|url\-status\=live}} Footage recorded by [NY1](/wiki/NY1 "NY1") appeared to show that he actually consumed half of a hot dog before the starting gun was fired and should have been disqualified by the judges. Charles Hardy and Bartoszek Tadeusz, both of [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn"), were the runners\-up and consumed 20 hot dogs each. Hardy charged that he could have consumed more had he been given another plate of hot dogs before time expired.{{cite web\|author\=Michael Finnegan\|date\=July 6, 1999\|title\=Nathan's Champ Called Cheat Eating Contest Rematch Sought\|url\=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/nathan\-champ\-called\-cheat\-eating\-contest\-rematch\-sought\-article\-1\.852481\|work\=New York Daily News\|access\-date\=August 8, 2016\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205344/https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/nathan\-champ\-called\-cheat\-eating\-contest\-rematch\-sought\-article\-1\.852481\|url\-status\=live}} 134\-pound, reigning champion Hirofumi Nakajima of Japan consumed 19 hot dogs. Former champion Mike DeVito also participated. |
| 1998 |{{flagicon\|JPN}} Hirofumi Nakajima
19
12 min |
The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 135\-pound, 23 year old furniture delivery worker from [Kōfu, Japan](/wiki/K%C5%8Dfu "Kōfu"). The prizes were "the coveted mustard\-yellow International Belt, a huge red trophy, and 20 pounds of Nathan's hot dogs."{{cite news\|author\=Jeanne King\|date\=July 5, 1998\|title\=Japanese retains hot dog competition title\|agency\=Reuters}} A 387\-pound, 29 year old corrections officer from Brooklyn, Charles "Hungry" Hardy, was the runner\-up and consumed {{frac\|17\|1\|2}} hot dogs.{{cite web\|author\=Lisi De Bourbon\|date\=July 5, 1998\|title\=World's champion hot dog eater retains his crown at Coney Island\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/95429866/?terms\=%22retains%20his%20crown%22\&match\=1\|work\=\[\[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] (sec. C, p. 9\)\|access\-date\=July 9, 2022\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709010609/https://www.newspapers.com/image/95429866/?terms\=%22retains%20his%20crown%22\&match\=1\|url\-status\=live}} 381\-pound, 35 year old mechanical engineer and former champion Ed Krachie came out of retirement in a vain attempt to break Japan's win streak but was the third\-place finisher and consumed 14 hot dogs. A 53 year old [haggis](/wiki/Haggis "Haggis")\-eating champion from the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"), Barry Noble, also participated. In all, 16 contestants participated.{{cite web\|title\=(Hot) Dog Days of Summer: 19 Takes Title\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/160058641/?terms\=%22%28Hot%29%20Dog%20Days%22\|work\=Los Angeles Times (sec. A, p. 20\)\|date\=July 5, 1998\|access\-date\=July 9, 2022\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709010608/https://www.newspapers.com/image/160058641/?terms\=%22(Hot)%20Dog%20Days%22\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1997 |{{flagicon\|JPN}} Hirofumi Nakajima
{{frac\|24\|1\|2}}
12 min |
Although Nathan's attempted to expand its pool of American contestants by sponsoring "a circuit of qualifying contests leading up to the grand finale on the Fourth",{{cite book\|author\=Ryan Nerz\|date\=April 2006\|title\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\&q\=%22Three\+years\+later%2C\+in\+January\+of\+1991%2C\+Max\+Rosey\+lay\+in\+a\+hospital\+bed%22\&pg\=PA15\|publisher\=St. Martin's Press \|page\=15\|isbn\=9780312339685}} Japanese contestants continued to increase their influence. The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 135\-pound, 22 year old furniture delivery worker from Kōfu, Japan. The prizes were "a large emerald and brass trophy, a Mustard\-Yellow International Belt, and a 20\-pack take\-out order for Nathan's hot dogs." 100\-pound, 30 year old future champion Kazutoyo Arai of Saitama, Japan was the runner\-up and consumed 24 hot dogs. 330\-pound, 34 year old former champion Ed Krachie was the third\-place finisher and consumed 20 hot dogs. 23 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916\.{{cite web\|title\=Japanese Goes Faster, 'Furter in Hot Dog Contest\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1997\-jul\-05\-mn\-9854\-story.html\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=July 5, 1997\|access\-date\=July 27, 2016\|archive\-date\=August 19, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819164506/http://articles.latimes.com/1997/jul/05/news/mn\-9854\|url\-status\=live}} |
|1996
*ONE\-ON\-ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN*
{{flagicon\|Japan}} Hirofumi Nakajima
*December 4*
{{frac\|23\|1\|4}}
12 min |
The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 300\-pound man from [Queens](/wiki/Queens "Queens").{{cite web\|title\=Man downs 22 hot dogs to win contest\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/EVENTS/1996/4july/stories/hotdog.contest/index.html\|work\=cnn.com\|date\=July 4, 1996\|access\-date\=February 24, 2012\|archive\-date\=November 12, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112131534/http://www.cnn.com/EVENTS/1996/4july/stories/hotdog.contest/index.html\|url\-status\=live}} The prizes apparently included the bejeweled mustard\-yellow belt and a trophy, if not more.{{cite web\|title\=Nathan's 4th July Hot Dog Contest (caption)\|url\=http://www.gettyimages.com/event/nathans\-4th\-july\-hot\-dog\-contest\-560367575\#still\-champ\-ed\-krachie\-of\-queens\-holds\-up\-his\-winners\-belt\-and\-trophy\-picture\-id97320723\|work\=gettyimages.com\|date\=July 4, 1996\|access\-date\=July 26, 2014\|archive\-date\=August 20, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820203934/http://www.gettyimages.com/event/nathans\-4th\-july\-hot\-dog\-contest\-560367575\#still\-champ\-ed\-krachie\-of\-queens\-holds\-up\-his\-winners\-belt\-and\-trophy\-picture\-id97320723\|url\-status\=live}} Former champion Mike DeVito was the runner\-up and consumed 20 hot dogs. 200\-pound, 42 year old [Guardian Angels](/wiki/Guardian_Angels "Guardian Angels") founder [Curtis Sliwa](/wiki/Curtis_Sliwa "Curtis Sliwa") was also a contestant.{{cite web\|author\=Tracy Connor\|date\=July 1, 1996\|title\=Sliwa makes bid for frank\-eating title\|url\=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/07/01/Sliwa\-makes\-bid\-for\-frank\-eating\-title/8818836193600/\|work\=United Press International\|access\-date\=July 25, 2016\|archive\-date\=August 8, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808001607/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/07/01/Sliwa\-makes\-bid\-for\-frank\-eating\-title/8818836193600/\|url\-status\=live}} 20 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916, except for 1939, 1940, and 1941—this time held under the moniker "Battle of the Burroughs". A later 1996 contest was also sponsored by Nathan's (and [TV Tokyo](/wiki/TV_Tokyo "TV Tokyo"){{cite book\|author\=Ryan Nerz\|date\=April 2006\|title\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\&q\=%22A\+YEAR\+OF\+GORGING\+AND\+GLORY%22\|work\=Macmillan (p. 63\)\|publisher\=Macmillan \|isbn\=9780312339685}}), but was held at [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park "Central Park") instead of at its traditional location. It was won by a 144\-pound, 22\-year\-old man from Japan; he had never eaten a hot dog until the day before the competition. The prizes were the bejeweled mustard\-yellow belt and $2,000\. 320\-pound, 33 year old mechanical engineer Ed Krachie of [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)") was the runner\-up. Only those 2 contestants participated.{{cite web\|author\=Scott Neuman\|date\=December 4, 1996\|title\=Japan snatches top dog title from U.S.\|url\=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/12/04/Japan\-snatches\-top\-dog\-title\-from\-US/4034849675600/\|work\=United Press International\|accessdate\=July 24, 2016\|archive\-date\=August 7, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807230457/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/12/04/Japan\-snatches\-top\-dog\-title\-from\-US/4034849675600/\|url\-status\=live}}
|{{flagicon\|USA}} Ed Krachie
*[Independence Day](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28United_States%29 "Independence Day (United States)")*
22
12 min |
| 1995 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Ed Krachie
*Independence Day*
{{frac\|19\|1\|2}}
12 min |
The contest was won by a 350\-pound [NYNEX](/wiki/NYNEX "NYNEX") [engineer](/wiki/Engineer "Engineer") from Queens. 205\-pound, 33 year old [Salomon Brothers](/wiki/Salomon_Brothers "Salomon Brothers") vice president and reigning champion Mike DeVito of [Manalapan Township, New Jersey](/wiki/Manalapan_Township%2C_New_Jersey "Manalapan Township, New Jersey"), was the runner\-up and consumed 19 hot dogs.{{cite news\|author\=David Stout\|date\=July 5, 1995\|title\=New Jersey Daily Briefing: A Coup in Hot Dog Land\|url\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\=990CE5D8123EF936A35754C0A963958260\|work\=The New York Times}} |
| 1994 |{{flagicon\|USA}} [Mike DeVito](/wiki/Michael_DeVito "Michael DeVito")
*Independence Day*
20
12 min{{cite web\|author\=Corky Siemaszko\|date\=July 5, 1994\|title\=A boom town for the day: Big Apple proudly hails Fourth of July\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/474269751/?terms\=%22Big%20Apple%20proudly%22\&match\=1\|work\=\[\[New York City\|New York]] \[\[New York Daily News\|Daily News]] (sec. C, p. 3\)\|access\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000232/https://www.newspapers.com/image/474269751/?terms\=%22Big%20Apple%20proudly%22\&match\=1\|url\-status\=live}} |
The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 32 year old [accountant](/wiki/Accountant "Accountant").{{cite web\|title\=Chronicle\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/05/nyregion/chronicle\-582492\.html\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=July 5, 1994\|access\-date\=February 11, 2017\|archive\-date\=August 19, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819105728/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/05/nyregion/chronicle\-582492\.html\|url\-status\=live}} Future champion Ed Krachie was the runner\-up. 40 year old Guardian Angels founder Curtis Sliwa was the third\-place finisher and consumed 13 hot dogs. |
|1993
*ONE\-ON\-ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Mike DeVito
*October 27{{cite news\|title\=Devouring those dirty\-water dogs (caption)\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50010441/the\-journal\-news/\|work\=\[\[Rockland, New York\|Rockland]] (\[\[New York (state)\|N.Y.]]) \[\[The Journal News\|Journal–News]] (sec. B, p. 5\)\|date\=October 28, 1993\|page\=29\|access\-date\=June 14, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195412/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50010441/the\-journal\-news/\|url\-status\=live}}*
18
30 min |
The contest was won by a former champion, a [Wall Street](/wiki/Wall_Street "Wall Street") brokerage firm worker from Manalapan Township, New Jersey. The prize was 365 hot dogs. Joe Gotay of Brooklyn was the runner\-up and consumed {{frac\|14\|1\|2}} hot dogs. Willie Dykstra of Brooklyn was the top female contestant and consumed {{frac\|7\|1\|2}} hot dogs. 18 men and 2 women participated. The reigning champion, 290\-pound Frankie Dellarosa of Brooklyn, "canceled out at the last minute due to a family emergency"{{cite web\|title\=Jersey hotdog gobbler wins back title\|url\=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/07/04/Jersey\-hotdog\-gobbler\-wins\-back\-title/2922741758400/\|work\=United Press International\|date\=July 4, 1993\|access\-date\=July 24, 2016\|archive\-date\=August 8, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808050722/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/07/04/Jersey\-hotdog\-gobbler\-wins\-back\-title/2922741758400/\|url\-status\=live}} and was unable to defend his title. Instead, he declared that he was now retired from competitions and planned to pursue an acting career,{{cite book\|author\=Ryan Nerz\|date\=April 2006\|title\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\&q\=%221990%2C\+while\+commuting\+from\+his\+New\+Jersey\+home\+to\+his\+job\+on\+Wall%22\&pg\=PA62\|publisher\=St. Martin's Press \|page\=62\|isbn\=9780312339685}} something that he would later have a modest success in.{{cite web\|title\=Frankie Dellarosa\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0217456/\|work\=imdb.com\|access\-date\=July 23, 2016\|archive\-date\=February 17, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217084206/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0217456/\|url\-status\=live}} A press account from the time describes this as the 77th annual contest, held regularly since 1916\. A later 1993 contest was also sponsored by Nathan's (and recorded by TV Tokyo), but was held under the [Brooklyn Bridge](/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge "Brooklyn Bridge") in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan") instead of at its traditional location. It was won by reigning champion DeVito.{{cite book\|author\=Ryan Nerz\|date\=April 2006\|title\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\&dq\=%22proach\+to\+the\+sport\+%28he\+was\+the\+first\+to\+realize\+that\+a\+two\-dog\-%22\&pg\=PA17\|publisher\=St. Martin's Press (p. 17\)\|isbn\=9780312339685}} Years later it was stated that the prize was the bejeweled mustard\-colored belt "created by the descendants of [Fabergé](/wiki/House_of_Faberg%C3%A9 "House of Fabergé")" that remains in use today but had supposedly been held in Japan for some years after having been won by a Japanese contestant at Nathan's (presumably at the February 11, 1986, competition). The earliest that the belt's existence is known to be covered by the press is 1996\. A woman, Orio Ito of Japan, was the runner\-up and consumed 16 hot dogs. Only those 2 contestants participated.
|{{flagicon\|USA}} Mike DeVito
*Independence Day*
17
12 min |
| 1992 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Frankie Dellarosa
*Independence Day*
19
12 min{{cite web\|title\=Frankly, this king still rules\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/469833057/?terms\=%22franks%20do%20after%20downing%2020%22\&match\=1\|work\=\[\[New York City\|New York]] \[\[New York Daily News\|Daily News]] (p. 3\)\|date\=July 5, 1992\|access\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000239/https://www.newspapers.com/image/469833057/?terms\=%22franks%20do%20after%20downing%2020%22\&match\=1\|url\-status\=live}} |
The contest was won by the reigning champion. The prize was 365 hot dogs. Former and future champion Mike DeVito was the runner\-up and consumed 17 hot dogs. 18 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 76th annual contest. |
| 1991 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Frankie Dellarosa
*Independence Day*
21
12 min |
The contest was won by a 270\-pound, 23 year old engineer{{cite web\|title\=Engineer wolfs way to dog title\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=gQoxAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5282%2C843952\|work\=Reading (Pa.) Eagle (p. 1 )\|date\=July 5, 1991\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 10, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144350/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=gQoxAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5282,843952\|url\-status\=live}} and part\-time [Hofstra University football](/wiki/Hofstra_Pride_football "Hofstra Pride football") coach from Queens. The prize was "a 3\-foot trophy, topped with an athlete, plate, and hot dog. He also received hats, cups, and a year's supply of hot dogs." 20 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 75th annual contest, this time held under the motto "No Guts, No Glory". |
| 1990 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Mike DeVito
{{flagicon\|USA}} Jay Green
*Independence Day*
15
12 min |
The contest was tied by the reigning champion, from Brooklyn, (Green) who was allowed to compete again despite previous contest rules, and a 28 year old from [Staten Island](/wiki/Staten_Island "Staten Island") (DeVito).{{cite web\|title\=On the Fourth, Feeling Cooked On a 93 degrees Grill\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/05/nyregion/on\-the\-fourth\-feeling\-cooked\-on\-a\-93\-degrees\-grill.html\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=July 5, 1990\|access\-date\=February 11, 2017\|archive\-date\=October 7, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007060840/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/05/nyregion/on\-the\-fourth\-feeling\-cooked\-on\-a\-93\-degrees\-grill.html\|url\-status\=live}} There was apparently no tie\-breaking eat\-off. A press account from the time describes this as the 7th annual contest.{{cite web\|title\=A day to relish\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=XyMiAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=2893%2C391246\|work\=Norwalk (Conn.) Hour (p. 3\)\|date\=July 5, 1990\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205705/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=XyMiAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=2893,391246\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1989 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Jay Green
*Independence Day*
{{frac\|15\|1\|2}}
12 min |
The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 215\-pound, 31 year old dry wall contractor, who, as per contest rules, was declared "retired" after the competition for being a two\-time winner. 24 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 73rd annual contest.{{cite web\|title\=Green Claims 2nd Victory in Hot Dog Contest\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=xnEhAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=5168%2C735803\|work\=Schenectady (N.Y.) Gazette (p. 12\)\|date\=July 5, 1989\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 7, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122107/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=xnEhAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=5168,735803\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1988 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Jay Green
*Independence Day*
10
12 min |
The contest was won by a 30 year old limousine service manager from [Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn](/wiki/Sheepshead_Bay%2C_Brooklyn "Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn"). 13 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 72nd annual contest.{{cite web\|title\=1987 runner\-up is hot dog king\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=7dsxAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=6804%2C3382102\|work\=Reading (Pa.) Eagle (p. 14\)\|date\=July 5, 1988\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205704/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=7dsxAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=6804,3382102\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1987 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Don Wolfman
*Independence Day*
{{frac\|13\|1\|2}}
10 min |
29 year old future champion Jay Green was the runner\-up and consumed {{frac\|13\|1\|4}} hot dogs. A press account from the time describes this as the 71st annual contest.{{cite web\|title\=Americans mark July 4 with parades, fireworks\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=C4A1AAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6731,829074\&dq\=hot\+dog\+contest\&hl\=en\|work\=Eugene (Ore.) Register\-Guard (sec. C, p. 10\)\|date\=July 4, 1987\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205805/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=C4A1AAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6731,829074\&dq\=hot\+dog\+contest\&hl\=en\|url\-status\=live}} |
|1986
{{flagicon\|USA}} Mark Heller
*Independence Day*
{{frac\|15\|1\|2}}
10 min |
The contest was won by a 245\-pound man; the prizes were a plaque and a year supply of hot dogs.{{cite web\|title\=Contest winner finishes 'dog' tired\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/112353886/?terms\=%22Contest%20winner%20finishes%22\&match\=1\|work\=\[\[Nashville, Tennessee\|Nashville]] \[\[The Tennessean\|Tennessean]] (sec. A, p. 3\)\|date\=July 7, 1986\|access\-date\=July 9, 2022\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709010609/https://www.newspapers.com/image/112353886/?terms\=%22Contest%20winner%20finishes%22\&match\=1\|url\-status\=live}} Robert Gerber was the runner\-up and consumed 13 hot dogs. 24 men participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 70th annual contest, held regularly since 1916\.{{cite web\|title\=Winner a hot dog\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=W9xVAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4742,1457580\&dq\=hot\+dog\+contest\&hl\=en\|work\=Eugene (Ore.) Register\-Guard (sec. A, p. 2\)\|date\=July 7, 1986\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015944/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=W9xVAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4742,1457580\&dq\=hot\+dog\+contest\&hl\=en\|url\-status\=live}} An earlier 1986 contest was also sponsored by Nathan's. It was won by a 264\-pound, 21\-year\-old student from [Tokyo, Japan](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"). Reigning champion Oscar Rodriguez was the runner\-up and consumed {{frac\|9\|1\|2}} hot dogs. Only those 2 contestants participated.{{cite web\|title\=Hot dog champion relishes his victory but craves sushi\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=8tQjAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=5326%2C5275788\|work\=Salt Lake City Deseret News (sec. A, p. 3\)\|date\=February 13–14, 1986\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 10, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144420/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=8tQjAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=5326,5275788\|url\-status\=live}}
|*ONE\-ON\-ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN*
{{flagicon\|Japan}} Hiroaki Tominaga
*February 11*
{{frac\|10\|1\|2}}
10 min |
| 1985 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Oscar Rodriguez
*Independence Day*
{{frac\|11\|3\|4}}
12 min |
The contest was won by a 21\-year\-old man. More than 40 contestants participated.{{cite web\|author\=Jilian Mincer\|date\=July 5, 1985\|title\=Miss Liberty Offstage, Buy City Has A Popping 4th\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/05/nyregion/miss\-liberty\-offstage\-buy\-city\-has\-a\-popping\-4th.html\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=February 11, 2017\|archive\-date\=October 7, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007060831/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/05/nyregion/miss\-liberty\-offstage\-buy\-city\-has\-a\-popping\-4th.html\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1984 |{{flagicon\|GER}} Birgit Felden
*Independence Day*
{{frac\|9\|1\|2}}
10 min |
The contest was won by a 130\-pound,{{cite web\|title\=German Scores in Frankfurter Contest\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=QpkpAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3427%2C2101684\|work\=Daytona Beach (Fla.) Morning Journal (sec. D, p. 3\)\|date\=July 5, 1984\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015946/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=QpkpAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3427,2101684\|url\-status\=live}} 17 year old [West German](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany") women's [judo](/wiki/Judo "Judo") team member from [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne"); she had never eaten a hot dog before the competition. Publicist Morty Matz described her as being only the second female to have ever won the contest. 17 year old U.S. women's judo team member Jean Kanokogi (and daughter of [Ryohei](/wiki/Ryohei_Kanokogi "Ryohei Kanokogi") and [Rusty Kanokogi](/wiki/Rena_Kanokogi "Rena Kanokogi")) of Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn was the runner\-up and consumed 8 hot dogs. 20 men and 4 women participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 68th annual contest. |
| 1983 | {{flagicon\|USA}} Emil Gomez*Independence Day* |{{frac\|10\|1\|2}}
10 min |
The contest was won by a 210\-pound, 25 year old accountant from [the Bronx](/wiki/The_Bronx "The Bronx").{{cite web\|title\=America waves flag to celebrate Fourth\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=kyA0AAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3469,1241371\&dq\=hot\+dog\+contest\&hl\=en\|work\=Bangor (Maine) Daily News (p. 1\)\|date\=July 5, 1983\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015948/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=kyA0AAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3469,1241371\&dq\=hot\+dog\+contest\&hl\=en\|url\-status\=live}} His brother, Andre Gomez, was the runner\-up and consumed 10 hot dogs. 11 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 17th annual contest.{{cite web\|title\=It's hot in the Big Apple\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/114181403/\|work\=Poughkeepsie (N.Y.) Journal (p. 8\)\|date\=July 5, 1983\|access\-date\=July 10, 2016\|archive\-date\=August 18, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818134049/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/114181403/\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1982 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Steven Abrams
*Independence Day*
*(observed July 5\)*
11\+
10 min{{cite web\|author\=Larry Sutton\|date\=July 6, 1982\|title\=Boatload o' joy\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/490103666/?terms\=%22Larry%20Sutton%22\&match\=1\|work\=\[\[New York City\|New York]] \[\[New York Daily News\|Daily News]] (p. 4\)\|access\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000234/https://www.newspapers.com/image/490103666/?terms\=%22Larry%20Sutton%22\&match\=1\|url\-status\=live}} |
The contest was held on Monday, July 5, the observed date of Independence Day, as the holiday fell on a Sunday. It was won by a 26 year old from [Flushing, Queens](/wiki/Flushing%2C_Queens "Flushing, Queens"). He ate one bite of a twelfth hot dog.{{cite web\|author\=Robert D. McFadden\|date\=July 6, 1982\|title\=Holiday Crowds Sample Pristine Day's Pleasures\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/06/nyregion/holiday\-crowds\-sample\-pristine\-day\-s\-pleasures.html\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=February 11, 2017\|archive\-date\=October 7, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007060950/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/06/nyregion/holiday\-crowds\-sample\-pristine\-day\-s\-pleasures.html\|url\-status\=live}} Sid Smith of Brooklyn was the runner\-up and consumed 10 hot dogs, and Risto Puulos of [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki "Helsinki") was the third\-place finisher and consumed 8\. |
| 1981 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Thomas DeBerry
*Independence Day*
11
5 min{{cite web\|author\=Marcia Kramer\|date\=July 5, 1981\|title\=Red, white \& blue banishes the gray\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/488680159/?terms\=%22Marcia%20Kramer%22\&match\=1\|work\=\[\[New York City\|New York]] \[\[New York Daily News\|Daily News]] (p. 4\)\|access\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000233/https://www.newspapers.com/image/488680159/?terms\=%22Marcia%20Kramer%22\&match\=1\|url\-status\=live}} |
The contest was won by a 35 year old Housing Authority gardener from Coney Island, Brooklyn. He "downed 11 hot dogs in five minutes and then rushed off with his family to attend a barbecue."{{cite web\|author\=Paul L. Montgomery\|date\=July 5, 1981\|title\=Rain Curtails Fourth of July Crowds\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/05/nyregion/rain\-curtails\-fourth\-of\-july\-crowds.html\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=February 11, 2017\|archive\-date\=October 7, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007060857/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/05/nyregion/rain\-curtails\-fourth\-of\-july\-crowds.html\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1980 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Joe Baldini
{{flagicon\|USA}} [Paul Siederman](/wiki/Jerry_Butler_%28actor%29 "Jerry Butler (actor)")
*Independence Day*
{{frac\|9\|3\|4}}\+
Eat\-off: {{frac\|3\|1\|2}}
10 minEat\-off: 3 min |
The contest was tied by a 190\-pound, 25 year old unemployed pharmacist (Baldini) and a 260\-pound, 21 year old unemployed actor (Siederman), both from Brooklyn. Each then tied again after a tie\-breaking eat\-off. The prizes were "two trophies and a pair of yellow plastic bags". Reigning co\-champion Jim Mattner was the third\-place finisher and consumed approximately 9 hot dogs. 28 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 64th annual contest.{{cite web\|title\=Coney kings crowned after hotdog contest\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=8iZYAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4459%2C6933148\|work\=Bend (Ore.) Bulletin (p. 25\)\|date\=July 5, 1980\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015945/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=8iZYAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4459,6933148\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1979 |
{{flagicon\|USA}} Luther Frazier
{{flagicon\|USA}} Jim Mattner
*Independence Day*
10
Eat\-off: {{frac\|3\|1\|2}}{{cite web\|title\=A Rainy Fourth Fails to Dampen City's Celebration\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/717038572/?terms\=%22Rainy%20Fourth%22\&match\=1\|work\=\[\[New York City\|New York]] \[\[Newsday]] (sec. Q, p. 7\)\|date\=July 5, 1979\|access\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000237/https://www.newspapers.com/image/717038572/?terms\=%22Rainy%20Fourth%22\&match\=1\|url\-status\=live}}
10 minEat\-off: {{frac\|3\|1\|2}} min |
The contest was tied by a 172\-pound 17\-year\-old boy from Brooklyn (Frazier) and a 205\-pound, 35 year old bond dealer from [Ozone Park, Queens](/wiki/Ozone_Park%2C_Queens "Ozone Park, Queens") (Mattner). Each then tied again after a tie\-breaking eat\-off. They consumed what was considered a "record" number of hot dogs, when including the eat\-off total. A press account from the time describes this as the 63rd annual contest. |
| 1978 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Manel Hollenback
{{flagicon\|USA}} Kevin Sinclair
*[Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day "Memorial Day")*
10
{{frac\|6\|1\|2}} min |
The contest was held on Memorial Day and was tied by a 180\-pound, 18 year old basketball player from [Newark, New Jersey](/wiki/Newark%2C_New_Jersey "Newark, New Jersey") (Hollenback) and a 75\-pound, 10\-year\-old student (Sinclair). There was apparently no tie\-breaking eat\-off. 28 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1917, except for 1942 and 1944\.{{cite web\|title\=Two share prize\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=8W9UAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=nathan%20hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=4174%2C4040481\|work\=Ellensburg (Wash.) Daily Record (p. 11\)\|date\=May 31, 1978\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205705/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=8W9UAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=nathan%20hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=4174,4040481\|url\-status\=live}} |
| 1976–1977 |*(no documented contests)*
|1975
*MEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Lonnie Brown
*Memorial Day*
8
{{frac\|3\|1\|2}} min, with a 1 min break
An all\-female contest was originally scheduled to be held on Memorial Day with the winner to be declared "Miss Coney Island;" the contest was won by a 30 year old market researcher from Manhattan.{{cite web\|title\=News Makers: Hot dog queen?\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/137063370/\|work\=\[\[Rochester, New York\|Rochester]] \[\[Democrat and Chronicle]] (sec. C, p. 1\)\|date\=May 27, 1975\|access\-date\=June 12, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 12, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612160000/https://www.newspapers.com/image/137063370/\|url\-status\=live}} A contemporary press account indicates that when the contest was held it was ultimately decided to allow men to participate and that the top\-finishing male was awarded a plaque;{{cite web\|author\=Jerry Adler\|date\=May 27, 1975\|title\=Slip In a Ringer at Hot Dog Chompfest\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/464395798/\|work\=\[\[New York City\|New York]] \[\[New York Daily News\|Daily News]] (sec. ML, p. 7\)\|access\-date\=June 14, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 14, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614230111/https://www.newspapers.com/image/464395798/\|url\-status\=live}} he was a 28 year old [National Guardsman](/wiki/National_Guard_%28United_States%29 "National Guard (United States)") from [Far Rockaway, Queens](/wiki/Far_Rockaway%2C_Queens "Far Rockaway, Queens"). 15 contestants participated.
|*WOMEN'S*
{{flagicon\|USA}} Sharlene Smith
*Memorial Day*
{{frac\|8\|1\|2}}
|1974
{{flagicon\|USA}} Walter Paul
{{flagicon\|USA}} Paul Sirop
*[Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day "Labor Day")*
*(unknown)*
*(unknown)* |
The first 1974 contest was held on April 7 (opening day for Coney Island's summer season activities){{cite book\|author\=Jason Fagone\|date\=2007\|title\=Horsemen of the Esophagus: Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=utR6mUoZBVIC\&q\=%22column\+about\+how\+Morty\+would%22\&pg\=PA221\|work\=Crown/Archetype (p. 221\)\|publisher\=Three Rivers Press \|isbn\=9780307237392}} and was won by a 22 year old [Manhattan Community College](/wiki/Borough_of_Manhattan_Community_College "Borough of Manhattan Community College") student from [Astoria, Queens](/wiki/Astoria%2C_Queens "Astoria, Queens"); the prize was a trophy.{{cite web\|title\=Nine hot dogs get him a trophy\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/156110578/\|work\=Wilmington (Del.) Morning News (p. 22\)\|date\=April 12, 1974\|access\-date\=July 7, 2016\|archive\-date\=August 19, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819072358/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/156110578/\|url\-status\=live}} Six contestants participated. The second 1974 contest was held on Independence Day and was won by a 185\-pound, 24 year old from Brooklyn; the prize was "a trophy with an emblazoned hot dog on it".{{cite web\|title\=Still Hungry\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=uBpdAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=1646%2C530505\|work\=St. Joseph (Mo.) Gazette (sec. B, p. 2\)\|date\=July 5, 1974\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015944/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=uBpdAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=hot%20dog%20contest\&pg\=1646,530505\|url\-status\=live}} The third 1974 contest was held on Labor Day and was tied by Walter Paul—the event's first two\-time winner—and Paul Sirop.{{cite web\|title\=A Weiner \& Hungry Look\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/491512804/?terms\=%22Charles%20Frattini%22\&match\=1\|work\=\[\[New York City\|New York]] \[\[New York Daily News\|Daily News]] (p. 7\)\|date\=September 3, 1974\|access\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000236/https://www.newspapers.com/image/491512804/?terms\=%22Charles%20Frattini%22\&match\=1\|url\-status\=live}} There was apparently no tie\-breaking eat\-off.
|{{flagicon\|USA}} Roberto Muriel
*Independence Day*
10
{{frac\|3\|1\|2}} min |
|{{flagicon\|USA}} John Connolly
*Opening day of Coney Island's summer season*
*(April 7\)*
9
{{frac\|2\|1\|2}} min |
|1973
*(unknown)*
*Independence Day*
*(unknown)*
*(unknown)* |
The first 1973 contest was scheduled to be held on April 7 (opening day for Coney Island's summer season activities) but was canceled due to the [1973 meat boycott](/wiki/1973_meat_boycott "1973 meat boycott"). A press account from the time describes this to have been the 23rd annual contest.{{cite web\|author\=Colleen Sullivan\|date\=April 8, 1973\|title\=Boycott Leaders Hail Protest; Price Watchers Are Skeptical\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/718540930/\|work\=\[\[Melville, New York\|Melville]] (\[\[New York (state)\|N.Y.]]) \[\[Newsday\|Sunday Newsday]]: \[\[Suffolk County, New York\|Suffolk]] Ed. (p. 5\)\|access\-date\=June 12, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 12, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612160000/https://www.newspapers.com/image/718540930/\|url\-status\=live}} A contest was scheduled to be held on Independence Day (designated as the 106th anniversary of the invention of the hot dog) and refereed by the "1973 Hot Dog Queen",{{cite web\|author\=Linda Greenhouse\|date\=July 4, 1973\|title\=Old\-Time One\-Day Fourth To Get New Angles Here\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/04/archives/oldtime\-oneday\-fourth\-to\-get\-new\-angles\-here\-air\-show\-scheduled.html\|work\=The New York Times (p. 38\)\|access\-date\=February 11, 2017\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015945/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/04/archives/oldtime\-oneday\-fourth\-to\-get\-new\-angles\-here\-air\-show\-scheduled.html\|url\-status\=live}} but no results are known to have been compiled and released to the public.
|*(canceled)*
*Opening day of Coney Island's summer season*
*(April 7\)*
—
— |
|1972
{{flagicon\|USA}} Melody Andorfer
*Labor Day*
12
5 min |
The first 1972 contest was held on Memorial Day and was won by a [Brooklyn College](/wiki/Brooklyn_College "Brooklyn College") student; the prize "was a book of certificates for forty more hot dogs". The second 1972 contest was held on Labor Day and was won by a 105\-pound, 18\-year\-old female community activist from Astoria, Queens; the prize was a paper crown (on July 2, 2021, she received a belt similar to those awarded to recent winners, for her past achievement).{{cite web\|author\=Charles Denson\|date\=April 23, 2020\|title\=Melody Andorfer: 'Hot Dog Queen' and Winner of the 1972 Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest\|url\=https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/oral\-history\-archive/melody\-andorfer\|work\=coneyislandhistory.org\|accessdate\=2021\-07\-20\|archive\-date\=July 22, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000243/https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/oral\-history\-archive/melody\-andorfer\|url\-status\=live}} 260\-pound, 19 year old Gary Silverman of Brooklyn was the runner\-up and consumed 10 hot dogs. 8 men and 8 women participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 23rd annual contest. In 2020, the [Coney Island History Project](/wiki/Coney_Island_History_Project "Coney Island History Project") interviewed Andorfer.{{Cite web \|date\=2020\-06\-10 \|title\=Melody Andorfer \|url\=https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/oral\-history\-archive/melody\-andorfer \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-16 \|website\=Coney Island History Project \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=July 22, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000243/https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/oral\-history\-archive/melody\-andorfer \|url\-status\=live }}
|{{flagicon\|USA}} Jason Schechter
*Memorial Day*
14
{{frac\|3\|1\|2}} min |
| 1968–1971 |*(no documented contests)*
| 1967 |{{flagicon\|USA}} Walter Paul
*[Centennial](/wiki/Centennial "Centennial") celebration of the invention of the hot dog*
*(June 30\)*
17{{ref\|reference\_name\_B\|b}}
60 min |
The contest was held on June 30 (designated as the 100th anniversary of the invention of the hot dog) and was won by a 400\-pound, 32 year old truck driver. The prize was "a trophy proclaiming him the world's champion hot dog eater." He consumed the hot dogs over the period of "one hour flat".{{cite web\|title\=Frankfurter Fan Downs 127 for Centennial Title\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=FgMqAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4511,12128\&hl\=en\|work\=Milwaukee Journal (p. 2\)\|date\=July 1, 1967}}{{Dead link\|date\=March 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}{{cite web\|title\=Man Gobbles 127 Hot Dogs\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=IxwrAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6803%2C365137\|work\=Reading (Pa.) Eagle (p. 14\)\|date\=July 2, 1967\|access\-date\=October 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=July 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703201454/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=IxwrAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6803%2C365137\|url\-status\=live}} It is not immediately clear if he ate buns with the hot dogs. |
{{note\|reference\_name\_A\|a}} final total may have been affected by interruption from protestor{{cite web\|author\=Scott Gleeson\|date\=July 4, 2022\|title\=Joey Chestnut puts protestor in brief chokehold during his Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest victory\|url\=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/joey\-chestnut\-puts\-protestor\-brief\-175356245\.html\|work\=\[\[USA Today]]\|access\-date\=2022\-07\-04\|archive\-date\=July 4, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704203548/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/joey\-chestnut\-puts\-protestor\-brief\-175356245\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
{{note\|reference\_name\_B\|b}} though Walter Paul's 1967 feat is documented in multiple [UPI](/wiki/UPI "UPI") press accounts from the time, he has also been mentioned in passing in more recent press accounts for supposedly establishing the contest's then\-record *17* hot dogs consumed; several other people have similarly been credited for records of {{frac\|13\|1\|2}}, {{frac\|17\|1\|2}}, or {{frac\|18\|1\|2}} hot dogs consumed; the following feats are not known to be documented more fully in press accounts from the time of their occurrence and, as such, may not be credible and are not included in the *Results* table above:
"Several years" before 1986: unspecified contestant, {{frac\|13\|1\|2}}
1979: unspecified contestant, {{frac\|17\|1\|2}}
1978: Walter Paul (described as being from [Coney Island](/wiki/Coney_Island "Coney Island"), [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn")), 17{{cite web\|title\=Extra! Man bites dog—15 of 'em\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/13855370/\|work\=Tyrone (Pa.) Daily Herald (p. 6\)\|date\=July 7, 1986\|access\-date\=July 10, 2016\|archive\-date\=August 19, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819020354/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/13855370/\|url\-status\=live}}
1974: unspecified contestant, 16
1968: Walter Paul (described as "a rotund Coney Island carnival caretaker"), 17
1959: Peter Washburn (described as "a one\-armed Brooklyn Carnival worker"), {{frac\|18\|1\|2}}{{cite book\|author\=Ryan Nerz\|date\=April 2006\|title\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\&q\=%22selhoff%2C\+the\+former\+Baywatch\+star%22\&pg\=PA61\|work\=St. Martin's Griffin (p. 61\)\|publisher\=Macmillan \|isbn\=9780312339685}} or 17
1959: Paul Washburn (described as a carnival worker from Brooklyn), {{frac\|17\|1\|2}}
1959: Walter Paul (described as a 260\-pound man from Brooklyn), 17
1957: Paul Washburn, {{frac\|17\|1\|2}}
|
[
"### By year (color\\-coded by belt color)",
"",
"| Year | Winner(and date, if prior to permanently moving all contests to Independence Day in 1997\\) | Hot dogs and buns(HDB) | Contest duration | Note(s) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2024 |*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} [Patrick Bertoletti](/wiki/Patrick_Bertoletti \"Patrick Bertoletti\")",
"58",
"10 min |\n Joey Chestnut is absent from the men’s event for the first time since 2004, due to a purported sponsorship issue between Chestnut and Major League Eating. Chestnut eats 57 HDB in 5 minutes in a non\\-sponsored event. Miki Sudo sets a new women’s record, with 51 HDB eaten. |\n|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} [Miki Sudo](/wiki/Miki_Sudo \"Miki Sudo\")",
"**51**",
"|2023{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://abc7ny.com/nathans\\-hotdogs\\-content\\-2023\\-hot\\-dog\\-eating\\-contest\\-coney\\-island\\-joey\\-chestnut/13456057/ \\|title\\=Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest: Reigning champs Chestnut, Sudo eat their way to victory \\|date\\=2023\\-07\\-04 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-04 \\|website\\=\\[\\[WABC\\-TV]]}}",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} [Joey Chestnut](/wiki/Joey_Chestnut \"Joey Chestnut\")",
"62",
"10 min",
"",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Miki Sudo",
"{{frac\\|39\\|1\\|2}}",
"|2022",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"63{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}}",
"10 min",
"Miki Sudo returns from her pregnancy to reclaim her title. After being shoved from the table, Joey Chestnut puts a protester who ran onto the stage during the event in a chokehold. Geoffrey Esper (47 HDB) finished second. James Webb (41 HDB) finished third.",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Miki Sudo",
"40",
"|2021",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"**76**",
"10 min",
"The event is held at [Maimonides Park](/wiki/Maimonides_Park \"Maimonides Park\") due to capacity restrictions and other health and safety requirements. Joey Chestnut breaks the world record with 76 HDB. Defending champion [Miki Sudo](/wiki/Miki_Sudo \"Miki Sudo\") was out due to her pregnancy.",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} [Michelle Lesco](/wiki/Michelle_Lesco \"Michelle Lesco\")",
"{{frac\\|30\\|3\\|4}}",
"|2020",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"75",
"10 min",
"First time event is being held indoors without fans caused by the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"). Joey Chestnut breaks the world record with 75 HDB. Darron Breeden (42 HDB) finished second. Nick Wehry (39\\.5 HDB) finished third. Miki Sudo breaks the women's world record with 48\\.5 HDB.",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Miki Sudo",
"{{frac\\|48\\|1\\|2}}",
"|2019",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"71",
"10 min",
"Joey Chestnut won his 12th title. Darron Breeden (50 HDB) finished second. Geoffrey Esper (47 HDB) finished third. Sudo (31 HDB) edged out Lesco (26 HDB) to win her sixth Nathan's belt.",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Miki Sudo",
"31",
"|2018",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"74",
"10 min",
"After a judging error had left the results in question, the final results showed that Joey Chestnut broke the world record with 74 HDB. Carmen Cincotti (64 HDB) finished second. Darron Breeden (43 HDB) finished third. Sudo won her fifth women's belt. Michelle Lesco (28 HDB) finished second. Sonya Thomas and Juliet Lee (25 HDB) tied for third. This is the last competition that Thomas competed in.",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Miki Sudo",
"37",
"|2017",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"72",
"10 min",
"Joey Chestnut breaks the contest record with 72 HDB. Carmen Cincotti (60 HDB) finished second. Matt Stonie (48 HDB) finished third. Sudo won her fourth women's title, beating [Michelle Lesco](/wiki/Michelle_Lesco \"Michelle Lesco\") (32 HDB) and Thomas (30 HDB).",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Miki Sudo",
"41",
"|2016",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"70",
"10 min",
"Joey Chestnut won the mustard\\-colored belt for the ninth time, eating 70 hot dogs and buns. Defending champion Matt Stonie consumed 53 HDB. Sudo ({{frac\\|38\\|1\\|2}}) won her third consecutive women's title, edging out Thomas (35 HDB). At the Giant National Capital BBQ Battle in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), on June 25, Chestnut set the record of 73\\.5 in an official qualifier.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/moresports/story/\\_/id/16763727/joey\\-chestnut\\-eats\\-70\\-hot\\-dogs\\-wins\\-nathan\\-famous\\-crown\\|title\\=Joey Chestnut eats 70 hot dogs, 17 more than Matt Stonie, to win Nathan's title\\|last\\=Balsamo\\|first\\=Michael\\|date\\=July 4, 2016\\|website\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 4, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=July 28, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728130707/http://espn.go.com/moresports/story/\\_/id/16763727/joey\\-chestnut\\-eats\\-70\\-hot\\-dogs\\-wins\\-nathan\\-famous\\-crown\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Miki Sudo",
"{{frac\\|38\\|1\\|2}}",
"|2015",
"*MEN'S*{{flagicon\\|USA}} [Matt Stonie](/wiki/Matt_Stonie \"Matt Stonie\") |\n62",
"10 min",
"Matt Stonie ended the 8 year winning streak of Joey Chestnut, eating 62 HDB to Joey's 60\\. [Tim Janus](/wiki/Tim_Janus \"Tim Janus\") (35 HDB) finished third. Sudo won her second women's belt, beating Thomas (31 HDB).",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Miki Sudo",
"38",
"|2014",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"61",
"10 min",
"Joey Chestnut faced fierce competition from Matt Stonie, who finished second with 56 HDB. Tim Janus (44 HDB) finished in 3rd. This became Joey's 8th consecutive win. Miki Sudo (34 HDB) dethroned Thomas ({{frac\\|27\\|3\\|4}} HDB), the first time in the history of the competition that Thomas had been defeated since the inception of the women's division. Sudo also ended a long tradition by becoming the first champion in a quarter\\-century to decline to use a nickname during Nathan's competitions.",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Miki Sudo",
"34",
"|2013",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"69",
"10 min",
"Joey Chestnut beat his own record with 69 HDB. Matt Stonie (51HDB) finished second. Tim Janus (50 HDB) finished in 3rd. After facing fierce competition from Juliet Lee (36 HDB), Thomas ({{frac\\|36\\|3\\|4}} HDB) won her third title.",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} [Sonya Thomas](/wiki/Sonya_Thomas \"Sonya Thomas\")",
"{{frac\\|36\\|3\\|4}}",
"|2012",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"68",
"10 min",
"Chestnut tied his previous record, previously set in 2009\\. He also became the second person to win six consecutive titles. Tim Janus (52\\.25\\) and [Patrick Bertoletti](/wiki/Patrick_Bertoletti \"Patrick Bertoletti\") (51\\) finish second and third. Matt Stonie, who would go on to claim victory in 2015 finished fourth with 46 HDB. [Bob Shoudt](/wiki/Bob_Shoudt \"Bob Shoudt\") was 5th (45 HDB) broke Thomas' record for oldest person to eat their age in HDB (45 yr) Thomas (45 HDB) broke the female record and set a new record for the oldest person to eat their age in HDB (44 yr), beating Juliet Lee (33 HDB).",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Sonya Thomas",
"45",
"|2011",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"62",
"10 min",
"Separate competitions are held for women and men for the first time since the 1975 one\\-off event. Chestnut dominates on his way to his fifth straight title. Sonya Thomas (40 HDB) won the inaugural women's event. Patrick Bertoletti (53\\) and Tim \"Eater X\" Janus (45\\) finish 2nd and 3rd for the second year in a row.",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Sonya Thomas",
"40",
"| 2010 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"54",
"10 min |\n Chestnut (54\\), Tim \"Eater X\" Janus (45\\), and Patrick Bertoletti (37\\) round out the top three. |\n| 2009 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"68",
"10 min |\n Chestnut (68 HDB) beat his previous record in 10 minutes, setting new event, U.S., and world records. Kobayashi ({{frac\\|64\\|1\\|2}} HDB) set a Japanese record. Patrick Bertoletti (55 HDB) finished third. Sonya Thomas (41 HDB) broke the female record. |\n| 2008 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut",
"59 \n \nEat\\-off: 5",
"10 minEat\\-off: untimed, but completed in 50 sec. |\n Event, Japanese, U.S., and world records set (59 HDB). First event using the new ten\\-minute time limit, and first tie and eat\\-off since 1980\\. Chestnut \\& Kobayashi tied for first with 59 in regulation. In overtime Chestnut is the first to finish a plate of 5 HDB in 50 seconds. Kobayashi, losing by 7 seconds, finishes second. Tim Janus finished third with 42\\. |\n| 2007 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Joey Chestnut |66",
"12 min |\n Having broken the world and U.S. records with {{frac\\|59\\|1\\|2}} HDB at a qualifier contest on June 2, 2007, Chestnut (66 HDB) finishes first, setting new event, U.S. and world records. Defeating Kobayashi (63 HDB) for the first time. Fifth place Sonya Thomas (39 HDB) sets female record. |\n| 2006 |{{flagicon\\|JPN}} [Takeru Kobayashi](/wiki/Takeru_Kobayashi \"Takeru Kobayashi\")",
"{{frac\\|53\\|3\\|4}}",
"12 min |\n Winner Kobayashi sets event, Japanese and world records. Second place Joey Chestnut (52 HDB), sets U.S. record. Sonya Thomas (37\\) finishes third. |\n| 2005 |{{flagicon\\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi",
"49",
"12 min |\n 2nd: Sonya Thomas (37\\) sets U.S. record, Women's record. Future winner Joey Chestnut finishes third with 32\\. |\n| 2004 |{{flagicon\\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi",
"{{frac\\|53\\|1\\|2}}",
"12 min |\n Event, United States and world records set. 2nd: Nobuyuki Shirota (38\\), Sonya Thomas (32 HDB) sets the female and U.S. records. |\n| 2003 |{{flagicon\\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi",
"{{frac\\|44\\|1\\|2}}",
"12 min |\n Sonya Thomas (25 HDB) sets the female record. 2nd: Ed Jarvis ({{frac\\|30\\|1\\|2}}, American record), 3rd: Eric Booker (29\\). Twenty competitors and 3,000 spectators in attendance. [William \"The Refrigerator\" Perry](/wiki/William_Perry_%28American_football%29 \"William Perry (American football)\") competes, but eats only four HDB and drops out after five minutes.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/moresports/news/2003/0704/1576745\\.html \\|title\\=2003 ESPN.com report \\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 5, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305111144/http://espn.go.com/moresports/news/2003/0704/1576745\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} |\n| 2002 |{{flagicon\\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi",
"{{frac\\|50\\|1\\|2}}",
"12 min |\n Event, Japanese and world records set. |\n| 2001 |{{flagicon\\|JPN}} Takeru Kobayashi",
"50",
"12 min |\n 20 competitors total. All\\-time world records set.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200605/competitive\\-eating/6 \\|title\\=Horsemen of the Esophagus \\|publisher\\=Theatlantic.com \\|date\\=May 1, 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 7, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907071835/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200605/competitive\\-eating/6 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} 2nd: Kazutoyo Arai (31\\), 3rd: Eric \"Badlands\" Booker (22\\). |\n| 2000 |{{flagicon\\|JPN}} Kazutoyo Arai",
"{{frac\\|25\\|1\\|8}}",
"12 min |\n The contest was won by a 100\\-pound 32\\-year\\-old mattress salesman from [Saitama, Japan](/wiki/Saitama%2C_Saitama \"Saitama, Saitama\"). The prizes were \"the coveted mustard\\-yellow International Belt, a huge red trophy, and 20 pounds of Nathan's hot dogs.\" Misao Fujita (also known as \"Wild Beast\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Early eating world's best deciding match!\\|url\\=http://www.tv\\-tokyo.co.jp.e.ck.hp.transer.com/tvchamp1/000824/under.htm\\|work\\=tv\\-tokyo.co.jp\\|date\\=2000\\|access\\-date\\=July 29, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=July 5, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705032916/http://www.tv\\-tokyo.co.jp.e.ck.hp.transer.com/tvchamp1/000824/under.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}) of [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") was the runner\\-up and consumed 24 hot dogs. A woman, [Takako Akasaka](/wiki/Takako_Akasaka \"Takako Akasaka\") of Japan, was the third\\-place finisher and consumed 22 hot dogs. 41 year old [locomotive](/wiki/Locomotive \"Locomotive\") machinist Steve Addicks of [Finksburg, Maryland](/wiki/Finksburg%2C_Maryland \"Finksburg, Maryland\"), was the fourth\\-place finisher and consumed 21 hot dogs. 391\\-pound, 35 year old reigning champion Steve Keiner of [Atlantic City, New Jersey](/wiki/Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey \"Atlantic City, New Jersey\") \"finished in the middle of the pack\" and consumed 15 hot dogs. \"Dozens\" of contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Japanese Man Wins Hot Dog Contest\\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id\\=96638\\&page\\=1\\|work\\=abcnews.go.com\\|date\\=July 4, 2000\\|access\\-date\\=July 28, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=July 2, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702112106/https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id\\=96638\\&page\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Another describes this as the 85th annual contest. |\n| 1999 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} [Steve Keiner](/wiki/Steve_Keiner \"Steve Keiner\")",
"{{frac\\|21\\|1\\|2}}",
"12 min |\n The contest was won by a 317\\-pound, 50\\-year\\-old man from [Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey](/wiki/Egg_Harbor_Township%2C_New_Jersey \"Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey\"). The prize was the bejeweled mustard\\-colored belt{{cite web\\|author\\=Robert D. McFadden\\|date\\=July 5, 1999\\|title\\=Holiday Parades March By, But the Heat Is Just Settling In\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/05/nyregion/holiday\\-parades\\-march\\-by\\-but\\-the\\-heat\\-is\\-just\\-settling\\-in.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=August 31, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831212621/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/05/nyregion/holiday\\-parades\\-march\\-by\\-but\\-the\\-heat\\-is\\-just\\-settling\\-in.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and 60 pounds of hot dogs.{{cite web\\|title\\=Newsmakers: Nathan's hot\\-dog champ is dogged by controversy\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/179185487/?terms\\=%22dogged%20by%20controversy%22\\&match\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] (sec. D, p. 2\\)\\|date\\=July 6, 1999\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709010608/https://www.newspapers.com/image/179185487/?terms\\=%22dogged%20by%20controversy%22\\&match\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Footage recorded by [NY1](/wiki/NY1 \"NY1\") appeared to show that he actually consumed half of a hot dog before the starting gun was fired and should have been disqualified by the judges. Charles Hardy and Bartoszek Tadeusz, both of [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\"), were the runners\\-up and consumed 20 hot dogs each. Hardy charged that he could have consumed more had he been given another plate of hot dogs before time expired.{{cite web\\|author\\=Michael Finnegan\\|date\\=July 6, 1999\\|title\\=Nathan's Champ Called Cheat Eating Contest Rematch Sought\\|url\\=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/nathan\\-champ\\-called\\-cheat\\-eating\\-contest\\-rematch\\-sought\\-article\\-1\\.852481\\|work\\=New York Daily News\\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205344/https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/nathan\\-champ\\-called\\-cheat\\-eating\\-contest\\-rematch\\-sought\\-article\\-1\\.852481\\|url\\-status\\=live}} 134\\-pound, reigning champion Hirofumi Nakajima of Japan consumed 19 hot dogs. Former champion Mike DeVito also participated. |\n| 1998 |{{flagicon\\|JPN}} Hirofumi Nakajima",
"19",
"12 min |\n The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 135\\-pound, 23 year old furniture delivery worker from [Kōfu, Japan](/wiki/K%C5%8Dfu \"Kōfu\"). The prizes were \"the coveted mustard\\-yellow International Belt, a huge red trophy, and 20 pounds of Nathan's hot dogs.\"{{cite news\\|author\\=Jeanne King\\|date\\=July 5, 1998\\|title\\=Japanese retains hot dog competition title\\|agency\\=Reuters}} A 387\\-pound, 29 year old corrections officer from Brooklyn, Charles \"Hungry\" Hardy, was the runner\\-up and consumed {{frac\\|17\\|1\\|2}} hot dogs.{{cite web\\|author\\=Lisi De Bourbon\\|date\\=July 5, 1998\\|title\\=World's champion hot dog eater retains his crown at Coney Island\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/95429866/?terms\\=%22retains%20his%20crown%22\\&match\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] (sec. C, p. 9\\)\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709010609/https://www.newspapers.com/image/95429866/?terms\\=%22retains%20his%20crown%22\\&match\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} 381\\-pound, 35 year old mechanical engineer and former champion Ed Krachie came out of retirement in a vain attempt to break Japan's win streak but was the third\\-place finisher and consumed 14 hot dogs. A 53 year old [haggis](/wiki/Haggis \"Haggis\")\\-eating champion from the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), Barry Noble, also participated. In all, 16 contestants participated.{{cite web\\|title\\=(Hot) Dog Days of Summer: 19 Takes Title\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/160058641/?terms\\=%22%28Hot%29%20Dog%20Days%22\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times (sec. A, p. 20\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1998\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709010608/https://www.newspapers.com/image/160058641/?terms\\=%22(Hot)%20Dog%20Days%22\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1997 |{{flagicon\\|JPN}} Hirofumi Nakajima",
"{{frac\\|24\\|1\\|2}}",
"12 min |\n Although Nathan's attempted to expand its pool of American contestants by sponsoring \"a circuit of qualifying contests leading up to the grand finale on the Fourth\",{{cite book\\|author\\=Ryan Nerz\\|date\\=April 2006\\|title\\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\\&q\\=%22Three\\+years\\+later%2C\\+in\\+January\\+of\\+1991%2C\\+Max\\+Rosey\\+lay\\+in\\+a\\+hospital\\+bed%22\\&pg\\=PA15\\|publisher\\=St. Martin's Press \\|page\\=15\\|isbn\\=9780312339685}} Japanese contestants continued to increase their influence. The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 135\\-pound, 22 year old furniture delivery worker from Kōfu, Japan. The prizes were \"a large emerald and brass trophy, a Mustard\\-Yellow International Belt, and a 20\\-pack take\\-out order for Nathan's hot dogs.\" 100\\-pound, 30 year old future champion Kazutoyo Arai of Saitama, Japan was the runner\\-up and consumed 24 hot dogs. 330\\-pound, 34 year old former champion Ed Krachie was the third\\-place finisher and consumed 20 hot dogs. 23 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Japanese Goes Faster, 'Furter in Hot Dog Contest\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1997\\-jul\\-05\\-mn\\-9854\\-story.html\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=July 5, 1997\\|access\\-date\\=July 27, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=August 19, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819164506/http://articles.latimes.com/1997/jul/05/news/mn\\-9854\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n|1996",
"*ONE\\-ON\\-ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN* \n{{flagicon\\|Japan}} Hirofumi Nakajima \n*December 4*",
"{{frac\\|23\\|1\\|4}}",
"12 min |\nThe contest was won by the reigning champion, a 300\\-pound man from [Queens](/wiki/Queens \"Queens\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Man downs 22 hot dogs to win contest\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/EVENTS/1996/4july/stories/hotdog.contest/index.html\\|work\\=cnn.com\\|date\\=July 4, 1996\\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=November 12, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112131534/http://www.cnn.com/EVENTS/1996/4july/stories/hotdog.contest/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The prizes apparently included the bejeweled mustard\\-yellow belt and a trophy, if not more.{{cite web\\|title\\=Nathan's 4th July Hot Dog Contest (caption)\\|url\\=http://www.gettyimages.com/event/nathans\\-4th\\-july\\-hot\\-dog\\-contest\\-560367575\\#still\\-champ\\-ed\\-krachie\\-of\\-queens\\-holds\\-up\\-his\\-winners\\-belt\\-and\\-trophy\\-picture\\-id97320723\\|work\\=gettyimages.com\\|date\\=July 4, 1996\\|access\\-date\\=July 26, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=August 20, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820203934/http://www.gettyimages.com/event/nathans\\-4th\\-july\\-hot\\-dog\\-contest\\-560367575\\#still\\-champ\\-ed\\-krachie\\-of\\-queens\\-holds\\-up\\-his\\-winners\\-belt\\-and\\-trophy\\-picture\\-id97320723\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Former champion Mike DeVito was the runner\\-up and consumed 20 hot dogs. 200\\-pound, 42 year old [Guardian Angels](/wiki/Guardian_Angels \"Guardian Angels\") founder [Curtis Sliwa](/wiki/Curtis_Sliwa \"Curtis Sliwa\") was also a contestant.{{cite web\\|author\\=Tracy Connor\\|date\\=July 1, 1996\\|title\\=Sliwa makes bid for frank\\-eating title\\|url\\=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/07/01/Sliwa\\-makes\\-bid\\-for\\-frank\\-eating\\-title/8818836193600/\\|work\\=United Press International\\|access\\-date\\=July 25, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=August 8, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808001607/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/07/01/Sliwa\\-makes\\-bid\\-for\\-frank\\-eating\\-title/8818836193600/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} 20 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916, except for 1939, 1940, and 1941—this time held under the moniker \"Battle of the Burroughs\". A later 1996 contest was also sponsored by Nathan's (and [TV Tokyo](/wiki/TV_Tokyo \"TV Tokyo\"){{cite book\\|author\\=Ryan Nerz\\|date\\=April 2006\\|title\\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\\&q\\=%22A\\+YEAR\\+OF\\+GORGING\\+AND\\+GLORY%22\\|work\\=Macmillan (p. 63\\)\\|publisher\\=Macmillan \\|isbn\\=9780312339685}}), but was held at [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park \"Central Park\") instead of at its traditional location. It was won by a 144\\-pound, 22\\-year\\-old man from Japan; he had never eaten a hot dog until the day before the competition. The prizes were the bejeweled mustard\\-yellow belt and $2,000\\. 320\\-pound, 33 year old mechanical engineer Ed Krachie of [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\") was the runner\\-up. Only those 2 contestants participated.{{cite web\\|author\\=Scott Neuman\\|date\\=December 4, 1996\\|title\\=Japan snatches top dog title from U.S.\\|url\\=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/12/04/Japan\\-snatches\\-top\\-dog\\-title\\-from\\-US/4034849675600/\\|work\\=United Press International\\|accessdate\\=July 24, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=August 7, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807230457/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/12/04/Japan\\-snatches\\-top\\-dog\\-title\\-from\\-US/4034849675600/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"|{{flagicon\\|USA}} Ed Krachie \n*[Independence Day](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28United_States%29 \"Independence Day (United States)\")*",
"22",
"12 min |\n| 1995 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Ed Krachie \n*Independence Day*",
"{{frac\\|19\\|1\\|2}}",
"12 min |\n The contest was won by a 350\\-pound [NYNEX](/wiki/NYNEX \"NYNEX\") [engineer](/wiki/Engineer \"Engineer\") from Queens. 205\\-pound, 33 year old [Salomon Brothers](/wiki/Salomon_Brothers \"Salomon Brothers\") vice president and reigning champion Mike DeVito of [Manalapan Township, New Jersey](/wiki/Manalapan_Township%2C_New_Jersey \"Manalapan Township, New Jersey\"), was the runner\\-up and consumed 19 hot dogs.{{cite news\\|author\\=David Stout\\|date\\=July 5, 1995\\|title\\=New Jersey Daily Briefing: A Coup in Hot Dog Land\\|url\\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\\=990CE5D8123EF936A35754C0A963958260\\|work\\=The New York Times}} |\n| 1994 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} [Mike DeVito](/wiki/Michael_DeVito \"Michael DeVito\") \n*Independence Day*",
"20",
"12 min{{cite web\\|author\\=Corky Siemaszko\\|date\\=July 5, 1994\\|title\\=A boom town for the day: Big Apple proudly hails Fourth of July\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/474269751/?terms\\=%22Big%20Apple%20proudly%22\\&match\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York City\\|New York]] \\[\\[New York Daily News\\|Daily News]] (sec. C, p. 3\\)\\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000232/https://www.newspapers.com/image/474269751/?terms\\=%22Big%20Apple%20proudly%22\\&match\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 32 year old [accountant](/wiki/Accountant \"Accountant\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Chronicle\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/05/nyregion/chronicle\\-582492\\.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=July 5, 1994\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=August 19, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819105728/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/05/nyregion/chronicle\\-582492\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Future champion Ed Krachie was the runner\\-up. 40 year old Guardian Angels founder Curtis Sliwa was the third\\-place finisher and consumed 13 hot dogs. |\n|1993",
"*ONE\\-ON\\-ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Mike DeVito \n*October 27{{cite news\\|title\\=Devouring those dirty\\-water dogs (caption)\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50010441/the\\-journal\\-news/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Rockland, New York\\|Rockland]] (\\[\\[New York (state)\\|N.Y.]]) \\[\\[The Journal News\\|Journal–News]] (sec. B, p. 5\\)\\|date\\=October 28, 1993\\|page\\=29\\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195412/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50010441/the\\-journal\\-news/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}*",
"18",
"30 min |\nThe contest was won by a former champion, a [Wall Street](/wiki/Wall_Street \"Wall Street\") brokerage firm worker from Manalapan Township, New Jersey. The prize was 365 hot dogs. Joe Gotay of Brooklyn was the runner\\-up and consumed {{frac\\|14\\|1\\|2}} hot dogs. Willie Dykstra of Brooklyn was the top female contestant and consumed {{frac\\|7\\|1\\|2}} hot dogs. 18 men and 2 women participated. The reigning champion, 290\\-pound Frankie Dellarosa of Brooklyn, \"canceled out at the last minute due to a family emergency\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Jersey hotdog gobbler wins back title\\|url\\=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/07/04/Jersey\\-hotdog\\-gobbler\\-wins\\-back\\-title/2922741758400/\\|work\\=United Press International\\|date\\=July 4, 1993\\|access\\-date\\=July 24, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=August 8, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808050722/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/07/04/Jersey\\-hotdog\\-gobbler\\-wins\\-back\\-title/2922741758400/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and was unable to defend his title. Instead, he declared that he was now retired from competitions and planned to pursue an acting career,{{cite book\\|author\\=Ryan Nerz\\|date\\=April 2006\\|title\\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\\&q\\=%221990%2C\\+while\\+commuting\\+from\\+his\\+New\\+Jersey\\+home\\+to\\+his\\+job\\+on\\+Wall%22\\&pg\\=PA62\\|publisher\\=St. Martin's Press \\|page\\=62\\|isbn\\=9780312339685}} something that he would later have a modest success in.{{cite web\\|title\\=Frankie Dellarosa\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0217456/\\|work\\=imdb.com\\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=February 17, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217084206/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0217456/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} A press account from the time describes this as the 77th annual contest, held regularly since 1916\\. A later 1993 contest was also sponsored by Nathan's (and recorded by TV Tokyo), but was held under the [Brooklyn Bridge](/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge \"Brooklyn Bridge\") in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\") instead of at its traditional location. It was won by reigning champion DeVito.{{cite book\\|author\\=Ryan Nerz\\|date\\=April 2006\\|title\\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\\&dq\\=%22proach\\+to\\+the\\+sport\\+%28he\\+was\\+the\\+first\\+to\\+realize\\+that\\+a\\+two\\-dog\\-%22\\&pg\\=PA17\\|publisher\\=St. Martin's Press (p. 17\\)\\|isbn\\=9780312339685}} Years later it was stated that the prize was the bejeweled mustard\\-colored belt \"created by the descendants of [Fabergé](/wiki/House_of_Faberg%C3%A9 \"House of Fabergé\")\" that remains in use today but had supposedly been held in Japan for some years after having been won by a Japanese contestant at Nathan's (presumably at the February 11, 1986, competition). The earliest that the belt's existence is known to be covered by the press is 1996\\. A woman, Orio Ito of Japan, was the runner\\-up and consumed 16 hot dogs. Only those 2 contestants participated.",
"|{{flagicon\\|USA}} Mike DeVito \n*Independence Day*",
"17",
"12 min |\n| 1992 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Frankie Dellarosa \n*Independence Day*",
"19",
"12 min{{cite web\\|title\\=Frankly, this king still rules\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/469833057/?terms\\=%22franks%20do%20after%20downing%2020%22\\&match\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York City\\|New York]] \\[\\[New York Daily News\\|Daily News]] (p. 3\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1992\\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000239/https://www.newspapers.com/image/469833057/?terms\\=%22franks%20do%20after%20downing%2020%22\\&match\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n The contest was won by the reigning champion. The prize was 365 hot dogs. Former and future champion Mike DeVito was the runner\\-up and consumed 17 hot dogs. 18 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 76th annual contest. |\n| 1991 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Frankie Dellarosa \n*Independence Day*",
"21",
"12 min |\n The contest was won by a 270\\-pound, 23 year old engineer{{cite web\\|title\\=Engineer wolfs way to dog title\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=gQoxAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5282%2C843952\\|work\\=Reading (Pa.) Eagle (p. 1 )\\|date\\=July 5, 1991\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 10, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144350/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=gQoxAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5282,843952\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and part\\-time [Hofstra University football](/wiki/Hofstra_Pride_football \"Hofstra Pride football\") coach from Queens. The prize was \"a 3\\-foot trophy, topped with an athlete, plate, and hot dog. He also received hats, cups, and a year's supply of hot dogs.\" 20 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 75th annual contest, this time held under the motto \"No Guts, No Glory\". |\n| 1990 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Mike DeVito \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Jay Green \n*Independence Day*",
"15",
"12 min |\n The contest was tied by the reigning champion, from Brooklyn, (Green) who was allowed to compete again despite previous contest rules, and a 28 year old from [Staten Island](/wiki/Staten_Island \"Staten Island\") (DeVito).{{cite web\\|title\\=On the Fourth, Feeling Cooked On a 93 degrees Grill\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/05/nyregion/on\\-the\\-fourth\\-feeling\\-cooked\\-on\\-a\\-93\\-degrees\\-grill.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=July 5, 1990\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=October 7, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007060840/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/05/nyregion/on\\-the\\-fourth\\-feeling\\-cooked\\-on\\-a\\-93\\-degrees\\-grill.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} There was apparently no tie\\-breaking eat\\-off. A press account from the time describes this as the 7th annual contest.{{cite web\\|title\\=A day to relish\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=XyMiAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=2893%2C391246\\|work\\=Norwalk (Conn.) Hour (p. 3\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1990\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205705/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=XyMiAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=2893,391246\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1989 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Jay Green \n*Independence Day*",
"{{frac\\|15\\|1\\|2}}",
"12 min |\n The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 215\\-pound, 31 year old dry wall contractor, who, as per contest rules, was declared \"retired\" after the competition for being a two\\-time winner. 24 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 73rd annual contest.{{cite web\\|title\\=Green Claims 2nd Victory in Hot Dog Contest\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=xnEhAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=5168%2C735803\\|work\\=Schenectady (N.Y.) Gazette (p. 12\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1989\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 7, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122107/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=xnEhAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=5168,735803\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1988 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Jay Green \n*Independence Day*",
"10",
"12 min |\n The contest was won by a 30 year old limousine service manager from [Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn](/wiki/Sheepshead_Bay%2C_Brooklyn \"Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn\"). 13 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 72nd annual contest.{{cite web\\|title\\=1987 runner\\-up is hot dog king\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=7dsxAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=6804%2C3382102\\|work\\=Reading (Pa.) Eagle (p. 14\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1988\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205704/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=7dsxAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=6804,3382102\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1987 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Don Wolfman \n*Independence Day*",
"{{frac\\|13\\|1\\|2}}",
"10 min |\n 29 year old future champion Jay Green was the runner\\-up and consumed {{frac\\|13\\|1\\|4}} hot dogs. A press account from the time describes this as the 71st annual contest.{{cite web\\|title\\=Americans mark July 4 with parades, fireworks\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=C4A1AAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6731,829074\\&dq\\=hot\\+dog\\+contest\\&hl\\=en\\|work\\=Eugene (Ore.) Register\\-Guard (sec. C, p. 10\\)\\|date\\=July 4, 1987\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205805/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=C4A1AAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6731,829074\\&dq\\=hot\\+dog\\+contest\\&hl\\=en\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n|1986",
"{{flagicon\\|USA}} Mark Heller \n*Independence Day*",
"{{frac\\|15\\|1\\|2}}",
"10 min |\nThe contest was won by a 245\\-pound man; the prizes were a plaque and a year supply of hot dogs.{{cite web\\|title\\=Contest winner finishes 'dog' tired\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/112353886/?terms\\=%22Contest%20winner%20finishes%22\\&match\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[Nashville, Tennessee\\|Nashville]] \\[\\[The Tennessean\\|Tennessean]] (sec. A, p. 3\\)\\|date\\=July 7, 1986\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709010609/https://www.newspapers.com/image/112353886/?terms\\=%22Contest%20winner%20finishes%22\\&match\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Robert Gerber was the runner\\-up and consumed 13 hot dogs. 24 men participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 70th annual contest, held regularly since 1916\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Winner a hot dog\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=W9xVAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4742,1457580\\&dq\\=hot\\+dog\\+contest\\&hl\\=en\\|work\\=Eugene (Ore.) Register\\-Guard (sec. A, p. 2\\)\\|date\\=July 7, 1986\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015944/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=W9xVAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4742,1457580\\&dq\\=hot\\+dog\\+contest\\&hl\\=en\\|url\\-status\\=live}} An earlier 1986 contest was also sponsored by Nathan's. It was won by a 264\\-pound, 21\\-year\\-old student from [Tokyo, Japan](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"). Reigning champion Oscar Rodriguez was the runner\\-up and consumed {{frac\\|9\\|1\\|2}} hot dogs. Only those 2 contestants participated.{{cite web\\|title\\=Hot dog champion relishes his victory but craves sushi\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=8tQjAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=5326%2C5275788\\|work\\=Salt Lake City Deseret News (sec. A, p. 3\\)\\|date\\=February 13–14, 1986\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 10, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144420/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=8tQjAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=5326,5275788\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"|*ONE\\-ON\\-ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN* \n{{flagicon\\|Japan}} Hiroaki Tominaga \n*February 11*",
"{{frac\\|10\\|1\\|2}}",
"10 min |\n| 1985 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Oscar Rodriguez \n*Independence Day*",
"{{frac\\|11\\|3\\|4}}",
"12 min |\n The contest was won by a 21\\-year\\-old man. More than 40 contestants participated.{{cite web\\|author\\=Jilian Mincer\\|date\\=July 5, 1985\\|title\\=Miss Liberty Offstage, Buy City Has A Popping 4th\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/05/nyregion/miss\\-liberty\\-offstage\\-buy\\-city\\-has\\-a\\-popping\\-4th.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=October 7, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007060831/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/05/nyregion/miss\\-liberty\\-offstage\\-buy\\-city\\-has\\-a\\-popping\\-4th.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1984 |{{flagicon\\|GER}} Birgit Felden \n*Independence Day*",
"{{frac\\|9\\|1\\|2}}",
"10 min |\n The contest was won by a 130\\-pound,{{cite web\\|title\\=German Scores in Frankfurter Contest\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=QpkpAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3427%2C2101684\\|work\\=Daytona Beach (Fla.) Morning Journal (sec. D, p. 3\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1984\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015946/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=QpkpAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3427,2101684\\|url\\-status\\=live}} 17 year old [West German](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\") women's [judo](/wiki/Judo \"Judo\") team member from [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\"); she had never eaten a hot dog before the competition. Publicist Morty Matz described her as being only the second female to have ever won the contest. 17 year old U.S. women's judo team member Jean Kanokogi (and daughter of [Ryohei](/wiki/Ryohei_Kanokogi \"Ryohei Kanokogi\") and [Rusty Kanokogi](/wiki/Rena_Kanokogi \"Rena Kanokogi\")) of Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn was the runner\\-up and consumed 8 hot dogs. 20 men and 4 women participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 68th annual contest. |\n| 1983 | {{flagicon\\|USA}} Emil Gomez*Independence Day* |{{frac\\|10\\|1\\|2}}",
"10 min |\n The contest was won by a 210\\-pound, 25 year old accountant from [the Bronx](/wiki/The_Bronx \"The Bronx\").{{cite web\\|title\\=America waves flag to celebrate Fourth\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=kyA0AAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3469,1241371\\&dq\\=hot\\+dog\\+contest\\&hl\\=en\\|work\\=Bangor (Maine) Daily News (p. 1\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1983\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015948/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=kyA0AAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3469,1241371\\&dq\\=hot\\+dog\\+contest\\&hl\\=en\\|url\\-status\\=live}} His brother, Andre Gomez, was the runner\\-up and consumed 10 hot dogs. 11 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 17th annual contest.{{cite web\\|title\\=It's hot in the Big Apple\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/114181403/\\|work\\=Poughkeepsie (N.Y.) Journal (p. 8\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1983\\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=August 18, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818134049/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/114181403/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1982 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Steven Abrams \n*Independence Day* \n*(observed July 5\\)*",
"11\\+",
"10 min{{cite web\\|author\\=Larry Sutton\\|date\\=July 6, 1982\\|title\\=Boatload o' joy\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/490103666/?terms\\=%22Larry%20Sutton%22\\&match\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York City\\|New York]] \\[\\[New York Daily News\\|Daily News]] (p. 4\\)\\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000234/https://www.newspapers.com/image/490103666/?terms\\=%22Larry%20Sutton%22\\&match\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n The contest was held on Monday, July 5, the observed date of Independence Day, as the holiday fell on a Sunday. It was won by a 26 year old from [Flushing, Queens](/wiki/Flushing%2C_Queens \"Flushing, Queens\"). He ate one bite of a twelfth hot dog.{{cite web\\|author\\=Robert D. McFadden\\|date\\=July 6, 1982\\|title\\=Holiday Crowds Sample Pristine Day's Pleasures\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/06/nyregion/holiday\\-crowds\\-sample\\-pristine\\-day\\-s\\-pleasures.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=October 7, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007060950/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/06/nyregion/holiday\\-crowds\\-sample\\-pristine\\-day\\-s\\-pleasures.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Sid Smith of Brooklyn was the runner\\-up and consumed 10 hot dogs, and Risto Puulos of [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki \"Helsinki\") was the third\\-place finisher and consumed 8\\. |\n| 1981 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Thomas DeBerry \n*Independence Day*",
"11",
"5 min{{cite web\\|author\\=Marcia Kramer\\|date\\=July 5, 1981\\|title\\=Red, white \\& blue banishes the gray\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/488680159/?terms\\=%22Marcia%20Kramer%22\\&match\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York City\\|New York]] \\[\\[New York Daily News\\|Daily News]] (p. 4\\)\\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000233/https://www.newspapers.com/image/488680159/?terms\\=%22Marcia%20Kramer%22\\&match\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n The contest was won by a 35 year old Housing Authority gardener from Coney Island, Brooklyn. He \"downed 11 hot dogs in five minutes and then rushed off with his family to attend a barbecue.\"{{cite web\\|author\\=Paul L. Montgomery\\|date\\=July 5, 1981\\|title\\=Rain Curtails Fourth of July Crowds\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/05/nyregion/rain\\-curtails\\-fourth\\-of\\-july\\-crowds.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=October 7, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007060857/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/05/nyregion/rain\\-curtails\\-fourth\\-of\\-july\\-crowds.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1980 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Joe Baldini \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} [Paul Siederman](/wiki/Jerry_Butler_%28actor%29 \"Jerry Butler (actor)\") \n*Independence Day*",
"{{frac\\|9\\|3\\|4}}\\+ \n \nEat\\-off: {{frac\\|3\\|1\\|2}}",
"10 minEat\\-off: 3 min |\n The contest was tied by a 190\\-pound, 25 year old unemployed pharmacist (Baldini) and a 260\\-pound, 21 year old unemployed actor (Siederman), both from Brooklyn. Each then tied again after a tie\\-breaking eat\\-off. The prizes were \"two trophies and a pair of yellow plastic bags\". Reigning co\\-champion Jim Mattner was the third\\-place finisher and consumed approximately 9 hot dogs. 28 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 64th annual contest.{{cite web\\|title\\=Coney kings crowned after hotdog contest\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=8iZYAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4459%2C6933148\\|work\\=Bend (Ore.) Bulletin (p. 25\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1980\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015945/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=8iZYAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4459,6933148\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1979 |\n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Luther Frazier \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Jim Mattner \n*Independence Day*",
"10 \n \nEat\\-off: {{frac\\|3\\|1\\|2}}{{cite web\\|title\\=A Rainy Fourth Fails to Dampen City's Celebration\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/717038572/?terms\\=%22Rainy%20Fourth%22\\&match\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York City\\|New York]] \\[\\[Newsday]] (sec. Q, p. 7\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1979\\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000237/https://www.newspapers.com/image/717038572/?terms\\=%22Rainy%20Fourth%22\\&match\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"10 minEat\\-off: {{frac\\|3\\|1\\|2}} min |\n The contest was tied by a 172\\-pound 17\\-year\\-old boy from Brooklyn (Frazier) and a 205\\-pound, 35 year old bond dealer from [Ozone Park, Queens](/wiki/Ozone_Park%2C_Queens \"Ozone Park, Queens\") (Mattner). Each then tied again after a tie\\-breaking eat\\-off. They consumed what was considered a \"record\" number of hot dogs, when including the eat\\-off total. A press account from the time describes this as the 63rd annual contest. |\n| 1978 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Manel Hollenback \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Kevin Sinclair \n*[Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day \"Memorial Day\")*",
"10",
"{{frac\\|6\\|1\\|2}} min |\n The contest was held on Memorial Day and was tied by a 180\\-pound, 18 year old basketball player from [Newark, New Jersey](/wiki/Newark%2C_New_Jersey \"Newark, New Jersey\") (Hollenback) and a 75\\-pound, 10\\-year\\-old student (Sinclair). There was apparently no tie\\-breaking eat\\-off. 28 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1917, except for 1942 and 1944\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Two share prize\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=8W9UAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=nathan%20hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=4174%2C4040481\\|work\\=Ellensburg (Wash.) Daily Record (p. 11\\)\\|date\\=May 31, 1978\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205705/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=8W9UAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=nathan%20hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=4174,4040481\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| 1976–1977 |*(no documented contests)*",
"|1975",
"*MEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Lonnie Brown \n*Memorial Day*",
"8",
"{{frac\\|3\\|1\\|2}} min, with a 1 min break",
"An all\\-female contest was originally scheduled to be held on Memorial Day with the winner to be declared \"Miss Coney Island;\" the contest was won by a 30 year old market researcher from Manhattan.{{cite web\\|title\\=News Makers: Hot dog queen?\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/137063370/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Rochester, New York\\|Rochester]] \\[\\[Democrat and Chronicle]] (sec. C, p. 1\\)\\|date\\=May 27, 1975\\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 12, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612160000/https://www.newspapers.com/image/137063370/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} A contemporary press account indicates that when the contest was held it was ultimately decided to allow men to participate and that the top\\-finishing male was awarded a plaque;{{cite web\\|author\\=Jerry Adler\\|date\\=May 27, 1975\\|title\\=Slip In a Ringer at Hot Dog Chompfest\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/464395798/\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York City\\|New York]] \\[\\[New York Daily News\\|Daily News]] (sec. ML, p. 7\\)\\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614230111/https://www.newspapers.com/image/464395798/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} he was a 28 year old [National Guardsman](/wiki/National_Guard_%28United_States%29 \"National Guard (United States)\") from [Far Rockaway, Queens](/wiki/Far_Rockaway%2C_Queens \"Far Rockaway, Queens\"). 15 contestants participated.",
"|*WOMEN'S* \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Sharlene Smith \n*Memorial Day*",
"{{frac\\|8\\|1\\|2}}",
"|1974",
"{{flagicon\\|USA}} Walter Paul \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} Paul Sirop \n*[Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day \"Labor Day\")*",
"*(unknown)*",
"*(unknown)* |\nThe first 1974 contest was held on April 7 (opening day for Coney Island's summer season activities){{cite book\\|author\\=Jason Fagone\\|date\\=2007\\|title\\=Horsemen of the Esophagus: Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=utR6mUoZBVIC\\&q\\=%22column\\+about\\+how\\+Morty\\+would%22\\&pg\\=PA221\\|work\\=Crown/Archetype (p. 221\\)\\|publisher\\=Three Rivers Press \\|isbn\\=9780307237392}} and was won by a 22 year old [Manhattan Community College](/wiki/Borough_of_Manhattan_Community_College \"Borough of Manhattan Community College\") student from [Astoria, Queens](/wiki/Astoria%2C_Queens \"Astoria, Queens\"); the prize was a trophy.{{cite web\\|title\\=Nine hot dogs get him a trophy\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/156110578/\\|work\\=Wilmington (Del.) Morning News (p. 22\\)\\|date\\=April 12, 1974\\|access\\-date\\=July 7, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=August 19, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819072358/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/156110578/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Six contestants participated. The second 1974 contest was held on Independence Day and was won by a 185\\-pound, 24 year old from Brooklyn; the prize was \"a trophy with an emblazoned hot dog on it\".{{cite web\\|title\\=Still Hungry\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=uBpdAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=1646%2C530505\\|work\\=St. Joseph (Mo.) Gazette (sec. B, p. 2\\)\\|date\\=July 5, 1974\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015944/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=uBpdAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=hot%20dog%20contest\\&pg\\=1646,530505\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The third 1974 contest was held on Labor Day and was tied by Walter Paul—the event's first two\\-time winner—and Paul Sirop.{{cite web\\|title\\=A Weiner \\& Hungry Look\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/491512804/?terms\\=%22Charles%20Frattini%22\\&match\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York City\\|New York]] \\[\\[New York Daily News\\|Daily News]] (p. 7\\)\\|date\\=September 3, 1974\\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000236/https://www.newspapers.com/image/491512804/?terms\\=%22Charles%20Frattini%22\\&match\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=live}} There was apparently no tie\\-breaking eat\\-off.",
"|{{flagicon\\|USA}} Roberto Muriel \n*Independence Day*",
"10",
"{{frac\\|3\\|1\\|2}} min |\n|{{flagicon\\|USA}} John Connolly \n*Opening day of Coney Island's summer season* \n*(April 7\\)*",
"9",
"{{frac\\|2\\|1\\|2}} min |\n|1973",
"*(unknown)* \n*Independence Day*",
"*(unknown)*",
"*(unknown)* |\nThe first 1973 contest was scheduled to be held on April 7 (opening day for Coney Island's summer season activities) but was canceled due to the [1973 meat boycott](/wiki/1973_meat_boycott \"1973 meat boycott\"). A press account from the time describes this to have been the 23rd annual contest.{{cite web\\|author\\=Colleen Sullivan\\|date\\=April 8, 1973\\|title\\=Boycott Leaders Hail Protest; Price Watchers Are Skeptical\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/718540930/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Melville, New York\\|Melville]] (\\[\\[New York (state)\\|N.Y.]]) \\[\\[Newsday\\|Sunday Newsday]]: \\[\\[Suffolk County, New York\\|Suffolk]] Ed. (p. 5\\)\\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 12, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612160000/https://www.newspapers.com/image/718540930/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} A contest was scheduled to be held on Independence Day (designated as the 106th anniversary of the invention of the hot dog) and refereed by the \"1973 Hot Dog Queen\",{{cite web\\|author\\=Linda Greenhouse\\|date\\=July 4, 1973\\|title\\=Old\\-Time One\\-Day Fourth To Get New Angles Here\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/04/archives/oldtime\\-oneday\\-fourth\\-to\\-get\\-new\\-angles\\-here\\-air\\-show\\-scheduled.html\\|work\\=The New York Times (p. 38\\)\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015945/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/04/archives/oldtime\\-oneday\\-fourth\\-to\\-get\\-new\\-angles\\-here\\-air\\-show\\-scheduled.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} but no results are known to have been compiled and released to the public.",
"|*(canceled)* \n*Opening day of Coney Island's summer season* \n*(April 7\\)*",
"—",
"— |\n|1972",
"{{flagicon\\|USA}} Melody Andorfer \n*Labor Day*",
"12",
"5 min |\nThe first 1972 contest was held on Memorial Day and was won by a [Brooklyn College](/wiki/Brooklyn_College \"Brooklyn College\") student; the prize \"was a book of certificates for forty more hot dogs\". The second 1972 contest was held on Labor Day and was won by a 105\\-pound, 18\\-year\\-old female community activist from Astoria, Queens; the prize was a paper crown (on July 2, 2021, she received a belt similar to those awarded to recent winners, for her past achievement).{{cite web\\|author\\=Charles Denson\\|date\\=April 23, 2020\\|title\\=Melody Andorfer: 'Hot Dog Queen' and Winner of the 1972 Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest\\|url\\=https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/oral\\-history\\-archive/melody\\-andorfer\\|work\\=coneyislandhistory.org\\|accessdate\\=2021\\-07\\-20\\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000243/https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/oral\\-history\\-archive/melody\\-andorfer\\|url\\-status\\=live}} 260\\-pound, 19 year old Gary Silverman of Brooklyn was the runner\\-up and consumed 10 hot dogs. 8 men and 8 women participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 23rd annual contest. In 2020, the [Coney Island History Project](/wiki/Coney_Island_History_Project \"Coney Island History Project\") interviewed Andorfer.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2020\\-06\\-10 \\|title\\=Melody Andorfer \\|url\\=https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/oral\\-history\\-archive/melody\\-andorfer \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-16 \\|website\\=Coney Island History Project \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000243/https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/oral\\-history\\-archive/melody\\-andorfer \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"|{{flagicon\\|USA}} Jason Schechter \n*Memorial Day*",
"14",
"{{frac\\|3\\|1\\|2}} min |\n| 1968–1971 |*(no documented contests)*",
"| 1967 |{{flagicon\\|USA}} Walter Paul \n*[Centennial](/wiki/Centennial \"Centennial\") celebration of the invention of the hot dog* \n*(June 30\\)*",
"17{{ref\\|reference\\_name\\_B\\|b}}",
"60 min |\n The contest was held on June 30 (designated as the 100th anniversary of the invention of the hot dog) and was won by a 400\\-pound, 32 year old truck driver. The prize was \"a trophy proclaiming him the world's champion hot dog eater.\" He consumed the hot dogs over the period of \"one hour flat\".{{cite web\\|title\\=Frankfurter Fan Downs 127 for Centennial Title\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=FgMqAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4511,12128\\&hl\\=en\\|work\\=Milwaukee Journal (p. 2\\)\\|date\\=July 1, 1967}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=March 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}{{cite web\\|title\\=Man Gobbles 127 Hot Dogs\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=IxwrAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6803%2C365137\\|work\\=Reading (Pa.) Eagle (p. 14\\)\\|date\\=July 2, 1967\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=July 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703201454/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=IxwrAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6803%2C365137\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It is not immediately clear if he ate buns with the hot dogs. |",
"{{note\\|reference\\_name\\_A\\|a}} final total may have been affected by interruption from protestor{{cite web\\|author\\=Scott Gleeson\\|date\\=July 4, 2022\\|title\\=Joey Chestnut puts protestor in brief chokehold during his Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest victory\\|url\\=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/joey\\-chestnut\\-puts\\-protestor\\-brief\\-175356245\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=July 4, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704203548/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/joey\\-chestnut\\-puts\\-protestor\\-brief\\-175356245\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} \n{{note\\|reference\\_name\\_B\\|b}} though Walter Paul's 1967 feat is documented in multiple [UPI](/wiki/UPI \"UPI\") press accounts from the time, he has also been mentioned in passing in more recent press accounts for supposedly establishing the contest's then\\-record *17* hot dogs consumed; several other people have similarly been credited for records of {{frac\\|13\\|1\\|2}}, {{frac\\|17\\|1\\|2}}, or {{frac\\|18\\|1\\|2}} hot dogs consumed; the following feats are not known to be documented more fully in press accounts from the time of their occurrence and, as such, may not be credible and are not included in the *Results* table above:",
"\"Several years\" before 1986: unspecified contestant, {{frac\\|13\\|1\\|2}}",
"1979: unspecified contestant, {{frac\\|17\\|1\\|2}}",
"1978: Walter Paul (described as being from [Coney Island](/wiki/Coney_Island \"Coney Island\"), [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\")), 17{{cite web\\|title\\=Extra! Man bites dog—15 of 'em\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/13855370/\\|work\\=Tyrone (Pa.) Daily Herald (p. 6\\)\\|date\\=July 7, 1986\\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=August 19, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819020354/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/13855370/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"1974: unspecified contestant, 16",
"1968: Walter Paul (described as \"a rotund Coney Island carnival caretaker\"), 17",
"1959: Peter Washburn (described as \"a one\\-armed Brooklyn Carnival worker\"), {{frac\\|18\\|1\\|2}}{{cite book\\|author\\=Ryan Nerz\\|date\\=April 2006\\|title\\=Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=SP3CK4iGDK4C\\&q\\=%22selhoff%2C\\+the\\+former\\+Baywatch\\+star%22\\&pg\\=PA61\\|work\\=St. Martin's Griffin (p. 61\\)\\|publisher\\=Macmillan \\|isbn\\=9780312339685}} or 17",
"1959: Paul Washburn (described as a carnival worker from Brooklyn), {{frac\\|17\\|1\\|2}}",
"1959: Walter Paul (described as a 260\\-pound man from Brooklyn), 17",
"1957: Paul Washburn, {{frac\\|17\\|1\\|2}}",
""
] |
Career
------
In 1980, he returned to Nigeria and became a Professor of Clinical Pathology, the College of Medicine, [University of Ibadan](/wiki/University_of_Ibadan "University of Ibadan"). He climbed the academic ladder and from 1990 to 1994 he was Provost of the College of Medicine at Ibadan.
Ostotimehin's interests included youth and gender, within the context of reproductive health and rights.
In a 2005 article in *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, he noted that nearly 58 percent of Nigerians with [H.I.V.](/wiki/H.I.V. "H.I.V.") are female. Many girls in Nigeria are married off before they are physically or psychologically ready when they are as young as 13 or 14\. It is not acceptable for them to ask their partners to use a condom or to refrain from sex.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/19/opinion/19osotimehin.html\|title\=The Other Half\|last\=Osotimehin\|first\=Babatunde\|date\=19 August 2005\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|access\-date\=17 December 2009}}{{cite book\|title\=Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy\|author\=Sandra Risa Leiblum\|publisher\=Guilford Press\|year\=2006\|isbn\=978\-1\-59385\-349\-5\|page\=426}}
Later in 2005, he said that the government had ordered an increase to 250,000 of the number of HIV\-positive people on Nigeria's antiretroviral treatment program.{{cite web\|url\=https://kffhealthnews.org/morning\-breakout/dr00033040/\|title\=Nigeria Has World's Third\-Highest Number of HIV\-Positive People, USAID Says\|date\=13 October 2005\|work\=KFF\|access\-date\=1 October 2024}}
From July 2002 – March 2007 he was Chairman of the National Action Committee on AIDS in Nigeria, and from 2002 to 2008, he was Project Manager for the World\-Bank assisted HIV/AIDS Programme Development Project.{{cite news\|url\=https://allafrica.com/stories/200811180312\.html\|title\=Rigorous Scrutiny for Ministerial Nominees\|work\=\[\[This Day]]\|date\=17 November 2008\|access\-date\=17 December 2009\|via\=\[\[allAfrica]]}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ony.unu.edu/events\-forums/africa/aidsymposiumdocs/bio.html\|title\=UNU\-Cornell Africa Series Three Speaker Biographies\|publisher\=United Nations University\|access\-date\=17 December 2009}}
In 2005, at the 14th International Conference on AIDS and STIs in Africa (ICASA), he was vice president.
From 2003 to 2008 he was Chairman of the Governing Board, the Joint Regional HIV/AIDS Project in the Abidjan–Lagos Transport Corridor.
From March 2007 – December 2008 he was Director\-General at the Nigerian National Agency for the Control of AIDS.
### Minister of Health, 2008–2010
On 17 December 2008, Osotimehin was appointed Minister of Health. During his tenure, he united all 36 states to build a national health plan focused on primary health care. From December 2008 – March 2010 he was the African Spokesperson of the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health. Osotimehin contested the view of fellow Nigerians that homosexuality and the transmission of HIV were not an issue in Africa.
In a September 2009 press conference, Osotimehin said that Nigeria had yet to comply with the [Abuja Declaration](/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_%282001%29 "Abuja Declaration (2001)") that 15% of the budget of each African country should be devoted to health care. Nigeria as a whole was only spending between 8% and 9%, although some states were doing much better.{{cite news\|url\=https://allafrica.com/stories/200909220513\.html\|title\=Govt Yet to Meet Abuja Declaration Target – Health Minister\|date\=22 September 2009\|work\=This Day\|access\-date\=17 December 2009\|via\=allAfrica}}
In October 2009, he pointed out that medical institutions were required by law to treat accident and gunshot victims. Refusal to give treatment could be punished by a jail term.{{cite news\|url\=https://allafrica.com/stories/200910140758\.html\|title\=FG Orders Prompt Treatment of Gunshot, Accident Victims\|last\=Rabiu\|first\=Ruby\|date\=14 October 2009\|work\=Daily Trust\|access\-date\=17 December 2009\|via\=allAfrica}}
In December 2009 he reaffirmed the government's commitment to eliminate [poliomyelitis](/wiki/Poliomyelitis "Poliomyelitis") and other childhood killer diseases.{{cite web\|url\=https://allafrica.com/stories/200912110199\.html\|title\=Polio Virus Has Declined in Nation By 80% – WHO\|last\=Udoh\|first\=Florence\|date\=10 December 2009\|work\=\[\[Daily Champion]]\|access\-date\=17 December 2009\|via\=allAfrica}}
He left the office in March 2010, when Acting President [Goodluck Jonathan](/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan "Goodluck Jonathan") dissolved his cabinet.{{cite news\|url\=https://allafrica.com/stories/201003171041\.html\|title\=Jonathan Sacks Ministers\|work\=Vanguard\|last\=Idonor\|first\=Daniel\|date\=17 March 2010\|access\-date\=14 April 2010\|via\=allAfrica}}
### UNFPA appointment, 2010–2017
On 19 November 2010, Osotimehin was appointed as the executive director of the [United Nations Population Fund](/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund "United Nations Population Fund") (UNFPA) for a four\-year term. He assumed the position on 1 January 2011 and became the organisation's fourth executive director, holding the rank of Under\-Secretary\-General of the United Nations.{{cite web\|url\=https://press.un.org/en/2010/sga1268\.doc.htm\|title\=Secretary\-General Appoints Babatunde Osotimehin of Nigeria Executive Director, United Nations Population Fund\|publisher\=United Nations\|date\=19 November 2010\|access\-date\=24 January 2011}}
Young people remained his special focus at UNFPA. "We need to ensure that young people of both genders have equal participation, not only in reproductive rights and health but also within society and in the economy."
He was the Director\-General of the Nigerian National Agency for the Control of AIDS, an agency which coordinates all HIV and AIDS work in a country with more than 150 million people. As chairman of the [National Action Committee on AIDS](/wiki/National_Action_Committee_on_AIDS "National Action Committee on AIDS") (NACA) he oversaw the development of systems which in 2011, managed more than US$1billion.{{cite journal\|title\=Babatunde Osotimehin: New Executive Director of UNFPA\|last\=Morris\|first\=Kelly\|journal\=The Lancet\|volume\=377\|issue\=9767\|pages\=711\|date\=26 February 2011\|doi\=10\.1016/S0140\-6736(11\)60258\-4\|pmid\=21353892\|s2cid\=205961876\|doi\-access\=free}}
He believed humility was the key to engaging people and facilitating change, "humility to engage with the other person of the other community in such a way that they know that you respect them." Cultural sensitivity and understanding are also vital. He was married and had five children
He was reappointed to the position on 21 August 2014\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"In 1980, he returned to Nigeria and became a Professor of Clinical Pathology, the College of Medicine, [University of Ibadan](/wiki/University_of_Ibadan \"University of Ibadan\"). He climbed the academic ladder and from 1990 to 1994 he was Provost of the College of Medicine at Ibadan.",
"Ostotimehin's interests included youth and gender, within the context of reproductive health and rights.",
"In a 2005 article in *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, he noted that nearly 58 percent of Nigerians with [H.I.V.](/wiki/H.I.V. \"H.I.V.\") are female. Many girls in Nigeria are married off before they are physically or psychologically ready when they are as young as 13 or 14\\. It is not acceptable for them to ask their partners to use a condom or to refrain from sex.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/19/opinion/19osotimehin.html\\|title\\=The Other Half\\|last\\=Osotimehin\\|first\\=Babatunde\\|date\\=19 August 2005\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2009}}{{cite book\\|title\\=Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy\\|author\\=Sandra Risa Leiblum\\|publisher\\=Guilford Press\\|year\\=2006\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-59385\\-349\\-5\\|page\\=426}}",
"Later in 2005, he said that the government had ordered an increase to 250,000 of the number of HIV\\-positive people on Nigeria's antiretroviral treatment program.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://kffhealthnews.org/morning\\-breakout/dr00033040/\\|title\\=Nigeria Has World's Third\\-Highest Number of HIV\\-Positive People, USAID Says\\|date\\=13 October 2005\\|work\\=KFF\\|access\\-date\\=1 October 2024}}",
"From July 2002 – March 2007 he was Chairman of the National Action Committee on AIDS in Nigeria, and from 2002 to 2008, he was Project Manager for the World\\-Bank assisted HIV/AIDS Programme Development Project.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://allafrica.com/stories/200811180312\\.html\\|title\\=Rigorous Scrutiny for Ministerial Nominees\\|work\\=\\[\\[This Day]]\\|date\\=17 November 2008\\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2009\\|via\\=\\[\\[allAfrica]]}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ony.unu.edu/events\\-forums/africa/aidsymposiumdocs/bio.html\\|title\\=UNU\\-Cornell Africa Series Three Speaker Biographies\\|publisher\\=United Nations University\\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2009}}",
"In 2005, at the 14th International Conference on AIDS and STIs in Africa (ICASA), he was vice president.",
"From 2003 to 2008 he was Chairman of the Governing Board, the Joint Regional HIV/AIDS Project in the Abidjan–Lagos Transport Corridor.\nFrom March 2007 – December 2008 he was Director\\-General at the Nigerian National Agency for the Control of AIDS.",
"### Minister of Health, 2008–2010",
"On 17 December 2008, Osotimehin was appointed Minister of Health. During his tenure, he united all 36 states to build a national health plan focused on primary health care. From December 2008 – March 2010 he was the African Spokesperson of the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health. Osotimehin contested the view of fellow Nigerians that homosexuality and the transmission of HIV were not an issue in Africa.",
"In a September 2009 press conference, Osotimehin said that Nigeria had yet to comply with the [Abuja Declaration](/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_%282001%29 \"Abuja Declaration (2001)\") that 15% of the budget of each African country should be devoted to health care. Nigeria as a whole was only spending between 8% and 9%, although some states were doing much better.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://allafrica.com/stories/200909220513\\.html\\|title\\=Govt Yet to Meet Abuja Declaration Target – Health Minister\\|date\\=22 September 2009\\|work\\=This Day\\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2009\\|via\\=allAfrica}}",
"In October 2009, he pointed out that medical institutions were required by law to treat accident and gunshot victims. Refusal to give treatment could be punished by a jail term.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://allafrica.com/stories/200910140758\\.html\\|title\\=FG Orders Prompt Treatment of Gunshot, Accident Victims\\|last\\=Rabiu\\|first\\=Ruby\\|date\\=14 October 2009\\|work\\=Daily Trust\\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2009\\|via\\=allAfrica}}",
"In December 2009 he reaffirmed the government's commitment to eliminate [poliomyelitis](/wiki/Poliomyelitis \"Poliomyelitis\") and other childhood killer diseases.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://allafrica.com/stories/200912110199\\.html\\|title\\=Polio Virus Has Declined in Nation By 80% – WHO\\|last\\=Udoh\\|first\\=Florence\\|date\\=10 December 2009\\|work\\=\\[\\[Daily Champion]]\\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2009\\|via\\=allAfrica}}",
"He left the office in March 2010, when Acting President [Goodluck Jonathan](/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan \"Goodluck Jonathan\") dissolved his cabinet.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://allafrica.com/stories/201003171041\\.html\\|title\\=Jonathan Sacks Ministers\\|work\\=Vanguard\\|last\\=Idonor\\|first\\=Daniel\\|date\\=17 March 2010\\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2010\\|via\\=allAfrica}}",
"### UNFPA appointment, 2010–2017",
"On 19 November 2010, Osotimehin was appointed as the executive director of the [United Nations Population Fund](/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund \"United Nations Population Fund\") (UNFPA) for a four\\-year term. He assumed the position on 1 January 2011 and became the organisation's fourth executive director, holding the rank of Under\\-Secretary\\-General of the United Nations.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://press.un.org/en/2010/sga1268\\.doc.htm\\|title\\=Secretary\\-General Appoints Babatunde Osotimehin of Nigeria Executive Director, United Nations Population Fund\\|publisher\\=United Nations\\|date\\=19 November 2010\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2011}}",
"Young people remained his special focus at UNFPA. \"We need to ensure that young people of both genders have equal participation, not only in reproductive rights and health but also within society and in the economy.\"",
"He was the Director\\-General of the Nigerian National Agency for the Control of AIDS, an agency which coordinates all HIV and AIDS work in a country with more than 150 million people. As chairman of the [National Action Committee on AIDS](/wiki/National_Action_Committee_on_AIDS \"National Action Committee on AIDS\") (NACA) he oversaw the development of systems which in 2011, managed more than US$1billion.{{cite journal\\|title\\=Babatunde Osotimehin: New Executive Director of UNFPA\\|last\\=Morris\\|first\\=Kelly\\|journal\\=The Lancet\\|volume\\=377\\|issue\\=9767\\|pages\\=711\\|date\\=26 February 2011\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S0140\\-6736(11\\)60258\\-4\\|pmid\\=21353892\\|s2cid\\=205961876\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"He believed humility was the key to engaging people and facilitating change, \"humility to engage with the other person of the other community in such a way that they know that you respect them.\" Cultural sensitivity and understanding are also vital. He was married and had five children \nHe was reappointed to the position on 21 August 2014\\.",
""
] |
Preseason
---------
On February 5, 2009, the day after [National Signing Day](/wiki/National_Signing_Day "National Signing Day"), it was made public that [offensive coordinator](/wiki/Offensive_coordinator "Offensive coordinator") [Matt Cavanaugh](/wiki/Matt_Cavanaugh "Matt Cavanaugh") would be leaving the Panthers to again pursue a career in the [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League").{{cite news \|first\=Paul \|last\=Zeise \|author\-link\=Paul Zeise \|title\=Cavanaugh expected to resign \|url\=http://www.post\-gazette.com/pg/09036/947056\-233\.stm \|newspaper\=\[\[Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette]]\|date\=February 5, 2009\|access\-date\=February 5, 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090208074041/http://post\-gazette.com/pg/09036/947056\-233\.stm\| archive\-date\= February 8, 2009 \| url\-status\= dead}}{{cite news \|first\=Brian \|last\=Costello \|title\=Rex's staff complete? \|url\=http://blogs.nypost.com/sports/jets/archives/2009/02/rexs\_staff\_comp.html \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Post]] \|date\=February 5, 2009 \|access\-date\=February 9, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208160028/http://blogs.nypost.com/sports/jets/archives/2009/02/rexs\_staff\_comp.html \|archive\-date\=February 8, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }} Cavanaugh's move to the Jets to become their new [quarterbacks coach](/wiki/Quarterbacks_coach "Quarterbacks coach") was not officially announced until February 9\.{{cite news \|title\=Moves for Giants and Jets \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/10/sports/football/10sportsbriefs\-BENWASFINETO\_BRF.html \|agency\=\[\[Reuters]] \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|page\=B14 \|date\=February 10, 2009\|access\-date\=February 10, 2009}}{{cite news \|first\=Kevin \|last\=Gorman \|title\=Cavanaugh officially leaves Pitt for Jets \|url\=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/pitt/s\_610962\.html \|newspaper\=\[\[Pittsburgh Tribune\-Review]] \|date\=February 10, 2009 \|access\-date\=February 10, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213051756/http://pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/pitt/s\_610962\.html \|archive\-date\=February 13, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead }} The Panthers took only two weeks to find their new offensive coordinator, [Frank Cignetti, Jr.](/wiki/Frank_Cignetti%2C_Jr. "Frank Cignetti, Jr."){{cite web\|title\=Pittsburgh hires Cal's Cignetti as offensive coordinator \|url\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/football/ncaa/02/18/cignetti.pitt.ap/index.html \|agency\=Associated Press \|magazine\=\[\[Sports Illustrated]] \|date\=February 18, 2009 \|access\-date\=February 19, 2009}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} Cignetti took a pay cut by accepting the offer from Pitt, but he cited the local cost of living and proximity to his own and his wife's families as major reasons for leaving [California](/wiki/California_Golden_Bears_football "California Golden Bears football") for Pitt.{{cite news \|first\=Jonathan \|last\=Okanes \|title\=Cal losing offensive coordinator Frank Cignetti \|url\=http://www.insidebayarea.com/sports/ci\_11734633 \|work\=InsideBayArea.com \|publisher\=Bay Area News Group \|date\=February 18, 2009 \|access\-date\=February 19, 2009}}{{cite news \|first\=Kevin \|last\=Gorman \|title\=Pitt position a dream job for Cignetti \|url\=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/s\_612401\.html \|newspaper\=\[\[Pittsburgh Tribune\-Review]] \|date\=February 19, 2009 \|access\-date\=February 19, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130131140601/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/s\_612401\.html \|archive\-date\=January 31, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }} Cignetti has a reputation for developing quarterbacks and will be expected to do the same at Pitt where senior Bill Stull, Pitt's returning starter, and the passing game increasingly struggled down the stretch last season.{{cite news \|first\=Matt \|last\=Kawahara \|title\=Cignetti Accepts Job as Offensive Coordinator at Pitt \|url\=http://www.dailycal.org/article/104410/cignetti\_accepts\_job\_as\_offensive\_coordinator\_at\_p \|newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Californian]] \|location\=\[\[Berkeley, California\|Berkeley]], \[\[California]] \|publisher\=Independent Berkeley Students Publishing Company, Inc. \|date\=February 18, 2009 \|access\-date\=February 19, 2009}} The other primary candidates for the Panthers' offensive coordinator position were former Panthers head coach [Walt Harris](/wiki/Walt_Harris_%28coach%29 "Walt Harris (coach)") and [New York Jets](/wiki/New_York_Jets "New York Jets") [wide receivers coach](/wiki/Wide_receivers_coach "Wide receivers coach") [Noel Mazzone](/wiki/Noel_Mazzone "Noel Mazzone").
Linebacker Adam Gunn was granted a sixth year of eligibility by the NCAA and will play in 2009, medical clearance pending.{{cite news\|first\=Chris \|last\=Peak \|title\=Pitt's Gunn gets sixth year of eligibility \|url\=http://collegefootball.rivals.com/content.asp?CID\=920597 \|work\=\[\[Rivals.com]] \|date\=March 5, 2009 \|access\-date\=March 11, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215005105/http://collegefootball.rivals.com/content.asp?CID\=920597 \|archive\-date\=February 15, 2012 \|url\-status\=live \|df\=mdy }} He was injured in the 3rd quarter of the 2008 season opener against Bowling Green when he collided with fellow linebacker Scott McKillop.{{cite news \|first\=Kevin \|last\=Gorman \|title\=Gunn undergoes neck surgery \|url\=http://pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/sittingringside/show\_comments.php?entry\_id\=3210 \|newspaper\=\[\[Pittsburgh Tribune\-Review]] \|date\=September 15, 2008 \|access\-date\=October 16, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924201730/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/sittingringside/show\_comments.php?entry\_id\=3210 \|archive\-date\=September 24, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }} Shane Murray, who was injured during the preseason in August 2008 and started at linebacker along with Gunn in 2007,{{cite news \|title\=Pitt LB Murray done for year due to knee surgery \|url\=https://www.espn.com/college\-football/news/story?id\=3645593 \|agency\=Associated Press \|work\=ESPN.com \|date\=October 15, 2008 \|access\-date\=March 11, 2009}} will also be back with the Panthers in 2009\. The returns of Gunn and Murray from injuries and Greg Williams, who started in place of Gunn in 2008, give the Panthers a stable of experienced linebackers headed into the 2009 season.
The [NCAA](/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association "National Collegiate Athletic Association") released the 2009 [Academic Progress Rate](/wiki/Academic_Progress_Rate "Academic Progress Rate") (APR) scores, which measure "a school's ability to retain its athletes and keep them eligible from semester to semester," on May 7\.{{cite news \|first\=Brian \|last\=Bennett \|title\=APR for the Big East: No penalties, Rutgers leads \|url\=http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\-4\-247/APR\-for\-the\-Big\-East\-\-No\-penalties\-\-Rutgers\-leads.html \|work\=ESPN.com \|date\=May 6, 2009 \|access\-date\=May 7, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511004355/http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\-4\-247/APR\-for\-the\-Big\-East\-\-No\-penalties\-\-Rutgers\-leads.html \|archive\-date\=May 11, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }} The 2009 scores are data from the 2004–05 to 2007–08 academic years. The Panthers football team finished with the fifth best APR scores in the 8\-team Big East, with a score of 944 out of a possible 1,000\.{{cite report\|title\=NCAA Division I 2007 \- 2008 Academic Progress Rate \|url\=http://web1\.ncaa.org/app\_data/apr2008/545\_2008\_apr.pdf \|date\=May 1, 2009 \|publisher\=\[\[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] \|pages\=3 \|access\-date\=May 7, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807174857/http://web1\.ncaa.org/app\_data/apr2008/545\_2008\_apr.pdf \|archive\-date\=August 7, 2011 \|url\-status\=live \|df\=mdy }}
### Recruiting
All players who signed with Pitt had verbally committed to the University within the year prior to signing a binding [National Letter of Intent](/wiki/National_Letter_of_Intent "National Letter of Intent") on national signing day. The Panthers also added one player who is not designated as a recruit, tight end Andrew Devlin, who transferred to Pitt in May and had been recruited by Coaches Wannstedt and Gattuso two years earlier in 2007 when had initially decided to play for the [Virginia Cavaliers](/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_football "Virginia Cavaliers football").{{cite news\|first\=Ray \|last\=Fittipaldo \|title\=PG South: Mt. Lebanon grad Devlin transfers to Pitt to finish his college career \|url\=http://www.post\-gazette.com/pg/09148/973075\-142\.stm \|newspaper\=\[\[Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette]] \|date\=May 28, 2009 \|access\-date\=May 28, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120906084754/http://www.post\-gazette.com/pg/09148/973075\-142\.stm \|archive\-date\=September 6, 2012 \|url\-status\=live \|df\=mdy }} He chose to transfer to Pitt after a change in offensive scheme would have forced him to change position to defensive with the Cavaliers.
Half of the Panthers new signees played high school football in [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association "Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association"), and nine of those ten players were first\-team all\-state selections in 2008\.{{cite news\|first\=Kevin\|last\=Gorman\|title\=Pitt may face offensive overhaul\|url\=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/s\_610316\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[Pittsburgh Tribune\-Review]]\|date\=February 5, 2009\|access\-date\=February 5, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207160636/http://pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/s\_610316\.html\|archive\-date\=February 7, 2009\|url\-status\=dead}} The Panthers were expected to bring in players to add depth to the team – not necessarily an instant impact in 2009 – because the Panthers are no longer a struggling team in need of immediate performers.{{cite news \|first\=Brian \|last\=Bennett \|title\=Pittsburgh recruiting needs \|url\=http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\-3\-104/Pittsburgh\-recruiting\-needs.html \|work\=ESPN.com \|date\=January 22, 2009 \|access\-date\=February 5, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123134711/http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\-3\-104/Pittsburgh\-recruiting\-needs.html \|archive\-date\=January 23, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }} After signing day this class was not rated as a star\-studded class that would be expected to provide an instant impact, but many of the players are viewed as players able to significantly contribute in the future.{{cite news \|title\=Pitt gets depth in recruiting class \|url\=http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?t\=514224 \|agency\=Associated Press \|work\=\[\[The Sporting News]] \|date\=February 4, 2009 \|access\-date\=February 5, 2009 }}{{Dead link\|date\=September 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}{{cite news \|first\=Paul \|last\=Zeise \|author\-link\=Paul Zeise \|title\=Panthers' class small but not without stars \|url\=http://www.post\-gazette.com/pg/09036/947055\-233\.stm \|newspaper\=\[\[Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette]] \|date\=February 5, 2009 \|access\-date\=February 5, 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090208074036/http://post\-gazette.com/pg/09036/947055\-233\.stm\| archive\-date\= February 8, 2009 \| url\-status\= dead}} The players most expected to make an impact in the future are [wide receiver](/wiki/Wide_receiver "Wide receiver") Todd Thomas, [tight end](/wiki/Tight_end "Tight end") Brock DeCicco, [running back](/wiki/Running_back "Running back") Raymond Graham and [linebackers](/wiki/Linebacker "Linebacker") Shane Gordon and Dan Mason.{{cite news \|first\=Brian \|last\=Bennett \|title\=Pitt announces signing class of 20 \|url\=http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\-3\-158/Pitt\-announces\-signing\-class\-of\-20\.html \|work\=ESPN.com \|date\=February 4, 2009 \|access\-date\=February 5, 2009 }}{{Dead link\|date\=September 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} As of February 5, the 2009 recruiting class was ranked as the 47th best class nationally by [Rivals.com](/wiki/Rivals.com "Rivals.com") – much lower than previous Wannstedt recruiting classes – and 28th best by [Scout.com](/wiki/Scout.com "Scout.com"). Dave Wannstedt dismissed the criticism of his recruiting class as the low reviews of his class were a result of the low number of scholarships that the Panthers were able to offer due to the low number of graduating Pitt seniors in 2008 as well as a down year for high school seniors in [western Pennsylvania](/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_Interscholastic_Athletic_League "Western Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic League").
{{College Athlete Recruit Start \| 40\=yes \| collapse\=yes \| year\=2009}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
\| recruit \= Cory King
\| position \= OG
\| hometown \= Stoneboro, Pennsylvania
\| highschool \= \[\[Lakeview High School (Pennsylvania)\|Lakeview HS]]
\| feet \= 6
\| inches \= 5
\| weight \= 308
\| 40 \= n/a
\| commitdate \= 4 Jun 2008
\| scout stars \= 3
\| rivals stars \= 3
\| espn grade \= 67
\| grayshirt \=
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
\| recruit \= \[\[Dion Lewis]]
\| position \= RB
\| hometown \= Blairstown, New Jersey
\| highschool \= \[\[Blair Academy]]
\| feet \= 5
\| inches \= 7\+1/4
\| weight \= 180
\| 40 \= 4\.43
\| commitdate \= 17 Jun 2008
\| scout stars \= 3
\| rivals stars \= 3
\| espn grade \= 75
\| grayshirt \=
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
\| recruit \= Juantez Hollins
\| position \= OG
\| hometown \= Aliquippa, Pennsylvania
\| highschool \= \[\[Aliquippa High School\|Aliquippa HS]]
\| feet \= 6
\| inches \= 4
\| weight \= 265
\| 40 \= n/a
\| commitdate \= 24 Jun 2008
\| scout stars \= 3
\| rivals stars \= 3
\| espn grade \= 77
\| grayshirt \=
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
\| recruit \= Jack Lippert
\| position \= DE
\| hometown \= Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
\| highschool \= \[\[Central Dauphin High School\|Central Dauphin HS]]
\| feet \= 6
\| inches \= 3\+1/2
\| weight \= 244
\| 40 \= 4\.65
\| commitdate \= 27 Jun 2008
\| scout stars \= 3
\| rivals stars \= 4
\| espn grade \= 78
\| grayshirt \=
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
\| recruit \= Devin Street
\| position \= WR
\| hometown \= Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
\| highschool \= \[\[Liberty High School (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania)\|Liberty HS]]
\| feet \= 6
\| inches \= 3\+3/4
\| weight \= 178
\| 40 \= 4\.59
\| commitdate \= 29 Jun 2008
\| scout stars \= 3
\| rivals stars \= 2
\| espn grade \= 40
\| grayshirt \=
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
\| recruit \= Fernando Diaz
\| position \= OG
\| hometown \= Bronx, New York
\| highschool \= \[\[Cardinal Hayes High School\|Cardinal Hayes HS]]
\| feet \= 6
\| inches \= 2
\| weight \= 277\+1/2
\| 40 \= 5\.19
\| commitdate \= 21 Jul 2008
\| scout stars \= 2
\| rivals stars \= 2
\| espn grade \= 40
\| grayshirt \=
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
\| recruit \= Kevin Adams
\| position \= RB
\| hometown \= Montvale, New Jersey
\| highschool \= \[\[Saint Joseph Regional High School\|Saint Joseph Regional HS]]
\| feet \= 6
\| inches \= 0
\| weight \= 208
\| 40 \= 4\.66
\| commitdate \= 1 Aug 2008
\| scout stars \= 3
\| rivals stars \= 2
\| espn grade \= 74
\| grayshirt \=
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
\| recruit \= Carl Fleming
\| position \= S
\| hometown \= Reisterstown, Maryland
\| highschool \= \[\[Franklin High School (Reisterstown, Maryland)\|Franklin HS]]
\| feet \= 6
\| inches \= 1
\| weight \= 195\+1/2
\| 40 \= 4\.47
\| commitdate \= 8 Aug 2008
\| scout stars \= 3
\| rivals stars \= 2
\| espn grade \= 40
\| grayshirt \=
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
\| recruit \= \[\[Tyrone Ezell]]
\| position \= DT
\| hometown \= Homestead, Pennsylvania
\| highschool \= \[\[Steel Valley High School\|Steel Valley HS]]
\| feet \= 6
\| inches \= 4\+1/2
\| weight \= 251\+1/2
\| 40 \= 4\.75
\| commitdate \= 9 Aug 2008
\| scout stars \= 4
\| rivals stars \= 3
\| espn grade \= 77
\| grayshirt \=
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
\| recruit \= Raymond Graham
\| position \= RB
\| hometown \= Elizabeth, New Jersey
\| highschool \= \[\[Elizabeth High School (New Jersey)\|Elizabeth HS]]
\| feet \= 5
\| inches \= 9\+1/2
\| weight \= 176
\| 40 \= 4\.5
\| commitdate \= 16 Aug 2008
\| scout stars \= 3
\| rivals stars \= 4
\| espn grade \= 77
\| grayshirt \=
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
\| recruit \= Brock DeCicco
\| position \= TE
\| hometown \= Jefferson Hills, Pennsylvania
\| highschool \= \[\[Thomas Jefferson High School (Jefferson Hills, Pennsylvania)\|Thomas Jefferson HS]]
\| feet \= 6
\| inches \= 5
\| weight \= 223\+1/2
\| 40 \= 4\.69
\| commitdate \= 12 Oct 2008
\| scout stars \= 4
\| rivals stars \= 3
\| espn grade \= 78
\| grayshirt \=
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
\| recruit \= Todd Thomas
\| position \= WR
\| hometown \= Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania
\| highschool \= \[\[Beaver Falls High School\|Beaver Falls HS]]
\| feet \= 6
\| inches \= 2\+1/2
\| weight \= 201
\| 40 \= 4\.55
\| commitdate \= 17 Oct 2008
\| scout stars \= 4
\| rivals stars \= 4
\| espn grade \= 80
\| grayshirt \=
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
\| recruit \= Jason Douglas
\| position \= RB
\| hometown \= Weston, Florida
\| highschool \= \[\[Cypress Bay High School\|Cypress Bay HS]]
\| feet \= 5
\| inches \= 6\+1/2
\| weight \= 164\+1/2
\| 40 \= 4\.44
\| commitdate \= 10 Nov 2008
\| scout stars \= 2
\| rivals stars \= 3
\| espn grade \= 78
\| grayshirt \=
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
\| recruit \= Ed Tinker
\| position \= WR
\| hometown \= Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
\| highschool \= \[\[North Carolina Tech Preparatory Christian Academy\|North Carolina Tech Prep]]
\| feet \= 6
\| inches \= 2\+1/2
\| weight \= 215
\| 40 \= 4\.5
\| commitdate \= 17 Dec 2008
\| scout stars \= 3
\| rivals stars \= 2
\| espn grade \= 77
\| grayshirt \=
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
\| recruit \= Jason Hendricks
\| position \= RB
\| hometown \= Jersey City, New Jersey
\| highschool \= \[\[Hudson Catholic Regional High School\|Hudson Catholic Regional HS]]
\| feet \= 5
\| inches \= 11\+1/2
\| weight \= 173\+1/2
\| 40 \= 4\.5
\| commitdate \= 11 Jan 2009
\| scout stars \= 2
\| rivals stars \= 2
\| espn grade \= 75
\| grayshirt \=
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
\| recruit \= Kolby Gray
\| position \= QB
\| hometown \= Houston, Texas
\| highschool \= \[\[Cypress Falls High School\|Cypress Falls HS]]
\| feet \= 6
\| inches \= 2
\| weight \= 187\+1/2
\| 40 \= 4\.53
\| commitdate \= 11 Jan 2009
\| scout stars \= 3
\| rivals stars \= 3
\| espn grade \= 76
\| grayshirt \=
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
\| recruit \= Bernard Nunez
\| position \= DE
\| hometown \= Hoboken, New Jersey
\| highschool \= \[\[Hoboken High School\|Hoboken HS]]
\| feet \= 6
\| inches \= 3
\| weight \= 233\+1/2
\| 40 \= 4\.78
\| commitdate \= 20 Jan 2009
\| scout stars \= 3
\| rivals stars \= 3
\| espn grade \= 78
\| grayshirt \=
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
\| recruit \= Dan Mason
\| position \= MLB
\| hometown \= Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
\| highschool \= \[\[Penn Hills High School\|Penn Hills HS]]
\| feet \= 6
\| inches \= 0
\| weight \= 219
\| 40 \= 4\.70
\| commitdate \= 22 Jan 2009
\| scout stars \= 4
\| rivals stars \= 4
\| espn grade \= 76
\| grayshirt \=
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
\| recruit \= Ryan Schlieper
\| position \= OT
\| hometown \= Wexford, Pennsylvania
\| highschool \= \[\[North Allegheny Senior High School\|North Allegheny SHS]]
\| feet \= 6
\| inches \= 5\+1/2
\| weight \= 278
\| 40 \= 5\.00
\| commitdate \= 2 Feb 2009
\| scout stars \= 3
\| rivals stars \= 3
\| espn grade \= 72
\| grayshirt \=
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit End
\| 40 \= yes
\| year \= 2009
\| rivals ref title \= Pittsburgh 2009 Football Commitments
\| scout ref title \= Scout.com Football Recruiting: Pittsburgh
\| espn ref title \= Pittsburgh Panthers Football Recruiting 2009
\| rivals school \= pittsburgh
\| scout s \= 141
\| espn schoolid \= 221
\| scout overall \=
\| rivals overall \=
\| accessdate \=
\| collapse \= yes
}}
### Spring practices
Spring camp opened for the Panthers on March 19\. Coach Wannstedt outlined his priorities heading into camp as determining the starters at running back and quarterback as well as the lineup at the various linebacker positions, most importantly in the middle.{{cite news\|first\=Robert \|last\=Dvorchak \|title\=Wannstedt looking for MLB, RB, expects 3\-way QB battle \|url\=http://www.post\-gazette.com/pg/09076/956166\-142\.stm \|work\=\[\[Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette]] \|date\=March 17, 2009 \|access\-date\=March 17, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130131142126/http://www.post\-gazette.com/pg/09076/956166\-142\.stm \|archive\-date\=January 31, 2013 \|url\-status\=live \|df\=mdy }}
The annual Blue\-Gold game, the final scrimmage of spring camp, was played at Heinz Field on April 11\. The University wanted to make it into a more appealing event for families and casual fans.{{cite news\|first\=Paul \|last\=Zeise \|title\=Pitt Football: Spring outing with fan appeal \|url\=http://www.post\-gazette.com/pg/09098/961247\-233\.stm \|newspaper\=\[\[Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette]] \|date\=April 8, 2009 \|access\-date\=May 1, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411101936/http://www.post\-gazette.com/pg/09098/961247\-233\.stm \|archive\-date\=April 11, 2009 \|url\-status\=live \|df\=mdy }} As a result, they created various programs at the game, which was titled the "Pitt Spring Football Festival" in order to emphasize the various activities, which included a series of 20\-minute "chalk talks" with coaches Wannstedt, Cignetti, and Bennett; an autograph session with former Panthers who went on to the [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League"); and on\-field drills with current players. Total attendance for the event was announced at 6,160\.{{cite news \|first\=Kevin \|last\=Gorman \|title\=Defense clocks offense in Blue\-Gold Game \|url\=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/s\_620284\.html \|newspaper\=\[\[Pittsburgh Tribune\-Review]] \|date\=April 12, 2009 \|access\-date\=May 1, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417054055/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/s\_620284\.html \|archive\-date\=April 17, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }}
{{Quote box
\| quote \= “The defense has a lot of depth. One thing we learned today is our defensive line is a little ahead of our offensive line."
\| source \= Dave Wannstedt, following the spring blue\-gold game
\| width \= 350px
\| align \= right
}}
As expected, the defense controlled most of the play throughout, defeating the offense 54–23, using a modified scoring system.{{cite news \|first\=Paul \|last\=Zeise \|title\=Pitt Football Blue\-Gold Game: Offensive struggles continue for Panthers \|url\=http://www.post\-gazette.com/pg/09102/962305\-233\.stm \|newspaper\=\[\[Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette]]\|date\=April 12, 2009 \|access\-date\=May 1, 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090415144104/http://www.post\-gazette.com/pg/09102/962305\-233\.stm\| archive\-date\= April 15, 2009 \| url\-status\= dead}}{{cite news \|first\=Brian \|last\=Bennett \|title\=Defense wins day at Pitt spring game \|url\=http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\-4\-155/defense\-wins\-day\-at\-Pitt\-spring\-game.html \|work\=ESPN.com \|date\=April 13, 2009 \|access\-date\=May 1, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416170233/http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\-4\-155/defense\-wins\-day\-at\-Pitt\-spring\-game.html \|archive\-date\=April 16, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }} The offense scored only one touchdown, a 54\-yard, play\-action pass from Bill Stull to [Jon Baldwin](/wiki/Jon_Baldwin "Jon Baldwin"). Bill Stull was the most effective of all the quarterbacks, going 12 of 17 for 132 yards with the touchdown and an interception. Freshman [Dion Lewis](/wiki/Dion_Lewis "Dion Lewis"), who enrolled early in January 2009, led the offense on the ground with thirty\-four yards on twelve attempts. The defense, after allowing a touchdown and a field goal on the offense's first and second possessions, respectively, finished with three interceptions and six sacks the rest of the way and didn't allow the offense to score again. The defense held the offense to a net of sixteen rushing yards on thirty\-seven carries. The game was broadcast live locally on [WPCW](/wiki/WPKD-TV "WPKD-TV") in Pittsburgh{{cite web\|url\=http://www.pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/m\-footbl/spec\-rel/040609aaa.html\|title\=Pitt Spring Game To Be Televised By Pittsburgh's WPCW\|publisher\=PittsburghPanthers.com\|date\=April 6, 2009\|access\-date\=May 2, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310142130/http://www.pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/m\-footbl/spec\-rel/040609aaa.html\|archive\-date\=March 10, 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} and was replayed nationally on April 18 on the [NFL Network](/wiki/NFL_Network "NFL Network").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/m\-footbl/spec\-rel/041509aab.html\|title\=Pitt Spring Game To Air On the NFL Network\|date\=April 15, 2009\|publisher\=PittsburghPanthers.com\|access\-date\=May 2, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310142338/http://www.pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/m\-footbl/spec\-rel/041509aab.html\|archive\-date\=March 10, 2012\|url\-status\=dead}}
The Ed Conway Award, which is given to the most improved players of the spring, was co\-awarded to quarterback Pat Bostick and linebacker Max Gruder prior to the Blue\-Gold Game.
#### Off\-field issues
Seniors T.J. Porter, a wide receiver, and Tommie Duhart, a defensive lineman, officially left Pitt's football team at the end of the spring semester; both had been suspended from spring practices and did not participate.{{cite web\|title\=WR Porter, DL Duhart leaving Pitt \|url\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/football/ncaa/04/30/pitt\-transfers.ap/index.html \|agency\=Associated Press \|magazine\=Sports Illustrated \|date\=April 30, 2009 \|access\-date\=May 1, 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090504110635/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/football/ncaa/04/30/pitt\-transfers.ap/index.html\| archive\-date\= May 4, 2009 \| url\-status\= dead}}{{cite news \|first\=Kevin \|last\=Gorman \|title\=Pitt dismisses seniors Porter and Duhart \|url\=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/s\_623078\.html \|newspaper\=\[\[Pittsburgh Tribune\-Review]] \|date\=May 1, 2009 \|access\-date\=May 7, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120910220453/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/s\_623078\.html \|archive\-date\=September 10, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }} Duhart, along with senior cornerback Aaron Berry and sophomore offensive lineman Wayne Jones, was suspended on April 7 from the remainder of spring practices as well as the Blue\-Gold game due to an unspecified "violation of team policy".{{Cite news \|first\=Brian \|last\=Bennett \|title\=Pitt suspends three players for rest of spring \|url\=http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\-4\-137/Pitt\-suspends\-three\-players\-for\-rest\-of\-spring.html \|work\=ESPN.com \|date\=April 7, 2009 \|access\-date\=May 21, 2009 }}{{Dead link\|date\=September 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Porter had been suspended from the team indefinitely after being cited for driving on a suspended [driver's license](/wiki/Driver%27s_license_in_the_United_States "Driver's license in the United States") and [driving while intoxicated](/wiki/Drunk_driving_%28United_States%29 "Drunk driving (United States)"), his second DWI in under ten months.{{cite news \|first\=Paul \|last\=Zeise \|title\=DUI arrest leads to WR's suspension \|url\=http://www.post\-gazette.com/pg/09078/956764\-233\.stm \|newspaper\=\[\[Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette]] \|date\=March 19, 2009 \|access\-date\=May 21, 2009}} According to a statement issued by coach Wannstedt, both Porter and Duhart plan to [transfer](/wiki/Transfer_admissions_in_the_United_States "Transfer admissions in the United States") elsewhere.
{{Quote box
\| quote \= “I won't tolerate anything like that. I believe we have some great kids who made some mistakes, but they’ll be dealt with accordingly. And we’ll move forward."{{Cite news \|title\=Despite Fast Start, Wannstedt Is Losing a Backyard Recruiting Brawl to Paterno \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/28/sports/ncaafootball/28pitt.html \|date\=June 28, 2009 \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|agency\=Associated Press \|page\=SP3 \|access\-date\=July 16, 2009}}
\| source \= Dave Wannstedt, speaking about the various
off\-field incidents in Spring 2009
\| width \= 325px
\| align \= left
}}
A criminal complaint was filed against sophomore wide receiver and Aliquippa native Jon Baldwin on April 19, a day after the incident, in which Baldwin was charged with "indecent assault, harassment and disorderly conduct" following an incident with a female on a university\-owned bus. Later in a non\-jury trial in January, 2010, Baldwin was found not guilty on all charges.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/regional/washington/s\_661731\.html\|title\=Pitt's Baldwin cleared of charges\|first\=Bobby\|last\=Kerlik\|newspaper\=\[\[Pittsburgh Tribune\-Review]]\|date\=January 12, 2010\|access\-date\=May 2, 2010}}{{Dead link\|date\=May 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
Sixth year senior Adam Gunn, who only weeks earlier had been granted a sixth year of eligibility by the NCAA, was arrested in an incident that also involved former Panther Austin Ransom following an incident outside of a Pittsburgh night club.{{cite web\|title\=Pitt LB Gunn indefinitely suspended \|url\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/football/ncaa/05/14/pitt.gunn.suspended.ap/index.html \|agency\=Associated Press \|magazine\=Sports Illustrated \|date\=May 14, 2009 \|access\-date\=May 21, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518043408/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/football/ncaa/05/14/pitt.gunn.suspended.ap/index.html \|archive\-date\=May 18, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead }} As a result of the charges against him – "misdemeanor charges of resisting arrest and failure to disperse, as well as summary offenses of disorderly conduct and public drunkenness" – Gunn was suspended from the team indefinitely pending the result of his hearing.{{Cite news \|first\=Kevin \|last\=Gorman \|title\=Pitt suspends LB Gunn following arrest \|url\=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s\_625010\.html \|newspaper\=\[\[Pittsburgh Tribune\-Review]] \|date\=May 13, 2009 \|access\-date\=May 21, 2009 }}{{Dead link\|date\=May 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} All charges against Gunn were withdrawn at his preliminary hearing on June 16\.{{Cite news\|first\=Paul \|last\=Zeise \|title\=Charges dropped against Pitt LB Gunn \|url\=http://www.post\-gazette.com/pg/09169/978194\-142\.stm \|newspaper\=\[\[Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette]] \|date\=June 18, 2009 \|access\-date\=2009\-07\-08 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120907044335/http://www.post\-gazette.com/pg/09169/978194\-142\.stm \|archive\-date\=September 7, 2012 \|url\-status\=live \|df\=mdy }}{{Cite news \|first\=Kevin \|last\=Gorman \|title\=Charges against Pitt linebacker Gunn dropped \|url\=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/s\_629971\.html \|work\=Pittsburgh Tribune\-Review \|date\=2009\-06\-18 \|access\-date\=July 8, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623140503/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/s\_629971\.html \|archive\-date\=June 23, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }} According to Gunn's attorney, all charges were withdrawn due to the fact that "he employed no weapons, assaulted nobody and simply attempted to flee the scene".
### Fall practice
The first official fall practice will open on Tuesday, August 11\.{{Cite news \|first\=Brian \|last\=Bennett \|title\=Big East fall practice start dates \|url\=http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\-6\-42/Big\-East\-fall\-practice\-start\-dates.html \|work\=ESPN.com \|date\=July 15, 2009 \|access\-date\=July 16, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718151915/http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\-6\-42/Big\-East\-fall\-practice\-start\-dates.html \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }}
### Award watchlists
{{Col\-begin}}
{{Col\-3}}
**[Lombardi Award](/wiki/Lombardi_Award "Lombardi Award"):**{{cite press release \|title\=Three 2008 Semi\-Finalists Top 2009 Preliminary Watch List \|publisher\=Rotary Club of Houston \|date\=March 3, 2009 \|url\=http://www.rotarylombardiaward.org/index2\.php?option\=com\_content\&do\_pdf\=1\&id\=131 \|format\=\[\[Portable Document Format\|PDF]] \|access\-date\=March 3, 2009\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090311001135/http://www.rotarylombardiaward.org/index2\.php?option\=com\_content\&do\_pdf\=1\&id\=131\| archive\-date\= March 11, 2009 \| url\-status\= dead}}
* Nate Byham, TE, Senior
{{Col\-3}}
**[Mackey Award](/wiki/Mackey_Award "Mackey Award"):**{{cite web\|first\=Bryan \|last\=Revello \|title\=2009 John Mackey Award Preseason Watch List Released \|url\=http://www.nassausports.org/downloads/2009\_John\_Mackey\_Award\_Watch\_List.pdf \|work\=JohnMackeyAward.org \|publisher\=The Nassau County Sports Commission \|location\=\[\[Manhasset, New York\|Manhasset]], \[\[New York (state)\|New York]] \|date\=July 29, 2009 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://www.webcitation.org/5ipqPgruw?url\=http://www.nassausports.org/downloads/2009\_John\_Mackey\_Award\_Watch\_List.pdf \|archive\-date\=August 6, 2009 \|url\-status\=live \|df\=mdy }}
* Nate Byham, Senior
{{Col\-3}}
**[Jim Thorpe Award](/wiki/Jim_Thorpe_Award "Jim Thorpe Award"):**{{cite web \|title\=Jim Thorpe Awards Names 2009 Pre\-Season "Watch List" \|url\=http://www.jimthorpeassoc.org/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=193:2009\-watch\-list\&catid\=5:news\&Itemid\=4 \|location\=\[\[Oklahoma City]] \|publisher\=\[\[Jim Thorpe Association]] \|access\-date\=August 17, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219183540/http://www.jimthorpeassoc.org/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=193:2009\-watch\-list\&catid\=5:news\&Itemid\=4 \|archive\-date\=February 19, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }}
* Aaron Berry, Senior
{{Col\-end}}
|
[
"Preseason\n---------",
"On February 5, 2009, the day after [National Signing Day](/wiki/National_Signing_Day \"National Signing Day\"), it was made public that [offensive coordinator](/wiki/Offensive_coordinator \"Offensive coordinator\") [Matt Cavanaugh](/wiki/Matt_Cavanaugh \"Matt Cavanaugh\") would be leaving the Panthers to again pursue a career in the [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\").{{cite news \\|first\\=Paul \\|last\\=Zeise \\|author\\-link\\=Paul Zeise \\|title\\=Cavanaugh expected to resign \\|url\\=http://www.post\\-gazette.com/pg/09036/947056\\-233\\.stm \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette]]\\|date\\=February 5, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=February 5, 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090208074041/http://post\\-gazette.com/pg/09036/947056\\-233\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= February 8, 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= dead}}{{cite news \\|first\\=Brian \\|last\\=Costello \\|title\\=Rex's staff complete? \\|url\\=http://blogs.nypost.com/sports/jets/archives/2009/02/rexs\\_staff\\_comp.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Post]] \\|date\\=February 5, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=February 9, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208160028/http://blogs.nypost.com/sports/jets/archives/2009/02/rexs\\_staff\\_comp.html \\|archive\\-date\\=February 8, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} Cavanaugh's move to the Jets to become their new [quarterbacks coach](/wiki/Quarterbacks_coach \"Quarterbacks coach\") was not officially announced until February 9\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Moves for Giants and Jets \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/10/sports/football/10sportsbriefs\\-BENWASFINETO\\_BRF.html \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|page\\=B14 \\|date\\=February 10, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=February 10, 2009}}{{cite news \\|first\\=Kevin \\|last\\=Gorman \\|title\\=Cavanaugh officially leaves Pitt for Jets \\|url\\=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/pitt/s\\_610962\\.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Tribune\\-Review]] \\|date\\=February 10, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=February 10, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213051756/http://pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/pitt/s\\_610962\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=February 13, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The Panthers took only two weeks to find their new offensive coordinator, [Frank Cignetti, Jr.](/wiki/Frank_Cignetti%2C_Jr. \"Frank Cignetti, Jr.\"){{cite web\\|title\\=Pittsburgh hires Cal's Cignetti as offensive coordinator \\|url\\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/football/ncaa/02/18/cignetti.pitt.ap/index.html \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Sports Illustrated]] \\|date\\=February 18, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2009}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} Cignetti took a pay cut by accepting the offer from Pitt, but he cited the local cost of living and proximity to his own and his wife's families as major reasons for leaving [California](/wiki/California_Golden_Bears_football \"California Golden Bears football\") for Pitt.{{cite news \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|last\\=Okanes \\|title\\=Cal losing offensive coordinator Frank Cignetti \\|url\\=http://www.insidebayarea.com/sports/ci\\_11734633 \\|work\\=InsideBayArea.com \\|publisher\\=Bay Area News Group \\|date\\=February 18, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2009}}{{cite news \\|first\\=Kevin \\|last\\=Gorman \\|title\\=Pitt position a dream job for Cignetti \\|url\\=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/s\\_612401\\.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Tribune\\-Review]] \\|date\\=February 19, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130131140601/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/s\\_612401\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=January 31, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} Cignetti has a reputation for developing quarterbacks and will be expected to do the same at Pitt where senior Bill Stull, Pitt's returning starter, and the passing game increasingly struggled down the stretch last season.{{cite news \\|first\\=Matt \\|last\\=Kawahara \\|title\\=Cignetti Accepts Job as Offensive Coordinator at Pitt \\|url\\=http://www.dailycal.org/article/104410/cignetti\\_accepts\\_job\\_as\\_offensive\\_coordinator\\_at\\_p \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Californian]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Berkeley, California\\|Berkeley]], \\[\\[California]] \\|publisher\\=Independent Berkeley Students Publishing Company, Inc. \\|date\\=February 18, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2009}} The other primary candidates for the Panthers' offensive coordinator position were former Panthers head coach [Walt Harris](/wiki/Walt_Harris_%28coach%29 \"Walt Harris (coach)\") and [New York Jets](/wiki/New_York_Jets \"New York Jets\") [wide receivers coach](/wiki/Wide_receivers_coach \"Wide receivers coach\") [Noel Mazzone](/wiki/Noel_Mazzone \"Noel Mazzone\").",
"Linebacker Adam Gunn was granted a sixth year of eligibility by the NCAA and will play in 2009, medical clearance pending.{{cite news\\|first\\=Chris \\|last\\=Peak \\|title\\=Pitt's Gunn gets sixth year of eligibility \\|url\\=http://collegefootball.rivals.com/content.asp?CID\\=920597 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Rivals.com]] \\|date\\=March 5, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215005105/http://collegefootball.rivals.com/content.asp?CID\\=920597 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 15, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|df\\=mdy }} He was injured in the 3rd quarter of the 2008 season opener against Bowling Green when he collided with fellow linebacker Scott McKillop.{{cite news \\|first\\=Kevin \\|last\\=Gorman \\|title\\=Gunn undergoes neck surgery \\|url\\=http://pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/sittingringside/show\\_comments.php?entry\\_id\\=3210 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Tribune\\-Review]] \\|date\\=September 15, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=October 16, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924201730/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/sittingringside/show\\_comments.php?entry\\_id\\=3210 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} Shane Murray, who was injured during the preseason in August 2008 and started at linebacker along with Gunn in 2007,{{cite news \\|title\\=Pitt LB Murray done for year due to knee surgery \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/college\\-football/news/story?id\\=3645593 \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|work\\=ESPN.com \\|date\\=October 15, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2009}} will also be back with the Panthers in 2009\\. The returns of Gunn and Murray from injuries and Greg Williams, who started in place of Gunn in 2008, give the Panthers a stable of experienced linebackers headed into the 2009 season.",
"The [NCAA](/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association \"National Collegiate Athletic Association\") released the 2009 [Academic Progress Rate](/wiki/Academic_Progress_Rate \"Academic Progress Rate\") (APR) scores, which measure \"a school's ability to retain its athletes and keep them eligible from semester to semester,\" on May 7\\.{{cite news \\|first\\=Brian \\|last\\=Bennett \\|title\\=APR for the Big East: No penalties, Rutgers leads \\|url\\=http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\\-4\\-247/APR\\-for\\-the\\-Big\\-East\\-\\-No\\-penalties\\-\\-Rutgers\\-leads.html \\|work\\=ESPN.com \\|date\\=May 6, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=May 7, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511004355/http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\\-4\\-247/APR\\-for\\-the\\-Big\\-East\\-\\-No\\-penalties\\-\\-Rutgers\\-leads.html \\|archive\\-date\\=May 11, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} The 2009 scores are data from the 2004–05 to 2007–08 academic years. The Panthers football team finished with the fifth best APR scores in the 8\\-team Big East, with a score of 944 out of a possible 1,000\\.{{cite report\\|title\\=NCAA Division I 2007 \\- 2008 Academic Progress Rate \\|url\\=http://web1\\.ncaa.org/app\\_data/apr2008/545\\_2008\\_apr.pdf \\|date\\=May 1, 2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] \\|pages\\=3 \\|access\\-date\\=May 7, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807174857/http://web1\\.ncaa.org/app\\_data/apr2008/545\\_2008\\_apr.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=August 7, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|df\\=mdy }}",
"### Recruiting",
"All players who signed with Pitt had verbally committed to the University within the year prior to signing a binding [National Letter of Intent](/wiki/National_Letter_of_Intent \"National Letter of Intent\") on national signing day. The Panthers also added one player who is not designated as a recruit, tight end Andrew Devlin, who transferred to Pitt in May and had been recruited by Coaches Wannstedt and Gattuso two years earlier in 2007 when had initially decided to play for the [Virginia Cavaliers](/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_football \"Virginia Cavaliers football\").{{cite news\\|first\\=Ray \\|last\\=Fittipaldo \\|title\\=PG South: Mt. Lebanon grad Devlin transfers to Pitt to finish his college career \\|url\\=http://www.post\\-gazette.com/pg/09148/973075\\-142\\.stm \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette]] \\|date\\=May 28, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120906084754/http://www.post\\-gazette.com/pg/09148/973075\\-142\\.stm \\|archive\\-date\\=September 6, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|df\\=mdy }} He chose to transfer to Pitt after a change in offensive scheme would have forced him to change position to defensive with the Cavaliers.",
"Half of the Panthers new signees played high school football in [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association \"Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association\"), and nine of those ten players were first\\-team all\\-state selections in 2008\\.{{cite news\\|first\\=Kevin\\|last\\=Gorman\\|title\\=Pitt may face offensive overhaul\\|url\\=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/s\\_610316\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Tribune\\-Review]]\\|date\\=February 5, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=February 5, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207160636/http://pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/s\\_610316\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=February 7, 2009\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The Panthers were expected to bring in players to add depth to the team – not necessarily an instant impact in 2009 – because the Panthers are no longer a struggling team in need of immediate performers.{{cite news \\|first\\=Brian \\|last\\=Bennett \\|title\\=Pittsburgh recruiting needs \\|url\\=http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\\-3\\-104/Pittsburgh\\-recruiting\\-needs.html \\|work\\=ESPN.com \\|date\\=January 22, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=February 5, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123134711/http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\\-3\\-104/Pittsburgh\\-recruiting\\-needs.html \\|archive\\-date\\=January 23, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} After signing day this class was not rated as a star\\-studded class that would be expected to provide an instant impact, but many of the players are viewed as players able to significantly contribute in the future.{{cite news \\|title\\=Pitt gets depth in recruiting class \\|url\\=http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?t\\=514224 \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Sporting News]] \\|date\\=February 4, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=February 5, 2009 }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=September 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}{{cite news \\|first\\=Paul \\|last\\=Zeise \\|author\\-link\\=Paul Zeise \\|title\\=Panthers' class small but not without stars \\|url\\=http://www.post\\-gazette.com/pg/09036/947055\\-233\\.stm \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette]] \\|date\\=February 5, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=February 5, 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090208074036/http://post\\-gazette.com/pg/09036/947055\\-233\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= February 8, 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= dead}} The players most expected to make an impact in the future are [wide receiver](/wiki/Wide_receiver \"Wide receiver\") Todd Thomas, [tight end](/wiki/Tight_end \"Tight end\") Brock DeCicco, [running back](/wiki/Running_back \"Running back\") Raymond Graham and [linebackers](/wiki/Linebacker \"Linebacker\") Shane Gordon and Dan Mason.{{cite news \\|first\\=Brian \\|last\\=Bennett \\|title\\=Pitt announces signing class of 20 \\|url\\=http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\\-3\\-158/Pitt\\-announces\\-signing\\-class\\-of\\-20\\.html \\|work\\=ESPN.com \\|date\\=February 4, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=February 5, 2009 }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=September 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} As of February 5, the 2009 recruiting class was ranked as the 47th best class nationally by [Rivals.com](/wiki/Rivals.com \"Rivals.com\") – much lower than previous Wannstedt recruiting classes – and 28th best by [Scout.com](/wiki/Scout.com \"Scout.com\"). Dave Wannstedt dismissed the criticism of his recruiting class as the low reviews of his class were a result of the low number of scholarships that the Panthers were able to offer due to the low number of graduating Pitt seniors in 2008 as well as a down year for high school seniors in [western Pennsylvania](/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_Interscholastic_Athletic_League \"Western Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic League\").\n{{College Athlete Recruit Start \\| 40\\=yes \\| collapse\\=yes \\| year\\=2009}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Cory King\n\\| position \\= OG\n\\| hometown \\= Stoneboro, Pennsylvania\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Lakeview High School (Pennsylvania)\\|Lakeview HS]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 5\n\\| weight \\= 308\n\\| 40 \\= n/a\n\\| commitdate \\= 4 Jun 2008\n\\| scout stars \\= 3\n\\| rivals stars \\= 3\n\\| espn grade \\= 67\n\\| grayshirt \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= \\[\\[Dion Lewis]]\n\\| position \\= RB\n\\| hometown \\= Blairstown, New Jersey\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Blair Academy]]\n\\| feet \\= 5\n\\| inches \\= 7\\+1/4\n\\| weight \\= 180\n\\| 40 \\= 4\\.43\n\\| commitdate \\= 17 Jun 2008\n\\| scout stars \\= 3\n\\| rivals stars \\= 3\n\\| espn grade \\= 75\n\\| grayshirt \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Juantez Hollins\n\\| position \\= OG\n\\| hometown \\= Aliquippa, Pennsylvania\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Aliquippa High School\\|Aliquippa HS]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 4\n\\| weight \\= 265\n\\| 40 \\= n/a\n\\| commitdate \\= 24 Jun 2008\n\\| scout stars \\= 3\n\\| rivals stars \\= 3\n\\| espn grade \\= 77\n\\| grayshirt \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Jack Lippert\n\\| position \\= DE\n\\| hometown \\= Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Central Dauphin High School\\|Central Dauphin HS]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 3\\+1/2\n\\| weight \\= 244\n\\| 40 \\= 4\\.65\n\\| commitdate \\= 27 Jun 2008\n\\| scout stars \\= 3\n\\| rivals stars \\= 4\n\\| espn grade \\= 78\n\\| grayshirt \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Devin Street\n\\| position \\= WR\n\\| hometown \\= Bethlehem, Pennsylvania\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Liberty High School (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania)\\|Liberty HS]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 3\\+3/4\n\\| weight \\= 178\n\\| 40 \\= 4\\.59\n\\| commitdate \\= 29 Jun 2008\n\\| scout stars \\= 3\n\\| rivals stars \\= 2\n\\| espn grade \\= 40\n\\| grayshirt \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Fernando Diaz\n\\| position \\= OG\n\\| hometown \\= Bronx, New York\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Cardinal Hayes High School\\|Cardinal Hayes HS]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 2\n\\| weight \\= 277\\+1/2\n\\| 40 \\= 5\\.19\n\\| commitdate \\= 21 Jul 2008\n\\| scout stars \\= 2\n\\| rivals stars \\= 2\n\\| espn grade \\= 40\n\\| grayshirt \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Kevin Adams\n\\| position \\= RB\n\\| hometown \\= Montvale, New Jersey\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Saint Joseph Regional High School\\|Saint Joseph Regional HS]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 0\n\\| weight \\= 208\n\\| 40 \\= 4\\.66\n\\| commitdate \\= 1 Aug 2008\n\\| scout stars \\= 3\n\\| rivals stars \\= 2\n\\| espn grade \\= 74\n\\| grayshirt \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Carl Fleming\n\\| position \\= S\n\\| hometown \\= Reisterstown, Maryland\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Franklin High School (Reisterstown, Maryland)\\|Franklin HS]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 1\n\\| weight \\= 195\\+1/2\n\\| 40 \\= 4\\.47\n\\| commitdate \\= 8 Aug 2008\n\\| scout stars \\= 3\n\\| rivals stars \\= 2\n\\| espn grade \\= 40\n\\| grayshirt \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= \\[\\[Tyrone Ezell]]\n\\| position \\= DT\n\\| hometown \\= Homestead, Pennsylvania\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Steel Valley High School\\|Steel Valley HS]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 4\\+1/2\n\\| weight \\= 251\\+1/2\n\\| 40 \\= 4\\.75\n\\| commitdate \\= 9 Aug 2008\n\\| scout stars \\= 4\n\\| rivals stars \\= 3\n\\| espn grade \\= 77\n\\| grayshirt \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Raymond Graham\n\\| position \\= RB\n\\| hometown \\= Elizabeth, New Jersey\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Elizabeth High School (New Jersey)\\|Elizabeth HS]]\n\\| feet \\= 5\n\\| inches \\= 9\\+1/2\n\\| weight \\= 176\n\\| 40 \\= 4\\.5\n\\| commitdate \\= 16 Aug 2008\n\\| scout stars \\= 3\n\\| rivals stars \\= 4\n\\| espn grade \\= 77\n\\| grayshirt \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Brock DeCicco\n\\| position \\= TE\n\\| hometown \\= Jefferson Hills, Pennsylvania\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Thomas Jefferson High School (Jefferson Hills, Pennsylvania)\\|Thomas Jefferson HS]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 5\n\\| weight \\= 223\\+1/2\n\\| 40 \\= 4\\.69\n\\| commitdate \\= 12 Oct 2008\n\\| scout stars \\= 4\n\\| rivals stars \\= 3\n\\| espn grade \\= 78\n\\| grayshirt \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Todd Thomas\n\\| position \\= WR\n\\| hometown \\= Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Beaver Falls High School\\|Beaver Falls HS]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 2\\+1/2\n\\| weight \\= 201\n\\| 40 \\= 4\\.55\n\\| commitdate \\= 17 Oct 2008\n\\| scout stars \\= 4\n\\| rivals stars \\= 4\n\\| espn grade \\= 80\n\\| grayshirt \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Jason Douglas\n\\| position \\= RB\n\\| hometown \\= Weston, Florida\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Cypress Bay High School\\|Cypress Bay HS]]\n\\| feet \\= 5\n\\| inches \\= 6\\+1/2\n\\| weight \\= 164\\+1/2\n\\| 40 \\= 4\\.44\n\\| commitdate \\= 10 Nov 2008\n\\| scout stars \\= 2\n\\| rivals stars \\= 3\n\\| espn grade \\= 78\n\\| grayshirt \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Ed Tinker\n\\| position \\= WR\n\\| hometown \\= Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[North Carolina Tech Preparatory Christian Academy\\|North Carolina Tech Prep]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 2\\+1/2\n\\| weight \\= 215\n\\| 40 \\= 4\\.5\n\\| commitdate \\= 17 Dec 2008\n\\| scout stars \\= 3\n\\| rivals stars \\= 2\n\\| espn grade \\= 77\n\\| grayshirt \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Jason Hendricks\n\\| position \\= RB\n\\| hometown \\= Jersey City, New Jersey\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Hudson Catholic Regional High School\\|Hudson Catholic Regional HS]]\n\\| feet \\= 5\n\\| inches \\= 11\\+1/2\n\\| weight \\= 173\\+1/2\n\\| 40 \\= 4\\.5\n\\| commitdate \\= 11 Jan 2009\n\\| scout stars \\= 2\n\\| rivals stars \\= 2\n\\| espn grade \\= 75\n\\| grayshirt \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Kolby Gray\n\\| position \\= QB\n\\| hometown \\= Houston, Texas\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Cypress Falls High School\\|Cypress Falls HS]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 2\n\\| weight \\= 187\\+1/2\n\\| 40 \\= 4\\.53\n\\| commitdate \\= 11 Jan 2009\n\\| scout stars \\= 3\n\\| rivals stars \\= 3\n\\| espn grade \\= 76\n\\| grayshirt \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Bernard Nunez\n\\| position \\= DE\n\\| hometown \\= Hoboken, New Jersey\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Hoboken High School\\|Hoboken HS]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 3\n\\| weight \\= 233\\+1/2\n\\| 40 \\= 4\\.78\n\\| commitdate \\= 20 Jan 2009\n\\| scout stars \\= 3\n\\| rivals stars \\= 3\n\\| espn grade \\= 78\n\\| grayshirt \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Dan Mason\n\\| position \\= MLB\n\\| hometown \\= Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Penn Hills High School\\|Penn Hills HS]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 0\n\\| weight \\= 219\n\\| 40 \\= 4\\.70\n\\| commitdate \\= 22 Jan 2009\n\\| scout stars \\= 4\n\\| rivals stars \\= 4\n\\| espn grade \\= 76\n\\| grayshirt \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Ryan Schlieper\n\\| position \\= OT\n\\| hometown \\= Wexford, Pennsylvania\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[North Allegheny Senior High School\\|North Allegheny SHS]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 5\\+1/2\n\\| weight \\= 278\n\\| 40 \\= 5\\.00\n\\| commitdate \\= 2 Feb 2009\n\\| scout stars \\= 3\n\\| rivals stars \\= 3\n\\| espn grade \\= 72\n\\| grayshirt \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit End\n\\| 40 \\= yes\n\\| year \\= 2009\n\\| rivals ref title \\= Pittsburgh 2009 Football Commitments\n\\| scout ref title \\= Scout.com Football Recruiting: Pittsburgh\n\\| espn ref title \\= Pittsburgh Panthers Football Recruiting 2009\n\\| rivals school \\= pittsburgh\n\\| scout s \\= 141\n\\| espn schoolid \\= 221\n\\| scout overall \\=\n\\| rivals overall \\=\n\\| accessdate \\=\n\\| collapse \\= yes\n}}",
"### Spring practices",
"Spring camp opened for the Panthers on March 19\\. Coach Wannstedt outlined his priorities heading into camp as determining the starters at running back and quarterback as well as the lineup at the various linebacker positions, most importantly in the middle.{{cite news\\|first\\=Robert \\|last\\=Dvorchak \\|title\\=Wannstedt looking for MLB, RB, expects 3\\-way QB battle \\|url\\=http://www.post\\-gazette.com/pg/09076/956166\\-142\\.stm \\|work\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette]] \\|date\\=March 17, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=March 17, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130131142126/http://www.post\\-gazette.com/pg/09076/956166\\-142\\.stm \\|archive\\-date\\=January 31, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|df\\=mdy }}",
"The annual Blue\\-Gold game, the final scrimmage of spring camp, was played at Heinz Field on April 11\\. The University wanted to make it into a more appealing event for families and casual fans.{{cite news\\|first\\=Paul \\|last\\=Zeise \\|title\\=Pitt Football: Spring outing with fan appeal \\|url\\=http://www.post\\-gazette.com/pg/09098/961247\\-233\\.stm \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette]] \\|date\\=April 8, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=May 1, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411101936/http://www.post\\-gazette.com/pg/09098/961247\\-233\\.stm \\|archive\\-date\\=April 11, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|df\\=mdy }} As a result, they created various programs at the game, which was titled the \"Pitt Spring Football Festival\" in order to emphasize the various activities, which included a series of 20\\-minute \"chalk talks\" with coaches Wannstedt, Cignetti, and Bennett; an autograph session with former Panthers who went on to the [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\"); and on\\-field drills with current players. Total attendance for the event was announced at 6,160\\.{{cite news \\|first\\=Kevin \\|last\\=Gorman \\|title\\=Defense clocks offense in Blue\\-Gold Game \\|url\\=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/s\\_620284\\.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Tribune\\-Review]] \\|date\\=April 12, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=May 1, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417054055/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/s\\_620284\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=April 17, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}",
"{{Quote box\n \\| quote \\= “The defense has a lot of depth. One thing we learned today is our defensive line is a little ahead of our offensive line.\"\n \\| source \\= Dave Wannstedt, following the spring blue\\-gold game\n \\| width \\= 350px\n \\| align \\= right\n}}",
"As expected, the defense controlled most of the play throughout, defeating the offense 54–23, using a modified scoring system.{{cite news \\|first\\=Paul \\|last\\=Zeise \\|title\\=Pitt Football Blue\\-Gold Game: Offensive struggles continue for Panthers \\|url\\=http://www.post\\-gazette.com/pg/09102/962305\\-233\\.stm \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette]]\\|date\\=April 12, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=May 1, 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090415144104/http://www.post\\-gazette.com/pg/09102/962305\\-233\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= April 15, 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= dead}}{{cite news \\|first\\=Brian \\|last\\=Bennett \\|title\\=Defense wins day at Pitt spring game \\|url\\=http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\\-4\\-155/defense\\-wins\\-day\\-at\\-Pitt\\-spring\\-game.html \\|work\\=ESPN.com \\|date\\=April 13, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=May 1, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416170233/http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\\-4\\-155/defense\\-wins\\-day\\-at\\-Pitt\\-spring\\-game.html \\|archive\\-date\\=April 16, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} The offense scored only one touchdown, a 54\\-yard, play\\-action pass from Bill Stull to [Jon Baldwin](/wiki/Jon_Baldwin \"Jon Baldwin\"). Bill Stull was the most effective of all the quarterbacks, going 12 of 17 for 132 yards with the touchdown and an interception. Freshman [Dion Lewis](/wiki/Dion_Lewis \"Dion Lewis\"), who enrolled early in January 2009, led the offense on the ground with thirty\\-four yards on twelve attempts. The defense, after allowing a touchdown and a field goal on the offense's first and second possessions, respectively, finished with three interceptions and six sacks the rest of the way and didn't allow the offense to score again. The defense held the offense to a net of sixteen rushing yards on thirty\\-seven carries. The game was broadcast live locally on [WPCW](/wiki/WPKD-TV \"WPKD-TV\") in Pittsburgh{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/m\\-footbl/spec\\-rel/040609aaa.html\\|title\\=Pitt Spring Game To Be Televised By Pittsburgh's WPCW\\|publisher\\=PittsburghPanthers.com\\|date\\=April 6, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310142130/http://www.pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/m\\-footbl/spec\\-rel/040609aaa.html\\|archive\\-date\\=March 10, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and was replayed nationally on April 18 on the [NFL Network](/wiki/NFL_Network \"NFL Network\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/m\\-footbl/spec\\-rel/041509aab.html\\|title\\=Pitt Spring Game To Air On the NFL Network\\|date\\=April 15, 2009\\|publisher\\=PittsburghPanthers.com\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310142338/http://www.pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/m\\-footbl/spec\\-rel/041509aab.html\\|archive\\-date\\=March 10, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"The Ed Conway Award, which is given to the most improved players of the spring, was co\\-awarded to quarterback Pat Bostick and linebacker Max Gruder prior to the Blue\\-Gold Game.",
"#### Off\\-field issues",
"Seniors T.J. Porter, a wide receiver, and Tommie Duhart, a defensive lineman, officially left Pitt's football team at the end of the spring semester; both had been suspended from spring practices and did not participate.{{cite web\\|title\\=WR Porter, DL Duhart leaving Pitt \\|url\\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/football/ncaa/04/30/pitt\\-transfers.ap/index.html \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|magazine\\=Sports Illustrated \\|date\\=April 30, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=May 1, 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090504110635/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/football/ncaa/04/30/pitt\\-transfers.ap/index.html\\| archive\\-date\\= May 4, 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= dead}}{{cite news \\|first\\=Kevin \\|last\\=Gorman \\|title\\=Pitt dismisses seniors Porter and Duhart \\|url\\=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/s\\_623078\\.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Tribune\\-Review]] \\|date\\=May 1, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=May 7, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120910220453/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/s\\_623078\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=September 10, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} Duhart, along with senior cornerback Aaron Berry and sophomore offensive lineman Wayne Jones, was suspended on April 7 from the remainder of spring practices as well as the Blue\\-Gold game due to an unspecified \"violation of team policy\".{{Cite news \\|first\\=Brian \\|last\\=Bennett \\|title\\=Pitt suspends three players for rest of spring \\|url\\=http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\\-4\\-137/Pitt\\-suspends\\-three\\-players\\-for\\-rest\\-of\\-spring.html \\|work\\=ESPN.com \\|date\\=April 7, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2009 }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=September 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Porter had been suspended from the team indefinitely after being cited for driving on a suspended [driver's license](/wiki/Driver%27s_license_in_the_United_States \"Driver's license in the United States\") and [driving while intoxicated](/wiki/Drunk_driving_%28United_States%29 \"Drunk driving (United States)\"), his second DWI in under ten months.{{cite news \\|first\\=Paul \\|last\\=Zeise \\|title\\=DUI arrest leads to WR's suspension \\|url\\=http://www.post\\-gazette.com/pg/09078/956764\\-233\\.stm \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette]] \\|date\\=March 19, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2009}} According to a statement issued by coach Wannstedt, both Porter and Duhart plan to [transfer](/wiki/Transfer_admissions_in_the_United_States \"Transfer admissions in the United States\") elsewhere.",
"{{Quote box\n \\| quote \\= “I won't tolerate anything like that. I believe we have some great kids who made some mistakes, but they’ll be dealt with accordingly. And we’ll move forward.\"{{Cite news \\|title\\=Despite Fast Start, Wannstedt Is Losing a Backyard Recruiting Brawl to Paterno \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/28/sports/ncaafootball/28pitt.html \\|date\\=June 28, 2009 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|page\\=SP3 \\|access\\-date\\=July 16, 2009}}\n \\| source \\= Dave Wannstedt, speaking about the various \noff\\-field incidents in Spring 2009\n \\| width \\= 325px\n \\| align \\= left\n}}",
"A criminal complaint was filed against sophomore wide receiver and Aliquippa native Jon Baldwin on April 19, a day after the incident, in which Baldwin was charged with \"indecent assault, harassment and disorderly conduct\" following an incident with a female on a university\\-owned bus. Later in a non\\-jury trial in January, 2010, Baldwin was found not guilty on all charges.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/regional/washington/s\\_661731\\.html\\|title\\=Pitt's Baldwin cleared of charges\\|first\\=Bobby\\|last\\=Kerlik\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Tribune\\-Review]]\\|date\\=January 12, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2010}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=May 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"Sixth year senior Adam Gunn, who only weeks earlier had been granted a sixth year of eligibility by the NCAA, was arrested in an incident that also involved former Panther Austin Ransom following an incident outside of a Pittsburgh night club.{{cite web\\|title\\=Pitt LB Gunn indefinitely suspended \\|url\\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/football/ncaa/05/14/pitt.gunn.suspended.ap/index.html \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|magazine\\=Sports Illustrated \\|date\\=May 14, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518043408/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/football/ncaa/05/14/pitt.gunn.suspended.ap/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=May 18, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} As a result of the charges against him – \"misdemeanor charges of resisting arrest and failure to disperse, as well as summary offenses of disorderly conduct and public drunkenness\" – Gunn was suspended from the team indefinitely pending the result of his hearing.{{Cite news \\|first\\=Kevin \\|last\\=Gorman \\|title\\=Pitt suspends LB Gunn following arrest \\|url\\=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s\\_625010\\.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Tribune\\-Review]] \\|date\\=May 13, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2009 }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=May 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} All charges against Gunn were withdrawn at his preliminary hearing on June 16\\.{{Cite news\\|first\\=Paul \\|last\\=Zeise \\|title\\=Charges dropped against Pitt LB Gunn \\|url\\=http://www.post\\-gazette.com/pg/09169/978194\\-142\\.stm \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette]] \\|date\\=June 18, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-08 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120907044335/http://www.post\\-gazette.com/pg/09169/978194\\-142\\.stm \\|archive\\-date\\=September 7, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|df\\=mdy }}{{Cite news \\|first\\=Kevin \\|last\\=Gorman \\|title\\=Charges against Pitt linebacker Gunn dropped \\|url\\=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/s\\_629971\\.html \\|work\\=Pittsburgh Tribune\\-Review \\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-18 \\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623140503/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/college/s\\_629971\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=June 23, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} According to Gunn's attorney, all charges were withdrawn due to the fact that \"he employed no weapons, assaulted nobody and simply attempted to flee the scene\".",
"### Fall practice",
"The first official fall practice will open on Tuesday, August 11\\.{{Cite news \\|first\\=Brian \\|last\\=Bennett \\|title\\=Big East fall practice start dates \\|url\\=http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\\-6\\-42/Big\\-East\\-fall\\-practice\\-start\\-dates.html \\|work\\=ESPN.com \\|date\\=July 15, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=July 16, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718151915/http://myespn.go.com/blogs/bigeast/0\\-6\\-42/Big\\-East\\-fall\\-practice\\-start\\-dates.html \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}",
"### Award watchlists",
"{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-3}}\n**[Lombardi Award](/wiki/Lombardi_Award \"Lombardi Award\"):**{{cite press release \\|title\\=Three 2008 Semi\\-Finalists Top 2009 Preliminary Watch List \\|publisher\\=Rotary Club of Houston \\|date\\=March 3, 2009 \\|url\\=http://www.rotarylombardiaward.org/index2\\.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&do\\_pdf\\=1\\&id\\=131 \\|format\\=\\[\\[Portable Document Format\\|PDF]] \\|access\\-date\\=March 3, 2009\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090311001135/http://www.rotarylombardiaward.org/index2\\.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&do\\_pdf\\=1\\&id\\=131\\| archive\\-date\\= March 11, 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= dead}}\n* Nate Byham, TE, Senior\n{{Col\\-3}}\n**[Mackey Award](/wiki/Mackey_Award \"Mackey Award\"):**{{cite web\\|first\\=Bryan \\|last\\=Revello \\|title\\=2009 John Mackey Award Preseason Watch List Released \\|url\\=http://www.nassausports.org/downloads/2009\\_John\\_Mackey\\_Award\\_Watch\\_List.pdf \\|work\\=JohnMackeyAward.org \\|publisher\\=The Nassau County Sports Commission \\|location\\=\\[\\[Manhasset, New York\\|Manhasset]], \\[\\[New York (state)\\|New York]] \\|date\\=July 29, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://www.webcitation.org/5ipqPgruw?url\\=http://www.nassausports.org/downloads/2009\\_John\\_Mackey\\_Award\\_Watch\\_List.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=August 6, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|df\\=mdy }}\n* Nate Byham, Senior\n{{Col\\-3}}\n**[Jim Thorpe Award](/wiki/Jim_Thorpe_Award \"Jim Thorpe Award\"):**{{cite web \\|title\\=Jim Thorpe Awards Names 2009 Pre\\-Season \"Watch List\" \\|url\\=http://www.jimthorpeassoc.org/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=193:2009\\-watch\\-list\\&catid\\=5:news\\&Itemid\\=4 \\|location\\=\\[\\[Oklahoma City]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Jim Thorpe Association]] \\|access\\-date\\=August 17, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219183540/http://www.jimthorpeassoc.org/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=193:2009\\-watch\\-list\\&catid\\=5:news\\&Itemid\\=4 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 19, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}\n* Aaron Berry, Senior\n{{Col\\-end}}",
""
] |
History
-------
On the abbey site in 1127 a [priory](/wiki/Priory "Priory") was founded by [Affligem Abbey](/wiki/Affligem_Abbey "Affligem Abbey"), to whom [Godfrey I of Louvain](/wiki/Godfrey_I_of_Louvain "Godfrey I of Louvain") had given the land on the [Vlierbeek](/wiki/Vlierbeek "Vlierbeek") two years previously. In 1163 or 1165 the priory was elevated to the status of an abbey. The Benedictines cultivated the surrounding land, and played a great role in the spiritual and intellectual development of the area. Over the next few centuries they worked almost constantly on the abbey complex, having often to repair or rebuild what had been destroyed by fire or conflict.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.abdijvanvlierbeek.be/geschiedenis%201\.htm\|title\=Abdij an Vlierbeek: Geschiedenis\|publisher\=Abdijvanvlierbeek.be\|language\=Dutch\|accessdate\=27 June 2015}}
In 1170 a stone church in [Romanesque](/wiki/Romanesque_architecture "Romanesque architecture") style replaced the first church, which was made of clay.
In 1572 the abbey was burnt down by the troops of [William of Orange](/wiki/William_the_Silent "William the Silent"). The reconstruction of the abbey was spread over two periods. The first lasted from 1642 to c. 1730\. The second, under the direction of [Laurent\-Benoît Dewez](/wiki/Laurent-Beno%C3%AEt_Dewez "Laurent-Benoît Dewez"), lasted from 1776 to 1796\.
[thumb\|Monk of Vlierbeek Abbey](/wiki/File:Coustumes_-_Moine_de_l%27Abbaye_de_Vlierbeeck.png "Coustumes - Moine de l'Abbaye de Vlierbeeck.png")
During the occupation by the [French Revolutionary](/wiki/French_Revolution "French Revolution") army the abbey, like all other monasteries, was suppressed in 1796, and the monks were expelled. The buildings and contents were sold off in 1798\. Jan Antoon de Becker of Louvain, brother of one of the monks, became the new owner. In 1801 the abbot and some of the monks returned, but a full revival of the community did not succeed, and the last monk of Vlierbeek died in 1838\.
After the creation of the municipality of [Kessel\-Lo](/wiki/Kessel-Lo "Kessel-Lo") in 1828 the abbey church became the parish church for the whole of it. In 1877 the parish of [Blauwput](/wiki/Blauwput "Blauwput") was separated. In 1900 [Boven\-Lo](/wiki/Boven-Lo "Boven-Lo") also became an independent parish. From that point the former abbey church became the parish church of the parish of [Vlierbeek](/wiki/Vlierbeek "Vlierbeek").
In 1830 de Becker donated the church to the churchwardens and in 1837 he made a further gift to them of the remaining abbey buildings. Some were demolished, others rented to individuals.
Vlierbeek remained rural until [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). After the war the population and construction increased rapidly and a school (the "abbey school") was built there.
In early 1970 the [province of Brabant](/wiki/Province_of_Brabant "Province of Brabant") bought the remaining rural area round the abbey in order to prevent the neighbourhood from being parcelled out in building plots. This area was expanded to form the Kessel\-Lo province estate.[ProvincieDomein Kessel\-Lo](http://www.vlaamsbrabant.be/vrije-tijd-cultuur/provinciedomeinen/kessello/index.jsp)
For more than 60 years Chiro Vlierbeek, a Catholic youth group, has used the abbey buildings.[Chiro Vlierbeek](http://www.chirovlierbeek.be/)
|
[
"History\n-------",
"On the abbey site in 1127 a [priory](/wiki/Priory \"Priory\") was founded by [Affligem Abbey](/wiki/Affligem_Abbey \"Affligem Abbey\"), to whom [Godfrey I of Louvain](/wiki/Godfrey_I_of_Louvain \"Godfrey I of Louvain\") had given the land on the [Vlierbeek](/wiki/Vlierbeek \"Vlierbeek\") two years previously. In 1163 or 1165 the priory was elevated to the status of an abbey. The Benedictines cultivated the surrounding land, and played a great role in the spiritual and intellectual development of the area. Over the next few centuries they worked almost constantly on the abbey complex, having often to repair or rebuild what had been destroyed by fire or conflict.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abdijvanvlierbeek.be/geschiedenis%201\\.htm\\|title\\=Abdij an Vlierbeek: Geschiedenis\\|publisher\\=Abdijvanvlierbeek.be\\|language\\=Dutch\\|accessdate\\=27 June 2015}}",
"In 1170 a stone church in [Romanesque](/wiki/Romanesque_architecture \"Romanesque architecture\") style replaced the first church, which was made of clay.",
"In 1572 the abbey was burnt down by the troops of [William of Orange](/wiki/William_the_Silent \"William the Silent\"). The reconstruction of the abbey was spread over two periods. The first lasted from 1642 to c. 1730\\. The second, under the direction of [Laurent\\-Benoît Dewez](/wiki/Laurent-Beno%C3%AEt_Dewez \"Laurent-Benoît Dewez\"), lasted from 1776 to 1796\\.",
"[thumb\\|Monk of Vlierbeek Abbey](/wiki/File:Coustumes_-_Moine_de_l%27Abbaye_de_Vlierbeeck.png \"Coustumes - Moine de l'Abbaye de Vlierbeeck.png\")",
"During the occupation by the [French Revolutionary](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\") army the abbey, like all other monasteries, was suppressed in 1796, and the monks were expelled. The buildings and contents were sold off in 1798\\. Jan Antoon de Becker of Louvain, brother of one of the monks, became the new owner. In 1801 the abbot and some of the monks returned, but a full revival of the community did not succeed, and the last monk of Vlierbeek died in 1838\\.",
"After the creation of the municipality of [Kessel\\-Lo](/wiki/Kessel-Lo \"Kessel-Lo\") in 1828 the abbey church became the parish church for the whole of it. In 1877 the parish of [Blauwput](/wiki/Blauwput \"Blauwput\") was separated. In 1900 [Boven\\-Lo](/wiki/Boven-Lo \"Boven-Lo\") also became an independent parish. From that point the former abbey church became the parish church of the parish of [Vlierbeek](/wiki/Vlierbeek \"Vlierbeek\").",
"In 1830 de Becker donated the church to the churchwardens and in 1837 he made a further gift to them of the remaining abbey buildings. Some were demolished, others rented to individuals.",
"Vlierbeek remained rural until [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). After the war the population and construction increased rapidly and a school (the \"abbey school\") was built there.",
"In early 1970 the [province of Brabant](/wiki/Province_of_Brabant \"Province of Brabant\") bought the remaining rural area round the abbey in order to prevent the neighbourhood from being parcelled out in building plots. This area was expanded to form the Kessel\\-Lo province estate.[ProvincieDomein Kessel\\-Lo](http://www.vlaamsbrabant.be/vrije-tijd-cultuur/provinciedomeinen/kessello/index.jsp)",
"For more than 60 years Chiro Vlierbeek, a Catholic youth group, has used the abbey buildings.[Chiro Vlierbeek](http://www.chirovlierbeek.be/)",
""
] |
The war
-------
The stimulus for the rebellion was heavy taxation by the French and abuse of power by the ethnic [Lao](/wiki/Lao_people "Lao people") and [Tai](/wiki/Tai_peoples "Tai peoples") tax collectors. The Hmong people were divided into two opposing sides \- those who resented the yoke of slavery under France, and those few who benefited from French patronage at the expense of their own people.
The rebellion, called "Rog Paj Cai" by the Hmong Nationalists and "Rog Phim Npab" by Hmong who sided with the French, was a self\-initiated and self\-sustaining movement; all the guns were the Hmong\-designed and manufactured flintlocks (a bit different from the traditional western [flintlock](/wiki/Flintlock "Flintlock") gun). The [gunpowder](/wiki/Gunpowder "Gunpowder") was also of a Hmong sort ([salt peter](/wiki/Salt_peter "Salt peter"), [charcoal](/wiki/Charcoal "Charcoal"), and [guano](/wiki/Guano "Guano") are used similar to western [black powder](/wiki/Black_powder "Black powder"), but shavings from a type of tree is added to increase the explosivity). The Hmong won battle after battle, in for the majority of the rebellion; the French were surprised and did not know how to fight in the jungles nor did they know how to fight a [near invisible army](/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare "Guerrilla warfare"). France was also heavily involved in World War I in Europe, and resorted to using 50% French and 50% native Vietnamese, Lao, and Tai, and traitor Hmong soldiers, who all had little desire to fight the liberating Hmong forces.
The following below is incorrect. This was during the Indochina war between the Chinese and Hmong:
One particular weapon that especially scared the French army was the Hmong cannon, made with the trunk of a tree, and packed with metal pieces from pots, and a lot Hmong gunpowder. This cannon was designed by Kuab Chav, and is said to have weighed over 200 lbs, such that only one man named Lwv was able to carry it. As the French army came up the mountainous trails, the cannon would spray the metal shards at the French army, sending them into hiding while wounding and killing many of them. They never knew what it was because they assumed the Hmong did not have the technology to build such a weapon.
The French morale was also weakened because of rumors of that Pa Chay's army was protected by magic. As the French Army chased the Hmong army through the mountainous passes and ravines, they never saw any dead Hmong soldiers. The reason was that Pa Chay had commanded his men to never leave anyone behind, and to cover up the blood as quickly as possible. This gave the illusion to the French that indeed Pa Chay's army was invincible.
Kao Mee, a sister of Pa Chay, also played an important role. She carried a white flag made of hemp, which she used to deflect bullets. She is said to have been a righteous virgin, which is why the Heavens allowed her to have such miraculous powers. She led the army into many successful battles.
At its height, the rebellion encompassed 40,000 square kilometres of Indochina, from [Điện Biên Phủ](/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_Ph%E1%BB%A7 "Điện Biên Phủ") in [Tonkin](/wiki/Tonkin "Tonkin") to Nam Ou in [Luang Prabang](/wiki/Luang_Prabang "Luang Prabang"), and from Muong Cha north of [Vientiane](/wiki/Vientiane "Vientiane") to Sam Neua in Laos.
|
[
"The war\n-------",
"The stimulus for the rebellion was heavy taxation by the French and abuse of power by the ethnic [Lao](/wiki/Lao_people \"Lao people\") and [Tai](/wiki/Tai_peoples \"Tai peoples\") tax collectors. The Hmong people were divided into two opposing sides \\- those who resented the yoke of slavery under France, and those few who benefited from French patronage at the expense of their own people.",
"The rebellion, called \"Rog Paj Cai\" by the Hmong Nationalists and \"Rog Phim Npab\" by Hmong who sided with the French, was a self\\-initiated and self\\-sustaining movement; all the guns were the Hmong\\-designed and manufactured flintlocks (a bit different from the traditional western [flintlock](/wiki/Flintlock \"Flintlock\") gun). The [gunpowder](/wiki/Gunpowder \"Gunpowder\") was also of a Hmong sort ([salt peter](/wiki/Salt_peter \"Salt peter\"), [charcoal](/wiki/Charcoal \"Charcoal\"), and [guano](/wiki/Guano \"Guano\") are used similar to western [black powder](/wiki/Black_powder \"Black powder\"), but shavings from a type of tree is added to increase the explosivity). The Hmong won battle after battle, in for the majority of the rebellion; the French were surprised and did not know how to fight in the jungles nor did they know how to fight a [near invisible army](/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare \"Guerrilla warfare\"). France was also heavily involved in World War I in Europe, and resorted to using 50% French and 50% native Vietnamese, Lao, and Tai, and traitor Hmong soldiers, who all had little desire to fight the liberating Hmong forces.",
"The following below is incorrect. This was during the Indochina war between the Chinese and Hmong:",
"One particular weapon that especially scared the French army was the Hmong cannon, made with the trunk of a tree, and packed with metal pieces from pots, and a lot Hmong gunpowder. This cannon was designed by Kuab Chav, and is said to have weighed over 200 lbs, such that only one man named Lwv was able to carry it. As the French army came up the mountainous trails, the cannon would spray the metal shards at the French army, sending them into hiding while wounding and killing many of them. They never knew what it was because they assumed the Hmong did not have the technology to build such a weapon.",
"The French morale was also weakened because of rumors of that Pa Chay's army was protected by magic. As the French Army chased the Hmong army through the mountainous passes and ravines, they never saw any dead Hmong soldiers. The reason was that Pa Chay had commanded his men to never leave anyone behind, and to cover up the blood as quickly as possible. This gave the illusion to the French that indeed Pa Chay's army was invincible.",
"Kao Mee, a sister of Pa Chay, also played an important role. She carried a white flag made of hemp, which she used to deflect bullets. She is said to have been a righteous virgin, which is why the Heavens allowed her to have such miraculous powers. She led the army into many successful battles.",
"At its height, the rebellion encompassed 40,000 square kilometres of Indochina, from [Điện Biên Phủ](/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_Ph%E1%BB%A7 \"Điện Biên Phủ\") in [Tonkin](/wiki/Tonkin \"Tonkin\") to Nam Ou in [Luang Prabang](/wiki/Luang_Prabang \"Luang Prabang\"), and from Muong Cha north of [Vientiane](/wiki/Vientiane \"Vientiane\") to Sam Neua in Laos.",
""
] |
Service in Eastern Wu
---------------------
### Early career
Chen Biao was already famous in his youth. He was selected to be an aide to the crown prince [Sun Deng](/wiki/Sun_Deng_%28Eastern_Wu%29 "Sun Deng (Eastern Wu)") (Sun Quan's eldest son), together with [Zhuge Ke](/wiki/Zhuge_Ke "Zhuge Ke"), [Gu Tan](/wiki/Gu_Tan "Gu Tan") and [Zhang Xiu](/wiki/Zhang_Xiu_%28Eastern_Wu%29 "Zhang Xiu (Eastern Wu)"). Chen Biao was a close friend of [Ji Yan](/wiki/Ji_Yan_%28Three_Kingdoms%29 "Ji Yan (Three Kingdoms)"), a Master of Writing (尚書). When Ji Yan was accused of negligence in his duties, the other officials shunned him for fear of being implicated, but Chen Biao spoke up for Ji Yan and earned the respect of many ministers. Chen Biao was later appointed as a *zhongshuzi* to the Crown Prince (太子中庶子) and a Commandant of the Central Flank (翼正都尉).(... 少知名，與諸葛恪、顧譚、張休等並侍東宮，皆共親友。尚書曁豔亦與表善，後豔遇罪，時人咸自營護，信厚言薄，表獨不然，士以此重之。徙太子中庶子，拜翼正都尉。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 55\.
### Incident with Shi Ming
Chen Biao requested to serve in the military just like his father before him, and was placed in command of 500 troops. He was eager to win the hearts of his soldiers so he treated them well and they were willing to die for him. Once, there was an incident of grand theft and the suspect was Shi Ming (施明), a soldier from the Wunan (無難) camp. Shi Ming had been arrested and interrogated, but he remained fierce, refused to reveal the truth, and even expressed his willingness to die. The Minister of Justice (廷尉) was unable to do anything to him. Sun Quan heard that Chen Biao understood a soldier's mentality well so he ordered Chen to take up Shi Ming's case. Chen Biao had Shi Ming released from his shackles and allowed him to take a bath and have a change of clothes, and treated him to a feast. Shi Ming was so touched by Chen Biao's generous treatment that he confessed to the crime and named his accomplices. Sun Quan was very surprised and impressed with Chen Biao, so he granted a special pardon to Shi Ming to protect Chen's reputation – because Chen would be labelled as a hypocrite if Shi were to be executed after confessing under Chen's kind treatment. Shi Ming's accomplices, on the other hand, were not so lucky as they were all executed.(表以父死敵場，求用為將，領兵五百人。表欲得戰士之力，傾意接待，士皆愛附，樂為用命。時有盜官物者，疑無難士施明。明素壯悍，收考極毒，惟死無辭，廷尉以聞。權以表能得健兒之心，詔以明付表，使自以意求其情實。表便破械沐浴，易其衣服，厚設酒食，歡以誘之。明乃首服，具列支黨。表以狀聞。權奇之，欲全其名，特為赦明，誅戮其黨。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 55\. Shi Ming mended his ways and gradually rose through the ranks to become a general in Eastern Wu.(始施明感表，自變行為善，遂成健將，致位將軍。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 55\.
### Mid career
Chen Biao was later promoted to be the Right Commander (右部督) of the Wunan camp and he received the title of a Marquis of a Chief Village (都亭侯). However, he rejected the marquis title and requested to have it transferred to Chen Xiu's son, Chen Yan (陳延), but Sun Quan refused.(遷表為無難右部督，封都亭侯，以繼舊爵。表皆陳讓，乞以傳脩子延，權不許。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 55\.
In 234, [Zhuge Ke](/wiki/Zhuge_Ke "Zhuge Ke") was appointed as the Administrator (太守) of Danyang (丹楊) and was sent to suppress a revolt by the [Shanyue](/wiki/Shanyue "Shanyue") tribes. Sun Quan appointed Chen Biao as the Commandant (都尉) of Xin'an County (新安縣; present\-day [Quzhou](/wiki/Quzhou "Quzhou"), [Zhejiang](/wiki/Zhejiang "Zhejiang")) and ordered him to be Zhuge Ke's advisor. Earlier on, Sun Quan had granted 200 taxable households to Chen Biao's family in recognition of Chen Wu's contributions, and those families were all based in Xin'an County. Chen Biao saw that the men from those households were able\-bodied and capable of serving in the military, so he requested permission from Sun Quan to recruit those men. Sun Quan asked him, "Your late father rendered meritorious service to the state, and the state has granted your family these taxable households to honour his contributions. Why do you not want them?" Chen Biao replied, "I pledged to eliminate all the enemies of the state and avenge my father. It is not my wish to have these men – who are capable of military service – as my slaves." He insisted on recruiting those men so Sun Quan agreed and praised him. Sun Quan then selected some households from other areas to replace those in Chen Biao's marquisate who had been conscripted.(嘉禾三年，諸葛恪領丹楊太守，討平山越，以表領新安都尉，與恪參勢。初，表所受賜復人得二百家，在會稽新安縣。表簡視其人，皆堪好兵，乃上疏陳讓，乞以還官，充足精銳。詔曰：「先將軍有功於國，國家以此報之，卿何得辭焉？」表乃稱曰：「今除國賊，報父之仇，以人為本。空枉此勁銳以為僮僕，非表志也。」皆輒料取以充部伍。所在以聞，權甚嘉之。下郡縣，料正戶羸民以補其處。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 55\.
### Later career
Throughout his three years in office, Chen Biao made developments in his jurisdiction and managed to recruit over 10,000 troops. At the time, Wu Ju (吳遽) had started a rebellion in PoyangSun Quan's biography in *Sanguozhi* recorded that Poyang had a rebellion which began in the 10th month of the 5th year of the *Jiahe* era of Sun Quan's reign, led by one Peng Dan. The biography also recorded that Lu Xun began the expedition against the rebels in the 2nd month of the following year and quelled the rebellion within the year. (\[嘉禾五年]冬十月，....鄱阳贼彭旦等为乱。....\[嘉禾六年]二月，陆逊讨彭旦等，其年，皆破之。) *Sanguozhi*, vol.47\. It is unknown if Peng Dan's rebellion was the same as Wu Ju's. (鄱陽) and had conquered cities, causing much fear and panic in the surrounding counties. Chen Biao led his forces to suppress the revolt and succeeded in forcing Wu Ju to surrender. On [Lu Xun](/wiki/Lu_Xun_%28Three_Kingdoms%29 "Lu Xun (Three Kingdoms)")'s recommendation, Chen Biao was subsequently promoted to Lieutenant\-General (偏將軍) and his marquis rank was increased from a village marquis to a district marquis. He moved to Zhangkeng (章阬) and garrisoned there.(表在官三年，廣開降納，得兵萬餘人。事捷當出，會鄱陽民吳遽等為亂，攻沒城郭，屬縣搖動，表便越界赴討，遽以破敗，遂降。陸遜拜表偏將軍，進封都鄉侯，北屯章阬。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 55\.
|
[
"Service in Eastern Wu\n---------------------",
"### Early career",
"Chen Biao was already famous in his youth. He was selected to be an aide to the crown prince [Sun Deng](/wiki/Sun_Deng_%28Eastern_Wu%29 \"Sun Deng (Eastern Wu)\") (Sun Quan's eldest son), together with [Zhuge Ke](/wiki/Zhuge_Ke \"Zhuge Ke\"), [Gu Tan](/wiki/Gu_Tan \"Gu Tan\") and [Zhang Xiu](/wiki/Zhang_Xiu_%28Eastern_Wu%29 \"Zhang Xiu (Eastern Wu)\"). Chen Biao was a close friend of [Ji Yan](/wiki/Ji_Yan_%28Three_Kingdoms%29 \"Ji Yan (Three Kingdoms)\"), a Master of Writing (尚書). When Ji Yan was accused of negligence in his duties, the other officials shunned him for fear of being implicated, but Chen Biao spoke up for Ji Yan and earned the respect of many ministers. Chen Biao was later appointed as a *zhongshuzi* to the Crown Prince (太子中庶子) and a Commandant of the Central Flank (翼正都尉).(... 少知名，與諸葛恪、顧譚、張休等並侍東宮，皆共親友。尚書曁豔亦與表善，後豔遇罪，時人咸自營護，信厚言薄，表獨不然，士以此重之。徙太子中庶子，拜翼正都尉。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 55\\.",
"### Incident with Shi Ming",
"Chen Biao requested to serve in the military just like his father before him, and was placed in command of 500 troops. He was eager to win the hearts of his soldiers so he treated them well and they were willing to die for him. Once, there was an incident of grand theft and the suspect was Shi Ming (施明), a soldier from the Wunan (無難) camp. Shi Ming had been arrested and interrogated, but he remained fierce, refused to reveal the truth, and even expressed his willingness to die. The Minister of Justice (廷尉) was unable to do anything to him. Sun Quan heard that Chen Biao understood a soldier's mentality well so he ordered Chen to take up Shi Ming's case. Chen Biao had Shi Ming released from his shackles and allowed him to take a bath and have a change of clothes, and treated him to a feast. Shi Ming was so touched by Chen Biao's generous treatment that he confessed to the crime and named his accomplices. Sun Quan was very surprised and impressed with Chen Biao, so he granted a special pardon to Shi Ming to protect Chen's reputation – because Chen would be labelled as a hypocrite if Shi were to be executed after confessing under Chen's kind treatment. Shi Ming's accomplices, on the other hand, were not so lucky as they were all executed.(表以父死敵場，求用為將，領兵五百人。表欲得戰士之力，傾意接待，士皆愛附，樂為用命。時有盜官物者，疑無難士施明。明素壯悍，收考極毒，惟死無辭，廷尉以聞。權以表能得健兒之心，詔以明付表，使自以意求其情實。表便破械沐浴，易其衣服，厚設酒食，歡以誘之。明乃首服，具列支黨。表以狀聞。權奇之，欲全其名，特為赦明，誅戮其黨。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 55\\. Shi Ming mended his ways and gradually rose through the ranks to become a general in Eastern Wu.(始施明感表，自變行為善，遂成健將，致位將軍。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 55\\.",
"### Mid career",
"Chen Biao was later promoted to be the Right Commander (右部督) of the Wunan camp and he received the title of a Marquis of a Chief Village (都亭侯). However, he rejected the marquis title and requested to have it transferred to Chen Xiu's son, Chen Yan (陳延), but Sun Quan refused.(遷表為無難右部督，封都亭侯，以繼舊爵。表皆陳讓，乞以傳脩子延，權不許。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 55\\.",
"In 234, [Zhuge Ke](/wiki/Zhuge_Ke \"Zhuge Ke\") was appointed as the Administrator (太守) of Danyang (丹楊) and was sent to suppress a revolt by the [Shanyue](/wiki/Shanyue \"Shanyue\") tribes. Sun Quan appointed Chen Biao as the Commandant (都尉) of Xin'an County (新安縣; present\\-day [Quzhou](/wiki/Quzhou \"Quzhou\"), [Zhejiang](/wiki/Zhejiang \"Zhejiang\")) and ordered him to be Zhuge Ke's advisor. Earlier on, Sun Quan had granted 200 taxable households to Chen Biao's family in recognition of Chen Wu's contributions, and those families were all based in Xin'an County. Chen Biao saw that the men from those households were able\\-bodied and capable of serving in the military, so he requested permission from Sun Quan to recruit those men. Sun Quan asked him, \"Your late father rendered meritorious service to the state, and the state has granted your family these taxable households to honour his contributions. Why do you not want them?\" Chen Biao replied, \"I pledged to eliminate all the enemies of the state and avenge my father. It is not my wish to have these men – who are capable of military service – as my slaves.\" He insisted on recruiting those men so Sun Quan agreed and praised him. Sun Quan then selected some households from other areas to replace those in Chen Biao's marquisate who had been conscripted.(嘉禾三年，諸葛恪領丹楊太守，討平山越，以表領新安都尉，與恪參勢。初，表所受賜復人得二百家，在會稽新安縣。表簡視其人，皆堪好兵，乃上疏陳讓，乞以還官，充足精銳。詔曰：「先將軍有功於國，國家以此報之，卿何得辭焉？」表乃稱曰：「今除國賊，報父之仇，以人為本。空枉此勁銳以為僮僕，非表志也。」皆輒料取以充部伍。所在以聞，權甚嘉之。下郡縣，料正戶羸民以補其處。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 55\\.",
"### Later career",
"Throughout his three years in office, Chen Biao made developments in his jurisdiction and managed to recruit over 10,000 troops. At the time, Wu Ju (吳遽) had started a rebellion in PoyangSun Quan's biography in *Sanguozhi* recorded that Poyang had a rebellion which began in the 10th month of the 5th year of the *Jiahe* era of Sun Quan's reign, led by one Peng Dan. The biography also recorded that Lu Xun began the expedition against the rebels in the 2nd month of the following year and quelled the rebellion within the year. (\\[嘉禾五年]冬十月，....鄱阳贼彭旦等为乱。....\\[嘉禾六年]二月，陆逊讨彭旦等，其年，皆破之。) *Sanguozhi*, vol.47\\. It is unknown if Peng Dan's rebellion was the same as Wu Ju's. (鄱陽) and had conquered cities, causing much fear and panic in the surrounding counties. Chen Biao led his forces to suppress the revolt and succeeded in forcing Wu Ju to surrender. On [Lu Xun](/wiki/Lu_Xun_%28Three_Kingdoms%29 \"Lu Xun (Three Kingdoms)\")'s recommendation, Chen Biao was subsequently promoted to Lieutenant\\-General (偏將軍) and his marquis rank was increased from a village marquis to a district marquis. He moved to Zhangkeng (章阬) and garrisoned there.(表在官三年，廣開降納，得兵萬餘人。事捷當出，會鄱陽民吳遽等為亂，攻沒城郭，屬縣搖動，表便越界赴討，遽以破敗，遂降。陸遜拜表偏將軍，進封都鄉侯，北屯章阬。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 55\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
The history of the home began with Frank Henderson, one of early Kalamazoo's most successful businessmen. He was the owner and president of [Henderson\-Ames Company](/wiki/Henderson-Ames_Company "Henderson-Ames Company"), which made uniform regalia for secret societies, fraternal organizations, and the military. Henderson's wife, Mary, had inherited a plot of undeveloped land on the western edge of Kalamazoo before the company's large success. Mr. Henderson dreamt of a grand suburb on this land. Allowing that dream to come to fruition, in 1888, he enlisted the help of surveyors, engineers, and landscape architects to plot the land and create Kalamazoo's first "natural site plan". In 1890, Mr. Henderson was ready to build his home in his new residential district.
The Hendersons held a housewarming party in 1895\. Mr. Henderson died in 1899, but his wife remained at the castle until she died in 1907\. The castle was inherited by the Henderson children. However, in 1819 it was sold out of the family to Bertrand Hopper, President and Treasurer of Kalamazoo Stationery Company. Ten parties have owned Henderson Castle.
In the 1920s, Hopper converted the brick stable on the property to a four car garage. It has since been transformed into a separate residence. After being vacant for several years, [William Stuifbergen](/wiki/William_Stuifbergen "William Stuifbergen") purchased the house in 1945, and divided it into several apartments. He and his family resided in one of the units.
In 1957, the house was deeded to the First National Bank, as trustee. The castle was considered for the Art Institute, but became the property of the renowned liberal arts school, [Kalamazoo College](/wiki/Kalamazoo_College "Kalamazoo College"), where the campus lies just a block to the south of the castle's grounds.
In 1975, Dr. Jess Walker bought the house and began a restoration process that continued under Frederick Royce, who purchased the property in 1981\. He then was a guest star on [House Hunters International](/wiki/House_Hunters_International "House Hunters International"), and sold the castle and moved to [Buenos Aires, Argentina](/wiki/Buenos_Aires%2C_Argentina "Buenos Aires, Argentina") in 2005\.
Laura and Peter Livingstone\-McNelis obtained the home in 2005, and maintained it as open to the public (running the bed and breakfast Royce had started). It was purchased in 2010 by Robert Jackson and sold to Francois Moyet, a Master French chef, who has continued the operation of the bed and breakfast since he purchased it in 2011\. He has also started a fine French dining restaurant inside the home, as well as a spa, named "Mary Henderson's Spa".
Also of interest, the castle was the setting for a science fiction movie filmed in Kalamazoo. The movie, “Housesitter: The Night They Saved Siegfried's Brain”, was completed in 1988 but not completed (post\-production) or released until 2018\.{{Cite web \|title\=Sci\-fi horror movie shot in Kalamazoo makes silver screen debut after three decades \|url\=https://wwmt.com/amp/news/entertainment/sci\-fi\-horror\-movie\-shot\-in\-kalamazoo\-makes\-silver\-screen\-debut\-after\-three\-decades \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-23 \|website\=wwmt.com}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The history of the home began with Frank Henderson, one of early Kalamazoo's most successful businessmen. He was the owner and president of [Henderson\\-Ames Company](/wiki/Henderson-Ames_Company \"Henderson-Ames Company\"), which made uniform regalia for secret societies, fraternal organizations, and the military. Henderson's wife, Mary, had inherited a plot of undeveloped land on the western edge of Kalamazoo before the company's large success. Mr. Henderson dreamt of a grand suburb on this land. Allowing that dream to come to fruition, in 1888, he enlisted the help of surveyors, engineers, and landscape architects to plot the land and create Kalamazoo's first \"natural site plan\". In 1890, Mr. Henderson was ready to build his home in his new residential district.",
"The Hendersons held a housewarming party in 1895\\. Mr. Henderson died in 1899, but his wife remained at the castle until she died in 1907\\. The castle was inherited by the Henderson children. However, in 1819 it was sold out of the family to Bertrand Hopper, President and Treasurer of Kalamazoo Stationery Company. Ten parties have owned Henderson Castle.",
"In the 1920s, Hopper converted the brick stable on the property to a four car garage. It has since been transformed into a separate residence. After being vacant for several years, [William Stuifbergen](/wiki/William_Stuifbergen \"William Stuifbergen\") purchased the house in 1945, and divided it into several apartments. He and his family resided in one of the units.",
"In 1957, the house was deeded to the First National Bank, as trustee. The castle was considered for the Art Institute, but became the property of the renowned liberal arts school, [Kalamazoo College](/wiki/Kalamazoo_College \"Kalamazoo College\"), where the campus lies just a block to the south of the castle's grounds.",
"In 1975, Dr. Jess Walker bought the house and began a restoration process that continued under Frederick Royce, who purchased the property in 1981\\. He then was a guest star on [House Hunters International](/wiki/House_Hunters_International \"House Hunters International\"), and sold the castle and moved to [Buenos Aires, Argentina](/wiki/Buenos_Aires%2C_Argentina \"Buenos Aires, Argentina\") in 2005\\.",
"Laura and Peter Livingstone\\-McNelis obtained the home in 2005, and maintained it as open to the public (running the bed and breakfast Royce had started). It was purchased in 2010 by Robert Jackson and sold to Francois Moyet, a Master French chef, who has continued the operation of the bed and breakfast since he purchased it in 2011\\. He has also started a fine French dining restaurant inside the home, as well as a spa, named \"Mary Henderson's Spa\".",
"Also of interest, the castle was the setting for a science fiction movie filmed in Kalamazoo. The movie, “Housesitter: The Night They Saved Siegfried's Brain”, was completed in 1988 but not completed (post\\-production) or released until 2018\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Sci\\-fi horror movie shot in Kalamazoo makes silver screen debut after three decades \\|url\\=https://wwmt.com/amp/news/entertainment/sci\\-fi\\-horror\\-movie\\-shot\\-in\\-kalamazoo\\-makes\\-silver\\-screen\\-debut\\-after\\-three\\-decades \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-23 \\|website\\=wwmt.com}}",
""
] |
CrossFit career
---------------
Foucher came to CrossFit Ann Arbor / HyperFit USA in the summer of 2009 with a background in high school [gymnastics](/wiki/Gymnastics "Gymnastics") and [track and field](/wiki/Track_and_field "Track and field"). At the time, she was pursuing a degree in Biomedical Engineering at the [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan "University of Michigan") and preparing to apply to medical school.
Within a year of starting CrossFit training under the tutelage of coach Doug Chapman, Foucher qualified for the [2010 CrossFit Games](/wiki/2010_CrossFit_Games "2010 CrossFit Games") with a second place finish at the 2010 Central East Regional. During her Games debut, Julie Foucher had stand\-out performances on "Amanda" (5th place in 8:06 consisting of 9\-7\-5 repetitions of muscle\-ups and 95\-lb. snatches){{cite web \|title \= CrossFit: Forging Elite Fitness: Saturday 100717 \|url \= http://www.crossfit.com/mt\-archive2/007012\.html \|accessdate \= 2015\-10\-08}} – and the Max Shoulder\-to\-Overhead (185\-lb., 3rd). She would go on to earn 5th overall.{{cite web \|title \= 2010 CrossFit Games Finals Overall Results (Women)\|url \= http://scores2010\.crossfit.com/scoring/p/2010/women,149/index.html \|accessdate \= 2015\-10\-08}}
The next year, Foucher moved from Ann Arbor, Michigan, to Cleveland, Ohio, to begin medical school in the fall. That spring, Foucher did not compete in the individual competition at the 2011 Central East Regional. Due to a quirk in the rules that were applied that year, top Games athletes automatically qualified for the [2011 CrossFit Games](/wiki/2011_CrossFit_Games "2011 CrossFit Games"). So she competed on her affiliate's team instead. With Foucher's help, CrossFit Ann Arbor/HyperFit USA won the team competition at the 2011 Central East Regional, however, the team would go on to compete at the Games without Foucher. Foucher instead competed individually at the 2011 Games, winning the Beach Event at the Santa Monica Pier in 39:04, the fastest of all the women{{cite web \|title \= 2011 CrossFit Games Scoreboard Women \|url \= http://games2011\.crossfit.com/finals/scoreboard/female.html \|accessdate \= 2015\-10\-08}} and all but nine of the men.{{cite web \|title \= 2011 CrossFit Games Scoreboard Men \|url \= http://games2011\.crossfit.com/finals/scoreboard/male.html \|accessdate \= 2015\-10\-08}} For the second consecutive year, Foucher would finish in 5th overall.
In 2012, Foucher balanced her first year of medical school and her training for the Games. Even with the time constraints, Foucher was able to earn career bests at every stage of the 2012 season starting with a second place finish worldwide in the Open, followed by her first Central East Regional win in the Individual Division, and culminating with a second\-place finish at the Games behind then two\-time champion [Annie Thorisdottir](/wiki/Ann%C3%ADe_Mist_%C3%9E%C3%B3risd%C3%B3ttir "Anníe Mist Þórisdóttir"). Like the previous year, Foucher excelled at the long, grueling beach event at the start of the Games. This time, the "triathlon" took place at [Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Pendleton "Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton") where athletes swam 700 meters in the rough ocean, mountain biked 8 km, and then ran 11 km over Microwave Mountain{{cite web \|title \= 2012 Games Events \|url \= http://games.crossfit.com/workouts/games/2012 \|accessdate \= 2015\-10\-08}} and Foucher finished in 2:05\.12 for a first place finish.{{cite web\|title \= CrossFit Games Leaderboard \|url \= http://games.crossfit.com/leaderboard \|accessdate \= 2015\-10\-08}} Her worst performances were 27th place finishes on the 80\-lb. medball clean and deficit handstand push\-up event and on the clean ladder event and a 29th place finish on the broad jump.
Due to the high demands of the second year of medical school, Foucher chose not to compete in 2013\.{{cite web\|title \= A Year Off, But Not Out: Julie Foucher\|url \= http://games.crossfit.com/article/year\-not\-out\-julie\-foucher\|website \= CrossFit Games\|accessdate \= 2015\-10\-08}} She was named one of the "Most Interesting People" of 2013 by the *[Cleveland Magazine](/wiki/Cleveland_Magazine "Cleveland Magazine")*.{{cite web\|title \= Most Interesting People 2013: Julie Foucher \|url \=http://clevelandmagazine.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid\=E73ABD6180B44874871A91F6BA5C249C\&nm\=Article\+Archives\&type\=Publishing\&mod\=Publications%3A%3AArticle∣\=1578600D80804596A222593669321019\&tier\=4\&id\=20FA3F7DDC2C4EC3BB919C942636DF73 \|website \= \[\[Cleveland Magazine]] \|accessdate \= 26 January 2015}}
She returned in 2014 determined to win the title "Fittest on Earth", but the top spot on the podium was the only achievement that had eluded her. She worked with Olympian [Dominique Moceanu](/wiki/Dominique_Moceanu "Dominique Moceanu") and Ohio State Gymnast Mike Canales{{cite news \|title \= The Olympian and the CrossFitter \|url \= https://www.wsj.com/articles/the\-olympian\-and\-the\-crossfitter\-1406156943 \|newspaper \= Wall Street Journal \|access\-date \= 2015\-10\-08 \|issn \= 0099\-9660 \|first \= Jason \|last \= Gay}}{{cite web \|url \= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=kTxT7pWnClg \|title\=Julie Foucher: Medical Training \|website\=\[\[YouTube]] \|accessdate \= 2015\-10\-08}} and enlisted the help of other world\-renowned coaches.
"One of the areas that we thought we could improve upon is getting a little bit more of that killer instinct," Canales said. "Because she's just a kind, compassionate person. And so, we wanted to make sure she could get that 'smell blood' mentality."
Once again, she won the Central East Regional on her way to the 2014 Games. However, at the Games Foucher was again bested by Annie Thorisdottir (second overall) as well as the new champion, Camille Leblanc\-Bazinet.
Her final attempt at the title, in 2015, was cut short by a torn Achilles.{{cite web\|title \= Julie Foucher Retires From Competitive CrossFit \|url \= http://therxreview.com/julie\-foucher\-retires\-from\-competitive\-crossfit/ \|publisher\= The Rx Review: Reporting on Fitness and CrossFit News \|date \= 2015\-06\-01\| accessdate \= 2015\-10\-08\|language \= en}} Foucher tore her Achilles during an event on the second day of the 2015 Central Regional during Event 3\.{{cite web \|url \= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=n7VhNf3ZPsE \| title\=Central: Women Event 3, Heat 4 \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] \|accessdate \= 2015\-10\-08}} Appearing devastated in video interviews immediately after the injury, it appeared to be the end of her career. However, later that day, Foucher returned to the competition floor wearing a large black medical boot. As the other athletes ran across the competition floor to begin the 250\-ft. handstand walk, Foucher walked with the boot jutted out to the side.{{cite web\|url \= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=\_bXbq5RLg90 \|title\=Julie Foucher \- Event 4 To Boot \|website\=\[\[YouTube]] \|accessdate \= 2015\-10\-08}} Even with the injury, Foucher managed to finish in 2:17 for 11th on the event. She continued on to lift, albeit a small load, in the max snatch (85\-lb.),{{cite web \|url \= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=CCPaq9GsW24 \|title\=Julie Foucher Snatch despite injury \|website\=\[\[YouTube]] \|accessdate \= 2015\-10\-08}} and returned the next day to compete in the final events. She earned a remarkable 8th\-place finish on the triplet of rowing, chest\-to\-bar pull\-ups, and strict deficit handstand push\-ups, and closed out by completing the 15 muscle\-ups of the final event while skipping the 5 cleans that followed.
Foucher is renowned for her work ethic. Michigan\-based coach, Doug Chapman, said, "What makes her special is how hard she works."{{cite web\|last1 \= Valade\|first1 \= Jodie\|title \= Case med school student Julie Foucher out to prove she's the Fittest Woman on Earth\|url \= http://www.cleveland.com/sports/index.ssf/2014/07/case\_med\_school\_student\_julie.html\|website \= Cleveland.com\|date \= 18 July 2014\|accessdate \= 26 January 2015}}
### CrossFit Games results
| Year | Games | Regionals | Open (Worldwide) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 5th | 2nd (Central East){{cite web \|title \= Central East Regional Overall Results (Women) \|url \= http://scores2010\.crossfit.com/scoring/p/central\-east/women,121/index.html \|accessdate \= 2015\-10\-08}} | — |
| 2011 | 5th | **1st** (Central East, team) | 5th{{cite web \|title \= 2011 Open Scoreboard \|url \= http://games2011\.crossfit.com/content/scoreboard.html \|accessdate \= 2015\-10\-08}} |
| 2012 | 2nd | **1st** (Central East) | 2nd |
| 2013 | — | — | 167th |
| 2014 | 3rd | **1st** (Central East) | 14th |
| 2015 | — | 8th (Central)\* | 11th |
| 2016 | — | 13th (Central) | 133rd |
| 2017Team | — | 18th (Central) | 121st(529th Individual) |
| 2018 | — | — | 879th (Individual) |
| 2019 | — | — | 1988th (Individual) |
| 2020 | — | — | 1601st (Individual) |
**\***Foucher tore her Achilles tendon during competition.
|
[
"CrossFit career\n---------------",
"Foucher came to CrossFit Ann Arbor / HyperFit USA in the summer of 2009 with a background in high school [gymnastics](/wiki/Gymnastics \"Gymnastics\") and [track and field](/wiki/Track_and_field \"Track and field\"). At the time, she was pursuing a degree in Biomedical Engineering at the [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan \"University of Michigan\") and preparing to apply to medical school.",
"Within a year of starting CrossFit training under the tutelage of coach Doug Chapman, Foucher qualified for the [2010 CrossFit Games](/wiki/2010_CrossFit_Games \"2010 CrossFit Games\") with a second place finish at the 2010 Central East Regional. During her Games debut, Julie Foucher had stand\\-out performances on \"Amanda\" (5th place in 8:06 consisting of 9\\-7\\-5 repetitions of muscle\\-ups and 95\\-lb. snatches){{cite web \\|title \\= CrossFit: Forging Elite Fitness: Saturday 100717 \\|url \\= http://www.crossfit.com/mt\\-archive2/007012\\.html \\|accessdate \\= 2015\\-10\\-08}} – and the Max Shoulder\\-to\\-Overhead (185\\-lb., 3rd). She would go on to earn 5th overall.{{cite web \\|title \\= 2010 CrossFit Games Finals Overall Results (Women)\\|url \\= http://scores2010\\.crossfit.com/scoring/p/2010/women,149/index.html \\|accessdate \\= 2015\\-10\\-08}}",
"The next year, Foucher moved from Ann Arbor, Michigan, to Cleveland, Ohio, to begin medical school in the fall. That spring, Foucher did not compete in the individual competition at the 2011 Central East Regional. Due to a quirk in the rules that were applied that year, top Games athletes automatically qualified for the [2011 CrossFit Games](/wiki/2011_CrossFit_Games \"2011 CrossFit Games\"). So she competed on her affiliate's team instead. With Foucher's help, CrossFit Ann Arbor/HyperFit USA won the team competition at the 2011 Central East Regional, however, the team would go on to compete at the Games without Foucher. Foucher instead competed individually at the 2011 Games, winning the Beach Event at the Santa Monica Pier in 39:04, the fastest of all the women{{cite web \\|title \\= 2011 CrossFit Games Scoreboard Women \\|url \\= http://games2011\\.crossfit.com/finals/scoreboard/female.html \\|accessdate \\= 2015\\-10\\-08}} and all but nine of the men.{{cite web \\|title \\= 2011 CrossFit Games Scoreboard Men \\|url \\= http://games2011\\.crossfit.com/finals/scoreboard/male.html \\|accessdate \\= 2015\\-10\\-08}} For the second consecutive year, Foucher would finish in 5th overall.",
"In 2012, Foucher balanced her first year of medical school and her training for the Games. Even with the time constraints, Foucher was able to earn career bests at every stage of the 2012 season starting with a second place finish worldwide in the Open, followed by her first Central East Regional win in the Individual Division, and culminating with a second\\-place finish at the Games behind then two\\-time champion [Annie Thorisdottir](/wiki/Ann%C3%ADe_Mist_%C3%9E%C3%B3risd%C3%B3ttir \"Anníe Mist Þórisdóttir\"). Like the previous year, Foucher excelled at the long, grueling beach event at the start of the Games. This time, the \"triathlon\" took place at [Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Pendleton \"Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton\") where athletes swam 700 meters in the rough ocean, mountain biked 8 km, and then ran 11 km over Microwave Mountain{{cite web \\|title \\= 2012 Games Events \\|url \\= http://games.crossfit.com/workouts/games/2012 \\|accessdate \\= 2015\\-10\\-08}} and Foucher finished in 2:05\\.12 for a first place finish.{{cite web\\|title \\= CrossFit Games Leaderboard \\|url \\= http://games.crossfit.com/leaderboard \\|accessdate \\= 2015\\-10\\-08}} Her worst performances were 27th place finishes on the 80\\-lb. medball clean and deficit handstand push\\-up event and on the clean ladder event and a 29th place finish on the broad jump.",
"Due to the high demands of the second year of medical school, Foucher chose not to compete in 2013\\.{{cite web\\|title \\= A Year Off, But Not Out: Julie Foucher\\|url \\= http://games.crossfit.com/article/year\\-not\\-out\\-julie\\-foucher\\|website \\= CrossFit Games\\|accessdate \\= 2015\\-10\\-08}} She was named one of the \"Most Interesting People\" of 2013 by the *[Cleveland Magazine](/wiki/Cleveland_Magazine \"Cleveland Magazine\")*.{{cite web\\|title \\= Most Interesting People 2013: Julie Foucher \\|url \\=http://clevelandmagazine.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid\\=E73ABD6180B44874871A91F6BA5C249C\\&nm\\=Article\\+Archives\\&type\\=Publishing\\&mod\\=Publications%3A%3AArticle∣\\=1578600D80804596A222593669321019\\&tier\\=4\\&id\\=20FA3F7DDC2C4EC3BB919C942636DF73 \\|website \\= \\[\\[Cleveland Magazine]] \\|accessdate \\= 26 January 2015}}",
"She returned in 2014 determined to win the title \"Fittest on Earth\", but the top spot on the podium was the only achievement that had eluded her. She worked with Olympian [Dominique Moceanu](/wiki/Dominique_Moceanu \"Dominique Moceanu\") and Ohio State Gymnast Mike Canales{{cite news \\|title \\= The Olympian and the CrossFitter \\|url \\= https://www.wsj.com/articles/the\\-olympian\\-and\\-the\\-crossfitter\\-1406156943 \\|newspaper \\= Wall Street Journal \\|access\\-date \\= 2015\\-10\\-08 \\|issn \\= 0099\\-9660 \\|first \\= Jason \\|last \\= Gay}}{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=kTxT7pWnClg \\|title\\=Julie Foucher: Medical Training \\|website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|accessdate \\= 2015\\-10\\-08}} and enlisted the help of other world\\-renowned coaches.",
"\"One of the areas that we thought we could improve upon is getting a little bit more of that killer instinct,\" Canales said. \"Because she's just a kind, compassionate person. And so, we wanted to make sure she could get that 'smell blood' mentality.\"",
"Once again, she won the Central East Regional on her way to the 2014 Games. However, at the Games Foucher was again bested by Annie Thorisdottir (second overall) as well as the new champion, Camille Leblanc\\-Bazinet.",
"Her final attempt at the title, in 2015, was cut short by a torn Achilles.{{cite web\\|title \\= Julie Foucher Retires From Competitive CrossFit \\|url \\= http://therxreview.com/julie\\-foucher\\-retires\\-from\\-competitive\\-crossfit/ \\|publisher\\= The Rx Review: Reporting on Fitness and CrossFit News \\|date \\= 2015\\-06\\-01\\| accessdate \\= 2015\\-10\\-08\\|language \\= en}} Foucher tore her Achilles during an event on the second day of the 2015 Central Regional during Event 3\\.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=n7VhNf3ZPsE \\| title\\=Central: Women Event 3, Heat 4 \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|accessdate \\= 2015\\-10\\-08}} Appearing devastated in video interviews immediately after the injury, it appeared to be the end of her career. However, later that day, Foucher returned to the competition floor wearing a large black medical boot. As the other athletes ran across the competition floor to begin the 250\\-ft. handstand walk, Foucher walked with the boot jutted out to the side.{{cite web\\|url \\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=\\_bXbq5RLg90 \\|title\\=Julie Foucher \\- Event 4 To Boot \\|website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|accessdate \\= 2015\\-10\\-08}} Even with the injury, Foucher managed to finish in 2:17 for 11th on the event. She continued on to lift, albeit a small load, in the max snatch (85\\-lb.),{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=CCPaq9GsW24 \\|title\\=Julie Foucher Snatch despite injury \\|website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|accessdate \\= 2015\\-10\\-08}} and returned the next day to compete in the final events. She earned a remarkable 8th\\-place finish on the triplet of rowing, chest\\-to\\-bar pull\\-ups, and strict deficit handstand push\\-ups, and closed out by completing the 15 muscle\\-ups of the final event while skipping the 5 cleans that followed.",
"Foucher is renowned for her work ethic. Michigan\\-based coach, Doug Chapman, said, \"What makes her special is how hard she works.\"{{cite web\\|last1 \\= Valade\\|first1 \\= Jodie\\|title \\= Case med school student Julie Foucher out to prove she's the Fittest Woman on Earth\\|url \\= http://www.cleveland.com/sports/index.ssf/2014/07/case\\_med\\_school\\_student\\_julie.html\\|website \\= Cleveland.com\\|date \\= 18 July 2014\\|accessdate \\= 26 January 2015}}",
"### CrossFit Games results",
"",
"| Year | Games | Regionals | Open (Worldwide) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2010 | 5th | 2nd (Central East){{cite web \\|title \\= Central East Regional Overall Results (Women) \\|url \\= http://scores2010\\.crossfit.com/scoring/p/central\\-east/women,121/index.html \\|accessdate \\= 2015\\-10\\-08}} | — |\n| 2011 | 5th | **1st** (Central East, team) | 5th{{cite web \\|title \\= 2011 Open Scoreboard \\|url \\= http://games2011\\.crossfit.com/content/scoreboard.html \\|accessdate \\= 2015\\-10\\-08}} |\n| 2012 | 2nd | **1st** (Central East) | 2nd |\n| 2013 | — | — | 167th |\n| 2014 | 3rd | **1st** (Central East) | 14th |\n| 2015 | — | 8th (Central)\\* | 11th |\n| 2016 | — | 13th (Central) | 133rd |\n| 2017Team | — | 18th (Central) | 121st(529th Individual) |\n| 2018 | — | — | 879th (Individual) |\n| 2019 | — | — | 1988th (Individual) |\n| 2020 | — | — | 1601st (Individual) |",
"**\\***Foucher tore her Achilles tendon during competition."
] |
Television career
-----------------
### 1985–1993, 2001–2006: BBC presenting
[thumb\|Schofield appeared on Children's BBC programmes with [Gordon the Gopher](/wiki/Gordon_the_Gopher "Gordon the Gopher") (pictured)](/wiki/File:Gordon_the_Gopher.jpg "Gordon the Gopher.jpg")
Aged 19, Schofield moved with his family to New Zealand, where he made his television debut as the initial presenter of the youth music programme *[Shazam!](/wiki/Shazam%21_%28New_Zealand_TV_series%29 "Shazam! (New Zealand TV series)")* on 23 February 1982\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nzonscreen.com/title/shazam\-1982/series\|title\=Shazam! series\|work\=NZ On Screen\|access\-date\=3 December 2012}} He also spent two years working for the Auckland\-based radio station [Radio Hauraki](/wiki/Radio_Hauraki "Radio Hauraki").
In 1985, he returned to Britain, where he became the first in\-vision [continuity presenter](/wiki/Continuity_%28broadcasting%29 "Continuity (broadcasting)") for [Children's BBC (CBBC)](/wiki/CBBC "CBBC") on weekdays for two years from September 1985 in [The Broom Cupboard](/wiki/Children%27s_BBC_presentation "Children's BBC presentation"), the former studio presentation for the [BBC Children's](/wiki/BBC_Children%27s "BBC Children's") services, which introduced his friend and colleague [Gordon the Gopher](/wiki/Gordon_the_Gopher "Gordon the Gopher").{{cite news \|title\=The CBBC Broom Cupboard – 25 Years of live Children's BBC presentation \|url\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/broom\_cupboard/ \|accessdate\=12 June 2011 \|publisher\=\[\[BBC]]}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/broom\_cupboard/12330\.shtml?page\=3 \|title\=The CBBC Broom Cupboard \|work\=BBC Archive \|access\-date\=11 May 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430063658/http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/broom\_cupboard/12330\.shtml?page\=3 \|archive\-date\=30 April 2019 \|url\-status\=dead }} Schofield left The Broom Cupboard in 1987, with [Andy Crane](/wiki/Andy_Crane "Andy Crane") succeeding him in the role. He then presented *[Going Live!](/wiki/Going_Live%21 "Going Live!")* on Saturday mornings between September 1987 and April 1993\.{{cite web \|title\=Phillip's Biography Page \|url\=http://www.officialphillipschofield.com/category/biography/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123131204/http://www.officialphillipschofield.com/category/biography/ \|archive\-date\=23 January 2009 \|access\-date\=3 February 2009 \|website\=Pfficialphillipschofield.com}} From 1988 to 1991, he was the host of the *[Smash Hits Poll Winners Party](/wiki/Smash_Hits_Poll_Winners_Party "Smash Hits Poll Winners Party")*, a pop\-magazine awards show. In the early 1990s, Schofield moved to adult\-orientated television with various programmes for [ITV](/wiki/ITV_%28TV_network%29 "ITV (TV network)"), such as *Schofield's Quest*, *Schofield's TV Gold* and *[Ten Ball](/wiki/Tenball "Tenball")*. From 1994 to 1997, he presented *[Talking Telephone Numbers](/wiki/Talking_Telephone_Numbers "Talking Telephone Numbers")* for five series, and in 1996 he hosted a show about remarkable coincidences called *One in a Million*. He co\-authored the book that came out of the series.
In 1991, Schofield hosted a series named after Gordon which was shown on CBBC on [BBC One](/wiki/BBC_One "BBC One") and [BBC Two](/wiki/BBC_Two "BBC Two") and ran from 3 January 1991 to 28 March 1991, only lasting for a series of 13 episodes. The series was shown twice on BBC One, the first time being in January to March 1991 and again from 26 October to 21 December 1992\. It continued where BBC Two left off with lunchtime repeats in Summer 1991\. BBC Two have also repeated the series at lunchtimes four times from 18 June to 23 July 1991, 20 September to 6 December 1993, 9 March to 1 June 1994, and 17 January 1995 to 28 March 1995\. It has not been repeated since 28 March 1995 on the BBC.
In the following decade, Schofield presented the *[National Lottery Winning Lines](/wiki/Winning_Lines "Winning Lines")* programme for [BBC One](/wiki/BBC_One "BBC One") between June 2001 and October 2004\. Between 2002 and 2006, he co\-hosted the BBC quiz show *[Test the Nation](/wiki/Test_the_Nation "Test the Nation")* with [Anne Robinson](/wiki/Anne_Robinson "Anne Robinson"). In July 2006, he signed an exclusive two\-year contract with ITV, reported to have been worth £5 million. The exclusive deal also meant he could no longer present *Test the Nation*, and he was replaced by [Danny Wallace](/wiki/Danny_Wallace_%28humorist%29 "Danny Wallace (humorist)").{{cite news \|last\=Wilkes \|first\=Neil \|date\=22 July 2006 \|title\=Schofield signs golden handcuffs ITV deal \|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a35131/schofield\-signs\-golden\-handcuffs\-itv\-deal/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604130940/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a35131/schofield\-signs\-golden\-handcuffs\-itv\-deal/ \|archive\-date\=4 June 2023 \|work\=Digital Spy}}
### 1993–2023: ITV presenting
[thumb\|Schofield and [Holly Willoughby](/wiki/Holly_Willoughby "Holly Willoughby") with Prime Minister [David Cameron](/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") on the set of [*This Morning*](/wiki/This_Morning_%28TV_programme%29 "This Morning (TV programme)") in 2012, a programme Schofield co\-presented with Willoughby between 2009 and 2023In](/wiki/File:PM_on_set_of_%27This_Morning%27_%289237728689%29.jpg "PM on set of 'This Morning' (9237728689).jpg") August 2002, Schofield became a presenter on the ITV daytime show *[This Morning](/wiki/This_Morning_%28TV_programme%29 "This Morning (TV programme)")*, joining [John Leslie](/wiki/John_Leslie_%28TV_presenter%29 "John Leslie (TV presenter)") and [Fern Britton](/wiki/Fern_Britton "Fern Britton") on Fridays.{{cite news \|last\=Wilkes \|first\=Neil \|title\=Schofield to join 'This Morning' \|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a8812/schofield\-to\-join\-quotthis\-morningquot/ \|access\-date\=5 March 2023 \|work\=Digital Spy \|date\=14 August 2002}} In October of that year, Leslie stepped aside from the programme after allegations about his personal life, and Schofield replaced him as Britton's co\-host, first on a temporary and then a permanent basis.{{Cite news \|last\=Deans \|first\=Jason \|date\=18 December 2002 \|title\=Schofield signs up for This Morning \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/dec/18/broadcasting \|access\-date\=4 June 2023 \|issn\=0261\-3077}}{{Cite news \|last\=Day \|first\=Julia \|date\=25 October 2002 \|title\=Schofield plugs the gap on This Morning \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/oct/25/broadcasting1 \|access\-date\=4 June 2023 \|issn\=0261\-3077}} In May 2008, Schofield's father died from a long\-standing heart condition, after which Schofield took a break from presenting *This Morning*. [John Barrowman](/wiki/John_Barrowman "John Barrowman") stood in for him until his return. In 2009, [Holly Willoughby](/wiki/Holly_Willoughby "Holly Willoughby") replaced Britton as Schofield's co\-host. Schofield and Willoughby had a close friendship, with Schofield describing her as "the sister he never had", and they presented the programme together from Monday to Thursday mornings until Schofield's departure in May 2023 and Willougby's departure four months later in October 2023\.
During his 2005 *[Room 101](/wiki/Room_101_%28British_TV_series%29 "Room 101 (British TV series)")* appearance, Schofield made an attempt to place Gordon in Room 101 (i.e., consign him to the past), but in an audience vote Gordon was spared. Gordon also made a brief appearance with Schofield during a 1980s\-themed edition of *Dancing on Ice* in February 2009\. He also made a brief appearance on 5 February 2012 edition. Gordon appeared on *This Morning* on 13 September 2010 to celebrate Schofield's 25th anniversary of first presenting CBBC. Schofield said "I miss him".{{cite news \|title\=Schofield reunited with Gordon the Gopher \|url\=http://www.u.tv/entertainment/Schofield\-reunited\-with\-Gordon\-the\-Gopher/b57bda55\-0e58\-4b59\-a156\-5a24b8d5e416 \|accessdate\=12 June 2011 \|publisher\=\[\[UTV Media\|UTV]]}}{{cite news \|title\=Gordon The Gopher surprises Schof \|url\=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local\-national/uk/gordon\-the\-gopher\-surprises\-schof\-14947832\.html \|accessdate\=12 June 2011 \|work\=\[\[Belfast Telegraph]]}} Starting in 2005, Schofield presented two series of *[Have I Been Here Before?](/wiki/Have_I_Been_Here_Before%3F "Have I Been Here Before?")*, a daytime programme in which a celebrity attempted to use [regression](/wiki/Past_life_regression "Past life regression") to get in touch with a [previous life](/wiki/Previous_life "Previous life").
From 2006 to 2023, he presented *[The British Soap Awards](/wiki/The_British_Soap_Awards "The British Soap Awards")*. Between 2006 and 2008, he hosted the programme with Britton. During the run of the ITV reality show *[I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!](/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here%21_%28British_TV_series%29 "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British TV series)")*, he co\-hosted the spin\-off series *I'm a Celebrity, Get Me out of Here! Exclusive* with [Sheree Murphy](/wiki/Sheree_Murphy "Sheree Murphy"). The show lasted one series. In 2006, Schofield presented two episodes of the ITV game show *[It's Now or Never](/wiki/It%27s_Now_or_Never_%28game_show%29 "It's Now or Never (game show)")*, before the network cancelled the show, due to poor ratings.{{cite news \|url\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5220338\.stm \|title\=ITV swiftly axes primetime show \|website\=BBC News \|date\=27 July 2006 \|access\-date\=23 January 2016}} In April 2008, he and Britton began hosting a revival of the ITV game show *[Mr and Mrs](/wiki/Mr_and_Mrs_%28TV_series%29 "Mr and Mrs (TV series)")*, renamed as *[All Star Mr \& Mrs](/wiki/All_Star_Mr_%26_Mrs "All Star Mr & Mrs")*. In 2010, the show took a break but returned in 2012 without Britton.
Schofield presented *[Dancing on Ice](/wiki/Dancing_on_Ice "Dancing on Ice")* on ITV with Willoughby from 2006 until 2011 and [Christine Bleakley](/wiki/Christine_Bleakley "Christine Bleakley") from 2012 until 2014\. It was announced in the summer of 2013 that *Dancing on Ice* was to come to an end following the 2014 series.{{cite web \|last\=Jeffery \|first\=Morgan \|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\-tv/a495270/itv\-to\-replace\-dancing\-on\-ice\-with\-juggernaut\-entertainment\-series/ \|title\=ITV to replace 'Dancing on Ice' with "juggernaut entertainment series" \|work\=Digital Spy \|date\=3 July 2013 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-date\=10 February 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210130404/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\-tv/a495270/itv\-to\-replace\-dancing\-on\-ice\-with\-juggernaut\-entertainment\-series/}}{{cite web \|last\=Eames \|first\=Tom \|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\-tv/a483164/dancing\-on\-ice\-to\-air\-final\-series\-in\-2014\-confirms\-torvill\-and\-dean/ \|title\='Dancing on Ice' to air final series in 2014, confirms Torvill and Dean \|work\=Digital Spy \|date\=21 May 2013 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-date\=30 September 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930153936/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\-tv/a483164/dancing\-on\-ice\-to\-air\-final\-series\-in\-2014\-confirms\-torvill\-and\-dean/}} Schofield returned to co\-present the show with Willoughby in 2018 following ITV's choice to bring the series back after four years away. From 2009 until 2015, he presented the primetime game show *[The Cube](/wiki/The_Cube_%28British_game_show%29 "The Cube (British game show)"),* which offered contestants the chance to win a top prize of £250,000\. Schofield returned to present the show in 2020 following ITV's choice to reboot the series after five years away, although it was later put on hiatus again in 2022\. The only winner of the series was runner [Mo Farah](/wiki/Mo_Farah "Mo Farah"), who successfully completed the final game on an episode of a 2012 celebrity series in which British gold medallist athletes competed for charity.
Schofield hosted *[A Night of Heroes: The Sun Military Awards](/wiki/A_Night_of_Heroes:The_Sun_Military_Awards "The Sun Military Awards")* with [Amanda Holden](/wiki/Amanda_Holden "Amanda Holden") from 2009 until 2014\. In 2010 and 2011, Schofield hosted the annual comedy show *[The Comedy Annual](/wiki/The_Comedy_Annual "The Comedy Annual")* on ITV. From 2011 until 2015, He co\-hosted the Christmas charity show *[Text Santa](/wiki/Text_Santa "Text Santa")* on ITV with Bleakley in 2011, 2014 and 2015 and Willoughby in 2012 and 2013\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\-releases/itv%E2%80%99s\-star\-line\-bigger\-and\-better\-text\-santa\|title\=ITV's star line\-up for bigger and better Text Santa\|website\=Press Centre}} In December 2014, he undertook a live 24\-hour TV marathon to raise money for *Text Santa*,{{cite web \|date\=3 November 2014 \|title\=Phillip Schofield 24 hour live TV marathon for Text Santa \|url\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\-releases/phillip\-schofield\-24\-hour\-live\-tv\-marathon\-text\-santa \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106010456/https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\-releases/phillip\-schofield\-24\-hour\-live\-tv\-marathon\-text\-santa \|archive\-date\=6 November 2014 \|access\-date\=23 January 2016 \|work\=ITV Press Centre}}{{cite news \|date\=2 December 2014 \|title\=Phillip Schofield completes 24\-hour TV marathon \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\-arts\-30289977 \|website\=BBC News}} where, as well as appearing on *This Morning*, he appeared on various other programmes throughout the day, including being a guest panellist on *[Loose Women](/wiki/Loose_Women "Loose Women")*.
In March 2014, Schofield narrated the one\-off [ITV2](/wiki/ITV2 "ITV2") show *[Educating Joey Essex](/wiki/Educating_Joey_Essex "Educating Joey Essex")*. The show was commissioned for a full series which was aired throughout 2014\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\-tv/a553755/joey\-essex\-itv2\-africa\-series\-title\-revealed\-phillip\-schofield\-to\-narrate/ \|first\=Tom \|last\=Eames \|date\=25 February 2014 \|title\=Joey Essex ITV2 Africa series title revealed, Phillip Schofield to narrate \|work\=Digital Spy \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-date\=28 July 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728064543/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\-tv/a553755/joey\-essex\-itv2\-africa\-series\-title\-revealed\-phillip\-schofield\-to\-narrate/}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv\-news/phillip\-schofield\-narrate\-educating\-joey\-3184125 \|title\=Phillip Schofield to narrate Educating Joey Essex which sees the reality star travelling to Africa \|first\=Carl \|last\=Greenwood \|work\=Daily Mirror \|date\=26 February 2014}} The show was commissioned for a seven\-part second series, filming began in April 2016, and the series aired in summer 2016 with the first episode titled "The Queen's 90th Birthday". He presented two series of the primetime game show *[You're Back in the Room](/wiki/You%27re_Back_in_the_Room "You're Back in the Room")* for ITV in 2015 and 2016\.{{cite web \|date\=21 August 2014 \|title\=You're Back In The Room \|url\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\-releases/you%E2%80%99re\-back\-room \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826175917/https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\-releases/you%E2%80%99re\-back\-room \|archive\-date\=26 August 2014 \|access\-date\=23 January 2016 \|work\=ITV Press Centre}} In 2018, Schofield and Willoughby made a cameo appearance on *[Coronation Street](/wiki/Coronation_Street "Coronation Street")*, when they interviewed [Rosie Webster](/wiki/Rosie_Webster "Rosie Webster"), [Craig Tinker](/wiki/Craig_Tinker "Craig Tinker") and [Gemma Winter](/wiki/Gemma_Winter "Gemma Winter") on *This Morning* after their role in a drugs bust at Underworld.
In 2016, Schofield travelled to South Africa with his wife Stephanie Lowe, as part of a series of short clips for *This Morning*. Following this, ITV aired three thirty\-minute episodes in a primetime slot, called *[Schofield's South African Adventure](/wiki/Phillip_Schofield%27s_South_African_Adventure "Phillip Schofield's South African Adventure")*. Since March 2017, he has presented *[5 Gold Rings](/wiki/5_Gold_Rings "5 Gold Rings")*, a new game show format for ITV.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\-releases/phillip\-schofield\-host\-brand\-new\-itv\-quiz\-show\-5\-gold\-rings\|title\=Phillip Schofield to host brand new ITV quiz show 5 Gold Rings\|website\=Press Centre}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a818762/phillip\-schofield\-itv\-gameshow\-five\-gold\-rings/\|title\=Phillip Schofield lands another new ITV gameshow called 5 Gold Rings\|website\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|date\=11 January 2017\|last\=Mitchell\|first\=Bea\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=14 February 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214061549/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a818762/phillip\-schofield\-itv\-gameshow\-five\-gold\-rings/}} In 2017, Schofield presented three\-part factual series *How To Spend It Well at Christmas with Phillip Schofield* in which he tested the latest must\-have festive gifts. The series concluded in 2022\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\-releases/itv\-announces\-new\-consumer\-series\-how\-spend\-it\-well\-christmas\-wt\|title\=ITV announces new consumer series – How To Spend It Well At Christmas \[W/T]\|website\=Press Centre}}
From 2011 to 2022, Schofield was involved in several television programmes about the [British royal family](/wiki/British_royal_family "British royal family"). In April 2011 and June 2012, Schofield co\-hosted ITV's coverage of [Prince William and Catherine Middleton's wedding](/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton "Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton") and the [Queen's Diamond Jubilee](/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II "Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II") with [Julie Etchingham](/wiki/Julie_Etchingham "Julie Etchingham"), and in May 2018 they co\-hosted ITV's coverage of [Prince Harry \& Meghan Markle's wedding](/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Harry_and_Meghan_Markle "Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle"). In 2016, Schofield worked with [Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh](/wiki/Prince_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh "Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh") on the programme *When Phillip Met Prince Philip: 60 Years of [The Duke of Edinburgh's Award](/wiki/The_Duke_of_Edinburgh%27s_Award "The Duke of Edinburgh's Award")* to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the youth awards programme. Following [Prince Phillip's death in April 2021](/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Prince_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh "Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh"), Schofield co\-hosted the ITV tribute programme *Prince Philip, Fondly Remembered* with Etchingham. During the [Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II](/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II "Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II"), Schofield presented two programmes celebrating the occasion; first with Willoughby on *This Morning* at [Windsor Castle](/wiki/Windsor_Castle "Windsor Castle") and secondly the ITV programme *The Queen's Platinum Jubilee Celebration*, co\-hosted by Etchingham.
#### David Cameron interview
Amid the [Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal](/wiki/Jimmy_Savile_sexual_abuse_scandal "Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal") on 8 November 2012, Schofield interviewed then prime minister [David Cameron](/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") on *This Morning* and presented him with a list he had obtained from the internet of five people named as paedophiles in connection with the [North Wales child abuse scandal](/wiki/North_Wales_child_abuse_scandal "North Wales child abuse scandal").{{cite news \|date\=9 November 2012 \|title\=Phillip Schofield 'paedophile list' move criticised by Cameron \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-politics\-20265581 \|access\-date\=9 November 2012 \|website\=BBC News}} The names of several former senior Conservative politicians were visible on the list.{{cite news \|last\=Burrell \|first\=Ian \|date\=8 November 2012 \|title\=Downing Street attacks Phillip Schofield for ambushing Prime Minister with internet\-sourced list of suspected paedophiles \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/downing\-street\-attacks\-phillip\-schofield\-for\-ambushing\-prime\-minister\-with\-internetsourced\-list\-of\-suspected\-paedophiles\-8297661\.html \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/downing\-street\-attacks\-phillip\-schofield\-for\-ambushing\-prime\-minister\-with\-internetsourced\-list\-of\-suspected\-paedophiles\-8297661\.html \|archive\-date\=26 May 2022 \|access\-date\=8 November 2012 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Independent]]}} Cameron responded by warning against a witchhunt, "particularly about people who are gay".{{cite web \|last\=Mulholland \|first\=Helene \|date\=8 November 2012 \|title\=David Cameron warns against 'witch\-hunt' amid paedophilia allegations \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/nov/08/david\-cameron\-warns\-witch\-hunt\-paedophilia \|access\-date\=2 June 2023 \|work\=The Guardian}} Schofield was widely criticised for his action, with broadcaster [Jonathan Dimbleby](/wiki/Jonathan_Dimbleby "Jonathan Dimbleby") describing his behaviour as "cretinous".{{cite news \|last\=Mason \|first\=Rowena \|date\=8 November 2012 \|title\=Phillip Schofield reported to Ofcom over paedophile list \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david\-cameron/9665470/Phillip\-Schofield\-reported\-to\-Ofcom\-over\-paedophile\-list.html \|newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]]}} ITV's director of television, [Peter Fincham](/wiki/Peter_Fincham "Peter Fincham"), said that Schofield was "wrong" in confronting Cameron and the broadcaster had agreed to co\-operate fully with government regulator [Ofcom](/wiki/Ofcom "Ofcom")'s investigation into the matter. The investigation was initiated after Ofcom received 415 complaints from viewers. Schofield later apologised, blaming a misjudged camera angle. Schofield and ITV later paid £125,000 compensation to settle a libel suit from one of those falsely accused, [Alistair McAlpine, Baron McAlpine of West Green](/wiki/Alistair_McAlpine%2C_Baron_McAlpine_of_West_Green "Alistair McAlpine, Baron McAlpine of West Green").{{cite web \|last\=Gover \|first\=Dominic \|date\=22 November 2012 \|title\=Lord McAlpine Wins £125,000 from ITV for Philip Schofield Child Sex Smears \|url\=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/mcalpine\-paedophile\-itv\-wrong\-407659}}
#### Boris Johnson selfie
In December 2019, during the [2019 general election](/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election"), Schofield and Willoughby were criticised for a "giggly" interview with then prime minister [Boris Johnson](/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson").{{Cite web \|last\=Sansome \|first\=Jessica \|date\=7 December 2019 \|title\=ITV's This Morning receives official complaints from outraged viewers over interview with Boris Johnson \|url\=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/tv/itvs\-morning\-receives\-official\-complaints\-17381521 \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=Manchester Evening News \|language\=en}} The co\-hosts' decision to take a [selfie](/wiki/Selfie "Selfie") with Johnson was also criticised, and viewers raised a "lack of professionalism" and "clear bias". Schofield defended the stunt writing: "Can I point out that if Mr Corbyn had asked for a selfie, we would have happily obliged."{{Cite web \|last\=Brewis \|first\=Harriet \|date\=5 December 2019 \|title\=Schofield defends PM selfie saying 'we'd have done it with Corbyn' \|url\=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity\-news/phillip\-schofield\-defends\-boris\-johnson\-holly\-willoughby\-selfie\-this\-morning\-a4305996\.html \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=Evening Standard \|language\=en}} Viewers argued that the pair had been more critical when interviewing [Jeremy Corbyn](/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn "Jeremy Corbyn"), who faced repeated calls to apologise for accusations of [antisemitism in the Labour Party](/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Labour_Party "Antisemitism in the Labour Party").{{Cite web \|last\=Carter \|first\=Helen \|date\=5 December 2019 \|title\=This Morning presenters slammed for 'selfie' with Boris Johnson \|url\=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/uk\-news/this\-morning\-boris\-johnson\-interview\-17368878 \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=Manchester Evening News \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|date\=5 December 2019 \|title\=Phillip Schofield Defends 'Shameful' Selfie With Boris Johnson \|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/phillip\-schofield\-holly\-willoughby\-boris\-johnson\-selfie\-this\-morning\_uk\_5de91ee9e4b00149f73ce307 \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=HuffPost \|language\=en}} Viewers noted that [Islamophobia in the Conservative Party](/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_Conservative_Party "Islamophobia in the Conservative Party") was not raised with Johnson. Ofcom received 149 complaints.{{Cite web \|last\=Tabberer \|first\=Jamie \|date\=6 December 2019 \|title\=This Morning's Boris Johnson interview racks up 150 Ofcom complaints \|url\=https://metro.co.uk/2019/12/06/holly\-willoughby\-and\-phillip\-schofields\-this\-morning\-interview\-with\-boris\-johnson\-sparks\-150\-ofcom\-complaints\-11295172/ \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=Metro \|language\=en}}
#### Energy bills "spin to win" controversy
On 5 September 2022, *This Morning* included a new prize of "energy bills" in their regular "spin to win" game. The prize equated to four months of payments, up to £400 each month. When a contestant failed to provide the qualifying passcode on air *This Morning* ended the phone call, prompting Willoughby to say, "Well, we're not going to make Joyce's dreams come true."{{Citation \|title\=This Morning – Monday 5 Sept 10am \|url\=https://www.itv.com/hub/this\-morning/2a6292a0922 \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|language\=en}} Schofield replied, "Well it's her fault." Schofield asked the first qualifying contestant if they were "worried" about energy bills and the contestant replied that "it's absolutely murder" having a prepayment meter.{{Cite web \|date\=5 September 2022 \|title\=This Morning viewers alarmed by 'dystopian' Spin to Win energy bill prize \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/tv/news/this\-morning\-energy\-bills\-spin\-to\-win\-b2160065\.html \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=The Independent \|language\=en}} The inclusion of bill payments was compared to *[Black Mirror](/wiki/Black_Mirror "Black Mirror")* or *[The Hunger Games](/wiki/The_Hunger_Games "The Hunger Games")*.{{Cite web \|last\=Dalziel \|first\=Magdalene \|date\=5 September 2022 \|title\=This Morning viewers blast 'disgusting' viewer comp to win cost of energy bills \|url\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/itv\-morning\-viewers\-blast\-disgusting\-27911694 \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=Daily Record \|language\=en}} Coverage from [Sky News](/wiki/Sky_News "Sky News") asked "Is Russia using Phillip Schofield for propaganda?" after the game was reported on Russian state television.{{Cite web \|date\=7 September 2022 \|title\=This Morning's 'dystopian' energy bills Spin to Win game gets 170 Ofcom complaints \|url\=https://www.nationalworld.com/lifestyle/money/this\-morning\-viewers\-shocked\-dystopian\-spin\-to\-wheel\-prize\-breach\-ofcom\-broadcasting\-rules\-3833087 \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=nationalworld.com \|language\=en}} British politician [Mary Kelly Foy](/wiki/Mary_Kelly_Foy "Mary Kelly Foy") tweeted:
> I'm disgusted that @thismorning have used people being unable to afford their energy bills as some kind of twisted gameshow. The producers need to rethink this immediately! Everyone deserves dignity, especially if they're struggling.{{Cite web \|date\=5 September 2022 \|title\=This Morning criticised as 'dystopian' for offering viewers the chance to have their energy bills paid \|url\=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/morning\-criticised\-dystopian\-offering\-viewers\-145730585\.html \|access\-date\=2022\-09\-08 \|publisher\=Yahoo! Sports \|language\=en\-GB}}
On 6 September 2022, Schofield referenced the controversy by saying, "I wonder how much of that they can complain about online."{{Cite web \|last\=Lawes \|first\=Ruth \|date\=7 September 2022 \|title\=This Morning's 'tone\-deaf' energy bills segment slammed with Ofcom complaints \|url\=https://metro.co.uk/2022/09/07/this\-morning\-spin\-to\-win\-slammed\-with\-ofcom\-complaints\-17316373/ \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=Metro \|language\=en}} Ofcom received 170 complaints about the segment and it prompted widespread criticism from viewers and commentators.{{Cite web \|last\=Tutton \|first\=Charlotte \|date\=7 September 2022 \|title\=This Morning scraps 'tone\-deaf' Spin to Win prize after backlash and host's jibe \|url\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv\-news/morning\-scraps\-tone\-deaf\-spin\-27929798 \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=mirror \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|date\=7 September 2022 \|title\=Audience complaints \|url\=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about\-ofcom/latest/bulletins/audience\-complaints \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=Ofcom \|language\=en}} Ofcom's broadcasting code states that: "We would strongly advise broadcasters not to present a monetary prize as a possible resolution of financial difficulty." On 7 September 2022, the prize was removed without comment from ITV.
#### Queuegate controversy
Amid the [Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II](/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II "Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II"), Schofield and Willoughby drew criticism for not joining [the Queue for the lying\-in\-state of Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queue_for_the_lying-in-state_of_Elizabeth_II "Queue for the lying-in-state of Elizabeth II") with the public, when filming at [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II "Queen Elizabeth II")'s lying\-in\-state in [Westminster Hall](/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster "Palace of Westminster") on 17 September 2022\.{{Cite web \|date\=17 September 2022 \|title\=Holly Willoughby and Philip Schofield criticised for 'jumping queue' to see Queen \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/tv/news/holly\-willoughby\-philip\-schofield\-b2169430\.html \|access\-date\=17 September 2022 \|website\=The Independent \|language\=en}} ITV said that Schofield and Willougby were escorted from the [press gallery](/wiki/Press_gallery "Press gallery") by government staff and did not file past the Queen's coffin. Social media users contrasted this with the actions of former prime minister [Theresa May](/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") and other celebrities including [David Beckham](/wiki/David_Beckham "David Beckham"), [Susanna Reid](/wiki/Susanna_Reid "Susanna Reid") and [Tim Vine](/wiki/Tim_Vine "Tim Vine"), all of whom queued for many hours with members of the general public. [Online petitions](/wiki/Online_petition "Online petition") were also organised calling for the pair to be sacked.
#### Toxic culture at *This Morning*
Schofield wrote in his memoir that in 2009, Britton accused him of meddling in the show and left because of this.{{cite news \|date\=2 June 2023 \|title\=Everything we know about the Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby 'fall\-out' \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/tv/news/holly\-willoughby\-phillip\-schofield\-fallout\-timeline\-b2350179\.html \|work\=The Independent \|language\=en}} Since the departure of Schofield and the revelation of his extramarital affair with a much younger male ITV co\-worker, several people involved in the show have alleged a [toxic culture operated](/wiki/Toxic_workplace "Toxic workplace"). Ruth Langsford made a complaint to ITV while she worked there.{{cite news \|last1\=Duke \|first1\=Simon \|date\=29 May 2023 \|title\=Ruth Langsford made Phillip Schofield complaint to ITV bosses \|url\=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/tv/ruth\-langsford\-complaint\-phillip\-schofield\-27017286 \|work\=ChronicleLive \|language\=en}} [Eamonn Holmes](/wiki/Eamonn_Holmes "Eamonn Holmes") stated Schofield was "a narcissist and a bully at the centre of the toxicity."{{cite news \|last1\=Chappell \|first1\=Mario Ledwith, Peter \|date\=2 June 2023 \|title\=Eamonn Holmes brands Phillip Schofield 'narcissist' after This Morning defence \|url\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ranj\-singh\-itvs\-this\-morning\-housed\-toxic\-culture\-9ct5cr3cn \|language\=en}} Media personality and singer [Kerry Katona](/wiki/Kerry_Katona "Kerry Katona") described it as "fake" and her interview (as a guest) by Schofield and Willoughby "belittling".{{cite news \|date\=2 June 2023 \|title\=Kerry Katona brands This Morning 'fake' as she talks 'belittling' Schofield interview \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/tv/news/kerry\-katona\-this\-morning\-interview\-phillip\-schofield\-b2350167\.html \|work\=The Independent \|language\=en}} Television personality and cleaner [Kim Woodburn](/wiki/Kim_Woodburn "Kim Woodburn"), who appeared on the show after leaving the *[Celebrity Big Brother](/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_%28British_TV_series%29 "Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series)")* house, branded Schofield and Willoughby "phoney" and "two\-faced" on the show.{{cite news \|date\=20 May 2023 \|title\=Kim Woodburn hits out at Holly Willoughby over Phillip Schofield 'feud' \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/tv/news/kim\-woodburn\-holly\-willoughby\-phillip\-schofield\-feud\-b2342600\.html \|work\=The Independent \|language\=en}} Dr [Ranj Singh](/wiki/Ranj_Singh "Ranj Singh") said in 2023 he had made an official complaint of a toxic culture and been managed out.{{cite news \|last1\=Sheridan \|first1\=Danielle \|date\=28 May 2023 \|title\=Former This Morning doctor reveals 'toxic culture' on ITV show \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/05/28/this\-morning\-doctor\-ranj\-reveals\-toxic\-culture\-itv\-show/ \|work\=The Telegraph}} ITV confirmed an external adviser carried out an investigation in 2021\.{{cite news \|last1\=Cooney \|first1\=Christy \|date\=28 May 2023 \|title\=Ex\-This Morning doctor Ranj Singh says culture on show became 'toxic' \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/may/28/ex\-this\-morning\-doctor\-ranj\-singh\-says\-culture\-on\-show\-became\-toxic \|work\=The Guardian}} Former [Secretary of State for Culture](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Culture "Secretary of State for Culture") [Nadine Dorries](/wiki/Nadine_Dorries "Nadine Dorries") questioned the culture and working practices of the show.{{cite news \|last1\=Hyde \|first1\=Marina \|date\=30 May 2023 \|title\=MPs are right: This Morning is a hotbed of scandal. Thank goodness parliament isn't \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/may/30/mps\-this\-morning\-parliament\-daytime\-tv \|work\=The Guardian}} Questions over safeguarding and complaint handling by ITV were raised generally and on 14 June [Carolyn McCall](/wiki/Carolyn_McCall "Carolyn McCall") answered to MPs on the [Culture, Media and Sport Committee](/wiki/Culture%2C_Media_and_Sport_Committee "Culture, Media and Sport Committee").{{cite news \|last1\=Hope \|first1\=Christopher \|date\=30 May 2023 \|title\=ITV to face grilling by MPs over Phillip Schofield affair \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/05/30/phillip\-schofield\-itv\-parliamentary\-committee\-this\-morning/ \|work\=The Telegraph}}{{cite news \|last1\=Moran \|first1\=Caitlin \|date\=2 June 2023 \|title\=ITV1 faces what we might call the Schofepocalypse \|url\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/caitlin\-moran\-celebrity\-watch\-phillip\-schofield\-itv\-zm8xllshs \|language\=en}}{{cite web \|date\=1 June 2023 \|title\=ITV chief executive Dame Carolyn McCall called to give evidence to Committee \|url\=https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/378/culture\-media\-and\-sport\-committee/news/195488/itv\-chief\-executive\-dame\-carolyn\-mccall\-called\-to\-give\-evidence\-to\-committee/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603035937/https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/378/culture\-media\-and\-sport\-committee/news/195488/itv\-chief\-executive\-dame\-carolyn\-mccall\-called\-to\-give\-evidence\-to\-committee/ \|archive\-date\=3 June 2023 \|access\-date\=5 June 2023 \|publisher\=Parliament of the United Kingdom \|language\=en}} *Loose Women* panellist [Carol McGiffin](/wiki/Carol_McGiffin "Carol McGiffin") said *This Morning* was "tainted" and her colleagues did not like the show or Schofield's handover to them.{{cite news \|date\=2 June 2023 \|title\=Carol McGiffin says 'tainted' This Morning can't go on \|url\=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/carol\-mcgiffin\-tainted\-this\-morning\-cant\-go\-on\-110337771\.html \|work\=Yahoo News}} A former production staff member also criticised the working culture which led to her resignation.{{cite web \|date\=2 June 2023 \|title\=I quit my TV executive job at ITV's This Morning in a feminist protest at the toxic, sexist culture I witnessed there \|url\=https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/i\-quit\-my\-job\-at\-itvs\-this\-morning\-over\-sexism \|website\=Glamour UK}} Schofield,{{cite news \|last1\=Bryant \|first1\=Miranda \|date\=29 May 2023 \|title\=Phillip Schofield denies claims of 'toxic' culture on This Morning \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/may/29/phillip\-schofield\-denies\-claims\-of\-toxic\-culture\-on\-this\-morning \|work\=The Guardian}} [Alison Hammond](/wiki/Alison_Hammond "Alison Hammond") and [Dermot O'Leary](/wiki/Dermot_O%27Leary "Dermot O'Leary"){{cite news \|date\=29 May 2023 \|title\=This Morning presenters defend show from "toxic" culture allegations \|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\-tv/a44029725/this\-morning\-presenters\-defend\-toxic\-culture\-allegations/ \|work\=Digital Spy}} all denied allegations of a toxic culture.{{cite news \|date\=29 May 2023 \|title\=Phillip Schofield row: This Morning hosts defend show \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\-arts\-65745586 \|work\=BBC News}}
### Return to television
After a 16\-month break from the public eye, it was announced, on 25 September 2024, that Schofield would return on [Channel 5](/wiki/Channel_5_%28British_TV_channel%29 "Channel 5 (British TV channel)")'s reality show *Cast Away* which would see him left stranded on an island alone for 10 days, without a film crew and filming his experience himself. The series was set to begin on 30 September and would air over three 60\-minute episodes.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.tvzoneuk.com/post/castaway\-phillipschofieldann1\|title\=CAST AWAY: PHILLIP SCHOFIELD REVEALED AS MYSTERY CELEBRITY TAKING PART IN CHANNEL 5 SERIES\|website\=www.tvzoneuk.com\|accessdate\=25 September 2024}} The first episode prompted mixed reactions.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/tvfilm/phillip\-schofield\-cast\-away\-channel\-5\-review\-b1184973\.html\|title\=Phillip Schofield Cast Away on Channel 5: eminently queasy viewing\|first\=Vicky\|last\=Jessop\|date\=30 September 2024\|website\=Evening Standard\|accessdate\=4 October 2024}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/tv/news/phillip\-schofield\-cast\-away\-nudity\-b2622929\.html\|title\=Phillip Schofield Cast Away viewers make same complaint about brief moment in finale\|date\=4 October 2024\|website\=The Independent\|accessdate\=4 October 2024}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/tv\-and\-radio/2024/sep/30/cast\-away\-review\-phillip\-schofield\-is\-an\-incredibly\-bitter\-man\-but\-he\-sure\-knows\-how\-to\-entertain\|title\=Cast Away review – Phillip Schofield is an incredibly bitter man (but he sure knows how to entertain)\|first\=Stuart\|last\=Heritage\|date\=30 September 2024\|accessdate\=4 October 2024\|via\=The Guardian}} Schofield suggested it would be his last television appearance.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/czxdwv4v1p7o\|title\=Phillip Schofield says Cast Away will be his last TV appearance\|date\=28 September 2024\|website\=BBC News\|accessdate\=4 October 2024}} Following the final episode of the series, aired on 3 October, Schofield addressed his "haters", speaking about "toxic" people in his life and his brother Timothy. During the episode, Schofield bared his backside as he ran into the sea for a night\-time swim, in a scene that many viewers complained about on social media.[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/tv/news/phillip\-schofield\-brother\-cast\-away\-b2624284\.html](https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/phillip-schofield-brother-cast-away-b2624284.html)
|
[
"Television career\n-----------------",
"### 1985–1993, 2001–2006: BBC presenting",
"[thumb\\|Schofield appeared on Children's BBC programmes with [Gordon the Gopher](/wiki/Gordon_the_Gopher \"Gordon the Gopher\") (pictured)](/wiki/File:Gordon_the_Gopher.jpg \"Gordon the Gopher.jpg\")\nAged 19, Schofield moved with his family to New Zealand, where he made his television debut as the initial presenter of the youth music programme *[Shazam!](/wiki/Shazam%21_%28New_Zealand_TV_series%29 \"Shazam! (New Zealand TV series)\")* on 23 February 1982\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nzonscreen.com/title/shazam\\-1982/series\\|title\\=Shazam! series\\|work\\=NZ On Screen\\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2012}} He also spent two years working for the Auckland\\-based radio station [Radio Hauraki](/wiki/Radio_Hauraki \"Radio Hauraki\").",
"In 1985, he returned to Britain, where he became the first in\\-vision [continuity presenter](/wiki/Continuity_%28broadcasting%29 \"Continuity (broadcasting)\") for [Children's BBC (CBBC)](/wiki/CBBC \"CBBC\") on weekdays for two years from September 1985 in [The Broom Cupboard](/wiki/Children%27s_BBC_presentation \"Children's BBC presentation\"), the former studio presentation for the [BBC Children's](/wiki/BBC_Children%27s \"BBC Children's\") services, which introduced his friend and colleague [Gordon the Gopher](/wiki/Gordon_the_Gopher \"Gordon the Gopher\").{{cite news \\|title\\=The CBBC Broom Cupboard – 25 Years of live Children's BBC presentation \\|url\\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/broom\\_cupboard/ \\|accessdate\\=12 June 2011 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]]}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/broom\\_cupboard/12330\\.shtml?page\\=3 \\|title\\=The CBBC Broom Cupboard \\|work\\=BBC Archive \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430063658/http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/broom\\_cupboard/12330\\.shtml?page\\=3 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 April 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Schofield left The Broom Cupboard in 1987, with [Andy Crane](/wiki/Andy_Crane \"Andy Crane\") succeeding him in the role. He then presented *[Going Live!](/wiki/Going_Live%21 \"Going Live!\")* on Saturday mornings between September 1987 and April 1993\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Phillip's Biography Page \\|url\\=http://www.officialphillipschofield.com/category/biography/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123131204/http://www.officialphillipschofield.com/category/biography/ \\|archive\\-date\\=23 January 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=3 February 2009 \\|website\\=Pfficialphillipschofield.com}} From 1988 to 1991, he was the host of the *[Smash Hits Poll Winners Party](/wiki/Smash_Hits_Poll_Winners_Party \"Smash Hits Poll Winners Party\")*, a pop\\-magazine awards show. In the early 1990s, Schofield moved to adult\\-orientated television with various programmes for [ITV](/wiki/ITV_%28TV_network%29 \"ITV (TV network)\"), such as *Schofield's Quest*, *Schofield's TV Gold* and *[Ten Ball](/wiki/Tenball \"Tenball\")*. From 1994 to 1997, he presented *[Talking Telephone Numbers](/wiki/Talking_Telephone_Numbers \"Talking Telephone Numbers\")* for five series, and in 1996 he hosted a show about remarkable coincidences called *One in a Million*. He co\\-authored the book that came out of the series.",
"In 1991, Schofield hosted a series named after Gordon which was shown on CBBC on [BBC One](/wiki/BBC_One \"BBC One\") and [BBC Two](/wiki/BBC_Two \"BBC Two\") and ran from 3 January 1991 to 28 March 1991, only lasting for a series of 13 episodes. The series was shown twice on BBC One, the first time being in January to March 1991 and again from 26 October to 21 December 1992\\. It continued where BBC Two left off with lunchtime repeats in Summer 1991\\. BBC Two have also repeated the series at lunchtimes four times from 18 June to 23 July 1991, 20 September to 6 December 1993, 9 March to 1 June 1994, and 17 January 1995 to 28 March 1995\\. It has not been repeated since 28 March 1995 on the BBC.",
"In the following decade, Schofield presented the *[National Lottery Winning Lines](/wiki/Winning_Lines \"Winning Lines\")* programme for [BBC One](/wiki/BBC_One \"BBC One\") between June 2001 and October 2004\\. Between 2002 and 2006, he co\\-hosted the BBC quiz show *[Test the Nation](/wiki/Test_the_Nation \"Test the Nation\")* with [Anne Robinson](/wiki/Anne_Robinson \"Anne Robinson\"). In July 2006, he signed an exclusive two\\-year contract with ITV, reported to have been worth £5 million. The exclusive deal also meant he could no longer present *Test the Nation*, and he was replaced by [Danny Wallace](/wiki/Danny_Wallace_%28humorist%29 \"Danny Wallace (humorist)\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Wilkes \\|first\\=Neil \\|date\\=22 July 2006 \\|title\\=Schofield signs golden handcuffs ITV deal \\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a35131/schofield\\-signs\\-golden\\-handcuffs\\-itv\\-deal/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604130940/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a35131/schofield\\-signs\\-golden\\-handcuffs\\-itv\\-deal/ \\|archive\\-date\\=4 June 2023 \\|work\\=Digital Spy}}",
"### 1993–2023: ITV presenting",
"[thumb\\|Schofield and [Holly Willoughby](/wiki/Holly_Willoughby \"Holly Willoughby\") with Prime Minister [David Cameron](/wiki/David_Cameron \"David Cameron\") on the set of [*This Morning*](/wiki/This_Morning_%28TV_programme%29 \"This Morning (TV programme)\") in 2012, a programme Schofield co\\-presented with Willoughby between 2009 and 2023In](/wiki/File:PM_on_set_of_%27This_Morning%27_%289237728689%29.jpg \"PM on set of 'This Morning' (9237728689).jpg\") August 2002, Schofield became a presenter on the ITV daytime show *[This Morning](/wiki/This_Morning_%28TV_programme%29 \"This Morning (TV programme)\")*, joining [John Leslie](/wiki/John_Leslie_%28TV_presenter%29 \"John Leslie (TV presenter)\") and [Fern Britton](/wiki/Fern_Britton \"Fern Britton\") on Fridays.{{cite news \\|last\\=Wilkes \\|first\\=Neil \\|title\\=Schofield to join 'This Morning' \\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a8812/schofield\\-to\\-join\\-quotthis\\-morningquot/ \\|access\\-date\\=5 March 2023 \\|work\\=Digital Spy \\|date\\=14 August 2002}} In October of that year, Leslie stepped aside from the programme after allegations about his personal life, and Schofield replaced him as Britton's co\\-host, first on a temporary and then a permanent basis.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Deans \\|first\\=Jason \\|date\\=18 December 2002 \\|title\\=Schofield signs up for This Morning \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/dec/18/broadcasting \\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2023 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Day \\|first\\=Julia \\|date\\=25 October 2002 \\|title\\=Schofield plugs the gap on This Morning \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/oct/25/broadcasting1 \\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2023 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} In May 2008, Schofield's father died from a long\\-standing heart condition, after which Schofield took a break from presenting *This Morning*. [John Barrowman](/wiki/John_Barrowman \"John Barrowman\") stood in for him until his return. In 2009, [Holly Willoughby](/wiki/Holly_Willoughby \"Holly Willoughby\") replaced Britton as Schofield's co\\-host. Schofield and Willoughby had a close friendship, with Schofield describing her as \"the sister he never had\", and they presented the programme together from Monday to Thursday mornings until Schofield's departure in May 2023 and Willougby's departure four months later in October 2023\\.",
"During his 2005 *[Room 101](/wiki/Room_101_%28British_TV_series%29 \"Room 101 (British TV series)\")* appearance, Schofield made an attempt to place Gordon in Room 101 (i.e., consign him to the past), but in an audience vote Gordon was spared. Gordon also made a brief appearance with Schofield during a 1980s\\-themed edition of *Dancing on Ice* in February 2009\\. He also made a brief appearance on 5 February 2012 edition. Gordon appeared on *This Morning* on 13 September 2010 to celebrate Schofield's 25th anniversary of first presenting CBBC. Schofield said \"I miss him\".{{cite news \\|title\\=Schofield reunited with Gordon the Gopher \\|url\\=http://www.u.tv/entertainment/Schofield\\-reunited\\-with\\-Gordon\\-the\\-Gopher/b57bda55\\-0e58\\-4b59\\-a156\\-5a24b8d5e416 \\|accessdate\\=12 June 2011 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[UTV Media\\|UTV]]}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Gordon The Gopher surprises Schof \\|url\\=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local\\-national/uk/gordon\\-the\\-gopher\\-surprises\\-schof\\-14947832\\.html \\|accessdate\\=12 June 2011 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Belfast Telegraph]]}} Starting in 2005, Schofield presented two series of *[Have I Been Here Before?](/wiki/Have_I_Been_Here_Before%3F \"Have I Been Here Before?\")*, a daytime programme in which a celebrity attempted to use [regression](/wiki/Past_life_regression \"Past life regression\") to get in touch with a [previous life](/wiki/Previous_life \"Previous life\").",
"From 2006 to 2023, he presented *[The British Soap Awards](/wiki/The_British_Soap_Awards \"The British Soap Awards\")*. Between 2006 and 2008, he hosted the programme with Britton. During the run of the ITV reality show *[I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!](/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here%21_%28British_TV_series%29 \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British TV series)\")*, he co\\-hosted the spin\\-off series *I'm a Celebrity, Get Me out of Here! Exclusive* with [Sheree Murphy](/wiki/Sheree_Murphy \"Sheree Murphy\"). The show lasted one series. In 2006, Schofield presented two episodes of the ITV game show *[It's Now or Never](/wiki/It%27s_Now_or_Never_%28game_show%29 \"It's Now or Never (game show)\")*, before the network cancelled the show, due to poor ratings.{{cite news \\|url\\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5220338\\.stm \\|title\\=ITV swiftly axes primetime show \\|website\\=BBC News \\|date\\=27 July 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2016}} In April 2008, he and Britton began hosting a revival of the ITV game show *[Mr and Mrs](/wiki/Mr_and_Mrs_%28TV_series%29 \"Mr and Mrs (TV series)\")*, renamed as *[All Star Mr \\& Mrs](/wiki/All_Star_Mr_%26_Mrs \"All Star Mr & Mrs\")*. In 2010, the show took a break but returned in 2012 without Britton.",
"Schofield presented *[Dancing on Ice](/wiki/Dancing_on_Ice \"Dancing on Ice\")* on ITV with Willoughby from 2006 until 2011 and [Christine Bleakley](/wiki/Christine_Bleakley \"Christine Bleakley\") from 2012 until 2014\\. It was announced in the summer of 2013 that *Dancing on Ice* was to come to an end following the 2014 series.{{cite web \\|last\\=Jeffery \\|first\\=Morgan \\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\\-tv/a495270/itv\\-to\\-replace\\-dancing\\-on\\-ice\\-with\\-juggernaut\\-entertainment\\-series/ \\|title\\=ITV to replace 'Dancing on Ice' with \"juggernaut entertainment series\" \\|work\\=Digital Spy \\|date\\=3 July 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-date\\=10 February 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210130404/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\\-tv/a495270/itv\\-to\\-replace\\-dancing\\-on\\-ice\\-with\\-juggernaut\\-entertainment\\-series/}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Eames \\|first\\=Tom \\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\\-tv/a483164/dancing\\-on\\-ice\\-to\\-air\\-final\\-series\\-in\\-2014\\-confirms\\-torvill\\-and\\-dean/ \\|title\\='Dancing on Ice' to air final series in 2014, confirms Torvill and Dean \\|work\\=Digital Spy \\|date\\=21 May 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930153936/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\\-tv/a483164/dancing\\-on\\-ice\\-to\\-air\\-final\\-series\\-in\\-2014\\-confirms\\-torvill\\-and\\-dean/}} Schofield returned to co\\-present the show with Willoughby in 2018 following ITV's choice to bring the series back after four years away. From 2009 until 2015, he presented the primetime game show *[The Cube](/wiki/The_Cube_%28British_game_show%29 \"The Cube (British game show)\"),* which offered contestants the chance to win a top prize of £250,000\\. Schofield returned to present the show in 2020 following ITV's choice to reboot the series after five years away, although it was later put on hiatus again in 2022\\. The only winner of the series was runner [Mo Farah](/wiki/Mo_Farah \"Mo Farah\"), who successfully completed the final game on an episode of a 2012 celebrity series in which British gold medallist athletes competed for charity.",
"Schofield hosted *[A Night of Heroes: The Sun Military Awards](/wiki/A_Night_of_Heroes:The_Sun_Military_Awards \"The Sun Military Awards\")* with [Amanda Holden](/wiki/Amanda_Holden \"Amanda Holden\") from 2009 until 2014\\. In 2010 and 2011, Schofield hosted the annual comedy show *[The Comedy Annual](/wiki/The_Comedy_Annual \"The Comedy Annual\")* on ITV. From 2011 until 2015, He co\\-hosted the Christmas charity show *[Text Santa](/wiki/Text_Santa \"Text Santa\")* on ITV with Bleakley in 2011, 2014 and 2015 and Willoughby in 2012 and 2013\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\\-releases/itv%E2%80%99s\\-star\\-line\\-bigger\\-and\\-better\\-text\\-santa\\|title\\=ITV's star line\\-up for bigger and better Text Santa\\|website\\=Press Centre}} In December 2014, he undertook a live 24\\-hour TV marathon to raise money for *Text Santa*,{{cite web \\|date\\=3 November 2014 \\|title\\=Phillip Schofield 24 hour live TV marathon for Text Santa \\|url\\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\\-releases/phillip\\-schofield\\-24\\-hour\\-live\\-tv\\-marathon\\-text\\-santa \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106010456/https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\\-releases/phillip\\-schofield\\-24\\-hour\\-live\\-tv\\-marathon\\-text\\-santa \\|archive\\-date\\=6 November 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2016 \\|work\\=ITV Press Centre}}{{cite news \\|date\\=2 December 2014 \\|title\\=Phillip Schofield completes 24\\-hour TV marathon \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\\-arts\\-30289977 \\|website\\=BBC News}} where, as well as appearing on *This Morning*, he appeared on various other programmes throughout the day, including being a guest panellist on *[Loose Women](/wiki/Loose_Women \"Loose Women\")*.",
"In March 2014, Schofield narrated the one\\-off [ITV2](/wiki/ITV2 \"ITV2\") show *[Educating Joey Essex](/wiki/Educating_Joey_Essex \"Educating Joey Essex\")*. The show was commissioned for a full series which was aired throughout 2014\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\\-tv/a553755/joey\\-essex\\-itv2\\-africa\\-series\\-title\\-revealed\\-phillip\\-schofield\\-to\\-narrate/ \\|first\\=Tom \\|last\\=Eames \\|date\\=25 February 2014 \\|title\\=Joey Essex ITV2 Africa series title revealed, Phillip Schofield to narrate \\|work\\=Digital Spy \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728064543/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\\-tv/a553755/joey\\-essex\\-itv2\\-africa\\-series\\-title\\-revealed\\-phillip\\-schofield\\-to\\-narrate/}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv\\-news/phillip\\-schofield\\-narrate\\-educating\\-joey\\-3184125 \\|title\\=Phillip Schofield to narrate Educating Joey Essex which sees the reality star travelling to Africa \\|first\\=Carl \\|last\\=Greenwood \\|work\\=Daily Mirror \\|date\\=26 February 2014}} The show was commissioned for a seven\\-part second series, filming began in April 2016, and the series aired in summer 2016 with the first episode titled \"The Queen's 90th Birthday\". He presented two series of the primetime game show *[You're Back in the Room](/wiki/You%27re_Back_in_the_Room \"You're Back in the Room\")* for ITV in 2015 and 2016\\.{{cite web \\|date\\=21 August 2014 \\|title\\=You're Back In The Room \\|url\\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\\-releases/you%E2%80%99re\\-back\\-room \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826175917/https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\\-releases/you%E2%80%99re\\-back\\-room \\|archive\\-date\\=26 August 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2016 \\|work\\=ITV Press Centre}} In 2018, Schofield and Willoughby made a cameo appearance on *[Coronation Street](/wiki/Coronation_Street \"Coronation Street\")*, when they interviewed [Rosie Webster](/wiki/Rosie_Webster \"Rosie Webster\"), [Craig Tinker](/wiki/Craig_Tinker \"Craig Tinker\") and [Gemma Winter](/wiki/Gemma_Winter \"Gemma Winter\") on *This Morning* after their role in a drugs bust at Underworld.",
"In 2016, Schofield travelled to South Africa with his wife Stephanie Lowe, as part of a series of short clips for *This Morning*. Following this, ITV aired three thirty\\-minute episodes in a primetime slot, called *[Schofield's South African Adventure](/wiki/Phillip_Schofield%27s_South_African_Adventure \"Phillip Schofield's South African Adventure\")*. Since March 2017, he has presented *[5 Gold Rings](/wiki/5_Gold_Rings \"5 Gold Rings\")*, a new game show format for ITV.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\\-releases/phillip\\-schofield\\-host\\-brand\\-new\\-itv\\-quiz\\-show\\-5\\-gold\\-rings\\|title\\=Phillip Schofield to host brand new ITV quiz show 5 Gold Rings\\|website\\=Press Centre}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a818762/phillip\\-schofield\\-itv\\-gameshow\\-five\\-gold\\-rings/\\|title\\=Phillip Schofield lands another new ITV gameshow called 5 Gold Rings\\|website\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|date\\=11 January 2017\\|last\\=Mitchell\\|first\\=Bea\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=14 February 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214061549/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a818762/phillip\\-schofield\\-itv\\-gameshow\\-five\\-gold\\-rings/}} In 2017, Schofield presented three\\-part factual series *How To Spend It Well at Christmas with Phillip Schofield* in which he tested the latest must\\-have festive gifts. The series concluded in 2022\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\\-releases/itv\\-announces\\-new\\-consumer\\-series\\-how\\-spend\\-it\\-well\\-christmas\\-wt\\|title\\=ITV announces new consumer series – How To Spend It Well At Christmas \\[W/T]\\|website\\=Press Centre}}",
"From 2011 to 2022, Schofield was involved in several television programmes about the [British royal family](/wiki/British_royal_family \"British royal family\"). In April 2011 and June 2012, Schofield co\\-hosted ITV's coverage of [Prince William and Catherine Middleton's wedding](/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton \"Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton\") and the [Queen's Diamond Jubilee](/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II \"Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II\") with [Julie Etchingham](/wiki/Julie_Etchingham \"Julie Etchingham\"), and in May 2018 they co\\-hosted ITV's coverage of [Prince Harry \\& Meghan Markle's wedding](/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Harry_and_Meghan_Markle \"Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle\"). In 2016, Schofield worked with [Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh](/wiki/Prince_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh \"Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh\") on the programme *When Phillip Met Prince Philip: 60 Years of [The Duke of Edinburgh's Award](/wiki/The_Duke_of_Edinburgh%27s_Award \"The Duke of Edinburgh's Award\")* to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the youth awards programme. Following [Prince Phillip's death in April 2021](/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Prince_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh \"Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh\"), Schofield co\\-hosted the ITV tribute programme *Prince Philip, Fondly Remembered* with Etchingham. During the [Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II](/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II \"Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II\"), Schofield presented two programmes celebrating the occasion; first with Willoughby on *This Morning* at [Windsor Castle](/wiki/Windsor_Castle \"Windsor Castle\") and secondly the ITV programme *The Queen's Platinum Jubilee Celebration*, co\\-hosted by Etchingham.",
"#### David Cameron interview",
"Amid the [Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal](/wiki/Jimmy_Savile_sexual_abuse_scandal \"Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal\") on 8 November 2012, Schofield interviewed then prime minister [David Cameron](/wiki/David_Cameron \"David Cameron\") on *This Morning* and presented him with a list he had obtained from the internet of five people named as paedophiles in connection with the [North Wales child abuse scandal](/wiki/North_Wales_child_abuse_scandal \"North Wales child abuse scandal\").{{cite news \\|date\\=9 November 2012 \\|title\\=Phillip Schofield 'paedophile list' move criticised by Cameron \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-politics\\-20265581 \\|access\\-date\\=9 November 2012 \\|website\\=BBC News}} The names of several former senior Conservative politicians were visible on the list.{{cite news \\|last\\=Burrell \\|first\\=Ian \\|date\\=8 November 2012 \\|title\\=Downing Street attacks Phillip Schofield for ambushing Prime Minister with internet\\-sourced list of suspected paedophiles \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/downing\\-street\\-attacks\\-phillip\\-schofield\\-for\\-ambushing\\-prime\\-minister\\-with\\-internetsourced\\-list\\-of\\-suspected\\-paedophiles\\-8297661\\.html \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/downing\\-street\\-attacks\\-phillip\\-schofield\\-for\\-ambushing\\-prime\\-minister\\-with\\-internetsourced\\-list\\-of\\-suspected\\-paedophiles\\-8297661\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=26 May 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=8 November 2012 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]}} Cameron responded by warning against a witchhunt, \"particularly about people who are gay\".{{cite web \\|last\\=Mulholland \\|first\\=Helene \\|date\\=8 November 2012 \\|title\\=David Cameron warns against 'witch\\-hunt' amid paedophilia allegations \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/nov/08/david\\-cameron\\-warns\\-witch\\-hunt\\-paedophilia \\|access\\-date\\=2 June 2023 \\|work\\=The Guardian}} Schofield was widely criticised for his action, with broadcaster [Jonathan Dimbleby](/wiki/Jonathan_Dimbleby \"Jonathan Dimbleby\") describing his behaviour as \"cretinous\".{{cite news \\|last\\=Mason \\|first\\=Rowena \\|date\\=8 November 2012 \\|title\\=Phillip Schofield reported to Ofcom over paedophile list \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david\\-cameron/9665470/Phillip\\-Schofield\\-reported\\-to\\-Ofcom\\-over\\-paedophile\\-list.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]}} ITV's director of television, [Peter Fincham](/wiki/Peter_Fincham \"Peter Fincham\"), said that Schofield was \"wrong\" in confronting Cameron and the broadcaster had agreed to co\\-operate fully with government regulator [Ofcom](/wiki/Ofcom \"Ofcom\")'s investigation into the matter. The investigation was initiated after Ofcom received 415 complaints from viewers. Schofield later apologised, blaming a misjudged camera angle. Schofield and ITV later paid £125,000 compensation to settle a libel suit from one of those falsely accused, [Alistair McAlpine, Baron McAlpine of West Green](/wiki/Alistair_McAlpine%2C_Baron_McAlpine_of_West_Green \"Alistair McAlpine, Baron McAlpine of West Green\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Gover \\|first\\=Dominic \\|date\\=22 November 2012 \\|title\\=Lord McAlpine Wins £125,000 from ITV for Philip Schofield Child Sex Smears \\|url\\=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/mcalpine\\-paedophile\\-itv\\-wrong\\-407659}}",
"#### Boris Johnson selfie",
"In December 2019, during the [2019 general election](/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2019 United Kingdom general election\"), Schofield and Willoughby were criticised for a \"giggly\" interview with then prime minister [Boris Johnson](/wiki/Boris_Johnson \"Boris Johnson\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sansome \\|first\\=Jessica \\|date\\=7 December 2019 \\|title\\=ITV's This Morning receives official complaints from outraged viewers over interview with Boris Johnson \\|url\\=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/tv/itvs\\-morning\\-receives\\-official\\-complaints\\-17381521 \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=Manchester Evening News \\|language\\=en}} The co\\-hosts' decision to take a [selfie](/wiki/Selfie \"Selfie\") with Johnson was also criticised, and viewers raised a \"lack of professionalism\" and \"clear bias\". Schofield defended the stunt writing: \"Can I point out that if Mr Corbyn had asked for a selfie, we would have happily obliged.\"{{Cite web \\|last\\=Brewis \\|first\\=Harriet \\|date\\=5 December 2019 \\|title\\=Schofield defends PM selfie saying 'we'd have done it with Corbyn' \\|url\\=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity\\-news/phillip\\-schofield\\-defends\\-boris\\-johnson\\-holly\\-willoughby\\-selfie\\-this\\-morning\\-a4305996\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=Evening Standard \\|language\\=en}} Viewers argued that the pair had been more critical when interviewing [Jeremy Corbyn](/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn \"Jeremy Corbyn\"), who faced repeated calls to apologise for accusations of [antisemitism in the Labour Party](/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Labour_Party \"Antisemitism in the Labour Party\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Carter \\|first\\=Helen \\|date\\=5 December 2019 \\|title\\=This Morning presenters slammed for 'selfie' with Boris Johnson \\|url\\=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/uk\\-news/this\\-morning\\-boris\\-johnson\\-interview\\-17368878 \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=Manchester Evening News \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=5 December 2019 \\|title\\=Phillip Schofield Defends 'Shameful' Selfie With Boris Johnson \\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/phillip\\-schofield\\-holly\\-willoughby\\-boris\\-johnson\\-selfie\\-this\\-morning\\_uk\\_5de91ee9e4b00149f73ce307 \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=HuffPost \\|language\\=en}} Viewers noted that [Islamophobia in the Conservative Party](/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_Conservative_Party \"Islamophobia in the Conservative Party\") was not raised with Johnson. Ofcom received 149 complaints.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Tabberer \\|first\\=Jamie \\|date\\=6 December 2019 \\|title\\=This Morning's Boris Johnson interview racks up 150 Ofcom complaints \\|url\\=https://metro.co.uk/2019/12/06/holly\\-willoughby\\-and\\-phillip\\-schofields\\-this\\-morning\\-interview\\-with\\-boris\\-johnson\\-sparks\\-150\\-ofcom\\-complaints\\-11295172/ \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=Metro \\|language\\=en}}",
"#### Energy bills \"spin to win\" controversy",
"On 5 September 2022, *This Morning* included a new prize of \"energy bills\" in their regular \"spin to win\" game. The prize equated to four months of payments, up to £400 each month. When a contestant failed to provide the qualifying passcode on air *This Morning* ended the phone call, prompting Willoughby to say, \"Well, we're not going to make Joyce's dreams come true.\"{{Citation \\|title\\=This Morning – Monday 5 Sept 10am \\|url\\=https://www.itv.com/hub/this\\-morning/2a6292a0922 \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|language\\=en}} Schofield replied, \"Well it's her fault.\" Schofield asked the first qualifying contestant if they were \"worried\" about energy bills and the contestant replied that \"it's absolutely murder\" having a prepayment meter.{{Cite web \\|date\\=5 September 2022 \\|title\\=This Morning viewers alarmed by 'dystopian' Spin to Win energy bill prize \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/tv/news/this\\-morning\\-energy\\-bills\\-spin\\-to\\-win\\-b2160065\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=The Independent \\|language\\=en}} The inclusion of bill payments was compared to *[Black Mirror](/wiki/Black_Mirror \"Black Mirror\")* or *[The Hunger Games](/wiki/The_Hunger_Games \"The Hunger Games\")*.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Dalziel \\|first\\=Magdalene \\|date\\=5 September 2022 \\|title\\=This Morning viewers blast 'disgusting' viewer comp to win cost of energy bills \\|url\\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/itv\\-morning\\-viewers\\-blast\\-disgusting\\-27911694 \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=Daily Record \\|language\\=en}} Coverage from [Sky News](/wiki/Sky_News \"Sky News\") asked \"Is Russia using Phillip Schofield for propaganda?\" after the game was reported on Russian state television.{{Cite web \\|date\\=7 September 2022 \\|title\\=This Morning's 'dystopian' energy bills Spin to Win game gets 170 Ofcom complaints \\|url\\=https://www.nationalworld.com/lifestyle/money/this\\-morning\\-viewers\\-shocked\\-dystopian\\-spin\\-to\\-wheel\\-prize\\-breach\\-ofcom\\-broadcasting\\-rules\\-3833087 \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=nationalworld.com \\|language\\=en}} British politician [Mary Kelly Foy](/wiki/Mary_Kelly_Foy \"Mary Kelly Foy\") tweeted:\n> I'm disgusted that @thismorning have used people being unable to afford their energy bills as some kind of twisted gameshow. The producers need to rethink this immediately! Everyone deserves dignity, especially if they're struggling.{{Cite web \\|date\\=5 September 2022 \\|title\\=This Morning criticised as 'dystopian' for offering viewers the chance to have their energy bills paid \\|url\\=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/morning\\-criticised\\-dystopian\\-offering\\-viewers\\-145730585\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-08 \\|publisher\\=Yahoo! Sports \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}",
"On 6 September 2022, Schofield referenced the controversy by saying, \"I wonder how much of that they can complain about online.\"{{Cite web \\|last\\=Lawes \\|first\\=Ruth \\|date\\=7 September 2022 \\|title\\=This Morning's 'tone\\-deaf' energy bills segment slammed with Ofcom complaints \\|url\\=https://metro.co.uk/2022/09/07/this\\-morning\\-spin\\-to\\-win\\-slammed\\-with\\-ofcom\\-complaints\\-17316373/ \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=Metro \\|language\\=en}} Ofcom received 170 complaints about the segment and it prompted widespread criticism from viewers and commentators.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Tutton \\|first\\=Charlotte \\|date\\=7 September 2022 \\|title\\=This Morning scraps 'tone\\-deaf' Spin to Win prize after backlash and host's jibe \\|url\\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv\\-news/morning\\-scraps\\-tone\\-deaf\\-spin\\-27929798 \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=mirror \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=7 September 2022 \\|title\\=Audience complaints \\|url\\=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about\\-ofcom/latest/bulletins/audience\\-complaints \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=Ofcom \\|language\\=en}} Ofcom's broadcasting code states that: \"We would strongly advise broadcasters not to present a monetary prize as a possible resolution of financial difficulty.\" On 7 September 2022, the prize was removed without comment from ITV.",
"#### Queuegate controversy",
"Amid the [Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II](/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II \"Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II\"), Schofield and Willoughby drew criticism for not joining [the Queue for the lying\\-in\\-state of Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queue_for_the_lying-in-state_of_Elizabeth_II \"Queue for the lying-in-state of Elizabeth II\") with the public, when filming at [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II \"Queen Elizabeth II\")'s lying\\-in\\-state in [Westminster Hall](/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster \"Palace of Westminster\") on 17 September 2022\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=17 September 2022 \\|title\\=Holly Willoughby and Philip Schofield criticised for 'jumping queue' to see Queen \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/tv/news/holly\\-willoughby\\-philip\\-schofield\\-b2169430\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=17 September 2022 \\|website\\=The Independent \\|language\\=en}} ITV said that Schofield and Willougby were escorted from the [press gallery](/wiki/Press_gallery \"Press gallery\") by government staff and did not file past the Queen's coffin. Social media users contrasted this with the actions of former prime minister [Theresa May](/wiki/Theresa_May \"Theresa May\") and other celebrities including [David Beckham](/wiki/David_Beckham \"David Beckham\"), [Susanna Reid](/wiki/Susanna_Reid \"Susanna Reid\") and [Tim Vine](/wiki/Tim_Vine \"Tim Vine\"), all of whom queued for many hours with members of the general public. [Online petitions](/wiki/Online_petition \"Online petition\") were also organised calling for the pair to be sacked.",
"#### Toxic culture at *This Morning*",
"Schofield wrote in his memoir that in 2009, Britton accused him of meddling in the show and left because of this.{{cite news \\|date\\=2 June 2023 \\|title\\=Everything we know about the Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby 'fall\\-out' \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/tv/news/holly\\-willoughby\\-phillip\\-schofield\\-fallout\\-timeline\\-b2350179\\.html \\|work\\=The Independent \\|language\\=en}} Since the departure of Schofield and the revelation of his extramarital affair with a much younger male ITV co\\-worker, several people involved in the show have alleged a [toxic culture operated](/wiki/Toxic_workplace \"Toxic workplace\"). Ruth Langsford made a complaint to ITV while she worked there.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Duke \\|first1\\=Simon \\|date\\=29 May 2023 \\|title\\=Ruth Langsford made Phillip Schofield complaint to ITV bosses \\|url\\=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/tv/ruth\\-langsford\\-complaint\\-phillip\\-schofield\\-27017286 \\|work\\=ChronicleLive \\|language\\=en}} [Eamonn Holmes](/wiki/Eamonn_Holmes \"Eamonn Holmes\") stated Schofield was \"a narcissist and a bully at the centre of the toxicity.\"{{cite news \\|last1\\=Chappell \\|first1\\=Mario Ledwith, Peter \\|date\\=2 June 2023 \\|title\\=Eamonn Holmes brands Phillip Schofield 'narcissist' after This Morning defence \\|url\\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ranj\\-singh\\-itvs\\-this\\-morning\\-housed\\-toxic\\-culture\\-9ct5cr3cn \\|language\\=en}} Media personality and singer [Kerry Katona](/wiki/Kerry_Katona \"Kerry Katona\") described it as \"fake\" and her interview (as a guest) by Schofield and Willoughby \"belittling\".{{cite news \\|date\\=2 June 2023 \\|title\\=Kerry Katona brands This Morning 'fake' as she talks 'belittling' Schofield interview \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/tv/news/kerry\\-katona\\-this\\-morning\\-interview\\-phillip\\-schofield\\-b2350167\\.html \\|work\\=The Independent \\|language\\=en}} Television personality and cleaner [Kim Woodburn](/wiki/Kim_Woodburn \"Kim Woodburn\"), who appeared on the show after leaving the *[Celebrity Big Brother](/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_%28British_TV_series%29 \"Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series)\")* house, branded Schofield and Willoughby \"phoney\" and \"two\\-faced\" on the show.{{cite news \\|date\\=20 May 2023 \\|title\\=Kim Woodburn hits out at Holly Willoughby over Phillip Schofield 'feud' \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/tv/news/kim\\-woodburn\\-holly\\-willoughby\\-phillip\\-schofield\\-feud\\-b2342600\\.html \\|work\\=The Independent \\|language\\=en}} Dr [Ranj Singh](/wiki/Ranj_Singh \"Ranj Singh\") said in 2023 he had made an official complaint of a toxic culture and been managed out.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Sheridan \\|first1\\=Danielle \\|date\\=28 May 2023 \\|title\\=Former This Morning doctor reveals 'toxic culture' on ITV show \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/05/28/this\\-morning\\-doctor\\-ranj\\-reveals\\-toxic\\-culture\\-itv\\-show/ \\|work\\=The Telegraph}} ITV confirmed an external adviser carried out an investigation in 2021\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Cooney \\|first1\\=Christy \\|date\\=28 May 2023 \\|title\\=Ex\\-This Morning doctor Ranj Singh says culture on show became 'toxic' \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/may/28/ex\\-this\\-morning\\-doctor\\-ranj\\-singh\\-says\\-culture\\-on\\-show\\-became\\-toxic \\|work\\=The Guardian}} Former [Secretary of State for Culture](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Culture \"Secretary of State for Culture\") [Nadine Dorries](/wiki/Nadine_Dorries \"Nadine Dorries\") questioned the culture and working practices of the show.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Hyde \\|first1\\=Marina \\|date\\=30 May 2023 \\|title\\=MPs are right: This Morning is a hotbed of scandal. Thank goodness parliament isn't \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/may/30/mps\\-this\\-morning\\-parliament\\-daytime\\-tv \\|work\\=The Guardian}} Questions over safeguarding and complaint handling by ITV were raised generally and on 14 June [Carolyn McCall](/wiki/Carolyn_McCall \"Carolyn McCall\") answered to MPs on the [Culture, Media and Sport Committee](/wiki/Culture%2C_Media_and_Sport_Committee \"Culture, Media and Sport Committee\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Hope \\|first1\\=Christopher \\|date\\=30 May 2023 \\|title\\=ITV to face grilling by MPs over Phillip Schofield affair \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/05/30/phillip\\-schofield\\-itv\\-parliamentary\\-committee\\-this\\-morning/ \\|work\\=The Telegraph}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Moran \\|first1\\=Caitlin \\|date\\=2 June 2023 \\|title\\=ITV1 faces what we might call the Schofepocalypse \\|url\\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/caitlin\\-moran\\-celebrity\\-watch\\-phillip\\-schofield\\-itv\\-zm8xllshs \\|language\\=en}}{{cite web \\|date\\=1 June 2023 \\|title\\=ITV chief executive Dame Carolyn McCall called to give evidence to Committee \\|url\\=https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/378/culture\\-media\\-and\\-sport\\-committee/news/195488/itv\\-chief\\-executive\\-dame\\-carolyn\\-mccall\\-called\\-to\\-give\\-evidence\\-to\\-committee/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603035937/https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/378/culture\\-media\\-and\\-sport\\-committee/news/195488/itv\\-chief\\-executive\\-dame\\-carolyn\\-mccall\\-called\\-to\\-give\\-evidence\\-to\\-committee/ \\|archive\\-date\\=3 June 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=5 June 2023 \\|publisher\\=Parliament of the United Kingdom \\|language\\=en}} *Loose Women* panellist [Carol McGiffin](/wiki/Carol_McGiffin \"Carol McGiffin\") said *This Morning* was \"tainted\" and her colleagues did not like the show or Schofield's handover to them.{{cite news \\|date\\=2 June 2023 \\|title\\=Carol McGiffin says 'tainted' This Morning can't go on \\|url\\=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/carol\\-mcgiffin\\-tainted\\-this\\-morning\\-cant\\-go\\-on\\-110337771\\.html \\|work\\=Yahoo News}} A former production staff member also criticised the working culture which led to her resignation.{{cite web \\|date\\=2 June 2023 \\|title\\=I quit my TV executive job at ITV's This Morning in a feminist protest at the toxic, sexist culture I witnessed there \\|url\\=https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/i\\-quit\\-my\\-job\\-at\\-itvs\\-this\\-morning\\-over\\-sexism \\|website\\=Glamour UK}} Schofield,{{cite news \\|last1\\=Bryant \\|first1\\=Miranda \\|date\\=29 May 2023 \\|title\\=Phillip Schofield denies claims of 'toxic' culture on This Morning \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/may/29/phillip\\-schofield\\-denies\\-claims\\-of\\-toxic\\-culture\\-on\\-this\\-morning \\|work\\=The Guardian}} [Alison Hammond](/wiki/Alison_Hammond \"Alison Hammond\") and [Dermot O'Leary](/wiki/Dermot_O%27Leary \"Dermot O'Leary\"){{cite news \\|date\\=29 May 2023 \\|title\\=This Morning presenters defend show from \"toxic\" culture allegations \\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\\-tv/a44029725/this\\-morning\\-presenters\\-defend\\-toxic\\-culture\\-allegations/ \\|work\\=Digital Spy}} all denied allegations of a toxic culture.{{cite news \\|date\\=29 May 2023 \\|title\\=Phillip Schofield row: This Morning hosts defend show \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\\-arts\\-65745586 \\|work\\=BBC News}}",
"### Return to television",
"After a 16\\-month break from the public eye, it was announced, on 25 September 2024, that Schofield would return on [Channel 5](/wiki/Channel_5_%28British_TV_channel%29 \"Channel 5 (British TV channel)\")'s reality show *Cast Away* which would see him left stranded on an island alone for 10 days, without a film crew and filming his experience himself. The series was set to begin on 30 September and would air over three 60\\-minute episodes.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tvzoneuk.com/post/castaway\\-phillipschofieldann1\\|title\\=CAST AWAY: PHILLIP SCHOFIELD REVEALED AS MYSTERY CELEBRITY TAKING PART IN CHANNEL 5 SERIES\\|website\\=www.tvzoneuk.com\\|accessdate\\=25 September 2024}} The first episode prompted mixed reactions.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/tvfilm/phillip\\-schofield\\-cast\\-away\\-channel\\-5\\-review\\-b1184973\\.html\\|title\\=Phillip Schofield Cast Away on Channel 5: eminently queasy viewing\\|first\\=Vicky\\|last\\=Jessop\\|date\\=30 September 2024\\|website\\=Evening Standard\\|accessdate\\=4 October 2024}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/tv/news/phillip\\-schofield\\-cast\\-away\\-nudity\\-b2622929\\.html\\|title\\=Phillip Schofield Cast Away viewers make same complaint about brief moment in finale\\|date\\=4 October 2024\\|website\\=The Independent\\|accessdate\\=4 October 2024}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/tv\\-and\\-radio/2024/sep/30/cast\\-away\\-review\\-phillip\\-schofield\\-is\\-an\\-incredibly\\-bitter\\-man\\-but\\-he\\-sure\\-knows\\-how\\-to\\-entertain\\|title\\=Cast Away review – Phillip Schofield is an incredibly bitter man (but he sure knows how to entertain)\\|first\\=Stuart\\|last\\=Heritage\\|date\\=30 September 2024\\|accessdate\\=4 October 2024\\|via\\=The Guardian}} Schofield suggested it would be his last television appearance.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/czxdwv4v1p7o\\|title\\=Phillip Schofield says Cast Away will be his last TV appearance\\|date\\=28 September 2024\\|website\\=BBC News\\|accessdate\\=4 October 2024}} Following the final episode of the series, aired on 3 October, Schofield addressed his \"haters\", speaking about \"toxic\" people in his life and his brother Timothy. During the episode, Schofield bared his backside as he ran into the sea for a night\\-time swim, in a scene that many viewers complained about on social media.[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/tv/news/phillip\\-schofield\\-brother\\-cast\\-away\\-b2624284\\.html](https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/phillip-schofield-brother-cast-away-b2624284.html)",
""
] |
### 1993–2023: ITV presenting
[thumb\|Schofield and [Holly Willoughby](/wiki/Holly_Willoughby "Holly Willoughby") with Prime Minister [David Cameron](/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") on the set of [*This Morning*](/wiki/This_Morning_%28TV_programme%29 "This Morning (TV programme)") in 2012, a programme Schofield co\-presented with Willoughby between 2009 and 2023In](/wiki/File:PM_on_set_of_%27This_Morning%27_%289237728689%29.jpg "PM on set of 'This Morning' (9237728689).jpg") August 2002, Schofield became a presenter on the ITV daytime show *[This Morning](/wiki/This_Morning_%28TV_programme%29 "This Morning (TV programme)")*, joining [John Leslie](/wiki/John_Leslie_%28TV_presenter%29 "John Leslie (TV presenter)") and [Fern Britton](/wiki/Fern_Britton "Fern Britton") on Fridays.{{cite news \|last\=Wilkes \|first\=Neil \|title\=Schofield to join 'This Morning' \|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a8812/schofield\-to\-join\-quotthis\-morningquot/ \|access\-date\=5 March 2023 \|work\=Digital Spy \|date\=14 August 2002}} In October of that year, Leslie stepped aside from the programme after allegations about his personal life, and Schofield replaced him as Britton's co\-host, first on a temporary and then a permanent basis.{{Cite news \|last\=Deans \|first\=Jason \|date\=18 December 2002 \|title\=Schofield signs up for This Morning \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/dec/18/broadcasting \|access\-date\=4 June 2023 \|issn\=0261\-3077}}{{Cite news \|last\=Day \|first\=Julia \|date\=25 October 2002 \|title\=Schofield plugs the gap on This Morning \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/oct/25/broadcasting1 \|access\-date\=4 June 2023 \|issn\=0261\-3077}} In May 2008, Schofield's father died from a long\-standing heart condition, after which Schofield took a break from presenting *This Morning*. [John Barrowman](/wiki/John_Barrowman "John Barrowman") stood in for him until his return. In 2009, [Holly Willoughby](/wiki/Holly_Willoughby "Holly Willoughby") replaced Britton as Schofield's co\-host. Schofield and Willoughby had a close friendship, with Schofield describing her as "the sister he never had", and they presented the programme together from Monday to Thursday mornings until Schofield's departure in May 2023 and Willougby's departure four months later in October 2023\.
During his 2005 *[Room 101](/wiki/Room_101_%28British_TV_series%29 "Room 101 (British TV series)")* appearance, Schofield made an attempt to place Gordon in Room 101 (i.e., consign him to the past), but in an audience vote Gordon was spared. Gordon also made a brief appearance with Schofield during a 1980s\-themed edition of *Dancing on Ice* in February 2009\. He also made a brief appearance on 5 February 2012 edition. Gordon appeared on *This Morning* on 13 September 2010 to celebrate Schofield's 25th anniversary of first presenting CBBC. Schofield said "I miss him".{{cite news \|title\=Schofield reunited with Gordon the Gopher \|url\=http://www.u.tv/entertainment/Schofield\-reunited\-with\-Gordon\-the\-Gopher/b57bda55\-0e58\-4b59\-a156\-5a24b8d5e416 \|accessdate\=12 June 2011 \|publisher\=\[\[UTV Media\|UTV]]}}{{cite news \|title\=Gordon The Gopher surprises Schof \|url\=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local\-national/uk/gordon\-the\-gopher\-surprises\-schof\-14947832\.html \|accessdate\=12 June 2011 \|work\=\[\[Belfast Telegraph]]}} Starting in 2005, Schofield presented two series of *[Have I Been Here Before?](/wiki/Have_I_Been_Here_Before%3F "Have I Been Here Before?")*, a daytime programme in which a celebrity attempted to use [regression](/wiki/Past_life_regression "Past life regression") to get in touch with a [previous life](/wiki/Previous_life "Previous life").
From 2006 to 2023, he presented *[The British Soap Awards](/wiki/The_British_Soap_Awards "The British Soap Awards")*. Between 2006 and 2008, he hosted the programme with Britton. During the run of the ITV reality show *[I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!](/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here%21_%28British_TV_series%29 "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British TV series)")*, he co\-hosted the spin\-off series *I'm a Celebrity, Get Me out of Here! Exclusive* with [Sheree Murphy](/wiki/Sheree_Murphy "Sheree Murphy"). The show lasted one series. In 2006, Schofield presented two episodes of the ITV game show *[It's Now or Never](/wiki/It%27s_Now_or_Never_%28game_show%29 "It's Now or Never (game show)")*, before the network cancelled the show, due to poor ratings.{{cite news \|url\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5220338\.stm \|title\=ITV swiftly axes primetime show \|website\=BBC News \|date\=27 July 2006 \|access\-date\=23 January 2016}} In April 2008, he and Britton began hosting a revival of the ITV game show *[Mr and Mrs](/wiki/Mr_and_Mrs_%28TV_series%29 "Mr and Mrs (TV series)")*, renamed as *[All Star Mr \& Mrs](/wiki/All_Star_Mr_%26_Mrs "All Star Mr & Mrs")*. In 2010, the show took a break but returned in 2012 without Britton.
Schofield presented *[Dancing on Ice](/wiki/Dancing_on_Ice "Dancing on Ice")* on ITV with Willoughby from 2006 until 2011 and [Christine Bleakley](/wiki/Christine_Bleakley "Christine Bleakley") from 2012 until 2014\. It was announced in the summer of 2013 that *Dancing on Ice* was to come to an end following the 2014 series.{{cite web \|last\=Jeffery \|first\=Morgan \|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\-tv/a495270/itv\-to\-replace\-dancing\-on\-ice\-with\-juggernaut\-entertainment\-series/ \|title\=ITV to replace 'Dancing on Ice' with "juggernaut entertainment series" \|work\=Digital Spy \|date\=3 July 2013 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-date\=10 February 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210130404/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\-tv/a495270/itv\-to\-replace\-dancing\-on\-ice\-with\-juggernaut\-entertainment\-series/}}{{cite web \|last\=Eames \|first\=Tom \|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\-tv/a483164/dancing\-on\-ice\-to\-air\-final\-series\-in\-2014\-confirms\-torvill\-and\-dean/ \|title\='Dancing on Ice' to air final series in 2014, confirms Torvill and Dean \|work\=Digital Spy \|date\=21 May 2013 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-date\=30 September 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930153936/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\-tv/a483164/dancing\-on\-ice\-to\-air\-final\-series\-in\-2014\-confirms\-torvill\-and\-dean/}} Schofield returned to co\-present the show with Willoughby in 2018 following ITV's choice to bring the series back after four years away. From 2009 until 2015, he presented the primetime game show *[The Cube](/wiki/The_Cube_%28British_game_show%29 "The Cube (British game show)"),* which offered contestants the chance to win a top prize of £250,000\. Schofield returned to present the show in 2020 following ITV's choice to reboot the series after five years away, although it was later put on hiatus again in 2022\. The only winner of the series was runner [Mo Farah](/wiki/Mo_Farah "Mo Farah"), who successfully completed the final game on an episode of a 2012 celebrity series in which British gold medallist athletes competed for charity.
Schofield hosted *[A Night of Heroes: The Sun Military Awards](/wiki/A_Night_of_Heroes:The_Sun_Military_Awards "The Sun Military Awards")* with [Amanda Holden](/wiki/Amanda_Holden "Amanda Holden") from 2009 until 2014\. In 2010 and 2011, Schofield hosted the annual comedy show *[The Comedy Annual](/wiki/The_Comedy_Annual "The Comedy Annual")* on ITV. From 2011 until 2015, He co\-hosted the Christmas charity show *[Text Santa](/wiki/Text_Santa "Text Santa")* on ITV with Bleakley in 2011, 2014 and 2015 and Willoughby in 2012 and 2013\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\-releases/itv%E2%80%99s\-star\-line\-bigger\-and\-better\-text\-santa\|title\=ITV's star line\-up for bigger and better Text Santa\|website\=Press Centre}} In December 2014, he undertook a live 24\-hour TV marathon to raise money for *Text Santa*,{{cite web \|date\=3 November 2014 \|title\=Phillip Schofield 24 hour live TV marathon for Text Santa \|url\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\-releases/phillip\-schofield\-24\-hour\-live\-tv\-marathon\-text\-santa \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106010456/https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\-releases/phillip\-schofield\-24\-hour\-live\-tv\-marathon\-text\-santa \|archive\-date\=6 November 2014 \|access\-date\=23 January 2016 \|work\=ITV Press Centre}}{{cite news \|date\=2 December 2014 \|title\=Phillip Schofield completes 24\-hour TV marathon \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\-arts\-30289977 \|website\=BBC News}} where, as well as appearing on *This Morning*, he appeared on various other programmes throughout the day, including being a guest panellist on *[Loose Women](/wiki/Loose_Women "Loose Women")*.
In March 2014, Schofield narrated the one\-off [ITV2](/wiki/ITV2 "ITV2") show *[Educating Joey Essex](/wiki/Educating_Joey_Essex "Educating Joey Essex")*. The show was commissioned for a full series which was aired throughout 2014\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\-tv/a553755/joey\-essex\-itv2\-africa\-series\-title\-revealed\-phillip\-schofield\-to\-narrate/ \|first\=Tom \|last\=Eames \|date\=25 February 2014 \|title\=Joey Essex ITV2 Africa series title revealed, Phillip Schofield to narrate \|work\=Digital Spy \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-date\=28 July 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728064543/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\-tv/a553755/joey\-essex\-itv2\-africa\-series\-title\-revealed\-phillip\-schofield\-to\-narrate/}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv\-news/phillip\-schofield\-narrate\-educating\-joey\-3184125 \|title\=Phillip Schofield to narrate Educating Joey Essex which sees the reality star travelling to Africa \|first\=Carl \|last\=Greenwood \|work\=Daily Mirror \|date\=26 February 2014}} The show was commissioned for a seven\-part second series, filming began in April 2016, and the series aired in summer 2016 with the first episode titled "The Queen's 90th Birthday". He presented two series of the primetime game show *[You're Back in the Room](/wiki/You%27re_Back_in_the_Room "You're Back in the Room")* for ITV in 2015 and 2016\.{{cite web \|date\=21 August 2014 \|title\=You're Back In The Room \|url\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\-releases/you%E2%80%99re\-back\-room \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826175917/https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\-releases/you%E2%80%99re\-back\-room \|archive\-date\=26 August 2014 \|access\-date\=23 January 2016 \|work\=ITV Press Centre}} In 2018, Schofield and Willoughby made a cameo appearance on *[Coronation Street](/wiki/Coronation_Street "Coronation Street")*, when they interviewed [Rosie Webster](/wiki/Rosie_Webster "Rosie Webster"), [Craig Tinker](/wiki/Craig_Tinker "Craig Tinker") and [Gemma Winter](/wiki/Gemma_Winter "Gemma Winter") on *This Morning* after their role in a drugs bust at Underworld.
In 2016, Schofield travelled to South Africa with his wife Stephanie Lowe, as part of a series of short clips for *This Morning*. Following this, ITV aired three thirty\-minute episodes in a primetime slot, called *[Schofield's South African Adventure](/wiki/Phillip_Schofield%27s_South_African_Adventure "Phillip Schofield's South African Adventure")*. Since March 2017, he has presented *[5 Gold Rings](/wiki/5_Gold_Rings "5 Gold Rings")*, a new game show format for ITV.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\-releases/phillip\-schofield\-host\-brand\-new\-itv\-quiz\-show\-5\-gold\-rings\|title\=Phillip Schofield to host brand new ITV quiz show 5 Gold Rings\|website\=Press Centre}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a818762/phillip\-schofield\-itv\-gameshow\-five\-gold\-rings/\|title\=Phillip Schofield lands another new ITV gameshow called 5 Gold Rings\|website\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|date\=11 January 2017\|last\=Mitchell\|first\=Bea\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=14 February 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214061549/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a818762/phillip\-schofield\-itv\-gameshow\-five\-gold\-rings/}} In 2017, Schofield presented three\-part factual series *How To Spend It Well at Christmas with Phillip Schofield* in which he tested the latest must\-have festive gifts. The series concluded in 2022\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\-releases/itv\-announces\-new\-consumer\-series\-how\-spend\-it\-well\-christmas\-wt\|title\=ITV announces new consumer series – How To Spend It Well At Christmas \[W/T]\|website\=Press Centre}}
From 2011 to 2022, Schofield was involved in several television programmes about the [British royal family](/wiki/British_royal_family "British royal family"). In April 2011 and June 2012, Schofield co\-hosted ITV's coverage of [Prince William and Catherine Middleton's wedding](/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton "Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton") and the [Queen's Diamond Jubilee](/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II "Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II") with [Julie Etchingham](/wiki/Julie_Etchingham "Julie Etchingham"), and in May 2018 they co\-hosted ITV's coverage of [Prince Harry \& Meghan Markle's wedding](/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Harry_and_Meghan_Markle "Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle"). In 2016, Schofield worked with [Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh](/wiki/Prince_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh "Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh") on the programme *When Phillip Met Prince Philip: 60 Years of [The Duke of Edinburgh's Award](/wiki/The_Duke_of_Edinburgh%27s_Award "The Duke of Edinburgh's Award")* to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the youth awards programme. Following [Prince Phillip's death in April 2021](/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Prince_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh "Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh"), Schofield co\-hosted the ITV tribute programme *Prince Philip, Fondly Remembered* with Etchingham. During the [Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II](/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II "Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II"), Schofield presented two programmes celebrating the occasion; first with Willoughby on *This Morning* at [Windsor Castle](/wiki/Windsor_Castle "Windsor Castle") and secondly the ITV programme *The Queen's Platinum Jubilee Celebration*, co\-hosted by Etchingham.
#### David Cameron interview
Amid the [Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal](/wiki/Jimmy_Savile_sexual_abuse_scandal "Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal") on 8 November 2012, Schofield interviewed then prime minister [David Cameron](/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") on *This Morning* and presented him with a list he had obtained from the internet of five people named as paedophiles in connection with the [North Wales child abuse scandal](/wiki/North_Wales_child_abuse_scandal "North Wales child abuse scandal").{{cite news \|date\=9 November 2012 \|title\=Phillip Schofield 'paedophile list' move criticised by Cameron \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-politics\-20265581 \|access\-date\=9 November 2012 \|website\=BBC News}} The names of several former senior Conservative politicians were visible on the list.{{cite news \|last\=Burrell \|first\=Ian \|date\=8 November 2012 \|title\=Downing Street attacks Phillip Schofield for ambushing Prime Minister with internet\-sourced list of suspected paedophiles \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/downing\-street\-attacks\-phillip\-schofield\-for\-ambushing\-prime\-minister\-with\-internetsourced\-list\-of\-suspected\-paedophiles\-8297661\.html \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/downing\-street\-attacks\-phillip\-schofield\-for\-ambushing\-prime\-minister\-with\-internetsourced\-list\-of\-suspected\-paedophiles\-8297661\.html \|archive\-date\=26 May 2022 \|access\-date\=8 November 2012 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Independent]]}} Cameron responded by warning against a witchhunt, "particularly about people who are gay".{{cite web \|last\=Mulholland \|first\=Helene \|date\=8 November 2012 \|title\=David Cameron warns against 'witch\-hunt' amid paedophilia allegations \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/nov/08/david\-cameron\-warns\-witch\-hunt\-paedophilia \|access\-date\=2 June 2023 \|work\=The Guardian}} Schofield was widely criticised for his action, with broadcaster [Jonathan Dimbleby](/wiki/Jonathan_Dimbleby "Jonathan Dimbleby") describing his behaviour as "cretinous".{{cite news \|last\=Mason \|first\=Rowena \|date\=8 November 2012 \|title\=Phillip Schofield reported to Ofcom over paedophile list \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david\-cameron/9665470/Phillip\-Schofield\-reported\-to\-Ofcom\-over\-paedophile\-list.html \|newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]]}} ITV's director of television, [Peter Fincham](/wiki/Peter_Fincham "Peter Fincham"), said that Schofield was "wrong" in confronting Cameron and the broadcaster had agreed to co\-operate fully with government regulator [Ofcom](/wiki/Ofcom "Ofcom")'s investigation into the matter. The investigation was initiated after Ofcom received 415 complaints from viewers. Schofield later apologised, blaming a misjudged camera angle. Schofield and ITV later paid £125,000 compensation to settle a libel suit from one of those falsely accused, [Alistair McAlpine, Baron McAlpine of West Green](/wiki/Alistair_McAlpine%2C_Baron_McAlpine_of_West_Green "Alistair McAlpine, Baron McAlpine of West Green").{{cite web \|last\=Gover \|first\=Dominic \|date\=22 November 2012 \|title\=Lord McAlpine Wins £125,000 from ITV for Philip Schofield Child Sex Smears \|url\=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/mcalpine\-paedophile\-itv\-wrong\-407659}}
#### Boris Johnson selfie
In December 2019, during the [2019 general election](/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election"), Schofield and Willoughby were criticised for a "giggly" interview with then prime minister [Boris Johnson](/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson").{{Cite web \|last\=Sansome \|first\=Jessica \|date\=7 December 2019 \|title\=ITV's This Morning receives official complaints from outraged viewers over interview with Boris Johnson \|url\=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/tv/itvs\-morning\-receives\-official\-complaints\-17381521 \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=Manchester Evening News \|language\=en}} The co\-hosts' decision to take a [selfie](/wiki/Selfie "Selfie") with Johnson was also criticised, and viewers raised a "lack of professionalism" and "clear bias". Schofield defended the stunt writing: "Can I point out that if Mr Corbyn had asked for a selfie, we would have happily obliged."{{Cite web \|last\=Brewis \|first\=Harriet \|date\=5 December 2019 \|title\=Schofield defends PM selfie saying 'we'd have done it with Corbyn' \|url\=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity\-news/phillip\-schofield\-defends\-boris\-johnson\-holly\-willoughby\-selfie\-this\-morning\-a4305996\.html \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=Evening Standard \|language\=en}} Viewers argued that the pair had been more critical when interviewing [Jeremy Corbyn](/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn "Jeremy Corbyn"), who faced repeated calls to apologise for accusations of [antisemitism in the Labour Party](/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Labour_Party "Antisemitism in the Labour Party").{{Cite web \|last\=Carter \|first\=Helen \|date\=5 December 2019 \|title\=This Morning presenters slammed for 'selfie' with Boris Johnson \|url\=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/uk\-news/this\-morning\-boris\-johnson\-interview\-17368878 \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=Manchester Evening News \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|date\=5 December 2019 \|title\=Phillip Schofield Defends 'Shameful' Selfie With Boris Johnson \|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/phillip\-schofield\-holly\-willoughby\-boris\-johnson\-selfie\-this\-morning\_uk\_5de91ee9e4b00149f73ce307 \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=HuffPost \|language\=en}} Viewers noted that [Islamophobia in the Conservative Party](/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_Conservative_Party "Islamophobia in the Conservative Party") was not raised with Johnson. Ofcom received 149 complaints.{{Cite web \|last\=Tabberer \|first\=Jamie \|date\=6 December 2019 \|title\=This Morning's Boris Johnson interview racks up 150 Ofcom complaints \|url\=https://metro.co.uk/2019/12/06/holly\-willoughby\-and\-phillip\-schofields\-this\-morning\-interview\-with\-boris\-johnson\-sparks\-150\-ofcom\-complaints\-11295172/ \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=Metro \|language\=en}}
#### Energy bills "spin to win" controversy
On 5 September 2022, *This Morning* included a new prize of "energy bills" in their regular "spin to win" game. The prize equated to four months of payments, up to £400 each month. When a contestant failed to provide the qualifying passcode on air *This Morning* ended the phone call, prompting Willoughby to say, "Well, we're not going to make Joyce's dreams come true."{{Citation \|title\=This Morning – Monday 5 Sept 10am \|url\=https://www.itv.com/hub/this\-morning/2a6292a0922 \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|language\=en}} Schofield replied, "Well it's her fault." Schofield asked the first qualifying contestant if they were "worried" about energy bills and the contestant replied that "it's absolutely murder" having a prepayment meter.{{Cite web \|date\=5 September 2022 \|title\=This Morning viewers alarmed by 'dystopian' Spin to Win energy bill prize \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/tv/news/this\-morning\-energy\-bills\-spin\-to\-win\-b2160065\.html \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=The Independent \|language\=en}} The inclusion of bill payments was compared to *[Black Mirror](/wiki/Black_Mirror "Black Mirror")* or *[The Hunger Games](/wiki/The_Hunger_Games "The Hunger Games")*.{{Cite web \|last\=Dalziel \|first\=Magdalene \|date\=5 September 2022 \|title\=This Morning viewers blast 'disgusting' viewer comp to win cost of energy bills \|url\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/itv\-morning\-viewers\-blast\-disgusting\-27911694 \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=Daily Record \|language\=en}} Coverage from [Sky News](/wiki/Sky_News "Sky News") asked "Is Russia using Phillip Schofield for propaganda?" after the game was reported on Russian state television.{{Cite web \|date\=7 September 2022 \|title\=This Morning's 'dystopian' energy bills Spin to Win game gets 170 Ofcom complaints \|url\=https://www.nationalworld.com/lifestyle/money/this\-morning\-viewers\-shocked\-dystopian\-spin\-to\-wheel\-prize\-breach\-ofcom\-broadcasting\-rules\-3833087 \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=nationalworld.com \|language\=en}} British politician [Mary Kelly Foy](/wiki/Mary_Kelly_Foy "Mary Kelly Foy") tweeted:
> I'm disgusted that @thismorning have used people being unable to afford their energy bills as some kind of twisted gameshow. The producers need to rethink this immediately! Everyone deserves dignity, especially if they're struggling.{{Cite web \|date\=5 September 2022 \|title\=This Morning criticised as 'dystopian' for offering viewers the chance to have their energy bills paid \|url\=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/morning\-criticised\-dystopian\-offering\-viewers\-145730585\.html \|access\-date\=2022\-09\-08 \|publisher\=Yahoo! Sports \|language\=en\-GB}}
On 6 September 2022, Schofield referenced the controversy by saying, "I wonder how much of that they can complain about online."{{Cite web \|last\=Lawes \|first\=Ruth \|date\=7 September 2022 \|title\=This Morning's 'tone\-deaf' energy bills segment slammed with Ofcom complaints \|url\=https://metro.co.uk/2022/09/07/this\-morning\-spin\-to\-win\-slammed\-with\-ofcom\-complaints\-17316373/ \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=Metro \|language\=en}} Ofcom received 170 complaints about the segment and it prompted widespread criticism from viewers and commentators.{{Cite web \|last\=Tutton \|first\=Charlotte \|date\=7 September 2022 \|title\=This Morning scraps 'tone\-deaf' Spin to Win prize after backlash and host's jibe \|url\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv\-news/morning\-scraps\-tone\-deaf\-spin\-27929798 \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=mirror \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|date\=7 September 2022 \|title\=Audience complaints \|url\=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about\-ofcom/latest/bulletins/audience\-complaints \|access\-date\=8 September 2022 \|website\=Ofcom \|language\=en}} Ofcom's broadcasting code states that: "We would strongly advise broadcasters not to present a monetary prize as a possible resolution of financial difficulty." On 7 September 2022, the prize was removed without comment from ITV.
#### Queuegate controversy
Amid the [Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II](/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II "Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II"), Schofield and Willoughby drew criticism for not joining [the Queue for the lying\-in\-state of Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queue_for_the_lying-in-state_of_Elizabeth_II "Queue for the lying-in-state of Elizabeth II") with the public, when filming at [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II "Queen Elizabeth II")'s lying\-in\-state in [Westminster Hall](/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster "Palace of Westminster") on 17 September 2022\.{{Cite web \|date\=17 September 2022 \|title\=Holly Willoughby and Philip Schofield criticised for 'jumping queue' to see Queen \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/tv/news/holly\-willoughby\-philip\-schofield\-b2169430\.html \|access\-date\=17 September 2022 \|website\=The Independent \|language\=en}} ITV said that Schofield and Willougby were escorted from the [press gallery](/wiki/Press_gallery "Press gallery") by government staff and did not file past the Queen's coffin. Social media users contrasted this with the actions of former prime minister [Theresa May](/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") and other celebrities including [David Beckham](/wiki/David_Beckham "David Beckham"), [Susanna Reid](/wiki/Susanna_Reid "Susanna Reid") and [Tim Vine](/wiki/Tim_Vine "Tim Vine"), all of whom queued for many hours with members of the general public. [Online petitions](/wiki/Online_petition "Online petition") were also organised calling for the pair to be sacked.
#### Toxic culture at *This Morning*
Schofield wrote in his memoir that in 2009, Britton accused him of meddling in the show and left because of this.{{cite news \|date\=2 June 2023 \|title\=Everything we know about the Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby 'fall\-out' \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/tv/news/holly\-willoughby\-phillip\-schofield\-fallout\-timeline\-b2350179\.html \|work\=The Independent \|language\=en}} Since the departure of Schofield and the revelation of his extramarital affair with a much younger male ITV co\-worker, several people involved in the show have alleged a [toxic culture operated](/wiki/Toxic_workplace "Toxic workplace"). Ruth Langsford made a complaint to ITV while she worked there.{{cite news \|last1\=Duke \|first1\=Simon \|date\=29 May 2023 \|title\=Ruth Langsford made Phillip Schofield complaint to ITV bosses \|url\=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/tv/ruth\-langsford\-complaint\-phillip\-schofield\-27017286 \|work\=ChronicleLive \|language\=en}} [Eamonn Holmes](/wiki/Eamonn_Holmes "Eamonn Holmes") stated Schofield was "a narcissist and a bully at the centre of the toxicity."{{cite news \|last1\=Chappell \|first1\=Mario Ledwith, Peter \|date\=2 June 2023 \|title\=Eamonn Holmes brands Phillip Schofield 'narcissist' after This Morning defence \|url\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ranj\-singh\-itvs\-this\-morning\-housed\-toxic\-culture\-9ct5cr3cn \|language\=en}} Media personality and singer [Kerry Katona](/wiki/Kerry_Katona "Kerry Katona") described it as "fake" and her interview (as a guest) by Schofield and Willoughby "belittling".{{cite news \|date\=2 June 2023 \|title\=Kerry Katona brands This Morning 'fake' as she talks 'belittling' Schofield interview \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/tv/news/kerry\-katona\-this\-morning\-interview\-phillip\-schofield\-b2350167\.html \|work\=The Independent \|language\=en}} Television personality and cleaner [Kim Woodburn](/wiki/Kim_Woodburn "Kim Woodburn"), who appeared on the show after leaving the *[Celebrity Big Brother](/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_%28British_TV_series%29 "Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series)")* house, branded Schofield and Willoughby "phoney" and "two\-faced" on the show.{{cite news \|date\=20 May 2023 \|title\=Kim Woodburn hits out at Holly Willoughby over Phillip Schofield 'feud' \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/tv/news/kim\-woodburn\-holly\-willoughby\-phillip\-schofield\-feud\-b2342600\.html \|work\=The Independent \|language\=en}} Dr [Ranj Singh](/wiki/Ranj_Singh "Ranj Singh") said in 2023 he had made an official complaint of a toxic culture and been managed out.{{cite news \|last1\=Sheridan \|first1\=Danielle \|date\=28 May 2023 \|title\=Former This Morning doctor reveals 'toxic culture' on ITV show \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/05/28/this\-morning\-doctor\-ranj\-reveals\-toxic\-culture\-itv\-show/ \|work\=The Telegraph}} ITV confirmed an external adviser carried out an investigation in 2021\.{{cite news \|last1\=Cooney \|first1\=Christy \|date\=28 May 2023 \|title\=Ex\-This Morning doctor Ranj Singh says culture on show became 'toxic' \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/may/28/ex\-this\-morning\-doctor\-ranj\-singh\-says\-culture\-on\-show\-became\-toxic \|work\=The Guardian}} Former [Secretary of State for Culture](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Culture "Secretary of State for Culture") [Nadine Dorries](/wiki/Nadine_Dorries "Nadine Dorries") questioned the culture and working practices of the show.{{cite news \|last1\=Hyde \|first1\=Marina \|date\=30 May 2023 \|title\=MPs are right: This Morning is a hotbed of scandal. Thank goodness parliament isn't \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/may/30/mps\-this\-morning\-parliament\-daytime\-tv \|work\=The Guardian}} Questions over safeguarding and complaint handling by ITV were raised generally and on 14 June [Carolyn McCall](/wiki/Carolyn_McCall "Carolyn McCall") answered to MPs on the [Culture, Media and Sport Committee](/wiki/Culture%2C_Media_and_Sport_Committee "Culture, Media and Sport Committee").{{cite news \|last1\=Hope \|first1\=Christopher \|date\=30 May 2023 \|title\=ITV to face grilling by MPs over Phillip Schofield affair \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/05/30/phillip\-schofield\-itv\-parliamentary\-committee\-this\-morning/ \|work\=The Telegraph}}{{cite news \|last1\=Moran \|first1\=Caitlin \|date\=2 June 2023 \|title\=ITV1 faces what we might call the Schofepocalypse \|url\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/caitlin\-moran\-celebrity\-watch\-phillip\-schofield\-itv\-zm8xllshs \|language\=en}}{{cite web \|date\=1 June 2023 \|title\=ITV chief executive Dame Carolyn McCall called to give evidence to Committee \|url\=https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/378/culture\-media\-and\-sport\-committee/news/195488/itv\-chief\-executive\-dame\-carolyn\-mccall\-called\-to\-give\-evidence\-to\-committee/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603035937/https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/378/culture\-media\-and\-sport\-committee/news/195488/itv\-chief\-executive\-dame\-carolyn\-mccall\-called\-to\-give\-evidence\-to\-committee/ \|archive\-date\=3 June 2023 \|access\-date\=5 June 2023 \|publisher\=Parliament of the United Kingdom \|language\=en}} *Loose Women* panellist [Carol McGiffin](/wiki/Carol_McGiffin "Carol McGiffin") said *This Morning* was "tainted" and her colleagues did not like the show or Schofield's handover to them.{{cite news \|date\=2 June 2023 \|title\=Carol McGiffin says 'tainted' This Morning can't go on \|url\=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/carol\-mcgiffin\-tainted\-this\-morning\-cant\-go\-on\-110337771\.html \|work\=Yahoo News}} A former production staff member also criticised the working culture which led to her resignation.{{cite web \|date\=2 June 2023 \|title\=I quit my TV executive job at ITV's This Morning in a feminist protest at the toxic, sexist culture I witnessed there \|url\=https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/i\-quit\-my\-job\-at\-itvs\-this\-morning\-over\-sexism \|website\=Glamour UK}} Schofield,{{cite news \|last1\=Bryant \|first1\=Miranda \|date\=29 May 2023 \|title\=Phillip Schofield denies claims of 'toxic' culture on This Morning \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/may/29/phillip\-schofield\-denies\-claims\-of\-toxic\-culture\-on\-this\-morning \|work\=The Guardian}} [Alison Hammond](/wiki/Alison_Hammond "Alison Hammond") and [Dermot O'Leary](/wiki/Dermot_O%27Leary "Dermot O'Leary"){{cite news \|date\=29 May 2023 \|title\=This Morning presenters defend show from "toxic" culture allegations \|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\-tv/a44029725/this\-morning\-presenters\-defend\-toxic\-culture\-allegations/ \|work\=Digital Spy}} all denied allegations of a toxic culture.{{cite news \|date\=29 May 2023 \|title\=Phillip Schofield row: This Morning hosts defend show \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\-arts\-65745586 \|work\=BBC News}}
|
[
"### 1993–2023: ITV presenting",
"[thumb\\|Schofield and [Holly Willoughby](/wiki/Holly_Willoughby \"Holly Willoughby\") with Prime Minister [David Cameron](/wiki/David_Cameron \"David Cameron\") on the set of [*This Morning*](/wiki/This_Morning_%28TV_programme%29 \"This Morning (TV programme)\") in 2012, a programme Schofield co\\-presented with Willoughby between 2009 and 2023In](/wiki/File:PM_on_set_of_%27This_Morning%27_%289237728689%29.jpg \"PM on set of 'This Morning' (9237728689).jpg\") August 2002, Schofield became a presenter on the ITV daytime show *[This Morning](/wiki/This_Morning_%28TV_programme%29 \"This Morning (TV programme)\")*, joining [John Leslie](/wiki/John_Leslie_%28TV_presenter%29 \"John Leslie (TV presenter)\") and [Fern Britton](/wiki/Fern_Britton \"Fern Britton\") on Fridays.{{cite news \\|last\\=Wilkes \\|first\\=Neil \\|title\\=Schofield to join 'This Morning' \\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a8812/schofield\\-to\\-join\\-quotthis\\-morningquot/ \\|access\\-date\\=5 March 2023 \\|work\\=Digital Spy \\|date\\=14 August 2002}} In October of that year, Leslie stepped aside from the programme after allegations about his personal life, and Schofield replaced him as Britton's co\\-host, first on a temporary and then a permanent basis.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Deans \\|first\\=Jason \\|date\\=18 December 2002 \\|title\\=Schofield signs up for This Morning \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/dec/18/broadcasting \\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2023 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Day \\|first\\=Julia \\|date\\=25 October 2002 \\|title\\=Schofield plugs the gap on This Morning \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/oct/25/broadcasting1 \\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2023 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} In May 2008, Schofield's father died from a long\\-standing heart condition, after which Schofield took a break from presenting *This Morning*. [John Barrowman](/wiki/John_Barrowman \"John Barrowman\") stood in for him until his return. In 2009, [Holly Willoughby](/wiki/Holly_Willoughby \"Holly Willoughby\") replaced Britton as Schofield's co\\-host. Schofield and Willoughby had a close friendship, with Schofield describing her as \"the sister he never had\", and they presented the programme together from Monday to Thursday mornings until Schofield's departure in May 2023 and Willougby's departure four months later in October 2023\\.",
"During his 2005 *[Room 101](/wiki/Room_101_%28British_TV_series%29 \"Room 101 (British TV series)\")* appearance, Schofield made an attempt to place Gordon in Room 101 (i.e., consign him to the past), but in an audience vote Gordon was spared. Gordon also made a brief appearance with Schofield during a 1980s\\-themed edition of *Dancing on Ice* in February 2009\\. He also made a brief appearance on 5 February 2012 edition. Gordon appeared on *This Morning* on 13 September 2010 to celebrate Schofield's 25th anniversary of first presenting CBBC. Schofield said \"I miss him\".{{cite news \\|title\\=Schofield reunited with Gordon the Gopher \\|url\\=http://www.u.tv/entertainment/Schofield\\-reunited\\-with\\-Gordon\\-the\\-Gopher/b57bda55\\-0e58\\-4b59\\-a156\\-5a24b8d5e416 \\|accessdate\\=12 June 2011 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[UTV Media\\|UTV]]}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Gordon The Gopher surprises Schof \\|url\\=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local\\-national/uk/gordon\\-the\\-gopher\\-surprises\\-schof\\-14947832\\.html \\|accessdate\\=12 June 2011 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Belfast Telegraph]]}} Starting in 2005, Schofield presented two series of *[Have I Been Here Before?](/wiki/Have_I_Been_Here_Before%3F \"Have I Been Here Before?\")*, a daytime programme in which a celebrity attempted to use [regression](/wiki/Past_life_regression \"Past life regression\") to get in touch with a [previous life](/wiki/Previous_life \"Previous life\").",
"From 2006 to 2023, he presented *[The British Soap Awards](/wiki/The_British_Soap_Awards \"The British Soap Awards\")*. Between 2006 and 2008, he hosted the programme with Britton. During the run of the ITV reality show *[I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!](/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here%21_%28British_TV_series%29 \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British TV series)\")*, he co\\-hosted the spin\\-off series *I'm a Celebrity, Get Me out of Here! Exclusive* with [Sheree Murphy](/wiki/Sheree_Murphy \"Sheree Murphy\"). The show lasted one series. In 2006, Schofield presented two episodes of the ITV game show *[It's Now or Never](/wiki/It%27s_Now_or_Never_%28game_show%29 \"It's Now or Never (game show)\")*, before the network cancelled the show, due to poor ratings.{{cite news \\|url\\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5220338\\.stm \\|title\\=ITV swiftly axes primetime show \\|website\\=BBC News \\|date\\=27 July 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2016}} In April 2008, he and Britton began hosting a revival of the ITV game show *[Mr and Mrs](/wiki/Mr_and_Mrs_%28TV_series%29 \"Mr and Mrs (TV series)\")*, renamed as *[All Star Mr \\& Mrs](/wiki/All_Star_Mr_%26_Mrs \"All Star Mr & Mrs\")*. In 2010, the show took a break but returned in 2012 without Britton.",
"Schofield presented *[Dancing on Ice](/wiki/Dancing_on_Ice \"Dancing on Ice\")* on ITV with Willoughby from 2006 until 2011 and [Christine Bleakley](/wiki/Christine_Bleakley \"Christine Bleakley\") from 2012 until 2014\\. It was announced in the summer of 2013 that *Dancing on Ice* was to come to an end following the 2014 series.{{cite web \\|last\\=Jeffery \\|first\\=Morgan \\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\\-tv/a495270/itv\\-to\\-replace\\-dancing\\-on\\-ice\\-with\\-juggernaut\\-entertainment\\-series/ \\|title\\=ITV to replace 'Dancing on Ice' with \"juggernaut entertainment series\" \\|work\\=Digital Spy \\|date\\=3 July 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-date\\=10 February 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210130404/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\\-tv/a495270/itv\\-to\\-replace\\-dancing\\-on\\-ice\\-with\\-juggernaut\\-entertainment\\-series/}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Eames \\|first\\=Tom \\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\\-tv/a483164/dancing\\-on\\-ice\\-to\\-air\\-final\\-series\\-in\\-2014\\-confirms\\-torvill\\-and\\-dean/ \\|title\\='Dancing on Ice' to air final series in 2014, confirms Torvill and Dean \\|work\\=Digital Spy \\|date\\=21 May 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930153936/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\\-tv/a483164/dancing\\-on\\-ice\\-to\\-air\\-final\\-series\\-in\\-2014\\-confirms\\-torvill\\-and\\-dean/}} Schofield returned to co\\-present the show with Willoughby in 2018 following ITV's choice to bring the series back after four years away. From 2009 until 2015, he presented the primetime game show *[The Cube](/wiki/The_Cube_%28British_game_show%29 \"The Cube (British game show)\"),* which offered contestants the chance to win a top prize of £250,000\\. Schofield returned to present the show in 2020 following ITV's choice to reboot the series after five years away, although it was later put on hiatus again in 2022\\. The only winner of the series was runner [Mo Farah](/wiki/Mo_Farah \"Mo Farah\"), who successfully completed the final game on an episode of a 2012 celebrity series in which British gold medallist athletes competed for charity.",
"Schofield hosted *[A Night of Heroes: The Sun Military Awards](/wiki/A_Night_of_Heroes:The_Sun_Military_Awards \"The Sun Military Awards\")* with [Amanda Holden](/wiki/Amanda_Holden \"Amanda Holden\") from 2009 until 2014\\. In 2010 and 2011, Schofield hosted the annual comedy show *[The Comedy Annual](/wiki/The_Comedy_Annual \"The Comedy Annual\")* on ITV. From 2011 until 2015, He co\\-hosted the Christmas charity show *[Text Santa](/wiki/Text_Santa \"Text Santa\")* on ITV with Bleakley in 2011, 2014 and 2015 and Willoughby in 2012 and 2013\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\\-releases/itv%E2%80%99s\\-star\\-line\\-bigger\\-and\\-better\\-text\\-santa\\|title\\=ITV's star line\\-up for bigger and better Text Santa\\|website\\=Press Centre}} In December 2014, he undertook a live 24\\-hour TV marathon to raise money for *Text Santa*,{{cite web \\|date\\=3 November 2014 \\|title\\=Phillip Schofield 24 hour live TV marathon for Text Santa \\|url\\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\\-releases/phillip\\-schofield\\-24\\-hour\\-live\\-tv\\-marathon\\-text\\-santa \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106010456/https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\\-releases/phillip\\-schofield\\-24\\-hour\\-live\\-tv\\-marathon\\-text\\-santa \\|archive\\-date\\=6 November 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2016 \\|work\\=ITV Press Centre}}{{cite news \\|date\\=2 December 2014 \\|title\\=Phillip Schofield completes 24\\-hour TV marathon \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\\-arts\\-30289977 \\|website\\=BBC News}} where, as well as appearing on *This Morning*, he appeared on various other programmes throughout the day, including being a guest panellist on *[Loose Women](/wiki/Loose_Women \"Loose Women\")*.",
"In March 2014, Schofield narrated the one\\-off [ITV2](/wiki/ITV2 \"ITV2\") show *[Educating Joey Essex](/wiki/Educating_Joey_Essex \"Educating Joey Essex\")*. The show was commissioned for a full series which was aired throughout 2014\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\\-tv/a553755/joey\\-essex\\-itv2\\-africa\\-series\\-title\\-revealed\\-phillip\\-schofield\\-to\\-narrate/ \\|first\\=Tom \\|last\\=Eames \\|date\\=25 February 2014 \\|title\\=Joey Essex ITV2 Africa series title revealed, Phillip Schofield to narrate \\|work\\=Digital Spy \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728064543/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\\-tv/a553755/joey\\-essex\\-itv2\\-africa\\-series\\-title\\-revealed\\-phillip\\-schofield\\-to\\-narrate/}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv\\-news/phillip\\-schofield\\-narrate\\-educating\\-joey\\-3184125 \\|title\\=Phillip Schofield to narrate Educating Joey Essex which sees the reality star travelling to Africa \\|first\\=Carl \\|last\\=Greenwood \\|work\\=Daily Mirror \\|date\\=26 February 2014}} The show was commissioned for a seven\\-part second series, filming began in April 2016, and the series aired in summer 2016 with the first episode titled \"The Queen's 90th Birthday\". He presented two series of the primetime game show *[You're Back in the Room](/wiki/You%27re_Back_in_the_Room \"You're Back in the Room\")* for ITV in 2015 and 2016\\.{{cite web \\|date\\=21 August 2014 \\|title\\=You're Back In The Room \\|url\\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\\-releases/you%E2%80%99re\\-back\\-room \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826175917/https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\\-releases/you%E2%80%99re\\-back\\-room \\|archive\\-date\\=26 August 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2016 \\|work\\=ITV Press Centre}} In 2018, Schofield and Willoughby made a cameo appearance on *[Coronation Street](/wiki/Coronation_Street \"Coronation Street\")*, when they interviewed [Rosie Webster](/wiki/Rosie_Webster \"Rosie Webster\"), [Craig Tinker](/wiki/Craig_Tinker \"Craig Tinker\") and [Gemma Winter](/wiki/Gemma_Winter \"Gemma Winter\") on *This Morning* after their role in a drugs bust at Underworld.",
"In 2016, Schofield travelled to South Africa with his wife Stephanie Lowe, as part of a series of short clips for *This Morning*. Following this, ITV aired three thirty\\-minute episodes in a primetime slot, called *[Schofield's South African Adventure](/wiki/Phillip_Schofield%27s_South_African_Adventure \"Phillip Schofield's South African Adventure\")*. Since March 2017, he has presented *[5 Gold Rings](/wiki/5_Gold_Rings \"5 Gold Rings\")*, a new game show format for ITV.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\\-releases/phillip\\-schofield\\-host\\-brand\\-new\\-itv\\-quiz\\-show\\-5\\-gold\\-rings\\|title\\=Phillip Schofield to host brand new ITV quiz show 5 Gold Rings\\|website\\=Press Centre}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a818762/phillip\\-schofield\\-itv\\-gameshow\\-five\\-gold\\-rings/\\|title\\=Phillip Schofield lands another new ITV gameshow called 5 Gold Rings\\|website\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|date\\=11 January 2017\\|last\\=Mitchell\\|first\\=Bea\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=14 February 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214061549/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a818762/phillip\\-schofield\\-itv\\-gameshow\\-five\\-gold\\-rings/}} In 2017, Schofield presented three\\-part factual series *How To Spend It Well at Christmas with Phillip Schofield* in which he tested the latest must\\-have festive gifts. The series concluded in 2022\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\\-releases/itv\\-announces\\-new\\-consumer\\-series\\-how\\-spend\\-it\\-well\\-christmas\\-wt\\|title\\=ITV announces new consumer series – How To Spend It Well At Christmas \\[W/T]\\|website\\=Press Centre}}",
"From 2011 to 2022, Schofield was involved in several television programmes about the [British royal family](/wiki/British_royal_family \"British royal family\"). In April 2011 and June 2012, Schofield co\\-hosted ITV's coverage of [Prince William and Catherine Middleton's wedding](/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton \"Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton\") and the [Queen's Diamond Jubilee](/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II \"Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II\") with [Julie Etchingham](/wiki/Julie_Etchingham \"Julie Etchingham\"), and in May 2018 they co\\-hosted ITV's coverage of [Prince Harry \\& Meghan Markle's wedding](/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Harry_and_Meghan_Markle \"Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle\"). In 2016, Schofield worked with [Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh](/wiki/Prince_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh \"Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh\") on the programme *When Phillip Met Prince Philip: 60 Years of [The Duke of Edinburgh's Award](/wiki/The_Duke_of_Edinburgh%27s_Award \"The Duke of Edinburgh's Award\")* to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the youth awards programme. Following [Prince Phillip's death in April 2021](/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Prince_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh \"Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh\"), Schofield co\\-hosted the ITV tribute programme *Prince Philip, Fondly Remembered* with Etchingham. During the [Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II](/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II \"Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II\"), Schofield presented two programmes celebrating the occasion; first with Willoughby on *This Morning* at [Windsor Castle](/wiki/Windsor_Castle \"Windsor Castle\") and secondly the ITV programme *The Queen's Platinum Jubilee Celebration*, co\\-hosted by Etchingham.",
"#### David Cameron interview",
"Amid the [Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal](/wiki/Jimmy_Savile_sexual_abuse_scandal \"Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal\") on 8 November 2012, Schofield interviewed then prime minister [David Cameron](/wiki/David_Cameron \"David Cameron\") on *This Morning* and presented him with a list he had obtained from the internet of five people named as paedophiles in connection with the [North Wales child abuse scandal](/wiki/North_Wales_child_abuse_scandal \"North Wales child abuse scandal\").{{cite news \\|date\\=9 November 2012 \\|title\\=Phillip Schofield 'paedophile list' move criticised by Cameron \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-politics\\-20265581 \\|access\\-date\\=9 November 2012 \\|website\\=BBC News}} The names of several former senior Conservative politicians were visible on the list.{{cite news \\|last\\=Burrell \\|first\\=Ian \\|date\\=8 November 2012 \\|title\\=Downing Street attacks Phillip Schofield for ambushing Prime Minister with internet\\-sourced list of suspected paedophiles \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/downing\\-street\\-attacks\\-phillip\\-schofield\\-for\\-ambushing\\-prime\\-minister\\-with\\-internetsourced\\-list\\-of\\-suspected\\-paedophiles\\-8297661\\.html \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/downing\\-street\\-attacks\\-phillip\\-schofield\\-for\\-ambushing\\-prime\\-minister\\-with\\-internetsourced\\-list\\-of\\-suspected\\-paedophiles\\-8297661\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=26 May 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=8 November 2012 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]}} Cameron responded by warning against a witchhunt, \"particularly about people who are gay\".{{cite web \\|last\\=Mulholland \\|first\\=Helene \\|date\\=8 November 2012 \\|title\\=David Cameron warns against 'witch\\-hunt' amid paedophilia allegations \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/nov/08/david\\-cameron\\-warns\\-witch\\-hunt\\-paedophilia \\|access\\-date\\=2 June 2023 \\|work\\=The Guardian}} Schofield was widely criticised for his action, with broadcaster [Jonathan Dimbleby](/wiki/Jonathan_Dimbleby \"Jonathan Dimbleby\") describing his behaviour as \"cretinous\".{{cite news \\|last\\=Mason \\|first\\=Rowena \\|date\\=8 November 2012 \\|title\\=Phillip Schofield reported to Ofcom over paedophile list \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david\\-cameron/9665470/Phillip\\-Schofield\\-reported\\-to\\-Ofcom\\-over\\-paedophile\\-list.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]}} ITV's director of television, [Peter Fincham](/wiki/Peter_Fincham \"Peter Fincham\"), said that Schofield was \"wrong\" in confronting Cameron and the broadcaster had agreed to co\\-operate fully with government regulator [Ofcom](/wiki/Ofcom \"Ofcom\")'s investigation into the matter. The investigation was initiated after Ofcom received 415 complaints from viewers. Schofield later apologised, blaming a misjudged camera angle. Schofield and ITV later paid £125,000 compensation to settle a libel suit from one of those falsely accused, [Alistair McAlpine, Baron McAlpine of West Green](/wiki/Alistair_McAlpine%2C_Baron_McAlpine_of_West_Green \"Alistair McAlpine, Baron McAlpine of West Green\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Gover \\|first\\=Dominic \\|date\\=22 November 2012 \\|title\\=Lord McAlpine Wins £125,000 from ITV for Philip Schofield Child Sex Smears \\|url\\=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/mcalpine\\-paedophile\\-itv\\-wrong\\-407659}}",
"#### Boris Johnson selfie",
"In December 2019, during the [2019 general election](/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2019 United Kingdom general election\"), Schofield and Willoughby were criticised for a \"giggly\" interview with then prime minister [Boris Johnson](/wiki/Boris_Johnson \"Boris Johnson\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sansome \\|first\\=Jessica \\|date\\=7 December 2019 \\|title\\=ITV's This Morning receives official complaints from outraged viewers over interview with Boris Johnson \\|url\\=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/tv/itvs\\-morning\\-receives\\-official\\-complaints\\-17381521 \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=Manchester Evening News \\|language\\=en}} The co\\-hosts' decision to take a [selfie](/wiki/Selfie \"Selfie\") with Johnson was also criticised, and viewers raised a \"lack of professionalism\" and \"clear bias\". Schofield defended the stunt writing: \"Can I point out that if Mr Corbyn had asked for a selfie, we would have happily obliged.\"{{Cite web \\|last\\=Brewis \\|first\\=Harriet \\|date\\=5 December 2019 \\|title\\=Schofield defends PM selfie saying 'we'd have done it with Corbyn' \\|url\\=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity\\-news/phillip\\-schofield\\-defends\\-boris\\-johnson\\-holly\\-willoughby\\-selfie\\-this\\-morning\\-a4305996\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=Evening Standard \\|language\\=en}} Viewers argued that the pair had been more critical when interviewing [Jeremy Corbyn](/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn \"Jeremy Corbyn\"), who faced repeated calls to apologise for accusations of [antisemitism in the Labour Party](/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Labour_Party \"Antisemitism in the Labour Party\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Carter \\|first\\=Helen \\|date\\=5 December 2019 \\|title\\=This Morning presenters slammed for 'selfie' with Boris Johnson \\|url\\=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/uk\\-news/this\\-morning\\-boris\\-johnson\\-interview\\-17368878 \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=Manchester Evening News \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=5 December 2019 \\|title\\=Phillip Schofield Defends 'Shameful' Selfie With Boris Johnson \\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/phillip\\-schofield\\-holly\\-willoughby\\-boris\\-johnson\\-selfie\\-this\\-morning\\_uk\\_5de91ee9e4b00149f73ce307 \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=HuffPost \\|language\\=en}} Viewers noted that [Islamophobia in the Conservative Party](/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_Conservative_Party \"Islamophobia in the Conservative Party\") was not raised with Johnson. Ofcom received 149 complaints.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Tabberer \\|first\\=Jamie \\|date\\=6 December 2019 \\|title\\=This Morning's Boris Johnson interview racks up 150 Ofcom complaints \\|url\\=https://metro.co.uk/2019/12/06/holly\\-willoughby\\-and\\-phillip\\-schofields\\-this\\-morning\\-interview\\-with\\-boris\\-johnson\\-sparks\\-150\\-ofcom\\-complaints\\-11295172/ \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=Metro \\|language\\=en}}",
"#### Energy bills \"spin to win\" controversy",
"On 5 September 2022, *This Morning* included a new prize of \"energy bills\" in their regular \"spin to win\" game. The prize equated to four months of payments, up to £400 each month. When a contestant failed to provide the qualifying passcode on air *This Morning* ended the phone call, prompting Willoughby to say, \"Well, we're not going to make Joyce's dreams come true.\"{{Citation \\|title\\=This Morning – Monday 5 Sept 10am \\|url\\=https://www.itv.com/hub/this\\-morning/2a6292a0922 \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|language\\=en}} Schofield replied, \"Well it's her fault.\" Schofield asked the first qualifying contestant if they were \"worried\" about energy bills and the contestant replied that \"it's absolutely murder\" having a prepayment meter.{{Cite web \\|date\\=5 September 2022 \\|title\\=This Morning viewers alarmed by 'dystopian' Spin to Win energy bill prize \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/tv/news/this\\-morning\\-energy\\-bills\\-spin\\-to\\-win\\-b2160065\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=The Independent \\|language\\=en}} The inclusion of bill payments was compared to *[Black Mirror](/wiki/Black_Mirror \"Black Mirror\")* or *[The Hunger Games](/wiki/The_Hunger_Games \"The Hunger Games\")*.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Dalziel \\|first\\=Magdalene \\|date\\=5 September 2022 \\|title\\=This Morning viewers blast 'disgusting' viewer comp to win cost of energy bills \\|url\\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/itv\\-morning\\-viewers\\-blast\\-disgusting\\-27911694 \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=Daily Record \\|language\\=en}} Coverage from [Sky News](/wiki/Sky_News \"Sky News\") asked \"Is Russia using Phillip Schofield for propaganda?\" after the game was reported on Russian state television.{{Cite web \\|date\\=7 September 2022 \\|title\\=This Morning's 'dystopian' energy bills Spin to Win game gets 170 Ofcom complaints \\|url\\=https://www.nationalworld.com/lifestyle/money/this\\-morning\\-viewers\\-shocked\\-dystopian\\-spin\\-to\\-wheel\\-prize\\-breach\\-ofcom\\-broadcasting\\-rules\\-3833087 \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=nationalworld.com \\|language\\=en}} British politician [Mary Kelly Foy](/wiki/Mary_Kelly_Foy \"Mary Kelly Foy\") tweeted:\n> I'm disgusted that @thismorning have used people being unable to afford their energy bills as some kind of twisted gameshow. The producers need to rethink this immediately! Everyone deserves dignity, especially if they're struggling.{{Cite web \\|date\\=5 September 2022 \\|title\\=This Morning criticised as 'dystopian' for offering viewers the chance to have their energy bills paid \\|url\\=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/morning\\-criticised\\-dystopian\\-offering\\-viewers\\-145730585\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-08 \\|publisher\\=Yahoo! Sports \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}",
"On 6 September 2022, Schofield referenced the controversy by saying, \"I wonder how much of that they can complain about online.\"{{Cite web \\|last\\=Lawes \\|first\\=Ruth \\|date\\=7 September 2022 \\|title\\=This Morning's 'tone\\-deaf' energy bills segment slammed with Ofcom complaints \\|url\\=https://metro.co.uk/2022/09/07/this\\-morning\\-spin\\-to\\-win\\-slammed\\-with\\-ofcom\\-complaints\\-17316373/ \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=Metro \\|language\\=en}} Ofcom received 170 complaints about the segment and it prompted widespread criticism from viewers and commentators.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Tutton \\|first\\=Charlotte \\|date\\=7 September 2022 \\|title\\=This Morning scraps 'tone\\-deaf' Spin to Win prize after backlash and host's jibe \\|url\\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv\\-news/morning\\-scraps\\-tone\\-deaf\\-spin\\-27929798 \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=mirror \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=7 September 2022 \\|title\\=Audience complaints \\|url\\=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about\\-ofcom/latest/bulletins/audience\\-complaints \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2022 \\|website\\=Ofcom \\|language\\=en}} Ofcom's broadcasting code states that: \"We would strongly advise broadcasters not to present a monetary prize as a possible resolution of financial difficulty.\" On 7 September 2022, the prize was removed without comment from ITV.",
"#### Queuegate controversy",
"Amid the [Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II](/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II \"Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II\"), Schofield and Willoughby drew criticism for not joining [the Queue for the lying\\-in\\-state of Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queue_for_the_lying-in-state_of_Elizabeth_II \"Queue for the lying-in-state of Elizabeth II\") with the public, when filming at [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II \"Queen Elizabeth II\")'s lying\\-in\\-state in [Westminster Hall](/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster \"Palace of Westminster\") on 17 September 2022\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=17 September 2022 \\|title\\=Holly Willoughby and Philip Schofield criticised for 'jumping queue' to see Queen \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/tv/news/holly\\-willoughby\\-philip\\-schofield\\-b2169430\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=17 September 2022 \\|website\\=The Independent \\|language\\=en}} ITV said that Schofield and Willougby were escorted from the [press gallery](/wiki/Press_gallery \"Press gallery\") by government staff and did not file past the Queen's coffin. Social media users contrasted this with the actions of former prime minister [Theresa May](/wiki/Theresa_May \"Theresa May\") and other celebrities including [David Beckham](/wiki/David_Beckham \"David Beckham\"), [Susanna Reid](/wiki/Susanna_Reid \"Susanna Reid\") and [Tim Vine](/wiki/Tim_Vine \"Tim Vine\"), all of whom queued for many hours with members of the general public. [Online petitions](/wiki/Online_petition \"Online petition\") were also organised calling for the pair to be sacked.",
"#### Toxic culture at *This Morning*",
"Schofield wrote in his memoir that in 2009, Britton accused him of meddling in the show and left because of this.{{cite news \\|date\\=2 June 2023 \\|title\\=Everything we know about the Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby 'fall\\-out' \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/tv/news/holly\\-willoughby\\-phillip\\-schofield\\-fallout\\-timeline\\-b2350179\\.html \\|work\\=The Independent \\|language\\=en}} Since the departure of Schofield and the revelation of his extramarital affair with a much younger male ITV co\\-worker, several people involved in the show have alleged a [toxic culture operated](/wiki/Toxic_workplace \"Toxic workplace\"). Ruth Langsford made a complaint to ITV while she worked there.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Duke \\|first1\\=Simon \\|date\\=29 May 2023 \\|title\\=Ruth Langsford made Phillip Schofield complaint to ITV bosses \\|url\\=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/tv/ruth\\-langsford\\-complaint\\-phillip\\-schofield\\-27017286 \\|work\\=ChronicleLive \\|language\\=en}} [Eamonn Holmes](/wiki/Eamonn_Holmes \"Eamonn Holmes\") stated Schofield was \"a narcissist and a bully at the centre of the toxicity.\"{{cite news \\|last1\\=Chappell \\|first1\\=Mario Ledwith, Peter \\|date\\=2 June 2023 \\|title\\=Eamonn Holmes brands Phillip Schofield 'narcissist' after This Morning defence \\|url\\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ranj\\-singh\\-itvs\\-this\\-morning\\-housed\\-toxic\\-culture\\-9ct5cr3cn \\|language\\=en}} Media personality and singer [Kerry Katona](/wiki/Kerry_Katona \"Kerry Katona\") described it as \"fake\" and her interview (as a guest) by Schofield and Willoughby \"belittling\".{{cite news \\|date\\=2 June 2023 \\|title\\=Kerry Katona brands This Morning 'fake' as she talks 'belittling' Schofield interview \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/tv/news/kerry\\-katona\\-this\\-morning\\-interview\\-phillip\\-schofield\\-b2350167\\.html \\|work\\=The Independent \\|language\\=en}} Television personality and cleaner [Kim Woodburn](/wiki/Kim_Woodburn \"Kim Woodburn\"), who appeared on the show after leaving the *[Celebrity Big Brother](/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_%28British_TV_series%29 \"Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series)\")* house, branded Schofield and Willoughby \"phoney\" and \"two\\-faced\" on the show.{{cite news \\|date\\=20 May 2023 \\|title\\=Kim Woodburn hits out at Holly Willoughby over Phillip Schofield 'feud' \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/tv/news/kim\\-woodburn\\-holly\\-willoughby\\-phillip\\-schofield\\-feud\\-b2342600\\.html \\|work\\=The Independent \\|language\\=en}} Dr [Ranj Singh](/wiki/Ranj_Singh \"Ranj Singh\") said in 2023 he had made an official complaint of a toxic culture and been managed out.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Sheridan \\|first1\\=Danielle \\|date\\=28 May 2023 \\|title\\=Former This Morning doctor reveals 'toxic culture' on ITV show \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/05/28/this\\-morning\\-doctor\\-ranj\\-reveals\\-toxic\\-culture\\-itv\\-show/ \\|work\\=The Telegraph}} ITV confirmed an external adviser carried out an investigation in 2021\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Cooney \\|first1\\=Christy \\|date\\=28 May 2023 \\|title\\=Ex\\-This Morning doctor Ranj Singh says culture on show became 'toxic' \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/may/28/ex\\-this\\-morning\\-doctor\\-ranj\\-singh\\-says\\-culture\\-on\\-show\\-became\\-toxic \\|work\\=The Guardian}} Former [Secretary of State for Culture](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Culture \"Secretary of State for Culture\") [Nadine Dorries](/wiki/Nadine_Dorries \"Nadine Dorries\") questioned the culture and working practices of the show.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Hyde \\|first1\\=Marina \\|date\\=30 May 2023 \\|title\\=MPs are right: This Morning is a hotbed of scandal. Thank goodness parliament isn't \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/may/30/mps\\-this\\-morning\\-parliament\\-daytime\\-tv \\|work\\=The Guardian}} Questions over safeguarding and complaint handling by ITV were raised generally and on 14 June [Carolyn McCall](/wiki/Carolyn_McCall \"Carolyn McCall\") answered to MPs on the [Culture, Media and Sport Committee](/wiki/Culture%2C_Media_and_Sport_Committee \"Culture, Media and Sport Committee\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Hope \\|first1\\=Christopher \\|date\\=30 May 2023 \\|title\\=ITV to face grilling by MPs over Phillip Schofield affair \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/05/30/phillip\\-schofield\\-itv\\-parliamentary\\-committee\\-this\\-morning/ \\|work\\=The Telegraph}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Moran \\|first1\\=Caitlin \\|date\\=2 June 2023 \\|title\\=ITV1 faces what we might call the Schofepocalypse \\|url\\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/caitlin\\-moran\\-celebrity\\-watch\\-phillip\\-schofield\\-itv\\-zm8xllshs \\|language\\=en}}{{cite web \\|date\\=1 June 2023 \\|title\\=ITV chief executive Dame Carolyn McCall called to give evidence to Committee \\|url\\=https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/378/culture\\-media\\-and\\-sport\\-committee/news/195488/itv\\-chief\\-executive\\-dame\\-carolyn\\-mccall\\-called\\-to\\-give\\-evidence\\-to\\-committee/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603035937/https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/378/culture\\-media\\-and\\-sport\\-committee/news/195488/itv\\-chief\\-executive\\-dame\\-carolyn\\-mccall\\-called\\-to\\-give\\-evidence\\-to\\-committee/ \\|archive\\-date\\=3 June 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=5 June 2023 \\|publisher\\=Parliament of the United Kingdom \\|language\\=en}} *Loose Women* panellist [Carol McGiffin](/wiki/Carol_McGiffin \"Carol McGiffin\") said *This Morning* was \"tainted\" and her colleagues did not like the show or Schofield's handover to them.{{cite news \\|date\\=2 June 2023 \\|title\\=Carol McGiffin says 'tainted' This Morning can't go on \\|url\\=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/carol\\-mcgiffin\\-tainted\\-this\\-morning\\-cant\\-go\\-on\\-110337771\\.html \\|work\\=Yahoo News}} A former production staff member also criticised the working culture which led to her resignation.{{cite web \\|date\\=2 June 2023 \\|title\\=I quit my TV executive job at ITV's This Morning in a feminist protest at the toxic, sexist culture I witnessed there \\|url\\=https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/i\\-quit\\-my\\-job\\-at\\-itvs\\-this\\-morning\\-over\\-sexism \\|website\\=Glamour UK}} Schofield,{{cite news \\|last1\\=Bryant \\|first1\\=Miranda \\|date\\=29 May 2023 \\|title\\=Phillip Schofield denies claims of 'toxic' culture on This Morning \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/may/29/phillip\\-schofield\\-denies\\-claims\\-of\\-toxic\\-culture\\-on\\-this\\-morning \\|work\\=The Guardian}} [Alison Hammond](/wiki/Alison_Hammond \"Alison Hammond\") and [Dermot O'Leary](/wiki/Dermot_O%27Leary \"Dermot O'Leary\"){{cite news \\|date\\=29 May 2023 \\|title\\=This Morning presenters defend show from \"toxic\" culture allegations \\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality\\-tv/a44029725/this\\-morning\\-presenters\\-defend\\-toxic\\-culture\\-allegations/ \\|work\\=Digital Spy}} all denied allegations of a toxic culture.{{cite news \\|date\\=29 May 2023 \\|title\\=Phillip Schofield row: This Morning hosts defend show \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\\-arts\\-65745586 \\|work\\=BBC News}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early years
Charles Stevens was born July 10, 1918 in [Van Houten, New Mexico](/wiki/Van_Houten%2C_New_Mexico "Van Houten, New Mexico"), near the Colorado border. He was one of four children of cattle breeder Charles Stevens Sr. and his wife Ann. A few years later they moved to Long Beach in order to be able to give their children a better education. As a child, Stevens played baseball and basketball, was fond of music and tap danced. With the whole family, they often attended the games of the [Los Angeles Angels](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels_%28PCL%29 "Los Angeles Angels (PCL)") [Pacific Coast League](/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League "Pacific Coast League") team. During his high school years and on the American Legion junior team, he played alongside future [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball "Major League Baseball") stars [Vern Stephens](/wiki/Vern_Stephens "Vern Stephens"), [Bob Lemon](/wiki/Bob_Lemon "Bob Lemon"), and [Bobby Sturgeon](/wiki/Bobby_Sturgeon "Bobby Sturgeon").
### Baseball career
In 1937, Stevens graduated from [Long Beach Polytechnic High School](/wiki/Long_Beach_Polytechnic_High_School "Long Beach Polytechnic High School") and entered the [University of California, Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley"), where he briefly studied as a dentist. He soon signed with the St. Louis Browns with the goal of being promoted to Major League Baseball in four years. The first team in his professional career was the [Williamston Martins](/wiki/Williamston_Martins "Williamston Martins") of [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina"). In the D League, Stevens played 97 games, batting 28\.8%. Being left\-handed, from childhood he was used to hitting from the right side. In 1938, he changed his stance at the request of the Browns coaches and later hit only from the left. That season, Stevens played for the [Johnstown Johnnies](/wiki/Johnstown_Johnnies "Johnstown Johnnies") in the C\-League, with a batting efficiency of 29\.0% .
In early 1939, he was transferred to the [Springfield Browns](/wiki/Springfield_Browns "Springfield Browns"). With the team, Stevens won the Tri\-I League Championship and had a slugging rate of 31\.6%. He played the following season in the Texas League with the [San Antonio Missions](/wiki/San_Antonio_Missions "San Antonio Missions"), where he hit worse, but played well on defense and moved around the bases. At the end of 1940, he was called to the first team of St. Louis for the first time, but he did not enter the field. Stevens played virtually the entire 1941 championship with Toledo Mud Hens, earning a slugging rate of 29\.0% in 145 matches played. In September, he made his debut for St. Louis, playing in four games. In 1942 he again played for Toledo.
After the end of the 1942 season, Stevens was called up for military service and posted to the [United States Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force"). At first he was in California, and then was sent to the Pacific theater of operations, where he participated in operations to rescue downed pilots in [Tinian](/wiki/Tinian "Tinian"), [Guam](/wiki/Guam "Guam") and [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Island "Okinawa Island"). Even during his service, he did not give up baseball, playing for teams of military bases. After demobilization, Stevens resumed his sports career. In 1946, he was the Browns' first baseman, playing in 122 regular season games with a slugging rate of 24\.8%.
In 1947, the club sent him to Toledo. Browns coaches later tried to bring him back, but that would have required going through a waiver draft. As a result, he had to spend the entire year in the minor leagues, where, after 141 games, his offensive efficiency was 27\.9%. Returning to St. Louis in 1948, he played 85 games, after which they tried to send him to San Antonio. Stevens refused and left for Long Beach, and later asked the club to sell him to the [Hollywood Stars](/wiki/Hollywood_Stars "Hollywood Stars"). After making the transition, he managed to play another 38 games for the new team.
Stevens played with the Stars for the next six years. Three times he won the [Pacific Coast League](/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League "Pacific Coast League") championship with the team. In parallel with his sports career, he starred in the sports films *[The Stratton Story](/wiki/The_Stratton_Story "The Stratton Story")* and *[The Winning Team](/wiki/The_Winning_Team "The Winning Team")*. In the second one of his partners was [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan"). Stevens was one of the team's most consistent hitters, playing well on defense and being a leader on the field and in the locker room. He left the Stars in 1954, losing the fight for a spot with Dale Long.. He spent the next season and a half with the [San Francisco Seals](/wiki/San_Francisco_Seals_%28baseball%29 "San Francisco Seals (baseball)") before buying out his contract and becoming the player\-coach of the [Amarillo Gold Sox](/wiki/Amarillo_Gold_Sox "Amarillo Gold Sox"). Under him, the team reached the final series of the Western League, and Stevens himself received the Manager of the Year award. After that, he was considered as a contender for the position of head coach of the St. Louis Browns, but he did not want to leave his family for a long time. The last season of his career was the 1957 season, during which Stevens was the player\-coach of the [Sacramento Solons](/wiki/Sacramento_Solons "Sacramento Solons").
### Post baseball career
After finishing playing, Stevens returned to Long Beach. He first worked for an oil well service company, and in 1960 accepted an offer to be secretary of the [Professional Baseball Players Association of America](/wiki/Professional_Baseball_Players_Association_of_America "Professional Baseball Players Association of America"). This organization brought together former baseball players, coaches and umpires, helping those in need. Stevens took part in the modernization of the structure of the Association, improvement of its work, bringing documentation in line with the law. In 1982, when the Association organized the All\-Star game among veterans, Stevens personally engaged in the selection of players in the team, and then led the American League team. He held the post of secretary of the organization until 1998, after which he retired. He spent the rest of his life in Long Beach.
Chuck Stevens died on May 28, 2018 at the age of 99\. At the time of his death, he was the oldest living Major League Baseball player.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.presstelegram.com/2018/02/16/long\-beachs\-george\-stevens\-is\-baseballs\-oldest\-living\-former\-major\-league\-player\-and\-its\-real\-saves\-leader/ \| title\=Oldest former major league baseball player, Long Beach's Chuck Stevens, to be honored Sunday at Phil Trani's \| date\=February 16, 2018 }}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early years",
"Charles Stevens was born July 10, 1918 in [Van Houten, New Mexico](/wiki/Van_Houten%2C_New_Mexico \"Van Houten, New Mexico\"), near the Colorado border. He was one of four children of cattle breeder Charles Stevens Sr. and his wife Ann. A few years later they moved to Long Beach in order to be able to give their children a better education. As a child, Stevens played baseball and basketball, was fond of music and tap danced. With the whole family, they often attended the games of the [Los Angeles Angels](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels_%28PCL%29 \"Los Angeles Angels (PCL)\") [Pacific Coast League](/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League \"Pacific Coast League\") team. During his high school years and on the American Legion junior team, he played alongside future [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\") stars [Vern Stephens](/wiki/Vern_Stephens \"Vern Stephens\"), [Bob Lemon](/wiki/Bob_Lemon \"Bob Lemon\"), and [Bobby Sturgeon](/wiki/Bobby_Sturgeon \"Bobby Sturgeon\").",
"### Baseball career",
"In 1937, Stevens graduated from [Long Beach Polytechnic High School](/wiki/Long_Beach_Polytechnic_High_School \"Long Beach Polytechnic High School\") and entered the [University of California, Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley \"University of California, Berkeley\"), where he briefly studied as a dentist. He soon signed with the St. Louis Browns with the goal of being promoted to Major League Baseball in four years. The first team in his professional career was the [Williamston Martins](/wiki/Williamston_Martins \"Williamston Martins\") of [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\"). In the D League, Stevens played 97 games, batting 28\\.8%. Being left\\-handed, from childhood he was used to hitting from the right side. In 1938, he changed his stance at the request of the Browns coaches and later hit only from the left. That season, Stevens played for the [Johnstown Johnnies](/wiki/Johnstown_Johnnies \"Johnstown Johnnies\") in the C\\-League, with a batting efficiency of 29\\.0% .",
"In early 1939, he was transferred to the [Springfield Browns](/wiki/Springfield_Browns \"Springfield Browns\"). With the team, Stevens won the Tri\\-I League Championship and had a slugging rate of 31\\.6%. He played the following season in the Texas League with the [San Antonio Missions](/wiki/San_Antonio_Missions \"San Antonio Missions\"), where he hit worse, but played well on defense and moved around the bases. At the end of 1940, he was called to the first team of St. Louis for the first time, but he did not enter the field. Stevens played virtually the entire 1941 championship with Toledo Mud Hens, earning a slugging rate of 29\\.0% in 145 matches played. In September, he made his debut for St. Louis, playing in four games. In 1942 he again played for Toledo.",
"After the end of the 1942 season, Stevens was called up for military service and posted to the [United States Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force \"United States Air Force\"). At first he was in California, and then was sent to the Pacific theater of operations, where he participated in operations to rescue downed pilots in [Tinian](/wiki/Tinian \"Tinian\"), [Guam](/wiki/Guam \"Guam\") and [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Island \"Okinawa Island\"). Even during his service, he did not give up baseball, playing for teams of military bases. After demobilization, Stevens resumed his sports career. In 1946, he was the Browns' first baseman, playing in 122 regular season games with a slugging rate of 24\\.8%.",
"In 1947, the club sent him to Toledo. Browns coaches later tried to bring him back, but that would have required going through a waiver draft. As a result, he had to spend the entire year in the minor leagues, where, after 141 games, his offensive efficiency was 27\\.9%. Returning to St. Louis in 1948, he played 85 games, after which they tried to send him to San Antonio. Stevens refused and left for Long Beach, and later asked the club to sell him to the [Hollywood Stars](/wiki/Hollywood_Stars \"Hollywood Stars\"). After making the transition, he managed to play another 38 games for the new team.",
"Stevens played with the Stars for the next six years. Three times he won the [Pacific Coast League](/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League \"Pacific Coast League\") championship with the team. In parallel with his sports career, he starred in the sports films *[The Stratton Story](/wiki/The_Stratton_Story \"The Stratton Story\")* and *[The Winning Team](/wiki/The_Winning_Team \"The Winning Team\")*. In the second one of his partners was [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\"). Stevens was one of the team's most consistent hitters, playing well on defense and being a leader on the field and in the locker room. He left the Stars in 1954, losing the fight for a spot with Dale Long.. He spent the next season and a half with the [San Francisco Seals](/wiki/San_Francisco_Seals_%28baseball%29 \"San Francisco Seals (baseball)\") before buying out his contract and becoming the player\\-coach of the [Amarillo Gold Sox](/wiki/Amarillo_Gold_Sox \"Amarillo Gold Sox\"). Under him, the team reached the final series of the Western League, and Stevens himself received the Manager of the Year award. After that, he was considered as a contender for the position of head coach of the St. Louis Browns, but he did not want to leave his family for a long time. The last season of his career was the 1957 season, during which Stevens was the player\\-coach of the [Sacramento Solons](/wiki/Sacramento_Solons \"Sacramento Solons\").",
"### Post baseball career",
"After finishing playing, Stevens returned to Long Beach. He first worked for an oil well service company, and in 1960 accepted an offer to be secretary of the [Professional Baseball Players Association of America](/wiki/Professional_Baseball_Players_Association_of_America \"Professional Baseball Players Association of America\"). This organization brought together former baseball players, coaches and umpires, helping those in need. Stevens took part in the modernization of the structure of the Association, improvement of its work, bringing documentation in line with the law. In 1982, when the Association organized the All\\-Star game among veterans, Stevens personally engaged in the selection of players in the team, and then led the American League team. He held the post of secretary of the organization until 1998, after which he retired. He spent the rest of his life in Long Beach.",
"Chuck Stevens died on May 28, 2018 at the age of 99\\. At the time of his death, he was the oldest living Major League Baseball player.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.presstelegram.com/2018/02/16/long\\-beachs\\-george\\-stevens\\-is\\-baseballs\\-oldest\\-living\\-former\\-major\\-league\\-player\\-and\\-its\\-real\\-saves\\-leader/ \\| title\\=Oldest former major league baseball player, Long Beach's Chuck Stevens, to be honored Sunday at Phil Trani's \\| date\\=February 16, 2018 }}",
""
] |
### Baseball career
In 1937, Stevens graduated from [Long Beach Polytechnic High School](/wiki/Long_Beach_Polytechnic_High_School "Long Beach Polytechnic High School") and entered the [University of California, Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley"), where he briefly studied as a dentist. He soon signed with the St. Louis Browns with the goal of being promoted to Major League Baseball in four years. The first team in his professional career was the [Williamston Martins](/wiki/Williamston_Martins "Williamston Martins") of [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina"). In the D League, Stevens played 97 games, batting 28\.8%. Being left\-handed, from childhood he was used to hitting from the right side. In 1938, he changed his stance at the request of the Browns coaches and later hit only from the left. That season, Stevens played for the [Johnstown Johnnies](/wiki/Johnstown_Johnnies "Johnstown Johnnies") in the C\-League, with a batting efficiency of 29\.0% .
In early 1939, he was transferred to the [Springfield Browns](/wiki/Springfield_Browns "Springfield Browns"). With the team, Stevens won the Tri\-I League Championship and had a slugging rate of 31\.6%. He played the following season in the Texas League with the [San Antonio Missions](/wiki/San_Antonio_Missions "San Antonio Missions"), where he hit worse, but played well on defense and moved around the bases. At the end of 1940, he was called to the first team of St. Louis for the first time, but he did not enter the field. Stevens played virtually the entire 1941 championship with Toledo Mud Hens, earning a slugging rate of 29\.0% in 145 matches played. In September, he made his debut for St. Louis, playing in four games. In 1942 he again played for Toledo.
After the end of the 1942 season, Stevens was called up for military service and posted to the [United States Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force"). At first he was in California, and then was sent to the Pacific theater of operations, where he participated in operations to rescue downed pilots in [Tinian](/wiki/Tinian "Tinian"), [Guam](/wiki/Guam "Guam") and [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Island "Okinawa Island"). Even during his service, he did not give up baseball, playing for teams of military bases. After demobilization, Stevens resumed his sports career. In 1946, he was the Browns' first baseman, playing in 122 regular season games with a slugging rate of 24\.8%.
In 1947, the club sent him to Toledo. Browns coaches later tried to bring him back, but that would have required going through a waiver draft. As a result, he had to spend the entire year in the minor leagues, where, after 141 games, his offensive efficiency was 27\.9%. Returning to St. Louis in 1948, he played 85 games, after which they tried to send him to San Antonio. Stevens refused and left for Long Beach, and later asked the club to sell him to the [Hollywood Stars](/wiki/Hollywood_Stars "Hollywood Stars"). After making the transition, he managed to play another 38 games for the new team.
Stevens played with the Stars for the next six years. Three times he won the [Pacific Coast League](/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League "Pacific Coast League") championship with the team. In parallel with his sports career, he starred in the sports films *[The Stratton Story](/wiki/The_Stratton_Story "The Stratton Story")* and *[The Winning Team](/wiki/The_Winning_Team "The Winning Team")*. In the second one of his partners was [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan"). Stevens was one of the team's most consistent hitters, playing well on defense and being a leader on the field and in the locker room. He left the Stars in 1954, losing the fight for a spot with Dale Long.. He spent the next season and a half with the [San Francisco Seals](/wiki/San_Francisco_Seals_%28baseball%29 "San Francisco Seals (baseball)") before buying out his contract and becoming the player\-coach of the [Amarillo Gold Sox](/wiki/Amarillo_Gold_Sox "Amarillo Gold Sox"). Under him, the team reached the final series of the Western League, and Stevens himself received the Manager of the Year award. After that, he was considered as a contender for the position of head coach of the St. Louis Browns, but he did not want to leave his family for a long time. The last season of his career was the 1957 season, during which Stevens was the player\-coach of the [Sacramento Solons](/wiki/Sacramento_Solons "Sacramento Solons").
|
[
"### Baseball career",
"In 1937, Stevens graduated from [Long Beach Polytechnic High School](/wiki/Long_Beach_Polytechnic_High_School \"Long Beach Polytechnic High School\") and entered the [University of California, Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley \"University of California, Berkeley\"), where he briefly studied as a dentist. He soon signed with the St. Louis Browns with the goal of being promoted to Major League Baseball in four years. The first team in his professional career was the [Williamston Martins](/wiki/Williamston_Martins \"Williamston Martins\") of [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\"). In the D League, Stevens played 97 games, batting 28\\.8%. Being left\\-handed, from childhood he was used to hitting from the right side. In 1938, he changed his stance at the request of the Browns coaches and later hit only from the left. That season, Stevens played for the [Johnstown Johnnies](/wiki/Johnstown_Johnnies \"Johnstown Johnnies\") in the C\\-League, with a batting efficiency of 29\\.0% .",
"In early 1939, he was transferred to the [Springfield Browns](/wiki/Springfield_Browns \"Springfield Browns\"). With the team, Stevens won the Tri\\-I League Championship and had a slugging rate of 31\\.6%. He played the following season in the Texas League with the [San Antonio Missions](/wiki/San_Antonio_Missions \"San Antonio Missions\"), where he hit worse, but played well on defense and moved around the bases. At the end of 1940, he was called to the first team of St. Louis for the first time, but he did not enter the field. Stevens played virtually the entire 1941 championship with Toledo Mud Hens, earning a slugging rate of 29\\.0% in 145 matches played. In September, he made his debut for St. Louis, playing in four games. In 1942 he again played for Toledo.",
"After the end of the 1942 season, Stevens was called up for military service and posted to the [United States Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force \"United States Air Force\"). At first he was in California, and then was sent to the Pacific theater of operations, where he participated in operations to rescue downed pilots in [Tinian](/wiki/Tinian \"Tinian\"), [Guam](/wiki/Guam \"Guam\") and [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Island \"Okinawa Island\"). Even during his service, he did not give up baseball, playing for teams of military bases. After demobilization, Stevens resumed his sports career. In 1946, he was the Browns' first baseman, playing in 122 regular season games with a slugging rate of 24\\.8%.",
"In 1947, the club sent him to Toledo. Browns coaches later tried to bring him back, but that would have required going through a waiver draft. As a result, he had to spend the entire year in the minor leagues, where, after 141 games, his offensive efficiency was 27\\.9%. Returning to St. Louis in 1948, he played 85 games, after which they tried to send him to San Antonio. Stevens refused and left for Long Beach, and later asked the club to sell him to the [Hollywood Stars](/wiki/Hollywood_Stars \"Hollywood Stars\"). After making the transition, he managed to play another 38 games for the new team.",
"Stevens played with the Stars for the next six years. Three times he won the [Pacific Coast League](/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League \"Pacific Coast League\") championship with the team. In parallel with his sports career, he starred in the sports films *[The Stratton Story](/wiki/The_Stratton_Story \"The Stratton Story\")* and *[The Winning Team](/wiki/The_Winning_Team \"The Winning Team\")*. In the second one of his partners was [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\"). Stevens was one of the team's most consistent hitters, playing well on defense and being a leader on the field and in the locker room. He left the Stars in 1954, losing the fight for a spot with Dale Long.. He spent the next season and a half with the [San Francisco Seals](/wiki/San_Francisco_Seals_%28baseball%29 \"San Francisco Seals (baseball)\") before buying out his contract and becoming the player\\-coach of the [Amarillo Gold Sox](/wiki/Amarillo_Gold_Sox \"Amarillo Gold Sox\"). Under him, the team reached the final series of the Western League, and Stevens himself received the Manager of the Year award. After that, he was considered as a contender for the position of head coach of the St. Louis Browns, but he did not want to leave his family for a long time. The last season of his career was the 1957 season, during which Stevens was the player\\-coach of the [Sacramento Solons](/wiki/Sacramento_Solons \"Sacramento Solons\").",
""
] |
Pork
----
### Background
[thumb\|An illustration of the measured dioxin levels in Irish pork and beef relative to the legal limit.
The smallest green circle represents the legal limit.
The other circles' areas are relative to the green circle and represent the lowest (80 times the legal limit) and highest (400 times the legal limit) levels of dioxin found in Irish pork and beef.](/wiki/File:400-Relative_dioxin_levels.svg "400-Relative dioxin levels.svg")
On the evening of 6 December, the Food Safety Authority of Ireland ordered the recall, withdrawal and destruction of all Irish pork products dating back to 1 September. It was announced that "dioxins \& dioxin like PCBs", a group of highly toxic synthetic [halogenated](/wiki/Halogenated "Halogenated") organic compounds, had been discovered in pork at levels between 80 and 200 times the [EU](/wiki/European_Union "European Union")'s recommended safety limits.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.independent.ie/breaking\-news/national\-news/recall\-of\-all\-pork\-in\-public\-health\-alert\-1566236\.html\|title\=Recall of all pork in public health alert\|date\=6 December 2008\|access\-date\=6 December 2008\|work\=\[\[Irish Independent]]\|archive\-date\=8 December 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208011152/http://www.independent.ie/breaking\-news/national\-news/recall\-of\-all\-pork\-in\-public\-health\-alert\-1566236\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tv3\.ie/article.php?article\_id\=4739\&locID\=1\.2\.\&pagename\=news \|title\=Irish pork recalled over contamination fears \|date\=7 December 2008 \|access\-date\=7 December 2008 \|publisher\=\[\[TV3 Ireland]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115210816/http://www.tv3\.ie/article.php?article\_id\=4739\&locID\=1\.2\.\&pagename\=news \|archive\-date\=15 January 2009 }} This contamination, which was first realised on 1 December, came about as a result of contamination of pig feed. The positive results for dioxins and dioxin like PCBs were confirmed on the afternoon of 6 December and announced within hours. The Irish general public were advised to destroy all their purchased pork products as Ireland's [Department of Agriculture](/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture%2C_Food_and_the_Marine "Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine") and the Food Safety Authority had initiated an investigation.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1206/breaking38\.html \|title\=Investigation after toxic substance found in pigs \|author\=Conor Pope \|newspaper\=The Irish Times \|date\=6 December 2008 \|access\-date\=7 March 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009125507/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1206/breaking38\.html \|archive\-date\=9 October 2012 }} and {{cite news\|url\=http://www.independent.ie/breaking\-news/national\-news/farm\-contaminant\-alert\-1566196\.html\|title\=Farm contaminant alert\|date\=6 December 2008\|access\-date\=6 December 2008\|work\=\[\[Irish Independent]]\|archive\-date\=8 December 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208031013/http://www.independent.ie/breaking\-news/national\-news/farm\-contaminant\-alert\-1566196\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
Contaminated feed was used at as many as forty\-six farms in the [Republic of Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") of which thirty\-seven raised cattle for beef and nine produced pork.{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk\_news/7770476\.stm \|title\=Irish pork contamination probed \|date\=8 December 2008 \|access\-date\=10 December 2008 \|work\=BBC News \|archive\-date\=10 December 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210060903/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk\_news/7770476\.stm \|url\-status\=live }} Additionally, contaminated feed was used on eight cattle farms in [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1209/breaking23\.html\|title\=Contaminated feed used on eight NI cattle farms\|date\=9 December 2008\|access\-date\=10 December 2008\|publisher\=irishtimes.com\|archive\-date\=20 May 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520235841/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1209/breaking23\.html?via\=rel\|url\-status\=live}} Beef products, from cattle who may have been fed contaminated feed, were judged to be safe and were not recalled from market. One cattle farm in Northern Ireland used the feed for beef and dairy cattle, and milk from this farm was removed from the [food supply](http://www.google.com/).
Following the discovery, the [Taoiseach](/wiki/Taoiseach "Taoiseach"), [Brian Cowen](/wiki/Brian_Cowen "Brian Cowen") and the Irish [Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food](/wiki/Minister_for_Agriculture%2C_Food_and_the_Marine "Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine"), [Brendan Smith](/wiki/Brendan_Smith_%28politician%29 "Brendan Smith (politician)") attended talks at the Department of Agriculture. Alongside them were the [Minister for Health](/wiki/Minister_for_Health_%28Ireland%29 "Minister for Health (Ireland)"), [Mary Harney](/wiki/Mary_Harney "Mary Harney") and [Ministers of State](/wiki/Minister_of_State_%28Ireland%29 "Minister of State (Ireland)") [Trevor Sargent](/wiki/Trevor_Sargent "Trevor Sargent") and [Mary Wallace](/wiki/Mary_Wallace "Mary Wallace").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1206/breaking44\.htm\|title\=Recall of Irish pork over contamination fears\|date\=6 December 2008\|access\-date\=6 December 2008\|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]]}} The opposition party [Fine Gael](/wiki/Fine_Gael "Fine Gael")'s spokesperson for agriculture, [Michael Creed](/wiki/Michael_Creed "Michael Creed") described the discovery as "potentially the biggest threat to the agriculture food sector since the outbreak of [foot\-and\-mouth disease](/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease "Foot-and-mouth disease")".{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1206/agriculture.html \|title\=Recall notice for Irish pork products \|date\=6 December 2008 \|access\-date\=6 December 2008 \|publisher\=\[\[RTÉ]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209030802/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1206/agriculture.html \|archive\-date\=9 December 2008 }}
On the afternoon of 7 December, the FSAI claimed identification of the source as a contaminated ingredient which had been added to pork feed, and said it was now considered that the profile of dioxins located is similar to those found in electronic [transformer oils](/wiki/Transformer_oil "Transformer oil").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1207/breaking9\.htm\|title\=FSAI moves to allay consumer fears\|date\=7 December 2008\|access\-date\=7 December 2008\|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]]}} On the evening of that same day, [RTÉ](/wiki/RT%C3%89 "RTÉ"), the state\-run broadcaster, reported that the source of the crisis was a processing plant in County Carlow *(see [\#Millstream Power Recycling Limited](/wiki/%23Millstream_Power_Recycling_Limited "#Millstream Power Recycling Limited"))*. A [garda](/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na "Garda Síochána") investigation was launched. The Association of Pigmeat Processors refused to continue slaughtering pigs, insisting they needed a massive financial package (up to €1 billion) from the Irish government to assist them with the mass recall.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1208/pork\-business.html\|title\=Pig processors demand Government help\|date\=8 December 2008\|access\-date\=9 December 2008\|publisher\=\[\[RTÉ]]\|archive\-date\=26 October 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026112137/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1208/pork\-business.html\|url\-status\=live}} The European Union maintained that there would be no funding for the Irish pork industry in the wake of the crisis.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1209/pork\-business.html\|title\=No EU funding for Irish pork industry\|date\=9 December 2008\|access\-date\=9 December 2008\|publisher\=\[\[RTÉ]]\|archive\-date\=26 October 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026112148/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1209/pork\-business.html\|url\-status\=live}} Fine Gael leader [Enda Kenny](/wiki/Enda_Kenny "Enda Kenny") criticised the Irish government, calling the crisis "an unmitigated disaster".{{cite news\|url\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1210/breaking40\.html\|title\=Cowen 'confident' of pig processing agreement\|date\=10 December 2008\|access\-date\=10 December 2008\|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]]\|archive\-date\=11 November 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111234503/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1210/breaking40\.html?via\=rel\|url\-status\=live}}
### Affected products
Most pork products are at risk of contamination; however, [pork gelatine](/wiki/Gelatin "Gelatin"), products containing pork gelatine such as sweets, crisps and snack foods and sauces with pork or ham content are not.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1206/porkrecallinfo.html\|title\=Information on Irish pork recall\|date\=6 December 2008\|access\-date\=8 December 2008\|publisher\=\[\[RTÉ]]\|archive\-date\=9 December 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209233047/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1206/porkrecallinfo.html\|url\-status\=live}}
### Health effects of dioxins and PCBs
{{Multiple image\|direction\=vertical\|align\=right\|image1\=Polychlorinated biphenyl structure.svg\|image2\=PCDD general structure.svg\|width\=200\|caption2\=General chemical structure of \[\[polychlorinated biphenyl\|PCBs]] (top) and \[\[polychlorinated dibenzodioxins\|dioxins]] (bottom)}}
[thumb\|200px\|right\|1 part per trillion is approximately equivalent to dispersing *one\-twentieth* of a drop of water throughout this 50\-metre [Olympic sized](/wiki/Long_course "Long course") swimming pool.](/wiki/File:Image-Olympic_Pool_Munich_1972%2C_color_adj.jpg "Image-Olympic Pool Munich 1972, color adj.jpg")
[Dioxins](/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins "Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins"){{cite book
\| last \= Eaton
\| first \= David L.
\| title \= Health Risks from Dioxin and Related Compounds: Evaluation of the EPA Reassessment (Report in Brief)
\| publisher \= The National Academies
\| year \= 2006
\| page \= 6
\| url \= http://dels\-old.nas.edu/dels/rpt\_briefs/dioxin\_brief\_final.pdf
\| isbn \= 0\-309\-10258\-8
\| display\-authors \= etal
\| access\-date \= 9 January 2011
\| archive\-date \= 18 July 2011
\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110718011924/http://dels\-old.nas.edu/dels/rpt\_briefs/dioxin\_brief\_final.pdf
\| url\-status \= live
}} and [polychlorinated biphenyls](/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl "Polychlorinated biphenyl") (PCBs){{cite book
\| last1 \= Faroon
\| first1 \= Obaid M.
\| first2\= L. Samuel \|last2\=Keith \|first3\=Cassandra \|last3\=Smith\-Simon
\| title \= Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Human Health Aspects
\| publisher \= World Health Organization
\| year \= 2003
\| page \= 58
\| url \=https://www.who.int/entity/ipcs/publications/cicad/en/cicad55\.pdf
\| id \= MON\-011386
\| isbn \= 92\-4\-153055\-3}} are two groups of predominately man\-made toxic chemicals which, when consumed, affect both the [immune](/wiki/Immune_system "Immune system") and [reproductive systems](/wiki/Reproductive_system "Reproductive system") and are classified as probably carcinogenic by the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") and in the United States by the [National Cancer Institute](/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute "National Cancer Institute") and the [Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry](/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry "Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry").[Fact Sheet on dioxin in feed and food.](http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_consumer/library/press/press170_en.pdf) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320181440/http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health\_consumer/library/press/press170\_en.pdf \|date\=20 March 2009 }} Europa, Brussels, 20 July 2001\. The toxicity of dioxins and dioxin like [PCBs](/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl "Polychlorinated biphenyl") is mediated by their ability to bind strongly to the [aryl hydrocarbon](/wiki/Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor "Aryl hydrocarbon receptor") [cell receptor](/wiki/Receptor_%28biochemistry%29 "Receptor (biochemistry)") that is present in most animals.{{Cite journal\| first1 \= Reginald \| last1\=Davies
\| first2 \= Bruce \|last2\=Clothier \|first3\=Susan W. \|last3\=Robinson \|first4\=Richard E. \|last4\=Edwards \|first5\=Peter \|last5\=Greaves \|first6\=JinLi \|last6\=Luo \|first7\=Timothy W. \|last7\=Gant \|first8\=Tatyana \|last8\=Chernova \|first9\=Andrew G. \|last9\=Smith
\| title \= Essential Role of the AH Receptor in the Dysfunction of Heme Metabolism Induced by 2,3,7,8\-Tetrachlorodibenzo\-p\-dioxin
\| journal\=Chemical Research in Toxicology
\| volume\=21
\| issue\=2
\| pages\=330–40
\| type \= research\-article
\| date \= 29 December 2007
\| doi \= 10\.1021/tx700176r
\| pmid\=18163543
}}
Several [epidemiological](/wiki/Epidemiology "Epidemiology") studies have observed a [correlation](/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation "Correlation does not imply causation") between high levels of dioxins and PCBs in humans and a wide variety of adverse health effects *e.g.* [chloracne](/wiki/Chloracne "Chloracne"), lowering of [IQ](/wiki/IQ "IQ"), dysfunction of the [thyroid gland](/wiki/Thyroid_gland "Thyroid gland") and reduction of [thyroid hormone](/wiki/Thyroid_hormone "Thyroid hormone") levels, elevated rates of [endometriosis](/wiki/Endometriosis "Endometriosis") in women, higher levels of [diabetes](/wiki/Diabetes "Diabetes") in women, [precocious puberty](/wiki/Precocious_puberty "Precocious puberty") in females and subtle [developmental delay](/wiki/Developmental_disability "Developmental disability") in children, as evidenced by altered play activity.{{Cite journal\|issn\=1344\-9702 \|volume\=49 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=333–336 \|last\=Masuda \|first\=Y \|title\=Health Effect of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Related Compounds \|journal\=J Health Sci \|year\=2003 \|doi\=10\.1248/jhs.49\.333 \|doi\-access\=free }} Males appear to be more sensitive to poisoning by high levels of dioxins \& dioxin\-like PCBs and are more likely to develop severe symptoms *e.g.* young men poisoned by [TCDD](/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins "Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins") (the most toxic dioxin) are less likely to father boys.{{Cite journal \|doi\=10\.1016/S0140\-6736(00\)02290\-X \|issn\=0140\-6736 \|volume\=355 \|issue\=9218 \|pages\=1858–63 \|first1\=P \|last1\=Mocarelli \|first2\=P M \|last2\=Gerthoux \|first3\=E \|last3\=Ferrari \|first4\=D G \|last4\=Patterson \|first5\=S M \|last5\=Kieszak \|first6\=P \|last6\=Brambilla \|first7\=N \|last7\=Vincoli \|first8\=S \|last8\=Signorini \|first9\=P \|last9\=Tramacere \|first10\=V \|last10\=Carreri \|first11\=E J \|last11\=Sampson \|first12\=W E \|last12\=Turner \|first13\=L L \|last13\=Needham \|title\=Paternal concentrations of dioxin and sex ratio of offspring \|journal\=Lancet \|date\=27 May 2000 \|pmid\=10866441 \|hdl\=10281/16136 \|s2cid\=6353869 \|url\=https://boa.unimib.it/bitstream/10281/16136/2/sex%20ratio%20lancet%202000\.pdf \|hdl\-access\=free \|access\-date\=2 September 2019 \|archive\-date\=23 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123055139/https://boa.unimib.it/bitstream/10281/16136/2/sex%20ratio%20lancet%202000\.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} See Geusau *et al.* (2001\){{cite journal
\|doi\=10\.1289/ehp.01109865
\|issn\=0091\-6765
\|volume\=109
\|issue\=8
\|pages\=865–9
\|last\=Geusau
\|first\=A
\|author2\=K Abraham
\|author3\=K Geissler
\|author4\=M O Sator
\|author5\=G Stingl
\|author6\=E Tschachler
\|title\=Severe 2,3,7,8\-tetrachlorodibenzo\-p\-dioxin (TCDD) intoxication: clinical and laboratory effects
\|journal\=Environmental Health Perspectives
\|access\-date\=10 December 2008
\|date\=August 2001
\|url\=http://www.ehponline.org/members/2001/109p865\-869geusau/geusau\-full.html
\|pmid\=11564625
\|pmc\=1240417
\|jstor\=3454832
\|url\-status\=dead
\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118232532/http://www.ehponline.org/members/2001/109p865\-869geusau/geusau\-full.html
\|archive\-date\=18 January 2009
}} who describe the clinical manifestations of two extremely severe (and probably [criminal](/wiki/History_of_poison "History of poison")) dioxin poisoning cases.
Much of the hazard posed by dioxins and PCBs comes from their [environmental persistence](/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant "Persistent organic pollutant") and their [lipophilic](/wiki/Lipophilic "Lipophilic") nature, resulting their propensity to accumulate in the [food chain](/wiki/Food_chain "Food chain"), particularity in the fat of animals. About 80% of human exposure to dioxins and PCBs comes from animal derived foods *e.g.* poultry, beef and dairy. However, the health effects and risks of long\-term, low\-level exposure to the general public cannot be observed directly, and are highly controversial. It is not known if the [dose response](/wiki/Dose-response_relationship "Dose-response relationship") relationship at low\-levels of exposure is sub\-linear or [linear](/wiki/Linear_no-threshold_model "Linear no-threshold model"), or has a [threshold](/wiki/Threshold_model "Threshold model") *i.e.* harmless at very low levels. Risk assessments are further complicated by the observation that contamination typically involves a complex mixture of [related chemicals](/wiki/PCB_Congener_List "PCB Congener List"), the toxicity of each varies and has to be factored according to its Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF) (where [TCDD](/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins "Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins") \= 1\). The product of TEF is the [Toxic Equivalent Quantity](/wiki/Toxic_equivalency_factor%23TEQ "Toxic equivalency factor#TEQ") (TEQ), and it is this value that is used in risk assessments (an on\-line [Toxic Equivalency Quantity Calculator](http://www.gcisolutions.com/teq.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917125455/http://www.gcisolutions.com/teq.html \|date\=17 September 2008 }}).
The [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") (EU) uses a [linear](/wiki/Linear_no-threshold_model "Linear no-threshold model") dose response curve at low\-levels of exposure, below the point where there are [epidemiological](/wiki/Epidemiology "Epidemiology") data. In other words, the EU assumes there is *no* safe level of dioxins and PCBs. Accordingly, the European Union sets extremely stringent limits for dioxin and dioxin like PCBs in food, set just above the usual background levels found in various food categories *e.g.* fish, poultry, beef, pork etc. The limit set for dioxins in pork fat and meat is 1 [pg](/wiki/Kilogram%23SI_multiples "Kilogram#SI multiples")/g TEQ *i.e.* 1 [parts per trillion (ppt)](/wiki/Parts-per_notation "Parts-per notation") (see swimming pool illustration). The maximum dioxin contamination measured in Irish pork was 0\.2 [ng](/wiki/Kilogram%23SI_multiples "Kilogram#SI multiples")/g TEQ fat (200 [ppt](/wiki/Parts_per_trillion "Parts per trillion")), equivalent to dispersing 10 drops of [TCDD](/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins "Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins") throughout a 2\.5 million litre [Olympic sized](/wiki/Long_course "Long course") swimming pool.
### Millstream Power Recycling Limited
{{Coord\|52\.6357\|N\|6\.6228\|W\|scale:5000\_type:event\_region:IE}}[Wexford County Council planning file number 20040404](http://www.wexford.ie/planenq/detail.asp?id=20040404){{dead link\|date\=September 2016 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} (accessed 10 March 2010\){{Failed verification\|date\=September 2023\|reason\=Dead link, and I couldn't find the coordinates in https://dms.wexfordcoco.ie/fsdocumentsx.php?q\=20040404\&recid\=0 either.}}
RTÉ News has named the company behind the contaminated animal feed as Millstream Power Recycling Limited, "located just outside [Fenagh, Co Carlow](/wiki/Fennagh%2C_County_Carlow "Fennagh, County Carlow")" (though the company's website says it is located in [Clohamon](/wiki/Clohamon "Clohamon") Mills, [Bunclody, Co. Wexford](/wiki/Bunclody "Bunclody"),{{Cite web \|last\=2cubed\_admin / eD4ESFzHd1 \|date\=3 December 2020 \|orig\-date\=16 May 2018 \|title\=Food Waste Collection Company {{!}} Millstream \|url\=https://millstreamrecycling.ie/about\-us/ \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-25 \|publisher\=Millstream Recycling \|language\=en\-US \|publication\-place\=Clohamon Mills, Bunclody, Co. Wexford \|archive\-date\=26 September 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926134643/https://millstreamrecycling.ie/about\-us/ \|url\-status\=live }} 17 km{{Cite web \|title\=Directions from Fenagh Parish, County Carlow, Leinster, Ireland to Bunclody, County Wexford, Leinster, Ireland by Car (OSRM) \|url\=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine\=fossgis\_osrm\_car\&route\=52\.7270%2C\-6\.8034%3B52\.6551%2C\-6\.6521\#map\=13/52\.6967/\-6\.7288 \|access\-date\=25 September 2023 \|website\=OpenStreetMap \|agency\=OSRM (FOSSGIS) \|archive\-date\=26 September 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926134650/https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine\=fossgis\_osrm\_car\&route\=52\.7270,\-6\.8034%3B52\.6551,\-6\.6521\#map\=13/52\.6967/\-6\.7288 \|url\-status\=live }} away). All production at the plant was stopped in the week before the announcement, when a link between it and the contaminated feed was first suspected. A representative of the firm, David Curtin, denied reports of a use of industrial oil in the contaminated pig feed, saying that, whilst oil is used to power the machinery used for processing, he is not certain that this is the source of the outbreak.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1207/pork.html\|title\=Firm at centre of toxin scare investigated\|date\=7 December 2008\|access\-date\=7 December 2008\|publisher\=\[\[RTÉ]]\|archive\-date\=10 December 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210002846/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1207/pork.html\|url\-status\=live}} The oil, at the firm's insistence, was only ever purchased from "legitimate suppliers" within the Republic of Ireland.{{cite news \|date\=10 December 2008 \|title\=Carlow firm insists it bought oil in Republic \|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]] \|url\=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/carlow\-firm\-insists\-it\-bought\-oil\-in\-republic\-1\.832896 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=10 December 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111234526/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1210/breaking11\.html?via\=rel \|archive\-date\=11 November 2010}} The owner of Millstream Power Recycling Limited was named as 43\-year\-old man Robert Hogg,[*Mister Dioxin*\- The Evening Herald, Wednesday 10 December 2008](https://archive.today/20120801133110/http://www.herald.ie/national-news/mister-dioxin-1570137.html). who their website explains is their founder, and who got permission to "erect an agricultural feed store" in Clohamon, Bunclody in early 2004\.{{Cite web \|date\=26 March 2004 \|orig\-date\=Application Date \& Date Registered: 3 February 2004 \|title\=Development: CLOHAMON, BUNCLODY; Proposal: ERECT AN AGRICULTURAL FEED STORE; Area: Enniscorthy M.A. \|url\=https://dms.wexfordcoco.ie/fsdocumentsx.php?q\=20040404\&recid\=0 \|website\=Wexford Document Viewer, Wexford County Council Planning Applications \|access\-date\=26 September 2023 \|archive\-date\=26 September 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926134124/https://dms.wexfordcoco.ie/fsdocumentsx.php?q\=20040404\&recid\=0 \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|orig\-date\= \|title\=Planning Applications 2004 \|url\=https://www.wexfordcoco.ie/sites/default/files/content/Planning/PlanningLists/PlanningApplications2004\.pdf \|access\-date\=26 September 2023 \|website\=Wexford County Council \|postscript\=. PDF file created 3 March 2016 and uploaded 13 December 2016\. \|archive\-date\=25 May 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525001546/https://www.wexfordcoco.ie/sites/default/files/content/Planning/PlanningLists/PlanningApplications2004\.pdf \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Davis \|first\=Philip \|date\=17 July 2018 \|orig\-date\=Site inspected 7 June 2018; PDF file created 19 November 2018 and uploaded 15 February 2021 \|others\=Planning Authority: Wexford County Council; Applicant \& Appellant: Hogg Enterprises; Observer: Gerard McCutcheon \|title\=Inspector’s Report: Retention of extension and construction of extension to an existing farrowing house. \|url\=https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/300/r300782\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926132755/https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/300/r300782\.pdf \|archive\-date\=26 September 2023 \|website\=An Bord Pleanála \|place\=Clohamon, Newtownbarry, County Wexford \|id\=ABP\-300782\-18, Planning Authority Reg. Ref.20171432}}
### The Irish pork industry
The pork industry is the fourth biggest in Ireland's agriculture sector, worth around €400 million per year to the Irish economy. The country's farms produce over 3 million pigs per annum, almost 50% of which are consumed within the Republic.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/world/europe/07pork.html\|title\=Ireland Investigating Tainted Pork\|date\=7 December 2008\|access\-date\=7 December 2008\|work\=The New York Times\|archive\-date\=29 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129053615/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/world/europe/07pork.html?\_r\=1\&partner\=rss\&emc\=rss\|url\-status\=live}} The remainder is exported, heavily to the neighbouring territories of Northern Ireland and [Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain "Great Britain"), but it also features in grocery stores and processed meats throughout two continents – Europe and Asia. In 2007, Ireland exported 113,000 [tons](/wiki/Tonne "Tonne") of pig meat, nearly half of which went to the United Kingdom. Over 500,000 live pigs were also shipped to the UK for slaughter and processing in that country. Ireland's other major customers of its pork are Germany, the buyer of 9,000 tons in 2007; France, Italy and several countries within the boundaries of Eastern Europe, which together purchased over 20,000 tons, Russia, the buyer of 6,600 tons, and China, which came into the ownership of 1,100 tons.{{Cite news \|last\=Pogatchnik \|first\=Shawn \|date\=6 December 2008 \|title\=Ireland warns public not to eat Irish pork \|url\=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut\-eu\-ireland\-dangerous\-pork\-120608\-2008dec06\-story.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926135131/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut\-eu\-ireland\-dangerous\-pork\-120608\-2008dec06\-story.html \|archive\-date\=26 September 2023 \|website\=The San Diego Union\-Tribune \|place\=DUBLIN, Ireland \|language\=en\-US \|agency\=The Associated Press}}
[thumb\|A lunchtime protest by dislocated workers was to take place on 11 December outside [Leinster House](/wiki/Leinster_House "Leinster House") (above).](/wiki/File:Leinsterhouse.jpg "Leinsterhouse.jpg")
### Effects
Within two days of the first announcement 1,800 jobs had been lost in the Irish pig industry{{cite news\|url\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/1210/1228849742633\.html\|title\=Battle to maintain confidence in Irish beef produce abroad\|date\=10 December 2008\|access\-date\=10 December 2008\|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]]\|archive\-date\=21 May 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521005726/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/1210/1228849742633\.html?via\=rel\|url\-status\=live}} with a further 6,000 jobs said to be at risk by Ireland's largest trade union [SIPTU](/wiki/SIPTU "SIPTU"). Ireland's largest pig meat processor, Rosderra Irish Meats Group Ltd., turned away all of its 850 employees at four plants on 8 December, telling them to sign up for state unemployment benefits.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut\-eu\-ireland\-dangerous\-pork\-120808\-2008dec08\-story.html\|title\=Oil\-tainted feed causes Irish pork crisis\|date\=8 December 2008\|access\-date\=8 December 2008\|work\=\[\[The San Diego Union\-Tribune]]\|archive\-date\=14 March 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314004042/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut\-eu\-ireland\-dangerous\-pork\-120808\-2008dec08\-story.html\|url\-status\=live}} Workers in the pork industry who were laid off in the wake of the crisis, including those from affected plants in Edenderry, Waterford and Kilkenny, were carried out a lunchtime protest at [Leinster House](/wiki/Leinster_House "Leinster House") (government buildings in Dublin) on 11 December. SIPTU organised the demonstration citing "delays in resuming production" and the financial "dire straits" some workers were in as their reasons.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1210/breaking10\.html\|title\=Pig industry workers to protest in Dublin over pork crisis\|date\=10 December 2008\|access\-date\=10 December 2008\|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]]\|archive\-date\=11 November 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111234520/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1210/breaking10\.html?via\=rel\|url\-status\=live}}
Processors halted the slaughtering of pigs until the Irish government promised them financial reparation.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1208/pork.html\|title\=1,400 laid off after pork recall\|date\=8 December 2008\|access\-date\=8 December 2008\|publisher\=\[\[RTÉ]]\|archive\-date\=8 December 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208194519/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1208/pork.html\|url\-status\=live}} c.100,000 pigs were slaughtered{{cite news\|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hn8dQ7aGiM9koU3wZO58\_ZWih4VAD94UHHOO0 \|title\=Oil\-tainted feed causes Irish pork crisis \|date\=8 December 2008 \|access\-date\=8 December 2008 \|agency\=Associated Press \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211124606/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hn8dQ7aGiM9koU3wZO58\_ZWih4VAD94UHHOO0 \|archive\-date\=11 December 2008 }} and the estimated costs of the crisis was €100 million.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\=20601102\&sid\=aA7uzN7I6cQ4\|title\=Irish Pig Producers Face EU100 Million Recall Bill (Update2\)\|date\=8 December 2008\|access\-date\=8 December 2008\|publisher\=\[\[Bloomberg.com]]}}
### Reactions
{{update section\|date\=May 2017}}
#### Local reactions
Within hours a number of local newspapers in Ireland including the *[Longford Leader](/wiki/Longford_Leader "Longford Leader")*{{cite web\|url\=http://www.longfordleader.ie/latest\-irish\-news/All\-Irish\-pork\-recalled.4769236\.jp \|title\=All Irish pork recalled \|date\=7 December 2008 \|access\-date\=7 December 2008 \|publisher\=\[\[Longford Leader]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211080107/http://www.longfordleader.ie/latest\-irish\-news/All\-Irish\-pork\-recalled.4769236\.jp \|archive\-date\=11 December 2008 }} and the *[Leitrim Observer](/wiki/Leitrim_Observer "Leitrim Observer")*{{cite web \|date\=7 December 2008 \|title\=All Irish pork recalled \|url\=https://symbolhunt.com/ireland\-republic/national\-animal/ \|access\-date\=7 December 2008 \|publisher\=\[\[Leitrim Observer]] \|archive\-date\=17 May 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517074243/https://symbolhunt.com/ireland\-republic/national\-animal/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Failed verification\|date\=September 2023\|reason\=The link is dead, and the website's archives only go back to 2014\. https://www.irishnewsarchive.com/leitrim\-observer\-newspaper\-archive appears to only have Friday issues, but the front\-page headline for the Friday, 12 December 2008 issue reads "Local workers laid off as talks begin to save pig industry". Does someone have access to the full issue?}} had reproduced copies of the same Press Association article.
#### National reactions
The Food Safety Authority of Ireland moved immediately to reassure the general public of Ireland. Speaking on [RTÉ Radio](/wiki/RT%C3%89_Radio "RTÉ Radio") on the morning after the initial announcement, Deputy chief executive of the FSAI, Alan Reilly said it was "necessary as a precautionary measure" to remove all pork products from within the country. He said he "expected" pork products to be available again before the busy Christmas period got underway and is scheduled to meet government officials and retailers within hours.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1207/pork.html\|title\=Food authority moves to allay consumer fears\|date\=7 December 2008\|access\-date\=7 December 2008\|publisher\=\[\[RTÉ]]\|archive\-date\=10 December 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210002846/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1207/pork.html\|url\-status\=live}} Irish hotels and guesthouses were immediately notified of the unfolding situation and asked to dispose of all their pork products by the [Irish Hotels Federation](/wiki/Irish_Hotels_Federation "Irish Hotels Federation").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.independent.ie/breaking\-news/national\-news/hotels\-and\-guesthouse\-cooperating\-after\-pork\-recallihf\-1566676\.html\|title\=Hotels and guesthouse 'co\-operating' after pork recall\-IHF\|date\=7 December 2008\|access\-date\=7 December 2008\|work\=\[\[Irish Independent]]\|archive\-date\=10 December 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210112247/http://www.independent.ie/breaking\-news/national\-news/hotels\-and\-guesthouse\-cooperating\-after\-pork\-recallihf\-1566676\.html\|url\-status\=live}} Some [Tesco](/wiki/Tesco "Tesco") outlets initially only gave refunds for their own branded pork produce but have since begun issuing refunds to all affected Irish products.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1208/breaking25\.html\|title\=Tesco reassures customers after refunds confusion\|date\=8 December 2008\|access\-date\=9 December 2008\|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]]\|archive\-date\=20 May 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520235648/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1208/breaking25\.html?via\=rel\|url\-status\=live}} [Superquinn](/wiki/Superquinn "Superquinn") however gave full refunds.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rte.ie/money/2008/1208/pork.html \|title\=Information on Irish pork recall \|date\=8 December 2008 \|access\-date\=12 December 2008 \|publisher\=\[\[Raidió Teilifís Éireann\|RTÉ Money]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108155525/http://www.rte.ie/money/2008/1208/pork.html \|archive\-date\=8 January 2009 }} A helpline set up by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland had received 3,000 calls within 72 hours of the outbreak.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1209/breaking45\.html\|title\=Food safety helpline receives over 3,000 calls\|date\=9 December 2008\|access\-date\=9 December 2008\|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]]\|archive\-date\=20 May 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520235818/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1209/breaking45\.html?via\=rel\|url\-status\=live}}
The animal feed industry worked with academics, led by [Chris Elliott](/wiki/Chris_Elliott_%28food_scientist%29 "Chris Elliott (food scientist)") at [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast "Queen's University Belfast") to assess the future risk of a recurrence, other possible contaminants in animal feed and to develop testing and monitoring systems to significantly reduce the possibility of another incident. This led to a systematic sampling and testing programme at animal feed mills that by 2022 was assessing over 6 million tonnes of animal feed annually.{{cite web\|title\=Fighting food fraud\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001gwyh\|accessdate\=10 January 2023\|archive\-date\=10 January 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110004252/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001gwyh\|url\-status\=live}}
#### International reactions
{{update section\|date\=May 2017}}
The UK's [Food Standards Agency](/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency "Food Standards Agency") has said it does not believe its country's consumers face "significant risk" but it was still awaiting confirmation from the Irish authorities that the affected products had not been exported to its neighbour.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7769391\.stm\|title\=Irish Republic recalls all pork\|date\=6 December 2008\|access\-date\=6 December 2008\|publisher\=BBC\|archive\-date\=7 December 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207053355/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7769391\.stm\|url\-status\=live}} Chief Scientist Andrew Wadge stated on his FSA blog that because dioxins remain in the body for approximately 30 years, exceeding regulatory limits for a few days has an "insignificant" effect on the individual consumer. The [Tolerable Daily Intake](/wiki/Tolerable_Daily_Intake "Tolerable Daily Intake") standard sets a level that is without appreciable risk to health over a prolonged period.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fsascience.net/2008/12/08/safety\_limits\_and\_health\_risks \|title\=Safety limits and health risks \|date\=8 December 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220182024/http://www.fsascience.net/2008/12/08/safety\_limits\_and\_health\_risks \|archive\-date\=20 December 2008 }}
In Asia, South Korea has banned imports and advised retailers to stop selling Irish produce, Singapore was following suit, whilst China has "provisionally" stopped importation. Japan has also said it may recall Irish pork products.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hocI0jilPER7uTKJp90cDaJgNmXA\|title\=Countries ban Irish pork in toxin scare\|date\=8 December 2008\|access\-date\=8 December 2008\|publisher\=\[\[Agence France\-Presse\|AFP]]\|archive\-date\=11 December 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211124604/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hocI0jilPER7uTKJp90cDaJgNmXA\|url\-status\=dead}}
##### Press
Within twelve hours of the pork recall announcement, the international press was carrying the story and within thirty\-six hours there were over 1,700 newspaper articles on the crisis globally.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1208/breaking55\.html \|title\=World press has field day with Irish pork crisis \|author\=Conor Pope \|date\=8 December 2008 \|newspaper\=The Irish Times \|access\-date\=9 March 2009 \|archive\-date\=9 October 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009125515/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1208/breaking55\.html \|url\-status\=live }} Tabloid *[The Sun](/wiki/The_Sun_%28United_Kingdom%29 "The Sun (United Kingdom)")* announced the story as "Toxic Irish pork is swept off shelves" whilst the *[Daily Mirror](/wiki/Daily_Mirror "Daily Mirror")* opted for "Poison pork panic: Irish pigs were fed on plastic bags". *[Daily Express](/wiki/Daily_Express "Daily Express")* ran the story under the banner headline "Shoppers told: Don't eat toxic Irish pork" and the *[Daily Mail](/wiki/Daily_Mail "Daily Mail")* went with the headline "British shoppers 'may not be able to tell whether they have Irish poison pork in their fridge'". *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times")* had the headline "Shops rush to take Irish pork off shelves", warning that EU labelling laws meant pork originating in Ireland could have been labelled as British. *[Le Monde](/wiki/Le_Monde "Le Monde")* had the top\-five most e\-mailed website headline "Dioxin alert in Irish pork" and *[The Straits Times](/wiki/The_Straits_Times "The Straits Times")* website had the crisis as its second most popular story. *[El País](/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs "El País")* reported its concern that contaminated meat might have arrived in Spain via France and Portugal. *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, under the headline "Ireland investigating tainted pork" and *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*, under the headline "Ireland recalls pork products after dioxin test", covered the story in their own short ways. [AFP](/wiki/Agence_France-Presse "Agence France-Presse") had the headline "Ireland scrambles to contain pork cancer scare" and the [Xinhua News Agency](/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency "Xinhua News Agency") was one of the earliest news agencies to follow the story with headlines including "Irish police to investigate pork contamination". [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN") tagged the story as "another red flag being waved over dinner tables this week with warnings from the Irish government not to eat its pork products", comparing the crisis to [bovine spongiform encephalopathy](/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy"), [bird flu](/wiki/H5N1 "H5N1") and the [2008 Chinese milk scandal](/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal "2008 Chinese milk scandal").
[right\|thumb\|An Irish supermarket six days following the outbreak of the crisis, only offering Danish pork for sale.](/wiki/File:Irish_Pork_Crisis_Goes_Danish.jpg "Irish Pork Crisis Goes Danish.jpg")
### Return to shelves
[Superquinn](/wiki/Superquinn "Superquinn") has said it would have Irish pork, traceable to one farm in [County Kilkenny](/wiki/County_Kilkenny "County Kilkenny") on shelves by 11 December, becoming the first Irish supermarket chain to do so.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/1210/1228849742627\.html\|title\=Superquinn to reintroduce Irish pork products\|date\=10 December 2008\|access\-date\=10 December 2008\|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]]\|archive\-date\=21 May 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521005842/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/1210/1228849742627\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"Pork\n----",
"### Background",
"[thumb\\|An illustration of the measured dioxin levels in Irish pork and beef relative to the legal limit. \n \n The smallest green circle represents the legal limit. \n \nThe other circles' areas are relative to the green circle and represent the lowest (80 times the legal limit) and highest (400 times the legal limit) levels of dioxin found in Irish pork and beef.](/wiki/File:400-Relative_dioxin_levels.svg \"400-Relative dioxin levels.svg\")\nOn the evening of 6 December, the Food Safety Authority of Ireland ordered the recall, withdrawal and destruction of all Irish pork products dating back to 1 September. It was announced that \"dioxins \\& dioxin like PCBs\", a group of highly toxic synthetic [halogenated](/wiki/Halogenated \"Halogenated\") organic compounds, had been discovered in pork at levels between 80 and 200 times the [EU](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\")'s recommended safety limits.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.independent.ie/breaking\\-news/national\\-news/recall\\-of\\-all\\-pork\\-in\\-public\\-health\\-alert\\-1566236\\.html\\|title\\=Recall of all pork in public health alert\\|date\\=6 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=6 December 2008\\|work\\=\\[\\[Irish Independent]]\\|archive\\-date\\=8 December 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208011152/http://www.independent.ie/breaking\\-news/national\\-news/recall\\-of\\-all\\-pork\\-in\\-public\\-health\\-alert\\-1566236\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tv3\\.ie/article.php?article\\_id\\=4739\\&locID\\=1\\.2\\.\\&pagename\\=news \\|title\\=Irish pork recalled over contamination fears \\|date\\=7 December 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2008 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[TV3 Ireland]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115210816/http://www.tv3\\.ie/article.php?article\\_id\\=4739\\&locID\\=1\\.2\\.\\&pagename\\=news \\|archive\\-date\\=15 January 2009 }} This contamination, which was first realised on 1 December, came about as a result of contamination of pig feed. The positive results for dioxins and dioxin like PCBs were confirmed on the afternoon of 6 December and announced within hours. The Irish general public were advised to destroy all their purchased pork products as Ireland's [Department of Agriculture](/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture%2C_Food_and_the_Marine \"Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine\") and the Food Safety Authority had initiated an investigation.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1206/breaking38\\.html \\|title\\=Investigation after toxic substance found in pigs \\|author\\=Conor Pope \\|newspaper\\=The Irish Times \\|date\\=6 December 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009125507/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1206/breaking38\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2012 }} and {{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.independent.ie/breaking\\-news/national\\-news/farm\\-contaminant\\-alert\\-1566196\\.html\\|title\\=Farm contaminant alert\\|date\\=6 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=6 December 2008\\|work\\=\\[\\[Irish Independent]]\\|archive\\-date\\=8 December 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208031013/http://www.independent.ie/breaking\\-news/national\\-news/farm\\-contaminant\\-alert\\-1566196\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nContaminated feed was used at as many as forty\\-six farms in the [Republic of Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland \"Republic of Ireland\") of which thirty\\-seven raised cattle for beef and nine produced pork.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk\\_news/7770476\\.stm \\|title\\=Irish pork contamination probed \\|date\\=8 December 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2008 \\|work\\=BBC News \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210060903/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk\\_news/7770476\\.stm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Additionally, contaminated feed was used on eight cattle farms in [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Northern_Ireland \"Northern Ireland\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1209/breaking23\\.html\\|title\\=Contaminated feed used on eight NI cattle farms\\|date\\=9 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2008\\|publisher\\=irishtimes.com\\|archive\\-date\\=20 May 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520235841/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1209/breaking23\\.html?via\\=rel\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Beef products, from cattle who may have been fed contaminated feed, were judged to be safe and were not recalled from market. One cattle farm in Northern Ireland used the feed for beef and dairy cattle, and milk from this farm was removed from the [food supply](http://www.google.com/).",
"Following the discovery, the [Taoiseach](/wiki/Taoiseach \"Taoiseach\"), [Brian Cowen](/wiki/Brian_Cowen \"Brian Cowen\") and the Irish [Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food](/wiki/Minister_for_Agriculture%2C_Food_and_the_Marine \"Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine\"), [Brendan Smith](/wiki/Brendan_Smith_%28politician%29 \"Brendan Smith (politician)\") attended talks at the Department of Agriculture. Alongside them were the [Minister for Health](/wiki/Minister_for_Health_%28Ireland%29 \"Minister for Health (Ireland)\"), [Mary Harney](/wiki/Mary_Harney \"Mary Harney\") and [Ministers of State](/wiki/Minister_of_State_%28Ireland%29 \"Minister of State (Ireland)\") [Trevor Sargent](/wiki/Trevor_Sargent \"Trevor Sargent\") and [Mary Wallace](/wiki/Mary_Wallace \"Mary Wallace\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1206/breaking44\\.htm\\|title\\=Recall of Irish pork over contamination fears\\|date\\=6 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=6 December 2008\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]]}} The opposition party [Fine Gael](/wiki/Fine_Gael \"Fine Gael\")'s spokesperson for agriculture, [Michael Creed](/wiki/Michael_Creed \"Michael Creed\") described the discovery as \"potentially the biggest threat to the agriculture food sector since the outbreak of [foot\\-and\\-mouth disease](/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease \"Foot-and-mouth disease\")\".{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1206/agriculture.html \\|title\\=Recall notice for Irish pork products \\|date\\=6 December 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=6 December 2008 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RTÉ]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209030802/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1206/agriculture.html \\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2008 }}",
"On the afternoon of 7 December, the FSAI claimed identification of the source as a contaminated ingredient which had been added to pork feed, and said it was now considered that the profile of dioxins located is similar to those found in electronic [transformer oils](/wiki/Transformer_oil \"Transformer oil\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1207/breaking9\\.htm\\|title\\=FSAI moves to allay consumer fears\\|date\\=7 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2008\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]]}} On the evening of that same day, [RTÉ](/wiki/RT%C3%89 \"RTÉ\"), the state\\-run broadcaster, reported that the source of the crisis was a processing plant in County Carlow *(see [\\#Millstream Power Recycling Limited](/wiki/%23Millstream_Power_Recycling_Limited \"#Millstream Power Recycling Limited\"))*. A [garda](/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na \"Garda Síochána\") investigation was launched. The Association of Pigmeat Processors refused to continue slaughtering pigs, insisting they needed a massive financial package (up to €1 billion) from the Irish government to assist them with the mass recall.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1208/pork\\-business.html\\|title\\=Pig processors demand Government help\\|date\\=8 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2008\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RTÉ]]\\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026112137/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1208/pork\\-business.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The European Union maintained that there would be no funding for the Irish pork industry in the wake of the crisis.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1209/pork\\-business.html\\|title\\=No EU funding for Irish pork industry\\|date\\=9 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2008\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RTÉ]]\\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026112148/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1209/pork\\-business.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Fine Gael leader [Enda Kenny](/wiki/Enda_Kenny \"Enda Kenny\") criticised the Irish government, calling the crisis \"an unmitigated disaster\".{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1210/breaking40\\.html\\|title\\=Cowen 'confident' of pig processing agreement\\|date\\=10 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2008\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]]\\|archive\\-date\\=11 November 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111234503/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1210/breaking40\\.html?via\\=rel\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Affected products",
"Most pork products are at risk of contamination; however, [pork gelatine](/wiki/Gelatin \"Gelatin\"), products containing pork gelatine such as sweets, crisps and snack foods and sauces with pork or ham content are not.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1206/porkrecallinfo.html\\|title\\=Information on Irish pork recall\\|date\\=6 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2008\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RTÉ]]\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209233047/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1206/porkrecallinfo.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Health effects of dioxins and PCBs",
"{{Multiple image\\|direction\\=vertical\\|align\\=right\\|image1\\=Polychlorinated biphenyl structure.svg\\|image2\\=PCDD general structure.svg\\|width\\=200\\|caption2\\=General chemical structure of \\[\\[polychlorinated biphenyl\\|PCBs]] (top) and \\[\\[polychlorinated dibenzodioxins\\|dioxins]] (bottom)}}\n[thumb\\|200px\\|right\\|1 part per trillion is approximately equivalent to dispersing *one\\-twentieth* of a drop of water throughout this 50\\-metre [Olympic sized](/wiki/Long_course \"Long course\") swimming pool.](/wiki/File:Image-Olympic_Pool_Munich_1972%2C_color_adj.jpg \"Image-Olympic Pool Munich 1972, color adj.jpg\")",
"[Dioxins](/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins \"Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins\"){{cite book\n \\| last \\= Eaton\n \\| first \\= David L.\n \\| title \\= Health Risks from Dioxin and Related Compounds: Evaluation of the EPA Reassessment (Report in Brief)\n \\| publisher \\= The National Academies\n \\| year \\= 2006\n \\| page \\= 6\n \\| url \\= http://dels\\-old.nas.edu/dels/rpt\\_briefs/dioxin\\_brief\\_final.pdf\n \\| isbn \\= 0\\-309\\-10258\\-8\n \\| display\\-authors \\= etal\n \\| access\\-date \\= 9 January 2011\n \\| archive\\-date \\= 18 July 2011\n \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110718011924/http://dels\\-old.nas.edu/dels/rpt\\_briefs/dioxin\\_brief\\_final.pdf\n \\| url\\-status \\= live\n }} and [polychlorinated biphenyls](/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl \"Polychlorinated biphenyl\") (PCBs){{cite book\n \\| last1 \\= Faroon\n \\| first1 \\= Obaid M.\n \\| first2\\= L. Samuel \\|last2\\=Keith \\|first3\\=Cassandra \\|last3\\=Smith\\-Simon\n \\| title \\= Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Human Health Aspects\n \\| publisher \\= World Health Organization\n \\| year \\= 2003\n \\| page \\= 58\n \\| url \\=https://www.who.int/entity/ipcs/publications/cicad/en/cicad55\\.pdf\n \\| id \\= MON\\-011386\n \\| isbn \\= 92\\-4\\-153055\\-3}} are two groups of predominately man\\-made toxic chemicals which, when consumed, affect both the [immune](/wiki/Immune_system \"Immune system\") and [reproductive systems](/wiki/Reproductive_system \"Reproductive system\") and are classified as probably carcinogenic by the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") and in the United States by the [National Cancer Institute](/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute \"National Cancer Institute\") and the [Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry](/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry \"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry\").[Fact Sheet on dioxin in feed and food.](http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_consumer/library/press/press170_en.pdf) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320181440/http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health\\_consumer/library/press/press170\\_en.pdf \\|date\\=20 March 2009 }} Europa, Brussels, 20 July 2001\\. The toxicity of dioxins and dioxin like [PCBs](/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl \"Polychlorinated biphenyl\") is mediated by their ability to bind strongly to the [aryl hydrocarbon](/wiki/Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor \"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor\") [cell receptor](/wiki/Receptor_%28biochemistry%29 \"Receptor (biochemistry)\") that is present in most animals.{{Cite journal\\| first1 \\= Reginald \\| last1\\=Davies\n\\| first2 \\= Bruce \\|last2\\=Clothier \\|first3\\=Susan W. \\|last3\\=Robinson \\|first4\\=Richard E. \\|last4\\=Edwards \\|first5\\=Peter \\|last5\\=Greaves \\|first6\\=JinLi \\|last6\\=Luo \\|first7\\=Timothy W. \\|last7\\=Gant \\|first8\\=Tatyana \\|last8\\=Chernova \\|first9\\=Andrew G. \\|last9\\=Smith\n\\| title \\= Essential Role of the AH Receptor in the Dysfunction of Heme Metabolism Induced by 2,3,7,8\\-Tetrachlorodibenzo\\-p\\-dioxin\n\\| journal\\=Chemical Research in Toxicology\n\\| volume\\=21\n\\| issue\\=2\n\\| pages\\=330–40\n\\| type \\= research\\-article\n\\| date \\= 29 December 2007\n\\| doi \\= 10\\.1021/tx700176r\n\\| pmid\\=18163543\n}}",
"Several [epidemiological](/wiki/Epidemiology \"Epidemiology\") studies have observed a [correlation](/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation \"Correlation does not imply causation\") between high levels of dioxins and PCBs in humans and a wide variety of adverse health effects *e.g.* [chloracne](/wiki/Chloracne \"Chloracne\"), lowering of [IQ](/wiki/IQ \"IQ\"), dysfunction of the [thyroid gland](/wiki/Thyroid_gland \"Thyroid gland\") and reduction of [thyroid hormone](/wiki/Thyroid_hormone \"Thyroid hormone\") levels, elevated rates of [endometriosis](/wiki/Endometriosis \"Endometriosis\") in women, higher levels of [diabetes](/wiki/Diabetes \"Diabetes\") in women, [precocious puberty](/wiki/Precocious_puberty \"Precocious puberty\") in females and subtle [developmental delay](/wiki/Developmental_disability \"Developmental disability\") in children, as evidenced by altered play activity.{{Cite journal\\|issn\\=1344\\-9702 \\|volume\\=49 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=333–336 \\|last\\=Masuda \\|first\\=Y \\|title\\=Health Effect of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Related Compounds \\|journal\\=J Health Sci \\|year\\=2003 \\|doi\\=10\\.1248/jhs.49\\.333 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Males appear to be more sensitive to poisoning by high levels of dioxins \\& dioxin\\-like PCBs and are more likely to develop severe symptoms *e.g.* young men poisoned by [TCDD](/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins \"Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins\") (the most toxic dioxin) are less likely to father boys.{{Cite journal \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S0140\\-6736(00\\)02290\\-X \\|issn\\=0140\\-6736 \\|volume\\=355 \\|issue\\=9218 \\|pages\\=1858–63 \\|first1\\=P \\|last1\\=Mocarelli \\|first2\\=P M \\|last2\\=Gerthoux \\|first3\\=E \\|last3\\=Ferrari \\|first4\\=D G \\|last4\\=Patterson \\|first5\\=S M \\|last5\\=Kieszak \\|first6\\=P \\|last6\\=Brambilla \\|first7\\=N \\|last7\\=Vincoli \\|first8\\=S \\|last8\\=Signorini \\|first9\\=P \\|last9\\=Tramacere \\|first10\\=V \\|last10\\=Carreri \\|first11\\=E J \\|last11\\=Sampson \\|first12\\=W E \\|last12\\=Turner \\|first13\\=L L \\|last13\\=Needham \\|title\\=Paternal concentrations of dioxin and sex ratio of offspring \\|journal\\=Lancet \\|date\\=27 May 2000 \\|pmid\\=10866441 \\|hdl\\=10281/16136 \\|s2cid\\=6353869 \\|url\\=https://boa.unimib.it/bitstream/10281/16136/2/sex%20ratio%20lancet%202000\\.pdf \\|hdl\\-access\\=free \\|access\\-date\\=2 September 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123055139/https://boa.unimib.it/bitstream/10281/16136/2/sex%20ratio%20lancet%202000\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }} See Geusau *et al.* (2001\\){{cite journal\n \\|doi\\=10\\.1289/ehp.01109865\n \\|issn\\=0091\\-6765\n \\|volume\\=109\n \\|issue\\=8\n \\|pages\\=865–9\n \\|last\\=Geusau\n \\|first\\=A\n \\|author2\\=K Abraham\n \\|author3\\=K Geissler\n \\|author4\\=M O Sator\n \\|author5\\=G Stingl\n \\|author6\\=E Tschachler\n \\|title\\=Severe 2,3,7,8\\-tetrachlorodibenzo\\-p\\-dioxin (TCDD) intoxication: clinical and laboratory effects\n \\|journal\\=Environmental Health Perspectives\n \\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2008\n \\|date\\=August 2001\n \\|url\\=http://www.ehponline.org/members/2001/109p865\\-869geusau/geusau\\-full.html\n \\|pmid\\=11564625\n \\|pmc\\=1240417\n \\|jstor\\=3454832\n \\|url\\-status\\=dead\n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118232532/http://www.ehponline.org/members/2001/109p865\\-869geusau/geusau\\-full.html\n \\|archive\\-date\\=18 January 2009\n}} who describe the clinical manifestations of two extremely severe (and probably [criminal](/wiki/History_of_poison \"History of poison\")) dioxin poisoning cases.",
"Much of the hazard posed by dioxins and PCBs comes from their [environmental persistence](/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant \"Persistent organic pollutant\") and their [lipophilic](/wiki/Lipophilic \"Lipophilic\") nature, resulting their propensity to accumulate in the [food chain](/wiki/Food_chain \"Food chain\"), particularity in the fat of animals. About 80% of human exposure to dioxins and PCBs comes from animal derived foods *e.g.* poultry, beef and dairy. However, the health effects and risks of long\\-term, low\\-level exposure to the general public cannot be observed directly, and are highly controversial. It is not known if the [dose response](/wiki/Dose-response_relationship \"Dose-response relationship\") relationship at low\\-levels of exposure is sub\\-linear or [linear](/wiki/Linear_no-threshold_model \"Linear no-threshold model\"), or has a [threshold](/wiki/Threshold_model \"Threshold model\") *i.e.* harmless at very low levels. Risk assessments are further complicated by the observation that contamination typically involves a complex mixture of [related chemicals](/wiki/PCB_Congener_List \"PCB Congener List\"), the toxicity of each varies and has to be factored according to its Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF) (where [TCDD](/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins \"Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins\") \\= 1\\). The product of TEF is the [Toxic Equivalent Quantity](/wiki/Toxic_equivalency_factor%23TEQ \"Toxic equivalency factor#TEQ\") (TEQ), and it is this value that is used in risk assessments (an on\\-line [Toxic Equivalency Quantity Calculator](http://www.gcisolutions.com/teq.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917125455/http://www.gcisolutions.com/teq.html \\|date\\=17 September 2008 }}).",
"The [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") (EU) uses a [linear](/wiki/Linear_no-threshold_model \"Linear no-threshold model\") dose response curve at low\\-levels of exposure, below the point where there are [epidemiological](/wiki/Epidemiology \"Epidemiology\") data. In other words, the EU assumes there is *no* safe level of dioxins and PCBs. Accordingly, the European Union sets extremely stringent limits for dioxin and dioxin like PCBs in food, set just above the usual background levels found in various food categories *e.g.* fish, poultry, beef, pork etc. The limit set for dioxins in pork fat and meat is 1 [pg](/wiki/Kilogram%23SI_multiples \"Kilogram#SI multiples\")/g TEQ *i.e.* 1 [parts per trillion (ppt)](/wiki/Parts-per_notation \"Parts-per notation\") (see swimming pool illustration). The maximum dioxin contamination measured in Irish pork was 0\\.2 [ng](/wiki/Kilogram%23SI_multiples \"Kilogram#SI multiples\")/g TEQ fat (200 [ppt](/wiki/Parts_per_trillion \"Parts per trillion\")), equivalent to dispersing 10 drops of [TCDD](/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins \"Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins\") throughout a 2\\.5 million litre [Olympic sized](/wiki/Long_course \"Long course\") swimming pool.",
"### Millstream Power Recycling Limited",
"{{Coord\\|52\\.6357\\|N\\|6\\.6228\\|W\\|scale:5000\\_type:event\\_region:IE}}[Wexford County Council planning file number 20040404](http://www.wexford.ie/planenq/detail.asp?id=20040404){{dead link\\|date\\=September 2016 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} (accessed 10 March 2010\\){{Failed verification\\|date\\=September 2023\\|reason\\=Dead link, and I couldn't find the coordinates in https://dms.wexfordcoco.ie/fsdocumentsx.php?q\\=20040404\\&recid\\=0 either.}}",
"RTÉ News has named the company behind the contaminated animal feed as Millstream Power Recycling Limited, \"located just outside [Fenagh, Co Carlow](/wiki/Fennagh%2C_County_Carlow \"Fennagh, County Carlow\")\" (though the company's website says it is located in [Clohamon](/wiki/Clohamon \"Clohamon\") Mills, [Bunclody, Co. Wexford](/wiki/Bunclody \"Bunclody\"),{{Cite web \\|last\\=2cubed\\_admin / eD4ESFzHd1 \\|date\\=3 December 2020 \\|orig\\-date\\=16 May 2018 \\|title\\=Food Waste Collection Company {{!}} Millstream \\|url\\=https://millstreamrecycling.ie/about\\-us/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-25 \\|publisher\\=Millstream Recycling \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|publication\\-place\\=Clohamon Mills, Bunclody, Co. Wexford \\|archive\\-date\\=26 September 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926134643/https://millstreamrecycling.ie/about\\-us/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} 17 km{{Cite web \\|title\\=Directions from Fenagh Parish, County Carlow, Leinster, Ireland to Bunclody, County Wexford, Leinster, Ireland by Car (OSRM) \\|url\\=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine\\=fossgis\\_osrm\\_car\\&route\\=52\\.7270%2C\\-6\\.8034%3B52\\.6551%2C\\-6\\.6521\\#map\\=13/52\\.6967/\\-6\\.7288 \\|access\\-date\\=25 September 2023 \\|website\\=OpenStreetMap \\|agency\\=OSRM (FOSSGIS) \\|archive\\-date\\=26 September 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926134650/https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine\\=fossgis\\_osrm\\_car\\&route\\=52\\.7270,\\-6\\.8034%3B52\\.6551,\\-6\\.6521\\#map\\=13/52\\.6967/\\-6\\.7288 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} away). All production at the plant was stopped in the week before the announcement, when a link between it and the contaminated feed was first suspected. A representative of the firm, David Curtin, denied reports of a use of industrial oil in the contaminated pig feed, saying that, whilst oil is used to power the machinery used for processing, he is not certain that this is the source of the outbreak.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1207/pork.html\\|title\\=Firm at centre of toxin scare investigated\\|date\\=7 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2008\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RTÉ]]\\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210002846/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1207/pork.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The oil, at the firm's insistence, was only ever purchased from \"legitimate suppliers\" within the Republic of Ireland.{{cite news \\|date\\=10 December 2008 \\|title\\=Carlow firm insists it bought oil in Republic \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/carlow\\-firm\\-insists\\-it\\-bought\\-oil\\-in\\-republic\\-1\\.832896 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111234526/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1210/breaking11\\.html?via\\=rel \\|archive\\-date\\=11 November 2010}} The owner of Millstream Power Recycling Limited was named as 43\\-year\\-old man Robert Hogg,[*Mister Dioxin*\\- The Evening Herald, Wednesday 10 December 2008](https://archive.today/20120801133110/http://www.herald.ie/national-news/mister-dioxin-1570137.html). who their website explains is their founder, and who got permission to \"erect an agricultural feed store\" in Clohamon, Bunclody in early 2004\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=26 March 2004 \\|orig\\-date\\=Application Date \\& Date Registered: 3 February 2004 \\|title\\=Development: CLOHAMON, BUNCLODY; Proposal: ERECT AN AGRICULTURAL FEED STORE; Area: Enniscorthy M.A. \\|url\\=https://dms.wexfordcoco.ie/fsdocumentsx.php?q\\=20040404\\&recid\\=0 \\|website\\=Wexford Document Viewer, Wexford County Council Planning Applications \\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 September 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926134124/https://dms.wexfordcoco.ie/fsdocumentsx.php?q\\=20040404\\&recid\\=0 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|orig\\-date\\= \\|title\\=Planning Applications 2004 \\|url\\=https://www.wexfordcoco.ie/sites/default/files/content/Planning/PlanningLists/PlanningApplications2004\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2023 \\|website\\=Wexford County Council \\|postscript\\=. PDF file created 3 March 2016 and uploaded 13 December 2016\\. \\|archive\\-date\\=25 May 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525001546/https://www.wexfordcoco.ie/sites/default/files/content/Planning/PlanningLists/PlanningApplications2004\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Davis \\|first\\=Philip \\|date\\=17 July 2018 \\|orig\\-date\\=Site inspected 7 June 2018; PDF file created 19 November 2018 and uploaded 15 February 2021 \\|others\\=Planning Authority: Wexford County Council; Applicant \\& Appellant: Hogg Enterprises; Observer: Gerard McCutcheon \\|title\\=Inspector’s Report: Retention of extension and construction of extension to an existing farrowing house. \\|url\\=https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/300/r300782\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926132755/https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/300/r300782\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=26 September 2023 \\|website\\=An Bord Pleanála \\|place\\=Clohamon, Newtownbarry, County Wexford \\|id\\=ABP\\-300782\\-18, Planning Authority Reg. Ref.20171432}}",
"### The Irish pork industry",
"The pork industry is the fourth biggest in Ireland's agriculture sector, worth around €400 million per year to the Irish economy. The country's farms produce over 3 million pigs per annum, almost 50% of which are consumed within the Republic.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/world/europe/07pork.html\\|title\\=Ireland Investigating Tainted Pork\\|date\\=7 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2008\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|archive\\-date\\=29 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129053615/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/world/europe/07pork.html?\\_r\\=1\\&partner\\=rss\\&emc\\=rss\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The remainder is exported, heavily to the neighbouring territories of Northern Ireland and [Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain \"Great Britain\"), but it also features in grocery stores and processed meats throughout two continents – Europe and Asia. In 2007, Ireland exported 113,000 [tons](/wiki/Tonne \"Tonne\") of pig meat, nearly half of which went to the United Kingdom. Over 500,000 live pigs were also shipped to the UK for slaughter and processing in that country. Ireland's other major customers of its pork are Germany, the buyer of 9,000 tons in 2007; France, Italy and several countries within the boundaries of Eastern Europe, which together purchased over 20,000 tons, Russia, the buyer of 6,600 tons, and China, which came into the ownership of 1,100 tons.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Pogatchnik \\|first\\=Shawn \\|date\\=6 December 2008 \\|title\\=Ireland warns public not to eat Irish pork \\|url\\=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut\\-eu\\-ireland\\-dangerous\\-pork\\-120608\\-2008dec06\\-story.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926135131/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut\\-eu\\-ireland\\-dangerous\\-pork\\-120608\\-2008dec06\\-story.html \\|archive\\-date\\=26 September 2023 \\|website\\=The San Diego Union\\-Tribune \\|place\\=DUBLIN, Ireland \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|agency\\=The Associated Press}}\n[thumb\\|A lunchtime protest by dislocated workers was to take place on 11 December outside [Leinster House](/wiki/Leinster_House \"Leinster House\") (above).](/wiki/File:Leinsterhouse.jpg \"Leinsterhouse.jpg\")",
"### Effects",
"Within two days of the first announcement 1,800 jobs had been lost in the Irish pig industry{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/1210/1228849742633\\.html\\|title\\=Battle to maintain confidence in Irish beef produce abroad\\|date\\=10 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2008\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]]\\|archive\\-date\\=21 May 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521005726/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/1210/1228849742633\\.html?via\\=rel\\|url\\-status\\=live}} with a further 6,000 jobs said to be at risk by Ireland's largest trade union [SIPTU](/wiki/SIPTU \"SIPTU\"). Ireland's largest pig meat processor, Rosderra Irish Meats Group Ltd., turned away all of its 850 employees at four plants on 8 December, telling them to sign up for state unemployment benefits.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut\\-eu\\-ireland\\-dangerous\\-pork\\-120808\\-2008dec08\\-story.html\\|title\\=Oil\\-tainted feed causes Irish pork crisis\\|date\\=8 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2008\\|work\\=\\[\\[The San Diego Union\\-Tribune]]\\|archive\\-date\\=14 March 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314004042/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut\\-eu\\-ireland\\-dangerous\\-pork\\-120808\\-2008dec08\\-story.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Workers in the pork industry who were laid off in the wake of the crisis, including those from affected plants in Edenderry, Waterford and Kilkenny, were carried out a lunchtime protest at [Leinster House](/wiki/Leinster_House \"Leinster House\") (government buildings in Dublin) on 11 December. SIPTU organised the demonstration citing \"delays in resuming production\" and the financial \"dire straits\" some workers were in as their reasons.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1210/breaking10\\.html\\|title\\=Pig industry workers to protest in Dublin over pork crisis\\|date\\=10 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2008\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]]\\|archive\\-date\\=11 November 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111234520/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1210/breaking10\\.html?via\\=rel\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nProcessors halted the slaughtering of pigs until the Irish government promised them financial reparation.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1208/pork.html\\|title\\=1,400 laid off after pork recall\\|date\\=8 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2008\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RTÉ]]\\|archive\\-date\\=8 December 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208194519/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1208/pork.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} c.100,000 pigs were slaughtered{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hn8dQ7aGiM9koU3wZO58\\_ZWih4VAD94UHHOO0 \\|title\\=Oil\\-tainted feed causes Irish pork crisis \\|date\\=8 December 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2008 \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211124606/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hn8dQ7aGiM9koU3wZO58\\_ZWih4VAD94UHHOO0 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 December 2008 }} and the estimated costs of the crisis was €100 million.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\\=20601102\\&sid\\=aA7uzN7I6cQ4\\|title\\=Irish Pig Producers Face EU100 Million Recall Bill (Update2\\)\\|date\\=8 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2008\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bloomberg.com]]}}",
"### Reactions",
"{{update section\\|date\\=May 2017}}",
"#### Local reactions",
"Within hours a number of local newspapers in Ireland including the *[Longford Leader](/wiki/Longford_Leader \"Longford Leader\")*{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.longfordleader.ie/latest\\-irish\\-news/All\\-Irish\\-pork\\-recalled.4769236\\.jp \\|title\\=All Irish pork recalled \\|date\\=7 December 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2008 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Longford Leader]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211080107/http://www.longfordleader.ie/latest\\-irish\\-news/All\\-Irish\\-pork\\-recalled.4769236\\.jp \\|archive\\-date\\=11 December 2008 }} and the *[Leitrim Observer](/wiki/Leitrim_Observer \"Leitrim Observer\")*{{cite web \\|date\\=7 December 2008 \\|title\\=All Irish pork recalled \\|url\\=https://symbolhunt.com/ireland\\-republic/national\\-animal/ \\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2008 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Leitrim Observer]] \\|archive\\-date\\=17 May 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517074243/https://symbolhunt.com/ireland\\-republic/national\\-animal/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Failed verification\\|date\\=September 2023\\|reason\\=The link is dead, and the website's archives only go back to 2014\\. https://www.irishnewsarchive.com/leitrim\\-observer\\-newspaper\\-archive appears to only have Friday issues, but the front\\-page headline for the Friday, 12 December 2008 issue reads \"Local workers laid off as talks begin to save pig industry\". Does someone have access to the full issue?}} had reproduced copies of the same Press Association article.",
"#### National reactions",
"The Food Safety Authority of Ireland moved immediately to reassure the general public of Ireland. Speaking on [RTÉ Radio](/wiki/RT%C3%89_Radio \"RTÉ Radio\") on the morning after the initial announcement, Deputy chief executive of the FSAI, Alan Reilly said it was \"necessary as a precautionary measure\" to remove all pork products from within the country. He said he \"expected\" pork products to be available again before the busy Christmas period got underway and is scheduled to meet government officials and retailers within hours.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1207/pork.html\\|title\\=Food authority moves to allay consumer fears\\|date\\=7 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2008\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RTÉ]]\\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210002846/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1207/pork.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Irish hotels and guesthouses were immediately notified of the unfolding situation and asked to dispose of all their pork products by the [Irish Hotels Federation](/wiki/Irish_Hotels_Federation \"Irish Hotels Federation\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.independent.ie/breaking\\-news/national\\-news/hotels\\-and\\-guesthouse\\-cooperating\\-after\\-pork\\-recallihf\\-1566676\\.html\\|title\\=Hotels and guesthouse 'co\\-operating' after pork recall\\-IHF\\|date\\=7 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2008\\|work\\=\\[\\[Irish Independent]]\\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210112247/http://www.independent.ie/breaking\\-news/national\\-news/hotels\\-and\\-guesthouse\\-cooperating\\-after\\-pork\\-recallihf\\-1566676\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Some [Tesco](/wiki/Tesco \"Tesco\") outlets initially only gave refunds for their own branded pork produce but have since begun issuing refunds to all affected Irish products.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1208/breaking25\\.html\\|title\\=Tesco reassures customers after refunds confusion\\|date\\=8 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2008\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]]\\|archive\\-date\\=20 May 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520235648/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1208/breaking25\\.html?via\\=rel\\|url\\-status\\=live}} [Superquinn](/wiki/Superquinn \"Superquinn\") however gave full refunds.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/money/2008/1208/pork.html \\|title\\=Information on Irish pork recall \\|date\\=8 December 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=12 December 2008 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Raidió Teilifís Éireann\\|RTÉ Money]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108155525/http://www.rte.ie/money/2008/1208/pork.html \\|archive\\-date\\=8 January 2009 }} A helpline set up by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland had received 3,000 calls within 72 hours of the outbreak.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1209/breaking45\\.html\\|title\\=Food safety helpline receives over 3,000 calls\\|date\\=9 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2008\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]]\\|archive\\-date\\=20 May 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520235818/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1209/breaking45\\.html?via\\=rel\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The animal feed industry worked with academics, led by [Chris Elliott](/wiki/Chris_Elliott_%28food_scientist%29 \"Chris Elliott (food scientist)\") at [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Queen's University Belfast\") to assess the future risk of a recurrence, other possible contaminants in animal feed and to develop testing and monitoring systems to significantly reduce the possibility of another incident. This led to a systematic sampling and testing programme at animal feed mills that by 2022 was assessing over 6 million tonnes of animal feed annually.{{cite web\\|title\\=Fighting food fraud\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001gwyh\\|accessdate\\=10 January 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=10 January 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110004252/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001gwyh\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### International reactions",
"{{update section\\|date\\=May 2017}}\nThe UK's [Food Standards Agency](/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency \"Food Standards Agency\") has said it does not believe its country's consumers face \"significant risk\" but it was still awaiting confirmation from the Irish authorities that the affected products had not been exported to its neighbour.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7769391\\.stm\\|title\\=Irish Republic recalls all pork\\|date\\=6 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=6 December 2008\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|archive\\-date\\=7 December 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207053355/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7769391\\.stm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Chief Scientist Andrew Wadge stated on his FSA blog that because dioxins remain in the body for approximately 30 years, exceeding regulatory limits for a few days has an \"insignificant\" effect on the individual consumer. The [Tolerable Daily Intake](/wiki/Tolerable_Daily_Intake \"Tolerable Daily Intake\") standard sets a level that is without appreciable risk to health over a prolonged period.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fsascience.net/2008/12/08/safety\\_limits\\_and\\_health\\_risks \\|title\\=Safety limits and health risks \\|date\\=8 December 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220182024/http://www.fsascience.net/2008/12/08/safety\\_limits\\_and\\_health\\_risks \\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2008 }}",
"In Asia, South Korea has banned imports and advised retailers to stop selling Irish produce, Singapore was following suit, whilst China has \"provisionally\" stopped importation. Japan has also said it may recall Irish pork products.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hocI0jilPER7uTKJp90cDaJgNmXA\\|title\\=Countries ban Irish pork in toxin scare\\|date\\=8 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2008\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Agence France\\-Presse\\|AFP]]\\|archive\\-date\\=11 December 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211124604/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hocI0jilPER7uTKJp90cDaJgNmXA\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"##### Press",
"Within twelve hours of the pork recall announcement, the international press was carrying the story and within thirty\\-six hours there were over 1,700 newspaper articles on the crisis globally.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1208/breaking55\\.html \\|title\\=World press has field day with Irish pork crisis \\|author\\=Conor Pope \\|date\\=8 December 2008 \\|newspaper\\=The Irish Times \\|access\\-date\\=9 March 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009125515/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1208/breaking55\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Tabloid *[The Sun](/wiki/The_Sun_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"The Sun (United Kingdom)\")* announced the story as \"Toxic Irish pork is swept off shelves\" whilst the *[Daily Mirror](/wiki/Daily_Mirror \"Daily Mirror\")* opted for \"Poison pork panic: Irish pigs were fed on plastic bags\". *[Daily Express](/wiki/Daily_Express \"Daily Express\")* ran the story under the banner headline \"Shoppers told: Don't eat toxic Irish pork\" and the *[Daily Mail](/wiki/Daily_Mail \"Daily Mail\")* went with the headline \"British shoppers 'may not be able to tell whether they have Irish poison pork in their fridge'\". *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")* had the headline \"Shops rush to take Irish pork off shelves\", warning that EU labelling laws meant pork originating in Ireland could have been labelled as British. *[Le Monde](/wiki/Le_Monde \"Le Monde\")* had the top\\-five most e\\-mailed website headline \"Dioxin alert in Irish pork\" and *[The Straits Times](/wiki/The_Straits_Times \"The Straits Times\")* website had the crisis as its second most popular story. *[El País](/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs \"El País\")* reported its concern that contaminated meat might have arrived in Spain via France and Portugal. *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, under the headline \"Ireland investigating tainted pork\" and *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")*, under the headline \"Ireland recalls pork products after dioxin test\", covered the story in their own short ways. [AFP](/wiki/Agence_France-Presse \"Agence France-Presse\") had the headline \"Ireland scrambles to contain pork cancer scare\" and the [Xinhua News Agency](/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency \"Xinhua News Agency\") was one of the earliest news agencies to follow the story with headlines including \"Irish police to investigate pork contamination\". [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\") tagged the story as \"another red flag being waved over dinner tables this week with warnings from the Irish government not to eat its pork products\", comparing the crisis to [bovine spongiform encephalopathy](/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy \"Bovine spongiform encephalopathy\"), [bird flu](/wiki/H5N1 \"H5N1\") and the [2008 Chinese milk scandal](/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal \"2008 Chinese milk scandal\").",
"[right\\|thumb\\|An Irish supermarket six days following the outbreak of the crisis, only offering Danish pork for sale.](/wiki/File:Irish_Pork_Crisis_Goes_Danish.jpg \"Irish Pork Crisis Goes Danish.jpg\")",
"### Return to shelves",
"[Superquinn](/wiki/Superquinn \"Superquinn\") has said it would have Irish pork, traceable to one farm in [County Kilkenny](/wiki/County_Kilkenny \"County Kilkenny\") on shelves by 11 December, becoming the first Irish supermarket chain to do so.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/1210/1228849742627\\.html\\|title\\=Superquinn to reintroduce Irish pork products\\|date\\=10 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2008\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]]\\|archive\\-date\\=21 May 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521005842/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/1210/1228849742627\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
Athletics
---------
{{More citations needed section\|date\=August 2010}}
Every school within the SUNY system manages its own athletics program, which greatly varies the level of competition at each institution.
### NCAA and NJCAA
#### Division I
* The four university centers compete at the [Division I](/wiki/Division_I_%28NCAA%29 "Division I (NCAA)") level for all of their sports. All but Binghamton field [football](/wiki/American_football "American football") teams, with [Buffalo](/wiki/Buffalo_Bulls_football "Buffalo Bulls football") in [Division I FBS](/wiki/Division_I_FBS "Division I FBS") (formerly Division I\-A) and Albany and Stony Brook in [Division I FCS](/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision "Football Championship Subdivision") (formerly Division I\-AA). The four Cornell statutory colleges compete as part of the university as a member of the [Ivy League](/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League"), an FCS conference that chooses not to participate in [the FCS postseason tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship "NCAA Division I Football Championship").
#### Divisions II and III
* Most SUNY colleges, technical schools and community schools compete at the [NCAA Division III](/wiki/NCAA_Division_III "NCAA Division III") level. The [State University of New York Athletic Conference](/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Athletic_Conference "State University of New York Athletic Conference") consists entirely of SUNY colleges.
### Other associations
* SUNY Environmental Science and Forestry is a member of the [USCAA](/wiki/United_States_Collegiate_Athletic_Association "United States Collegiate Athletic Association").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rooathletics.com/sports/2009/9/28/aboutsunycantonathletics.aspx?tab\=aboutsunycantonathletics\|title\=About SUNY Canton Athletics.\|access\-date\=20 September 2014\|archive\-date\=9 October 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009014436/http://www.rooathletics.com/sports/2009/9/28/aboutsunycantonathletics.aspx?tab\=aboutsunycantonathletics\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite journal \|url\=http://theuscaa.com/members/index\#S\|title\=USCAA Members \|website\=United States Collegiate Athletic Association \|access\-date\=20 September 2014\|archive\-date\=30 September 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930172556/http://theuscaa.com/members/index\#S\|url\-status\=live}}
* A small number of community colleges compete at the [National Junior College Athletic Association](/wiki/National_Junior_College_Athletic_Association "National Junior College Athletic Association") throughout their three divisions.
### Rivalries
The most prominent intra\-SUNY rivalry is between the [Albany Great Danes](/wiki/Albany_Great_Danes "Albany Great Danes") and [Binghamton Bearcats](/wiki/Binghamton_Bearcats "Binghamton Bearcats"). The two belong to the [America East Conference](/wiki/America_East_Conference "America East Conference"). Frequently referred to as the *I\-88 Rivalry*, Binghamton and Albany sit at either end of [Interstate 88](/wiki/Interstate_88_%28New_York%29 "Interstate 88 (New York)") (roughly 2\.5 hours apart). Both teams are known to post the highest visitor attendance at either school's athletic events. Both schools also have less intense rivalries with a former America East member, the Stony Brook Seawolves. In football, a sport not sponsored by the America East, Albany and Stony Brook have a rivalry in the [Coastal Athletic Association](/wiki/Coastal_Athletic_Association_Football_Conference "Coastal Athletic Association Football Conference"), and play each other annually in the [Battle for the Golden Apple](/wiki/Albany%E2%80%93Stony_Brook_football_rivalry "Albany–Stony Brook football rivalry").
The University at Buffalo tends to have a rivalry in basketball with two private colleges in the same geographical area. [Canisius College](/wiki/Canisius_College "Canisius College") and Buffalo's South Campus are 2\.5 miles apart on Main St. in [Buffalo](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_New_York "Buffalo, New York"). Their other rival is [Niagara University](/wiki/Niagara_University "Niagara University") in [Lewiston, NY](/wiki/Lewiston%2C_NY "Lewiston, NY"). All three share rivalries with [Saint Bonaventure University](/wiki/Saint_Bonaventure_University "Saint Bonaventure University"), another private college 70 miles south of Buffalo.
SUNY Oswego and SUNY Plattsburgh also share a notable rivalry in Division III Hockey, with that game almost always having the SUNYAC regular season title up for grabs.
SUNY Cobleskill and SUNY Delhi rivalry focuses on basketball, cross country, and previously track, although Cobleskill track and field started competing at the NCAA Division III level in spring 2009\. The SUNY Delhi 2003\-2004 basketball season was canceled after a basketball game was called with 48 seconds left after several SUNY Delhi basketball players nearly started a brawl in the Ioro Gymnasium at SUNY Cobleskill on Wednesday February 4, 2004\.
SUNY Oneonta has developed a rivalry in almost every sport with SUNY Cortland. They share the red dragon as a team nickname, and their matchups are known as the "Battle of the Red Dragons".
There is an unusual sports rivalry between [SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry](/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_College_of_Environmental_Science_and_Forestry "State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry") and [Finger Lakes Community College](/wiki/Finger_Lakes_Community_College "Finger Lakes Community College"), with both campuses sponsoring nationally ranked teams in [woodsman](/wiki/Woodsman "Woodsman") competitions.
|
[
"Athletics\n---------",
"{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=August 2010}}\nEvery school within the SUNY system manages its own athletics program, which greatly varies the level of competition at each institution.",
"### NCAA and NJCAA",
"#### Division I",
"* The four university centers compete at the [Division I](/wiki/Division_I_%28NCAA%29 \"Division I (NCAA)\") level for all of their sports. All but Binghamton field [football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") teams, with [Buffalo](/wiki/Buffalo_Bulls_football \"Buffalo Bulls football\") in [Division I FBS](/wiki/Division_I_FBS \"Division I FBS\") (formerly Division I\\-A) and Albany and Stony Brook in [Division I FCS](/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision \"Football Championship Subdivision\") (formerly Division I\\-AA). The four Cornell statutory colleges compete as part of the university as a member of the [Ivy League](/wiki/Ivy_League \"Ivy League\"), an FCS conference that chooses not to participate in [the FCS postseason tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship \"NCAA Division I Football Championship\").",
"#### Divisions II and III",
"* Most SUNY colleges, technical schools and community schools compete at the [NCAA Division III](/wiki/NCAA_Division_III \"NCAA Division III\") level. The [State University of New York Athletic Conference](/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Athletic_Conference \"State University of New York Athletic Conference\") consists entirely of SUNY colleges.",
"### Other associations",
"* SUNY Environmental Science and Forestry is a member of the [USCAA](/wiki/United_States_Collegiate_Athletic_Association \"United States Collegiate Athletic Association\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rooathletics.com/sports/2009/9/28/aboutsunycantonathletics.aspx?tab\\=aboutsunycantonathletics\\|title\\=About SUNY Canton Athletics.\\|access\\-date\\=20 September 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009014436/http://www.rooathletics.com/sports/2009/9/28/aboutsunycantonathletics.aspx?tab\\=aboutsunycantonathletics\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite journal \\|url\\=http://theuscaa.com/members/index\\#S\\|title\\=USCAA Members \\|website\\=United States Collegiate Athletic Association \\|access\\-date\\=20 September 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930172556/http://theuscaa.com/members/index\\#S\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n* A small number of community colleges compete at the [National Junior College Athletic Association](/wiki/National_Junior_College_Athletic_Association \"National Junior College Athletic Association\") throughout their three divisions.",
"### Rivalries",
"The most prominent intra\\-SUNY rivalry is between the [Albany Great Danes](/wiki/Albany_Great_Danes \"Albany Great Danes\") and [Binghamton Bearcats](/wiki/Binghamton_Bearcats \"Binghamton Bearcats\"). The two belong to the [America East Conference](/wiki/America_East_Conference \"America East Conference\"). Frequently referred to as the *I\\-88 Rivalry*, Binghamton and Albany sit at either end of [Interstate 88](/wiki/Interstate_88_%28New_York%29 \"Interstate 88 (New York)\") (roughly 2\\.5 hours apart). Both teams are known to post the highest visitor attendance at either school's athletic events. Both schools also have less intense rivalries with a former America East member, the Stony Brook Seawolves. In football, a sport not sponsored by the America East, Albany and Stony Brook have a rivalry in the [Coastal Athletic Association](/wiki/Coastal_Athletic_Association_Football_Conference \"Coastal Athletic Association Football Conference\"), and play each other annually in the [Battle for the Golden Apple](/wiki/Albany%E2%80%93Stony_Brook_football_rivalry \"Albany–Stony Brook football rivalry\").",
"The University at Buffalo tends to have a rivalry in basketball with two private colleges in the same geographical area. [Canisius College](/wiki/Canisius_College \"Canisius College\") and Buffalo's South Campus are 2\\.5 miles apart on Main St. in [Buffalo](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_New_York \"Buffalo, New York\"). Their other rival is [Niagara University](/wiki/Niagara_University \"Niagara University\") in [Lewiston, NY](/wiki/Lewiston%2C_NY \"Lewiston, NY\"). All three share rivalries with [Saint Bonaventure University](/wiki/Saint_Bonaventure_University \"Saint Bonaventure University\"), another private college 70 miles south of Buffalo.",
"SUNY Oswego and SUNY Plattsburgh also share a notable rivalry in Division III Hockey, with that game almost always having the SUNYAC regular season title up for grabs.",
"SUNY Cobleskill and SUNY Delhi rivalry focuses on basketball, cross country, and previously track, although Cobleskill track and field started competing at the NCAA Division III level in spring 2009\\. The SUNY Delhi 2003\\-2004 basketball season was canceled after a basketball game was called with 48 seconds left after several SUNY Delhi basketball players nearly started a brawl in the Ioro Gymnasium at SUNY Cobleskill on Wednesday February 4, 2004\\.",
"SUNY Oneonta has developed a rivalry in almost every sport with SUNY Cortland. They share the red dragon as a team nickname, and their matchups are known as the \"Battle of the Red Dragons\".",
"There is an unusual sports rivalry between [SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry](/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_College_of_Environmental_Science_and_Forestry \"State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry\") and [Finger Lakes Community College](/wiki/Finger_Lakes_Community_College \"Finger Lakes Community College\"), with both campuses sponsoring nationally ranked teams in [woodsman](/wiki/Woodsman \"Woodsman\") competitions.",
""
] |
### Rivalries
The most prominent intra\-SUNY rivalry is between the [Albany Great Danes](/wiki/Albany_Great_Danes "Albany Great Danes") and [Binghamton Bearcats](/wiki/Binghamton_Bearcats "Binghamton Bearcats"). The two belong to the [America East Conference](/wiki/America_East_Conference "America East Conference"). Frequently referred to as the *I\-88 Rivalry*, Binghamton and Albany sit at either end of [Interstate 88](/wiki/Interstate_88_%28New_York%29 "Interstate 88 (New York)") (roughly 2\.5 hours apart). Both teams are known to post the highest visitor attendance at either school's athletic events. Both schools also have less intense rivalries with a former America East member, the Stony Brook Seawolves. In football, a sport not sponsored by the America East, Albany and Stony Brook have a rivalry in the [Coastal Athletic Association](/wiki/Coastal_Athletic_Association_Football_Conference "Coastal Athletic Association Football Conference"), and play each other annually in the [Battle for the Golden Apple](/wiki/Albany%E2%80%93Stony_Brook_football_rivalry "Albany–Stony Brook football rivalry").
The University at Buffalo tends to have a rivalry in basketball with two private colleges in the same geographical area. [Canisius College](/wiki/Canisius_College "Canisius College") and Buffalo's South Campus are 2\.5 miles apart on Main St. in [Buffalo](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_New_York "Buffalo, New York"). Their other rival is [Niagara University](/wiki/Niagara_University "Niagara University") in [Lewiston, NY](/wiki/Lewiston%2C_NY "Lewiston, NY"). All three share rivalries with [Saint Bonaventure University](/wiki/Saint_Bonaventure_University "Saint Bonaventure University"), another private college 70 miles south of Buffalo.
SUNY Oswego and SUNY Plattsburgh also share a notable rivalry in Division III Hockey, with that game almost always having the SUNYAC regular season title up for grabs.
SUNY Cobleskill and SUNY Delhi rivalry focuses on basketball, cross country, and previously track, although Cobleskill track and field started competing at the NCAA Division III level in spring 2009\. The SUNY Delhi 2003\-2004 basketball season was canceled after a basketball game was called with 48 seconds left after several SUNY Delhi basketball players nearly started a brawl in the Ioro Gymnasium at SUNY Cobleskill on Wednesday February 4, 2004\.
SUNY Oneonta has developed a rivalry in almost every sport with SUNY Cortland. They share the red dragon as a team nickname, and their matchups are known as the "Battle of the Red Dragons".
There is an unusual sports rivalry between [SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry](/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_College_of_Environmental_Science_and_Forestry "State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry") and [Finger Lakes Community College](/wiki/Finger_Lakes_Community_College "Finger Lakes Community College"), with both campuses sponsoring nationally ranked teams in [woodsman](/wiki/Woodsman "Woodsman") competitions.
|
[
"### Rivalries",
"The most prominent intra\\-SUNY rivalry is between the [Albany Great Danes](/wiki/Albany_Great_Danes \"Albany Great Danes\") and [Binghamton Bearcats](/wiki/Binghamton_Bearcats \"Binghamton Bearcats\"). The two belong to the [America East Conference](/wiki/America_East_Conference \"America East Conference\"). Frequently referred to as the *I\\-88 Rivalry*, Binghamton and Albany sit at either end of [Interstate 88](/wiki/Interstate_88_%28New_York%29 \"Interstate 88 (New York)\") (roughly 2\\.5 hours apart). Both teams are known to post the highest visitor attendance at either school's athletic events. Both schools also have less intense rivalries with a former America East member, the Stony Brook Seawolves. In football, a sport not sponsored by the America East, Albany and Stony Brook have a rivalry in the [Coastal Athletic Association](/wiki/Coastal_Athletic_Association_Football_Conference \"Coastal Athletic Association Football Conference\"), and play each other annually in the [Battle for the Golden Apple](/wiki/Albany%E2%80%93Stony_Brook_football_rivalry \"Albany–Stony Brook football rivalry\").",
"The University at Buffalo tends to have a rivalry in basketball with two private colleges in the same geographical area. [Canisius College](/wiki/Canisius_College \"Canisius College\") and Buffalo's South Campus are 2\\.5 miles apart on Main St. in [Buffalo](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_New_York \"Buffalo, New York\"). Their other rival is [Niagara University](/wiki/Niagara_University \"Niagara University\") in [Lewiston, NY](/wiki/Lewiston%2C_NY \"Lewiston, NY\"). All three share rivalries with [Saint Bonaventure University](/wiki/Saint_Bonaventure_University \"Saint Bonaventure University\"), another private college 70 miles south of Buffalo.",
"SUNY Oswego and SUNY Plattsburgh also share a notable rivalry in Division III Hockey, with that game almost always having the SUNYAC regular season title up for grabs.",
"SUNY Cobleskill and SUNY Delhi rivalry focuses on basketball, cross country, and previously track, although Cobleskill track and field started competing at the NCAA Division III level in spring 2009\\. The SUNY Delhi 2003\\-2004 basketball season was canceled after a basketball game was called with 48 seconds left after several SUNY Delhi basketball players nearly started a brawl in the Ioro Gymnasium at SUNY Cobleskill on Wednesday February 4, 2004\\.",
"SUNY Oneonta has developed a rivalry in almost every sport with SUNY Cortland. They share the red dragon as a team nickname, and their matchups are known as the \"Battle of the Red Dragons\".",
"There is an unusual sports rivalry between [SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry](/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_College_of_Environmental_Science_and_Forestry \"State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry\") and [Finger Lakes Community College](/wiki/Finger_Lakes_Community_College \"Finger Lakes Community College\"), with both campuses sponsoring nationally ranked teams in [woodsman](/wiki/Woodsman \"Woodsman\") competitions.",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|left\|upright\=.5\|A memorial in Newport's [Touro Park](/wiki/Touro_Park "Touro Park") commemorates the centennial of the League's founding.](/wiki/File:League_of_American_Bicyclists_memorial_in_Newport%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg "League of American Bicyclists memorial in Newport, Rhode Island.jpg")
Founded in [Newport, Rhode Island](/wiki/Newport%2C_Rhode_Island "Newport, Rhode Island"), on May 30, 1880, as the **League of American Wheelmen** by [Kirk Munroe](/wiki/Kirk_Munroe "Kirk Munroe") and Charles E. Pratt, it soon became the leading national membership organization for cyclists in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States").{{cite web \|title\=Happy Birthday, Charles E. Pratt! \|url\=http://postedroads.blogspot.com/2009/03/happy\-birthday\-charles\-e\-pratt.html \|website\=Posted Roads \|publisher\=Kennebec Valley Bicycle Club \|access\-date\=4 May 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504232703/http://postedroads.blogspot.com/2009/03/happy\-birthday\-charles\-e\-pratt.html \|archive\-date\=4 May 2021 \|location\=Kennebeck, Maine \|date\=13 March 2009}}{{cite web \| last \= Oliver \| first \= Smith Hempstone \|author2\=Berkebile, Donald H. \| title \= Wheels and Wheeling: The Smithsonian Cycle Collection \| publisher \= Smithsonian Institution Press \| year \= 1974 \| url \= http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/HistoryTechnology/text/SSHT\-0024\.txt \| accessdate \= 2009\-07\-17 }} The organization's first officers were Charles E. Pratt as [president](/wiki/President_%28corporation%29 "President (corporation)"), T.K. Longstreet as [vice president](/wiki/Vice_president "Vice president"), O.S. Parsons as [corresponding secretary](/wiki/Secretary_%28title%29 "Secretary (title)"), J.F. Furrell as [recording secretary](/wiki/Secretary_%28title%29 "Secretary (title)"), and H.L. Willoughby as [treasurer](/wiki/Treasurer "Treasurer")."The American Wheelmen". *The Washington Post*. June 1, 1880\. p. 1\. The [board of directors](/wiki/Board_of_directors "Board of directors") consisted of two from each state having regularly organization clubs.
Pratt served two terms as the organization's first president, from 1880 to 1882\. He was the author in 1879 of the first cycling guidebook in the United States, *The American Bicycler: a manual for the observer, the learner and the expert.*
The League was also the governing body for amateur bicycle racing in the U.S. during the late 19th century. Membership peaked at 103,000 in 1898\.{{Cite journal \| last \= Stanford Braff \| first \= Carolyn \| title \= The Perfect Time to Ride: A History of the League of American Wheelmen \| journal \= American Bicyclist \| pages \= 18–23 \| date \= November–December 2007 \| url \= http://www.bikeleague.org/members/pdfs/american\_bicyclist\_nov\-dec\_07\.pdf \| issn \= 0747\-0371 \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20081029094506/http://www.bikeleague.org/members/pdfs/american\_bicyclist\_nov\-dec\_07\.pdf \| archive\-date \= October 29, 2008 }}
### The 1880–1902 period
[thumb\|Bicyclists of the League of American Wheelmen pose before the second annual St. Louis County Bicycle Tour, 1892\.](/wiki/File:Bicyclists_of_the_League_of_American_Wheelmen_pose_by_the_Frank_Blair_statue_at_the_northeast_corner_of_Forest_Park_before_the_second_annual_St._Louis_County_Bicycle_Tour.jpg "Bicyclists of the League of American Wheelmen pose by the Frank Blair statue at the northeast corner of Forest Park before the second annual St. Louis County Bicycle Tour.jpg")
[right\|thumb\|League of American Wheelman \- Horse bibs \- Good Roads, 1897](/wiki/Image:Law_1897_horse-bibs.jpg "Law 1897 horse-bibs.jpg")
The League was a prominent advocacy group for the improvement of roads and highways in the United States[Highway Existence:\- 100 Years and Beyond \- The Federal Highway Administration at 100, Autumn 1993, Public Roads](http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/fall93/p93au1.htm) long before the advent of the [automobile](/wiki/Automobile "Automobile"). The [Good Roads Movement](/wiki/Good_Roads_Movement "Good Roads Movement") in the late 19th century was founded and led by the League, which began publishing *Good Roads* magazine in 1892\.
In the mid\-1890s, bicycling became accessible to the population at large with the advent of the mass\-produced, chain\-driven [safety bicycle](/wiki/Safety_bicycle "Safety bicycle"). A huge boom in bicycle sales occurred, then collapsed as the market became saturated. Bicycle manufacturers were no longer able to support the League financially, and the interest of its members, largely well\-to\-do hobbyists, turned elsewhere.
In 1894, the League voted to prohibit membership by non\-white people, pushed by southern members.{{cite web\|url\=http://bikexprt.com/LAB/law1897/p03\.htm\|title\=League of American Wheelmen Constitution, 1897\|website\=bikexprt.com\|accessdate\=May 14, 2020}} Since the League was the governing body for bicycle racing at that time, the League's action effectively banned non\-white people from most races in the United States.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.majortaylorassociation.org/LAW.htm\|title\=Major Taylor \- League of American Bicyclists Rights a Wrong\|website\=www.majortaylorassociation.org\|accessdate\=May 14, 2020}} Local clubs had some discretion, as well as a separate racing league being set up, yet racism was still prevalent. Efforts were made the following years to repeal the "white exclusive" clause, an 1895 amendment to reverse the decision was dropped, as a "continued and energetic resistance" ensued before the original League dissolved in 1902\.[(Ethnicity, Sport, Identity: Struggles for Status, 2004\)](https://books.google.com/books?id=tUaRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&lpg=PA19&focus=viewport&dq=murky+goddess) In 1999, a reformed League disavowed the 1894 action.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.majortaylorassociation.org/LAB\_text.htm\|title\=Major Taylor Association \- Full text of the LAB resoloution\|website\=www.majortaylorassociation.org\|accessdate\=May 14, 2020}}
At its height in 1898, the League had over 103,000 members.{{cite book\|last1\=Reid\|first1\=Carlton\|title\=Roads Were Not Built for Cars\|date\=2015\|publisher\=Island Press\|location\=London\|isbn\=978\-1\-61091\-689\-9\|page\=4\|accessdate\=25 May 2015\|url\=http://www.roadswerenotbuiltforcars.com/}} Early members included three of the wealthiest men of the [Gilded Age](/wiki/Gilded_Age "Gilded Age"): Newport socialites [John Jacob Astor](/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor "John Jacob Astor"), [Diamond Jim Brady](/wiki/Diamond_Jim_Brady "Diamond Jim Brady"), and [John D. Rockefeller](/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller "John D. Rockefeller").
Amateur bicycle racing declined with the rise of professional racing. League membership declined to 76,944 in 1900 and only 8,692 in 1902\. The League dissolved that year, when there were still only a very few motorized vehicles on the roads.{{cite web\|url\=http://john\-s\-allen.com/LAW\_1939\-1955/publications/leagueguide1947\.pdf \|title\=Cycling Guide, 1947: see history p. 11 ff. \|accessdate\=2020\-05\-14}} The [American Automobile Association](/wiki/American_Automobile_Association "American Automobile Association") was founded the same year, 1902, and was, to an extent, a successor organization. It provided—and still provides—route information to members, as the League had provided. The League's Secretary, Abbott Bassett, produced a monthly publication under the League's name until 1924, but there was no League organization. **Bassett's Scrap Book**{{cite web\|author\=Adam Joseph Kunkel \|url\=http://www.forgottenbooks.org/books/Bassetts\_Scrap\_Book\_v7\_1000785490 \|title\=Bassett's Scrap Book \|publisher\=Forgottenbooks.org \|accessdate\=2020\-05\-14}} covered topics such as [Frank W. Weston](/wiki/Frank_W._Weston "Frank W. Weston")'s role in developing cycling in Boston.
### The 1939–1955 revival
Bicycle club activity revived and was particularly strong in the [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") area during the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") of the 1930s. Attempts to revive the League were initiated by representatives of the bicycle industry in 1933 and continued through the 1930s, and consisted primarily of a number of exhibitions and races under the League's name. Chicago\-area bicycle clubs formed the core of a revived League governed by recreational cyclists in 1939 and which adopted a constitution in April 1942\. This incarnation of the League was primarily a social organization, holding group rides and annual conventions. [World War II](/wiki/World_War%C2%A0II "World War II") contributed to the success of the League through rationing of motor vehicle fuel and tires. Membership was 614 in 1945, with 200 honorary members in the armed services. However, in the late 1940s, the League went into decline. Factors included the increasing availability of motor vehicles; the "baby boom", which made for difficulties in pursuing recreational cycling; narrow highways; and conformist social attitudes, with a perception of bicycling as a children's activity. Membership was only 507 in 1950 and 238 in 1953\. The League dissolved again in 1955\.
### 1965–present
The League reorganized once again in 1965\. By this time, highways had improved, the Eisenhower [Interstate Highway System](/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System "Interstate Highway System") had drained traffic from many of them, and new interest in recreational cycling was spurred by the promotion of sports bicycles with derailleur gearing by the [Schwinn Bicycle Company](/wiki/Schwinn_Bicycle_Company "Schwinn Bicycle Company") and others. Increasing awareness of the importance of physical fitness also contributed to the popularity of bicycling.
Through the end of the 20th century, the League existed as a national clearinghouse for [cycling advocacy](/wiki/Cycling_advocacy "Cycling advocacy"), but more so as a social organization, holding three or more regional rallies each year, usually in June, centered on public college campuses in various parts of the US. Each of these rallies featured mapped rides of various lengths, dormitory housing and meals, a variety of cycling\-related lectures, and vendors selling products. At their peak, rallies would each attract as many as 2,000 cyclists.
With increasing popularity of bicycling, however, various other organizations adopted functions which the League dropped or did not pursue—most prominently, [Bikecentennial](/wiki/Bikecentennial "Bikecentennial") (later renamed as the [Adventure Cycling Association](/wiki/Adventure_Cycling_Association "Adventure Cycling Association")), which maps touring routes and provides services for touring bicyclists; the [Rails\-to\-Trails Conservancy](/wiki/Rails-to-Trails_Conservancy "Rails-to-Trails Conservancy"), which promotes conversion of abandoned rail lines to trails; and the [Alliance for Biking and Walking](/wiki/Alliance_for_Biking_and_Walking "Alliance for Biking and Walking"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.peoplepoweredmovement.org/\|title\=Bicycle and Walking Alliance\|website\=People Powered Movement\|accessdate\=May 14, 2020}} (formerly Thunderhead Alliance), a loosely organized consortium of state and local advocacy organizations which maintains communication over the Internet.
In the late 20th century, the League was criticized for its name: League of American Wheel*men*. Also, the term *Wheelmen* was becoming increasingly obscure. In response, the League began doing business as the League of American *Bicyclists* in 1994\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bikeleague.org/about/history.php\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216030410/http://www.bikeleague.org/about/history.php\|archive\-date\=2007\-02\-16\|title\=League of American Bicyclists \* History\|date\=Feb 16, 2007\|accessdate\=May 14, 2020}}
The League reached a peak of 24,000 paid memberships in 1997, then declined to around 20,000, where it has remained since (as of 2009\), though it is able to cite larger numbers by using a multiplier for family memberships and counting the approximately 300,000 members of affiliated bicycle clubs and advocacy organizations.
The League's rallies became less successful as bicyclists became able to find similar events closer to home. Beginning in 2003, the League would no longer organize its own rallies, but rather, would designate an existing event in one part of the country or another as its National Rally.
A major change in the direction of the League occurred in 1997 when it moved its offices from [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore "Baltimore"), Maryland, to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), and focused increasingly on advocacy at the federal level. The League has shed most of the services it once provided to individual members, other than its magazine, and now is primarily an advocacy organization. Its major annual event is now the National Bicycle Summit (which see, under Advocacy, below).
The League has continued to play a leading role in cycling issues into the 21st century. One example is the certification of cycling instructors, since the 1970s. The League's education program concentrates on practical bicycle handling and traffic skills, and has more than 1,000 active instructors as of 2009\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bikeleague.org/ridesmart\|title\=Smart Cycling\|date\=Feb 27, 2013\|website\=League of American Bicyclists\|accessdate\=May 14, 2020}} The League's Bicycle Friendly America program distributes awards to communities which have adopted measures to accommodate and encourage bicycle use.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bikeleague.org/bfa\|title\=Bicycle Friendly America\|date\=Feb 27, 2013\|website\=League of American Bicyclists\|accessdate\=May 14, 2020}} The League manages liability insurance programs for its instructors and for bicycle clubs, an invaluable service to them.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bikeleague.org/members/club/insurance.php\|title\=Homepage of the League's club insurance program\|accessdate\=May 14, 2020}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=.5\\|A memorial in Newport's [Touro Park](/wiki/Touro_Park \"Touro Park\") commemorates the centennial of the League's founding.](/wiki/File:League_of_American_Bicyclists_memorial_in_Newport%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg \"League of American Bicyclists memorial in Newport, Rhode Island.jpg\")\nFounded in [Newport, Rhode Island](/wiki/Newport%2C_Rhode_Island \"Newport, Rhode Island\"), on May 30, 1880, as the **League of American Wheelmen** by [Kirk Munroe](/wiki/Kirk_Munroe \"Kirk Munroe\") and Charles E. Pratt, it soon became the leading national membership organization for cyclists in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Happy Birthday, Charles E. Pratt! \\|url\\=http://postedroads.blogspot.com/2009/03/happy\\-birthday\\-charles\\-e\\-pratt.html \\|website\\=Posted Roads \\|publisher\\=Kennebec Valley Bicycle Club \\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504232703/http://postedroads.blogspot.com/2009/03/happy\\-birthday\\-charles\\-e\\-pratt.html \\|archive\\-date\\=4 May 2021 \\|location\\=Kennebeck, Maine \\|date\\=13 March 2009}}{{cite web \\| last \\= Oliver \\| first \\= Smith Hempstone \\|author2\\=Berkebile, Donald H. \\| title \\= Wheels and Wheeling: The Smithsonian Cycle Collection \\| publisher \\= Smithsonian Institution Press \\| year \\= 1974 \\| url \\= http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/HistoryTechnology/text/SSHT\\-0024\\.txt \\| accessdate \\= 2009\\-07\\-17 }} The organization's first officers were Charles E. Pratt as [president](/wiki/President_%28corporation%29 \"President (corporation)\"), T.K. Longstreet as [vice president](/wiki/Vice_president \"Vice president\"), O.S. Parsons as [corresponding secretary](/wiki/Secretary_%28title%29 \"Secretary (title)\"), J.F. Furrell as [recording secretary](/wiki/Secretary_%28title%29 \"Secretary (title)\"), and H.L. Willoughby as [treasurer](/wiki/Treasurer \"Treasurer\").\"The American Wheelmen\". *The Washington Post*. June 1, 1880\\. p. 1\\. The [board of directors](/wiki/Board_of_directors \"Board of directors\") consisted of two from each state having regularly organization clubs.",
"Pratt served two terms as the organization's first president, from 1880 to 1882\\. He was the author in 1879 of the first cycling guidebook in the United States, *The American Bicycler: a manual for the observer, the learner and the expert.*",
"The League was also the governing body for amateur bicycle racing in the U.S. during the late 19th century. Membership peaked at 103,000 in 1898\\.{{Cite journal \\| last \\= Stanford Braff \\| first \\= Carolyn \\| title \\= The Perfect Time to Ride: A History of the League of American Wheelmen \\| journal \\= American Bicyclist \\| pages \\= 18–23 \\| date \\= November–December 2007 \\| url \\= http://www.bikeleague.org/members/pdfs/american\\_bicyclist\\_nov\\-dec\\_07\\.pdf \\| issn \\= 0747\\-0371 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20081029094506/http://www.bikeleague.org/members/pdfs/american\\_bicyclist\\_nov\\-dec\\_07\\.pdf \\| archive\\-date \\= October 29, 2008 }}",
"### The 1880–1902 period",
"[thumb\\|Bicyclists of the League of American Wheelmen pose before the second annual St. Louis County Bicycle Tour, 1892\\.](/wiki/File:Bicyclists_of_the_League_of_American_Wheelmen_pose_by_the_Frank_Blair_statue_at_the_northeast_corner_of_Forest_Park_before_the_second_annual_St._Louis_County_Bicycle_Tour.jpg \"Bicyclists of the League of American Wheelmen pose by the Frank Blair statue at the northeast corner of Forest Park before the second annual St. Louis County Bicycle Tour.jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|League of American Wheelman \\- Horse bibs \\- Good Roads, 1897](/wiki/Image:Law_1897_horse-bibs.jpg \"Law 1897 horse-bibs.jpg\")\nThe League was a prominent advocacy group for the improvement of roads and highways in the United States[Highway Existence:\\- 100 Years and Beyond \\- The Federal Highway Administration at 100, Autumn 1993, Public Roads](http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/fall93/p93au1.htm) long before the advent of the [automobile](/wiki/Automobile \"Automobile\"). The [Good Roads Movement](/wiki/Good_Roads_Movement \"Good Roads Movement\") in the late 19th century was founded and led by the League, which began publishing *Good Roads* magazine in 1892\\.",
"In the mid\\-1890s, bicycling became accessible to the population at large with the advent of the mass\\-produced, chain\\-driven [safety bicycle](/wiki/Safety_bicycle \"Safety bicycle\"). A huge boom in bicycle sales occurred, then collapsed as the market became saturated. Bicycle manufacturers were no longer able to support the League financially, and the interest of its members, largely well\\-to\\-do hobbyists, turned elsewhere.",
"In 1894, the League voted to prohibit membership by non\\-white people, pushed by southern members.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://bikexprt.com/LAB/law1897/p03\\.htm\\|title\\=League of American Wheelmen Constitution, 1897\\|website\\=bikexprt.com\\|accessdate\\=May 14, 2020}} Since the League was the governing body for bicycle racing at that time, the League's action effectively banned non\\-white people from most races in the United States.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.majortaylorassociation.org/LAW.htm\\|title\\=Major Taylor \\- League of American Bicyclists Rights a Wrong\\|website\\=www.majortaylorassociation.org\\|accessdate\\=May 14, 2020}} Local clubs had some discretion, as well as a separate racing league being set up, yet racism was still prevalent. Efforts were made the following years to repeal the \"white exclusive\" clause, an 1895 amendment to reverse the decision was dropped, as a \"continued and energetic resistance\" ensued before the original League dissolved in 1902\\.[(Ethnicity, Sport, Identity: Struggles for Status, 2004\\)](https://books.google.com/books?id=tUaRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&lpg=PA19&focus=viewport&dq=murky+goddess) In 1999, a reformed League disavowed the 1894 action.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.majortaylorassociation.org/LAB\\_text.htm\\|title\\=Major Taylor Association \\- Full text of the LAB resoloution\\|website\\=www.majortaylorassociation.org\\|accessdate\\=May 14, 2020}}",
"At its height in 1898, the League had over 103,000 members.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Reid\\|first1\\=Carlton\\|title\\=Roads Were Not Built for Cars\\|date\\=2015\\|publisher\\=Island Press\\|location\\=London\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-61091\\-689\\-9\\|page\\=4\\|accessdate\\=25 May 2015\\|url\\=http://www.roadswerenotbuiltforcars.com/}} Early members included three of the wealthiest men of the [Gilded Age](/wiki/Gilded_Age \"Gilded Age\"): Newport socialites [John Jacob Astor](/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor \"John Jacob Astor\"), [Diamond Jim Brady](/wiki/Diamond_Jim_Brady \"Diamond Jim Brady\"), and [John D. Rockefeller](/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller \"John D. Rockefeller\").",
"Amateur bicycle racing declined with the rise of professional racing. League membership declined to 76,944 in 1900 and only 8,692 in 1902\\. The League dissolved that year, when there were still only a very few motorized vehicles on the roads.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://john\\-s\\-allen.com/LAW\\_1939\\-1955/publications/leagueguide1947\\.pdf \\|title\\=Cycling Guide, 1947: see history p. 11 ff. \\|accessdate\\=2020\\-05\\-14}} The [American Automobile Association](/wiki/American_Automobile_Association \"American Automobile Association\") was founded the same year, 1902, and was, to an extent, a successor organization. It provided—and still provides—route information to members, as the League had provided. The League's Secretary, Abbott Bassett, produced a monthly publication under the League's name until 1924, but there was no League organization. **Bassett's Scrap Book**{{cite web\\|author\\=Adam Joseph Kunkel \\|url\\=http://www.forgottenbooks.org/books/Bassetts\\_Scrap\\_Book\\_v7\\_1000785490 \\|title\\=Bassett's Scrap Book \\|publisher\\=Forgottenbooks.org \\|accessdate\\=2020\\-05\\-14}} covered topics such as [Frank W. Weston](/wiki/Frank_W._Weston \"Frank W. Weston\")'s role in developing cycling in Boston.",
"### The 1939–1955 revival",
"Bicycle club activity revived and was particularly strong in the [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") area during the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\") of the 1930s. Attempts to revive the League were initiated by representatives of the bicycle industry in 1933 and continued through the 1930s, and consisted primarily of a number of exhibitions and races under the League's name. Chicago\\-area bicycle clubs formed the core of a revived League governed by recreational cyclists in 1939 and which adopted a constitution in April 1942\\. This incarnation of the League was primarily a social organization, holding group rides and annual conventions. [World War II](/wiki/World_War%C2%A0II \"World War II\") contributed to the success of the League through rationing of motor vehicle fuel and tires. Membership was 614 in 1945, with 200 honorary members in the armed services. However, in the late 1940s, the League went into decline. Factors included the increasing availability of motor vehicles; the \"baby boom\", which made for difficulties in pursuing recreational cycling; narrow highways; and conformist social attitudes, with a perception of bicycling as a children's activity. Membership was only 507 in 1950 and 238 in 1953\\. The League dissolved again in 1955\\.",
"### 1965–present",
"The League reorganized once again in 1965\\. By this time, highways had improved, the Eisenhower [Interstate Highway System](/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System \"Interstate Highway System\") had drained traffic from many of them, and new interest in recreational cycling was spurred by the promotion of sports bicycles with derailleur gearing by the [Schwinn Bicycle Company](/wiki/Schwinn_Bicycle_Company \"Schwinn Bicycle Company\") and others. Increasing awareness of the importance of physical fitness also contributed to the popularity of bicycling.",
"Through the end of the 20th century, the League existed as a national clearinghouse for [cycling advocacy](/wiki/Cycling_advocacy \"Cycling advocacy\"), but more so as a social organization, holding three or more regional rallies each year, usually in June, centered on public college campuses in various parts of the US. Each of these rallies featured mapped rides of various lengths, dormitory housing and meals, a variety of cycling\\-related lectures, and vendors selling products. At their peak, rallies would each attract as many as 2,000 cyclists.",
"With increasing popularity of bicycling, however, various other organizations adopted functions which the League dropped or did not pursue—most prominently, [Bikecentennial](/wiki/Bikecentennial \"Bikecentennial\") (later renamed as the [Adventure Cycling Association](/wiki/Adventure_Cycling_Association \"Adventure Cycling Association\")), which maps touring routes and provides services for touring bicyclists; the [Rails\\-to\\-Trails Conservancy](/wiki/Rails-to-Trails_Conservancy \"Rails-to-Trails Conservancy\"), which promotes conversion of abandoned rail lines to trails; and the [Alliance for Biking and Walking](/wiki/Alliance_for_Biking_and_Walking \"Alliance for Biking and Walking\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.peoplepoweredmovement.org/\\|title\\=Bicycle and Walking Alliance\\|website\\=People Powered Movement\\|accessdate\\=May 14, 2020}} (formerly Thunderhead Alliance), a loosely organized consortium of state and local advocacy organizations which maintains communication over the Internet.",
"In the late 20th century, the League was criticized for its name: League of American Wheel*men*. Also, the term *Wheelmen* was becoming increasingly obscure. In response, the League began doing business as the League of American *Bicyclists* in 1994\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bikeleague.org/about/history.php\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216030410/http://www.bikeleague.org/about/history.php\\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-16\\|title\\=League of American Bicyclists \\* History\\|date\\=Feb 16, 2007\\|accessdate\\=May 14, 2020}}",
"The League reached a peak of 24,000 paid memberships in 1997, then declined to around 20,000, where it has remained since (as of 2009\\), though it is able to cite larger numbers by using a multiplier for family memberships and counting the approximately 300,000 members of affiliated bicycle clubs and advocacy organizations.",
"The League's rallies became less successful as bicyclists became able to find similar events closer to home. Beginning in 2003, the League would no longer organize its own rallies, but rather, would designate an existing event in one part of the country or another as its National Rally.",
"A major change in the direction of the League occurred in 1997 when it moved its offices from [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore \"Baltimore\"), Maryland, to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), and focused increasingly on advocacy at the federal level. The League has shed most of the services it once provided to individual members, other than its magazine, and now is primarily an advocacy organization. Its major annual event is now the National Bicycle Summit (which see, under Advocacy, below).",
"The League has continued to play a leading role in cycling issues into the 21st century. One example is the certification of cycling instructors, since the 1970s. The League's education program concentrates on practical bicycle handling and traffic skills, and has more than 1,000 active instructors as of 2009\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bikeleague.org/ridesmart\\|title\\=Smart Cycling\\|date\\=Feb 27, 2013\\|website\\=League of American Bicyclists\\|accessdate\\=May 14, 2020}} The League's Bicycle Friendly America program distributes awards to communities which have adopted measures to accommodate and encourage bicycle use.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bikeleague.org/bfa\\|title\\=Bicycle Friendly America\\|date\\=Feb 27, 2013\\|website\\=League of American Bicyclists\\|accessdate\\=May 14, 2020}} The League manages liability insurance programs for its instructors and for bicycle clubs, an invaluable service to them.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bikeleague.org/members/club/insurance.php\\|title\\=Homepage of the League's club insurance program\\|accessdate\\=May 14, 2020}}",
""
] |
### 1965–present
The League reorganized once again in 1965\. By this time, highways had improved, the Eisenhower [Interstate Highway System](/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System "Interstate Highway System") had drained traffic from many of them, and new interest in recreational cycling was spurred by the promotion of sports bicycles with derailleur gearing by the [Schwinn Bicycle Company](/wiki/Schwinn_Bicycle_Company "Schwinn Bicycle Company") and others. Increasing awareness of the importance of physical fitness also contributed to the popularity of bicycling.
Through the end of the 20th century, the League existed as a national clearinghouse for [cycling advocacy](/wiki/Cycling_advocacy "Cycling advocacy"), but more so as a social organization, holding three or more regional rallies each year, usually in June, centered on public college campuses in various parts of the US. Each of these rallies featured mapped rides of various lengths, dormitory housing and meals, a variety of cycling\-related lectures, and vendors selling products. At their peak, rallies would each attract as many as 2,000 cyclists.
With increasing popularity of bicycling, however, various other organizations adopted functions which the League dropped or did not pursue—most prominently, [Bikecentennial](/wiki/Bikecentennial "Bikecentennial") (later renamed as the [Adventure Cycling Association](/wiki/Adventure_Cycling_Association "Adventure Cycling Association")), which maps touring routes and provides services for touring bicyclists; the [Rails\-to\-Trails Conservancy](/wiki/Rails-to-Trails_Conservancy "Rails-to-Trails Conservancy"), which promotes conversion of abandoned rail lines to trails; and the [Alliance for Biking and Walking](/wiki/Alliance_for_Biking_and_Walking "Alliance for Biking and Walking"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.peoplepoweredmovement.org/\|title\=Bicycle and Walking Alliance\|website\=People Powered Movement\|accessdate\=May 14, 2020}} (formerly Thunderhead Alliance), a loosely organized consortium of state and local advocacy organizations which maintains communication over the Internet.
In the late 20th century, the League was criticized for its name: League of American Wheel*men*. Also, the term *Wheelmen* was becoming increasingly obscure. In response, the League began doing business as the League of American *Bicyclists* in 1994\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bikeleague.org/about/history.php\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216030410/http://www.bikeleague.org/about/history.php\|archive\-date\=2007\-02\-16\|title\=League of American Bicyclists \* History\|date\=Feb 16, 2007\|accessdate\=May 14, 2020}}
The League reached a peak of 24,000 paid memberships in 1997, then declined to around 20,000, where it has remained since (as of 2009\), though it is able to cite larger numbers by using a multiplier for family memberships and counting the approximately 300,000 members of affiliated bicycle clubs and advocacy organizations.
The League's rallies became less successful as bicyclists became able to find similar events closer to home. Beginning in 2003, the League would no longer organize its own rallies, but rather, would designate an existing event in one part of the country or another as its National Rally.
A major change in the direction of the League occurred in 1997 when it moved its offices from [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore "Baltimore"), Maryland, to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), and focused increasingly on advocacy at the federal level. The League has shed most of the services it once provided to individual members, other than its magazine, and now is primarily an advocacy organization. Its major annual event is now the National Bicycle Summit (which see, under Advocacy, below).
The League has continued to play a leading role in cycling issues into the 21st century. One example is the certification of cycling instructors, since the 1970s. The League's education program concentrates on practical bicycle handling and traffic skills, and has more than 1,000 active instructors as of 2009\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bikeleague.org/ridesmart\|title\=Smart Cycling\|date\=Feb 27, 2013\|website\=League of American Bicyclists\|accessdate\=May 14, 2020}} The League's Bicycle Friendly America program distributes awards to communities which have adopted measures to accommodate and encourage bicycle use.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bikeleague.org/bfa\|title\=Bicycle Friendly America\|date\=Feb 27, 2013\|website\=League of American Bicyclists\|accessdate\=May 14, 2020}} The League manages liability insurance programs for its instructors and for bicycle clubs, an invaluable service to them.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bikeleague.org/members/club/insurance.php\|title\=Homepage of the League's club insurance program\|accessdate\=May 14, 2020}}
|
[
"### 1965–present",
"The League reorganized once again in 1965\\. By this time, highways had improved, the Eisenhower [Interstate Highway System](/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System \"Interstate Highway System\") had drained traffic from many of them, and new interest in recreational cycling was spurred by the promotion of sports bicycles with derailleur gearing by the [Schwinn Bicycle Company](/wiki/Schwinn_Bicycle_Company \"Schwinn Bicycle Company\") and others. Increasing awareness of the importance of physical fitness also contributed to the popularity of bicycling.",
"Through the end of the 20th century, the League existed as a national clearinghouse for [cycling advocacy](/wiki/Cycling_advocacy \"Cycling advocacy\"), but more so as a social organization, holding three or more regional rallies each year, usually in June, centered on public college campuses in various parts of the US. Each of these rallies featured mapped rides of various lengths, dormitory housing and meals, a variety of cycling\\-related lectures, and vendors selling products. At their peak, rallies would each attract as many as 2,000 cyclists.",
"With increasing popularity of bicycling, however, various other organizations adopted functions which the League dropped or did not pursue—most prominently, [Bikecentennial](/wiki/Bikecentennial \"Bikecentennial\") (later renamed as the [Adventure Cycling Association](/wiki/Adventure_Cycling_Association \"Adventure Cycling Association\")), which maps touring routes and provides services for touring bicyclists; the [Rails\\-to\\-Trails Conservancy](/wiki/Rails-to-Trails_Conservancy \"Rails-to-Trails Conservancy\"), which promotes conversion of abandoned rail lines to trails; and the [Alliance for Biking and Walking](/wiki/Alliance_for_Biking_and_Walking \"Alliance for Biking and Walking\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.peoplepoweredmovement.org/\\|title\\=Bicycle and Walking Alliance\\|website\\=People Powered Movement\\|accessdate\\=May 14, 2020}} (formerly Thunderhead Alliance), a loosely organized consortium of state and local advocacy organizations which maintains communication over the Internet.",
"In the late 20th century, the League was criticized for its name: League of American Wheel*men*. Also, the term *Wheelmen* was becoming increasingly obscure. In response, the League began doing business as the League of American *Bicyclists* in 1994\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bikeleague.org/about/history.php\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216030410/http://www.bikeleague.org/about/history.php\\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-16\\|title\\=League of American Bicyclists \\* History\\|date\\=Feb 16, 2007\\|accessdate\\=May 14, 2020}}",
"The League reached a peak of 24,000 paid memberships in 1997, then declined to around 20,000, where it has remained since (as of 2009\\), though it is able to cite larger numbers by using a multiplier for family memberships and counting the approximately 300,000 members of affiliated bicycle clubs and advocacy organizations.",
"The League's rallies became less successful as bicyclists became able to find similar events closer to home. Beginning in 2003, the League would no longer organize its own rallies, but rather, would designate an existing event in one part of the country or another as its National Rally.",
"A major change in the direction of the League occurred in 1997 when it moved its offices from [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore \"Baltimore\"), Maryland, to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), and focused increasingly on advocacy at the federal level. The League has shed most of the services it once provided to individual members, other than its magazine, and now is primarily an advocacy organization. Its major annual event is now the National Bicycle Summit (which see, under Advocacy, below).",
"The League has continued to play a leading role in cycling issues into the 21st century. One example is the certification of cycling instructors, since the 1970s. The League's education program concentrates on practical bicycle handling and traffic skills, and has more than 1,000 active instructors as of 2009\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bikeleague.org/ridesmart\\|title\\=Smart Cycling\\|date\\=Feb 27, 2013\\|website\\=League of American Bicyclists\\|accessdate\\=May 14, 2020}} The League's Bicycle Friendly America program distributes awards to communities which have adopted measures to accommodate and encourage bicycle use.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bikeleague.org/bfa\\|title\\=Bicycle Friendly America\\|date\\=Feb 27, 2013\\|website\\=League of American Bicyclists\\|accessdate\\=May 14, 2020}} The League manages liability insurance programs for its instructors and for bicycle clubs, an invaluable service to them.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bikeleague.org/members/club/insurance.php\\|title\\=Homepage of the League's club insurance program\\|accessdate\\=May 14, 2020}}",
""
] |
Racing career
-------------
### Karting
Nannini started karting at the age of 6 where he would go on to win a number of karting championships. In 2015 Nannini joined [Fernando Alonso's karting](/wiki/Fernando_Alonso "Fernando Alonso") team, and this is where Nannini won his second competition at Trofeo dei Campioni in Italy.
### Formula 4
After competing in other lower formulas, Nannini had the most success in the [2019](/wiki/2019_Formula_4_UAE_Championship "2019 Formula 4 UAE Championship") [Formula 4 UAE Championship](/wiki/Formula_4_UAE_Championship "Formula 4 UAE Championship") where he won 7 races and won the title by 48 points over [Joshua Dürksen](/wiki/Joshua_D%C3%BCrksen "Joshua Dürksen").
### FIA Formula 3 Championship
#### 2020
In his second year of single\-seater racing, Nannini moved up to the [FIA Formula 3 Championship](/wiki/2020_FIA_Formula_3_Championship "2020 FIA Formula 3 Championship") with [Jenzer Motorsport](/wiki/Jenzer_Motorsport "Jenzer Motorsport").{{Cite web\|last\=Wood\|first\=Elliot\|date\=2020\-02\-03\|title\=Matteo Nannini moves to FIA F3 for second year in cars\|url\=https://formulascout.com/matteo\-nannini\-jenzer\-fia\-f3/59304\|access\-date\=14 September 2020\|website\=Formula Scout\|language\=en\-US}} Nannini struggled throughout the first half of the season, claiming his first point score in Round 6 in Barcelona. He finished in 10th in the first race, which gave him reverse\-grid pole.{{Cite web\|title\=Improved Qualifying performance key to best F3 finish, says Nannini\|url\=https://www.fiaformula3\.com/Latest/5MftcdEACwns6NFXfGs5zm/improved\-qualifying\-performance\-key\-to\-best\-f3\-finish\-says\-nannini\|access\-date\=14 September 2020\|website\=FIAFormula3® \- The Official F3® Website\|language\=en}} Nannini then managed to claim his first and only podium with a 3rd place in the second race of the weekend.{{Cite web\|title\=Piastri surges to Race 2 win from fifth, ahead of Peroni\|url\=https://www.fiaformula3\.com/Latest/soMrz2ag99gt8g8C6RdFq/piastri\-surges\-to\-race\-2\-win\-from\-fifth\-ahead\-of\-peroni\|access\-date\=14 September 2020\|website\=FIAFormula3® \- The Official F3® Website\|language\=en}} Nannini failed to score any points for the rest of the season and finished 18th overall in the championship with 11 points.
#### 2021
Nannini returned to the series in 2021 with [HWA Racelab](/wiki/HWA_Racelab "HWA Racelab").{{Cite web\|title\=Nannini to complete dual F2/F3 campaign, joins Deledda at HWA\|url\=https://www.autosport.com/formula2/news/nannini\-to\-complete\-dual\-f2\-f3\-campaign\-joins\-deledda\-at\-hwa\-5192333/5192333/\|access\-date\=9 May 2021\|website\=www.autosport.com\|language\=en}} Nannini once again struggled, but not as badly as the previous season. He qualified 4th at the first round in [Barcelona](/wiki/2021_Barcelona_Formula_3_round "2021 Barcelona Formula 3 round"), and was fighting for the win in Race 2 before being caught up in a collision with [Dennis Hauger](/wiki/Dennis_Hauger "Dennis Hauger"), with Nannini retiring and Hauger finishing 25th. He bounced back with a 3rd place finish in Race 3\.{{Cite web\|title\=2021 Round 1 post\-Race 3 press conference\|url\=https://www.fiaformula3\.com/Latest/6g3uthBNhFx33EMdMDbUWL/2021\-round\-1\-post\-race\-3\-press\-conference\-f3\|access\-date\=31 August 2022\|website\=www.fiaformula3\.com\|language\=en}} At the first race in [Spielberg](/wiki/2021_Spielberg_Formula_3_round "2021 Spielberg Formula 3 round"), Nannini was fighting for the win with [Clement Novalak](/wiki/Clement_Novalak "Clement Novalak") before the pair of them collided at Turn 4, with Novalak retiring and Nannini finishing 23rd. Nannini took his first F3 win at [Budapest](/wiki/2021_Budapest_Formula_3_round "2021 Budapest Formula 3 round") in Race 2, where he overtook [Roman Stanek](/wiki/Roman_Stanek "Roman Stanek") at the start and [Enzo Fittipaldi](/wiki/Enzo_Fittipaldi "Enzo Fittipaldi") in the early stages of the race to go on and win comfortably.{{Cite web\|title\=RACE 2: Nannini beats Fittipaldi to maiden win in Budapest\|url\=https://www.fiaformula3\.com/Latest/1QdZmmLXDLY9nVivPmEWNi/race\-2\-nannini\-beats\-fittipaldi\-to\-maiden\-win\-in\-budapest\|access\-date\=31 August 2022\|website\=www.fiaformula3\.com\|language\=en}} Afterwards he only got one more points finish, and finished 14th overall in the championship with 44 points, and was the highest placed HWA driver.
#### 2022
Nannini joined [ART Grand Prix](/wiki/ART_Grand_Prix "ART Grand Prix") for the second mid\-season test at [Barcelona](/wiki/Circuit_de_Barcelona-Catalunya "Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya"), replacing [Juan Manuel Correa](/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Correa "Juan Manuel Correa") who was out due to a foot injury.{{Cite web\|title\=Nannini to replace Correa at ART GP for FIA F3's next test\|url\=https://formulascout.com/nannini\-to\-replace\-correa\-at\-art\-gp\-for\-fia\-f3s\-next\-test/92031\|access\-date\=31 August 2022\|website\=www.formulascout.com\|date\=14 April 2022 \|language\=en}} He was not called up to replace Correa for the next round at Imola, and ART only ran 2 cars there.
### FIA Formula 2 Championship
Nannini was set to perform double duties in both F3 and [Formula 2](/wiki/2021_Formula_2_Championship "2021 Formula 2 Championship") in 2021, partnering [Alessio Deledda](/wiki/Alessio_Deledda "Alessio Deledda") at [HWA Racelab](/wiki/HWA_Racelab "HWA Racelab").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fiaformula2\.com/Latest/2f1sqVi8IPL3yRwL2teo5q/hwa\-sign\-italian\-duo\-nannini\-and\-deledda\-for\-2021\|title\=HWA sign Italian duo Nannini and Deledda for 2021\|website\=fiaformula2\.com\|date\=22 January 2021\|access\-date\=22 January 2021}}
In May 2021, Nannini announced he would be solely focusing on the Formula 3 championship after his sponsor ended support for a Formula 2 campaign.{{Cite web\|url\=https://twitter.com/nannini\_matteo/status/1394670611658592256\|title\=Matteo Nannini on Twitter\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-19\|website\=Twitter\|language\=en}} [Williams Academy](/wiki/Williams_Driver_Academy "Williams Driver Academy") driver [Jack Aitken](/wiki/Jack_Aitken "Jack Aitken") replaced Nannini for the Monaco and Baku rounds.{{Cite web\|title\=Aitken to replace Nannini at HWA RACELAB in Monaco and Baku, with Italian set to focus on F3\|url\=https://www.fiaformula2\.com/Latest/4WB4VlYusgUiWk78X0TMH2/aitken\-to\-replace\-nannini\-at\-hwa\-racelab\-in\-monaco\-and\-baku\-with\-italian\-set\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-19\|website\=FIA\_F2® \- The Official F2® Website\|language\=en}} Nannini would return to the championship with [Campos Racing](/wiki/Campos_Racing "Campos Racing"), racing in Baku and Silverstone after [Gianluca Petecof](/wiki/Gianluca_Petecof "Gianluca Petecof") had left the team.
### Stock car racing
On March 22, 2022, [Team Stange Racing](/wiki/Team_Stange_Racing "Team Stange Racing") had announced that they would be returning to the [ARCA Menards Series](/wiki/ARCA_Menards_Series "ARCA Menards Series") with their No. 46 car, which was last fielded in [2016](/wiki/2016_ARCA_Racing_Series "2016 ARCA Racing Series"), with Nannini driving it in [the race at Mid\-Ohio](/wiki/Dawn_150_%28Mid-Ohio%29 "Dawn 150 (Mid-Ohio)"). This would be his debut in a stock car.{{cite web \|first\=Justin \|last\=Nguyen \|url\=https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2022/03/team\-stange\-racing\-forms\-international\-nascar\-driver\-development\-programme\-signs\-matteo\-nannini/ \|title\=Team Stange Racing forms international NASCAR driver development programme, signs Matteo Nannini \|website\=The Checkered Flag \|date\=March 22, 2022 \|access\-date\=July 10, 2022}} However, the team did not end up entering the race.
### Indy NXT
Nannini returned to full\-time racing in 2023, driving for [Juncos Hollinger Racing](/wiki/Juncos_Hollinger_Racing "Juncos Hollinger Racing") in the [2023 Indy NXT](/wiki/2023_Indy_NXT "2023 Indy NXT").{{Cite web\|last\=Wood\|first\=Ida\|date\=9 December 2022\|title\=Juncos signs Gold and Nannini for its return to Indy NXT\|url\=https://formulascout.com/juncos\-signs\-gold\-and\-nannini\-for\-its\-return\-to\-indy\-nxt/101764\|access\-date\=14 January 2023\|website\=Formula Scout\|language\=en\-GB}}
On July 18, 2023, it was announced Juncos Hollinger Racing and driver Matteo Nannini had ended their INDY NXT by Firestone competition relationship.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.indycar.com/News/2023/07/07\-18\-JHR\-Nannini \| title\=Juncos Hollinger Racing, Nannini Part Company Immediately }}
|
[
"Racing career\n-------------",
"### Karting",
"Nannini started karting at the age of 6 where he would go on to win a number of karting championships. In 2015 Nannini joined [Fernando Alonso's karting](/wiki/Fernando_Alonso \"Fernando Alonso\") team, and this is where Nannini won his second competition at Trofeo dei Campioni in Italy.",
"### Formula 4",
"After competing in other lower formulas, Nannini had the most success in the [2019](/wiki/2019_Formula_4_UAE_Championship \"2019 Formula 4 UAE Championship\") [Formula 4 UAE Championship](/wiki/Formula_4_UAE_Championship \"Formula 4 UAE Championship\") where he won 7 races and won the title by 48 points over [Joshua Dürksen](/wiki/Joshua_D%C3%BCrksen \"Joshua Dürksen\").",
"### FIA Formula 3 Championship",
"#### 2020",
"In his second year of single\\-seater racing, Nannini moved up to the [FIA Formula 3 Championship](/wiki/2020_FIA_Formula_3_Championship \"2020 FIA Formula 3 Championship\") with [Jenzer Motorsport](/wiki/Jenzer_Motorsport \"Jenzer Motorsport\").{{Cite web\\|last\\=Wood\\|first\\=Elliot\\|date\\=2020\\-02\\-03\\|title\\=Matteo Nannini moves to FIA F3 for second year in cars\\|url\\=https://formulascout.com/matteo\\-nannini\\-jenzer\\-fia\\-f3/59304\\|access\\-date\\=14 September 2020\\|website\\=Formula Scout\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Nannini struggled throughout the first half of the season, claiming his first point score in Round 6 in Barcelona. He finished in 10th in the first race, which gave him reverse\\-grid pole.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Improved Qualifying performance key to best F3 finish, says Nannini\\|url\\=https://www.fiaformula3\\.com/Latest/5MftcdEACwns6NFXfGs5zm/improved\\-qualifying\\-performance\\-key\\-to\\-best\\-f3\\-finish\\-says\\-nannini\\|access\\-date\\=14 September 2020\\|website\\=FIAFormula3® \\- The Official F3® Website\\|language\\=en}} Nannini then managed to claim his first and only podium with a 3rd place in the second race of the weekend.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Piastri surges to Race 2 win from fifth, ahead of Peroni\\|url\\=https://www.fiaformula3\\.com/Latest/soMrz2ag99gt8g8C6RdFq/piastri\\-surges\\-to\\-race\\-2\\-win\\-from\\-fifth\\-ahead\\-of\\-peroni\\|access\\-date\\=14 September 2020\\|website\\=FIAFormula3® \\- The Official F3® Website\\|language\\=en}} Nannini failed to score any points for the rest of the season and finished 18th overall in the championship with 11 points.",
"#### 2021",
"Nannini returned to the series in 2021 with [HWA Racelab](/wiki/HWA_Racelab \"HWA Racelab\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=Nannini to complete dual F2/F3 campaign, joins Deledda at HWA\\|url\\=https://www.autosport.com/formula2/news/nannini\\-to\\-complete\\-dual\\-f2\\-f3\\-campaign\\-joins\\-deledda\\-at\\-hwa\\-5192333/5192333/\\|access\\-date\\=9 May 2021\\|website\\=www.autosport.com\\|language\\=en}} Nannini once again struggled, but not as badly as the previous season. He qualified 4th at the first round in [Barcelona](/wiki/2021_Barcelona_Formula_3_round \"2021 Barcelona Formula 3 round\"), and was fighting for the win in Race 2 before being caught up in a collision with [Dennis Hauger](/wiki/Dennis_Hauger \"Dennis Hauger\"), with Nannini retiring and Hauger finishing 25th. He bounced back with a 3rd place finish in Race 3\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=2021 Round 1 post\\-Race 3 press conference\\|url\\=https://www.fiaformula3\\.com/Latest/6g3uthBNhFx33EMdMDbUWL/2021\\-round\\-1\\-post\\-race\\-3\\-press\\-conference\\-f3\\|access\\-date\\=31 August 2022\\|website\\=www.fiaformula3\\.com\\|language\\=en}} At the first race in [Spielberg](/wiki/2021_Spielberg_Formula_3_round \"2021 Spielberg Formula 3 round\"), Nannini was fighting for the win with [Clement Novalak](/wiki/Clement_Novalak \"Clement Novalak\") before the pair of them collided at Turn 4, with Novalak retiring and Nannini finishing 23rd. Nannini took his first F3 win at [Budapest](/wiki/2021_Budapest_Formula_3_round \"2021 Budapest Formula 3 round\") in Race 2, where he overtook [Roman Stanek](/wiki/Roman_Stanek \"Roman Stanek\") at the start and [Enzo Fittipaldi](/wiki/Enzo_Fittipaldi \"Enzo Fittipaldi\") in the early stages of the race to go on and win comfortably.{{Cite web\\|title\\=RACE 2: Nannini beats Fittipaldi to maiden win in Budapest\\|url\\=https://www.fiaformula3\\.com/Latest/1QdZmmLXDLY9nVivPmEWNi/race\\-2\\-nannini\\-beats\\-fittipaldi\\-to\\-maiden\\-win\\-in\\-budapest\\|access\\-date\\=31 August 2022\\|website\\=www.fiaformula3\\.com\\|language\\=en}} Afterwards he only got one more points finish, and finished 14th overall in the championship with 44 points, and was the highest placed HWA driver.",
"#### 2022",
"Nannini joined [ART Grand Prix](/wiki/ART_Grand_Prix \"ART Grand Prix\") for the second mid\\-season test at [Barcelona](/wiki/Circuit_de_Barcelona-Catalunya \"Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya\"), replacing [Juan Manuel Correa](/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Correa \"Juan Manuel Correa\") who was out due to a foot injury.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Nannini to replace Correa at ART GP for FIA F3's next test\\|url\\=https://formulascout.com/nannini\\-to\\-replace\\-correa\\-at\\-art\\-gp\\-for\\-fia\\-f3s\\-next\\-test/92031\\|access\\-date\\=31 August 2022\\|website\\=www.formulascout.com\\|date\\=14 April 2022 \\|language\\=en}} He was not called up to replace Correa for the next round at Imola, and ART only ran 2 cars there.",
"### FIA Formula 2 Championship",
"Nannini was set to perform double duties in both F3 and [Formula 2](/wiki/2021_Formula_2_Championship \"2021 Formula 2 Championship\") in 2021, partnering [Alessio Deledda](/wiki/Alessio_Deledda \"Alessio Deledda\") at [HWA Racelab](/wiki/HWA_Racelab \"HWA Racelab\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fiaformula2\\.com/Latest/2f1sqVi8IPL3yRwL2teo5q/hwa\\-sign\\-italian\\-duo\\-nannini\\-and\\-deledda\\-for\\-2021\\|title\\=HWA sign Italian duo Nannini and Deledda for 2021\\|website\\=fiaformula2\\.com\\|date\\=22 January 2021\\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2021}}",
"In May 2021, Nannini announced he would be solely focusing on the Formula 3 championship after his sponsor ended support for a Formula 2 campaign.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/nannini\\_matteo/status/1394670611658592256\\|title\\=Matteo Nannini on Twitter\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-19\\|website\\=Twitter\\|language\\=en}} [Williams Academy](/wiki/Williams_Driver_Academy \"Williams Driver Academy\") driver [Jack Aitken](/wiki/Jack_Aitken \"Jack Aitken\") replaced Nannini for the Monaco and Baku rounds.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Aitken to replace Nannini at HWA RACELAB in Monaco and Baku, with Italian set to focus on F3\\|url\\=https://www.fiaformula2\\.com/Latest/4WB4VlYusgUiWk78X0TMH2/aitken\\-to\\-replace\\-nannini\\-at\\-hwa\\-racelab\\-in\\-monaco\\-and\\-baku\\-with\\-italian\\-set\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-19\\|website\\=FIA\\_F2® \\- The Official F2® Website\\|language\\=en}} Nannini would return to the championship with [Campos Racing](/wiki/Campos_Racing \"Campos Racing\"), racing in Baku and Silverstone after [Gianluca Petecof](/wiki/Gianluca_Petecof \"Gianluca Petecof\") had left the team.",
"### Stock car racing",
"On March 22, 2022, [Team Stange Racing](/wiki/Team_Stange_Racing \"Team Stange Racing\") had announced that they would be returning to the [ARCA Menards Series](/wiki/ARCA_Menards_Series \"ARCA Menards Series\") with their No. 46 car, which was last fielded in [2016](/wiki/2016_ARCA_Racing_Series \"2016 ARCA Racing Series\"), with Nannini driving it in [the race at Mid\\-Ohio](/wiki/Dawn_150_%28Mid-Ohio%29 \"Dawn 150 (Mid-Ohio)\"). This would be his debut in a stock car.{{cite web \\|first\\=Justin \\|last\\=Nguyen \\|url\\=https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2022/03/team\\-stange\\-racing\\-forms\\-international\\-nascar\\-driver\\-development\\-programme\\-signs\\-matteo\\-nannini/ \\|title\\=Team Stange Racing forms international NASCAR driver development programme, signs Matteo Nannini \\|website\\=The Checkered Flag \\|date\\=March 22, 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2022}} However, the team did not end up entering the race.",
"### Indy NXT",
"Nannini returned to full\\-time racing in 2023, driving for [Juncos Hollinger Racing](/wiki/Juncos_Hollinger_Racing \"Juncos Hollinger Racing\") in the [2023 Indy NXT](/wiki/2023_Indy_NXT \"2023 Indy NXT\").{{Cite web\\|last\\=Wood\\|first\\=Ida\\|date\\=9 December 2022\\|title\\=Juncos signs Gold and Nannini for its return to Indy NXT\\|url\\=https://formulascout.com/juncos\\-signs\\-gold\\-and\\-nannini\\-for\\-its\\-return\\-to\\-indy\\-nxt/101764\\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2023\\|website\\=Formula Scout\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}",
"On July 18, 2023, it was announced Juncos Hollinger Racing and driver Matteo Nannini had ended their INDY NXT by Firestone competition relationship.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.indycar.com/News/2023/07/07\\-18\\-JHR\\-Nannini \\| title\\=Juncos Hollinger Racing, Nannini Part Company Immediately }}",
""
] |
History
-------
The Dulaimis originally were [Bedouins](/wiki/Bedouin "Bedouin") living between Ramadi and Al\-Qa'im, but at the end of the fifteenth century the clans of Dulaim began migration towards the east until they arrived to Fallujah and south of Baghdad. The Principality of the Dulaim tribe (Amirate Al\-Dulaim; أمارة الدليم) was almost a state of self\-rule, the Dulaim tribe flourished in the eighteenth century, and continued their emigration and settlement on agricultural and pastoral areas on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates, and controlled on the areas and subject the other tribes in the region.
At the beginning of the 18th century, the Dulaimis had a role in fighting opponents of the Ottoman Empire from tribes and [Persians](/wiki/Persian_people "Persian people").
When the tribe abstained from paying taxes to the [Ottoman Caliphate](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") for nearly a century and a half, a series of battles occurred between them and the Ottoman troops, from 1790, 1824 and 1890\.U.M. Al\-Juhany, *Najd before the Salafi Reform Movement*, Ithaca Press, 2002
During and after [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), most of the clans of the Dulaim tribe were considered well\-armed. Their proximity to the desert made it relatively easy for them to obtain arms and ammunition. The Dulaim tribe also had a reputation as raiders who displayed good fighting skills both against other tribes and against Ottoman troops before World War I. Each year when the Ottoman authorities tried to assess the crops of the Dulaim clans, the Dulaimis came into contact with Ottoman troops. In many cases, the Ottoman troops were defeated by the tribesmen.
During World War I, the Ottoman Army occupied Ramadi and much of the Dulaim tribal area. As a result, the Dulaim assisted the Ottomans in their operations against the British. This changed when the British forced the Ottomans out of the Dulaim's tribal lands in September 1917, at which time Shaikh Ali Sulaiman made "submission" to the British. Despite this, many clans of the Dulaim whose lands were still occupied by Ottoman forces continued to assist the Ottomans until their lands were occupied by the British.[C.M. Doughty](/wiki/C.M._Doughty "C.M. Doughty"), *Travels in Arabia Deserta*
Following World War I, most Dulaim clans went their own way and fought the British – particularly the Al\-Bu Nimr, the Al\-Bu Qartan, and the Al\-Bu Alwan and the Al\-Bu Mahal, along with the Zoba' tribe. The Abu Nimr, Albu Mahal, Al\-Bu Ubaid, Al\-Bu Risha and the Al\-Mahamda also joined with the Jaghaifa and the Aqaidat to fight the British during the insurrection of 1920\.Ingham, B. "ʿUtūb." *Encyclopaedia of Islam*. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008\. Brill Online. 8 April 2008 [http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry\=islam\_SIM\-7780](http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-7780)
### Republic of Iraq
The Dulaimis had a big role in founding the modern Iraqi state. They contributed to the stability in political and economic situation and the emergence of institutions of the modern state from army and police and other services especially during the monarchy period and during the rule of president [Abdul Salam Arif Al\-Jumaili](/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif "Abdul Salam Arif").
During the Saddam era the Dulaimis formed 20% to 30% of the Iraqi army.
### Dulaim and events of the Iraq War
{{unreferenced\|section\|date\=August 2023}}
Dulaim is the largest tribe in Anbar province, which formed the nucleus of the insurgency against U.S. forces in Iraq.
The events of the war and the bombing of Fallujah and targeting the Sunnis in Baghdad and Basra and many other reasons pushed the Sunni Dulaimi clans to carry weapons against Iraqi government and U.S. forces.
### Armed uprising 2013–2014
{{main\|2012–2013 Iraqi protests\|Anbar campaign (2013–14\)}}
[250px\|thumbnail\|right\| Demonstrators protesting against Maliki in Ramadi in the square of pride and dignity (Al\-Bu Farraj)](/wiki/File:Iraq_Sunni_Protests_2013_6.png "Iraq Sunni Protests 2013 6.png")
The Dulaimis participated in anti\-government rallies and demonstrations for one year from 21 December 2012 to 29 December 2013\. Maliki cracked down on them, leading the tribe to revolt.[Dulaim tribe of Iraq](http://www.ibtimmmes.com/iraq-crisis-reports-clashes-near-baghdad-map-1602456){{Dead link\|date\=November 2020}}
After the withdrawal of U.S. troops, there was conflict between Iraqi Shiite government forces and Sunnis in Anbar.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2016}} Hundreds of thousands of Sunnis, including Dulaimis, set up weekly demonstrations in Fallujah and Ramadi in the square of pride and dignity (Al\-Bu Farraj area), demanding the release of Sunni detainees and withdrawal of the army from the cities of Anbar. In December 2013, the government responded by arresting Sunni MP Ahmed al\-Alwani{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-25534541\|title\=Iraq MP Ahmed al\-Alwani arrested in deadly Ramadi raid\|work\=BBC News\|date\=28 December 2013 \|access\-date\=30 July 2015}} and killing some of his relatives from the Dulaim tribe (Albu\-Alwaan clan). Soon afterwards, many Dulaimis returned to armed insurgency.{{cite news \|last\=Koplowitz \|first\=Howard \|date\=16 June 2014 \|title\=Iraq Crisis Update: ISIS Seizes Tal Afar Amid Conflicting Reports Of Clashes Near Baghdad \[MAP] \|url\=http://www.ibtimes.com/iraq\-crisis\-update\-isis\-seizes\-tal\-afar\-amid\-conflicting\-reports\-clashes\-near\-baghdad\-map\-1602456 \|newspaper\=International Business Times }}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Dulaimis originally were [Bedouins](/wiki/Bedouin \"Bedouin\") living between Ramadi and Al\\-Qa'im, but at the end of the fifteenth century the clans of Dulaim began migration towards the east until they arrived to Fallujah and south of Baghdad. The Principality of the Dulaim tribe (Amirate Al\\-Dulaim; أمارة الدليم) was almost a state of self\\-rule, the Dulaim tribe flourished in the eighteenth century, and continued their emigration and settlement on agricultural and pastoral areas on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates, and controlled on the areas and subject the other tribes in the region.",
"At the beginning of the 18th century, the Dulaimis had a role in fighting opponents of the Ottoman Empire from tribes and [Persians](/wiki/Persian_people \"Persian people\").",
"When the tribe abstained from paying taxes to the [Ottoman Caliphate](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\") for nearly a century and a half, a series of battles occurred between them and the Ottoman troops, from 1790, 1824 and 1890\\.U.M. Al\\-Juhany, *Najd before the Salafi Reform Movement*, Ithaca Press, 2002",
"During and after [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), most of the clans of the Dulaim tribe were considered well\\-armed. Their proximity to the desert made it relatively easy for them to obtain arms and ammunition. The Dulaim tribe also had a reputation as raiders who displayed good fighting skills both against other tribes and against Ottoman troops before World War I. Each year when the Ottoman authorities tried to assess the crops of the Dulaim clans, the Dulaimis came into contact with Ottoman troops. In many cases, the Ottoman troops were defeated by the tribesmen.",
"During World War I, the Ottoman Army occupied Ramadi and much of the Dulaim tribal area. As a result, the Dulaim assisted the Ottomans in their operations against the British. This changed when the British forced the Ottomans out of the Dulaim's tribal lands in September 1917, at which time Shaikh Ali Sulaiman made \"submission\" to the British. Despite this, many clans of the Dulaim whose lands were still occupied by Ottoman forces continued to assist the Ottomans until their lands were occupied by the British.[C.M. Doughty](/wiki/C.M._Doughty \"C.M. Doughty\"), *Travels in Arabia Deserta*",
"Following World War I, most Dulaim clans went their own way and fought the British – particularly the Al\\-Bu Nimr, the Al\\-Bu Qartan, and the Al\\-Bu Alwan and the Al\\-Bu Mahal, along with the Zoba' tribe. The Abu Nimr, Albu Mahal, Al\\-Bu Ubaid, Al\\-Bu Risha and the Al\\-Mahamda also joined with the Jaghaifa and the Aqaidat to fight the British during the insurrection of 1920\\.Ingham, B. \"ʿUtūb.\" *Encyclopaedia of Islam*. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008\\. Brill Online. 8 April 2008 [http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry\\=islam\\_SIM\\-7780](http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-7780)",
"### Republic of Iraq",
"The Dulaimis had a big role in founding the modern Iraqi state. They contributed to the stability in political and economic situation and the emergence of institutions of the modern state from army and police and other services especially during the monarchy period and during the rule of president [Abdul Salam Arif Al\\-Jumaili](/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif \"Abdul Salam Arif\").",
"During the Saddam era the Dulaimis formed 20% to 30% of the Iraqi army.",
"### Dulaim and events of the Iraq War",
"{{unreferenced\\|section\\|date\\=August 2023}}",
"Dulaim is the largest tribe in Anbar province, which formed the nucleus of the insurgency against U.S. forces in Iraq.",
"The events of the war and the bombing of Fallujah and targeting the Sunnis in Baghdad and Basra and many other reasons pushed the Sunni Dulaimi clans to carry weapons against Iraqi government and U.S. forces.",
"### Armed uprising 2013–2014",
"{{main\\|2012–2013 Iraqi protests\\|Anbar campaign (2013–14\\)}}\n[250px\\|thumbnail\\|right\\| Demonstrators protesting against Maliki in Ramadi in the square of pride and dignity (Al\\-Bu Farraj)](/wiki/File:Iraq_Sunni_Protests_2013_6.png \"Iraq Sunni Protests 2013 6.png\")\nThe Dulaimis participated in anti\\-government rallies and demonstrations for one year from 21 December 2012 to 29 December 2013\\. Maliki cracked down on them, leading the tribe to revolt.[Dulaim tribe of Iraq](http://www.ibtimmmes.com/iraq-crisis-reports-clashes-near-baghdad-map-1602456){{Dead link\\|date\\=November 2020}}",
"After the withdrawal of U.S. troops, there was conflict between Iraqi Shiite government forces and Sunnis in Anbar.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2016}} Hundreds of thousands of Sunnis, including Dulaimis, set up weekly demonstrations in Fallujah and Ramadi in the square of pride and dignity (Al\\-Bu Farraj area), demanding the release of Sunni detainees and withdrawal of the army from the cities of Anbar. In December 2013, the government responded by arresting Sunni MP Ahmed al\\-Alwani{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-25534541\\|title\\=Iraq MP Ahmed al\\-Alwani arrested in deadly Ramadi raid\\|work\\=BBC News\\|date\\=28 December 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=30 July 2015}} and killing some of his relatives from the Dulaim tribe (Albu\\-Alwaan clan). Soon afterwards, many Dulaimis returned to armed insurgency.{{cite news \\|last\\=Koplowitz \\|first\\=Howard \\|date\\=16 June 2014 \\|title\\=Iraq Crisis Update: ISIS Seizes Tal Afar Amid Conflicting Reports Of Clashes Near Baghdad \\[MAP] \\|url\\=http://www.ibtimes.com/iraq\\-crisis\\-update\\-isis\\-seizes\\-tal\\-afar\\-amid\\-conflicting\\-reports\\-clashes\\-near\\-baghdad\\-map\\-1602456 \\|newspaper\\=International Business Times }}",
""
] |
Campus
------
The Flashpoint Chicago campus occupied the fifth and sixths floors of the historic [Burnham Center](/wiki/Burnham_Center "Burnham Center") building at 28 North Clark Street in the downtown [Chicago Loop](/wiki/Chicago_Loop "Chicago Loop").
The campus was located near museums, performance venues, and a wide range of annual cultural events. The neighborhood is bordered on the north by Chicago's historic theatre district and the [Chicago Riverwalk](/wiki/Chicago_Riverwalk "Chicago Riverwalk") and on the east by [Millennium Park](/wiki/Millennium_Park "Millennium Park") and the shoreline of [Lake Michigan](/wiki/Lake_Michigan "Lake Michigan").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Flashpoint\+Chicago,\+a\+Campus\+of\+Columbia\+College\+Hollywood/@41\.8827166,\-87\.6332551,17z/data\=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x880e2cbbabaf8c1f:0xa412e8e4977d8d3f!8m2!3d41\.8827126!4d\-87\.6310664\|title\=Flashpoint Chicago, a campus of Columbia College Hollywood \- Google Maps\|website\=Google Maps\|access\-date\=February 18, 2019}}
Flashpoint Chicago's 52\-seat screening room was a space for students in all disciplines to view professional work and showcase their own productions. The screening room was equipped with 4K projection, [Blu\-ray](/wiki/Blu-ray "Blu-ray") playback, [7\.1 surround sound](/wiki/7.1_surround_sound "7.1 surround sound"), and wireless microphone and computer connections for speakers and presenters.
In 2019, Flashpoint expanded upon existing studio space and built a full scale, three\-wall set in the middle of campus. Adjoining this studio are classroom/production office spaces and a wardrobe, makeup and props room, as well as a film student meeting room. Down the hall is a second, black\-box rehearsal studio. All of these resources are accessible to students right in the middle of campus.
Flashpoint Chicago also had three suites for post\-production digital film editing. The private rooms were soundproof and include space for collaborators to join in the session.
The [music studio](/wiki/Recording_studio "Recording studio") at Flashpoint Chicago was a professional audio recording facility equipped with 24 channels of audio and designed to accommodate musical ensembles of different styles and sizes. It includes four live rooms all interconnected to a large control room, including a vocal booth, an array of studio microphones, speakers, a variety of instruments, including a grand piano and a drum kit.
The professional\-quality equipment room was stocked with industry\-standard film, video, and sound equipment, available for students to check out and use on film productions and coursework as well as independent productions. It is fully stocked with cases, accessories, and supplies.
The [Foley](/wiki/Foley_%28filmmaking%29 "Foley (filmmaking)")/[Automated Dialog Replacement](/wiki/Dubbing_%28filmmaking%29 "Dubbing (filmmaking)") (ADR) suite was a sound\-isolated booth and control room where students learn to record, edit, and mix dialog, sound effects, and audio for their projects. The Foley/ADR suite is equipped with multiple microphones, monitors, and industry\-standard computer hardware and software.
Flashpoint Chicago had four audio mini suites, which are high\-tech workstations in private, sound isolated rooms suitable for editing and mixing music and sound design. Each room is equipped with software, studio monitors, and large screen video monitors for editing sound to video. Two mini suites are alongside a dedicated narration booth for voice over work.
The [library](/wiki/Library "Library") and [learning commons](/wiki/Learning_commons "Learning commons") offered quiet study space and a variety of print and digital publications and other media.{{Cite web\|url\=https://flashpoint.columbiacollege.edu/wp\-content/uploads/2019/01/2019\-Flashpoint\-GENERAL\-Catalog\-Effective\-Jan\-1\-2019\-20190114\.pdf\|title\=Columbia College Hollywood 2019 General Catalog, Flashpoint Chicago, a campus of Columbia College Hollywood.\|date\=January 1, 2019\|website\=Flashpoint Chicago\|access\-date\=February 18, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130246/https://flashpoint.columbiacollege.edu/wp\-content/uploads/2019/01/2019\-Flashpoint\-GENERAL\-Catalog\-Effective\-Jan\-1\-2019\-20190114\.pdf\|archive\-date\=February 19, 2019\|url\-status\=dead}}
|
[
"Campus\n------",
"",
"",
"The Flashpoint Chicago campus occupied the fifth and sixths floors of the historic [Burnham Center](/wiki/Burnham_Center \"Burnham Center\") building at 28 North Clark Street in the downtown [Chicago Loop](/wiki/Chicago_Loop \"Chicago Loop\").",
"The campus was located near museums, performance venues, and a wide range of annual cultural events. The neighborhood is bordered on the north by Chicago's historic theatre district and the [Chicago Riverwalk](/wiki/Chicago_Riverwalk \"Chicago Riverwalk\") and on the east by [Millennium Park](/wiki/Millennium_Park \"Millennium Park\") and the shoreline of [Lake Michigan](/wiki/Lake_Michigan \"Lake Michigan\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Flashpoint\\+Chicago,\\+a\\+Campus\\+of\\+Columbia\\+College\\+Hollywood/@41\\.8827166,\\-87\\.6332551,17z/data\\=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x880e2cbbabaf8c1f:0xa412e8e4977d8d3f!8m2!3d41\\.8827126!4d\\-87\\.6310664\\|title\\=Flashpoint Chicago, a campus of Columbia College Hollywood \\- Google Maps\\|website\\=Google Maps\\|access\\-date\\=February 18, 2019}}",
"Flashpoint Chicago's 52\\-seat screening room was a space for students in all disciplines to view professional work and showcase their own productions. The screening room was equipped with 4K projection, [Blu\\-ray](/wiki/Blu-ray \"Blu-ray\") playback, [7\\.1 surround sound](/wiki/7.1_surround_sound \"7.1 surround sound\"), and wireless microphone and computer connections for speakers and presenters.",
"In 2019, Flashpoint expanded upon existing studio space and built a full scale, three\\-wall set in the middle of campus. Adjoining this studio are classroom/production office spaces and a wardrobe, makeup and props room, as well as a film student meeting room. Down the hall is a second, black\\-box rehearsal studio. All of these resources are accessible to students right in the middle of campus.",
"Flashpoint Chicago also had three suites for post\\-production digital film editing. The private rooms were soundproof and include space for collaborators to join in the session.",
"The [music studio](/wiki/Recording_studio \"Recording studio\") at Flashpoint Chicago was a professional audio recording facility equipped with 24 channels of audio and designed to accommodate musical ensembles of different styles and sizes. It includes four live rooms all interconnected to a large control room, including a vocal booth, an array of studio microphones, speakers, a variety of instruments, including a grand piano and a drum kit.",
"The professional\\-quality equipment room was stocked with industry\\-standard film, video, and sound equipment, available for students to check out and use on film productions and coursework as well as independent productions. It is fully stocked with cases, accessories, and supplies.",
"The [Foley](/wiki/Foley_%28filmmaking%29 \"Foley (filmmaking)\")/[Automated Dialog Replacement](/wiki/Dubbing_%28filmmaking%29 \"Dubbing (filmmaking)\") (ADR) suite was a sound\\-isolated booth and control room where students learn to record, edit, and mix dialog, sound effects, and audio for their projects. The Foley/ADR suite is equipped with multiple microphones, monitors, and industry\\-standard computer hardware and software.",
"Flashpoint Chicago had four audio mini suites, which are high\\-tech workstations in private, sound isolated rooms suitable for editing and mixing music and sound design. Each room is equipped with software, studio monitors, and large screen video monitors for editing sound to video. Two mini suites are alongside a dedicated narration booth for voice over work.",
"The [library](/wiki/Library \"Library\") and [learning commons](/wiki/Learning_commons \"Learning commons\") offered quiet study space and a variety of print and digital publications and other media.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://flashpoint.columbiacollege.edu/wp\\-content/uploads/2019/01/2019\\-Flashpoint\\-GENERAL\\-Catalog\\-Effective\\-Jan\\-1\\-2019\\-20190114\\.pdf\\|title\\=Columbia College Hollywood 2019 General Catalog, Flashpoint Chicago, a campus of Columbia College Hollywood.\\|date\\=January 1, 2019\\|website\\=Flashpoint Chicago\\|access\\-date\\=February 18, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130246/https://flashpoint.columbiacollege.edu/wp\\-content/uploads/2019/01/2019\\-Flashpoint\\-GENERAL\\-Catalog\\-Effective\\-Jan\\-1\\-2019\\-20190114\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=February 19, 2019\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
""
] |
Provenance
----------
[right\|thumb\|Collector marks on the recto side. Detail, bottom right corner, L\-R [Prosper Henry Lankrink](/wiki/Prosper_Henry_Lankrink "Prosper Henry Lankrink"), [Jonathan Richardson](/wiki/Jonathan_Richardson "Jonathan Richardson") Senior and [George John Spencer](/wiki/George_John_Spencer "George John Spencer"), 2nd Earl Spencer](/wiki/File:Collector_marks_on_Isabella_brant_drawing.jpg "Collector marks on Isabella brant drawing.jpg")
This drawing was in the possession of various collectors, of which five are known, prior to its acquisition by the British Museum. Their identities are revealed by the collector marks found on the recto (front) and verso (back) side of the portrait. The collector marks are identified by Lugt numbers, a cataloguing system created by [Fritz Lugt](/wiki/Frits_Lugt "Frits Lugt") (1884–1970\).[Fritz Lugt](http://lugt.idcpublishers.info/content/aboutlugt.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113090536/http://lugt.idcpublishers.info/content/aboutlugt.php \|date\=13 January 2017 }} date accessed 15 July 2010
There are three marks on the recto side located on the bottom right of the portrait. They have been linked to three collectors [Prosper Henry Lankrink](/wiki/Prosper_Henry_Lankrink "Prosper Henry Lankrink"), [Jonathan Richardson](/wiki/Jonathan_Richardson "Jonathan Richardson") Senior and [George John Spencer](/wiki/George_John_Spencer "George John Spencer"), 2nd Earl Spencer.
The verso side has one mark on the top and bottom right corners. The top mark is linked to [Robert Stayner Holford](/wiki/Robert_Stayner_Holford "Robert Stayner Holford") and the bottom is the British Museum acquisition stamp.
### Prosper Henry Lankrink
[right\|100px\|Collector mark for Prosper Henry Lankrink (L.2090\)](/wiki/File:Collector_mark_for_Prosper_Henry_Lankrink.jpg "Collector mark for Prosper Henry Lankrink.jpg")
The collector mark for [Prosper Henry Lankrink](/wiki/Prosper_Henry_Lankrink "Prosper Henry Lankrink") (1628–1692\) is identified by "PHL" (Lugt. 2090\) with the H and L conjoined.<http://marquesdecollections.fr/detail.cfm/marque/8905/total/1> date Retrieved 1 July 2010
Lankrink was a painter who trained in the Netherlands before moving to England. He was employed as an assistant by [Peter Lely](/wiki/Peter_Lely "Peter Lely") (Pieter Van der Faes) (1618–1680\), the leading portraitist to the court of [Charles II](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England "Charles II of England"). Lankrink was influenced by Lely's superb collection of drawings, paintings and prints. After Lely's death in 1680, Lankrink had the opportunity to purchase part of his art collection, including the Flemish drawings by Rubens and van Dyck, in a sale of assets in 1682 and 1688\. Lankrink was popular at court and in high society. His increasingly debauched lifestyle was the cause of his growing debt. When Lankrink died in 1692, his assets were sold to pay off his creditors. The sale of Lankrink's assets was announced in 1693:
{{blockquote\|text\=The sale of Lanckrinck's most curious and vast collection of drawings and Prints will begin on the 8th day of May, at 3 after Noon, at the House of the Deceased, at the Golden Triangle in the Piazza's in Covent Garden\|sign\=London Gazette}}
Amongst the items catalogued, one of the three items (Nos. 220 and 223\) described as "An Head, by *Rubens*" and (No. 316\) "A Woman's Head, by *Rubens*", could have been the drawing of Isabella Brant.{{Cite journal\| jstor\= 869012\| title\=P. H. Lankrink's Collection \| journal\=The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs\| volume\=86\| issue\= 503 \|pages\=28–32\+34 \| author\= unknown \|date\=Feb 1947 }}
### Sir James Thornhill
There is no collector mark for [Sir James Thornhill](/wiki/Sir_James_Thornhill "Sir James Thornhill") (1675 or 1676–1734\) found on the drawing.
James Thornhill was a painter of the Italianate baroque style. He was identified through an inscribed text on an attached piece of paper ( is now lost due to re\-mounting in 1964\) on the verso side of the drawing.
{{blockquote\|text\= No 27 ''Given me by Sr Ja: Thornhill. Oct 1724\. JR''\|sign\=Jonathan Richard Senior}}
The initials JR was misread as JC and incorrectly attributed to the art collection of [Robert Clive](/wiki/Robert_Clive "Robert Clive"), 1st Baron Clive.Vlieghe, p 55Held, p 126, It was only after close inspection in 1988 that the inscription was attributed to [Jonathan Richardson](/wiki/Jonathan_Richardson "Jonathan Richardson") Senior.
### Jonathan Richardson
[right\|100px\|Collector mark for Jonathan Richard Senior (L.2184\)](/wiki/File:Collector_mark_for_Jonathan_Richardson_Senior.jpg "Collector mark for Jonathan Richardson Senior.jpg")
The collector mark for [Jonathan Richardson](/wiki/Jonathan_Richardson "Jonathan Richardson") Senior (1665–1745\), is a "JR" monogram (Lugt. 2184\).[link](http://marquesdecollections.fr/detail.cfm/marque/9071) date Retrieved 1 July 2010
Jonathan Richardson Sr. received this drawing from Thornhill and added to his art collection (catalogue no. 83\). Richardson was a collector of 17th\-century artwork, particularly the era of Lely. He was less than complementary when describing the drawing of Ruben's first wife:
{{blockquote\|text\=\[Her] face is one of the most disagreeable I have ever seen, and I am sure it is more so than was necessary for the likeness, however ugly she really was\|sign\=Jonathan RichardsonLogan (2005\), pg 240}}
By the time Richardson died, he had amassed a large collection of no less than 4,947 drawings, part of which was sold by his son, Jonathan Richardson the Younger (1694–1771\), in January 1747 (old style, 1746\).
### Honourable John Spencer
[right\|100px\|Collector mark for George John Spencer (L.1531\)](/wiki/File:Collector_mark_for_George_John_Spencer.jpg "Collector mark for George John Spencer.jpg")
The collector mark with initials J within the S and an x shaped asterisk above it (Lugt. 1531\), belonged to The [Honourable John Spencer](/wiki/John_Spencer_%28British_politician%29 "John Spencer (British politician)") (1708–1746\), father of [John Spencer, 1st Earl Spencer](/wiki/John_Spencer%2C_1st_Earl_Spencer "John Spencer, 1st Earl Spencer") (1734–1783\). His grandson [George John Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer](/wiki/George_John_Spencer%2C_2nd_Earl_Spencer "George John Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer") (1758–1834\), was associated with the mark after inheriting the collection.
The Spencers were a family of politicians and art collectors. The Honourable John Spencer was the founder of the collection, having inherited and added to the collection of his maternal grandmother [Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough](/wiki/Sarah_Churchill%2C_Duchess_of_Marlborough "Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough") (1660–1744\). George John Spencer was well known as a [bibliophile](/wiki/Bibliophile "Bibliophile") due to his care of and additions to the library at [Althorp](/wiki/Althorp "Althorp"). He was also a collector of early prints.
The collection of drawings was sold beginning 10 June 1811 in a sale lasting seven days. The sale contained: {{blockquote\|text\=Superb cabinet of drawings, the entire collection of a nobleman, formed with refined taste and judgment about the middle of the last century.}}
The sale also included the drawings of Rubens and van Dyck.[link](http://marquesdecollections.fr/detail.cfm/marque/7874) date Retrieved 1 July 2010
### Robert Stayner Holford
[right\|100px\|Collector mark for Robert Stayner Holford (L.2243\)](/wiki/File:Collector_mark_for_Robert_Stayner_Holford.jpg "Collector mark for Robert Stayner Holford.jpg")
The collector mark for [Robert Stayner Holford](/wiki/Robert_Stayner_Holford "Robert Stayner Holford") (1808–1892\) is the initials RSH contained within a triangle (Lugt. 2243\).
Holford was considered one of the finest collectors of art and prints of his time. He acquired his collection of prints in the mid\-19th century and benefited from the dispersion of the Aylesford collection.[link](http://marquesdecollections.fr/detail.cfm/marque/9163/total/1) date Retrieved 1 July 2010
Following the death of Holford in 1892, his collection of artwork, including the drawing (lot. 668\) was put up for sale at [Christie's](/wiki/Christie%27s%23Locations "Christie's#Locations") between the 11 and 18 July 1893\. The drawing was bought for the [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum "British Museum") through dealers Desprez \& Gutekunst and arrived at the Prints and Drawings department on 31 July 1893\.
### British Museum
[right\|100px\|Collector mark for British Museum (L.302\)](/wiki/File:Collector_mark_for_British_Museum.jpg "Collector mark for British Museum.jpg")
The British Museum collector mark (Lugt. 302\) is specific for the Prints and Drawings department. It is oval in design with "British Museum" inscribed along the edge. The numbers within the oval denote the date of acquisition (clockwise from left; month, year, day) and item number (bottom).[link](http://marquesdecollections.fr/detail.cfm/marque/5779) date Retrieved 1 July 2010
|
[
"Provenance\n----------",
"[right\\|thumb\\|Collector marks on the recto side. Detail, bottom right corner, L\\-R [Prosper Henry Lankrink](/wiki/Prosper_Henry_Lankrink \"Prosper Henry Lankrink\"), [Jonathan Richardson](/wiki/Jonathan_Richardson \"Jonathan Richardson\") Senior and [George John Spencer](/wiki/George_John_Spencer \"George John Spencer\"), 2nd Earl Spencer](/wiki/File:Collector_marks_on_Isabella_brant_drawing.jpg \"Collector marks on Isabella brant drawing.jpg\")\nThis drawing was in the possession of various collectors, of which five are known, prior to its acquisition by the British Museum. Their identities are revealed by the collector marks found on the recto (front) and verso (back) side of the portrait. The collector marks are identified by Lugt numbers, a cataloguing system created by [Fritz Lugt](/wiki/Frits_Lugt \"Frits Lugt\") (1884–1970\\).[Fritz Lugt](http://lugt.idcpublishers.info/content/aboutlugt.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113090536/http://lugt.idcpublishers.info/content/aboutlugt.php \\|date\\=13 January 2017 }} date accessed 15 July 2010",
"There are three marks on the recto side located on the bottom right of the portrait. They have been linked to three collectors [Prosper Henry Lankrink](/wiki/Prosper_Henry_Lankrink \"Prosper Henry Lankrink\"), [Jonathan Richardson](/wiki/Jonathan_Richardson \"Jonathan Richardson\") Senior and [George John Spencer](/wiki/George_John_Spencer \"George John Spencer\"), 2nd Earl Spencer.",
"The verso side has one mark on the top and bottom right corners. The top mark is linked to [Robert Stayner Holford](/wiki/Robert_Stayner_Holford \"Robert Stayner Holford\") and the bottom is the British Museum acquisition stamp.",
"### Prosper Henry Lankrink",
"[right\\|100px\\|Collector mark for Prosper Henry Lankrink (L.2090\\)](/wiki/File:Collector_mark_for_Prosper_Henry_Lankrink.jpg \"Collector mark for Prosper Henry Lankrink.jpg\")\nThe collector mark for [Prosper Henry Lankrink](/wiki/Prosper_Henry_Lankrink \"Prosper Henry Lankrink\") (1628–1692\\) is identified by \"PHL\" (Lugt. 2090\\) with the H and L conjoined.<http://marquesdecollections.fr/detail.cfm/marque/8905/total/1> date Retrieved 1 July 2010",
"Lankrink was a painter who trained in the Netherlands before moving to England. He was employed as an assistant by [Peter Lely](/wiki/Peter_Lely \"Peter Lely\") (Pieter Van der Faes) (1618–1680\\), the leading portraitist to the court of [Charles II](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England \"Charles II of England\"). Lankrink was influenced by Lely's superb collection of drawings, paintings and prints. After Lely's death in 1680, Lankrink had the opportunity to purchase part of his art collection, including the Flemish drawings by Rubens and van Dyck, in a sale of assets in 1682 and 1688\\. Lankrink was popular at court and in high society. His increasingly debauched lifestyle was the cause of his growing debt. When Lankrink died in 1692, his assets were sold to pay off his creditors. The sale of Lankrink's assets was announced in 1693:\n{{blockquote\\|text\\=The sale of Lanckrinck's most curious and vast collection of drawings and Prints will begin on the 8th day of May, at 3 after Noon, at the House of the Deceased, at the Golden Triangle in the Piazza's in Covent Garden\\|sign\\=London Gazette}}\nAmongst the items catalogued, one of the three items (Nos. 220 and 223\\) described as \"An Head, by *Rubens*\" and (No. 316\\) \"A Woman's Head, by *Rubens*\", could have been the drawing of Isabella Brant.{{Cite journal\\| jstor\\= 869012\\| title\\=P. H. Lankrink's Collection \\| journal\\=The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs\\| volume\\=86\\| issue\\= 503 \\|pages\\=28–32\\+34 \\| author\\= unknown \\|date\\=Feb 1947 }}",
"### Sir James Thornhill",
"There is no collector mark for [Sir James Thornhill](/wiki/Sir_James_Thornhill \"Sir James Thornhill\") (1675 or 1676–1734\\) found on the drawing.\nJames Thornhill was a painter of the Italianate baroque style. He was identified through an inscribed text on an attached piece of paper ( is now lost due to re\\-mounting in 1964\\) on the verso side of the drawing.\n{{blockquote\\|text\\= No 27 ''Given me by Sr Ja: Thornhill. Oct 1724\\. JR''\\|sign\\=Jonathan Richard Senior}}\nThe initials JR was misread as JC and incorrectly attributed to the art collection of [Robert Clive](/wiki/Robert_Clive \"Robert Clive\"), 1st Baron Clive.Vlieghe, p 55Held, p 126, It was only after close inspection in 1988 that the inscription was attributed to [Jonathan Richardson](/wiki/Jonathan_Richardson \"Jonathan Richardson\") Senior.",
"### Jonathan Richardson",
"[right\\|100px\\|Collector mark for Jonathan Richard Senior (L.2184\\)](/wiki/File:Collector_mark_for_Jonathan_Richardson_Senior.jpg \"Collector mark for Jonathan Richardson Senior.jpg\")\nThe collector mark for [Jonathan Richardson](/wiki/Jonathan_Richardson \"Jonathan Richardson\") Senior (1665–1745\\), is a \"JR\" monogram (Lugt. 2184\\).[link](http://marquesdecollections.fr/detail.cfm/marque/9071) date Retrieved 1 July 2010",
"Jonathan Richardson Sr. received this drawing from Thornhill and added to his art collection (catalogue no. 83\\). Richardson was a collector of 17th\\-century artwork, particularly the era of Lely. He was less than complementary when describing the drawing of Ruben's first wife:\n{{blockquote\\|text\\=\\[Her] face is one of the most disagreeable I have ever seen, and I am sure it is more so than was necessary for the likeness, however ugly she really was\\|sign\\=Jonathan RichardsonLogan (2005\\), pg 240}}",
"By the time Richardson died, he had amassed a large collection of no less than 4,947 drawings, part of which was sold by his son, Jonathan Richardson the Younger (1694–1771\\), in January 1747 (old style, 1746\\).",
"### Honourable John Spencer",
"[right\\|100px\\|Collector mark for George John Spencer (L.1531\\)](/wiki/File:Collector_mark_for_George_John_Spencer.jpg \"Collector mark for George John Spencer.jpg\")\nThe collector mark with initials J within the S and an x shaped asterisk above it (Lugt. 1531\\), belonged to The [Honourable John Spencer](/wiki/John_Spencer_%28British_politician%29 \"John Spencer (British politician)\") (1708–1746\\), father of [John Spencer, 1st Earl Spencer](/wiki/John_Spencer%2C_1st_Earl_Spencer \"John Spencer, 1st Earl Spencer\") (1734–1783\\). His grandson [George John Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer](/wiki/George_John_Spencer%2C_2nd_Earl_Spencer \"George John Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer\") (1758–1834\\), was associated with the mark after inheriting the collection.",
"The Spencers were a family of politicians and art collectors. The Honourable John Spencer was the founder of the collection, having inherited and added to the collection of his maternal grandmother [Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough](/wiki/Sarah_Churchill%2C_Duchess_of_Marlborough \"Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough\") (1660–1744\\). George John Spencer was well known as a [bibliophile](/wiki/Bibliophile \"Bibliophile\") due to his care of and additions to the library at [Althorp](/wiki/Althorp \"Althorp\"). He was also a collector of early prints.",
"The collection of drawings was sold beginning 10 June 1811 in a sale lasting seven days. The sale contained: {{blockquote\\|text\\=Superb cabinet of drawings, the entire collection of a nobleman, formed with refined taste and judgment about the middle of the last century.}}\nThe sale also included the drawings of Rubens and van Dyck.[link](http://marquesdecollections.fr/detail.cfm/marque/7874) date Retrieved 1 July 2010",
"### Robert Stayner Holford",
"[right\\|100px\\|Collector mark for Robert Stayner Holford (L.2243\\)](/wiki/File:Collector_mark_for_Robert_Stayner_Holford.jpg \"Collector mark for Robert Stayner Holford.jpg\")\nThe collector mark for [Robert Stayner Holford](/wiki/Robert_Stayner_Holford \"Robert Stayner Holford\") (1808–1892\\) is the initials RSH contained within a triangle (Lugt. 2243\\).",
"Holford was considered one of the finest collectors of art and prints of his time. He acquired his collection of prints in the mid\\-19th century and benefited from the dispersion of the Aylesford collection.[link](http://marquesdecollections.fr/detail.cfm/marque/9163/total/1) date Retrieved 1 July 2010",
"Following the death of Holford in 1892, his collection of artwork, including the drawing (lot. 668\\) was put up for sale at [Christie's](/wiki/Christie%27s%23Locations \"Christie's#Locations\") between the 11 and 18 July 1893\\. The drawing was bought for the [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum \"British Museum\") through dealers Desprez \\& Gutekunst and arrived at the Prints and Drawings department on 31 July 1893\\.",
"### British Museum",
"[right\\|100px\\|Collector mark for British Museum (L.302\\)](/wiki/File:Collector_mark_for_British_Museum.jpg \"Collector mark for British Museum.jpg\")",
"The British Museum collector mark (Lugt. 302\\) is specific for the Prints and Drawings department. It is oval in design with \"British Museum\" inscribed along the edge. The numbers within the oval denote the date of acquisition (clockwise from left; month, year, day) and item number (bottom).[link](http://marquesdecollections.fr/detail.cfm/marque/5779) date Retrieved 1 July 2010",
""
] |
Jerusalem *ophel*
-----------------
### Hebrew Bible
The location of the ophel of the Hebrew Bible is easy to make out from the references from 2 Chronicles and Nehemiah: it was on the eastern ridge, which descended south of [Solomon's Temple](/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple "Solomon's Temple"), and probably near the middle of it. In current terms, the still extant Herodian cased\-in Temple Mount is bordered to the south by a saddle, followed by the ridge in case, also known as the southeastern hill, which stretches down to the [King's Garden](/wiki/King%27s_Garden_%28biblical_place%29 "King's Garden (biblical place)") and the lower [Pool of Siloam](/wiki/Pool_of_Siloam "Pool of Siloam"). If the ophel was, as it seems, close to its centre, the use of the term ophel ridge" for the entire southeastern hill including the saddle, seems to be wrong.
Two [kings of Judah](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah "Kingdom of Judah"), [Jotham](/wiki/Jotham "Jotham") and [Manasseh](/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah "Manasseh of Judah"), are described to have massively strengthened the ophel fortifications in 2 Chronicles 27:3 and 33:14, leading to the conclusion that this must have been an area of great strategic importance, and either very close to or identical with the "stronghold of Zion" conquered and reused by [David](/wiki/David "David") in [2 Samuel 5](/wiki/2_Samuel_5 "2 Samuel 5"):7\).
### Josephus' *ophlas*
[Josephus](/wiki/Josephus "Josephus"), writing about the [First Jewish–Roman War](/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War "First Jewish–Roman War") (66–70 CE), uses the Graecised form *ophlas*, and places it slightly higher up the eastern ridge from the [First Temple](/wiki/First_Temple "First Temple")\-period ophel, touching the "eastern cloister of the temple" ([*Jewish Wars*](/wiki/The_Jewish_War "The Jewish War"), V, iv, 2*The Wars Of The Jews*, Book V, Chapter IV, paragraph 2\. At sacred\-texts.com [http://sacred\-texts.com/jud/josephus/war\-5\.htm](http://sacred-texts.com/jud/josephus/war-5.htm)) and in the context of "the temple and the parts thereto adjoining ... and the ... '[Valley of the Cedron](/wiki/Kidron_Valley "Kidron Valley")'" ([*Jewish Wars*](/wiki/The_Jewish_War "The Jewish War"), V, iv, 1*The Wars Of The Jews*, Book V, Chapter IV, paragraph 1\. At sacred\-texts.com [http://sacred\-texts.com/jud/josephus/war\-5\.htm](http://sacred-texts.com/jud/josephus/war-5.htm)). This takes us to the area of the saddle right next to the southeast corner of Herod's Temple Mount.
### Wadi Hilweh excavation
[thumb\|A [Second Temple](/wiki/Second_Temple "Second Temple")\-era pool excavated in the *ophel*](/wiki/File:Ophel_Pool_1_200509.jpg "Ophel Pool 1 200509.jpg")
[Benjamin Mazar](/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar "Benjamin Mazar") and [Eilat Mazar](/wiki/Eilat_Mazar "Eilat Mazar") began excavating an area identified as Jerusalem's *ophel*, lying on the rise to the north of the [Wadi Hilweh](/wiki/Wadi_Hilweh "Wadi Hilweh") neighbourhood, in 1968\. The term is commonly used by archaeologists with this meaning.Daniel K. Eisenbud, [Ophel Excavation Director Discusses Biblical Discoveries, Temple Mount](https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Ophel-excavation-director-discusses-biblical-discoveries-Temple-Mount-543681), The Jerusalem Post, 26 February 2018, accessed 27 July 2019 The excavation work was a joint project of [Hebrew University](/wiki/Hebrew_University "Hebrew University"), in cooperation with the [Israel Antiquities Authority](/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority "Israel Antiquities Authority"), the [Israel Nature and Parks Authority](/wiki/Israel_Nature_and_Parks_Authority "Israel Nature and Parks Authority"), and the [East Jerusalem Development Company](/wiki/East_Jerusalem_Development_Company "East Jerusalem Development Company"), with funding provided by Jewish American couple, Daniel Mintz and Meredith Berkman.Weddings: Meredith Berkman, Daniel Mintz. *New York Times*, 3 November 1996\. [https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/03/style/meredith\-berkman\-daniel\-mintz.html](https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/03/style/meredith-berkman-daniel-mintz.html){{cite news \|author\=Nir Hasson \|title\=Archaeologist Finds Jerusalem Wall Matching Biblical Story \|newspaper\=Haaretz \|date\=23 February 2010 \|url\=https://www.haaretz.com/1\.5051271 \|access\-date\=13 May 2020}}
Notable structures found during these excavations include architectural remains and a variety of movable objects, some dated to the [First Temple](/wiki/First_Temple "First Temple") period, many to the [Second Temple period](/wiki/Second_Temple_period "Second Temple period"), as well as the [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire") and Early Muslim periods, the latter including major findings from the [Umayyad](/wiki/Umayyad "Umayyad") and [Fatimid](/wiki/Fatimid "Fatimid") periods.
The findings included remains interpreted by archaeologist [Eilat Mazar](/wiki/Eilat_Mazar "Eilat Mazar") to be a 70\- or 79\-metre\-long segment of city wall including a gatehouse leading to a royal structure, and a watchtower overlooking the [Kidron Valley](/wiki/Kidron_Valley "Kidron Valley"). Eilat Mazar believes these are the remains of the fortifications that, according to the [biblical](/wiki/Hebrew_Bible "Hebrew Bible") [First Book of Kings](/wiki/First_Book_of_Kings "First Book of Kings"), once encompassed the city. Eilat Mazar, who re\-excavated the remains in 2010, believes them to date to the late 10th century BCE, associating them with King [Solomon](/wiki/Solomon "Solomon"), which is controversial and not supported by past and contemporary archaeologists.
Also present were several Hellenistic\-period buildings,{{cite web \|title\=Jerusalem Ophel \|url\=https://madainproject.com/jerusalem\_ophel \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510012032/https://madainproject.com/jerusalem\_ophel \|archive\-date\=10 May 2020 \|website\=Madain Project \|access\-date\=10 May 2020}} a large [mikvah](/wiki/Mikvah "Mikvah"),{{cite web \|title\=Mikveh of the Priests \|url\=https://madainproject.com/mikveh\_of\_the\_priests\_(ophel) \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510012723/https://madainproject.com/mikveh\_of\_the\_priests\_(ophel) \|archive\-date\=10 May 2020 \|website\=Madain Project \|access\-date\=10 May 2020}} the southern steps to the Herodian Temple compound,{{cite web \|title\=Southern Steps \|url\=https://madainproject.com/southern\_steps \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510013729/https://madainproject.com/southern\_steps \|archive\-date\=10 May 2020 \|website\=Madain Project \|access\-date\=10 May 2020}} leading up to the [Double and Triple Gates](/wiki/Huldah_Gates "Huldah Gates") of the Temple compound, the [Monastery of the Virgins](/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Virgins "Monastery of the Virgins"), and several large residential and administrative structures ([qasr](/wiki/wikt:Qasr "Qasr")\-type "palaces"), probably Umayyad, to the south of the *ophel*.
A discovered artefact of particular importance is the [ophel inscription](/wiki/Ophel_inscription "Ophel inscription"), a 3,000\-year\-old pottery shard that bears the earliest alphabetical inscription found in Jerusalem.
#### Archaeological assessment
Although consensus on the dating of the wall has not been reached by the archaeological community, Mazar maintains that, "It's the most significant construction we have from First Temple days in Israel," and "It means that at that time, the 10th century (BCE), in Jerusalem there was a regime capable of carrying out such construction." The 10th century is the period the Bible describes as the reign of King Solomon.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id\=169388 \|title\=J'lem city wall dates back to King Solomon \|first\=Abe \|last\=Selig \|date\=February 23, 2010 \|newspaper\=The Jerusalem Post}} Claiming that broken pottery in the "royal structure" enabled the team to date the building. One storage jar bears an inscription in [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew "Hebrew"). Mazar told the *[Jerusalem Post](/wiki/Jerusalem_Post "Jerusalem Post")* that "The jars that were found are the largest ever found in Jerusalem," and "the inscription found on one of them shows that it belonged to a government official, apparently the person responsible for overseeing the provision of baked goods to the royal court."
[Aren Maeir](/wiki/Aren_Maeir "Aren Maeir"), an archeology professor at [Bar Ilan University](/wiki/Bar_Ilan_University "Bar Ilan University") said he has yet to see evidence that the fortifications are as old as Mazar claims. Whilst acknowledging that 10th century remains have been found in Jerusalem, he describes proof of a strong, centralized kingdom at that time as "tenuous".
A section of wall {{convert\|79\|m\|ft}} long and {{convert\|6\|m\|ft}} high has been uncovered. The discoveries include an inner gatehouse, a "royal structure" and a corner tower with a base measuring {{convert\|23\|m\|ft}} by {{convert\|18\|m\|ft}} from which watchmen could keep watch on the [Kidron Valley](/wiki/Kidron_Valley "Kidron Valley"). According to Mazar, the built structures are similar to the First Temple era fortifications of [Megiddo](/wiki/Tel_Megiddo "Tel Megiddo"), [Beersheba](/wiki/Beersheba "Beersheba") and [Ashdod](/wiki/Ashdod "Ashdod"). Mazar told reporters that "A comparison of this latest finding with city walls and gates from the period of the First Temple, as well as pottery found at the site," enable her to "postulate, with a great degree of assurance" that the wall dates form the late 10th\-century BCE.
Mazar told reporters that "A comparison of this latest finding with city walls and gates from the period of the First Temple, as well as pottery found at the site, enable us to postulate, with a great degree of assurance, that the wall that has been revealed is that which was built by [King Solomon](/wiki/King_Solomon "King Solomon") in Jerusalem in the latter part of the tenth century BCE."
The wall has been excavated twice before, once in the 1860s and again in the 1980s. In 1867 [Charles Warren](/wiki/Charles_Warren "Charles Warren") conducted an underground survey in the area, describing the outline of a large tower but without attributing it to the era of Solomon.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/02/100222094757\.htm \|title\=Archaeologist discovers Jerusalem city wall from tenth century B.C.E. \|work\=ScienceDaily \|access\-date\=6 October 2014}}
[Israel Finkelstein](/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein "Israel Finkelstein") and other archaeologists from [Tel Aviv University](/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University "Tel Aviv University") have flagged concern that, with reference to her 2006 dating of the "Solomonic city wall" in the area to the south of the Temple Mount known as the *ophel*, "the biblical text dominates this field operation, not archaeology. Had it not been for Mazar's literal reading of the biblical text, she never would have dated the remains to the 10th century BCE with such confidence".{{cite journal \|last1\=Finkelstein \|first1\=Israel \|author\-link1\=Israel Finkelstein \|last2\=Herzog \|first2\=Ze'ev \|last3\=Singer\-Avitz \|first3\=Lily \|last4\=Ussishkin \|first4\=David \|year\=2007 \|title\=Has King David's Palace in Jerusalem Been Found? \|journal\=Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University \|volume\=34 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=142–164 \|doi\=10\.1179/tav.2007\.2007\.2\.142 \|s2cid\=161500349 \|quote\=The so\-called 'Ophel' area to the south of the Temple Mount (E. Mazar and B. Mazar 1989\). / References: Mazar, E. and Mazar, B. 1989\. Excavations in the South of the Temple Mount: The Ophel of Biblical Jerusalem (Qedem 29\). Jerusalem. \|url\=http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/info/TA34\-2\_King\_David.pdf}}
|
[
"Jerusalem *ophel*\n-----------------",
"### Hebrew Bible",
"The location of the ophel of the Hebrew Bible is easy to make out from the references from 2 Chronicles and Nehemiah: it was on the eastern ridge, which descended south of [Solomon's Temple](/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple \"Solomon's Temple\"), and probably near the middle of it. In current terms, the still extant Herodian cased\\-in Temple Mount is bordered to the south by a saddle, followed by the ridge in case, also known as the southeastern hill, which stretches down to the [King's Garden](/wiki/King%27s_Garden_%28biblical_place%29 \"King's Garden (biblical place)\") and the lower [Pool of Siloam](/wiki/Pool_of_Siloam \"Pool of Siloam\"). If the ophel was, as it seems, close to its centre, the use of the term ophel ridge\" for the entire southeastern hill including the saddle, seems to be wrong.",
"Two [kings of Judah](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah \"Kingdom of Judah\"), [Jotham](/wiki/Jotham \"Jotham\") and [Manasseh](/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah \"Manasseh of Judah\"), are described to have massively strengthened the ophel fortifications in 2 Chronicles 27:3 and 33:14, leading to the conclusion that this must have been an area of great strategic importance, and either very close to or identical with the \"stronghold of Zion\" conquered and reused by [David](/wiki/David \"David\") in [2 Samuel 5](/wiki/2_Samuel_5 \"2 Samuel 5\"):7\\).",
"### Josephus' *ophlas*",
"[Josephus](/wiki/Josephus \"Josephus\"), writing about the [First Jewish–Roman War](/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War \"First Jewish–Roman War\") (66–70 CE), uses the Graecised form *ophlas*, and places it slightly higher up the eastern ridge from the [First Temple](/wiki/First_Temple \"First Temple\")\\-period ophel, touching the \"eastern cloister of the temple\" ([*Jewish Wars*](/wiki/The_Jewish_War \"The Jewish War\"), V, iv, 2*The Wars Of The Jews*, Book V, Chapter IV, paragraph 2\\. At sacred\\-texts.com [http://sacred\\-texts.com/jud/josephus/war\\-5\\.htm](http://sacred-texts.com/jud/josephus/war-5.htm)) and in the context of \"the temple and the parts thereto adjoining ... and the ... '[Valley of the Cedron](/wiki/Kidron_Valley \"Kidron Valley\")'\" ([*Jewish Wars*](/wiki/The_Jewish_War \"The Jewish War\"), V, iv, 1*The Wars Of The Jews*, Book V, Chapter IV, paragraph 1\\. At sacred\\-texts.com [http://sacred\\-texts.com/jud/josephus/war\\-5\\.htm](http://sacred-texts.com/jud/josephus/war-5.htm)). This takes us to the area of the saddle right next to the southeast corner of Herod's Temple Mount.",
"### Wadi Hilweh excavation",
"[thumb\\|A [Second Temple](/wiki/Second_Temple \"Second Temple\")\\-era pool excavated in the *ophel*](/wiki/File:Ophel_Pool_1_200509.jpg \"Ophel Pool 1 200509.jpg\")\n[Benjamin Mazar](/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar \"Benjamin Mazar\") and [Eilat Mazar](/wiki/Eilat_Mazar \"Eilat Mazar\") began excavating an area identified as Jerusalem's *ophel*, lying on the rise to the north of the [Wadi Hilweh](/wiki/Wadi_Hilweh \"Wadi Hilweh\") neighbourhood, in 1968\\. The term is commonly used by archaeologists with this meaning.Daniel K. Eisenbud, [Ophel Excavation Director Discusses Biblical Discoveries, Temple Mount](https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Ophel-excavation-director-discusses-biblical-discoveries-Temple-Mount-543681), The Jerusalem Post, 26 February 2018, accessed 27 July 2019 The excavation work was a joint project of [Hebrew University](/wiki/Hebrew_University \"Hebrew University\"), in cooperation with the [Israel Antiquities Authority](/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority \"Israel Antiquities Authority\"), the [Israel Nature and Parks Authority](/wiki/Israel_Nature_and_Parks_Authority \"Israel Nature and Parks Authority\"), and the [East Jerusalem Development Company](/wiki/East_Jerusalem_Development_Company \"East Jerusalem Development Company\"), with funding provided by Jewish American couple, Daniel Mintz and Meredith Berkman.Weddings: Meredith Berkman, Daniel Mintz. *New York Times*, 3 November 1996\\. [https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/03/style/meredith\\-berkman\\-daniel\\-mintz.html](https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/03/style/meredith-berkman-daniel-mintz.html){{cite news \\|author\\=Nir Hasson \\|title\\=Archaeologist Finds Jerusalem Wall Matching Biblical Story \\|newspaper\\=Haaretz \\|date\\=23 February 2010 \\|url\\=https://www.haaretz.com/1\\.5051271 \\|access\\-date\\=13 May 2020}}",
"Notable structures found during these excavations include architectural remains and a variety of movable objects, some dated to the [First Temple](/wiki/First_Temple \"First Temple\") period, many to the [Second Temple period](/wiki/Second_Temple_period \"Second Temple period\"), as well as the [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\") and Early Muslim periods, the latter including major findings from the [Umayyad](/wiki/Umayyad \"Umayyad\") and [Fatimid](/wiki/Fatimid \"Fatimid\") periods.",
"The findings included remains interpreted by archaeologist [Eilat Mazar](/wiki/Eilat_Mazar \"Eilat Mazar\") to be a 70\\- or 79\\-metre\\-long segment of city wall including a gatehouse leading to a royal structure, and a watchtower overlooking the [Kidron Valley](/wiki/Kidron_Valley \"Kidron Valley\"). Eilat Mazar believes these are the remains of the fortifications that, according to the [biblical](/wiki/Hebrew_Bible \"Hebrew Bible\") [First Book of Kings](/wiki/First_Book_of_Kings \"First Book of Kings\"), once encompassed the city. Eilat Mazar, who re\\-excavated the remains in 2010, believes them to date to the late 10th century BCE, associating them with King [Solomon](/wiki/Solomon \"Solomon\"), which is controversial and not supported by past and contemporary archaeologists.",
"Also present were several Hellenistic\\-period buildings,{{cite web \\|title\\=Jerusalem Ophel \\|url\\=https://madainproject.com/jerusalem\\_ophel \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510012032/https://madainproject.com/jerusalem\\_ophel \\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2020 \\|website\\=Madain Project \\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2020}} a large [mikvah](/wiki/Mikvah \"Mikvah\"),{{cite web \\|title\\=Mikveh of the Priests \\|url\\=https://madainproject.com/mikveh\\_of\\_the\\_priests\\_(ophel) \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510012723/https://madainproject.com/mikveh\\_of\\_the\\_priests\\_(ophel) \\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2020 \\|website\\=Madain Project \\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2020}} the southern steps to the Herodian Temple compound,{{cite web \\|title\\=Southern Steps \\|url\\=https://madainproject.com/southern\\_steps \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510013729/https://madainproject.com/southern\\_steps \\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2020 \\|website\\=Madain Project \\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2020}} leading up to the [Double and Triple Gates](/wiki/Huldah_Gates \"Huldah Gates\") of the Temple compound, the [Monastery of the Virgins](/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Virgins \"Monastery of the Virgins\"), and several large residential and administrative structures ([qasr](/wiki/wikt:Qasr \"Qasr\")\\-type \"palaces\"), probably Umayyad, to the south of the *ophel*.",
"A discovered artefact of particular importance is the [ophel inscription](/wiki/Ophel_inscription \"Ophel inscription\"), a 3,000\\-year\\-old pottery shard that bears the earliest alphabetical inscription found in Jerusalem.",
"#### Archaeological assessment",
"Although consensus on the dating of the wall has not been reached by the archaeological community, Mazar maintains that, \"It's the most significant construction we have from First Temple days in Israel,\" and \"It means that at that time, the 10th century (BCE), in Jerusalem there was a regime capable of carrying out such construction.\" The 10th century is the period the Bible describes as the reign of King Solomon.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id\\=169388 \\|title\\=J'lem city wall dates back to King Solomon \\|first\\=Abe \\|last\\=Selig \\|date\\=February 23, 2010 \\|newspaper\\=The Jerusalem Post}} Claiming that broken pottery in the \"royal structure\" enabled the team to date the building. One storage jar bears an inscription in [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew \"Hebrew\"). Mazar told the *[Jerusalem Post](/wiki/Jerusalem_Post \"Jerusalem Post\")* that \"The jars that were found are the largest ever found in Jerusalem,\" and \"the inscription found on one of them shows that it belonged to a government official, apparently the person responsible for overseeing the provision of baked goods to the royal court.\"",
"[Aren Maeir](/wiki/Aren_Maeir \"Aren Maeir\"), an archeology professor at [Bar Ilan University](/wiki/Bar_Ilan_University \"Bar Ilan University\") said he has yet to see evidence that the fortifications are as old as Mazar claims. Whilst acknowledging that 10th century remains have been found in Jerusalem, he describes proof of a strong, centralized kingdom at that time as \"tenuous\".",
"A section of wall {{convert\\|79\\|m\\|ft}} long and {{convert\\|6\\|m\\|ft}} high has been uncovered. The discoveries include an inner gatehouse, a \"royal structure\" and a corner tower with a base measuring {{convert\\|23\\|m\\|ft}} by {{convert\\|18\\|m\\|ft}} from which watchmen could keep watch on the [Kidron Valley](/wiki/Kidron_Valley \"Kidron Valley\"). According to Mazar, the built structures are similar to the First Temple era fortifications of [Megiddo](/wiki/Tel_Megiddo \"Tel Megiddo\"), [Beersheba](/wiki/Beersheba \"Beersheba\") and [Ashdod](/wiki/Ashdod \"Ashdod\"). Mazar told reporters that \"A comparison of this latest finding with city walls and gates from the period of the First Temple, as well as pottery found at the site,\" enable her to \"postulate, with a great degree of assurance\" that the wall dates form the late 10th\\-century BCE.",
"Mazar told reporters that \"A comparison of this latest finding with city walls and gates from the period of the First Temple, as well as pottery found at the site, enable us to postulate, with a great degree of assurance, that the wall that has been revealed is that which was built by [King Solomon](/wiki/King_Solomon \"King Solomon\") in Jerusalem in the latter part of the tenth century BCE.\"",
"The wall has been excavated twice before, once in the 1860s and again in the 1980s. In 1867 [Charles Warren](/wiki/Charles_Warren \"Charles Warren\") conducted an underground survey in the area, describing the outline of a large tower but without attributing it to the era of Solomon.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/02/100222094757\\.htm \\|title\\=Archaeologist discovers Jerusalem city wall from tenth century B.C.E. \\|work\\=ScienceDaily \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2014}}",
"[Israel Finkelstein](/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein \"Israel Finkelstein\") and other archaeologists from [Tel Aviv University](/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University \"Tel Aviv University\") have flagged concern that, with reference to her 2006 dating of the \"Solomonic city wall\" in the area to the south of the Temple Mount known as the *ophel*, \"the biblical text dominates this field operation, not archaeology. Had it not been for Mazar's literal reading of the biblical text, she never would have dated the remains to the 10th century BCE with such confidence\".{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Finkelstein \\|first1\\=Israel \\|author\\-link1\\=Israel Finkelstein \\|last2\\=Herzog \\|first2\\=Ze'ev \\|last3\\=Singer\\-Avitz \\|first3\\=Lily \\|last4\\=Ussishkin \\|first4\\=David \\|year\\=2007 \\|title\\=Has King David's Palace in Jerusalem Been Found? \\|journal\\=Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University \\|volume\\=34 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=142–164 \\|doi\\=10\\.1179/tav.2007\\.2007\\.2\\.142 \\|s2cid\\=161500349 \\|quote\\=The so\\-called 'Ophel' area to the south of the Temple Mount (E. Mazar and B. Mazar 1989\\). / References: Mazar, E. and Mazar, B. 1989\\. Excavations in the South of the Temple Mount: The Ophel of Biblical Jerusalem (Qedem 29\\). Jerusalem. \\|url\\=http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/info/TA34\\-2\\_King\\_David.pdf}}",
""
] |
### Wadi Hilweh excavation
[thumb\|A [Second Temple](/wiki/Second_Temple "Second Temple")\-era pool excavated in the *ophel*](/wiki/File:Ophel_Pool_1_200509.jpg "Ophel Pool 1 200509.jpg")
[Benjamin Mazar](/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar "Benjamin Mazar") and [Eilat Mazar](/wiki/Eilat_Mazar "Eilat Mazar") began excavating an area identified as Jerusalem's *ophel*, lying on the rise to the north of the [Wadi Hilweh](/wiki/Wadi_Hilweh "Wadi Hilweh") neighbourhood, in 1968\. The term is commonly used by archaeologists with this meaning.Daniel K. Eisenbud, [Ophel Excavation Director Discusses Biblical Discoveries, Temple Mount](https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Ophel-excavation-director-discusses-biblical-discoveries-Temple-Mount-543681), The Jerusalem Post, 26 February 2018, accessed 27 July 2019 The excavation work was a joint project of [Hebrew University](/wiki/Hebrew_University "Hebrew University"), in cooperation with the [Israel Antiquities Authority](/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority "Israel Antiquities Authority"), the [Israel Nature and Parks Authority](/wiki/Israel_Nature_and_Parks_Authority "Israel Nature and Parks Authority"), and the [East Jerusalem Development Company](/wiki/East_Jerusalem_Development_Company "East Jerusalem Development Company"), with funding provided by Jewish American couple, Daniel Mintz and Meredith Berkman.Weddings: Meredith Berkman, Daniel Mintz. *New York Times*, 3 November 1996\. [https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/03/style/meredith\-berkman\-daniel\-mintz.html](https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/03/style/meredith-berkman-daniel-mintz.html){{cite news \|author\=Nir Hasson \|title\=Archaeologist Finds Jerusalem Wall Matching Biblical Story \|newspaper\=Haaretz \|date\=23 February 2010 \|url\=https://www.haaretz.com/1\.5051271 \|access\-date\=13 May 2020}}
Notable structures found during these excavations include architectural remains and a variety of movable objects, some dated to the [First Temple](/wiki/First_Temple "First Temple") period, many to the [Second Temple period](/wiki/Second_Temple_period "Second Temple period"), as well as the [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire") and Early Muslim periods, the latter including major findings from the [Umayyad](/wiki/Umayyad "Umayyad") and [Fatimid](/wiki/Fatimid "Fatimid") periods.
The findings included remains interpreted by archaeologist [Eilat Mazar](/wiki/Eilat_Mazar "Eilat Mazar") to be a 70\- or 79\-metre\-long segment of city wall including a gatehouse leading to a royal structure, and a watchtower overlooking the [Kidron Valley](/wiki/Kidron_Valley "Kidron Valley"). Eilat Mazar believes these are the remains of the fortifications that, according to the [biblical](/wiki/Hebrew_Bible "Hebrew Bible") [First Book of Kings](/wiki/First_Book_of_Kings "First Book of Kings"), once encompassed the city. Eilat Mazar, who re\-excavated the remains in 2010, believes them to date to the late 10th century BCE, associating them with King [Solomon](/wiki/Solomon "Solomon"), which is controversial and not supported by past and contemporary archaeologists.
Also present were several Hellenistic\-period buildings,{{cite web \|title\=Jerusalem Ophel \|url\=https://madainproject.com/jerusalem\_ophel \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510012032/https://madainproject.com/jerusalem\_ophel \|archive\-date\=10 May 2020 \|website\=Madain Project \|access\-date\=10 May 2020}} a large [mikvah](/wiki/Mikvah "Mikvah"),{{cite web \|title\=Mikveh of the Priests \|url\=https://madainproject.com/mikveh\_of\_the\_priests\_(ophel) \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510012723/https://madainproject.com/mikveh\_of\_the\_priests\_(ophel) \|archive\-date\=10 May 2020 \|website\=Madain Project \|access\-date\=10 May 2020}} the southern steps to the Herodian Temple compound,{{cite web \|title\=Southern Steps \|url\=https://madainproject.com/southern\_steps \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510013729/https://madainproject.com/southern\_steps \|archive\-date\=10 May 2020 \|website\=Madain Project \|access\-date\=10 May 2020}} leading up to the [Double and Triple Gates](/wiki/Huldah_Gates "Huldah Gates") of the Temple compound, the [Monastery of the Virgins](/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Virgins "Monastery of the Virgins"), and several large residential and administrative structures ([qasr](/wiki/wikt:Qasr "Qasr")\-type "palaces"), probably Umayyad, to the south of the *ophel*.
A discovered artefact of particular importance is the [ophel inscription](/wiki/Ophel_inscription "Ophel inscription"), a 3,000\-year\-old pottery shard that bears the earliest alphabetical inscription found in Jerusalem.
#### Archaeological assessment
Although consensus on the dating of the wall has not been reached by the archaeological community, Mazar maintains that, "It's the most significant construction we have from First Temple days in Israel," and "It means that at that time, the 10th century (BCE), in Jerusalem there was a regime capable of carrying out such construction." The 10th century is the period the Bible describes as the reign of King Solomon.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id\=169388 \|title\=J'lem city wall dates back to King Solomon \|first\=Abe \|last\=Selig \|date\=February 23, 2010 \|newspaper\=The Jerusalem Post}} Claiming that broken pottery in the "royal structure" enabled the team to date the building. One storage jar bears an inscription in [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew "Hebrew"). Mazar told the *[Jerusalem Post](/wiki/Jerusalem_Post "Jerusalem Post")* that "The jars that were found are the largest ever found in Jerusalem," and "the inscription found on one of them shows that it belonged to a government official, apparently the person responsible for overseeing the provision of baked goods to the royal court."
[Aren Maeir](/wiki/Aren_Maeir "Aren Maeir"), an archeology professor at [Bar Ilan University](/wiki/Bar_Ilan_University "Bar Ilan University") said he has yet to see evidence that the fortifications are as old as Mazar claims. Whilst acknowledging that 10th century remains have been found in Jerusalem, he describes proof of a strong, centralized kingdom at that time as "tenuous".
A section of wall {{convert\|79\|m\|ft}} long and {{convert\|6\|m\|ft}} high has been uncovered. The discoveries include an inner gatehouse, a "royal structure" and a corner tower with a base measuring {{convert\|23\|m\|ft}} by {{convert\|18\|m\|ft}} from which watchmen could keep watch on the [Kidron Valley](/wiki/Kidron_Valley "Kidron Valley"). According to Mazar, the built structures are similar to the First Temple era fortifications of [Megiddo](/wiki/Tel_Megiddo "Tel Megiddo"), [Beersheba](/wiki/Beersheba "Beersheba") and [Ashdod](/wiki/Ashdod "Ashdod"). Mazar told reporters that "A comparison of this latest finding with city walls and gates from the period of the First Temple, as well as pottery found at the site," enable her to "postulate, with a great degree of assurance" that the wall dates form the late 10th\-century BCE.
Mazar told reporters that "A comparison of this latest finding with city walls and gates from the period of the First Temple, as well as pottery found at the site, enable us to postulate, with a great degree of assurance, that the wall that has been revealed is that which was built by [King Solomon](/wiki/King_Solomon "King Solomon") in Jerusalem in the latter part of the tenth century BCE."
The wall has been excavated twice before, once in the 1860s and again in the 1980s. In 1867 [Charles Warren](/wiki/Charles_Warren "Charles Warren") conducted an underground survey in the area, describing the outline of a large tower but without attributing it to the era of Solomon.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/02/100222094757\.htm \|title\=Archaeologist discovers Jerusalem city wall from tenth century B.C.E. \|work\=ScienceDaily \|access\-date\=6 October 2014}}
[Israel Finkelstein](/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein "Israel Finkelstein") and other archaeologists from [Tel Aviv University](/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University "Tel Aviv University") have flagged concern that, with reference to her 2006 dating of the "Solomonic city wall" in the area to the south of the Temple Mount known as the *ophel*, "the biblical text dominates this field operation, not archaeology. Had it not been for Mazar's literal reading of the biblical text, she never would have dated the remains to the 10th century BCE with such confidence".{{cite journal \|last1\=Finkelstein \|first1\=Israel \|author\-link1\=Israel Finkelstein \|last2\=Herzog \|first2\=Ze'ev \|last3\=Singer\-Avitz \|first3\=Lily \|last4\=Ussishkin \|first4\=David \|year\=2007 \|title\=Has King David's Palace in Jerusalem Been Found? \|journal\=Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University \|volume\=34 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=142–164 \|doi\=10\.1179/tav.2007\.2007\.2\.142 \|s2cid\=161500349 \|quote\=The so\-called 'Ophel' area to the south of the Temple Mount (E. Mazar and B. Mazar 1989\). / References: Mazar, E. and Mazar, B. 1989\. Excavations in the South of the Temple Mount: The Ophel of Biblical Jerusalem (Qedem 29\). Jerusalem. \|url\=http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/info/TA34\-2\_King\_David.pdf}}
|
[
"### Wadi Hilweh excavation",
"[thumb\\|A [Second Temple](/wiki/Second_Temple \"Second Temple\")\\-era pool excavated in the *ophel*](/wiki/File:Ophel_Pool_1_200509.jpg \"Ophel Pool 1 200509.jpg\")\n[Benjamin Mazar](/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar \"Benjamin Mazar\") and [Eilat Mazar](/wiki/Eilat_Mazar \"Eilat Mazar\") began excavating an area identified as Jerusalem's *ophel*, lying on the rise to the north of the [Wadi Hilweh](/wiki/Wadi_Hilweh \"Wadi Hilweh\") neighbourhood, in 1968\\. The term is commonly used by archaeologists with this meaning.Daniel K. Eisenbud, [Ophel Excavation Director Discusses Biblical Discoveries, Temple Mount](https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Ophel-excavation-director-discusses-biblical-discoveries-Temple-Mount-543681), The Jerusalem Post, 26 February 2018, accessed 27 July 2019 The excavation work was a joint project of [Hebrew University](/wiki/Hebrew_University \"Hebrew University\"), in cooperation with the [Israel Antiquities Authority](/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority \"Israel Antiquities Authority\"), the [Israel Nature and Parks Authority](/wiki/Israel_Nature_and_Parks_Authority \"Israel Nature and Parks Authority\"), and the [East Jerusalem Development Company](/wiki/East_Jerusalem_Development_Company \"East Jerusalem Development Company\"), with funding provided by Jewish American couple, Daniel Mintz and Meredith Berkman.Weddings: Meredith Berkman, Daniel Mintz. *New York Times*, 3 November 1996\\. [https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/03/style/meredith\\-berkman\\-daniel\\-mintz.html](https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/03/style/meredith-berkman-daniel-mintz.html){{cite news \\|author\\=Nir Hasson \\|title\\=Archaeologist Finds Jerusalem Wall Matching Biblical Story \\|newspaper\\=Haaretz \\|date\\=23 February 2010 \\|url\\=https://www.haaretz.com/1\\.5051271 \\|access\\-date\\=13 May 2020}}",
"Notable structures found during these excavations include architectural remains and a variety of movable objects, some dated to the [First Temple](/wiki/First_Temple \"First Temple\") period, many to the [Second Temple period](/wiki/Second_Temple_period \"Second Temple period\"), as well as the [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\") and Early Muslim periods, the latter including major findings from the [Umayyad](/wiki/Umayyad \"Umayyad\") and [Fatimid](/wiki/Fatimid \"Fatimid\") periods.",
"The findings included remains interpreted by archaeologist [Eilat Mazar](/wiki/Eilat_Mazar \"Eilat Mazar\") to be a 70\\- or 79\\-metre\\-long segment of city wall including a gatehouse leading to a royal structure, and a watchtower overlooking the [Kidron Valley](/wiki/Kidron_Valley \"Kidron Valley\"). Eilat Mazar believes these are the remains of the fortifications that, according to the [biblical](/wiki/Hebrew_Bible \"Hebrew Bible\") [First Book of Kings](/wiki/First_Book_of_Kings \"First Book of Kings\"), once encompassed the city. Eilat Mazar, who re\\-excavated the remains in 2010, believes them to date to the late 10th century BCE, associating them with King [Solomon](/wiki/Solomon \"Solomon\"), which is controversial and not supported by past and contemporary archaeologists.",
"Also present were several Hellenistic\\-period buildings,{{cite web \\|title\\=Jerusalem Ophel \\|url\\=https://madainproject.com/jerusalem\\_ophel \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510012032/https://madainproject.com/jerusalem\\_ophel \\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2020 \\|website\\=Madain Project \\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2020}} a large [mikvah](/wiki/Mikvah \"Mikvah\"),{{cite web \\|title\\=Mikveh of the Priests \\|url\\=https://madainproject.com/mikveh\\_of\\_the\\_priests\\_(ophel) \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510012723/https://madainproject.com/mikveh\\_of\\_the\\_priests\\_(ophel) \\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2020 \\|website\\=Madain Project \\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2020}} the southern steps to the Herodian Temple compound,{{cite web \\|title\\=Southern Steps \\|url\\=https://madainproject.com/southern\\_steps \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510013729/https://madainproject.com/southern\\_steps \\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2020 \\|website\\=Madain Project \\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2020}} leading up to the [Double and Triple Gates](/wiki/Huldah_Gates \"Huldah Gates\") of the Temple compound, the [Monastery of the Virgins](/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Virgins \"Monastery of the Virgins\"), and several large residential and administrative structures ([qasr](/wiki/wikt:Qasr \"Qasr\")\\-type \"palaces\"), probably Umayyad, to the south of the *ophel*.",
"A discovered artefact of particular importance is the [ophel inscription](/wiki/Ophel_inscription \"Ophel inscription\"), a 3,000\\-year\\-old pottery shard that bears the earliest alphabetical inscription found in Jerusalem.",
"#### Archaeological assessment",
"Although consensus on the dating of the wall has not been reached by the archaeological community, Mazar maintains that, \"It's the most significant construction we have from First Temple days in Israel,\" and \"It means that at that time, the 10th century (BCE), in Jerusalem there was a regime capable of carrying out such construction.\" The 10th century is the period the Bible describes as the reign of King Solomon.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id\\=169388 \\|title\\=J'lem city wall dates back to King Solomon \\|first\\=Abe \\|last\\=Selig \\|date\\=February 23, 2010 \\|newspaper\\=The Jerusalem Post}} Claiming that broken pottery in the \"royal structure\" enabled the team to date the building. One storage jar bears an inscription in [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew \"Hebrew\"). Mazar told the *[Jerusalem Post](/wiki/Jerusalem_Post \"Jerusalem Post\")* that \"The jars that were found are the largest ever found in Jerusalem,\" and \"the inscription found on one of them shows that it belonged to a government official, apparently the person responsible for overseeing the provision of baked goods to the royal court.\"",
"[Aren Maeir](/wiki/Aren_Maeir \"Aren Maeir\"), an archeology professor at [Bar Ilan University](/wiki/Bar_Ilan_University \"Bar Ilan University\") said he has yet to see evidence that the fortifications are as old as Mazar claims. Whilst acknowledging that 10th century remains have been found in Jerusalem, he describes proof of a strong, centralized kingdom at that time as \"tenuous\".",
"A section of wall {{convert\\|79\\|m\\|ft}} long and {{convert\\|6\\|m\\|ft}} high has been uncovered. The discoveries include an inner gatehouse, a \"royal structure\" and a corner tower with a base measuring {{convert\\|23\\|m\\|ft}} by {{convert\\|18\\|m\\|ft}} from which watchmen could keep watch on the [Kidron Valley](/wiki/Kidron_Valley \"Kidron Valley\"). According to Mazar, the built structures are similar to the First Temple era fortifications of [Megiddo](/wiki/Tel_Megiddo \"Tel Megiddo\"), [Beersheba](/wiki/Beersheba \"Beersheba\") and [Ashdod](/wiki/Ashdod \"Ashdod\"). Mazar told reporters that \"A comparison of this latest finding with city walls and gates from the period of the First Temple, as well as pottery found at the site,\" enable her to \"postulate, with a great degree of assurance\" that the wall dates form the late 10th\\-century BCE.",
"Mazar told reporters that \"A comparison of this latest finding with city walls and gates from the period of the First Temple, as well as pottery found at the site, enable us to postulate, with a great degree of assurance, that the wall that has been revealed is that which was built by [King Solomon](/wiki/King_Solomon \"King Solomon\") in Jerusalem in the latter part of the tenth century BCE.\"",
"The wall has been excavated twice before, once in the 1860s and again in the 1980s. In 1867 [Charles Warren](/wiki/Charles_Warren \"Charles Warren\") conducted an underground survey in the area, describing the outline of a large tower but without attributing it to the era of Solomon.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/02/100222094757\\.htm \\|title\\=Archaeologist discovers Jerusalem city wall from tenth century B.C.E. \\|work\\=ScienceDaily \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2014}}",
"[Israel Finkelstein](/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein \"Israel Finkelstein\") and other archaeologists from [Tel Aviv University](/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University \"Tel Aviv University\") have flagged concern that, with reference to her 2006 dating of the \"Solomonic city wall\" in the area to the south of the Temple Mount known as the *ophel*, \"the biblical text dominates this field operation, not archaeology. Had it not been for Mazar's literal reading of the biblical text, she never would have dated the remains to the 10th century BCE with such confidence\".{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Finkelstein \\|first1\\=Israel \\|author\\-link1\\=Israel Finkelstein \\|last2\\=Herzog \\|first2\\=Ze'ev \\|last3\\=Singer\\-Avitz \\|first3\\=Lily \\|last4\\=Ussishkin \\|first4\\=David \\|year\\=2007 \\|title\\=Has King David's Palace in Jerusalem Been Found? \\|journal\\=Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University \\|volume\\=34 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=142–164 \\|doi\\=10\\.1179/tav.2007\\.2007\\.2\\.142 \\|s2cid\\=161500349 \\|quote\\=The so\\-called 'Ophel' area to the south of the Temple Mount (E. Mazar and B. Mazar 1989\\). / References: Mazar, E. and Mazar, B. 1989\\. Excavations in the South of the Temple Mount: The Ophel of Biblical Jerusalem (Qedem 29\\). Jerusalem. \\|url\\=http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/info/TA34\\-2\\_King\\_David.pdf}}",
""
] |
Film career
-----------
### Direction
#### 1992–2003
[thumb\|Rituparno Ghosh (left) with [Subhash Ghai](/wiki/Subhash_Ghai "Subhash Ghai") (right) and [Debojyoti Mishra](/wiki/Debojyoti_Mishra "Debojyoti Mishra") (behind) at the audio release of *Noukadubi*](/wiki/File:Rituparno_Ghosh_at_the_audio_release_of_Noukadubi.jpg "Rituparno Ghosh at the audio release of Noukadubi.jpg")
Ghosh made his directorial debut in the feature film *[Hirer Angti](/wiki/Hirer_Angti "Hirer Angti")* which was released in 1992, a family\-friendly film based on a novel written by [Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay](/wiki/Shirshendu_Mukhopadhyay "Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay") about inheritance and conjuring tricks, and starring [Moon Moon Sen](/wiki/Moon_Moon_Sen "Moon Moon Sen"), [Basanta Choudhury](/wiki/Basanta_Choudhury "Basanta Choudhury"), and others{{cite news\|title\=Rituparno Ghosh, a film\-maker who pushed the envelope, dies at 49\|url\=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/NGQP6dAn14VkftVnA3FBbL/Filmmaker\-Rituparno\-Ghosh\-49\-dies\-of\-cardiac\-arrest.html\|access\-date\=30 May 2013\|newspaper\=Live Mint\|date\=30 May 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607041454/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/NGQP6dAn14VkftVnA3FBbL/Filmmaker\-Rituparno\-Ghosh\-49\-dies\-of\-cardiac\-arrest.html\|archive\-date\=7 June 2013\|url\-status\=live}}
His second film, *Unishe April*, starring [Aparna Sen](/wiki/Aparna_Sen "Aparna Sen"), [Debashree Roy](/wiki/Debashree_Roy "Debashree Roy"), [Prosenjit Chatterjee](/wiki/Prosenjit_Chatterjee "Prosenjit Chatterjee") and [Dipankar Dey](/wiki/Dipankar_De "Dipankar De"), with a soundtrack composed by Jyotishka Dasgupta, was released in 1994, and won two National Film Awards in 1995, including Best Feature Film. It portrayed the relationship of an award\-winning dancer and her emotionally abandoned daughter, who aspires to be a doctor. This film received both critical acclaim and commercial success. His next film, *[Dahan](/wiki/Dahan_%281997_film%29 "Dahan (1997 film)")*, released in 1997\. won Ghosh the National Film Award for Best Screenplay{{cite news\|title\=Rituparno Ghosh, National Award\-winning filmmaker, dies\|url\=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/rituparno\-ghosh\-national\-award\-winning\-filmmaker\-dies\-373092\|access\-date\=30 May 2013\|publisher\=NDTV\|date\=30 May 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607183300/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/rituparno\-ghosh\-national\-award\-winning\-filmmaker\-dies\-373092\|archive\-date\=7 June 2013\|url\-status\=live}} *Dahan* was based on the true story of a woman who was molested on a street in Kolkata, and of another woman, a witness who came forward to bring legal action against the perpetrators, but became frustrated by the callousness of society, including the victim's family.{{cite news\|title\=Filmmaker Rituparno Ghosh passes away in Kolkata at 49\|url\=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rituparno\-ghosh\-passes\-away/1/273799\.html\|access\-date\=30 May 2013\|newspaper\=India Today\|date\=30 May 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530083626/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rituparno\-ghosh\-passes\-away/1/273799\.html\|archive\-date\=30 May 2013\|url\-status\=live}}
*[Bariwali](/wiki/Bariwali "Bariwali")*, released in 2000, starring Kirron Kher, Rupa Ganguly and Chiranjeet Chakraborty, portrayed a lonely and withdrawn middle\-aged woman ([Kirron Kher](/wiki/Kirron_Kher "Kirron Kher")) who rents out her large house for film production and fantasises about the charming and very much married director, who flirts with her but, predictably, disappoints her. Kher won National Film Award for Best Actress. In the 1999 film *Asukh*, Ghosh dealt with the relationship between a young film star and her father who must depend unwillingly on his daughter's earnings. The film won National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali.
Ghosh won the National Award for Best Direction for *[Utsab](/wiki/Utsab "Utsab")*, released in 2000\. The film dealt with the decadence of a large family whose members now live away from the ancestral home, and meet only during the traditional [Durga puja](/wiki/Durga_puja "Durga puja") held on the premises. The 2002 film *[Titli](/wiki/Titli_%282002_film%29 "Titli (2002 film)")* was another narrative about a mother\-daughter relationship—the teenage daughter has a crush on an older film star who, years ago, had an affair with the mother.
The 2003 film *[Shubho Mahurat](/wiki/Shubho_Mahurat "Shubho Mahurat")*, a [whodunit](/wiki/Whodunit "Whodunit") based on [Agatha Christie](/wiki/Agatha_Christie "Agatha Christie")'s book, *[The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side](/wiki/The_Mirror_Crack%27d_from_Side_to_Side "The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side")*, starred the veteran actresses [Rakhee](/wiki/Rakhee_Gulzar "Rakhee Gulzar") and [Sharmila Tagore](/wiki/Sharmila_Tagore "Sharmila Tagore"), alongside [Nandita Das](/wiki/Nandita_Das "Nandita Das"), in major roles. The same year, Ghosh released his film *[Chokher Bali](/wiki/Chokher_Bali_%282003_film%29 "Chokher Bali (2003 film)")*, based on a novel written by [Rabindranath Tagore](/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore "Rabindranath Tagore"), in which Bollywood actress Aishwarya Rai worked with the director for the first time.{{cite news\|title\=Variety acclaims Chokher Bali\|url\=http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\=13571369\|access\-date\=30 May 2013\|newspaper\=Sify\|date\=30 May 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315002206/http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\=13571369\|archive\-date\=15 March 2017\|url\-status\=dead}}
#### 2004–2013
In 2004, Ghosh's first Hindi film, *[Raincoat](/wiki/Raincoat_%28film%29 "Raincoat (film)")*, an adaptation of the short story, [The Gift of the Magi](/wiki/The_Gift_of_the_Magi "The Gift of the Magi") (1906\), by [O. Henry](/wiki/O._Henry "O. Henry") was released. In this film he worked with Aishwarya Rai again. The shooting of the film was completed in 17 days. This film received National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi award.{{cite news\|title\=Rituparno Ghosh's glorious cinematic journey\|url\=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/journey\-of\-rituparno\-ghosh\-from\-raincoat\-to\-chokher\-bali.../1/273822\.html\|access\-date\=30 May 2013\|newspaper\=India Today\|date\=30 May 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617004059/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/journey\-of\-rituparno\-ghosh\-from\-raincoat\-to\-chokher\-bali.../1/273822\.html\|archive\-date\=17 June 2013\|url\-status\=live}} It was later adapted in English by Mithaq kazimi.
[thumb\|left\|Rituparno Ghosh with [Amitabh Bachchan](/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan "Amitabh Bachchan") (right) at the set of *The Last Lear*](/wiki/File:Rituparno_Ghosh_and_Amitabh_Bachchan_at_the_set_of_The_Last_Lear.jpg "Rituparno Ghosh and Amitabh Bachchan at the set of The Last Lear.jpg")
In 2005 the Bengali film, *Antar Mahal* was released. The film was set in British India and revolved around a land\-owning or zamindari family. [Jackie Shroff](/wiki/Jackie_Shroff "Jackie Shroff") played the Zamindar. [Soha Ali Khan](/wiki/Soha_Ali_Khan "Soha Ali Khan") and [Roopa Ganguly](/wiki/Roopa_Ganguly "Roopa Ganguly") played the Zaminder's wives.
Ghosh's 2007 film, *[The Last Lear](/wiki/The_Last_Lear "The Last Lear")*, revolved around the life of a retired Shakespearean theatre actor, with [Amitabh Bachchan](/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan "Amitabh Bachchan") in the lead role, and with [Preity Zinta](/wiki/Preity_Zinta "Preity Zinta") and [Arjun Rampal](/wiki/Arjun_Rampal "Arjun Rampal") playing supporting roles.
The 2008 film, *Khela*, was [Manisha Koirala](/wiki/Manisha_Koirala "Manisha Koirala")'s debut film in Bengali cinema. Later the same year, *[Shob Charitro Kalponik](/wiki/Shob_Charitro_Kalponik "Shob Charitro Kalponik")*, starring [Bipasha Basu](/wiki/Bipasha_Basu "Bipasha Basu") and Prosenjit, was released, and won the National Award for Best Film in Bengali.
In 2009, Ghosh's film *[Abohomaan](/wiki/Abohomaan "Abohomaan")*, starring [Jisshu Sengupta](/wiki/Jisshu_Sengupta "Jisshu Sengupta"), [Ananya Chatterjee](/wiki/Ananya_Chatterjee "Ananya Chatterjee"), Dipankar Dey, and Mamata Shankar, was released, and won him the [National film award](/wiki/National_Film_Award_%28India%29 "National Film Award (India)") for Best Director in [Bengali](/wiki/Bengali_language "Bengali language") for this film.
Just before he died, he had finished production work on his last film, *Satyanweshi*, based on Bengali detective [Byomkesh Bakshi](/wiki/Byomkesh_Bakshi "Byomkesh Bakshi").{{cite news\|title\=Rituparno Ghosh wrapped up Satyanweshi shoot before death\|url\=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rituparno\-ghosh\-wrapped\-up\-satyanweshi\-shoot\-before\-death\-827755\.html\|access\-date\=30 May 2013\|newspaper\=First Post\|date\=30 May 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902004757/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rituparno\-ghosh\-wrapped\-up\-satyanweshi\-shoot\-before\-death\-827755\.html\|archive\-date\=2 September 2013\|url\-status\=live}}
### Acting career
Rituparno Ghosh made his first screen appearance in an [Oriya](/wiki/Oriya_language "Oriya language") film, *Katha Deithilli Ma Ku*, which was directed by Himanshu Parija and released in 2003\.{{cite news\|title\=Rituparno Ghosh's first, an Oriya film\|url\=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012\-11\-06/did\-you\-know\-/31160231\_1\_filmmaker\-rituparno\-ghosh\-bengali\-filmmaker\-oriya\-film\|access\-date\=10 November 2012\|date\=6 November 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105012449/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012\-11\-06/did\-you\-know\-/31160231\_1\_filmmaker\-rituparno\-ghosh\-bengali\-filmmaker\-oriya\-film\|archive\-date\=5 November 2013\|newspaper\=\[\[The Times of India]]\|url\-status\=dead}} In 2011, he acted in two Bengali films— *[Arekti Premer Golpo](/wiki/Arekti_Premer_Golpo "Arekti Premer Golpo")* directed by [Kaushik Ganguly](/wiki/Kaushik_Ganguly "Kaushik Ganguly"), which dealt with queer relationships,{{cite news\|title\=Arekti Premer Golpo (Bengali)\|url\=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?270018\|access\-date\=30 May 2013\|newspaper\=Outlook\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601010438/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?270018\|archive\-date\=1 June 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} and *[Memories in March](/wiki/Memories_in_March "Memories in March")* directed by [Sanjoy Nag](/wiki/Sanjoy_Nag "Sanjoy Nag").
*Chitrangada* (2012\) was Ghosh's last film to be released. Loosely based on Rabindranath Tagore's work 'Chitrangada', this film received the special jury award at the 60th National Film Awards.{{cite news\|title\=Rituparno Ghosh: Trailblazer of new wave Bengali cinema\|url\=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1841485/report\-rituparno\-ghosh\-trailblazer\-of\-new\-wave\-bengali\-cinema\|access\-date\=30 May 2013\|newspaper\=Daily News and Anlysis\|date\=30 May 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608024505/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1841485/report\-rituparno\-ghosh\-trailblazer\-of\-new\-wave\-bengali\-cinema\|archive\-date\=8 June 2013\|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"Film career\n-----------",
"### Direction",
"#### 1992–2003",
"[thumb\\|Rituparno Ghosh (left) with [Subhash Ghai](/wiki/Subhash_Ghai \"Subhash Ghai\") (right) and [Debojyoti Mishra](/wiki/Debojyoti_Mishra \"Debojyoti Mishra\") (behind) at the audio release of *Noukadubi*](/wiki/File:Rituparno_Ghosh_at_the_audio_release_of_Noukadubi.jpg \"Rituparno Ghosh at the audio release of Noukadubi.jpg\")\nGhosh made his directorial debut in the feature film *[Hirer Angti](/wiki/Hirer_Angti \"Hirer Angti\")* which was released in 1992, a family\\-friendly film based on a novel written by [Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay](/wiki/Shirshendu_Mukhopadhyay \"Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay\") about inheritance and conjuring tricks, and starring [Moon Moon Sen](/wiki/Moon_Moon_Sen \"Moon Moon Sen\"), [Basanta Choudhury](/wiki/Basanta_Choudhury \"Basanta Choudhury\"), and others{{cite news\\|title\\=Rituparno Ghosh, a film\\-maker who pushed the envelope, dies at 49\\|url\\=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/NGQP6dAn14VkftVnA3FBbL/Filmmaker\\-Rituparno\\-Ghosh\\-49\\-dies\\-of\\-cardiac\\-arrest.html\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\|newspaper\\=Live Mint\\|date\\=30 May 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607041454/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/NGQP6dAn14VkftVnA3FBbL/Filmmaker\\-Rituparno\\-Ghosh\\-49\\-dies\\-of\\-cardiac\\-arrest.html\\|archive\\-date\\=7 June 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"His second film, *Unishe April*, starring [Aparna Sen](/wiki/Aparna_Sen \"Aparna Sen\"), [Debashree Roy](/wiki/Debashree_Roy \"Debashree Roy\"), [Prosenjit Chatterjee](/wiki/Prosenjit_Chatterjee \"Prosenjit Chatterjee\") and [Dipankar Dey](/wiki/Dipankar_De \"Dipankar De\"), with a soundtrack composed by Jyotishka Dasgupta, was released in 1994, and won two National Film Awards in 1995, including Best Feature Film. It portrayed the relationship of an award\\-winning dancer and her emotionally abandoned daughter, who aspires to be a doctor. This film received both critical acclaim and commercial success. His next film, *[Dahan](/wiki/Dahan_%281997_film%29 \"Dahan (1997 film)\")*, released in 1997\\. won Ghosh the National Film Award for Best Screenplay{{cite news\\|title\\=Rituparno Ghosh, National Award\\-winning filmmaker, dies\\|url\\=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/rituparno\\-ghosh\\-national\\-award\\-winning\\-filmmaker\\-dies\\-373092\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\|publisher\\=NDTV\\|date\\=30 May 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607183300/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/rituparno\\-ghosh\\-national\\-award\\-winning\\-filmmaker\\-dies\\-373092\\|archive\\-date\\=7 June 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} *Dahan* was based on the true story of a woman who was molested on a street in Kolkata, and of another woman, a witness who came forward to bring legal action against the perpetrators, but became frustrated by the callousness of society, including the victim's family.{{cite news\\|title\\=Filmmaker Rituparno Ghosh passes away in Kolkata at 49\\|url\\=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rituparno\\-ghosh\\-passes\\-away/1/273799\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\|newspaper\\=India Today\\|date\\=30 May 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530083626/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rituparno\\-ghosh\\-passes\\-away/1/273799\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"*[Bariwali](/wiki/Bariwali \"Bariwali\")*, released in 2000, starring Kirron Kher, Rupa Ganguly and Chiranjeet Chakraborty, portrayed a lonely and withdrawn middle\\-aged woman ([Kirron Kher](/wiki/Kirron_Kher \"Kirron Kher\")) who rents out her large house for film production and fantasises about the charming and very much married director, who flirts with her but, predictably, disappoints her. Kher won National Film Award for Best Actress. In the 1999 film *Asukh*, Ghosh dealt with the relationship between a young film star and her father who must depend unwillingly on his daughter's earnings. The film won National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali.",
"Ghosh won the National Award for Best Direction for *[Utsab](/wiki/Utsab \"Utsab\")*, released in 2000\\. The film dealt with the decadence of a large family whose members now live away from the ancestral home, and meet only during the traditional [Durga puja](/wiki/Durga_puja \"Durga puja\") held on the premises. The 2002 film *[Titli](/wiki/Titli_%282002_film%29 \"Titli (2002 film)\")* was another narrative about a mother\\-daughter relationship—the teenage daughter has a crush on an older film star who, years ago, had an affair with the mother.",
"The 2003 film *[Shubho Mahurat](/wiki/Shubho_Mahurat \"Shubho Mahurat\")*, a [whodunit](/wiki/Whodunit \"Whodunit\") based on [Agatha Christie](/wiki/Agatha_Christie \"Agatha Christie\")'s book, *[The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side](/wiki/The_Mirror_Crack%27d_from_Side_to_Side \"The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side\")*, starred the veteran actresses [Rakhee](/wiki/Rakhee_Gulzar \"Rakhee Gulzar\") and [Sharmila Tagore](/wiki/Sharmila_Tagore \"Sharmila Tagore\"), alongside [Nandita Das](/wiki/Nandita_Das \"Nandita Das\"), in major roles. The same year, Ghosh released his film *[Chokher Bali](/wiki/Chokher_Bali_%282003_film%29 \"Chokher Bali (2003 film)\")*, based on a novel written by [Rabindranath Tagore](/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore \"Rabindranath Tagore\"), in which Bollywood actress Aishwarya Rai worked with the director for the first time.{{cite news\\|title\\=Variety acclaims Chokher Bali\\|url\\=http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\\=13571369\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\|newspaper\\=Sify\\|date\\=30 May 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315002206/http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\\=13571369\\|archive\\-date\\=15 March 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"#### 2004–2013",
"In 2004, Ghosh's first Hindi film, *[Raincoat](/wiki/Raincoat_%28film%29 \"Raincoat (film)\")*, an adaptation of the short story, [The Gift of the Magi](/wiki/The_Gift_of_the_Magi \"The Gift of the Magi\") (1906\\), by [O. Henry](/wiki/O._Henry \"O. Henry\") was released. In this film he worked with Aishwarya Rai again. The shooting of the film was completed in 17 days. This film received National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi award.{{cite news\\|title\\=Rituparno Ghosh's glorious cinematic journey\\|url\\=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/journey\\-of\\-rituparno\\-ghosh\\-from\\-raincoat\\-to\\-chokher\\-bali.../1/273822\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\|newspaper\\=India Today\\|date\\=30 May 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617004059/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/journey\\-of\\-rituparno\\-ghosh\\-from\\-raincoat\\-to\\-chokher\\-bali.../1/273822\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It was later adapted in English by Mithaq kazimi.\n[thumb\\|left\\|Rituparno Ghosh with [Amitabh Bachchan](/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan \"Amitabh Bachchan\") (right) at the set of *The Last Lear*](/wiki/File:Rituparno_Ghosh_and_Amitabh_Bachchan_at_the_set_of_The_Last_Lear.jpg \"Rituparno Ghosh and Amitabh Bachchan at the set of The Last Lear.jpg\")\nIn 2005 the Bengali film, *Antar Mahal* was released. The film was set in British India and revolved around a land\\-owning or zamindari family. [Jackie Shroff](/wiki/Jackie_Shroff \"Jackie Shroff\") played the Zamindar. [Soha Ali Khan](/wiki/Soha_Ali_Khan \"Soha Ali Khan\") and [Roopa Ganguly](/wiki/Roopa_Ganguly \"Roopa Ganguly\") played the Zaminder's wives.",
"Ghosh's 2007 film, *[The Last Lear](/wiki/The_Last_Lear \"The Last Lear\")*, revolved around the life of a retired Shakespearean theatre actor, with [Amitabh Bachchan](/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan \"Amitabh Bachchan\") in the lead role, and with [Preity Zinta](/wiki/Preity_Zinta \"Preity Zinta\") and [Arjun Rampal](/wiki/Arjun_Rampal \"Arjun Rampal\") playing supporting roles.",
"The 2008 film, *Khela*, was [Manisha Koirala](/wiki/Manisha_Koirala \"Manisha Koirala\")'s debut film in Bengali cinema. Later the same year, *[Shob Charitro Kalponik](/wiki/Shob_Charitro_Kalponik \"Shob Charitro Kalponik\")*, starring [Bipasha Basu](/wiki/Bipasha_Basu \"Bipasha Basu\") and Prosenjit, was released, and won the National Award for Best Film in Bengali.",
"In 2009, Ghosh's film *[Abohomaan](/wiki/Abohomaan \"Abohomaan\")*, starring [Jisshu Sengupta](/wiki/Jisshu_Sengupta \"Jisshu Sengupta\"), [Ananya Chatterjee](/wiki/Ananya_Chatterjee \"Ananya Chatterjee\"), Dipankar Dey, and Mamata Shankar, was released, and won him the [National film award](/wiki/National_Film_Award_%28India%29 \"National Film Award (India)\") for Best Director in [Bengali](/wiki/Bengali_language \"Bengali language\") for this film.",
"Just before he died, he had finished production work on his last film, *Satyanweshi*, based on Bengali detective [Byomkesh Bakshi](/wiki/Byomkesh_Bakshi \"Byomkesh Bakshi\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Rituparno Ghosh wrapped up Satyanweshi shoot before death\\|url\\=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rituparno\\-ghosh\\-wrapped\\-up\\-satyanweshi\\-shoot\\-before\\-death\\-827755\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\|newspaper\\=First Post\\|date\\=30 May 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902004757/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rituparno\\-ghosh\\-wrapped\\-up\\-satyanweshi\\-shoot\\-before\\-death\\-827755\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2 September 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Acting career",
"Rituparno Ghosh made his first screen appearance in an [Oriya](/wiki/Oriya_language \"Oriya language\") film, *Katha Deithilli Ma Ku*, which was directed by Himanshu Parija and released in 2003\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Rituparno Ghosh's first, an Oriya film\\|url\\=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012\\-11\\-06/did\\-you\\-know\\-/31160231\\_1\\_filmmaker\\-rituparno\\-ghosh\\-bengali\\-filmmaker\\-oriya\\-film\\|access\\-date\\=10 November 2012\\|date\\=6 November 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105012449/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012\\-11\\-06/did\\-you\\-know\\-/31160231\\_1\\_filmmaker\\-rituparno\\-ghosh\\-bengali\\-filmmaker\\-oriya\\-film\\|archive\\-date\\=5 November 2013\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Times of India]]\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In 2011, he acted in two Bengali films— *[Arekti Premer Golpo](/wiki/Arekti_Premer_Golpo \"Arekti Premer Golpo\")* directed by [Kaushik Ganguly](/wiki/Kaushik_Ganguly \"Kaushik Ganguly\"), which dealt with queer relationships,{{cite news\\|title\\=Arekti Premer Golpo (Bengali)\\|url\\=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?270018\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\|newspaper\\=Outlook\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601010438/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?270018\\|archive\\-date\\=1 June 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and *[Memories in March](/wiki/Memories_in_March \"Memories in March\")* directed by [Sanjoy Nag](/wiki/Sanjoy_Nag \"Sanjoy Nag\").",
"*Chitrangada* (2012\\) was Ghosh's last film to be released. Loosely based on Rabindranath Tagore's work 'Chitrangada', this film received the special jury award at the 60th National Film Awards.{{cite news\\|title\\=Rituparno Ghosh: Trailblazer of new wave Bengali cinema\\|url\\=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1841485/report\\-rituparno\\-ghosh\\-trailblazer\\-of\\-new\\-wave\\-bengali\\-cinema\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\|newspaper\\=Daily News and Anlysis\\|date\\=30 May 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608024505/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1841485/report\\-rituparno\\-ghosh\\-trailblazer\\-of\\-new\\-wave\\-bengali\\-cinema\\|archive\\-date\\=8 June 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
### Direction
#### 1992–2003
[thumb\|Rituparno Ghosh (left) with [Subhash Ghai](/wiki/Subhash_Ghai "Subhash Ghai") (right) and [Debojyoti Mishra](/wiki/Debojyoti_Mishra "Debojyoti Mishra") (behind) at the audio release of *Noukadubi*](/wiki/File:Rituparno_Ghosh_at_the_audio_release_of_Noukadubi.jpg "Rituparno Ghosh at the audio release of Noukadubi.jpg")
Ghosh made his directorial debut in the feature film *[Hirer Angti](/wiki/Hirer_Angti "Hirer Angti")* which was released in 1992, a family\-friendly film based on a novel written by [Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay](/wiki/Shirshendu_Mukhopadhyay "Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay") about inheritance and conjuring tricks, and starring [Moon Moon Sen](/wiki/Moon_Moon_Sen "Moon Moon Sen"), [Basanta Choudhury](/wiki/Basanta_Choudhury "Basanta Choudhury"), and others{{cite news\|title\=Rituparno Ghosh, a film\-maker who pushed the envelope, dies at 49\|url\=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/NGQP6dAn14VkftVnA3FBbL/Filmmaker\-Rituparno\-Ghosh\-49\-dies\-of\-cardiac\-arrest.html\|access\-date\=30 May 2013\|newspaper\=Live Mint\|date\=30 May 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607041454/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/NGQP6dAn14VkftVnA3FBbL/Filmmaker\-Rituparno\-Ghosh\-49\-dies\-of\-cardiac\-arrest.html\|archive\-date\=7 June 2013\|url\-status\=live}}
His second film, *Unishe April*, starring [Aparna Sen](/wiki/Aparna_Sen "Aparna Sen"), [Debashree Roy](/wiki/Debashree_Roy "Debashree Roy"), [Prosenjit Chatterjee](/wiki/Prosenjit_Chatterjee "Prosenjit Chatterjee") and [Dipankar Dey](/wiki/Dipankar_De "Dipankar De"), with a soundtrack composed by Jyotishka Dasgupta, was released in 1994, and won two National Film Awards in 1995, including Best Feature Film. It portrayed the relationship of an award\-winning dancer and her emotionally abandoned daughter, who aspires to be a doctor. This film received both critical acclaim and commercial success. His next film, *[Dahan](/wiki/Dahan_%281997_film%29 "Dahan (1997 film)")*, released in 1997\. won Ghosh the National Film Award for Best Screenplay{{cite news\|title\=Rituparno Ghosh, National Award\-winning filmmaker, dies\|url\=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/rituparno\-ghosh\-national\-award\-winning\-filmmaker\-dies\-373092\|access\-date\=30 May 2013\|publisher\=NDTV\|date\=30 May 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607183300/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/rituparno\-ghosh\-national\-award\-winning\-filmmaker\-dies\-373092\|archive\-date\=7 June 2013\|url\-status\=live}} *Dahan* was based on the true story of a woman who was molested on a street in Kolkata, and of another woman, a witness who came forward to bring legal action against the perpetrators, but became frustrated by the callousness of society, including the victim's family.{{cite news\|title\=Filmmaker Rituparno Ghosh passes away in Kolkata at 49\|url\=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rituparno\-ghosh\-passes\-away/1/273799\.html\|access\-date\=30 May 2013\|newspaper\=India Today\|date\=30 May 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530083626/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rituparno\-ghosh\-passes\-away/1/273799\.html\|archive\-date\=30 May 2013\|url\-status\=live}}
*[Bariwali](/wiki/Bariwali "Bariwali")*, released in 2000, starring Kirron Kher, Rupa Ganguly and Chiranjeet Chakraborty, portrayed a lonely and withdrawn middle\-aged woman ([Kirron Kher](/wiki/Kirron_Kher "Kirron Kher")) who rents out her large house for film production and fantasises about the charming and very much married director, who flirts with her but, predictably, disappoints her. Kher won National Film Award for Best Actress. In the 1999 film *Asukh*, Ghosh dealt with the relationship between a young film star and her father who must depend unwillingly on his daughter's earnings. The film won National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali.
Ghosh won the National Award for Best Direction for *[Utsab](/wiki/Utsab "Utsab")*, released in 2000\. The film dealt with the decadence of a large family whose members now live away from the ancestral home, and meet only during the traditional [Durga puja](/wiki/Durga_puja "Durga puja") held on the premises. The 2002 film *[Titli](/wiki/Titli_%282002_film%29 "Titli (2002 film)")* was another narrative about a mother\-daughter relationship—the teenage daughter has a crush on an older film star who, years ago, had an affair with the mother.
The 2003 film *[Shubho Mahurat](/wiki/Shubho_Mahurat "Shubho Mahurat")*, a [whodunit](/wiki/Whodunit "Whodunit") based on [Agatha Christie](/wiki/Agatha_Christie "Agatha Christie")'s book, *[The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side](/wiki/The_Mirror_Crack%27d_from_Side_to_Side "The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side")*, starred the veteran actresses [Rakhee](/wiki/Rakhee_Gulzar "Rakhee Gulzar") and [Sharmila Tagore](/wiki/Sharmila_Tagore "Sharmila Tagore"), alongside [Nandita Das](/wiki/Nandita_Das "Nandita Das"), in major roles. The same year, Ghosh released his film *[Chokher Bali](/wiki/Chokher_Bali_%282003_film%29 "Chokher Bali (2003 film)")*, based on a novel written by [Rabindranath Tagore](/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore "Rabindranath Tagore"), in which Bollywood actress Aishwarya Rai worked with the director for the first time.{{cite news\|title\=Variety acclaims Chokher Bali\|url\=http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\=13571369\|access\-date\=30 May 2013\|newspaper\=Sify\|date\=30 May 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315002206/http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\=13571369\|archive\-date\=15 March 2017\|url\-status\=dead}}
#### 2004–2013
In 2004, Ghosh's first Hindi film, *[Raincoat](/wiki/Raincoat_%28film%29 "Raincoat (film)")*, an adaptation of the short story, [The Gift of the Magi](/wiki/The_Gift_of_the_Magi "The Gift of the Magi") (1906\), by [O. Henry](/wiki/O._Henry "O. Henry") was released. In this film he worked with Aishwarya Rai again. The shooting of the film was completed in 17 days. This film received National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi award.{{cite news\|title\=Rituparno Ghosh's glorious cinematic journey\|url\=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/journey\-of\-rituparno\-ghosh\-from\-raincoat\-to\-chokher\-bali.../1/273822\.html\|access\-date\=30 May 2013\|newspaper\=India Today\|date\=30 May 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617004059/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/journey\-of\-rituparno\-ghosh\-from\-raincoat\-to\-chokher\-bali.../1/273822\.html\|archive\-date\=17 June 2013\|url\-status\=live}} It was later adapted in English by Mithaq kazimi.
[thumb\|left\|Rituparno Ghosh with [Amitabh Bachchan](/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan "Amitabh Bachchan") (right) at the set of *The Last Lear*](/wiki/File:Rituparno_Ghosh_and_Amitabh_Bachchan_at_the_set_of_The_Last_Lear.jpg "Rituparno Ghosh and Amitabh Bachchan at the set of The Last Lear.jpg")
In 2005 the Bengali film, *Antar Mahal* was released. The film was set in British India and revolved around a land\-owning or zamindari family. [Jackie Shroff](/wiki/Jackie_Shroff "Jackie Shroff") played the Zamindar. [Soha Ali Khan](/wiki/Soha_Ali_Khan "Soha Ali Khan") and [Roopa Ganguly](/wiki/Roopa_Ganguly "Roopa Ganguly") played the Zaminder's wives.
Ghosh's 2007 film, *[The Last Lear](/wiki/The_Last_Lear "The Last Lear")*, revolved around the life of a retired Shakespearean theatre actor, with [Amitabh Bachchan](/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan "Amitabh Bachchan") in the lead role, and with [Preity Zinta](/wiki/Preity_Zinta "Preity Zinta") and [Arjun Rampal](/wiki/Arjun_Rampal "Arjun Rampal") playing supporting roles.
The 2008 film, *Khela*, was [Manisha Koirala](/wiki/Manisha_Koirala "Manisha Koirala")'s debut film in Bengali cinema. Later the same year, *[Shob Charitro Kalponik](/wiki/Shob_Charitro_Kalponik "Shob Charitro Kalponik")*, starring [Bipasha Basu](/wiki/Bipasha_Basu "Bipasha Basu") and Prosenjit, was released, and won the National Award for Best Film in Bengali.
In 2009, Ghosh's film *[Abohomaan](/wiki/Abohomaan "Abohomaan")*, starring [Jisshu Sengupta](/wiki/Jisshu_Sengupta "Jisshu Sengupta"), [Ananya Chatterjee](/wiki/Ananya_Chatterjee "Ananya Chatterjee"), Dipankar Dey, and Mamata Shankar, was released, and won him the [National film award](/wiki/National_Film_Award_%28India%29 "National Film Award (India)") for Best Director in [Bengali](/wiki/Bengali_language "Bengali language") for this film.
Just before he died, he had finished production work on his last film, *Satyanweshi*, based on Bengali detective [Byomkesh Bakshi](/wiki/Byomkesh_Bakshi "Byomkesh Bakshi").{{cite news\|title\=Rituparno Ghosh wrapped up Satyanweshi shoot before death\|url\=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rituparno\-ghosh\-wrapped\-up\-satyanweshi\-shoot\-before\-death\-827755\.html\|access\-date\=30 May 2013\|newspaper\=First Post\|date\=30 May 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902004757/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rituparno\-ghosh\-wrapped\-up\-satyanweshi\-shoot\-before\-death\-827755\.html\|archive\-date\=2 September 2013\|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"### Direction",
"#### 1992–2003",
"[thumb\\|Rituparno Ghosh (left) with [Subhash Ghai](/wiki/Subhash_Ghai \"Subhash Ghai\") (right) and [Debojyoti Mishra](/wiki/Debojyoti_Mishra \"Debojyoti Mishra\") (behind) at the audio release of *Noukadubi*](/wiki/File:Rituparno_Ghosh_at_the_audio_release_of_Noukadubi.jpg \"Rituparno Ghosh at the audio release of Noukadubi.jpg\")\nGhosh made his directorial debut in the feature film *[Hirer Angti](/wiki/Hirer_Angti \"Hirer Angti\")* which was released in 1992, a family\\-friendly film based on a novel written by [Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay](/wiki/Shirshendu_Mukhopadhyay \"Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay\") about inheritance and conjuring tricks, and starring [Moon Moon Sen](/wiki/Moon_Moon_Sen \"Moon Moon Sen\"), [Basanta Choudhury](/wiki/Basanta_Choudhury \"Basanta Choudhury\"), and others{{cite news\\|title\\=Rituparno Ghosh, a film\\-maker who pushed the envelope, dies at 49\\|url\\=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/NGQP6dAn14VkftVnA3FBbL/Filmmaker\\-Rituparno\\-Ghosh\\-49\\-dies\\-of\\-cardiac\\-arrest.html\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\|newspaper\\=Live Mint\\|date\\=30 May 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607041454/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/NGQP6dAn14VkftVnA3FBbL/Filmmaker\\-Rituparno\\-Ghosh\\-49\\-dies\\-of\\-cardiac\\-arrest.html\\|archive\\-date\\=7 June 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"His second film, *Unishe April*, starring [Aparna Sen](/wiki/Aparna_Sen \"Aparna Sen\"), [Debashree Roy](/wiki/Debashree_Roy \"Debashree Roy\"), [Prosenjit Chatterjee](/wiki/Prosenjit_Chatterjee \"Prosenjit Chatterjee\") and [Dipankar Dey](/wiki/Dipankar_De \"Dipankar De\"), with a soundtrack composed by Jyotishka Dasgupta, was released in 1994, and won two National Film Awards in 1995, including Best Feature Film. It portrayed the relationship of an award\\-winning dancer and her emotionally abandoned daughter, who aspires to be a doctor. This film received both critical acclaim and commercial success. His next film, *[Dahan](/wiki/Dahan_%281997_film%29 \"Dahan (1997 film)\")*, released in 1997\\. won Ghosh the National Film Award for Best Screenplay{{cite news\\|title\\=Rituparno Ghosh, National Award\\-winning filmmaker, dies\\|url\\=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/rituparno\\-ghosh\\-national\\-award\\-winning\\-filmmaker\\-dies\\-373092\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\|publisher\\=NDTV\\|date\\=30 May 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607183300/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/rituparno\\-ghosh\\-national\\-award\\-winning\\-filmmaker\\-dies\\-373092\\|archive\\-date\\=7 June 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} *Dahan* was based on the true story of a woman who was molested on a street in Kolkata, and of another woman, a witness who came forward to bring legal action against the perpetrators, but became frustrated by the callousness of society, including the victim's family.{{cite news\\|title\\=Filmmaker Rituparno Ghosh passes away in Kolkata at 49\\|url\\=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rituparno\\-ghosh\\-passes\\-away/1/273799\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\|newspaper\\=India Today\\|date\\=30 May 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530083626/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rituparno\\-ghosh\\-passes\\-away/1/273799\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"*[Bariwali](/wiki/Bariwali \"Bariwali\")*, released in 2000, starring Kirron Kher, Rupa Ganguly and Chiranjeet Chakraborty, portrayed a lonely and withdrawn middle\\-aged woman ([Kirron Kher](/wiki/Kirron_Kher \"Kirron Kher\")) who rents out her large house for film production and fantasises about the charming and very much married director, who flirts with her but, predictably, disappoints her. Kher won National Film Award for Best Actress. In the 1999 film *Asukh*, Ghosh dealt with the relationship between a young film star and her father who must depend unwillingly on his daughter's earnings. The film won National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali.",
"Ghosh won the National Award for Best Direction for *[Utsab](/wiki/Utsab \"Utsab\")*, released in 2000\\. The film dealt with the decadence of a large family whose members now live away from the ancestral home, and meet only during the traditional [Durga puja](/wiki/Durga_puja \"Durga puja\") held on the premises. The 2002 film *[Titli](/wiki/Titli_%282002_film%29 \"Titli (2002 film)\")* was another narrative about a mother\\-daughter relationship—the teenage daughter has a crush on an older film star who, years ago, had an affair with the mother.",
"The 2003 film *[Shubho Mahurat](/wiki/Shubho_Mahurat \"Shubho Mahurat\")*, a [whodunit](/wiki/Whodunit \"Whodunit\") based on [Agatha Christie](/wiki/Agatha_Christie \"Agatha Christie\")'s book, *[The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side](/wiki/The_Mirror_Crack%27d_from_Side_to_Side \"The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side\")*, starred the veteran actresses [Rakhee](/wiki/Rakhee_Gulzar \"Rakhee Gulzar\") and [Sharmila Tagore](/wiki/Sharmila_Tagore \"Sharmila Tagore\"), alongside [Nandita Das](/wiki/Nandita_Das \"Nandita Das\"), in major roles. The same year, Ghosh released his film *[Chokher Bali](/wiki/Chokher_Bali_%282003_film%29 \"Chokher Bali (2003 film)\")*, based on a novel written by [Rabindranath Tagore](/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore \"Rabindranath Tagore\"), in which Bollywood actress Aishwarya Rai worked with the director for the first time.{{cite news\\|title\\=Variety acclaims Chokher Bali\\|url\\=http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\\=13571369\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\|newspaper\\=Sify\\|date\\=30 May 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315002206/http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\\=13571369\\|archive\\-date\\=15 March 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"#### 2004–2013",
"In 2004, Ghosh's first Hindi film, *[Raincoat](/wiki/Raincoat_%28film%29 \"Raincoat (film)\")*, an adaptation of the short story, [The Gift of the Magi](/wiki/The_Gift_of_the_Magi \"The Gift of the Magi\") (1906\\), by [O. Henry](/wiki/O._Henry \"O. Henry\") was released. In this film he worked with Aishwarya Rai again. The shooting of the film was completed in 17 days. This film received National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi award.{{cite news\\|title\\=Rituparno Ghosh's glorious cinematic journey\\|url\\=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/journey\\-of\\-rituparno\\-ghosh\\-from\\-raincoat\\-to\\-chokher\\-bali.../1/273822\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\|newspaper\\=India Today\\|date\\=30 May 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617004059/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/journey\\-of\\-rituparno\\-ghosh\\-from\\-raincoat\\-to\\-chokher\\-bali.../1/273822\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It was later adapted in English by Mithaq kazimi.\n[thumb\\|left\\|Rituparno Ghosh with [Amitabh Bachchan](/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan \"Amitabh Bachchan\") (right) at the set of *The Last Lear*](/wiki/File:Rituparno_Ghosh_and_Amitabh_Bachchan_at_the_set_of_The_Last_Lear.jpg \"Rituparno Ghosh and Amitabh Bachchan at the set of The Last Lear.jpg\")\nIn 2005 the Bengali film, *Antar Mahal* was released. The film was set in British India and revolved around a land\\-owning or zamindari family. [Jackie Shroff](/wiki/Jackie_Shroff \"Jackie Shroff\") played the Zamindar. [Soha Ali Khan](/wiki/Soha_Ali_Khan \"Soha Ali Khan\") and [Roopa Ganguly](/wiki/Roopa_Ganguly \"Roopa Ganguly\") played the Zaminder's wives.",
"Ghosh's 2007 film, *[The Last Lear](/wiki/The_Last_Lear \"The Last Lear\")*, revolved around the life of a retired Shakespearean theatre actor, with [Amitabh Bachchan](/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan \"Amitabh Bachchan\") in the lead role, and with [Preity Zinta](/wiki/Preity_Zinta \"Preity Zinta\") and [Arjun Rampal](/wiki/Arjun_Rampal \"Arjun Rampal\") playing supporting roles.",
"The 2008 film, *Khela*, was [Manisha Koirala](/wiki/Manisha_Koirala \"Manisha Koirala\")'s debut film in Bengali cinema. Later the same year, *[Shob Charitro Kalponik](/wiki/Shob_Charitro_Kalponik \"Shob Charitro Kalponik\")*, starring [Bipasha Basu](/wiki/Bipasha_Basu \"Bipasha Basu\") and Prosenjit, was released, and won the National Award for Best Film in Bengali.",
"In 2009, Ghosh's film *[Abohomaan](/wiki/Abohomaan \"Abohomaan\")*, starring [Jisshu Sengupta](/wiki/Jisshu_Sengupta \"Jisshu Sengupta\"), [Ananya Chatterjee](/wiki/Ananya_Chatterjee \"Ananya Chatterjee\"), Dipankar Dey, and Mamata Shankar, was released, and won him the [National film award](/wiki/National_Film_Award_%28India%29 \"National Film Award (India)\") for Best Director in [Bengali](/wiki/Bengali_language \"Bengali language\") for this film.",
"Just before he died, he had finished production work on his last film, *Satyanweshi*, based on Bengali detective [Byomkesh Bakshi](/wiki/Byomkesh_Bakshi \"Byomkesh Bakshi\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Rituparno Ghosh wrapped up Satyanweshi shoot before death\\|url\\=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rituparno\\-ghosh\\-wrapped\\-up\\-satyanweshi\\-shoot\\-before\\-death\\-827755\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\|newspaper\\=First Post\\|date\\=30 May 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902004757/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rituparno\\-ghosh\\-wrapped\\-up\\-satyanweshi\\-shoot\\-before\\-death\\-827755\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2 September 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
Benevolence, human rights and slavery
-------------------------------------
Kevin Grant shows that numerous historians in the 21st century have explored relationships between the Empire, international government and human rights. They have focused on British conceptions of imperial world order from the late 19th century to the Cold War.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Grant \| first1 \= Kevin \| year \= 2013 \| title \= The British Empire, International Government, and Human Rights \| journal \= History Compass \| volume \= 11 \| issue \= 8\| pages \= 573–583 \| doi\=10\.1111/hic3\.12069}} The British intellectuals and political leaders felt that they had a duty to protect and promote the human rights of the natives and to help pull them from the slough of traditionalism and cruelties (such as [suttee](/wiki/Suttee "Suttee") in India and [foot binding](/wiki/Foot_binding "Foot binding") in China). The notion of "benevolence" was developed in the 1780–1840 era by idealists whose moralistic prescriptions annoyed efficiency\-oriented colonial administrators and profit\-oriented merchants.Helen Gilbert and Chris Tiffin, eds., *Burden or Benefit?: Imperial Benevolence and Its Legacies* (2008\) ch 2 Partly it was a matter of fighting corruption in the Empire, as typified by [Edmund Burke](/wiki/Edmund_Burke "Edmund Burke")'s long, but failed, [attempt to impeach](/wiki/Impeachment_of_Warren_Hastings "Impeachment of Warren Hastings") [Warren Hastings](/wiki/Warren_Hastings "Warren Hastings") for his cruelties in India. The most successful development came in the abolition of slavery led by [William Wilberforce](/wiki/William_Wilberforce "William Wilberforce") and the Evangelicals,Richard S. Reddie, *Abolition!: The Struggle to Abolish Slavery in the British Colonies* (2007\) and the expansion of Christian missionary work.Norman Etherington, *Missions and Empire* (2008\) [Edward Gibbon Wakefield](/wiki/Edward_Gibbon_Wakefield "Edward Gibbon Wakefield") (1796–1852\) spearheaded efforts to create model colonies (such as [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia "South Australia"), [Canada](/wiki/Durham_Report "Durham Report") and [New Zealand](/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand "History of New Zealand")). The 1840 [Treaty of Waitangi](/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi "Treaty of Waitangi"), initially designed to protect Maori rights, has become the bedrock of Aotearoa–New Zealand biculturalism.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Bell \| first1 \= Avril \| year \= 2006 \| title \= Bifurcation or entanglement? Settler identity and biculturalism in Aotearoa New Zealand \| journal \= Continuum: Journal of Media \& Cultural Studies \| volume \= 20 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 253–268 \| doi\=10\.1080/10304310600641786\| s2cid \= 144829231 }} In Wakefield's vision, the object of benevolence was to introduce and promote values of industriousness and a productive economy, not to use colonies as a dumping ground for transported criminals.Helen Gilbert and Chris Tiffin, eds. *Burden or Benefit?: Imperial Benevolence and Its Legacies* (2008\).
### Promotion and abolition of slavery
English historian [Jeremy Black](/wiki/Jeremy_Black_%28historian%29 "Jeremy Black (historian)") argues that:
Slavery and the slave trade are the most difficult and contentious aspect of the imperial legacy, one that captures the full viciousness of power, economic, political, and military, and that leaves a clear and understandable hostility to empire in the Atlantic world, Moreover, within Britain, slavery and the slave trade became and become, ready ways to stigmatize empire, and increasingly so, notably as Britain becomes a multiracial society.Jeremy Black, Imperial legacies: the British Empire around the world (2020\) p. 128\.
One of the most controversial aspects of the Empire is its role in first promoting and then ending slavery.Matthew Wyman‐McCarthy, "British abolitionism and global empire in the late 18th century: A historiographic overview." *History Compass* 16\.10 (2018\): e12480\. {{doi\|10\.1111/hic3\.12480}}
In the 18th century, British merchant ships were the largest element in the "[Middle Passage](/wiki/Middle_Passage "Middle Passage")", which transported millions of slaves to the Western Hemisphere. Most of those who survived the journey wound up in the Caribbean, where the Empire had highly profitable sugar colonies, and the living conditions were bad (the plantation owners lived in Britain). Parliament ended the international transportation of slaves in 1807 and used the Royal Navy to enforce that ban. In 1833, it bought out the plantation owners and banned slavery. Historians before the 1940s argued that moralistic reformers such as [William Wilberforce](/wiki/William_Wilberforce "William Wilberforce") were primarily responsible.Frank Joseph Klingberg, *The Anti\-slavery Movement in England: A study in English Humanitarianism* (Yale University Press, 1926\).
[Historical revisionism](/wiki/Historical_revisionism "Historical revisionism") arrived when West Indian historian [Eric Williams](/wiki/Eric_Williams "Eric Williams"), a Marxist, in *[Capitalism and Slavery](/wiki/Capitalism_and_Slavery "Capitalism and Slavery")* (1944\), rejected this moral explanation and argued that abolition was now more profitable, as a century of sugar cane raising had exhausted the soil of the islands, and the plantations had become unprofitable. It was more profitable to sell the slaves to the government than to keep up operations. The 1807 prohibition of the international trade, Williams argued, prevented French expansion on other islands. Meanwhile, British investors turned to Asia, where labor was so plentiful that slavery was unnecessary. Williams went on to argue that slavery played a major role in making Britain prosperous. The high profits from the slave trade, he said, helped finance the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution "Industrial Revolution"). Britain enjoyed prosperity because of the capital gained from the unpaid work of slaves.Barbara Solow and Stanley L. Engerman, eds, *British capitalism and Caribbean slavery: The legacy of Eric Williams* (Cambridge University Press, 2004\).
Since the 1970s, numerous historians have challenged Williams from various angles, and Gad Heuman has concluded, "More recent research has rejected this conclusion; it is now clear that the colonies of the British Caribbean profited considerably during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars."{{cite journal \| last1 \= Heuman \| first1 \= Gad \| year \= 1999 \| title \= The British West Indies" in Andrew Porter, ed. \| journal \= The Oxford History of the British Empire \- Vol. 3: The 19th Century \| volume \= 3 \| page \= 470 }}Seymour Drescher, "Eric Williams: British Capitalism and British Slavery". *History and Theory* (1987\): 180–196\. [online](http://his693.clevelandhistory.org/files/2015/01/Drescher-WilliamThesis.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329123920/http://his693\.clevelandhistory.org/files/2015/01/Drescher\-WilliamThesis.pdf \|date\=2017\-03\-29 }} In his major attack on the Williams's thesis, [Seymour Drescher](/wiki/Seymour_Drescher "Seymour Drescher") argues that Britain's abolition of the slave trade in 1807 resulted not from the diminishing value of slavery for Britain but instead from the moral outrage of the British voting public.Seymour Drescher, *Econocide: British Slavery in the Era of Abolition* (1977\). Critics have also argued that slavery remained profitable in the 1830s because of innovations in agriculture so the [profit motive](/wiki/Profit_motive "Profit motive") was not central to abolition.J.R. Ward, "The British West Indies in the Age of Abolition", in P.J. Marshall, ed. *The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century* (1998\) pp 415–439\. Richardson (1998\) finds that Williams's claims regarding the Industrial Revolution are exaggerated, as profits from the slave trade amounted to less than 1% of domestic investment in Britain. Richardson further challenges claims (by African scholars) that the slave trade caused widespread depopulation and economic distress in Africa but that it caused the "underdevelopment" of Africa. Admitting the horrible suffering of slaves, he notes that many Africans benefited directly because the first stage of the trade was always firmly in the hands of Africans. European slave ships waited at ports to purchase cargoes of people who were captured in the hinterland by African dealers and tribal leaders. Richardson finds that the "terms of trade" (how much the ship owners paid for the slave cargo) moved heavily in favour of the Africans after about 1750\. That is, indigenous elites inside West and Central Africa made large and growing profits from slavery, thus increasing their wealth and power.David Richardson, "The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1660–1807", in P. J. Marshall, ed. *The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century* (1998\), pp. 440–464\.
Economic historian [Stanley Engerman](/wiki/Stanley_Engerman "Stanley Engerman") finds that even without subtracting the associated costs of the slave trade (shipping costs, slave mortality, mortality of British people in Africa, defence costs) or reinvestment of profits back into the slave trade, the total profits from the slave trade and of West Indian plantations amounted to less than 5% of the [British economy](/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom "Economic history of the United Kingdom") during any year of the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution "Industrial Revolution").Stanley L. Engerman, "The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century: A Comment on the Williams Thesis". *Business History Review* 46\#04 (1972\): 430–443\.[in jstor](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3113341) Engerman's 5% figure gives as much as possible in terms of benefit of the doubt to the Williams argument, not solely because it does not take into account the associated costs of the slave trade to Britain, but also because it carries the full\-employment assumption from economics and holds the gross value of slave trade profits as a direct contribution to Britain's national income.{{cite journal\|author\=Stanley L. Engerman\|title\=The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century\|jstor\=3113341 \| volume\=46\|issue\=4\|pages\=430–443\|doi\=10\.2307/3113341\|journal\=Business History Review\|year\=1972\|s2cid\=154620412 }} Historian [Richard Pares](/wiki/Richard_Pares "Richard Pares"), in an article written before Williams's book, dismisses the influence of wealth generated from the West Indian plantations upon the financing of the Industrial Revolution, stating that whatever substantial flow of investment from West Indian profits into industry there was occurred after emancipation, not before it.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Pares \| first1 \= Richard \| year \= 1937 \| title \= The Economic Factors in the History of the Empire \| journal \= Economic History Review \| volume \= 7 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 119–144 \| jstor\=2590147\| doi \= 10\.2307/2590147 }}
### Whiggish history and the civilising mission
[thumb\|left\|[University of Lucknow](/wiki/University_of_Lucknow "University of Lucknow") founded by the British in 1867 in India](/wiki/File:Lucknowuniversity.jpg "Lucknowuniversity.jpg") [Thomas Babington Macaulay](/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay%2C_1st_Baron_Macaulay "Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay") (1800–1859\) was the foremost historian of his day, arguing for the ["Whig interpretation of history"](/wiki/Whig_history "Whig history") that saw the history of Britain as an upward progression always leading to more liberty and more progress. Macaulay simultaneously was a leading reformer involved in transforming the educational system of India. He would base it on the English language so that India could join the mother country in a steady upward progress. Macaulay took Burke's emphasis on moral rule and implemented it in actual school reforms, giving the British Empire a profound moral mission to civilize the natives.
[thumb\|upright\|[Paul Bogle](/wiki/Paul_Bogle "Paul Bogle"), a Baptist deacon, was hanged for leading the [Morant Bay rebellion](/wiki/Morant_Bay_rebellion "Morant Bay rebellion") in Jamaica, 1865](/wiki/File:PaulBogle-MorantBay.jpg "PaulBogle-MorantBay.jpg")
Yale professor Karuna Mantena has argued that the civilizing mission did not last long, for she says that benevolent reformers were the losers in key debates, such as those following the 1857 rebellion in India, and the scandal of [Governor Edward Eyre](/wiki/Edward_John_Eyre "Edward John Eyre")'s brutal repression of the [Morant Bay rebellion](/wiki/Morant_Bay_rebellion "Morant Bay rebellion") in Jamaica in 1865\. The rhetoric continued but it became an alibi for British misrule and racism. No longer was it believed that the natives could truly make progress, instead they had to be ruled by heavy hand, with democratic opportunities postponed indefinitely. As a result:
{{blockquote\|The central tenets of liberal imperialism were challenged as various forms of rebellion, resistance and instability in the colonies precipitated a broad\-ranging reassessment ... the equation of 'good government' with the reform of native society, which was at the core of the discourse of liberal empire, would be subject to mounting skepticism."Karuna Mantena, \[http://www.histoire\-politique.fr/documents/11/dossier/pdf/HP11\_Mantena\_pdf\_200510\.pdf "The Crisis of Liberal Imperialism"], ''Histoire@Politique. Politique, culture, société'' (2010\) \#11, p. 3\.}}
English historian Peter Cain, has challenged Mantena, arguing that the imperialists truly believed that British rule would bring to the subjects the benefits of ‘ordered liberty’. thereby Britain could fulfill its moral duty and achieve its own greatness. Much of the debate took place in Britain itself, and the imperialists worked hard to convince the general population that the civilising mission was well underway. This campaign served to strengthen imperial support at home, and thus, says Cain, to bolster the moral authority of the gentlemanly elites who ran the Empire.Peter J. Cain, "Character, 'Ordered Liberty', and the Mission to Civilise: British Moral Justification of Empire, 1870–1914", *Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History* (2012\), 40$4 pp. 557–578\.
### Public health
Mark Harrison argues that the history of public health administration in India dates from the assumption of Crown rule in 1859\. Medical experts found that epidemic disease had seriously depleted the fighting capacity of British troops in repressing the rebellion in 1857 and insisted that preventive measures were much more effective than waiting for the next epidemic to break out.Mark Harrison, *Public Health in British India: Anglo\-Indian Preventive Medicine 1859–1914* (1994\) Across the Empire it became a high priority for Imperial officials to establish a public health system in each colony. They applied the best practices as developed in Britain, using an elaborate administrative structure in each colony. The system depended on trained local elites and officials to carry out the sanitation improvements, quarantines, inoculations, hospitals, and local treatment centers that were needed. For example, local midwives were trained to provide maternal and infant health care. Propaganda campaigns using posters, rallies, and later films were used to educate the general public.Ryan Johnson, and Amna Khalid, eds. *Public Health in the British Empire: Intermediaries, Subordinates, and the Practice of Public Health, 1850–1960* (Routledge, 2011\). A serious challenge came from the intensified use of multiple transportation routes and the emergence of central hubs such as Hong Kong all of which facilitated this spread of epidemics such as the plague in the 1890s, thus sharply increasing the priority of public health programs.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Peckham \| first1 \= Robert \| year \= 2013 \| title \= Infective Economies: Empire, Panic and the Business of Disease \| journal \= Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History \| volume \= 41 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 211–237 \| doi\=10\.1080/03086534\.2013\.789272\| s2cid \= 144467448 }} Michael Worboys argues that the 20th\-century development and control of tropical diseases had three phases: protection of Europeans in the colonies, improvement in health care of employable natives, and finally the systematic attack on the main diseases of the natives. BELRA, a large\-scale program against leprosy, had policies of isolation in newly established leper colonies, separation of healthy children from infected parents, and the development in Britain of chaulmoogra oil therapy and its systematic dissemination.Michael Worboys, "The colonial world as mission and mandate: Leprosy and empire, 1900–1940\." *Osiris* (2000\): 207–218 [in JSTOR](https://www.jstor.org/stable/301949)John Farley, *Bilharzia: a history of imperial tropical medicine* (Cambridge University Press, 2003\).
Danald McDonald has argued the most advanced program in public health (apart from the dominions) was established in India, with the [Indian Medical Service](/wiki/Indian_Medical_Service "Indian Medical Service") (IMS).Donald McDonald, *Surgeons Twoe and a Barber* (London: Heinemann, 1950\) Review: {{cite journal \| pmc\=2530269 \| page\=365 \| volume\=27 \| issue\=309 \| journal\=Postgraduate Medical Journal \| title\=Surgeons Twoe and a Barber \| doi\=10\.1136/pgmj.27\.309\.365\| date\=July 1951 }} The Raj set up the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine between 1910 and its opening in 1921 as a postgraduate center for tropical medicine on the periphery of the Empire.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Power \| first1 \= Helen \| year \= 1996 \| title \= The Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine: Institutionalizing Medical Research in the Periphery \| journal \= Medical History \| volume \= 40 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 197–214 \| doi\=10\.1017/s0025727300061007\| pmid \= 8936061 \| pmc \= 1037095}}Douglas M. Haynes, *Imperial Medicine: Patrick Manson \& the Conquest of Tropical Diseases* (2001\).
### Religion: The missionaries
In the 18th century, and even more so in the 19th century, missionaries based in Britain saw the Empire as a fertile field for proselytizing Christianity. Congregations across Britain received regular reports and contributed money.For the historiography see Elizabeth Elbourne, "Religion" in Stockwell, ed., *The British Empire* (2008\) pp. 131–156\. For an empire\-wide view see Norman Etherington, ed., *Missions and Empire* (Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series, 2005\). All the main denominations were involved, including the Church of England, the Presbyterians of Scotland, and the Nonconformists. Much of the enthusiasm emerged from the Evangelical revival.Andrew Porter, "Religion, Missionary Enthusiasm, and Empire", in Andrew Porter, ed., *The Oxford History of the British Empire \- Vol. 3* (1999\), pp. 222\-46\.{{cite book\|author\=Susan Thorne\|title\=Congregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture in Nineteenth\-Century England\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=7WHb8hB6hiIC\&pg\=PA1\|year\=1999\|publisher\=Stanford University Press, ch 1\|isbn\=978\-0\-8047\-6544\-2}}Andrew Porter, *Religion versus Empire?: British Protestant Missionaries and Overseas Expansion, 1700–1914* (2004\). The two largest and most influential operations were the [Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG)](/wiki/United_Society_Partners_in_the_Gospel "United Society Partners in the Gospel") founded in 1701,Henry Paget Thompson, *Into all lands: the history of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 1701\-1950* (1951\). and the more evangelical [Church Mission Society](/wiki/Church_Mission_Society "Church Mission Society"), founded in 1799, also by the Church of England.Kevin Ward and Brian Stanley, eds. *The Church Mission Society and World Christianity, 1799\-1999* (Eerdmans, 2000\).
Before the American Revolution, Anglican and Methodist missionaries were active in the 13 Colonies. The Methodists, led by [George Whitefield](/wiki/George_Whitefield "George Whitefield"), were the most successful according to Mark Noll. After the revolution an entirely distinct American Methodist denomination emerged that became the largest Protestant denomination in the new United States.Mark A. Noll, *The Rise of Evangelicalism: The Age of Edwards, Whitefield and the Wesleys* (2010\). As historians such as Carl Bridenbaugh have argued, a major problem for colonial officials was the demand of the Church of England to set up an American bishop; this was strongly opposed by most of the Americans.Carl Bridenbaugh, *Mitre and Sceptre: Transatlantic Faiths, Ideas, Personalities, and Politics, 1689–1775* (1967\). Increasingly colonial officials took a neutral position on religious matters, even in those colonies such as Virginia where the Church of England was officially established, but in practice controlled by laymen in the local vestries. After the Americans broke free, British officials decided to enhance the power and wealth of the Church of England in all the settler colonies, especially British North America (Canada).Andrew Porter, "Religion, Missionary Enthusiasm, and Empire", in *The Oxford History of the British Empire \- Vol. 3*, pp. 223–224\.
Missionary societies funded their own operations that were not supervised or directed by the Colonial Office. Tensions emerged between the missionaries and the colonial officials. The latter feared that missionaries might stir up trouble or encourage the natives to challenge colonial authority. In general, colonial officials were much more comfortable with working with the established local leadership, including the native religions, rather than introducing the divisive force of Christianity. This proved especially troublesome in India, where very few local elites were attracted to Christianity. In Africa, especially, the missionaries made many converts. By the 21st century, there were more Anglicans in Nigeria than in England.Norman Etherington, ed. *Missions and Empire* (Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series) (2008\)Porter, "Religion, Missionary Enthusiasm, and Empire", (1999\) vol 3 ch 11
Christianity had a powerful effect far beyond the small circle of converts—it provided a model of modernity. The introduction of European medicine was especially important, as well as the introduction of European political practices and ideals such as religious liberty, mass education, mass printing, newspapers, voluntary organizations, colonial reforms, and especially liberal democracy.Robert D. Woodberry, ["The missionary roots of liberal democracy"](http://www.hillcountryinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/missionaryrootsofliberaldemocracy.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809065449/http://www.hillcountryinstitute.org/wp\-content/uploads/missionaryrootsofliberaldemocracy.pdf \|date\=2017\-08\-09 }}, *American Political Science Review* 106\#2 (2012\): 244–274\. Increasingly the missionaries realized their wider scope and systematically added secular roles to their spiritual mission. They tried to upgrade education, medical care, and sponsored the long\-term modernization of the native personality to inculcate European middle\-class values. Alongside their churches they established schools and medical clinics, and sometimes demonstrated improved farming techniques.{{cite book\|author\=Michael D. Palmer and Stanley M. Burgess, eds\|title\=The Wiley\-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=miXfxNiFghcC\&pg\=PA473\|year\=2012\|publisher\=John Wiley \& Sons\|page\=473\|isbn\=978\-1\-4443\-5537\-6}} Christian missionaries played a public role, especially in promoting sanitation and public health. Many were trained as physicians, or took special courses in public health and tropical medicine at Livingstone College, London.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Johnson \| first1 \= Ryan \| year \= 2010 \| title \= Colonial Mission and Imperial Tropical Medicine: Livingstone College, London, 1893–1914 \| journal \= Social History of Medicine \| volume \= 23 \| issue \= 3\| pages \= 549–566 \| doi\=10\.1093/shm/hkq044}}
Furthermore, Christian missionary activities were studied and copied by local activists and had an influence upon religious politics, on prophetic movements such as those in Xhosa societies, on emerging nationalism in South African and India, the emergence of African independent churches, and sometimes upgrading the status of native women.Elbourne, "Religion" in Stockwell, (2008\) pp 131–156\.
Historians have begun to analyze the agency of women in overseas missions. At first, missionary societies officially enrolled only men, but women increasingly insisted on playing a variety of roles. Single women typically worked as educators. Wives assisted their missionary husbands in most of his roles. Advocates stopped short of calling for the end of specified gender roles, but they stressed the interconnectedness of the public and private spheres and spoke out against perceptions of women as weak and house\-bound.Clare Midgley, "Can Women Be Missionaries? Envisioning female agency in the early nineteenth\-century British Empire". *Journal of British Studies* 45\#2 (2006\): 335–358\. [online](http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8752170&fileId=S0021937100005256)
### Education
In the colonies that became dominions, education was left primarily in the hands of local officials. The Imperial government took a strong hand in India, and most of the later colonies. The goal was to speed up modernization and social development through a widespread system of elementary education for all natives, plus high school and eventually university education for selected elites. The students were encouraged to attend university in Britain.Clive Whitehead, "The historiography of British imperial education policy, Part I: India". *History of Education* 34\#3 (2005\): 315–329\.Clive Whitehead, "The historiography of British Imperial education policy, Part II: Africa and the rest of the colonial empire". History of Education 34\#4 (2005\): 441–454\.
### Direct control and bureaucracy
Much of the older historiography, as represented by *[The Cambridge History of the British Empire](/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_the_British_Empire "The Cambridge History of the British Empire")*, covers the detailed month\-to\-month operations of the Imperial bureaucracy. More recent scholarship has examined who the bureaucrats and governors were, as well as the role of the colonial experience on their own lives and families. The cultural approach asks how bureaucrats represented themselves and enticed the natives to accept their rule.Mark Francis, *Governors \& Settlers. Images of Authority in the British Colonies, 1820–1860* (1992\)
Wives of senior bureaucrats played an increasingly important role in dealing with the local people, and in sponsoring and promoting charities and civic good will. When they returned to Britain they had an influential voice in shaping upper\-class opinion toward colonization. Historian Robert Pearce points out that many colonial wives had a negative reputation, but he depicts Violet Bourdillon (1886–1979\) as "the perfect Governor's wife." She charmed both British businessmen and the locals in Nigeria, giving the colonial peoples graciousness and respect; she made the British appear to be not so much rulers, as guides and partners in social, economic and political development.Robert D. Pearce, "Violet Bourdillon: Colonial Governor's Wife". *African Affairs* (1983\): 267–277\. [at JSTOR](https://www.jstor.org/stable/721407)
### Indirect control
{{main\|indirect rule}}
Some British colonies were ruled directly by the Colonial Office in London, while others were ruled indirectly through local rulers who are supervised behind the scenes by British advisors, with different economic results as shown by Lakshmi Iyer (2010\).
In much of the Empire, large local populations were ruled in close cooperation with the local hierarchy. Historians have developed categories of control, such as "subsidiary alliances", "paramountcy", "protectorates", "indirect rule", "clientelism", or "collaboration". Local elites were co\-opted into leadership positions, and often had the role of minimizing opposition from local independence movements.Colin Walter Newbury, "Patrons, Clients, and Empire: The Subordination of Indigenous Hierarchies in Asia and Africa". *Journal of World History* 2000; 11(2\): 227–263\. [online](http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jwh/summary/v011/11.2newbury.html)
Fisher has explored the origins and development of the system of indirect rule. The British East India Company starting in the mid\-18th century stationed its staff as agents in Indian states which it did not control, especially the [Princely States](/wiki/Princely_States "Princely States"). By the 1840s The system became an efficient way to govern indirectly, by providing local rulers with highly detailed advice that had been approved by central authorities. After 1870, military more and more often took the role; they were recruited and promoted officers on the basis of experience and expertise. The indirect rule system was extended to Many of the colonial holdings in Asia and Africa.Michael H. Fisher, "Indirect rule in the British Empire: The foundations of the residency system in India (1764–1858\)". *Modern Asian Studies* 18\#3 (1984\): 393–428\.
Economic historians have explored the economic consequences of indirect rule, as in IndiaLakshmi Iyer, "Direct versus indirect colonial rule in India: Long\-term consequences". *The Review of Economics and Statistics* (2010\) 92\#4 pp. 693–713 [online](http://www.people.hbs.edu/liyer/Iyer_Colonial_REStat.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903053002/http://www.people.hbs.edu/liyer/Iyer\_Colonial\_REStat.pdf \|date\=2014\-09\-03 }}. and West Africa.Adiele Eberechukwu Afigbo, *The Warrant Chiefs: indirect rule in southeastern Nigeria, 1891–1929* (London: Longman, 1972\)
In 1890, Zanzibar became a [protectorate](/wiki/Protectorate "Protectorate") (not a colony) of Britain. Prime minister Salisbury explained his position:
{{blockquote\|The condition of a protected dependency is more acceptable to the half civilised races, and more suitable for them than direct dominion. It is cheaper, simpler, less wounding to their self\-esteem, gives them more career as public officials, and spares of unnecessary contact with white men.Andrew Roberts, ''Salisbury: Victorian Titan'' (1999\) p. 529}}
Colonel Sir [Robert Groves Sandeman](/wiki/Robert_Groves_Sandeman "Robert Groves Sandeman") (1835–1892\) introduced an innovative system of tribal pacification in [Balochistan](/wiki/Balochistan "Balochistan") that was in effect from 1877 to 1947\. He gave financial allowances to tribal chiefs who enforced control, and used British military force only when necessary. However the Government of India generally opposed his methods and refused to allow it to operate in India's [North West Frontier](/wiki/Military_history_of_the_North-West_Frontier "Military history of the North-West Frontier"). Historians have long debated its scope and effectiveness in the peaceful spread of Imperial influence.Christian Tripodi, "'Good for one but not the other': The 'Sandeman System' of Pacification as Applied to Baluchistan and the North\-West Frontier, 1877–1947". *Journal of Military History* 73\#3 (2009\): 767–802\. [online](http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jmh/summary/v073/73.3.tripodi.html)
### Environment
Although environmental history was growing rapidly after 1970, it only reached empire studies in the 1990s.{{cite book\|editor\=Robin Winks\|title\=The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=68w\-855pL\-MC\|year\=1999\|pages\=664–665\|publisher\=OUP Oxford \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-164769\-7}}Madhav Gadgil and Ramachandra Guha, *This fissured land: an ecological history of India* (1993\).John M. MacKenzie, *The empire of nature: Hunting, conservation and British Imperialism* (1997\). Gregory Barton argues that the concept of environmentalism emerged from forestry studies, and emphasizes the British imperial role in that research. He argues that imperial forestry movement in India around 1900 included government reservations, new methods of fire protection, and attention to revenue\-producing forest management. The result eased the fight between romantic preservationists and laissez\-faire businessmen, thus giving the compromise from which modern environmentalism emerged.Gregory Barton, "Empire forestry and the origins of environmentalism". *Journal of Historical Geography* 27\#4 (2001\): 529–552\.
In recent years numerous scholars cited by James Beattie have examined the environmental impact of the Empire.James Beattie, "Recent Themes in the Environmental History of the British Empire", *History Compass* (Feb 2012\) 10\#2 pp. 129–139 Beinart and Hughes argue that the discovery and commercial or scientific use of new plants was an important concern in the 18th and 19th centuries. The efficient use of rivers through dams and irrigation projects was an expensive but important method of raising agricultural productivity. Searching for more efficient ways of using natural resources, the British moved flora, fauna and commodities around the world, sometimes resulting in ecological disruption and radical environmental change. Imperialism also stimulated more modern attitudes toward nature and subsidized botany and agricultural research.William Beinart and Lotte Hughes. *Environment and empire* (2007\) Scholars have used the British Empire to examine the utility of the new concept of eco\-cultural networks as a lens for examining interconnected, wide\-ranging social and environmental processes.James Beattie, Edward Melillo, and Emily O'Gorman. "Rethinking the British Empire through eco\-cultural networks: materialist\-cultural environmental history, relational connections and agency". *Environment and History* 20\#4 (2014\): 561–575\.
|
[
"Benevolence, human rights and slavery\n-------------------------------------",
"Kevin Grant shows that numerous historians in the 21st century have explored relationships between the Empire, international government and human rights. They have focused on British conceptions of imperial world order from the late 19th century to the Cold War.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Grant \\| first1 \\= Kevin \\| year \\= 2013 \\| title \\= The British Empire, International Government, and Human Rights \\| journal \\= History Compass \\| volume \\= 11 \\| issue \\= 8\\| pages \\= 573–583 \\| doi\\=10\\.1111/hic3\\.12069}} The British intellectuals and political leaders felt that they had a duty to protect and promote the human rights of the natives and to help pull them from the slough of traditionalism and cruelties (such as [suttee](/wiki/Suttee \"Suttee\") in India and [foot binding](/wiki/Foot_binding \"Foot binding\") in China). The notion of \"benevolence\" was developed in the 1780–1840 era by idealists whose moralistic prescriptions annoyed efficiency\\-oriented colonial administrators and profit\\-oriented merchants.Helen Gilbert and Chris Tiffin, eds., *Burden or Benefit?: Imperial Benevolence and Its Legacies* (2008\\) ch 2 Partly it was a matter of fighting corruption in the Empire, as typified by [Edmund Burke](/wiki/Edmund_Burke \"Edmund Burke\")'s long, but failed, [attempt to impeach](/wiki/Impeachment_of_Warren_Hastings \"Impeachment of Warren Hastings\") [Warren Hastings](/wiki/Warren_Hastings \"Warren Hastings\") for his cruelties in India. The most successful development came in the abolition of slavery led by [William Wilberforce](/wiki/William_Wilberforce \"William Wilberforce\") and the Evangelicals,Richard S. Reddie, *Abolition!: The Struggle to Abolish Slavery in the British Colonies* (2007\\) and the expansion of Christian missionary work.Norman Etherington, *Missions and Empire* (2008\\) [Edward Gibbon Wakefield](/wiki/Edward_Gibbon_Wakefield \"Edward Gibbon Wakefield\") (1796–1852\\) spearheaded efforts to create model colonies (such as [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia \"South Australia\"), [Canada](/wiki/Durham_Report \"Durham Report\") and [New Zealand](/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand \"History of New Zealand\")). The 1840 [Treaty of Waitangi](/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi \"Treaty of Waitangi\"), initially designed to protect Maori rights, has become the bedrock of Aotearoa–New Zealand biculturalism.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Bell \\| first1 \\= Avril \\| year \\= 2006 \\| title \\= Bifurcation or entanglement? Settler identity and biculturalism in Aotearoa New Zealand \\| journal \\= Continuum: Journal of Media \\& Cultural Studies \\| volume \\= 20 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 253–268 \\| doi\\=10\\.1080/10304310600641786\\| s2cid \\= 144829231 }} In Wakefield's vision, the object of benevolence was to introduce and promote values of industriousness and a productive economy, not to use colonies as a dumping ground for transported criminals.Helen Gilbert and Chris Tiffin, eds. *Burden or Benefit?: Imperial Benevolence and Its Legacies* (2008\\).",
"### Promotion and abolition of slavery",
"English historian [Jeremy Black](/wiki/Jeremy_Black_%28historian%29 \"Jeremy Black (historian)\") argues that:\nSlavery and the slave trade are the most difficult and contentious aspect of the imperial legacy, one that captures the full viciousness of power, economic, political, and military, and that leaves a clear and understandable hostility to empire in the Atlantic world, Moreover, within Britain, slavery and the slave trade became and become, ready ways to stigmatize empire, and increasingly so, notably as Britain becomes a multiracial society.Jeremy Black, Imperial legacies: the British Empire around the world (2020\\) p. 128\\.",
"One of the most controversial aspects of the Empire is its role in first promoting and then ending slavery.Matthew Wyman‐McCarthy, \"British abolitionism and global empire in the late 18th century: A historiographic overview.\" *History Compass* 16\\.10 (2018\\): e12480\\. {{doi\\|10\\.1111/hic3\\.12480}}\n In the 18th century, British merchant ships were the largest element in the \"[Middle Passage](/wiki/Middle_Passage \"Middle Passage\")\", which transported millions of slaves to the Western Hemisphere. Most of those who survived the journey wound up in the Caribbean, where the Empire had highly profitable sugar colonies, and the living conditions were bad (the plantation owners lived in Britain). Parliament ended the international transportation of slaves in 1807 and used the Royal Navy to enforce that ban. In 1833, it bought out the plantation owners and banned slavery. Historians before the 1940s argued that moralistic reformers such as [William Wilberforce](/wiki/William_Wilberforce \"William Wilberforce\") were primarily responsible.Frank Joseph Klingberg, *The Anti\\-slavery Movement in England: A study in English Humanitarianism* (Yale University Press, 1926\\).",
"[Historical revisionism](/wiki/Historical_revisionism \"Historical revisionism\") arrived when West Indian historian [Eric Williams](/wiki/Eric_Williams \"Eric Williams\"), a Marxist, in *[Capitalism and Slavery](/wiki/Capitalism_and_Slavery \"Capitalism and Slavery\")* (1944\\), rejected this moral explanation and argued that abolition was now more profitable, as a century of sugar cane raising had exhausted the soil of the islands, and the plantations had become unprofitable. It was more profitable to sell the slaves to the government than to keep up operations. The 1807 prohibition of the international trade, Williams argued, prevented French expansion on other islands. Meanwhile, British investors turned to Asia, where labor was so plentiful that slavery was unnecessary. Williams went on to argue that slavery played a major role in making Britain prosperous. The high profits from the slave trade, he said, helped finance the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution \"Industrial Revolution\"). Britain enjoyed prosperity because of the capital gained from the unpaid work of slaves.Barbara Solow and Stanley L. Engerman, eds, *British capitalism and Caribbean slavery: The legacy of Eric Williams* (Cambridge University Press, 2004\\).",
"Since the 1970s, numerous historians have challenged Williams from various angles, and Gad Heuman has concluded, \"More recent research has rejected this conclusion; it is now clear that the colonies of the British Caribbean profited considerably during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.\"{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Heuman \\| first1 \\= Gad \\| year \\= 1999 \\| title \\= The British West Indies\" in Andrew Porter, ed. \\| journal \\= The Oxford History of the British Empire \\- Vol. 3: The 19th Century \\| volume \\= 3 \\| page \\= 470 }}Seymour Drescher, \"Eric Williams: British Capitalism and British Slavery\". *History and Theory* (1987\\): 180–196\\. [online](http://his693.clevelandhistory.org/files/2015/01/Drescher-WilliamThesis.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329123920/http://his693\\.clevelandhistory.org/files/2015/01/Drescher\\-WilliamThesis.pdf \\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-29 }} In his major attack on the Williams's thesis, [Seymour Drescher](/wiki/Seymour_Drescher \"Seymour Drescher\") argues that Britain's abolition of the slave trade in 1807 resulted not from the diminishing value of slavery for Britain but instead from the moral outrage of the British voting public.Seymour Drescher, *Econocide: British Slavery in the Era of Abolition* (1977\\). Critics have also argued that slavery remained profitable in the 1830s because of innovations in agriculture so the [profit motive](/wiki/Profit_motive \"Profit motive\") was not central to abolition.J.R. Ward, \"The British West Indies in the Age of Abolition\", in P.J. Marshall, ed. *The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century* (1998\\) pp 415–439\\. Richardson (1998\\) finds that Williams's claims regarding the Industrial Revolution are exaggerated, as profits from the slave trade amounted to less than 1% of domestic investment in Britain. Richardson further challenges claims (by African scholars) that the slave trade caused widespread depopulation and economic distress in Africa but that it caused the \"underdevelopment\" of Africa. Admitting the horrible suffering of slaves, he notes that many Africans benefited directly because the first stage of the trade was always firmly in the hands of Africans. European slave ships waited at ports to purchase cargoes of people who were captured in the hinterland by African dealers and tribal leaders. Richardson finds that the \"terms of trade\" (how much the ship owners paid for the slave cargo) moved heavily in favour of the Africans after about 1750\\. That is, indigenous elites inside West and Central Africa made large and growing profits from slavery, thus increasing their wealth and power.David Richardson, \"The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1660–1807\", in P. J. Marshall, ed. *The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century* (1998\\), pp. 440–464\\.",
"Economic historian [Stanley Engerman](/wiki/Stanley_Engerman \"Stanley Engerman\") finds that even without subtracting the associated costs of the slave trade (shipping costs, slave mortality, mortality of British people in Africa, defence costs) or reinvestment of profits back into the slave trade, the total profits from the slave trade and of West Indian plantations amounted to less than 5% of the [British economy](/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Economic history of the United Kingdom\") during any year of the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution \"Industrial Revolution\").Stanley L. Engerman, \"The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century: A Comment on the Williams Thesis\". *Business History Review* 46\\#04 (1972\\): 430–443\\.[in jstor](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3113341) Engerman's 5% figure gives as much as possible in terms of benefit of the doubt to the Williams argument, not solely because it does not take into account the associated costs of the slave trade to Britain, but also because it carries the full\\-employment assumption from economics and holds the gross value of slave trade profits as a direct contribution to Britain's national income.{{cite journal\\|author\\=Stanley L. Engerman\\|title\\=The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century\\|jstor\\=3113341 \\| volume\\=46\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=430–443\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3113341\\|journal\\=Business History Review\\|year\\=1972\\|s2cid\\=154620412 }} Historian [Richard Pares](/wiki/Richard_Pares \"Richard Pares\"), in an article written before Williams's book, dismisses the influence of wealth generated from the West Indian plantations upon the financing of the Industrial Revolution, stating that whatever substantial flow of investment from West Indian profits into industry there was occurred after emancipation, not before it.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Pares \\| first1 \\= Richard \\| year \\= 1937 \\| title \\= The Economic Factors in the History of the Empire \\| journal \\= Economic History Review \\| volume \\= 7 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 119–144 \\| jstor\\=2590147\\| doi \\= 10\\.2307/2590147 }}",
"### Whiggish history and the civilising mission",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[University of Lucknow](/wiki/University_of_Lucknow \"University of Lucknow\") founded by the British in 1867 in India](/wiki/File:Lucknowuniversity.jpg \"Lucknowuniversity.jpg\") [Thomas Babington Macaulay](/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay%2C_1st_Baron_Macaulay \"Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay\") (1800–1859\\) was the foremost historian of his day, arguing for the [\"Whig interpretation of history\"](/wiki/Whig_history \"Whig history\") that saw the history of Britain as an upward progression always leading to more liberty and more progress. Macaulay simultaneously was a leading reformer involved in transforming the educational system of India. He would base it on the English language so that India could join the mother country in a steady upward progress. Macaulay took Burke's emphasis on moral rule and implemented it in actual school reforms, giving the British Empire a profound moral mission to civilize the natives.\n[thumb\\|upright\\|[Paul Bogle](/wiki/Paul_Bogle \"Paul Bogle\"), a Baptist deacon, was hanged for leading the [Morant Bay rebellion](/wiki/Morant_Bay_rebellion \"Morant Bay rebellion\") in Jamaica, 1865](/wiki/File:PaulBogle-MorantBay.jpg \"PaulBogle-MorantBay.jpg\")",
"Yale professor Karuna Mantena has argued that the civilizing mission did not last long, for she says that benevolent reformers were the losers in key debates, such as those following the 1857 rebellion in India, and the scandal of [Governor Edward Eyre](/wiki/Edward_John_Eyre \"Edward John Eyre\")'s brutal repression of the [Morant Bay rebellion](/wiki/Morant_Bay_rebellion \"Morant Bay rebellion\") in Jamaica in 1865\\. The rhetoric continued but it became an alibi for British misrule and racism. No longer was it believed that the natives could truly make progress, instead they had to be ruled by heavy hand, with democratic opportunities postponed indefinitely. As a result:\n{{blockquote\\|The central tenets of liberal imperialism were challenged as various forms of rebellion, resistance and instability in the colonies precipitated a broad\\-ranging reassessment ... the equation of 'good government' with the reform of native society, which was at the core of the discourse of liberal empire, would be subject to mounting skepticism.\"Karuna Mantena, \\[http://www.histoire\\-politique.fr/documents/11/dossier/pdf/HP11\\_Mantena\\_pdf\\_200510\\.pdf \"The Crisis of Liberal Imperialism\"], ''Histoire@Politique. Politique, culture, société'' (2010\\) \\#11, p. 3\\.}}",
"English historian Peter Cain, has challenged Mantena, arguing that the imperialists truly believed that British rule would bring to the subjects the benefits of ‘ordered liberty’. thereby Britain could fulfill its moral duty and achieve its own greatness. Much of the debate took place in Britain itself, and the imperialists worked hard to convince the general population that the civilising mission was well underway. This campaign served to strengthen imperial support at home, and thus, says Cain, to bolster the moral authority of the gentlemanly elites who ran the Empire.Peter J. Cain, \"Character, 'Ordered Liberty', and the Mission to Civilise: British Moral Justification of Empire, 1870–1914\", *Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History* (2012\\), 40$4 pp. 557–578\\.",
"### Public health",
"Mark Harrison argues that the history of public health administration in India dates from the assumption of Crown rule in 1859\\. Medical experts found that epidemic disease had seriously depleted the fighting capacity of British troops in repressing the rebellion in 1857 and insisted that preventive measures were much more effective than waiting for the next epidemic to break out.Mark Harrison, *Public Health in British India: Anglo\\-Indian Preventive Medicine 1859–1914* (1994\\) Across the Empire it became a high priority for Imperial officials to establish a public health system in each colony. They applied the best practices as developed in Britain, using an elaborate administrative structure in each colony. The system depended on trained local elites and officials to carry out the sanitation improvements, quarantines, inoculations, hospitals, and local treatment centers that were needed. For example, local midwives were trained to provide maternal and infant health care. Propaganda campaigns using posters, rallies, and later films were used to educate the general public.Ryan Johnson, and Amna Khalid, eds. *Public Health in the British Empire: Intermediaries, Subordinates, and the Practice of Public Health, 1850–1960* (Routledge, 2011\\). A serious challenge came from the intensified use of multiple transportation routes and the emergence of central hubs such as Hong Kong all of which facilitated this spread of epidemics such as the plague in the 1890s, thus sharply increasing the priority of public health programs.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Peckham \\| first1 \\= Robert \\| year \\= 2013 \\| title \\= Infective Economies: Empire, Panic and the Business of Disease \\| journal \\= Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History \\| volume \\= 41 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 211–237 \\| doi\\=10\\.1080/03086534\\.2013\\.789272\\| s2cid \\= 144467448 }} Michael Worboys argues that the 20th\\-century development and control of tropical diseases had three phases: protection of Europeans in the colonies, improvement in health care of employable natives, and finally the systematic attack on the main diseases of the natives. BELRA, a large\\-scale program against leprosy, had policies of isolation in newly established leper colonies, separation of healthy children from infected parents, and the development in Britain of chaulmoogra oil therapy and its systematic dissemination.Michael Worboys, \"The colonial world as mission and mandate: Leprosy and empire, 1900–1940\\.\" *Osiris* (2000\\): 207–218 [in JSTOR](https://www.jstor.org/stable/301949)John Farley, *Bilharzia: a history of imperial tropical medicine* (Cambridge University Press, 2003\\).",
"Danald McDonald has argued the most advanced program in public health (apart from the dominions) was established in India, with the [Indian Medical Service](/wiki/Indian_Medical_Service \"Indian Medical Service\") (IMS).Donald McDonald, *Surgeons Twoe and a Barber* (London: Heinemann, 1950\\) Review: {{cite journal \\| pmc\\=2530269 \\| page\\=365 \\| volume\\=27 \\| issue\\=309 \\| journal\\=Postgraduate Medical Journal \\| title\\=Surgeons Twoe and a Barber \\| doi\\=10\\.1136/pgmj.27\\.309\\.365\\| date\\=July 1951 }} The Raj set up the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine between 1910 and its opening in 1921 as a postgraduate center for tropical medicine on the periphery of the Empire.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Power \\| first1 \\= Helen \\| year \\= 1996 \\| title \\= The Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine: Institutionalizing Medical Research in the Periphery \\| journal \\= Medical History \\| volume \\= 40 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 197–214 \\| doi\\=10\\.1017/s0025727300061007\\| pmid \\= 8936061 \\| pmc \\= 1037095}}Douglas M. Haynes, *Imperial Medicine: Patrick Manson \\& the Conquest of Tropical Diseases* (2001\\).",
"### Religion: The missionaries",
"In the 18th century, and even more so in the 19th century, missionaries based in Britain saw the Empire as a fertile field for proselytizing Christianity. Congregations across Britain received regular reports and contributed money.For the historiography see Elizabeth Elbourne, \"Religion\" in Stockwell, ed., *The British Empire* (2008\\) pp. 131–156\\. For an empire\\-wide view see Norman Etherington, ed., *Missions and Empire* (Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series, 2005\\). All the main denominations were involved, including the Church of England, the Presbyterians of Scotland, and the Nonconformists. Much of the enthusiasm emerged from the Evangelical revival.Andrew Porter, \"Religion, Missionary Enthusiasm, and Empire\", in Andrew Porter, ed., *The Oxford History of the British Empire \\- Vol. 3* (1999\\), pp. 222\\-46\\.{{cite book\\|author\\=Susan Thorne\\|title\\=Congregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture in Nineteenth\\-Century England\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=7WHb8hB6hiIC\\&pg\\=PA1\\|year\\=1999\\|publisher\\=Stanford University Press, ch 1\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8047\\-6544\\-2}}Andrew Porter, *Religion versus Empire?: British Protestant Missionaries and Overseas Expansion, 1700–1914* (2004\\). The two largest and most influential operations were the [Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG)](/wiki/United_Society_Partners_in_the_Gospel \"United Society Partners in the Gospel\") founded in 1701,Henry Paget Thompson, *Into all lands: the history of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 1701\\-1950* (1951\\). and the more evangelical [Church Mission Society](/wiki/Church_Mission_Society \"Church Mission Society\"), founded in 1799, also by the Church of England.Kevin Ward and Brian Stanley, eds. *The Church Mission Society and World Christianity, 1799\\-1999* (Eerdmans, 2000\\).",
"Before the American Revolution, Anglican and Methodist missionaries were active in the 13 Colonies. The Methodists, led by [George Whitefield](/wiki/George_Whitefield \"George Whitefield\"), were the most successful according to Mark Noll. After the revolution an entirely distinct American Methodist denomination emerged that became the largest Protestant denomination in the new United States.Mark A. Noll, *The Rise of Evangelicalism: The Age of Edwards, Whitefield and the Wesleys* (2010\\). As historians such as Carl Bridenbaugh have argued, a major problem for colonial officials was the demand of the Church of England to set up an American bishop; this was strongly opposed by most of the Americans.Carl Bridenbaugh, *Mitre and Sceptre: Transatlantic Faiths, Ideas, Personalities, and Politics, 1689–1775* (1967\\). Increasingly colonial officials took a neutral position on religious matters, even in those colonies such as Virginia where the Church of England was officially established, but in practice controlled by laymen in the local vestries. After the Americans broke free, British officials decided to enhance the power and wealth of the Church of England in all the settler colonies, especially British North America (Canada).Andrew Porter, \"Religion, Missionary Enthusiasm, and Empire\", in *The Oxford History of the British Empire \\- Vol. 3*, pp. 223–224\\.",
"Missionary societies funded their own operations that were not supervised or directed by the Colonial Office. Tensions emerged between the missionaries and the colonial officials. The latter feared that missionaries might stir up trouble or encourage the natives to challenge colonial authority. In general, colonial officials were much more comfortable with working with the established local leadership, including the native religions, rather than introducing the divisive force of Christianity. This proved especially troublesome in India, where very few local elites were attracted to Christianity. In Africa, especially, the missionaries made many converts. By the 21st century, there were more Anglicans in Nigeria than in England.Norman Etherington, ed. *Missions and Empire* (Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series) (2008\\)Porter, \"Religion, Missionary Enthusiasm, and Empire\", (1999\\) vol 3 ch 11",
"Christianity had a powerful effect far beyond the small circle of converts—it provided a model of modernity. The introduction of European medicine was especially important, as well as the introduction of European political practices and ideals such as religious liberty, mass education, mass printing, newspapers, voluntary organizations, colonial reforms, and especially liberal democracy.Robert D. Woodberry, [\"The missionary roots of liberal democracy\"](http://www.hillcountryinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/missionaryrootsofliberaldemocracy.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809065449/http://www.hillcountryinstitute.org/wp\\-content/uploads/missionaryrootsofliberaldemocracy.pdf \\|date\\=2017\\-08\\-09 }}, *American Political Science Review* 106\\#2 (2012\\): 244–274\\. Increasingly the missionaries realized their wider scope and systematically added secular roles to their spiritual mission. They tried to upgrade education, medical care, and sponsored the long\\-term modernization of the native personality to inculcate European middle\\-class values. Alongside their churches they established schools and medical clinics, and sometimes demonstrated improved farming techniques.{{cite book\\|author\\=Michael D. Palmer and Stanley M. Burgess, eds\\|title\\=The Wiley\\-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=miXfxNiFghcC\\&pg\\=PA473\\|year\\=2012\\|publisher\\=John Wiley \\& Sons\\|page\\=473\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4443\\-5537\\-6}} Christian missionaries played a public role, especially in promoting sanitation and public health. Many were trained as physicians, or took special courses in public health and tropical medicine at Livingstone College, London.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Johnson \\| first1 \\= Ryan \\| year \\= 2010 \\| title \\= Colonial Mission and Imperial Tropical Medicine: Livingstone College, London, 1893–1914 \\| journal \\= Social History of Medicine \\| volume \\= 23 \\| issue \\= 3\\| pages \\= 549–566 \\| doi\\=10\\.1093/shm/hkq044}}",
"Furthermore, Christian missionary activities were studied and copied by local activists and had an influence upon religious politics, on prophetic movements such as those in Xhosa societies, on emerging nationalism in South African and India, the emergence of African independent churches, and sometimes upgrading the status of native women.Elbourne, \"Religion\" in Stockwell, (2008\\) pp 131–156\\.",
"Historians have begun to analyze the agency of women in overseas missions. At first, missionary societies officially enrolled only men, but women increasingly insisted on playing a variety of roles. Single women typically worked as educators. Wives assisted their missionary husbands in most of his roles. Advocates stopped short of calling for the end of specified gender roles, but they stressed the interconnectedness of the public and private spheres and spoke out against perceptions of women as weak and house\\-bound.Clare Midgley, \"Can Women Be Missionaries? Envisioning female agency in the early nineteenth\\-century British Empire\". *Journal of British Studies* 45\\#2 (2006\\): 335–358\\. [online](http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8752170&fileId=S0021937100005256)",
"### Education",
"In the colonies that became dominions, education was left primarily in the hands of local officials. The Imperial government took a strong hand in India, and most of the later colonies. The goal was to speed up modernization and social development through a widespread system of elementary education for all natives, plus high school and eventually university education for selected elites. The students were encouraged to attend university in Britain.Clive Whitehead, \"The historiography of British imperial education policy, Part I: India\". *History of Education* 34\\#3 (2005\\): 315–329\\.Clive Whitehead, \"The historiography of British Imperial education policy, Part II: Africa and the rest of the colonial empire\". History of Education 34\\#4 (2005\\): 441–454\\.",
"### Direct control and bureaucracy",
"Much of the older historiography, as represented by *[The Cambridge History of the British Empire](/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_the_British_Empire \"The Cambridge History of the British Empire\")*, covers the detailed month\\-to\\-month operations of the Imperial bureaucracy. More recent scholarship has examined who the bureaucrats and governors were, as well as the role of the colonial experience on their own lives and families. The cultural approach asks how bureaucrats represented themselves and enticed the natives to accept their rule.Mark Francis, *Governors \\& Settlers. Images of Authority in the British Colonies, 1820–1860* (1992\\)",
"Wives of senior bureaucrats played an increasingly important role in dealing with the local people, and in sponsoring and promoting charities and civic good will. When they returned to Britain they had an influential voice in shaping upper\\-class opinion toward colonization. Historian Robert Pearce points out that many colonial wives had a negative reputation, but he depicts Violet Bourdillon (1886–1979\\) as \"the perfect Governor's wife.\" She charmed both British businessmen and the locals in Nigeria, giving the colonial peoples graciousness and respect; she made the British appear to be not so much rulers, as guides and partners in social, economic and political development.Robert D. Pearce, \"Violet Bourdillon: Colonial Governor's Wife\". *African Affairs* (1983\\): 267–277\\. [at JSTOR](https://www.jstor.org/stable/721407)",
"### Indirect control",
"{{main\\|indirect rule}}\nSome British colonies were ruled directly by the Colonial Office in London, while others were ruled indirectly through local rulers who are supervised behind the scenes by British advisors, with different economic results as shown by Lakshmi Iyer (2010\\).",
"In much of the Empire, large local populations were ruled in close cooperation with the local hierarchy. Historians have developed categories of control, such as \"subsidiary alliances\", \"paramountcy\", \"protectorates\", \"indirect rule\", \"clientelism\", or \"collaboration\". Local elites were co\\-opted into leadership positions, and often had the role of minimizing opposition from local independence movements.Colin Walter Newbury, \"Patrons, Clients, and Empire: The Subordination of Indigenous Hierarchies in Asia and Africa\". *Journal of World History* 2000; 11(2\\): 227–263\\. [online](http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jwh/summary/v011/11.2newbury.html)",
"Fisher has explored the origins and development of the system of indirect rule. The British East India Company starting in the mid\\-18th century stationed its staff as agents in Indian states which it did not control, especially the [Princely States](/wiki/Princely_States \"Princely States\"). By the 1840s The system became an efficient way to govern indirectly, by providing local rulers with highly detailed advice that had been approved by central authorities. After 1870, military more and more often took the role; they were recruited and promoted officers on the basis of experience and expertise. The indirect rule system was extended to Many of the colonial holdings in Asia and Africa.Michael H. Fisher, \"Indirect rule in the British Empire: The foundations of the residency system in India (1764–1858\\)\". *Modern Asian Studies* 18\\#3 (1984\\): 393–428\\.",
"Economic historians have explored the economic consequences of indirect rule, as in IndiaLakshmi Iyer, \"Direct versus indirect colonial rule in India: Long\\-term consequences\". *The Review of Economics and Statistics* (2010\\) 92\\#4 pp. 693–713 [online](http://www.people.hbs.edu/liyer/Iyer_Colonial_REStat.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903053002/http://www.people.hbs.edu/liyer/Iyer\\_Colonial\\_REStat.pdf \\|date\\=2014\\-09\\-03 }}. and West Africa.Adiele Eberechukwu Afigbo, *The Warrant Chiefs: indirect rule in southeastern Nigeria, 1891–1929* (London: Longman, 1972\\)",
"In 1890, Zanzibar became a [protectorate](/wiki/Protectorate \"Protectorate\") (not a colony) of Britain. Prime minister Salisbury explained his position:\n{{blockquote\\|The condition of a protected dependency is more acceptable to the half civilised races, and more suitable for them than direct dominion. It is cheaper, simpler, less wounding to their self\\-esteem, gives them more career as public officials, and spares of unnecessary contact with white men.Andrew Roberts, ''Salisbury: Victorian Titan'' (1999\\) p. 529}}",
"Colonel Sir [Robert Groves Sandeman](/wiki/Robert_Groves_Sandeman \"Robert Groves Sandeman\") (1835–1892\\) introduced an innovative system of tribal pacification in [Balochistan](/wiki/Balochistan \"Balochistan\") that was in effect from 1877 to 1947\\. He gave financial allowances to tribal chiefs who enforced control, and used British military force only when necessary. However the Government of India generally opposed his methods and refused to allow it to operate in India's [North West Frontier](/wiki/Military_history_of_the_North-West_Frontier \"Military history of the North-West Frontier\"). Historians have long debated its scope and effectiveness in the peaceful spread of Imperial influence.Christian Tripodi, \"'Good for one but not the other': The 'Sandeman System' of Pacification as Applied to Baluchistan and the North\\-West Frontier, 1877–1947\". *Journal of Military History* 73\\#3 (2009\\): 767–802\\. [online](http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jmh/summary/v073/73.3.tripodi.html)",
"### Environment",
"Although environmental history was growing rapidly after 1970, it only reached empire studies in the 1990s.{{cite book\\|editor\\=Robin Winks\\|title\\=The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=68w\\-855pL\\-MC\\|year\\=1999\\|pages\\=664–665\\|publisher\\=OUP Oxford \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-164769\\-7}}Madhav Gadgil and Ramachandra Guha, *This fissured land: an ecological history of India* (1993\\).John M. MacKenzie, *The empire of nature: Hunting, conservation and British Imperialism* (1997\\). Gregory Barton argues that the concept of environmentalism emerged from forestry studies, and emphasizes the British imperial role in that research. He argues that imperial forestry movement in India around 1900 included government reservations, new methods of fire protection, and attention to revenue\\-producing forest management. The result eased the fight between romantic preservationists and laissez\\-faire businessmen, thus giving the compromise from which modern environmentalism emerged.Gregory Barton, \"Empire forestry and the origins of environmentalism\". *Journal of Historical Geography* 27\\#4 (2001\\): 529–552\\.",
"In recent years numerous scholars cited by James Beattie have examined the environmental impact of the Empire.James Beattie, \"Recent Themes in the Environmental History of the British Empire\", *History Compass* (Feb 2012\\) 10\\#2 pp. 129–139 Beinart and Hughes argue that the discovery and commercial or scientific use of new plants was an important concern in the 18th and 19th centuries. The efficient use of rivers through dams and irrigation projects was an expensive but important method of raising agricultural productivity. Searching for more efficient ways of using natural resources, the British moved flora, fauna and commodities around the world, sometimes resulting in ecological disruption and radical environmental change. Imperialism also stimulated more modern attitudes toward nature and subsidized botany and agricultural research.William Beinart and Lotte Hughes. *Environment and empire* (2007\\) Scholars have used the British Empire to examine the utility of the new concept of eco\\-cultural networks as a lens for examining interconnected, wide\\-ranging social and environmental processes.James Beattie, Edward Melillo, and Emily O'Gorman. \"Rethinking the British Empire through eco\\-cultural networks: materialist\\-cultural environmental history, relational connections and agency\". *Environment and History* 20\\#4 (2014\\): 561–575\\.",
""
] |
Regions
-------
Between 1696 and 1782, the Board of Trade, in partnership with the various secretaries of state over that time,{{efn\|\[\[Secretary of State (England)]] (to 1660\), \[\[Secretary of State for the Southern Department]] (1660\-1768\), \[\[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] (1768\-1782\)}} held responsibility for colonial affairs, particularly in [British America](/wiki/British_America "British America").
From 1783 through 1801, the British Empire, including British North America, was administered by the [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office "Home Office") and by the [Home Secretary](/wiki/Home_Secretary "Home Secretary"), then from 1801 to 1854 by the [War Office](/wiki/War_Office "War Office") (which became the *War and Colonial Office*) and Secretary of State for War and Colonies (as the [Secretary of State for War](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War "Secretary of State for War") was renamed). From 1824, the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire") was divided by the War and Colonial Office into four administrative departments, including *NORTH AMERICA*, the *WEST INDIES*, *MEDITERRANEAN AND AFRICA*, and *EASTERN COLONIES*, of which North America included:{{cite book \|last\=Young \|first\=Douglas MacMurray \|author\-link\= \|date\=1961 \|title\=The Colonial Office in The Early Nineteenth Century \|url\= \|location\=London \|publisher\=Published for the Royal Commonwealth Society by Longmans \|page\=55 \|isbn\=}}
**NORTH AMERICA**
* [Upper Canada](/wiki/Upper_Canada "Upper Canada"), [Lower Canada](/wiki/Lower_Canada "Lower Canada")
* [New Brunswick](/wiki/New_Brunswick "New Brunswick"), [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia"), [Prince Edward Island](/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island "Prince Edward Island")
* [Bermuda](/wiki/Bermuda "Bermuda"), [Newfoundland](/wiki/Newfoundland "Newfoundland")
The [Colonial Office](/wiki/Colonial_Office "Colonial Office") and War Office, and the [Secretary of State for the Colonies](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies "Secretary of State for the Colonies") and the Secretary of State for War, were separated in 1854\.[Maton, 1995](/wiki/%23Edward "#Edward"), article[Maton, 1998](/wiki/%23Terms_of_Union "#Terms of Union"), article The War Office, from then until the 1867 [confederation](/wiki/Canadian_Confederation "Canadian Confederation") of the *Dominion of Canada*, split the military administration of the British colonial and foreign stations into nine districts: *North America And North Atlantic*; *West Indies*; *Mediterranean*; *West Coast Of Africa And South Atlantic*; *South Africa*; *Egypt And The Sudan*; *INDIAN OCEAN*; *Australia*; and *China*. North America And North Atlantic included the following *stations* (or garrisons):{{cite book \|author\= \|date\=1890 \|title\=METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE FOREIGN AND COLONIAL STATIONS OF THE ROYAL ENGINEERS AND THE ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 1852—1886\. \|url\= \|location\=London \|publisher\=Published by the authority of the Meteorological Council. PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, East Harding Street, Fleet Street, London E.C. \|page\= \|isbn\=}}
**NORTH AMERICA AND NORTH ATLANTIC**
* New Westminster (British Columbia)
* Newfoundland
* Quebec
* Halifax
* Kingston, Canada West
* Bermuda
[India](/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India "Presidencies and provinces of British India") was administered separately by the [East India Company](/wiki/East_India_Company "East India Company") until transferred by the [Government of India Act 1858](/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858 "Government of India Act 1858") to the [India Office](/wiki/India_Office "India Office"), which was closed in 1947 on Indian independence. As [British protectorates](/wiki/British_protectorate "British protectorate") were not British territory, they were also administered separately by the [Foreign Office](/wiki/Foreign_Office "Foreign Office").
### Surveys of the whole empire
In 1914, the six volume *The Oxford Survey Of The British Empire* gave comprehensive coverage to geography and society of the entire Empire, including the British Isles.\* Herbertson, A. J. and O. J. R. Howarth. eds. *The Oxford Survey Of The British Empire* (6 vol 1914\) [online vol 1 on British Isles](https://archive.org/details/cu31924087992685); [online vol 2 on Asia](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77042); [online vol 3 on Africa](https://archive.org/details/oxfordsurveyofbr03herbuoft); [online vol 4 on America](https://archive.org/details/cu31924087992719); [online vol 5 on Australasia](https://archive.org/details/cu31924087992727); [online vol 6 on general topics](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.150988)
Since the 1950s, historians have tended to concentrate on specific countries or regions.Curtin, "The British Empire and Commonwealth in Recent Historiography". By the 1930s, an Empire so vast was a challenge for historians to grasp in its entirety. The American [Lawrence H. Gipson](/wiki/Lawrence_H._Gipson "Lawrence H. Gipson") (1880–1971\) won the Pulitzer Prize for his monumental coverage in 15 volumes of "The British Empire Before the American Revolution", published 1936–70\.William G. Shade, "Lawrence Henry Gipson's Empire: The Critics". *Pennsylvania History* (1969\): 49–69 [online](https://journals.psu.edu/index.php/phj/article/download/23352/23121) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328045055/https://journals.psu.edu/index.php/phj/article/download/23352/23121 \|date\=2019\-03\-28 }}. At about the same time in London, Sir [Keith Hancock](/wiki/Sir_%28William%29_Keith_Hancock "Sir (William) Keith Hancock") wrote a *Survey of Commonwealth Affairs* (2 vol 1937–42\) that dramatically widened the scope of coverage beyond politics to the newer fields of economic and social history.Philip D. Curtin, "The British Empire and Commonwealth in Recent Historiography." *American Historical Review* (1959\): 72–91 [at JSTOR](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1846603).
In recent decades numerous scholars have tried their hand at one volume surveys including T. O. Lloyd, *The British Empire, 1558–1995* (1996\); Denis Judd, *Empire: The British Imperial Experience From 1765 To The Present* (1998\); [Lawrence James](/wiki/Lawrence_James "Lawrence James"), *The Rise and Fall of the British Empire* (1998\); Niall Ferguson, *Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power* (2002\); Brendan Simms, *Three victories and a defeat: the rise and fall of the first British Empire* (2008\); Piers Brendon, *The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997* (2008\), and Phillip J. Smith, *The Rise And Fall Of The British Empire: Mercantilism, Diplomacy and the Colonies* (2015\).{{cite book\|author\=Bernard Porter\|title\=The Lion's Share: A History of British Imperialism 1850–2011\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=tVHJAwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA361\|year\=2014\|publisher\=Routledge\|pages\=361–62\|isbn\=978\-1\-317\-86039\-6}} There were also large\-scale popular histories, such as those by Winston Churchill, *[A History of the English\-Speaking Peoples](/wiki/A_History_of_the_English-Speaking_Peoples "A History of the English-Speaking Peoples")* (4 vol. 1956–58\) and Arthur Bryant, *The History of Britain and the British Peoples* (3 vols. 1984–90\). Obviously from their titles a number of writers have been inspired by the famous *[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire](/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire")* (6 vols 1776–1781\) by [Edward Gibbon](/wiki/Edward_Gibbon "Edward Gibbon").Winks, *Historiography*, pp. 3–5, 614\. [Paul Kennedy](/wiki/Paul_Kennedy "Paul Kennedy") has much to say about Britain in *The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers* (1987\). Brendon notes that Gibbon's work, "became the essential guide for Britons anxious to plot their own imperial trajectory. They found the key to understanding the British Empire in the ruins of Rome."Piers Brendon, *The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997* (2008\), p. xv. W. David McIntyre, *The commonwealth of nations: Origins and impact, 1869–1971* (University of Minnesota Press, 1977\) provides comprehensive coverage giving London's perspective on political and constitutional relations with each possession.
### Ireland
Ireland, in some ways the first acquisition the British Empire, has generated a very large popular and scholarly literature.Kevin Kenny, ed., *Ireland and the British Empire* (2004\) Marshall says historians continue to debate whether Ireland should be considered part of the British Empire.P. J. Marshall, *The Cambridge illustrated history of the British Empire* (2001\), p. 9\. Recent work by historians pays special attention to continuing Imperial aspects of Irish history,Stephen Howe, *Ireland and empire: colonial legacies in Irish history and culture* (2002\). postcolonial approaches,Ellekje Boehmer, *Empire, the national and postcolonial, 1890–1920: Resistance in Interaction* (2002\). Atlantic history,Nicholas P. Canny, *Kingdom and Colony: Ireland in the Atlantic World, 1560–1800* (1988\) and the role of migration in forming the Irish diaspora across the Empire and North America.Andrew Bielenberg, ed., *The Irish Diaspora* (2014\).Barry Crosbie, "Networks of Empire: Linkage and Reciprocity in Nineteenth‐Century Irish and Indian History". *History Compass* 7\#3 (2009\): 993–1007\.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Cleary \| first1 \= Joe \| year \= 2007 \| title \= Amongst Empires: A Short History of Ireland and Empire Studies in International Context \| url \= http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/4654/1/JC\_amongst%20empires.pdf\| journal \= Eire\-Ireland \| volume \= 42 \| issue \= 1\| pages \= 11–57 \| doi\=10\.1353/eir.2007\.0014\| s2cid \= 159949742 }}
### Australia
{{main\|Historiography of Australia\|History of Australia}}
Until the late 20th century, historians of Australia used an Imperial framework, arguing that Australia emerged from a transfer of people, institutions, and culture from Britain. It portrayed the first governors as "Lilliputian sovereigns". The historians have traced the arrival of limited self\-government, with regional parliaments and responsible ministers, followed by Federation in 1901 and eventually full national autonomy. This was a Whiggish story of successful growth into a modern nation. That interpretation has been largely abandoned by recent scholars.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Macintyre \| first1 \= Stuart \| year \= 1999 \| title \= Australia and the Empire," in Robin Winks, ed. \| journal \= The Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography \| volume \= 5 \| pages \= 163–181 }} In his survey of the historiography of Australia, Stuart Macintyre shows how historians have emphasized the negative and tragic features between the boasts. Macintyre points out that in current historical writing:
{{blockquote\|The process of settlement is now regarded as a violent invasion of a rich and subtle indigenous culture, the colonists' material practices as destructive of a fragile environment, their aesthetic response to it blinkered and prejudiced, the cultivation of some British forms timid and unresponsive.Macintyre, \[https://books.google.com/books?id\=u2G63IrFXpgC\&pg\=PA164 online p. 164]}}
The first major history was William Charles Wentworth, *Statistical, Historical, and Political Description of the Colony of New South Wales, and Its Dependent Settlements in Van Diemen's Land: With a Particular Enumeration of the Advantages Which These Colonies Offer for Emigration, and Their Superiority in Many Respects Over Those Possessed by the United States of America* (1819\).[online](http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks/e00068.html) Wentworth shows the disastrous effects of the penal regime. Many other historians followed his path, with the six volume *History of Australia* by [Manning Clark](/wiki/Manning_Clark "Manning Clark") (published 1962–87\) telling the story of "epic tragedy":
in which the explorers, Governors, improvers, and perturbators vainly endeavored to impose their received schemes of redemption on an alien, intractable setting.Macintyre, p. 165, 175
#### History wars
Since the 1980s some even describe a "[history war](/wiki/Australian_history_wars "Australian history wars")" taking place in Australia involving scholars and politicians.Stuart Macintyre and Anna Clark, *The History Wars* (2003\) Debate often concerns recorded history verses oral testimony \- unproven in Courts of Law \- regarding the treatment of Aboriginal populations.Robert Manne, ed. *Whitewash. On Keith Windschuttle's Fabrication of Aboriginal History* (2003\). They debate how "British" or "multicultural" Australia has been historically, and how it should be today.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Meaney \| first1 \= Neville \| year \= 2001 \| title \= Britishness and Australian identity: The problem of nationalism in Australian history and historiography \| journal \= Australian Historical Studies \| volume \= 32 \| issue \= 116\| pages \= 76–90 \| doi\=10\.1080/10314610108596148\| s2cid \= 143930425 }}Deborah Gare, "Britishness in recent Australian historiography." *Historical Journal* 43\#4 (2000\): 1145–1155\. The rhetoric has escalated into national politics, often tied to the question of whether the royalty should be discarded and Australia become a republic.Andrew G, Bonnell, and Martin Crotty, "An Australian 'Historikerstreit'? Review Article," *Australian Journal of Politics \& History* (2004\) 50\#3 pp 425–433, compares the debate to a similar one in Germany about the guilt for the Holocaust. Some schools and universities have reduced the amount of Australian history in their curriculum.Jo Case, "Who Killed Australian History? *In History* (6 March 2012\), [online](http://www.wheelercentre.com/notes/f9aca28ab6a2) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207235506/http://www.wheelercentre.com/notes/f9aca28ab6a2 \|date\=2015\-12\-07 }}
#### Debates on the founding
Historians have used the founding of Australia to mark the beginning of the Second British Empire.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Macintyre \| first1 \= Stuart \| title \= Australia and the Empire," in Winks, ed. \| journal \= Historiography \| volume \= 5 \| pages \= 163–181 }} It was planned by the government in London and designed as a replacement for the lost American colonies.Deryck Schreuder and Stuart Ward, eds., *Australia's Empire* (Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series) (2010\), ch 1 The American Loyalist [James Matra](/wiki/James_Matra "James Matra") in 1783 wrote "A Proposal for Establishing a Settlement in New South Wales" proposing the establishment of a colony composed of American Loyalists, Chinese and South Sea Islanders (but not convicts).Harold B. Carter, "Banks, Cook and the Eighteenth Century Natural History Tradition", in Tony Delamotte and Carl Bridge (eds.), *Interpreting Australia: British Perceptions of Australia since 1788*, London, Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, 1988, pp. 4–23\. Matra reasoned that the land country was suitable for plantations of sugar, cotton and tobacco; New Zealand timber and hemp or flax could prove valuable commodities; it could form a base for Pacific trade; and it could be a suitable compensation for displaced American Loyalists. At the suggestion of Secretary of State [Lord Sydney](/wiki/Lord_Sydney "Lord Sydney"), Matra amended his proposal to include convicts as settlers, considering that this would benefit both "Economy to the Publick, \& Humanity to the Individual". The government adopted the basics of Matra's plan in 1784, and funded the settlement of convicts.Alan Atkinson, "The first plans for governing New South Wales, 1786–87", *Australian Historical Studies,* vol. 24, no. 94, April 1990, pp. 22–40, p. 31\.
Michael Roe argues that the founding of Australia supports the theory of [Vincent T. Harlow](/wiki/Vincent_T._Harlow "Vincent T. Harlow") in *The Founding of the Second British Empire, 17G3\-1793, Vol. 2\. New Continents and Changing Values* (1964\) that a goal of the second British empire was to open up new commerce in the Far East and Pacific. However, London emphasized Australia's purpose as a penal colony, and the East India Company was hostile to potential commercial rivals. Nevertheless, says Roe, the founders of Australia showed a keen interest in whaling, sealing, sheep raising, mining and other opportunities for trade. In the long run, he says, commerce was the main stimulus for colonization.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Roe \| first1 \= Michael \| year \= 1958 \| title \= Australia's Place in 'The Swing to the East', 1788–1810 \| journal \= Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand \| volume \= 8 \| issue \= 30\| pages \= 202–213 \| doi\=10\.1080/10314615808595113}}
### Canada
{{Main\|History of Canada}}
Canadian historian Carl Berger argues that an influential section of English Canadians embraced an ideology of imperialism as a way to enhance Canada's own power position in the international system, as well as for more traditional reasons of Anglophillia. Berger identified Canadian imperialism as a distinct ideology, rival to anti\-imperial [Canadian nationalism](/wiki/Canadian_nationalism "Canadian nationalism") or pro\-American [continentalism](/wiki/Continentalism "Continentalism"), the other nationalisms in Canada.Carl Berger, *Sense of Power: Studies in the Ideas of Canadian Imperialism, 1867–1914* (1971\)
For the French Canadians, the chief debate among historians involves the conquest and the incorporation into the British Empire in 1763\.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Standen \| first1 \= S. Dale \| year \= 1985 \| title \= The Debate on the Social and Economic Consequences of the Conquest: a Summary \| journal \= Proceedings of the Meeting of the French Colonial Historical Society \| volume \= 10\| jstor\=42952161 \| pages\=179–193}} One school says it was a disaster that retarded for a century and more the normal development of a middle class society, leaving Quebec locked into a traditionalism controlled by priests and landlords.Dale Miquelon, ed., *Society and conquest: the debate on the bourgeoisie and social change in French Canada, 1700–1850* (1977\). The other more optimistic school says it was generally advantageous in political and economic terms. For example, it enabled Quebec to avoid the French Revolution that tore France apart in the 1790s. Another example is that it integrated the economy into the larger and faster growing British economy, as opposed to the sluggish French economy. The optimistic school attributes the backwardness of the Quebec economy to deeply ingrained conservatism and aversion to entrepreneurship.Cameron Nish, ed., *The French Canadians, 1759–1766; Conquered? Half\-Conquered? Liberated?* (1966\) has readings on both sides.Serge Gagnon, *Quebec and its Historians, 1840 to 1920* (Harvest House, 1982\).
### India
{{main\|British Raj\|Historiography of India\|Economic history of India}}
In recent decades there have been four main schools of [historiography](/wiki/Historiography "Historiography") in how historians study India: Cambridge, Nationalist, Marxist, and subaltern. The once common "Orientalist" approach, with its image of a sensuous, inscrutable, and wholly spiritual India, has died out in serious scholarship.{{cite journal \| last \= Prakash \| first \= Gyan \| author\-link \= Gyan Prakash \| date \= April 1990 \| title \= Writing Post\-Orientalist Histories of the Third World: Perspectives from Indian Historiography \| journal \= Comparative Studies in Society and History \| volume \= 32 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 383–408 \| doi\=10\.1017/s0010417500016534 \| jstor \= 178920\| s2cid \= 144435305 }}
The "Cambridge School", led by Anil Seal,Anil Seal,*The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century* (1971\). Gordon Johnson,Gordon Johnson, *Provincial Politics and Indian Nationalism: Bombay and the Indian National Congress 1880–1915* (2005\) Richard Gordon, and David A. Washbrook,Rosalind O'Hanlon and David Washbrook, eds. *Religious Cultures in Early Modern India: New Perspectives* (2011\). downplays ideology.Aravind Ganachari, "Studies in Indian Historiography: 'The Cambridge School,'" *Indica,* March 2010, 47\#1, pp 70–93\. However, this school of historiography is criticised for western bias or [Eurocentrism](/wiki/Eurocentrism "Eurocentrism").{{cite book\|title\=Eurocentrism: a marxian critical realist critique\|author\=Hostettler, N.\|date\=2013\|publisher\=Taylor \& Francis\|isbn\=978\-1\-135\-18131\-4\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=2XjozzN0ppEC\&pg\=PA33\|page\=33\|access\-date\=6 January 2017}}
The Nationalist school has focused on Congress, Gandhi, Nehru and high level politics. It highlighted the Mutiny of 1857 as a war of liberation, and Gandhi's 'Quit India' begun in 1942, as defining historical events. This school of historiography has received criticism for [Elitism](/wiki/Elitism "Elitism").Ranjit Guha, ["On Some Aspects of Historiography of Colonial India".](http://pages.ucsd.edu/~rfrank/class_web/ES-200C/Articles/Guha.pdf)
The Marxists have focused on studies of economic development, landownership, and class conflict in precolonial India and of deindustrialisation during the colonial period. The Marxists portrayed Gandhi's movement as a device of the bourgeois elite to harness popular, potentially revolutionary forces for its own ends. Again, the Marxists are accused of being "too much" ideologically influenced.{{cite journal \|last\=Bagchi \|first\=Amiya Kumar \|date\=January 1993 \|title\=Writing Indian History in the Marxist Mode in a Post\-Soviet World \|journal\=Indian Historical Review \|volume\=20 \|issue\=1/2 \|pages\=229–244}}
The "subaltern school", was begun in the 1980s by [Ranajit Guha](/wiki/Ranajit_Guha "Ranajit Guha") and [Gyan Prakash](/wiki/Gyan_Prakash "Gyan Prakash").{{cite journal \|last\=Prakash \|first\=Gyan \|date\=December 1994 \|title\=Subaltern studies as postcolonial criticism \|journal\=American Historical Review \|volume\=99 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=1475–1500 \|doi\=10\.2307/2168385\|jstor\=2168385 }} It focuses attention away from the elites and politicians to "history from below", looking at the peasants using folklore, poetry, riddles, proverbs, songs, oral history and methods inspired by anthropology. It focuses on the colonial era before 1947 and typically emphasises caste and downplays class, to the annoyance of the Marxist school.{{cite journal \|last\=Roosa \|first\=John \|date\=2006 \|title\=When the Subaltern Took the Postcolonial Turn \|journal\=Journal of the Canadian Historical Association \|volume\=17 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=130–147 \|doi\=10\.7202/016593ar\|doi\-access\=free }}
More recently, Hindu nationalists have created a version of history to support their demands for ["Hindutva"](/wiki/Hindutva%23Views_on_Indian_history "Hindutva#Views on Indian history") ("Hinduness") in Indian society. This school of thought is still in the process of development.{{cite magazine \|last\=Menon \|first\=Latha \|date\=August 2004 \|title\=Coming to Terms with the Past: India \|magazine\=History Today \|volume\=54 \|issue\=8 \|pages\=28–30}} In March 2012, [Diana L. Eck](/wiki/Diana_L._Eck "Diana L. Eck") in her *India: A Sacred Geography* (2013\) argues that the idea of India dates to a much earlier time than the British or the Mughals and it was not just a cluster of regional identities and it wasn't ethnic or racial.{{cite web\|url\=http://scroll.in/article/802047/theres\-an\-idea\-of\-india\-from\-early\-times\-much\-before\-the\-mughals\-or\-the\-british\-scholar\-diana\-eck\|title\=Harvard scholar says the idea of India dates to a much earlier time than the British or the Mughals\|date\=20 January 2016 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/review\-of\-diana\-l.eck\-india\-a\-sacred\-geography/1/199809\.html\|title\=In The Footsteps of Pilgrims}}{{Cite news \|url\=http://www.economist.com/node/21550765 \|title\=India's spiritual landscape: The heavens and the earth \|newspaper\=The Economist \|date\=24 March 2012}}
{{cite news \|last\=Dalrymple \|first\=William \|date\=27 July 2012 \|title\=India: A Sacred Geography by Diana L Eck – review \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/jul/27/india\-sacred\-geography\-eck\-review \|newspaper\=The Guardian}}
Debate continues about the economic impact of British imperialism on India. The issue was actually raised by conservative British politician [Edmund Burke](/wiki/Edmund_Burke "Edmund Burke") who in the 1780s vehemently attacked the East India Company, claiming that [Warren Hastings](/wiki/Warren_Hastings "Warren Hastings") and other top officials had ruined the Indian economy and society. Indian historian Rajat Kanta Ray (1998\) continues this line of attack, saying the new economy brought by the British in the 18th century was a form of "plunder" and a catastrophe for the traditional economy of Mughal India. Ray accuses the British of depleting the food and money stocks and imposing high taxes that helped cause the terrible famine of 1770, which killed a third of the people of Bengal.Rajat Kanta Ray, "Indian Society and the Establishment of British Supremacy, 1765–1818", in *The Oxford History of the British Empire: vol. 2, The Eighteenth Century*, ed. P. J. Marshall, (1998\), pp. 508–529\.
Rejecting the Indian nationalist account of the British as alien aggressors, seizing power by brute force and impoverishing all of India, British historian [P. J. Marshall](/wiki/P._J._Marshall "P. J. Marshall") argues that the British were not in full control but instead were players in what was primarily an Indian play and in which their rise to power depended upon excellent cooperation with Indian elites. Marshall admits that much of his interpretation is still rejected by many historians.P. J. Marshall, "The British in Asia: Trade to Dominion, 1700–1765," in *The Oxford History of the British Empire: vol. 2, The Eighteenth Century*, ed. P. J. Marshall, (1998\), pp. 487–507\. Marshall argues that recent scholarship has reinterpreted the view that the prosperity of the formerly benign Mughal rule gave way to poverty and anarchy. Marshall argues the British takeover did not make any sharp break with the past. The British largely delegated control to regional Mughal rulers and sustained a generally prosperous economy for the rest of the 18th century. Marshall notes the British went into partnership with Indian bankers and raised revenue through local tax administrators and kept the old Mughal rates of taxation. Professor Ray agrees that the East India Company inherited an onerous taxation system that took one\-third of the produce of Indian cultivators.Marshall, "The British in Asia: Trade to Dominion, 1700–1765"
In the 20th century historians generally agreed that imperial authority in the Raj had been secure in the 1800\-1940 era. Various challenges have emerged. Mark Condos and Jon Wilson argue that the Raj was chronically insecure.Mark Condos, *The Insecurity State: Punjab and the Making of Colonial Power in British India* (Cambridge University Press, 2017\).Jon Wilson, *India conquered: Britain's Raj and the chaos of empire* (Simon and Schuster, 2016\). They argue that the irrational anxiety of officials led to a chaotic administration with minimal social purchase or ideological coherence. The Raj was not a confident state capable of acting as it chose, but rather a psychologically embattled one incapable of acting except in the abstract, the small scale, or short term.Joshua Ehrlich, "Anxiety, Chaos, and the Raj." *Historical Journal* 63\.3 (2020\): 777\-787\. {{doi\|10\.1017/S0018246X1900058X}}
### Tropical Africa
The first historical studies appeared in the 1890s, and followed one of four approaches. The territorial narrative was typically written by a veteran soldier or civil servant who gave heavy emphasis to what he had seen. The "apologia" were essays designed to justify British policies. Thirdly, popularizers tried to reach a large audience, and finally compendia appeared designed to combine academic and official credentials. Professional scholarship appeared around 1900, and began with the study of business operations, typically using government documents and unpublished archives. The economic approach was widely practiced in the 1930s, primarily to provide descriptions of the changes underway in the previous half\-century. [Reginald Coupland](/wiki/Reginald_Coupland "Reginald Coupland"), an Oxford professor, studied *the Exploitation of East Africa, 1856–1890: The Slave Trade and the Scramble* (1939\). The American historian [William L. Langer](/wiki/William_L._Langer "William L. Langer") wrote *The Diplomacy of Imperialism: 1890–1902* (1935\), a book is still widely cited. The Second World War diverted most scholars to wartime projects and accounted for a pause in scholarship during the 1940s.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Roberts \| first1 \= A. D. \| year \= 1999 \| title \= The British Empire in Tropical Africa: A Review of the Literature to the 1960s," in Winks \| journal \= Historiography \| volume \= 5 \| pages \= 463–485 }}
By the 1950s, many African students were studying in British universities, and they produced a demand for new scholarship, and started themselves to supply it as well. Oxford University became the main center for African studies, with activity as well at Cambridge, and the London School of Economics. The perspective from British government policy\-makers or from international business operations, slowly gave way to a new interest in the activities of the natives, especially in a nationalistic movements and the growing demand for independence. The major breakthrough came from [Ronald Robinson](/wiki/Ronald_Robinson "Ronald Robinson") and [John Gallagher](/wiki/John_Andrew_Gallagher "John Andrew Gallagher"), especially with their studies of the impact of free trade on Africa.Ronald Robinson, John Gallagher, and Alice Denny, *Africa and the Victorians: The Climax of Imperialism in the Dark Continent* (1961\).
### South Africa
The historiography of South Africa has been one of the most contentious areas of the British Empire, involving a three\-way division of sharply differing interpretations among the British, the Boers, and the black African historians.William H. Worger, "Southern and Central Africa" in Winks, *Historiography* pp. 512–540Christopher Saunders, *The Making of the South African Past: Major Historians on Race and Class* (1988\) The first British historians emphasized the benefits of British civilization.{{cite book\|author1\=Alexander Wilmot\|author2\=John Centlivres Chase\|title\=History of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope\|publisher\=Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer\|url\=https://archive.org/details/historyofcolonyo00wilm\|year\=1869}} Afrikaner historiography began in the 1870s with early laudatory accounts of the trekkers and undisguised anger at the British. After many years of conflict and warfare, the British took control of South Africa and historians began conciliatory effort to bring the two sides together in a shared history. An influential large\-scale effort was made by [George McCall Theal](/wiki/George_McCall_Theal "George McCall Theal") (1837\-1919\), who wrote many books as school teacher and as the official historian, such as *History and Ethnography of Africa South of the Zambesi* (11 vol, 1897–1919\). In the 1920s, historians using missionary sources started presenting the Coloured and African viewpoints, as in W. M. Macmillan, *Bantu, Boer and Briton: The Making of the South African Native Problem* (London, 1929\). Modern research standards were introduced by [Eric A. Walker](/wiki/Eric_A._Walker_%28historian%29 "Eric A. Walker (historian)") (1886–1976\), who moved from a professorship at the University of Cape Town to become the [Vere Harmsworth Professor of Imperial and Naval History](/wiki/Vere_Harmsworth_Professor_of_Imperial_and_Naval_History "Vere Harmsworth Professor of Imperial and Naval History") at the University of Cambridge, where he trained a generation of graduate students.Leonard M. Thompson, "South Africa" in Winks, ed., *The Historiography of the British Empire\-Commonwealth: Trends, Interpretations and Resources* (1966\) pp. 212–236 Afrikaner historiography increasingly defended apartheid.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Thompson \| first1 \= Leonard M. \| year \= 1962 \| title \= Afrikaner Nationalist Historiography and the Policy of Apartheid \| journal \= Journal of African History \| volume \= 3 \| issue \= 1\| pages \= 125–141 \| doi\=10\.1017/s0021853700002772\| s2cid \= 161944286 }}
#### Liberation historiography
The dominant approach in recent decades is to emphasize the roots of the liberation movement.Chris Saunders, "The ANC in the Historiography of the National Liberation Struggle in South Africa". in Kwandiwe Kondlo et al., eds. *Treading the waters of history: Perspectives on the ANC* (2014\) p. 11\. Baines argues that the "[Soweto uprising](/wiki/Soweto_uprising "Soweto uprising")" of 1976 inspired a new generation of social historians to start looking for evidence that would allow the writing of history "from below"; often they adopted a Marxist perspective.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Baines \| first1 \= Gary \| year \= 2007 \| title \= The Master Narrative of South Africa's Liberation Struggle: Remembering and Forgetting June 16, 1976 \| journal \= International Journal of African Historical Studies \| volume \= 40 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 283–302 \| jstor\=40033914}}
By the 1990s, historians were exploring comparative race relations in South Africa and the United States from the late 19th century to the late 20th century.George M. Fredrickson, *Black Liberation: A Comparative History of Black Ideologies in the United States and South Africa* (1995\) James Campbell argues that black American Methodist missionaries to South Africa adopted the same standards of promoting civilization as did the British.James T. Campbell, *Songs of Zion: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa* (1995\){{cite journal \| last1 \= Cooper \| first1 \= Frederick \| year \= 1996 \| title \= Race, ideology, and the perils of comparative history \| journal \= American Historical Review \| volume \= 101 \| issue \= 4\| pages \= 1122–1138 \| doi\=10\.2307/2169637\| jstor \= 2169637 }}
|
[
"Regions\n-------",
"Between 1696 and 1782, the Board of Trade, in partnership with the various secretaries of state over that time,{{efn\\|\\[\\[Secretary of State (England)]] (to 1660\\), \\[\\[Secretary of State for the Southern Department]] (1660\\-1768\\), \\[\\[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] (1768\\-1782\\)}} held responsibility for colonial affairs, particularly in [British America](/wiki/British_America \"British America\").",
"From 1783 through 1801, the British Empire, including British North America, was administered by the [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office \"Home Office\") and by the [Home Secretary](/wiki/Home_Secretary \"Home Secretary\"), then from 1801 to 1854 by the [War Office](/wiki/War_Office \"War Office\") (which became the *War and Colonial Office*) and Secretary of State for War and Colonies (as the [Secretary of State for War](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War \"Secretary of State for War\") was renamed). From 1824, the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire \"British Empire\") was divided by the War and Colonial Office into four administrative departments, including *NORTH AMERICA*, the *WEST INDIES*, *MEDITERRANEAN AND AFRICA*, and *EASTERN COLONIES*, of which North America included:{{cite book \\|last\\=Young \\|first\\=Douglas MacMurray \\|author\\-link\\= \\|date\\=1961 \\|title\\=The Colonial Office in The Early Nineteenth Century \\|url\\= \\|location\\=London \\|publisher\\=Published for the Royal Commonwealth Society by Longmans \\|page\\=55 \\|isbn\\=}}",
"**NORTH AMERICA**\n* [Upper Canada](/wiki/Upper_Canada \"Upper Canada\"), [Lower Canada](/wiki/Lower_Canada \"Lower Canada\")\n* [New Brunswick](/wiki/New_Brunswick \"New Brunswick\"), [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\"), [Prince Edward Island](/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island \"Prince Edward Island\")\n* [Bermuda](/wiki/Bermuda \"Bermuda\"), [Newfoundland](/wiki/Newfoundland \"Newfoundland\")",
"The [Colonial Office](/wiki/Colonial_Office \"Colonial Office\") and War Office, and the [Secretary of State for the Colonies](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies \"Secretary of State for the Colonies\") and the Secretary of State for War, were separated in 1854\\.[Maton, 1995](/wiki/%23Edward \"#Edward\"), article[Maton, 1998](/wiki/%23Terms_of_Union \"#Terms of Union\"), article The War Office, from then until the 1867 [confederation](/wiki/Canadian_Confederation \"Canadian Confederation\") of the *Dominion of Canada*, split the military administration of the British colonial and foreign stations into nine districts: *North America And North Atlantic*; *West Indies*; *Mediterranean*; *West Coast Of Africa And South Atlantic*; *South Africa*; *Egypt And The Sudan*; *INDIAN OCEAN*; *Australia*; and *China*. North America And North Atlantic included the following *stations* (or garrisons):{{cite book \\|author\\= \\|date\\=1890 \\|title\\=METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE FOREIGN AND COLONIAL STATIONS OF THE ROYAL ENGINEERS AND THE ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 1852—1886\\. \\|url\\= \\|location\\=London \\|publisher\\=Published by the authority of the Meteorological Council. PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, East Harding Street, Fleet Street, London E.C. \\|page\\= \\|isbn\\=}}",
"**NORTH AMERICA AND NORTH ATLANTIC**\n* New Westminster (British Columbia)\n* Newfoundland\n* Quebec\n* Halifax\n* Kingston, Canada West\n* Bermuda",
"[India](/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India \"Presidencies and provinces of British India\") was administered separately by the [East India Company](/wiki/East_India_Company \"East India Company\") until transferred by the [Government of India Act 1858](/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858 \"Government of India Act 1858\") to the [India Office](/wiki/India_Office \"India Office\"), which was closed in 1947 on Indian independence. As [British protectorates](/wiki/British_protectorate \"British protectorate\") were not British territory, they were also administered separately by the [Foreign Office](/wiki/Foreign_Office \"Foreign Office\").",
"### Surveys of the whole empire",
"In 1914, the six volume *The Oxford Survey Of The British Empire* gave comprehensive coverage to geography and society of the entire Empire, including the British Isles.\\* Herbertson, A. J. and O. J. R. Howarth. eds. *The Oxford Survey Of The British Empire* (6 vol 1914\\) [online vol 1 on British Isles](https://archive.org/details/cu31924087992685); [online vol 2 on Asia](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77042); [online vol 3 on Africa](https://archive.org/details/oxfordsurveyofbr03herbuoft); [online vol 4 on America](https://archive.org/details/cu31924087992719); [online vol 5 on Australasia](https://archive.org/details/cu31924087992727); [online vol 6 on general topics](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.150988)",
"Since the 1950s, historians have tended to concentrate on specific countries or regions.Curtin, \"The British Empire and Commonwealth in Recent Historiography\". By the 1930s, an Empire so vast was a challenge for historians to grasp in its entirety. The American [Lawrence H. Gipson](/wiki/Lawrence_H._Gipson \"Lawrence H. Gipson\") (1880–1971\\) won the Pulitzer Prize for his monumental coverage in 15 volumes of \"The British Empire Before the American Revolution\", published 1936–70\\.William G. Shade, \"Lawrence Henry Gipson's Empire: The Critics\". *Pennsylvania History* (1969\\): 49–69 [online](https://journals.psu.edu/index.php/phj/article/download/23352/23121) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328045055/https://journals.psu.edu/index.php/phj/article/download/23352/23121 \\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-28 }}. At about the same time in London, Sir [Keith Hancock](/wiki/Sir_%28William%29_Keith_Hancock \"Sir (William) Keith Hancock\") wrote a *Survey of Commonwealth Affairs* (2 vol 1937–42\\) that dramatically widened the scope of coverage beyond politics to the newer fields of economic and social history.Philip D. Curtin, \"The British Empire and Commonwealth in Recent Historiography.\" *American Historical Review* (1959\\): 72–91 [at JSTOR](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1846603).",
"In recent decades numerous scholars have tried their hand at one volume surveys including T. O. Lloyd, *The British Empire, 1558–1995* (1996\\); Denis Judd, *Empire: The British Imperial Experience From 1765 To The Present* (1998\\); [Lawrence James](/wiki/Lawrence_James \"Lawrence James\"), *The Rise and Fall of the British Empire* (1998\\); Niall Ferguson, *Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power* (2002\\); Brendan Simms, *Three victories and a defeat: the rise and fall of the first British Empire* (2008\\); Piers Brendon, *The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997* (2008\\), and Phillip J. Smith, *The Rise And Fall Of The British Empire: Mercantilism, Diplomacy and the Colonies* (2015\\).{{cite book\\|author\\=Bernard Porter\\|title\\=The Lion's Share: A History of British Imperialism 1850–2011\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=tVHJAwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA361\\|year\\=2014\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\|pages\\=361–62\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-317\\-86039\\-6}} There were also large\\-scale popular histories, such as those by Winston Churchill, *[A History of the English\\-Speaking Peoples](/wiki/A_History_of_the_English-Speaking_Peoples \"A History of the English-Speaking Peoples\")* (4 vol. 1956–58\\) and Arthur Bryant, *The History of Britain and the British Peoples* (3 vols. 1984–90\\). Obviously from their titles a number of writers have been inspired by the famous *[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire](/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire \"The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire\")* (6 vols 1776–1781\\) by [Edward Gibbon](/wiki/Edward_Gibbon \"Edward Gibbon\").Winks, *Historiography*, pp. 3–5, 614\\. [Paul Kennedy](/wiki/Paul_Kennedy \"Paul Kennedy\") has much to say about Britain in *The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers* (1987\\). Brendon notes that Gibbon's work, \"became the essential guide for Britons anxious to plot their own imperial trajectory. They found the key to understanding the British Empire in the ruins of Rome.\"Piers Brendon, *The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997* (2008\\), p. xv. W. David McIntyre, *The commonwealth of nations: Origins and impact, 1869–1971* (University of Minnesota Press, 1977\\) provides comprehensive coverage giving London's perspective on political and constitutional relations with each possession.",
"### Ireland",
"Ireland, in some ways the first acquisition the British Empire, has generated a very large popular and scholarly literature.Kevin Kenny, ed., *Ireland and the British Empire* (2004\\) Marshall says historians continue to debate whether Ireland should be considered part of the British Empire.P. J. Marshall, *The Cambridge illustrated history of the British Empire* (2001\\), p. 9\\. Recent work by historians pays special attention to continuing Imperial aspects of Irish history,Stephen Howe, *Ireland and empire: colonial legacies in Irish history and culture* (2002\\). postcolonial approaches,Ellekje Boehmer, *Empire, the national and postcolonial, 1890–1920: Resistance in Interaction* (2002\\). Atlantic history,Nicholas P. Canny, *Kingdom and Colony: Ireland in the Atlantic World, 1560–1800* (1988\\) and the role of migration in forming the Irish diaspora across the Empire and North America.Andrew Bielenberg, ed., *The Irish Diaspora* (2014\\).Barry Crosbie, \"Networks of Empire: Linkage and Reciprocity in Nineteenth‐Century Irish and Indian History\". *History Compass* 7\\#3 (2009\\): 993–1007\\.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Cleary \\| first1 \\= Joe \\| year \\= 2007 \\| title \\= Amongst Empires: A Short History of Ireland and Empire Studies in International Context \\| url \\= http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/4654/1/JC\\_amongst%20empires.pdf\\| journal \\= Eire\\-Ireland \\| volume \\= 42 \\| issue \\= 1\\| pages \\= 11–57 \\| doi\\=10\\.1353/eir.2007\\.0014\\| s2cid \\= 159949742 }}",
"### Australia",
"{{main\\|Historiography of Australia\\|History of Australia}}",
"Until the late 20th century, historians of Australia used an Imperial framework, arguing that Australia emerged from a transfer of people, institutions, and culture from Britain. It portrayed the first governors as \"Lilliputian sovereigns\". The historians have traced the arrival of limited self\\-government, with regional parliaments and responsible ministers, followed by Federation in 1901 and eventually full national autonomy. This was a Whiggish story of successful growth into a modern nation. That interpretation has been largely abandoned by recent scholars.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Macintyre \\| first1 \\= Stuart \\| year \\= 1999 \\| title \\= Australia and the Empire,\" in Robin Winks, ed. \\| journal \\= The Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography \\| volume \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 163–181 }} In his survey of the historiography of Australia, Stuart Macintyre shows how historians have emphasized the negative and tragic features between the boasts. Macintyre points out that in current historical writing:\n{{blockquote\\|The process of settlement is now regarded as a violent invasion of a rich and subtle indigenous culture, the colonists' material practices as destructive of a fragile environment, their aesthetic response to it blinkered and prejudiced, the cultivation of some British forms timid and unresponsive.Macintyre, \\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=u2G63IrFXpgC\\&pg\\=PA164 online p. 164]}}",
"The first major history was William Charles Wentworth, *Statistical, Historical, and Political Description of the Colony of New South Wales, and Its Dependent Settlements in Van Diemen's Land: With a Particular Enumeration of the Advantages Which These Colonies Offer for Emigration, and Their Superiority in Many Respects Over Those Possessed by the United States of America* (1819\\).[online](http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks/e00068.html) Wentworth shows the disastrous effects of the penal regime. Many other historians followed his path, with the six volume *History of Australia* by [Manning Clark](/wiki/Manning_Clark \"Manning Clark\") (published 1962–87\\) telling the story of \"epic tragedy\":\n in which the explorers, Governors, improvers, and perturbators vainly endeavored to impose their received schemes of redemption on an alien, intractable setting.Macintyre, p. 165, 175",
"#### History wars",
"Since the 1980s some even describe a \"[history war](/wiki/Australian_history_wars \"Australian history wars\")\" taking place in Australia involving scholars and politicians.Stuart Macintyre and Anna Clark, *The History Wars* (2003\\) Debate often concerns recorded history verses oral testimony \\- unproven in Courts of Law \\- regarding the treatment of Aboriginal populations.Robert Manne, ed. *Whitewash. On Keith Windschuttle's Fabrication of Aboriginal History* (2003\\). They debate how \"British\" or \"multicultural\" Australia has been historically, and how it should be today.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Meaney \\| first1 \\= Neville \\| year \\= 2001 \\| title \\= Britishness and Australian identity: The problem of nationalism in Australian history and historiography \\| journal \\= Australian Historical Studies \\| volume \\= 32 \\| issue \\= 116\\| pages \\= 76–90 \\| doi\\=10\\.1080/10314610108596148\\| s2cid \\= 143930425 }}Deborah Gare, \"Britishness in recent Australian historiography.\" *Historical Journal* 43\\#4 (2000\\): 1145–1155\\. The rhetoric has escalated into national politics, often tied to the question of whether the royalty should be discarded and Australia become a republic.Andrew G, Bonnell, and Martin Crotty, \"An Australian 'Historikerstreit'? Review Article,\" *Australian Journal of Politics \\& History* (2004\\) 50\\#3 pp 425–433, compares the debate to a similar one in Germany about the guilt for the Holocaust. Some schools and universities have reduced the amount of Australian history in their curriculum.Jo Case, \"Who Killed Australian History? *In History* (6 March 2012\\), [online](http://www.wheelercentre.com/notes/f9aca28ab6a2) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207235506/http://www.wheelercentre.com/notes/f9aca28ab6a2 \\|date\\=2015\\-12\\-07 }}",
"#### Debates on the founding",
"Historians have used the founding of Australia to mark the beginning of the Second British Empire.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Macintyre \\| first1 \\= Stuart \\| title \\= Australia and the Empire,\" in Winks, ed. \\| journal \\= Historiography \\| volume \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 163–181 }} It was planned by the government in London and designed as a replacement for the lost American colonies.Deryck Schreuder and Stuart Ward, eds., *Australia's Empire* (Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series) (2010\\), ch 1 The American Loyalist [James Matra](/wiki/James_Matra \"James Matra\") in 1783 wrote \"A Proposal for Establishing a Settlement in New South Wales\" proposing the establishment of a colony composed of American Loyalists, Chinese and South Sea Islanders (but not convicts).Harold B. Carter, \"Banks, Cook and the Eighteenth Century Natural History Tradition\", in Tony Delamotte and Carl Bridge (eds.), *Interpreting Australia: British Perceptions of Australia since 1788*, London, Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, 1988, pp. 4–23\\. Matra reasoned that the land country was suitable for plantations of sugar, cotton and tobacco; New Zealand timber and hemp or flax could prove valuable commodities; it could form a base for Pacific trade; and it could be a suitable compensation for displaced American Loyalists. At the suggestion of Secretary of State [Lord Sydney](/wiki/Lord_Sydney \"Lord Sydney\"), Matra amended his proposal to include convicts as settlers, considering that this would benefit both \"Economy to the Publick, \\& Humanity to the Individual\". The government adopted the basics of Matra's plan in 1784, and funded the settlement of convicts.Alan Atkinson, \"The first plans for governing New South Wales, 1786–87\", *Australian Historical Studies,* vol. 24, no. 94, April 1990, pp. 22–40, p. 31\\.",
"Michael Roe argues that the founding of Australia supports the theory of [Vincent T. Harlow](/wiki/Vincent_T._Harlow \"Vincent T. Harlow\") in *The Founding of the Second British Empire, 17G3\\-1793, Vol. 2\\. New Continents and Changing Values* (1964\\) that a goal of the second British empire was to open up new commerce in the Far East and Pacific. However, London emphasized Australia's purpose as a penal colony, and the East India Company was hostile to potential commercial rivals. Nevertheless, says Roe, the founders of Australia showed a keen interest in whaling, sealing, sheep raising, mining and other opportunities for trade. In the long run, he says, commerce was the main stimulus for colonization.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Roe \\| first1 \\= Michael \\| year \\= 1958 \\| title \\= Australia's Place in 'The Swing to the East', 1788–1810 \\| journal \\= Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand \\| volume \\= 8 \\| issue \\= 30\\| pages \\= 202–213 \\| doi\\=10\\.1080/10314615808595113}}",
"### Canada",
"{{Main\\|History of Canada}}\nCanadian historian Carl Berger argues that an influential section of English Canadians embraced an ideology of imperialism as a way to enhance Canada's own power position in the international system, as well as for more traditional reasons of Anglophillia. Berger identified Canadian imperialism as a distinct ideology, rival to anti\\-imperial [Canadian nationalism](/wiki/Canadian_nationalism \"Canadian nationalism\") or pro\\-American [continentalism](/wiki/Continentalism \"Continentalism\"), the other nationalisms in Canada.Carl Berger, *Sense of Power: Studies in the Ideas of Canadian Imperialism, 1867–1914* (1971\\)",
"For the French Canadians, the chief debate among historians involves the conquest and the incorporation into the British Empire in 1763\\.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Standen \\| first1 \\= S. Dale \\| year \\= 1985 \\| title \\= The Debate on the Social and Economic Consequences of the Conquest: a Summary \\| journal \\= Proceedings of the Meeting of the French Colonial Historical Society \\| volume \\= 10\\| jstor\\=42952161 \\| pages\\=179–193}} One school says it was a disaster that retarded for a century and more the normal development of a middle class society, leaving Quebec locked into a traditionalism controlled by priests and landlords.Dale Miquelon, ed., *Society and conquest: the debate on the bourgeoisie and social change in French Canada, 1700–1850* (1977\\). The other more optimistic school says it was generally advantageous in political and economic terms. For example, it enabled Quebec to avoid the French Revolution that tore France apart in the 1790s. Another example is that it integrated the economy into the larger and faster growing British economy, as opposed to the sluggish French economy. The optimistic school attributes the backwardness of the Quebec economy to deeply ingrained conservatism and aversion to entrepreneurship.Cameron Nish, ed., *The French Canadians, 1759–1766; Conquered? Half\\-Conquered? Liberated?* (1966\\) has readings on both sides.Serge Gagnon, *Quebec and its Historians, 1840 to 1920* (Harvest House, 1982\\).",
"### India",
"{{main\\|British Raj\\|Historiography of India\\|Economic history of India}}",
"In recent decades there have been four main schools of [historiography](/wiki/Historiography \"Historiography\") in how historians study India: Cambridge, Nationalist, Marxist, and subaltern. The once common \"Orientalist\" approach, with its image of a sensuous, inscrutable, and wholly spiritual India, has died out in serious scholarship.{{cite journal \\| last \\= Prakash \\| first \\= Gyan \\| author\\-link \\= Gyan Prakash \\| date \\= April 1990 \\| title \\= Writing Post\\-Orientalist Histories of the Third World: Perspectives from Indian Historiography \\| journal \\= Comparative Studies in Society and History \\| volume \\= 32 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 383–408 \\| doi\\=10\\.1017/s0010417500016534 \\| jstor \\= 178920\\| s2cid \\= 144435305 }}",
"The \"Cambridge School\", led by Anil Seal,Anil Seal,*The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century* (1971\\). Gordon Johnson,Gordon Johnson, *Provincial Politics and Indian Nationalism: Bombay and the Indian National Congress 1880–1915* (2005\\) Richard Gordon, and David A. Washbrook,Rosalind O'Hanlon and David Washbrook, eds. *Religious Cultures in Early Modern India: New Perspectives* (2011\\). downplays ideology.Aravind Ganachari, \"Studies in Indian Historiography: 'The Cambridge School,'\" *Indica,* March 2010, 47\\#1, pp 70–93\\. However, this school of historiography is criticised for western bias or [Eurocentrism](/wiki/Eurocentrism \"Eurocentrism\").{{cite book\\|title\\=Eurocentrism: a marxian critical realist critique\\|author\\=Hostettler, N.\\|date\\=2013\\|publisher\\=Taylor \\& Francis\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-135\\-18131\\-4\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=2XjozzN0ppEC\\&pg\\=PA33\\|page\\=33\\|access\\-date\\=6 January 2017}}",
"The Nationalist school has focused on Congress, Gandhi, Nehru and high level politics. It highlighted the Mutiny of 1857 as a war of liberation, and Gandhi's 'Quit India' begun in 1942, as defining historical events. This school of historiography has received criticism for [Elitism](/wiki/Elitism \"Elitism\").Ranjit Guha, [\"On Some Aspects of Historiography of Colonial India\".](http://pages.ucsd.edu/~rfrank/class_web/ES-200C/Articles/Guha.pdf)",
"The Marxists have focused on studies of economic development, landownership, and class conflict in precolonial India and of deindustrialisation during the colonial period. The Marxists portrayed Gandhi's movement as a device of the bourgeois elite to harness popular, potentially revolutionary forces for its own ends. Again, the Marxists are accused of being \"too much\" ideologically influenced.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Bagchi \\|first\\=Amiya Kumar \\|date\\=January 1993 \\|title\\=Writing Indian History in the Marxist Mode in a Post\\-Soviet World \\|journal\\=Indian Historical Review \\|volume\\=20 \\|issue\\=1/2 \\|pages\\=229–244}}",
"The \"subaltern school\", was begun in the 1980s by [Ranajit Guha](/wiki/Ranajit_Guha \"Ranajit Guha\") and [Gyan Prakash](/wiki/Gyan_Prakash \"Gyan Prakash\").{{cite journal \\|last\\=Prakash \\|first\\=Gyan \\|date\\=December 1994 \\|title\\=Subaltern studies as postcolonial criticism \\|journal\\=American Historical Review \\|volume\\=99 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=1475–1500 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/2168385\\|jstor\\=2168385 }} It focuses attention away from the elites and politicians to \"history from below\", looking at the peasants using folklore, poetry, riddles, proverbs, songs, oral history and methods inspired by anthropology. It focuses on the colonial era before 1947 and typically emphasises caste and downplays class, to the annoyance of the Marxist school.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Roosa \\|first\\=John \\|date\\=2006 \\|title\\=When the Subaltern Took the Postcolonial Turn \\|journal\\=Journal of the Canadian Historical Association \\|volume\\=17 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=130–147 \\|doi\\=10\\.7202/016593ar\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"More recently, Hindu nationalists have created a version of history to support their demands for [\"Hindutva\"](/wiki/Hindutva%23Views_on_Indian_history \"Hindutva#Views on Indian history\") (\"Hinduness\") in Indian society. This school of thought is still in the process of development.{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Menon \\|first\\=Latha \\|date\\=August 2004 \\|title\\=Coming to Terms with the Past: India \\|magazine\\=History Today \\|volume\\=54 \\|issue\\=8 \\|pages\\=28–30}} In March 2012, [Diana L. Eck](/wiki/Diana_L._Eck \"Diana L. Eck\") in her *India: A Sacred Geography* (2013\\) argues that the idea of India dates to a much earlier time than the British or the Mughals and it was not just a cluster of regional identities and it wasn't ethnic or racial.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://scroll.in/article/802047/theres\\-an\\-idea\\-of\\-india\\-from\\-early\\-times\\-much\\-before\\-the\\-mughals\\-or\\-the\\-british\\-scholar\\-diana\\-eck\\|title\\=Harvard scholar says the idea of India dates to a much earlier time than the British or the Mughals\\|date\\=20 January 2016 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/review\\-of\\-diana\\-l.eck\\-india\\-a\\-sacred\\-geography/1/199809\\.html\\|title\\=In The Footsteps of Pilgrims}}{{Cite news \\|url\\=http://www.economist.com/node/21550765 \\|title\\=India's spiritual landscape: The heavens and the earth \\|newspaper\\=The Economist \\|date\\=24 March 2012}}\n{{cite news \\|last\\=Dalrymple \\|first\\=William \\|date\\=27 July 2012 \\|title\\=India: A Sacred Geography by Diana L Eck – review \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/jul/27/india\\-sacred\\-geography\\-eck\\-review \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian}}",
"Debate continues about the economic impact of British imperialism on India. The issue was actually raised by conservative British politician [Edmund Burke](/wiki/Edmund_Burke \"Edmund Burke\") who in the 1780s vehemently attacked the East India Company, claiming that [Warren Hastings](/wiki/Warren_Hastings \"Warren Hastings\") and other top officials had ruined the Indian economy and society. Indian historian Rajat Kanta Ray (1998\\) continues this line of attack, saying the new economy brought by the British in the 18th century was a form of \"plunder\" and a catastrophe for the traditional economy of Mughal India. Ray accuses the British of depleting the food and money stocks and imposing high taxes that helped cause the terrible famine of 1770, which killed a third of the people of Bengal.Rajat Kanta Ray, \"Indian Society and the Establishment of British Supremacy, 1765–1818\", in *The Oxford History of the British Empire: vol. 2, The Eighteenth Century*, ed. P. J. Marshall, (1998\\), pp. 508–529\\.",
"Rejecting the Indian nationalist account of the British as alien aggressors, seizing power by brute force and impoverishing all of India, British historian [P. J. Marshall](/wiki/P._J._Marshall \"P. J. Marshall\") argues that the British were not in full control but instead were players in what was primarily an Indian play and in which their rise to power depended upon excellent cooperation with Indian elites. Marshall admits that much of his interpretation is still rejected by many historians.P. J. Marshall, \"The British in Asia: Trade to Dominion, 1700–1765,\" in *The Oxford History of the British Empire: vol. 2, The Eighteenth Century*, ed. P. J. Marshall, (1998\\), pp. 487–507\\. Marshall argues that recent scholarship has reinterpreted the view that the prosperity of the formerly benign Mughal rule gave way to poverty and anarchy. Marshall argues the British takeover did not make any sharp break with the past. The British largely delegated control to regional Mughal rulers and sustained a generally prosperous economy for the rest of the 18th century. Marshall notes the British went into partnership with Indian bankers and raised revenue through local tax administrators and kept the old Mughal rates of taxation. Professor Ray agrees that the East India Company inherited an onerous taxation system that took one\\-third of the produce of Indian cultivators.Marshall, \"The British in Asia: Trade to Dominion, 1700–1765\"",
"In the 20th century historians generally agreed that imperial authority in the Raj had been secure in the 1800\\-1940 era. Various challenges have emerged. Mark Condos and Jon Wilson argue that the Raj was chronically insecure.Mark Condos, *The Insecurity State: Punjab and the Making of Colonial Power in British India* (Cambridge University Press, 2017\\).Jon Wilson, *India conquered: Britain's Raj and the chaos of empire* (Simon and Schuster, 2016\\). They argue that the irrational anxiety of officials led to a chaotic administration with minimal social purchase or ideological coherence. The Raj was not a confident state capable of acting as it chose, but rather a psychologically embattled one incapable of acting except in the abstract, the small scale, or short term.Joshua Ehrlich, \"Anxiety, Chaos, and the Raj.\" *Historical Journal* 63\\.3 (2020\\): 777\\-787\\. {{doi\\|10\\.1017/S0018246X1900058X}}",
"### Tropical Africa",
"The first historical studies appeared in the 1890s, and followed one of four approaches. The territorial narrative was typically written by a veteran soldier or civil servant who gave heavy emphasis to what he had seen. The \"apologia\" were essays designed to justify British policies. Thirdly, popularizers tried to reach a large audience, and finally compendia appeared designed to combine academic and official credentials. Professional scholarship appeared around 1900, and began with the study of business operations, typically using government documents and unpublished archives. The economic approach was widely practiced in the 1930s, primarily to provide descriptions of the changes underway in the previous half\\-century. [Reginald Coupland](/wiki/Reginald_Coupland \"Reginald Coupland\"), an Oxford professor, studied *the Exploitation of East Africa, 1856–1890: The Slave Trade and the Scramble* (1939\\). The American historian [William L. Langer](/wiki/William_L._Langer \"William L. Langer\") wrote *The Diplomacy of Imperialism: 1890–1902* (1935\\), a book is still widely cited. The Second World War diverted most scholars to wartime projects and accounted for a pause in scholarship during the 1940s.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Roberts \\| first1 \\= A. D. \\| year \\= 1999 \\| title \\= The British Empire in Tropical Africa: A Review of the Literature to the 1960s,\" in Winks \\| journal \\= Historiography \\| volume \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 463–485 }}",
"By the 1950s, many African students were studying in British universities, and they produced a demand for new scholarship, and started themselves to supply it as well. Oxford University became the main center for African studies, with activity as well at Cambridge, and the London School of Economics. The perspective from British government policy\\-makers or from international business operations, slowly gave way to a new interest in the activities of the natives, especially in a nationalistic movements and the growing demand for independence. The major breakthrough came from [Ronald Robinson](/wiki/Ronald_Robinson \"Ronald Robinson\") and [John Gallagher](/wiki/John_Andrew_Gallagher \"John Andrew Gallagher\"), especially with their studies of the impact of free trade on Africa.Ronald Robinson, John Gallagher, and Alice Denny, *Africa and the Victorians: The Climax of Imperialism in the Dark Continent* (1961\\).",
"### South Africa",
"The historiography of South Africa has been one of the most contentious areas of the British Empire, involving a three\\-way division of sharply differing interpretations among the British, the Boers, and the black African historians.William H. Worger, \"Southern and Central Africa\" in Winks, *Historiography* pp. 512–540Christopher Saunders, *The Making of the South African Past: Major Historians on Race and Class* (1988\\) The first British historians emphasized the benefits of British civilization.{{cite book\\|author1\\=Alexander Wilmot\\|author2\\=John Centlivres Chase\\|title\\=History of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope\\|publisher\\=Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/historyofcolonyo00wilm\\|year\\=1869}} Afrikaner historiography began in the 1870s with early laudatory accounts of the trekkers and undisguised anger at the British. After many years of conflict and warfare, the British took control of South Africa and historians began conciliatory effort to bring the two sides together in a shared history. An influential large\\-scale effort was made by [George McCall Theal](/wiki/George_McCall_Theal \"George McCall Theal\") (1837\\-1919\\), who wrote many books as school teacher and as the official historian, such as *History and Ethnography of Africa South of the Zambesi* (11 vol, 1897–1919\\). In the 1920s, historians using missionary sources started presenting the Coloured and African viewpoints, as in W. M. Macmillan, *Bantu, Boer and Briton: The Making of the South African Native Problem* (London, 1929\\). Modern research standards were introduced by [Eric A. Walker](/wiki/Eric_A._Walker_%28historian%29 \"Eric A. Walker (historian)\") (1886–1976\\), who moved from a professorship at the University of Cape Town to become the [Vere Harmsworth Professor of Imperial and Naval History](/wiki/Vere_Harmsworth_Professor_of_Imperial_and_Naval_History \"Vere Harmsworth Professor of Imperial and Naval History\") at the University of Cambridge, where he trained a generation of graduate students.Leonard M. Thompson, \"South Africa\" in Winks, ed., *The Historiography of the British Empire\\-Commonwealth: Trends, Interpretations and Resources* (1966\\) pp. 212–236 Afrikaner historiography increasingly defended apartheid.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Thompson \\| first1 \\= Leonard M. \\| year \\= 1962 \\| title \\= Afrikaner Nationalist Historiography and the Policy of Apartheid \\| journal \\= Journal of African History \\| volume \\= 3 \\| issue \\= 1\\| pages \\= 125–141 \\| doi\\=10\\.1017/s0021853700002772\\| s2cid \\= 161944286 }}",
"#### Liberation historiography",
"The dominant approach in recent decades is to emphasize the roots of the liberation movement.Chris Saunders, \"The ANC in the Historiography of the National Liberation Struggle in South Africa\". in Kwandiwe Kondlo et al., eds. *Treading the waters of history: Perspectives on the ANC* (2014\\) p. 11\\. Baines argues that the \"[Soweto uprising](/wiki/Soweto_uprising \"Soweto uprising\")\" of 1976 inspired a new generation of social historians to start looking for evidence that would allow the writing of history \"from below\"; often they adopted a Marxist perspective.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Baines \\| first1 \\= Gary \\| year \\= 2007 \\| title \\= The Master Narrative of South Africa's Liberation Struggle: Remembering and Forgetting June 16, 1976 \\| journal \\= International Journal of African Historical Studies \\| volume \\= 40 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 283–302 \\| jstor\\=40033914}}",
"By the 1990s, historians were exploring comparative race relations in South Africa and the United States from the late 19th century to the late 20th century.George M. Fredrickson, *Black Liberation: A Comparative History of Black Ideologies in the United States and South Africa* (1995\\) James Campbell argues that black American Methodist missionaries to South Africa adopted the same standards of promoting civilization as did the British.James T. Campbell, *Songs of Zion: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa* (1995\\){{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Cooper \\| first1 \\= Frederick \\| year \\= 1996 \\| title \\= Race, ideology, and the perils of comparative history \\| journal \\= American Historical Review \\| volume \\= 101 \\| issue \\= 4\\| pages \\= 1122–1138 \\| doi\\=10\\.2307/2169637\\| jstor \\= 2169637 }}",
""
] |
The new imperial history
------------------------
The focus of attention of historians has shifted over time. Phillip Buckner reports that on a bygone era of graduate education in Britain when the Empire was
{{blockquote\|studied in a tradition that had been established in the late 19th century. By the 1960s the Empire was no longer seen as an unmitigated blessing for its subjects overseas and the emphasis of the newer studies was an attempt to reassess British policy\-making from a more critical perspective. Nonetheless, mainstream imperial history still focused on policy\-making at the imperial centre with considerable emphasis on relations between Britain and its colonies of settlement overseas and the emergence of modern Commonwealth.Buckner, "Presidential Address: Whatever Happened to the British Empire?" p. 5\.}}
Ronald Hyam argues that the historiography of the British Empire reached a state of severe crisis:
{{blockquote\|The early 1980s marked the end of an era ... as imperial and Commonwealth history itself everywhere became fragmented, unfashionable, and increasingly embattled. The old conceptual unities as they had been worked out in the previous half\-century now collapsed, particularly under the pressure of the inexorable advance of area studies."{{cite book\|author\=Ronald Hyam\|title\=Understanding the British Empire\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=OaHl\_1t3eHkC\&pg\=PA473\|year\=2010\|page\=473\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-521\-11522\-3}}}}
Hyam goes on to state that by the 21st century new themes had emerged including "post—colonial theory, globalisation, sex and gender issues, the cultural imperative, and the linguistic turn."{{cite book\|author\=Hyam\|title\=Understanding the British Empire\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=OaHl\_1t3eHkC\&pg\=PA496\|year\=2010\|page\=496\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-521\-11522\-3}}
### The native leadership
The studies of policy\-making in London and the settlement colonies like Canada and Australia are now rare. Newer concerns deal with the natives, and give much more attention to native leaders such as Gandhi.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Bligh \| first1 \= Michelle C. \| last2 \= Robinson \| first2 \= Jill L. \| year \= 2010 \| title \= Was Gandhi "charismatic"? Exploring the rhetorical leadership of Mahatma Gandhi \| journal \= The Leadership Quarterly \| volume \= 21 \| issue \= 5\| pages \= 844–855 \| doi\=10\.1016/j.leaqua.2010\.07\.011}} They address topics such as migration,Marjory Harper and [Stephen Constantine](/wiki/Stephen_Constantine_%28historian%29 "Stephen Constantine (historian)"), *Migration and empire* (2010\). gender,Philippa Levine, ed. *Gender and empire* (2007\). race,Radhika Mohanram, *Imperial white: Race, diaspora, and the British empire* (U of Minnesota Press, 2007\). sexuality,Ronald Hyam, *Empire and sexuality: the British experience* (1990\) environmentalism,Peder Anker, *Imperial ecology: environmental order in the British Empire, 1895–1945* (2009\). visualization,James R. Ryan, *Picturing empire: Photography and the visualization of the British Empire* (1997\). and sports.Brian Stoddart, "Sport, cultural imperialism, and colonial response in the British Empire". *Comparative Studies in Society and History* 30\#4 (1988\): 649\-673\. Thus there are entire chapters on economics, religion, colonial knowledge, agency, culture, and identity in the historiographical overview edited by Sarah E. Stockwell, *The British Empire: Themes and Perspectives* (2008\).Sarah E. Stockwell, ed., *The British Empire: Themes and Perspectives* (2008\) The new approaches to imperial history are often grouped together under the heading of the "new imperial history".Stephen Howe, ed. *New Imperial Histories Reader* (Routledge, 2010\). These approaches have been distinguished by two features. Firstly, they have suggested that the British empire was a cultural project as well as a set of political and economic relationships. As a result, these historians have stressed the ways in which empire building shaped the cultures of both colonized peoples and Britons themselves.
### Race and gender
In particular they have shown the ways in which British imperialism rested upon ideas about cultural difference and in turn how British colonialism reshaped understandings of race and gender in both the colonies and at home in Britain. Mrinalini Sinha's *Colonial Masculinity* (1995\) showed how supposed British manliness and ideas about the effeminacy of some Indians influenced colonial policy and Indian nationalist thought.Mrinalini Sinha, *Colonial Masculinity: The 'Manly Englishman' and the 'Effeminate Bengali' in the Late Nineteenth Century* (1995\). [Antoinette Burton](/wiki/Antoinette_Burton "Antoinette Burton") has been a key figure and her *Burdens of History* (1995\) showed how white British feminists in the Victorian period appropriated imperialist rhetoric to claim a role for themselves in 'saving' native women and thereby strengthened their own claims to equality in Britain.Antoinette Burton, *Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865–1915* (1995\). Historians like Sinha, Burton, and Catherine Hall have used this approach to argue that British culture at 'home' was profoundly shaped by the empire during the 19th century.Catherine Hall and Sonya Rose, eds, "*At Home with the Empire: Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World* (2006\).
### Linkages binding the Empire together
The second feature that defines the new imperial history is its examination of the links and flows that connected different parts of the empire together. At first scholars looked at the empire's impact on domestic Britain, particularly in terms of everyday experiences. More recently, attention has been paid to the material, emotional, and financial links among the different regions.Zoe Laidlaw, "Breaking Britannia's Bounds? Law, Settlers, and Space in Britain's Imperial Historiography". *Historical Journal* 55\#3 (2012\): 807–830\. Both Burton and Sinha stress the ways in which the politics of gender and race linked Britain and India. Sinha suggested that these linkages were part of an "imperial social formation", an uneven but integrative set of arguments, ideas and institutions that connected Britain to its colonies.Mrinalini Sinha, *Colonial Masculinity*, p. 2\. More recent work by scholars such as [Alan Lester](/wiki/Alan_Lester "Alan Lester") and [Tony Ballantyne](/wiki/Tony_Ballantyne_%28historian%29 "Tony Ballantyne (historian)") have stressed the importance of the networks that made up the empire. Lester's *Imperial Networks* (2001\) reconstructed some of the debates and policies that linked Britain and South Africa during the 19th century.Alan Lester, *Imperial Networks: Creating Identities in Nineteenth\-Century South Africa and Britain.* (2001\). Ballantyne's *Orientalism and Race* developed an influential new model for writing about colonialism in highlighting the "webs of empire" that he suggested made up the empire. These webs were made up of the flows of ideas, books, arguments, money, and people that not only moved between London and Britain's colonies, but also moved directly from colony to colony, from places like India to New Zealand.Tony Ballantyne, *Orientalism and Race: Aryanism in the British Empire* (2002\). Many historians now focus on these "networks" and "webs" and Alison Games has used this as a model for studying the pattern of early English imperialism as well.Alison Games, *The Web of Empire: English Cosmopolitans in an Age of Expansion, 1560–1660* (2008\).
### The Oxford History of the British Empire
{{main\|The Oxford History of the British Empire}}
The major multi\-volume multi\-author coverage of the history of the British Empire is the *Oxford History of the British Empire* (1998–2001\), five\-volume set, plus a companion series.See ["Oxford History of the British Empire: Companion series](https://global.oup.com/academic/content/series/o/oxford-history-of-the-british-empire-companion-series-ohbecs/?cc=us&lang=en) Douglas Peers says the series demonstrates that, "As a field of historical inquiry, imperial history is clearly experiencing a renaissance."Douglas M. Peers, "Is Humpty Dumpty back together again?: The revival of imperial history and the Oxford History of the British Empire". *Journal of World History* (2002\), 13\#2, pp. 451–467\. [online.](http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_world_history/v013/13.2peers.html)
[Max Beloff](/wiki/Max_Beloff "Max Beloff"), reviewing the first two volumes in *[History Today](/wiki/History_Today "History Today")*, praised them for their readability and was pleased that his worry that they would be too anti\-imperialist had not been realised.[The Oxford History of the British Empire, Volume I.](http://www.historytoday.com/max-beloff/oxford-history-british-empire-volume-i) Max Beloff, *History Today*. Retrieved 7 June 2015\. {{subscription required}} [Saul Dubow](/wiki/Saul_Dubow "Saul Dubow") in [H\-Net](/wiki/H-Net "H-Net") noted the uneven quality of the chapters in volume III and also the difficulty of such an endeavour give the state of [historiography](/wiki/Historiography "Historiography") of the British Empire and the impossibility of maintaining a triumphalist tone in the modern era. Dubow also felt that some of the authors had tended "to 'play safe', awed perhaps by the monumental nature of the enterprise".Saul Dubow, [Review of Porter, Andrew, ed., *The Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol.III: The Nineteenth Century*](http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=6149.), H\-Albion, H\-Net Reviews. April, 2002\. Retrieved 7 June 2015\.
[Madhavi Kale](/wiki/Madhavi_Kale "Madhavi Kale") of [Bryn Mawr College](/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College "Bryn Mawr College"), writing in *[Social History](/wiki/Social_History_%28journal%29 "Social History (journal)")*, also felt that the history took a traditional approach to the historiography of the empire and placed the English, and to a lesser extent the Scottish, Irish and Welsh at the centre of the account, rather than the subject peoples of the empire. Kale summed up her review of volumes III\-V of the history by saying it represented "a disturbingly revisionist project that seeks to neutralize ... the massive political and military brutality and repression" of the empire."Reviews", Madhavi Kale, *Social History*, 27\#2 (2002\), pp. 250–253\.
### Postmodern and postcolonial approaches
A major unexpected development came after 1980 with a flood of fresh and innovative books and articles from scholars trained in non\-British perspectives. Many had studied Africa, South Asia, the Caribbean, and the dominions. The new perspective strengthened the field rather than destroying it. Further imaginative approaches, which occasioned sharp debates, came from literary scholars especially [Edward Said](/wiki/Edward_Said "Edward Said") and [Homi K. Bhabha](/wiki/Homi_K._Bhabha "Homi K. Bhabha"), as well as anthropologists, feminists,Tim Allender, "Household bibis, pious learning and racial cure: changing feminine identities in colonial India, 1780–1925\." *Paedagogica Historica* 53\#1\-2 (2017\): 155\-169\. and other newcomers. Longtime experts suddenly confronted the strange new scholarship with theoretical perspectives such as post\-structuralism and post\-modernism. The colonial empire was becoming "postcolonial."Dane Kennedy, "The Imperial History Wars." *Journal of British Studies* 54\#1 (2015\): 5–22, especially pp. 8–9\.Dane Kennedy, “Postcolonialism and History,” in *The Oxford Handbook of Postcolonial Studies,* ed. Graham Huggins (2013\), pp 467\-88\. Instead of painting the globe red any more, the Empire's history became part of a new global history.Rachel K. Bright and Andrew R. Dilley, "After the British World." *Historical Journal* 60\#2 (2017\): 547\-568\. New maps were drawn emphasizing the oceans more than the land masses, yielding new perspectives such as *[Atlantic history](/wiki/Atlantic_history "Atlantic history").*D. Armitage and M. J. Braddick, eds., *The British Atlantic World* (2002\).E. A. Alpers, *The Indian Ocean in World History* (2014\); D. Armitage and A. Bashford, eds, *Pacific Histories: Ocean, Land, People* (2014\).
The old consensus among historians held that in India British imperial authority was quite secure from 1858 to World War II. Recently, however, this interpretation has been challenged. For example Mark Condos and Jon Wilson argue that imperial authority in the Raj was chronically insecure. Indeed the anxiety of generations of officials produced a chaotic administration with minimal coherence. Instead of a confident state capable of acting as it chose, these historians find a psychologically embattled one incapable of acting except in the abstract, small scale, or short term. Meanwhile Durba Ghosh offers an alternative approach.Joshua Ehrlich, "Anxiety, Chaos, and the Raj." *Historical Journal* 63\.3 (2020\): 777–787\.
|
[
"The new imperial history\n------------------------",
"The focus of attention of historians has shifted over time. Phillip Buckner reports that on a bygone era of graduate education in Britain when the Empire was\n{{blockquote\\|studied in a tradition that had been established in the late 19th century. By the 1960s the Empire was no longer seen as an unmitigated blessing for its subjects overseas and the emphasis of the newer studies was an attempt to reassess British policy\\-making from a more critical perspective. Nonetheless, mainstream imperial history still focused on policy\\-making at the imperial centre with considerable emphasis on relations between Britain and its colonies of settlement overseas and the emergence of modern Commonwealth.Buckner, \"Presidential Address: Whatever Happened to the British Empire?\" p. 5\\.}}",
"Ronald Hyam argues that the historiography of the British Empire reached a state of severe crisis:\n{{blockquote\\|The early 1980s marked the end of an era ... as imperial and Commonwealth history itself everywhere became fragmented, unfashionable, and increasingly embattled. The old conceptual unities as they had been worked out in the previous half\\-century now collapsed, particularly under the pressure of the inexorable advance of area studies.\"{{cite book\\|author\\=Ronald Hyam\\|title\\=Understanding the British Empire\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=OaHl\\_1t3eHkC\\&pg\\=PA473\\|year\\=2010\\|page\\=473\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-521\\-11522\\-3}}}}\nHyam goes on to state that by the 21st century new themes had emerged including \"post—colonial theory, globalisation, sex and gender issues, the cultural imperative, and the linguistic turn.\"{{cite book\\|author\\=Hyam\\|title\\=Understanding the British Empire\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=OaHl\\_1t3eHkC\\&pg\\=PA496\\|year\\=2010\\|page\\=496\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-521\\-11522\\-3}}",
"### The native leadership",
"The studies of policy\\-making in London and the settlement colonies like Canada and Australia are now rare. Newer concerns deal with the natives, and give much more attention to native leaders such as Gandhi.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Bligh \\| first1 \\= Michelle C. \\| last2 \\= Robinson \\| first2 \\= Jill L. \\| year \\= 2010 \\| title \\= Was Gandhi \"charismatic\"? Exploring the rhetorical leadership of Mahatma Gandhi \\| journal \\= The Leadership Quarterly \\| volume \\= 21 \\| issue \\= 5\\| pages \\= 844–855 \\| doi\\=10\\.1016/j.leaqua.2010\\.07\\.011}} They address topics such as migration,Marjory Harper and [Stephen Constantine](/wiki/Stephen_Constantine_%28historian%29 \"Stephen Constantine (historian)\"), *Migration and empire* (2010\\). gender,Philippa Levine, ed. *Gender and empire* (2007\\). race,Radhika Mohanram, *Imperial white: Race, diaspora, and the British empire* (U of Minnesota Press, 2007\\). sexuality,Ronald Hyam, *Empire and sexuality: the British experience* (1990\\) environmentalism,Peder Anker, *Imperial ecology: environmental order in the British Empire, 1895–1945* (2009\\). visualization,James R. Ryan, *Picturing empire: Photography and the visualization of the British Empire* (1997\\). and sports.Brian Stoddart, \"Sport, cultural imperialism, and colonial response in the British Empire\". *Comparative Studies in Society and History* 30\\#4 (1988\\): 649\\-673\\. Thus there are entire chapters on economics, religion, colonial knowledge, agency, culture, and identity in the historiographical overview edited by Sarah E. Stockwell, *The British Empire: Themes and Perspectives* (2008\\).Sarah E. Stockwell, ed., *The British Empire: Themes and Perspectives* (2008\\) The new approaches to imperial history are often grouped together under the heading of the \"new imperial history\".Stephen Howe, ed. *New Imperial Histories Reader* (Routledge, 2010\\). These approaches have been distinguished by two features. Firstly, they have suggested that the British empire was a cultural project as well as a set of political and economic relationships. As a result, these historians have stressed the ways in which empire building shaped the cultures of both colonized peoples and Britons themselves.",
"### Race and gender",
"In particular they have shown the ways in which British imperialism rested upon ideas about cultural difference and in turn how British colonialism reshaped understandings of race and gender in both the colonies and at home in Britain. Mrinalini Sinha's *Colonial Masculinity* (1995\\) showed how supposed British manliness and ideas about the effeminacy of some Indians influenced colonial policy and Indian nationalist thought.Mrinalini Sinha, *Colonial Masculinity: The 'Manly Englishman' and the 'Effeminate Bengali' in the Late Nineteenth Century* (1995\\). [Antoinette Burton](/wiki/Antoinette_Burton \"Antoinette Burton\") has been a key figure and her *Burdens of History* (1995\\) showed how white British feminists in the Victorian period appropriated imperialist rhetoric to claim a role for themselves in 'saving' native women and thereby strengthened their own claims to equality in Britain.Antoinette Burton, *Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865–1915* (1995\\). Historians like Sinha, Burton, and Catherine Hall have used this approach to argue that British culture at 'home' was profoundly shaped by the empire during the 19th century.Catherine Hall and Sonya Rose, eds, \"*At Home with the Empire: Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World* (2006\\).",
"### Linkages binding the Empire together",
"The second feature that defines the new imperial history is its examination of the links and flows that connected different parts of the empire together. At first scholars looked at the empire's impact on domestic Britain, particularly in terms of everyday experiences. More recently, attention has been paid to the material, emotional, and financial links among the different regions.Zoe Laidlaw, \"Breaking Britannia's Bounds? Law, Settlers, and Space in Britain's Imperial Historiography\". *Historical Journal* 55\\#3 (2012\\): 807–830\\. Both Burton and Sinha stress the ways in which the politics of gender and race linked Britain and India. Sinha suggested that these linkages were part of an \"imperial social formation\", an uneven but integrative set of arguments, ideas and institutions that connected Britain to its colonies.Mrinalini Sinha, *Colonial Masculinity*, p. 2\\. More recent work by scholars such as [Alan Lester](/wiki/Alan_Lester \"Alan Lester\") and [Tony Ballantyne](/wiki/Tony_Ballantyne_%28historian%29 \"Tony Ballantyne (historian)\") have stressed the importance of the networks that made up the empire. Lester's *Imperial Networks* (2001\\) reconstructed some of the debates and policies that linked Britain and South Africa during the 19th century.Alan Lester, *Imperial Networks: Creating Identities in Nineteenth\\-Century South Africa and Britain.* (2001\\). Ballantyne's *Orientalism and Race* developed an influential new model for writing about colonialism in highlighting the \"webs of empire\" that he suggested made up the empire. These webs were made up of the flows of ideas, books, arguments, money, and people that not only moved between London and Britain's colonies, but also moved directly from colony to colony, from places like India to New Zealand.Tony Ballantyne, *Orientalism and Race: Aryanism in the British Empire* (2002\\). Many historians now focus on these \"networks\" and \"webs\" and Alison Games has used this as a model for studying the pattern of early English imperialism as well.Alison Games, *The Web of Empire: English Cosmopolitans in an Age of Expansion, 1560–1660* (2008\\).",
"### The Oxford History of the British Empire",
"{{main\\|The Oxford History of the British Empire}}\nThe major multi\\-volume multi\\-author coverage of the history of the British Empire is the *Oxford History of the British Empire* (1998–2001\\), five\\-volume set, plus a companion series.See [\"Oxford History of the British Empire: Companion series](https://global.oup.com/academic/content/series/o/oxford-history-of-the-british-empire-companion-series-ohbecs/?cc=us&lang=en) Douglas Peers says the series demonstrates that, \"As a field of historical inquiry, imperial history is clearly experiencing a renaissance.\"Douglas M. Peers, \"Is Humpty Dumpty back together again?: The revival of imperial history and the Oxford History of the British Empire\". *Journal of World History* (2002\\), 13\\#2, pp. 451–467\\. [online.](http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_world_history/v013/13.2peers.html)",
"",
"[Max Beloff](/wiki/Max_Beloff \"Max Beloff\"), reviewing the first two volumes in *[History Today](/wiki/History_Today \"History Today\")*, praised them for their readability and was pleased that his worry that they would be too anti\\-imperialist had not been realised.[The Oxford History of the British Empire, Volume I.](http://www.historytoday.com/max-beloff/oxford-history-british-empire-volume-i) Max Beloff, *History Today*. Retrieved 7 June 2015\\. {{subscription required}} [Saul Dubow](/wiki/Saul_Dubow \"Saul Dubow\") in [H\\-Net](/wiki/H-Net \"H-Net\") noted the uneven quality of the chapters in volume III and also the difficulty of such an endeavour give the state of [historiography](/wiki/Historiography \"Historiography\") of the British Empire and the impossibility of maintaining a triumphalist tone in the modern era. Dubow also felt that some of the authors had tended \"to 'play safe', awed perhaps by the monumental nature of the enterprise\".Saul Dubow, [Review of Porter, Andrew, ed., *The Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol.III: The Nineteenth Century*](http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=6149.), H\\-Albion, H\\-Net Reviews. April, 2002\\. Retrieved 7 June 2015\\.",
"[Madhavi Kale](/wiki/Madhavi_Kale \"Madhavi Kale\") of [Bryn Mawr College](/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College \"Bryn Mawr College\"), writing in *[Social History](/wiki/Social_History_%28journal%29 \"Social History (journal)\")*, also felt that the history took a traditional approach to the historiography of the empire and placed the English, and to a lesser extent the Scottish, Irish and Welsh at the centre of the account, rather than the subject peoples of the empire. Kale summed up her review of volumes III\\-V of the history by saying it represented \"a disturbingly revisionist project that seeks to neutralize ... the massive political and military brutality and repression\" of the empire.\"Reviews\", Madhavi Kale, *Social History*, 27\\#2 (2002\\), pp. 250–253\\.",
"### Postmodern and postcolonial approaches",
"A major unexpected development came after 1980 with a flood of fresh and innovative books and articles from scholars trained in non\\-British perspectives. Many had studied Africa, South Asia, the Caribbean, and the dominions. The new perspective strengthened the field rather than destroying it. Further imaginative approaches, which occasioned sharp debates, came from literary scholars especially [Edward Said](/wiki/Edward_Said \"Edward Said\") and [Homi K. Bhabha](/wiki/Homi_K._Bhabha \"Homi K. Bhabha\"), as well as anthropologists, feminists,Tim Allender, \"Household bibis, pious learning and racial cure: changing feminine identities in colonial India, 1780–1925\\.\" *Paedagogica Historica* 53\\#1\\-2 (2017\\): 155\\-169\\. and other newcomers. Longtime experts suddenly confronted the strange new scholarship with theoretical perspectives such as post\\-structuralism and post\\-modernism. The colonial empire was becoming \"postcolonial.\"Dane Kennedy, \"The Imperial History Wars.\" *Journal of British Studies* 54\\#1 (2015\\): 5–22, especially pp. 8–9\\.Dane Kennedy, “Postcolonialism and History,” in *The Oxford Handbook of Postcolonial Studies,* ed. Graham Huggins (2013\\), pp 467\\-88\\. Instead of painting the globe red any more, the Empire's history became part of a new global history.Rachel K. Bright and Andrew R. Dilley, \"After the British World.\" *Historical Journal* 60\\#2 (2017\\): 547\\-568\\. New maps were drawn emphasizing the oceans more than the land masses, yielding new perspectives such as *[Atlantic history](/wiki/Atlantic_history \"Atlantic history\").*D. Armitage and M. J. Braddick, eds., *The British Atlantic World* (2002\\).E. A. Alpers, *The Indian Ocean in World History* (2014\\); D. Armitage and A. Bashford, eds, *Pacific Histories: Ocean, Land, People* (2014\\).",
"The old consensus among historians held that in India British imperial authority was quite secure from 1858 to World War II. Recently, however, this interpretation has been challenged. For example Mark Condos and Jon Wilson argue that imperial authority in the Raj was chronically insecure. Indeed the anxiety of generations of officials produced a chaotic administration with minimal coherence. Instead of a confident state capable of acting as it chose, these historians find a psychologically embattled one incapable of acting except in the abstract, small scale, or short term. Meanwhile Durba Ghosh offers an alternative approach.Joshua Ehrlich, \"Anxiety, Chaos, and the Raj.\" *Historical Journal* 63\\.3 (2020\\): 777–787\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
{{Globalize\|section\|United Kingdom\|2name\=the United Kingdom\|date\=July 2019\|talk\=Talk:British Hong Kong\#Globalize tag}}
### Colonial establishment
{{further\|History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)\|Bao'an County}}
In 1836, the imperial government of the [Qing dynasty](/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") undertook a major policy review of the opium trade, which had been first introduced to the Chinese by [Persian](/wiki/Persian_people "Persian people") then [Islamic](/wiki/Islamic "Islamic") traders over many centuries.{{cite book\|author\-link\=Adrian Cowell\|first1\=Adrian\|last1\=Cowell\|publisher\=PBS Frontline\|title\=The Opium Kings\|url\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html\|year\=1997\|access\-date\=May 16, 2007\|archive\-date\=23 September 2006\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923053042/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite book\|author\=Philip Robson\|title\=Forbidden Drugs\|url\=https://archive.org/details/forbiddendrugs0000robs\|url\-access\=registration\|year\=1999\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-262955\-5}}{{cite news\|url\=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\_qa3833/is\_200207/ai\_n9107282/print \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021021327/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\_qa3833/is\_200207/ai\_n9107282/print \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=October 21, 2007 \|title\=Opium and its alkaloids \| author\=Paul L. Schiff Jr. \|year\=2002 \|access\-date\=May 8, 2007 \|work\=American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education }}{{cite book \|title\=Opium, empire and the global political economy: a study of the Asian opium trade, 1750–1950 \|first\=Carl A. \|last\=Trocki \|author\-link\=Carl A. Trocki\|publisher\=Routledge \|year\=1999 \|isbn\=978\-0\-415\-19918\-6 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=DDNvkSC26bcC }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.humanities.qut.edu.au/research/socialchange/docs/conf\_papers2002/TrockiCarl.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720075013/http://www.humanities.qut.edu.au/research/socialchange/docs/conf\_papers2002/TrockiCarl.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 20, 2008\|author\=Carl A. Trocki\|title\=Opium as a commodity and the Chinese drug plague\|year\=2002\|access\-date\=September 13, 2009\|author\-link\=Carl A. Trocki}} Viceroy [Lin Zexu](/wiki/Lin_Zexu "Lin Zexu") took on the task of suppressing the opium trade. In March 1839, he became Special Imperial Commissioner in [Canton](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou"), where he ordered the foreign traders to surrender their opium stock. He confined the British to the [Canton Factories](/wiki/Canton_Factories "Canton Factories") and cut off their supplies. Chief Superintendent of Trade, [Charles Elliot](/wiki/Charles_Elliot "Charles Elliot"), complied with Lin's demands to secure a safe exit for the British, with the costs involved to be resolved between the two governments. When Elliot promised that the British government would pay for their opium stock, the merchants surrendered their 20,283 chests of opium, which were [destroyed in public](/wiki/Destruction_of_opium_at_Humen "Destruction of opium at Humen").{{sfn\|Tsang\|2004\|pp\=9\-10}}
[thumb\|left\|Possibly the earliest painting of Hong Kong Island, showing the waterfront settlement which became [Victoria City](/wiki/Victoria%2C_Hong_Kong "Victoria, Hong Kong")](/wiki/File:Early_painting_of_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg "Early painting of Hong Kong Island.jpg")
In September 1839, the [British Cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom "Cabinet of the United Kingdom") decided that the Chinese should be made to pay for the destruction of British property, either by the threat or use of force. An expeditionary force was placed under Elliot and his cousin, Rear\-Admiral [George Elliot](/wiki/George_Elliot_%28Royal_Navy_officer%2C_born_1784%29 "George Elliot (Royal Navy officer, born 1784)"), as joint [plenipotentiaries](/wiki/Plenipotentiaries "Plenipotentiaries") in 1840\. Foreign Secretary [Lord Palmerston](/wiki/Lord_Palmerston "Lord Palmerston") stressed to the Chinese government that the British government did not question China's right to prohibit opium, but it objected to the way this was handled.{{sfn\|Tsang\|2004\|pp\=9\-10}} He viewed the sudden strict enforcement as laying a trap for the foreign traders, and the confinement of the British with supplies cut off was tantamount to starving them into submission or death. He instructed the Elliot cousins to occupy one of the [Chusan Islands](/wiki/Zhoushan "Zhoushan") in the [Hangzhou Bay](/wiki/Hangzhou_Bay "Hangzhou Bay") delta across from [Shanghai](/wiki/Shanghai "Shanghai"), then to present a letter from himself to a Chinese official for the [Emperor of China](/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor "Daoguang Emperor"), then to proceed to the [Gulf of Bohai](/wiki/Gulf_of_Bohai "Gulf of Bohai") for a treaty, and if the Chinese resisted, then to blockade the key ports of the [Yangtze](/wiki/Yangtze_River "Yangtze River") and [Yellow](/wiki/Yellow_River "Yellow River") rivers.{{sfn\|Tsang\|2004\|p\=11}} Palmerston demanded a territorial base in the Chusan Islands for trade so that British merchants "may not be subject to the arbitrary caprice either of the Government of Peking, or its local Authorities at the Sea\-Ports of the Empire".{{sfn\|Tsang\|2004\|p\=21}}
In 1841, Elliot negotiated with Lin's successor, [Qishan](/wiki/Qishan_%28official%29 "Qishan (official)"), in the [Convention of Chuenpi](/wiki/Convention_of_Chuenpi "Convention of Chuenpi") during the [First Opium War](/wiki/First_Opium_War "First Opium War"). On 20 January, Elliot announced "the conclusion of preliminary arrangements", which included the cession of the barren [Hong Kong Island](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island "Hong Kong Island") and its harbour to the [British Crown](/wiki/British_Crown "British Crown").{{sfn\|Welsh\|1997}}{{page needed\|date\=September 2020}}*[The Chinese Repository](https://books.google.com/books?id=eJYZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA63)*. Volume 10\. pp. 63–64\. Elliot chose Hong Kong Island instead of Chusan because he believed a settlement nearer to [Shanghai](/wiki/Shanghai "Shanghai") would cause an "indefinite protraction of hostilities", whereas Hong Kong Island's harbour was a valuable base for the British trading community in Canton.{{sfn\|Tsang\|2004\|pp\=11, 21}} British rule began with the occupation of the island on 26 January.{{sfn\|Tsang\|2004\|p\=11}} Commodore [Gordon Bremer](/wiki/Gordon_Bremer "Gordon Bremer"), commander\-in\-chief of British forces in China, took formal possession of the island at [Possession Point](/wiki/Possession_Point "Possession Point"), where the [Union Jack](/wiki/Union_Jack "Union Jack") was raised under a *[fire of joy](/wiki/Feu_de_joie "Feu de joie")* from the marines and a [royal salute](/wiki/21-gun_salute "21-gun salute") from the warships.[Belcher, Edward](/wiki/Edward_Belcher "Edward Belcher") (1843\). *[Narrative of a Voyage Round the World](https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofvoyag02belc#page/148)*. Volume 2\. London: Henry Colburn. p. 148\. Hong Kong Island was ceded in the [Treaty of Nanking](/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking "Treaty of Nanking") on 29 August 1842 and established as a [Crown colony](/wiki/Crown_colony "Crown colony") after the ratification exchanged between the [Daoguang Emperor](/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor "Daoguang Emperor") and [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria "Queen Victoria") was completed on 26 June 1843\.{{sfn\|Tsang\|2004\|p\=12}}
By 1842, Hong Kong had become the major arms supply port in the Asia\-Pacific region.{{Cite book \|last\=Driscoll \|first\=Mark W. \|title\=The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection \|date\=2020 \|publisher\=\[\[Duke University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-1\-4780\-1121\-7 \|location\=Durham}}{{Rp\|page\=5}}
### Growth and expansion
[thumb\|left\|[Spring Garden Lane](/wiki/Spring_Garden_Lane "Spring Garden Lane"), 1846](/wiki/File:Spring_Gardens_1846.jpg "Spring Gardens 1846.jpg")
The Treaty of Nanking failed to satisfy British expectations of a major expansion of trade and profit, which led to increasing pressure for a revision of the terms.{{sfn\|Tsang\|2004\|p\=29}} In October 1856, Chinese authorities in Canton detained the *Arrow*, a Chinese\-owned ship registered in Hong Kong to enjoy the protection of the British flag. The Consul in Canton, [Harry Parkes](/wiki/Harry_Smith_Parkes "Harry Smith Parkes"), claimed the hauling down of the flag and arrest of the crew were "an insult of very grave character". Parkes and [Sir John Bowring](/wiki/John_Bowring "John Bowring"), the fourth [Governor of Hong Kong](/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong "Governor of Hong Kong"), seized the incident to pursue a forward policy. In March 1857, Palmerston appointed [Lord Elgin](/wiki/James_Bruce%2C_8th_Earl_of_Elgin "James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin") as Plenipotentiary, with the aim of securing a new and satisfactory treaty. A French expeditionary force joined the British to avenge the execution of [a French missionary](/wiki/Auguste_Chapdelaine "Auguste Chapdelaine") in 1856\.{{sfn\|Tsang\|2004\|pp\=32\-33}} In 1860, the [capture of the Taku Forts](/wiki/Battle_of_Taku_Forts_%281860%29 "Battle of Taku Forts (1860)") and occupation of Beijing led to the [Treaty of Tientsin](/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin "Treaty of Tientsin") and [Convention of Peking](/wiki/Convention_of_Peking "Convention of Peking"). In the Treaty of Tientsin, the Chinese accepted British demands to open more ports, navigate the Yangtze River, legalise the opium trade and have diplomatic representation in Beijing. During the conflict, the British occupied the [Kowloon Peninsula](/wiki/Kowloon_Peninsula "Kowloon Peninsula"), where the flat land was valuable training and resting ground. The area in what is now south of [Boundary Street](/wiki/Boundary_Street "Boundary Street") and [Stonecutters Island](/wiki/Stonecutters_Island "Stonecutters Island") was ceded in the Convention of Peking.{{sfn\|Tsang\|2004\|pp\=33, 35}}
[thumb\|left\|Hong Kong in the 1930s](/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_1930s_07.jpg "Hong Kong 1930s 07.jpg")
In 1898, the British sought to extend Hong Kong for defence. After negotiations began in April 1898, with the British Minister in Beijing, [Sir Claude MacDonald](/wiki/Claude_MacDonald "Claude MacDonald"), representing Britain, and diplomat [Li Hongzhang](/wiki/Li_Hongzhang "Li Hongzhang") leading the Chinese, the [Second Convention of Peking](/wiki/Second_Convention_of_Peking "Second Convention of Peking") was signed on 9 June. Since the foreign powers had agreed by the late 19th century that it was no longer permissible to acquire outright sovereignty over any parcel of Chinese territory, and in keeping with the other territorial cessions China made to [Russia](/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory "Kwantung Leased Territory"), [Germany](/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_concession "Kiautschou Bay concession") and [France](/wiki/Guangzhouwan "Guangzhouwan") that same year, the extension of Hong Kong took the form of a 99\-year lease. The lease consisted of the rest of Kowloon south of the [Sham Chun River](/wiki/Sham_Chun_River "Sham Chun River") and 230 islands, which became known as the [New Territories](/wiki/New_Territories "New Territories"). The British formally took possession on 16 April 1899\.{{sfn\|Tsang\|2004\|pp\=38\-41}}
### Japanese occupation
[thumb\|Japanese troops crossing the border from the mainland, 1941](/wiki/File:Battle_of_HK_01.jpg "Battle of HK 01.jpg")
{{Main\|Japanese occupation of Hong Kong}}
In 1941, during the Second World War, the British reached an agreement with the Chinese government under Generalissimo [Chiang Kai\-shek](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek "Chiang Kai-shek") that if [Japan](/wiki/Empire_of_Japan "Empire of Japan") attacked Hong Kong, the [Chinese National Army](/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army "National Revolutionary Army") would attack the Japanese from the rear to relieve pressure on the British garrison. On 8 December, the [Battle of Hong Kong](/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong "Battle of Hong Kong") began when Japanese air bombers effectively destroyed British air power in one attack.{{sfn\|Tsang\|2004\|p\=121}} Two days later, the Japanese breached the [Gin Drinkers Line](/wiki/Gin_Drinkers_Line "Gin Drinkers Line") in the New Territories. The British commander, Major\-General [Christopher Maltby](/wiki/Christopher_Maltby "Christopher Maltby"), concluded that the island could not be defended for long unless he withdrew his brigade from the mainland. On 18 December, the Japanese crossed [Victoria Harbour](/wiki/Victoria_Harbour "Victoria Harbour").{{sfn\|Tsang\|2004\|p\=122}} By 25 December, organised defence was reduced into pockets of resistance. Maltby recommended a surrender to Governor [Sir Mark Young](/wiki/Mark_Aitchison_Young "Mark Aitchison Young"), who accepted his advice to reduce further losses. A day after the invasion, Chiang ordered three corps under General [Yu Hanmou](/wiki/Yu_Hanmou "Yu Hanmou") to march towards Hong Kong. The plan was to launch a New Year's Day attack on the Japanese in the Canton region, but before the Chinese infantry could attack, the Japanese had broken Hong Kong's defences. The British casualties were 2,232 killed or missing and 2,300 wounded. The Japanese reported 1,996 killed and 6,000 wounded.{{sfn\|Tsang\|2004\|pp\=123\-124}}
The Japanese soldiers committed atrocities, including rape, on many locals.{{sfn\|Snow\|2004\|p\=81}} The population fell in half, from 1\.6 million in 1941 to 750,000 at war's end because of fleeing refugees; they returned in 1945\.Tsai, Jung\-Fang (2005\). "Wartime Experience, Collective Memories, and Hong Kong Identity". *China Review International* **12** (1\): 229\.
The Japanese imprisoned the ruling British colonial elite and sought to win over the local merchant gentry by appointments to advisory councils and neighbourhood watch groups. The policy worked well for Japan and produced extensive collaboration from both the elite and the middle class, with far less terror than in other Chinese cities. Hong Kong was transformed into a Japanese colony, with Japanese businesses replacing the British. However, the Japanese Empire had severe logistical difficulties and by 1943 the food supply for Hong Kong was problematic. The overlords became more brutal and corrupt, and the Chinese gentry became disenchanted. With the surrender of Japan, the transition back to British rule was smooth, for on the mainland the [Nationalist](/wiki/Kuomintang "Kuomintang") and [Communist](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China "Communist Party of China") forces were preparing for a civil war and ignored Hong Kong. In the long run the occupation strengthened the pre\-war social and economic order among the Chinese business community by eliminating some conflicts of interests and reducing the prestige and power of the British.Zhang, Wei\-Bin (2006\). *Hong Kong: The Pearl Made of British Mastery and Chinese Docile\-Diligence*. Nova Publishers. p. 109\.
### Restoration of British rule
{{Further\|1950s in Hong Kong\|1960s in Hong Kong\|1970s in Hong Kong\|1980s in Hong Kong\|1990s in Hong Kong\|}}
[thumb\|British forces reoccupy Hong Kong under Rear\-Admiral [Cecil Harcourt](/wiki/Cecil_Harcourt "Cecil Harcourt"), 30 August 1945](/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Re-occupied._30_August_1945%2C_Hong_Kong%2C_Before%2C_during_and_After_the_Re-occupation_of_the_Crown_Colony._A30509.jpg "Hong Kong Re-occupied. 30 August 1945, Hong Kong, Before, during and After the Re-occupation of the Crown Colony. A30509.jpg")
On 14 August 1945, when Japan announced its unconditional surrender, the British formed a naval task group to sail towards Hong Kong.{{sfn\|Tsang\|2004\|p\=133}} On 1 September, Rear\-Admiral [Cecil Harcourt](/wiki/Cecil_Harcourt "Cecil Harcourt") proclaimed a military administration with himself as its head. He formally accepted the Japanese surrender on 16 September in [Government House](/wiki/Government_House%2C_Hong_Kong "Government House, Hong Kong").{{sfn\|Tsang\|2004\|p\=138}} Young, upon his return as governor in May 1946, pursued political reform known as the "[Young Plan](/wiki/Young_Plan_%28Hong_Kong%29 "Young Plan (Hong Kong)")", believing that, to counter the Chinese government's determination to recover Hong Kong, it was necessary to give local inhabitants a greater stake in the territory by widening the political franchise to include them.{{sfn\|Tsang\|2004\|pp\=143\-144}} Hong Kong remained a part of the UK and overseas colonies from 1949 until it transitioned its colony to a British dependent territory in 1983\.
### Transfer of sovereignty
{{Main\|Handover of Hong Kong}}
The Sino\-British Joint Declaration was signed by both the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the Premier of the People's Republic of China on 19 December 1984 in Beijing. The Declaration entered into force with the exchange of instruments of ratification on 27 May 1985 and was registered by the People's Republic of China and United Kingdom governments at the United Nations on 12 June 1985\. In the Joint Declaration, the People's Republic of China Government stated that it had decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong (including [Hong Kong Island](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island "Hong Kong Island"), Kowloon, and the New Territories) with effect from 1 July 1997 and the United Kingdom Government declared that it would relinquish Hong Kong to the PRC with effect from 1 July 1997\. In the document, the People's Republic of China Government also declared its basic policies regarding Hong Kong.{{cite news\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=2000\-11\-15\|title\=How did the Chinese Government settle the question of Hong Kong through negotiations?\|publisher\=\[\[Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]]\|url\=http://www.fmcoprc.gov.hk/eng/zcjs/yglz/t17767\.htm\|quote\=\[\[Deng Xiaoping]] met with \[\[Margaret Thatcher\|Mrs. Thatcher]] on September 24, 1982\. The Chinese Premier had held talks with her before this meeting. And Chinese leaders formally informed the British side that the '''Chinese Government had decided to recover all of the Hong Kong region''' in 1997\. Also, China offered assurances that it would initiate special policies after '''recovering Hong Kong'''.\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313183627/http://www.fmcoprc.gov.hk/eng/zcjs/yglz/t17767\.htm\|archive\-date\=2007\-03\-13\|access\-date\=2020\-11\-19\|url\-status\=live }}
In accordance with the [One Country, Two Systems](/wiki/One_country%2C_two_systems "One country, two systems") principle agreed between the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China, the socialist system of People's Republic of China would not be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), and Hong Kong's previous capitalist system and its way of life would remain unchanged for a period of 50 years. The Joint Declaration provides that these basic policies shall be stipulated in the [Hong Kong Basic Law](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law "Hong Kong Basic Law"). The ceremony of the signing of the Sino\-British Joint Declaration took place at 18:00, 19 December 1984 at the Western Main Chamber of the [Great Hall of the People](/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People "Great Hall of the People"). The [Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office](/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs_Office "Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office") at first proposed a list of 60–80 Hong Kong people to attend the ceremony. The number was finally extended to 101\. The list included Hong Kong government officials, members of the Legislative and Executive Councils, chairmen of [The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation](/wiki/The_Hongkong_and_Shanghai_Banking_Corporation "The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation") and [Standard Chartered Bank](/wiki/Standard_Chartered_Bank "Standard Chartered Bank"), Hong Kong celebrities such as [Li Ka\-shing](/wiki/Li_Ka-shing "Li Ka-shing"), [Pao Yue\-kong](/wiki/Pao_Yue-kong "Pao Yue-kong") and [Fok Ying\-tung](/wiki/Fok_Ying-tung "Fok Ying-tung"), and also [Martin Lee Chu\-ming](/wiki/Martin_Lee "Martin Lee") and [Szeto Wah](/wiki/Szeto_Wah "Szeto Wah").
The [handover ceremony](/wiki/Hong_Kong_handover_ceremony "Hong Kong handover ceremony") was held at the new wing of the [Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Convention_and_Exhibition_Centre "Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre") in [Wan Chai](/wiki/Wan_Chai "Wan Chai") on the night of 30 June 1997\. The principal British guest was [Charles, Prince of Wales](/wiki/Charles%2C_Prince_of_Wales "Charles, Prince of Wales") (Charles III, King of the United Kingdom) who read a farewell speech on behalf of the [Queen](/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom "Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom"). The newly elected [Prime Minister of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom"), [Tony Blair](/wiki/Tony_Blair "Tony Blair"); the [Foreign Secretary](/wiki/Foreign_Secretary "Foreign Secretary"), [Robin Cook](/wiki/Robin_Cook "Robin Cook"); the departing [Governor of Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Governor "Hong Kong Governor"), [Chris Patten](/wiki/Chris_Patten "Chris Patten"); the [Chief of the Defence Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)") of the United Kingdom, Field Marshal [Sir Charles Guthrie](/wiki/Charles_Guthrie%2C_Baron_Guthrie_of_Craigiebank "Charles Guthrie, Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank"), also attended.
Representing China were the [CCP General Secretary](/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party") and [President of China](/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "President of the People's Republic of China"), [Jiang Zemin](/wiki/Jiang_Zemin "Jiang Zemin"); [Premier of China](/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Premier of the People's Republic of China"), [Li Peng](/wiki/Li_Peng "Li Peng"); and [Tung Chee\-hwa](/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa "Tung Chee-hwa"), the first [Chief Executive of Hong Kong](/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong "Chief Executive of Hong Kong"). This event was broadcast on television and radio stations across the world.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{Globalize\\|section\\|United Kingdom\\|2name\\=the United Kingdom\\|date\\=July 2019\\|talk\\=Talk:British Hong Kong\\#Globalize tag}}",
"### Colonial establishment",
"{{further\\|History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)\\|Bao'an County}}",
"In 1836, the imperial government of the [Qing dynasty](/wiki/Qing_dynasty \"Qing dynasty\") undertook a major policy review of the opium trade, which had been first introduced to the Chinese by [Persian](/wiki/Persian_people \"Persian people\") then [Islamic](/wiki/Islamic \"Islamic\") traders over many centuries.{{cite book\\|author\\-link\\=Adrian Cowell\\|first1\\=Adrian\\|last1\\=Cowell\\|publisher\\=PBS Frontline\\|title\\=The Opium Kings\\|url\\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html\\|year\\=1997\\|access\\-date\\=May 16, 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2006\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923053042/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite book\\|author\\=Philip Robson\\|title\\=Forbidden Drugs\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/forbiddendrugs0000robs\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|year\\=1999\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-262955\\-5}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\\_qa3833/is\\_200207/ai\\_n9107282/print \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021021327/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\\_qa3833/is\\_200207/ai\\_n9107282/print \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=October 21, 2007 \\|title\\=Opium and its alkaloids \\| author\\=Paul L. Schiff Jr. \\|year\\=2002 \\|access\\-date\\=May 8, 2007 \\|work\\=American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education }}{{cite book \\|title\\=Opium, empire and the global political economy: a study of the Asian opium trade, 1750–1950 \\|first\\=Carl A. \\|last\\=Trocki \\|author\\-link\\=Carl A. Trocki\\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|year\\=1999 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-415\\-19918\\-6 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DDNvkSC26bcC }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.humanities.qut.edu.au/research/socialchange/docs/conf\\_papers2002/TrockiCarl.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720075013/http://www.humanities.qut.edu.au/research/socialchange/docs/conf\\_papers2002/TrockiCarl.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 20, 2008\\|author\\=Carl A. Trocki\\|title\\=Opium as a commodity and the Chinese drug plague\\|year\\=2002\\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2009\\|author\\-link\\=Carl A. Trocki}} Viceroy [Lin Zexu](/wiki/Lin_Zexu \"Lin Zexu\") took on the task of suppressing the opium trade. In March 1839, he became Special Imperial Commissioner in [Canton](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\"), where he ordered the foreign traders to surrender their opium stock. He confined the British to the [Canton Factories](/wiki/Canton_Factories \"Canton Factories\") and cut off their supplies. Chief Superintendent of Trade, [Charles Elliot](/wiki/Charles_Elliot \"Charles Elliot\"), complied with Lin's demands to secure a safe exit for the British, with the costs involved to be resolved between the two governments. When Elliot promised that the British government would pay for their opium stock, the merchants surrendered their 20,283 chests of opium, which were [destroyed in public](/wiki/Destruction_of_opium_at_Humen \"Destruction of opium at Humen\").{{sfn\\|Tsang\\|2004\\|pp\\=9\\-10}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Possibly the earliest painting of Hong Kong Island, showing the waterfront settlement which became [Victoria City](/wiki/Victoria%2C_Hong_Kong \"Victoria, Hong Kong\")](/wiki/File:Early_painting_of_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg \"Early painting of Hong Kong Island.jpg\")",
"In September 1839, the [British Cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Cabinet of the United Kingdom\") decided that the Chinese should be made to pay for the destruction of British property, either by the threat or use of force. An expeditionary force was placed under Elliot and his cousin, Rear\\-Admiral [George Elliot](/wiki/George_Elliot_%28Royal_Navy_officer%2C_born_1784%29 \"George Elliot (Royal Navy officer, born 1784)\"), as joint [plenipotentiaries](/wiki/Plenipotentiaries \"Plenipotentiaries\") in 1840\\. Foreign Secretary [Lord Palmerston](/wiki/Lord_Palmerston \"Lord Palmerston\") stressed to the Chinese government that the British government did not question China's right to prohibit opium, but it objected to the way this was handled.{{sfn\\|Tsang\\|2004\\|pp\\=9\\-10}} He viewed the sudden strict enforcement as laying a trap for the foreign traders, and the confinement of the British with supplies cut off was tantamount to starving them into submission or death. He instructed the Elliot cousins to occupy one of the [Chusan Islands](/wiki/Zhoushan \"Zhoushan\") in the [Hangzhou Bay](/wiki/Hangzhou_Bay \"Hangzhou Bay\") delta across from [Shanghai](/wiki/Shanghai \"Shanghai\"), then to present a letter from himself to a Chinese official for the [Emperor of China](/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor \"Daoguang Emperor\"), then to proceed to the [Gulf of Bohai](/wiki/Gulf_of_Bohai \"Gulf of Bohai\") for a treaty, and if the Chinese resisted, then to blockade the key ports of the [Yangtze](/wiki/Yangtze_River \"Yangtze River\") and [Yellow](/wiki/Yellow_River \"Yellow River\") rivers.{{sfn\\|Tsang\\|2004\\|p\\=11}} Palmerston demanded a territorial base in the Chusan Islands for trade so that British merchants \"may not be subject to the arbitrary caprice either of the Government of Peking, or its local Authorities at the Sea\\-Ports of the Empire\".{{sfn\\|Tsang\\|2004\\|p\\=21}}",
"In 1841, Elliot negotiated with Lin's successor, [Qishan](/wiki/Qishan_%28official%29 \"Qishan (official)\"), in the [Convention of Chuenpi](/wiki/Convention_of_Chuenpi \"Convention of Chuenpi\") during the [First Opium War](/wiki/First_Opium_War \"First Opium War\"). On 20 January, Elliot announced \"the conclusion of preliminary arrangements\", which included the cession of the barren [Hong Kong Island](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island \"Hong Kong Island\") and its harbour to the [British Crown](/wiki/British_Crown \"British Crown\").{{sfn\\|Welsh\\|1997}}{{page needed\\|date\\=September 2020}}*[The Chinese Repository](https://books.google.com/books?id=eJYZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA63)*. Volume 10\\. pp. 63–64\\. Elliot chose Hong Kong Island instead of Chusan because he believed a settlement nearer to [Shanghai](/wiki/Shanghai \"Shanghai\") would cause an \"indefinite protraction of hostilities\", whereas Hong Kong Island's harbour was a valuable base for the British trading community in Canton.{{sfn\\|Tsang\\|2004\\|pp\\=11, 21}} British rule began with the occupation of the island on 26 January.{{sfn\\|Tsang\\|2004\\|p\\=11}} Commodore [Gordon Bremer](/wiki/Gordon_Bremer \"Gordon Bremer\"), commander\\-in\\-chief of British forces in China, took formal possession of the island at [Possession Point](/wiki/Possession_Point \"Possession Point\"), where the [Union Jack](/wiki/Union_Jack \"Union Jack\") was raised under a *[fire of joy](/wiki/Feu_de_joie \"Feu de joie\")* from the marines and a [royal salute](/wiki/21-gun_salute \"21-gun salute\") from the warships.[Belcher, Edward](/wiki/Edward_Belcher \"Edward Belcher\") (1843\\). *[Narrative of a Voyage Round the World](https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofvoyag02belc#page/148)*. Volume 2\\. London: Henry Colburn. p. 148\\. Hong Kong Island was ceded in the [Treaty of Nanking](/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking \"Treaty of Nanking\") on 29 August 1842 and established as a [Crown colony](/wiki/Crown_colony \"Crown colony\") after the ratification exchanged between the [Daoguang Emperor](/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor \"Daoguang Emperor\") and [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\") was completed on 26 June 1843\\.{{sfn\\|Tsang\\|2004\\|p\\=12}}",
"By 1842, Hong Kong had become the major arms supply port in the Asia\\-Pacific region.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Driscoll \\|first\\=Mark W. \\|title\\=The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection \\|date\\=2020 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Duke University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4780\\-1121\\-7 \\|location\\=Durham}}{{Rp\\|page\\=5}}",
"### Growth and expansion",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[Spring Garden Lane](/wiki/Spring_Garden_Lane \"Spring Garden Lane\"), 1846](/wiki/File:Spring_Gardens_1846.jpg \"Spring Gardens 1846.jpg\")",
"The Treaty of Nanking failed to satisfy British expectations of a major expansion of trade and profit, which led to increasing pressure for a revision of the terms.{{sfn\\|Tsang\\|2004\\|p\\=29}} In October 1856, Chinese authorities in Canton detained the *Arrow*, a Chinese\\-owned ship registered in Hong Kong to enjoy the protection of the British flag. The Consul in Canton, [Harry Parkes](/wiki/Harry_Smith_Parkes \"Harry Smith Parkes\"), claimed the hauling down of the flag and arrest of the crew were \"an insult of very grave character\". Parkes and [Sir John Bowring](/wiki/John_Bowring \"John Bowring\"), the fourth [Governor of Hong Kong](/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong \"Governor of Hong Kong\"), seized the incident to pursue a forward policy. In March 1857, Palmerston appointed [Lord Elgin](/wiki/James_Bruce%2C_8th_Earl_of_Elgin \"James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin\") as Plenipotentiary, with the aim of securing a new and satisfactory treaty. A French expeditionary force joined the British to avenge the execution of [a French missionary](/wiki/Auguste_Chapdelaine \"Auguste Chapdelaine\") in 1856\\.{{sfn\\|Tsang\\|2004\\|pp\\=32\\-33}} In 1860, the [capture of the Taku Forts](/wiki/Battle_of_Taku_Forts_%281860%29 \"Battle of Taku Forts (1860)\") and occupation of Beijing led to the [Treaty of Tientsin](/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin \"Treaty of Tientsin\") and [Convention of Peking](/wiki/Convention_of_Peking \"Convention of Peking\"). In the Treaty of Tientsin, the Chinese accepted British demands to open more ports, navigate the Yangtze River, legalise the opium trade and have diplomatic representation in Beijing. During the conflict, the British occupied the [Kowloon Peninsula](/wiki/Kowloon_Peninsula \"Kowloon Peninsula\"), where the flat land was valuable training and resting ground. The area in what is now south of [Boundary Street](/wiki/Boundary_Street \"Boundary Street\") and [Stonecutters Island](/wiki/Stonecutters_Island \"Stonecutters Island\") was ceded in the Convention of Peking.{{sfn\\|Tsang\\|2004\\|pp\\=33, 35}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Hong Kong in the 1930s](/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_1930s_07.jpg \"Hong Kong 1930s 07.jpg\")",
"In 1898, the British sought to extend Hong Kong for defence. After negotiations began in April 1898, with the British Minister in Beijing, [Sir Claude MacDonald](/wiki/Claude_MacDonald \"Claude MacDonald\"), representing Britain, and diplomat [Li Hongzhang](/wiki/Li_Hongzhang \"Li Hongzhang\") leading the Chinese, the [Second Convention of Peking](/wiki/Second_Convention_of_Peking \"Second Convention of Peking\") was signed on 9 June. Since the foreign powers had agreed by the late 19th century that it was no longer permissible to acquire outright sovereignty over any parcel of Chinese territory, and in keeping with the other territorial cessions China made to [Russia](/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory \"Kwantung Leased Territory\"), [Germany](/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_concession \"Kiautschou Bay concession\") and [France](/wiki/Guangzhouwan \"Guangzhouwan\") that same year, the extension of Hong Kong took the form of a 99\\-year lease. The lease consisted of the rest of Kowloon south of the [Sham Chun River](/wiki/Sham_Chun_River \"Sham Chun River\") and 230 islands, which became known as the [New Territories](/wiki/New_Territories \"New Territories\"). The British formally took possession on 16 April 1899\\.{{sfn\\|Tsang\\|2004\\|pp\\=38\\-41}}",
"### Japanese occupation",
"[thumb\\|Japanese troops crossing the border from the mainland, 1941](/wiki/File:Battle_of_HK_01.jpg \"Battle of HK 01.jpg\")",
"{{Main\\|Japanese occupation of Hong Kong}}",
"In 1941, during the Second World War, the British reached an agreement with the Chinese government under Generalissimo [Chiang Kai\\-shek](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek \"Chiang Kai-shek\") that if [Japan](/wiki/Empire_of_Japan \"Empire of Japan\") attacked Hong Kong, the [Chinese National Army](/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army \"National Revolutionary Army\") would attack the Japanese from the rear to relieve pressure on the British garrison. On 8 December, the [Battle of Hong Kong](/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong \"Battle of Hong Kong\") began when Japanese air bombers effectively destroyed British air power in one attack.{{sfn\\|Tsang\\|2004\\|p\\=121}} Two days later, the Japanese breached the [Gin Drinkers Line](/wiki/Gin_Drinkers_Line \"Gin Drinkers Line\") in the New Territories. The British commander, Major\\-General [Christopher Maltby](/wiki/Christopher_Maltby \"Christopher Maltby\"), concluded that the island could not be defended for long unless he withdrew his brigade from the mainland. On 18 December, the Japanese crossed [Victoria Harbour](/wiki/Victoria_Harbour \"Victoria Harbour\").{{sfn\\|Tsang\\|2004\\|p\\=122}} By 25 December, organised defence was reduced into pockets of resistance. Maltby recommended a surrender to Governor [Sir Mark Young](/wiki/Mark_Aitchison_Young \"Mark Aitchison Young\"), who accepted his advice to reduce further losses. A day after the invasion, Chiang ordered three corps under General [Yu Hanmou](/wiki/Yu_Hanmou \"Yu Hanmou\") to march towards Hong Kong. The plan was to launch a New Year's Day attack on the Japanese in the Canton region, but before the Chinese infantry could attack, the Japanese had broken Hong Kong's defences. The British casualties were 2,232 killed or missing and 2,300 wounded. The Japanese reported 1,996 killed and 6,000 wounded.{{sfn\\|Tsang\\|2004\\|pp\\=123\\-124}}",
"The Japanese soldiers committed atrocities, including rape, on many locals.{{sfn\\|Snow\\|2004\\|p\\=81}} The population fell in half, from 1\\.6 million in 1941 to 750,000 at war's end because of fleeing refugees; they returned in 1945\\.Tsai, Jung\\-Fang (2005\\). \"Wartime Experience, Collective Memories, and Hong Kong Identity\". *China Review International* **12** (1\\): 229\\.",
"The Japanese imprisoned the ruling British colonial elite and sought to win over the local merchant gentry by appointments to advisory councils and neighbourhood watch groups. The policy worked well for Japan and produced extensive collaboration from both the elite and the middle class, with far less terror than in other Chinese cities. Hong Kong was transformed into a Japanese colony, with Japanese businesses replacing the British. However, the Japanese Empire had severe logistical difficulties and by 1943 the food supply for Hong Kong was problematic. The overlords became more brutal and corrupt, and the Chinese gentry became disenchanted. With the surrender of Japan, the transition back to British rule was smooth, for on the mainland the [Nationalist](/wiki/Kuomintang \"Kuomintang\") and [Communist](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China \"Communist Party of China\") forces were preparing for a civil war and ignored Hong Kong. In the long run the occupation strengthened the pre\\-war social and economic order among the Chinese business community by eliminating some conflicts of interests and reducing the prestige and power of the British.Zhang, Wei\\-Bin (2006\\). *Hong Kong: The Pearl Made of British Mastery and Chinese Docile\\-Diligence*. Nova Publishers. p. 109\\.",
"### Restoration of British rule",
"{{Further\\|1950s in Hong Kong\\|1960s in Hong Kong\\|1970s in Hong Kong\\|1980s in Hong Kong\\|1990s in Hong Kong\\|}}",
"[thumb\\|British forces reoccupy Hong Kong under Rear\\-Admiral [Cecil Harcourt](/wiki/Cecil_Harcourt \"Cecil Harcourt\"), 30 August 1945](/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Re-occupied._30_August_1945%2C_Hong_Kong%2C_Before%2C_during_and_After_the_Re-occupation_of_the_Crown_Colony._A30509.jpg \"Hong Kong Re-occupied. 30 August 1945, Hong Kong, Before, during and After the Re-occupation of the Crown Colony. A30509.jpg\")",
"On 14 August 1945, when Japan announced its unconditional surrender, the British formed a naval task group to sail towards Hong Kong.{{sfn\\|Tsang\\|2004\\|p\\=133}} On 1 September, Rear\\-Admiral [Cecil Harcourt](/wiki/Cecil_Harcourt \"Cecil Harcourt\") proclaimed a military administration with himself as its head. He formally accepted the Japanese surrender on 16 September in [Government House](/wiki/Government_House%2C_Hong_Kong \"Government House, Hong Kong\").{{sfn\\|Tsang\\|2004\\|p\\=138}} Young, upon his return as governor in May 1946, pursued political reform known as the \"[Young Plan](/wiki/Young_Plan_%28Hong_Kong%29 \"Young Plan (Hong Kong)\")\", believing that, to counter the Chinese government's determination to recover Hong Kong, it was necessary to give local inhabitants a greater stake in the territory by widening the political franchise to include them.{{sfn\\|Tsang\\|2004\\|pp\\=143\\-144}} Hong Kong remained a part of the UK and overseas colonies from 1949 until it transitioned its colony to a British dependent territory in 1983\\.",
"### Transfer of sovereignty",
"{{Main\\|Handover of Hong Kong}}",
"The Sino\\-British Joint Declaration was signed by both the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the Premier of the People's Republic of China on 19 December 1984 in Beijing. The Declaration entered into force with the exchange of instruments of ratification on 27 May 1985 and was registered by the People's Republic of China and United Kingdom governments at the United Nations on 12 June 1985\\. In the Joint Declaration, the People's Republic of China Government stated that it had decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong (including [Hong Kong Island](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island \"Hong Kong Island\"), Kowloon, and the New Territories) with effect from 1 July 1997 and the United Kingdom Government declared that it would relinquish Hong Kong to the PRC with effect from 1 July 1997\\. In the document, the People's Republic of China Government also declared its basic policies regarding Hong Kong.{{cite news\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=2000\\-11\\-15\\|title\\=How did the Chinese Government settle the question of Hong Kong through negotiations?\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]]\\|url\\=http://www.fmcoprc.gov.hk/eng/zcjs/yglz/t17767\\.htm\\|quote\\=\\[\\[Deng Xiaoping]] met with \\[\\[Margaret Thatcher\\|Mrs. Thatcher]] on September 24, 1982\\. The Chinese Premier had held talks with her before this meeting. And Chinese leaders formally informed the British side that the '''Chinese Government had decided to recover all of the Hong Kong region''' in 1997\\. Also, China offered assurances that it would initiate special policies after '''recovering Hong Kong'''.\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313183627/http://www.fmcoprc.gov.hk/eng/zcjs/yglz/t17767\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-03\\-13\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-19\\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In accordance with the [One Country, Two Systems](/wiki/One_country%2C_two_systems \"One country, two systems\") principle agreed between the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China, the socialist system of People's Republic of China would not be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), and Hong Kong's previous capitalist system and its way of life would remain unchanged for a period of 50 years. The Joint Declaration provides that these basic policies shall be stipulated in the [Hong Kong Basic Law](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law \"Hong Kong Basic Law\"). The ceremony of the signing of the Sino\\-British Joint Declaration took place at 18:00, 19 December 1984 at the Western Main Chamber of the [Great Hall of the People](/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People \"Great Hall of the People\"). The [Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office](/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs_Office \"Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office\") at first proposed a list of 60–80 Hong Kong people to attend the ceremony. The number was finally extended to 101\\. The list included Hong Kong government officials, members of the Legislative and Executive Councils, chairmen of [The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation](/wiki/The_Hongkong_and_Shanghai_Banking_Corporation \"The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation\") and [Standard Chartered Bank](/wiki/Standard_Chartered_Bank \"Standard Chartered Bank\"), Hong Kong celebrities such as [Li Ka\\-shing](/wiki/Li_Ka-shing \"Li Ka-shing\"), [Pao Yue\\-kong](/wiki/Pao_Yue-kong \"Pao Yue-kong\") and [Fok Ying\\-tung](/wiki/Fok_Ying-tung \"Fok Ying-tung\"), and also [Martin Lee Chu\\-ming](/wiki/Martin_Lee \"Martin Lee\") and [Szeto Wah](/wiki/Szeto_Wah \"Szeto Wah\").",
"The [handover ceremony](/wiki/Hong_Kong_handover_ceremony \"Hong Kong handover ceremony\") was held at the new wing of the [Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Convention_and_Exhibition_Centre \"Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre\") in [Wan Chai](/wiki/Wan_Chai \"Wan Chai\") on the night of 30 June 1997\\. The principal British guest was [Charles, Prince of Wales](/wiki/Charles%2C_Prince_of_Wales \"Charles, Prince of Wales\") (Charles III, King of the United Kingdom) who read a farewell speech on behalf of the [Queen](/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom\"). The newly elected [Prime Minister of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\"), [Tony Blair](/wiki/Tony_Blair \"Tony Blair\"); the [Foreign Secretary](/wiki/Foreign_Secretary \"Foreign Secretary\"), [Robin Cook](/wiki/Robin_Cook \"Robin Cook\"); the departing [Governor of Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Governor \"Hong Kong Governor\"), [Chris Patten](/wiki/Chris_Patten \"Chris Patten\"); the [Chief of the Defence Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)\") of the United Kingdom, Field Marshal [Sir Charles Guthrie](/wiki/Charles_Guthrie%2C_Baron_Guthrie_of_Craigiebank \"Charles Guthrie, Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank\"), also attended.",
"Representing China were the [CCP General Secretary](/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party\") and [President of China](/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"President of the People's Republic of China\"), [Jiang Zemin](/wiki/Jiang_Zemin \"Jiang Zemin\"); [Premier of China](/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Premier of the People's Republic of China\"), [Li Peng](/wiki/Li_Peng \"Li Peng\"); and [Tung Chee\\-hwa](/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa \"Tung Chee-hwa\"), the first [Chief Executive of Hong Kong](/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong \"Chief Executive of Hong Kong\"). This event was broadcast on television and radio stations across the world.",
""
] |
Government
----------
{{Multiple image
\|direction\=horizontal \|align\=right \|caption\_align\=center \|total\_width\=340
\|image1\=Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Stamp HK 1953\.jpg \|height1\=1290 \|width1\=950
\|image2\=Chris Patten \-2008\-10\-31\- (cropped).jpg \|height2\=1440 \|width2\=1080
\|image3\=Anson Chan 20051219\.jpg \|height3\=1240 \|width3\=930
\|caption1\=\[\[Elizabeth II]]
\[\[Monarchy of the United Kingdom\|Monarch]]
(1952–1997\)
\|caption2\=\[\[Chris Patten]]
\[\[Governor of Hong Kong\|Governor]]
(1992–1997\)
\|caption3\=\[\[Anson Chan]]
\[\[Chief Secretary of Hong Kong\|Chief Secretary]]
(1993–1997\)
}}
Hong Kong was a [Crown colony](/wiki/Crown_colony "Crown colony") of the United Kingdom and maintained an administration roughly modelled after the [Westminster system](/wiki/Westminster_system "Westminster system"). The [Letters Patent](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Letters_Patent_1917 "Hong Kong Letters Patent 1917") formed the constitutional basis of the colonial government and the [Royal Instructions](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Royal_Instructions_1917 "Hong Kong Royal Instructions 1917") detailed how the territory should be governed and organised.
The [Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong "Governor of Hong Kong") was the head of government and appointed by the [British monarch](/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom "Monarchy of the United Kingdom") to serve as the representative of the Crown in the colony. Executive power was highly concentrated with the Governor, who himself appointed almost all members of the [Legislative Council](/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong "Legislative Council of Hong Kong") and [Executive Council](/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong "Executive Council of Hong Kong") and also served as President of both chambers.Hong Kong Government (July 1984\). *[Green Paper: The Further Development of Representative Government in Hong Kong](https://archive.org/details/greenpaperfurthe00hong)*. Hong Kong: Government Printer. The British government provided oversight for the colonial government; the [Foreign Secretary](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs "Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs") formally approved any additions to the Legislative and Executive Councils and the Sovereign held sole authority to amend the Letters Patent and Royal Instructions.
The Executive Council determined administrative policy changes and considered primary legislation before passing it to the Legislative Council for approval. This advisory body also itself issued secondary legislation under a limited set of colonial ordinances. The Legislative Council debated proposed legislation and was responsible for the appropriation of public funds. This chamber was reformed in the last years of colonial rule to introduce more democratic representation. Indirectly elected [functional constituency seats were introduced in 1985](/wiki/1985_Hong_Kong_legislative_election "1985 Hong Kong legislative election") and popularly elected [geographical constituency seats in 1991](/wiki/1991_Hong_Kong_legislative_election "1991 Hong Kong legislative election"). [Further electoral reform in 1994](/wiki/1994_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform "1994 Hong Kong electoral reform") effectively made the legislature broadly representative. The administrative Civil Service was led by the [Colonial Secretary](/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Administration "Chief Secretary for Administration") (later Chief Secretary), who was deputy to the Governor.
[thumb\|[Government House](/wiki/Government_House%2C_Hong_Kong "Government House, Hong Kong"), {{Circa\|1873}}](/wiki/File:Hong_Kong%3B_the_Government_House_and_grounds._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037343.jpg "Hong Kong; the Government House and grounds. Photograph. Wellcome V0037343.jpg")
The judicial system was based on [English law](/wiki/English_law "English law"), with [Chinese customary law](/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_law "Traditional Chinese law") taking a secondary role in civil cases involving Chinese residents.Lewis, D. J. (April 1983\). "A Requiem for Chinese Customary Law in Hong Kong". *The International and Comparative Law Quarterly* **32** (2\): 347–379\. Cambridge University Press. {{JSTOR\|759499}}. The [Supreme Court of Hong Kong](/wiki/Supreme_Court_%28Hong_Kong%29 "Supreme Court (Hong Kong)") was the highest court and ruled on all civil and criminal cases in the colony. During the early colonial period, extraterritorial appellate cases from other regions of China involving British subjects were also tried in this court. Further appeals from the Supreme Court were heard by the [Judicial Committee of the Privy Council](/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council "Judicial Committee of the Privy Council"), which exercised final adjudication over the entire British Empire.Jones, Oliver (2014\). "A Worthy Predecessor? The Privy Council on Appeal from Hong Kong, 1853 to 1997". In Ghai, Y.; Young, S. *Hong Kong's Court of Final Appeal: The Development of the Law in China's Hong Kong*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{SSRN\|2533284 }}.
In March 1975 the Hong Kong government introduced a programme to measure public opinion of government efforts, known as Movement of Opinion Direction (MOOD).{{cite journal\|last\=Mok\|first\=Florence\|title\=Public opinion polls and covert colonialism in British Hong Kong\|date\=2018\-07\-09\|journal\=\[\[China Information]]\| volume\=33 \| pages\=66–87 \|doi\=10\.1177/0920203X18787431\| s2cid\=150104890 \|doi\-access\=free}}
### Cadets
[thumb\|250px\|[Silver coin](/wiki/Silver_coin "Silver coin"): 1 dollar Victoria of Hong Kong, ssued in 1866, 1867, 1868, it was the first official currency of [British Hong Kong](/wiki/British_Hong_Kong "British Hong Kong") and also the first [trade dollar](/wiki/Trade_dollar "Trade dollar") in the [Far East](/wiki/Far_East "Far East").](/wiki/File:1_dollar_Victoria_of_Hong_Kong_1867.jpg "1 dollar Victoria of Hong Kong 1867.jpg")
[thumb\|250px\|[Silver coin](/wiki/Silver_coin "Silver coin"): 1 British Trade Dollar, issued from 1895 to 1935, was originally used for the British colonies and protectorates in the Far East, including British Hong Kong, the [Straits Settlements](/wiki/Straits_Settlements "Straits Settlements")... but after the introduction of the [Straits dollar](/wiki/Straits_dollar "Straits dollar") in 1903, the British trade dollar was only used by Hong Kong.](/wiki/File:1_Trade_dollar_of_UK_1902B.png "1 Trade dollar of UK 1902B.png")
In 1861, Governor [Sir Hercules Robinson](/wiki/Hercules_Robinson%2C_1st_Baron_Rosmead "Hercules Robinson, 1st Baron Rosmead") introduced the Hong Kong Cadetship, which recruited young graduates from Britain to learn [Cantonese](/wiki/Cantonese "Cantonese") and written Chinese for two years, before deploying them on a fast track to the [Civil Service](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Civil_Service "Hong Kong Civil Service"). Cadet officers gradually formed the backbone of the civil administration. After the Second World War, ethnic Chinese were allowed into the service, followed by women. Cadets were renamed Administrative Officers in the 1950s, and they remained the elite of the Civil Service during British rule.{{sfn\|Tsang\|2004\|pp\=25\-26}}
### Military
{{Main\|British Forces Overseas Hong Kong}}
Prior to and during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), the garrison was composed of [British Army](/wiki/British_Army "British Army") battalions and locally enlisted personnel (LEPs) who served as regular members in the Hong Kong Squadron of the Royal Navy or the [Hong Kong Military Service Corps](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Military_Service_Corps "Hong Kong Military Service Corps") and their associate land units. The [Hong Kong Brigade](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Brigade "Hong Kong Brigade") served as the main garrison formation. After the outbreak of the Second World War, the garrison was reinforced with [British Indian Army](/wiki/British_Indian_Army "British Indian Army") and [Canadian Army](/wiki/Canadian_Army "Canadian Army") units. A second brigade, the Kowloon Infantry Brigade, was formed to assist in commanding the expanded force. The garrison was defeated during the [Battle of Hong Kong](/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong "Battle of Hong Kong"), by the [Empire of Japan](/wiki/Empire_of_Japan "Empire of Japan").
After the Second World War and the end of the [Japanese occupation of Hong Kong](/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong "Japanese occupation of Hong Kong"), the British military reestablished a presence. As a result of the [Chinese Civil War](/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War "Chinese Civil War"), the British Army raised the [40th Infantry Division](/wiki/40th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "40th Division (United Kingdom)") and dispatched it to garrison Hong Kong. It later left for combat in the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War"), and the defense of the territory was taken up by additional British forces who were rotated from Europe. The garrison was further supplemented by LEPs, and [Gurkhas](/wiki/Gurkha "Gurkha"). The latter came from [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal "Nepal"), but formed part of the British Army. The size of the garrison during the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") fluctuated and ended up being based around one brigade.
The [Royal Hong Kong Regiment](/wiki/Royal_Hong_Kong_Regiment "Royal Hong Kong Regiment"), a military unit which was part of the Hong Kong Government, was trained and organised along the lines of a British [Territorial Army](/wiki/Army_Reserve_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Army Reserve (United Kingdom)") unit. As such, it was supported by British Army regular personnel holding key positions. These British Army personnel, for their duration of service to the Royal Hong Kong Regiment, were seconded to the Hong Kong Government. In the post\-WWII era, the majority of the regiment's members were local citizens of [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_people "Chinese people") descent.
|
[
"Government\n----------",
"{{Multiple image\n\\|direction\\=horizontal \\|align\\=right \\|caption\\_align\\=center \\|total\\_width\\=340\n\\|image1\\=Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Stamp HK 1953\\.jpg \\|height1\\=1290 \\|width1\\=950\n\\|image2\\=Chris Patten \\-2008\\-10\\-31\\- (cropped).jpg \\|height2\\=1440 \\|width2\\=1080\n\\|image3\\=Anson Chan 20051219\\.jpg \\|height3\\=1240 \\|width3\\=930\n\\|caption1\\=\\[\\[Elizabeth II]] \n\\[\\[Monarchy of the United Kingdom\\|Monarch]] \n(1952–1997\\)\n\\|caption2\\=\\[\\[Chris Patten]] \n\\[\\[Governor of Hong Kong\\|Governor]] \n(1992–1997\\)\n\\|caption3\\=\\[\\[Anson Chan]] \n\\[\\[Chief Secretary of Hong Kong\\|Chief Secretary]] \n(1993–1997\\)\n}}",
"Hong Kong was a [Crown colony](/wiki/Crown_colony \"Crown colony\") of the United Kingdom and maintained an administration roughly modelled after the [Westminster system](/wiki/Westminster_system \"Westminster system\"). The [Letters Patent](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Letters_Patent_1917 \"Hong Kong Letters Patent 1917\") formed the constitutional basis of the colonial government and the [Royal Instructions](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Royal_Instructions_1917 \"Hong Kong Royal Instructions 1917\") detailed how the territory should be governed and organised.",
"The [Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong \"Governor of Hong Kong\") was the head of government and appointed by the [British monarch](/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Monarchy of the United Kingdom\") to serve as the representative of the Crown in the colony. Executive power was highly concentrated with the Governor, who himself appointed almost all members of the [Legislative Council](/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong \"Legislative Council of Hong Kong\") and [Executive Council](/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong \"Executive Council of Hong Kong\") and also served as President of both chambers.Hong Kong Government (July 1984\\). *[Green Paper: The Further Development of Representative Government in Hong Kong](https://archive.org/details/greenpaperfurthe00hong)*. Hong Kong: Government Printer. The British government provided oversight for the colonial government; the [Foreign Secretary](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs \"Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs\") formally approved any additions to the Legislative and Executive Councils and the Sovereign held sole authority to amend the Letters Patent and Royal Instructions.",
"The Executive Council determined administrative policy changes and considered primary legislation before passing it to the Legislative Council for approval. This advisory body also itself issued secondary legislation under a limited set of colonial ordinances. The Legislative Council debated proposed legislation and was responsible for the appropriation of public funds. This chamber was reformed in the last years of colonial rule to introduce more democratic representation. Indirectly elected [functional constituency seats were introduced in 1985](/wiki/1985_Hong_Kong_legislative_election \"1985 Hong Kong legislative election\") and popularly elected [geographical constituency seats in 1991](/wiki/1991_Hong_Kong_legislative_election \"1991 Hong Kong legislative election\"). [Further electoral reform in 1994](/wiki/1994_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform \"1994 Hong Kong electoral reform\") effectively made the legislature broadly representative. The administrative Civil Service was led by the [Colonial Secretary](/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Administration \"Chief Secretary for Administration\") (later Chief Secretary), who was deputy to the Governor.",
"[thumb\\|[Government House](/wiki/Government_House%2C_Hong_Kong \"Government House, Hong Kong\"), {{Circa\\|1873}}](/wiki/File:Hong_Kong%3B_the_Government_House_and_grounds._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037343.jpg \"Hong Kong; the Government House and grounds. Photograph. Wellcome V0037343.jpg\")",
"The judicial system was based on [English law](/wiki/English_law \"English law\"), with [Chinese customary law](/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_law \"Traditional Chinese law\") taking a secondary role in civil cases involving Chinese residents.Lewis, D. J. (April 1983\\). \"A Requiem for Chinese Customary Law in Hong Kong\". *The International and Comparative Law Quarterly* **32** (2\\): 347–379\\. Cambridge University Press. {{JSTOR\\|759499}}. The [Supreme Court of Hong Kong](/wiki/Supreme_Court_%28Hong_Kong%29 \"Supreme Court (Hong Kong)\") was the highest court and ruled on all civil and criminal cases in the colony. During the early colonial period, extraterritorial appellate cases from other regions of China involving British subjects were also tried in this court. Further appeals from the Supreme Court were heard by the [Judicial Committee of the Privy Council](/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council \"Judicial Committee of the Privy Council\"), which exercised final adjudication over the entire British Empire.Jones, Oliver (2014\\). \"A Worthy Predecessor? The Privy Council on Appeal from Hong Kong, 1853 to 1997\". In Ghai, Y.; Young, S. *Hong Kong's Court of Final Appeal: The Development of the Law in China's Hong Kong*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{SSRN\\|2533284 }}.",
"In March 1975 the Hong Kong government introduced a programme to measure public opinion of government efforts, known as Movement of Opinion Direction (MOOD).{{cite journal\\|last\\=Mok\\|first\\=Florence\\|title\\=Public opinion polls and covert colonialism in British Hong Kong\\|date\\=2018\\-07\\-09\\|journal\\=\\[\\[China Information]]\\| volume\\=33 \\| pages\\=66–87 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0920203X18787431\\| s2cid\\=150104890 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"### Cadets",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|[Silver coin](/wiki/Silver_coin \"Silver coin\"): 1 dollar Victoria of Hong Kong, ssued in 1866, 1867, 1868, it was the first official currency of [British Hong Kong](/wiki/British_Hong_Kong \"British Hong Kong\") and also the first [trade dollar](/wiki/Trade_dollar \"Trade dollar\") in the [Far East](/wiki/Far_East \"Far East\").](/wiki/File:1_dollar_Victoria_of_Hong_Kong_1867.jpg \"1 dollar Victoria of Hong Kong 1867.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|250px\\|[Silver coin](/wiki/Silver_coin \"Silver coin\"): 1 British Trade Dollar, issued from 1895 to 1935, was originally used for the British colonies and protectorates in the Far East, including British Hong Kong, the [Straits Settlements](/wiki/Straits_Settlements \"Straits Settlements\")... but after the introduction of the [Straits dollar](/wiki/Straits_dollar \"Straits dollar\") in 1903, the British trade dollar was only used by Hong Kong.](/wiki/File:1_Trade_dollar_of_UK_1902B.png \"1 Trade dollar of UK 1902B.png\")",
"In 1861, Governor [Sir Hercules Robinson](/wiki/Hercules_Robinson%2C_1st_Baron_Rosmead \"Hercules Robinson, 1st Baron Rosmead\") introduced the Hong Kong Cadetship, which recruited young graduates from Britain to learn [Cantonese](/wiki/Cantonese \"Cantonese\") and written Chinese for two years, before deploying them on a fast track to the [Civil Service](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Civil_Service \"Hong Kong Civil Service\"). Cadet officers gradually formed the backbone of the civil administration. After the Second World War, ethnic Chinese were allowed into the service, followed by women. Cadets were renamed Administrative Officers in the 1950s, and they remained the elite of the Civil Service during British rule.{{sfn\\|Tsang\\|2004\\|pp\\=25\\-26}}",
"### Military",
"{{Main\\|British Forces Overseas Hong Kong}}\nPrior to and during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), the garrison was composed of [British Army](/wiki/British_Army \"British Army\") battalions and locally enlisted personnel (LEPs) who served as regular members in the Hong Kong Squadron of the Royal Navy or the [Hong Kong Military Service Corps](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Military_Service_Corps \"Hong Kong Military Service Corps\") and their associate land units. The [Hong Kong Brigade](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Brigade \"Hong Kong Brigade\") served as the main garrison formation. After the outbreak of the Second World War, the garrison was reinforced with [British Indian Army](/wiki/British_Indian_Army \"British Indian Army\") and [Canadian Army](/wiki/Canadian_Army \"Canadian Army\") units. A second brigade, the Kowloon Infantry Brigade, was formed to assist in commanding the expanded force. The garrison was defeated during the [Battle of Hong Kong](/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong \"Battle of Hong Kong\"), by the [Empire of Japan](/wiki/Empire_of_Japan \"Empire of Japan\").",
"After the Second World War and the end of the [Japanese occupation of Hong Kong](/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong \"Japanese occupation of Hong Kong\"), the British military reestablished a presence. As a result of the [Chinese Civil War](/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War \"Chinese Civil War\"), the British Army raised the [40th Infantry Division](/wiki/40th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"40th Division (United Kingdom)\") and dispatched it to garrison Hong Kong. It later left for combat in the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\"), and the defense of the territory was taken up by additional British forces who were rotated from Europe. The garrison was further supplemented by LEPs, and [Gurkhas](/wiki/Gurkha \"Gurkha\"). The latter came from [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal \"Nepal\"), but formed part of the British Army. The size of the garrison during the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\") fluctuated and ended up being based around one brigade.",
"The [Royal Hong Kong Regiment](/wiki/Royal_Hong_Kong_Regiment \"Royal Hong Kong Regiment\"), a military unit which was part of the Hong Kong Government, was trained and organised along the lines of a British [Territorial Army](/wiki/Army_Reserve_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Army Reserve (United Kingdom)\") unit. As such, it was supported by British Army regular personnel holding key positions. These British Army personnel, for their duration of service to the Royal Hong Kong Regiment, were seconded to the Hong Kong Government. In the post\\-WWII era, the majority of the regiment's members were local citizens of [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_people \"Chinese people\") descent.",
""
] |
Culture
-------
British Hong Kong was characterised as a hybrid of [East](/wiki/Eastern_world "Eastern world") and [West](/wiki/Western_culture "Western culture"). Traditional Chinese values emphasising family and education blended with Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law.{{harvnb\|Carroll\|2007\|p\=169}}. Although the vast majority of the population was ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong developed a distinct identity from the mainland through its long period of colonial administration and a different pace of economic, social, and cultural development, with mainstream culture was derived from immigrants originating from various parts of China. This was influenced by British\-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century.{{harvnb\|Carroll\|2007\|pp\=167–172}}.{{harvnb\|He\|2013}}. Most migrants of that era fled poverty and war, reflected in the prevailing attitude toward wealth; Hongkongers tended to link self\-image and decision\-making to material benefits.{{harvnb\|Tam\|2017}}.{{harvnb\|Lam\|2015}}. Residents' sense of local identity remained post\-handover, with the majority of the population (52%) identifying as "Hongkongers", while 11% described themselves as "Chinese". The remaining population held mixed identities, 23% as "Hongkonger in China" and 12% as "Chinese in Hong Kong".{{cite web \|url\=https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/english/release/release1563\.html \|title\=HKU POP releases survey on Hong Kong people's ethnic identity and the 2018 review and 2019 forecast survey \|publisher\=Public Opinion Programme, University of Hong Kong \|date\=27 December 2018 \|access\-date\=26 January 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090214/https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/english/release/release1563\.html \|archive\-date\=27 March 2019 \|url\-status\=live }}
Traditional Chinese family values, including [family honour](/wiki/Family_honor "Family honor"), [filial piety](/wiki/Filial_piety "Filial piety"), and a [preference for sons](/wiki/Sex_selection "Sex selection"), remained prevalent.{{harvnb\|Family Survey\|2013\|pp\=12–13}}. [Nuclear families](/wiki/Nuclear_family "Nuclear family") were the most common households, although multi\-generational and extended families were not unusual.{{harvnb\|Population By\-Census\|2016\|p\=77}}. In British\-ruled Hong Kong, polygamy was legal until 1971 pursuant to the colonial practice of not interfering in local customs that British authorities viewed as relatively harmless to the public order.{{Cite book \|last\=Lary \|first\=Diana \|url\= \|title\=China's grandmothers : gender, family, and aging from late Qing to twenty\-first century \|date\=2022 \|publisher\=\[\[Cambridge University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-1\-009\-06478\-1 \|edition\= \|location\=Cambridge, United Kingdom \|pages\=126 \|oclc\=1292532755}}
Spiritual concepts such as *[feng shui](/wiki/Feng_shui "Feng shui")* were observed; large\-scale construction projects often hired consultants to ensure proper building positioning and layout. The degree of its adherence to *feng shui* was believed to determine the success of a business. *[Bagua](/wiki/Bagua "Bagua")* mirrors were regularly used to deflect evil spirits,{{harvnb\|Fowler\|Fowler\|2008\|p\=263}}. and buildings often lack [floor numbers with a 4](/wiki/Chinese_numerology "Chinese numerology");{{harvnb\|Xi\|Ingham\|2003\|p\=181}}. the number has a similar sound to the word for "die" in Cantonese.{{harvnb\|Chan\|Chow\|2006\|p\=3}}.
### Language
{{Main\|Languages of Hong Kong}}
A prominent example of cultural integration in everyday life in British Hong Kong, was the use of [British English](/wiki/British_English "British English") as a common [second language](/wiki/Second_language "Second language"), and also the sole [official language](/wiki/Official_language "Official language") of the colony until 1974, when Chinese was accorded co\-official status.[Hong Kong Adopts A Language\-Law](https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/24/archives/hong-kong-adopts-a-language-law-complications-for-officials.html), *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times")*, March 24, 1974 In addition to British English being taught in [primary](/wiki/Primary_school "Primary school") and [secondary schools](/wiki/Secondary_school "Secondary school"), there were also English\-medium schools operated by the [English Schools Foundation](/wiki/English_Schools_Foundation "English Schools Foundation"), established in 1967\.[The English Schools Foundation Ordinance](https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap1117) For the metro system, the metro lines were named after places instead of numbered, unlike [Mainland China](/wiki/Mainland_China "Mainland China"), where metro lines were numbered. Roads were named after British royals, governors, famous people, cities and towns across the UK and the [Commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations "Commonwealth of Nations"), as well as [Chinese cities](/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China "List of cities in China") and places. Aside from [Chinese New Year](/wiki/Chinese_New_Year "Chinese New Year"), [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas "Christmas") was celebrated as the second\-most important festival. In [literature](/wiki/Literature "Literature"), some [idioms](/wiki/Idiom "Idiom") in [Cantonese](/wiki/Cantonese "Cantonese") were directly translated from those in English. A [Mandarin Chinese](/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese "Mandarin Chinese") speaker might recognise the words but not understand the meaning.
### Cuisine
{{Main\|Hong Kong cuisine}}
{{Multiple image
\|direction\=horizontal \|align\=right \|caption\_align\=center \|total\_width\=350
\|image1\=Dim Sum Breakfast.jpg \|height1\=600 \|width1\=800
\|alt1\=An assortment of items in a Dim Sum breakfast meal
\|image2\=Cha Chaan Teng.jpg \|height2\=1200 \|width2\=1600
\|alt2\=French Toast on left, Milk Tea on right
\|footer\=''(left)'' Typical fare at a dim sum restaurant; ''(right)'' ''\[\[cha chaan teng]]'' breakfast food with \[\[Hong Kong\-style milk tea]]
}}
Food in Hong Kong under British rule was primarily based on [Cantonese cuisine](/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine "Cantonese cuisine"), despite the territory's exposure to foreign influences and its residents' varied origins. Rice was the staple food, and was usually served plain with other dishes.{{harvnb\|Long\|2015\|p\=271}}. Freshness of ingredients was emphasised. Poultry and seafood were commonly sold live at [wet markets](/wiki/Wet_market "Wet market"), and ingredients were used as quickly as possible.{{harvnb\|Curry\|Hanstedt\|2014\|pp\=9–12}}. There were five daily meals: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and *[siu yeh](/wiki/Siu_yeh "Siu yeh")*.{{harvnb\|Long\|2015\|p\=272}}. [Dim sum](/wiki/Dim_sum "Dim sum"), as part of *[yum cha](/wiki/Yum_cha "Yum cha")* (brunch), was a dining\-out tradition with family and friends. Dishes include [congee](/wiki/Congee "Congee"), *[cha siu bao](/wiki/Cha_siu_bao "Cha siu bao")*, *[siu yuk](/wiki/Siu_yuk "Siu yuk")*, [egg tarts](/wiki/Egg_tart "Egg tart"), and [mango pudding](/wiki/Mango_pudding "Mango pudding"). Local versions of Western food were served at *[cha chaan teng](/wiki/Cha_chaan_teng "Cha chaan teng")* (Hong Kong\-style cafes). Common *cha chaan teng* menu items include macaroni in soup, deep\-fried French toast, and [Hong Kong\-style milk tea](/wiki/Hong_Kong-style_milk_tea "Hong Kong-style milk tea").
### Cinema
{{Main\|Cinema of Hong Kong}}
[thumb\|left\|alt\=Statue of Bruce Lee in a fighting pose\|Statue of Bruce Lee on the [Avenue of Stars](/wiki/Avenue_of_Stars%2C_Hong_Kong "Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong"), a tribute to the city's film industry](/wiki/File:Hong_kong_bruce_lee_statue.jpg "Hong kong bruce lee statue.jpg")
Film making in Hong Kong began as early as 1909, but Hong Kong was not a film making hub until the late 1940s, when a wave of Shanghai filmmakers migrated to the territory; these movie veterans helped build the colony's entertainment industry over the next decade.{{harvnb\|Fu\|2008\|pp\=381, 388–389}}. By the 1960s, the city was well known to overseas audiences through films such as *[The World of Suzie Wong](/wiki/The_World_of_Suzie_Wong_%28film%29 "The World of Suzie Wong (film)")*.{{harvnb\|Carroll\|2007\|p\=148}}. When [Bruce Lee](/wiki/Bruce_Lee "Bruce Lee")'s *[The Way of the Dragon](/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Dragon "The Way of the Dragon")* was released in 1972, local productions became popular outside Hong Kong. During the 1980s, films such as *[A Better Tomorrow](/wiki/A_Better_Tomorrow "A Better Tomorrow")*, *[As Tears Go By](/wiki/As_Tears_Go_By_%28film%29 "As Tears Go By (film)")*, and *[Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain](/wiki/Zu_Warriors_from_the_Magic_Mountain "Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain")* expanded global interest beyond [martial arts films](/wiki/Martial_arts_film "Martial arts film"); locally made gangster films, romantic dramas, and supernatural fantasies became popular.{{harvnb\|Carroll\|2007\|p\=168}}. Hong Kong cinema continued to be internationally successful over the following decade with critically acclaimed dramas such as *[Farewell My Concubine](/wiki/Farewell_My_Concubine_%28film%29 "Farewell My Concubine (film)")*, *[To Live](/wiki/To_Live_%281994_film%29 "To Live (1994 film)")* and [Wong Kar Wai](/wiki/Wong_Kar_Wai "Wong Kar Wai") movies. The city's martial arts film roots were evident in the roles of the most prolific Hong Kong actors. [Jackie Chan](/wiki/Jackie_Chan "Jackie Chan"), [Donnie Yen](/wiki/Donnie_Yen "Donnie Yen"), [Jet Li](/wiki/Jet_Li "Jet Li"), [Chow Yun\-fat](/wiki/Chow_Yun-fat "Chow Yun-fat"), and [Michelle Yeoh](/wiki/Michelle_Yeoh "Michelle Yeoh") frequently play action\-oriented roles in foreign films. At the height of the local movie industry in the early 1990s, over 400 films were produced each year; since then, industry momentum shifted to mainland China. The number of films produced annually declined to about 60 in 2017\.{{harvnb\|Ge\|2017}}.
{{clear left}}
### Music
{{Main\|Music of Hong Kong}}
{{Multiple image
\|direction\=horizontal \|align\=right \|caption\_align\=center \|total\_width\=300
\|image1\=Leslie Cheung.jpg \|height1\=241 \|width1\=316\|alt1\=Leslie Cheung with a microphone
\|image2\=Andy Lau (cropped).jpg \|height2\=500 \|width2\=483\|alt2\=A serious\-looking Andy Lau, seated and wearing a suit
\|footer\=\[\[Leslie Cheung]] ''(left)'' was considered a pioneering Cantopop artist, and \[\[Andy Lau]] was an icon of Hong Kong music and film for several decades as a member of the Four Heavenly Kings.
}}
[Cantopop](/wiki/Cantopop "Cantopop") was a genre of Cantonese popular music which emerged in Hong Kong during the 1970s. Evolving from Shanghai\-style *[shidaiqu](/wiki/Shidaiqu "Shidaiqu")*, it was also influenced by [Cantonese opera](/wiki/Cantonese_opera "Cantonese opera") and Western pop.{{harvnb\|Chu\|2017\|pp\=1–9, 24–25}}. Local media featured songs by artists such as [Sam Hui](/wiki/Sam_Hui "Sam Hui"), [Anita Mui](/wiki/Anita_Mui "Anita Mui"), [Leslie Cheung](/wiki/Leslie_Cheung "Leslie Cheung"), and [Alan Tam](/wiki/Alan_Tam "Alan Tam"); during the 1980s, exported films and shows exposed Cantopop to a global audience.{{harvnb\|Chu\|2017\|pp\=77–85}}. The genre's popularity peaked in the 1990s, when the [Four Heavenly Kings](/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings_%28Hong_Kong%29 "Four Heavenly Kings (Hong Kong)") dominated Asian record charts.{{harvnb\|Chu\|2017\|pp\=107–116}}. Despite a general decline since late in the decade,{{harvnb\|Chu\|2017\|pp\=9–10}}.
Western classical music historically had a strong presence in Hong Kong and remained a large part of local musical education.{{harvnb\|Smith\|Moir\|Brennan\|Rambarran\|2017\|p\=101}} The publicly funded [Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Philharmonic_Orchestra "Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra"), the territory's oldest professional symphony orchestra, frequently hosted musicians and conductors from overseas. The [Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Chinese_Orchestra "Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra"), composed of [classical Chinese instruments](/wiki/Chinese_orchestra "Chinese orchestra"), was the leading Chinese ensemble and played a significant role in promoting traditional music in the community.{{harvnb\|Ho\|2011\|p\=147}}.
### Sport and recreation
{{Main\|Sport in Hong Kong}}
[thumb\|right\|alt\=Cheering rugby fans, seen from the stands\|The [Hong Kong Sevens](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sevens "Hong Kong Sevens"), considered the premier tournament of the [World Rugby Sevens Series](/wiki/World_Rugby_Sevens_Series "World Rugby Sevens Series"), was played each spring.](/wiki/File:Crowd_cheering%2C_Hong_Kong_Sevens_2009.jpg "Crowd cheering, Hong Kong Sevens 2009.jpg")
Despite its small area, the territory regularly hosted the [Hong Kong Sevens](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sevens "Hong Kong Sevens"), [Hong Kong Marathon](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Marathon "Hong Kong Marathon"), [Hong Kong Tennis Classic](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tennis_Classic "Hong Kong Tennis Classic") and [Lunar New Year Cup](/wiki/Lunar_New_Year_Cup "Lunar New Year Cup"), and hosted the inaugural [AFC Asian Cup](/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup "AFC Asian Cup") and the [1995 Dynasty Cup](/wiki/1995_Dynasty_Cup "1995 Dynasty Cup").{{harvnb\|Ghoshal\|2011}}.{{harvnb\|Horne\|Manzenreiter\|2002\|p\=128}}.
Hong Kong was separately represented from [mainland China](/wiki/China "China"), with its own sports teams in international competitions. The territory participated in almost every Summer Olympics since 1952 and earned [four gold medals](/wiki/Hong_Kong_at_the_Olympics "Hong Kong at the Olympics"). [Lee Lai\-shan](/wiki/Lee_Lai-shan "Lee Lai-shan") won the territory's first Olympic gold medal at the [1996 Atlanta Olympics](/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics "1996 Summer Olympics"),{{harvnb\|Lam\|Chang\|2005\|p\=141}}. Between 1972 and 1996, Hong Kong athletes won [60 medals at the Paralympic Games](/wiki/Hong_Kong_at_the_Paralympics "Hong Kong at the Paralympics"). As part of the [Commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations "Commonwealth of Nations"), British Hong Kong participated in the [Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Commonwealth_Games "Commonwealth Games"), in which it won [17 medals](/wiki/Hong_Kong_at_the_Commonwealth_Games "Hong Kong at the Commonwealth Games"), the city's last appearance in the Games being in [1994](/wiki/1994_Commonwealth_Games "1994 Commonwealth Games").{{harvnb\|Lam\|Chang\|2005\|p\=99}}.
[Dragon boat](/wiki/Dragon_boat "Dragon boat") races originated as a religious ceremony conducted during the annual [Tuen Ng Festival](/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival "Dragon Boat Festival"). The race was revived as a modern sport as part of the [Tourism Board](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tourism_Board "Hong Kong Tourism Board")'s efforts to promote Hong Kong's image abroad. The first modern competition was organised in 1976, and overseas teams began competing in the first international race in 1993\.{{harvnb\|Sofield\|Sivan\|2003}}.
The [Hong Kong Jockey Club](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Jockey_Club "Hong Kong Jockey Club"), known between 1960 and 1996 as the Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club, became the territory's largest taxpayer.[*Annual Report on Hong Kong*](https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oSrjAAAAMAAJ&q=%227+per+cent+on+bets+and+25+per+cent+on+cash%22&dq=%227+per+cent+on+bets+and+25+per+cent+on+cash%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwifvsaPsOKIAxUCUkEAHYZbJPQQ6AF6BAgJEAI), H.M. Stationery Office, 1975, page 29 Three forms of gambling were legal in Hong Kong: lotteries, horse racing, and football.{{harvnb\|Littlewood\|2010\|pp\=16–17}}.
|
[
"Culture\n-------",
"British Hong Kong was characterised as a hybrid of [East](/wiki/Eastern_world \"Eastern world\") and [West](/wiki/Western_culture \"Western culture\"). Traditional Chinese values emphasising family and education blended with Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law.{{harvnb\\|Carroll\\|2007\\|p\\=169}}. Although the vast majority of the population was ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong developed a distinct identity from the mainland through its long period of colonial administration and a different pace of economic, social, and cultural development, with mainstream culture was derived from immigrants originating from various parts of China. This was influenced by British\\-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century.{{harvnb\\|Carroll\\|2007\\|pp\\=167–172}}.{{harvnb\\|He\\|2013}}. Most migrants of that era fled poverty and war, reflected in the prevailing attitude toward wealth; Hongkongers tended to link self\\-image and decision\\-making to material benefits.{{harvnb\\|Tam\\|2017}}.{{harvnb\\|Lam\\|2015}}. Residents' sense of local identity remained post\\-handover, with the majority of the population (52%) identifying as \"Hongkongers\", while 11% described themselves as \"Chinese\". The remaining population held mixed identities, 23% as \"Hongkonger in China\" and 12% as \"Chinese in Hong Kong\".{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/english/release/release1563\\.html \\|title\\=HKU POP releases survey on Hong Kong people's ethnic identity and the 2018 review and 2019 forecast survey \\|publisher\\=Public Opinion Programme, University of Hong Kong \\|date\\=27 December 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090214/https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/english/release/release1563\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=27 March 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Traditional Chinese family values, including [family honour](/wiki/Family_honor \"Family honor\"), [filial piety](/wiki/Filial_piety \"Filial piety\"), and a [preference for sons](/wiki/Sex_selection \"Sex selection\"), remained prevalent.{{harvnb\\|Family Survey\\|2013\\|pp\\=12–13}}. [Nuclear families](/wiki/Nuclear_family \"Nuclear family\") were the most common households, although multi\\-generational and extended families were not unusual.{{harvnb\\|Population By\\-Census\\|2016\\|p\\=77}}. In British\\-ruled Hong Kong, polygamy was legal until 1971 pursuant to the colonial practice of not interfering in local customs that British authorities viewed as relatively harmless to the public order.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Lary \\|first\\=Diana \\|url\\= \\|title\\=China's grandmothers : gender, family, and aging from late Qing to twenty\\-first century \\|date\\=2022 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cambridge University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-009\\-06478\\-1 \\|edition\\= \\|location\\=Cambridge, United Kingdom \\|pages\\=126 \\|oclc\\=1292532755}}",
"Spiritual concepts such as *[feng shui](/wiki/Feng_shui \"Feng shui\")* were observed; large\\-scale construction projects often hired consultants to ensure proper building positioning and layout. The degree of its adherence to *feng shui* was believed to determine the success of a business. *[Bagua](/wiki/Bagua \"Bagua\")* mirrors were regularly used to deflect evil spirits,{{harvnb\\|Fowler\\|Fowler\\|2008\\|p\\=263}}. and buildings often lack [floor numbers with a 4](/wiki/Chinese_numerology \"Chinese numerology\");{{harvnb\\|Xi\\|Ingham\\|2003\\|p\\=181}}. the number has a similar sound to the word for \"die\" in Cantonese.{{harvnb\\|Chan\\|Chow\\|2006\\|p\\=3}}.",
"### Language",
"{{Main\\|Languages of Hong Kong}}\nA prominent example of cultural integration in everyday life in British Hong Kong, was the use of [British English](/wiki/British_English \"British English\") as a common [second language](/wiki/Second_language \"Second language\"), and also the sole [official language](/wiki/Official_language \"Official language\") of the colony until 1974, when Chinese was accorded co\\-official status.[Hong Kong Adopts A Language\\-Law](https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/24/archives/hong-kong-adopts-a-language-law-complications-for-officials.html), *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\")*, March 24, 1974 In addition to British English being taught in [primary](/wiki/Primary_school \"Primary school\") and [secondary schools](/wiki/Secondary_school \"Secondary school\"), there were also English\\-medium schools operated by the [English Schools Foundation](/wiki/English_Schools_Foundation \"English Schools Foundation\"), established in 1967\\.[The English Schools Foundation Ordinance](https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap1117) For the metro system, the metro lines were named after places instead of numbered, unlike [Mainland China](/wiki/Mainland_China \"Mainland China\"), where metro lines were numbered. Roads were named after British royals, governors, famous people, cities and towns across the UK and the [Commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations \"Commonwealth of Nations\"), as well as [Chinese cities](/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China \"List of cities in China\") and places. Aside from [Chinese New Year](/wiki/Chinese_New_Year \"Chinese New Year\"), [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas \"Christmas\") was celebrated as the second\\-most important festival. In [literature](/wiki/Literature \"Literature\"), some [idioms](/wiki/Idiom \"Idiom\") in [Cantonese](/wiki/Cantonese \"Cantonese\") were directly translated from those in English. A [Mandarin Chinese](/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese \"Mandarin Chinese\") speaker might recognise the words but not understand the meaning.",
"### Cuisine",
"{{Main\\|Hong Kong cuisine}}\n{{Multiple image\n\\|direction\\=horizontal \\|align\\=right \\|caption\\_align\\=center \\|total\\_width\\=350\n\\|image1\\=Dim Sum Breakfast.jpg \\|height1\\=600 \\|width1\\=800\n\\|alt1\\=An assortment of items in a Dim Sum breakfast meal\n\\|image2\\=Cha Chaan Teng.jpg \\|height2\\=1200 \\|width2\\=1600\n\\|alt2\\=French Toast on left, Milk Tea on right\n\\|footer\\=''(left)'' Typical fare at a dim sum restaurant; ''(right)'' ''\\[\\[cha chaan teng]]'' breakfast food with \\[\\[Hong Kong\\-style milk tea]]\n}}",
"Food in Hong Kong under British rule was primarily based on [Cantonese cuisine](/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine \"Cantonese cuisine\"), despite the territory's exposure to foreign influences and its residents' varied origins. Rice was the staple food, and was usually served plain with other dishes.{{harvnb\\|Long\\|2015\\|p\\=271}}. Freshness of ingredients was emphasised. Poultry and seafood were commonly sold live at [wet markets](/wiki/Wet_market \"Wet market\"), and ingredients were used as quickly as possible.{{harvnb\\|Curry\\|Hanstedt\\|2014\\|pp\\=9–12}}. There were five daily meals: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and *[siu yeh](/wiki/Siu_yeh \"Siu yeh\")*.{{harvnb\\|Long\\|2015\\|p\\=272}}. [Dim sum](/wiki/Dim_sum \"Dim sum\"), as part of *[yum cha](/wiki/Yum_cha \"Yum cha\")* (brunch), was a dining\\-out tradition with family and friends. Dishes include [congee](/wiki/Congee \"Congee\"), *[cha siu bao](/wiki/Cha_siu_bao \"Cha siu bao\")*, *[siu yuk](/wiki/Siu_yuk \"Siu yuk\")*, [egg tarts](/wiki/Egg_tart \"Egg tart\"), and [mango pudding](/wiki/Mango_pudding \"Mango pudding\"). Local versions of Western food were served at *[cha chaan teng](/wiki/Cha_chaan_teng \"Cha chaan teng\")* (Hong Kong\\-style cafes). Common *cha chaan teng* menu items include macaroni in soup, deep\\-fried French toast, and [Hong Kong\\-style milk tea](/wiki/Hong_Kong-style_milk_tea \"Hong Kong-style milk tea\").",
"### Cinema",
"{{Main\\|Cinema of Hong Kong}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|alt\\=Statue of Bruce Lee in a fighting pose\\|Statue of Bruce Lee on the [Avenue of Stars](/wiki/Avenue_of_Stars%2C_Hong_Kong \"Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong\"), a tribute to the city's film industry](/wiki/File:Hong_kong_bruce_lee_statue.jpg \"Hong kong bruce lee statue.jpg\")",
"Film making in Hong Kong began as early as 1909, but Hong Kong was not a film making hub until the late 1940s, when a wave of Shanghai filmmakers migrated to the territory; these movie veterans helped build the colony's entertainment industry over the next decade.{{harvnb\\|Fu\\|2008\\|pp\\=381, 388–389}}. By the 1960s, the city was well known to overseas audiences through films such as *[The World of Suzie Wong](/wiki/The_World_of_Suzie_Wong_%28film%29 \"The World of Suzie Wong (film)\")*.{{harvnb\\|Carroll\\|2007\\|p\\=148}}. When [Bruce Lee](/wiki/Bruce_Lee \"Bruce Lee\")'s *[The Way of the Dragon](/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Dragon \"The Way of the Dragon\")* was released in 1972, local productions became popular outside Hong Kong. During the 1980s, films such as *[A Better Tomorrow](/wiki/A_Better_Tomorrow \"A Better Tomorrow\")*, *[As Tears Go By](/wiki/As_Tears_Go_By_%28film%29 \"As Tears Go By (film)\")*, and *[Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain](/wiki/Zu_Warriors_from_the_Magic_Mountain \"Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain\")* expanded global interest beyond [martial arts films](/wiki/Martial_arts_film \"Martial arts film\"); locally made gangster films, romantic dramas, and supernatural fantasies became popular.{{harvnb\\|Carroll\\|2007\\|p\\=168}}. Hong Kong cinema continued to be internationally successful over the following decade with critically acclaimed dramas such as *[Farewell My Concubine](/wiki/Farewell_My_Concubine_%28film%29 \"Farewell My Concubine (film)\")*, *[To Live](/wiki/To_Live_%281994_film%29 \"To Live (1994 film)\")* and [Wong Kar Wai](/wiki/Wong_Kar_Wai \"Wong Kar Wai\") movies. The city's martial arts film roots were evident in the roles of the most prolific Hong Kong actors. [Jackie Chan](/wiki/Jackie_Chan \"Jackie Chan\"), [Donnie Yen](/wiki/Donnie_Yen \"Donnie Yen\"), [Jet Li](/wiki/Jet_Li \"Jet Li\"), [Chow Yun\\-fat](/wiki/Chow_Yun-fat \"Chow Yun-fat\"), and [Michelle Yeoh](/wiki/Michelle_Yeoh \"Michelle Yeoh\") frequently play action\\-oriented roles in foreign films. At the height of the local movie industry in the early 1990s, over 400 films were produced each year; since then, industry momentum shifted to mainland China. The number of films produced annually declined to about 60 in 2017\\.{{harvnb\\|Ge\\|2017}}.\n{{clear left}}",
"### Music",
"{{Main\\|Music of Hong Kong}}\n{{Multiple image\n\\|direction\\=horizontal \\|align\\=right \\|caption\\_align\\=center \\|total\\_width\\=300\n\\|image1\\=Leslie Cheung.jpg \\|height1\\=241 \\|width1\\=316\\|alt1\\=Leslie Cheung with a microphone\n\\|image2\\=Andy Lau (cropped).jpg \\|height2\\=500 \\|width2\\=483\\|alt2\\=A serious\\-looking Andy Lau, seated and wearing a suit\n\\|footer\\=\\[\\[Leslie Cheung]] ''(left)'' was considered a pioneering Cantopop artist, and \\[\\[Andy Lau]] was an icon of Hong Kong music and film for several decades as a member of the Four Heavenly Kings.\n}}",
"[Cantopop](/wiki/Cantopop \"Cantopop\") was a genre of Cantonese popular music which emerged in Hong Kong during the 1970s. Evolving from Shanghai\\-style *[shidaiqu](/wiki/Shidaiqu \"Shidaiqu\")*, it was also influenced by [Cantonese opera](/wiki/Cantonese_opera \"Cantonese opera\") and Western pop.{{harvnb\\|Chu\\|2017\\|pp\\=1–9, 24–25}}. Local media featured songs by artists such as [Sam Hui](/wiki/Sam_Hui \"Sam Hui\"), [Anita Mui](/wiki/Anita_Mui \"Anita Mui\"), [Leslie Cheung](/wiki/Leslie_Cheung \"Leslie Cheung\"), and [Alan Tam](/wiki/Alan_Tam \"Alan Tam\"); during the 1980s, exported films and shows exposed Cantopop to a global audience.{{harvnb\\|Chu\\|2017\\|pp\\=77–85}}. The genre's popularity peaked in the 1990s, when the [Four Heavenly Kings](/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings_%28Hong_Kong%29 \"Four Heavenly Kings (Hong Kong)\") dominated Asian record charts.{{harvnb\\|Chu\\|2017\\|pp\\=107–116}}. Despite a general decline since late in the decade,{{harvnb\\|Chu\\|2017\\|pp\\=9–10}}.",
"Western classical music historically had a strong presence in Hong Kong and remained a large part of local musical education.{{harvnb\\|Smith\\|Moir\\|Brennan\\|Rambarran\\|2017\\|p\\=101}} The publicly funded [Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Philharmonic_Orchestra \"Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra\"), the territory's oldest professional symphony orchestra, frequently hosted musicians and conductors from overseas. The [Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Chinese_Orchestra \"Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra\"), composed of [classical Chinese instruments](/wiki/Chinese_orchestra \"Chinese orchestra\"), was the leading Chinese ensemble and played a significant role in promoting traditional music in the community.{{harvnb\\|Ho\\|2011\\|p\\=147}}.",
"### Sport and recreation",
"{{Main\\|Sport in Hong Kong}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|alt\\=Cheering rugby fans, seen from the stands\\|The [Hong Kong Sevens](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sevens \"Hong Kong Sevens\"), considered the premier tournament of the [World Rugby Sevens Series](/wiki/World_Rugby_Sevens_Series \"World Rugby Sevens Series\"), was played each spring.](/wiki/File:Crowd_cheering%2C_Hong_Kong_Sevens_2009.jpg \"Crowd cheering, Hong Kong Sevens 2009.jpg\")",
"Despite its small area, the territory regularly hosted the [Hong Kong Sevens](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sevens \"Hong Kong Sevens\"), [Hong Kong Marathon](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Marathon \"Hong Kong Marathon\"), [Hong Kong Tennis Classic](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tennis_Classic \"Hong Kong Tennis Classic\") and [Lunar New Year Cup](/wiki/Lunar_New_Year_Cup \"Lunar New Year Cup\"), and hosted the inaugural [AFC Asian Cup](/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup \"AFC Asian Cup\") and the [1995 Dynasty Cup](/wiki/1995_Dynasty_Cup \"1995 Dynasty Cup\").{{harvnb\\|Ghoshal\\|2011}}.{{harvnb\\|Horne\\|Manzenreiter\\|2002\\|p\\=128}}.",
"Hong Kong was separately represented from [mainland China](/wiki/China \"China\"), with its own sports teams in international competitions. The territory participated in almost every Summer Olympics since 1952 and earned [four gold medals](/wiki/Hong_Kong_at_the_Olympics \"Hong Kong at the Olympics\"). [Lee Lai\\-shan](/wiki/Lee_Lai-shan \"Lee Lai-shan\") won the territory's first Olympic gold medal at the [1996 Atlanta Olympics](/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics \"1996 Summer Olympics\"),{{harvnb\\|Lam\\|Chang\\|2005\\|p\\=141}}. Between 1972 and 1996, Hong Kong athletes won [60 medals at the Paralympic Games](/wiki/Hong_Kong_at_the_Paralympics \"Hong Kong at the Paralympics\"). As part of the [Commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations \"Commonwealth of Nations\"), British Hong Kong participated in the [Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Commonwealth_Games \"Commonwealth Games\"), in which it won [17 medals](/wiki/Hong_Kong_at_the_Commonwealth_Games \"Hong Kong at the Commonwealth Games\"), the city's last appearance in the Games being in [1994](/wiki/1994_Commonwealth_Games \"1994 Commonwealth Games\").{{harvnb\\|Lam\\|Chang\\|2005\\|p\\=99}}.",
"[Dragon boat](/wiki/Dragon_boat \"Dragon boat\") races originated as a religious ceremony conducted during the annual [Tuen Ng Festival](/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival \"Dragon Boat Festival\"). The race was revived as a modern sport as part of the [Tourism Board](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tourism_Board \"Hong Kong Tourism Board\")'s efforts to promote Hong Kong's image abroad. The first modern competition was organised in 1976, and overseas teams began competing in the first international race in 1993\\.{{harvnb\\|Sofield\\|Sivan\\|2003}}.",
"The [Hong Kong Jockey Club](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Jockey_Club \"Hong Kong Jockey Club\"), known between 1960 and 1996 as the Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club, became the territory's largest taxpayer.[*Annual Report on Hong Kong*](https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oSrjAAAAMAAJ&q=%227+per+cent+on+bets+and+25+per+cent+on+cash%22&dq=%227+per+cent+on+bets+and+25+per+cent+on+cash%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwifvsaPsOKIAxUCUkEAHYZbJPQQ6AF6BAgJEAI), H.M. Stationery Office, 1975, page 29 Three forms of gambling were legal in Hong Kong: lotteries, horse racing, and football.{{harvnb\\|Littlewood\\|2010\\|pp\\=16–17}}.",
""
] |
History
-------
Telkom is one of the world's oldest telecommunication companies. The company can be traced back to the establishment of the first electromagnetic [telegraph](/wiki/Telegraph "Telegraph") service in Indonesia on 23 October 1856, by the [Dutch colonial government](/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies "Dutch East Indies") to connect Batavia ([Jakarta](/wiki/Jakarta "Jakarta")) and Buitenzorg ([Bogor](/wiki/Bogor "Bogor")).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.telkom.co.id/UHI/assets/pdf/EN/09\_Corporate%20Data.pdf\|title\=History of TELKOM\|publisher\=Telkom Indonesia\|access\-date\=13 August 2011\|archive\-date\=3 October 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003161903/http://www.telkom.co.id/UHI/assets/pdf/EN/09\_Corporate%20Data.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}}
In 1884, the Dutch colonial government founded a private company with its headquarters in Bandung to provide postal and domestic telegraph services and, later on, international telegraph and telephony services.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.telkom.co.id/download/File/UHI/SR/TELKOM\_SR2009\.pdf\|title\=TELKOM in Brief, History of the Company\|publisher\=Telkom Indonesia\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908002535/https://www.telkom.co.id/download/File/UHI/SR/TELKOM\_SR2009\.pdf\|archive\-date\=8 September 2013\|url\-status\=dead}}
### Early years
[Telephony](/wiki/Telephony "Telephony") services had been introduced to Indonesia in 1882 by [privately owned companies](/wiki/Privately_held_company "Privately held company") under a 25\-year [government license](/wiki/Business_license "Business license").
In 1906, all [postal](/wiki/Mail "Mail") and [telegraph](/wiki/Telegraph "Telegraph") services in Indonesia were taken over by the government as a single, unified government agency named Post, Telegraph and Telephone Service ({{lang\-nl\|Post\-, Telegraaf\-, en Telefoondienst}}, PTT).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.posindonesia.co.id/profile.php?id\=2\|title\=Sejarah Pos Indonesia\|access\-date\=13 August 2011\|language\=id\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623074703/http://www.posindonesia.co.id/profile.php?id\=2\|archive\-date\=23 June 2010\|df\=dmy\-all}}
In September 1945, roughly a month after the [Indonesian proclamation of independence](/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence "Proclamation of Indonesian Independence"), the agency headquarters in [Bandung](/wiki/Bandung "Bandung") was taken over by Indonesian nationalists.
In December 1949, after years of [national revolution war](/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution "Indonesian National Revolution"), the PTT was nationalized by the Indonesian Government as part of an Indonesian effort to oust the remaining Dutch and nationalize Dutch corporate assets.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.iias.nl/nl/36/IIAS\_NL36\_18\.pdf\|title\=Dutch enterprise in independent Indonesia: cooperation and confrontation, 1949–1958\|publisher\=IIAS Newsletter \#36\|date\=March 2005\|access\-date\=13 August 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402191338/http://www.iias.nl/nl/36/IIAS\_NL36\_18\.pdf\|archive\-date\=2 April 2012\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://elib.unikom.ac.id/files/disk1/484/jbptunikompp\-gdl\-asepsandyn\-24180\-1\-unikom\_a\-i.pdf\|title\=Telkom Indonesia\|access\-date\=13 August 2011\|language\=id\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330171018/http://elib.unikom.ac.id/files/disk1/484/jbptunikompp\-gdl\-asepsandyn\-24180\-1\-unikom\_a\-i.pdf\|archive\-date\=30 March 2012\|url\-status\=live}}
### State\-owned company
In 1961, PTT was converted from an official government agency into a newly established [statutory corporation](/wiki/Statutory_corporation "Statutory corporation"), the Postal and Telecommunications Services company.
Four years later, on 6 July 1965, Indonesian Government separated this company into two statutory corporations; *PN Pos Giro,* responsible for providing [mail services](/wiki/Mail "Mail") and *PN Telekomunikasi* for [telecommunications](/wiki/Telecommunications "Telecommunications") services.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.postalconsumers.org/postal\_freedom\_index/Indonesia\_\-\-\_Pos\_Indonesia.shtml\|title\=Indonesia – Pos Indonesia\|work\=Consumer Postal Council\|access\-date\=13 August 2011}} The mail services *PN Pos Giro* developed over the year became the [Pos Indonesia](/wiki/Pos_Indonesia "Pos Indonesia") in 1995, which is still state\-owned today and the official postal carrier for Indonesia's population of 230 million.
In 1974, *PN Telekomunikasi* was further divided into two state\-owned companies. Perusahaan Umum Telekomunikasi (**Perumtel**) provided domestic and international telecommunications services, while PT Industri Telekomunikasi Indonesia (**PT INTI**) manufactured telecommunications equipment. A further division in 1980 saw the international telecommunications business taken over by the newly nationalized PT Indonesian Satellite Corporation ([Indosat](/wiki/Indosat "Indosat")).
In 1991, Perumtel became a state\-owned *[perseroan terbatas](/wiki/Naamloze_vennootschap "Naamloze vennootschap")* and renamed to what is now *Perusahaan Perseroan (Persero)* **PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia** or **Telkom**. Until 1995, Telkom's operations were organized along twelve regional operating units known as *Wilayah Telekomunikasi* or Witel. Each Witel had full responsibility for all aspects of business and operations in their respective regions, such as telephone services, property management, and security.
In 1995, Telkom reorganized the twelve Witels into seven regional divisions and one network division. Under a series of Cooperation (KSO) Agreements, Telkom transferred the right to operate five of its seven regional divisions (I, III, IV, VI, and VII) to private sector consortia. Under these agreements, the KSO partners manage and operate the regional division concerned for a fixed term, build a specified number of fixed lines which at the end of the term, transfer the telecommunications facilities to Telkom for an agreed amount in compensation. Revenues from the KSO operations were shared between Telkom and the KSO partners.
### Privatization
On 14 November 1995, Telkom became a privatized company when their shares went on sale through an [Initial public offering](/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") on the Jakarta Stock Exchange and the [Surabaya Stock Exchange](/wiki/Surabaya_Stock_Exchange "Surabaya Stock Exchange") (which merged in December 2007 to become the [Indonesia Stock Exchange](/wiki/Indonesia_Stock_Exchange "Indonesia Stock Exchange")). Telkom's shares are also listed on the [NYSE](/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange "New York Stock Exchange") and the [LSE](/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange "London Stock Exchange"), the former in the form of [American depositary shares](/wiki/American_depositary_receipt "American depositary receipt") (ADSs), and were publicly offered without listing on the [Tokyo Stock Exchange](/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange "Tokyo Stock Exchange"). Telkom is now the largest company by market capitalization in Indonesia, with a market capitalization of approximately [IDR](/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah "Indonesian rupiah") 190,512 trillion as of 31 December 2009\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1293798817/state\-companies\-control\-26\-pct\-stock\-market\-capital\|title\=State companies control 26% stock market capital\|work\=Antara News\|date\=31 December 2010\|access\-date\=13 August 2011}} The Government retains an aggregate interest of 51\.19% of the issued and outstanding shares of Telkom. The Government also holds one *Dwiwarna*, or [golden share](/wiki/Golden_share "Golden share").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.telkom.co.id/investor\-relation/stock\-information/share\-ownership/\|title\=Shareholder Composition\|publisher\=Telkom Indonesia\|date\=27 May 2011\|access\-date\=13 August 2011}}
In mid\-1997, Indonesia was badly affected by the [Asian economic crisis](/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis "1997 Asian financial crisis").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ndaventures.com/Indonesia\_Telecom\_Brief.pdf\|author\=Ken Zita\|publisher\=Network Dynamics Associates LLC\|title\=Indonesia Telecom Brief\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101013522/http://www.ndaventures.com/Indonesia\_Telecom\_Brief.pdf\|archive\-date\=1 January 2011}} Among those impacted were certain KSO partners, who experienced difficulties in fulfilling their obligations to Telkom. Telkom eventually acquired control of its KSO partners in Regions I, III, and VI, and amended the terms of the KSO agreements with its KSO partners in Regions IV and VII to obtain legal rights to control the financial and operating decisions of those regions.
Since 5 June 2014, Telkom shares are no longer traded on the London Stock Exchange ("LSE"), and since 16 May 2014, they have ceased to be registered on the Tokyo Stock Exchange ("TSE") in Japan.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.telkom.co.id/assets/uploads/2013/05/telkom\_20F\_2014\.pdf \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=22 February 2016 \|archive\-date\=27 March 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327155604/http://www.telkom.co.id/assets/uploads/2013/05/telkom\_20F\_2014\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }}
### Telecommunication deregulation
In 1999, Indonesia passed a [deregulating](/wiki/Deregulation "Deregulation") telecommunication law that set in motion a sweeping array of reforms and enlivened [competition policy](/wiki/Competition_law "Competition law"), [private investment](/wiki/Private_equity "Private equity"), and long term industry direction. Among the proposed reforms were the progressive elimination of the joint ownership, by Telkom and [Indosat](/wiki/Indosat "Indosat"), of most of the telecommunications companies in Indonesia. This was intended to promote a more competitive market. As a result, in 2001, Telkom acquired Indosat's 35\.0% stake in [Telkomsel](/wiki/Telkomsel "Telkomsel"), resulting in Telkom owning 77\.7% of the shares of Telkomsel, while Indosat acquired Telkom's 22\.5% interest in Satelindo and its 37\.7% stake in Lintasarta. In 2002, Telkom sold 12\.7% of Telkomsel to [Singapore Telecom Mobile](/wiki/SingTel "SingTel") Pte Ltd (SingTel Mobile), reducing Telkom's ownership of Telkomsel to 65\.0%.
On 1 August 2001, the Government terminated Telkom's exclusive right to provide [fixed line](/wiki/Landline "Landline") services in Indonesia and Indosat's right to provide [international direct dial](/wiki/International_Direct_Dialling "International Direct Dialling") services. Subsequently, Telkom's exclusive rights to provide domestic and [long\-distance](/wiki/Long-distance_calling "Long-distance calling") services were terminated in August 2002 and August 2003, respectively.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.accg.mq.edu.au/docs/publications/past\_editions/volume\_2/6\.young\_etc\-1\.pdf\|title\=Regulatory Multiplicities in Telecommunications Reforms in Indonesia and China\|work\=MqJBL\|year\=2005\|access\-date\=13 August 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219064804/http://www.accg.mq.edu.au/docs/publications/past\_editions/volume\_2/6\.young\_etc\-1\.pdf\|archive\-date\=19 February 2011\|url\-status\=live}}
On 7 June 2004, Telkom began to provide their own [international direct dial](/wiki/International_Direct_Dialling "International Direct Dialling") fixed line services. On 16 November 2005, the [Telkom\-2](/wiki/Telkom-2 "Telkom-2") satellite was launched to replace all [satellite](/wiki/Satellite "Satellite") transmission services that have been served by previous satellite, [Palapa B\-4](/wiki/Palapa "Palapa").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.orbital.com/satellitesspace/communications/telkom/\|title\=Telkom\-2\|work\=Orbital\|access\-date\=13 August 2011}}
### Transformations
In 2009, Telkom started transforming its business, being the only company in the field of telecommunications to transform to a broader range of business. The company expanded to telecommunications, information technology services, media and [edutainment](/wiki/Edutainment "Edutainment").{{cite web\|url\=http://refishowcase.com/company\-info/business\-transformation\-telkom\-corporate\-shoot\-6500\-companies.html\|title\=Business Transformation, Telkom Corporate Shoot 6500 Companies\|work\=Refishowcase\|access\-date\=13 August 2011}} Telkom's decision to transform its business was prompted by the shift in customer lifestyles and supported by advances in technology and regulatory changes that enabled service providers to deliver enhanced service to customers.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.telkom.co.id/UHI/sr\-en/02\_transfomation/0100\_corporate.html\|title\=Corporate Transformation\|access\-date\=13 August 2011}} With this new business transformation, Telkom also plans to conduct the acquisition of several companies that are in line with Telkom's transformation of the new business.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.telkom.co.id/media\-corner/press\-release/new\-identity\-marked\-telkom\-business\-transfromation.html\|title\=Telkom Business Transformation\|access\-date\=13 August 2011}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.telkom.co.id/investor\-relation/company\-profile/fact\-sheet/\|title\=We are transforming, Our Business is TIME\|access\-date\=13 August 2011}}
In August 2012, the [Telkom\-3](/wiki/Telkom-3 "Telkom-3") satellite was lost in a launch failure, being placed into an unusably low orbit following the failure of the [Briz\-M](/wiki/Briz-M "Briz-M") upper stage of the [Proton\-M](/wiki/Proton-M "Proton-M") rocket that had launched it. Its replacement [Telkom\-3S](/wiki/Telkom-3S "Telkom-3S") successfully launched aboard an [Ariane 5](/wiki/Ariane_5 "Ariane 5") rocket on 14 February 2017, 21:39 UTC.{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2021}}
In March 2019, Telkom Indonesia was one of the first Asian telco's to launch a [cloud gaming](/wiki/Cloud_gaming "Cloud gaming") service in cooperation with Gamestream.{{Cite web\|title\=Cloud Gaming for Everyone \- gameQoo\|url\=https://www.gameqoo.id/\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-27\|website\=www.gameqoo.id}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Telkom is one of the world's oldest telecommunication companies. The company can be traced back to the establishment of the first electromagnetic [telegraph](/wiki/Telegraph \"Telegraph\") service in Indonesia on 23 October 1856, by the [Dutch colonial government](/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies \"Dutch East Indies\") to connect Batavia ([Jakarta](/wiki/Jakarta \"Jakarta\")) and Buitenzorg ([Bogor](/wiki/Bogor \"Bogor\")).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.telkom.co.id/UHI/assets/pdf/EN/09\\_Corporate%20Data.pdf\\|title\\=History of TELKOM\\|publisher\\=Telkom Indonesia\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=3 October 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003161903/http://www.telkom.co.id/UHI/assets/pdf/EN/09\\_Corporate%20Data.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In 1884, the Dutch colonial government founded a private company with its headquarters in Bandung to provide postal and domestic telegraph services and, later on, international telegraph and telephony services.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.telkom.co.id/download/File/UHI/SR/TELKOM\\_SR2009\\.pdf\\|title\\=TELKOM in Brief, History of the Company\\|publisher\\=Telkom Indonesia\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908002535/https://www.telkom.co.id/download/File/UHI/SR/TELKOM\\_SR2009\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=8 September 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### Early years",
"[Telephony](/wiki/Telephony \"Telephony\") services had been introduced to Indonesia in 1882 by [privately owned companies](/wiki/Privately_held_company \"Privately held company\") under a 25\\-year [government license](/wiki/Business_license \"Business license\").",
"In 1906, all [postal](/wiki/Mail \"Mail\") and [telegraph](/wiki/Telegraph \"Telegraph\") services in Indonesia were taken over by the government as a single, unified government agency named Post, Telegraph and Telephone Service ({{lang\\-nl\\|Post\\-, Telegraaf\\-, en Telefoondienst}}, PTT).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.posindonesia.co.id/profile.php?id\\=2\\|title\\=Sejarah Pos Indonesia\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2011\\|language\\=id\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623074703/http://www.posindonesia.co.id/profile.php?id\\=2\\|archive\\-date\\=23 June 2010\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}",
"In September 1945, roughly a month after the [Indonesian proclamation of independence](/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence \"Proclamation of Indonesian Independence\"), the agency headquarters in [Bandung](/wiki/Bandung \"Bandung\") was taken over by Indonesian nationalists.",
"In December 1949, after years of [national revolution war](/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution \"Indonesian National Revolution\"), the PTT was nationalized by the Indonesian Government as part of an Indonesian effort to oust the remaining Dutch and nationalize Dutch corporate assets.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.iias.nl/nl/36/IIAS\\_NL36\\_18\\.pdf\\|title\\=Dutch enterprise in independent Indonesia: cooperation and confrontation, 1949–1958\\|publisher\\=IIAS Newsletter \\#36\\|date\\=March 2005\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402191338/http://www.iias.nl/nl/36/IIAS\\_NL36\\_18\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=2 April 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://elib.unikom.ac.id/files/disk1/484/jbptunikompp\\-gdl\\-asepsandyn\\-24180\\-1\\-unikom\\_a\\-i.pdf\\|title\\=Telkom Indonesia\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2011\\|language\\=id\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330171018/http://elib.unikom.ac.id/files/disk1/484/jbptunikompp\\-gdl\\-asepsandyn\\-24180\\-1\\-unikom\\_a\\-i.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=30 March 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### State\\-owned company",
"In 1961, PTT was converted from an official government agency into a newly established [statutory corporation](/wiki/Statutory_corporation \"Statutory corporation\"), the Postal and Telecommunications Services company.",
"Four years later, on 6 July 1965, Indonesian Government separated this company into two statutory corporations; *PN Pos Giro,* responsible for providing [mail services](/wiki/Mail \"Mail\") and *PN Telekomunikasi* for [telecommunications](/wiki/Telecommunications \"Telecommunications\") services.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.postalconsumers.org/postal\\_freedom\\_index/Indonesia\\_\\-\\-\\_Pos\\_Indonesia.shtml\\|title\\=Indonesia – Pos Indonesia\\|work\\=Consumer Postal Council\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2011}} The mail services *PN Pos Giro* developed over the year became the [Pos Indonesia](/wiki/Pos_Indonesia \"Pos Indonesia\") in 1995, which is still state\\-owned today and the official postal carrier for Indonesia's population of 230 million.",
"In 1974, *PN Telekomunikasi* was further divided into two state\\-owned companies. Perusahaan Umum Telekomunikasi (**Perumtel**) provided domestic and international telecommunications services, while PT Industri Telekomunikasi Indonesia (**PT INTI**) manufactured telecommunications equipment. A further division in 1980 saw the international telecommunications business taken over by the newly nationalized PT Indonesian Satellite Corporation ([Indosat](/wiki/Indosat \"Indosat\")).",
"In 1991, Perumtel became a state\\-owned *[perseroan terbatas](/wiki/Naamloze_vennootschap \"Naamloze vennootschap\")* and renamed to what is now *Perusahaan Perseroan (Persero)* **PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia** or **Telkom**. Until 1995, Telkom's operations were organized along twelve regional operating units known as *Wilayah Telekomunikasi* or Witel. Each Witel had full responsibility for all aspects of business and operations in their respective regions, such as telephone services, property management, and security.",
"In 1995, Telkom reorganized the twelve Witels into seven regional divisions and one network division. Under a series of Cooperation (KSO) Agreements, Telkom transferred the right to operate five of its seven regional divisions (I, III, IV, VI, and VII) to private sector consortia. Under these agreements, the KSO partners manage and operate the regional division concerned for a fixed term, build a specified number of fixed lines which at the end of the term, transfer the telecommunications facilities to Telkom for an agreed amount in compensation. Revenues from the KSO operations were shared between Telkom and the KSO partners.",
"### Privatization",
"On 14 November 1995, Telkom became a privatized company when their shares went on sale through an [Initial public offering](/wiki/Initial_public_offering \"Initial public offering\") on the Jakarta Stock Exchange and the [Surabaya Stock Exchange](/wiki/Surabaya_Stock_Exchange \"Surabaya Stock Exchange\") (which merged in December 2007 to become the [Indonesia Stock Exchange](/wiki/Indonesia_Stock_Exchange \"Indonesia Stock Exchange\")). Telkom's shares are also listed on the [NYSE](/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange \"New York Stock Exchange\") and the [LSE](/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange \"London Stock Exchange\"), the former in the form of [American depositary shares](/wiki/American_depositary_receipt \"American depositary receipt\") (ADSs), and were publicly offered without listing on the [Tokyo Stock Exchange](/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange \"Tokyo Stock Exchange\"). Telkom is now the largest company by market capitalization in Indonesia, with a market capitalization of approximately [IDR](/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah \"Indonesian rupiah\") 190,512 trillion as of 31 December 2009\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1293798817/state\\-companies\\-control\\-26\\-pct\\-stock\\-market\\-capital\\|title\\=State companies control 26% stock market capital\\|work\\=Antara News\\|date\\=31 December 2010\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2011}} The Government retains an aggregate interest of 51\\.19% of the issued and outstanding shares of Telkom. The Government also holds one *Dwiwarna*, or [golden share](/wiki/Golden_share \"Golden share\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.telkom.co.id/investor\\-relation/stock\\-information/share\\-ownership/\\|title\\=Shareholder Composition\\|publisher\\=Telkom Indonesia\\|date\\=27 May 2011\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2011}}",
"In mid\\-1997, Indonesia was badly affected by the [Asian economic crisis](/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis \"1997 Asian financial crisis\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ndaventures.com/Indonesia\\_Telecom\\_Brief.pdf\\|author\\=Ken Zita\\|publisher\\=Network Dynamics Associates LLC\\|title\\=Indonesia Telecom Brief\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101013522/http://www.ndaventures.com/Indonesia\\_Telecom\\_Brief.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=1 January 2011}} Among those impacted were certain KSO partners, who experienced difficulties in fulfilling their obligations to Telkom. Telkom eventually acquired control of its KSO partners in Regions I, III, and VI, and amended the terms of the KSO agreements with its KSO partners in Regions IV and VII to obtain legal rights to control the financial and operating decisions of those regions.",
"Since 5 June 2014, Telkom shares are no longer traded on the London Stock Exchange (\"LSE\"), and since 16 May 2014, they have ceased to be registered on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (\"TSE\") in Japan.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.telkom.co.id/assets/uploads/2013/05/telkom\\_20F\\_2014\\.pdf \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327155604/http://www.telkom.co.id/assets/uploads/2013/05/telkom\\_20F\\_2014\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### Telecommunication deregulation",
"In 1999, Indonesia passed a [deregulating](/wiki/Deregulation \"Deregulation\") telecommunication law that set in motion a sweeping array of reforms and enlivened [competition policy](/wiki/Competition_law \"Competition law\"), [private investment](/wiki/Private_equity \"Private equity\"), and long term industry direction. Among the proposed reforms were the progressive elimination of the joint ownership, by Telkom and [Indosat](/wiki/Indosat \"Indosat\"), of most of the telecommunications companies in Indonesia. This was intended to promote a more competitive market. As a result, in 2001, Telkom acquired Indosat's 35\\.0% stake in [Telkomsel](/wiki/Telkomsel \"Telkomsel\"), resulting in Telkom owning 77\\.7% of the shares of Telkomsel, while Indosat acquired Telkom's 22\\.5% interest in Satelindo and its 37\\.7% stake in Lintasarta. In 2002, Telkom sold 12\\.7% of Telkomsel to [Singapore Telecom Mobile](/wiki/SingTel \"SingTel\") Pte Ltd (SingTel Mobile), reducing Telkom's ownership of Telkomsel to 65\\.0%.",
"On 1 August 2001, the Government terminated Telkom's exclusive right to provide [fixed line](/wiki/Landline \"Landline\") services in Indonesia and Indosat's right to provide [international direct dial](/wiki/International_Direct_Dialling \"International Direct Dialling\") services. Subsequently, Telkom's exclusive rights to provide domestic and [long\\-distance](/wiki/Long-distance_calling \"Long-distance calling\") services were terminated in August 2002 and August 2003, respectively.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.accg.mq.edu.au/docs/publications/past\\_editions/volume\\_2/6\\.young\\_etc\\-1\\.pdf\\|title\\=Regulatory Multiplicities in Telecommunications Reforms in Indonesia and China\\|work\\=MqJBL\\|year\\=2005\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219064804/http://www.accg.mq.edu.au/docs/publications/past\\_editions/volume\\_2/6\\.young\\_etc\\-1\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=19 February 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On 7 June 2004, Telkom began to provide their own [international direct dial](/wiki/International_Direct_Dialling \"International Direct Dialling\") fixed line services. On 16 November 2005, the [Telkom\\-2](/wiki/Telkom-2 \"Telkom-2\") satellite was launched to replace all [satellite](/wiki/Satellite \"Satellite\") transmission services that have been served by previous satellite, [Palapa B\\-4](/wiki/Palapa \"Palapa\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.orbital.com/satellitesspace/communications/telkom/\\|title\\=Telkom\\-2\\|work\\=Orbital\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2011}}",
"### Transformations",
"In 2009, Telkom started transforming its business, being the only company in the field of telecommunications to transform to a broader range of business. The company expanded to telecommunications, information technology services, media and [edutainment](/wiki/Edutainment \"Edutainment\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://refishowcase.com/company\\-info/business\\-transformation\\-telkom\\-corporate\\-shoot\\-6500\\-companies.html\\|title\\=Business Transformation, Telkom Corporate Shoot 6500 Companies\\|work\\=Refishowcase\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2011}} Telkom's decision to transform its business was prompted by the shift in customer lifestyles and supported by advances in technology and regulatory changes that enabled service providers to deliver enhanced service to customers.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.telkom.co.id/UHI/sr\\-en/02\\_transfomation/0100\\_corporate.html\\|title\\=Corporate Transformation\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2011}} With this new business transformation, Telkom also plans to conduct the acquisition of several companies that are in line with Telkom's transformation of the new business.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.telkom.co.id/media\\-corner/press\\-release/new\\-identity\\-marked\\-telkom\\-business\\-transfromation.html\\|title\\=Telkom Business Transformation\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2011}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.telkom.co.id/investor\\-relation/company\\-profile/fact\\-sheet/\\|title\\=We are transforming, Our Business is TIME\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2011}}",
"In August 2012, the [Telkom\\-3](/wiki/Telkom-3 \"Telkom-3\") satellite was lost in a launch failure, being placed into an unusably low orbit following the failure of the [Briz\\-M](/wiki/Briz-M \"Briz-M\") upper stage of the [Proton\\-M](/wiki/Proton-M \"Proton-M\") rocket that had launched it. Its replacement [Telkom\\-3S](/wiki/Telkom-3S \"Telkom-3S\") successfully launched aboard an [Ariane 5](/wiki/Ariane_5 \"Ariane 5\") rocket on 14 February 2017, 21:39 UTC.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2021}}",
"In March 2019, Telkom Indonesia was one of the first Asian telco's to launch a [cloud gaming](/wiki/Cloud_gaming \"Cloud gaming\") service in cooperation with Gamestream.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Cloud Gaming for Everyone \\- gameQoo\\|url\\=https://www.gameqoo.id/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-27\\|website\\=www.gameqoo.id}}",
""
] |
### State\-owned company
In 1961, PTT was converted from an official government agency into a newly established [statutory corporation](/wiki/Statutory_corporation "Statutory corporation"), the Postal and Telecommunications Services company.
Four years later, on 6 July 1965, Indonesian Government separated this company into two statutory corporations; *PN Pos Giro,* responsible for providing [mail services](/wiki/Mail "Mail") and *PN Telekomunikasi* for [telecommunications](/wiki/Telecommunications "Telecommunications") services.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.postalconsumers.org/postal\_freedom\_index/Indonesia\_\-\-\_Pos\_Indonesia.shtml\|title\=Indonesia – Pos Indonesia\|work\=Consumer Postal Council\|access\-date\=13 August 2011}} The mail services *PN Pos Giro* developed over the year became the [Pos Indonesia](/wiki/Pos_Indonesia "Pos Indonesia") in 1995, which is still state\-owned today and the official postal carrier for Indonesia's population of 230 million.
In 1974, *PN Telekomunikasi* was further divided into two state\-owned companies. Perusahaan Umum Telekomunikasi (**Perumtel**) provided domestic and international telecommunications services, while PT Industri Telekomunikasi Indonesia (**PT INTI**) manufactured telecommunications equipment. A further division in 1980 saw the international telecommunications business taken over by the newly nationalized PT Indonesian Satellite Corporation ([Indosat](/wiki/Indosat "Indosat")).
In 1991, Perumtel became a state\-owned *[perseroan terbatas](/wiki/Naamloze_vennootschap "Naamloze vennootschap")* and renamed to what is now *Perusahaan Perseroan (Persero)* **PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia** or **Telkom**. Until 1995, Telkom's operations were organized along twelve regional operating units known as *Wilayah Telekomunikasi* or Witel. Each Witel had full responsibility for all aspects of business and operations in their respective regions, such as telephone services, property management, and security.
In 1995, Telkom reorganized the twelve Witels into seven regional divisions and one network division. Under a series of Cooperation (KSO) Agreements, Telkom transferred the right to operate five of its seven regional divisions (I, III, IV, VI, and VII) to private sector consortia. Under these agreements, the KSO partners manage and operate the regional division concerned for a fixed term, build a specified number of fixed lines which at the end of the term, transfer the telecommunications facilities to Telkom for an agreed amount in compensation. Revenues from the KSO operations were shared between Telkom and the KSO partners.
|
[
"### State\\-owned company",
"In 1961, PTT was converted from an official government agency into a newly established [statutory corporation](/wiki/Statutory_corporation \"Statutory corporation\"), the Postal and Telecommunications Services company.",
"Four years later, on 6 July 1965, Indonesian Government separated this company into two statutory corporations; *PN Pos Giro,* responsible for providing [mail services](/wiki/Mail \"Mail\") and *PN Telekomunikasi* for [telecommunications](/wiki/Telecommunications \"Telecommunications\") services.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.postalconsumers.org/postal\\_freedom\\_index/Indonesia\\_\\-\\-\\_Pos\\_Indonesia.shtml\\|title\\=Indonesia – Pos Indonesia\\|work\\=Consumer Postal Council\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2011}} The mail services *PN Pos Giro* developed over the year became the [Pos Indonesia](/wiki/Pos_Indonesia \"Pos Indonesia\") in 1995, which is still state\\-owned today and the official postal carrier for Indonesia's population of 230 million.",
"In 1974, *PN Telekomunikasi* was further divided into two state\\-owned companies. Perusahaan Umum Telekomunikasi (**Perumtel**) provided domestic and international telecommunications services, while PT Industri Telekomunikasi Indonesia (**PT INTI**) manufactured telecommunications equipment. A further division in 1980 saw the international telecommunications business taken over by the newly nationalized PT Indonesian Satellite Corporation ([Indosat](/wiki/Indosat \"Indosat\")).",
"In 1991, Perumtel became a state\\-owned *[perseroan terbatas](/wiki/Naamloze_vennootschap \"Naamloze vennootschap\")* and renamed to what is now *Perusahaan Perseroan (Persero)* **PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia** or **Telkom**. Until 1995, Telkom's operations were organized along twelve regional operating units known as *Wilayah Telekomunikasi* or Witel. Each Witel had full responsibility for all aspects of business and operations in their respective regions, such as telephone services, property management, and security.",
"In 1995, Telkom reorganized the twelve Witels into seven regional divisions and one network division. Under a series of Cooperation (KSO) Agreements, Telkom transferred the right to operate five of its seven regional divisions (I, III, IV, VI, and VII) to private sector consortia. Under these agreements, the KSO partners manage and operate the regional division concerned for a fixed term, build a specified number of fixed lines which at the end of the term, transfer the telecommunications facilities to Telkom for an agreed amount in compensation. Revenues from the KSO operations were shared between Telkom and the KSO partners.",
""
] |
Online
------
News satire has been posted on the web almost since its inception, with *[The Onion](/wiki/The_Onion "The Onion")* foremost among recognized news satire sites due to its enduring and profitable business model.{{cite news\|author\=Geoff Keighley Business 2\.0 \|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/TECH/ptech/08/28/bus2\.feat.onion.site/index.html \|title\=CNN.com \- The Onion: Funny site is no joke \- Aug. 29, 2003 \|publisher\=Edition.cnn.com \|date\= 2003\-08\-28\|access\-date\=2012\-02\-24}} The content of the website, which started in 1996, is syndicated through mainstream media sites such as [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN") and [CNET](/wiki/CNET "CNET"). Today there are hundreds of news satire sites online, among which *[The Babylon Bee](/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee "The Babylon Bee")*, considered the politically conservative counterpart of The Onion and also the more visited of the two.{{Cite news\|last\=Roose\|first\=Kevin\|author\-link\=Kevin Roose\|date\=October 16, 2020\|title\=How The Babylon Bee, a Right\-Wing Satire Site, Capitalizes on Confusion\|language\=en\-US\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/16/technology/babylon\-bee.html \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=February 23, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030103156/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/16/technology/babylon\-bee.html\|archive\-date\=October 30, 2020\|issn\=0362\-4331}} Sites such as *Hollywood Leek* specialize in satirical articles about celebrities and Hollywood entertainment news.{{cite web\|last\=Leek\|first\=Hollywood\|title\=Disclaimer\|url\=http://hollywoodleek.com/disclaimer/\|publisher\=HollywoodLeek.com\|access\-date\=18 July 2012}} Sometimes fake news reporters influence real world politics, like [Citizen Kate](/wiki/Citizen_Kate "Citizen Kate") whose 90 episodes covered the 2008 presidential campaign trail. She commissioned a butter bust of Obama presented to him by the Butter Cow Lady of Iowa, making international headlines.{{cite news\|last\=Doty\|first\=Cate\|title\=Obama in Butter\|url\=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/27/obama\-in\-butter/\|access\-date\=18 April 2012\|newspaper\=NY Times\|date\=December 27, 2007}} [El Koshary Today](/wiki/El_Koshary_Today "El Koshary Today") is an Egyptian website that carries fake international news stories.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.npr.org/2012/06/18/155134677/and\-now\-for\-the\-lighter\-side\-of\-egypts\-revolution \|title\=And Now For The Lighter Side Of Egypt's Revolution \|publisher\=NPR \|date\= September 5, 2012 \|access\-date\=September 5, 2012 }} Other satire sites attempt to emulate a genuine news source of some sort; these sites now take a variety of forms.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk\_news/magazine/5404246\.stm \|title\=UK \| Magazine \| Clicking with comedy \|work\=BBC News \|date\=2006\-10\-04 \|access\-date\=2012\-02\-24}}
Because interesting stories are often emailed and can quickly become separated from their point of origin, it is not uncommon for news satire stories to be picked up as real by the [media](/wiki/News_media "News media"), as happened with a *[Faking News](/wiki/Faking_News "Faking News")* story about a lawsuit against Axe by an Indian man after having failed to attract a girl.{{cite web\|author\=r3vz says \|url\=http://www.fakingnews.com/2009/10/unable\-to\-attract\-even\-a\-single\-girl\-frustrated\-man\-sues\-axe/ \|title\=Unable to attract even a single girl, frustrated man sues Axe \|publisher\=Faking News \|date\= 2009\-10\-19\|access\-date\=2012\-02\-24}} Additionally, a parody post on Al Sharpton's parody News Groper blog was quoted as if real by MSNBC.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.nypost.com/seven/08292007/business/msnbc\_coms\_fumble.htm \|title\=Msnbc.Com'S Fumble \|publisher\=NYPOST.com \|date\=2007\-08\-29 \|access\-date\=2012\-02\-24 \|first\=Keith J. \|last\=Kelly}} Another satire publication, *The Giant Napkin*, published an article about a man literally fighting his house fire with more fire, a story taken seriously by several social networking sites. That [Google News](/wiki/Google_News "Google News") accepts news satire sources helps contribute to this phenomenon; while Google News does mark such stories with a "satire" tag, not all readers notice the tag; moreover, sometimes satirical sources may not carry the tag.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.google.com/support/news/bin/answer.py?answer\=40264\&topic\=8867 \|title\=Blogs, satire, and press release sites \|access\-date\=2012\-02\-24}} At least one site, *thespoof.com*, relies on [user\-generated content](/wiki/User-generated_content "User-generated content") in a [Web 2\.0](/wiki/Web_2.0 "Web 2.0") manner.
Some websites like *Literally Unbelievable* post the genuine and shocked reactions of individuals who believe the satirical articles are real. The reactions are taken from [social media](/wiki/Social_media "Social media") websites, such as [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook"), in which users can directly comment on [links](/wiki/Hyperlink "Hyperlink") to the article's source.
Multi\-author Indian website *News That Matters Not*, launched in November 2009,{{cite web \|url\=http://newsthatmattersnot.com/p/about\-ntmn.html \|title\=About \|publisher\=News That Matters Not \|date\=2011\-05\-23 \|access\-date\=2012\-02\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303100032/http://newsthatmattersnot.com/p/about\-ntmn.html \|archive\-date\=2012\-03\-03 \|url\-status\=dead }} won a [Manthan South Asia Award](/wiki/Manthan_Award "Manthan Award") for socially responsible e\-content (Digital Inclusion for Development), organized by Digital Empowerment Foundation.{{cite web\|url\=http://manthanaward.org/ \|title\=India's best e\-Content Practices \|publisher\=The manthan Award \|access\-date\=2012\-02\-24}} In [India](/wiki/India "India"), several community\-based news satire websites have crept up in recent times. Their popularity on [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") defines that they are popular amongst the masses. Very new websites such as The Scoop Times, Fakekhabar.com, Sunkey.co.in and [The UnReal Times](/wiki/The_UnReal_Times "The UnReal Times") also claim to be run by students, and were covered in *[The Times of India](/wiki/The_Times_of_India "The Times of India")* in July 2011\.{{cite web \|url\=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article\=yes\&pageid\=16\&edlabel\=TOIBG\&mydateHid\=19\-07\-2011\&articleid\=Ar01603\&publabel\=TOI \|title\=Times of India Publications \|publisher\=Lite.epaper.timesofindia.com \|date\=2011\-07\-19 \|access\-date\=2012\-02\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706210636/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article\=yes \|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-06 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{subscription required}}
A plethora of news satire sites participate in a hosted community site, which additionally runs its own satire news feed on HumorFeed. HumorFeed is notable for its relatively high standards of admission and active community involvement.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2015}} At present,{{When\|date\=May 2015}} over 60 sites are contributing members, at least eight of which have published books and two of which publish regular hard\-copy periodicals. Several HumorFeed members also run *Check Please!*, an online journal devoted to the serious examination of online satire, ranging from its role in relation to actual journalism to practical considerations of producing an online satire site.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2015}}
In July 2009, a satire piece about [Kanye West](/wiki/Kanye_West "Kanye West") published on the website ScrapeTV was picked up by numerous media outlets and reported as factual,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.today.com/id/32241483 \|title\=West debunks new 'King of Pop' rumors \|publisher\=Today.com \|date\=2009\-07\-31 \|access\-date\=2014\-08\-16}}{{cite news\|last\=Itzkoff \|first\=Dave \|url\=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/31/kanye\-west\-not\-king\-of\-pop\-says\-kanye\-west/ \|title\=NY Times ArtsBeat \|publisher\=Artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com \|date\=2009\-07\-31 \|access\-date\=2012\-02\-24}}{{cite web\|last\=Kreps \|first\=Daniel \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/kanye\-west\-angrily\-blogs\-about\-corny\-king\-of\-pop\-misquote\-20090731 \|title\=Kanye West Angrily Blogs About "Corny" "King of Pop" Misquote \|publisher\=Rolling Stone \|date\=2009\-07\-31 \|access\-date\=2014\-08\-16 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203075324/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/kanye\-west\-angrily\-blogs\-about\-corny\-king\-of\-pop\-misquote\-20090731 \|archive\-date\=2013\-02\-03 \|url\-status\=live}} despite disclaimers on the site.{{cite web\|url\=http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Entertainment/pages\-3/After\-Jackson\-death\-Kanye\-West\-declares\-himself\-new\-King\-of\-Pop\-Scrape\-TV\-The\-World\-on\-your\-side.html \|title\=Kanye West declares himself King of Pop \|publisher\=Scrapetv.com \|date\=2009\-06\-29 \|access\-date\=2012\-02\-24}}
Satirical Twitter accounts of news sources are popular, and they are often mistaken as legitimate sources. Online publications have made quizzes challenging users to distinguish between the tweets of the real *[Vice](/wiki/Vice_%28magazine%29 "Vice (magazine)")*{{cite web\|url\=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/09/quiz\-real\-vice\-headline\-or\-vice\-is\-hip\-parody.html/ \|publisher\=New York News \& Politics \|title\=Quiz: Real Vice headline or Vice is Hip parody? \|date\=2013\-09\-20 \|access\-date\=2014\-07\-29}} and the tweets of their parodies. The @Salondotcom parody account confused so many Twitter users that the real Salon.com reported them for impersonation.{{cite news\|first\=Zach \|last\=Schonfeld \|url\=http://www.newsweek.com/right\-wing\-fight\-restore\-suspended\-salondotcom\-parody\-twitter\-259692 \|publisher\=Newsweek \|title\=\#FreeSalonDotCom: The Right Wing Fight to Restore a Suspended Salon.com Parody Twitter \|date\=2014\-07\-18 \|access\-date\=2014\-07\-29}}
In Pakistan, [Khabaristan Times](/wiki/Khabaristan_Times "Khabaristan Times") (KT) is a renowned satire and parody website with its commentary on Pakistani politics and the military.{{cite news\|title\=Khabaristan Times: Pakistan website that tackles tough topics with satire\|url\=http://www.india.com/news/world/khabaristan\-times\-pakistan\-website\-that\-tackles\-tough\-topics\-with\-satire\-504739/\|access\-date\=1 February 2017\|agency\=AFP\|publisher\=\[\[India.com]]\|date\=August 15, 2015}} In 2015, a satirical piece by the website went viral and international media outlets including *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*{{cite news\|title\=Women in jeans cause earthquakes, says Pakistani politician (Correction)\|url\=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2015/06/01/women\-in\-jeans\-cause\-earthquakes\-says\-pakistani\-politician/ \|url\-access\=subscription \|access\-date\=1 February 2017\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=June 1, 2015}} reported the story as if it were true.{{cite news\|title\=Women Wearing Jeans Are Reason Behind Earthquakes: JUI\-F Chief Maulana Fazlur Rehman (Correction)\|url\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2015/may/30/women\-wearing\-jeans\-are\-reason\-behind\-earthquakes\-jui\-f\-chief\-maulana\-fazlur\-rehman\-correction\-767630\.html\|access\-date\=1 February 2017\|publisher\=\[\[The New Indian Express]]\|date\=May 30, 2015}}{{cite news\|title\=Pakistani politician blames women wearing jeans for earthquakes\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/06/02/pakistani\-politican\-blames\-women\-wearing\-jeans\-for\-earthquakes.html\|access\-date\=1 February 2017\|publisher\=\[\[Fox News]]\|date\=June 2, 2015}}{{cite news\|title\=Media falls for 'jeans cause earthquakes' Pakistan hoax story\|url\=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/variety/2015/05/31/Pakistani\-cleric\-calls\-for\-war\-against\-jeans\-wearing\-women\-.html\|access\-date\=1 February 2017\|publisher\=\[\[Al Arabiya News]]\|date\=31 May 2015}} In 2017, KT was reportedly blocked in Pakistan, however, it appeared to be available to users outside Pakistan.{{cite news\|title\=Satire website Khabaristan Times blocked in Pakistan\|url\=http://www.dawn.com/news/1311656/satire\-website\-khabaristan\-times\-website\-blocked\-in\-pakistan\|access\-date\=1 February 2017\|work\=\[\[Dawn (newspaper)\|Dawn]]\|date\=January 30, 2017}}{{cite news\|last1\=Wasif\|first1\=Sehrish\|title\=Satire site Khabaristan Times blocked in Pakistan\|url\=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1311524/satire\-website\-khabaristan\-times\-blocked\-pakistan/\|access\-date\=1 February 2017\|publisher\=\[\[Express Tribune]]\|date\=January 30, 2017}}
In the Middle East, *[The Pan\-Arabia Enquirer](/wiki/The_Pan-Arabia_Enquirer "The Pan-Arabia Enquirer")* is the most widely read satirical news website. It gained notoriety in 2013 when an article about Emirates launching shisha lounges on its fleet of A380s was picked up as fact by news websites around the world. [*AlHudood*](http://alhudood.net/), another middle eastern satire news publisher, has gained publicity in the region when they published an article about the Jordanian police arresting Santa Claus and confiscating all of his gifts for not paying the [customs](/wiki/Customs "Customs") before entering [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan "Jordan")."The Pan\-Arabia Enquirer: home of Middle Eastern political satire". *The Guardian*, 2013\-08\-12\.
In Turkey, [Zaytung](/wiki/Zaytung "Zaytung") has become a source of mass reading since the socio\-political Gezi Park [2013 protests in Turkey](/wiki/2013_protests_in_Turkey "2013 protests in Turkey").
In the Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago\-based website Wired868 has two satirical columnists under the pseudonyms Mr Live Wire{{cite web\|url\=http://wired868\.com/author/mrlivewire/\|title\=Mr. Live Wire – Wired868\|work\=Wired868}} and Filbert Street,{{cite web\|url\=http://wired868\.com/author/filbert\-street/\|title\=Filbert Street – Wired868\|work\=Wired868}} who comment satirically on relevant political and news stories such as the fall from power of ex\-FIFA vice\-president Jack Warner,{{cite web\|url\=http://wired868\.com/2013/05/03/controversial\-ex\-fifa\-vp\-concedes\-his\-last\-political\-post/ \|title\=Controversial ex\-FIFA VP concedes his last political post \|publisher\=Wired868\.com \|date\=2013\-05\-03 \|access\-date\=2013\-05\-03}}{{cite web\|url\=http://wired868\.com/2013/04/02/yes\-prime\-minister\-kamla\-puts\-foot\-down\-on\-warner\-issue/ \|title\=Yes Prime Minister: Kamla puts foot down on Warner issue \|publisher\=Wired868\.com \|date\=2013\-04\-02 \|access\-date\=2013\-04\-02}} media issues,{{cite web\|url\=http://wired868\.com/2013/11/25/tabanca\-tabloid\-guardian\-continues\-quixotic\-charge\-against\-ex\-press/ \|title\=Tabanca tabloid: Guardian continues quixotic charge against Ex\-press \|publisher\=Wired868\.com \|date\=2013\-11\-25 \|access\-date\=2013\-11\-25}} general news{{cite web\|url\=http://wired868\.com/2013/11/08/miracle\-on\-stone\-street\-alleyne\-executes\-amazing\-blowjob\-allegedly/ \|title\=Miracle on Stone Street: TV host Alleyne executes amazing BJ... Allegedly \|publisher\=Wired868\.com \|date\=2013\-11\-08 \|access\-date\=2013\-11\-08}} and the challenges faced by former Prime Minister Kamla Persad\-Bissessar and her People's Partnership coalition Government.{{cite web\|url\=http://wired868\.com/2013/10/24/prime\-ministers\-gone\-wild\-with\-elation\-at\-election\-results/ \|title\=Prime Minister's gone wild... with elation at election results \|publisher\=Wired868\.com \|date\=2013\-10\-24 \|access\-date\=2013\-10\-24}}{{cite web\|url\=http://wired868\.com/2012/09/27/political\-surprise\-on\-a\-yellow\-brick\-road/ \|title\=Political surprise on a yellow brick road \|publisher\=Wired868\.com \|date\=2012\-09\-27 \|access\-date\=2012\-09\-27}}{{cite web\|url\=http://wired868\.com/2013/08/18/behind\-the\-iron\-throne\-the\-cabal\-descends\-into\-chaos/ \|title\=Behind the iron throne: The Cabal descends into chaos \|publisher\=Wired868\.com \|date\=2013\-08\-18 \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-18}}
In Australia, there are numerous satirical news websites including *[The Damascus Dropbear](https://damascusdropbear.com.au/) (Christian satire),*{{Cite web\|title\=Damascus Dropbear {{!}} Fake News For The Faithful\|url\=https://damascusdropbear.com.au/\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-04\|website\=Damascus Dropbear\|language\=en\-US}} *The Shovel,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theshovel.com.au/ \|title\=The Shovel \- Australia's satire news website \|publisher\=The Shovel \|access\-date\=2014\-08\-16}} [The Betoota Advocate](/wiki/The_Betoota_Advocate "The Betoota Advocate")*,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.betootaadvocate.com/ \|title\=The Betoota Advocate \|publisher\=Rural Press Holdings \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-04}} *The (Un)Australian*,{{Cite web\|title \= (no title)\|url \= http://theunaustralian.net/\|website \= theunaustralian.net\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-08}} *The Fault Report*,{{Cite web\|title \= The Fault Report\|url \= http://www.thefaultreport.com.au/\|website \= www.thefaultreport.com.au\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-08}} *The Sauce*{{Cite web\|title \= The Sauce {{!}} Always Breaking\|url \= http://thesauce.co/\|website \= The Sauce\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-08}} and *The Tunnel Presents*.{{Cite web\|title \= The Tunnel presents... \- (Un)truth and nothing but the (un)truth\|url \= http://www.thetunnelpresents.com/\|website \= The Tunnel presents...\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-08}} *The Shovel* mainly satirizes the Australian political and social culture and *The Betoota Advocate* satirizes the political right and Australian journalism. In February 2015, *The Betoota Advocate* shot to fame after the publication's editor's sneaked in to the media scrum outside [Parliament House](/wiki/Parliament_House%2C_Canberra "Parliament House, Canberra") in Canberra during a leadership spill motion and managed to interview some of Australia's most high\-profile media personalities and politicians, posing as legitimate journalists. The fallout from *The Betoota Advocate* stunt has led to a security increase surrounding parliamentary media and screening of all crew.{{cite web\|first\=Jack \|last\=Phillips \|url\=http://www.betootaadvocate.com/entertainment/betootalive\-breaking\-news\-from\-parliament\-house/ \|title\='\#BetootaLive: Breaking news from Parliament House \|publisher\=Rural Press Holdings \|date\=2015\-02\-08 \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-04}} *The Fault Report* {{cite web\|url\=http://www.thefaultreport.com.au/\|title\=The Fault Report}} was established in 2014 and also has a political editorial focus. British\-born Australian author John Birmingham once described *The Fault Report* as, "Like *The Onion*. But with [Vegemite](/wiki/Vegemite "Vegemite")", on his blog Cheeseburger Gothic.{{cite web\|url\=http://cheeseburgergothic.com/show/6191\|title\=John Birmingham's Cheeseburger Gothic\|access\-date\=2015\-06\-28\|archive\-date\=2015\-06\-30\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630154720/http://cheeseburgergothic.com/show/6191\|url\-status\=dead}} *The Tunnel Presents*, which has been online since June 2011, is by Brisbane\-based satire writing team The Tunnel and has political and social satire stories with a [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland "Queensland") focus.{{Cite web\|title \= Who Are We? \- The Tunnel presents...\|url \= http://www.thetunnelpresents.com/who\-are\-we/\|website \= The Tunnel presents...\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-08}}
In Italy, the most famous website specialized in mock\-journalism is *[Lercio](/wiki/Lercio "Lercio")*. Born as a parody of the popular press, but in addition to the tabloid press, its goals are also the domestic and foreign politics. The website was created in the 2012 and the editorial staff is composed of authors who have contributed to *La Palestra*, a column wanted on his blog by the comedian and satirical author [Daniele Luttazzi](/wiki/Daniele_Luttazzi "Daniele Luttazzi"). In few years *Lercio* saw the publication of a book{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rizzoli.eu/libri/un\-anno\-lercio/\|title\=Un anno lercio\|work\=RCS Libri}} with a collection of 2014 best articles. From the same year *Lercio* it is present on the national radio with a daily strip.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.radio2\.rai.it/dl/portaleRadio/Programmi/Page\-6fd1416a\-1129\-48e1\-9d17\-dfc19940a0fa.html?set\=ContentSet\-2eb6b960\-267d\-42f0\-858e\-1f9750e688b1\&type\=V\|title\=Rai.tv \- Radio2 Social Club}} Thanks to the many fans the articles are shared on the social network with a good success and, mostly in the beginning of his history, some articles were taken as true by the national press.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.giornalettismo.com/archives/727661/la\-bufala\-di\-repubblica\-xl\-su\-radio\-maria\-e\-i\-megadeth/\|title\=Radio Maria trasmette i Megadeth: la bufala di Repubblica XL\|work\=Giornalettismo}}
In [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary "Hungary"), HírCsárda{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hircsarda.hu/ \|title\=HírCsárda \- Hungary's premiere source of news \|publisher\=HírCsárda \|access\-date\=2016\-02\-15}} is the number one news satire medium. The site, started in 2010, has drawn public attention after the Hungarian government demanded that an article should be emended that dealt with the then state secretary of education [Rózsa Hoffmann](/wiki/R%C3%B3zsa_Hoffmann "Rózsa Hoffmann").{{cite web\|url\=http://kepviselofunky.blog.hu/2010/07/02/vicclaptol\_kert\_helyreigazitast\_a\_kormany \|title\=Vicclaptól kért helyreigazítást a kormány \|publisher\=Képviselő Funky blog \|date\=2010\-07\-02\|access\-date\=2016\-02\-15}} The page has since been threatened by various celebrities, but has remained active regardless. Also present in Hungary is Központi Újság{{cite web\|url\=http://www.kozpontiujsag.hu\|title\=Központi Újság \|publisher\=Hungarian Two\-tailed Dog Party\|access\-date\=2016\-02\-15}} (Central News), a news satire website of the joke party, [Hungarian Two Tailed Dog Party](/wiki/Hungarian_Two_Tailed_Dog_Party "Hungarian Two Tailed Dog Party").
Popular Canadian satirical news websites include [The Beaverton](/wiki/The_Beaverton "The Beaverton"), [The Daily Bonnet](/wiki/The_Daily_Bonnet "The Daily Bonnet"), and [Walking Eagle News](/wiki/Walking_Eagle_News "Walking Eagle News").
|
[
"Online\n------",
"News satire has been posted on the web almost since its inception, with *[The Onion](/wiki/The_Onion \"The Onion\")* foremost among recognized news satire sites due to its enduring and profitable business model.{{cite news\\|author\\=Geoff Keighley Business 2\\.0 \\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/TECH/ptech/08/28/bus2\\.feat.onion.site/index.html \\|title\\=CNN.com \\- The Onion: Funny site is no joke \\- Aug. 29, 2003 \\|publisher\\=Edition.cnn.com \\|date\\= 2003\\-08\\-28\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-24}} The content of the website, which started in 1996, is syndicated through mainstream media sites such as [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\") and [CNET](/wiki/CNET \"CNET\"). Today there are hundreds of news satire sites online, among which *[The Babylon Bee](/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee \"The Babylon Bee\")*, considered the politically conservative counterpart of The Onion and also the more visited of the two.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Roose\\|first\\=Kevin\\|author\\-link\\=Kevin Roose\\|date\\=October 16, 2020\\|title\\=How The Babylon Bee, a Right\\-Wing Satire Site, Capitalizes on Confusion\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/16/technology/babylon\\-bee.html \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030103156/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/16/technology/babylon\\-bee.html\\|archive\\-date\\=October 30, 2020\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} Sites such as *Hollywood Leek* specialize in satirical articles about celebrities and Hollywood entertainment news.{{cite web\\|last\\=Leek\\|first\\=Hollywood\\|title\\=Disclaimer\\|url\\=http://hollywoodleek.com/disclaimer/\\|publisher\\=HollywoodLeek.com\\|access\\-date\\=18 July 2012}} Sometimes fake news reporters influence real world politics, like [Citizen Kate](/wiki/Citizen_Kate \"Citizen Kate\") whose 90 episodes covered the 2008 presidential campaign trail. She commissioned a butter bust of Obama presented to him by the Butter Cow Lady of Iowa, making international headlines.{{cite news\\|last\\=Doty\\|first\\=Cate\\|title\\=Obama in Butter\\|url\\=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/27/obama\\-in\\-butter/\\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2012\\|newspaper\\=NY Times\\|date\\=December 27, 2007}} [El Koshary Today](/wiki/El_Koshary_Today \"El Koshary Today\") is an Egyptian website that carries fake international news stories.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2012/06/18/155134677/and\\-now\\-for\\-the\\-lighter\\-side\\-of\\-egypts\\-revolution \\|title\\=And Now For The Lighter Side Of Egypt's Revolution \\|publisher\\=NPR \\|date\\= September 5, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=September 5, 2012 }} Other satire sites attempt to emulate a genuine news source of some sort; these sites now take a variety of forms.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk\\_news/magazine/5404246\\.stm \\|title\\=UK \\| Magazine \\| Clicking with comedy \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=2006\\-10\\-04 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-24}}",
"Because interesting stories are often emailed and can quickly become separated from their point of origin, it is not uncommon for news satire stories to be picked up as real by the [media](/wiki/News_media \"News media\"), as happened with a *[Faking News](/wiki/Faking_News \"Faking News\")* story about a lawsuit against Axe by an Indian man after having failed to attract a girl.{{cite web\\|author\\=r3vz says \\|url\\=http://www.fakingnews.com/2009/10/unable\\-to\\-attract\\-even\\-a\\-single\\-girl\\-frustrated\\-man\\-sues\\-axe/ \\|title\\=Unable to attract even a single girl, frustrated man sues Axe \\|publisher\\=Faking News \\|date\\= 2009\\-10\\-19\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-24}} Additionally, a parody post on Al Sharpton's parody News Groper blog was quoted as if real by MSNBC.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nypost.com/seven/08292007/business/msnbc\\_coms\\_fumble.htm \\|title\\=Msnbc.Com'S Fumble \\|publisher\\=NYPOST.com \\|date\\=2007\\-08\\-29 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-24 \\|first\\=Keith J. \\|last\\=Kelly}} Another satire publication, *The Giant Napkin*, published an article about a man literally fighting his house fire with more fire, a story taken seriously by several social networking sites. That [Google News](/wiki/Google_News \"Google News\") accepts news satire sources helps contribute to this phenomenon; while Google News does mark such stories with a \"satire\" tag, not all readers notice the tag; moreover, sometimes satirical sources may not carry the tag.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.google.com/support/news/bin/answer.py?answer\\=40264\\&topic\\=8867 \\|title\\=Blogs, satire, and press release sites \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-24}} At least one site, *thespoof.com*, relies on [user\\-generated content](/wiki/User-generated_content \"User-generated content\") in a [Web 2\\.0](/wiki/Web_2.0 \"Web 2.0\") manner.",
"Some websites like *Literally Unbelievable* post the genuine and shocked reactions of individuals who believe the satirical articles are real. The reactions are taken from [social media](/wiki/Social_media \"Social media\") websites, such as [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\"), in which users can directly comment on [links](/wiki/Hyperlink \"Hyperlink\") to the article's source.",
"Multi\\-author Indian website *News That Matters Not*, launched in November 2009,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://newsthatmattersnot.com/p/about\\-ntmn.html \\|title\\=About \\|publisher\\=News That Matters Not \\|date\\=2011\\-05\\-23 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303100032/http://newsthatmattersnot.com/p/about\\-ntmn.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-03\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} won a [Manthan South Asia Award](/wiki/Manthan_Award \"Manthan Award\") for socially responsible e\\-content (Digital Inclusion for Development), organized by Digital Empowerment Foundation.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://manthanaward.org/ \\|title\\=India's best e\\-Content Practices \\|publisher\\=The manthan Award \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-24}} In [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), several community\\-based news satire websites have crept up in recent times. Their popularity on [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") defines that they are popular amongst the masses. Very new websites such as The Scoop Times, Fakekhabar.com, Sunkey.co.in and [The UnReal Times](/wiki/The_UnReal_Times \"The UnReal Times\") also claim to be run by students, and were covered in *[The Times of India](/wiki/The_Times_of_India \"The Times of India\")* in July 2011\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article\\=yes\\&pageid\\=16\\&edlabel\\=TOIBG\\&mydateHid\\=19\\-07\\-2011\\&articleid\\=Ar01603\\&publabel\\=TOI \\|title\\=Times of India Publications \\|publisher\\=Lite.epaper.timesofindia.com \\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-19 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706210636/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article\\=yes \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-06 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{subscription required}}",
"A plethora of news satire sites participate in a hosted community site, which additionally runs its own satire news feed on HumorFeed. HumorFeed is notable for its relatively high standards of admission and active community involvement.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2015}} At present,{{When\\|date\\=May 2015}} over 60 sites are contributing members, at least eight of which have published books and two of which publish regular hard\\-copy periodicals. Several HumorFeed members also run *Check Please!*, an online journal devoted to the serious examination of online satire, ranging from its role in relation to actual journalism to practical considerations of producing an online satire site.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2015}}",
"In July 2009, a satire piece about [Kanye West](/wiki/Kanye_West \"Kanye West\") published on the website ScrapeTV was picked up by numerous media outlets and reported as factual,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.today.com/id/32241483 \\|title\\=West debunks new 'King of Pop' rumors \\|publisher\\=Today.com \\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-31 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-16}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Itzkoff \\|first\\=Dave \\|url\\=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/31/kanye\\-west\\-not\\-king\\-of\\-pop\\-says\\-kanye\\-west/ \\|title\\=NY Times ArtsBeat \\|publisher\\=Artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com \\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-31 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-24}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Kreps \\|first\\=Daniel \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/kanye\\-west\\-angrily\\-blogs\\-about\\-corny\\-king\\-of\\-pop\\-misquote\\-20090731 \\|title\\=Kanye West Angrily Blogs About \"Corny\" \"King of Pop\" Misquote \\|publisher\\=Rolling Stone \\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-31 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-16 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203075324/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/kanye\\-west\\-angrily\\-blogs\\-about\\-corny\\-king\\-of\\-pop\\-misquote\\-20090731 \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-02\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} despite disclaimers on the site.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Entertainment/pages\\-3/After\\-Jackson\\-death\\-Kanye\\-West\\-declares\\-himself\\-new\\-King\\-of\\-Pop\\-Scrape\\-TV\\-The\\-World\\-on\\-your\\-side.html \\|title\\=Kanye West declares himself King of Pop \\|publisher\\=Scrapetv.com \\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-29 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-24}}",
"Satirical Twitter accounts of news sources are popular, and they are often mistaken as legitimate sources. Online publications have made quizzes challenging users to distinguish between the tweets of the real *[Vice](/wiki/Vice_%28magazine%29 \"Vice (magazine)\")*{{cite web\\|url\\=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/09/quiz\\-real\\-vice\\-headline\\-or\\-vice\\-is\\-hip\\-parody.html/ \\|publisher\\=New York News \\& Politics \\|title\\=Quiz: Real Vice headline or Vice is Hip parody? \\|date\\=2013\\-09\\-20 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-29}} and the tweets of their parodies. The @Salondotcom parody account confused so many Twitter users that the real Salon.com reported them for impersonation.{{cite news\\|first\\=Zach \\|last\\=Schonfeld \\|url\\=http://www.newsweek.com/right\\-wing\\-fight\\-restore\\-suspended\\-salondotcom\\-parody\\-twitter\\-259692 \\|publisher\\=Newsweek \\|title\\=\\#FreeSalonDotCom: The Right Wing Fight to Restore a Suspended Salon.com Parody Twitter \\|date\\=2014\\-07\\-18 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-29}}",
"In Pakistan, [Khabaristan Times](/wiki/Khabaristan_Times \"Khabaristan Times\") (KT) is a renowned satire and parody website with its commentary on Pakistani politics and the military.{{cite news\\|title\\=Khabaristan Times: Pakistan website that tackles tough topics with satire\\|url\\=http://www.india.com/news/world/khabaristan\\-times\\-pakistan\\-website\\-that\\-tackles\\-tough\\-topics\\-with\\-satire\\-504739/\\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2017\\|agency\\=AFP\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[India.com]]\\|date\\=August 15, 2015}} In 2015, a satirical piece by the website went viral and international media outlets including *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*{{cite news\\|title\\=Women in jeans cause earthquakes, says Pakistani politician (Correction)\\|url\\=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2015/06/01/women\\-in\\-jeans\\-cause\\-earthquakes\\-says\\-pakistani\\-politician/ \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2017\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=June 1, 2015}} reported the story as if it were true.{{cite news\\|title\\=Women Wearing Jeans Are Reason Behind Earthquakes: JUI\\-F Chief Maulana Fazlur Rehman (Correction)\\|url\\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2015/may/30/women\\-wearing\\-jeans\\-are\\-reason\\-behind\\-earthquakes\\-jui\\-f\\-chief\\-maulana\\-fazlur\\-rehman\\-correction\\-767630\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2017\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The New Indian Express]]\\|date\\=May 30, 2015}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Pakistani politician blames women wearing jeans for earthquakes\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/06/02/pakistani\\-politican\\-blames\\-women\\-wearing\\-jeans\\-for\\-earthquakes.html\\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2017\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Fox News]]\\|date\\=June 2, 2015}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Media falls for 'jeans cause earthquakes' Pakistan hoax story\\|url\\=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/variety/2015/05/31/Pakistani\\-cleric\\-calls\\-for\\-war\\-against\\-jeans\\-wearing\\-women\\-.html\\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2017\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Al Arabiya News]]\\|date\\=31 May 2015}} In 2017, KT was reportedly blocked in Pakistan, however, it appeared to be available to users outside Pakistan.{{cite news\\|title\\=Satire website Khabaristan Times blocked in Pakistan\\|url\\=http://www.dawn.com/news/1311656/satire\\-website\\-khabaristan\\-times\\-website\\-blocked\\-in\\-pakistan\\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2017\\|work\\=\\[\\[Dawn (newspaper)\\|Dawn]]\\|date\\=January 30, 2017}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Wasif\\|first1\\=Sehrish\\|title\\=Satire site Khabaristan Times blocked in Pakistan\\|url\\=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1311524/satire\\-website\\-khabaristan\\-times\\-blocked\\-pakistan/\\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2017\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Express Tribune]]\\|date\\=January 30, 2017}}",
"In the Middle East, *[The Pan\\-Arabia Enquirer](/wiki/The_Pan-Arabia_Enquirer \"The Pan-Arabia Enquirer\")* is the most widely read satirical news website. It gained notoriety in 2013 when an article about Emirates launching shisha lounges on its fleet of A380s was picked up as fact by news websites around the world. [*AlHudood*](http://alhudood.net/), another middle eastern satire news publisher, has gained publicity in the region when they published an article about the Jordanian police arresting Santa Claus and confiscating all of his gifts for not paying the [customs](/wiki/Customs \"Customs\") before entering [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan \"Jordan\").\"The Pan\\-Arabia Enquirer: home of Middle Eastern political satire\". *The Guardian*, 2013\\-08\\-12\\.",
"In Turkey, [Zaytung](/wiki/Zaytung \"Zaytung\") has become a source of mass reading since the socio\\-political Gezi Park [2013 protests in Turkey](/wiki/2013_protests_in_Turkey \"2013 protests in Turkey\").",
"In the Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago\\-based website Wired868 has two satirical columnists under the pseudonyms Mr Live Wire{{cite web\\|url\\=http://wired868\\.com/author/mrlivewire/\\|title\\=Mr. Live Wire – Wired868\\|work\\=Wired868}} and Filbert Street,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://wired868\\.com/author/filbert\\-street/\\|title\\=Filbert Street – Wired868\\|work\\=Wired868}} who comment satirically on relevant political and news stories such as the fall from power of ex\\-FIFA vice\\-president Jack Warner,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://wired868\\.com/2013/05/03/controversial\\-ex\\-fifa\\-vp\\-concedes\\-his\\-last\\-political\\-post/ \\|title\\=Controversial ex\\-FIFA VP concedes his last political post \\|publisher\\=Wired868\\.com \\|date\\=2013\\-05\\-03 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-05\\-03}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://wired868\\.com/2013/04/02/yes\\-prime\\-minister\\-kamla\\-puts\\-foot\\-down\\-on\\-warner\\-issue/ \\|title\\=Yes Prime Minister: Kamla puts foot down on Warner issue \\|publisher\\=Wired868\\.com \\|date\\=2013\\-04\\-02 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-04\\-02}} media issues,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://wired868\\.com/2013/11/25/tabanca\\-tabloid\\-guardian\\-continues\\-quixotic\\-charge\\-against\\-ex\\-press/ \\|title\\=Tabanca tabloid: Guardian continues quixotic charge against Ex\\-press \\|publisher\\=Wired868\\.com \\|date\\=2013\\-11\\-25 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-11\\-25}} general news{{cite web\\|url\\=http://wired868\\.com/2013/11/08/miracle\\-on\\-stone\\-street\\-alleyne\\-executes\\-amazing\\-blowjob\\-allegedly/ \\|title\\=Miracle on Stone Street: TV host Alleyne executes amazing BJ... Allegedly \\|publisher\\=Wired868\\.com \\|date\\=2013\\-11\\-08 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-11\\-08}} and the challenges faced by former Prime Minister Kamla Persad\\-Bissessar and her People's Partnership coalition Government.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://wired868\\.com/2013/10/24/prime\\-ministers\\-gone\\-wild\\-with\\-elation\\-at\\-election\\-results/ \\|title\\=Prime Minister's gone wild... with elation at election results \\|publisher\\=Wired868\\.com \\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-24 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-24}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://wired868\\.com/2012/09/27/political\\-surprise\\-on\\-a\\-yellow\\-brick\\-road/ \\|title\\=Political surprise on a yellow brick road \\|publisher\\=Wired868\\.com \\|date\\=2012\\-09\\-27 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-09\\-27}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://wired868\\.com/2013/08/18/behind\\-the\\-iron\\-throne\\-the\\-cabal\\-descends\\-into\\-chaos/ \\|title\\=Behind the iron throne: The Cabal descends into chaos \\|publisher\\=Wired868\\.com \\|date\\=2013\\-08\\-18 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-18}}",
"In Australia, there are numerous satirical news websites including *[The Damascus Dropbear](https://damascusdropbear.com.au/) (Christian satire),*{{Cite web\\|title\\=Damascus Dropbear {{!}} Fake News For The Faithful\\|url\\=https://damascusdropbear.com.au/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-04\\|website\\=Damascus Dropbear\\|language\\=en\\-US}} *The Shovel,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theshovel.com.au/ \\|title\\=The Shovel \\- Australia's satire news website \\|publisher\\=The Shovel \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-16}} [The Betoota Advocate](/wiki/The_Betoota_Advocate \"The Betoota Advocate\")*,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.betootaadvocate.com/ \\|title\\=The Betoota Advocate \\|publisher\\=Rural Press Holdings \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-04}} *The (Un)Australian*,{{Cite web\\|title \\= (no title)\\|url \\= http://theunaustralian.net/\\|website \\= theunaustralian.net\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-08}} *The Fault Report*,{{Cite web\\|title \\= The Fault Report\\|url \\= http://www.thefaultreport.com.au/\\|website \\= www.thefaultreport.com.au\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-08}} *The Sauce*{{Cite web\\|title \\= The Sauce {{!}} Always Breaking\\|url \\= http://thesauce.co/\\|website \\= The Sauce\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-08}} and *The Tunnel Presents*.{{Cite web\\|title \\= The Tunnel presents... \\- (Un)truth and nothing but the (un)truth\\|url \\= http://www.thetunnelpresents.com/\\|website \\= The Tunnel presents...\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-08}} *The Shovel* mainly satirizes the Australian political and social culture and *The Betoota Advocate* satirizes the political right and Australian journalism. In February 2015, *The Betoota Advocate* shot to fame after the publication's editor's sneaked in to the media scrum outside [Parliament House](/wiki/Parliament_House%2C_Canberra \"Parliament House, Canberra\") in Canberra during a leadership spill motion and managed to interview some of Australia's most high\\-profile media personalities and politicians, posing as legitimate journalists. The fallout from *The Betoota Advocate* stunt has led to a security increase surrounding parliamentary media and screening of all crew.{{cite web\\|first\\=Jack \\|last\\=Phillips \\|url\\=http://www.betootaadvocate.com/entertainment/betootalive\\-breaking\\-news\\-from\\-parliament\\-house/ \\|title\\='\\#BetootaLive: Breaking news from Parliament House \\|publisher\\=Rural Press Holdings \\|date\\=2015\\-02\\-08 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-04}} *The Fault Report* {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thefaultreport.com.au/\\|title\\=The Fault Report}} was established in 2014 and also has a political editorial focus. British\\-born Australian author John Birmingham once described *The Fault Report* as, \"Like *The Onion*. But with [Vegemite](/wiki/Vegemite \"Vegemite\")\", on his blog Cheeseburger Gothic.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://cheeseburgergothic.com/show/6191\\|title\\=John Birmingham's Cheeseburger Gothic\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-06\\-28\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-06\\-30\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630154720/http://cheeseburgergothic.com/show/6191\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} *The Tunnel Presents*, which has been online since June 2011, is by Brisbane\\-based satire writing team The Tunnel and has political and social satire stories with a [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland \"Queensland\") focus.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Who Are We? \\- The Tunnel presents...\\|url \\= http://www.thetunnelpresents.com/who\\-are\\-we/\\|website \\= The Tunnel presents...\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-08}}",
"In Italy, the most famous website specialized in mock\\-journalism is *[Lercio](/wiki/Lercio \"Lercio\")*. Born as a parody of the popular press, but in addition to the tabloid press, its goals are also the domestic and foreign politics. The website was created in the 2012 and the editorial staff is composed of authors who have contributed to *La Palestra*, a column wanted on his blog by the comedian and satirical author [Daniele Luttazzi](/wiki/Daniele_Luttazzi \"Daniele Luttazzi\"). In few years *Lercio* saw the publication of a book{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rizzoli.eu/libri/un\\-anno\\-lercio/\\|title\\=Un anno lercio\\|work\\=RCS Libri}} with a collection of 2014 best articles. From the same year *Lercio* it is present on the national radio with a daily strip.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.radio2\\.rai.it/dl/portaleRadio/Programmi/Page\\-6fd1416a\\-1129\\-48e1\\-9d17\\-dfc19940a0fa.html?set\\=ContentSet\\-2eb6b960\\-267d\\-42f0\\-858e\\-1f9750e688b1\\&type\\=V\\|title\\=Rai.tv \\- Radio2 Social Club}} Thanks to the many fans the articles are shared on the social network with a good success and, mostly in the beginning of his history, some articles were taken as true by the national press.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.giornalettismo.com/archives/727661/la\\-bufala\\-di\\-repubblica\\-xl\\-su\\-radio\\-maria\\-e\\-i\\-megadeth/\\|title\\=Radio Maria trasmette i Megadeth: la bufala di Repubblica XL\\|work\\=Giornalettismo}}",
"In [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary \"Hungary\"), HírCsárda{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hircsarda.hu/ \\|title\\=HírCsárda \\- Hungary's premiere source of news \\|publisher\\=HírCsárda \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-02\\-15}} is the number one news satire medium. The site, started in 2010, has drawn public attention after the Hungarian government demanded that an article should be emended that dealt with the then state secretary of education [Rózsa Hoffmann](/wiki/R%C3%B3zsa_Hoffmann \"Rózsa Hoffmann\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://kepviselofunky.blog.hu/2010/07/02/vicclaptol\\_kert\\_helyreigazitast\\_a\\_kormany \\|title\\=Vicclaptól kért helyreigazítást a kormány \\|publisher\\=Képviselő Funky blog \\|date\\=2010\\-07\\-02\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-02\\-15}} The page has since been threatened by various celebrities, but has remained active regardless. Also present in Hungary is Központi Újság{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kozpontiujsag.hu\\|title\\=Központi Újság \\|publisher\\=Hungarian Two\\-tailed Dog Party\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-02\\-15}} (Central News), a news satire website of the joke party, [Hungarian Two Tailed Dog Party](/wiki/Hungarian_Two_Tailed_Dog_Party \"Hungarian Two Tailed Dog Party\").",
"Popular Canadian satirical news websites include [The Beaverton](/wiki/The_Beaverton \"The Beaverton\"), [The Daily Bonnet](/wiki/The_Daily_Bonnet \"The Daily Bonnet\"), and [Walking Eagle News](/wiki/Walking_Eagle_News \"Walking Eagle News\").",
""
] |
Themes
------
Many of Dinglreiter's texts are seen as representatives of German colonial literature. Several of her books are travelogues of former German colonies in Africa and Asia, among them *Wann kommen die Deutschen endlich wieder?* (1935\), *Ein Mädel reist durch Afrika* (1935\) and *So sah ich unsere Südsee* (1939\). The novel *Deutsche Frau in Afrika* (1940, "German woman in Africa") describes the perspective of a Bavarian woman in [German South West Africa](/wiki/German_South_West_Africa "German South West Africa") and [German East Africa](/wiki/German_East_Africa "German East Africa") between 1913 and 1938\..
Joseph Kebe\-Nguema writes that with her [propagandist](/wiki/Propaganda "Propaganda") works she tried to reinstate Germany's reputation as a colonial power by justifying colonial claims and painting Germany as a "better" colonial power than [France](/wiki/French_colonial_empire "French colonial empire") and [Britain](/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire"). The title of her travelogue *Wann kommen die Deutschen endlich wieder?* ("When are the Germans finally coming back?") is a reference to this. Colonial subjects would long to be under German colonial rule, because Germans were "born colonialists" and had ruled with a "humane, tight and just treatment" of its indigenous populations.
It was important to Dinglreiter to emphasize the role of white German women in the colonial project. She depicts white German women metaphorically as the projection of German men who are longing for a sense of "home" ("[Heimat](/wiki/Heimat "Heimat")") in the colonies. In *Deutsche Frau in Afrika* she writes: "The white woman was honoured as a goddess in the colonies." Women in the novel, as usual in female colonial literature, are depicted as brave characters that resist traditional gender norms for example by hunting, joining the colonial military ([Schutztruppe](/wiki/Schutztruppe "Schutztruppe")) for preserving the nation ("[Volksgemeinschaft](/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft "Volksgemeinschaft")") and fight against [sexism](/wiki/Sexism "Sexism"). Often in female colonial novels including Dinglreiter's, women are empowered to be brave by men, win the recognition of men and are getting married by the end.
In many texts she positioned herself as a convinced [racist](/wiki/Racism "Racism"), [antisemite](/wiki/Antisemitism "Antisemitism") and national socialist, for example in this quote from 1939: "A silver [swastika](/wiki/Swastika "Swastika") that the boy was wearing on the fishing net on his back was blinking. Didn't I have to follow this sign with lots of joy and wasn't it wondrous when I screamed out of joy in the great tropical morning?"{{citation\|author\=zit. nach Timm Ebner \|date\=2016 \|location\=Paderborn \|pages\=172 \|publisher\=Wilhelm Fink \|title\=Nationalsozialistische Kolonialliteratur}} She discriminates against Jewish, Black and indigenous people, but also against Chinese and communists. Indigenous people in her works are depicted as "childish" along colonial racist ideologies. Often, indigenous people are described as cannibals. Kebe\-Nguema writes that Black men are framed as a danger for white women, influenced by the racist campaign [*Black Horror on the Rhine*](/wiki/Black_Horror_on_the_Rhine "Black Horror on the Rhine"). Jewish people are seen as a danger for the German nation and for the German settlers in the colonies. In *So sah ich unsere Südsee* she writes that Chinese communists would want "the chaos on Earth and the absolute submission of humanity".
Her work after the fall of the Nazi regime consists of novels set on the farm in Dinglreit in Fürstenzell that she grew up on, describing the lives of three generations living on the farm in the novels *Brunnöd I* und *Brunnöd II* sowie *Da Burgamoasta*. The novels document the dialect that was spoken in Fürstenzell at the time.
|
[
"Themes\n------",
"Many of Dinglreiter's texts are seen as representatives of German colonial literature. Several of her books are travelogues of former German colonies in Africa and Asia, among them *Wann kommen die Deutschen endlich wieder?* (1935\\), *Ein Mädel reist durch Afrika* (1935\\) and *So sah ich unsere Südsee* (1939\\). The novel *Deutsche Frau in Afrika* (1940, \"German woman in Africa\") describes the perspective of a Bavarian woman in [German South West Africa](/wiki/German_South_West_Africa \"German South West Africa\") and [German East Africa](/wiki/German_East_Africa \"German East Africa\") between 1913 and 1938\\..",
"Joseph Kebe\\-Nguema writes that with her [propagandist](/wiki/Propaganda \"Propaganda\") works she tried to reinstate Germany's reputation as a colonial power by justifying colonial claims and painting Germany as a \"better\" colonial power than [France](/wiki/French_colonial_empire \"French colonial empire\") and [Britain](/wiki/British_Empire \"British Empire\"). The title of her travelogue *Wann kommen die Deutschen endlich wieder?* (\"When are the Germans finally coming back?\") is a reference to this. Colonial subjects would long to be under German colonial rule, because Germans were \"born colonialists\" and had ruled with a \"humane, tight and just treatment\" of its indigenous populations.",
"It was important to Dinglreiter to emphasize the role of white German women in the colonial project. She depicts white German women metaphorically as the projection of German men who are longing for a sense of \"home\" (\"[Heimat](/wiki/Heimat \"Heimat\")\") in the colonies. In *Deutsche Frau in Afrika* she writes: \"The white woman was honoured as a goddess in the colonies.\" Women in the novel, as usual in female colonial literature, are depicted as brave characters that resist traditional gender norms for example by hunting, joining the colonial military ([Schutztruppe](/wiki/Schutztruppe \"Schutztruppe\")) for preserving the nation (\"[Volksgemeinschaft](/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft \"Volksgemeinschaft\")\") and fight against [sexism](/wiki/Sexism \"Sexism\"). Often in female colonial novels including Dinglreiter's, women are empowered to be brave by men, win the recognition of men and are getting married by the end.",
"In many texts she positioned herself as a convinced [racist](/wiki/Racism \"Racism\"), [antisemite](/wiki/Antisemitism \"Antisemitism\") and national socialist, for example in this quote from 1939: \"A silver [swastika](/wiki/Swastika \"Swastika\") that the boy was wearing on the fishing net on his back was blinking. Didn't I have to follow this sign with lots of joy and wasn't it wondrous when I screamed out of joy in the great tropical morning?\"{{citation\\|author\\=zit. nach Timm Ebner \\|date\\=2016 \\|location\\=Paderborn \\|pages\\=172 \\|publisher\\=Wilhelm Fink \\|title\\=Nationalsozialistische Kolonialliteratur}} She discriminates against Jewish, Black and indigenous people, but also against Chinese and communists. Indigenous people in her works are depicted as \"childish\" along colonial racist ideologies. Often, indigenous people are described as cannibals. Kebe\\-Nguema writes that Black men are framed as a danger for white women, influenced by the racist campaign [*Black Horror on the Rhine*](/wiki/Black_Horror_on_the_Rhine \"Black Horror on the Rhine\"). Jewish people are seen as a danger for the German nation and for the German settlers in the colonies. In *So sah ich unsere Südsee* she writes that Chinese communists would want \"the chaos on Earth and the absolute submission of humanity\".",
"Her work after the fall of the Nazi regime consists of novels set on the farm in Dinglreit in Fürstenzell that she grew up on, describing the lives of three generations living on the farm in the novels *Brunnöd I* und *Brunnöd II* sowie *Da Burgamoasta*. The novels document the dialect that was spoken in Fürstenzell at the time.",
""
] |
Plot
----
In 1914 [Lois Burnham](/wiki/Lois_W. "Lois W."), a college\-educated woman from an affluent family, meets and falls in love with Bill Wilson, a 19 year old man of modest means. They marry in 1918 and after his return from [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), the two set out to build a life together.
While Lois works as a nurse Bill struggles to find his niche. Lois believes that Bill is destined for greatness and despite his increasing reliance on alcohol, she showers him with love and support.
Eventually, Lois persuades a friend’s husband to hire Bill at his financial firm; by 1927, Bill is working on Wall Street and the couple lives a luxurious lifestyle, but despite Lois’s valiant efforts to control his drinking, Bill’s [alcoholism](/wiki/Alcoholism "Alcoholism") spirals out of control. Soon his job, their lifestyle, and their dreams are all gone.
In 1935, after years of struggling to cover for Bill and trying desperately to manage his disease by herself, Lois finally sees him get and stay sober – not through her help, but from the support of a fellow alcoholic, Dr. [Bob Smith](/wiki/Bob_Smith_%28doctor%29 "Bob Smith (doctor)").
As Bill and Bob attain lasting sobriety and co\-found [Alcoholics Anonymous](/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous "Alcoholics Anonymous"), Lois begins to feel neglected. Bill manages to stay sober without her help and she now feels isolated and resentful.
Lois soon discovers she is not alone in her isolation and anger, that there is a vast number of people whose lives and relationships have been devastated because a loved one is an alcoholic or drug addict. To help herself and others like her, she co\-founds [Al\-Anon](/wiki/Al-Anon/Alateen "Al-Anon/Alateen") in 1951\.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In 1914 [Lois Burnham](/wiki/Lois_W. \"Lois W.\"), a college\\-educated woman from an affluent family, meets and falls in love with Bill Wilson, a 19 year old man of modest means. They marry in 1918 and after his return from [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), the two set out to build a life together.",
"While Lois works as a nurse Bill struggles to find his niche. Lois believes that Bill is destined for greatness and despite his increasing reliance on alcohol, she showers him with love and support.",
"Eventually, Lois persuades a friend’s husband to hire Bill at his financial firm; by 1927, Bill is working on Wall Street and the couple lives a luxurious lifestyle, but despite Lois’s valiant efforts to control his drinking, Bill’s [alcoholism](/wiki/Alcoholism \"Alcoholism\") spirals out of control. Soon his job, their lifestyle, and their dreams are all gone.",
"In 1935, after years of struggling to cover for Bill and trying desperately to manage his disease by herself, Lois finally sees him get and stay sober – not through her help, but from the support of a fellow alcoholic, Dr. [Bob Smith](/wiki/Bob_Smith_%28doctor%29 \"Bob Smith (doctor)\").",
"As Bill and Bob attain lasting sobriety and co\\-found [Alcoholics Anonymous](/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous \"Alcoholics Anonymous\"), Lois begins to feel neglected. Bill manages to stay sober without her help and she now feels isolated and resentful.",
"Lois soon discovers she is not alone in her isolation and anger, that there is a vast number of people whose lives and relationships have been devastated because a loved one is an alcoholic or drug addict. To help herself and others like her, she co\\-founds [Al\\-Anon](/wiki/Al-Anon/Alateen \"Al-Anon/Alateen\") in 1951\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Nick was born in [Camden, New Jersey](/wiki/Camden%2C_New_Jersey "Camden, New Jersey"), the son of a [US Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") Father, and studied architecture before pursuing a career in music.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.nickdouglasmusic.com/Biography.html \| title \= Nick Douglas Biography \| accessdate \= September 18, 2012 \| publisher \= Nick Douglas official website \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140507222302/http://www.nickdouglasmusic.com/Biography.html \| archivedate \= May 7, 2014 \| df \= mdy\-all }} He grew up listening to his Mother's collection of soul, Motown and 60s and 70s British rock records.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.neonblonde.net/Interview41\.htm \| title \= Interview with Nick Douglas \| accessdate \= September 18, 2012 \| date \= January 17, 2008 \| publisher \= Neo Blonde.net \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160309230403/http://neonblonde.net/Interview41\.htm \| archive\-date \= March 9, 2016 \| url\-status \= dead }} He began playing bass at age 13 to differentiate from his brother and others in his neighborhood who had opted for the guitar.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.dororocks.com/Nick.htm \| title \= Interview with Doro's Bass Player Nick Douglas \| accessdate \= September 18, 2012 \| last \= Cannella \| first \= Tony \| year \= 1999 \| publisher \= Doro Rocks.net \| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20010219113839/http://www.dororocks.com/Nick.htm \| archivedate \= February 19, 2001}} He took bass guitar lessons in his youth.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.rockrebelmagazine.com/nick\-douglas/ \| title \= Interview with Nick Douglas \| accessdate \= September 18, 2012 \| publisher \= Rock Rebel Magazine.com \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110416224344/http://www.rockrebelmagazine.com/nick\-douglas/ \| archivedate \= April 16, 2011 \| df \= mdy\-all }}
At the age of 19, he became a member of the [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music "Heavy metal music") band Deadly Blessing from [Turnersville, New Jersey](/wiki/Turnersville%2C_New_Jersey "Turnersville, New Jersey"), with which he wrote and recorded songs for their first album, titled *Ascend from the Cauldron*, published by [New Renaissance Records](/wiki/New_Renaissance_Records "New Renaissance Records") in 1988\.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.metal\-archives.com/albums/Deadly\_Blessing/Ascend\_from\_the\_Cauldron/4528 \| title \= Deadly Blessing – Ascend from the Cauldron \| accessdate \= September 18, 2012 \| publisher \= \[\[Encyclopaedia Metallum]]}} Two years later, he decided to leave the band and moved to New York City, where he changed his stage name to Nick Douglas and had brief experiences with a few New York area bands. In the summer of 1990, Douglas auditioned for the German [hard rock](/wiki/Hard_rock "Hard rock") singer [Doro Pesch](/wiki/Doro_Pesch "Doro Pesch") and was chosen among many candidates. Doro is the former singer of the German heavy metal band [Warlock](/wiki/Warlock_%28band%29 "Warlock (band)"), which dissolved in 1989, and went on to become a successful solo artist. With Doro, Douglas recorded several albums and has performed in Europe, North America and all over the world.
Douglas has also worked with other bands and musicians. He was in the lineup of [Blaze Bayley](/wiki/Blaze_Bayley "Blaze Bayley")'s band BLAZE for the tours of 2004 and 2005, along with other members of Doro's band [Oliver Palotai](/wiki/Oliver_Palotai "Oliver Palotai") and [Luca Princiotta](/wiki/Luca_Princiotta "Luca Princiotta").{{cite web \| url \= http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\=Article\&newsitemID\=27087 \| title \= BLAZE Singer Parts Ways With Rest of the Band, New Lineup Announced \| accessdate \= September 18, 2012 \| date \= September 20, 2004 \| work \= \[\[Blabbermouth.net]] \| publisher \= \[\[Roadrunner Records]]}} In 2005, he was the bass player for [Chris Caffery](/wiki/Chris_Caffery "Chris Caffery"), on his *[Faces](/wiki/Faces_%28Chris_Caffery_album%29 "Faces (Chris Caffery album)")* tour{{cite web \| url \= http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\=Article\&newsitemID\=40168 \| title \= Jon Oliva's Pain, Chris Caffery, Beyond Fear To Team Up For U.S. Tour \| accessdate \= September 18, 2012 \| date \= August 6, 2005 \| work \= \[\[Blabbermouth.net]] \| publisher \= \[\[Roadrunner Records]]}} and at the end of 2005, he reunited with his first band Deadly Blessing, which had been inactive for a long time, for some live performances and the release of an album containing rare and previously unreleased material.
At the end of the 1990s, Douglas began writing and recording songs that eventually made the album, *Through the Pane*. The album was released independently in 2001 and released in Europe at the end of 2006 on Painkiller Records.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\=Article\&newsitemID\=62616 \| title \= Doro Bassist Nick Douglas Releases Solo Album \| accessdate \= September 18, 2012 \| date \= November 22, 2006 \| work \= \[\[Blabbermouth.net]] \| publisher \= \[\[Roadrunner Records]]}}
Douglas played bass on a track on Chris Caffery third solo album *[Pins and Needles](/wiki/Pins_and_Needles_%28Chris_Caffery_album%29 "Pins and Needles (Chris Caffery album)")* in 2007 and went on tour with both Caffery and Doro. He also started to record a new solo album, Regenerations, to which he devoted himself to during the short breaks between tours.
He also played with New York and Pennsylvania based acts like Mike Rocket and the Stars, EBE and the [cover band](/wiki/Cover_band "Cover band") American Tabloid, featuring also the drummer of Doro's band [Johnny Dee](/wiki/Johnny_Dee_%28musician%29 "Johnny Dee (musician)"). He is also the bassist and lead singer of the Nick Douglas band, which features current and former members of Doro's touring band, and performs his own music.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\=Article\&newsitemID\=137674 \| title \= Former Doro, Lita Ford, Britny Fox Members Join Forces in the Nick Douglas Band \| accessdate \= September 18, 2012 \| date \= March 30, 2010 \| work \= \[\[Blabbermouth.net]] \| publisher \= \[\[Roadrunner Records]]}} Douglas composes and records music in his home studio and licensed some of his compositions to movie and TV companies.
Nick's second solo album, *Regenerations*, was released in February and March 2017 in Europe and The US respectively on the German label, Metalville. It went to \#4 on the Metal Contraband "most added to radio" charts in North America.
In 2015 Nick began working with the Blues band The B. Christopher Band for the production of their albums.
Starting in 2016, Nick narrated two audiobooks for Native American novelist Craig Strete, The Bleeding Man And Other Science Fiction Stories and Paint Your Face On A Drowning In The River.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Nick was born in [Camden, New Jersey](/wiki/Camden%2C_New_Jersey \"Camden, New Jersey\"), the son of a [US Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") Father, and studied architecture before pursuing a career in music.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.nickdouglasmusic.com/Biography.html \\| title \\= Nick Douglas Biography \\| accessdate \\= September 18, 2012 \\| publisher \\= Nick Douglas official website \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140507222302/http://www.nickdouglasmusic.com/Biography.html \\| archivedate \\= May 7, 2014 \\| df \\= mdy\\-all }} He grew up listening to his Mother's collection of soul, Motown and 60s and 70s British rock records.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.neonblonde.net/Interview41\\.htm \\| title \\= Interview with Nick Douglas \\| accessdate \\= September 18, 2012 \\| date \\= January 17, 2008 \\| publisher \\= Neo Blonde.net \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160309230403/http://neonblonde.net/Interview41\\.htm \\| archive\\-date \\= March 9, 2016 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} He began playing bass at age 13 to differentiate from his brother and others in his neighborhood who had opted for the guitar.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.dororocks.com/Nick.htm \\| title \\= Interview with Doro's Bass Player Nick Douglas \\| accessdate \\= September 18, 2012 \\| last \\= Cannella \\| first \\= Tony \\| year \\= 1999 \\| publisher \\= Doro Rocks.net \\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20010219113839/http://www.dororocks.com/Nick.htm \\| archivedate \\= February 19, 2001}} He took bass guitar lessons in his youth.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.rockrebelmagazine.com/nick\\-douglas/ \\| title \\= Interview with Nick Douglas \\| accessdate \\= September 18, 2012 \\| publisher \\= Rock Rebel Magazine.com \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110416224344/http://www.rockrebelmagazine.com/nick\\-douglas/ \\| archivedate \\= April 16, 2011 \\| df \\= mdy\\-all }}",
"At the age of 19, he became a member of the [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music \"Heavy metal music\") band Deadly Blessing from [Turnersville, New Jersey](/wiki/Turnersville%2C_New_Jersey \"Turnersville, New Jersey\"), with which he wrote and recorded songs for their first album, titled *Ascend from the Cauldron*, published by [New Renaissance Records](/wiki/New_Renaissance_Records \"New Renaissance Records\") in 1988\\.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.metal\\-archives.com/albums/Deadly\\_Blessing/Ascend\\_from\\_the\\_Cauldron/4528 \\| title \\= Deadly Blessing – Ascend from the Cauldron \\| accessdate \\= September 18, 2012 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Encyclopaedia Metallum]]}} Two years later, he decided to leave the band and moved to New York City, where he changed his stage name to Nick Douglas and had brief experiences with a few New York area bands. In the summer of 1990, Douglas auditioned for the German [hard rock](/wiki/Hard_rock \"Hard rock\") singer [Doro Pesch](/wiki/Doro_Pesch \"Doro Pesch\") and was chosen among many candidates. Doro is the former singer of the German heavy metal band [Warlock](/wiki/Warlock_%28band%29 \"Warlock (band)\"), which dissolved in 1989, and went on to become a successful solo artist. With Doro, Douglas recorded several albums and has performed in Europe, North America and all over the world.",
"Douglas has also worked with other bands and musicians. He was in the lineup of [Blaze Bayley](/wiki/Blaze_Bayley \"Blaze Bayley\")'s band BLAZE for the tours of 2004 and 2005, along with other members of Doro's band [Oliver Palotai](/wiki/Oliver_Palotai \"Oliver Palotai\") and [Luca Princiotta](/wiki/Luca_Princiotta \"Luca Princiotta\").{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\\=Article\\&newsitemID\\=27087 \\| title \\= BLAZE Singer Parts Ways With Rest of the Band, New Lineup Announced \\| accessdate \\= September 18, 2012 \\| date \\= September 20, 2004 \\| work \\= \\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]] \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Roadrunner Records]]}} In 2005, he was the bass player for [Chris Caffery](/wiki/Chris_Caffery \"Chris Caffery\"), on his *[Faces](/wiki/Faces_%28Chris_Caffery_album%29 \"Faces (Chris Caffery album)\")* tour{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\\=Article\\&newsitemID\\=40168 \\| title \\= Jon Oliva's Pain, Chris Caffery, Beyond Fear To Team Up For U.S. Tour \\| accessdate \\= September 18, 2012 \\| date \\= August 6, 2005 \\| work \\= \\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]] \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Roadrunner Records]]}} and at the end of 2005, he reunited with his first band Deadly Blessing, which had been inactive for a long time, for some live performances and the release of an album containing rare and previously unreleased material.",
"At the end of the 1990s, Douglas began writing and recording songs that eventually made the album, *Through the Pane*. The album was released independently in 2001 and released in Europe at the end of 2006 on Painkiller Records.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\\=Article\\&newsitemID\\=62616 \\| title \\= Doro Bassist Nick Douglas Releases Solo Album \\| accessdate \\= September 18, 2012 \\| date \\= November 22, 2006 \\| work \\= \\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]] \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Roadrunner Records]]}}",
"Douglas played bass on a track on Chris Caffery third solo album *[Pins and Needles](/wiki/Pins_and_Needles_%28Chris_Caffery_album%29 \"Pins and Needles (Chris Caffery album)\")* in 2007 and went on tour with both Caffery and Doro. He also started to record a new solo album, Regenerations, to which he devoted himself to during the short breaks between tours.",
"He also played with New York and Pennsylvania based acts like Mike Rocket and the Stars, EBE and the [cover band](/wiki/Cover_band \"Cover band\") American Tabloid, featuring also the drummer of Doro's band [Johnny Dee](/wiki/Johnny_Dee_%28musician%29 \"Johnny Dee (musician)\"). He is also the bassist and lead singer of the Nick Douglas band, which features current and former members of Doro's touring band, and performs his own music.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\\=Article\\&newsitemID\\=137674 \\| title \\= Former Doro, Lita Ford, Britny Fox Members Join Forces in the Nick Douglas Band \\| accessdate \\= September 18, 2012 \\| date \\= March 30, 2010 \\| work \\= \\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]] \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Roadrunner Records]]}} Douglas composes and records music in his home studio and licensed some of his compositions to movie and TV companies.",
"Nick's second solo album, *Regenerations*, was released in February and March 2017 in Europe and The US respectively on the German label, Metalville. It went to \\#4 on the Metal Contraband \"most added to radio\" charts in North America.",
"In 2015 Nick began working with the Blues band The B. Christopher Band for the production of their albums.",
"Starting in 2016, Nick narrated two audiobooks for Native American novelist Craig Strete, The Bleeding Man And Other Science Fiction Stories and Paint Your Face On A Drowning In The River.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population\|align\=left
\|1890\= 126
\|1900\= 176
\|1910\= 380
\|1920\= 527
\|1930\= 731
\|1940\= 799
\|1950\= 694
\|1960\= 544
\|1970\= 372
\|1980\= 401
\|1990\= 381
\|2000\= 386
\|2010\= 351
\|2020\= 294
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=June 24, 2012}} of 2010, there were 351 people, 162 households, and 97 families residing in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|975\.0\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 195 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|541\.7\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 98\.9% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)") and 1\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)").
There were 162 households, of which 22\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 8\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 1\.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40\.1% were non\-families. 37\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.17 and the average family size was 2\.87\.
The median age in the village was 47\.3 years. 21\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18\.5% were from 25 to 44; 28\.8% were from 45 to 64; and 24\.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50\.1% male and 49\.9% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 386 people, 162 households, and 109 families residing in the village. The population density was {{convert\|1,081\.7\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 188 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|526\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 96\.63% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.26% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.52% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), and 2\.59% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.78% of the population.
There were 162 households, out of which 26\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 9\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32\.7% were non\-families. 30\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.38 and the average family size was 2\.98\.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 27\.7% under the age of 18, 6\.0% from 18 to 24, 23\.1% from 25 to 44, 20\.5% from 45 to 64, and 22\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 87\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82\.4 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $25,417, and the median income for a family was $31,635\. Males had a median income of $21,875 versus $18,750 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the village was $13,106\. About 12\.9% of families and 20\.8% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 38\.0% of those under age 18 and 9\.5% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\\|align\\=left\n\\|1890\\= 126\n\\|1900\\= 176\n\\|1910\\= 380\n\\|1920\\= 527\n\\|1930\\= 731\n\\|1940\\= 799\n\\|1950\\= 694\n\\|1960\\= 544\n\\|1970\\= 372\n\\|1980\\= 401\n\\|1990\\= 381\n\\|2000\\= 386\n\\|2010\\= 351\n\\|2020\\= 294\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=June 24, 2012}} of 2010, there were 351 people, 162 households, and 97 families residing in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|975\\.0\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 195 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|541\\.7\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 98\\.9% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") and 1\\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\").",
"There were 162 households, of which 22\\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 1\\.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40\\.1% were non\\-families. 37\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.17 and the average family size was 2\\.87\\.",
"The median age in the village was 47\\.3 years. 21\\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\\.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18\\.5% were from 25 to 44; 28\\.8% were from 45 to 64; and 24\\.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50\\.1% male and 49\\.9% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 386 people, 162 households, and 109 families residing in the village. The population density was {{convert\\|1,081\\.7\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 188 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|526\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 96\\.63% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.26% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.52% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), and 2\\.59% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.78% of the population.",
"There were 162 households, out of which 26\\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56\\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 9\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32\\.7% were non\\-families. 30\\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21\\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.38 and the average family size was 2\\.98\\.",
"In the village, the population was spread out, with 27\\.7% under the age of 18, 6\\.0% from 18 to 24, 23\\.1% from 25 to 44, 20\\.5% from 45 to 64, and 22\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 87\\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82\\.4 males.",
"The median income for a household in the village was $25,417, and the median income for a family was $31,635\\. Males had a median income of $21,875 versus $18,750 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the village was $13,106\\. About 12\\.9% of families and 20\\.8% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 38\\.0% of those under age 18 and 9\\.5% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
Publications and activities
---------------------------
It has published books translated to Portuguese, such as Beyond Politics, The Ethics of Redistribution, Free Market Environmentalism, [The Adventures of Jonathan Gullible](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Jonathan_Gullible "The Adventures of Jonathan Gullible"), [What has government done to our money?](/wiki/What_has_government_done_to_our_money%3F "What has government done to our money?"), Trashing the Planet, Progressive Environmentalism.
It has published articles and collaborated with other think tanks in reports and studies, such as
Civil Society Report on Intellectual Property, Innovation and Health from [International Policy Network](/wiki/International_Policy_Network "International Policy Network"); Free Trade in the Americas from [International Policy Network](/wiki/International_Policy_Network "International Policy Network"); International Property Rights Index 2007, 2008, 2009 from Property Rights Alliance; [Atlas Economic Research Foundation](/wiki/Atlas_Economic_Research_Foundation "Atlas Economic Research Foundation"); [Friedrich Naumann Foundation](/wiki/Friedrich_Naumann_Foundation "Friedrich Naumann Foundation"); [Competitive Enterprise Institute](/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute "Competitive Enterprise Institute"); [Montreal Economic Institute](/wiki/Montreal_Economic_Institute "Montreal Economic Institute"); [Instituto de Estudos Empresariais](/wiki/Instituto_de_Estudos_Empresariais "Instituto de Estudos Empresariais"); [Institute of Economic Affairs](/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs "Institute of Economic Affairs"); Inter\-American Policy Exchange at [Manhattan Institute for Policy Research](/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research "Manhattan Institute for Policy Research").
Since 1988, Instituto Liberdade has been a partner of [Instituto de Estudos Empresariais](/wiki/Instituto_de_Estudos_Empresariais "Instituto de Estudos Empresariais") – IEE – for the annual international event Fórum da Liberdade (Liberty Forum). The Liberty Forum is one of the most significant meetings of liberal thought in the world, which takes place at the city of [Porto Alegre](/wiki/Porto_Alegre "Porto Alegre"), in Brazil.
In 2004, Instituto Liberdade joined [Liberal Network for Latin America](/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America "Liberal Network for Latin America") – RELIAL, a network of think tanks and parties involved in research on public policies, which represents, divulges and implements ideas of classic liberalism, standing its ground in Latin America.
In March 2006, Instituto Liberdade joined with other 16 global think tanks to publish a report on Intellectual Property, Innovation and Health, organized by [International Policy Network](/wiki/International_Policy_Network "International Policy Network").
In April 2006, Instituto Liberdade was the recipient of the 2006 Templeton Freedom Award Grant from [Atlas Economic Research Foundation](/wiki/Atlas_Economic_Research_Foundation "Atlas Economic Research Foundation"). As a winner, the institute represents a strong role model for other think tanks in the international network with which Atlas works. The Templeton Freedom Awards Presentation took place at Colorado Springs, USA on April 22, 2006\.
In February 2007, Instituto Liberdade joined with other 25 global think tanks to form a global coalition called the [Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change](/wiki/Civil_Society_Coalition_on_Climate_Change "Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change") that seeks to educate the public about climate change issues in an impartial manner. This coalition is organized by [International Policy Network](/wiki/International_Policy_Network "International Policy Network").
Instituto Liberdade joined with other global think tanks to launch in Brazil, the [International Property Rights Index](/wiki/International_Property_Rights_Index "International Property Rights Index") 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 editions (IPRI), organized by Property Rights Alliance. The materials were translated to Portuguese and it is available to download @ Instituto Liberdade's portal. It provides a tool for comparative analysis and future research on global property rights. <http://internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/index>
In April 2007, Instituto Liberdade joined the Save The Tiger Initiative Project from the Sustainable Development Network, along with other 35 more global think tanks, supporting a free\-market solution for the conservation of wildlife.
Instituto Liberdade, in partnership with [The Heritage Foundation](/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation "The Heritage Foundation") and sponsorship of [Instituto de Estudos Empresariais](/wiki/Instituto_de_Estudos_Empresariais "Instituto de Estudos Empresariais"), organized the launch of the [Index of Economic Freedom](/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom "Index of Economic Freedom") in Brazil from 2009 to 2013\. The material was translated to Portuguese and it is available to download @ Instituto Liberdade's portal.
In July 2007, Instituto Liberdade and other 25 members of the Sustainable Development Network supported the publication of the report called “Too Many People?” from Prof. Nicholas Eberstadt, who challenged many widely held myths about population growth and human development.
Instituto Liberdade was a co\-sponsor of the [International Conference on Climate Change](/wiki/International_Conference_on_Climate_Change "International Conference on Climate Change") at the 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 editions, organized by [The Heartland Institute](/wiki/The_Heartland_Institute "The Heartland Institute").
In 2009, Instituto Liberdade joined the Freedom to Trade Coalition [Neue Domain bei der webgo GmbH](http://freedomtotrade.org/), an initiative from [International Policy Network](/wiki/International_Policy_Network "International Policy Network") and [Atlas Economic Research Foundation](/wiki/Atlas_Economic_Research_Foundation "Atlas Economic Research Foundation"). It was a campaign to alert the public to the looming dangers of protectionism and to oppose existing and new protectionist measures.
Since 2004, Instituto Liberdade has been promoting the [Tax Freedom Day](/wiki/Tax_Freedom_Day "Tax Freedom Day") in Brazil, creating public awareness of the hidden taxes on products and services. The campaign is the sale of gasoline without taxes in partnership with the owner of a gas station, the Association of the Middle Class (ACLAME) and [Instituto de Estudos Empresariais](/wiki/Instituto_de_Estudos_Empresariais "Instituto de Estudos Empresariais") (IEE).
|
[
"Publications and activities\n---------------------------",
"It has published books translated to Portuguese, such as Beyond Politics, The Ethics of Redistribution, Free Market Environmentalism, [The Adventures of Jonathan Gullible](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Jonathan_Gullible \"The Adventures of Jonathan Gullible\"), [What has government done to our money?](/wiki/What_has_government_done_to_our_money%3F \"What has government done to our money?\"), Trashing the Planet, Progressive Environmentalism.",
"It has published articles and collaborated with other think tanks in reports and studies, such as\nCivil Society Report on Intellectual Property, Innovation and Health from [International Policy Network](/wiki/International_Policy_Network \"International Policy Network\"); Free Trade in the Americas from [International Policy Network](/wiki/International_Policy_Network \"International Policy Network\"); International Property Rights Index 2007, 2008, 2009 from Property Rights Alliance; [Atlas Economic Research Foundation](/wiki/Atlas_Economic_Research_Foundation \"Atlas Economic Research Foundation\"); [Friedrich Naumann Foundation](/wiki/Friedrich_Naumann_Foundation \"Friedrich Naumann Foundation\"); [Competitive Enterprise Institute](/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute \"Competitive Enterprise Institute\"); [Montreal Economic Institute](/wiki/Montreal_Economic_Institute \"Montreal Economic Institute\"); [Instituto de Estudos Empresariais](/wiki/Instituto_de_Estudos_Empresariais \"Instituto de Estudos Empresariais\"); [Institute of Economic Affairs](/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs \"Institute of Economic Affairs\"); Inter\\-American Policy Exchange at [Manhattan Institute for Policy Research](/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research \"Manhattan Institute for Policy Research\").",
"Since 1988, Instituto Liberdade has been a partner of [Instituto de Estudos Empresariais](/wiki/Instituto_de_Estudos_Empresariais \"Instituto de Estudos Empresariais\") – IEE – for the annual international event Fórum da Liberdade (Liberty Forum). The Liberty Forum is one of the most significant meetings of liberal thought in the world, which takes place at the city of [Porto Alegre](/wiki/Porto_Alegre \"Porto Alegre\"), in Brazil.",
"In 2004, Instituto Liberdade joined [Liberal Network for Latin America](/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America \"Liberal Network for Latin America\") – RELIAL, a network of think tanks and parties involved in research on public policies, which represents, divulges and implements ideas of classic liberalism, standing its ground in Latin America.",
"In March 2006, Instituto Liberdade joined with other 16 global think tanks to publish a report on Intellectual Property, Innovation and Health, organized by [International Policy Network](/wiki/International_Policy_Network \"International Policy Network\").",
"In April 2006, Instituto Liberdade was the recipient of the 2006 Templeton Freedom Award Grant from [Atlas Economic Research Foundation](/wiki/Atlas_Economic_Research_Foundation \"Atlas Economic Research Foundation\"). As a winner, the institute represents a strong role model for other think tanks in the international network with which Atlas works. The Templeton Freedom Awards Presentation took place at Colorado Springs, USA on April 22, 2006\\.",
"In February 2007, Instituto Liberdade joined with other 25 global think tanks to form a global coalition called the [Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change](/wiki/Civil_Society_Coalition_on_Climate_Change \"Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change\") that seeks to educate the public about climate change issues in an impartial manner. This coalition is organized by [International Policy Network](/wiki/International_Policy_Network \"International Policy Network\").",
"Instituto Liberdade joined with other global think tanks to launch in Brazil, the [International Property Rights Index](/wiki/International_Property_Rights_Index \"International Property Rights Index\") 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 editions (IPRI), organized by Property Rights Alliance. The materials were translated to Portuguese and it is available to download @ Instituto Liberdade's portal. It provides a tool for comparative analysis and future research on global property rights. <http://internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/index>",
"In April 2007, Instituto Liberdade joined the Save The Tiger Initiative Project from the Sustainable Development Network, along with other 35 more global think tanks, supporting a free\\-market solution for the conservation of wildlife.",
"Instituto Liberdade, in partnership with [The Heritage Foundation](/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation \"The Heritage Foundation\") and sponsorship of [Instituto de Estudos Empresariais](/wiki/Instituto_de_Estudos_Empresariais \"Instituto de Estudos Empresariais\"), organized the launch of the [Index of Economic Freedom](/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom \"Index of Economic Freedom\") in Brazil from 2009 to 2013\\. The material was translated to Portuguese and it is available to download @ Instituto Liberdade's portal.",
"In July 2007, Instituto Liberdade and other 25 members of the Sustainable Development Network supported the publication of the report called “Too Many People?” from Prof. Nicholas Eberstadt, who challenged many widely held myths about population growth and human development.",
"Instituto Liberdade was a co\\-sponsor of the [International Conference on Climate Change](/wiki/International_Conference_on_Climate_Change \"International Conference on Climate Change\") at the 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 editions, organized by [The Heartland Institute](/wiki/The_Heartland_Institute \"The Heartland Institute\").",
"In 2009, Instituto Liberdade joined the Freedom to Trade Coalition [Neue Domain bei der webgo GmbH](http://freedomtotrade.org/), an initiative from [International Policy Network](/wiki/International_Policy_Network \"International Policy Network\") and [Atlas Economic Research Foundation](/wiki/Atlas_Economic_Research_Foundation \"Atlas Economic Research Foundation\"). It was a campaign to alert the public to the looming dangers of protectionism and to oppose existing and new protectionist measures.",
"Since 2004, Instituto Liberdade has been promoting the [Tax Freedom Day](/wiki/Tax_Freedom_Day \"Tax Freedom Day\") in Brazil, creating public awareness of the hidden taxes on products and services. The campaign is the sale of gasoline without taxes in partnership with the owner of a gas station, the Association of the Middle Class (ACLAME) and [Instituto de Estudos Empresariais](/wiki/Instituto_de_Estudos_Empresariais \"Instituto de Estudos Empresariais\") (IEE).",
""
] |
Law and common practice
-----------------------
It is a criminal offence to not carry an identity card or to misuse the document and a person can be fined about [₪](/wiki/Israeli_new_sheqel "Israeli new sheqel")1,400 {{as of\|2016\|lc\=y}}.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2016}} However, the law explicitly forbids pressing charges if the offender contacts the relevant authorities within five days and identifies him or herself properly.
Furthermore, in December 2011, a Peace Court ([Magistrate Court](/wiki/Judiciary_of_Israel%23Magistrate_courts "Judiciary of Israel#Magistrate courts")) in the [Krayot](/wiki/Krayot_%28Haifa%29 "Krayot (Haifa)") region acquitted an [Israeli citizen](/wiki/Israeli_citizen "Israeli citizen") from [Nahariya](/wiki/Nahariya "Nahariya") who refused to present his identity card to a policeman upon request. The judge ruled that the current interpretation of law must be in the spirit of the [Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty](/wiki/Basic_Law:Human_Dignity_and_Liberty "Human Dignity and Liberty") (enacted in 1992\); such a refusal should be deemed legitimate unless the state\-official has a reason to suspect that the person before them has committed an offence.
In addition to the above law, the identity card is required in order to exercise certain [civil rights](/wiki/Civil_rights "Civil rights"). Until recently, it was the only valid identification for voting in [general elections](/wiki/General_election "General election"). However, since 2005, the law also permits the use of a valid driver's license or a valid [Israeli passport](/wiki/Israeli_passport "Israeli passport").Amendment no. 54 to article no. 74 of the Election Law, approved by the Knesset on December 5, 2005\.
When not specifically required by law, other identification may be used. In Israel, access to many office buildings or guarded areas requires showing ID.For example, the Al\-Aqsa mosque area in Jerusalem, Azrieli Towers in Tel Aviv, Aviv Towers in Ramat Gan and many others.
Identity cards are issued by the Israeli [Ministry of Interior](/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_%28Israel%29 "Ministry of Interior (Israel)") through offices across the country. The document is issued to all residents over 16 years old who have legal [permanent residence](/wiki/Permanent_residency "Permanent residency") status, including non\-citizens. Up until July 2012, the document had no expiry date, and it could be used as long as it was intact. All non\-biometric identity cards will expire after 10 years or in July 2022, whichever date is earlier.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nevo.co.il/law\_html/Law01/500\_737\.htm\|title\=Nevo.co.il\|website\=www.nevo.co.il\|access\-date\=2016\-08\-28}} Identity cards issued to temporary residents have the same duration as the visa that grants temporary residence to the person in question, usually one year.
|
[
"Law and common practice\n-----------------------",
"It is a criminal offence to not carry an identity card or to misuse the document and a person can be fined about [₪](/wiki/Israeli_new_sheqel \"Israeli new sheqel\")1,400 {{as of\\|2016\\|lc\\=y}}.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2016}} However, the law explicitly forbids pressing charges if the offender contacts the relevant authorities within five days and identifies him or herself properly.",
"Furthermore, in December 2011, a Peace Court ([Magistrate Court](/wiki/Judiciary_of_Israel%23Magistrate_courts \"Judiciary of Israel#Magistrate courts\")) in the [Krayot](/wiki/Krayot_%28Haifa%29 \"Krayot (Haifa)\") region acquitted an [Israeli citizen](/wiki/Israeli_citizen \"Israeli citizen\") from [Nahariya](/wiki/Nahariya \"Nahariya\") who refused to present his identity card to a policeman upon request. The judge ruled that the current interpretation of law must be in the spirit of the [Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty](/wiki/Basic_Law:Human_Dignity_and_Liberty \"Human Dignity and Liberty\") (enacted in 1992\\); such a refusal should be deemed legitimate unless the state\\-official has a reason to suspect that the person before them has committed an offence.",
"In addition to the above law, the identity card is required in order to exercise certain [civil rights](/wiki/Civil_rights \"Civil rights\"). Until recently, it was the only valid identification for voting in [general elections](/wiki/General_election \"General election\"). However, since 2005, the law also permits the use of a valid driver's license or a valid [Israeli passport](/wiki/Israeli_passport \"Israeli passport\").Amendment no. 54 to article no. 74 of the Election Law, approved by the Knesset on December 5, 2005\\.",
"When not specifically required by law, other identification may be used. In Israel, access to many office buildings or guarded areas requires showing ID.For example, the Al\\-Aqsa mosque area in Jerusalem, Azrieli Towers in Tel Aviv, Aviv Towers in Ramat Gan and many others.",
"Identity cards are issued by the Israeli [Ministry of Interior](/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_%28Israel%29 \"Ministry of Interior (Israel)\") through offices across the country. The document is issued to all residents over 16 years old who have legal [permanent residence](/wiki/Permanent_residency \"Permanent residency\") status, including non\\-citizens. Up until July 2012, the document had no expiry date, and it could be used as long as it was intact. All non\\-biometric identity cards will expire after 10 years or in July 2022, whichever date is earlier.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nevo.co.il/law\\_html/Law01/500\\_737\\.htm\\|title\\=Nevo.co.il\\|website\\=www.nevo.co.il\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-28}} Identity cards issued to temporary residents have the same duration as the visa that grants temporary residence to the person in question, usually one year.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Having completed his latest tour of duty, middle\-aged [SSG](/wiki/Staff_sergeant%23U.S._Army "Staff sergeant#U.S. Army") Fred Cheaver has retired from military service and is returning home to his wife and son in suburban [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis "St. Louis"). [PFC](/wiki/Private_first_class%23United_States_Army "Private first class#United States Army") Colee Dunn and SSG T.K. Poole each have a thirty\-day leave, and both are headed to [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada "Las Vegas, Nevada"). Dunn plans to visit the family of her boyfriend, a soldier who was killed in action after saving her life, and Poole wants to engage the services of a [sex surrogate](/wiki/Sex_surrogate "Sex surrogate") he hopes will cure the impotence he is experiencing as a result of a [shrapnel](/wiki/Shrapnel_shell "Shrapnel shell") injury before he reunites with his girlfriend.
Upon arrival at the [John F. Kennedy International Airport](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport "John F. Kennedy International Airport"), the three strangers discover all outbound flights have been canceled due to a lengthy [blackout](/wiki/Power_outage "Power outage") that ended just before their arrival. Rather than face a potentially long wait before normal flight schedules resume, they rent a minivan and drive westward.
Arriving home in St. Louis, Cheaver learns his wife Pat wants a divorce, and his son Scott has been accepted at [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University"). Scott's scholarship will pay for only part of his tuition and he needs to pay the $20,000 balance immediately to secure his place at the university. Cheaver decides to visit his brother in [Salt Lake City](/wiki/Salt_Lake_City "Salt Lake City"), but first drives Dunn and Poole to the airport so they can fly to Las Vegas. When they see how devastated Cheaver is, they fear his state of mind will put him at risk on the open road and decide to continue with him. As their journey progresses and they open themselves up to each other, the three gradually become closer and share unexpected adventures.
At a [revival meeting](/wiki/Revival_meeting "Revival meeting") conducted by Pastor Jerry Nolan, a member of the congregation invites them to a birthday party in his palatial home. They conflict with the man's adult children over the latter's anti\-war sentiments and Cheaver is seduced by a guest who expects him to participate in a [threesome](/wiki/Threesome "Threesome") with her and her husband Bob. Later, Dunn and Poole leave Cheaver at a campsite. While driving, they are forced to flee an approaching [tornado](/wiki/Tornado "Tornado") and take shelter in a drainage ditch. As they cling closely to each other, Poole discovers he might not need the sex surrogate after all.
Cheaver decides to bypass Salt Lake City and try his luck in the Las Vegas casinos. When Dunn discovers that a guitar similar to the one she is returning to her boyfriend's parents recently sold at an online auction for $22,000, she is tempted to give it to Cheaver, but he encourages her to complete her mission.
Dunn is welcomed warmly by her boyfriend's parents, Tom and Jeanie Klinger, but quickly discovers that not only nothing he had told her about himself and his past was true, but he has omitted some important details as well. Neither of the Klingers recognizes the guitar, supposedly a family heirloom, and living with them are Shannon and the baby she had after a one\-night stand with their son. The Klingers invite Dunn to spend the remainder of her leave with them. Disillusioned, she declines, but she asks if she can keep the guitar, and they readily agree.
Dunn, Cheaver, and Poole are reunited at the local police station. Poole had confessed to a casino robbery Dunn's boyfriend had claimed he committed before enlisting, to avoid returning to the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East") by being sentenced to a prison term. His plan backfires when he learns the crime is yet another fabrication. Dunn insists Cheaver take the guitar but he tells her he already has the $20,000 he needs. His friends are stunned he won the money so quickly, but Cheaver confesses he received it as a bonus for re\-enlisting. They go their separate ways, but weeks later meet again at the airport as they prepare to return to Iraq.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Having completed his latest tour of duty, middle\\-aged [SSG](/wiki/Staff_sergeant%23U.S._Army \"Staff sergeant#U.S. Army\") Fred Cheaver has retired from military service and is returning home to his wife and son in suburban [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis \"St. Louis\"). [PFC](/wiki/Private_first_class%23United_States_Army \"Private first class#United States Army\") Colee Dunn and SSG T.K. Poole each have a thirty\\-day leave, and both are headed to [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada \"Las Vegas, Nevada\"). Dunn plans to visit the family of her boyfriend, a soldier who was killed in action after saving her life, and Poole wants to engage the services of a [sex surrogate](/wiki/Sex_surrogate \"Sex surrogate\") he hopes will cure the impotence he is experiencing as a result of a [shrapnel](/wiki/Shrapnel_shell \"Shrapnel shell\") injury before he reunites with his girlfriend.",
"Upon arrival at the [John F. Kennedy International Airport](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport \"John F. Kennedy International Airport\"), the three strangers discover all outbound flights have been canceled due to a lengthy [blackout](/wiki/Power_outage \"Power outage\") that ended just before their arrival. Rather than face a potentially long wait before normal flight schedules resume, they rent a minivan and drive westward.",
"Arriving home in St. Louis, Cheaver learns his wife Pat wants a divorce, and his son Scott has been accepted at [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\"). Scott's scholarship will pay for only part of his tuition and he needs to pay the $20,000 balance immediately to secure his place at the university. Cheaver decides to visit his brother in [Salt Lake City](/wiki/Salt_Lake_City \"Salt Lake City\"), but first drives Dunn and Poole to the airport so they can fly to Las Vegas. When they see how devastated Cheaver is, they fear his state of mind will put him at risk on the open road and decide to continue with him. As their journey progresses and they open themselves up to each other, the three gradually become closer and share unexpected adventures.",
"At a [revival meeting](/wiki/Revival_meeting \"Revival meeting\") conducted by Pastor Jerry Nolan, a member of the congregation invites them to a birthday party in his palatial home. They conflict with the man's adult children over the latter's anti\\-war sentiments and Cheaver is seduced by a guest who expects him to participate in a [threesome](/wiki/Threesome \"Threesome\") with her and her husband Bob. Later, Dunn and Poole leave Cheaver at a campsite. While driving, they are forced to flee an approaching [tornado](/wiki/Tornado \"Tornado\") and take shelter in a drainage ditch. As they cling closely to each other, Poole discovers he might not need the sex surrogate after all.",
"Cheaver decides to bypass Salt Lake City and try his luck in the Las Vegas casinos. When Dunn discovers that a guitar similar to the one she is returning to her boyfriend's parents recently sold at an online auction for $22,000, she is tempted to give it to Cheaver, but he encourages her to complete her mission.",
"Dunn is welcomed warmly by her boyfriend's parents, Tom and Jeanie Klinger, but quickly discovers that not only nothing he had told her about himself and his past was true, but he has omitted some important details as well. Neither of the Klingers recognizes the guitar, supposedly a family heirloom, and living with them are Shannon and the baby she had after a one\\-night stand with their son. The Klingers invite Dunn to spend the remainder of her leave with them. Disillusioned, she declines, but she asks if she can keep the guitar, and they readily agree.",
"Dunn, Cheaver, and Poole are reunited at the local police station. Poole had confessed to a casino robbery Dunn's boyfriend had claimed he committed before enlisting, to avoid returning to the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\") by being sentenced to a prison term. His plan backfires when he learns the crime is yet another fabrication. Dunn insists Cheaver take the guitar but he tells her he already has the $20,000 he needs. His friends are stunned he won the money so quickly, but Cheaver confesses he received it as a bonus for re\\-enlisting. They go their separate ways, but weeks later meet again at the airport as they prepare to return to Iraq.",
""
] |
Life and career
---------------
Jorge Orlando Calvo was born in [Córdoba, Argentina](/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Argentina "Córdoba, Argentina"), on 27 April 1961\. He was a professor in Geology and Paleontology at the [National University of Comahue](/wiki/National_University_of_Comahue "National University of Comahue"), [Neuquén](/wiki/Neuqu%C3%A9n "Neuquén"). He was one of the founders of the Geology Career (2010\) at this university as well as the Director of the Barreales Lake Paleontological Center.
Calvo became a geologist in 1986 and in 1991 he won a [Fulbright scholarship](/wiki/Fulbright_scholarship "Fulbright scholarship") to do a Master in Paleontological Sciences (1992\) at the [University of Illinois](/wiki/University_of_Illinois "University of Illinois") at [Chicago, USA](/wiki/Chicago%2C_USA "Chicago, USA"), getting his degree in 1994\. In 2006, he earned his PhD degree at the [Federal University of Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Federal_University_of_Rio_de_Janeiro "Federal University of Rio de Janeiro"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil").
Calvo devoted his life to the discovering, digging and studying of Vertebrate Paleontology. He was the first palaeontologist to live and work in the Neuquén province. He was both author and co\-author of many discoveries of his own about new taxa in dinosaurs, birds, crocodiles, frogs, turtles, eggs and dinosaur tracks. Calvo was the first palaeontologist to have helped develop not only the Paleontological Science in Norpatagonia (1987\), but also the Paleontological Tourism. He was the founder of the Geology and Paleontology Museum of the [National University of Comahue](/wiki/National_University_of_Comahue "National University of Comahue") (1990\), the Paleontological Museum of Rincón de los Sauces (2000\) and the Barreales Lake Paleontological Center (2002\).
As a researcher of the National University of Comahue, he was the Director of more than 15 national and international research projects led from institutions such as Conicet, Agencia Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia and [Universidad Nacional del Comahue](/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_del_Comahue "Universidad Nacional del Comahue") (Argentina), Duke Foundation of United States, [Dinosaur Society of America](/wiki/Dinosaur_Society_of_America "Dinosaur Society of America"), [National Geographic Society](/wiki/National_Geographic_Society "National Geographic Society"), etc.
Calvo was the director of theses for graduates, masters and PhD students. He published more than 88 scientific papers and more than 60 in non\-specialist magazines. He also read more than 135 papers and lectures at Congresses of the specialty worldwide.
Calvo was invited to lecture on dinosaurs from [Norpatagonia](/wiki/Norpatagonia "Norpatagonia") in different cities of Argentina, Brazil, [Chile](/wiki/Chile "Chile"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"), [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland"), [Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania") and [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia "Serbia"). He was also a coordinator in more than 25 events of paleontological shows, exhibitions and Interactive museums.
He both described and co\-described many species:
* *[Andesaurus delgadoi](/wiki/Andesaurus_delgadoi "Andesaurus delgadoi")* Calvo \& Bonaparte, 1991
* *[Picunichnus benedettoi](/wiki/Picunichnus_benedettoi "Picunichnus benedettoi")* Calvo, 1991 (a)
* *[Sauropodichnus giganteus](/wiki/Sauropodichnus_giganteus "Sauropodichnus giganteus")* Calvo, 1991 (a)
* *[Sousaichnium monetae](/wiki/Sousaichnium_monetae "Sousaichnium monetae")* Calvo, 1991 (a)
* *[Deferrariischnium mapuchensis](/wiki/Deferrariischnium_mapuchensis "Deferrariischnium mapuchensis")* Calvo, 1991 (a)
* *[Limayichnus major](/wiki/Limayichnus_major "Limayichnus major")* Calvo, 1991 (a)
* *[Neuquenornis volans](/wiki/Neuquenornis_volans "Neuquenornis volans")* Chiappe \& Calvo, 1994
* *[Limaysaurus tessonei](/wiki/Limaysaurus_tessonei "Limaysaurus tessonei")* Calvo \& Salgado, 1995 (b)
* *[Megaloolithus patagonicus](/wiki/Megaloolithus_patagonicus "Megaloolithus patagonicus")* Calvo, Engelland, Heredia \& Salgado, 1997 (c)
* *[Avitabatrachus uliana](/wiki/Avitabatrachus_uliana "Avitabatrachus uliana")* Báez, Trueb \& Calvo, 2000
* *[Araripesuchus patagonicus](/wiki/Araripesuchus_patagonicus "Araripesuchus patagonicus")* Ortega, Gasparini, Buscalioni \& Calvo, 2000
* *[Anabisetia saldiviai](/wiki/Anabisetia_saldiviai "Anabisetia saldiviai")* Coria \& Calvo, 2002
* *[Rinconsaurus caudamirus](/wiki/Rinconsaurus_caudamirus "Rinconsaurus caudamirus")* Calvo \& González Riga, 2003
* *[Unenlagia paynemili](/wiki/Unenlagia_paynemili "Unenlagia paynemili")* Calvo, Porfiri \& Kellner, 2004
* *[Ekrixinatosaurus novasi](/wiki/Ekrixinatosaurus_novasi "Ekrixinatosaurus novasi")* Calvo, Rubillar\-Rogers \& Moreno, 2004
* *[Puertasaurus reuili](/wiki/Puertasaurus_reuili "Puertasaurus reuili")* Novas, Salgado, Calvo \& Agnolin, 2005
* *[Pehuenchesuchus enderi](/wiki/Pehuenchesuchus_enderi "Pehuenchesuchus enderi")* Turner \& Calvo, 2005
* *[Futalognkosaurus dukei](/wiki/Futalognkosaurus_dukei "Futalognkosaurus dukei")* Calvo, Porfiri, González Riga \& Kellner, 2007
* *[Neuquensuchus universitas](/wiki/Neuquensuchus_universitas "Neuquensuchus universitas")* Fiorelli \& Calvo, 2007
* *[Muyelensaurus pecheni](/wiki/Muyelensaurus_pecheni "Muyelensaurus pecheni")* Calvo, González Riga \& Porfiri, 2007
* *[Macrogryphosaurus gondwanicus](/wiki/Macrogryphosaurus_gondwanicus "Macrogryphosaurus gondwanicus")* Calvo, Porfiri \& Novas, 2007
* *[Linderochelys rinconensis](/wiki/Linderochelys_rinconensis "Linderochelys rinconensis")* De la Fuente, Calvo \& Gonzalez Riga, 2007
* *[Austroraptor cabazai](/wiki/Austroraptor_cabazai "Austroraptor cabazai")* Novas, Pol, Canale, Porfiri \& Calvo, 2009
* *[Titanopodus mendozensis](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00869.x/full)* Gonzalez Riga \& Calvo, 2009
* *[Panamericansaurus schroederi](/wiki/Panamericansaurus_schroederi "Panamericansaurus schroederi")* Calvo \& Porfiri, 2010
* *[Willinakaqe salitralensis](/wiki/Willinakaqe_salitralensis "Willinakaqe salitralensis")* R. D. Juárez Valieri, J. A. Haro, L. E. Fiorelli \& J. O. Calvo, 2010
* *[Pamparaptor micros](/wiki/Pamparaptor "Pamparaptor")* J. D. Porfiri, J. O. Calvo and D. Dos Santos, 2011
* *[Leufuichthys minimus](/wiki/Leufuichthys_minimus "Leufuichthys minimus")* Gallo, Calvo \& Kellner, 2011
* *[Traukutitan eocaudata](/wiki/Traukutitan_eocaudata "Traukutitan eocaudata")* Juárez Valieri \& Calvo, 2011
* *[Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi](/wiki/Notocolossus_gonzalezparejasi "Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi")* B. J. González Riga, M. C. Lamanna, L. D. Ortiz David, J. O. Calvo \& J. P. Coria, 2016
He died on 10 January 2023, aged 61, in [Neuquén](/wiki/Neuqu%C3%A9n "Neuquén"), [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina "Argentina").
|
[
"Life and career\n---------------",
"Jorge Orlando Calvo was born in [Córdoba, Argentina](/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Argentina \"Córdoba, Argentina\"), on 27 April 1961\\. He was a professor in Geology and Paleontology at the [National University of Comahue](/wiki/National_University_of_Comahue \"National University of Comahue\"), [Neuquén](/wiki/Neuqu%C3%A9n \"Neuquén\"). He was one of the founders of the Geology Career (2010\\) at this university as well as the Director of the Barreales Lake Paleontological Center.",
"Calvo became a geologist in 1986 and in 1991 he won a [Fulbright scholarship](/wiki/Fulbright_scholarship \"Fulbright scholarship\") to do a Master in Paleontological Sciences (1992\\) at the [University of Illinois](/wiki/University_of_Illinois \"University of Illinois\") at [Chicago, USA](/wiki/Chicago%2C_USA \"Chicago, USA\"), getting his degree in 1994\\. In 2006, he earned his PhD degree at the [Federal University of Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Federal_University_of_Rio_de_Janeiro \"Federal University of Rio de Janeiro\"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\").",
"Calvo devoted his life to the discovering, digging and studying of Vertebrate Paleontology. He was the first palaeontologist to live and work in the Neuquén province. He was both author and co\\-author of many discoveries of his own about new taxa in dinosaurs, birds, crocodiles, frogs, turtles, eggs and dinosaur tracks. Calvo was the first palaeontologist to have helped develop not only the Paleontological Science in Norpatagonia (1987\\), but also the Paleontological Tourism. He was the founder of the Geology and Paleontology Museum of the [National University of Comahue](/wiki/National_University_of_Comahue \"National University of Comahue\") (1990\\), the Paleontological Museum of Rincón de los Sauces (2000\\) and the Barreales Lake Paleontological Center (2002\\).",
"As a researcher of the National University of Comahue, he was the Director of more than 15 national and international research projects led from institutions such as Conicet, Agencia Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia and [Universidad Nacional del Comahue](/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_del_Comahue \"Universidad Nacional del Comahue\") (Argentina), Duke Foundation of United States, [Dinosaur Society of America](/wiki/Dinosaur_Society_of_America \"Dinosaur Society of America\"), [National Geographic Society](/wiki/National_Geographic_Society \"National Geographic Society\"), etc.",
"Calvo was the director of theses for graduates, masters and PhD students. He published more than 88 scientific papers and more than 60 in non\\-specialist magazines. He also read more than 135 papers and lectures at Congresses of the specialty worldwide.",
"Calvo was invited to lecture on dinosaurs from [Norpatagonia](/wiki/Norpatagonia \"Norpatagonia\") in different cities of Argentina, Brazil, [Chile](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"), [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\"), [Romania](/wiki/Romania \"Romania\") and [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia \"Serbia\"). He was also a coordinator in more than 25 events of paleontological shows, exhibitions and Interactive museums.",
"He both described and co\\-described many species:\n* *[Andesaurus delgadoi](/wiki/Andesaurus_delgadoi \"Andesaurus delgadoi\")* Calvo \\& Bonaparte, 1991\n* *[Picunichnus benedettoi](/wiki/Picunichnus_benedettoi \"Picunichnus benedettoi\")* Calvo, 1991 (a)\n* *[Sauropodichnus giganteus](/wiki/Sauropodichnus_giganteus \"Sauropodichnus giganteus\")* Calvo, 1991 (a)\n* *[Sousaichnium monetae](/wiki/Sousaichnium_monetae \"Sousaichnium monetae\")* Calvo, 1991 (a)\n* *[Deferrariischnium mapuchensis](/wiki/Deferrariischnium_mapuchensis \"Deferrariischnium mapuchensis\")* Calvo, 1991 (a)\n* *[Limayichnus major](/wiki/Limayichnus_major \"Limayichnus major\")* Calvo, 1991 (a)\n* *[Neuquenornis volans](/wiki/Neuquenornis_volans \"Neuquenornis volans\")* Chiappe \\& Calvo, 1994\n* *[Limaysaurus tessonei](/wiki/Limaysaurus_tessonei \"Limaysaurus tessonei\")* Calvo \\& Salgado, 1995 (b)\n* *[Megaloolithus patagonicus](/wiki/Megaloolithus_patagonicus \"Megaloolithus patagonicus\")* Calvo, Engelland, Heredia \\& Salgado, 1997 (c)\n* *[Avitabatrachus uliana](/wiki/Avitabatrachus_uliana \"Avitabatrachus uliana\")* Báez, Trueb \\& Calvo, 2000\n* *[Araripesuchus patagonicus](/wiki/Araripesuchus_patagonicus \"Araripesuchus patagonicus\")* Ortega, Gasparini, Buscalioni \\& Calvo, 2000\n* *[Anabisetia saldiviai](/wiki/Anabisetia_saldiviai \"Anabisetia saldiviai\")* Coria \\& Calvo, 2002\n* *[Rinconsaurus caudamirus](/wiki/Rinconsaurus_caudamirus \"Rinconsaurus caudamirus\")* Calvo \\& González Riga, 2003\n* *[Unenlagia paynemili](/wiki/Unenlagia_paynemili \"Unenlagia paynemili\")* Calvo, Porfiri \\& Kellner, 2004\n* *[Ekrixinatosaurus novasi](/wiki/Ekrixinatosaurus_novasi \"Ekrixinatosaurus novasi\")* Calvo, Rubillar\\-Rogers \\& Moreno, 2004\n* *[Puertasaurus reuili](/wiki/Puertasaurus_reuili \"Puertasaurus reuili\")* Novas, Salgado, Calvo \\& Agnolin, 2005\n* *[Pehuenchesuchus enderi](/wiki/Pehuenchesuchus_enderi \"Pehuenchesuchus enderi\")* Turner \\& Calvo, 2005\n* *[Futalognkosaurus dukei](/wiki/Futalognkosaurus_dukei \"Futalognkosaurus dukei\")* Calvo, Porfiri, González Riga \\& Kellner, 2007\n* *[Neuquensuchus universitas](/wiki/Neuquensuchus_universitas \"Neuquensuchus universitas\")* Fiorelli \\& Calvo, 2007\n* *[Muyelensaurus pecheni](/wiki/Muyelensaurus_pecheni \"Muyelensaurus pecheni\")* Calvo, González Riga \\& Porfiri, 2007\n* *[Macrogryphosaurus gondwanicus](/wiki/Macrogryphosaurus_gondwanicus \"Macrogryphosaurus gondwanicus\")* Calvo, Porfiri \\& Novas, 2007\n* *[Linderochelys rinconensis](/wiki/Linderochelys_rinconensis \"Linderochelys rinconensis\")* De la Fuente, Calvo \\& Gonzalez Riga, 2007\n* *[Austroraptor cabazai](/wiki/Austroraptor_cabazai \"Austroraptor cabazai\")* Novas, Pol, Canale, Porfiri \\& Calvo, 2009\n* *[Titanopodus mendozensis](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00869.x/full)* Gonzalez Riga \\& Calvo, 2009\n* *[Panamericansaurus schroederi](/wiki/Panamericansaurus_schroederi \"Panamericansaurus schroederi\")* Calvo \\& Porfiri, 2010\n* *[Willinakaqe salitralensis](/wiki/Willinakaqe_salitralensis \"Willinakaqe salitralensis\")* R. D. Juárez Valieri, J. A. Haro, L. E. Fiorelli \\& J. O. Calvo, 2010\n* *[Pamparaptor micros](/wiki/Pamparaptor \"Pamparaptor\")* J. D. Porfiri, J. O. Calvo and D. Dos Santos, 2011\n* *[Leufuichthys minimus](/wiki/Leufuichthys_minimus \"Leufuichthys minimus\")* Gallo, Calvo \\& Kellner, 2011\n* *[Traukutitan eocaudata](/wiki/Traukutitan_eocaudata \"Traukutitan eocaudata\")* Juárez Valieri \\& Calvo, 2011\n* *[Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi](/wiki/Notocolossus_gonzalezparejasi \"Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi\")* B. J. González Riga, M. C. Lamanna, L. D. Ortiz David, J. O. Calvo \\& J. P. Coria, 2016",
"He died on 10 January 2023, aged 61, in [Neuquén](/wiki/Neuqu%C3%A9n \"Neuquén\"), [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\").",
""
] |
Career
------
### Early career and back injury
Dent won ATP titles in Newport (2002\), [Bangkok](/wiki/Bangkok "Bangkok") (2003\), [Memphis](/wiki/Regions_Morgan_Keegan_Championships_and_the_Cellular_South_Cup "Regions Morgan Keegan Championships and the Cellular South Cup") (2003\), and Moscow (2003\), and reached the finals of three other events on tour. His victory in Memphis is still often referred to as his most impressive victory, as he beat future world No. 1 [Andy Roddick](/wiki/Andy_Roddick "Andy Roddick") in the final.
Dent played with distinction at the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics "2004 Summer Olympics"), where he made a push all the way to the semi\-finals, where he was defeated by eventual gold medalist [Nicolás Massú](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Mass%C3%BA "Nicolás Massú") of Chile. He went on to lose the Bronze medal match 16–14 in the third set against [Fernando González](/wiki/Fernando_Gonz%C3%A1lez "Fernando González") of Chile.
Dent, paired with [Lisa Raymond](/wiki/Lisa_Raymond "Lisa Raymond"), won the [2006 Hopman Cup](/wiki/2006_Hopman_Cup "2006 Hopman Cup"), defeating the Netherlands two sets to one in the final.
In 2006 Dent did not play many competitive matches, due to a recurring back and groin problem. Dent had back surgery on March 19, 2007\.
### Return from injury
On May 26, 2008, Dent received a wild card and played at the Carson challenger in the United States. It was his first match since February 2006\. He lost his first round match to [Cecil Mamiit](/wiki/Cecil_Mamiit "Cecil Mamiit"). In July 2008 Dent took a wild card into his first ATP tour event for two seasons at the Hall of Fame tennis tournament in Newport, Rhode Island. He lost in three sets to Canada's Frank Dancevic.
On November 12, 2008, Dent won his first comeback match at the Champaign challenger against [Frédéric Niemeyer](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Niemeyer "Frédéric Niemeyer"), 6–3, 7–6(3\). He followed this win up by defeating second seed and fellow American [Robert Kendrick](/wiki/Robert_Kendrick "Robert Kendrick"). In the third round, Dent had to withdraw against [Sam Warburg](/wiki/Sam_Warburg "Sam Warburg"). Using his [protected ranking](/wiki/Protected_ranking "Protected ranking") of 56, Dent played the 2009 [Australian Open](/wiki/Australian_Open "Australian Open"), where he was eliminated in the first round by [Amer Delić](/wiki/Amer_Deli%C4%87 "Amer Delić").
As a qualifier, he reached the fourth round of the [2009 Miami Open](/wiki/2009_Sony_Ericsson_Open "2009 Sony Ericsson Open"), defeating [Nicolás Almagro](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Almagro "Nicolás Almagro") and [Tommy Robredo](/wiki/Tommy_Robredo "Tommy Robredo") in the process. He lost to [Roger Federer](/wiki/Roger_Federer "Roger Federer") in the fourth round, 3–6, 2–6\. Despite the scoreline, the first set was a very entertaining encounter, with Federer's longest service game lasting just short of a quarter of an hour; Dent had eight break point opportunities. He had a poor run of form following this, but reversed the poor form by qualifying for [Wimbledon](/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships "2009 Wimbledon Championships"), having entered the qualifying via a wildcard. He won his way through to the main draw, where he lost to [Daniel Gimeno Traver](/wiki/Daniel_Gimeno_Traver "Daniel Gimeno Traver") in five sets in the first round.
He received a wild card for the 2009 US Open and won his first US Open match since 2005, upsetting [Feliciano López](/wiki/Feliciano_L%C3%B3pez "Feliciano López") in four sets. He advanced to the third round after beating [Iván Navarro](/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Navarro_%28tennis%29 "Iván Navarro (tennis)") in the second round, in a five\-set match. Following the match, he took the umpire microphone and thanked the crowd for support, following it with a victory lap around the stadium. In the third round, he was beaten by [Andy Murray](/wiki/Andy_Murray "Andy Murray") in straight sets. Following the US Open, Dent won the USTA [Challenger](/wiki/ATP_Challenger "ATP Challenger") of Oklahoma in [Tulsa](/wiki/Tulsa "Tulsa").
In his opening event of the [2010 season](/wiki/2010_ATP_World_Tour "2010 ATP World Tour"), he entered the main draw at the [2010 Australian Open](/wiki/2010_Australian_Open "2010 Australian Open"). He defeated [Fabio Fognini](/wiki/Fabio_Fognini "Fabio Fognini"), in the first round and moved on to face tenth seed [Jo\-Wilfried Tsonga](/wiki/Jo-Wilfried_Tsonga "Jo-Wilfried Tsonga"), to whom he lost.
On May 25, 2010, in Roland Garros, against [Nicolás Lapentti](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Lapentti "Nicolás Lapentti"), Dent served at 240 km/h and set a new tournament record that [Fernando Verdasco](/wiki/Fernando_Verdasco "Fernando Verdasco") and [Andy Roddick](/wiki/Andy_Roddick "Andy Roddick") had held before him (with 232 km/h). Additionally, at the [2010 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2010_Wimbledon_Championships "2010 Wimbledon Championships") on June 23, 2010, Dent set a record with the fastest serve ever recorded at the Wimbledon tournament at 148 mph.
On November 8, 2010, Taylor Dent announced his retirement from professional tennis.[Dent Retires From Professional Tennis \- ATP World Tour](http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/11/Other/Dent-Announces-Retirement.aspx)
### Playing style
Unusual for a contemporary tennis player, Dent favored a pure [serve\-and\-volley](/wiki/Serve-and-volley "Serve-and-volley") style of play. He possessed a powerful serve and strong volleys. He had the fourth fastest serve in the world, at a velocity of 243 km/h. At the [2010 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2010_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles "2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles") he set the record for the fastest serve ever recorded at the event with a speed of 238 km/h. (148 mph){{Citation
\| title \= No shock for Djokovic\| url \= https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5haq8z0byyfheHg9O64awiNyM6T2g\| year \= 2010\| access\-date \= June 23, 2010}}{{dead link\|date\=June 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Early career and back injury",
"Dent won ATP titles in Newport (2002\\), [Bangkok](/wiki/Bangkok \"Bangkok\") (2003\\), [Memphis](/wiki/Regions_Morgan_Keegan_Championships_and_the_Cellular_South_Cup \"Regions Morgan Keegan Championships and the Cellular South Cup\") (2003\\), and Moscow (2003\\), and reached the finals of three other events on tour. His victory in Memphis is still often referred to as his most impressive victory, as he beat future world No. 1 [Andy Roddick](/wiki/Andy_Roddick \"Andy Roddick\") in the final.",
"Dent played with distinction at the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics \"2004 Summer Olympics\"), where he made a push all the way to the semi\\-finals, where he was defeated by eventual gold medalist [Nicolás Massú](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Mass%C3%BA \"Nicolás Massú\") of Chile. He went on to lose the Bronze medal match 16–14 in the third set against [Fernando González](/wiki/Fernando_Gonz%C3%A1lez \"Fernando González\") of Chile.",
"Dent, paired with [Lisa Raymond](/wiki/Lisa_Raymond \"Lisa Raymond\"), won the [2006 Hopman Cup](/wiki/2006_Hopman_Cup \"2006 Hopman Cup\"), defeating the Netherlands two sets to one in the final.",
"In 2006 Dent did not play many competitive matches, due to a recurring back and groin problem. Dent had back surgery on March 19, 2007\\.",
"### Return from injury",
"On May 26, 2008, Dent received a wild card and played at the Carson challenger in the United States. It was his first match since February 2006\\. He lost his first round match to [Cecil Mamiit](/wiki/Cecil_Mamiit \"Cecil Mamiit\"). In July 2008 Dent took a wild card into his first ATP tour event for two seasons at the Hall of Fame tennis tournament in Newport, Rhode Island. He lost in three sets to Canada's Frank Dancevic.",
"On November 12, 2008, Dent won his first comeback match at the Champaign challenger against [Frédéric Niemeyer](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Niemeyer \"Frédéric Niemeyer\"), 6–3, 7–6(3\\). He followed this win up by defeating second seed and fellow American [Robert Kendrick](/wiki/Robert_Kendrick \"Robert Kendrick\"). In the third round, Dent had to withdraw against [Sam Warburg](/wiki/Sam_Warburg \"Sam Warburg\"). Using his [protected ranking](/wiki/Protected_ranking \"Protected ranking\") of 56, Dent played the 2009 [Australian Open](/wiki/Australian_Open \"Australian Open\"), where he was eliminated in the first round by [Amer Delić](/wiki/Amer_Deli%C4%87 \"Amer Delić\").",
"As a qualifier, he reached the fourth round of the [2009 Miami Open](/wiki/2009_Sony_Ericsson_Open \"2009 Sony Ericsson Open\"), defeating [Nicolás Almagro](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Almagro \"Nicolás Almagro\") and [Tommy Robredo](/wiki/Tommy_Robredo \"Tommy Robredo\") in the process. He lost to [Roger Federer](/wiki/Roger_Federer \"Roger Federer\") in the fourth round, 3–6, 2–6\\. Despite the scoreline, the first set was a very entertaining encounter, with Federer's longest service game lasting just short of a quarter of an hour; Dent had eight break point opportunities. He had a poor run of form following this, but reversed the poor form by qualifying for [Wimbledon](/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships \"2009 Wimbledon Championships\"), having entered the qualifying via a wildcard. He won his way through to the main draw, where he lost to [Daniel Gimeno Traver](/wiki/Daniel_Gimeno_Traver \"Daniel Gimeno Traver\") in five sets in the first round.",
"He received a wild card for the 2009 US Open and won his first US Open match since 2005, upsetting [Feliciano López](/wiki/Feliciano_L%C3%B3pez \"Feliciano López\") in four sets. He advanced to the third round after beating [Iván Navarro](/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Navarro_%28tennis%29 \"Iván Navarro (tennis)\") in the second round, in a five\\-set match. Following the match, he took the umpire microphone and thanked the crowd for support, following it with a victory lap around the stadium. In the third round, he was beaten by [Andy Murray](/wiki/Andy_Murray \"Andy Murray\") in straight sets. Following the US Open, Dent won the USTA [Challenger](/wiki/ATP_Challenger \"ATP Challenger\") of Oklahoma in [Tulsa](/wiki/Tulsa \"Tulsa\").",
"In his opening event of the [2010 season](/wiki/2010_ATP_World_Tour \"2010 ATP World Tour\"), he entered the main draw at the [2010 Australian Open](/wiki/2010_Australian_Open \"2010 Australian Open\"). He defeated [Fabio Fognini](/wiki/Fabio_Fognini \"Fabio Fognini\"), in the first round and moved on to face tenth seed [Jo\\-Wilfried Tsonga](/wiki/Jo-Wilfried_Tsonga \"Jo-Wilfried Tsonga\"), to whom he lost.",
"On May 25, 2010, in Roland Garros, against [Nicolás Lapentti](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Lapentti \"Nicolás Lapentti\"), Dent served at 240 km/h and set a new tournament record that [Fernando Verdasco](/wiki/Fernando_Verdasco \"Fernando Verdasco\") and [Andy Roddick](/wiki/Andy_Roddick \"Andy Roddick\") had held before him (with 232 km/h). Additionally, at the [2010 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2010_Wimbledon_Championships \"2010 Wimbledon Championships\") on June 23, 2010, Dent set a record with the fastest serve ever recorded at the Wimbledon tournament at 148 mph.",
"On November 8, 2010, Taylor Dent announced his retirement from professional tennis.[Dent Retires From Professional Tennis \\- ATP World Tour](http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/11/Other/Dent-Announces-Retirement.aspx)",
"### Playing style",
"Unusual for a contemporary tennis player, Dent favored a pure [serve\\-and\\-volley](/wiki/Serve-and-volley \"Serve-and-volley\") style of play. He possessed a powerful serve and strong volleys. He had the fourth fastest serve in the world, at a velocity of 243 km/h. At the [2010 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2010_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles \"2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles\") he set the record for the fastest serve ever recorded at the event with a speed of 238 km/h. (148 mph){{Citation\n \\| title \\= No shock for Djokovic\\| url \\= https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5haq8z0byyfheHg9O64awiNyM6T2g\\| year \\= 2010\\| access\\-date \\= June 23, 2010}}{{dead link\\|date\\=June 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}",
""
] |
### Return from injury
On May 26, 2008, Dent received a wild card and played at the Carson challenger in the United States. It was his first match since February 2006\. He lost his first round match to [Cecil Mamiit](/wiki/Cecil_Mamiit "Cecil Mamiit"). In July 2008 Dent took a wild card into his first ATP tour event for two seasons at the Hall of Fame tennis tournament in Newport, Rhode Island. He lost in three sets to Canada's Frank Dancevic.
On November 12, 2008, Dent won his first comeback match at the Champaign challenger against [Frédéric Niemeyer](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Niemeyer "Frédéric Niemeyer"), 6–3, 7–6(3\). He followed this win up by defeating second seed and fellow American [Robert Kendrick](/wiki/Robert_Kendrick "Robert Kendrick"). In the third round, Dent had to withdraw against [Sam Warburg](/wiki/Sam_Warburg "Sam Warburg"). Using his [protected ranking](/wiki/Protected_ranking "Protected ranking") of 56, Dent played the 2009 [Australian Open](/wiki/Australian_Open "Australian Open"), where he was eliminated in the first round by [Amer Delić](/wiki/Amer_Deli%C4%87 "Amer Delić").
As a qualifier, he reached the fourth round of the [2009 Miami Open](/wiki/2009_Sony_Ericsson_Open "2009 Sony Ericsson Open"), defeating [Nicolás Almagro](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Almagro "Nicolás Almagro") and [Tommy Robredo](/wiki/Tommy_Robredo "Tommy Robredo") in the process. He lost to [Roger Federer](/wiki/Roger_Federer "Roger Federer") in the fourth round, 3–6, 2–6\. Despite the scoreline, the first set was a very entertaining encounter, with Federer's longest service game lasting just short of a quarter of an hour; Dent had eight break point opportunities. He had a poor run of form following this, but reversed the poor form by qualifying for [Wimbledon](/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships "2009 Wimbledon Championships"), having entered the qualifying via a wildcard. He won his way through to the main draw, where he lost to [Daniel Gimeno Traver](/wiki/Daniel_Gimeno_Traver "Daniel Gimeno Traver") in five sets in the first round.
He received a wild card for the 2009 US Open and won his first US Open match since 2005, upsetting [Feliciano López](/wiki/Feliciano_L%C3%B3pez "Feliciano López") in four sets. He advanced to the third round after beating [Iván Navarro](/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Navarro_%28tennis%29 "Iván Navarro (tennis)") in the second round, in a five\-set match. Following the match, he took the umpire microphone and thanked the crowd for support, following it with a victory lap around the stadium. In the third round, he was beaten by [Andy Murray](/wiki/Andy_Murray "Andy Murray") in straight sets. Following the US Open, Dent won the USTA [Challenger](/wiki/ATP_Challenger "ATP Challenger") of Oklahoma in [Tulsa](/wiki/Tulsa "Tulsa").
In his opening event of the [2010 season](/wiki/2010_ATP_World_Tour "2010 ATP World Tour"), he entered the main draw at the [2010 Australian Open](/wiki/2010_Australian_Open "2010 Australian Open"). He defeated [Fabio Fognini](/wiki/Fabio_Fognini "Fabio Fognini"), in the first round and moved on to face tenth seed [Jo\-Wilfried Tsonga](/wiki/Jo-Wilfried_Tsonga "Jo-Wilfried Tsonga"), to whom he lost.
On May 25, 2010, in Roland Garros, against [Nicolás Lapentti](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Lapentti "Nicolás Lapentti"), Dent served at 240 km/h and set a new tournament record that [Fernando Verdasco](/wiki/Fernando_Verdasco "Fernando Verdasco") and [Andy Roddick](/wiki/Andy_Roddick "Andy Roddick") had held before him (with 232 km/h). Additionally, at the [2010 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2010_Wimbledon_Championships "2010 Wimbledon Championships") on June 23, 2010, Dent set a record with the fastest serve ever recorded at the Wimbledon tournament at 148 mph.
On November 8, 2010, Taylor Dent announced his retirement from professional tennis.[Dent Retires From Professional Tennis \- ATP World Tour](http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/11/Other/Dent-Announces-Retirement.aspx)
|
[
"### Return from injury",
"On May 26, 2008, Dent received a wild card and played at the Carson challenger in the United States. It was his first match since February 2006\\. He lost his first round match to [Cecil Mamiit](/wiki/Cecil_Mamiit \"Cecil Mamiit\"). In July 2008 Dent took a wild card into his first ATP tour event for two seasons at the Hall of Fame tennis tournament in Newport, Rhode Island. He lost in three sets to Canada's Frank Dancevic.",
"On November 12, 2008, Dent won his first comeback match at the Champaign challenger against [Frédéric Niemeyer](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Niemeyer \"Frédéric Niemeyer\"), 6–3, 7–6(3\\). He followed this win up by defeating second seed and fellow American [Robert Kendrick](/wiki/Robert_Kendrick \"Robert Kendrick\"). In the third round, Dent had to withdraw against [Sam Warburg](/wiki/Sam_Warburg \"Sam Warburg\"). Using his [protected ranking](/wiki/Protected_ranking \"Protected ranking\") of 56, Dent played the 2009 [Australian Open](/wiki/Australian_Open \"Australian Open\"), where he was eliminated in the first round by [Amer Delić](/wiki/Amer_Deli%C4%87 \"Amer Delić\").",
"As a qualifier, he reached the fourth round of the [2009 Miami Open](/wiki/2009_Sony_Ericsson_Open \"2009 Sony Ericsson Open\"), defeating [Nicolás Almagro](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Almagro \"Nicolás Almagro\") and [Tommy Robredo](/wiki/Tommy_Robredo \"Tommy Robredo\") in the process. He lost to [Roger Federer](/wiki/Roger_Federer \"Roger Federer\") in the fourth round, 3–6, 2–6\\. Despite the scoreline, the first set was a very entertaining encounter, with Federer's longest service game lasting just short of a quarter of an hour; Dent had eight break point opportunities. He had a poor run of form following this, but reversed the poor form by qualifying for [Wimbledon](/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships \"2009 Wimbledon Championships\"), having entered the qualifying via a wildcard. He won his way through to the main draw, where he lost to [Daniel Gimeno Traver](/wiki/Daniel_Gimeno_Traver \"Daniel Gimeno Traver\") in five sets in the first round.",
"He received a wild card for the 2009 US Open and won his first US Open match since 2005, upsetting [Feliciano López](/wiki/Feliciano_L%C3%B3pez \"Feliciano López\") in four sets. He advanced to the third round after beating [Iván Navarro](/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Navarro_%28tennis%29 \"Iván Navarro (tennis)\") in the second round, in a five\\-set match. Following the match, he took the umpire microphone and thanked the crowd for support, following it with a victory lap around the stadium. In the third round, he was beaten by [Andy Murray](/wiki/Andy_Murray \"Andy Murray\") in straight sets. Following the US Open, Dent won the USTA [Challenger](/wiki/ATP_Challenger \"ATP Challenger\") of Oklahoma in [Tulsa](/wiki/Tulsa \"Tulsa\").",
"In his opening event of the [2010 season](/wiki/2010_ATP_World_Tour \"2010 ATP World Tour\"), he entered the main draw at the [2010 Australian Open](/wiki/2010_Australian_Open \"2010 Australian Open\"). He defeated [Fabio Fognini](/wiki/Fabio_Fognini \"Fabio Fognini\"), in the first round and moved on to face tenth seed [Jo\\-Wilfried Tsonga](/wiki/Jo-Wilfried_Tsonga \"Jo-Wilfried Tsonga\"), to whom he lost.",
"On May 25, 2010, in Roland Garros, against [Nicolás Lapentti](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Lapentti \"Nicolás Lapentti\"), Dent served at 240 km/h and set a new tournament record that [Fernando Verdasco](/wiki/Fernando_Verdasco \"Fernando Verdasco\") and [Andy Roddick](/wiki/Andy_Roddick \"Andy Roddick\") had held before him (with 232 km/h). Additionally, at the [2010 Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/2010_Wimbledon_Championships \"2010 Wimbledon Championships\") on June 23, 2010, Dent set a record with the fastest serve ever recorded at the Wimbledon tournament at 148 mph.",
"On November 8, 2010, Taylor Dent announced his retirement from professional tennis.[Dent Retires From Professional Tennis \\- ATP World Tour](http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/11/Other/Dent-Announces-Retirement.aspx)",
""
] |
Personal life
-------------
Dent is the son of former [ATP](/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals "Association of Tennis Professionals") player and 1974 [Australian Open](/wiki/Australian_Open "Australian Open") finalist [Phil Dent](/wiki/Phil_Dent "Phil Dent"). Taylor's mother, [Betty Ann Grubb Stuart](/wiki/Betty_Ann_Grubb_Stuart "Betty Ann Grubb Stuart"), who has remarried, reached the [US Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 "US Open (tennis)") doubles final in 1977 with [Renée Richards](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Richards "Renée Richards"). Grubb was a former top\-10 singles player in the United States. Dent's half\-brother, [Brett Hansen\-Dent](/wiki/Brett_Hansen-Dent "Brett Hansen-Dent"), played on the ATP circuit for a short time after playing on the tennis team of the [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California") and reaching the singles final of the [NCAA Men's Tennis Championship](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Tennis_Championship "NCAA Men's Tennis Championship").{{cite web \|url\=http://southerncaliforniatennis.org/tennis\-spotlights/teaching\-pro\-spotlight/teaching\-pro\-spotlight\-brett\-hansen\-dent/ \|title\=Teaching Pro Spotlight: Brett Hansen\-Dent \|last\=Pratt \|first\=Steve \|date\=16 October 2015\|website\= Southern California Tennis News\|access\-date\=16 December 2017}}
His godfather is the former top ten player [John Alexander](/wiki/John_Alexander_%28tennis%29 "John Alexander (tennis)"), of Australia, who was Phil Dent's doubles partner when that duo won the 1975 Australian Open doubles title.
Dent's first cousin, [Misty May\-Treanor](/wiki/Misty_May-Treanor "Misty May-Treanor"), was one of the top pro volleyball players in the world, and she and her teammates won the gold medals at the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics "2004 Summer Olympics"), [2008 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics "2008 Summer Olympics") and the [2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics "2012 Summer Olympics").
Dent appeared in an American [TV commercial](/wiki/TV_commercial "TV commercial") for the insurance company [Genworth Financial](/wiki/Genworth_Financial "Genworth Financial") as the opponent of a boy playing the role of Jaden Agassi, the young son of [Andre Agassi](/wiki/Andre_Agassi "Andre Agassi") and [Steffi Graf](/wiki/Steffi_Graf "Steffi Graf").
Dent attended [Corona del Mar High School](/wiki/Corona_del_Mar_High_School "Corona del Mar High School") in Newport Beach, California, and he was on the interscholastic tennis team there. Dent also attended the [Monte Vista High School](/wiki/Monte_Vista_High_School_%28Danville%2C_California%29 "Monte Vista High School (Danville, California)"), in [Northern California](/wiki/Northern_California "Northern California").
On December 8, 2006, Dent married WTA Tour player, [Jennifer Hopkins](/wiki/Jennifer_Hopkins "Jennifer Hopkins"). Their wedding party included [Maria Sharapova](/wiki/Maria_Sharapova "Maria Sharapova"), [Nick Bollettieri](/wiki/Nick_Bollettieri "Nick Bollettieri"), [Jan\-Michael Gambill](/wiki/Jan-Michael_Gambill "Jan-Michael Gambill"), [Tommy Haas](/wiki/Tommy_Haas "Tommy Haas"), [Xavier Malisse](/wiki/Xavier_Malisse "Xavier Malisse"), [Willie Alumbaugh](/wiki/Willie_Alumbaugh "Willie Alumbaugh") and [Mashona Washington](/wiki/Mashona_Washington "Mashona Washington"). Jenny gave birth to a son in 2010 and a daughter in 2014\.
Taylor has been a commentator on [The Tennis Channel](/wiki/The_Tennis_Channel "The Tennis Channel") for the [US Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 "US Open (tennis)") in 2006, 2007, and 2011\.
Dent currently resides in Keller, Texas, with wife [Jennifer Hopkins](/wiki/Jennifer_Hopkins "Jennifer Hopkins") and their four children. In 2020 the two along with Taylor's father, [Phil Dent](/wiki/Phil_Dent "Phil Dent"), opened [The Birch Racquet and Lawn Club](/wiki/The_Birch_Racquet_and_Lawn_Club "The Birch Racquet and Lawn Club"), located in Keller, Texas.
|
[
"Personal life\n-------------",
"Dent is the son of former [ATP](/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals \"Association of Tennis Professionals\") player and 1974 [Australian Open](/wiki/Australian_Open \"Australian Open\") finalist [Phil Dent](/wiki/Phil_Dent \"Phil Dent\"). Taylor's mother, [Betty Ann Grubb Stuart](/wiki/Betty_Ann_Grubb_Stuart \"Betty Ann Grubb Stuart\"), who has remarried, reached the [US Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"US Open (tennis)\") doubles final in 1977 with [Renée Richards](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Richards \"Renée Richards\"). Grubb was a former top\\-10 singles player in the United States. Dent's half\\-brother, [Brett Hansen\\-Dent](/wiki/Brett_Hansen-Dent \"Brett Hansen-Dent\"), played on the ATP circuit for a short time after playing on the tennis team of the [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California \"University of Southern California\") and reaching the singles final of the [NCAA Men's Tennis Championship](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Tennis_Championship \"NCAA Men's Tennis Championship\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://southerncaliforniatennis.org/tennis\\-spotlights/teaching\\-pro\\-spotlight/teaching\\-pro\\-spotlight\\-brett\\-hansen\\-dent/ \\|title\\=Teaching Pro Spotlight: Brett Hansen\\-Dent \\|last\\=Pratt \\|first\\=Steve \\|date\\=16 October 2015\\|website\\= Southern California Tennis News\\|access\\-date\\=16 December 2017}}",
"His godfather is the former top ten player [John Alexander](/wiki/John_Alexander_%28tennis%29 \"John Alexander (tennis)\"), of Australia, who was Phil Dent's doubles partner when that duo won the 1975 Australian Open doubles title.",
"Dent's first cousin, [Misty May\\-Treanor](/wiki/Misty_May-Treanor \"Misty May-Treanor\"), was one of the top pro volleyball players in the world, and she and her teammates won the gold medals at the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics \"2004 Summer Olympics\"), [2008 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics \"2008 Summer Olympics\") and the [2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics \"2012 Summer Olympics\").",
"Dent appeared in an American [TV commercial](/wiki/TV_commercial \"TV commercial\") for the insurance company [Genworth Financial](/wiki/Genworth_Financial \"Genworth Financial\") as the opponent of a boy playing the role of Jaden Agassi, the young son of [Andre Agassi](/wiki/Andre_Agassi \"Andre Agassi\") and [Steffi Graf](/wiki/Steffi_Graf \"Steffi Graf\").",
"Dent attended [Corona del Mar High School](/wiki/Corona_del_Mar_High_School \"Corona del Mar High School\") in Newport Beach, California, and he was on the interscholastic tennis team there. Dent also attended the [Monte Vista High School](/wiki/Monte_Vista_High_School_%28Danville%2C_California%29 \"Monte Vista High School (Danville, California)\"), in [Northern California](/wiki/Northern_California \"Northern California\").",
"On December 8, 2006, Dent married WTA Tour player, [Jennifer Hopkins](/wiki/Jennifer_Hopkins \"Jennifer Hopkins\"). Their wedding party included [Maria Sharapova](/wiki/Maria_Sharapova \"Maria Sharapova\"), [Nick Bollettieri](/wiki/Nick_Bollettieri \"Nick Bollettieri\"), [Jan\\-Michael Gambill](/wiki/Jan-Michael_Gambill \"Jan-Michael Gambill\"), [Tommy Haas](/wiki/Tommy_Haas \"Tommy Haas\"), [Xavier Malisse](/wiki/Xavier_Malisse \"Xavier Malisse\"), [Willie Alumbaugh](/wiki/Willie_Alumbaugh \"Willie Alumbaugh\") and [Mashona Washington](/wiki/Mashona_Washington \"Mashona Washington\"). Jenny gave birth to a son in 2010 and a daughter in 2014\\.",
"Taylor has been a commentator on [The Tennis Channel](/wiki/The_Tennis_Channel \"The Tennis Channel\") for the [US Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"US Open (tennis)\") in 2006, 2007, and 2011\\.",
"Dent currently resides in Keller, Texas, with wife [Jennifer Hopkins](/wiki/Jennifer_Hopkins \"Jennifer Hopkins\") and their four children. In 2020 the two along with Taylor's father, [Phil Dent](/wiki/Phil_Dent \"Phil Dent\"), opened [The Birch Racquet and Lawn Club](/wiki/The_Birch_Racquet_and_Lawn_Club \"The Birch Racquet and Lawn Club\"), located in Keller, Texas.",
""
] |
History and documentation
-------------------------
The history of the Miami–Illinois language prior to revitalization can be divided into three periods: the Illinois Confederation and early contact, population decline and relocation to Oklahoma in the 19th century, and language loss leading to extinction in the 20th century.
The Miami–Illinois of the first period is recorded primarily by French Catholic missionaries in what is now Illinois, beginning with a collection of prayers, instruction, and catechisms written by [Claude\-Jean Allouez](/wiki/Claude-Jean_Allouez "Claude-Jean Allouez") (possibly with [Sébastien Rale](/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Rale "Sébastien Rale")'s assistance) in Kaskaskia in the late 17th century. A much more extensive document – an Illinois\-French dictionary of nearly 600 pages and 20,000 entries – was compiled by [Jacques Gravier](/wiki/Jacques_Gravier "Jacques Gravier") in the early 18th century. Based on an analysis of its handwriting, it appears to have been transcribed by his assistant, Jacques Largillier.{{Cite journal\|last\=Adelaar\|first\=Willem F. H.\|author\-link\=Willem Adelaar\|date\=1 September 2004\|editor\-last\=Rees\|editor\-first\=Geraint\|title\=Review: Kaskaskia Illinois\-to\-French Dictionary\|url\=https://academic.oup.com/ijl/article\-abstract/17/3/325/1191761\|department\=Book Review\|journal\=\[\[International Journal of Lexicography]]\|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]]\|volume\=17\|issue\=3\|pages\=325–327\|doi\=10\.1093/ijl/17\.3\.325\|url\-access\=subscription\|access\-date\=25 November 2020}} Gravier's original dictionary is held by [Trinity College](/wiki/Trinity_College_%28Connecticut%29 "Trinity College (Connecticut)") in [Hartford, Connecticut](/wiki/Hartford%2C_Connecticut "Hartford, Connecticut"). Two other notable sources from this time period are extant: a 185\-page word list compiled by Antoine\-Robert Le Boullenger with about 3,300 items, along with 42 pages of untranslated religious material, and an anonymous 672\-page dictionary probably intended as a field lexicon. Despite representing Miami–Illinois as it was spoken more than three centuries ago, these sources are readily intelligible with a knowledge of modern Miami.
Probably obtained from the Kaskaskia tribe, among whom the French had set up a mission, these documents doubtless approximate the lingua franca of the Illinois Confederation as a whole. Individual tribes within the Confederation, however, may well have spoken distinct dialects or other languages altogether. The linguistic affinity of the [Mitchigamea](/wiki/Mitchigamea "Mitchigamea") in particular has been questioned, since [Jacques Marquette](/wiki/Jacques_Marquette "Jacques Marquette") mentions a Mitchigamea interpreter who understood little Illinois.{{Cite web \|title\=The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents Volume 59 \|url\=http://moses.creighton.edu/kripke/jesuitrelations/relations\_59\.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615120227/http://moses.creighton.edu/kripke/jesuitrelations/relations\_59\.html \|archive\-date\=June 15, 2023 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-18 \|website\=moses.creighton.edu}}
During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Miami–Illinois people experienced a rapid population decline due to [introduced diseases](/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics "Native American disease and epidemics"), depredations by neighboring tribes (especially the [Iroquois](/wiki/Iroquois "Iroquois")), the [Northwest Indian War](/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War "Northwest Indian War"), and subsequent Anglo\-American colonisation. In contrast to the French missionary literature, Anglo\-American documentation of the language from this period varies widely in both extent and quality. The Miami chief [Little Turtle's](/wiki/Little_Turtle "Little Turtle") visit to Philadelphia created some interest in his culture, leading to two word lists of reasonable quality \- one apparently commissioned by [Thomas Jefferson](/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson"). The most significant materials of the early 19th century are the linguistic and ethnographic notes of [Charles Trowbridge](/wiki/Charles_Christopher_Trowbridge "Charles Christopher Trowbridge") and an anonymous 42\-page *Wea Primer* written for Protestant missionaries in Kansas in 1837\.
The first migrations out of the original Miami–Illinois heartland took place at this time. By 1832, there were virtually no Miami–Illinois speakers in Illinois; those who had survived the collapse of the previous decades had emigrated to Kansas via Missouri. The formerly diverse tribes of the Illinois Confederation had consolidated, and identified simply as "Peoria" or "Kaskaskia". In 1867, these groups left Kansas and entered the [Indian Territory](/wiki/Indian_Territory "Indian Territory") to settle in the [Quapaw Agency](/wiki/Quapaw_Indian_Agency "Quapaw Indian Agency"), where they would be joined by the Piankeshaw and Wea simultaneously forced out of Indiana. The tribes subsequently amalgamated to form the modern [Peoria tribe](/wiki/Peoria_people "Peoria people"). The Miami proper, meanwhile, split in 1847 between those remaining in northern Indiana and those leaving for Kansas; the latter group moved to the Quapaw Agency in the 1870s, but did not assimilate to the Peoria, and are now incorporated as the [Miami Tribe of Oklahoma](/wiki/Miami_Tribe_of_Oklahoma "Miami Tribe of Oklahoma"). The Miami who remained in Indiana now identify as the [Miami Nation of Indiana](/wiki/Miami_Nation_of_Indiana "Miami Nation of Indiana"), but lack federal recognition as such.
The use of the Miami–Illinois language declined precipitously after the migration to Oklahoma because of the concentration of various tribes, each with a different native language, in a single relatively small area (now [Ottawa County, Oklahoma](/wiki/Ottawa_County%2C_Oklahoma "Ottawa County, Oklahoma")). English served naturally as the lingua franca of the Quapaw Agency, and minority languages soon underwent [attrition](/wiki/Language_attrition "Language attrition"). Nonetheless, the Miami–Illinois of this period has left valuable documentation due to the work of trained linguists and ethnographers in the area. [Albert Gatschet](/wiki/Albert_Samuel_Gatschet "Albert Samuel Gatschet") recorded several examples of connected speech, including mythological narratives, and [Truman Michelson](/wiki/Truman_Michelson "Truman Michelson") elicited grammatical material and stories. These relatively long documents are valuable for reconstructing speech patterns in Miami\-Illinois.
Due to a comparative lack of contemporary interest in the language, it is difficult to identify the last native speakers of Miami–Illinois in either Indiana or Oklahoma, or the contexts in which the language last saw everyday use. The documentation of the 1950s and 1960s shows a language in the advanced stages of attrition, as seen in Herbert Bussard's notes on the speech of Ross Bundy (possibly the last speaker in Indiana). The grammatical complexity of Bundy's Miami was significantly reduced and analogised to English in comparison to "standard" (i.e. 19th\-century and revitalised) Miami–Illinois. The language as a whole was moribund by the 1930s, and probably no longer natively spoken by the 1970s.
The revitalization effort is based on the work of linguist David Costa. Based on his extensive studies, he published *The Miami\-Illinois Language* in 1994 as his Ph.D. dissertation and as a book in 2003\. The book reconstructs the structure of Miami–Illinois.
|
[
"History and documentation\n-------------------------",
"The history of the Miami–Illinois language prior to revitalization can be divided into three periods: the Illinois Confederation and early contact, population decline and relocation to Oklahoma in the 19th century, and language loss leading to extinction in the 20th century.",
"The Miami–Illinois of the first period is recorded primarily by French Catholic missionaries in what is now Illinois, beginning with a collection of prayers, instruction, and catechisms written by [Claude\\-Jean Allouez](/wiki/Claude-Jean_Allouez \"Claude-Jean Allouez\") (possibly with [Sébastien Rale](/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Rale \"Sébastien Rale\")'s assistance) in Kaskaskia in the late 17th century. A much more extensive document – an Illinois\\-French dictionary of nearly 600 pages and 20,000 entries – was compiled by [Jacques Gravier](/wiki/Jacques_Gravier \"Jacques Gravier\") in the early 18th century. Based on an analysis of its handwriting, it appears to have been transcribed by his assistant, Jacques Largillier.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Adelaar\\|first\\=Willem F. H.\\|author\\-link\\=Willem Adelaar\\|date\\=1 September 2004\\|editor\\-last\\=Rees\\|editor\\-first\\=Geraint\\|title\\=Review: Kaskaskia Illinois\\-to\\-French Dictionary\\|url\\=https://academic.oup.com/ijl/article\\-abstract/17/3/325/1191761\\|department\\=Book Review\\|journal\\=\\[\\[International Journal of Lexicography]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]]\\|volume\\=17\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=325–327\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/ijl/17\\.3\\.325\\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|access\\-date\\=25 November 2020}} Gravier's original dictionary is held by [Trinity College](/wiki/Trinity_College_%28Connecticut%29 \"Trinity College (Connecticut)\") in [Hartford, Connecticut](/wiki/Hartford%2C_Connecticut \"Hartford, Connecticut\"). Two other notable sources from this time period are extant: a 185\\-page word list compiled by Antoine\\-Robert Le Boullenger with about 3,300 items, along with 42 pages of untranslated religious material, and an anonymous 672\\-page dictionary probably intended as a field lexicon. Despite representing Miami–Illinois as it was spoken more than three centuries ago, these sources are readily intelligible with a knowledge of modern Miami.",
"Probably obtained from the Kaskaskia tribe, among whom the French had set up a mission, these documents doubtless approximate the lingua franca of the Illinois Confederation as a whole. Individual tribes within the Confederation, however, may well have spoken distinct dialects or other languages altogether. The linguistic affinity of the [Mitchigamea](/wiki/Mitchigamea \"Mitchigamea\") in particular has been questioned, since [Jacques Marquette](/wiki/Jacques_Marquette \"Jacques Marquette\") mentions a Mitchigamea interpreter who understood little Illinois.{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents Volume 59 \\|url\\=http://moses.creighton.edu/kripke/jesuitrelations/relations\\_59\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615120227/http://moses.creighton.edu/kripke/jesuitrelations/relations\\_59\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=June 15, 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-18 \\|website\\=moses.creighton.edu}}",
"During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Miami–Illinois people experienced a rapid population decline due to [introduced diseases](/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics \"Native American disease and epidemics\"), depredations by neighboring tribes (especially the [Iroquois](/wiki/Iroquois \"Iroquois\")), the [Northwest Indian War](/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War \"Northwest Indian War\"), and subsequent Anglo\\-American colonisation. In contrast to the French missionary literature, Anglo\\-American documentation of the language from this period varies widely in both extent and quality. The Miami chief [Little Turtle's](/wiki/Little_Turtle \"Little Turtle\") visit to Philadelphia created some interest in his culture, leading to two word lists of reasonable quality \\- one apparently commissioned by [Thomas Jefferson](/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson \"Thomas Jefferson\"). The most significant materials of the early 19th century are the linguistic and ethnographic notes of [Charles Trowbridge](/wiki/Charles_Christopher_Trowbridge \"Charles Christopher Trowbridge\") and an anonymous 42\\-page *Wea Primer* written for Protestant missionaries in Kansas in 1837\\.",
"The first migrations out of the original Miami–Illinois heartland took place at this time. By 1832, there were virtually no Miami–Illinois speakers in Illinois; those who had survived the collapse of the previous decades had emigrated to Kansas via Missouri. The formerly diverse tribes of the Illinois Confederation had consolidated, and identified simply as \"Peoria\" or \"Kaskaskia\". In 1867, these groups left Kansas and entered the [Indian Territory](/wiki/Indian_Territory \"Indian Territory\") to settle in the [Quapaw Agency](/wiki/Quapaw_Indian_Agency \"Quapaw Indian Agency\"), where they would be joined by the Piankeshaw and Wea simultaneously forced out of Indiana. The tribes subsequently amalgamated to form the modern [Peoria tribe](/wiki/Peoria_people \"Peoria people\"). The Miami proper, meanwhile, split in 1847 between those remaining in northern Indiana and those leaving for Kansas; the latter group moved to the Quapaw Agency in the 1870s, but did not assimilate to the Peoria, and are now incorporated as the [Miami Tribe of Oklahoma](/wiki/Miami_Tribe_of_Oklahoma \"Miami Tribe of Oklahoma\"). The Miami who remained in Indiana now identify as the [Miami Nation of Indiana](/wiki/Miami_Nation_of_Indiana \"Miami Nation of Indiana\"), but lack federal recognition as such.",
"The use of the Miami–Illinois language declined precipitously after the migration to Oklahoma because of the concentration of various tribes, each with a different native language, in a single relatively small area (now [Ottawa County, Oklahoma](/wiki/Ottawa_County%2C_Oklahoma \"Ottawa County, Oklahoma\")). English served naturally as the lingua franca of the Quapaw Agency, and minority languages soon underwent [attrition](/wiki/Language_attrition \"Language attrition\"). Nonetheless, the Miami–Illinois of this period has left valuable documentation due to the work of trained linguists and ethnographers in the area. [Albert Gatschet](/wiki/Albert_Samuel_Gatschet \"Albert Samuel Gatschet\") recorded several examples of connected speech, including mythological narratives, and [Truman Michelson](/wiki/Truman_Michelson \"Truman Michelson\") elicited grammatical material and stories. These relatively long documents are valuable for reconstructing speech patterns in Miami\\-Illinois.",
"Due to a comparative lack of contemporary interest in the language, it is difficult to identify the last native speakers of Miami–Illinois in either Indiana or Oklahoma, or the contexts in which the language last saw everyday use. The documentation of the 1950s and 1960s shows a language in the advanced stages of attrition, as seen in Herbert Bussard's notes on the speech of Ross Bundy (possibly the last speaker in Indiana). The grammatical complexity of Bundy's Miami was significantly reduced and analogised to English in comparison to \"standard\" (i.e. 19th\\-century and revitalised) Miami–Illinois. The language as a whole was moribund by the 1930s, and probably no longer natively spoken by the 1970s.",
"The revitalization effort is based on the work of linguist David Costa. Based on his extensive studies, he published *The Miami\\-Illinois Language* in 1994 as his Ph.D. dissertation and as a book in 2003\\. The book reconstructs the structure of Miami–Illinois.",
""
] |
Phonology
---------
The phonology of Miami–Illinois is typical of a Central Algonquian language, and fairly conservative with regard to [Proto\-Algonquian](/wiki/Proto-Algonquian "Proto-Algonquian").
### Consonants
Miami–Illinois distinguishes thirteen consonants:
| | [Labial](/wiki/Labial_consonant "Labial consonant") | [Alveolar](/wiki/Alveolar_consonant "Alveolar consonant") | [Palatal](/wiki/Palatal_consonant "Palatal consonant") | [Velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant "Velar consonant") | [Glottal](/wiki/Glottal_consonant "Glottal consonant") |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [Stop](/wiki/Stop_consonant "Stop consonant") | {{IPA\|p}} | {{IPA\|t}} | {{IPA\|tʃ}} | {{IPA\|k}} | {{IPA\|ʔ}} |
| [Fricative](/wiki/Fricative_consonant "Fricative consonant") | | {{IPA\|s}} | {{IPA\|ʃ}} | | {{IPA\|h}} |
| [Nasal](/wiki/Nasal_consonant "Nasal consonant") | {{IPA\|m}} | {{IPA\|n}} | | | |
| [Approximant](/wiki/Approximant "Approximant") | {{IPA\|w}} | {{IPA\|l}} | {{IPA\|j}} | | |
The intervocalic clusters permitted are \-*hC*\- and *\-NC*\-, where C is a non\-glottal [obstruent](/wiki/Obstruent "Obstruent") {{IPA\|/p t tʃ k s ʃ/}} and N is a homorganic [nasal](/wiki/Nasal_consonant "Nasal consonant"). \-*hC*\- clusters are described as "[preaspirated](/wiki/Preaspiration "Preaspiration")". The 18th\-century Illinois recorded in the French mission period also permitted intervocalic clusters \-*sp*\- and \-*sk*\-, but these have merged with *\-hp*\- and \-*hk*\- in modern Miami. In addition, many consonants and clusters can be followed by a [tautosyllabic](/wiki/Tautosyllabicity "Tautosyllabicity") {{IPA\|/w/}}.["Historical Phonology of Miami Illinois Consonants](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3519724), Chicago: David Costa, 1991, *International Journal of American Linguistics*, 57(3\):365–393, Retrieved 2011\-11\-6
Obstruents are voiced after nasals. Preaspirated sibilants {{IPA\|/hs/}} and {{IPA\|/hš/}} frequently assimilate to [geminate](/wiki/Gemination "Gemination") {{IPA\|/sː/}} and {{IPA\|/ʃː/}}, respectively, especially after front and word\-initial vowels.
#### Alternations between {{IPA\|/s/}} and {{IPA\|/ʃ/}}
There are a small number of words in the Miami–Illinois language that alternate between {{IPA\|/s/}} and {{IPA\|/ʃ/}} in their pronunciations, with {{IPA\|/ʃ/}} occurring in the place of expected {{IPA\|/s/}} and vice versa. Both of these alternations seem to occur more commonly before the vowel {{IPA\|/i/}}. One example is {{Lang\|mia\|apeehsia \~ apeehšia}}, both meaning 'fawn' (Proto\-Algonquian \*{{IPA\|/apeˑhs\-/\|lang\=alg\-x\-proto}}).{{Cite book\|last\=Costa\|first\=David\|title\=The Miami\-Illinois Language\|publisher\=University of Nebraska Press\|year\=2003\|pages\=30}}
#### Wea interdental
In the Wea dialect of Miami, the sibilant {{IPA\|/s/}} was frequently replaced with the interdental fricative {{IPA\|\[θ \~ ð]}}. In the *Wea Primer* (1837\), this consonant – written as \<f\> – is only found in the place of preaspirated {{IPA\|/hs/}}; by the time of Gatschet's documentation (1895–1902\), it appears to have replaced all instances of {{IPA\|/s/}}. This segment bears no historical relation to the Proto\-Algonquian consonant commonly represented as \*{{IPA\|/θ/}}.
### Vowels
Miami–Illinois has four short vowels, {{IPA\|/i e a o/}} and four long vowels, {{IPA\|/iː eː aː oː/}}. There is significant [allophonic](/wiki/Allophone "Allophone") variation in vowel quality. {{IPA\|/a/}} is usually phonetic {{IPA\|\[a]}}, but may be pronounced as {{IPA\|\[ʌ]}} by some speakers. {{IPA\|/e/}} occupies the non\-high front range {{IPA\|\[æ \~ ɛ \~ e]}}. {{IPA\|/i/}} occupies the high front space {{IPA\|\[ɪ\~i]}}. {{IPA\|/o/}} occupies the non\-low back range {{IPA\|\[o\~ʊ\~u]}}.Costa (2003\), p. 98\.
### Suprasegmental processes
In this article, strong vowels are marked with bold type where relevant, whereas accented vowels carry an acute accent (e.g. {{Grapheme\|á}}).
#### Strong and weak vowels
Miami–Illinois [prosody](/wiki/Prosody_%28linguistics%29 "Prosody (linguistics)") is in part determined by the "strong syllable rule", which marks the syllables of an underlying phonological word in an [iambic](/wiki/Iamb_%28poetry%29 "Iamb (poetry)") pattern: beginning from the left, odd\-numbered short syllables are "weak", while even\-numbered syllables are "strong". A syllable with a long vowel is always strong, even at the beginning of a word, and resets the meter for all subsequent syllables. Thus a short vowel that immediately follows a long vowel must always be weak, and words beginning with a long vowel are [trochaic](/wiki/Trochee "Trochee"): {{Lang\|mia\|'''ee'''hsi'''pa'''na}} 'raccoon'. The strong syllable rule is necessary to explain the processes of vowel deletion and devoicing.
##### Vowel deletion, devoicing, and reduction
Initial short (i.e. weak) vowels are frequently deleted in modern Miami, hence the optional initial vowel of {{Lang\|mia\|(ah)'''ci'''kwi}} 'stump', {{Lang\|mia\|(a)'''hsee'''ma}} 'tobacco', {{Lang\|mia\|(is/ih)'''pe'''si'''wa'''}} 'he is tall'. Initial vowel deletion appears to take preaspiration (*\-h\-*) with it before stops, but not before fricatives, which remain distinct from their simple counterparts (perhaps because of the assimilation of {{IPA\|/hs/}} and {{IPA\|/hš/}} to {{IPA\|/sː/}} and {{IPA\|/ʃː/}}). By contrast, initial long vowels are never deleted: {{Lang\|mia\|aahteeki}} 'it is extinguished'. This helps to identify long vowels in texts that mark them irregularly or not at all.
Weak vowels followed by a preaspirated consonant are devoiced: {{Lang\|mia\|a'''la'''ka'''hkwi'''}} 'his palate' is pronounced {{IPA\|\[a.la.kḁ.hkwi]\|lang\=mia}}. Since short vowels that follow a long vowel are always weak, these will always undergo devoicing before a preaspirate: {{Lang\|mia\|ma'''taa'''ti'''hswi'''}} 'ten' is pronounced {{IPA\|\[ma.taː.ti̥.hswi]\|lang\=mia}}.Costa (2003\), pp. 103\-106\. Voiceless vowels, like vowel length and preaspiration, are transcribed irregularly in the Miami–Illinois literature; the French missionary sources usually indicate voiceless vowels, but later Anglo\-American sources often ignore them, producing illusory consonant clusters foreign to Miami–Illinois phonology.
In the Peoria of Oklahoma resident Nancy Stand, recorded briefly in the 1930s by [Charles Voegelin](/wiki/Charles_F._Voegelin "Charles F. Voegelin"), many vowels appear to be reduced to a schwa {{IPA\|/ə/}}.Costa (2003\), p. 28 The contextual rules behind vowel reduction are unclear, and since no other Miami–Illinois text indicates any similar process, it appears to be a case of English influence.
#### Accent
The process of accentuation (heightened syllable prominence) is independent of the strong syllable rule: weak syllables can be accented, and whereas the strong syllable rule applies from left to right, accentuation applies from right to left. The rules of accentuation are as follows:
1. A syllable with a voiceless vowel can never take an accent, so bisyllabic words with a short first vowel followed by a preaspirate are always accented on the second syllable: {{Lang\|mia\|ahkí}} 'field', {{Lang\|mia\|mahkwá}} 'bear'. This proves that accent is determined after the syllable\-strength processes described above.
2. If a word has a long vowel in the preantepenultimate syllable, the accent is placed on the *subsequent* syllable (the penultimate), if not devoiced: {{Lang\|mia\|eehsípana}} 'raccoon', {{Lang\|mia\|ahpwaakánali}} 'pipe (obviative)'. This rule is highly unusual, and in its specifics may be unique to Miami–Illinois. Costa (2003\) describes it as "vowel retraction", since it pulls the accent one syllable back from its expected place under rule (3\).Costa (2003\), p. 114
3. Otherwise, the accent is placed on every other syllable starting from the end of the world, beginning with the penultimate: {{Lang\|mia\|illíniiwíta}} 'he is a man', {{Lang\|mia\|waapíkináahkwa}} 'whooping crane'. Because of rule (1\), the accent cannot land on voiceless vowels, and appears simply to ignore them for metrical purposes. Thus {{Lang\|mia\|wáapihkwa}} 'louse' and {{Lang\|mia\|awíilihsa}} 'his hair' are accented on the antepenultimate syllables as if the latter were penultimate.
|
[
"Phonology\n---------",
"The phonology of Miami–Illinois is typical of a Central Algonquian language, and fairly conservative with regard to [Proto\\-Algonquian](/wiki/Proto-Algonquian \"Proto-Algonquian\").",
"### Consonants",
"Miami–Illinois distinguishes thirteen consonants:",
"",
"| | [Labial](/wiki/Labial_consonant \"Labial consonant\") | [Alveolar](/wiki/Alveolar_consonant \"Alveolar consonant\") | [Palatal](/wiki/Palatal_consonant \"Palatal consonant\") | [Velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant \"Velar consonant\") | [Glottal](/wiki/Glottal_consonant \"Glottal consonant\") |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Stop](/wiki/Stop_consonant \"Stop consonant\") | {{IPA\\|p}} | {{IPA\\|t}} | {{IPA\\|tʃ}} | {{IPA\\|k}} | {{IPA\\|ʔ}} |\n| [Fricative](/wiki/Fricative_consonant \"Fricative consonant\") | | {{IPA\\|s}} | {{IPA\\|ʃ}} | | {{IPA\\|h}} |\n| [Nasal](/wiki/Nasal_consonant \"Nasal consonant\") | {{IPA\\|m}} | {{IPA\\|n}} | | | |\n| [Approximant](/wiki/Approximant \"Approximant\") | {{IPA\\|w}} | {{IPA\\|l}} | {{IPA\\|j}} | | |",
"The intervocalic clusters permitted are \\-*hC*\\- and *\\-NC*\\-, where C is a non\\-glottal [obstruent](/wiki/Obstruent \"Obstruent\") {{IPA\\|/p t tʃ k s ʃ/}} and N is a homorganic [nasal](/wiki/Nasal_consonant \"Nasal consonant\"). \\-*hC*\\- clusters are described as \"[preaspirated](/wiki/Preaspiration \"Preaspiration\")\". The 18th\\-century Illinois recorded in the French mission period also permitted intervocalic clusters \\-*sp*\\- and \\-*sk*\\-, but these have merged with *\\-hp*\\- and \\-*hk*\\- in modern Miami. In addition, many consonants and clusters can be followed by a [tautosyllabic](/wiki/Tautosyllabicity \"Tautosyllabicity\") {{IPA\\|/w/}}.[\"Historical Phonology of Miami Illinois Consonants](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3519724), Chicago: David Costa, 1991, *International Journal of American Linguistics*, 57(3\\):365–393, Retrieved 2011\\-11\\-6",
"Obstruents are voiced after nasals. Preaspirated sibilants {{IPA\\|/hs/}} and {{IPA\\|/hš/}} frequently assimilate to [geminate](/wiki/Gemination \"Gemination\") {{IPA\\|/sː/}} and {{IPA\\|/ʃː/}}, respectively, especially after front and word\\-initial vowels.",
"#### Alternations between {{IPA\\|/s/}} and {{IPA\\|/ʃ/}}",
"There are a small number of words in the Miami–Illinois language that alternate between {{IPA\\|/s/}} and {{IPA\\|/ʃ/}} in their pronunciations, with {{IPA\\|/ʃ/}} occurring in the place of expected {{IPA\\|/s/}} and vice versa. Both of these alternations seem to occur more commonly before the vowel {{IPA\\|/i/}}. One example is {{Lang\\|mia\\|apeehsia \\~ apeehšia}}, both meaning 'fawn' (Proto\\-Algonquian \\*{{IPA\\|/apeˑhs\\-/\\|lang\\=alg\\-x\\-proto}}).{{Cite book\\|last\\=Costa\\|first\\=David\\|title\\=The Miami\\-Illinois Language\\|publisher\\=University of Nebraska Press\\|year\\=2003\\|pages\\=30}}",
"#### Wea interdental",
"In the Wea dialect of Miami, the sibilant {{IPA\\|/s/}} was frequently replaced with the interdental fricative {{IPA\\|\\[θ \\~ ð]}}. In the *Wea Primer* (1837\\), this consonant – written as \\<f\\> – is only found in the place of preaspirated {{IPA\\|/hs/}}; by the time of Gatschet's documentation (1895–1902\\), it appears to have replaced all instances of {{IPA\\|/s/}}. This segment bears no historical relation to the Proto\\-Algonquian consonant commonly represented as \\*{{IPA\\|/θ/}}.",
"### Vowels",
"Miami–Illinois has four short vowels, {{IPA\\|/i e a o/}} and four long vowels, {{IPA\\|/iː eː aː oː/}}. There is significant [allophonic](/wiki/Allophone \"Allophone\") variation in vowel quality. {{IPA\\|/a/}} is usually phonetic {{IPA\\|\\[a]}}, but may be pronounced as {{IPA\\|\\[ʌ]}} by some speakers. {{IPA\\|/e/}} occupies the non\\-high front range {{IPA\\|\\[æ \\~ ɛ \\~ e]}}. {{IPA\\|/i/}} occupies the high front space {{IPA\\|\\[ɪ\\~i]}}. {{IPA\\|/o/}} occupies the non\\-low back range {{IPA\\|\\[o\\~ʊ\\~u]}}.Costa (2003\\), p. 98\\.",
"### Suprasegmental processes",
"In this article, strong vowels are marked with bold type where relevant, whereas accented vowels carry an acute accent (e.g. {{Grapheme\\|á}}).",
"#### Strong and weak vowels",
"Miami–Illinois [prosody](/wiki/Prosody_%28linguistics%29 \"Prosody (linguistics)\") is in part determined by the \"strong syllable rule\", which marks the syllables of an underlying phonological word in an [iambic](/wiki/Iamb_%28poetry%29 \"Iamb (poetry)\") pattern: beginning from the left, odd\\-numbered short syllables are \"weak\", while even\\-numbered syllables are \"strong\". A syllable with a long vowel is always strong, even at the beginning of a word, and resets the meter for all subsequent syllables. Thus a short vowel that immediately follows a long vowel must always be weak, and words beginning with a long vowel are [trochaic](/wiki/Trochee \"Trochee\"): {{Lang\\|mia\\|'''ee'''hsi'''pa'''na}} 'raccoon'. The strong syllable rule is necessary to explain the processes of vowel deletion and devoicing.",
"##### Vowel deletion, devoicing, and reduction",
"Initial short (i.e. weak) vowels are frequently deleted in modern Miami, hence the optional initial vowel of {{Lang\\|mia\\|(ah)'''ci'''kwi}} 'stump', {{Lang\\|mia\\|(a)'''hsee'''ma}} 'tobacco', {{Lang\\|mia\\|(is/ih)'''pe'''si'''wa'''}} 'he is tall'. Initial vowel deletion appears to take preaspiration (*\\-h\\-*) with it before stops, but not before fricatives, which remain distinct from their simple counterparts (perhaps because of the assimilation of {{IPA\\|/hs/}} and {{IPA\\|/hš/}} to {{IPA\\|/sː/}} and {{IPA\\|/ʃː/}}). By contrast, initial long vowels are never deleted: {{Lang\\|mia\\|aahteeki}} 'it is extinguished'. This helps to identify long vowels in texts that mark them irregularly or not at all.",
"Weak vowels followed by a preaspirated consonant are devoiced: {{Lang\\|mia\\|a'''la'''ka'''hkwi'''}} 'his palate' is pronounced {{IPA\\|\\[a.la.kḁ.hkwi]\\|lang\\=mia}}. Since short vowels that follow a long vowel are always weak, these will always undergo devoicing before a preaspirate: {{Lang\\|mia\\|ma'''taa'''ti'''hswi'''}} 'ten' is pronounced {{IPA\\|\\[ma.taː.ti̥.hswi]\\|lang\\=mia}}.Costa (2003\\), pp. 103\\-106\\. Voiceless vowels, like vowel length and preaspiration, are transcribed irregularly in the Miami–Illinois literature; the French missionary sources usually indicate voiceless vowels, but later Anglo\\-American sources often ignore them, producing illusory consonant clusters foreign to Miami–Illinois phonology.",
"In the Peoria of Oklahoma resident Nancy Stand, recorded briefly in the 1930s by [Charles Voegelin](/wiki/Charles_F._Voegelin \"Charles F. Voegelin\"), many vowels appear to be reduced to a schwa {{IPA\\|/ə/}}.Costa (2003\\), p. 28 The contextual rules behind vowel reduction are unclear, and since no other Miami–Illinois text indicates any similar process, it appears to be a case of English influence.",
"#### Accent",
"The process of accentuation (heightened syllable prominence) is independent of the strong syllable rule: weak syllables can be accented, and whereas the strong syllable rule applies from left to right, accentuation applies from right to left. The rules of accentuation are as follows:",
"1. A syllable with a voiceless vowel can never take an accent, so bisyllabic words with a short first vowel followed by a preaspirate are always accented on the second syllable: {{Lang\\|mia\\|ahkí}} 'field', {{Lang\\|mia\\|mahkwá}} 'bear'. This proves that accent is determined after the syllable\\-strength processes described above.\n2. If a word has a long vowel in the preantepenultimate syllable, the accent is placed on the *subsequent* syllable (the penultimate), if not devoiced: {{Lang\\|mia\\|eehsípana}} 'raccoon', {{Lang\\|mia\\|ahpwaakánali}} 'pipe (obviative)'. This rule is highly unusual, and in its specifics may be unique to Miami–Illinois. Costa (2003\\) describes it as \"vowel retraction\", since it pulls the accent one syllable back from its expected place under rule (3\\).Costa (2003\\), p. 114\n3. Otherwise, the accent is placed on every other syllable starting from the end of the world, beginning with the penultimate: {{Lang\\|mia\\|illíniiwíta}} 'he is a man', {{Lang\\|mia\\|waapíkináahkwa}} 'whooping crane'. Because of rule (1\\), the accent cannot land on voiceless vowels, and appears simply to ignore them for metrical purposes. Thus {{Lang\\|mia\\|wáapihkwa}} 'louse' and {{Lang\\|mia\\|awíilihsa}} 'his hair' are accented on the antepenultimate syllables as if the latter were penultimate."
] |
### Suprasegmental processes
In this article, strong vowels are marked with bold type where relevant, whereas accented vowels carry an acute accent (e.g. {{Grapheme\|á}}).
#### Strong and weak vowels
Miami–Illinois [prosody](/wiki/Prosody_%28linguistics%29 "Prosody (linguistics)") is in part determined by the "strong syllable rule", which marks the syllables of an underlying phonological word in an [iambic](/wiki/Iamb_%28poetry%29 "Iamb (poetry)") pattern: beginning from the left, odd\-numbered short syllables are "weak", while even\-numbered syllables are "strong". A syllable with a long vowel is always strong, even at the beginning of a word, and resets the meter for all subsequent syllables. Thus a short vowel that immediately follows a long vowel must always be weak, and words beginning with a long vowel are [trochaic](/wiki/Trochee "Trochee"): {{Lang\|mia\|'''ee'''hsi'''pa'''na}} 'raccoon'. The strong syllable rule is necessary to explain the processes of vowel deletion and devoicing.
##### Vowel deletion, devoicing, and reduction
Initial short (i.e. weak) vowels are frequently deleted in modern Miami, hence the optional initial vowel of {{Lang\|mia\|(ah)'''ci'''kwi}} 'stump', {{Lang\|mia\|(a)'''hsee'''ma}} 'tobacco', {{Lang\|mia\|(is/ih)'''pe'''si'''wa'''}} 'he is tall'. Initial vowel deletion appears to take preaspiration (*\-h\-*) with it before stops, but not before fricatives, which remain distinct from their simple counterparts (perhaps because of the assimilation of {{IPA\|/hs/}} and {{IPA\|/hš/}} to {{IPA\|/sː/}} and {{IPA\|/ʃː/}}). By contrast, initial long vowels are never deleted: {{Lang\|mia\|aahteeki}} 'it is extinguished'. This helps to identify long vowels in texts that mark them irregularly or not at all.
Weak vowels followed by a preaspirated consonant are devoiced: {{Lang\|mia\|a'''la'''ka'''hkwi'''}} 'his palate' is pronounced {{IPA\|\[a.la.kḁ.hkwi]\|lang\=mia}}. Since short vowels that follow a long vowel are always weak, these will always undergo devoicing before a preaspirate: {{Lang\|mia\|ma'''taa'''ti'''hswi'''}} 'ten' is pronounced {{IPA\|\[ma.taː.ti̥.hswi]\|lang\=mia}}.Costa (2003\), pp. 103\-106\. Voiceless vowels, like vowel length and preaspiration, are transcribed irregularly in the Miami–Illinois literature; the French missionary sources usually indicate voiceless vowels, but later Anglo\-American sources often ignore them, producing illusory consonant clusters foreign to Miami–Illinois phonology.
In the Peoria of Oklahoma resident Nancy Stand, recorded briefly in the 1930s by [Charles Voegelin](/wiki/Charles_F._Voegelin "Charles F. Voegelin"), many vowels appear to be reduced to a schwa {{IPA\|/ə/}}.Costa (2003\), p. 28 The contextual rules behind vowel reduction are unclear, and since no other Miami–Illinois text indicates any similar process, it appears to be a case of English influence.
#### Accent
The process of accentuation (heightened syllable prominence) is independent of the strong syllable rule: weak syllables can be accented, and whereas the strong syllable rule applies from left to right, accentuation applies from right to left. The rules of accentuation are as follows:
1. A syllable with a voiceless vowel can never take an accent, so bisyllabic words with a short first vowel followed by a preaspirate are always accented on the second syllable: {{Lang\|mia\|ahkí}} 'field', {{Lang\|mia\|mahkwá}} 'bear'. This proves that accent is determined after the syllable\-strength processes described above.
2. If a word has a long vowel in the preantepenultimate syllable, the accent is placed on the *subsequent* syllable (the penultimate), if not devoiced: {{Lang\|mia\|eehsípana}} 'raccoon', {{Lang\|mia\|ahpwaakánali}} 'pipe (obviative)'. This rule is highly unusual, and in its specifics may be unique to Miami–Illinois. Costa (2003\) describes it as "vowel retraction", since it pulls the accent one syllable back from its expected place under rule (3\).Costa (2003\), p. 114
3. Otherwise, the accent is placed on every other syllable starting from the end of the world, beginning with the penultimate: {{Lang\|mia\|illíniiwíta}} 'he is a man', {{Lang\|mia\|waapíkináahkwa}} 'whooping crane'. Because of rule (1\), the accent cannot land on voiceless vowels, and appears simply to ignore them for metrical purposes. Thus {{Lang\|mia\|wáapihkwa}} 'louse' and {{Lang\|mia\|awíilihsa}} 'his hair' are accented on the antepenultimate syllables as if the latter were penultimate.
|
[
"### Suprasegmental processes",
"In this article, strong vowels are marked with bold type where relevant, whereas accented vowels carry an acute accent (e.g. {{Grapheme\\|á}}).",
"#### Strong and weak vowels",
"Miami–Illinois [prosody](/wiki/Prosody_%28linguistics%29 \"Prosody (linguistics)\") is in part determined by the \"strong syllable rule\", which marks the syllables of an underlying phonological word in an [iambic](/wiki/Iamb_%28poetry%29 \"Iamb (poetry)\") pattern: beginning from the left, odd\\-numbered short syllables are \"weak\", while even\\-numbered syllables are \"strong\". A syllable with a long vowel is always strong, even at the beginning of a word, and resets the meter for all subsequent syllables. Thus a short vowel that immediately follows a long vowel must always be weak, and words beginning with a long vowel are [trochaic](/wiki/Trochee \"Trochee\"): {{Lang\\|mia\\|'''ee'''hsi'''pa'''na}} 'raccoon'. The strong syllable rule is necessary to explain the processes of vowel deletion and devoicing.",
"##### Vowel deletion, devoicing, and reduction",
"Initial short (i.e. weak) vowels are frequently deleted in modern Miami, hence the optional initial vowel of {{Lang\\|mia\\|(ah)'''ci'''kwi}} 'stump', {{Lang\\|mia\\|(a)'''hsee'''ma}} 'tobacco', {{Lang\\|mia\\|(is/ih)'''pe'''si'''wa'''}} 'he is tall'. Initial vowel deletion appears to take preaspiration (*\\-h\\-*) with it before stops, but not before fricatives, which remain distinct from their simple counterparts (perhaps because of the assimilation of {{IPA\\|/hs/}} and {{IPA\\|/hš/}} to {{IPA\\|/sː/}} and {{IPA\\|/ʃː/}}). By contrast, initial long vowels are never deleted: {{Lang\\|mia\\|aahteeki}} 'it is extinguished'. This helps to identify long vowels in texts that mark them irregularly or not at all.",
"Weak vowels followed by a preaspirated consonant are devoiced: {{Lang\\|mia\\|a'''la'''ka'''hkwi'''}} 'his palate' is pronounced {{IPA\\|\\[a.la.kḁ.hkwi]\\|lang\\=mia}}. Since short vowels that follow a long vowel are always weak, these will always undergo devoicing before a preaspirate: {{Lang\\|mia\\|ma'''taa'''ti'''hswi'''}} 'ten' is pronounced {{IPA\\|\\[ma.taː.ti̥.hswi]\\|lang\\=mia}}.Costa (2003\\), pp. 103\\-106\\. Voiceless vowels, like vowel length and preaspiration, are transcribed irregularly in the Miami–Illinois literature; the French missionary sources usually indicate voiceless vowels, but later Anglo\\-American sources often ignore them, producing illusory consonant clusters foreign to Miami–Illinois phonology.",
"In the Peoria of Oklahoma resident Nancy Stand, recorded briefly in the 1930s by [Charles Voegelin](/wiki/Charles_F._Voegelin \"Charles F. Voegelin\"), many vowels appear to be reduced to a schwa {{IPA\\|/ə/}}.Costa (2003\\), p. 28 The contextual rules behind vowel reduction are unclear, and since no other Miami–Illinois text indicates any similar process, it appears to be a case of English influence.",
"#### Accent",
"The process of accentuation (heightened syllable prominence) is independent of the strong syllable rule: weak syllables can be accented, and whereas the strong syllable rule applies from left to right, accentuation applies from right to left. The rules of accentuation are as follows:",
"1. A syllable with a voiceless vowel can never take an accent, so bisyllabic words with a short first vowel followed by a preaspirate are always accented on the second syllable: {{Lang\\|mia\\|ahkí}} 'field', {{Lang\\|mia\\|mahkwá}} 'bear'. This proves that accent is determined after the syllable\\-strength processes described above.\n2. If a word has a long vowel in the preantepenultimate syllable, the accent is placed on the *subsequent* syllable (the penultimate), if not devoiced: {{Lang\\|mia\\|eehsípana}} 'raccoon', {{Lang\\|mia\\|ahpwaakánali}} 'pipe (obviative)'. This rule is highly unusual, and in its specifics may be unique to Miami–Illinois. Costa (2003\\) describes it as \"vowel retraction\", since it pulls the accent one syllable back from its expected place under rule (3\\).Costa (2003\\), p. 114\n3. Otherwise, the accent is placed on every other syllable starting from the end of the world, beginning with the penultimate: {{Lang\\|mia\\|illíniiwíta}} 'he is a man', {{Lang\\|mia\\|waapíkináahkwa}} 'whooping crane'. Because of rule (1\\), the accent cannot land on voiceless vowels, and appears simply to ignore them for metrical purposes. Thus {{Lang\\|mia\\|wáapihkwa}} 'louse' and {{Lang\\|mia\\|awíilihsa}} 'his hair' are accented on the antepenultimate syllables as if the latter were penultimate."
] |
Function
--------
### Phagocytosis of pathogens
A number of pathogenic microorganisms, including *C. albicans*,{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Maródi L, Korchak HM, Johnston RB \| title \= Mechanisms of host defense against ''Candida'' species. I. Phagocytosis by monocytes and monocyte\-derived macrophages \| journal \= Journal of Immunology \| volume \= 146 \| issue \= 8 \| pages \= 2783–9 \| year \= 1991 \| doi \= 10\.4049/jimmunol.146\.8\.2783 \| pmid \= 1901885 \| doi\-access \= free }} *[Pneumocystis carinii](/wiki/Pneumocystis_carinii "Pneumocystis carinii")*{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Ezekowitz RA, Williams DJ, Koziel H, Armstrong MY, Warner A, Richards FF, Rose RM \| title \= Uptake of ''Pneumocystis carinii'' mediated by the macrophage mannose receptor \| journal \= Nature \| volume \= 351 \| issue \= 6322 \| pages \= 155–8 \| year \= 1991 \| pmid \= 1903183 \| doi \= 10\.1038/351155a0 \| bibcode \= 1991Natur.351\..155E \| s2cid \= 1763804 }}{{cite journal \|vauthors\=O'Riordan DM, Standing JE, Limper AH \| title \= ''Pneumocystis carinii'' glycoprotein A binds macrophage mannose receptors \| journal \= Infection and Immunity \| volume \= 63 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 779–84 \| year \= 1995 \| pmid \= 7868247 \| pmc \= 173070 \| doi \= 10\.1128/IAI.63\.3\.779\-784\.1995}} and *[Leishmania donovani](/wiki/Leishmania_donovani "Leishmania donovani")*{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Chakraborty R, Chakraborty P, Basu MK \| title \= Macrophage mannosyl fucosyl receptor: its role in invasion of virulent and avirulent ''L. donovani'' promastigotes \| journal \= Bioscience Reports \| volume \= 18 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 129–42 \| year \= 1998 \| pmid \= 9798785 \| doi \= 10\.1023/A:1020192512001\| s2cid \= 4903749 }}{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Chakraborty P, Ghosh D, Basu MK \| title \= Modulation of macrophage mannose receptor affects the uptake of virulent and avirulent ''Leishmania donovani'' promastigotes \| journal \= Journal of Parasitology \| volume \= 87 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 1023–7 \| year \= 2001 \| pmid \= 11695359 \| doi \= 10\.1645/0022\-3395(2001\)087\[1023:MOMMRA]2\.0\.CO;2 \| s2cid \= 26732461 }} display glycans on their surfaces with terminal mannose residues that are recognised by the C\-type CRDs of the mannose receptor, thereby acting as a marker of non\-self. Upon recognition, the receptor internalises the bound pathogen and transports it to lysosomes for degradation via the [phagocytic pathway](/wiki/Endocytosis "Endocytosis"). In this way, the mannose receptor acts as a [pattern recognition receptor](/wiki/Pattern_recognition_receptor "Pattern recognition receptor"). The presence of a di\-aromatic FENTLY (Phe\-Glu\-Asn\-Thr\-Leu\-Tyr) sequence motif in the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor is vital for its clathrin\-mediated internalization. This is supported by the evidence that [Cos\-1 cells](/wiki/COS_cells "COS cells") transfected with the mannose receptor lacking its C\-terminal tail are unable to endocytose *C. albicans* and *P. carinii*.
Surprisingly, mannose receptor [knockout mice](/wiki/Knockout_mouse "Knockout mouse") do not show increased susceptibility to infection, which suggests that the receptor is not essential for phagocytosis. However, its involvement cannot be rejected since other mechanisms may compensate. For example, infection of knockout mice with *P. carinii* resulted in increased recruitment of macrophages to the site of infection. Furthermore, other receptors present on the surface of phagocytic cells, such as [DC\-SIGN](/wiki/DC-SIGN "DC-SIGN"), SIGNR1 and Endo180, exhibit similar ligand binding ability to the mannose receptor and so it is likely that in its absence, these proteins are able to compensate and induce phagocytosis.
The ability of the mannose receptor to aid in pathogen internalisation is also thought to facilitate infection by *[Mycobacterium tuberculosis](/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis "Mycobacterium tuberculosis")* and *[Mycobacterium leprae](/wiki/Mycobacterium_leprae "Mycobacterium leprae")*. These [bacteria](/wiki/Bacteria "Bacteria") reside and multiply in macrophages, preventing formation of the phagolysosome to avoid degradation. Hence, by mediating their entrance into the macrophage, blocking the mannose receptor helps these pathogens to infect and grow in their target cell.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Kang PB, Azad AK, Torrelles JB, Kaufman TM, Beharka A, Tibesar E, DesJardin LE, Schlesinger LS \| title \= The human macrophage mannose receptor directs Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan\-mediated phagosome biogenesis \| journal \= Journal of Experimental Medicine \| volume \= 202 \| issue \= 7 \| pages \= 987–99 \| year \= 2005 \| pmid \= 16203868 \| pmc \= 2213176 \| doi \= 10\.1084/jem.20051239 }}
### Clathrin\-mediated endocytosis
The CRD regions of the mannose receptor on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells remove a number of waste material ranging from soluble macromolecules to large particulate matter.{{cite journal \|last1\=Sørensen \|first1\=KK \|last2\=Simon\-Santamaria \|first2\=J \|last3\=McCuskey \|first3\=RS \|last4\=Smedsrød \|first4\=B \|title\=Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells. \|journal\=Comprehensive Physiology \|date\=20 September 2015 \|volume\=5 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=1751–74 \|doi\=10\.1002/cphy.c140078 \|pmid\=26426467\|doi\-access\=free }} These include lysosomal enzymes,{{cite journal \|last1\=Elvevold \|first1\=K \|last2\=Simon\-Santamaria \|first2\=J \|last3\=Hasvold \|first3\=H \|last4\=McCourt \|first4\=P \|last5\=Smedsrød \|first5\=B \|last6\=Sørensen \|first6\=KK \|title\=Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells depend on mannose receptor\-mediated recruitment of lysosomal enzymes for normal degradation capacity. \|journal\=Hepatology \|date\=December 2008 \|volume\=48 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=2007–15 \|doi\=10\.1002/hep.22527 \|pmid\=19026003\|s2cid\=29069000 \|doi\-access\= }} collagen α\-chains,{{cite journal \|last1\=Malovic \|first1\=I \|last2\=Sørensen \|first2\=KK \|last3\=Elvevold \|first3\=KH \|last4\=Nedredal \|first4\=GI \|last5\=Paulsen \|first5\=S \|last6\=Erofeev \|first6\=AV \|last7\=Smedsrød \|first7\=BH \|last8\=McCourt \|first8\=PA \|title\=The mannose receptor on murine liver sinusoidal endothelial cells is the main denatured collagen clearance receptor. \|journal\=Hepatology \|date\=June 2007 \|volume\=45 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=1454–61 \|doi\=10\.1002/hep.21639 \|pmid\=17518370\|s2cid\=26022255 \|doi\-access\=free }} C\-terminal propeptides of type I pro\-collagens,{{cite journal \|last1\=Smedsrød \|first1\=B \|last2\=Melkko \|first2\=J \|last3\=Risteli \|first3\=L \|last4\=Risteli \|first4\=J \|title\=Circulating C\-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen is cleared mainly via the mannose receptor in liver endothelial cells. \|journal\=The Biochemical Journal \|date\=15 October 1990 \|volume\=271 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=345–50 \|pmid\=2241919\|pmc\=1149560 \|doi\=10\.1042/bj2710345 }} and tissue plasminogen activator.{{cite journal \|last1\=Smedsrød \|first1\=B \|last2\=Einarsson \|first2\=M \|last3\=Pertoft \|first3\=H \|title\=Tissue plasminogen activator is endocytosed by mannose and galactose receptors of rat liver cells. \|journal\=Thrombosis and Haemostasis \|date\=16 June 1988 \|volume\=59 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=480–4 \|pmid\=2847350\|doi\=10\.1055/s\-0038\-1647519 \|doi\-access\=free }} Binding studies indicate that each liver sinusoidal endothelial cell expresses a surface pool of 20,000\-25,000 mannose receptors. The mannose receptor on liver sinusoidal endothelial cell is a rapidly recycling receptor, with a Ke (endocytotic rate constant) of 4\.12 min\-1, which corresponds to a half\-life of 10 s for the surface pool of receptor\-ligand complexes.{{cite journal \|last1\=Magnusson \|first1\=S \|last2\=Berg \|first2\=T \|title\=Extremely rapid endocytosis mediated by the mannose receptor of sinusoidal endothelial rat liver cells. \|journal\=The Biochemical Journal \|date\=1 February 1989 \|volume\=257 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=651–6 \|pmid\=2930475\|pmc\=1135637 \|doi\=10\.1042/bj2570651 }}
As opposed to macrophages that use the mannose receptors for phagocytosis of particulate matter \>200 nm, the mannose receptor on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells mediates clathrin\-mediated endocytosis of macromolecules and nanoparticles \<200 nm.
### Antigen presentation
The mannose receptor may also play a role in antigen uptake and presentation by immature dendritic cells in the adaptive immune system. Upon binding to the receptor, mannosylated antigens are internalised and transported to endocytic compartments within the cell for loading onto [Major Histocompatibility Complex](/wiki/Major_Histocompatibility_Complex "Major Histocompatibility Complex") (MHC) molecules or other related antigen\-presentation molecules. An indirect example of this is the processing of the [glycolipid](/wiki/Glycolipid "Glycolipid") antigen [lipoarabinomannan](/wiki/Lipoarabinomannan "Lipoarabinomannan"), derived from [Mycobacteria](/wiki/Mycobacteria "Mycobacteria"). Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is presented to T cells in complex with CD1b, but is also able to bind to the mannose receptor. Since the presence of [mannan](/wiki/Mannan_%28polysaccharide%29 "Mannan (polysaccharide)"), an alternative ligand, inhibits LAM\-dependent T cell proliferation, it is suggested that the receptor binds extracellular LAM, internalises it and then transports it to endocytic vesicles to be loaded onto CD1b.
Mature dendritic cells and macrophages use the mannose receptor for antigen presentation in a different way. The cleaved, soluble receptor binds to circulating antigens and directs them to effector cells in [lymphoid organs](/wiki/Lymphatic_system "Lymphatic system") via its cysteine\-rich domain, thus activating the adaptive immune system.
### Intracellular signalling
The cytoplasmic tail of the mannose receptor does not contain any signalling motifs, yet the receptor has proven to be essential for production of both pro\- and anti\-inflammatory [cytokines](/wiki/Cytokines "Cytokines"), indicating a more passive role for the receptor in phagocytosis of pathogens. This suggests that the mannose receptor is assisted by other cell surface receptors in order to trigger a signalling cascade. For example, it has been shown that [HEK 293 cells](/wiki/HEK_293_cells "HEK 293 cells") co\-transfected with human mannose receptor and human [Toll\-like receptor 2](/wiki/TLR_2 "TLR 2") [cDNA](/wiki/CDNA "CDNA") are able to secrete [IL\-8](/wiki/Interleukin_8 "Interleukin 8") in response to *P. carinii* infection, whereas those transfected with either receptor alone did not.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Tachado SD, Zhang J, Zhu J, Patel N, Cushion M, Koziel H \| title \= Pneumocystis\-mediated IL\-8 release by macrophages requires coexpression of mannose receptors and TLR2 \| journal \= Journal of Leukocyte Biology \| volume \= 81 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 205–11 \| year \= 2007 \| pmid \= 17020928 \| doi \= 10\.1189/jlb.1005580 \| s2cid \= 15056895 \| doi\-access \= }} It is possible that the two receptors form a complex on the cell surface that facilitates signal transduction upon pathogenic challenge.
### Resolution of inflammation
Another key role of the mannose receptor is to regulate the levels of molecules released into the circulation during the inflammatory response. In response to pathological events, glycoproteins including lysosomal [hydrolases](/wiki/Hydrolases "Hydrolases"), [tissue plasminogen activator](/wiki/Tissue_plasminogen_activator "Tissue plasminogen activator") and neutrophil [myeloperoxidase](/wiki/Myeloperoxidase "Myeloperoxidase") are released to help fight off any invading microorganisms. Once the threat has subsided, these glycoproteins can be damaging to host tissues so their levels in the circulation must be strictly controlled.
High\-mannose oligosaccharides present on the surface of these glycoproteins act to mark their transient nature, since they are eventually recognised by the mannose receptor and removed from the circulation. Mannose receptor knockout mice are less able to clear these proteins, and show increased concentrations of a number of lysosomal hydrolases in the blood.
Consistent with this function, the mannose receptor is expressed at low levels during inflammation and at high levels during the resolution of inflammation, to ensure inflammatory agents are removed from the circulation only at the appropriate time.
### Clearance of glycoprotein hormones
The N\-terminal cysteine\-rich domain of the mannose receptor plays an important role in the recognition of sulphated glycoprotein hormones and their clearance from the circulation.
Glycoprotein hormones such as [lutropin](/wiki/Lutropin "Lutropin"), which triggers release of the egg during [ovulation](/wiki/Ovulation "Ovulation"), must stimulate their receptors in pulses to avoid [receptor desensitisation](/wiki/Homologous_desensitization "Homologous desensitization"). Glycans on their surface are capped with sulphated *N*\-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), making them ligands for the cysteine\-rich ricin homology domain of the mannose receptor. This tag ensures a cycle of release, stimulation, and removal from the circulation.
Knockout mice lacking the enzyme required to add the sulphated GalNAc capping structure show longer half\-lives for lutropin, which results in increased receptor activation and [oestrogen](/wiki/Oestrogen "Oestrogen") production. Female knockout mice reach sexual maturity faster than their wild\-type counterparts, have a longer [oestrus cycle](/wiki/Oestrus_cycle "Oestrus cycle") and produce more litters. Thus, the sulphated GalNAc tag is very important in regulating serum concentrations of certain glycoprotein hormones.
|
[
"Function\n--------",
"### Phagocytosis of pathogens",
"A number of pathogenic microorganisms, including *C. albicans*,{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Maródi L, Korchak HM, Johnston RB \\| title \\= Mechanisms of host defense against ''Candida'' species. I. Phagocytosis by monocytes and monocyte\\-derived macrophages \\| journal \\= Journal of Immunology \\| volume \\= 146 \\| issue \\= 8 \\| pages \\= 2783–9 \\| year \\= 1991 \\| doi \\= 10\\.4049/jimmunol.146\\.8\\.2783 \\| pmid \\= 1901885 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} *[Pneumocystis carinii](/wiki/Pneumocystis_carinii \"Pneumocystis carinii\")*{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Ezekowitz RA, Williams DJ, Koziel H, Armstrong MY, Warner A, Richards FF, Rose RM \\| title \\= Uptake of ''Pneumocystis carinii'' mediated by the macrophage mannose receptor \\| journal \\= Nature \\| volume \\= 351 \\| issue \\= 6322 \\| pages \\= 155–8 \\| year \\= 1991 \\| pmid \\= 1903183 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/351155a0 \\| bibcode \\= 1991Natur.351\\..155E \\| s2cid \\= 1763804 }}{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=O'Riordan DM, Standing JE, Limper AH \\| title \\= ''Pneumocystis carinii'' glycoprotein A binds macrophage mannose receptors \\| journal \\= Infection and Immunity \\| volume \\= 63 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 779–84 \\| year \\= 1995 \\| pmid \\= 7868247 \\| pmc \\= 173070 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1128/IAI.63\\.3\\.779\\-784\\.1995}} and *[Leishmania donovani](/wiki/Leishmania_donovani \"Leishmania donovani\")*{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Chakraborty R, Chakraborty P, Basu MK \\| title \\= Macrophage mannosyl fucosyl receptor: its role in invasion of virulent and avirulent ''L. donovani'' promastigotes \\| journal \\= Bioscience Reports \\| volume \\= 18 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 129–42 \\| year \\= 1998 \\| pmid \\= 9798785 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1023/A:1020192512001\\| s2cid \\= 4903749 }}{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Chakraborty P, Ghosh D, Basu MK \\| title \\= Modulation of macrophage mannose receptor affects the uptake of virulent and avirulent ''Leishmania donovani'' promastigotes \\| journal \\= Journal of Parasitology \\| volume \\= 87 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 1023–7 \\| year \\= 2001 \\| pmid \\= 11695359 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1645/0022\\-3395(2001\\)087\\[1023:MOMMRA]2\\.0\\.CO;2 \\| s2cid \\= 26732461 }} display glycans on their surfaces with terminal mannose residues that are recognised by the C\\-type CRDs of the mannose receptor, thereby acting as a marker of non\\-self. Upon recognition, the receptor internalises the bound pathogen and transports it to lysosomes for degradation via the [phagocytic pathway](/wiki/Endocytosis \"Endocytosis\"). In this way, the mannose receptor acts as a [pattern recognition receptor](/wiki/Pattern_recognition_receptor \"Pattern recognition receptor\"). The presence of a di\\-aromatic FENTLY (Phe\\-Glu\\-Asn\\-Thr\\-Leu\\-Tyr) sequence motif in the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor is vital for its clathrin\\-mediated internalization. This is supported by the evidence that [Cos\\-1 cells](/wiki/COS_cells \"COS cells\") transfected with the mannose receptor lacking its C\\-terminal tail are unable to endocytose *C. albicans* and *P. carinii*.",
"Surprisingly, mannose receptor [knockout mice](/wiki/Knockout_mouse \"Knockout mouse\") do not show increased susceptibility to infection, which suggests that the receptor is not essential for phagocytosis. However, its involvement cannot be rejected since other mechanisms may compensate. For example, infection of knockout mice with *P. carinii* resulted in increased recruitment of macrophages to the site of infection. Furthermore, other receptors present on the surface of phagocytic cells, such as [DC\\-SIGN](/wiki/DC-SIGN \"DC-SIGN\"), SIGNR1 and Endo180, exhibit similar ligand binding ability to the mannose receptor and so it is likely that in its absence, these proteins are able to compensate and induce phagocytosis.",
"The ability of the mannose receptor to aid in pathogen internalisation is also thought to facilitate infection by *[Mycobacterium tuberculosis](/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis \"Mycobacterium tuberculosis\")* and *[Mycobacterium leprae](/wiki/Mycobacterium_leprae \"Mycobacterium leprae\")*. These [bacteria](/wiki/Bacteria \"Bacteria\") reside and multiply in macrophages, preventing formation of the phagolysosome to avoid degradation. Hence, by mediating their entrance into the macrophage, blocking the mannose receptor helps these pathogens to infect and grow in their target cell.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Kang PB, Azad AK, Torrelles JB, Kaufman TM, Beharka A, Tibesar E, DesJardin LE, Schlesinger LS \\| title \\= The human macrophage mannose receptor directs Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan\\-mediated phagosome biogenesis \\| journal \\= Journal of Experimental Medicine \\| volume \\= 202 \\| issue \\= 7 \\| pages \\= 987–99 \\| year \\= 2005 \\| pmid \\= 16203868 \\| pmc \\= 2213176 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1084/jem.20051239 }}",
"### Clathrin\\-mediated endocytosis",
"The CRD regions of the mannose receptor on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells remove a number of waste material ranging from soluble macromolecules to large particulate matter.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Sørensen \\|first1\\=KK \\|last2\\=Simon\\-Santamaria \\|first2\\=J \\|last3\\=McCuskey \\|first3\\=RS \\|last4\\=Smedsrød \\|first4\\=B \\|title\\=Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells. \\|journal\\=Comprehensive Physiology \\|date\\=20 September 2015 \\|volume\\=5 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=1751–74 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/cphy.c140078 \\|pmid\\=26426467\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} These include lysosomal enzymes,{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Elvevold \\|first1\\=K \\|last2\\=Simon\\-Santamaria \\|first2\\=J \\|last3\\=Hasvold \\|first3\\=H \\|last4\\=McCourt \\|first4\\=P \\|last5\\=Smedsrød \\|first5\\=B \\|last6\\=Sørensen \\|first6\\=KK \\|title\\=Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells depend on mannose receptor\\-mediated recruitment of lysosomal enzymes for normal degradation capacity. \\|journal\\=Hepatology \\|date\\=December 2008 \\|volume\\=48 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=2007–15 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/hep.22527 \\|pmid\\=19026003\\|s2cid\\=29069000 \\|doi\\-access\\= }} collagen α\\-chains,{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Malovic \\|first1\\=I \\|last2\\=Sørensen \\|first2\\=KK \\|last3\\=Elvevold \\|first3\\=KH \\|last4\\=Nedredal \\|first4\\=GI \\|last5\\=Paulsen \\|first5\\=S \\|last6\\=Erofeev \\|first6\\=AV \\|last7\\=Smedsrød \\|first7\\=BH \\|last8\\=McCourt \\|first8\\=PA \\|title\\=The mannose receptor on murine liver sinusoidal endothelial cells is the main denatured collagen clearance receptor. \\|journal\\=Hepatology \\|date\\=June 2007 \\|volume\\=45 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=1454–61 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/hep.21639 \\|pmid\\=17518370\\|s2cid\\=26022255 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} C\\-terminal propeptides of type I pro\\-collagens,{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Smedsrød \\|first1\\=B \\|last2\\=Melkko \\|first2\\=J \\|last3\\=Risteli \\|first3\\=L \\|last4\\=Risteli \\|first4\\=J \\|title\\=Circulating C\\-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen is cleared mainly via the mannose receptor in liver endothelial cells. \\|journal\\=The Biochemical Journal \\|date\\=15 October 1990 \\|volume\\=271 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=345–50 \\|pmid\\=2241919\\|pmc\\=1149560 \\|doi\\=10\\.1042/bj2710345 }} and tissue plasminogen activator.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Smedsrød \\|first1\\=B \\|last2\\=Einarsson \\|first2\\=M \\|last3\\=Pertoft \\|first3\\=H \\|title\\=Tissue plasminogen activator is endocytosed by mannose and galactose receptors of rat liver cells. \\|journal\\=Thrombosis and Haemostasis \\|date\\=16 June 1988 \\|volume\\=59 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=480–4 \\|pmid\\=2847350\\|doi\\=10\\.1055/s\\-0038\\-1647519 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Binding studies indicate that each liver sinusoidal endothelial cell expresses a surface pool of 20,000\\-25,000 mannose receptors. The mannose receptor on liver sinusoidal endothelial cell is a rapidly recycling receptor, with a Ke (endocytotic rate constant) of 4\\.12 min\\-1, which corresponds to a half\\-life of 10 s for the surface pool of receptor\\-ligand complexes.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Magnusson \\|first1\\=S \\|last2\\=Berg \\|first2\\=T \\|title\\=Extremely rapid endocytosis mediated by the mannose receptor of sinusoidal endothelial rat liver cells. \\|journal\\=The Biochemical Journal \\|date\\=1 February 1989 \\|volume\\=257 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=651–6 \\|pmid\\=2930475\\|pmc\\=1135637 \\|doi\\=10\\.1042/bj2570651 }}",
"As opposed to macrophages that use the mannose receptors for phagocytosis of particulate matter \\>200 nm, the mannose receptor on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells mediates clathrin\\-mediated endocytosis of macromolecules and nanoparticles \\<200 nm.",
"### Antigen presentation",
"The mannose receptor may also play a role in antigen uptake and presentation by immature dendritic cells in the adaptive immune system. Upon binding to the receptor, mannosylated antigens are internalised and transported to endocytic compartments within the cell for loading onto [Major Histocompatibility Complex](/wiki/Major_Histocompatibility_Complex \"Major Histocompatibility Complex\") (MHC) molecules or other related antigen\\-presentation molecules. An indirect example of this is the processing of the [glycolipid](/wiki/Glycolipid \"Glycolipid\") antigen [lipoarabinomannan](/wiki/Lipoarabinomannan \"Lipoarabinomannan\"), derived from [Mycobacteria](/wiki/Mycobacteria \"Mycobacteria\"). Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is presented to T cells in complex with CD1b, but is also able to bind to the mannose receptor. Since the presence of [mannan](/wiki/Mannan_%28polysaccharide%29 \"Mannan (polysaccharide)\"), an alternative ligand, inhibits LAM\\-dependent T cell proliferation, it is suggested that the receptor binds extracellular LAM, internalises it and then transports it to endocytic vesicles to be loaded onto CD1b.",
"Mature dendritic cells and macrophages use the mannose receptor for antigen presentation in a different way. The cleaved, soluble receptor binds to circulating antigens and directs them to effector cells in [lymphoid organs](/wiki/Lymphatic_system \"Lymphatic system\") via its cysteine\\-rich domain, thus activating the adaptive immune system.",
"### Intracellular signalling",
"The cytoplasmic tail of the mannose receptor does not contain any signalling motifs, yet the receptor has proven to be essential for production of both pro\\- and anti\\-inflammatory [cytokines](/wiki/Cytokines \"Cytokines\"), indicating a more passive role for the receptor in phagocytosis of pathogens. This suggests that the mannose receptor is assisted by other cell surface receptors in order to trigger a signalling cascade. For example, it has been shown that [HEK 293 cells](/wiki/HEK_293_cells \"HEK 293 cells\") co\\-transfected with human mannose receptor and human [Toll\\-like receptor 2](/wiki/TLR_2 \"TLR 2\") [cDNA](/wiki/CDNA \"CDNA\") are able to secrete [IL\\-8](/wiki/Interleukin_8 \"Interleukin 8\") in response to *P. carinii* infection, whereas those transfected with either receptor alone did not.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Tachado SD, Zhang J, Zhu J, Patel N, Cushion M, Koziel H \\| title \\= Pneumocystis\\-mediated IL\\-8 release by macrophages requires coexpression of mannose receptors and TLR2 \\| journal \\= Journal of Leukocyte Biology \\| volume \\= 81 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 205–11 \\| year \\= 2007 \\| pmid \\= 17020928 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1189/jlb.1005580 \\| s2cid \\= 15056895 \\| doi\\-access \\= }} It is possible that the two receptors form a complex on the cell surface that facilitates signal transduction upon pathogenic challenge.",
"### Resolution of inflammation",
"Another key role of the mannose receptor is to regulate the levels of molecules released into the circulation during the inflammatory response. In response to pathological events, glycoproteins including lysosomal [hydrolases](/wiki/Hydrolases \"Hydrolases\"), [tissue plasminogen activator](/wiki/Tissue_plasminogen_activator \"Tissue plasminogen activator\") and neutrophil [myeloperoxidase](/wiki/Myeloperoxidase \"Myeloperoxidase\") are released to help fight off any invading microorganisms. Once the threat has subsided, these glycoproteins can be damaging to host tissues so their levels in the circulation must be strictly controlled.",
"High\\-mannose oligosaccharides present on the surface of these glycoproteins act to mark their transient nature, since they are eventually recognised by the mannose receptor and removed from the circulation. Mannose receptor knockout mice are less able to clear these proteins, and show increased concentrations of a number of lysosomal hydrolases in the blood.",
"Consistent with this function, the mannose receptor is expressed at low levels during inflammation and at high levels during the resolution of inflammation, to ensure inflammatory agents are removed from the circulation only at the appropriate time.",
"### Clearance of glycoprotein hormones",
"The N\\-terminal cysteine\\-rich domain of the mannose receptor plays an important role in the recognition of sulphated glycoprotein hormones and their clearance from the circulation.",
"Glycoprotein hormones such as [lutropin](/wiki/Lutropin \"Lutropin\"), which triggers release of the egg during [ovulation](/wiki/Ovulation \"Ovulation\"), must stimulate their receptors in pulses to avoid [receptor desensitisation](/wiki/Homologous_desensitization \"Homologous desensitization\"). Glycans on their surface are capped with sulphated *N*\\-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), making them ligands for the cysteine\\-rich ricin homology domain of the mannose receptor. This tag ensures a cycle of release, stimulation, and removal from the circulation.",
"Knockout mice lacking the enzyme required to add the sulphated GalNAc capping structure show longer half\\-lives for lutropin, which results in increased receptor activation and [oestrogen](/wiki/Oestrogen \"Oestrogen\") production. Female knockout mice reach sexual maturity faster than their wild\\-type counterparts, have a longer [oestrus cycle](/wiki/Oestrus_cycle \"Oestrus cycle\") and produce more litters. Thus, the sulphated GalNAc tag is very important in regulating serum concentrations of certain glycoprotein hormones.",
""
] |
Career
------
### The Stranglers
Roberts replaced [Hugh Cornwell](/wiki/Hugh_Cornwell "Hugh Cornwell") in The Stranglers in 1990 and appeared on and co\-wrote their studio albums *[Stranglers In the Night](/wiki/Stranglers_In_the_Night "Stranglers In the Night")*, *[About Time](/wiki/About_Time_%28Stranglers_album%29 "About Time (Stranglers album)")*, *[Written in Red](/wiki/Written_in_Red "Written in Red")*, *[Coup de Grace](/wiki/Coup_de_Grace_%28The_Stranglers_album%29 "Coup de Grace (The Stranglers album)")* and *[Norfolk Coast](/wiki/Norfolk_Coast_%28album%29 "Norfolk Coast (album)")*.[Rock's Stranglers return to EMI](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3224917.stm) \- BBC News Online
Roberts performed live as a non\-playing frontman as The Stranglers recruited guitarist [John Ellis](/wiki/John_Ellis_%28guitarist%29 "John Ellis (guitarist)") and later [Baz Warne](/wiki/Baz_Warne "Baz Warne") to co\-replace Cornwell, who sang vocals and played guitar.[Interviews](http://www.bbc.co.uk/totp2/artists/s/stranglers/underthegrill/page1.shtml) \- Top of the Pops
Roberts left [The Stranglers](/wiki/The_Stranglers "The Stranglers") after almost 16 years (believed to be longer than his predecessor, according to press quotes from his former colleagues) in May 2006\. The split was officially described as "amicable."[Band History](http://www.stranglers.net/b_ground.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716144744/http://www.stranglers.net/b\_ground.html \|date\=16 July 2011 }} \- The Stranglers official website The band reverted to a four\-piece, with Warne taking over lead vocals and [Jean\-Jacques Burnel](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burnel "Jean-Jacques Burnel") returning to singing songs on which he had originally provided lead vocals.
### Solo / Faith Band / Soulsec
As a side project to The Stranglers, Roberts also played and recorded as Paul Roberts, [Paul Roberts and The Faith Band](/wiki/Paul_Roberts_and_The_Faith_Band "Paul Roberts and The Faith Band") and [The Faith Band](/wiki/The_Faith_Band "The Faith Band"), who post Stranglers changed to [Soulsec](/wiki/Soulsec "Soulsec"). Releases included the albums *Faith?* (Paul Roberts, 1999], *Self Discovery* (Paul Roberts and The Faithband, 2001\), *The Pressure Sensitive* (The Faithband, 2003\) and *End Games* (Soulsec, 2007\). Also the singles "God", "When Reason Sleeps", "8 Days" and "Swim". There have also been several [acoustic](/wiki/Acoustic_guitar "Acoustic guitar")/electric live and compilation CDs.
### Other work
In 1994 Roberts sang on [The Listening Pool](/wiki/The_Listening_Pool "The Listening Pool")'s (ex\-[OMD](/wiki/Orchestral_Manoeuvres_in_the_Dark "Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark") members [Paul Humphreys](/wiki/Paul_Humphreys "Paul Humphreys"), [Martin Cooper](/wiki/Martin_Cooper_%28musician%29 "Martin Cooper (musician)") and [Malcolm Holmes](/wiki/Malcolm_Holmes "Malcolm Holmes")) album *Still Life* on the track "Somebody Somewhere". Roberts played the role of Pop Larkin in the world premiere of *Perfick: The Darling Buds of May Musical*.[From Strangler to Pop Larkin – The Amazing Story of Paul Roberts](http://www.24-7pressrelease.com/view_press_release_printer_friendly.php?rID=45147) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213005903/http://www.24\-7pressrelease.com/view\_press\_release\_printer\_friendly.php?rID\=45147 \|date\=13 February 2012 }} \- 24\-7 Press Release This was a musical based on [H. E. Bates](/wiki/H._E._Bates "H. E. Bates")' novel *[The Darling Buds of May](/wiki/The_Darling_Buds_of_May_%28novel%29 "The Darling Buds of May (novel)")*, written by David Burton. The show ran for a week in April 2008 at The [Kings Theatre, Southsea](/wiki/Kings_Theatre%2C_Southsea "Kings Theatre, Southsea") as a trial to see whether the company could raise enough interest to finance a West End production. The show did not open on the West End.
In 2008, Roberts played the Roman poet Ovid in the play *The Art of Love* alongside [Adèle Anderson](/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Anderson "Adèle Anderson") of [Fascinating Aïda](/wiki/Fascinating_A%C3%AFda "Fascinating Aïda") in London, the lead role in [Richard O'Brien](/wiki/Richard_O%27Brien "Richard O'Brien")'s *Mephistopheles Smith: the Evangelist from Hell* at the [Edinburgh Festival Fringe](/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe "Edinburgh Festival Fringe") in 2007, 16 characters in a two\-hour workshop of *The Unimportant History of Britain* in London in 2008\. Also in 2008, Roberts was asked by [Paul Nicholas](/wiki/Paul_Nicholas "Paul Nicholas") to play John Barsad in a new musical adaptation of *[A Tale of Two Cities](/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities "A Tale of Two Cities")* at the Gatehouse Theatre, London, and was offered the lead in *Gold*, a fringe musical based on old school friends getting their school band back together after twenty\-five years apart.
Roberts has appeared in the television series [Cranford](/wiki/Cranford_%28TV_series%29 "Cranford (TV series)") as a featured character alongside [Dame Judi Dench](/wiki/Judi_Dench "Judi Dench") and [Eileen Atkins](/wiki/Eileen_Atkins "Eileen Atkins") and has collaborated with actor Stephen Donald (*[Blood Brothers](/wiki/Blood_Brothers_%28musical%29 "Blood Brothers (musical)")*, *[Brookside](/wiki/Brookside_%28TV_series%29 "Brookside (TV series)")*) in the north of England.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.theoldebell.co.uk/pdf/OldeBell\-xmas.pdf \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2009\-01\-03 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203050420/http://www.theoldebell.co.uk/pdf/OldeBell\-xmas.pdf \|archive\-date\=3 December 2008 \|df\=dmy\-all }} Paul appears at the beginning of the first [Harry Potter](/wiki/Harry_Potter_%28film_series%29 "Harry Potter (film series)") movie.
In 2010, Roberts performed as [Frank Sinatra](/wiki/Frank_Sinatra "Frank Sinatra") alongside Laura Nixon's [Marilyn Monroe](/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe "Marilyn Monroe") and Suspiciously Elvis at sell\-out shows at *Alive \& Swinging* in [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton "Brighton"), [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom").
In 2016, after the initial filming of a 'joke' Bowie stage show \[after a lifetime of constant comparison] Roberts was subsequently asked to co\-create the show *Let's Dance* with Worldwide Entertainment, paying tribute to [David Bowie](/wiki/David_Bowie "David Bowie"). The show has played dates across the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"), in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") and in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), presented by the [British Theatre Playhouse](/wiki/British_Theatre_Playhouse "British Theatre Playhouse").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.britishtheatreplayhouse.com/index.html \|title\=SISTIC SINGAPORE \- Welcome to British Theatre Playhouse \- Professional Theatre Production \- SISTIC\- the Mousetrap Singapore \|access\-date\=25 September 2016 \|archive\-date\=11 October 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011140822/http://britishtheatreplayhouse.com/index.html \|url\-status\=dead }}
He continues to write, record and perform and will release his 6th studio album '20 – 22' in the autumn of 2023\. The lead track 'Freedom' being released in June 2023\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### The Stranglers",
"Roberts replaced [Hugh Cornwell](/wiki/Hugh_Cornwell \"Hugh Cornwell\") in The Stranglers in 1990 and appeared on and co\\-wrote their studio albums *[Stranglers In the Night](/wiki/Stranglers_In_the_Night \"Stranglers In the Night\")*, *[About Time](/wiki/About_Time_%28Stranglers_album%29 \"About Time (Stranglers album)\")*, *[Written in Red](/wiki/Written_in_Red \"Written in Red\")*, *[Coup de Grace](/wiki/Coup_de_Grace_%28The_Stranglers_album%29 \"Coup de Grace (The Stranglers album)\")* and *[Norfolk Coast](/wiki/Norfolk_Coast_%28album%29 \"Norfolk Coast (album)\")*.[Rock's Stranglers return to EMI](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3224917.stm) \\- BBC News Online",
"Roberts performed live as a non\\-playing frontman as The Stranglers recruited guitarist [John Ellis](/wiki/John_Ellis_%28guitarist%29 \"John Ellis (guitarist)\") and later [Baz Warne](/wiki/Baz_Warne \"Baz Warne\") to co\\-replace Cornwell, who sang vocals and played guitar.[Interviews](http://www.bbc.co.uk/totp2/artists/s/stranglers/underthegrill/page1.shtml) \\- Top of the Pops",
"Roberts left [The Stranglers](/wiki/The_Stranglers \"The Stranglers\") after almost 16 years (believed to be longer than his predecessor, according to press quotes from his former colleagues) in May 2006\\. The split was officially described as \"amicable.\"[Band History](http://www.stranglers.net/b_ground.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716144744/http://www.stranglers.net/b\\_ground.html \\|date\\=16 July 2011 }} \\- The Stranglers official website The band reverted to a four\\-piece, with Warne taking over lead vocals and [Jean\\-Jacques Burnel](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burnel \"Jean-Jacques Burnel\") returning to singing songs on which he had originally provided lead vocals.",
"### Solo / Faith Band / Soulsec",
"As a side project to The Stranglers, Roberts also played and recorded as Paul Roberts, [Paul Roberts and The Faith Band](/wiki/Paul_Roberts_and_The_Faith_Band \"Paul Roberts and The Faith Band\") and [The Faith Band](/wiki/The_Faith_Band \"The Faith Band\"), who post Stranglers changed to [Soulsec](/wiki/Soulsec \"Soulsec\"). Releases included the albums *Faith?* (Paul Roberts, 1999], *Self Discovery* (Paul Roberts and The Faithband, 2001\\), *The Pressure Sensitive* (The Faithband, 2003\\) and *End Games* (Soulsec, 2007\\). Also the singles \"God\", \"When Reason Sleeps\", \"8 Days\" and \"Swim\". There have also been several [acoustic](/wiki/Acoustic_guitar \"Acoustic guitar\")/electric live and compilation CDs.",
"### Other work",
"In 1994 Roberts sang on [The Listening Pool](/wiki/The_Listening_Pool \"The Listening Pool\")'s (ex\\-[OMD](/wiki/Orchestral_Manoeuvres_in_the_Dark \"Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark\") members [Paul Humphreys](/wiki/Paul_Humphreys \"Paul Humphreys\"), [Martin Cooper](/wiki/Martin_Cooper_%28musician%29 \"Martin Cooper (musician)\") and [Malcolm Holmes](/wiki/Malcolm_Holmes \"Malcolm Holmes\")) album *Still Life* on the track \"Somebody Somewhere\". Roberts played the role of Pop Larkin in the world premiere of *Perfick: The Darling Buds of May Musical*.[From Strangler to Pop Larkin – The Amazing Story of Paul Roberts](http://www.24-7pressrelease.com/view_press_release_printer_friendly.php?rID=45147) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213005903/http://www.24\\-7pressrelease.com/view\\_press\\_release\\_printer\\_friendly.php?rID\\=45147 \\|date\\=13 February 2012 }} \\- 24\\-7 Press Release This was a musical based on [H. E. Bates](/wiki/H._E._Bates \"H. E. Bates\")' novel *[The Darling Buds of May](/wiki/The_Darling_Buds_of_May_%28novel%29 \"The Darling Buds of May (novel)\")*, written by David Burton. The show ran for a week in April 2008 at The [Kings Theatre, Southsea](/wiki/Kings_Theatre%2C_Southsea \"Kings Theatre, Southsea\") as a trial to see whether the company could raise enough interest to finance a West End production. The show did not open on the West End.",
"In 2008, Roberts played the Roman poet Ovid in the play *The Art of Love* alongside [Adèle Anderson](/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Anderson \"Adèle Anderson\") of [Fascinating Aïda](/wiki/Fascinating_A%C3%AFda \"Fascinating Aïda\") in London, the lead role in [Richard O'Brien](/wiki/Richard_O%27Brien \"Richard O'Brien\")'s *Mephistopheles Smith: the Evangelist from Hell* at the [Edinburgh Festival Fringe](/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe \"Edinburgh Festival Fringe\") in 2007, 16 characters in a two\\-hour workshop of *The Unimportant History of Britain* in London in 2008\\. Also in 2008, Roberts was asked by [Paul Nicholas](/wiki/Paul_Nicholas \"Paul Nicholas\") to play John Barsad in a new musical adaptation of *[A Tale of Two Cities](/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities \"A Tale of Two Cities\")* at the Gatehouse Theatre, London, and was offered the lead in *Gold*, a fringe musical based on old school friends getting their school band back together after twenty\\-five years apart.",
"Roberts has appeared in the television series [Cranford](/wiki/Cranford_%28TV_series%29 \"Cranford (TV series)\") as a featured character alongside [Dame Judi Dench](/wiki/Judi_Dench \"Judi Dench\") and [Eileen Atkins](/wiki/Eileen_Atkins \"Eileen Atkins\") and has collaborated with actor Stephen Donald (*[Blood Brothers](/wiki/Blood_Brothers_%28musical%29 \"Blood Brothers (musical)\")*, *[Brookside](/wiki/Brookside_%28TV_series%29 \"Brookside (TV series)\")*) in the north of England.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.theoldebell.co.uk/pdf/OldeBell\\-xmas.pdf \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203050420/http://www.theoldebell.co.uk/pdf/OldeBell\\-xmas.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=3 December 2008 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} Paul appears at the beginning of the first [Harry Potter](/wiki/Harry_Potter_%28film_series%29 \"Harry Potter (film series)\") movie.",
"In 2010, Roberts performed as [Frank Sinatra](/wiki/Frank_Sinatra \"Frank Sinatra\") alongside Laura Nixon's [Marilyn Monroe](/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe \"Marilyn Monroe\") and Suspiciously Elvis at sell\\-out shows at *Alive \\& Swinging* in [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton \"Brighton\"), [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\").",
"In 2016, after the initial filming of a 'joke' Bowie stage show \\[after a lifetime of constant comparison] Roberts was subsequently asked to co\\-create the show *Let's Dance* with Worldwide Entertainment, paying tribute to [David Bowie](/wiki/David_Bowie \"David Bowie\"). The show has played dates across the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\") and in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\"), presented by the [British Theatre Playhouse](/wiki/British_Theatre_Playhouse \"British Theatre Playhouse\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.britishtheatreplayhouse.com/index.html \\|title\\=SISTIC SINGAPORE \\- Welcome to British Theatre Playhouse \\- Professional Theatre Production \\- SISTIC\\- the Mousetrap Singapore \\|access\\-date\\=25 September 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011140822/http://britishtheatreplayhouse.com/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"He continues to write, record and perform and will release his 6th studio album '20 – 22' in the autumn of 2023\\. The lead track 'Freedom' being released in June 2023\\.",
""
] |
### Other work
In 1994 Roberts sang on [The Listening Pool](/wiki/The_Listening_Pool "The Listening Pool")'s (ex\-[OMD](/wiki/Orchestral_Manoeuvres_in_the_Dark "Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark") members [Paul Humphreys](/wiki/Paul_Humphreys "Paul Humphreys"), [Martin Cooper](/wiki/Martin_Cooper_%28musician%29 "Martin Cooper (musician)") and [Malcolm Holmes](/wiki/Malcolm_Holmes "Malcolm Holmes")) album *Still Life* on the track "Somebody Somewhere". Roberts played the role of Pop Larkin in the world premiere of *Perfick: The Darling Buds of May Musical*.[From Strangler to Pop Larkin – The Amazing Story of Paul Roberts](http://www.24-7pressrelease.com/view_press_release_printer_friendly.php?rID=45147) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213005903/http://www.24\-7pressrelease.com/view\_press\_release\_printer\_friendly.php?rID\=45147 \|date\=13 February 2012 }} \- 24\-7 Press Release This was a musical based on [H. E. Bates](/wiki/H._E._Bates "H. E. Bates")' novel *[The Darling Buds of May](/wiki/The_Darling_Buds_of_May_%28novel%29 "The Darling Buds of May (novel)")*, written by David Burton. The show ran for a week in April 2008 at The [Kings Theatre, Southsea](/wiki/Kings_Theatre%2C_Southsea "Kings Theatre, Southsea") as a trial to see whether the company could raise enough interest to finance a West End production. The show did not open on the West End.
In 2008, Roberts played the Roman poet Ovid in the play *The Art of Love* alongside [Adèle Anderson](/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Anderson "Adèle Anderson") of [Fascinating Aïda](/wiki/Fascinating_A%C3%AFda "Fascinating Aïda") in London, the lead role in [Richard O'Brien](/wiki/Richard_O%27Brien "Richard O'Brien")'s *Mephistopheles Smith: the Evangelist from Hell* at the [Edinburgh Festival Fringe](/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe "Edinburgh Festival Fringe") in 2007, 16 characters in a two\-hour workshop of *The Unimportant History of Britain* in London in 2008\. Also in 2008, Roberts was asked by [Paul Nicholas](/wiki/Paul_Nicholas "Paul Nicholas") to play John Barsad in a new musical adaptation of *[A Tale of Two Cities](/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities "A Tale of Two Cities")* at the Gatehouse Theatre, London, and was offered the lead in *Gold*, a fringe musical based on old school friends getting their school band back together after twenty\-five years apart.
Roberts has appeared in the television series [Cranford](/wiki/Cranford_%28TV_series%29 "Cranford (TV series)") as a featured character alongside [Dame Judi Dench](/wiki/Judi_Dench "Judi Dench") and [Eileen Atkins](/wiki/Eileen_Atkins "Eileen Atkins") and has collaborated with actor Stephen Donald (*[Blood Brothers](/wiki/Blood_Brothers_%28musical%29 "Blood Brothers (musical)")*, *[Brookside](/wiki/Brookside_%28TV_series%29 "Brookside (TV series)")*) in the north of England.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.theoldebell.co.uk/pdf/OldeBell\-xmas.pdf \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2009\-01\-03 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203050420/http://www.theoldebell.co.uk/pdf/OldeBell\-xmas.pdf \|archive\-date\=3 December 2008 \|df\=dmy\-all }} Paul appears at the beginning of the first [Harry Potter](/wiki/Harry_Potter_%28film_series%29 "Harry Potter (film series)") movie.
In 2010, Roberts performed as [Frank Sinatra](/wiki/Frank_Sinatra "Frank Sinatra") alongside Laura Nixon's [Marilyn Monroe](/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe "Marilyn Monroe") and Suspiciously Elvis at sell\-out shows at *Alive \& Swinging* in [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton "Brighton"), [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom").
In 2016, after the initial filming of a 'joke' Bowie stage show \[after a lifetime of constant comparison] Roberts was subsequently asked to co\-create the show *Let's Dance* with Worldwide Entertainment, paying tribute to [David Bowie](/wiki/David_Bowie "David Bowie"). The show has played dates across the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"), in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") and in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), presented by the [British Theatre Playhouse](/wiki/British_Theatre_Playhouse "British Theatre Playhouse").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.britishtheatreplayhouse.com/index.html \|title\=SISTIC SINGAPORE \- Welcome to British Theatre Playhouse \- Professional Theatre Production \- SISTIC\- the Mousetrap Singapore \|access\-date\=25 September 2016 \|archive\-date\=11 October 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011140822/http://britishtheatreplayhouse.com/index.html \|url\-status\=dead }}
He continues to write, record and perform and will release his 6th studio album '20 – 22' in the autumn of 2023\. The lead track 'Freedom' being released in June 2023\.
|
[
"### Other work",
"In 1994 Roberts sang on [The Listening Pool](/wiki/The_Listening_Pool \"The Listening Pool\")'s (ex\\-[OMD](/wiki/Orchestral_Manoeuvres_in_the_Dark \"Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark\") members [Paul Humphreys](/wiki/Paul_Humphreys \"Paul Humphreys\"), [Martin Cooper](/wiki/Martin_Cooper_%28musician%29 \"Martin Cooper (musician)\") and [Malcolm Holmes](/wiki/Malcolm_Holmes \"Malcolm Holmes\")) album *Still Life* on the track \"Somebody Somewhere\". Roberts played the role of Pop Larkin in the world premiere of *Perfick: The Darling Buds of May Musical*.[From Strangler to Pop Larkin – The Amazing Story of Paul Roberts](http://www.24-7pressrelease.com/view_press_release_printer_friendly.php?rID=45147) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213005903/http://www.24\\-7pressrelease.com/view\\_press\\_release\\_printer\\_friendly.php?rID\\=45147 \\|date\\=13 February 2012 }} \\- 24\\-7 Press Release This was a musical based on [H. E. Bates](/wiki/H._E._Bates \"H. E. Bates\")' novel *[The Darling Buds of May](/wiki/The_Darling_Buds_of_May_%28novel%29 \"The Darling Buds of May (novel)\")*, written by David Burton. The show ran for a week in April 2008 at The [Kings Theatre, Southsea](/wiki/Kings_Theatre%2C_Southsea \"Kings Theatre, Southsea\") as a trial to see whether the company could raise enough interest to finance a West End production. The show did not open on the West End.",
"In 2008, Roberts played the Roman poet Ovid in the play *The Art of Love* alongside [Adèle Anderson](/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Anderson \"Adèle Anderson\") of [Fascinating Aïda](/wiki/Fascinating_A%C3%AFda \"Fascinating Aïda\") in London, the lead role in [Richard O'Brien](/wiki/Richard_O%27Brien \"Richard O'Brien\")'s *Mephistopheles Smith: the Evangelist from Hell* at the [Edinburgh Festival Fringe](/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe \"Edinburgh Festival Fringe\") in 2007, 16 characters in a two\\-hour workshop of *The Unimportant History of Britain* in London in 2008\\. Also in 2008, Roberts was asked by [Paul Nicholas](/wiki/Paul_Nicholas \"Paul Nicholas\") to play John Barsad in a new musical adaptation of *[A Tale of Two Cities](/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities \"A Tale of Two Cities\")* at the Gatehouse Theatre, London, and was offered the lead in *Gold*, a fringe musical based on old school friends getting their school band back together after twenty\\-five years apart.",
"Roberts has appeared in the television series [Cranford](/wiki/Cranford_%28TV_series%29 \"Cranford (TV series)\") as a featured character alongside [Dame Judi Dench](/wiki/Judi_Dench \"Judi Dench\") and [Eileen Atkins](/wiki/Eileen_Atkins \"Eileen Atkins\") and has collaborated with actor Stephen Donald (*[Blood Brothers](/wiki/Blood_Brothers_%28musical%29 \"Blood Brothers (musical)\")*, *[Brookside](/wiki/Brookside_%28TV_series%29 \"Brookside (TV series)\")*) in the north of England.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.theoldebell.co.uk/pdf/OldeBell\\-xmas.pdf \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203050420/http://www.theoldebell.co.uk/pdf/OldeBell\\-xmas.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=3 December 2008 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} Paul appears at the beginning of the first [Harry Potter](/wiki/Harry_Potter_%28film_series%29 \"Harry Potter (film series)\") movie.",
"In 2010, Roberts performed as [Frank Sinatra](/wiki/Frank_Sinatra \"Frank Sinatra\") alongside Laura Nixon's [Marilyn Monroe](/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe \"Marilyn Monroe\") and Suspiciously Elvis at sell\\-out shows at *Alive \\& Swinging* in [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton \"Brighton\"), [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\").",
"In 2016, after the initial filming of a 'joke' Bowie stage show \\[after a lifetime of constant comparison] Roberts was subsequently asked to co\\-create the show *Let's Dance* with Worldwide Entertainment, paying tribute to [David Bowie](/wiki/David_Bowie \"David Bowie\"). The show has played dates across the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\") and in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\"), presented by the [British Theatre Playhouse](/wiki/British_Theatre_Playhouse \"British Theatre Playhouse\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.britishtheatreplayhouse.com/index.html \\|title\\=SISTIC SINGAPORE \\- Welcome to British Theatre Playhouse \\- Professional Theatre Production \\- SISTIC\\- the Mousetrap Singapore \\|access\\-date\\=25 September 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011140822/http://britishtheatreplayhouse.com/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"He continues to write, record and perform and will release his 6th studio album '20 – 22' in the autumn of 2023\\. The lead track 'Freedom' being released in June 2023\\.",
""
] |
The battle of Motta di Livenza (1412\)
--------------------------------------
Renowned for his military prowess,Vincenzo Armanni, *Delle lettere del Sig. Vincenzo Armanni nobile d’Ugubbio scritte a nome proprio \[…]*, second volume, Macerata, Giuseppe Piccini, 1674, p. 316\. The nobleman from Gubbio, Vincenzo Armanni, wrote letters to the Abbot Michele Giustiniani, in which he spoke of Ruggero Cane Ranieri's valour in battle with the following words: «He was gentle and understanding and was a skilled negotiator, politician and soldier. He had a lively spirit and a generous heart, so brave, so resolute and so intrepid in matters of war that stories are told of his wonderful actions, but we want to remember what earned him the reputation of being a “Horatius Cocles” of his time, which made him famous everywhere.» Ruggero Cane Ranieri is remembered above all for his service under the [Venetian Republic](/wiki/Republic_of_Venice "Republic of Venice"),He was granted a substantial pension for services rendered to the Serenissima Republic of Venice. See Alvaro Gragnoli, *Storia di un capitano di ventura, Ruggero Cane Ranieri, e di una grande famiglia di Fratta Perugina, i conti di Civitella Ranieri e Montegualandro, patrizi di Perugia, nobili di Velletri e marchesi di Sorbello*, in “Pagine Altotiberine” No. 57/58, year XX, 2016, Città di Castello, Associazione Storica dell’Alta Valle del Tevere \[s.d.], p. 94\. which he defended against the Hungarian imperial invaders and won a memorable victory during the [battle of Motta di Livenza](/wiki/Battle_of_Motta_%281412%29 "Battle of Motta (1412)") in Friuli in 1412\. Together with the mercenary [Crasso da Venosa](/wiki/Crasso_da_Venosa "Crasso da Venosa"), he intervened at a crucial moment and managed to reverse the outcome of the battle. Vincenzo Armanni, cit. «\[…] while serving in the Venetian army in Friuli when their army was defeated, he boldly withstood the wave of the enemy alone on the River Lisonzo until the bridge over the river was broken and, in the words of Cornazzaro in book one, page 8\. “He used his body as a wall in Venice”».
The historic events leading up to this act of war were as follows: [Sigismund of Luxembourg](/wiki/Sigismund%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor") (1369\-1437\), Emperor from 1410, managed to establish his authority over the [kingdom of Hungary](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary "Kingdom of Hungary") after many years of bloody battles, during which he fought against [Ladislaus of Naples](/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples "Ladislaus of Naples"), (1377\-1414\), who claimed not only the Hungarian territories, but also the coastal areas of Dalmatia. Overcome by Sigismund, Ladislaus sold the areas he had claimed, including the town of Zara, to the Republic of Venice, which had always been extremely interested in dominating the Adriatic territories and in annexing Zara and [Dalmatia](/wiki/Dalmatia "Dalmatia") and eagerly took the opportunity.
The annexation of these territories led the Serenissima to clash with the powerful Sigismund, whose troops included soldiers serving the [Della Scala](/wiki/Scaliger "Scaliger") and the [Da Carrara](/wiki/Carraresi "Carraresi"), lords of [Verona](/wiki/Verona "Verona") and [Padua](/wiki/Padua "Padua"), respectively, as well as other troops from [Friuli\-Venezia Giulia](/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia "Friuli-Venezia Giulia"). The presence of Italian troops serving in the imperial army is in direct contrast with the historiography at the time of the battle, which aimed to mythicise this clash of war and create a contrast between the civilised Italian leaders and the semi\-barbarian Hungarians. The raison d'être behind it lay in the strong resentment of many noble families and small landowners in the north\-east who were continually struggling with Venetian hegemony.Ruggero Ranieri, cit., p. 130\.
[Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice") could rely on its economic power and recruited many of the best Italian mercenaries of the time, aided by the town militia. It organised its defence line along the banks of the River [Livenza](/wiki/Livenza "Livenza"). Sigismund's troops, led by one of the most famous military leaders of Italian origin, Filippo degli Scolari (better known as [Pippo Spano](/wiki/Pippo_Spano "Pippo Spano")), moved against Venice in the autumn of 1411, and quickly captured [Udine](/wiki/Udine "Udine"), [Bassano](/wiki/Bassano_del_Grappa "Bassano del Grappa") and [Feltre](/wiki/Feltre "Feltre").
Venice initially offered a weak resistance, helped however by an effective diplomatic technique. The fact that Sigismund had also initially decided to resolve the question as peacefully as possible also helped. As a result, the imperial troops were called back across the Alps to wait for the battles to recommence the following spring of 1412\. However, the Serenissima considered Sigismund's subsequent demands excessive and unjust (in addition to a request for a formal act of subjugation in the form of an annual gift of a white horse and a falcon for the Emperor, Sigismund also claimed the fortified towns of Dalmatia and, even more importantly, the right of free passage through Venetian territory, which would have guaranteed free access to the rest of Italy).
In view of the inevitable clash, Venice did all it could to fortify its defence lines and to form an army capable of fighting the imperial army. It also ensured the service of Ruggero Cane Ranieri in March 1412 and placed him at the head of 200 Paduan lancers. In August, the imperial troops made the first move and took the general of the Venetian troops [Carlo I Malatesta](/wiki/Carlo_I_Malatesta "Carlo I Malatesta") da Rimini, by surprise. After an initial disadvantage, the Serenissima troops came back, thanks above all to the intervention of the cavalry led by Ruggero Cane Ranieri and his military companion Crasso da Venosa. Despite a large difference in number (600 Venetian cavalry against 3000 imperial soldiers), they were successful, thanks to a series of well executed manoeuvres to face the imperial front line, which enabled the Venetian troops to regroup behind the lines after the first assault suffered and be victorious: the day ended with the death of 1300 soldiers from Sigismund's contingent and with the capture of many Italian nobles who were fighting for the Emperor.
This battle is considered one of Ruggero Cane's major military undertakings and is also remembered as the real reason for his nickname, "Cane", understood as a mispronunciation of the title "Kahn", usually given to the great military leaders of the Orient and when pronounced by his soldiers automatically became "Cane". From then on, he permanently used this nickname, together with the effigy of a rampant dog on his crest. Marilena de Vecchi Ranieri, *Civitella Ranieri: mille anni di storia*, Perugia, Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello Foundation, 2008, p. 107\. 41\-46\. Furthermore, this image took on heraldic importance and went on to embellish the Ranieri family's coat of arms.
|
[
"The battle of Motta di Livenza (1412\\)\n--------------------------------------",
"Renowned for his military prowess,Vincenzo Armanni, *Delle lettere del Sig. Vincenzo Armanni nobile d’Ugubbio scritte a nome proprio \\[…]*, second volume, Macerata, Giuseppe Piccini, 1674, p. 316\\. The nobleman from Gubbio, Vincenzo Armanni, wrote letters to the Abbot Michele Giustiniani, in which he spoke of Ruggero Cane Ranieri's valour in battle with the following words: «He was gentle and understanding and was a skilled negotiator, politician and soldier. He had a lively spirit and a generous heart, so brave, so resolute and so intrepid in matters of war that stories are told of his wonderful actions, but we want to remember what earned him the reputation of being a “Horatius Cocles” of his time, which made him famous everywhere.» Ruggero Cane Ranieri is remembered above all for his service under the [Venetian Republic](/wiki/Republic_of_Venice \"Republic of Venice\"),He was granted a substantial pension for services rendered to the Serenissima Republic of Venice. See Alvaro Gragnoli, *Storia di un capitano di ventura, Ruggero Cane Ranieri, e di una grande famiglia di Fratta Perugina, i conti di Civitella Ranieri e Montegualandro, patrizi di Perugia, nobili di Velletri e marchesi di Sorbello*, in “Pagine Altotiberine” No. 57/58, year XX, 2016, Città di Castello, Associazione Storica dell’Alta Valle del Tevere \\[s.d.], p. 94\\. which he defended against the Hungarian imperial invaders and won a memorable victory during the [battle of Motta di Livenza](/wiki/Battle_of_Motta_%281412%29 \"Battle of Motta (1412)\") in Friuli in 1412\\. Together with the mercenary [Crasso da Venosa](/wiki/Crasso_da_Venosa \"Crasso da Venosa\"), he intervened at a crucial moment and managed to reverse the outcome of the battle. Vincenzo Armanni, cit. «\\[…] while serving in the Venetian army in Friuli when their army was defeated, he boldly withstood the wave of the enemy alone on the River Lisonzo until the bridge over the river was broken and, in the words of Cornazzaro in book one, page 8\\. “He used his body as a wall in Venice”».",
"The historic events leading up to this act of war were as follows: [Sigismund of Luxembourg](/wiki/Sigismund%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor\") (1369\\-1437\\), Emperor from 1410, managed to establish his authority over the [kingdom of Hungary](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary \"Kingdom of Hungary\") after many years of bloody battles, during which he fought against [Ladislaus of Naples](/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples \"Ladislaus of Naples\"), (1377\\-1414\\), who claimed not only the Hungarian territories, but also the coastal areas of Dalmatia. Overcome by Sigismund, Ladislaus sold the areas he had claimed, including the town of Zara, to the Republic of Venice, which had always been extremely interested in dominating the Adriatic territories and in annexing Zara and [Dalmatia](/wiki/Dalmatia \"Dalmatia\") and eagerly took the opportunity.",
"The annexation of these territories led the Serenissima to clash with the powerful Sigismund, whose troops included soldiers serving the [Della Scala](/wiki/Scaliger \"Scaliger\") and the [Da Carrara](/wiki/Carraresi \"Carraresi\"), lords of [Verona](/wiki/Verona \"Verona\") and [Padua](/wiki/Padua \"Padua\"), respectively, as well as other troops from [Friuli\\-Venezia Giulia](/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia \"Friuli-Venezia Giulia\"). The presence of Italian troops serving in the imperial army is in direct contrast with the historiography at the time of the battle, which aimed to mythicise this clash of war and create a contrast between the civilised Italian leaders and the semi\\-barbarian Hungarians. The raison d'être behind it lay in the strong resentment of many noble families and small landowners in the north\\-east who were continually struggling with Venetian hegemony.Ruggero Ranieri, cit., p. 130\\.",
"[Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\") could rely on its economic power and recruited many of the best Italian mercenaries of the time, aided by the town militia. It organised its defence line along the banks of the River [Livenza](/wiki/Livenza \"Livenza\"). Sigismund's troops, led by one of the most famous military leaders of Italian origin, Filippo degli Scolari (better known as [Pippo Spano](/wiki/Pippo_Spano \"Pippo Spano\")), moved against Venice in the autumn of 1411, and quickly captured [Udine](/wiki/Udine \"Udine\"), [Bassano](/wiki/Bassano_del_Grappa \"Bassano del Grappa\") and [Feltre](/wiki/Feltre \"Feltre\").",
"Venice initially offered a weak resistance, helped however by an effective diplomatic technique. The fact that Sigismund had also initially decided to resolve the question as peacefully as possible also helped. As a result, the imperial troops were called back across the Alps to wait for the battles to recommence the following spring of 1412\\. However, the Serenissima considered Sigismund's subsequent demands excessive and unjust (in addition to a request for a formal act of subjugation in the form of an annual gift of a white horse and a falcon for the Emperor, Sigismund also claimed the fortified towns of Dalmatia and, even more importantly, the right of free passage through Venetian territory, which would have guaranteed free access to the rest of Italy).",
"In view of the inevitable clash, Venice did all it could to fortify its defence lines and to form an army capable of fighting the imperial army. It also ensured the service of Ruggero Cane Ranieri in March 1412 and placed him at the head of 200 Paduan lancers. In August, the imperial troops made the first move and took the general of the Venetian troops [Carlo I Malatesta](/wiki/Carlo_I_Malatesta \"Carlo I Malatesta\") da Rimini, by surprise. After an initial disadvantage, the Serenissima troops came back, thanks above all to the intervention of the cavalry led by Ruggero Cane Ranieri and his military companion Crasso da Venosa. Despite a large difference in number (600 Venetian cavalry against 3000 imperial soldiers), they were successful, thanks to a series of well executed manoeuvres to face the imperial front line, which enabled the Venetian troops to regroup behind the lines after the first assault suffered and be victorious: the day ended with the death of 1300 soldiers from Sigismund's contingent and with the capture of many Italian nobles who were fighting for the Emperor.",
"This battle is considered one of Ruggero Cane's major military undertakings and is also remembered as the real reason for his nickname, \"Cane\", understood as a mispronunciation of the title \"Kahn\", usually given to the great military leaders of the Orient and when pronounced by his soldiers automatically became \"Cane\". From then on, he permanently used this nickname, together with the effigy of a rampant dog on his crest. Marilena de Vecchi Ranieri, *Civitella Ranieri: mille anni di storia*, Perugia, Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello Foundation, 2008, p. 107\\. 41\\-46\\. Furthermore, this image took on heraldic importance and went on to embellish the Ranieri family's coat of arms.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Maggie O'Connor, a [psychiatric nurse](/wiki/Psychiatric_and_mental_health_nursing "Psychiatric and mental health nursing") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), adopts her newborn niece, Cody, from her sister Jenna, a homeless [heroin](/wiki/Heroin "Heroin") addict who abandoned her at Maggie's house just before [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas "Christmas"). Maggie raises Cody herself, and during her formative years, Cody exhibits signs of [autism](/wiki/Autism "Autism"), though Maggie is suspicious of the diagnosis. Maggie enrolls Cody in a special\-needs [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church") school in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn%2C_New_York "Brooklyn, New York"), where the nuns notice Cody displaying possibly [telekinetic](/wiki/Psychokinesis "Psychokinesis") abilities.
Meanwhile, a series of child kidnappings and murders are plaguing the city, investigated by FBI Special Agent John Travis, a former [seminary](/wiki/Seminary "Seminary") student. The bodies bear occult brandings, and the victims all share Cody's birthdate and age. At her hospital, Maggie meets Cheri, a young heroin addict bearing a mysterious [Luciferian](/wiki/Lucifer "Lucifer") tattoo, who knows Jenna. In conversation, Cheri implies that Cody is special, and urges Maggie to protect her. When Maggie and Cody stop in a church, Maggie is startled when all of the votive candles light themselves in Cody's presence.
When Maggie returns home, she is surprised to find Jenna, now clean and sober, there with her new husband, Eric Stark, a famous [self\-help](/wiki/Self-help "Self-help") [guru](/wiki/Guru "Guru"), attempting to take Cody. Maggie refuses, but they manage to covertly kidnap Cody. Maggie reports it to police, and Agent Travis takes an interest in the case. Maggie attempts to learn more about Eric's organization, the New Dawn Foundation, by visiting one of their centers. Cheri subsequently contacts Maggie, and explains she was previously a member of New Dawn, which is actually a front for a Luciferian [cult](/wiki/Cult "Cult"), spearheaded by Eric. She says that the cult recently began kidnapping six\-year\-old children and subjecting them to tests; those who failed were murdered in what Cheri describes as the "[slaughter of the innocents](/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents "Massacre of the Innocents")". Cheri claims that Cody is destined to become a [saint](/wiki/Saint "Saint") who will lead people to [God](/wiki/God "God"), which Eric is attempting to thwart.
A group of cult members pursue Cheri after she provides Maggie Eric's address, and decapitate her in the subway. Maggie visits the address, located in a rundown building in [Queens](/wiki/Queens "Queens"), and finds Eric, Jenna, and Cody there. Maggie holds Eric at gunpoint, but is [chloroformed](/wiki/Chloroform "Chloroform") by his henchman, Stuart. She regains consciousness in the driver's seat of car, crashing into the side of a bridge. She is helped by a [mysterious stranger](/wiki/Angel "Angel") moments before the car falls into the river. Meanwhile, Eric attempts to force Cody to watch as he convinces a [vagrant](/wiki/Vagrant "Vagrant") to commit suicide by [self\-immolation](/wiki/Self-immolation "Self-immolation"). However, Cody thwarts this by blowing out the match, assuring the man he has not been forsaken. After, Eric angrily burns the man alive. Jenna, meanwhile, is kept sedated with heroin.
Maggie tracks Cody, who is being cared for by a nanny and member of the cult, Dahnya, and kidnaps Cody while she is visiting an orthodontist. Another mysterious stranger, this time female, helps them catch a subway train by holding the door open. At the urging of a [Jesuit](/wiki/Jesuit "Jesuit") priest, Maggie leaves with Cody en route to Sister Rosa's convent in [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont "Vermont"), but the cultists stalk them and manage to kidnap Cody. Maggie phones Agent Travis, who agrees to help her, tracking the cultists to a palatial estate owned by Eric. Maggie and Travis break into the home, but are assailed by cultists, who beat Travis. Maggie flees into the woods and reaches an abandoned church where the cult is preparing for a [Black Mass](/wiki/Black_Mass "Black Mass"). Meanwhile, the nuns at Sister Rosa's convent, worried over Maggie's failure to arrive with Cody, pray en masse for their wellbeing. Maggie stabs Eric, who then shoots her as she attempts to save Cody. Three orbs of light suddenly appear in the church as the cultists watch in terror, and Maggie's bullet wounds mysteriously heal. [Police raid](/wiki/Police_raid "Police raid") the church; Travis kills Eric, and watches as the orbs of light disperse.
Some time later, Jenna is in rehab and has asked Maggie to legally adopt Cody. While Maggie, Travis, and Cody walk to mass, another cultist stalks Cody, planning to stab her. Framed by statues of sword\-bearing angels, she turns to stare at him. He stops, awestruck, drops the knife and flees.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Maggie O'Connor, a [psychiatric nurse](/wiki/Psychiatric_and_mental_health_nursing \"Psychiatric and mental health nursing\") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), adopts her newborn niece, Cody, from her sister Jenna, a homeless [heroin](/wiki/Heroin \"Heroin\") addict who abandoned her at Maggie's house just before [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas \"Christmas\"). Maggie raises Cody herself, and during her formative years, Cody exhibits signs of [autism](/wiki/Autism \"Autism\"), though Maggie is suspicious of the diagnosis. Maggie enrolls Cody in a special\\-needs [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\") school in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn%2C_New_York \"Brooklyn, New York\"), where the nuns notice Cody displaying possibly [telekinetic](/wiki/Psychokinesis \"Psychokinesis\") abilities.",
"Meanwhile, a series of child kidnappings and murders are plaguing the city, investigated by FBI Special Agent John Travis, a former [seminary](/wiki/Seminary \"Seminary\") student. The bodies bear occult brandings, and the victims all share Cody's birthdate and age. At her hospital, Maggie meets Cheri, a young heroin addict bearing a mysterious [Luciferian](/wiki/Lucifer \"Lucifer\") tattoo, who knows Jenna. In conversation, Cheri implies that Cody is special, and urges Maggie to protect her. When Maggie and Cody stop in a church, Maggie is startled when all of the votive candles light themselves in Cody's presence.",
"When Maggie returns home, she is surprised to find Jenna, now clean and sober, there with her new husband, Eric Stark, a famous [self\\-help](/wiki/Self-help \"Self-help\") [guru](/wiki/Guru \"Guru\"), attempting to take Cody. Maggie refuses, but they manage to covertly kidnap Cody. Maggie reports it to police, and Agent Travis takes an interest in the case. Maggie attempts to learn more about Eric's organization, the New Dawn Foundation, by visiting one of their centers. Cheri subsequently contacts Maggie, and explains she was previously a member of New Dawn, which is actually a front for a Luciferian [cult](/wiki/Cult \"Cult\"), spearheaded by Eric. She says that the cult recently began kidnapping six\\-year\\-old children and subjecting them to tests; those who failed were murdered in what Cheri describes as the \"[slaughter of the innocents](/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents \"Massacre of the Innocents\")\". Cheri claims that Cody is destined to become a [saint](/wiki/Saint \"Saint\") who will lead people to [God](/wiki/God \"God\"), which Eric is attempting to thwart.",
"A group of cult members pursue Cheri after she provides Maggie Eric's address, and decapitate her in the subway. Maggie visits the address, located in a rundown building in [Queens](/wiki/Queens \"Queens\"), and finds Eric, Jenna, and Cody there. Maggie holds Eric at gunpoint, but is [chloroformed](/wiki/Chloroform \"Chloroform\") by his henchman, Stuart. She regains consciousness in the driver's seat of car, crashing into the side of a bridge. She is helped by a [mysterious stranger](/wiki/Angel \"Angel\") moments before the car falls into the river. Meanwhile, Eric attempts to force Cody to watch as he convinces a [vagrant](/wiki/Vagrant \"Vagrant\") to commit suicide by [self\\-immolation](/wiki/Self-immolation \"Self-immolation\"). However, Cody thwarts this by blowing out the match, assuring the man he has not been forsaken. After, Eric angrily burns the man alive. Jenna, meanwhile, is kept sedated with heroin.",
"Maggie tracks Cody, who is being cared for by a nanny and member of the cult, Dahnya, and kidnaps Cody while she is visiting an orthodontist. Another mysterious stranger, this time female, helps them catch a subway train by holding the door open. At the urging of a [Jesuit](/wiki/Jesuit \"Jesuit\") priest, Maggie leaves with Cody en route to Sister Rosa's convent in [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont \"Vermont\"), but the cultists stalk them and manage to kidnap Cody. Maggie phones Agent Travis, who agrees to help her, tracking the cultists to a palatial estate owned by Eric. Maggie and Travis break into the home, but are assailed by cultists, who beat Travis. Maggie flees into the woods and reaches an abandoned church where the cult is preparing for a [Black Mass](/wiki/Black_Mass \"Black Mass\"). Meanwhile, the nuns at Sister Rosa's convent, worried over Maggie's failure to arrive with Cody, pray en masse for their wellbeing. Maggie stabs Eric, who then shoots her as she attempts to save Cody. Three orbs of light suddenly appear in the church as the cultists watch in terror, and Maggie's bullet wounds mysteriously heal. [Police raid](/wiki/Police_raid \"Police raid\") the church; Travis kills Eric, and watches as the orbs of light disperse.",
"Some time later, Jenna is in rehab and has asked Maggie to legally adopt Cody. While Maggie, Travis, and Cody walk to mass, another cultist stalks Cody, planning to stab her. Framed by statues of sword\\-bearing angels, she turns to stare at him. He stops, awestruck, drops the knife and flees.",
""
] |
Politician
----------
### Deputy Minister (1998–2000\)
In early 1998, the Radical Party joined a [coalition government](/wiki/Coalition_government "Coalition government") led by the [Socialist Party of Serbia](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia "Socialist Party of Serbia") (*Socijalistička partija Srbije*, SPS). Several party members were appointed to government positions, including Jovanović, who was named as [deputy minister of mining and energy](/wiki/Ministry_of_Mining_and_Energy_%28Serbia%29 "Ministry of Mining and Energy (Serbia)").["Zlatan Jovanović novi direktor"](https://www.danas.rs/vesti/drustvo/zlatan-jovanovic-novi-direktor/), *Danas*, 3 October 2014, accessed 14 May 2022\.
Jovanović appeared in the lead position on the Radical Party's [electoral list](/wiki/Electoral_list "Electoral list") for Užice in the [2000 Yugoslavian parliamentary election](/wiki/2000_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election "2000 Yugoslavian parliamentary election"); the party did not win any seats in the division.[IZBORI 2000: LISTA KANDIDATA ZA SAVEZNE POSLANIKE](https://www.uzice.net/ui/aktuelno/izbori2000/poslanici.htm), uzice.net, accessed 14 May 2022\.ИЗБОРИ 2000: ВЕЋЕ РЕПУБЛИКА И ВЕЋЕ ГРАЂАНА САВЕЗНЕ СКУПШТИНЕ, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Department of Statistics (2000\), p. 78\. He also sought election to the Bajina Bašta municipal assembly in the concurrent [2000 Serbian local elections](/wiki/2000_Serbian_local_elections "2000 Serbian local elections"). It is not clear from online sources if he was elected; the Radicals won only one seat out of forty\-one in that year's local cycle.*Velika Srbija* \[Radical Party publication], Volume 11 Number 1201 (Belgrade, September 2000\), p. 26\.[Izbori, 2000\. Za Odbornike Skupština Opština i Gradova](https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2001/Pdf/G20016003.pdf), Bureau of Statistics – Republic of Serbia, p. 62\. (This was the last regular local election cycle in which members were elected for single\-member constituencies; subsequent local elections have been held under [proportional representation](/wiki/Proportional_representation "Proportional representation").)
Incumbent [president](/wiki/President_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro "President of Serbia and Montenegro") [Slobodan Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 "Slobodan Milošević") was defeated by [Vojislav Koštunica](/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica "Vojislav Koštunica") in the 2000 Yugoslavian elections, an event that prompted widespread changes in Yugoslavian and Serbian politics. The government of Serbia fell after Milošević's defeat, and Jovanović's term as a deputy minister came to an end.["Zlatan Jovanović novi direktor"](https://www.danas.rs/vesti/drustvo/zlatan-jovanovic-novi-direktor/), *Danas*, 3 October 2014, accessed 14 May 2022\.
### Parliamentarian (2001–07\)
After the fall of Milošević, a [new Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/2000_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2000 Serbian parliamentary election") was called for December 2000\. Serbia's electoral laws were reformed prior to the election, such that the entire country was counted as a single electoral division and all mandates were awarded to candidates on successful lists at the discretion of the sponsoring parties or coalitions, irrespective of numerical order.Serbia's Law on the Election of Representatives (2000\) stipulated that parliamentary mandates would be awarded to electoral lists (Article 80\) that crossed the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold "Electoral threshold") (Article 81\), that mandates would be given to candidates appearing on the relevant lists (Article 83\), and that the submitters of the lists were responsible for selecting their parliamentary delegations within ten days of the final results being published (Article 84\). See Law on the Election of Representatives, Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 35/2000, made available via [LegislationOnline](http://www.legislationline.org/topics/country/5/topic/6), accessed 28 February 2017\. Jovanović was given the twentieth position on the Radical Party's list and was selected for a mandate when the list won twenty\-three seats.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 23\. децембра 2000\. године и 10\. јануара 2001\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (1 Српска радикална странка – др Војислав Шешељ)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2000.php), Republika Srbija \- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 2 July 2021\.[PRVA KONSTITUTIVNA SEDNICA, 22\.01\.2001\.](https://otvoreniparlament.rs/transkript/5823?page=4), Otvoreni Parlament, accessed 29 December 2001\.ДЕТАЉИ О НАРОДНОМ ПОСЛАНИКУ: ЈОВАНОВИЋ, ЗЛАТАН, {{Cite web \|url\=http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\_detalji.asp?id\=347 \|title\=Narodna skupstina Republike Srbije \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-15 \|archive\-date\=2004\-01\-08 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040108011006/http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\_detalji.asp?id\=347 \|url\-status\=bot: unknown }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, 26 April 2007, accessed 14 May 2022\. The [Democratic Opposition of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Opposition_of_Serbia "Democratic Opposition of Serbia") (*Demokratska opozicija Srbije*, DOS) won a landslide majority in the election, and the Radicals served in [opposition](/wiki/Opposition_%28politics%29 "Opposition (politics)").
Jovanović was given the twenty\-fourth position on the SRS's list in the [2003 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/2003_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2003 Serbian parliamentary election") and was again chosen for a mandate when the list won eighty\-two seats.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 28\. децембра 2003\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (2\. СРПСКА РАДИКАЛНА СТРАНКА \- др ВОЈИСЛАВ ШЕШЕЉ)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2003.php) Republika Srbija \- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 2 July 2021\.["Skupština čeka demokrate"](http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2004/01/13/srpski/P04011206.shtml), *Glas javnosti*, 13 January 2004, accessed 12 April 2022\.ДЕТАЉИ О НАРОДНОМ ПОСЛАНИКУ: ЈОВАНОВИЋ, ЗЛАТАН, {{Cite web \|url\=http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\_detalji.asp?id\=851 \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-15 \|archive\-date\=2007\-04\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427024844/http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\_detalji.asp?id\=851 \|url\-status\=bot: unknown }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, 26 April 2007, accessed 14 May 2022\. Although the Radicals won more seats than any other party in this cycle, they fell well short of a majority and ultimately continued in opposition.
Serbia introduced the direct election of mayors in the [2004 Serbian local elections](/wiki/2004_Serbian_local_elections "2004 Serbian local elections"); Jovanović ran as the SRS's candidate in Bajina Bašta and was defeated in the first round of voting. He was elected to the municipal assembly in the same cycle and was chosen as the assembly's president (i.e., [speaker](/wiki/Speaker_%28politics%29 "Speaker (politics)")) in January 2005, with the support of a bare majority of delegates.As well as running for mayor, Jovanović received the forty\-fifth and final position on the Radical Party's electoral list for the Bajina Bašta municipal assembly. The list won nine mandates, and he was included in his party's delegation. *Velika Srbija* \[Radical Party publication], Number 1840 (Bajina Bašta, September 2004\), p. 5; [Lokalni Izbori – Republika Srbija](https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2005/Pdf/G20056002.pdf); Lokalni Izbori 2004; Bureau of Statistics, Republic of Serbia; pp. 12, 61\. In the 2004 local elections, the first one\-third of mandates were awarded to candidates on successful lists in numerical order and the remaining two\-thirds were distributed at the discretion of the sponsoring parties or coalitions. See [Law on Local Elections](https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/884/file/0d8d99ead530542ed63af7e60f5fa07d.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214900/https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/884/file/0d8d99ead530542ed63af7e60f5fa07d.pdf \|date\=2021\-06\-02 }}, *Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia*, No. 33/2002; made available via [LegislationOnline](http://www.legislationline.org/topics/country/5/topic/6), accessed 29 May 2021\. He resigned not long thereafter, citing the dysfunctional nature of the Socialist Party caucus, which had supported his candidacy.*Velika Srbija* \[Radical Party publication], Number 2046 (Bajina Bašta, April 2005\), p. 2\.
He received the 217th position on the SRS's list for the [2007 parliamentary election](/wiki/2007_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2007 Serbian parliamentary election") and was given a mandate for a third term when the party won eighty\-one seats.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\. јануара и 8\. фебрауара 2007\. године, ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (Српска радикална странка \- др Војислав Шешељ)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2007.php), Republika Srbija \- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 14 May 2021\.["Списак посланика за Скупштину Србије"](https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/21988/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83-%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5), *Politika*, 13 February 2007, accessed 12 April 2022\. He served on the committee for industry and the committee for transport and communications.ДЕТАЉИ О НАРОДНОМ ПОСЛАНИКУ: ЈОВАНОВИЋ, ЗЛАТАН, {{Cite web \|url\=http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\_detalji.asp?id\=851 \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-15 \|archive\-date\=2008\-03\-17 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317011811/http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\_detalji.asp?id\=851 \|url\-status\=bot: unknown }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, 17 March 2008, accessed 14 May 2022\. As in 2003, the Radicals won the greatest number of seats but remained in opposition. Jovanović was not a candidate in the [2008 parliamentary election](/wiki/2008_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2008 Serbian parliamentary election") and his term in the national assembly ended that year.
### Mayor of Bajina Bašta (2011–14\)
Serbia abandoned the direct election of mayors after 2004 and returned to a system in which mayors were chosen by the elected members of city and municipal assemblies. Jovanović was re\-elected to the Bajina Bašta assembly in the [2008 local elections](/wiki/2008_Serbian_local_elections "2008 Serbian local elections") and initially served once again in opposition. In April 2011, shifting political alliances brought a coalition of the Radicals and the [Democratic Party of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Serbia "Democratic Party of Serbia") (*Demokratska stranke Srbije*, DSS) to power, and Jovanović was chosen as mayor.[Nenad Kovačević](https://www.danas.rs/vesti/drustvo/odbornici-g17-plus-u-koaliciji-sa-srs-i-dss/), "Odbornici G17 plus u koaliciji sa SRS i DSS", *Danas*, 7 April 2011\.
Serbia's electoral laws were reformed in 2011, such that all mandates were awarded to candidates on successful lists in numerical order. Jovanović led the Radicals to a narrow plurality victory in the [2012 local elections](/wiki/2012_Serbian_local_elections "2012 Serbian local elections") in Bajina Bašta and was confirmed for another term as mayor afterwards, leading a somewhat unusual coalition government with the DSS and the [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Serbia%29 "Democratic Party (Serbia)") (*Demokratska stranka*, DS).[B. Pejović, "Naprednjaci i radikali zajedno u vlasti"](https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/264203/Srbija/Naprednjaci-i-radikali-zajedno-u-vlasti), *Politika*, 18 July 2013, accessed 14 May 2022\. He also appeared in the fifty\-third position on the Radical Party's list in the concurrent [2012 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/2012_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2012 Serbian parliamentary election"); weakened by a major split in late 2008, the party fell below the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold "Electoral threshold") for representation in the assembly.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине, 6\. мај 2012\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (2 СРПСКА РАДИКАЛНА СТРАНКА \- ДР ВОЈИСЛАВ ШЕШЕЉ)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2012.php), Republika Srbija \- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 28 September 2021\.
In 2013, Jovanović announced that Bajina Bašta would erect a life\-size monument to [Patriarch Pavle](/wiki/Pavle%2C_Serbian_Patriarch "Pavle, Serbian Patriarch") at the municipality's most prominent intersection.["Bajina Bašta: Spomenik patrijarhu Pavlu"](https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/aktuelno.293.html:421099-Bajina-Basta-Spomenik-patrijarhu-Pavlu), *Novosti*, 22 February 2013, accessed 15 February 2022\.
The [Serbian Progressive Party](/wiki/Serbian_Progressive_Party "Serbian Progressive Party") (*Srpska napredna stranka*, SNS) later replaced the DS in the local coalition government.[B. Pejović, "Naprednjaci i radikali zajedno u vlasti"](https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/264203/Srbija/Naprednjaci-i-radikali-zajedno-u-vlasti), *Politika*, 18 July 2013, accessed 14 May 2022\. Jovanović stood down as mayor in early 2014 and was replaced by Radomir Filipović of the Progressives. He has not sought a return to political life since this time.[ПРЕДСЕДНИК ОПШТИНЕ БАЈИНА БАШТА](http://www.bajinabasta.rs/predsednik.html), {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328225150/http://www.bajinabasta.rs/predsednik.html \|date\=2014\-03\-28 }}, Municipality of Bajina Bašta, 28 March 2014, accessed 14 May 2022\.
|
[
"Politician\n----------",
"### Deputy Minister (1998–2000\\)",
"In early 1998, the Radical Party joined a [coalition government](/wiki/Coalition_government \"Coalition government\") led by the [Socialist Party of Serbia](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia \"Socialist Party of Serbia\") (*Socijalistička partija Srbije*, SPS). Several party members were appointed to government positions, including Jovanović, who was named as [deputy minister of mining and energy](/wiki/Ministry_of_Mining_and_Energy_%28Serbia%29 \"Ministry of Mining and Energy (Serbia)\").[\"Zlatan Jovanović novi direktor\"](https://www.danas.rs/vesti/drustvo/zlatan-jovanovic-novi-direktor/), *Danas*, 3 October 2014, accessed 14 May 2022\\.",
"Jovanović appeared in the lead position on the Radical Party's [electoral list](/wiki/Electoral_list \"Electoral list\") for Užice in the [2000 Yugoslavian parliamentary election](/wiki/2000_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election \"2000 Yugoslavian parliamentary election\"); the party did not win any seats in the division.[IZBORI 2000: LISTA KANDIDATA ZA SAVEZNE POSLANIKE](https://www.uzice.net/ui/aktuelno/izbori2000/poslanici.htm), uzice.net, accessed 14 May 2022\\.ИЗБОРИ 2000: ВЕЋЕ РЕПУБЛИКА И ВЕЋЕ ГРАЂАНА САВЕЗНЕ СКУПШТИНЕ, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Department of Statistics (2000\\), p. 78\\. He also sought election to the Bajina Bašta municipal assembly in the concurrent [2000 Serbian local elections](/wiki/2000_Serbian_local_elections \"2000 Serbian local elections\"). It is not clear from online sources if he was elected; the Radicals won only one seat out of forty\\-one in that year's local cycle.*Velika Srbija* \\[Radical Party publication], Volume 11 Number 1201 (Belgrade, September 2000\\), p. 26\\.[Izbori, 2000\\. Za Odbornike Skupština Opština i Gradova](https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2001/Pdf/G20016003.pdf), Bureau of Statistics – Republic of Serbia, p. 62\\. (This was the last regular local election cycle in which members were elected for single\\-member constituencies; subsequent local elections have been held under [proportional representation](/wiki/Proportional_representation \"Proportional representation\").)",
"Incumbent [president](/wiki/President_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro \"President of Serbia and Montenegro\") [Slobodan Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 \"Slobodan Milošević\") was defeated by [Vojislav Koštunica](/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica \"Vojislav Koštunica\") in the 2000 Yugoslavian elections, an event that prompted widespread changes in Yugoslavian and Serbian politics. The government of Serbia fell after Milošević's defeat, and Jovanović's term as a deputy minister came to an end.[\"Zlatan Jovanović novi direktor\"](https://www.danas.rs/vesti/drustvo/zlatan-jovanovic-novi-direktor/), *Danas*, 3 October 2014, accessed 14 May 2022\\.",
"### Parliamentarian (2001–07\\)",
"After the fall of Milošević, a [new Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/2000_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2000 Serbian parliamentary election\") was called for December 2000\\. Serbia's electoral laws were reformed prior to the election, such that the entire country was counted as a single electoral division and all mandates were awarded to candidates on successful lists at the discretion of the sponsoring parties or coalitions, irrespective of numerical order.Serbia's Law on the Election of Representatives (2000\\) stipulated that parliamentary mandates would be awarded to electoral lists (Article 80\\) that crossed the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold \"Electoral threshold\") (Article 81\\), that mandates would be given to candidates appearing on the relevant lists (Article 83\\), and that the submitters of the lists were responsible for selecting their parliamentary delegations within ten days of the final results being published (Article 84\\). See Law on the Election of Representatives, Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 35/2000, made available via [LegislationOnline](http://www.legislationline.org/topics/country/5/topic/6), accessed 28 February 2017\\. Jovanović was given the twentieth position on the Radical Party's list and was selected for a mandate when the list won twenty\\-three seats.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 23\\. децембра 2000\\. године и 10\\. јануара 2001\\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (1 Српска радикална странка – др Војислав Шешељ)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2000.php), Republika Srbija \\- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 2 July 2021\\.[PRVA KONSTITUTIVNA SEDNICA, 22\\.01\\.2001\\.](https://otvoreniparlament.rs/transkript/5823?page=4), Otvoreni Parlament, accessed 29 December 2001\\.ДЕТАЉИ О НАРОДНОМ ПОСЛАНИКУ: ЈОВАНОВИЋ, ЗЛАТАН, {{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\\_detalji.asp?id\\=347 \\|title\\=Narodna skupstina Republike Srbije \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-15 \\|archive\\-date\\=2004\\-01\\-08 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040108011006/http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\\_detalji.asp?id\\=347 \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, 26 April 2007, accessed 14 May 2022\\. The [Democratic Opposition of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Opposition_of_Serbia \"Democratic Opposition of Serbia\") (*Demokratska opozicija Srbije*, DOS) won a landslide majority in the election, and the Radicals served in [opposition](/wiki/Opposition_%28politics%29 \"Opposition (politics)\").",
"Jovanović was given the twenty\\-fourth position on the SRS's list in the [2003 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/2003_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2003 Serbian parliamentary election\") and was again chosen for a mandate when the list won eighty\\-two seats.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 28\\. децембра 2003\\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (2\\. СРПСКА РАДИКАЛНА СТРАНКА \\- др ВОЈИСЛАВ ШЕШЕЉ)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2003.php) Republika Srbija \\- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 2 July 2021\\.[\"Skupština čeka demokrate\"](http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2004/01/13/srpski/P04011206.shtml), *Glas javnosti*, 13 January 2004, accessed 12 April 2022\\.ДЕТАЉИ О НАРОДНОМ ПОСЛАНИКУ: ЈОВАНОВИЋ, ЗЛАТАН, {{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\\_detalji.asp?id\\=851 \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-15 \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-04\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427024844/http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\\_detalji.asp?id\\=851 \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, 26 April 2007, accessed 14 May 2022\\. Although the Radicals won more seats than any other party in this cycle, they fell well short of a majority and ultimately continued in opposition.",
"Serbia introduced the direct election of mayors in the [2004 Serbian local elections](/wiki/2004_Serbian_local_elections \"2004 Serbian local elections\"); Jovanović ran as the SRS's candidate in Bajina Bašta and was defeated in the first round of voting. He was elected to the municipal assembly in the same cycle and was chosen as the assembly's president (i.e., [speaker](/wiki/Speaker_%28politics%29 \"Speaker (politics)\")) in January 2005, with the support of a bare majority of delegates.As well as running for mayor, Jovanović received the forty\\-fifth and final position on the Radical Party's electoral list for the Bajina Bašta municipal assembly. The list won nine mandates, and he was included in his party's delegation. *Velika Srbija* \\[Radical Party publication], Number 1840 (Bajina Bašta, September 2004\\), p. 5; [Lokalni Izbori – Republika Srbija](https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2005/Pdf/G20056002.pdf); Lokalni Izbori 2004; Bureau of Statistics, Republic of Serbia; pp. 12, 61\\. In the 2004 local elections, the first one\\-third of mandates were awarded to candidates on successful lists in numerical order and the remaining two\\-thirds were distributed at the discretion of the sponsoring parties or coalitions. See [Law on Local Elections](https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/884/file/0d8d99ead530542ed63af7e60f5fa07d.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214900/https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/884/file/0d8d99ead530542ed63af7e60f5fa07d.pdf \\|date\\=2021\\-06\\-02 }}, *Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia*, No. 33/2002; made available via [LegislationOnline](http://www.legislationline.org/topics/country/5/topic/6), accessed 29 May 2021\\. He resigned not long thereafter, citing the dysfunctional nature of the Socialist Party caucus, which had supported his candidacy.*Velika Srbija* \\[Radical Party publication], Number 2046 (Bajina Bašta, April 2005\\), p. 2\\.",
"He received the 217th position on the SRS's list for the [2007 parliamentary election](/wiki/2007_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2007 Serbian parliamentary election\") and was given a mandate for a third term when the party won eighty\\-one seats.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\\. јануара и 8\\. фебрауара 2007\\. године, ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (Српска радикална странка \\- др Војислав Шешељ)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2007.php), Republika Srbija \\- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 14 May 2021\\.[\"Списак посланика за Скупштину Србије\"](https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/21988/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83-%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5), *Politika*, 13 February 2007, accessed 12 April 2022\\. He served on the committee for industry and the committee for transport and communications.ДЕТАЉИ О НАРОДНОМ ПОСЛАНИКУ: ЈОВАНОВИЋ, ЗЛАТАН, {{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\\_detalji.asp?id\\=851 \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-15 \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-03\\-17 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317011811/http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici\\_detalji.asp?id\\=851 \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, 17 March 2008, accessed 14 May 2022\\. As in 2003, the Radicals won the greatest number of seats but remained in opposition. Jovanović was not a candidate in the [2008 parliamentary election](/wiki/2008_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2008 Serbian parliamentary election\") and his term in the national assembly ended that year.",
"### Mayor of Bajina Bašta (2011–14\\)",
"Serbia abandoned the direct election of mayors after 2004 and returned to a system in which mayors were chosen by the elected members of city and municipal assemblies. Jovanović was re\\-elected to the Bajina Bašta assembly in the [2008 local elections](/wiki/2008_Serbian_local_elections \"2008 Serbian local elections\") and initially served once again in opposition. In April 2011, shifting political alliances brought a coalition of the Radicals and the [Democratic Party of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Serbia \"Democratic Party of Serbia\") (*Demokratska stranke Srbije*, DSS) to power, and Jovanović was chosen as mayor.[Nenad Kovačević](https://www.danas.rs/vesti/drustvo/odbornici-g17-plus-u-koaliciji-sa-srs-i-dss/), \"Odbornici G17 plus u koaliciji sa SRS i DSS\", *Danas*, 7 April 2011\\.",
"Serbia's electoral laws were reformed in 2011, such that all mandates were awarded to candidates on successful lists in numerical order. Jovanović led the Radicals to a narrow plurality victory in the [2012 local elections](/wiki/2012_Serbian_local_elections \"2012 Serbian local elections\") in Bajina Bašta and was confirmed for another term as mayor afterwards, leading a somewhat unusual coalition government with the DSS and the [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Serbia%29 \"Democratic Party (Serbia)\") (*Demokratska stranka*, DS).[B. Pejović, \"Naprednjaci i radikali zajedno u vlasti\"](https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/264203/Srbija/Naprednjaci-i-radikali-zajedno-u-vlasti), *Politika*, 18 July 2013, accessed 14 May 2022\\. He also appeared in the fifty\\-third position on the Radical Party's list in the concurrent [2012 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/2012_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2012 Serbian parliamentary election\"); weakened by a major split in late 2008, the party fell below the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold \"Electoral threshold\") for representation in the assembly.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине, 6\\. мај 2012\\. године – ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (2 СРПСКА РАДИКАЛНА СТРАНКА \\- ДР ВОЈИСЛАВ ШЕШЕЉ)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2012.php), Republika Srbija \\- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 28 September 2021\\.",
"In 2013, Jovanović announced that Bajina Bašta would erect a life\\-size monument to [Patriarch Pavle](/wiki/Pavle%2C_Serbian_Patriarch \"Pavle, Serbian Patriarch\") at the municipality's most prominent intersection.[\"Bajina Bašta: Spomenik patrijarhu Pavlu\"](https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/aktuelno.293.html:421099-Bajina-Basta-Spomenik-patrijarhu-Pavlu), *Novosti*, 22 February 2013, accessed 15 February 2022\\.",
"The [Serbian Progressive Party](/wiki/Serbian_Progressive_Party \"Serbian Progressive Party\") (*Srpska napredna stranka*, SNS) later replaced the DS in the local coalition government.[B. Pejović, \"Naprednjaci i radikali zajedno u vlasti\"](https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/264203/Srbija/Naprednjaci-i-radikali-zajedno-u-vlasti), *Politika*, 18 July 2013, accessed 14 May 2022\\. Jovanović stood down as mayor in early 2014 and was replaced by Radomir Filipović of the Progressives. He has not sought a return to political life since this time.[ПРЕДСЕДНИК ОПШТИНЕ БАЈИНА БАШТА](http://www.bajinabasta.rs/predsednik.html), {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328225150/http://www.bajinabasta.rs/predsednik.html \\|date\\=2014\\-03\\-28 }}, Municipality of Bajina Bašta, 28 March 2014, accessed 14 May 2022\\.",
""
] |
Life
----
Ropartz was born in [Guingamp](/wiki/Guingamp "Guingamp"), [Côtes\-d'Armor](/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor "Côtes-d'Armor"), [Brittany](/wiki/Brittany "Brittany"). He studied initially at [Rennes](/wiki/Rennes "Rennes"). In 1885 he entered the [Conservatoire de Paris](/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris "Conservatoire de Paris"), studying under [Théodore Dubois](/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Dubois "Théodore Dubois"), then [Jules Massenet](/wiki/Jules_Massenet "Jules Massenet"), where he became a close friend of the young [Georges Enesco](/wiki/Georges_Enesco "Georges Enesco"). He later studied the organ under [César Franck](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck "César Franck").
He was appointed director of the [Nancy](/wiki/Nancy%2C_France "Nancy, France") Conservatory (at the time a branch of the Paris Conservatory) from 1894 to 1919, where he established classes in viola in 1894, trumpet in 1895, harp and organ in 1897, then trombone in 1900\. He also founded the season of symphonic concerts with the newly created orchestra of the Conservatory, ancestor of the [Orchestre symphonique et lyrique de Nancy](/wiki/Orchestre_symphonique_et_lyrique_de_Nancy "Orchestre symphonique et lyrique de Nancy").
Ropartz was associated with the [Breton](/wiki/Breton_people "Breton people") cultural renaissance of the era, setting to music the words of Breton writers such as [Anatole Le Braz](/wiki/Anatole_Le_Braz "Anatole Le Braz") and [Charles Le Goffic](/wiki/Charles_Le_Goffic "Charles Le Goffic"). He also supported Breton regional autonomy, joining the [Breton Regionalist Union](/wiki/Breton_Regionalist_Union "Breton Regionalist Union") in 1898\. He also was the Honorary President of the [Association des Compositeurs Bretons](/wiki/Association_des_Compositeurs_Bretons "Association des Compositeurs Bretons") that was founded in 1912\.
In the early stages of World War I his friend and fellow composer [Albéric Magnard](/wiki/Alb%C3%A9ric_Magnard "Albéric Magnard") was killed defending his house from German invaders. His house was destroyed, along with several musical manuscripts. Ropartz reconstituted from memory the orchestration of Magnard's opera *[Guercoeur](/wiki/Guercoeur "Guercoeur")*, which had been lost in the fire.
From 1919 to 1929 Ropartz was director of the [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg "Strasbourg") Conservatory, which he moved into the [building of the former parliament](/wiki/National_Theatre_of_Strasbourg "National Theatre of Strasbourg") of [Alsace\-Lorraine](/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine "Alsace-Lorraine"). At the same time he undertook the direction of the [Philharmonic Orchestra of Strasbourg](/wiki/Philharmonic_Orchestra_of_Strasbourg "Philharmonic Orchestra of Strasbourg"), influencing young students like [Charles Munch](/wiki/Charles_Munch_%28conductor%29 "Charles Munch (conductor)"). Elected in 1949 as a member of the [Académie des Beaux\-Arts](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Beaux-Arts "Académie des Beaux-Arts") (5th section, musical composition), he succeeded [Georges Hüe](/wiki/Georges_H%C3%BCe "Georges Hüe").
Ropartz also served as a juror with [Florence Meyer Blumenthal](/wiki/Florence_Meyer_Blumenthal "Florence Meyer Blumenthal") in awarding the [Prix Blumenthal](/wiki/Prix_Blumenthal "Prix Blumenthal"), a grant given between 1919 and 1954 to young French painters, sculptors, decorators, engravers, writers, and musicians.{{cite web
\| title \= Florence Meyer Blumenthal
\| publisher \= Jewish Women's Archive, Michele Siegel
\| url \= http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/blumenthal\-florence\-meyer}}
He retired in 1929 and withdrew to his manor in [Lanloup](/wiki/Lanloup "Lanloup"), Brittany. He continued to compose until 1953, when he became blind. He died in Lanloup in 1955\.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Ropartz was born in [Guingamp](/wiki/Guingamp \"Guingamp\"), [Côtes\\-d'Armor](/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor \"Côtes-d'Armor\"), [Brittany](/wiki/Brittany \"Brittany\"). He studied initially at [Rennes](/wiki/Rennes \"Rennes\"). In 1885 he entered the [Conservatoire de Paris](/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris \"Conservatoire de Paris\"), studying under [Théodore Dubois](/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Dubois \"Théodore Dubois\"), then [Jules Massenet](/wiki/Jules_Massenet \"Jules Massenet\"), where he became a close friend of the young [Georges Enesco](/wiki/Georges_Enesco \"Georges Enesco\"). He later studied the organ under [César Franck](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck \"César Franck\").",
"He was appointed director of the [Nancy](/wiki/Nancy%2C_France \"Nancy, France\") Conservatory (at the time a branch of the Paris Conservatory) from 1894 to 1919, where he established classes in viola in 1894, trumpet in 1895, harp and organ in 1897, then trombone in 1900\\. He also founded the season of symphonic concerts with the newly created orchestra of the Conservatory, ancestor of the [Orchestre symphonique et lyrique de Nancy](/wiki/Orchestre_symphonique_et_lyrique_de_Nancy \"Orchestre symphonique et lyrique de Nancy\").",
"Ropartz was associated with the [Breton](/wiki/Breton_people \"Breton people\") cultural renaissance of the era, setting to music the words of Breton writers such as [Anatole Le Braz](/wiki/Anatole_Le_Braz \"Anatole Le Braz\") and [Charles Le Goffic](/wiki/Charles_Le_Goffic \"Charles Le Goffic\"). He also supported Breton regional autonomy, joining the [Breton Regionalist Union](/wiki/Breton_Regionalist_Union \"Breton Regionalist Union\") in 1898\\. He also was the Honorary President of the [Association des Compositeurs Bretons](/wiki/Association_des_Compositeurs_Bretons \"Association des Compositeurs Bretons\") that was founded in 1912\\.",
"In the early stages of World War I his friend and fellow composer [Albéric Magnard](/wiki/Alb%C3%A9ric_Magnard \"Albéric Magnard\") was killed defending his house from German invaders. His house was destroyed, along with several musical manuscripts. Ropartz reconstituted from memory the orchestration of Magnard's opera *[Guercoeur](/wiki/Guercoeur \"Guercoeur\")*, which had been lost in the fire.",
"From 1919 to 1929 Ropartz was director of the [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg \"Strasbourg\") Conservatory, which he moved into the [building of the former parliament](/wiki/National_Theatre_of_Strasbourg \"National Theatre of Strasbourg\") of [Alsace\\-Lorraine](/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine \"Alsace-Lorraine\"). At the same time he undertook the direction of the [Philharmonic Orchestra of Strasbourg](/wiki/Philharmonic_Orchestra_of_Strasbourg \"Philharmonic Orchestra of Strasbourg\"), influencing young students like [Charles Munch](/wiki/Charles_Munch_%28conductor%29 \"Charles Munch (conductor)\"). Elected in 1949 as a member of the [Académie des Beaux\\-Arts](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Beaux-Arts \"Académie des Beaux-Arts\") (5th section, musical composition), he succeeded [Georges Hüe](/wiki/Georges_H%C3%BCe \"Georges Hüe\").",
"Ropartz also served as a juror with [Florence Meyer Blumenthal](/wiki/Florence_Meyer_Blumenthal \"Florence Meyer Blumenthal\") in awarding the [Prix Blumenthal](/wiki/Prix_Blumenthal \"Prix Blumenthal\"), a grant given between 1919 and 1954 to young French painters, sculptors, decorators, engravers, writers, and musicians.{{cite web\n \\| title \\= Florence Meyer Blumenthal\n \\| publisher \\= Jewish Women's Archive, Michele Siegel \n \\| url \\= http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/blumenthal\\-florence\\-meyer}}",
"He retired in 1929 and withdrew to his manor in [Lanloup](/wiki/Lanloup \"Lanloup\"), Brittany. He continued to compose until 1953, when he became blind. He died in Lanloup in 1955\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life and education
[thumb\|left\|Zubov as a child with his mother Alexandra and sister Maria](/wiki/File:Zubova_nee_Olsufjeva1.jpg "Zubova nee Olsufjeva1.jpg")
After the [Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Third_Partition_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth "Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"), [Platon Zubov](/wiki/Platon_Zubov "Platon Zubov"), one of the favorites of Empress [Catherine the Great](/wiki/Catherine_the_Great "Catherine the Great"), was gifted former lands of the [Grand Duke of Lithuania](/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania "Grand Duke of Lithuania") in 1795\. This included {{ill\|Šiauliai Economy\|lt\|Šiaulių ekonimija}} (approximately {{convert\|170000\|ha}} of land with 18,000 residents) which was part of the lands of the [Grand Duke of Lithuania](/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania "Grand Duke of Lithuania"). These territories were inherited by Platon's brother {{ill\|Dmitry Zubov\|ru\|Зубов, Дмитрий Александрович\|lt\=Dmitry}} who moved to live in [Šiauliai](/wiki/%C5%A0iauliai "Šiauliai") where his great\-grandson Vladimir Zubov was born on 13 February 1862 to the family of {{ill\|Nikolai Zubov (1832–1898\)\|lt\|Nikolajus Zubovas (1832\)\|lt\=Nikolai}} and {{ill\|Alexandra Zubov\|lt\|Aleksandra Zubovienė}} (daughter of {{ill\|Vasily Olsufiev\|ru\|Олсуфьев, Василий Дмитриевич}}).
In 1871, [Laurynas Ivinskis](/wiki/Laurynas_Ivinskis "Laurynas Ivinskis"), a Lithuanian activist and publisher of Lithuanian calendars, was hired as a private tutor for Zubov. They became close and Zubov started learning [Lithuanian language](/wiki/Lithuanian_language "Lithuanian language"). In 1873, Zubov enrolled into [Šiauliai Gymnasium](/wiki/%C5%A0iauliai_Gymnasium "Šiauliai Gymnasium"). Already as a high school student Zubov joined antigovernment activities. With support of his mother and using his family's personal library, Zubov established an illegal library among gymnasium students. Several banned books from the library were confiscated by the police. After the graduation in 1881, he began studies of chemistry at the [University of Saint Petersburg](/wiki/University_of_Saint_Petersburg "University of Saint Petersburg"). One of his professors was [Dmitri Mendeleev](/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev "Dmitri Mendeleev"). He established contacts with socialist and even revolutionary activists, including members of Russian [Narodnaya Volya](/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya "Narodnaya Volya") and Polish [Proletariat](/wiki/Proletariat_%28party%29 "Proletariat (party)"), he was also member of "Polish Commune" ({{Lang\-pl\|Gmina Polska}}).{{Cite book \|last\=Chmielewski \|first\=Jan Euzebiusz \|title\=Pierwsze lata korporacji studentów Polaków w Kijowie (R. 1884\-1892\) \|year\=1939 \|pages\=23–24}} His apartment was a frequent gathering place for various activists. According to memoirs of [Jonas Šliūpas](/wiki/Jonas_%C5%A0li%C5%ABpas "Jonas Šliūpas"), up to 40 students would gather in the apartment. In 1882, after a student protest, Zubov was briefly imprisoned. However, that did not dissuade Zubov of liberal ideas. Eventually, he rejected revolutionary path and chose slower and steadier evolutionary activities. In 1890, Zubov graduated from veterinary studies at the [University of Halle\-Wittenberg](/wiki/University_of_Halle-Wittenberg "University of Halle-Wittenberg").
### Business and political activities
[thumb\|Zubov and Sofija Bilevičiūtė with their children](/wiki/File:Vladimir_Zubov_with_family.jpeg "Vladimir Zubov with family.jpeg")
After his studies, Zubov returned to Lithuania and took up residence in [Ginkūnai Manor](/wiki/Gink%C5%ABnai_Manor "Ginkūnai Manor"). He also purchased [Dabikinė Manor](/wiki/Dabikin%C4%97_Manor "Dabikinė Manor") in 1890 and {{ill\|Medemrodė\|lt}} Manor (now part of {{ill\|Agluonai\|lt}} in present\-day [Akmenė District Municipality](/wiki/Akmen%C4%97_District_Municipality "Akmenė District Municipality")) in 1904\. In a few years, Zubov transformed the neglected Ginkūnai Manor into an exemplary modern farm. He implemented various innovations. He purchased quality seeds and animal breeds as well as farming equipment abroad. In 1892, he became the first to import [Danish Red](/wiki/Danish_Red "Danish Red") cows which mixed with local cows to eventually produce the [Lithuanian Red](/wiki/Lithuanian_Red "Lithuanian Red") breed. He treated farm workers well and paid them higher than standard wages. Together with his brother, Zubov was a member of a committee which organized agricultural exhibitions in Šiauliai in 1910–1914\. Due to their influence, the exhibitions were more relevant to Lithuanian peasants and featured performances by the [Varpas Society](/wiki/Varpas_Society "Varpas Society") of which Zubov was a member. In 1908, Zubov established a dairy which became known for its butter. He also co\-founded a [credit union](/wiki/Credit_union "Credit union") and Progresas, a company trading in fertilizers and agricultural equipment.
He continued to support socialist and social democratic activists and their press. His manors served as a meeting place or a temporary shelter for prosecuted activists. During one such gatherings in Zubov's [Dabikinė Manor](/wiki/Dabikin%C4%97_Manor "Dabikinė Manor"), [Povilas Višinskis](/wiki/Povilas_Vi%C5%A1inskis "Povilas Višinskis") and others founded the [Lithuanian Democratic Party](/wiki/Lithuanian_Democratic_Party "Lithuanian Democratic Party") in October 1902\. In August 1905, during the [Russian Revolution](/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905 "Russian Revolution of 1905"), Ginkūnai hosted a gathering of Draugas Society (Friend) organized by [Vincas Kapsukas](/wiki/Vincas_Kapsukas "Vincas Kapsukas"). The society resolved to mount armed resistance against the Tsarist government and organize worker strikes. The notable activists who sought refuge in Zubov's estates included [Józef Piłsudski](/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski "Józef Piłsudski") and Vincas Kapsukas who escaped deportation and was hiding from the Tsarist police in 1914\. His manor was also a meeting place for Polish revolutionaries from [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw"), [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow") and [St. Petersburg](/wiki/St._Petersburg "St. Petersburg"): [Ludwik Waryński](/wiki/Ludwik_Wary%C5%84ski "Ludwik Waryński"), [Stanisław Narutowicz](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Narutowicz "Stanisław Narutowicz") and [Tadeusz Rechniewski](/wiki/Tadeusz_Rechniewski "Tadeusz Rechniewski"), among others, gathered there. Zubov considered himself a Pole at the time and supported the activities of Polish revolutionaries. However, after divorcing Sofija Bilevičiūtė\-Zubovienė and marrying a Russian woman, he distanced himself from the Polish cause. Zubov also helped smuggle the [banned Lithuanian publications](/wiki/Lithuanian_press_ban "Lithuanian press ban") from [East Prussia](/wiki/East_Prussia "East Prussia"). Reportedly, he used empty barrels from his [Gubernija](/wiki/Gubernija "Gubernija") brewery to hide and transport the publications. Right after the Lithuanian press ban was lifted in early 1904, Zubov planned to publish a Lithuanian weekly newspaper and wanted to hire [Povilas Višinskis](/wiki/Povilas_Vi%C5%A1inskis "Povilas Višinskis") as its editor, but he could not receive government permission.
Zubov was also active in Šiauliai political and cultural life. He was consistently elected to the [City Duma](/wiki/City_Duma "City Duma"). In 1911, with 10,400 [rubles](/wiki/Russian_rubles "Russian rubles") worth of declared real estate in the city, Zubov was the wealthiest duma member. He also lent money to the city for public work projects and allowed the public to use the park around his [Zubovai Palace](/wiki/Zubovai_Palace "Zubovai Palace").
### Support of education
[thumb\|Zubovai Palace which Zubov donated to teacher's seminary](/wiki/File:Zubovai_Palace.jpg "Zubovai Palace.jpg")
Zubov and his wife [Sofija Bilevičiūtė\-Zubovienė](/wiki/Sofija_Bilevi%C4%8Di%C5%ABt%C4%97-Zubovien%C4%97 "Sofija Bilevičiūtė-Zubovienė") established six primary schools for manor workers and peasants. These schools were private and financed by Zubovs. Due to the [Lithuanian press ban](/wiki/Lithuanian_press_ban "Lithuanian press ban"), the first school in Ginkūnai was opened in 1896 illegally and in secret. Later this and other schools in [Dabikinė](/wiki/Dabikin%C4%97_Manor "Dabikinė Manor"), [Naisiai](/wiki/Naisiai_Manor "Naisiai Manor"), {{ill\|Gubernija (Šiauliai)\|lt\|lt\=Gubernija}} (now northern part of Šiauliai), {{ill\|Medemrodė\|lt}} were legalized. It meant that they had to teach according to the Russian government curriculum, but the schools secretly taught [Lithuanian language](/wiki/Lithuanian_language "Lithuanian language"), [history](/wiki/History_of_Lithuania "History of Lithuania"), and [geography](/wiki/Geography_of_Lithuania "Geography of Lithuania"). Zubovs invited Lithuanian teachers, including [Jadvyga Juškytė](/wiki/Jadvyga_Ju%C5%A1kyt%C4%97 "Jadvyga Juškytė"), and paid them a generous salary. Reportedly, Zubov spent as much as 10,000 [rubles](/wiki/Russian_rubles "Russian rubles") annually on the schools. In 1910, *[Rygos garsas](/wiki/Rygos_garsas "Rygos garsas")* reported that Zubovs maintained six primary schools with eight teachers attended for free by 300 students. Each school had a small library.
In 1902, Zubov sponsored a public library in Šiauliai. He donated books as well as the second floor of his [Zubovai Palace](/wiki/Zubovai_Palace "Zubovai Palace"). He also donated 27,778 volumes of the historical archive of Šiauliai Economy; however, this archive was lost during World War I. In 1914, he planned to open {{ill\|Šiauliai Teacher's Seminary\|lt\|Šiaulių mokytojų seminarija\|lt\=Teacher's Seminary in Šiauliai}} but these plans were interrupted by [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"). When the seminary was established in 1920, Zubov donated the entire Zubovai Palace for its needs. The seminary grew to become [Šiauliai University](/wiki/%C5%A0iauliai_University "Šiauliai University").
### World War I and after
During [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), Zubov lived in [Saint Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg "Saint Petersburg") where he co\-founded weekly newspaper *Naujoji Lietuva* (New Lithuania) and was elected chairman of the charitable {{ill\|Grūdas Society\|lt\|Grūdo draugija}} (Grain) to support war refugees. At the end of 1917, the society maintained four shelters, seven primary schools, and seven evening courses for adults. After Lithuania became independent in 1918, Zubov did not join Lithuanian political life and led a rather reclusive life in his rural estate. Many of his landholdings were nationalized and distributed to landless farm workers during the [Land Reform of 1922](/wiki/Lithuanian_Land_Reform_of_1922 "Lithuanian Land Reform of 1922"). He was left with {{convert\|212\|ha}} in Ginkūnai (owned by his daughter Aleksandra) and {{convert\|300\|ha\|abbr\=on}} each in Medemrodė (owned by him) and Dabikinė (owned by his son Vladimiras). The government nationalized {{convert\|532\|ha\|abbr\=on}} in Dabikinė and {{convert\|1229\|ha\|abbr\=on}} in Medemrodė (most of this land were forests).
Zubov died on 23 June 1933 in {{ill\|Medemrodė\|lt}}.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life and education",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Zubov as a child with his mother Alexandra and sister Maria](/wiki/File:Zubova_nee_Olsufjeva1.jpg \"Zubova nee Olsufjeva1.jpg\")\nAfter the [Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Third_Partition_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth \"Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth\"), [Platon Zubov](/wiki/Platon_Zubov \"Platon Zubov\"), one of the favorites of Empress [Catherine the Great](/wiki/Catherine_the_Great \"Catherine the Great\"), was gifted former lands of the [Grand Duke of Lithuania](/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania \"Grand Duke of Lithuania\") in 1795\\. This included {{ill\\|Šiauliai Economy\\|lt\\|Šiaulių ekonimija}} (approximately {{convert\\|170000\\|ha}} of land with 18,000 residents) which was part of the lands of the [Grand Duke of Lithuania](/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania \"Grand Duke of Lithuania\"). These territories were inherited by Platon's brother {{ill\\|Dmitry Zubov\\|ru\\|Зубов, Дмитрий Александрович\\|lt\\=Dmitry}} who moved to live in [Šiauliai](/wiki/%C5%A0iauliai \"Šiauliai\") where his great\\-grandson Vladimir Zubov was born on 13 February 1862 to the family of {{ill\\|Nikolai Zubov (1832–1898\\)\\|lt\\|Nikolajus Zubovas (1832\\)\\|lt\\=Nikolai}} and {{ill\\|Alexandra Zubov\\|lt\\|Aleksandra Zubovienė}} (daughter of {{ill\\|Vasily Olsufiev\\|ru\\|Олсуфьев, Василий Дмитриевич}}).",
"In 1871, [Laurynas Ivinskis](/wiki/Laurynas_Ivinskis \"Laurynas Ivinskis\"), a Lithuanian activist and publisher of Lithuanian calendars, was hired as a private tutor for Zubov. They became close and Zubov started learning [Lithuanian language](/wiki/Lithuanian_language \"Lithuanian language\"). In 1873, Zubov enrolled into [Šiauliai Gymnasium](/wiki/%C5%A0iauliai_Gymnasium \"Šiauliai Gymnasium\"). Already as a high school student Zubov joined antigovernment activities. With support of his mother and using his family's personal library, Zubov established an illegal library among gymnasium students. Several banned books from the library were confiscated by the police. After the graduation in 1881, he began studies of chemistry at the [University of Saint Petersburg](/wiki/University_of_Saint_Petersburg \"University of Saint Petersburg\"). One of his professors was [Dmitri Mendeleev](/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev \"Dmitri Mendeleev\"). He established contacts with socialist and even revolutionary activists, including members of Russian [Narodnaya Volya](/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya \"Narodnaya Volya\") and Polish [Proletariat](/wiki/Proletariat_%28party%29 \"Proletariat (party)\"), he was also member of \"Polish Commune\" ({{Lang\\-pl\\|Gmina Polska}}).{{Cite book \\|last\\=Chmielewski \\|first\\=Jan Euzebiusz \\|title\\=Pierwsze lata korporacji studentów Polaków w Kijowie (R. 1884\\-1892\\) \\|year\\=1939 \\|pages\\=23–24}} His apartment was a frequent gathering place for various activists. According to memoirs of [Jonas Šliūpas](/wiki/Jonas_%C5%A0li%C5%ABpas \"Jonas Šliūpas\"), up to 40 students would gather in the apartment. In 1882, after a student protest, Zubov was briefly imprisoned. However, that did not dissuade Zubov of liberal ideas. Eventually, he rejected revolutionary path and chose slower and steadier evolutionary activities. In 1890, Zubov graduated from veterinary studies at the [University of Halle\\-Wittenberg](/wiki/University_of_Halle-Wittenberg \"University of Halle-Wittenberg\").",
"### Business and political activities",
"[thumb\\|Zubov and Sofija Bilevičiūtė with their children](/wiki/File:Vladimir_Zubov_with_family.jpeg \"Vladimir Zubov with family.jpeg\")\nAfter his studies, Zubov returned to Lithuania and took up residence in [Ginkūnai Manor](/wiki/Gink%C5%ABnai_Manor \"Ginkūnai Manor\"). He also purchased [Dabikinė Manor](/wiki/Dabikin%C4%97_Manor \"Dabikinė Manor\") in 1890 and {{ill\\|Medemrodė\\|lt}} Manor (now part of {{ill\\|Agluonai\\|lt}} in present\\-day [Akmenė District Municipality](/wiki/Akmen%C4%97_District_Municipality \"Akmenė District Municipality\")) in 1904\\. In a few years, Zubov transformed the neglected Ginkūnai Manor into an exemplary modern farm. He implemented various innovations. He purchased quality seeds and animal breeds as well as farming equipment abroad. In 1892, he became the first to import [Danish Red](/wiki/Danish_Red \"Danish Red\") cows which mixed with local cows to eventually produce the [Lithuanian Red](/wiki/Lithuanian_Red \"Lithuanian Red\") breed. He treated farm workers well and paid them higher than standard wages. Together with his brother, Zubov was a member of a committee which organized agricultural exhibitions in Šiauliai in 1910–1914\\. Due to their influence, the exhibitions were more relevant to Lithuanian peasants and featured performances by the [Varpas Society](/wiki/Varpas_Society \"Varpas Society\") of which Zubov was a member. In 1908, Zubov established a dairy which became known for its butter. He also co\\-founded a [credit union](/wiki/Credit_union \"Credit union\") and Progresas, a company trading in fertilizers and agricultural equipment.",
"He continued to support socialist and social democratic activists and their press. His manors served as a meeting place or a temporary shelter for prosecuted activists. During one such gatherings in Zubov's [Dabikinė Manor](/wiki/Dabikin%C4%97_Manor \"Dabikinė Manor\"), [Povilas Višinskis](/wiki/Povilas_Vi%C5%A1inskis \"Povilas Višinskis\") and others founded the [Lithuanian Democratic Party](/wiki/Lithuanian_Democratic_Party \"Lithuanian Democratic Party\") in October 1902\\. In August 1905, during the [Russian Revolution](/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905 \"Russian Revolution of 1905\"), Ginkūnai hosted a gathering of Draugas Society (Friend) organized by [Vincas Kapsukas](/wiki/Vincas_Kapsukas \"Vincas Kapsukas\"). The society resolved to mount armed resistance against the Tsarist government and organize worker strikes. The notable activists who sought refuge in Zubov's estates included [Józef Piłsudski](/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski \"Józef Piłsudski\") and Vincas Kapsukas who escaped deportation and was hiding from the Tsarist police in 1914\\. His manor was also a meeting place for Polish revolutionaries from [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\"), [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\") and [St. Petersburg](/wiki/St._Petersburg \"St. Petersburg\"): [Ludwik Waryński](/wiki/Ludwik_Wary%C5%84ski \"Ludwik Waryński\"), [Stanisław Narutowicz](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Narutowicz \"Stanisław Narutowicz\") and [Tadeusz Rechniewski](/wiki/Tadeusz_Rechniewski \"Tadeusz Rechniewski\"), among others, gathered there. Zubov considered himself a Pole at the time and supported the activities of Polish revolutionaries. However, after divorcing Sofija Bilevičiūtė\\-Zubovienė and marrying a Russian woman, he distanced himself from the Polish cause. Zubov also helped smuggle the [banned Lithuanian publications](/wiki/Lithuanian_press_ban \"Lithuanian press ban\") from [East Prussia](/wiki/East_Prussia \"East Prussia\"). Reportedly, he used empty barrels from his [Gubernija](/wiki/Gubernija \"Gubernija\") brewery to hide and transport the publications. Right after the Lithuanian press ban was lifted in early 1904, Zubov planned to publish a Lithuanian weekly newspaper and wanted to hire [Povilas Višinskis](/wiki/Povilas_Vi%C5%A1inskis \"Povilas Višinskis\") as its editor, but he could not receive government permission.",
"Zubov was also active in Šiauliai political and cultural life. He was consistently elected to the [City Duma](/wiki/City_Duma \"City Duma\"). In 1911, with 10,400 [rubles](/wiki/Russian_rubles \"Russian rubles\") worth of declared real estate in the city, Zubov was the wealthiest duma member. He also lent money to the city for public work projects and allowed the public to use the park around his [Zubovai Palace](/wiki/Zubovai_Palace \"Zubovai Palace\").",
"### Support of education",
"[thumb\\|Zubovai Palace which Zubov donated to teacher's seminary](/wiki/File:Zubovai_Palace.jpg \"Zubovai Palace.jpg\")\nZubov and his wife [Sofija Bilevičiūtė\\-Zubovienė](/wiki/Sofija_Bilevi%C4%8Di%C5%ABt%C4%97-Zubovien%C4%97 \"Sofija Bilevičiūtė-Zubovienė\") established six primary schools for manor workers and peasants. These schools were private and financed by Zubovs. Due to the [Lithuanian press ban](/wiki/Lithuanian_press_ban \"Lithuanian press ban\"), the first school in Ginkūnai was opened in 1896 illegally and in secret. Later this and other schools in [Dabikinė](/wiki/Dabikin%C4%97_Manor \"Dabikinė Manor\"), [Naisiai](/wiki/Naisiai_Manor \"Naisiai Manor\"), {{ill\\|Gubernija (Šiauliai)\\|lt\\|lt\\=Gubernija}} (now northern part of Šiauliai), {{ill\\|Medemrodė\\|lt}} were legalized. It meant that they had to teach according to the Russian government curriculum, but the schools secretly taught [Lithuanian language](/wiki/Lithuanian_language \"Lithuanian language\"), [history](/wiki/History_of_Lithuania \"History of Lithuania\"), and [geography](/wiki/Geography_of_Lithuania \"Geography of Lithuania\"). Zubovs invited Lithuanian teachers, including [Jadvyga Juškytė](/wiki/Jadvyga_Ju%C5%A1kyt%C4%97 \"Jadvyga Juškytė\"), and paid them a generous salary. Reportedly, Zubov spent as much as 10,000 [rubles](/wiki/Russian_rubles \"Russian rubles\") annually on the schools. In 1910, *[Rygos garsas](/wiki/Rygos_garsas \"Rygos garsas\")* reported that Zubovs maintained six primary schools with eight teachers attended for free by 300 students. Each school had a small library.",
"In 1902, Zubov sponsored a public library in Šiauliai. He donated books as well as the second floor of his [Zubovai Palace](/wiki/Zubovai_Palace \"Zubovai Palace\"). He also donated 27,778 volumes of the historical archive of Šiauliai Economy; however, this archive was lost during World War I. In 1914, he planned to open {{ill\\|Šiauliai Teacher's Seminary\\|lt\\|Šiaulių mokytojų seminarija\\|lt\\=Teacher's Seminary in Šiauliai}} but these plans were interrupted by [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"). When the seminary was established in 1920, Zubov donated the entire Zubovai Palace for its needs. The seminary grew to become [Šiauliai University](/wiki/%C5%A0iauliai_University \"Šiauliai University\").",
"### World War I and after",
"During [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), Zubov lived in [Saint Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg \"Saint Petersburg\") where he co\\-founded weekly newspaper *Naujoji Lietuva* (New Lithuania) and was elected chairman of the charitable {{ill\\|Grūdas Society\\|lt\\|Grūdo draugija}} (Grain) to support war refugees. At the end of 1917, the society maintained four shelters, seven primary schools, and seven evening courses for adults. After Lithuania became independent in 1918, Zubov did not join Lithuanian political life and led a rather reclusive life in his rural estate. Many of his landholdings were nationalized and distributed to landless farm workers during the [Land Reform of 1922](/wiki/Lithuanian_Land_Reform_of_1922 \"Lithuanian Land Reform of 1922\"). He was left with {{convert\\|212\\|ha}} in Ginkūnai (owned by his daughter Aleksandra) and {{convert\\|300\\|ha\\|abbr\\=on}} each in Medemrodė (owned by him) and Dabikinė (owned by his son Vladimiras). The government nationalized {{convert\\|532\\|ha\\|abbr\\=on}} in Dabikinė and {{convert\\|1229\\|ha\\|abbr\\=on}} in Medemrodė (most of this land were forests).",
"Zubov died on 23 June 1933 in {{ill\\|Medemrodė\\|lt}}.",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
Israelson turned professional in the late summer of 1980\.{{cite web\|title\=6 Sep 1980, 22 \- The Bismarck Tribune at Newspapers.com\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/347459541/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-12\|website\=Newspapers.com}} In September, he played his first professional tournament, the [North Dakota Open](/wiki/North_Dakota_Open "North Dakota Open").{{cite web\|title\=8 Sep 1980, 19 \- The Bismarck Tribune at Newspapers.com\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/347459955/?terms\=north%20dakota%20open%20golf\&match\=1\|access\-date\=2022\-02\-18\|website\=Newspapers.com\|language\=en}} In the three\-round tournament he finished at 206 (−10\), defeating Bob Ackerman by one. Israelson earned $5,000\. Despite the victory, Israelson had no intention of trying to earn membership for the PGA Tour that fall. "I won't try for my professional card this year," he stated after the event. "I still have a lot of things to learn." Shortly after his win in North Dakota, he also won a "lucrative" pro\-am in [St. Cloud, Minnesota](/wiki/St._Cloud%2C_Minnesota "St. Cloud, Minnesota").{{cite web\|title\=19 Jul 1981, Page 30 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/187756370/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-12\|website\=Newspapers.com}} Israelson then started playing the mini\-tours in California and Texas. In May 1981, he attempted to qualify for the [PGA Tour](/wiki/PGA_Tour "PGA Tour") at [Spring 1981 PGA Tour Qualifying School](/wiki/Spring_1981_PGA_Tour_Qualifying_School_graduates "Spring 1981 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates"). However, he missed qualifying by a shot. The following month, in June, he attempted to qualify for the [1981 U.S. Open](/wiki/1981_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 "1981 U.S. Open (golf)"). At final qualifying, he was tied with a number of golfers for the final slots. Israelson competed in a six\-for\-five playoff to see who got the final five slots. Israelson three\-putted the 2nd playoff hole to lose out. In the summer he played a some notable golf events in Minnesota, including the TapeMark Charity Pro\-Am Golf Tournament and [Minnesota State Open](/wiki/Minnesota_State_Open "Minnesota State Open"). In both cases he was the leader in the early rounds but faltered in the final round.{{cite web \|title\=13 Jul 1981, Page 25 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/187791671/ \|access\-date\=2022\-02\-05 \|website\=Newspapers.com \|language\=en}}{{cite web \|title\=28 Jul 1985, Page 40 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/189922914/ \|access\-date\=2022\-02\-21 \|website\=Newspapers.com \|language\=en}}
In the spring of 1982, Israelson attempted to qualify for the [U.S. Open](/wiki/U.S._Open_%28golf%29 "U.S. Open (golf)"). Playing the Chicago sectional, Israelson was successful, finishing in second place, four back of medalist [Jon Chaffee](/wiki/Jon_Chaffee_%28golfer%29 "Jon Chaffee (golfer)").{{cite web\|title\=14 Jun 1982, Page 34 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/179061742/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-12\|website\=Newspapers.com}} The tournament proper was played at [Pebble Beach Golf Links](/wiki/Pebble_Beach_Golf_Links "Pebble Beach Golf Links"). Early at the [1982 U.S. Open](/wiki/1982_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 "1982 U.S. Open (golf)"), on Friday's back nine, Israelson birdied five holes against no bogeys to move into contention. It was the lowest back nine total in U.S. Open history at Pebble Beach. In addition, it was only one off of the back nine record at Pebble.{{cite web \|title\=19 Jun 1982, Page 31 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/178724554/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-11 \|website\=Newspapers.com}} Israelson, however, struggled on the weekend, failing to break 80, finishing in second to last place among those who made the cut.{{cite web \|title\=20 Jun 1982, Page 37 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/178728722/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-11 \|website\=Newspapers.com}}{{cite web \|title\=21 Jun 1982, Page 34 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/178762406/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-12 \|website\=Newspapers.com}} Because he made the cut, however, he qualified for the next two [PGA Tour](/wiki/PGA_Tour "PGA Tour") events, the [Westchester Classic](/wiki/Westchester_Classic "Westchester Classic") and the [Western Open](/wiki/Western_Open "Western Open").{{cite web \|title\=22 Jun 1982, Page 36 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/178767120/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-14 \|website\=Newspapers.com}} He made the cut at the Westchester but missed the cut at the latter.{{cite web \|title\=Bill Israelson Profile \- News, Stats, and Videos \|url\=https://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01561\.bill\-israelson.html \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-23 \|website\=PGATour}} In November, attempted to qualify for the PGA Tour at [1982 PGA Tour Qualifying School](/wiki/1982_PGA_Tour_Qualifying_School_graduates "1982 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates"). After two rounds, Israelson was near the top 50 cutoff, in a tie for 52nd,{{cite web \|title\=18 Nov 1982, 28 \- The Modesto Bee at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/691837022/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17 \|website\=Newspapers.com}} but ultimately failed to make the tour.{{cite news \|date\=November 22, 1982 \|title\=PGA qualifying \|page\=C7 \|newspaper\=\[\[Austin American\-Statesman]] \|agency\=Associated Press \|location\=Texas \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/379299500/?terms\=PGA%20Tour%20qualifying%20school\&match\=1 \|url\-access\=subscription \|via\=newspapers.com}}
Due to his failure to make it onto the [PGA Tour](/wiki/PGA_Tour "PGA Tour"), Israelson continued to play on the minitours.{{cite web\|title\=6 Jun 1986, 573 \- Daily News at Newspapers.com\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/492908649/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-16\|website\=Newspapers.com}} In addition, in early 1983 he started playing on the [Asia Golf Circuit](/wiki/Asia_Golf_Circuit "Asia Golf Circuit").{{cite web\|title\=All the entries\|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19830306\-1\.2\.66\.3\.2?ST\=1\&AT\=filter\&DF\=\&DT\=\&AO\=true\&NPT\=\&L\=\&CTA\=\&NID\=\&CT\=\&WC\=\&YR\=\&K\=bill\+israelson\&KA\=bill\+israelson\&P\=3\&Display\=0\&filterS\=0\&QT\=bill,israelson\&oref\=article\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17\|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}{{cite web\|title\=TOMORROW'S DRAW\|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19830310\-1\.2\.132?ST\=1\&AT\=filter\&DF\=\&DT\=\&AO\=true\&NPT\=\&L\=\&CTA\=\&NID\=\&CT\=\&WC\=\&YR\=\&K\=bill\+israelson\&KA\=bill\+israelson\&P\=3\&Display\=0\&filterS\=0\&QT\=bill,israelson\&oref\=article\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17\|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} In April, Israelson had much success at the [Taiwan Open](/wiki/Taiwan_Open_%28golf%29 "Taiwan Open (golf)"). Through the first three rounds he was at 226 (\+10\), five back of the lead. In the final round he shot a 69 (−3\), the round of the tournament, to tie [Lu Liang\-Huan](/wiki/Lu_Liang-Huan "Lu Liang-Huan") for the lead. Israelson, however, played poorly in the playoff, hitting his drive out of bounds at the third extra hole. Lu won easily.{{cite news \|date\=11 April 1983 \|title\=Lu wins play\-off for Taiwan Open \|page\=38 \|newspaper\=The Straits Times \|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19830411\-1\.1\.38 \|access\-date\=2020\-06\-28 \|via\=National Library Board}} The runner\-up finish, however, spurred him on to better play. He made the cut in all of his remaining events on the Asian circuit.{{cite web\|title\=Israelson is a man of his word\|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19850320\-1\.2\.56\.17?ST\=1\&AT\=filter\&K\=bill%20israelson\&KA\=bill%20israelson\&DF\=\&DT\=\&Display\=0\&AO\=true\&NPT\=\&L\=\&CTA\=\&NID\=\&CT\=\&WC\=\&YR\=\&QT\=bill,israelson\&oref\=article\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17\|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} He finished the season in 15th place on the Order of Merit.{{cite web\|title\=Douglas' double delight\|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19840317\-1\.2\.64\.17?ST\=1\&AT\=filter\&DF\=\&DT\=\&AO\=true\&NPT\=\&L\=\&CTA\=\&NID\=\&CT\=\&WC\=\&YR\=\&K\=bill\+israelson\&KA\=bill\+israelson\&P\=2\&Display\=0\&filterS\=0\&QT\=bill,israelson\&oref\=article\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17\|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} Shortly after the Asian season ended, Israelson returned to North America. In the late summer he recorded top 3 performances at two events, the [Manitoba Open](/wiki/Manitoba_Open "Manitoba Open") and St. Cloud pro\-am.{{cite web \|title\=15 Aug 1983, 31 \- The Winnipeg Sun at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/734866106/?terms\=Manitoba%20Open\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-02\-05 \|website\=Newspapers.com \|language\=en}}{{cite web \|title\=19 Sep 1983, Page 29 \- St. Cloud Times at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/225337379/ \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-12 \|website\=Newspapers.com}}
In early 1984, Israelson returned to Asia. In March, he had much success at golf tournaments in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"). In mid\-March, he played the [Rolex Masters](/wiki/Rolex_Masters "Rolex Masters") at Bukit Golf Course in Singapore.{{cite web \|title\='JOGGER' ON THE GREEN TURNS ON THE HEAT \|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singmonitor19840317\-1\.2\.40\.3?ST\=1\&AT\=filter\&K\=bill%20israelson\&KA\=bill%20israelson\&DF\=\&DT\=\&Display\=0\&AO\=true\&NPT\=\&L\=\&CTA\=\&NID\=\&CT\=\&WC\=\&YR\=\&QT\=bill,israelson\&oref\=article \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17 \|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} At the beginning of the third round, "playing with tremendous confidence," Israelson birdied four of the first five holes. With a 66 (−6\), he nearly tied the course record and took the lead. In the final round he recorded "two quick birdies" and by the turn led by six strokes.{{cite web \|title\=The shadow squad \|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19840318\-1\.2\.132?ST\=1\&AT\=filter\&DF\=\&DT\=\&AO\=true\&NPT\=\&L\=\&CTA\=\&NID\=\&CT\=\&WC\=\&YR\=\&K\=bill\+israelson\&KA\=bill\+israelson\&P\=3\&Display\=0\&filterS\=0\&QT\=bill,israelson\&oref\=article \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17 \|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} Israelson made a number of birdies on the back nine, including one at the last, to win easily. He won with a 276 total.{{cite web \|title\=Rolex Masters regains some lost glamour \|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/biztimes19850319\-1\.2\.27\.5?ST\=1\&AT\=filter\&K\=bill%20israelson\&KA\=bill%20israelson\&DF\=\&DT\=\&Display\=0\&AO\=true\&NPT\=\&L\=\&CTA\=\&NID\=\&CT\=\&WC\=\&YR\=\&QT\=bill,israelson\&oref\=article \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17 \|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} The following week he played the [Singapore Open](/wiki/Singapore_Open_%28golf%29 "Singapore Open (golf)"). He opened with rounds of 72 and 67 to put himself in a tie for ninth, two back of the lead.{{cite web\|title\=Burmese master comes to grips with the Bukit\|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singmonitor19840324\-1\.2\.35\.4?ST\=1\&AT\=filter\&DF\=\&DT\=\&AO\=true\&NPT\=\&L\=\&CTA\=\&NID\=\&CT\=\&WC\=\&YR\=\&K\=bill\+israelson\&KA\=bill\+israelson\&P\=2\&Display\=0\&filterS\=0\&QT\=bill,israelson\&oref\=article\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17\|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}{{cite web\|title\=ALL THE RESULTS\|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singmonitor19840324\-1\.2\.35\.6?ST\=1\&AT\=filter\&K\=bill%20israelson\&KA\=bill%20israelson\&DF\=\&DT\=\&Display\=0\&AO\=true\&NPT\=\&L\=\&CTA\=\&NID\=\&CT\=\&WC\=\&YR\=\&QT\=bill,israelson\&oref\=article\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17\|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} In the third round he shot a 69 to move into a tie for fifth with [Rodger Davis](/wiki/Rodger_Davis "Rodger Davis"), four back of leader [Tom Sieckmann](/wiki/Tom_Sieckmann "Tom Sieckmann").{{cite web\|title\=Close encounter\|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19840325\-1\.2\.118\.4?ST\=1\&AT\=filter\&DF\=\&DT\=\&AO\=true\&NPT\=\&L\=\&CTA\=\&NID\=\&CT\=\&WC\=\&YR\=\&K\=bill\+israelson\&KA\=bill\+israelson\&P\=4\&Display\=0\&filterS\=0\&QT\=bill,israelson\&oref\=article\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17\|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} In the final round he shot a 68 to finish in a tie for second with Burma's [Kyi Hla Han](/wiki/Kyi_Hla_Han "Kyi Hla Han") and Australia's [Terry Gale](/wiki/Terry_Gale "Terry Gale"), two back of champion Sieckmann.{{cite web\|title\=FINAL PLACINGS\|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singmonitor19840326\-2\.2\.36\.13?ST\=1\&AT\=filter\&K\=bill%20israelson\&KA\=bill%20israelson\&DF\=\&DT\=\&Display\=0\&AO\=true\&NPT\=\&L\=\&CTA\=\&NID\=\&CT\=\&WC\=\&YR\=\&QT\=bill,israelson\&oref\=article\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17\|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} After the round Israelson stated, "I'm satisfied, but will try to do better next time."{{cite web\|title\=26 Mar 1984, 58 \- Citizens' Voice at Newspapers.com\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/437851740/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-16\|website\=Newspapers.com}}
Shortly thereafter, Israelson returned to the United States. In the spring, he started playing on the Tournament Players Series (TPS), a satellite tour of the [PGA Tour](/wiki/PGA_Tour "PGA Tour"). In early May, he finished in a tie for fifth at the [Tallahassee Open](/wiki/Tallahassee_Open "Tallahassee Open"), a TPS event.{{cite web\|title\=Vintage Watson wins Champs tourney\|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19840508\-1\.2\.68\.4?ST\=1\&AT\=filter\&DF\=\&DT\=\&AO\=true\&NPT\=\&L\=\&CTA\=\&NID\=\&CT\=\&WC\=\&YR\=\&K\=bill\+israelson\&KA\=bill\+israelson\&P\=3\&Display\=0\&filterS\=0\&QT\=bill,israelson\&oref\=article\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17\|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} In the summer, Israelson played some local Minnesota events, winning the [Minnesota Golf Champions](/wiki/Minnesota_Golf_Champions "Minnesota Golf Champions").{{cite web \|title\=11 Jun 1984, Page 33 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/189860258/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-23 \|website\=Newspapers.com \|language\=en}} In late 1984, he made his fourth attempt to qualify for the PGA Tour. At [1984 PGA Tour Qualifying School](/wiki/1984_PGA_Tour_Qualifying_School_graduates "1984 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates"), Israelson was unsuccessful by a stroke.
In early 1985, Israelson returned to Asia. It was his third tour of the [Asia Golf Circuit](/wiki/Asia_Golf_Circuit "Asia Golf Circuit").{{cite web\|title\=17 Mar 1985, Page 48 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/189854807/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-16\|website\=Newspapers.com}} In March, he played the [Thailand Open](/wiki/Thailand_Open_%28golf%29 "Thailand Open (golf)"). He opened with rounds of 68 (−4\) and 67 (−5\) to put him in a tie for second, three back of leader [Ray Arinno](/wiki/Ray_Arinno "Ray Arinno").{{cite web\|title\=16 Mar 1985, Page 40 \- Clarion\-Ledger at Newspapers.com\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/181602689/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-16\|website\=Newspapers.com}} In the third round, Israelson started poorly, opening with two bogeys. However, he "brilliantly pulled his game back together" with birdies on five of the next seven holes. He ultimately shot a five\-under\-par 67 to take a four stroke lead over Arinno. He said after the round, "This is the first time I have been in contention in Asia and I hope to keep my head in front in the final round."{{cite web\|title\=Confident Israelson surges into the lead\|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singmonitor19850317\-1\.2\.28\.16?ST\=1\&AT\=filter\&K\=bill%20israelson\&KA\=bill%20israelson\&DF\=\&DT\=\&Display\=0\&AO\=true\&NPT\=\&L\=\&CTA\=\&NID\=\&CT\=\&WC\=\&YR\=\&QT\=bill,israelson\&oref\=article\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17\|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} Compatriot [John Jacobs](/wiki/John_Jacobs_%28American_golfer%29 "John Jacobs (American golfer)") shot a course record 64 (−8\) to seriously contend but Israelson "held off" his challenge to win by one.{{cite news\|date\=18 March 1985\|title\=Israelson wins Thai title\|page\=27\|newspaper\=The Straits Times\|location\=Singapore\|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19850318\-1\.1\.27\|via\=National Library Board\|accessdate\=22 March 2020}} By the middle of the season, he was ranked in a tie for fourth on the Asian circuit's Order of Merit.{{cite web\|title\=Tze Ming's in the fore\-front\|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19850403\-1\.2\.77\.7?ST\=1\&AT\=filter\&DF\=\&DT\=\&AO\=true\&NPT\=\&L\=\&CTA\=\&NID\=\&CT\=\&WC\=\&YR\=\&K\=bill\+israelson\&KA\=bill\+israelson\&P\=3\&Display\=0\&filterS\=0\&QT\=bill,israelson\&oref\=article\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17\|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}
As of May, Israelson had returned to the United States. Shortly after he returned, he qualified for the [U.S. Open](/wiki/U.S._Open_%28golf%29 "U.S. Open (golf)").{{cite web \|title\=7 Jun 1985, Page 61 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/190566572/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-14 \|website\=Newspapers.com}} At the tournament proper, Israelson went on a run in the middle of the first round, recording three straight birdies to put him at −3, within one of the lead. However, he finished the round at \+1\.{{cite web \|title\=14 Jun 1985, Page 58 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/190693642/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-11 \|website\=Newspapers.com}} Israelson ultimately made the cut and finished in a tie for 52nd.{{cite web \|title\=17 Jun 1985, Page 81 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/189884557/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-12 \|website\=Newspapers.com}} Later in the summer, Israelson recorded top\-3 performances at the [National Car Open](/wiki/Minnesota_State_Open "Minnesota State Open") and [Manitoba Open](/wiki/Manitoba_Open "Manitoba Open").{{cite web \|title\=29 Jul 1985, Page 27 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/189942512/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-12 \|website\=Newspapers.com}}{{cite web \|title\=19 Aug 1985, 20 \- The Province at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/501718349/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17 \|website\=Newspapers.com}} Later in the fall, he entered [PGA Tour Qualifying School](/wiki/PGA_Tour_Qualifying_school "PGA Tour Qualifying school") again.{{cite web\|title\=26 Nov 1985, Page 83 \- The Orlando Sentinel at Newspapers.com\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/229554016/\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-28\|website\=Newspapers.com}} It was his fifth attempt at qualifying school.{{cite web\|title\=11 Jun 1986, Page 43 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/188668774/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-29\|website\=Newspapers.com}} He was successful this time, finishing in a tie for 14th place.
Israelson played on the PGA Tour during the 1986 season. Early in the year he had some success, making the cut in six of his first eight events between the West Coast swing and Florida swing. This included a T\-11 at the [Shearson Lehman Brothers Andy Williams Open](/wiki/Shearson_Lehman_Brothers_Andy_Williams_Open "Shearson Lehman Brothers Andy Williams Open"), the annual stop in San Diego.{{cite web \|title\=Bill Israelson Profile \- News, Stats, and Videos \|url\=https://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01561\.bill\-israelson.html \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-28 \|website\=PGATour}} His ninth event was the [USF\&G Classic](/wiki/USF%26G_Classic "USF&G Classic") in New Orleans. Israelson recorded a second round 65 (−7\) to move into a tie for third, three back of leader [Calvin Peete](/wiki/Calvin_Peete "Calvin Peete").{{cite web\|title\=23 Mar 1986, 42 \- The Daily Advertiser at Newspapers.com\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/538548328/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-12\|website\=Newspapers.com}} He closed with rounds of 74 and 69 to finish T\-7\. He missed his next four cuts, however. In the middle of the season, however, he had some success. He recorded medalist honors at the Crown Colony Pro\-am and the midwest sectional of the U.S. Open.{{cite web \|title\=29 Apr 1986, 17 \- Tyler Morning Telegraph at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/589229448/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-11 \|website\=Newspapers.com}}{{cite web \|title\=3 Jun 1986, 16 \- Wisconsin State Journal at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/402020848/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-12 \|website\=Newspapers.com}} Shortly thereafter, he was briefly in contention at the [Westchester Classic](/wiki/Westchester_Classic "Westchester Classic"), making "a name for himself" with an opening round 67 (\-4\), putting himself two out of the lead, in a tie for third.{{cite web \|title\=6 Jun 1986, 45 \- The Daily Times at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/722694610/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-11 \|website\=Newspapers.com}}{{cite web \|title\=6 Jun 1986, 41 \- The Herald Statesman at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/679772337/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-14 \|website\=Newspapers.com}} The following week he played the [1986 U.S. Open](/wiki/1986_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 "1986 U.S. Open (golf)"). Israelson opened poorly with a 79 (\+9\). However, he recorded three birdies on the Friday's back nine, including a 60\-foot birdie putt, to make the cut on the number. "I played the last nine holes like a guy I used to remember," he said.{{cite web \|title\=14 Jun 1986, Page 43 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/188669094/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-12 \|website\=Newspapers.com}} Israelson, however, struggled for the remainder of the year, missing the cut in 11 of his final 17 events. He finished at \#130 on the money list, five spots outside the threshold to maintain full\-time status for the following year.
In 1987, Israelson played intermittently on the [PGA Tour](/wiki/PGA_Tour "PGA Tour"). He did not have much success, failing to make the cut in any of the 15 events he played. He lost his tour card at the end of the season.{{cite web\|title\=Big field and big money at this year's Rolex Masters\|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/biztimes19880216\-1\.2\.28\.5?ST\=1\&AT\=filter\&DF\=\&DT\=\&AO\=true\&NPT\=\&L\=\&CTA\=\&NID\=\&CT\=\&WC\=\&YR\=\&K\=bill\+israelson\&KA\=bill\+israelson\&P\=2\&Display\=0\&filterS\=0\&QT\=bill,israelson\&oref\=article\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17\|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} In 1988, Israelson returned to Asia.{{cite web\|title\=Record entries for Rolex Masters\|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19880216\-1\.2\.41\.22?ST\=1\&AT\=filter\&DF\=\&DT\=\&AO\=true\&NPT\=\&L\=\&CTA\=\&NID\=\&CT\=\&WC\=\&YR\=\&K\=bill\+israelson\&KA\=bill\+israelson\&P\=3\&Display\=0\&filterS\=0\&QT\=bill,israelson\&oref\=article\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17\|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} He recorded a tie for 15th at the [Singapore Open](/wiki/Singapore_Open_%28golf%29 "Singapore Open (golf)").{{cite web\|title\=Singapore Open to Bruckner\|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/stoverseas19880319\-1\.2\.22\.1?ST\=1\&AT\=filter\&K\=singapore%20open%20golf\&KA\=singapore%20open%20golf\&DF\=\&DT\=\&Display\=0\&AO\=false\&NPT\=\&L\=\&CTA\=\&NID\=\&CT\=\&WC\=\&YR\=1988\&QT\=singapore,open,golf\&oref\=article\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-29\|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} Other than that, however, he did not record many other highlights. By the middle of 1988, he was considered a "former tour pro."{{cite web\|title\=11 Jun 1988, Page 39 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/195200385/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-12\|website\=Newspapers.com}}
On August 22, 1988, Israelson attended a golf event at Faribault Golf and Country Club. He later stated he had a minimum of 15 alcoholic drinks at the golf tournament.{{cite web\|title\=9 Mar 1989, Page 88 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/191548335/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-11\|website\=Newspapers.com}} Israelson then went driving on Interstate 35 on [Faribault, Minnesota](/wiki/Faribault%2C_Minnesota "Faribault, Minnesota"). He got into a car accident and was charged with a DUI and manslaughter. "According to the criminal complaint," the *[Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press")* reported, "Israelson was drunk when the car he was driving went off Interstate 35 in a construction zone, flew through the air and sliced off the top of an oncoming car. The driver of the other car, Michelle Malakowsky, 20, of [Hartland](/wiki/Hartland%2C_Minnesota "Hartland, Minnesota"), died at the scene, the State Patrol reported."{{cite web\|date\=September 21, 1988\|title\=Sports People\|url\=https://apnews.com/article/00b3f25b37cae445b580797b34041d64\|url\-status\=live\|website\=Associated Press\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131034138/https://apnews.com/article/00b3f25b37cae445b580797b34041d64 \|archive\-date\=January 31, 2022}} On March 6, 1989, Israelson pleaded guilty to second\-degree manslaughter. On April 26, 1989, Israelson was "sentenced to one year in jail," the final 10 months of which would be "under a work\-release program."{{cite web\|title\=27 Apr 1989, Page 14 \- St. Cloud Times at Newspapers.com\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/225994472/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-14\|website\=Newspapers.com}} Israelson would begin his jail sentence on May 1, 1989\.
As of February 1990, Israelson began playing tournament golf again. He played some events on the [Asia Golf Circuit](/wiki/Asia_Golf_Circuit "Asia Golf Circuit").{{cite web\|title\=Bill Israelson's OWGR page\|url\=http://www.owgr.com/en/Ranking/PlayerProfile.aspx?playerID\=106\|url\-status\=live\|website\=Official World Golf Ranking\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011829/http://www.owgr.com/en/Ranking/PlayerProfile.aspx?playerID\=106 \|archive\-date\=April 23, 2016}}{{cite news\|date\=1990\-02\-24\|title\=Times Sport Sport results and details\|work\=Canberra Times\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article131181442\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-29}} In 1991, he again played in Asia, recording a top five at the [Indian Open](/wiki/Indian_Open_%28golf%29 "Indian Open (golf)"). Shortly thereafter, he returned to Minnesota. In the summer of 1991, Israelson won a number of local golf tournaments. He recorded victories at the Tapemark Charity Pro\-Am,{{cite web \|title\=1 Jul 1991, Page 23 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/192996247/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-12 \|website\=Newspapers.com}} Minnesota Matchplay Championship,{{cite web \|title\=Minnesota Golf \|url\=https://www.mngolf.org/Res/90years\_searchable\_2\.pdf \|website\=90 Years of Minnesota Golf}} and won his state open, the [National Car Open](/wiki/Minnesota_State_Open "Minnesota State Open"), for the first time.
In early 1992, he returned to Asia. Early in the season he played the [Singapore Open](/wiki/Singapore_Open_%28golf%29 "Singapore Open (golf)"). Israelson opened with a 66 (−5\) to put himself one back of the lead, in a tie for third.{{cite news\|date\=1992\-02\-29\|title\=SPORT NATIONAL RESULTS\|work\=Canberra Times\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article133933924\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17}} He followed with rounds of 67 (−4\) and 68 (−3\) to take a three shot lead.{{cite web\|title\=1 Mar 1992, Page 19 \- News\-Press at Newspapers.com\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/217194104/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-14\|website\=Newspapers.com}} In the final round, Israelson "was under no pressure at all" from the field, shooting a 66 (−5\) to defeat [Frankie Miñoza](/wiki/Frankie_Mi%C3%B1oza "Frankie Miñoza") by six shots.{{cite news\|date\=2 March 1992\|title\=Israelson bags the Singapore Open with ease\|newspaper\=New Straits Times\|url\=https://www.klik.com.my/item/story/980936/israelson\-bags\-the\-singapore\-open\-with\-ease}}{{cite web\|title\=2 Mar 1992, 37 \- The Miami Herald at Newspapers.com\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/636141296/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-16\|website\=Newspapers.com}} Later in the season, he recorded top six performances at the [Indian Open](/wiki/Indian_Open_%28golf%29 "Indian Open (golf)") and [Maekyung Open](/wiki/Korea_Open_%28golf%29 "Korea Open (golf)").{{cite web\|title\=1992 Bill Israelson season\|url\=http://www.owgr.com/en/Ranking/PlayerProfile.aspx?playerID\=106\&year\=1992\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-29\|website\=Official World Golf Ranking\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131034140/http://www.owgr.com/en/Ranking/PlayerProfile.aspx?playerID\=106\&year\=1992 \|archive\-date\=January 31, 2022}} Overall, he won $97,000 on the [Asia Golf Circuit](/wiki/Asia_Golf_Circuit "Asia Golf Circuit") for 1992\.{{cite web \|title\=17 May 1992, Page 52 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/193008433/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-14 \|website\=Newspapers.com}}
### Club professional
As of May 1992, Israelson had returned to Minnesota. Despite the recent success, Israelson quit working as a touring professional. He began working full\-time as a club professional in Minnesota to start a family. He was now the assistant club professional at Northland Country Club in [Duluth, Minnesota](/wiki/Duluth%2C_Minnesota "Duluth, Minnesota").{{cite web\|title\=29 Aug 1993, Page 42 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/192668377/?terms\=minnesota%20pga%20championship\&match\=1\|access\-date\=2022\-02\-21\|website\=Newspapers.com\|language\=en}} During the summer he won a number of significant tournaments, including the [Minnesota PGA Championship](/wiki/Minnesota_PGA_Championship "Minnesota PGA Championship") and the [North Dakota Open](/wiki/North_Dakota_Open "North Dakota Open"), the latter the first time since he turned professional.{{cite web \|title\=Bobcat North Dakota Open \- Bobcat Company \|url\=https://www.bobcat.com/company\-info/community/bobcat\-open \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-29 \|website\=www.bobcat.com}}
In 1993, he began working as the head club professional at Vintage Golf Course in [Staples, Minnesota](/wiki/Staples%2C_Minnesota "Staples, Minnesota"). He also started work at the assistant golf coach at [Staples\-Motley High School](/wiki/Staples-Motley_High_School "Staples-Motley High School"), the local public high school. Israelson continued to play in notable local events, however. That summer he won the Tapemark Charity Pro\-am golf tournament, [Minnesota PGA Championship](/wiki/Minnesota_PGA_Championship "Minnesota PGA Championship").{{cite web \|title\=28 Jun 1993, Page 23 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/193258715/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-14 \|website\=Newspapers.com}}{{cite web \|title\=MN PGA Professional Championship \- Past Champions {{!}} Minnesota PGA \|url\=https://mnpga.bluegolf.com/bluegolf/mnpga17/event/mnpga1765/champions.htm \|access\-date\=2022\-02\-20 \|website\=mnpga.bluegolf.com}} The following year he won the Minnesota PGA Matchplay.{{cite web \|title\=23 Sep 1994, Page 37 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/193788750/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-16 \|website\=Newspapers.com}} In 1994, he won Minnesota PGA Player of the Year for the third straight year.{{cite web \|title\=22 Oct 1994, Page 24 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/193140040/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-02\-22 \|website\=Newspapers.com \|language\=en}} He also led Minnesota PGA Section money list.
Through the remainder of the decade, Israelson continued to work as the head professional at the Vintage.{{cite web \|title\=5 Jun 2001, Page 36 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/195644353/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-16 \|website\=Newspapers.com}} He continued to receive some media coverage at notable golf events, however. In 1995, he won the First American Bank Charity Golf Classic, a charity\-pro am, held in [St. Cloud, Minnesota](/wiki/St._Cloud%2C_Minnesota "St. Cloud, Minnesota"). The following summer, Israelson qualified for a major championship on the [PGA Tour](/wiki/PGA_Tour "PGA Tour"), the 1996 [PGA Championship](/wiki/1996_PGA_Championship "1996 PGA Championship"). Later in 1996, he participated in the [PGA Cup](/wiki/PGA_Cup "PGA Cup"), a "Ryder Cup\-like competition" held in [Gleneagles, Scotland](/wiki/Gleneagles%2C_Scotland "Gleneagles, Scotland") pitting 10 American club pros and against 10 European club pros. Israelson won the majority of his matches and the teams tied.{{cite web \|title\=12 Sep 1996, Page 18 \- St. Cloud Times at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/225981715/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-17 \|website\=Newspapers.com}}
In the early 2000s, Israelson continued to work at Vintage. He continued to receive some media coverage at notable events, taking his round lead at his state open, the 2000 [Best Buy Minnesota State Open](/wiki/Minnesota_State_Open "Minnesota State Open"),{{cite web \|title\=22 Jul 2000, Page 36 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/195620042/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-12 \|website\=Newspapers.com}} before settling for third.{{Cite web \|title\=24 Jul 2000, Page 37 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/195621669/ \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-24 \|website\=Newspapers.com \|language\=en}} He also received some attention at the Troy Burne Cup, a match play event pitting top golfers from Wisconsin against the top golfers from Minnesota. Though his team lost, Israelson went undefeated in his matches.{{cite web \|title\=6 May 2003, Page C12 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/250175447/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-12 \|website\=Newspapers.com}}
In February 2007, Israelson turned 50\.{{cite web\|title\=12 Jun 2007, Page C7 \- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/250699719/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-13\|website\=Newspapers.com}} He began playing in some local senior tournaments. In September 2008, he shot rounds of 73–71 to win the Minnesota Senior PGA Professional Championship.{{cite web\|title\=Bill Israelson \- Tournament Results {{!}} Minnesota PGA\|url\=https://mnpga.bluegolf.com/bluegolf/mnpga16/profile/bisraelson/tresults.htm?\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-18\|website\=mnpga.bluegolf.com}} He successfully defended his championship the following year.
During this era, Israelson was still the head pro at Vintage.{{cite web\|title\=12 Apr 2008, Page 97 \- St. Cloud Times at Newspapers.com\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/224911966/?terms\=bill%20israelson\&match\=1\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-12\|website\=Newspapers.com}} He was inducted into the Minnesota Golf Hall of Fame in 2009\. He continued to have success as a senior golfer. In 2010, he won the Minnesota Golf Champions. In 2011, he won the Minnesota Senior Open and the Minnesota Senior PGA Professional Championship. The following year he successfully defended his Senior PGA Championship. In 2013, he won a number of tournaments in Minnesota. He tied for the win at the Cragun's Legacy Pro\-am, successfully defended his Minnesota Senior PGA Championship again, and won a team event, the Facility Team Championship, with fellow Vintage professional Brandon Myers.
Late in his career, Israelson had some success. In August 2019, he played the two\-round Minnesota Senior PGA Championship. The event was held over the course of one day at Island View Golf Club in [Waconia, Minnesota](/wiki/Waconia%2C_Minnesota "Waconia, Minnesota"). Israelson recorded a 135 (−9\) total to easily win, defeating Craig Brischke and George Smith by seven shots. It was his sixth win in the event.{{Cite web\|title\=Bill Israelson wins his sixth Minnesota Senior PGA title\|url\=https://www.startribune.com/bill\-israelson\-wins\-his\-sixth\-minnsota\-senior\-pga\-title/543244652/\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-18\|website\=Star Tribune}}
As of 2021, Israelson had retired from work as a club professional.{{cite web\|date\=2021\-08\-27\|title\=Andrew Israelson beginning a pro golf path that his father began decades ago\|url\=https://www.inforum.com/sports/andrew\-israelson\-beginning\-a\-pro\-golf\-path\-that\-his\-father\-began\-decades\-ago\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-18\|website\=InForum}}
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"Israelson turned professional in the late summer of 1980\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=6 Sep 1980, 22 \\- The Bismarck Tribune at Newspapers.com\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/347459541/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-12\\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} In September, he played his first professional tournament, the [North Dakota Open](/wiki/North_Dakota_Open \"North Dakota Open\").{{cite web\\|title\\=8 Sep 1980, 19 \\- The Bismarck Tribune at Newspapers.com\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/347459955/?terms\\=north%20dakota%20open%20golf\\&match\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-18\\|website\\=Newspapers.com\\|language\\=en}} In the three\\-round tournament he finished at 206 (−10\\), defeating Bob Ackerman by one. Israelson earned $5,000\\. Despite the victory, Israelson had no intention of trying to earn membership for the PGA Tour that fall. \"I won't try for my professional card this year,\" he stated after the event. \"I still have a lot of things to learn.\" Shortly after his win in North Dakota, he also won a \"lucrative\" pro\\-am in [St. Cloud, Minnesota](/wiki/St._Cloud%2C_Minnesota \"St. Cloud, Minnesota\").{{cite web\\|title\\=19 Jul 1981, Page 30 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/187756370/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-12\\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} Israelson then started playing the mini\\-tours in California and Texas. In May 1981, he attempted to qualify for the [PGA Tour](/wiki/PGA_Tour \"PGA Tour\") at [Spring 1981 PGA Tour Qualifying School](/wiki/Spring_1981_PGA_Tour_Qualifying_School_graduates \"Spring 1981 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates\"). However, he missed qualifying by a shot. The following month, in June, he attempted to qualify for the [1981 U.S. Open](/wiki/1981_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 \"1981 U.S. Open (golf)\"). At final qualifying, he was tied with a number of golfers for the final slots. Israelson competed in a six\\-for\\-five playoff to see who got the final five slots. Israelson three\\-putted the 2nd playoff hole to lose out. In the summer he played a some notable golf events in Minnesota, including the TapeMark Charity Pro\\-Am Golf Tournament and [Minnesota State Open](/wiki/Minnesota_State_Open \"Minnesota State Open\"). In both cases he was the leader in the early rounds but faltered in the final round.{{cite web \\|title\\=13 Jul 1981, Page 25 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/187791671/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-05 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com \\|language\\=en}}{{cite web \\|title\\=28 Jul 1985, Page 40 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/189922914/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-21 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com \\|language\\=en}}",
"In the spring of 1982, Israelson attempted to qualify for the [U.S. Open](/wiki/U.S._Open_%28golf%29 \"U.S. Open (golf)\"). Playing the Chicago sectional, Israelson was successful, finishing in second place, four back of medalist [Jon Chaffee](/wiki/Jon_Chaffee_%28golfer%29 \"Jon Chaffee (golfer)\").{{cite web\\|title\\=14 Jun 1982, Page 34 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/179061742/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-12\\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} The tournament proper was played at [Pebble Beach Golf Links](/wiki/Pebble_Beach_Golf_Links \"Pebble Beach Golf Links\"). Early at the [1982 U.S. Open](/wiki/1982_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 \"1982 U.S. Open (golf)\"), on Friday's back nine, Israelson birdied five holes against no bogeys to move into contention. It was the lowest back nine total in U.S. Open history at Pebble Beach. In addition, it was only one off of the back nine record at Pebble.{{cite web \\|title\\=19 Jun 1982, Page 31 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/178724554/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-11 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} Israelson, however, struggled on the weekend, failing to break 80, finishing in second to last place among those who made the cut.{{cite web \\|title\\=20 Jun 1982, Page 37 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/178728722/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-11 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}}{{cite web \\|title\\=21 Jun 1982, Page 34 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/178762406/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-12 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} Because he made the cut, however, he qualified for the next two [PGA Tour](/wiki/PGA_Tour \"PGA Tour\") events, the [Westchester Classic](/wiki/Westchester_Classic \"Westchester Classic\") and the [Western Open](/wiki/Western_Open \"Western Open\").{{cite web \\|title\\=22 Jun 1982, Page 36 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/178767120/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-14 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} He made the cut at the Westchester but missed the cut at the latter.{{cite web \\|title\\=Bill Israelson Profile \\- News, Stats, and Videos \\|url\\=https://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01561\\.bill\\-israelson.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-23 \\|website\\=PGATour}} In November, attempted to qualify for the PGA Tour at [1982 PGA Tour Qualifying School](/wiki/1982_PGA_Tour_Qualifying_School_graduates \"1982 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates\"). After two rounds, Israelson was near the top 50 cutoff, in a tie for 52nd,{{cite web \\|title\\=18 Nov 1982, 28 \\- The Modesto Bee at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/691837022/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} but ultimately failed to make the tour.{{cite news \\|date\\=November 22, 1982 \\|title\\=PGA qualifying \\|page\\=C7 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Austin American\\-Statesman]] \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|location\\=Texas \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/379299500/?terms\\=PGA%20Tour%20qualifying%20school\\&match\\=1 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|via\\=newspapers.com}}",
"Due to his failure to make it onto the [PGA Tour](/wiki/PGA_Tour \"PGA Tour\"), Israelson continued to play on the minitours.{{cite web\\|title\\=6 Jun 1986, 573 \\- Daily News at Newspapers.com\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/492908649/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-16\\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} In addition, in early 1983 he started playing on the [Asia Golf Circuit](/wiki/Asia_Golf_Circuit \"Asia Golf Circuit\").{{cite web\\|title\\=All the entries\\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19830306\\-1\\.2\\.66\\.3\\.2?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=filter\\&DF\\=\\&DT\\=\\&AO\\=true\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=\\&CTA\\=\\&NID\\=\\&CT\\=\\&WC\\=\\&YR\\=\\&K\\=bill\\+israelson\\&KA\\=bill\\+israelson\\&P\\=3\\&Display\\=0\\&filterS\\=0\\&QT\\=bill,israelson\\&oref\\=article\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17\\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}{{cite web\\|title\\=TOMORROW'S DRAW\\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19830310\\-1\\.2\\.132?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=filter\\&DF\\=\\&DT\\=\\&AO\\=true\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=\\&CTA\\=\\&NID\\=\\&CT\\=\\&WC\\=\\&YR\\=\\&K\\=bill\\+israelson\\&KA\\=bill\\+israelson\\&P\\=3\\&Display\\=0\\&filterS\\=0\\&QT\\=bill,israelson\\&oref\\=article\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17\\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} In April, Israelson had much success at the [Taiwan Open](/wiki/Taiwan_Open_%28golf%29 \"Taiwan Open (golf)\"). Through the first three rounds he was at 226 (\\+10\\), five back of the lead. In the final round he shot a 69 (−3\\), the round of the tournament, to tie [Lu Liang\\-Huan](/wiki/Lu_Liang-Huan \"Lu Liang-Huan\") for the lead. Israelson, however, played poorly in the playoff, hitting his drive out of bounds at the third extra hole. Lu won easily.{{cite news \\|date\\=11 April 1983 \\|title\\=Lu wins play\\-off for Taiwan Open \\|page\\=38 \\|newspaper\\=The Straits Times \\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19830411\\-1\\.1\\.38 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-28 \\|via\\=National Library Board}} The runner\\-up finish, however, spurred him on to better play. He made the cut in all of his remaining events on the Asian circuit.{{cite web\\|title\\=Israelson is a man of his word\\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19850320\\-1\\.2\\.56\\.17?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=filter\\&K\\=bill%20israelson\\&KA\\=bill%20israelson\\&DF\\=\\&DT\\=\\&Display\\=0\\&AO\\=true\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=\\&CTA\\=\\&NID\\=\\&CT\\=\\&WC\\=\\&YR\\=\\&QT\\=bill,israelson\\&oref\\=article\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17\\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} He finished the season in 15th place on the Order of Merit.{{cite web\\|title\\=Douglas' double delight\\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19840317\\-1\\.2\\.64\\.17?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=filter\\&DF\\=\\&DT\\=\\&AO\\=true\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=\\&CTA\\=\\&NID\\=\\&CT\\=\\&WC\\=\\&YR\\=\\&K\\=bill\\+israelson\\&KA\\=bill\\+israelson\\&P\\=2\\&Display\\=0\\&filterS\\=0\\&QT\\=bill,israelson\\&oref\\=article\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17\\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} Shortly after the Asian season ended, Israelson returned to North America. In the late summer he recorded top 3 performances at two events, the [Manitoba Open](/wiki/Manitoba_Open \"Manitoba Open\") and St. Cloud pro\\-am.{{cite web \\|title\\=15 Aug 1983, 31 \\- The Winnipeg Sun at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/734866106/?terms\\=Manitoba%20Open\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-05 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com \\|language\\=en}}{{cite web \\|title\\=19 Sep 1983, Page 29 \\- St. Cloud Times at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/225337379/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-12 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}}",
"In early 1984, Israelson returned to Asia. In March, he had much success at golf tournaments in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\"). In mid\\-March, he played the [Rolex Masters](/wiki/Rolex_Masters \"Rolex Masters\") at Bukit Golf Course in Singapore.{{cite web \\|title\\='JOGGER' ON THE GREEN TURNS ON THE HEAT \\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singmonitor19840317\\-1\\.2\\.40\\.3?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=filter\\&K\\=bill%20israelson\\&KA\\=bill%20israelson\\&DF\\=\\&DT\\=\\&Display\\=0\\&AO\\=true\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=\\&CTA\\=\\&NID\\=\\&CT\\=\\&WC\\=\\&YR\\=\\&QT\\=bill,israelson\\&oref\\=article \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17 \\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} At the beginning of the third round, \"playing with tremendous confidence,\" Israelson birdied four of the first five holes. With a 66 (−6\\), he nearly tied the course record and took the lead. In the final round he recorded \"two quick birdies\" and by the turn led by six strokes.{{cite web \\|title\\=The shadow squad \\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19840318\\-1\\.2\\.132?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=filter\\&DF\\=\\&DT\\=\\&AO\\=true\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=\\&CTA\\=\\&NID\\=\\&CT\\=\\&WC\\=\\&YR\\=\\&K\\=bill\\+israelson\\&KA\\=bill\\+israelson\\&P\\=3\\&Display\\=0\\&filterS\\=0\\&QT\\=bill,israelson\\&oref\\=article \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17 \\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} Israelson made a number of birdies on the back nine, including one at the last, to win easily. He won with a 276 total.{{cite web \\|title\\=Rolex Masters regains some lost glamour \\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/biztimes19850319\\-1\\.2\\.27\\.5?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=filter\\&K\\=bill%20israelson\\&KA\\=bill%20israelson\\&DF\\=\\&DT\\=\\&Display\\=0\\&AO\\=true\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=\\&CTA\\=\\&NID\\=\\&CT\\=\\&WC\\=\\&YR\\=\\&QT\\=bill,israelson\\&oref\\=article \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17 \\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} The following week he played the [Singapore Open](/wiki/Singapore_Open_%28golf%29 \"Singapore Open (golf)\"). He opened with rounds of 72 and 67 to put himself in a tie for ninth, two back of the lead.{{cite web\\|title\\=Burmese master comes to grips with the Bukit\\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singmonitor19840324\\-1\\.2\\.35\\.4?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=filter\\&DF\\=\\&DT\\=\\&AO\\=true\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=\\&CTA\\=\\&NID\\=\\&CT\\=\\&WC\\=\\&YR\\=\\&K\\=bill\\+israelson\\&KA\\=bill\\+israelson\\&P\\=2\\&Display\\=0\\&filterS\\=0\\&QT\\=bill,israelson\\&oref\\=article\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17\\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}{{cite web\\|title\\=ALL THE RESULTS\\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singmonitor19840324\\-1\\.2\\.35\\.6?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=filter\\&K\\=bill%20israelson\\&KA\\=bill%20israelson\\&DF\\=\\&DT\\=\\&Display\\=0\\&AO\\=true\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=\\&CTA\\=\\&NID\\=\\&CT\\=\\&WC\\=\\&YR\\=\\&QT\\=bill,israelson\\&oref\\=article\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17\\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} In the third round he shot a 69 to move into a tie for fifth with [Rodger Davis](/wiki/Rodger_Davis \"Rodger Davis\"), four back of leader [Tom Sieckmann](/wiki/Tom_Sieckmann \"Tom Sieckmann\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Close encounter\\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19840325\\-1\\.2\\.118\\.4?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=filter\\&DF\\=\\&DT\\=\\&AO\\=true\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=\\&CTA\\=\\&NID\\=\\&CT\\=\\&WC\\=\\&YR\\=\\&K\\=bill\\+israelson\\&KA\\=bill\\+israelson\\&P\\=4\\&Display\\=0\\&filterS\\=0\\&QT\\=bill,israelson\\&oref\\=article\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17\\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} In the final round he shot a 68 to finish in a tie for second with Burma's [Kyi Hla Han](/wiki/Kyi_Hla_Han \"Kyi Hla Han\") and Australia's [Terry Gale](/wiki/Terry_Gale \"Terry Gale\"), two back of champion Sieckmann.{{cite web\\|title\\=FINAL PLACINGS\\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singmonitor19840326\\-2\\.2\\.36\\.13?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=filter\\&K\\=bill%20israelson\\&KA\\=bill%20israelson\\&DF\\=\\&DT\\=\\&Display\\=0\\&AO\\=true\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=\\&CTA\\=\\&NID\\=\\&CT\\=\\&WC\\=\\&YR\\=\\&QT\\=bill,israelson\\&oref\\=article\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17\\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} After the round Israelson stated, \"I'm satisfied, but will try to do better next time.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=26 Mar 1984, 58 \\- Citizens' Voice at Newspapers.com\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/437851740/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-16\\|website\\=Newspapers.com}}",
"Shortly thereafter, Israelson returned to the United States. In the spring, he started playing on the Tournament Players Series (TPS), a satellite tour of the [PGA Tour](/wiki/PGA_Tour \"PGA Tour\"). In early May, he finished in a tie for fifth at the [Tallahassee Open](/wiki/Tallahassee_Open \"Tallahassee Open\"), a TPS event.{{cite web\\|title\\=Vintage Watson wins Champs tourney\\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19840508\\-1\\.2\\.68\\.4?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=filter\\&DF\\=\\&DT\\=\\&AO\\=true\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=\\&CTA\\=\\&NID\\=\\&CT\\=\\&WC\\=\\&YR\\=\\&K\\=bill\\+israelson\\&KA\\=bill\\+israelson\\&P\\=3\\&Display\\=0\\&filterS\\=0\\&QT\\=bill,israelson\\&oref\\=article\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17\\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} In the summer, Israelson played some local Minnesota events, winning the [Minnesota Golf Champions](/wiki/Minnesota_Golf_Champions \"Minnesota Golf Champions\").{{cite web \\|title\\=11 Jun 1984, Page 33 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/189860258/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-23 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com \\|language\\=en}} In late 1984, he made his fourth attempt to qualify for the PGA Tour. At [1984 PGA Tour Qualifying School](/wiki/1984_PGA_Tour_Qualifying_School_graduates \"1984 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates\"), Israelson was unsuccessful by a stroke.",
"In early 1985, Israelson returned to Asia. It was his third tour of the [Asia Golf Circuit](/wiki/Asia_Golf_Circuit \"Asia Golf Circuit\").{{cite web\\|title\\=17 Mar 1985, Page 48 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/189854807/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-16\\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} In March, he played the [Thailand Open](/wiki/Thailand_Open_%28golf%29 \"Thailand Open (golf)\"). He opened with rounds of 68 (−4\\) and 67 (−5\\) to put him in a tie for second, three back of leader [Ray Arinno](/wiki/Ray_Arinno \"Ray Arinno\").{{cite web\\|title\\=16 Mar 1985, Page 40 \\- Clarion\\-Ledger at Newspapers.com\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/181602689/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-16\\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} In the third round, Israelson started poorly, opening with two bogeys. However, he \"brilliantly pulled his game back together\" with birdies on five of the next seven holes. He ultimately shot a five\\-under\\-par 67 to take a four stroke lead over Arinno. He said after the round, \"This is the first time I have been in contention in Asia and I hope to keep my head in front in the final round.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Confident Israelson surges into the lead\\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singmonitor19850317\\-1\\.2\\.28\\.16?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=filter\\&K\\=bill%20israelson\\&KA\\=bill%20israelson\\&DF\\=\\&DT\\=\\&Display\\=0\\&AO\\=true\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=\\&CTA\\=\\&NID\\=\\&CT\\=\\&WC\\=\\&YR\\=\\&QT\\=bill,israelson\\&oref\\=article\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17\\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} Compatriot [John Jacobs](/wiki/John_Jacobs_%28American_golfer%29 \"John Jacobs (American golfer)\") shot a course record 64 (−8\\) to seriously contend but Israelson \"held off\" his challenge to win by one.{{cite news\\|date\\=18 March 1985\\|title\\=Israelson wins Thai title\\|page\\=27\\|newspaper\\=The Straits Times\\|location\\=Singapore\\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19850318\\-1\\.1\\.27\\|via\\=National Library Board\\|accessdate\\=22 March 2020}} By the middle of the season, he was ranked in a tie for fourth on the Asian circuit's Order of Merit.{{cite web\\|title\\=Tze Ming's in the fore\\-front\\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19850403\\-1\\.2\\.77\\.7?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=filter\\&DF\\=\\&DT\\=\\&AO\\=true\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=\\&CTA\\=\\&NID\\=\\&CT\\=\\&WC\\=\\&YR\\=\\&K\\=bill\\+israelson\\&KA\\=bill\\+israelson\\&P\\=3\\&Display\\=0\\&filterS\\=0\\&QT\\=bill,israelson\\&oref\\=article\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17\\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}",
"As of May, Israelson had returned to the United States. Shortly after he returned, he qualified for the [U.S. Open](/wiki/U.S._Open_%28golf%29 \"U.S. Open (golf)\").{{cite web \\|title\\=7 Jun 1985, Page 61 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/190566572/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-14 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} At the tournament proper, Israelson went on a run in the middle of the first round, recording three straight birdies to put him at −3, within one of the lead. However, he finished the round at \\+1\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=14 Jun 1985, Page 58 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/190693642/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-11 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} Israelson ultimately made the cut and finished in a tie for 52nd.{{cite web \\|title\\=17 Jun 1985, Page 81 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/189884557/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-12 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} Later in the summer, Israelson recorded top\\-3 performances at the [National Car Open](/wiki/Minnesota_State_Open \"Minnesota State Open\") and [Manitoba Open](/wiki/Manitoba_Open \"Manitoba Open\").{{cite web \\|title\\=29 Jul 1985, Page 27 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/189942512/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-12 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}}{{cite web \\|title\\=19 Aug 1985, 20 \\- The Province at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/501718349/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} Later in the fall, he entered [PGA Tour Qualifying School](/wiki/PGA_Tour_Qualifying_school \"PGA Tour Qualifying school\") again.{{cite web\\|title\\=26 Nov 1985, Page 83 \\- The Orlando Sentinel at Newspapers.com\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/229554016/\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-28\\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} It was his fifth attempt at qualifying school.{{cite web\\|title\\=11 Jun 1986, Page 43 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/188668774/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-29\\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} He was successful this time, finishing in a tie for 14th place.",
"Israelson played on the PGA Tour during the 1986 season. Early in the year he had some success, making the cut in six of his first eight events between the West Coast swing and Florida swing. This included a T\\-11 at the [Shearson Lehman Brothers Andy Williams Open](/wiki/Shearson_Lehman_Brothers_Andy_Williams_Open \"Shearson Lehman Brothers Andy Williams Open\"), the annual stop in San Diego.{{cite web \\|title\\=Bill Israelson Profile \\- News, Stats, and Videos \\|url\\=https://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01561\\.bill\\-israelson.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-28 \\|website\\=PGATour}} His ninth event was the [USF\\&G Classic](/wiki/USF%26G_Classic \"USF&G Classic\") in New Orleans. Israelson recorded a second round 65 (−7\\) to move into a tie for third, three back of leader [Calvin Peete](/wiki/Calvin_Peete \"Calvin Peete\").{{cite web\\|title\\=23 Mar 1986, 42 \\- The Daily Advertiser at Newspapers.com\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/538548328/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-12\\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} He closed with rounds of 74 and 69 to finish T\\-7\\. He missed his next four cuts, however. In the middle of the season, however, he had some success. He recorded medalist honors at the Crown Colony Pro\\-am and the midwest sectional of the U.S. Open.{{cite web \\|title\\=29 Apr 1986, 17 \\- Tyler Morning Telegraph at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/589229448/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-11 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}}{{cite web \\|title\\=3 Jun 1986, 16 \\- Wisconsin State Journal at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/402020848/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-12 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} Shortly thereafter, he was briefly in contention at the [Westchester Classic](/wiki/Westchester_Classic \"Westchester Classic\"), making \"a name for himself\" with an opening round 67 (\\-4\\), putting himself two out of the lead, in a tie for third.{{cite web \\|title\\=6 Jun 1986, 45 \\- The Daily Times at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/722694610/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-11 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}}{{cite web \\|title\\=6 Jun 1986, 41 \\- The Herald Statesman at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/679772337/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-14 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} The following week he played the [1986 U.S. Open](/wiki/1986_U.S._Open_%28golf%29 \"1986 U.S. Open (golf)\"). Israelson opened poorly with a 79 (\\+9\\). However, he recorded three birdies on the Friday's back nine, including a 60\\-foot birdie putt, to make the cut on the number. \"I played the last nine holes like a guy I used to remember,\" he said.{{cite web \\|title\\=14 Jun 1986, Page 43 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/188669094/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-12 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} Israelson, however, struggled for the remainder of the year, missing the cut in 11 of his final 17 events. He finished at \\#130 on the money list, five spots outside the threshold to maintain full\\-time status for the following year.",
"In 1987, Israelson played intermittently on the [PGA Tour](/wiki/PGA_Tour \"PGA Tour\"). He did not have much success, failing to make the cut in any of the 15 events he played. He lost his tour card at the end of the season.{{cite web\\|title\\=Big field and big money at this year's Rolex Masters\\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/biztimes19880216\\-1\\.2\\.28\\.5?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=filter\\&DF\\=\\&DT\\=\\&AO\\=true\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=\\&CTA\\=\\&NID\\=\\&CT\\=\\&WC\\=\\&YR\\=\\&K\\=bill\\+israelson\\&KA\\=bill\\+israelson\\&P\\=2\\&Display\\=0\\&filterS\\=0\\&QT\\=bill,israelson\\&oref\\=article\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17\\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} In 1988, Israelson returned to Asia.{{cite web\\|title\\=Record entries for Rolex Masters\\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19880216\\-1\\.2\\.41\\.22?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=filter\\&DF\\=\\&DT\\=\\&AO\\=true\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=\\&CTA\\=\\&NID\\=\\&CT\\=\\&WC\\=\\&YR\\=\\&K\\=bill\\+israelson\\&KA\\=bill\\+israelson\\&P\\=3\\&Display\\=0\\&filterS\\=0\\&QT\\=bill,israelson\\&oref\\=article\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17\\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} He recorded a tie for 15th at the [Singapore Open](/wiki/Singapore_Open_%28golf%29 \"Singapore Open (golf)\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Singapore Open to Bruckner\\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/stoverseas19880319\\-1\\.2\\.22\\.1?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=filter\\&K\\=singapore%20open%20golf\\&KA\\=singapore%20open%20golf\\&DF\\=\\&DT\\=\\&Display\\=0\\&AO\\=false\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=\\&CTA\\=\\&NID\\=\\&CT\\=\\&WC\\=\\&YR\\=1988\\&QT\\=singapore,open,golf\\&oref\\=article\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-29\\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}} Other than that, however, he did not record many other highlights. By the middle of 1988, he was considered a \"former tour pro.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=11 Jun 1988, Page 39 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/195200385/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-12\\|website\\=Newspapers.com}}",
"On August 22, 1988, Israelson attended a golf event at Faribault Golf and Country Club. He later stated he had a minimum of 15 alcoholic drinks at the golf tournament.{{cite web\\|title\\=9 Mar 1989, Page 88 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/191548335/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-11\\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} Israelson then went driving on Interstate 35 on [Faribault, Minnesota](/wiki/Faribault%2C_Minnesota \"Faribault, Minnesota\"). He got into a car accident and was charged with a DUI and manslaughter. \"According to the criminal complaint,\" the *[Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\")* reported, \"Israelson was drunk when the car he was driving went off Interstate 35 in a construction zone, flew through the air and sliced off the top of an oncoming car. The driver of the other car, Michelle Malakowsky, 20, of [Hartland](/wiki/Hartland%2C_Minnesota \"Hartland, Minnesota\"), died at the scene, the State Patrol reported.\"{{cite web\\|date\\=September 21, 1988\\|title\\=Sports People\\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/00b3f25b37cae445b580797b34041d64\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|website\\=Associated Press\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131034138/https://apnews.com/article/00b3f25b37cae445b580797b34041d64 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 31, 2022}} On March 6, 1989, Israelson pleaded guilty to second\\-degree manslaughter. On April 26, 1989, Israelson was \"sentenced to one year in jail,\" the final 10 months of which would be \"under a work\\-release program.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=27 Apr 1989, Page 14 \\- St. Cloud Times at Newspapers.com\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/225994472/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-14\\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} Israelson would begin his jail sentence on May 1, 1989\\.",
"As of February 1990, Israelson began playing tournament golf again. He played some events on the [Asia Golf Circuit](/wiki/Asia_Golf_Circuit \"Asia Golf Circuit\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Bill Israelson's OWGR page\\|url\\=http://www.owgr.com/en/Ranking/PlayerProfile.aspx?playerID\\=106\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|website\\=Official World Golf Ranking\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011829/http://www.owgr.com/en/Ranking/PlayerProfile.aspx?playerID\\=106 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 23, 2016}}{{cite news\\|date\\=1990\\-02\\-24\\|title\\=Times Sport Sport results and details\\|work\\=Canberra Times\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article131181442\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-29}} In 1991, he again played in Asia, recording a top five at the [Indian Open](/wiki/Indian_Open_%28golf%29 \"Indian Open (golf)\"). Shortly thereafter, he returned to Minnesota. In the summer of 1991, Israelson won a number of local golf tournaments. He recorded victories at the Tapemark Charity Pro\\-Am,{{cite web \\|title\\=1 Jul 1991, Page 23 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/192996247/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-12 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} Minnesota Matchplay Championship,{{cite web \\|title\\=Minnesota Golf \\|url\\=https://www.mngolf.org/Res/90years\\_searchable\\_2\\.pdf \\|website\\=90 Years of Minnesota Golf}} and won his state open, the [National Car Open](/wiki/Minnesota_State_Open \"Minnesota State Open\"), for the first time.",
"In early 1992, he returned to Asia. Early in the season he played the [Singapore Open](/wiki/Singapore_Open_%28golf%29 \"Singapore Open (golf)\"). Israelson opened with a 66 (−5\\) to put himself one back of the lead, in a tie for third.{{cite news\\|date\\=1992\\-02\\-29\\|title\\=SPORT NATIONAL RESULTS\\|work\\=Canberra Times\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article133933924\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17}} He followed with rounds of 67 (−4\\) and 68 (−3\\) to take a three shot lead.{{cite web\\|title\\=1 Mar 1992, Page 19 \\- News\\-Press at Newspapers.com\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/217194104/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-14\\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} In the final round, Israelson \"was under no pressure at all\" from the field, shooting a 66 (−5\\) to defeat [Frankie Miñoza](/wiki/Frankie_Mi%C3%B1oza \"Frankie Miñoza\") by six shots.{{cite news\\|date\\=2 March 1992\\|title\\=Israelson bags the Singapore Open with ease\\|newspaper\\=New Straits Times\\|url\\=https://www.klik.com.my/item/story/980936/israelson\\-bags\\-the\\-singapore\\-open\\-with\\-ease}}{{cite web\\|title\\=2 Mar 1992, 37 \\- The Miami Herald at Newspapers.com\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/636141296/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-16\\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} Later in the season, he recorded top six performances at the [Indian Open](/wiki/Indian_Open_%28golf%29 \"Indian Open (golf)\") and [Maekyung Open](/wiki/Korea_Open_%28golf%29 \"Korea Open (golf)\").{{cite web\\|title\\=1992 Bill Israelson season\\|url\\=http://www.owgr.com/en/Ranking/PlayerProfile.aspx?playerID\\=106\\&year\\=1992\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-29\\|website\\=Official World Golf Ranking\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131034140/http://www.owgr.com/en/Ranking/PlayerProfile.aspx?playerID\\=106\\&year\\=1992 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 31, 2022}} Overall, he won $97,000 on the [Asia Golf Circuit](/wiki/Asia_Golf_Circuit \"Asia Golf Circuit\") for 1992\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=17 May 1992, Page 52 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/193008433/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-14 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}}",
"### Club professional",
"As of May 1992, Israelson had returned to Minnesota. Despite the recent success, Israelson quit working as a touring professional. He began working full\\-time as a club professional in Minnesota to start a family. He was now the assistant club professional at Northland Country Club in [Duluth, Minnesota](/wiki/Duluth%2C_Minnesota \"Duluth, Minnesota\").{{cite web\\|title\\=29 Aug 1993, Page 42 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/192668377/?terms\\=minnesota%20pga%20championship\\&match\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-21\\|website\\=Newspapers.com\\|language\\=en}} During the summer he won a number of significant tournaments, including the [Minnesota PGA Championship](/wiki/Minnesota_PGA_Championship \"Minnesota PGA Championship\") and the [North Dakota Open](/wiki/North_Dakota_Open \"North Dakota Open\"), the latter the first time since he turned professional.{{cite web \\|title\\=Bobcat North Dakota Open \\- Bobcat Company \\|url\\=https://www.bobcat.com/company\\-info/community/bobcat\\-open \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-29 \\|website\\=www.bobcat.com}}",
"In 1993, he began working as the head club professional at Vintage Golf Course in [Staples, Minnesota](/wiki/Staples%2C_Minnesota \"Staples, Minnesota\"). He also started work at the assistant golf coach at [Staples\\-Motley High School](/wiki/Staples-Motley_High_School \"Staples-Motley High School\"), the local public high school. Israelson continued to play in notable local events, however. That summer he won the Tapemark Charity Pro\\-am golf tournament, [Minnesota PGA Championship](/wiki/Minnesota_PGA_Championship \"Minnesota PGA Championship\").{{cite web \\|title\\=28 Jun 1993, Page 23 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/193258715/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-14 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}}{{cite web \\|title\\=MN PGA Professional Championship \\- Past Champions {{!}} Minnesota PGA \\|url\\=https://mnpga.bluegolf.com/bluegolf/mnpga17/event/mnpga1765/champions.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-20 \\|website\\=mnpga.bluegolf.com}} The following year he won the Minnesota PGA Matchplay.{{cite web \\|title\\=23 Sep 1994, Page 37 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/193788750/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-16 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} In 1994, he won Minnesota PGA Player of the Year for the third straight year.{{cite web \\|title\\=22 Oct 1994, Page 24 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/193140040/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-22 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com \\|language\\=en}} He also led Minnesota PGA Section money list.",
"Through the remainder of the decade, Israelson continued to work as the head professional at the Vintage.{{cite web \\|title\\=5 Jun 2001, Page 36 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/195644353/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-16 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} He continued to receive some media coverage at notable golf events, however. In 1995, he won the First American Bank Charity Golf Classic, a charity\\-pro am, held in [St. Cloud, Minnesota](/wiki/St._Cloud%2C_Minnesota \"St. Cloud, Minnesota\"). The following summer, Israelson qualified for a major championship on the [PGA Tour](/wiki/PGA_Tour \"PGA Tour\"), the 1996 [PGA Championship](/wiki/1996_PGA_Championship \"1996 PGA Championship\"). Later in 1996, he participated in the [PGA Cup](/wiki/PGA_Cup \"PGA Cup\"), a \"Ryder Cup\\-like competition\" held in [Gleneagles, Scotland](/wiki/Gleneagles%2C_Scotland \"Gleneagles, Scotland\") pitting 10 American club pros and against 10 European club pros. Israelson won the majority of his matches and the teams tied.{{cite web \\|title\\=12 Sep 1996, Page 18 \\- St. Cloud Times at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/225981715/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-17 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}}",
"In the early 2000s, Israelson continued to work at Vintage. He continued to receive some media coverage at notable events, taking his round lead at his state open, the 2000 [Best Buy Minnesota State Open](/wiki/Minnesota_State_Open \"Minnesota State Open\"),{{cite web \\|title\\=22 Jul 2000, Page 36 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/195620042/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-12 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} before settling for third.{{Cite web \\|title\\=24 Jul 2000, Page 37 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/195621669/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-24 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com \\|language\\=en}} He also received some attention at the Troy Burne Cup, a match play event pitting top golfers from Wisconsin against the top golfers from Minnesota. Though his team lost, Israelson went undefeated in his matches.{{cite web \\|title\\=6 May 2003, Page C12 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com \\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/250175447/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-12 \\|website\\=Newspapers.com}}",
"In February 2007, Israelson turned 50\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=12 Jun 2007, Page C7 \\- Star Tribune at Newspapers.com\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/250699719/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-13\\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} He began playing in some local senior tournaments. In September 2008, he shot rounds of 73–71 to win the Minnesota Senior PGA Professional Championship.{{cite web\\|title\\=Bill Israelson \\- Tournament Results {{!}} Minnesota PGA\\|url\\=https://mnpga.bluegolf.com/bluegolf/mnpga16/profile/bisraelson/tresults.htm?\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-18\\|website\\=mnpga.bluegolf.com}} He successfully defended his championship the following year.",
"During this era, Israelson was still the head pro at Vintage.{{cite web\\|title\\=12 Apr 2008, Page 97 \\- St. Cloud Times at Newspapers.com\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/224911966/?terms\\=bill%20israelson\\&match\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-12\\|website\\=Newspapers.com}} He was inducted into the Minnesota Golf Hall of Fame in 2009\\. He continued to have success as a senior golfer. In 2010, he won the Minnesota Golf Champions. In 2011, he won the Minnesota Senior Open and the Minnesota Senior PGA Professional Championship. The following year he successfully defended his Senior PGA Championship. In 2013, he won a number of tournaments in Minnesota. He tied for the win at the Cragun's Legacy Pro\\-am, successfully defended his Minnesota Senior PGA Championship again, and won a team event, the Facility Team Championship, with fellow Vintage professional Brandon Myers.",
"Late in his career, Israelson had some success. In August 2019, he played the two\\-round Minnesota Senior PGA Championship. The event was held over the course of one day at Island View Golf Club in [Waconia, Minnesota](/wiki/Waconia%2C_Minnesota \"Waconia, Minnesota\"). Israelson recorded a 135 (−9\\) total to easily win, defeating Craig Brischke and George Smith by seven shots. It was his sixth win in the event.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Bill Israelson wins his sixth Minnesota Senior PGA title\\|url\\=https://www.startribune.com/bill\\-israelson\\-wins\\-his\\-sixth\\-minnsota\\-senior\\-pga\\-title/543244652/\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-18\\|website\\=Star Tribune}}",
"As of 2021, Israelson had retired from work as a club professional.{{cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-08\\-27\\|title\\=Andrew Israelson beginning a pro golf path that his father began decades ago\\|url\\=https://www.inforum.com/sports/andrew\\-israelson\\-beginning\\-a\\-pro\\-golf\\-path\\-that\\-his\\-father\\-began\\-decades\\-ago\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-18\\|website\\=InForum}}",
""
] |
History
-------
Prior to any European\-American settlement here, this area was part of a territory dominated for centuries by the [Cherokee Nation (1794\-1907\)](/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_%281794-1907%29 "Cherokee Nation (1794-1907)").
### Early history, 1800\-1860
[right\|210px\|thumb\|The former site of Morganton, now under Tellico Lake.](/wiki/Image:Morganton-site-tennessee1.jpg "Morganton-site-tennessee1.jpg")
After the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War"), there was increasing pressure by European\-American settlers who started migrating into this area and squatting on Cherokee lands. The [Overhill Cherokee](/wiki/Overhill_Cherokee "Overhill Cherokee") had several major villages that were located upstream; for instance, [Mialoquo](/wiki/Mialoquo "Mialoquo") was situated just around Wears Bend, on the opposite side of the Little Tennessee River. By this time, most of these villages had either been destroyed in earlier warfare or were in decline, in part due to high fatalities from smallpox epidemics.
Under pressure from the United States, The Morganton area was part of the lands ceded by the [Cherokee](/wiki/Cherokee "Cherokee") with the signing of the First Treaty of Tellico in 1798\. The first Euro\-American settlers had arrived at the mouth of Bakers Creek in 1796, however, when the land was still claimed by the Cherokee.Polhemus and Polhemus, 1\. Ethnologist [James Mooney](/wiki/James_Mooney "James Mooney") recorded a Cherokee legend regarding blazed trees on the banks "opposite Morganton" that supposedly marked the location of hidden mines; he first published it in his volume on myths in 1900\. This and a companion volume were republished in 1972\.James Mooney, *Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee* (Nashville: C and R Elder, 1972\), 414\.
By 1799 a [grist mill](/wiki/Gristmill "Gristmill") had been established along Bakers Creek by Hugh and Charles Kelso. The following year, Captain Robert Wear (1781\-1846\) arrived in the area, establishing a plantation near the mouth of the river and a ferry near the mouth of Bakers Creek. In 1801, an inspection port was established near the ferry, and the small community that developed in its vicinity became known as "Portville." The community of Portville incorporated in 1813 after Hugh Kelso and his son, Charles, donated land for the formation of a town square. The community chose the name "Morganton" after Gideon Morgan (1751–1830\), a [Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War") veteran and prominent local merchant.Alberta and Carson Brewer, *Valley So Wild* (Knoxville, Tenn.: [East Tennessee Historical Society](/wiki/East_Tennessee_Historical_Society "East Tennessee Historical Society"), 1975\), 94\-95\.Polhemus and Polhemus, 1\-2\.
By the 1830s, Morganton had grown to become the main shipping hub and business center in the Little Tennessee region. Flatboats carried local products such as [whiskey](/wiki/Whiskey "Whiskey") and [hemp](/wiki/Hemp "Hemp") to trade throughout the Tennessee Valley— and sometimes as far away as [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana "New Orleans, Louisiana")— for products such as clothing, salt, and spices. By 1832, the town had its own doctor, hatter's shop, hemp factory, wagon factory, cabinet shop, distillery, and silversmith.Brewer and Brewer, 94\-96\. A [steamboat](/wiki/Steamboat "Steamboat") line connecting Morganton and Knoxville began operating in 1831\.Polhemus and Polhemus, 2\.
### Decline, 1861\-1967
[right\|210px\|thumb\|Abandoned mill along Bakers Creek in Morganton, photographed in 1939](/wiki/Image:Morganton-mill-tva1.gif "Morganton-mill-tva1.gif")
In late 1863, at the height of the [U.S. Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"), [Confederate](/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America "Confederate States of America") General [James Longstreet](/wiki/James_Longstreet "James Longstreet") hoped to cross the Little Tennessee at Morganton en route from [Chattanooga](/wiki/Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee "Chattanooga, Tennessee") to [Knoxville](/wiki/Knoxville%2C_Tennessee "Knoxville, Tennessee") to dislodge the troops under the command of [Ambrose Burnside](/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside "Ambrose Burnside"), who had occupied Knoxville earlier in the year. Longstreet later recalled:
> Had the means been at hand for making proper moves I should have marched for the rear of Knoxville via Morganton and Marysville ...Yong Kim, *The Sevierville Hill Site: A Civil War Union Encampment on the Southern Heights of Knoxville, Tennessee* (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Transportation Center, 1993\), 15\.
As Longstreet lacked the materials to construct a [pontoon bridge](/wiki/Pontoon_bridge "Pontoon bridge"), however, he was forced to cross the Tennessee River at [Loudon](/wiki/Loudon%2C_Tennessee "Loudon, Tennessee"), and approach from the west. That same year, however, [Union](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 "Union (American Civil War)") General [William T. Sherman](/wiki/William_T._Sherman "William T. Sherman") crossed the Little Tennessee at Morganton en route to Chattanooga. Sherman tore down several of the town's houses to construct a pontoon bridge.
After the Civil War, railroads slowly replaced riverboats as the preferred mode of shipping and transportation. When the [L\&N Railroad](/wiki/L%26N_Railroad "L&N Railroad") laid tracks through nearby [Greenback](/wiki/Greenback%2C_Tennessee "Greenback, Tennessee") in the late 19th century, Morganton slowly declined. In 1947, a bridge near Niles Ferry became toll\-free, putting most of the ferries along the Little Tennessee River out of business. The Morganton Ferry was the last to go, folding in 1961\.Brewer and Brewer, 97\.
### Archaeological survey, 1978
In 1968, the Tennessee Valley Authority reported 18 houses, a store, and a church at Morganton, all of which were to be torn down in anticipation of the construction of Tellico Dam. In 1978, as the [Tellico Dam project was stalled by litigation](/wiki/Snail_darter_controversy "Snail darter controversy"), University of Tennessee archaeologists conducted a test survey of the Morganton townsite. Several early American artifacts were located, some dating to as early as 1762, as well as several projectile points. The artifacts were similar to those uncovered at the nearby [Tellico Blockhouse](/wiki/Tellico_Blockhouse "Tellico Blockhouse") site, which had been excavated around the same time.Polhemus and Polhemus, lithic and ceramic catalogues in *An Assessment of the Archaeological Potential of Townsite of Morganton in Loudon County, Tennessee*.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Prior to any European\\-American settlement here, this area was part of a territory dominated for centuries by the [Cherokee Nation (1794\\-1907\\)](/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_%281794-1907%29 \"Cherokee Nation (1794-1907)\").",
"### Early history, 1800\\-1860",
"[right\\|210px\\|thumb\\|The former site of Morganton, now under Tellico Lake.](/wiki/Image:Morganton-site-tennessee1.jpg \"Morganton-site-tennessee1.jpg\")",
"After the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\"), there was increasing pressure by European\\-American settlers who started migrating into this area and squatting on Cherokee lands. The [Overhill Cherokee](/wiki/Overhill_Cherokee \"Overhill Cherokee\") had several major villages that were located upstream; for instance, [Mialoquo](/wiki/Mialoquo \"Mialoquo\") was situated just around Wears Bend, on the opposite side of the Little Tennessee River. By this time, most of these villages had either been destroyed in earlier warfare or were in decline, in part due to high fatalities from smallpox epidemics.",
"Under pressure from the United States, The Morganton area was part of the lands ceded by the [Cherokee](/wiki/Cherokee \"Cherokee\") with the signing of the First Treaty of Tellico in 1798\\. The first Euro\\-American settlers had arrived at the mouth of Bakers Creek in 1796, however, when the land was still claimed by the Cherokee.Polhemus and Polhemus, 1\\. Ethnologist [James Mooney](/wiki/James_Mooney \"James Mooney\") recorded a Cherokee legend regarding blazed trees on the banks \"opposite Morganton\" that supposedly marked the location of hidden mines; he first published it in his volume on myths in 1900\\. This and a companion volume were republished in 1972\\.James Mooney, *Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee* (Nashville: C and R Elder, 1972\\), 414\\.",
"By 1799 a [grist mill](/wiki/Gristmill \"Gristmill\") had been established along Bakers Creek by Hugh and Charles Kelso. The following year, Captain Robert Wear (1781\\-1846\\) arrived in the area, establishing a plantation near the mouth of the river and a ferry near the mouth of Bakers Creek. In 1801, an inspection port was established near the ferry, and the small community that developed in its vicinity became known as \"Portville.\" The community of Portville incorporated in 1813 after Hugh Kelso and his son, Charles, donated land for the formation of a town square. The community chose the name \"Morganton\" after Gideon Morgan (1751–1830\\), a [Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\") veteran and prominent local merchant.Alberta and Carson Brewer, *Valley So Wild* (Knoxville, Tenn.: [East Tennessee Historical Society](/wiki/East_Tennessee_Historical_Society \"East Tennessee Historical Society\"), 1975\\), 94\\-95\\.Polhemus and Polhemus, 1\\-2\\.",
"By the 1830s, Morganton had grown to become the main shipping hub and business center in the Little Tennessee region. Flatboats carried local products such as [whiskey](/wiki/Whiskey \"Whiskey\") and [hemp](/wiki/Hemp \"Hemp\") to trade throughout the Tennessee Valley— and sometimes as far away as [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana \"New Orleans, Louisiana\")— for products such as clothing, salt, and spices. By 1832, the town had its own doctor, hatter's shop, hemp factory, wagon factory, cabinet shop, distillery, and silversmith.Brewer and Brewer, 94\\-96\\. A [steamboat](/wiki/Steamboat \"Steamboat\") line connecting Morganton and Knoxville began operating in 1831\\.Polhemus and Polhemus, 2\\.",
"### Decline, 1861\\-1967",
"[right\\|210px\\|thumb\\|Abandoned mill along Bakers Creek in Morganton, photographed in 1939](/wiki/Image:Morganton-mill-tva1.gif \"Morganton-mill-tva1.gif\")",
"In late 1863, at the height of the [U.S. Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"), [Confederate](/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America \"Confederate States of America\") General [James Longstreet](/wiki/James_Longstreet \"James Longstreet\") hoped to cross the Little Tennessee at Morganton en route from [Chattanooga](/wiki/Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee \"Chattanooga, Tennessee\") to [Knoxville](/wiki/Knoxville%2C_Tennessee \"Knoxville, Tennessee\") to dislodge the troops under the command of [Ambrose Burnside](/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside \"Ambrose Burnside\"), who had occupied Knoxville earlier in the year. Longstreet later recalled:",
"",
"> Had the means been at hand for making proper moves I should have marched for the rear of Knoxville via Morganton and Marysville ...Yong Kim, *The Sevierville Hill Site: A Civil War Union Encampment on the Southern Heights of Knoxville, Tennessee* (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Transportation Center, 1993\\), 15\\.",
"As Longstreet lacked the materials to construct a [pontoon bridge](/wiki/Pontoon_bridge \"Pontoon bridge\"), however, he was forced to cross the Tennessee River at [Loudon](/wiki/Loudon%2C_Tennessee \"Loudon, Tennessee\"), and approach from the west. That same year, however, [Union](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 \"Union (American Civil War)\") General [William T. Sherman](/wiki/William_T._Sherman \"William T. Sherman\") crossed the Little Tennessee at Morganton en route to Chattanooga. Sherman tore down several of the town's houses to construct a pontoon bridge.",
"After the Civil War, railroads slowly replaced riverboats as the preferred mode of shipping and transportation. When the [L\\&N Railroad](/wiki/L%26N_Railroad \"L&N Railroad\") laid tracks through nearby [Greenback](/wiki/Greenback%2C_Tennessee \"Greenback, Tennessee\") in the late 19th century, Morganton slowly declined. In 1947, a bridge near Niles Ferry became toll\\-free, putting most of the ferries along the Little Tennessee River out of business. The Morganton Ferry was the last to go, folding in 1961\\.Brewer and Brewer, 97\\.",
"### Archaeological survey, 1978",
"In 1968, the Tennessee Valley Authority reported 18 houses, a store, and a church at Morganton, all of which were to be torn down in anticipation of the construction of Tellico Dam. In 1978, as the [Tellico Dam project was stalled by litigation](/wiki/Snail_darter_controversy \"Snail darter controversy\"), University of Tennessee archaeologists conducted a test survey of the Morganton townsite. Several early American artifacts were located, some dating to as early as 1762, as well as several projectile points. The artifacts were similar to those uncovered at the nearby [Tellico Blockhouse](/wiki/Tellico_Blockhouse \"Tellico Blockhouse\") site, which had been excavated around the same time.Polhemus and Polhemus, lithic and ceramic catalogues in *An Assessment of the Archaeological Potential of Townsite of Morganton in Loudon County, Tennessee*.",
""
] |
History
-------
{{main\|History of the College of William \& Mary}}
### Colonial era (1693–1776\)
[thumb\|upright\|King [William III](/wiki/William_III_of_England "William III of England") and Queen [Mary II](/wiki/Mary_II_of_England "Mary II of England"), the college's namesakes](/wiki/File:William_and_Mary.jpg "William and Mary.jpg")
[thumb\|[James Blair](/wiki/James_Blair_%28clergyman%29 "James Blair (clergyman)"), founder of William \& Mary](/wiki/File:35_JamesBlair1941-005-1-scaled.jpg "35 JamesBlair1941-005-1-scaled.jpg")
A school of higher education for both [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") young men and the sons of the colonists was one of the earliest goals of the leaders of the [Colony of Virginia](/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia "Colony of Virginia"). The college was founded on February 8, 1693, under a royal charter to "make, found and establish a certain Place of Universal Study, a perpetual College of Divinity, Philosophy, Languages, and other good arts and sciences ... to be supported and maintained, in all time coming."{{cite web \|url\=http://swem.wm.edu/departments/special\-collections/exhibits/exhibits/charter/charter/ \|title\=Earl Gregg Swem Library Special Collections \|publisher\=Swem.wm.edu \|access\-date\=September 26, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919125611/http://www.swem.wm.edu/departments/special\-collections/exhibits/exhibits/charter/charter/ \|archive\-date\=September 19, 2008 \|url\-status\=live}} Named in honor of the reigning monarchs [King William III](/wiki/William_III_of_England "William III of England") and [Queen Mary II](/wiki/Mary_II_of_England "Mary II of England"), the college is the second\-oldest college in the United States. The original plans for the college date back to 1618 at [Henrico](/wiki/Henricus "Henricus") but were thwarted by the [Indian Massacre of 1622](/wiki/Indian_Massacre_of_1622 "Indian Massacre of 1622"), a change in government (in 1624, the Virginia Company's charter was revoked by King James I and the Virginia Colony was transferred to royal authority as a [crown colony](/wiki/Crown_colony "Crown colony")), events related to the [English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War "English Civil War"), and [Bacon's Rebellion](/wiki/Bacon%27s_Rebellion "Bacon's Rebellion"). In 1695, before the town of Williamsburg existed, construction began on the College Building, now known as the Sir Christopher [Wren Building](/wiki/Wren_Building "Wren Building"), in what was then called [Middle Plantation](/wiki/Middle_Plantation_%28Virginia%29 "Middle Plantation (Virginia)"). It is the oldest college building in America. The college is one of the country's nine [Colonial Colleges](/wiki/Colonial_Colleges "Colonial Colleges") founded before the [American Revolution](/wiki/American_Revolution "American Revolution"). The charter named [James Blair](/wiki/James_Blair_%28clergyman%29 "James Blair (clergyman)") as the college's first president (a lifetime appointment which he held until his death in 1743\). William \& Mary was founded as an [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican "Anglican") institution; students were required to be members of the [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England "Church of England"), and professors were required to declare adherence to the [Thirty\-Nine Articles](/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles "Thirty-Nine Articles").Webster, Homer J. (1902\) "Schools and Colleges in Colonial Times", *The New England Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly*, v. XXVII, p. 374, [Google Books entry](https://books.google.com/books?id=OCLC01644447&pg=PA373) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506182259/https://books.google.com/books?vid\=OCLC01644447\&pg\=PA373 \|date\=May 6, 2016}}
In 1693, the college was [given a seat](/wiki/University_constituency "University constituency") in the [House of Burgesses](/wiki/House_of_Burgesses "House of Burgesses") and it was determined the college would be supported by tobacco taxes and export duties on furs and animal skins. The college acquired a {{convert\|330\|acre\|km2}} parcel for the new school,{{cite web\|url\=http://williamsburgpostcards.com/other/other14a.htm \|title\=The Silence of the Graves by Terry L. Meyers \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20020716161329/http://williamsburgpostcards.com/other/other14a.htm \|archive\-date\=July 16, 2002\|url\-status\=usurped}} {{convert\|8\|mi\|km}} from Jamestown. In 1694, the new school opened in temporary buildings.
[Williamsburg](/wiki/Williamsburg%2C_Virginia "Williamsburg, Virginia") was granted a royal charter as a city in 1722 by [The Crown](/wiki/The_Crown "The Crown") and served as the capital of Colonial Virginia from 1699 to 1780\. During this time, the college served as a law center and lawmakers frequently used its buildings. It educated future U.S. Presidents [Thomas Jefferson](/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson"), [James Monroe](/wiki/James_Monroe "James Monroe"), and [John Tyler](/wiki/John_Tyler "John Tyler"). The college has been called "the Alma Mater of a Nation" because of its close ties to America's founding fathers, as well as figures pivotal to the development and expansion of the United States. [George Washington](/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington"), who received his surveyor's license through the college despite never attending, was the college's first American chancellor. William \& Mary is famous for its firsts: the first U.S. institution with a royal charter, the first Greek\-letter society ([Phi Beta Kappa](/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa "Phi Beta Kappa"), founded in 1776\), the first collegiate society in the country ([F.H.C. Society](/wiki/Flat_Hat_Club "Flat Hat Club"), founded in 1750\), the first student honor code and the first collegiate [law school](/wiki/William_%26_Mary_Law_School "William & Mary Law School") in America.{{efn\|The independent \[\[Litchfield Law School]] in \[\[Litchfield, Connecticut]], began offering formal legal education five years prior to William \& Mary.}}{{cite journal \|last\=Blondel\-Libardi \|first\=Catherine R. \|title\=Rediscovering the Litchfield Law School Notebooks \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44369759 \|journal\=Connecticut History Review \|volume\=46 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=70–82 \|date\=2007 \|issn\=0884\-7177 \|s2cid\=254480254 \|jstor\=44369759 \|doi\=10\.2307/44369759}}
### Revolution and transition
{{see also\|History of the College of William \& Mary\#Slavery and William \& Mary}}
{{multiple image
\| total\_width \= 300
\| image1 \= Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1800\.jpg
\| image2 \= James Monroe White House portrait 1819\.jpg
\| footer \= U.S. presidents \[\[Thomas Jefferson]] and \[\[James Monroe]] were educated at William \& Mary.
}}
During the period of the American Revolution, freedom of religion was established in Virginia notably with the 1786 passage of the [Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom](/wiki/Virginia_Statute_for_Religious_Freedom "Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom"). Future U.S. President [James Madison](/wiki/James_Madison "James Madison") was a key figure in the transition to religious freedom in Virginia, and [Right Reverend James Madison](/wiki/James_Madison_%28bishop%29 "James Madison (bishop)"), his cousin and Thomas Jefferson, who was on the [Board of Visitors](/wiki/Board_of_Visitors "Board of Visitors"), helped the College of William \& Mary to make the transition as well. In 1779 the college established graduate schools in law and medicine, making it one of the institutions that claims to be the [first university in the United States](/wiki/First_university_in_the_United_States "First university in the United States"). As its president, Reverend Madison worked with the new leaders of Virginia, most notably Jefferson, on a reorganization and changes for the college which included the abolition of the Divinity School and the Indian School and the establishment of the first elective system of study and honor system.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.virginiavignettes.org/?p\=21 \|title\=Virginia Vignettes » What Was the Brafferton School? \|publisher\=Virginiavignettes.org \|date\=August 2007 \|access\-date\=September 26, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111135556/http://www.virginiavignettes.org/?p\=21 \|archive\-date\=November 11, 2007}}
The College of William \& Mary is home to the nation's first [collegiate secret society](/wiki/Collegiate_secret_societies_in_North_America "Collegiate secret societies in North America"), the [F.H.C. Society](/wiki/Flat_Hat_Club "Flat Hat Club"), popularly known as the [Flat Hat Club](/wiki/Flat_Hat_Club "Flat Hat Club"), founded on November 11, 1750\. On December 5, 1776, students [John Heath](/wiki/John_Heath_%28politician%29 "John Heath (politician)") and [William Short](/wiki/William_Short_%28American_ambassador%29 "William Short (American ambassador)") (class of 1779\) founded [Phi Beta Kappa](/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa "Phi Beta Kappa") as a secret literary and philosophical society. Other [secret societies](/wiki/Secret_societies_at_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary "Secret societies at the College of William & Mary") known to currently exist at the college include: The [7 Society](/wiki/Seven_Society_%28College_of_William_%26_Mary%29 "Seven Society (College of William & Mary)"), 13 Club, Alpha Club, [Bishop James Madison Society](/wiki/Bishop_James_Madison_Society "Bishop James Madison Society"), The Society, The Spades, W Society, and [Wren Society](/wiki/Wren_Society "Wren Society").["Shhh! The Secret Side to the College's Lesser Known Societies"](http://www.dogstreetjournal.com/story/2049). *The DoG Street Journal*. {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928112053/http://www.dogstreetjournal.com/story/2049 \|date\=September 28, 2011}}{{cite web \|title\=Peeking Into Closed Societies – The Flat Hat \|url\=http://www.flathatnews.com/variety/2284/peeking\-into\-closed\-societies \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=January 28, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930180325/http://www.flathatnews.com/variety/2284/peeking\-into\-closed\-societies \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2011}}
[Thomas R. Dew](/wiki/Thomas_R._Dew "Thomas R. Dew"), professor of history, metaphysics, and political economy, and then president of William \& Mary from 1836 until his death in 1846, was an influential academic defender of slavery.{{cite book \|last\=Brophy \|first\=Alfred L. \|title\=University, Court, and Slave: Proslavery Thought in Southern Courts and Colleges and the Coming of Civil War \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|year\=2016 \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-062593\-1}}{{rp\|21–47}}
In 1842, alumni of the college formed the Society of the Alumni{{cite web \|last\=Barnes, II \|first\=F. James \|url\=http://alumni.wm.edu/history/index.shtml \|title\=William \& Mary Alumni \> History \|publisher\=Alumni.wm.edu \|access\-date\=September 26, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924094530/http://alumni.wm.edu/history/index.shtml \|archive\-date\=September 24, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead}} which is now the sixth oldest alumni organization in the United States. In 1859, a great fire destroyed the College Building. The [Alumni House](/wiki/Alumni_House_%28College_of_William_%26_Mary%29 "Alumni House (College of William & Mary)") is one of the few original antebellum structures remaining on [campus](/wiki/Campus_of_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary "Campus of the College of William & Mary"); notable others include the Wren Building, the [President's House](/wiki/President%27s_House_%28College_of_William_%26_Mary%29 "President's House (College of William & Mary)"), the Brafferton, and Prince George House.
### Civil War, Reconstruction, and the early 20th century
[thumb\|The College Building as it appeared from 1859–1862 with [Italianate](/wiki/Italianate_architecture "Italianate architecture") towers](/wiki/File:Wren_1859_william_and_mary.jpg "Wren 1859 william and mary.jpg")
At the outset of the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") (1861–1865\), enlistments in the [Confederate States Army](/wiki/Confederate_States_Army "Confederate States Army") depleted the student body; and on May 10, 1861, the faculty voted to close the college for the duration of the conflict. [General Charles A. Whittier](/wiki/Charles_A._Whittier "Charles A. Whittier") reported that "thirty\-two out of thirty\-five professors and instructors abandoned the college work and joined the army in the field".{{cite book\|last\=Gordon\|first\=John Brown\|url\=https://archive.org/details/reminiscencesci02gordgoog/page/n451/mode/1up\|title\=Reminiscences of the Civil War\|publisher\=Charles Scribner's Sons\|year\=1903\|location\=New York\|pages\=422}} The [College Building](/wiki/Wren_Building "Wren Building") was used as a Confederate barracks and later as a hospital, first by Confederate, and later Union forces. The [Battle of Williamsburg](/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg "Battle of Williamsburg") was fought nearby during the [Peninsula Campaign](/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign "Peninsula Campaign") on May 5, 1862, and the city was captured by the Union army the next day. The [Brafferton building of the college](/wiki/Brafferton_%28building%29 "Brafferton (building)") was used for a time as quarters for the commanding officer of the Union garrison occupying the town. On September 9, 1862, drunken soldiers of the [5th Pennsylvania Cavalry](/wiki/5th_Pennsylvania_Cavalry "5th Pennsylvania Cavalry") set fire to the College Building,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wm.edu/vitalfacts/nineteenth2\.php \|title\=1850–1899 {{pipe}} Historical Facts \|work\=Historical Chronology of William and Mary \|publisher\=Wm.edu \|access\-date\=September 26, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704205939/http://www.wm.edu/vitalfacts/nineteenth2\.php \|archive\-date\=July 4, 2008}} purportedly in an attempt to prevent Confederate snipers from using it for cover.{{Primary source inline\|date\=May 2022}}
Following the restoration of the Union, Virginia was destitute. The college's 16th president, [Benjamin Stoddert Ewell](/wiki/Benjamin_Stoddert_Ewell "Benjamin Stoddert Ewell"), finally reopened the school in 1869 using his funds but the college closed again in 1882 due to insufficient funding. In 1888, William \& Mary resumed operations under an amended charter when the [Commonwealth of Virginia](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Virginia "Commonwealth of Virginia") passed an act{{cite web \|url\=http://swem.wm.edu/departments/special\-collections/exhibits/exhibits/charter/normal/ \|title\=Earl Gregg Swem Library Special Collections \|publisher\=Swem.wm.edu \|access\-date\=September 26, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011191341/http://swem.wm.edu/departments/special\-collections/exhibits/exhibits/charter/normal \|archive\-date\=October 11, 2008 \|url\-status\=live}} appropriating $10,000 to support the college as a teacher\-training institution. [Lyon Gardiner Tyler](/wiki/Lyon_Gardiner_Tyler "Lyon Gardiner Tyler") (son of US President and alumnus [John Tyler](/wiki/John_Tyler "John Tyler")) became the 17th president of the college following Ewell's retirement. Tyler, along with his successor [J. A. C. Chandler](/wiki/J._A._C._Chandler "J. A. C. Chandler"), expanded the college. in 1896, [Minnie Braithwaite Jenkins](/wiki/Minnie_Braithwaite_Jenkins "Minnie Braithwaite Jenkins") was the first woman to attempt to take classes at William \& Mary, although her petition was denied.{{Cite web \|last\=Freehling \|first\=Alison \|date\=October 2, 1996 \|title\=Light of Learning to Shine in Teacher's Memory \|url\=https://www.dailypress.com/1996/10/02/light\-of\-learning\-to\-shine\-in\-teachers\-memory/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220212619/https://articles.dailypress.com/1996\-10\-02/news/9610020089\_1\_women\-s\-studies\-william\-and\-mary\-lectures \|archive\-date\=February 20, 2018 \|access\-date\=June 27, 2024 \|url\-status\=live \|website\=Daily Press}} In March 1906, the General Assembly passed an act taking over the college grounds, and it has remained publicly supported ever since. In 1918, it was one of the first universities in Virginia to admit women.[Women at UVa: Graduate and Professional Schools](http://www2.lib.virginia.edu/exhibits/women/grad_prof1.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216222951/http://www2\.lib.virginia.edu/exhibits/women/grad\_prof1\.html \|date\=February 16, 2015}}. .lib.virginia.edu. Retrieved on August 9, 2013\. Enrollment increased from 104 students in 1889 to 1269 students by 1932\.
[thumb\|The Wren Building, {{circa\|1902}}](/wiki/File:William_and_Mary_College%2C_Williamsburg%2C_Virginia%2C_circa_1902.jpg "William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia, circa 1902.jpg")
[W. A. R. Goodwin](/wiki/W._A._R._Goodwin "W. A. R. Goodwin"), rector at [Bruton Parish Church](/wiki/Bruton_Parish_Church "Bruton Parish Church") and professor of biblical literature and religious education at the college, pursued benefactors who could support the restoration of Williamsburg. Goodwin considered Williamsburg "as the original training and testing ground" of the United States. Goodwin persuaded [John D. Rockefeller Jr.](/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_Jr. "John D. Rockefeller Jr.") to initiate the restoration of Williamsburg in 1926, leading to the establishment of [Colonial Williamsburg](/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg "Colonial Williamsburg").{{cite book\|title\=The Rockefellers at Williamsburg: Backstory with the Founders, Restorers and World\-Renowned Guests\|publisher\=EPM Publications\|first\=Donald J.\|last\=Gonzales\|location\=\[\[McLean, Virginia\|McLean]], \[\[Virginia\|VA]]\|date\=1991\|isbn\=0\-939009\-58\-7\|pages\=25–26}} Goodwin had initially only pursued Rockefeller to help fund the construction of [Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall](/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa_Memorial_Hall "Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall"), but had convinced Rockefeller to participate in a broader restoration effort when he visited William \& Mary for the hall's dedication. While the college's administration was less supportive of the restoration efforts than many others in Williamsburg–prior to the Colonial Williamsburg project, the William \& Mary campus was Williamsburg's primary tourist attraction–the college's cooperation was secured.{{cite book\|title\=Creating Colonial Williamsburg: The Restoration of Virginia's Eighteenth\-Century Capital\|first\=Anders\|last\=Greenspan\|edition\=2nd\|date\=2009\|orig\-date\=2002\|publisher\=\[\[University of North Carolina Press]]\|isbn\=978\-0\-8078\-5987\-2\|pages\=18, 51–52}} Restoration paid for by Rockefeller's program extended to the college, with the Wren Building restored in 1928–1931, President's House in 1931, and Brafferton in 1931–1932\.{{cite book\|title\=Buildings of Virginia: Tidewater and Piedmont\|editor\-first\=Richard Guy\|editor\-last\=Wilson\|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]], \[\[Society of Architectural Historians]]\|date\=2002\|series\=\[\[Buildings of the United States]]\|isbn\=0\-19\-515206\-9\|pages\=361, 374–376}}{{cite book\|title\=The College of William \& Mary: A History: Volume II\|chapter\=Part V: Chapter 1\|last\=Sherman\|first\=Richard B.\|publisher\=King and Queen Press, Society of the Alumni, \[\[The College of William and Mary in Virginia]]\|location\=\[\[Williamsburg, Virginia\|Williamsburg]], \[\[Virginia\|VA]]\|date\=1993\|page\=558}}
### 1930–present
[thumb\|The [Brafferton](/wiki/Brafferton_%28building%29 "Brafferton (building)") {{Circa\|1907}}](/wiki/File:Brafferton_Building_c1907.jpg "Brafferton Building c1907.jpg")
In 1930, William \& Mary established a branch in [Norfolk, Virginia](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia "Norfolk, Virginia") called The Norfolk Division of the College of William \& Mary; it eventually became the independent state\-supported institution known as [Old Dominion University](/wiki/Old_Dominion_University "Old Dominion University").
President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") received an honorary degree from the college on October 20, 1934\.["Roosevelt's Address at William and Mary"](https://www.nytimes.com/1934/10/21/archives/roosevelts-address-at-william-and-mary.html). *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. {{cite news \|title\=Roosevelt's Address at William and Mary \|url\=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\=F10917FF3B5D167A93C3AB178BD95F408385F9 \|url\-status\=live \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=October 21, 1934 \|access\-date\=May 4, 2009 \|archive\-date\=June 8, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608171651/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\=F10917FF3B5D167A93C3AB178BD95F408385F9}}. (October 21, 1934\). Retrieved on August 9, 2013\. In 1935, the [Sunken Garden](/wiki/Sunken_Garden_%28Virginia%29 "Sunken Garden (Virginia)") was constructed, just west of the Wren Building. The sunken design is taken from a similar landscape feature at [Royal Hospital Chelsea](/wiki/Royal_Hospital_Chelsea "Royal Hospital Chelsea") in London, designed by Sir Christopher Wren.
In 1945 the editor\-in\-chief of *[The Flat Hat](/wiki/The_Flat_Hat "The Flat Hat")*, Marilyn Kaemmerle, wrote an editorial "Lincoln's Job Half\-Done..." that supported the end of [racial segregation](/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States "Racial segregation in the United States"), [anti\-miscegenation laws](/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws "Anti-miscegenation laws") and [white supremacy](/wiki/White_supremacy "White supremacy"); the university administration removed her from the newspaper and nearly expelled her.[Education: Jefferson's Heirs](http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,792051,00.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826034248/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C792051%2C00\.html \|date\=August 26, 2013}}, *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")*, February 26, 1945 According to *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")* magazine, in response, over one\-thousand William \& Mary students held "a spirited mass meeting protesting infringement of the sacred principles of freedom of the press bequeathed by Alumnus Thomas Jefferson." She was allowed to graduate but future editors had to discuss "controversial writings" with faculty before printing. The college Board of Visitors apologized to her in the 1980s.{{cite web\|url\=http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Marilyn\_Kaemmerle\|title\=Marilyn Kaemmerle\|work\=wm.edu\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309172041/http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Marilyn\_Kaemmerle\|archive\-date\=March 9, 2012}}{{cite web \|title\=A Michigan Woman, Race Relations, and Virginia 1945 \|url\=https://libraries.wm.edu/blog/post/michigan\-woman\-race\-relations\-and\-virginia\-1945 \|website\=William \& Mary Libraries \|access\-date\=June 28, 2021 \|date\=March 3, 2020}}
[thumb\|[Hearth: Memorial to the Enslaved](/wiki/Hearth:Memorial_to_the_Enslaved "Memorial to the Enslaved") was dedicated in 2022 to commemorate enslaved persons owned and used by the college.{{cite web\|title\=About the Memorial\|url\=https://www.wm.edu/sites/enslavedmemorial/about/index.php\|publisher\=College of William \& Mary\|access\-date\=October 18, 2022}}](/wiki/File:Heart_Memorial_to_the_Enslaved_in_daylight%2C_2022.jpg "Heart Memorial to the Enslaved in daylight, 2022.jpg")
The college admitted Hulon Willis into a graduate program in 1951 because the program was unavailable at [Virginia State](/wiki/Virginia_State_University "Virginia State University"). However, the college did not open all programs to African\-American students until around 1970\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Desegregation\_in\_Higher\_Education\#start\_entry\|title\=Desegregation in Higher Education in Virginia\|first\=Peter\|last\=Wallenstein\|access\-date\=June 28, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710021610/http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Desegregation\_in\_Higher\_Education\#start\_entry\|archive\-date\=July 10, 2014\|url\-status\=live}}
In 1960, [The Colleges of William \& Mary](/wiki/The_Colleges_of_William_%26_Mary "The Colleges of William & Mary"), a short\-lived five campus university system, was founded. It included the College of William \& Mary, the [Richmond Professional Institute](/wiki/Richmond_Professional_Institute "Richmond Professional Institute"), the [Norfolk Division of the College of William \& Mary](/wiki/Norfolk_Division_of_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary "Norfolk Division of the College of William & Mary"), [Christopher Newport College](/wiki/Christopher_Newport_College "Christopher Newport College"), and [Richard Bland College](/wiki/Richard_Bland_College "Richard Bland College").{{cite book\|last\=Godson\|title\=The College of William and Mary: A History\|year\=1993\|publisher\=King and Queen Press\|isbn\=0\-9615670\-4\-X\|display\-authors\=etal}} It was dissolved in 1962, with only Richard Bland College remaining officially associated with the College of William and Mary at the present day.
In 1974, Jay Winston Johns willed [Highland](/wiki/Highland_%28James_Monroe_house%29 "Highland (James Monroe house)"), the {{convert\|535\|acre\|km2\|adj\=on}} historic [Albemarle County, Virginia](/wiki/Albemarle_County%2C_Virginia "Albemarle County, Virginia") estate of alumnus and U.S. President James Monroe, to the college. The college restored this historic presidential home near Charlottesville and opened it to the public.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ashlawnhighland.org/ \|title\=Ash Lawn\-Highland, Home of James Monroe \|publisher\=Ashlawnhighland.org \|access\-date\=September 26, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414170725/http://ashlawnhighland.org/ \|archive\-date\=April 14, 2016 \|url\-status\=live}}
Jefferson Hall, a student dormitory, was destroyed by fire on January 20, 1983, with no casualties. The building, including the destroyed west wing, was later rebuilt and reopened.{{cite web\|url\=https://libraries.wm.edu/exhibits/jefferson\-hall\-fire\-30th\-anniversary\|title\=Jefferson Hall Fire: 30th Anniversary\|date\=2013\|last\=Special Collections Research Center \|publisher\=William \& Mary Libraries\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025124708/https://libraries.wm.edu/exhibits/jefferson\-hall\-fire\-30th\-anniversary\|archive\-date\=October 25, 2018\|access\-date\=February 4, 2021}}
On July 25, 2012, [Eastern Virginia Medical School](/wiki/Eastern_Virginia_Medical_School "Eastern Virginia Medical School") (EVMS), in nearby [Norfolk, Virginia](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia "Norfolk, Virginia"), made a joint announcement with William \& Mary that the two schools were considering merging, with the prospect that EVMS would become the William \& Mary School of Medicine.{{cite web \|last\=Whitson \|first\=Brian \|title\=W\&M and EVMS to explore School of Medicine \|url\=http://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2012/wm\-and\-evms\-to\-explore\-school\-of\-medicine.php \|publisher\=The College of William \& Mary \|date\=July 25, 2012 \|access\-date\=March 26, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124730/http://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2012/wm\-and\-evms\-to\-explore\-school\-of\-medicine.php \|archive\-date\=April 2, 2015 \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|last\=Reveley \|first\=Taylor \|title\=President's message on W\&M and EVMS \|url\=http://www.wm.edu/news/announcements/archive/2012/presidents\-message\-on\-wm\-and\-evms.php \|url\-status\=live \|publisher\=The College of William \& Mary \|date\=July 25, 2012 \|access\-date\=March 26, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155626/http://www.wm.edu/news/announcements/archive/2012/presidents\-message\-on\-wm\-and\-evms.php \|archive\-date\=April 2, 2015}} Any such merger would have to be confirmed by the two schools and then confirmed by the Virginia General Assembly and Governor. A pilot relationship, supported by a $200,000 grant in the Virginia budget, was subsequently agreed upon by both universities to examine this possible union in reality.{{cite web \|last\=Whitson \|first\=Brian \|title\=W\&M report recommends pilot partnership with EVMS \|url\=http://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2013/wm\-report\-recommends\-pilot\-partnership\-with\-evms123\.php \|url\-status\=live \|publisher\=The College of William \& Mary \|date\=January 16, 2013 \|access\-date\=March 26, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110111/http://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2013/wm\-report\-recommends\-pilot\-partnership\-with\-evms123\.php \|archive\-date\=April 2, 2015}}
Throughout the second half of the 20th century, William \& Mary has retained its historic ties to the United Kingdom and that state's royal family. In 1954, [Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother "Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother") visited William \& Mary as part of her tour of the United States, becoming the first member of the royal family to visit the college. In 1957, [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II "Queen Elizabeth II") and [Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh](/wiki/Prince_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh "Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh"), visited the college to commemorate the 350th anniversary of the landing at Jamestown. Queen Elizabeth gave a speech from the balcony of the Wren Building that drew over 20,000 people, the largest crowd ever seen in the city. In 1981, [Charles, Prince of Wales](/wiki/Charles%2C_Prince_of_Wales "Charles, Prince of Wales"), visited to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Yorktown. In 1988, the United States Congress selected William \& Mary to send a delegation to the United Kingdom for the 300th anniversary of the ascension of King William III and Queen Mary II. Prince Charles would return to the college in 1993 for the 300th anniversary of William \& Mary, and that same year William \& Mary sent a delegation to meet with Queen Elizabeth II. Former Prime Minister [Margaret Thatcher](/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher "Margaret Thatcher") would be made the [Chancellor of the College of William \& Mary](/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary "Chancellor of the College of William & Mary") that same year. In 2007, Elizabeth II and Prince Philip would visit the college for a second time to recognize the 400th anniversary of the landing at Jamestown.{{cite web \|last\=Langley \|first\=Cortney \|title\=Great Britain's royalty is at home at William \& Mary \|url\=https://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2015/rolling\-out\-wms\-red\-carpet\-for\-royalty123\.php \|url\-status\=live \|publisher\=The College of William \& Mary \|date\=March 13, 2015 \|access\-date\=March 21, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216121522/https://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2015/rolling\-out\-wms\-red\-carpet\-for\-royalty123\.php \|archive\-date\=February 16, 2019}} In 2022, a [beacon](/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Platinum_Jubilee_Beacons "The Queen's Platinum Jubilee Beacons") was lit in front of the Wren Building to celebrate the [Platinum Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II "Platinum Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II").{{cite web \|title\=Queen's Platinum Jubilee in Williamsburg, Virginia USA \|url\=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20221010111940/https://platinumjubilee.gov.uk/event/queens\-platinum\-jubilee\-in\-williamsburg\-virginia\-usa/ \|access\-date\=December 6, 2022}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{main\\|History of the College of William \\& Mary}}",
"### Colonial era (1693–1776\\)",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|King [William III](/wiki/William_III_of_England \"William III of England\") and Queen [Mary II](/wiki/Mary_II_of_England \"Mary II of England\"), the college's namesakes](/wiki/File:William_and_Mary.jpg \"William and Mary.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[James Blair](/wiki/James_Blair_%28clergyman%29 \"James Blair (clergyman)\"), founder of William \\& Mary](/wiki/File:35_JamesBlair1941-005-1-scaled.jpg \"35 JamesBlair1941-005-1-scaled.jpg\")\nA school of higher education for both [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") young men and the sons of the colonists was one of the earliest goals of the leaders of the [Colony of Virginia](/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia \"Colony of Virginia\"). The college was founded on February 8, 1693, under a royal charter to \"make, found and establish a certain Place of Universal Study, a perpetual College of Divinity, Philosophy, Languages, and other good arts and sciences ... to be supported and maintained, in all time coming.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://swem.wm.edu/departments/special\\-collections/exhibits/exhibits/charter/charter/ \\|title\\=Earl Gregg Swem Library Special Collections \\|publisher\\=Swem.wm.edu \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919125611/http://www.swem.wm.edu/departments/special\\-collections/exhibits/exhibits/charter/charter/ \\|archive\\-date\\=September 19, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Named in honor of the reigning monarchs [King William III](/wiki/William_III_of_England \"William III of England\") and [Queen Mary II](/wiki/Mary_II_of_England \"Mary II of England\"), the college is the second\\-oldest college in the United States. The original plans for the college date back to 1618 at [Henrico](/wiki/Henricus \"Henricus\") but were thwarted by the [Indian Massacre of 1622](/wiki/Indian_Massacre_of_1622 \"Indian Massacre of 1622\"), a change in government (in 1624, the Virginia Company's charter was revoked by King James I and the Virginia Colony was transferred to royal authority as a [crown colony](/wiki/Crown_colony \"Crown colony\")), events related to the [English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War \"English Civil War\"), and [Bacon's Rebellion](/wiki/Bacon%27s_Rebellion \"Bacon's Rebellion\"). In 1695, before the town of Williamsburg existed, construction began on the College Building, now known as the Sir Christopher [Wren Building](/wiki/Wren_Building \"Wren Building\"), in what was then called [Middle Plantation](/wiki/Middle_Plantation_%28Virginia%29 \"Middle Plantation (Virginia)\"). It is the oldest college building in America. The college is one of the country's nine [Colonial Colleges](/wiki/Colonial_Colleges \"Colonial Colleges\") founded before the [American Revolution](/wiki/American_Revolution \"American Revolution\"). The charter named [James Blair](/wiki/James_Blair_%28clergyman%29 \"James Blair (clergyman)\") as the college's first president (a lifetime appointment which he held until his death in 1743\\). William \\& Mary was founded as an [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican \"Anglican\") institution; students were required to be members of the [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England \"Church of England\"), and professors were required to declare adherence to the [Thirty\\-Nine Articles](/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles \"Thirty-Nine Articles\").Webster, Homer J. (1902\\) \"Schools and Colleges in Colonial Times\", *The New England Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly*, v. XXVII, p. 374, [Google Books entry](https://books.google.com/books?id=OCLC01644447&pg=PA373) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506182259/https://books.google.com/books?vid\\=OCLC01644447\\&pg\\=PA373 \\|date\\=May 6, 2016}}",
"In 1693, the college was [given a seat](/wiki/University_constituency \"University constituency\") in the [House of Burgesses](/wiki/House_of_Burgesses \"House of Burgesses\") and it was determined the college would be supported by tobacco taxes and export duties on furs and animal skins. The college acquired a {{convert\\|330\\|acre\\|km2}} parcel for the new school,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://williamsburgpostcards.com/other/other14a.htm \\|title\\=The Silence of the Graves by Terry L. Meyers \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20020716161329/http://williamsburgpostcards.com/other/other14a.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=July 16, 2002\\|url\\-status\\=usurped}} {{convert\\|8\\|mi\\|km}} from Jamestown. In 1694, the new school opened in temporary buildings.",
"[Williamsburg](/wiki/Williamsburg%2C_Virginia \"Williamsburg, Virginia\") was granted a royal charter as a city in 1722 by [The Crown](/wiki/The_Crown \"The Crown\") and served as the capital of Colonial Virginia from 1699 to 1780\\. During this time, the college served as a law center and lawmakers frequently used its buildings. It educated future U.S. Presidents [Thomas Jefferson](/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson \"Thomas Jefferson\"), [James Monroe](/wiki/James_Monroe \"James Monroe\"), and [John Tyler](/wiki/John_Tyler \"John Tyler\"). The college has been called \"the Alma Mater of a Nation\" because of its close ties to America's founding fathers, as well as figures pivotal to the development and expansion of the United States. [George Washington](/wiki/George_Washington \"George Washington\"), who received his surveyor's license through the college despite never attending, was the college's first American chancellor. William \\& Mary is famous for its firsts: the first U.S. institution with a royal charter, the first Greek\\-letter society ([Phi Beta Kappa](/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa \"Phi Beta Kappa\"), founded in 1776\\), the first collegiate society in the country ([F.H.C. Society](/wiki/Flat_Hat_Club \"Flat Hat Club\"), founded in 1750\\), the first student honor code and the first collegiate [law school](/wiki/William_%26_Mary_Law_School \"William & Mary Law School\") in America.{{efn\\|The independent \\[\\[Litchfield Law School]] in \\[\\[Litchfield, Connecticut]], began offering formal legal education five years prior to William \\& Mary.}}{{cite journal \\|last\\=Blondel\\-Libardi \\|first\\=Catherine R. \\|title\\=Rediscovering the Litchfield Law School Notebooks \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44369759 \\|journal\\=Connecticut History Review \\|volume\\=46 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=70–82 \\|date\\=2007 \\|issn\\=0884\\-7177 \\|s2cid\\=254480254 \\|jstor\\=44369759 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/44369759}}",
"### Revolution and transition",
"{{see also\\|History of the College of William \\& Mary\\#Slavery and William \\& Mary}}\n{{multiple image\n\\| total\\_width \\= 300\n\\| image1 \\= Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1800\\.jpg\n\\| image2 \\= James Monroe White House portrait 1819\\.jpg\n\\| footer \\= U.S. presidents \\[\\[Thomas Jefferson]] and \\[\\[James Monroe]] were educated at William \\& Mary.\n}}\nDuring the period of the American Revolution, freedom of religion was established in Virginia notably with the 1786 passage of the [Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom](/wiki/Virginia_Statute_for_Religious_Freedom \"Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom\"). Future U.S. President [James Madison](/wiki/James_Madison \"James Madison\") was a key figure in the transition to religious freedom in Virginia, and [Right Reverend James Madison](/wiki/James_Madison_%28bishop%29 \"James Madison (bishop)\"), his cousin and Thomas Jefferson, who was on the [Board of Visitors](/wiki/Board_of_Visitors \"Board of Visitors\"), helped the College of William \\& Mary to make the transition as well. In 1779 the college established graduate schools in law and medicine, making it one of the institutions that claims to be the [first university in the United States](/wiki/First_university_in_the_United_States \"First university in the United States\"). As its president, Reverend Madison worked with the new leaders of Virginia, most notably Jefferson, on a reorganization and changes for the college which included the abolition of the Divinity School and the Indian School and the establishment of the first elective system of study and honor system.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.virginiavignettes.org/?p\\=21 \\|title\\=Virginia Vignettes » What Was the Brafferton School? \\|publisher\\=Virginiavignettes.org \\|date\\=August 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111135556/http://www.virginiavignettes.org/?p\\=21 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 11, 2007}}",
"The College of William \\& Mary is home to the nation's first [collegiate secret society](/wiki/Collegiate_secret_societies_in_North_America \"Collegiate secret societies in North America\"), the [F.H.C. Society](/wiki/Flat_Hat_Club \"Flat Hat Club\"), popularly known as the [Flat Hat Club](/wiki/Flat_Hat_Club \"Flat Hat Club\"), founded on November 11, 1750\\. On December 5, 1776, students [John Heath](/wiki/John_Heath_%28politician%29 \"John Heath (politician)\") and [William Short](/wiki/William_Short_%28American_ambassador%29 \"William Short (American ambassador)\") (class of 1779\\) founded [Phi Beta Kappa](/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa \"Phi Beta Kappa\") as a secret literary and philosophical society. Other [secret societies](/wiki/Secret_societies_at_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary \"Secret societies at the College of William & Mary\") known to currently exist at the college include: The [7 Society](/wiki/Seven_Society_%28College_of_William_%26_Mary%29 \"Seven Society (College of William & Mary)\"), 13 Club, Alpha Club, [Bishop James Madison Society](/wiki/Bishop_James_Madison_Society \"Bishop James Madison Society\"), The Society, The Spades, W Society, and [Wren Society](/wiki/Wren_Society \"Wren Society\").[\"Shhh! The Secret Side to the College's Lesser Known Societies\"](http://www.dogstreetjournal.com/story/2049). *The DoG Street Journal*. {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928112053/http://www.dogstreetjournal.com/story/2049 \\|date\\=September 28, 2011}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Peeking Into Closed Societies – The Flat Hat \\|url\\=http://www.flathatnews.com/variety/2284/peeking\\-into\\-closed\\-societies \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=January 28, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930180325/http://www.flathatnews.com/variety/2284/peeking\\-into\\-closed\\-societies \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2011}}",
"[Thomas R. Dew](/wiki/Thomas_R._Dew \"Thomas R. Dew\"), professor of history, metaphysics, and political economy, and then president of William \\& Mary from 1836 until his death in 1846, was an influential academic defender of slavery.{{cite book \\|last\\=Brophy \\|first\\=Alfred L. \\|title\\=University, Court, and Slave: Proslavery Thought in Southern Courts and Colleges and the Coming of Civil War \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|year\\=2016 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-062593\\-1}}{{rp\\|21–47}}",
"In 1842, alumni of the college formed the Society of the Alumni{{cite web \\|last\\=Barnes, II \\|first\\=F. James \\|url\\=http://alumni.wm.edu/history/index.shtml \\|title\\=William \\& Mary Alumni \\> History \\|publisher\\=Alumni.wm.edu \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924094530/http://alumni.wm.edu/history/index.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} which is now the sixth oldest alumni organization in the United States. In 1859, a great fire destroyed the College Building. The [Alumni House](/wiki/Alumni_House_%28College_of_William_%26_Mary%29 \"Alumni House (College of William & Mary)\") is one of the few original antebellum structures remaining on [campus](/wiki/Campus_of_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary \"Campus of the College of William & Mary\"); notable others include the Wren Building, the [President's House](/wiki/President%27s_House_%28College_of_William_%26_Mary%29 \"President's House (College of William & Mary)\"), the Brafferton, and Prince George House.",
"### Civil War, Reconstruction, and the early 20th century",
"[thumb\\|The College Building as it appeared from 1859–1862 with [Italianate](/wiki/Italianate_architecture \"Italianate architecture\") towers](/wiki/File:Wren_1859_william_and_mary.jpg \"Wren 1859 william and mary.jpg\")\nAt the outset of the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") (1861–1865\\), enlistments in the [Confederate States Army](/wiki/Confederate_States_Army \"Confederate States Army\") depleted the student body; and on May 10, 1861, the faculty voted to close the college for the duration of the conflict. [General Charles A. Whittier](/wiki/Charles_A._Whittier \"Charles A. Whittier\") reported that \"thirty\\-two out of thirty\\-five professors and instructors abandoned the college work and joined the army in the field\".{{cite book\\|last\\=Gordon\\|first\\=John Brown\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/reminiscencesci02gordgoog/page/n451/mode/1up\\|title\\=Reminiscences of the Civil War\\|publisher\\=Charles Scribner's Sons\\|year\\=1903\\|location\\=New York\\|pages\\=422}} The [College Building](/wiki/Wren_Building \"Wren Building\") was used as a Confederate barracks and later as a hospital, first by Confederate, and later Union forces. The [Battle of Williamsburg](/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg \"Battle of Williamsburg\") was fought nearby during the [Peninsula Campaign](/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign \"Peninsula Campaign\") on May 5, 1862, and the city was captured by the Union army the next day. The [Brafferton building of the college](/wiki/Brafferton_%28building%29 \"Brafferton (building)\") was used for a time as quarters for the commanding officer of the Union garrison occupying the town. On September 9, 1862, drunken soldiers of the [5th Pennsylvania Cavalry](/wiki/5th_Pennsylvania_Cavalry \"5th Pennsylvania Cavalry\") set fire to the College Building,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wm.edu/vitalfacts/nineteenth2\\.php \\|title\\=1850–1899 {{pipe}} Historical Facts \\|work\\=Historical Chronology of William and Mary \\|publisher\\=Wm.edu \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704205939/http://www.wm.edu/vitalfacts/nineteenth2\\.php \\|archive\\-date\\=July 4, 2008}} purportedly in an attempt to prevent Confederate snipers from using it for cover.{{Primary source inline\\|date\\=May 2022}}",
"Following the restoration of the Union, Virginia was destitute. The college's 16th president, [Benjamin Stoddert Ewell](/wiki/Benjamin_Stoddert_Ewell \"Benjamin Stoddert Ewell\"), finally reopened the school in 1869 using his funds but the college closed again in 1882 due to insufficient funding. In 1888, William \\& Mary resumed operations under an amended charter when the [Commonwealth of Virginia](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Virginia \"Commonwealth of Virginia\") passed an act{{cite web \\|url\\=http://swem.wm.edu/departments/special\\-collections/exhibits/exhibits/charter/normal/ \\|title\\=Earl Gregg Swem Library Special Collections \\|publisher\\=Swem.wm.edu \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011191341/http://swem.wm.edu/departments/special\\-collections/exhibits/exhibits/charter/normal \\|archive\\-date\\=October 11, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} appropriating $10,000 to support the college as a teacher\\-training institution. [Lyon Gardiner Tyler](/wiki/Lyon_Gardiner_Tyler \"Lyon Gardiner Tyler\") (son of US President and alumnus [John Tyler](/wiki/John_Tyler \"John Tyler\")) became the 17th president of the college following Ewell's retirement. Tyler, along with his successor [J. A. C. Chandler](/wiki/J._A._C._Chandler \"J. A. C. Chandler\"), expanded the college. in 1896, [Minnie Braithwaite Jenkins](/wiki/Minnie_Braithwaite_Jenkins \"Minnie Braithwaite Jenkins\") was the first woman to attempt to take classes at William \\& Mary, although her petition was denied.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Freehling \\|first\\=Alison \\|date\\=October 2, 1996 \\|title\\=Light of Learning to Shine in Teacher's Memory \\|url\\=https://www.dailypress.com/1996/10/02/light\\-of\\-learning\\-to\\-shine\\-in\\-teachers\\-memory/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220212619/https://articles.dailypress.com/1996\\-10\\-02/news/9610020089\\_1\\_women\\-s\\-studies\\-william\\-and\\-mary\\-lectures \\|archive\\-date\\=February 20, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=June 27, 2024 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|website\\=Daily Press}} In March 1906, the General Assembly passed an act taking over the college grounds, and it has remained publicly supported ever since. In 1918, it was one of the first universities in Virginia to admit women.[Women at UVa: Graduate and Professional Schools](http://www2.lib.virginia.edu/exhibits/women/grad_prof1.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216222951/http://www2\\.lib.virginia.edu/exhibits/women/grad\\_prof1\\.html \\|date\\=February 16, 2015}}. .lib.virginia.edu. Retrieved on August 9, 2013\\. Enrollment increased from 104 students in 1889 to 1269 students by 1932\\.",
"[thumb\\|The Wren Building, {{circa\\|1902}}](/wiki/File:William_and_Mary_College%2C_Williamsburg%2C_Virginia%2C_circa_1902.jpg \"William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia, circa 1902.jpg\")\n[W. A. R. Goodwin](/wiki/W._A._R._Goodwin \"W. A. R. Goodwin\"), rector at [Bruton Parish Church](/wiki/Bruton_Parish_Church \"Bruton Parish Church\") and professor of biblical literature and religious education at the college, pursued benefactors who could support the restoration of Williamsburg. Goodwin considered Williamsburg \"as the original training and testing ground\" of the United States. Goodwin persuaded [John D. Rockefeller Jr.](/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_Jr. \"John D. Rockefeller Jr.\") to initiate the restoration of Williamsburg in 1926, leading to the establishment of [Colonial Williamsburg](/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg \"Colonial Williamsburg\").{{cite book\\|title\\=The Rockefellers at Williamsburg: Backstory with the Founders, Restorers and World\\-Renowned Guests\\|publisher\\=EPM Publications\\|first\\=Donald J.\\|last\\=Gonzales\\|location\\=\\[\\[McLean, Virginia\\|McLean]], \\[\\[Virginia\\|VA]]\\|date\\=1991\\|isbn\\=0\\-939009\\-58\\-7\\|pages\\=25–26}} Goodwin had initially only pursued Rockefeller to help fund the construction of [Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall](/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa_Memorial_Hall \"Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall\"), but had convinced Rockefeller to participate in a broader restoration effort when he visited William \\& Mary for the hall's dedication. While the college's administration was less supportive of the restoration efforts than many others in Williamsburg–prior to the Colonial Williamsburg project, the William \\& Mary campus was Williamsburg's primary tourist attraction–the college's cooperation was secured.{{cite book\\|title\\=Creating Colonial Williamsburg: The Restoration of Virginia's Eighteenth\\-Century Capital\\|first\\=Anders\\|last\\=Greenspan\\|edition\\=2nd\\|date\\=2009\\|orig\\-date\\=2002\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of North Carolina Press]]\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8078\\-5987\\-2\\|pages\\=18, 51–52}} Restoration paid for by Rockefeller's program extended to the college, with the Wren Building restored in 1928–1931, President's House in 1931, and Brafferton in 1931–1932\\.{{cite book\\|title\\=Buildings of Virginia: Tidewater and Piedmont\\|editor\\-first\\=Richard Guy\\|editor\\-last\\=Wilson\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]], \\[\\[Society of Architectural Historians]]\\|date\\=2002\\|series\\=\\[\\[Buildings of the United States]]\\|isbn\\=0\\-19\\-515206\\-9\\|pages\\=361, 374–376}}{{cite book\\|title\\=The College of William \\& Mary: A History: Volume II\\|chapter\\=Part V: Chapter 1\\|last\\=Sherman\\|first\\=Richard B.\\|publisher\\=King and Queen Press, Society of the Alumni, \\[\\[The College of William and Mary in Virginia]]\\|location\\=\\[\\[Williamsburg, Virginia\\|Williamsburg]], \\[\\[Virginia\\|VA]]\\|date\\=1993\\|page\\=558}}",
"### 1930–present",
"[thumb\\|The [Brafferton](/wiki/Brafferton_%28building%29 \"Brafferton (building)\") {{Circa\\|1907}}](/wiki/File:Brafferton_Building_c1907.jpg \"Brafferton Building c1907.jpg\")\nIn 1930, William \\& Mary established a branch in [Norfolk, Virginia](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia \"Norfolk, Virginia\") called The Norfolk Division of the College of William \\& Mary; it eventually became the independent state\\-supported institution known as [Old Dominion University](/wiki/Old_Dominion_University \"Old Dominion University\").",
"President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\") received an honorary degree from the college on October 20, 1934\\.[\"Roosevelt's Address at William and Mary\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1934/10/21/archives/roosevelts-address-at-william-and-mary.html). *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. {{cite news \\|title\\=Roosevelt's Address at William and Mary \\|url\\=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\\=F10917FF3B5D167A93C3AB178BD95F408385F9 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=October 21, 1934 \\|access\\-date\\=May 4, 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 8, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608171651/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\\=F10917FF3B5D167A93C3AB178BD95F408385F9}}. (October 21, 1934\\). Retrieved on August 9, 2013\\. In 1935, the [Sunken Garden](/wiki/Sunken_Garden_%28Virginia%29 \"Sunken Garden (Virginia)\") was constructed, just west of the Wren Building. The sunken design is taken from a similar landscape feature at [Royal Hospital Chelsea](/wiki/Royal_Hospital_Chelsea \"Royal Hospital Chelsea\") in London, designed by Sir Christopher Wren.",
"In 1945 the editor\\-in\\-chief of *[The Flat Hat](/wiki/The_Flat_Hat \"The Flat Hat\")*, Marilyn Kaemmerle, wrote an editorial \"Lincoln's Job Half\\-Done...\" that supported the end of [racial segregation](/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States \"Racial segregation in the United States\"), [anti\\-miscegenation laws](/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws \"Anti-miscegenation laws\") and [white supremacy](/wiki/White_supremacy \"White supremacy\"); the university administration removed her from the newspaper and nearly expelled her.[Education: Jefferson's Heirs](http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,792051,00.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826034248/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C792051%2C00\\.html \\|date\\=August 26, 2013}}, *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")*, February 26, 1945 According to *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")* magazine, in response, over one\\-thousand William \\& Mary students held \"a spirited mass meeting protesting infringement of the sacred principles of freedom of the press bequeathed by Alumnus Thomas Jefferson.\" She was allowed to graduate but future editors had to discuss \"controversial writings\" with faculty before printing. The college Board of Visitors apologized to her in the 1980s.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Marilyn\\_Kaemmerle\\|title\\=Marilyn Kaemmerle\\|work\\=wm.edu\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309172041/http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Marilyn\\_Kaemmerle\\|archive\\-date\\=March 9, 2012}}{{cite web \\|title\\=A Michigan Woman, Race Relations, and Virginia 1945 \\|url\\=https://libraries.wm.edu/blog/post/michigan\\-woman\\-race\\-relations\\-and\\-virginia\\-1945 \\|website\\=William \\& Mary Libraries \\|access\\-date\\=June 28, 2021 \\|date\\=March 3, 2020}}\n[thumb\\|[Hearth: Memorial to the Enslaved](/wiki/Hearth:Memorial_to_the_Enslaved \"Memorial to the Enslaved\") was dedicated in 2022 to commemorate enslaved persons owned and used by the college.{{cite web\\|title\\=About the Memorial\\|url\\=https://www.wm.edu/sites/enslavedmemorial/about/index.php\\|publisher\\=College of William \\& Mary\\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2022}}](/wiki/File:Heart_Memorial_to_the_Enslaved_in_daylight%2C_2022.jpg \"Heart Memorial to the Enslaved in daylight, 2022.jpg\")\nThe college admitted Hulon Willis into a graduate program in 1951 because the program was unavailable at [Virginia State](/wiki/Virginia_State_University \"Virginia State University\"). However, the college did not open all programs to African\\-American students until around 1970\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Desegregation\\_in\\_Higher\\_Education\\#start\\_entry\\|title\\=Desegregation in Higher Education in Virginia\\|first\\=Peter\\|last\\=Wallenstein\\|access\\-date\\=June 28, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710021610/http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Desegregation\\_in\\_Higher\\_Education\\#start\\_entry\\|archive\\-date\\=July 10, 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In 1960, [The Colleges of William \\& Mary](/wiki/The_Colleges_of_William_%26_Mary \"The Colleges of William & Mary\"), a short\\-lived five campus university system, was founded. It included the College of William \\& Mary, the [Richmond Professional Institute](/wiki/Richmond_Professional_Institute \"Richmond Professional Institute\"), the [Norfolk Division of the College of William \\& Mary](/wiki/Norfolk_Division_of_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary \"Norfolk Division of the College of William & Mary\"), [Christopher Newport College](/wiki/Christopher_Newport_College \"Christopher Newport College\"), and [Richard Bland College](/wiki/Richard_Bland_College \"Richard Bland College\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Godson\\|title\\=The College of William and Mary: A History\\|year\\=1993\\|publisher\\=King and Queen Press\\|isbn\\=0\\-9615670\\-4\\-X\\|display\\-authors\\=etal}} It was dissolved in 1962, with only Richard Bland College remaining officially associated with the College of William and Mary at the present day.",
"In 1974, Jay Winston Johns willed [Highland](/wiki/Highland_%28James_Monroe_house%29 \"Highland (James Monroe house)\"), the {{convert\\|535\\|acre\\|km2\\|adj\\=on}} historic [Albemarle County, Virginia](/wiki/Albemarle_County%2C_Virginia \"Albemarle County, Virginia\") estate of alumnus and U.S. President James Monroe, to the college. The college restored this historic presidential home near Charlottesville and opened it to the public.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ashlawnhighland.org/ \\|title\\=Ash Lawn\\-Highland, Home of James Monroe \\|publisher\\=Ashlawnhighland.org \\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414170725/http://ashlawnhighland.org/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 14, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Jefferson Hall, a student dormitory, was destroyed by fire on January 20, 1983, with no casualties. The building, including the destroyed west wing, was later rebuilt and reopened.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://libraries.wm.edu/exhibits/jefferson\\-hall\\-fire\\-30th\\-anniversary\\|title\\=Jefferson Hall Fire: 30th Anniversary\\|date\\=2013\\|last\\=Special Collections Research Center \\|publisher\\=William \\& Mary Libraries\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025124708/https://libraries.wm.edu/exhibits/jefferson\\-hall\\-fire\\-30th\\-anniversary\\|archive\\-date\\=October 25, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=February 4, 2021}}",
"On July 25, 2012, [Eastern Virginia Medical School](/wiki/Eastern_Virginia_Medical_School \"Eastern Virginia Medical School\") (EVMS), in nearby [Norfolk, Virginia](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia \"Norfolk, Virginia\"), made a joint announcement with William \\& Mary that the two schools were considering merging, with the prospect that EVMS would become the William \\& Mary School of Medicine.{{cite web \\|last\\=Whitson \\|first\\=Brian \\|title\\=W\\&M and EVMS to explore School of Medicine \\|url\\=http://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2012/wm\\-and\\-evms\\-to\\-explore\\-school\\-of\\-medicine.php \\|publisher\\=The College of William \\& Mary \\|date\\=July 25, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=March 26, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124730/http://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2012/wm\\-and\\-evms\\-to\\-explore\\-school\\-of\\-medicine.php \\|archive\\-date\\=April 2, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Reveley \\|first\\=Taylor \\|title\\=President's message on W\\&M and EVMS \\|url\\=http://www.wm.edu/news/announcements/archive/2012/presidents\\-message\\-on\\-wm\\-and\\-evms.php \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|publisher\\=The College of William \\& Mary \\|date\\=July 25, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=March 26, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155626/http://www.wm.edu/news/announcements/archive/2012/presidents\\-message\\-on\\-wm\\-and\\-evms.php \\|archive\\-date\\=April 2, 2015}} Any such merger would have to be confirmed by the two schools and then confirmed by the Virginia General Assembly and Governor. A pilot relationship, supported by a $200,000 grant in the Virginia budget, was subsequently agreed upon by both universities to examine this possible union in reality.{{cite web \\|last\\=Whitson \\|first\\=Brian \\|title\\=W\\&M report recommends pilot partnership with EVMS \\|url\\=http://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2013/wm\\-report\\-recommends\\-pilot\\-partnership\\-with\\-evms123\\.php \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|publisher\\=The College of William \\& Mary \\|date\\=January 16, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=March 26, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110111/http://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2013/wm\\-report\\-recommends\\-pilot\\-partnership\\-with\\-evms123\\.php \\|archive\\-date\\=April 2, 2015}}",
"Throughout the second half of the 20th century, William \\& Mary has retained its historic ties to the United Kingdom and that state's royal family. In 1954, [Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother \"Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother\") visited William \\& Mary as part of her tour of the United States, becoming the first member of the royal family to visit the college. In 1957, [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II \"Queen Elizabeth II\") and [Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh](/wiki/Prince_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh \"Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh\"), visited the college to commemorate the 350th anniversary of the landing at Jamestown. Queen Elizabeth gave a speech from the balcony of the Wren Building that drew over 20,000 people, the largest crowd ever seen in the city. In 1981, [Charles, Prince of Wales](/wiki/Charles%2C_Prince_of_Wales \"Charles, Prince of Wales\"), visited to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Yorktown. In 1988, the United States Congress selected William \\& Mary to send a delegation to the United Kingdom for the 300th anniversary of the ascension of King William III and Queen Mary II. Prince Charles would return to the college in 1993 for the 300th anniversary of William \\& Mary, and that same year William \\& Mary sent a delegation to meet with Queen Elizabeth II. Former Prime Minister [Margaret Thatcher](/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher \"Margaret Thatcher\") would be made the [Chancellor of the College of William \\& Mary](/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary \"Chancellor of the College of William & Mary\") that same year. In 2007, Elizabeth II and Prince Philip would visit the college for a second time to recognize the 400th anniversary of the landing at Jamestown.{{cite web \\|last\\=Langley \\|first\\=Cortney \\|title\\=Great Britain's royalty is at home at William \\& Mary \\|url\\=https://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2015/rolling\\-out\\-wms\\-red\\-carpet\\-for\\-royalty123\\.php \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|publisher\\=The College of William \\& Mary \\|date\\=March 13, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=March 21, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216121522/https://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2015/rolling\\-out\\-wms\\-red\\-carpet\\-for\\-royalty123\\.php \\|archive\\-date\\=February 16, 2019}} In 2022, a [beacon](/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Platinum_Jubilee_Beacons \"The Queen's Platinum Jubilee Beacons\") was lit in front of the Wren Building to celebrate the [Platinum Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II \"Platinum Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Queen's Platinum Jubilee in Williamsburg, Virginia USA \\|url\\=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20221010111940/https://platinumjubilee.gov.uk/event/queens\\-platinum\\-jubilee\\-in\\-williamsburg\\-virginia\\-usa/ \\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2022}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Jack Calvin Stultz, Jr. was born in Leaksville North Carolina. He attended [Davidson College](/wiki/Davidson_College "Davidson College") in [Davidson, North Carolina](/wiki/Davidson%2C_North_Carolina "Davidson, North Carolina"), graduating with a [Bachelor of Arts](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts "Bachelor of Arts") degree in [history](/wiki/History "History"). He played and lettered in football from 1971 to 1973\.[Football Letter Winners from Davidson College](http://www.davidsonwildcats.com/documents/2007/8/28/letterwinners.pdf) Stultz entered active duty in 1974 after receiving his commission as an [engineer](/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers "United States Army Corps of Engineers") officer from the [Reserve Officers' Training Corps](/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps "Reserve Officers' Training Corps"). After completing the Engineer Officer Basic Course and [Airborne School](/wiki/United_States_Army_Airborne_School "United States Army Airborne School"), he was assigned to the [20th Engineer Battalion](/wiki/20th_Engineer_Battalion "20th Engineer Battalion"), [Fort Campbell](/wiki/Fort_Campbell "Fort Campbell"), Kentucky, and served as [platoon leader](/wiki/Platoon_leader "Platoon leader"), [executive officer](/wiki/Executive_officer "Executive officer"), and [commander](/wiki/Company_Commander "Company Commander"), Company B, 20th Engineer Battalion.
Stultz left active duty in June 1979 to pursue a civilian career. He also began his Army Reserve career with assignment to the [108th Division (Infantry OSUT)](/wiki/108th_Division_%28United_States%29 "108th Division (United States)"), headquartered in [Charlotte, North Carolina](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina "Charlotte, North Carolina"). Stultz served in a variety of positions with the 108th Division, including brigade assistant operations officer, battalion personnel officer, commander, Company D, 4th Battalion 108th Regiment, and division assistant operations officer.
Stultz began his career with the [Transportation Corps](/wiki/Transportation_Corps_%28United_States_Army%29 "Transportation Corps (United States Army)") in February 1987 with an assignment to the 32d Transportation Group (Composite), which was mobilized and deployed in November 1990 in support of [Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm](/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War"). Stultz was responsible for providing transportation support to [XVIII Airborne Corps](/wiki/XVIII_Airborne_Corps_%28United_States%29 "XVIII Airborne Corps (United States)") and [VII Corps](/wiki/VII_Corps_%28United_States%29 "VII Corps (United States)") in [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia"), [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq"), and [Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait "Kuwait"). Stultz assumed responsibilities as the group executive officer after returning from the desert in July 1991\.
He took command of the 257th Transportation Battalion (Movement Control) in 1995\. The battalion deployed to the Balkans in March 1997 in support of [Operation Joint Endeavor/Joint Guard](/wiki/Operation_Joint_Endeavor "Operation Joint Endeavor"), providing movement control support for operations in [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary "Hungary"), [Croatia](/wiki/Croatia "Croatia"), and [Bosnia](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Bosnia and Herzegovina").
He took command of the 32d Transportation Group in 1998, and served in this capacity until assuming duties as deputy commanding general, 143d Transportation Command in 1999\.
Stultz deployed to Kuwait in October 2002 as commander, 143d Transportation Command (Forward), establishing initial logistics operations in support of [Operation Iraqi Freedom](/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War"). Moving forward into Iraq with the initial ground offensive, he established the first forward logistics hub at [Tallil](/wiki/Ali_Air_Base "Ali Air Base") and initial rail operations at Garma, located west of Baghdad. In October 2003, he was assigned as director of movements, distribution, and transportation, [Coalition Forces Land Component Command\-Kuwait](/wiki/Coalition_Forces_Land_Component_Command "Coalition Forces Land Component Command"), responsible for the deployment and redeployment of sustainment supplies for United States and Coalition forces in Kuwait and Iraq. From January to August 2004, he was responsible for port and ground transportation operations for the largest movement of forces since World War II, more commonly known as a "surge." Stultz returned to the United States in August 2004 after 22 months in [theater](/wiki/Theater_%28warfare%29 "Theater (warfare)").
In October 2004, Stultz was promoted to the rank of [major general](/wiki/Major_general_%28United_States%29 "Major general (United States)") and assumed command of the 143d Transportation Command in [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida "Orlando, Florida"), which provided command and control to twelve units in the southeastern United States.
### United States Army Reserve Command
Stultz was assigned as deputy commanding general of the United States Army Reserve Command in October 2005\. On May 25, 2006, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general and became chief, Army Reserve, and commanding general, United States Army Reserve Command. On June 9, 2012, Stultz relinquished command to Lieutenant General Jeffrey Talley. Nearly 500 guests were on hand to honor Lt. Gen. Jack C. Stultz and his wife, Laura, on June 8, 2012, at the Raleigh Convention Center. Stultz retired from active duty on 15 September 2012 with over 38 years of service.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/89698/army\-reserve\-family\-bids\-farewell\-lt\-gen\-and\-mrs\-stultz \| title\=Army Reserve family bids farewell to Lt. Gen. and Mrs. Stultz \| date\=June 9, 2012 \| accessdate\=May 22, 2014}} He and his wife, Lauralyn Brown Stultz, reside in Apopka, Florida. In his retirement, Stultz serves on the board of directors of VSE Corporation{{cite web \| url\=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId\=225662140\&ticker\=VSEC \| archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140522123959/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId\=225662140\&ticker\=VSEC \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-date\=May 22, 2014 \| title\=Jack C. Stultz Jr., USAR (Ret.) \| accessdate\=May 22, 2014}} in Alexandria, Virginia and as a private consultant to several major corporations and non\-profit organizations.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Jack Calvin Stultz, Jr. was born in Leaksville North Carolina. He attended [Davidson College](/wiki/Davidson_College \"Davidson College\") in [Davidson, North Carolina](/wiki/Davidson%2C_North_Carolina \"Davidson, North Carolina\"), graduating with a [Bachelor of Arts](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts \"Bachelor of Arts\") degree in [history](/wiki/History \"History\"). He played and lettered in football from 1971 to 1973\\.[Football Letter Winners from Davidson College](http://www.davidsonwildcats.com/documents/2007/8/28/letterwinners.pdf) Stultz entered active duty in 1974 after receiving his commission as an [engineer](/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers \"United States Army Corps of Engineers\") officer from the [Reserve Officers' Training Corps](/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps \"Reserve Officers' Training Corps\"). After completing the Engineer Officer Basic Course and [Airborne School](/wiki/United_States_Army_Airborne_School \"United States Army Airborne School\"), he was assigned to the [20th Engineer Battalion](/wiki/20th_Engineer_Battalion \"20th Engineer Battalion\"), [Fort Campbell](/wiki/Fort_Campbell \"Fort Campbell\"), Kentucky, and served as [platoon leader](/wiki/Platoon_leader \"Platoon leader\"), [executive officer](/wiki/Executive_officer \"Executive officer\"), and [commander](/wiki/Company_Commander \"Company Commander\"), Company B, 20th Engineer Battalion.",
"Stultz left active duty in June 1979 to pursue a civilian career. He also began his Army Reserve career with assignment to the [108th Division (Infantry OSUT)](/wiki/108th_Division_%28United_States%29 \"108th Division (United States)\"), headquartered in [Charlotte, North Carolina](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina \"Charlotte, North Carolina\"). Stultz served in a variety of positions with the 108th Division, including brigade assistant operations officer, battalion personnel officer, commander, Company D, 4th Battalion 108th Regiment, and division assistant operations officer.",
"Stultz began his career with the [Transportation Corps](/wiki/Transportation_Corps_%28United_States_Army%29 \"Transportation Corps (United States Army)\") in February 1987 with an assignment to the 32d Transportation Group (Composite), which was mobilized and deployed in November 1990 in support of [Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm](/wiki/Gulf_War \"Gulf War\"). Stultz was responsible for providing transportation support to [XVIII Airborne Corps](/wiki/XVIII_Airborne_Corps_%28United_States%29 \"XVIII Airborne Corps (United States)\") and [VII Corps](/wiki/VII_Corps_%28United_States%29 \"VII Corps (United States)\") in [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\"), [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\"), and [Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait \"Kuwait\"). Stultz assumed responsibilities as the group executive officer after returning from the desert in July 1991\\.",
"He took command of the 257th Transportation Battalion (Movement Control) in 1995\\. The battalion deployed to the Balkans in March 1997 in support of [Operation Joint Endeavor/Joint Guard](/wiki/Operation_Joint_Endeavor \"Operation Joint Endeavor\"), providing movement control support for operations in [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary \"Hungary\"), [Croatia](/wiki/Croatia \"Croatia\"), and [Bosnia](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"Bosnia and Herzegovina\").",
"He took command of the 32d Transportation Group in 1998, and served in this capacity until assuming duties as deputy commanding general, 143d Transportation Command in 1999\\.",
"Stultz deployed to Kuwait in October 2002 as commander, 143d Transportation Command (Forward), establishing initial logistics operations in support of [Operation Iraqi Freedom](/wiki/Iraq_War \"Iraq War\"). Moving forward into Iraq with the initial ground offensive, he established the first forward logistics hub at [Tallil](/wiki/Ali_Air_Base \"Ali Air Base\") and initial rail operations at Garma, located west of Baghdad. In October 2003, he was assigned as director of movements, distribution, and transportation, [Coalition Forces Land Component Command\\-Kuwait](/wiki/Coalition_Forces_Land_Component_Command \"Coalition Forces Land Component Command\"), responsible for the deployment and redeployment of sustainment supplies for United States and Coalition forces in Kuwait and Iraq. From January to August 2004, he was responsible for port and ground transportation operations for the largest movement of forces since World War II, more commonly known as a \"surge.\" Stultz returned to the United States in August 2004 after 22 months in [theater](/wiki/Theater_%28warfare%29 \"Theater (warfare)\").",
"In October 2004, Stultz was promoted to the rank of [major general](/wiki/Major_general_%28United_States%29 \"Major general (United States)\") and assumed command of the 143d Transportation Command in [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida \"Orlando, Florida\"), which provided command and control to twelve units in the southeastern United States.",
"### United States Army Reserve Command",
"Stultz was assigned as deputy commanding general of the United States Army Reserve Command in October 2005\\. On May 25, 2006, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general and became chief, Army Reserve, and commanding general, United States Army Reserve Command. On June 9, 2012, Stultz relinquished command to Lieutenant General Jeffrey Talley. Nearly 500 guests were on hand to honor Lt. Gen. Jack C. Stultz and his wife, Laura, on June 8, 2012, at the Raleigh Convention Center. Stultz retired from active duty on 15 September 2012 with over 38 years of service.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/89698/army\\-reserve\\-family\\-bids\\-farewell\\-lt\\-gen\\-and\\-mrs\\-stultz \\| title\\=Army Reserve family bids farewell to Lt. Gen. and Mrs. Stultz \\| date\\=June 9, 2012 \\| accessdate\\=May 22, 2014}} He and his wife, Lauralyn Brown Stultz, reside in Apopka, Florida. In his retirement, Stultz serves on the board of directors of VSE Corporation{{cite web \\| url\\=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId\\=225662140\\&ticker\\=VSEC \\| archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140522123959/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId\\=225662140\\&ticker\\=VSEC \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-date\\=May 22, 2014 \\| title\\=Jack C. Stultz Jr., USAR (Ret.) \\| accessdate\\=May 22, 2014}} in Alexandria, Virginia and as a private consultant to several major corporations and non\\-profit organizations.",
""
] |
Village centers
---------------
The municipality has no districts. But has 3 village centers or major neighborhoods. Alken\-Centre, [Sint\-Joris](/wiki/Sint-Joris%2C_Alken "Sint-Joris, Alken") (St. George) and [Terkoest](/wiki/Terkoest "Terkoest").
Alken\-Centre is located in the east of the municipality, neighboring [Hasselt](/wiki/Hasselt "Hasselt") and [Wellen](/wiki/Wellen "Wellen"). The parish is dedicated to St. Aldegondis and it is the oldest parish in Alken. The city hall, the CPAS, most shops and institutions are located here.
Sint\-Joris (St. George) is located south of Alken, neighboring Sint\-Truiden and Nieuwerkerken. The parish is dedicated to St. George Patron Saint, known from the story of Saint George and the dragon.
Terkoest located in the northwest of the town, neighboring Hasselt and Nieuwerkerken. The name Terkoest comes from an old Dutch word for marshy areas.
A fourth neighborhood in Alken grew around the station, though this station area is not developed into a real village. The station was closed for a while and the local school closed.
|
[
"Village centers\n---------------",
"The municipality has no districts. But has 3 village centers or major neighborhoods. Alken\\-Centre, [Sint\\-Joris](/wiki/Sint-Joris%2C_Alken \"Sint-Joris, Alken\") (St. George) and [Terkoest](/wiki/Terkoest \"Terkoest\").",
"Alken\\-Centre is located in the east of the municipality, neighboring [Hasselt](/wiki/Hasselt \"Hasselt\") and [Wellen](/wiki/Wellen \"Wellen\"). The parish is dedicated to St. Aldegondis and it is the oldest parish in Alken. The city hall, the CPAS, most shops and institutions are located here.",
"Sint\\-Joris (St. George) is located south of Alken, neighboring Sint\\-Truiden and Nieuwerkerken. The parish is dedicated to St. George Patron Saint, known from the story of Saint George and the dragon.",
"Terkoest located in the northwest of the town, neighboring Hasselt and Nieuwerkerken. The name Terkoest comes from an old Dutch word for marshy areas.",
"A fourth neighborhood in Alken grew around the station, though this station area is not developed into a real village. The station was closed for a while and the local school closed.",
""
] |
Religion (2004 census)
----------------------
{{Main\|Religion in Moldova}}
According to the 2004 census, the population of Moldova has the following religious composition:
| Religion | Adherents | % of total |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [Eastern Orthodox Christians](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy "Eastern Orthodoxy") 3,158,015 | 93\.3% |
|
|
Newer [Protestant](/wiki/Protestantism%23Later_development "Protestantism#Later development") faiths
[Baptists](/wiki/Baptists "Baptists")
[Seventh\-day Adventists](/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church "Seventh-day Adventist Church")
[Pentecostal](/wiki/Pentecostalism "Pentecostalism")
Christians of Evangelical Faith {{smallsup\|a}}
32,754{{spaces\|4}} 13,503{{spaces\|4}} 9,179{{spaces\|4}} 5,075{{spaces\|4}} |
1\.79% 0\.97%{{spaces\|4}} 0\.40%{{spaces\|4}} 0\.27%{{spaces\|4}} 0\.15%{{spaces\|4}} |
|
Traditional Protestant
Confessional Evangelicals
[Reformed](/wiki/Reformed_Church "Reformed Church")
Evangelical Synod\-Presbyterians
1,429{{spaces\|4}} 1,190{{spaces\|4}} 3,596{{spaces\|4}} |
0\.19% 0\.04%{{spaces\|4}} 0\.04%{{spaces\|4}} 0\.11%{{spaces\|4}} |
| [Old\-Rite Christians](/wiki/Old_Believers "Old Believers") {{smallsup\|b}} 5,094 | 0\.15% |
| Roman Catholics 4,645 | 0\.14% |
| Other religions 29,813 | 0\.88% |
|
| [Non\-religious](/wiki/Irreligion "Irreligion") 33,207 | 0\.98% |
| [Atheists](/wiki/Atheist "Atheist") 12,724 | 0\.38% |
|
**Notes:** 75,727 (2\.24% of population) did not answer that question.
a Known as *Creștini după Evanghelie*, [Pentecostal](/wiki/Pentecostalism "Pentecostalism") group.
b Traditionally Orthodox [Lipovans](/wiki/Lipovan "Lipovan").
**History**
In 1940–1941, and 1944–1991, the Soviet government strictly limited the activities of the Orthodox Church (and all religions) and at times sought to exploit it, with the ultimate goal of abolishing it and all religious activity altogether. Most Orthodox churches and monasteries in Moldova were demolished or converted to other uses, such as administrative buildings or warehouses, and clergy were sometimes punished for leading services. Still, many believers continued to practice their faith.
People in the independent Moldova have much greater religious freedom than they did in Soviet times. Legislation passed in 1992 guarantees religious freedom, but requires all religious groups to be officially recognized by the government.
**Orthodox Christians**
In 1991, Moldova had 853 Orthodox churches and eleven Orthodox monasteries (four for monks and seven for nuns). In 1992 construction or restoration of 221 churches was underway, but clergy remained in short supply.{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2009}} As of 2004, Christian Orthodox constitute the vast majority of the population in all districts of Moldova.
In the [interwar period](/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania "Union of Bessarabia with Romania"), the vast majority of ethnic Moldovans belonged to the [Romanian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church "Romanian Orthodox Church") (Bucharest Patriarchate), but today both Romanian and [Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church "Russian Orthodox Church") (Moscow Patriarchate) have jurisdiction in Moldova, with the latter having more parishes. According to the local needs, [liturgy](/wiki/Liturgy "Liturgy") is performed in Romanian, Russian, and Turkic (Gagauz). After the revival of religious activity in the last 20 years, a minority of the clergy and the faithful wanted to return to the Bucharest Patriarchate ([Metropolis of Bessarabia](/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabia "Metropolis of Bessarabia")). Because higher\-level church authorities were unable to resolve the matter, Moldova now has two episcopates, one for each patriarchate. After the Soviet occupation in 1940, the Metropolis was downgraded to a Bishopric. In late 1992, the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia issued a decree upgrading its [eparchy](/wiki/Eparchy "Eparchy") of Chișinău and Moldova to a [Metropolis](/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province "Ecclesiastical province").
**Greek Catholics**
Moldova also has a [Greek Catholic](/wiki/Greek_Catholic "Greek Catholic") minority, mainly among ethnic Ukrainians, although the Soviet government declared the Greek Catholic Churches illegal in 1946 and forcibly united them with the Russian Orthodox Church. However, the Greek Catholic Churches had survived underground until the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
**Roman Catholics**
Half of Moldova's Roman Catholics are in Chișinău, and 1/5 in Bălți.
**Old Believers**
In addition, the Old Russian Orthodox Church ([Old Believers](/wiki/Old_Believers "Old Believers")) had fourteen churches and one monastery in Moldova in 1991\.
Half of Moldova's Old Believers are in Florești district, and 1/5 in Sîngerei district.
**Judaism**
Despite the Soviet government's suppression and harassment, Moldova's practicing Jews managed to retain their religious identity. About a dozen Jewish newspapers were started in the early 1990s, and religious leaders opened a synagogue in Chișinău; there were six Jewish communities of worship throughout the country. In addition, Moldova's government created the Department of Jewish Studies at [Chișinău State University](/wiki/Moldova_State_University "Moldova State University"), mandated the opening of a Jewish high school in Chișinău, and introduced classes in Judaism in high schools in several cities. The government also provides financial support to the Society for Jewish Culture.
**Protestants**
There are around 65,000 Protestants of all sects in Moldova today. There are more than 1,000 Baptists in the cities of Chișinău and Bălți, in Cahul, Fălești, Hîncești, Sîngerei, Ștefan Vodă, and Ungheni districts, and in Găgăuzia. There are more than 1,000 Seventh\-day Adventists in Cahul, Hîncești and Sîngerei districts, and in Găgăuzia, there are more than 1,000 Pentecostals in Chișinău and in Briceni district. There are more than 1,000 members of Brethren assemblies only in Chișinău. There are more than 1,000 Evangelical Synod\-Presbyterians only in Chișinău.
**Others**
Other religious denominations in Moldova include:
* [Armenian Apostolic Church](/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church "Armenian Apostolic Church")
* [Molokans](/wiki/Molokan "Molokan") (a Russian Orthodox sect).
* [Islam](/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova "Islam in Moldova")
|
[
"Religion (2004 census)\n----------------------",
"{{Main\\|Religion in Moldova}}\nAccording to the 2004 census, the population of Moldova has the following religious composition:",
"| Religion | Adherents | % of total |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [Eastern Orthodox Christians](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy \"Eastern Orthodoxy\") 3,158,015 | 93\\.3% |\n|\n|\nNewer [Protestant](/wiki/Protestantism%23Later_development \"Protestantism#Later development\") faiths\n [Baptists](/wiki/Baptists \"Baptists\")\n[Seventh\\-day Adventists](/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church \"Seventh-day Adventist Church\")\n[Pentecostal](/wiki/Pentecostalism \"Pentecostalism\")\n Christians of Evangelical Faith {{smallsup\\|a}}",
"32,754{{spaces\\|4}} 13,503{{spaces\\|4}} 9,179{{spaces\\|4}} 5,075{{spaces\\|4}} |\n 1\\.79% 0\\.97%{{spaces\\|4}} 0\\.40%{{spaces\\|4}} 0\\.27%{{spaces\\|4}} 0\\.15%{{spaces\\|4}} |\n|\nTraditional Protestant\n Confessional Evangelicals\n [Reformed](/wiki/Reformed_Church \"Reformed Church\")\n Evangelical Synod\\-Presbyterians",
"1,429{{spaces\\|4}} 1,190{{spaces\\|4}} 3,596{{spaces\\|4}} |\n 0\\.19% 0\\.04%{{spaces\\|4}} 0\\.04%{{spaces\\|4}} 0\\.11%{{spaces\\|4}} |\n| [Old\\-Rite Christians](/wiki/Old_Believers \"Old Believers\") {{smallsup\\|b}} 5,094 | 0\\.15% |\n| Roman Catholics 4,645 | 0\\.14% |\n| Other religions 29,813 | 0\\.88% |\n|",
"| [Non\\-religious](/wiki/Irreligion \"Irreligion\") 33,207 | 0\\.98% |\n| [Atheists](/wiki/Atheist \"Atheist\") 12,724 | 0\\.38% |\n|",
"",
"",
"**Notes:** 75,727 (2\\.24% of population) did not answer that question. \na Known as *Creștini după Evanghelie*, [Pentecostal](/wiki/Pentecostalism \"Pentecostalism\") group. \nb Traditionally Orthodox [Lipovans](/wiki/Lipovan \"Lipovan\").\n**History**",
"In 1940–1941, and 1944–1991, the Soviet government strictly limited the activities of the Orthodox Church (and all religions) and at times sought to exploit it, with the ultimate goal of abolishing it and all religious activity altogether. Most Orthodox churches and monasteries in Moldova were demolished or converted to other uses, such as administrative buildings or warehouses, and clergy were sometimes punished for leading services. Still, many believers continued to practice their faith.",
"People in the independent Moldova have much greater religious freedom than they did in Soviet times. Legislation passed in 1992 guarantees religious freedom, but requires all religious groups to be officially recognized by the government.",
"**Orthodox Christians**",
"In 1991, Moldova had 853 Orthodox churches and eleven Orthodox monasteries (four for monks and seven for nuns). In 1992 construction or restoration of 221 churches was underway, but clergy remained in short supply.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2009}} As of 2004, Christian Orthodox constitute the vast majority of the population in all districts of Moldova.",
"In the [interwar period](/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania \"Union of Bessarabia with Romania\"), the vast majority of ethnic Moldovans belonged to the [Romanian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church \"Romanian Orthodox Church\") (Bucharest Patriarchate), but today both Romanian and [Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church \"Russian Orthodox Church\") (Moscow Patriarchate) have jurisdiction in Moldova, with the latter having more parishes. According to the local needs, [liturgy](/wiki/Liturgy \"Liturgy\") is performed in Romanian, Russian, and Turkic (Gagauz). After the revival of religious activity in the last 20 years, a minority of the clergy and the faithful wanted to return to the Bucharest Patriarchate ([Metropolis of Bessarabia](/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabia \"Metropolis of Bessarabia\")). Because higher\\-level church authorities were unable to resolve the matter, Moldova now has two episcopates, one for each patriarchate. After the Soviet occupation in 1940, the Metropolis was downgraded to a Bishopric. In late 1992, the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia issued a decree upgrading its [eparchy](/wiki/Eparchy \"Eparchy\") of Chișinău and Moldova to a [Metropolis](/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province \"Ecclesiastical province\").",
"**Greek Catholics**",
"Moldova also has a [Greek Catholic](/wiki/Greek_Catholic \"Greek Catholic\") minority, mainly among ethnic Ukrainians, although the Soviet government declared the Greek Catholic Churches illegal in 1946 and forcibly united them with the Russian Orthodox Church. However, the Greek Catholic Churches had survived underground until the dissolution of the Soviet Union.",
"**Roman Catholics**",
"Half of Moldova's Roman Catholics are in Chișinău, and 1/5 in Bălți.",
"**Old Believers**",
"In addition, the Old Russian Orthodox Church ([Old Believers](/wiki/Old_Believers \"Old Believers\")) had fourteen churches and one monastery in Moldova in 1991\\.",
"Half of Moldova's Old Believers are in Florești district, and 1/5 in Sîngerei district.",
"**Judaism**",
"Despite the Soviet government's suppression and harassment, Moldova's practicing Jews managed to retain their religious identity. About a dozen Jewish newspapers were started in the early 1990s, and religious leaders opened a synagogue in Chișinău; there were six Jewish communities of worship throughout the country. In addition, Moldova's government created the Department of Jewish Studies at [Chișinău State University](/wiki/Moldova_State_University \"Moldova State University\"), mandated the opening of a Jewish high school in Chișinău, and introduced classes in Judaism in high schools in several cities. The government also provides financial support to the Society for Jewish Culture.",
"**Protestants**",
"There are around 65,000 Protestants of all sects in Moldova today. There are more than 1,000 Baptists in the cities of Chișinău and Bălți, in Cahul, Fălești, Hîncești, Sîngerei, Ștefan Vodă, and Ungheni districts, and in Găgăuzia. There are more than 1,000 Seventh\\-day Adventists in Cahul, Hîncești and Sîngerei districts, and in Găgăuzia, there are more than 1,000 Pentecostals in Chișinău and in Briceni district. There are more than 1,000 members of Brethren assemblies only in Chișinău. There are more than 1,000 Evangelical Synod\\-Presbyterians only in Chișinău.",
"**Others**",
"Other religious denominations in Moldova include:\n* [Armenian Apostolic Church](/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church \"Armenian Apostolic Church\")\n* [Molokans](/wiki/Molokan \"Molokan\") (a Russian Orthodox sect).\n* [Islam](/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova \"Islam in Moldova\")",
""
] |
Decommission
------------
Development of the big engine was protracted. The all\-important 150\-hour qualification test that was to have been accomplished in December 1949 was not completed until January 1951, a year behind schedule. The afterburner was particularly troublesome – the afterburning version of the engine, the J40\-WE\-8, did not pass its 150\-hour qualification until August 1952\. As a result, J40\-WE\-6 engines without afterburners had to be used for initial testing, causing delays in flight test programs.
Early on even the low\-powered versions of the engine were considered unusable because of reliability problems. The A3D would prove successful with alternate engines, but the F3H\-1 was relegated to subsonic performance using the lower\-powered engine and continued to be subsonic even after substitution of the higher\-power Allison J71\. It has been stated, that although considered failures, the F3H\-1 could have been competitive with early supersonic Air Force's Century Series fighters had the original engines delivered on their design specifications.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.bobjellison.com/f3h\_demon.htm \|title\=Bob Jellison McDonnell F3H Demon \|access\-date\=2009\-08\-19 \|archive\-date\=2008\-12\-23 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223062956/http://www.bobjellison.com/f3h\_demon.htm \|url\-status\=dead }} In fact, the Demon that emerged from development was a missile\-armed all\-weather fighter over {{convert\|8000\|lb\|abbr\=on}} heavier than the XF3H\-1 had been, and even the high\-powered J71 could not restore its performance.
The F3H\-1N Demon single\-engine jet fighter was initially a severe disappointment, due to the unreliability of the J40 and the difficulties of flying the much heavier airframe with the lower\-powered J40\-WE\-22A engines. The airframe design had assumed the higher\-powered J40\-WE\-10 would be the power plant. These first production Demons were grounded for a redesign to accept the J71 engine after the loss of six aircraft and four pilots.[Boeing.com: F3H/F\-3 Demon Fighter](http://www.boeing.com/history/mdc/demon.htm) The decision to move the Demon to the J71 had occurred long before the initial production batch emerged and with the development of a suitable afterburner for the J71 being protracted, BuAer decided to accept the early aircraft with Westinghouse J40\-WE\-22A and \-22 engines. This decision came under Congressional review in 1955 and drew sharp criticism from Congress. *[Time Magazine](/wiki/Time_Magazine "Time Magazine")* called the Navy's grounding of all Westinghouse\-powered F3H\-1 Demons a "fiasco", with 21 unflyable planes, that could be used only for Navy ground training at a loss of $200 million.[Time Magazine "Demon on the Ground" Nov. 7, 1955](https://web.archive.org/web/20081215062722/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,807966,00.html) One high point of the J40 was the 1955 setting of an unofficial time\-to\-climb record, in a Demon, of {{convert\|10000\|ft\|m}} in 71 seconds.
A replacement engine could not be easily fitted into the grounded Demons, as the fuselage had to be redesigned and enlarged. When this redesign was done to accommodate the J71, the wing area was also enlarged to counter the increased weight of the all\-weather aircraft. The F4D Skyray that had been designed to more easily accept different engines emerged in production powered by the [Pratt \& Whitney J57](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J57 "Pratt & Whitney J57").
The A3D emerged with non\-afterburning J57 engines as well. The F10F\-1 program was cancelled primarily due to unsolvable aerodynamic issues with the variable\-sweep wing and the control systems. The J40 engine issues were of secondary importance during the prototype flight trials.
|
[
"Decommission\n------------",
"Development of the big engine was protracted. The all\\-important 150\\-hour qualification test that was to have been accomplished in December 1949 was not completed until January 1951, a year behind schedule. The afterburner was particularly troublesome – the afterburning version of the engine, the J40\\-WE\\-8, did not pass its 150\\-hour qualification until August 1952\\. As a result, J40\\-WE\\-6 engines without afterburners had to be used for initial testing, causing delays in flight test programs.",
"Early on even the low\\-powered versions of the engine were considered unusable because of reliability problems. The A3D would prove successful with alternate engines, but the F3H\\-1 was relegated to subsonic performance using the lower\\-powered engine and continued to be subsonic even after substitution of the higher\\-power Allison J71\\. It has been stated, that although considered failures, the F3H\\-1 could have been competitive with early supersonic Air Force's Century Series fighters had the original engines delivered on their design specifications.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.bobjellison.com/f3h\\_demon.htm \\|title\\=Bob Jellison McDonnell F3H Demon \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-19 \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-23 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223062956/http://www.bobjellison.com/f3h\\_demon.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In fact, the Demon that emerged from development was a missile\\-armed all\\-weather fighter over {{convert\\|8000\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} heavier than the XF3H\\-1 had been, and even the high\\-powered J71 could not restore its performance.",
"The F3H\\-1N Demon single\\-engine jet fighter was initially a severe disappointment, due to the unreliability of the J40 and the difficulties of flying the much heavier airframe with the lower\\-powered J40\\-WE\\-22A engines. The airframe design had assumed the higher\\-powered J40\\-WE\\-10 would be the power plant. These first production Demons were grounded for a redesign to accept the J71 engine after the loss of six aircraft and four pilots.[Boeing.com: F3H/F\\-3 Demon Fighter](http://www.boeing.com/history/mdc/demon.htm) The decision to move the Demon to the J71 had occurred long before the initial production batch emerged and with the development of a suitable afterburner for the J71 being protracted, BuAer decided to accept the early aircraft with Westinghouse J40\\-WE\\-22A and \\-22 engines. This decision came under Congressional review in 1955 and drew sharp criticism from Congress. *[Time Magazine](/wiki/Time_Magazine \"Time Magazine\")* called the Navy's grounding of all Westinghouse\\-powered F3H\\-1 Demons a \"fiasco\", with 21 unflyable planes, that could be used only for Navy ground training at a loss of $200 million.[Time Magazine \"Demon on the Ground\" Nov. 7, 1955](https://web.archive.org/web/20081215062722/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,807966,00.html) One high point of the J40 was the 1955 setting of an unofficial time\\-to\\-climb record, in a Demon, of {{convert\\|10000\\|ft\\|m}} in 71 seconds.",
"A replacement engine could not be easily fitted into the grounded Demons, as the fuselage had to be redesigned and enlarged. When this redesign was done to accommodate the J71, the wing area was also enlarged to counter the increased weight of the all\\-weather aircraft. The F4D Skyray that had been designed to more easily accept different engines emerged in production powered by the [Pratt \\& Whitney J57](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J57 \"Pratt & Whitney J57\").",
"The A3D emerged with non\\-afterburning J57 engines as well. The F10F\\-1 program was cancelled primarily due to unsolvable aerodynamic issues with the variable\\-sweep wing and the control systems. The J40 engine issues were of secondary importance during the prototype flight trials.",
""
] |
Implied terms
-------------
{{See also\|Implied terms in English law}}
A term may either be expressed or implied. An express term is stated by the parties during negotiation or written in a contractual document. Implied terms are not stated but nevertheless form a provision of the contract.
### Terms implied in fact
The [Privy Council](/wiki/Privy_Council "Privy Council") established a five\-stage test in *[BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Shire of Hastings](/wiki/BP_Refinery_%28Westernport%29_Pty_Ltd_v_Shire_of_Hastings "BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Shire of Hastings")*.{{cite BAILII \|litigants\=\[\[BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Shire of Hastings]] \|year\=1977 \|court\=UKPC \|num\=13 \|format\=1 \|parallelcite\=(1977\) 180 \[\[Commonwealth Law Reports\|CLR]] 266 \|courtname\=auto \|juris\=Victoria}}. However, the English Court of Appeal sounded a note of caution with regard to the *BP* case in *Philips Electronique Grand Public SA v British Sky Broadcasting Ltd* in which the Master of the Rolls described the test as "almost misleading" in its simplicity.*Philips Electronique Grand Public SA v British Sky Broadcasting Ltd* \[1995] EMLR 472 at 481\.
1. **Reasonableness and equitableness:** The implied term must be reasonable and equitable. In *Biotechnology Australia Pty Ltd v Pace*,*Biotechnology Australia Pty Ltd v Pace* [(1988\) 15 NSWLR 130](http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=(1988)%2015%20NSWLR%20130) [Court of Appeal](/wiki/New_South_Wales_Court_of_Appeal "New South Wales Court of Appeal") (NSW, Australia). it was held a term that imposes a significant detriment or burden on the other party is unlikely to be equitable.
2. **Business efficacy:** The implied term must be necessary for the business efficacy of the contract. For instance, if the term simply causes the contract to operate better, that does not fit this criterion. This is the principle laid out in *[The Moorcock](/wiki/The_Moorcock "The Moorcock")*.*[The Moorcock](/wiki/The_Moorcock "The Moorcock")* (1889\) 14 PD 64\. The presiding [judge](/wiki/Judge "Judge") created a quaint concept of an *officious bystander*; if the *officious bystander* were to propose a term and both the parties would be likely to reply with a testy "oh, of course", the term is implied.
3. **Obviousness:** The term is so obvious that it goes without saying. Furthermore, there must be one and only one thing that would be implied by the parties. For example, in *[Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of NSW](/wiki/Codelfa_Construction_Pty_Ltd_v_State_Rail_Authority_of_NSW "Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of NSW")*,{{cite AustLII\|HCA\|24\|1982\|litigants\=\[\[Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of NSW]] \|parallelcite\=(1982\) 149 \[\[Commonwealth Law Reports\|CLR]] 337 \|courtname\=auto}}. a term regarding the inability of construction company to work three shifts a day could not be implied because it was unclear what form it would have taken. In [English law](/wiki/English_law "English law"), this principle was established in the case of *Spring v NASDS*,*Spring v NASDS* \[1956] 1 WLR 585\. in the context of a [trade union](/wiki/Trade_union "Trade union") membership contract.
4. **Clear expression:** The term must be capable of clear expression. No specific technical knowledge should be required.
5. **Consistency:** The implied term may not contradict an express term.
The [High Court of Australia](/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia "High Court of Australia") has ruled that the test in *BP* applies only to [formal contracts](/wiki/Formal_contract "Formal contract"). In the case of an [informal contract](/wiki/Informal_contract "Informal contract"), where the parties have not attempted to stipulate the full terms, the courts should imply a term upon referring to the imputed intention of the parties, provided that the particular term is necessary for the effective operation of the contract.{{cite AustLII \|litigants\=Hawkins v Clayton \|year\=1988 \|court\=HCA \|num\=15 \|parallelcite\=(1988\) 164 \[\[Commonwealth Law Reports\|CLR]] 539 \|courtname\=auto}}.{{cite AustLII \|litigants\=Byrne v Australian Airlines Ltd \|year\=1995 \|court\=HCA \|num\=24 \|parallelcite\=(1995\) 185 \[\[Commonwealth Law Reports\|CLR]] 410 \|courtname\=auto}}. In implying terms in an informal contract, the High Court has suggested that a flexible approach is required. In a case where it is apparent that the parties have not attempted to spell out the full terms of their contract, the court should imply a term by reference to the imputed intentions of the parties if, but only if, it can be seen that the implication of the particular term is necessary for the reasonable or effective operation of a contract of that nature in the circumstances of the case. Obviousness also remains an important element in implying a term in an informal contract.{{cite AustLII \|litigants\=Byrne v Australian Airlines Ltd \|year\=1995 \|court\=HCA \|num\=24 \|courtname\=auto \|parallelcite\=(1995\) 185 \[\[Commonwealth Law Reports\|CLR]] 410 at p. 446 per McHugh \& Gummow JJ}}.
### Terms implied in law
These are terms that have been implied into standardized relationships.
#### Common law
* *Liverpool City Council v Irwin*{{Cite BAILII \|litigants\=\[\[Liverpool City Council v Irwin]] \|year\=1976 \|court\=UKHL \|num\=1 \|parallelcite\=\[1976] 2 WLR 562 \|pinpoint\= \|courtname\=auto}}. established a term to be implied into all contracts between tenant and landlord that the landlord is obliged to keep the common areas in a reasonable state of repair.
* *Wong Mee Wan v Kwan Kin Travel Services Ltd*{{Cite BAILII \|litigants\=Wong Mee Wan v Kwan Kin Travel Services Ltd \|year\=1995 \|court\=UKPC \|num\=42 \|format\=1 \|parallelcite\=\[1995] 4 All ER 745 \|pinpoint\= \|courtname\=auto}}. established that when a tour operator contracts to provide services, a term is implied that those services will be performed with reasonable duty and care.
#### Statutory
The rules by which many contracts are governed are provided in specialized statutes that deal with particular subjects. Most [countries](/wiki/Country "Country"), for example, have statutes which deal directly with sale of goods, lease transactions, and trade practices. For example, each [American state](/wiki/U.S._state "U.S. state") except [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana") has adopted Article 2 of the [Uniform Commercial Code](/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code "Uniform Commercial Code"), which regulates contracts for the sale of goods.For links and comparison among states on the adoption of the UCC, see [Cornell Law Uniform Laws](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uniform/ucc.html). The most important [legislation](/wiki/Legislation "Legislation") implying terms under [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") law are the [Sale of Goods Act 1979](/wiki/Sale_of_Goods_Act_1979 "Sale of Goods Act 1979"), the [Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000](/wiki/Consumer_Protection_%28Distance_Selling%29_Regulations_2000 "Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000") and the [Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982](/wiki/Supply_of_Goods_and_Services_Act_1982 "Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982") which imply terms into all contracts whereby goods are sold or services provided.
### Terms implied by custom or trade
One is generally bound by the custom of the industry that one is in. To imply a term due to custom or trade, one must prove the existence of the custom, which must be notorious, certain, legal and reasonable.{{cite AustLII\|HCA\|14\|1986\|litigants\=\[\[Con\-stan Industries of Australia Pty Ltd v Norwich Winterthur Insurance (Australia) Ltd]] \|parallelcite\=(1986\) 160 \[\[Commonwealth Law Reports\|CLR]] 226 \|courtname\=auto \|date\=11 April 1986}}.*Frigaliment Importing Co., Ltd., v. B.N.S. International Sales Corp.*, 190 F. Supp. 116 (S.D.N.Y. 1960\) (plaintiff failed to prove what he meant by "chicken") and U.C.C. § 1\-205\.
### Terms made available on request
In [England and Wales](/wiki/England_and_Wales "England and Wales"), an appeal court ruling in 2010 confirmed that the phrase "terms and conditions available on request" could create a binding obligation to comply with the terms. In *Rooney v CSE Bournemouth Ltd.*, an aircraft\-owner whose plane was covered by a maintenance work order issued using this terminology, argued that wording was not sufficient to incorporate the company's standard terms and conditions. The [High Court](/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice "High Court of Justice") initially agreed with this position but the [Appeal Court](/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_%28England_and_Wales%29 "Court of Appeal (England and Wales)") overruled this, arguing that a "[reasonable person](/wiki/Reasonable_person "Reasonable person")" would have interpreted this phrase as intended to incorporate the terms.Buckles Solicitors LLP, [Terms \& Conditions: In, Out, Shake it all about](https://www.buckles-law.co.uk/library-news/terms_and_conditions_in_out_shake_it_all_about-html/), accessed 12 November 2023
### Course of dealing
If two parties have regularly conducted business on certain terms, the terms may be assumed to be same for each contract made, if not expressly agreed to the contrary. The parties must have dealt on numerous occasions and been aware of the term purported to be implied. In *Hollier v Rambler Motors Ltd*{{Cite BAILII \|litigants\=\[\[Hollier v Rambler Motors Ltd]] \|year\=1971 \|court\=EWCA \|num\=12 \|parallelcite\=\[1972] QB 71 \|courtname\=auto}}.see also {{cite AustLII\|HCA\|83\|1906\|litigants\=\[\[Balmain New Ferry Co Ltd v Robertson]] \|parallelcite\=\[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1906/83\.pdf (1906\) 4 {{abbr\|CLR\|Commonwealth Law Reports}} 379] \|courtname\=\[\[High Court of Australia\|High Court]] \|date\=18 December 1906}}. four occasions over five years was held to be sufficient. In *[British Crane Hire Corp Ltd v Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd](/wiki/British_Crane_Hire_Corp_Ltd_v_Ipswich_Plant_Hire_Ltd "British Crane Hire Corp Ltd v Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd")*{{Cite BAILII \|litigants\=\[\[British Crane Hire Corp Ltd v Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd]] \|year\=1973 \|court\=EWCA \|num\=6 \|parallelcite\= \[1975] QB 303 \|courtname\=auto}}. written terms were held to have been implied into an oral contract in which there was no mention of written terms.
### Good faith
{{Main\|Good faith}}
It is common for lengthy negotiations to be written into a heads of agreement document (sometimes unsigned, and sometimes labelled 'subject to contract') that includes a clause to the effect that the rest of the agreement is to be negotiated. Although these cases may appear to fall into the category of agreement to agree, [Australian](/wiki/Australia "Australia") [courts](/wiki/Court "Court") will imply an obligation to negotiate in [good faith](/wiki/Good_faith "Good faith") provided that certain conditions are satisfied:*Coal Cliff Collieries Pty Ltd v Sijehama Pty Ltd* [(1991\) 24 NSWLR 1](http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=24+NSWLR+1) [Court of Appeal](/wiki/New_South_Wales_Court_of_Appeal "New South Wales Court of Appeal") (NSW, Australia).
* Negotiations were well\-advanced and the large proportion of terms have been worked out; and
* There exists some mechanism to resolve disputes if the negotiations broke down.
The test of whether one has acted in good faith is a subjective one; the cases suggest honesty, and possibly also reasonableness. There is no such implied term under [UK](/wiki/UK "UK") [common law](/wiki/Common_law "Common law"): an attempt was made by [Lord Denning](/wiki/Lord_Denning "Lord Denning") in a series of case during the 1970s and 1980s but they are no longer considered 'good law'.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2016}} European legislation{{Cite journal\|title\=\|url\=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/29529/general\-conditions\-june\-2016\-en.pdf\|journal\=\[\[Council of the European Union]]}} imposes this duty, but only in certain circumstances.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2016}}
The [Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999](/wiki/Unfair_Terms_in_Consumer_Contracts_Regulations_1999 "Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999")Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 (UK) [SI 1999/2083](http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1999/2083/contents/made) reg 8 renders ineffective any 'unfair' contractual term if made between a seller or supplier and a consumer.For definitions, see reg 3(1\).
Regulation 5 of the statutory instrument further elaborates upon the concept of 'unfair', which is rather novel to English law. 'Unfair' is a term in [standard form](/wiki/Standard_form_contract "Standard form contract") (specifically that was not individually negotiated) that "causes a significant imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations arising under the contract to the detriment of the consumer".[Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999](/wiki/Unfair_Terms_in_Consumer_Contracts_Regulations_1999 "Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999") reg 5(1\) It must also be shown the term lacks 'good faith'; the claim failed in *[Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank plc](/wiki/Director_General_of_Fair_Trading_v_First_National_Bank_plc "Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank plc")*,{{Cite BAILII \|litigants\=\[\[Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank plc]] \|year\=2001 \|court\=UKHL \|num\=52 \|parallelcite\=\[2001] 3 WLR 1297 \|courtname\=auto}}. as striking down a relatively high [interest](/wiki/Interest "Interest") rate (falling short of [extortionary](/wiki/Extortion "Extortion") rates) would mean borrower could have safely ignored the interest rates in its loan agreements (see UK requirements for consumer financial advice/advice waivers in major consumer loan agreements) and that high\-rate lenders would receive no interest.
|
[
"Implied terms\n-------------",
"{{See also\\|Implied terms in English law}}\nA term may either be expressed or implied. An express term is stated by the parties during negotiation or written in a contractual document. Implied terms are not stated but nevertheless form a provision of the contract.",
"### Terms implied in fact",
"The [Privy Council](/wiki/Privy_Council \"Privy Council\") established a five\\-stage test in *[BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Shire of Hastings](/wiki/BP_Refinery_%28Westernport%29_Pty_Ltd_v_Shire_of_Hastings \"BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Shire of Hastings\")*.{{cite BAILII \\|litigants\\=\\[\\[BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Shire of Hastings]] \\|year\\=1977 \\|court\\=UKPC \\|num\\=13 \\|format\\=1 \\|parallelcite\\=(1977\\) 180 \\[\\[Commonwealth Law Reports\\|CLR]] 266 \\|courtname\\=auto \\|juris\\=Victoria}}. However, the English Court of Appeal sounded a note of caution with regard to the *BP* case in *Philips Electronique Grand Public SA v British Sky Broadcasting Ltd* in which the Master of the Rolls described the test as \"almost misleading\" in its simplicity.*Philips Electronique Grand Public SA v British Sky Broadcasting Ltd* \\[1995] EMLR 472 at 481\\.\n1. **Reasonableness and equitableness:** The implied term must be reasonable and equitable. In *Biotechnology Australia Pty Ltd v Pace*,*Biotechnology Australia Pty Ltd v Pace* [(1988\\) 15 NSWLR 130](http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=(1988)%2015%20NSWLR%20130) [Court of Appeal](/wiki/New_South_Wales_Court_of_Appeal \"New South Wales Court of Appeal\") (NSW, Australia). it was held a term that imposes a significant detriment or burden on the other party is unlikely to be equitable.\n2. **Business efficacy:** The implied term must be necessary for the business efficacy of the contract. For instance, if the term simply causes the contract to operate better, that does not fit this criterion. This is the principle laid out in *[The Moorcock](/wiki/The_Moorcock \"The Moorcock\")*.*[The Moorcock](/wiki/The_Moorcock \"The Moorcock\")* (1889\\) 14 PD 64\\. The presiding [judge](/wiki/Judge \"Judge\") created a quaint concept of an *officious bystander*; if the *officious bystander* were to propose a term and both the parties would be likely to reply with a testy \"oh, of course\", the term is implied.\n3. **Obviousness:** The term is so obvious that it goes without saying. Furthermore, there must be one and only one thing that would be implied by the parties. For example, in *[Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of NSW](/wiki/Codelfa_Construction_Pty_Ltd_v_State_Rail_Authority_of_NSW \"Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of NSW\")*,{{cite AustLII\\|HCA\\|24\\|1982\\|litigants\\=\\[\\[Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of NSW]] \\|parallelcite\\=(1982\\) 149 \\[\\[Commonwealth Law Reports\\|CLR]] 337 \\|courtname\\=auto}}. a term regarding the inability of construction company to work three shifts a day could not be implied because it was unclear what form it would have taken. In [English law](/wiki/English_law \"English law\"), this principle was established in the case of *Spring v NASDS*,*Spring v NASDS* \\[1956] 1 WLR 585\\. in the context of a [trade union](/wiki/Trade_union \"Trade union\") membership contract.\n4. **Clear expression:** The term must be capable of clear expression. No specific technical knowledge should be required.\n5. **Consistency:** The implied term may not contradict an express term.",
"The [High Court of Australia](/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia \"High Court of Australia\") has ruled that the test in *BP* applies only to [formal contracts](/wiki/Formal_contract \"Formal contract\"). In the case of an [informal contract](/wiki/Informal_contract \"Informal contract\"), where the parties have not attempted to stipulate the full terms, the courts should imply a term upon referring to the imputed intention of the parties, provided that the particular term is necessary for the effective operation of the contract.{{cite AustLII \\|litigants\\=Hawkins v Clayton \\|year\\=1988 \\|court\\=HCA \\|num\\=15 \\|parallelcite\\=(1988\\) 164 \\[\\[Commonwealth Law Reports\\|CLR]] 539 \\|courtname\\=auto}}.{{cite AustLII \\|litigants\\=Byrne v Australian Airlines Ltd \\|year\\=1995 \\|court\\=HCA \\|num\\=24 \\|parallelcite\\=(1995\\) 185 \\[\\[Commonwealth Law Reports\\|CLR]] 410 \\|courtname\\=auto}}. In implying terms in an informal contract, the High Court has suggested that a flexible approach is required. In a case where it is apparent that the parties have not attempted to spell out the full terms of their contract, the court should imply a term by reference to the imputed intentions of the parties if, but only if, it can be seen that the implication of the particular term is necessary for the reasonable or effective operation of a contract of that nature in the circumstances of the case. Obviousness also remains an important element in implying a term in an informal contract.{{cite AustLII \\|litigants\\=Byrne v Australian Airlines Ltd \\|year\\=1995 \\|court\\=HCA \\|num\\=24 \\|courtname\\=auto \\|parallelcite\\=(1995\\) 185 \\[\\[Commonwealth Law Reports\\|CLR]] 410 at p. 446 per McHugh \\& Gummow JJ}}.",
"### Terms implied in law",
"These are terms that have been implied into standardized relationships.",
"#### Common law",
"* *Liverpool City Council v Irwin*{{Cite BAILII \\|litigants\\=\\[\\[Liverpool City Council v Irwin]] \\|year\\=1976 \\|court\\=UKHL \\|num\\=1 \\|parallelcite\\=\\[1976] 2 WLR 562 \\|pinpoint\\= \\|courtname\\=auto}}. established a term to be implied into all contracts between tenant and landlord that the landlord is obliged to keep the common areas in a reasonable state of repair.\n* *Wong Mee Wan v Kwan Kin Travel Services Ltd*{{Cite BAILII \\|litigants\\=Wong Mee Wan v Kwan Kin Travel Services Ltd \\|year\\=1995 \\|court\\=UKPC \\|num\\=42 \\|format\\=1 \\|parallelcite\\=\\[1995] 4 All ER 745 \\|pinpoint\\= \\|courtname\\=auto}}. established that when a tour operator contracts to provide services, a term is implied that those services will be performed with reasonable duty and care.",
"#### Statutory",
"The rules by which many contracts are governed are provided in specialized statutes that deal with particular subjects. Most [countries](/wiki/Country \"Country\"), for example, have statutes which deal directly with sale of goods, lease transactions, and trade practices. For example, each [American state](/wiki/U.S._state \"U.S. state\") except [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana \"Louisiana\") has adopted Article 2 of the [Uniform Commercial Code](/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code \"Uniform Commercial Code\"), which regulates contracts for the sale of goods.For links and comparison among states on the adoption of the UCC, see [Cornell Law Uniform Laws](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uniform/ucc.html). The most important [legislation](/wiki/Legislation \"Legislation\") implying terms under [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") law are the [Sale of Goods Act 1979](/wiki/Sale_of_Goods_Act_1979 \"Sale of Goods Act 1979\"), the [Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000](/wiki/Consumer_Protection_%28Distance_Selling%29_Regulations_2000 \"Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000\") and the [Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982](/wiki/Supply_of_Goods_and_Services_Act_1982 \"Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982\") which imply terms into all contracts whereby goods are sold or services provided.",
"### Terms implied by custom or trade",
"One is generally bound by the custom of the industry that one is in. To imply a term due to custom or trade, one must prove the existence of the custom, which must be notorious, certain, legal and reasonable.{{cite AustLII\\|HCA\\|14\\|1986\\|litigants\\=\\[\\[Con\\-stan Industries of Australia Pty Ltd v Norwich Winterthur Insurance (Australia) Ltd]] \\|parallelcite\\=(1986\\) 160 \\[\\[Commonwealth Law Reports\\|CLR]] 226 \\|courtname\\=auto \\|date\\=11 April 1986}}.*Frigaliment Importing Co., Ltd., v. B.N.S. International Sales Corp.*, 190 F. Supp. 116 (S.D.N.Y. 1960\\) (plaintiff failed to prove what he meant by \"chicken\") and U.C.C. § 1\\-205\\.",
"### Terms made available on request",
"In [England and Wales](/wiki/England_and_Wales \"England and Wales\"), an appeal court ruling in 2010 confirmed that the phrase \"terms and conditions available on request\" could create a binding obligation to comply with the terms. In *Rooney v CSE Bournemouth Ltd.*, an aircraft\\-owner whose plane was covered by a maintenance work order issued using this terminology, argued that wording was not sufficient to incorporate the company's standard terms and conditions. The [High Court](/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice \"High Court of Justice\") initially agreed with this position but the [Appeal Court](/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_%28England_and_Wales%29 \"Court of Appeal (England and Wales)\") overruled this, arguing that a \"[reasonable person](/wiki/Reasonable_person \"Reasonable person\")\" would have interpreted this phrase as intended to incorporate the terms.Buckles Solicitors LLP, [Terms \\& Conditions: In, Out, Shake it all about](https://www.buckles-law.co.uk/library-news/terms_and_conditions_in_out_shake_it_all_about-html/), accessed 12 November 2023",
"### Course of dealing",
"If two parties have regularly conducted business on certain terms, the terms may be assumed to be same for each contract made, if not expressly agreed to the contrary. The parties must have dealt on numerous occasions and been aware of the term purported to be implied. In *Hollier v Rambler Motors Ltd*{{Cite BAILII \\|litigants\\=\\[\\[Hollier v Rambler Motors Ltd]] \\|year\\=1971 \\|court\\=EWCA \\|num\\=12 \\|parallelcite\\=\\[1972] QB 71 \\|courtname\\=auto}}.see also {{cite AustLII\\|HCA\\|83\\|1906\\|litigants\\=\\[\\[Balmain New Ferry Co Ltd v Robertson]] \\|parallelcite\\=\\[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1906/83\\.pdf (1906\\) 4 {{abbr\\|CLR\\|Commonwealth Law Reports}} 379] \\|courtname\\=\\[\\[High Court of Australia\\|High Court]] \\|date\\=18 December 1906}}. four occasions over five years was held to be sufficient. In *[British Crane Hire Corp Ltd v Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd](/wiki/British_Crane_Hire_Corp_Ltd_v_Ipswich_Plant_Hire_Ltd \"British Crane Hire Corp Ltd v Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd\")*{{Cite BAILII \\|litigants\\=\\[\\[British Crane Hire Corp Ltd v Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd]] \\|year\\=1973 \\|court\\=EWCA \\|num\\=6 \\|parallelcite\\= \\[1975] QB 303 \\|courtname\\=auto}}. written terms were held to have been implied into an oral contract in which there was no mention of written terms.",
"### Good faith",
"{{Main\\|Good faith}}\nIt is common for lengthy negotiations to be written into a heads of agreement document (sometimes unsigned, and sometimes labelled 'subject to contract') that includes a clause to the effect that the rest of the agreement is to be negotiated. Although these cases may appear to fall into the category of agreement to agree, [Australian](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") [courts](/wiki/Court \"Court\") will imply an obligation to negotiate in [good faith](/wiki/Good_faith \"Good faith\") provided that certain conditions are satisfied:*Coal Cliff Collieries Pty Ltd v Sijehama Pty Ltd* [(1991\\) 24 NSWLR 1](http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=24+NSWLR+1) [Court of Appeal](/wiki/New_South_Wales_Court_of_Appeal \"New South Wales Court of Appeal\") (NSW, Australia).\n* Negotiations were well\\-advanced and the large proportion of terms have been worked out; and\n* There exists some mechanism to resolve disputes if the negotiations broke down.",
"The test of whether one has acted in good faith is a subjective one; the cases suggest honesty, and possibly also reasonableness. There is no such implied term under [UK](/wiki/UK \"UK\") [common law](/wiki/Common_law \"Common law\"): an attempt was made by [Lord Denning](/wiki/Lord_Denning \"Lord Denning\") in a series of case during the 1970s and 1980s but they are no longer considered 'good law'.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2016}} European legislation{{Cite journal\\|title\\=\\|url\\=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/29529/general\\-conditions\\-june\\-2016\\-en.pdf\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Council of the European Union]]}} imposes this duty, but only in certain circumstances.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2016}}",
"The [Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999](/wiki/Unfair_Terms_in_Consumer_Contracts_Regulations_1999 \"Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999\")Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 (UK) [SI 1999/2083](http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1999/2083/contents/made) reg 8 renders ineffective any 'unfair' contractual term if made between a seller or supplier and a consumer.For definitions, see reg 3(1\\).\nRegulation 5 of the statutory instrument further elaborates upon the concept of 'unfair', which is rather novel to English law. 'Unfair' is a term in [standard form](/wiki/Standard_form_contract \"Standard form contract\") (specifically that was not individually negotiated) that \"causes a significant imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations arising under the contract to the detriment of the consumer\".[Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999](/wiki/Unfair_Terms_in_Consumer_Contracts_Regulations_1999 \"Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999\") reg 5(1\\) It must also be shown the term lacks 'good faith'; the claim failed in *[Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank plc](/wiki/Director_General_of_Fair_Trading_v_First_National_Bank_plc \"Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank plc\")*,{{Cite BAILII \\|litigants\\=\\[\\[Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank plc]] \\|year\\=2001 \\|court\\=UKHL \\|num\\=52 \\|parallelcite\\=\\[2001] 3 WLR 1297 \\|courtname\\=auto}}. as striking down a relatively high [interest](/wiki/Interest \"Interest\") rate (falling short of [extortionary](/wiki/Extortion \"Extortion\") rates) would mean borrower could have safely ignored the interest rates in its loan agreements (see UK requirements for consumer financial advice/advice waivers in major consumer loan agreements) and that high\\-rate lenders would receive no interest.",
""
] |
History
-------
After the fall of the [Western Roman Empire](/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire "Western Roman Empire"), Celano suffered from the invasions of [Lombards](/wiki/Lombards "Lombards") (6th century). The city passed under [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire") control, and was then subdued by the Lombards and governed by the duchies of [Spoleto](/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto "Duchy of Spoleto") and [Benevento](/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento "Duchy of Benevento").
From the 8th century, [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne "Charlemagne") and his descendants ruled the Marsica region independently of Spoleto, raising it to the rank of county. Celano was elected *Caput Marsorum* (capital city of the Marsica region), governed by the [Berardi](/wiki/Berardi "Berardi") family. From around the year 1140, it was captured by the [Normans](/wiki/Italo-Normans "Italo-Normans"), who annexed it to the [Kingdom of Sicily](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily "Kingdom of Sicily"). Fearing that Marsica was becoming too powerful, in the year 1223 Emperor [Frederick II](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor") ordered his army to destroy the castles of the region. Celano suffered a long [siege](/wiki/Siege "Siege"), which ended with its defeat and total destruction and the exile of its entire male population to [Sicily](/wiki/Sicily "Sicily") and [Malta](/wiki/Malta "Malta"). Once the feudal rights of Celano were abolished the region came under the jurisdiction of the [Giustizierato](/wiki/Giustizierato "Giustizierato") of [Abruzzo](/wiki/Abruzzo "Abruzzo"), with [Sulmona](/wiki/Sulmona "Sulmona") as capital.
After the intercession of the [Pope Honorius III](/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III "Pope Honorius III"), Emperor Frederick II authorised the inhabitants to return from exile. The new city was rebuilt three years after its destruction, about one kilometre from the ancient city. Celano reflourished and was once again governed by the Berardi family.
After a series of struggles between the [Angevins](/wiki/Angevin_Empire "Angevin Empire") and [Aragonese](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon "Kingdom of Aragon"), in the 15th century the family of Berardi was dethroned by the family of the [Pope Pius II](/wiki/Pope_Pius_II "Pope Pius II") of [Pienza](/wiki/Pienza "Pienza"), allied to the Aragonese, who governed the city and its county. Celano was incorporated into the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples "Kingdom of Naples") till 1860, except during the years associated with the [Napoleonic era](/wiki/Napoleonic_era "Napoleonic era") and the [Parthenopean Republic](/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic "Parthenopean Republic"). In the year 1591, the [Piccolomini](/wiki/Piccolomini "Piccolomini") family sold the County of Celano to [Camilla Peretti](/wiki/Camilla_Peretti "Camilla Peretti"), sister of [Pope Sixtus V](/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V "Pope Sixtus V"). The city was at times also governed by the [Savelli](/wiki/Savelli_family "Savelli family") and [Sforza](/wiki/Sforza "Sforza") families and was damaged by [earthquakes](/wiki/Earthquakes "Earthquakes") in the years 1695, 1780, 1915 and 2009\.
From the year 1860, Celano belonged to the [Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29 "Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"After the fall of the [Western Roman Empire](/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire \"Western Roman Empire\"), Celano suffered from the invasions of [Lombards](/wiki/Lombards \"Lombards\") (6th century). The city passed under [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\") control, and was then subdued by the Lombards and governed by the duchies of [Spoleto](/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto \"Duchy of Spoleto\") and [Benevento](/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento \"Duchy of Benevento\").",
"From the 8th century, [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne \"Charlemagne\") and his descendants ruled the Marsica region independently of Spoleto, raising it to the rank of county. Celano was elected *Caput Marsorum* (capital city of the Marsica region), governed by the [Berardi](/wiki/Berardi \"Berardi\") family. From around the year 1140, it was captured by the [Normans](/wiki/Italo-Normans \"Italo-Normans\"), who annexed it to the [Kingdom of Sicily](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily \"Kingdom of Sicily\"). Fearing that Marsica was becoming too powerful, in the year 1223 Emperor [Frederick II](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor\") ordered his army to destroy the castles of the region. Celano suffered a long [siege](/wiki/Siege \"Siege\"), which ended with its defeat and total destruction and the exile of its entire male population to [Sicily](/wiki/Sicily \"Sicily\") and [Malta](/wiki/Malta \"Malta\"). Once the feudal rights of Celano were abolished the region came under the jurisdiction of the [Giustizierato](/wiki/Giustizierato \"Giustizierato\") of [Abruzzo](/wiki/Abruzzo \"Abruzzo\"), with [Sulmona](/wiki/Sulmona \"Sulmona\") as capital.",
"After the intercession of the [Pope Honorius III](/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III \"Pope Honorius III\"), Emperor Frederick II authorised the inhabitants to return from exile. The new city was rebuilt three years after its destruction, about one kilometre from the ancient city. Celano reflourished and was once again governed by the Berardi family.",
"After a series of struggles between the [Angevins](/wiki/Angevin_Empire \"Angevin Empire\") and [Aragonese](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon \"Kingdom of Aragon\"), in the 15th century the family of Berardi was dethroned by the family of the [Pope Pius II](/wiki/Pope_Pius_II \"Pope Pius II\") of [Pienza](/wiki/Pienza \"Pienza\"), allied to the Aragonese, who governed the city and its county. Celano was incorporated into the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples \"Kingdom of Naples\") till 1860, except during the years associated with the [Napoleonic era](/wiki/Napoleonic_era \"Napoleonic era\") and the [Parthenopean Republic](/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic \"Parthenopean Republic\"). In the year 1591, the [Piccolomini](/wiki/Piccolomini \"Piccolomini\") family sold the County of Celano to [Camilla Peretti](/wiki/Camilla_Peretti \"Camilla Peretti\"), sister of [Pope Sixtus V](/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V \"Pope Sixtus V\"). The city was at times also governed by the [Savelli](/wiki/Savelli_family \"Savelli family\") and [Sforza](/wiki/Sforza \"Sforza\") families and was damaged by [earthquakes](/wiki/Earthquakes \"Earthquakes\") in the years 1695, 1780, 1915 and 2009\\.",
"From the year 1860, Celano belonged to the [Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29 \"Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)\").",
""
] |
History
-------
### 16th to 18th century
The Trindade and Martim Vaz Islands were discovered in 1502 by Portuguese navigators led by [Estêvão da Gama](/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_da_Gama_%28c.1470%29 "Estêvão da Gama (c.1470)"), and along with Brazil, became part of the [Portuguese Empire](/wiki/Portuguese_Empire "Portuguese Empire").
Many visitors have been to Martim Vaz, the most famous of whom was the English astronomer [Edmund Halley](/wiki/Edmund_Halley "Edmund Halley"), who took possession of the island on behalf of the [British Monarchy](/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom "Monarchy of the United Kingdom") in 1700\.{{Cite book \|last\=Donato \|first\=Hernâni \|title\=Dicionário das Batalhas Brasileiras \|publisher\=Instituição Brasileira de Difusão Cultural \|year\=1996 \|isbn\=8534800340 \|location\=São Paulo \|pages\=88 \|language\=pt \|oclc\=36768251}} Wild goats and hogs, descendants of ones set free by Halley, were still found on Martim Vaz in 1939\.National Geographic Magazine annotated map of Atlantic Ocean, dated July 1939
{{HMS\|Rattlesnake\|1777\|6}}, a 198\-ton, 12\-gun [cutter](/wiki/Cutter_%28boat%29 "Cutter (boat)")\-rigged [sloop](/wiki/Sloop "Sloop"), was wrecked on Trindade on 21 October 1781, shortly after Commander [Philippe d'Auvergne](/wiki/Philippe_d%27Auvergne "Philippe d'Auvergne") had taken over command. *Rattlesnake* had been ordered to survey the island to ascertain whether it would make a useful base for outward\-bound [Indiamen](/wiki/Indiamen "Indiamen"). She anchored, but that evening the wind increased and by seven o’clock she was dragging. Two hours later the first cable parted and Commander d’Auvergne [club\-hauled](/wiki/Anchor%23Club_hauling "Anchor#Club hauling") his way out, setting main and fore sails, and using the remaining anchor cable as a spring. This successfully put *Rattlesnake*’s head to seaward. The remaining cable was then cut, and the sloop wore round and stood out to sea. However the ground now shallowed quite rapidly and suddenly *Rattlesnake* struck a submerged rock. She started filling with water, so, in order to preserve the lives of the crew, d'Auvergne ran her ashore. [Commodore Johnstone](/wiki/George_Johnstone_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 "George Johnstone (Royal Navy officer)") on board {{HMS\|Jupiter\|1778\|6}} had previously wished to colonise the island and claim it for Britain, so d'Auvergne agreed to stay on the tiny island with 30 sailors, 20 captured French sailors, one French woman, some animals and supplies. They were resupplied by another ship in January 1782, then they appear to have been forgotten, as they lived on the tiny island for a year until {{HMS\|Bristol\|1775\|6}} and a convoy of Indiamen, which fortuitously called there, rescued them in late December 1782\.{{cite book \|first\=Jane \|last\=Ashelford \|title\=In the English Service: The Life of Philippe D'Auvergne \|date\=2008 \|publisher\=Jersey Heritage Trust \|isbn\=978\-0955250880}}{{rp\|40–45}}
Johnstone had made a naval base in Trindade, so Portugal reacted. They sent the 64\-gun *Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres*, commanded by [Captain of sea and war](/wiki/Captain_of_sea_and_war "Captain of sea and war") José de Melo, with 150 soldiers and artillery, but the British had already abandoned the Island.
Captain [La Pérouse](/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup%2C_comte_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse "Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse") stopped there at the outset of his 1785 voyage to the Pacific.
### 19th to 20th century
[thumb\|NASA satellite imagery of Martim Vaz Islands in [pseudo\-color](/wiki/False-color "False-color")](/wiki/File:Martin_Vaz.png "Martin Vaz.png")
In 1839, the [Ross expedition](/wiki/Ross_expedition "Ross expedition") made a brief stop on Trindade, as chronicled by [Robert McCormick](/wiki/Robert_McCormick_%28explorer%29 "Robert McCormick (explorer)"). He described Pico Monumento as the "Nine Pin Rock".{{Cite book \|last1\=M'Cormick \|first1\=Robert \|url\=http://archive.org/details/cihm\_09223 \|title\=Voyages of discovery in the Arctic and Antarctic seas and round the world \[microform] : being personal narratives of attempts to reach the North and South Poles, and of an open\-boat expedition up the Wellington Channel in search of Sir John Franklin and Her Majesty's ships "Erebus" and "Terror", in Her Majesty's boat "Forlorn Hope", under the command of the author to which are added an autobiography, appendix, portraits, maps and numerous illustrations \|last2\=Franklin \|first2\=John \|date\=1884 \|publisher\=London : S. Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington \|others\=Canadiana.org \|isbn\=978\-0\-665\-09223\-7}}
In 1889, [Edward Frederick Knight](/wiki/Edward_Frederick_Knight "Edward Frederick Knight") went treasure hunting on the island. He was unsuccessful but he wrote a detailed description of the island and his expedition, titled *[The Cruise of the Alerte](/wiki/The_Cruise_of_the_Alerte "The Cruise of the Alerte")*.
In 1893 another [Franco\-American](/wiki/Franco-Americans "Franco-Americans"), [James Harden\-Hickey](/wiki/James_Harden-Hickey "James Harden-Hickey"), claimed the island and declared himself as James I, [Prince of Trinidad](/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad "Principality of Trinidad")."To Be Prince of Trinidad: He Is Baron Harden\-Hickey", *[New York Tribune](/wiki/New_York_Tribune "New York Tribune")*, 5 November 1893, p 1[Bryk, William, "News \& Columns", *New York Press*, v 15 no 50 (December 10, 2002\)](http://www.nypress.com/15/50/news&columns/oldsmoke.cfm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430105931/http://www.nypress.com/15/50/news%26columns/oldsmoke.cfm \|date\=April 30, 2006 }}["Principality of Trinidad: John H. Flagler's Son\-in\-Law Is Its Sovereign, Self\-Proclaimed as James I"](https://www.nytimes.com/1894/06/10/archives/principality-of-trinidad-john-h-flaglera-soninlaw-is-its-sovereign.html), *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times")*, June 10, 1894, p 23 According to James Harden\-Hickey's plans, Trinidad, after being recognized as an independent country, would become a [military dictatorship](/wiki/Military_dictatorship "Military dictatorship") and have him as dictator.[Bryk (2002\)](http://www.nypress.com/15/50/news&columns/oldsmoke.cfm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430105931/http://www.nypress.com/15/50/news%26columns/oldsmoke.cfm \|date\=2006\-04\-30 }} He designed postage stamps, a national flag, and a coat of arms; established a [chivalric order](/wiki/Chivalric_order "Chivalric order"), the "Cross of Trinidad"; bought a schooner to transport colonists; appointed [M. le Comte de la Boissiere](/wiki/M._le_Comte_de_la_Boissiere "M. le Comte de la Boissiere") as [secretary of state](/wiki/Secretary_of_state "Secretary of state"); opened a [consular office](/wiki/Consular_office "Consular office") at 217 [West 36th Street](/wiki/36th_Street_%28Manhattan%29 "36th Street (Manhattan)") in New York City; and even issued government bonds to finance construction of infrastructure on the island. Despite his plans, his idea was ridiculed or ignored by the world.["Trinidad's Prince Awake: An Appeal to Washington Against Brazil and Great Britain", *New York Times*, August 1, 1895, p 1](https://www.nytimes.com/1895/08/01/archives/trinidads-prince-awake-an-appeal-to-washington-against-brazil-and.html)["Grand Chancellor of Trinidad: Significant Phases in the Ascent of Male Comte de la Boissiere to His Elevated Diplomatic Post", *New York Times*, August 2, 1895, p 9](https://www.nytimes.com/1895/08/02/archives/grand-chancellor-of-trinidad-significant-phases-in-the-ascent-of.html)["Trinidad's Case in Washington: Courteously, the Chancellor Would Permit Britain's Cable Station and Use It, but There Is Graver Trouble", *New York Times*, August 7, 1895, p 1](https://www.nytimes.com/1895/08/07/archives/trinidads-case-in-washington-courteously-the-chancellor-would.html)["Trinidad's Diplomat in Action: M. de la Boissiere Asks that His Sovereign's Land Be Recognized as a Neutral Principality", *New York Times*, August 9, 1895, p 5](https://www.nytimes.com/1895/08/09/archives/trinidads-diplomat-in-action-m-de-la-boissiere-asks-that-his.html)["Trinidad's Prince at Work: Grand Chancellor de la Boissiere Tells How the War Between Great Britain and Brazil Will Be Averted", *New York Times*, Jan 24, 1896, p 9](https://www.nytimes.com/1896/01/24/archives/no-use-for-staten-isle-controller-fitch-and-corporation-coun-sel.html)[Flags of the World \- Trindade and Martins Vaz Islands (Brazil)](http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/br-trin.html) (*sic*)
In July 1895, the British again tried to take possession of this strategic position in the Atlantic. The British planned to use the island as a cable station. However, Brazilian diplomatic efforts, along with Portuguese support{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2008}}, reinstated Trindade Island to Brazilian sovereignty.
In order to clearly demonstrate sovereignty over the island, now part of the State of [Espírito Santo](/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo "Espírito Santo") and the municipality of [Vitória](/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria%2C_Brazil "Vitória, Brazil"), a landmark was built on 24 January 1897\. Nowadays, Brazilian presence is marked by a permanent Brazilian Navy base on the main island.
In July 1910 the ship *[Terra Nova](/wiki/Terra_Nova_%28ship%29 "Terra Nova (ship)")* carrying the last [expedition](/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition "Terra Nova Expedition") of Captain [Robert Falcon Scott](/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott "Robert Falcon Scott") to the Antarctic arrived at the island, at the time uninhabited. Some members of the Scott's expedition explored the island with scientific purposes, and a description of it is included in *[The Worst Journey in the World](/wiki/The_Worst_Journey_in_the_World "The Worst Journey in the World")*, by [Apsley Cherry\-Garrard](/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard "Apsley Cherry-Garrard"), one of the members of the expedition.
In August 1914, the [Imperial German Navy](/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy "Imperial German Navy") established a supply base for its warships off Trindade. On 14 September 1914, the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") [auxiliary cruiser](/wiki/Auxiliary_cruiser "Auxiliary cruiser") {{HMS\|Carmania}} fought the German {{SMS\|Cap Trafalgar}} off Trindade in the [Battle of Trindade](/wiki/Battle_of_Trindade "Battle of Trindade"). *Carmania* sank *Cap Trafalgar*, but sustained severe damage herself.{{cite book\|last\=Cooper\|first\=James\|title\=The Hamburg South America Line\|year\=1989\|publisher\=The World Ship Society\|location\=Kendal\|isbn\=0\-905617\-50\-9\|pages\=13–14, 64 \|author2\=Arnold Kludas \|author3\=Joachim Pein}}
### 21st Century
Trindade was a [port](/wiki/Port_and_starboard%23Side "Port and starboard#Side") passing mark for the [2022 Golden Globe Race](/wiki/2022_Golden_Globe_Race "2022 Golden Globe Race"), a single\-handed round\-the\-world yacht race.[The Route from](https://goldengloberace.com/the-route/) [Les Sables D'Olonne](/wiki/Les_Sables_D%27Olonne "Les Sables D'Olonne"), [France](/wiki/France "France"), and Return, accessed 2022\-09\-29 In March 2023, plastic rocks called [plastistone](/wiki/Plastistone "Plastistone") were found on Trindade.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-01\-02 \|title\=A Strange Plastic Rock Has Ominously Invaded 5 Continents \|url\=https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a46181945/plastistone\-sedimentary\-rock/ \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-04 \|website\=Popular Mechanics \|language\=en\-US}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 16th to 18th century",
"The Trindade and Martim Vaz Islands were discovered in 1502 by Portuguese navigators led by [Estêvão da Gama](/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_da_Gama_%28c.1470%29 \"Estêvão da Gama (c.1470)\"), and along with Brazil, became part of the [Portuguese Empire](/wiki/Portuguese_Empire \"Portuguese Empire\").",
"Many visitors have been to Martim Vaz, the most famous of whom was the English astronomer [Edmund Halley](/wiki/Edmund_Halley \"Edmund Halley\"), who took possession of the island on behalf of the [British Monarchy](/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Monarchy of the United Kingdom\") in 1700\\.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Donato \\|first\\=Hernâni \\|title\\=Dicionário das Batalhas Brasileiras \\|publisher\\=Instituição Brasileira de Difusão Cultural \\|year\\=1996 \\|isbn\\=8534800340 \\|location\\=São Paulo \\|pages\\=88 \\|language\\=pt \\|oclc\\=36768251}} Wild goats and hogs, descendants of ones set free by Halley, were still found on Martim Vaz in 1939\\.National Geographic Magazine annotated map of Atlantic Ocean, dated July 1939",
"{{HMS\\|Rattlesnake\\|1777\\|6}}, a 198\\-ton, 12\\-gun [cutter](/wiki/Cutter_%28boat%29 \"Cutter (boat)\")\\-rigged [sloop](/wiki/Sloop \"Sloop\"), was wrecked on Trindade on 21 October 1781, shortly after Commander [Philippe d'Auvergne](/wiki/Philippe_d%27Auvergne \"Philippe d'Auvergne\") had taken over command. *Rattlesnake* had been ordered to survey the island to ascertain whether it would make a useful base for outward\\-bound [Indiamen](/wiki/Indiamen \"Indiamen\"). She anchored, but that evening the wind increased and by seven o’clock she was dragging. Two hours later the first cable parted and Commander d’Auvergne [club\\-hauled](/wiki/Anchor%23Club_hauling \"Anchor#Club hauling\") his way out, setting main and fore sails, and using the remaining anchor cable as a spring. This successfully put *Rattlesnake*’s head to seaward. The remaining cable was then cut, and the sloop wore round and stood out to sea. However the ground now shallowed quite rapidly and suddenly *Rattlesnake* struck a submerged rock. She started filling with water, so, in order to preserve the lives of the crew, d'Auvergne ran her ashore. [Commodore Johnstone](/wiki/George_Johnstone_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 \"George Johnstone (Royal Navy officer)\") on board {{HMS\\|Jupiter\\|1778\\|6}} had previously wished to colonise the island and claim it for Britain, so d'Auvergne agreed to stay on the tiny island with 30 sailors, 20 captured French sailors, one French woman, some animals and supplies. They were resupplied by another ship in January 1782, then they appear to have been forgotten, as they lived on the tiny island for a year until {{HMS\\|Bristol\\|1775\\|6}} and a convoy of Indiamen, which fortuitously called there, rescued them in late December 1782\\.{{cite book \\|first\\=Jane \\|last\\=Ashelford \\|title\\=In the English Service: The Life of Philippe D'Auvergne \\|date\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=Jersey Heritage Trust \\|isbn\\=978\\-0955250880}}{{rp\\|40–45}}",
"Johnstone had made a naval base in Trindade, so Portugal reacted. They sent the 64\\-gun *Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres*, commanded by [Captain of sea and war](/wiki/Captain_of_sea_and_war \"Captain of sea and war\") José de Melo, with 150 soldiers and artillery, but the British had already abandoned the Island.",
"Captain [La Pérouse](/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup%2C_comte_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse \"Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse\") stopped there at the outset of his 1785 voyage to the Pacific.",
"### 19th to 20th century",
"[thumb\\|NASA satellite imagery of Martim Vaz Islands in [pseudo\\-color](/wiki/False-color \"False-color\")](/wiki/File:Martin_Vaz.png \"Martin Vaz.png\")",
"In 1839, the [Ross expedition](/wiki/Ross_expedition \"Ross expedition\") made a brief stop on Trindade, as chronicled by [Robert McCormick](/wiki/Robert_McCormick_%28explorer%29 \"Robert McCormick (explorer)\"). He described Pico Monumento as the \"Nine Pin Rock\".{{Cite book \\|last1\\=M'Cormick \\|first1\\=Robert \\|url\\=http://archive.org/details/cihm\\_09223 \\|title\\=Voyages of discovery in the Arctic and Antarctic seas and round the world \\[microform] : being personal narratives of attempts to reach the North and South Poles, and of an open\\-boat expedition up the Wellington Channel in search of Sir John Franklin and Her Majesty's ships \"Erebus\" and \"Terror\", in Her Majesty's boat \"Forlorn Hope\", under the command of the author to which are added an autobiography, appendix, portraits, maps and numerous illustrations \\|last2\\=Franklin \\|first2\\=John \\|date\\=1884 \\|publisher\\=London : S. Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington \\|others\\=Canadiana.org \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-665\\-09223\\-7}}",
"In 1889, [Edward Frederick Knight](/wiki/Edward_Frederick_Knight \"Edward Frederick Knight\") went treasure hunting on the island. He was unsuccessful but he wrote a detailed description of the island and his expedition, titled *[The Cruise of the Alerte](/wiki/The_Cruise_of_the_Alerte \"The Cruise of the Alerte\")*.",
"In 1893 another [Franco\\-American](/wiki/Franco-Americans \"Franco-Americans\"), [James Harden\\-Hickey](/wiki/James_Harden-Hickey \"James Harden-Hickey\"), claimed the island and declared himself as James I, [Prince of Trinidad](/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad \"Principality of Trinidad\").\"To Be Prince of Trinidad: He Is Baron Harden\\-Hickey\", *[New York Tribune](/wiki/New_York_Tribune \"New York Tribune\")*, 5 November 1893, p 1[Bryk, William, \"News \\& Columns\", *New York Press*, v 15 no 50 (December 10, 2002\\)](http://www.nypress.com/15/50/news&columns/oldsmoke.cfm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430105931/http://www.nypress.com/15/50/news%26columns/oldsmoke.cfm \\|date\\=April 30, 2006 }}[\"Principality of Trinidad: John H. Flagler's Son\\-in\\-Law Is Its Sovereign, Self\\-Proclaimed as James I\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1894/06/10/archives/principality-of-trinidad-john-h-flaglera-soninlaw-is-its-sovereign.html), *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\")*, June 10, 1894, p 23 According to James Harden\\-Hickey's plans, Trinidad, after being recognized as an independent country, would become a [military dictatorship](/wiki/Military_dictatorship \"Military dictatorship\") and have him as dictator.[Bryk (2002\\)](http://www.nypress.com/15/50/news&columns/oldsmoke.cfm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430105931/http://www.nypress.com/15/50/news%26columns/oldsmoke.cfm \\|date\\=2006\\-04\\-30 }} He designed postage stamps, a national flag, and a coat of arms; established a [chivalric order](/wiki/Chivalric_order \"Chivalric order\"), the \"Cross of Trinidad\"; bought a schooner to transport colonists; appointed [M. le Comte de la Boissiere](/wiki/M._le_Comte_de_la_Boissiere \"M. le Comte de la Boissiere\") as [secretary of state](/wiki/Secretary_of_state \"Secretary of state\"); opened a [consular office](/wiki/Consular_office \"Consular office\") at 217 [West 36th Street](/wiki/36th_Street_%28Manhattan%29 \"36th Street (Manhattan)\") in New York City; and even issued government bonds to finance construction of infrastructure on the island. Despite his plans, his idea was ridiculed or ignored by the world.[\"Trinidad's Prince Awake: An Appeal to Washington Against Brazil and Great Britain\", *New York Times*, August 1, 1895, p 1](https://www.nytimes.com/1895/08/01/archives/trinidads-prince-awake-an-appeal-to-washington-against-brazil-and.html)[\"Grand Chancellor of Trinidad: Significant Phases in the Ascent of Male Comte de la Boissiere to His Elevated Diplomatic Post\", *New York Times*, August 2, 1895, p 9](https://www.nytimes.com/1895/08/02/archives/grand-chancellor-of-trinidad-significant-phases-in-the-ascent-of.html)[\"Trinidad's Case in Washington: Courteously, the Chancellor Would Permit Britain's Cable Station and Use It, but There Is Graver Trouble\", *New York Times*, August 7, 1895, p 1](https://www.nytimes.com/1895/08/07/archives/trinidads-case-in-washington-courteously-the-chancellor-would.html)[\"Trinidad's Diplomat in Action: M. de la Boissiere Asks that His Sovereign's Land Be Recognized as a Neutral Principality\", *New York Times*, August 9, 1895, p 5](https://www.nytimes.com/1895/08/09/archives/trinidads-diplomat-in-action-m-de-la-boissiere-asks-that-his.html)[\"Trinidad's Prince at Work: Grand Chancellor de la Boissiere Tells How the War Between Great Britain and Brazil Will Be Averted\", *New York Times*, Jan 24, 1896, p 9](https://www.nytimes.com/1896/01/24/archives/no-use-for-staten-isle-controller-fitch-and-corporation-coun-sel.html)[Flags of the World \\- Trindade and Martins Vaz Islands (Brazil)](http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/br-trin.html) (*sic*)",
"In July 1895, the British again tried to take possession of this strategic position in the Atlantic. The British planned to use the island as a cable station. However, Brazilian diplomatic efforts, along with Portuguese support{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2008}}, reinstated Trindade Island to Brazilian sovereignty.",
"In order to clearly demonstrate sovereignty over the island, now part of the State of [Espírito Santo](/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo \"Espírito Santo\") and the municipality of [Vitória](/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria%2C_Brazil \"Vitória, Brazil\"), a landmark was built on 24 January 1897\\. Nowadays, Brazilian presence is marked by a permanent Brazilian Navy base on the main island.",
"In July 1910 the ship *[Terra Nova](/wiki/Terra_Nova_%28ship%29 \"Terra Nova (ship)\")* carrying the last [expedition](/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition \"Terra Nova Expedition\") of Captain [Robert Falcon Scott](/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott \"Robert Falcon Scott\") to the Antarctic arrived at the island, at the time uninhabited. Some members of the Scott's expedition explored the island with scientific purposes, and a description of it is included in *[The Worst Journey in the World](/wiki/The_Worst_Journey_in_the_World \"The Worst Journey in the World\")*, by [Apsley Cherry\\-Garrard](/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard \"Apsley Cherry-Garrard\"), one of the members of the expedition.",
"In August 1914, the [Imperial German Navy](/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy \"Imperial German Navy\") established a supply base for its warships off Trindade. On 14 September 1914, the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") [auxiliary cruiser](/wiki/Auxiliary_cruiser \"Auxiliary cruiser\") {{HMS\\|Carmania}} fought the German {{SMS\\|Cap Trafalgar}} off Trindade in the [Battle of Trindade](/wiki/Battle_of_Trindade \"Battle of Trindade\"). *Carmania* sank *Cap Trafalgar*, but sustained severe damage herself.{{cite book\\|last\\=Cooper\\|first\\=James\\|title\\=The Hamburg South America Line\\|year\\=1989\\|publisher\\=The World Ship Society\\|location\\=Kendal\\|isbn\\=0\\-905617\\-50\\-9\\|pages\\=13–14, 64 \\|author2\\=Arnold Kludas \\|author3\\=Joachim Pein}}",
"### 21st Century",
"Trindade was a [port](/wiki/Port_and_starboard%23Side \"Port and starboard#Side\") passing mark for the [2022 Golden Globe Race](/wiki/2022_Golden_Globe_Race \"2022 Golden Globe Race\"), a single\\-handed round\\-the\\-world yacht race.[The Route from](https://goldengloberace.com/the-route/) [Les Sables D'Olonne](/wiki/Les_Sables_D%27Olonne \"Les Sables D'Olonne\"), [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), and Return, accessed 2022\\-09\\-29 In March 2023, plastic rocks called [plastistone](/wiki/Plastistone \"Plastistone\") were found on Trindade.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-01\\-02 \\|title\\=A Strange Plastic Rock Has Ominously Invaded 5 Continents \\|url\\=https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a46181945/plastistone\\-sedimentary\\-rock/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-04 \\|website\\=Popular Mechanics \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
""
] |
Later career
------------
He continued to play in Europe and around the world to an advanced age, living in his adopted country of Switzerland. He frequently represented their [Olympiad](/wiki/Chess_Olympiad "Chess Olympiad") team on top board, beginning in 1978, even though his [Elo rating](/wiki/Elo_rating "Elo rating") was sometimes considerably below that of compatriot [Vadim Milov](/wiki/Vadim_Milov "Vadim Milov"), who appeared not to make himself available for selection.
From 2001 onwards, Korchnoi became a prolific author of books on his career, publishing five new volumes, including two books of annotated games, an updated autobiography, and an overview (along with several other authors) of Soviet politics applying to chess; he also wrote a book on rook endings.
In 2001, Korchnoi won the [Biel Chess Festival](/wiki/Biel_Chess_Festival "Biel Chess Festival") for the second time in the grandmasters division, having also won in 1979\.{{cite web \|title\=Past Winners \- Biel International Chess Festival \|url\=https://www.bielchessfestival.ch/History/Past\-Winners.html \|access\-date\=1 August 2020}} This 22\-year gap still stands as the longest time period between being champion at Biel tournament, or quite possibly any international chess tournament.
In September 2006, Korchnoi won the 16th [World Senior Chess Championship](/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship "World Senior Chess Championship"), held in [Arvier](/wiki/Arvier "Arvier") (Valle d'Aosta, Italy), at age 75, with a 9–2 score. Korchnoi scored 7½–½ in his first eight games, then drew his last three games.
On the January 2007 [FIDE](/wiki/FIDE "FIDE") rating list{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fide.com/ratings/toparc.phtml?cod\=105 \|title\=FIDE Archive: Top 100 Players January 2007 \|access\-date\=June 6, 2007 \|url\-status\=unfit \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104211554/http://www.fide.com/ratings/toparc.phtml?cod\=105 \|archive\-date\=January 4, 2007 }} Korchnoi was ranked number 85 in the world at age 75, the oldest player ever to be ranked in the FIDE top 100\. The second\-oldest player on the January 2007 list was [Alexander Beliavsky](/wiki/Alexander_Beliavsky "Alexander Beliavsky"), age 53, who was 22 years younger than Korchnoi. In 2011, Korchnoi was still active in the chess world with a notable win (in [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar")) with black against the 18\-year\-old [Fabiano Caruana](/wiki/Fabiano_Caruana "Fabiano Caruana"), who was rated above 2700 and 61 years Korchnoi's junior.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.onlinechesslessons.net/2011/06/29/does\-chess\-help\-alzheimers\-disease/ \|title\=Does Chess Help People With Alzheimer's Disease? \|publisher\=OnlineChessLessons.NET \|access\-date\=2011\-08\-18 \|archive\-date\=2011\-08\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807043550/http://www.onlinechesslessons.net/2011/06/29/does\-chess\-help\-alzheimers\-disease/ \|url\-status\=dead }}
Korchnoi became the oldest player ever to win a national championship, when he won the 2009 [Swiss championship](/wiki/Swiss_Chess_Championship "Swiss Chess Championship") at age 78\.{{cite news\| url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/aug/01/leonard\-barden\-chess\-victor\-korchnoi \| work\=The Guardian \| location\=London \| title\=Victor Korchnoi outshines Anatoly Karpov despite age gap \| first\=Leonard \| last\=Barden \| date\=2009\-08\-01 \| access\-date\=2010\-05\-27}} He won the national title again a few months after his 80th birthday in July 2011 after a playoff game with [Joseph Gallagher](/wiki/Joseph_Gallagher "Joseph Gallagher").{{cite web\|url\=http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic871\.html\#37\|title\=The Week in Chess 871\|website\=theweekinchess.com\|access\-date\=2016\-06\-12}}
### Declining health
Till the very end, Korchoi remained a fierce competitor. In late December 2012, it was reported that Korchnoi was recovering from a stroke and was unlikely to play competitive chess again.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid\=8737 \|title\=Korchnoi in a clinic recovering from a stroke \|publisher\=ChessBase.com \|date\=2012\-12\-29 \|access\-date\=2013\-03\-04}} He was scheduled to play in the 37th [Zurich Christmas Open](/wiki/Zurich_Christmas_Open "Zurich Christmas Open") tournament in December 2013, but withdrew for health reasons.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.chess.com/news/view/karpov\-\-timman\-are\-playing\-but\-korchnoi\-is\-not\-3305\|title\=Karpov \& Timman Are Playing (But Korchnoi Is Not)\|first\=Peter\|last\=Doggers (PeterDoggers)\|website\=Chess.com\|date\=14 February 2022 }}
However, in 2014, he returned to the board to play a two\-game match against GM [Wolfgang Uhlmann](/wiki/Wolfgang_Uhlmann "Wolfgang Uhlmann") (1935–2020\), winning both games; the combined age of the two players was 162 years, which is almost certainly a record for a standard play match between Grandmasters. In 2015 the two played a four\-game rapid play match (25 minutes per player for all moves, plus 30 seconds extra per move), which was drawn 2–2\. Korchnoi's final match against another Grandmaster was a similar four\-game rapid play match in November 2015, against GM [Mark Taimanov](/wiki/Mark_Taimanov "Mark Taimanov") (1926–2016\) – the first time since 1980 that Korchnoi had played in an official or friendly match against an opponent older than himself. The combined ages of the players was 174\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.luzernerzeitung.ch/sonderthemen/beiuns\|title\=BeiUns Nachrichten\|website\=\[\[Luzerner Zeitung]]}} Korchnoi won the match 2–1 with one draw.
|
[
"Later career\n------------",
"He continued to play in Europe and around the world to an advanced age, living in his adopted country of Switzerland. He frequently represented their [Olympiad](/wiki/Chess_Olympiad \"Chess Olympiad\") team on top board, beginning in 1978, even though his [Elo rating](/wiki/Elo_rating \"Elo rating\") was sometimes considerably below that of compatriot [Vadim Milov](/wiki/Vadim_Milov \"Vadim Milov\"), who appeared not to make himself available for selection.",
"From 2001 onwards, Korchnoi became a prolific author of books on his career, publishing five new volumes, including two books of annotated games, an updated autobiography, and an overview (along with several other authors) of Soviet politics applying to chess; he also wrote a book on rook endings.",
"In 2001, Korchnoi won the [Biel Chess Festival](/wiki/Biel_Chess_Festival \"Biel Chess Festival\") for the second time in the grandmasters division, having also won in 1979\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Past Winners \\- Biel International Chess Festival \\|url\\=https://www.bielchessfestival.ch/History/Past\\-Winners.html \\|access\\-date\\=1 August 2020}} This 22\\-year gap still stands as the longest time period between being champion at Biel tournament, or quite possibly any international chess tournament.",
"In September 2006, Korchnoi won the 16th [World Senior Chess Championship](/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship \"World Senior Chess Championship\"), held in [Arvier](/wiki/Arvier \"Arvier\") (Valle d'Aosta, Italy), at age 75, with a 9–2 score. Korchnoi scored 7½–½ in his first eight games, then drew his last three games.",
"On the January 2007 [FIDE](/wiki/FIDE \"FIDE\") rating list{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fide.com/ratings/toparc.phtml?cod\\=105 \\|title\\=FIDE Archive: Top 100 Players January 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=June 6, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=unfit \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104211554/http://www.fide.com/ratings/toparc.phtml?cod\\=105 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 4, 2007 }} Korchnoi was ranked number 85 in the world at age 75, the oldest player ever to be ranked in the FIDE top 100\\. The second\\-oldest player on the January 2007 list was [Alexander Beliavsky](/wiki/Alexander_Beliavsky \"Alexander Beliavsky\"), age 53, who was 22 years younger than Korchnoi. In 2011, Korchnoi was still active in the chess world with a notable win (in [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar \"Gibraltar\")) with black against the 18\\-year\\-old [Fabiano Caruana](/wiki/Fabiano_Caruana \"Fabiano Caruana\"), who was rated above 2700 and 61 years Korchnoi's junior.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.onlinechesslessons.net/2011/06/29/does\\-chess\\-help\\-alzheimers\\-disease/ \\|title\\=Does Chess Help People With Alzheimer's Disease? \\|publisher\\=OnlineChessLessons.NET \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-08\\-18 \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-08\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807043550/http://www.onlinechesslessons.net/2011/06/29/does\\-chess\\-help\\-alzheimers\\-disease/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Korchnoi became the oldest player ever to win a national championship, when he won the 2009 [Swiss championship](/wiki/Swiss_Chess_Championship \"Swiss Chess Championship\") at age 78\\.{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/aug/01/leonard\\-barden\\-chess\\-victor\\-korchnoi \\| work\\=The Guardian \\| location\\=London \\| title\\=Victor Korchnoi outshines Anatoly Karpov despite age gap \\| first\\=Leonard \\| last\\=Barden \\| date\\=2009\\-08\\-01 \\| access\\-date\\=2010\\-05\\-27}} He won the national title again a few months after his 80th birthday in July 2011 after a playoff game with [Joseph Gallagher](/wiki/Joseph_Gallagher \"Joseph Gallagher\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic871\\.html\\#37\\|title\\=The Week in Chess 871\\|website\\=theweekinchess.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-12}}",
"### Declining health",
"Till the very end, Korchoi remained a fierce competitor. In late December 2012, it was reported that Korchnoi was recovering from a stroke and was unlikely to play competitive chess again.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid\\=8737 \\|title\\=Korchnoi in a clinic recovering from a stroke \\|publisher\\=ChessBase.com \\|date\\=2012\\-12\\-29 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-04}} He was scheduled to play in the 37th [Zurich Christmas Open](/wiki/Zurich_Christmas_Open \"Zurich Christmas Open\") tournament in December 2013, but withdrew for health reasons.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.chess.com/news/view/karpov\\-\\-timman\\-are\\-playing\\-but\\-korchnoi\\-is\\-not\\-3305\\|title\\=Karpov \\& Timman Are Playing (But Korchnoi Is Not)\\|first\\=Peter\\|last\\=Doggers (PeterDoggers)\\|website\\=Chess.com\\|date\\=14 February 2022 }}",
"However, in 2014, he returned to the board to play a two\\-game match against GM [Wolfgang Uhlmann](/wiki/Wolfgang_Uhlmann \"Wolfgang Uhlmann\") (1935–2020\\), winning both games; the combined age of the two players was 162 years, which is almost certainly a record for a standard play match between Grandmasters. In 2015 the two played a four\\-game rapid play match (25 minutes per player for all moves, plus 30 seconds extra per move), which was drawn 2–2\\. Korchnoi's final match against another Grandmaster was a similar four\\-game rapid play match in November 2015, against GM [Mark Taimanov](/wiki/Mark_Taimanov \"Mark Taimanov\") (1926–2016\\) – the first time since 1980 that Korchnoi had played in an official or friendly match against an opponent older than himself. The combined ages of the players was 174\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.luzernerzeitung.ch/sonderthemen/beiuns\\|title\\=BeiUns Nachrichten\\|website\\=\\[\\[Luzerner Zeitung]]}} Korchnoi won the match 2–1 with one draw.",
""
] |
Reproduction
------------
### Host species
The screaming cowbird is a specialist brood parasite, predominantly parasitizing the nests of [baywings](/wiki/Agelaioides "Agelaioides") (*Agelaioides*).{{Cite journal\|title \= Reproductive Success and Nestling Growth of the Baywing Parasitized by Screaming and Shiny Cowbirds\|journal \= The Wilson Journal of Ornithology\|date \= 2010\-08\-24\|issn \= 1559\-4491\|pages \= 417–431\|volume \= 122\|issue \= 3\|doi \= 10\.1676/09\-140\.1\|first1 \= María C.\|last1 \= de Mársico\|first2 \= Bettina\|last2 \= Mahler\|first3 \= Juan C.\|last3 \= Reboreda\|s2cid \= 3964244}}{{Cite journal\|title \= Brood Parasitism Increases Mortality of Bay\-Winged Cowbird Nests\|journal \= The Condor\|date \= 2010\-05\-01\|issn \= 0010\-5422\|pages \= 407–417\|volume \= 112\|issue \= 2\|doi \= 10\.1525/cond.2010\.090118\|first1 \= María C.\|last1 \= de Mársico\|first2 \= Juan C.\|last2 \= Reboreda\|url \= http://ri.conicet.gov.ar/bitstream/11336/68837/2/CONICET\_Digital\_Nro.d9cecf9d\-96b5\-4865\-9b26\-c4ebdd2a97ca\_A.pdf\|hdl \= 11336/68837\|s2cid \= 51736285\|hdl\-access \= free}}{{cite journal \| last1 \= Fraga \| first1 \= R. M. \| year \= 1979 \| title \= Differences between nestlings and fledglings of Screaming and Bay\-winged cowbirds \| journal \= Wilson Bulletin \| volume \= 91 \| pages \= 151–154 }} In 1874, W H Hudson was first to observe this parasitic relationship when he witnessed what he believed to be baywing chicks morph into screaming cowbird plumage.{{Cite journal\|title \= High frequency but low impact of brood parasitism by the specialist Screaming Cowbird on its primary host, the Baywing\|journal \= Emu\|date \= 2014\|pages \= 309–316\|volume \= 114\|issue \= 4\|doi \= 10\.1071/mu14008\|first1 \= María C.\|last1 \= De Mársico\|first2 \= Juan C.\|last2 \= Reboreda\|s2cid \= 84190846\|hdl \= 11336/31716\|hdl\-access \= free}}
The screaming cowbird also parasitizes the nests of the [chopi blackbird](/wiki/Chopi_blackbird "Chopi blackbird") (*Gnorimopsar chopi*){{cite journal \| last1 \= Fraga \| first1 \= R. M. \| year \= 1996 \| title \= Further evidence of parasitism of Chopi Blackbirds (''Gnorimopsar chopi'') by the specialized Screaming Cowbird (''Molothrus rufoaxillaris'') \| journal \= The Condor \| volume \= 98 \| issue \= 4\| pages \= 866–867 \| doi \= 10\.2307/1369874 \| jstor \= 1369874 \| doi\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \| last1 \= Mahler \| first1 \= B. \| last2 \= Sarquis Adamson \| first2 \= Y. \| last3 \= Di Giacomo \| first3 \= A. G. \| last4 \= Confalonieri \| first4 \= V. A. \| last5 \= Reboreda \| first5 \= J. C. \| year \= 2009 \| title \= Utilization of a new host in the Screaming Cowbird ''Molothrus rufoaxillaris'', a host specialist brood parasite: Host switch or host acquisition? \| journal \= Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology \| volume \= 63 \| issue \= 11\| pages \= 1603–1608 \| doi \= 10\.1007/s00265\-009\-0755\-0 \| s2cid \= 3941771 }} and the [brown\-and\-yellow marshbird](/wiki/Brown-and-yellow_marshbird "Brown-and-yellow marshbird") (*Pseudoleistes virescens*).{{Cite journal\|title \= New Host for a Specialized Brood Parasite, the Screaming Cowbird\|jstor \= 1369576\|journal \= The Condor\|date \= 1996\-08\-01\|pages \= 630–632\|volume \= 98\|issue \= 3\|doi \= 10\.2307/1369576\|first1 \= Myriam E.\|last1 \= Mermoz\|first2 \= Juan C.\|last2 \= Reboreda\|doi\-access \= free}}{{cite journal \| last1 \= Mermoz \| first1 \= M. E. \| last2 \= Fernandez \| first2 \= G. J. \| year \= 2003 \| title \= Breeding success of a specialist brood parasite, the Screaming Cowbird, parasitizing an alternative host \| journal \= The Condor \| volume \= 105 \| pages \= 63–72 \| doi \= 10\.1093/condor/105\.1\.63 \| doi\-access \= free }}{{Cite journal\|title \= Effects of nest\-site characteristics and parental activity on cowbird parasitism and nest predation in Brown\-and\-yellow Marshbirds\|journal \= Journal of Field Ornithology\|date \= 2009\-03\-01\|issn \= 1557\-9263\|pages \= 9–18\|volume \= 80\|issue \= 1\|doi \= 10\.1111/j.1557\-9263\.2009\.00200\.x\|first1 \= Walter S.\|last1 \= Svagelj\|first2 \= Gustavo J.\|last2 \= Fernández\|first3 \= Myriam E.\|last3 \= Mermoz\|hdl \= 11336/95899\|hdl\-access \= free}} Parasitism of these other two species generally occurs in areas where baywings are absent but can also occur in its presence.{{Cite journal\|title \= Reproductive success of the specialist brood parasite Screaming Cowbird in an alternative host, the Chopi Blackbird\|journal \= The Auk\|date \= 2014\-10\-01\|issn \= 0004\-8038\|pages \= 16–24\|volume \= 132\|issue \= 1\|doi \= 10\.1642/AUK\-13\-008\.1\|first1 \= Alejandro G.\|last1 \= Di Giacomo\|first2 \= Juan C.\|last2 \= Reboreda\|hdl \= 11336/19670\|s2cid \= 3953329\|hdl\-access \= free}} The three host species that can successfully raise screaming cowbirds are all [cooperative breeders](/wiki/Cooperative_breeders "Cooperative breeders"). "Helpers" at the nest provide assistance with chick feeding and with predator defense.{{Cite journal\|title \= Brood parasitism disproportionately increases nest provisioning and helper recruitment in a cooperatively breeding bird\|journal \= Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology\|date \= 2011\-08\-18\|issn \= 0340\-5443\|pages \= 2279–2286\|volume \= 65\|issue \= 12\|doi \= 10\.1007/s00265\-011\-1238\-7\|first1 \= Cynthia A.\|last1 \= Ursino\|first2 \= María C. De\|last2 \= Mársico\|first3 \= Mariela\|last3 \= Sued\|first4 \= Andrés\|last4 \= Farall\|first5 \= Juan C.\|last5 \= Reboreda\|s2cid \= 20460496\|hdl \= 11336/68405\|hdl\-access \= free}}
### Parasite behaviour
Screaming cowbirds are [monogamous](/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals "Monogamy in animals") and form stable pairs for the duration of the breeding season.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Mason \| first1 \= P \| year \= 1987 \| title \= Pair formation in cowbirds; evidence found for Screaming but not Shiny Cowbirds \| journal \= Condor \| volume \= 89 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 349–356 \| doi \= 10\.2307/1368487 \| jstor \= 1368487 }} As obligate brood parasites, they do not build their own nests, and instead, parasitize the nests of other species, predominantly baywings.
Most baywing nests are parasitized by the screaming cowbird with parasitism rates of 74\-100% recorded.{{Cite journal\|title \= Biological and Oological Studies of the Molothrine Cowbirds (Icteridae) of Argentina\|jstor \= 4082768\|journal \= The Auk\|date \= 1964\-04\-01\|pages \= 186–203\|volume \= 81\|issue \= 2\|doi \= 10\.2307/4082768\|first1 \= Gunnar\|last1 \= Hoy\|first2 \= Johann\|last2 \= Ottow}}
Parasitism rates of 5\-20% have been recorded for the brown and yellow marsh bird and 46% for the Chopi blackbird.
Screaming cowbird eggs are spotted like those of their main host, the baywing, but do vary in shape, background colour and markings. Although this may be obvious when they appear in the host nest during pre\-laying, they can be difficult to detect in a nest full of eggs.
Screaming cowbirds can lay 6\-20 eggs in a baywing nest but usually one pair will lay only 2 eggs in the host nest. Up to 12 female screaming cowbirds can parasitize the same baywing nest.
Screaming cowbird adults frequently pierce the eggs of their hosts as well as previously laid parasite eggs.Davies, N. B. (2000\). Cuckoos, Cowbirds and Other Cheats. Academic Press, London. One study found 22\.5% of baywing eggs were punctured by the screaming cowbird. Screaming cowbirds can distinguish between their eggs and those of other species and laboratory trials have shown that screaming cowbirds will puncture shining cowbird (*Molothrus bonariensis*) eggs more frequently than their own.{{Cite journal\|title \= Egg Discrimination and Sex\-Specific Pecking Behaviour in Parasitic Cowbirds\|journal \= Ethology\|date \= 2006\-11\-01\|issn \= 1439\-0310\|pages \= 1128–1135\|volume \= 112\|issue \= 11\|doi \= 10\.1111/j.1439\-0310\.2006\.01272\.x\|first1 \= Paulo E.\|last1 \= Llambías\|first2 \= Valentina\|last2 \= Ferretti\|first3 \= Juan C.\|last3 \= Reboreda}} The purposes of egg puncture behavior are not clearly understood but may provide the parasite with information on the [embryonic development](/wiki/Embryonic_development "Embryonic development") of the host eggs and therefore whether or not to parasitize. Egg puncturing may also be practiced to reduce nestling competition and to enhance survival of parasitic offspring.{{Cite journal\|title \= Costs of brood parasitism and the lack of defenses on the yellow\-winged blackbird \- shiny cowbird system\|journal \= Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology\|date \= 1998\-04\-01\|issn \= 0340\-5443\|pages \= 273–280\|volume \= 42\|issue \= 4\|doi \= 10\.1007/s002650050439\|first1 \= Viviana\|last1 \= Massoni\|first2 \= Juan Carlos\|last2 \= Reboreda\|s2cid \= 24499964}} Heavy [predation](/wiki/Predation "Predation") in the form of egg punctures, which result in total nest failure and nest abandonment, may also create new opportunities for screaming cowbirds in the form of new nests to parasitize.
Screaming cowbirds deceive their main host, the baywing, with superb visual chick [mimicry](/wiki/Mimicry "Mimicry").{{Cite journal\|title \= Host–parasite coevolution beyond the nestling stage? Mimicry of host fledglings by the specialist screaming cowbird\|journal \= Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences\|date \= 2012\-09\-07\|issn \= 0962\-8452\|pmc \= 3396896\|pmid \= 22648157\|pages \= 3401–3408\|volume \= 279\|issue \= 1742\|doi \= 10\.1098/rspb.2012\.0612\|first1 \= María C. De\|last1 \= Mársico\|first2 \= Mariela G.\|last2 \= Gantchoff\|first3 \= Juan C.\|last3 \= Reboreda}} In fact, screaming cowbirds are the only avian brood parasite to exhibit this trait.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Kruger \| first1 \= O \| year \= 2007 \| title \= Cuckoos, cowbirds and hosts: Adaptations, trade\-offs and constraints \| journal \= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B \| volume \= 362 \| issue \= 1486\| pages \= 1873–1886 \| doi \= 10\.1098/rstb.2006\.1849 \| pmid \= 17827098 \| pmc \= 2442387 }} There are slight differences in skin and bill colour of nestlings but this is only present for the first 4–5 days. They then remain almost identical in size and appearance until they become nutritionally independent.
Screaming cowbird chicks also mimic the begging calls of their baywing nest mates and, in addition, beg for longer and at a higher intensity.{{Cite journal\|title \= Selfish begging by screaming cowbirds, a mimetic brood parasite of the bay\-winged cowbird\|journal \= Animal Behaviour\|date \= 2001\-06\-01\|pages \= 1151–1158\|volume \= 61\|issue \= 6\|doi \= 10\.1006/anbe.2000\.1688\|first \= Gabriela\|last \= Lichtenstein\|s2cid \= 53162808}} This more intense begging does not reflect greater hunger demands; instead, reflects a hard\-wired behavior to ensure adequate nourishment and survival. Although the rearing environment can influence begging call parameters, Screaming Cowbird nestlings develop the acoustic cues required for offspring recognition by the baywings independently of social experience.{{cite journal \|author1\= Rojas Ripari, J.M. \|author2\= Ursino, C.A. \| author3\= Reboreda, J.C. \| author4\= De Mársico, M.C. \| year\=2019\| title\= Innate development of acoustic signals for host parent–offspring recognition in the brood‐parasitic Screaming Cowbird ''Molothrus rufoaxillaris''
\| journal\=Ibis\| volume\=161\| pages\= 717–729 \| doi\= 10\.1111/ibi.12672 \| issue\=4\|s2cid\= 92159389 }} Due to the mimicry of nestlings and fledglings, it has been suggested that screaming cowbirds and baywings are closely related; however, molecular research has shown the species are not each other's closest relatives.{{Cite journal\|title \= Interspecific Brood Parasitism in Blackbirds (Icterinae): A Phylogenetic Perspective\|jstor \= 2876063\|journal \= Science\|date \= 1992\-01\-03\|pages \= 77–79\|volume \= 255\|series \= New Series\|issue \= 5040\|first \= Scott M.\|last \= Lanyon\|bibcode \= 1992Sci...255\...77L\|doi \= 10\.1126/science.1553533\|pmid \= 1553533}}
### Host response
The screaming cowbird frequently parasitizes its main host, the baywing, during the pre\-laying period. Screaming cowbirds lay 31% of their eggs before the first baywing egg but most of the eggs laid are ejected, and often within 24 hours.De Marsico, M. C., and Reboreda, J. C. (2008\). Differential reproductive success favours strong host preference in a highly specialized brood parasite. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 275:24499\-2506 By ejecting parasitic eggs with their feet, baywings can reduce the parasitic egg load by 75%.{{Cite journal\|title \= A novel method of rejection of brood parasitic eggs reduces parasitism intensity in a cowbird host\|journal \= Biology Letters\|date \= 2013\-06\-23\|issn \= 1744\-9561\|pmc \= 3645041\|pmid \= 23485877\|page \= 20130076\|volume \= 9\|issue \= 3\|doi \= 10\.1098/rsbl.2013\.0076\|first1 \= María C. De\|last1 \= Mársico\|first2 \= Ros\|last2 \= Gloag\|first3 \= Cynthia A.\|last3 \= Ursino\|first4 \= Juan C.\|last4 \= Reboreda}} Host species can eject an entire clutch and commence egg laying again in the same nest or abandon the nest and start afresh. Chopi blackbirds and brown and yellow marsh birds have not been observed to eject screaming cowbird eggs.{{Cite journal\|title \= Antiparasitic defenses in hosts of South American cowbirds\|journal \= Chinese Birds\|date \= 2013\-01\-01\|volume \= 4\|issue \= 1\|page \= 57\|doi \= 10\.5122/cbirds.2013\.0003\|first1 \= Juan C.\|last1 \= REBOREDA\|first2 \= Vanina D.\|last2 \= FIORINI\|first3 \= María C. De\|last3 \= MARSICO\|doi\-access \= free\|hdl \= 11336/15664\|hdl\-access \= free}}
The pre\-laying period (the time between nest making and egg laying) of the baywing exhibits great variability in length (1–19 days). It is suggested that this behavior may act as an antiparasitic/defense mechanism to reduce the chances of successful parasitism. Such behaviours are a fascinating element to the co\-evolutionary arms race that exists between avian brood parasites and their hosts.
Once hatched, baywings treat parasitic chicks as their own, not only by providing food and protection but also by removing ecto\-parasites such as [botfly](/wiki/Botfly "Botfly") larvae.{{Cite journal\|title \= Bay\-Winged Cowbirds (Molothrus badius) Remove Ectoparasites From Their Brood Parasites, the Screaming Cowbirds (M. rufoaxillaris)\|jstor \= 2388055\|journal \= Biotropica\|date \= September 1984\|pages \= 223–226\|volume \= 16\|issue \= 3\|doi \= 10\.2307/2388055\|first \= Rosendo M.\|last \= Fraga}}
### Reproductive success
The main host, the baywing, can successfully fledge 1 screaming cowbird for 3 of its own. Reproductive success, as the number of fledgling per egg laid, has been recorded to be 0\.14 for the screaming cowbird when hosted by the baywing. When hosted by the chopi blackbird, a reproductive success rate of 0\.17 was found In addition, the brown\-and\-yellow marshbird is also able to successfully rear screaming cowbird chicks.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Mermoz \| first1 \= M. E. \| last2 \= Fernandez \| first2 \= G. J. \| year \= 2003 \| title \= Breeding success of a specialist brood parasite, the Screaming Cowbird, parasitizing and alternative host \| journal \= The Condor \| volume \= 105 \| pages \= 63–72 \| doi \= 10\.1093/condor/105\.1\.63 \| doi\-access \= free }}
The main host species, the baywing, clearly suffers losses through intense parasitism by the screaming cowbird; however, they are able to successfully raise their young with little overall impact in terms of hatching success, survival of nestlings and fledgling body mass.
|
[
"Reproduction\n------------",
"### Host species",
"The screaming cowbird is a specialist brood parasite, predominantly parasitizing the nests of [baywings](/wiki/Agelaioides \"Agelaioides\") (*Agelaioides*).{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Reproductive Success and Nestling Growth of the Baywing Parasitized by Screaming and Shiny Cowbirds\\|journal \\= The Wilson Journal of Ornithology\\|date \\= 2010\\-08\\-24\\|issn \\= 1559\\-4491\\|pages \\= 417–431\\|volume \\= 122\\|issue \\= 3\\|doi \\= 10\\.1676/09\\-140\\.1\\|first1 \\= María C.\\|last1 \\= de Mársico\\|first2 \\= Bettina\\|last2 \\= Mahler\\|first3 \\= Juan C.\\|last3 \\= Reboreda\\|s2cid \\= 3964244}}{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Brood Parasitism Increases Mortality of Bay\\-Winged Cowbird Nests\\|journal \\= The Condor\\|date \\= 2010\\-05\\-01\\|issn \\= 0010\\-5422\\|pages \\= 407–417\\|volume \\= 112\\|issue \\= 2\\|doi \\= 10\\.1525/cond.2010\\.090118\\|first1 \\= María C.\\|last1 \\= de Mársico\\|first2 \\= Juan C.\\|last2 \\= Reboreda\\|url \\= http://ri.conicet.gov.ar/bitstream/11336/68837/2/CONICET\\_Digital\\_Nro.d9cecf9d\\-96b5\\-4865\\-9b26\\-c4ebdd2a97ca\\_A.pdf\\|hdl \\= 11336/68837\\|s2cid \\= 51736285\\|hdl\\-access \\= free}}{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Fraga \\| first1 \\= R. M. \\| year \\= 1979 \\| title \\= Differences between nestlings and fledglings of Screaming and Bay\\-winged cowbirds \\| journal \\= Wilson Bulletin \\| volume \\= 91 \\| pages \\= 151–154 }} In 1874, W H Hudson was first to observe this parasitic relationship when he witnessed what he believed to be baywing chicks morph into screaming cowbird plumage.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= High frequency but low impact of brood parasitism by the specialist Screaming Cowbird on its primary host, the Baywing\\|journal \\= Emu\\|date \\= 2014\\|pages \\= 309–316\\|volume \\= 114\\|issue \\= 4\\|doi \\= 10\\.1071/mu14008\\|first1 \\= María C.\\|last1 \\= De Mársico\\|first2 \\= Juan C.\\|last2 \\= Reboreda\\|s2cid \\= 84190846\\|hdl \\= 11336/31716\\|hdl\\-access \\= free}}",
"The screaming cowbird also parasitizes the nests of the [chopi blackbird](/wiki/Chopi_blackbird \"Chopi blackbird\") (*Gnorimopsar chopi*){{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Fraga \\| first1 \\= R. M. \\| year \\= 1996 \\| title \\= Further evidence of parasitism of Chopi Blackbirds (''Gnorimopsar chopi'') by the specialized Screaming Cowbird (''Molothrus rufoaxillaris'') \\| journal \\= The Condor \\| volume \\= 98 \\| issue \\= 4\\| pages \\= 866–867 \\| doi \\= 10\\.2307/1369874 \\| jstor \\= 1369874 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Mahler \\| first1 \\= B. \\| last2 \\= Sarquis Adamson \\| first2 \\= Y. \\| last3 \\= Di Giacomo \\| first3 \\= A. G. \\| last4 \\= Confalonieri \\| first4 \\= V. A. \\| last5 \\= Reboreda \\| first5 \\= J. C. \\| year \\= 2009 \\| title \\= Utilization of a new host in the Screaming Cowbird ''Molothrus rufoaxillaris'', a host specialist brood parasite: Host switch or host acquisition? \\| journal \\= Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology \\| volume \\= 63 \\| issue \\= 11\\| pages \\= 1603–1608 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/s00265\\-009\\-0755\\-0 \\| s2cid \\= 3941771 }} and the [brown\\-and\\-yellow marshbird](/wiki/Brown-and-yellow_marshbird \"Brown-and-yellow marshbird\") (*Pseudoleistes virescens*).{{Cite journal\\|title \\= New Host for a Specialized Brood Parasite, the Screaming Cowbird\\|jstor \\= 1369576\\|journal \\= The Condor\\|date \\= 1996\\-08\\-01\\|pages \\= 630–632\\|volume \\= 98\\|issue \\= 3\\|doi \\= 10\\.2307/1369576\\|first1 \\= Myriam E.\\|last1 \\= Mermoz\\|first2 \\= Juan C.\\|last2 \\= Reboreda\\|doi\\-access \\= free}}{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Mermoz \\| first1 \\= M. E. \\| last2 \\= Fernandez \\| first2 \\= G. J. \\| year \\= 2003 \\| title \\= Breeding success of a specialist brood parasite, the Screaming Cowbird, parasitizing an alternative host \\| journal \\= The Condor \\| volume \\= 105 \\| pages \\= 63–72 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/condor/105\\.1\\.63 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Effects of nest\\-site characteristics and parental activity on cowbird parasitism and nest predation in Brown\\-and\\-yellow Marshbirds\\|journal \\= Journal of Field Ornithology\\|date \\= 2009\\-03\\-01\\|issn \\= 1557\\-9263\\|pages \\= 9–18\\|volume \\= 80\\|issue \\= 1\\|doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1557\\-9263\\.2009\\.00200\\.x\\|first1 \\= Walter S.\\|last1 \\= Svagelj\\|first2 \\= Gustavo J.\\|last2 \\= Fernández\\|first3 \\= Myriam E.\\|last3 \\= Mermoz\\|hdl \\= 11336/95899\\|hdl\\-access \\= free}} Parasitism of these other two species generally occurs in areas where baywings are absent but can also occur in its presence.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Reproductive success of the specialist brood parasite Screaming Cowbird in an alternative host, the Chopi Blackbird\\|journal \\= The Auk\\|date \\= 2014\\-10\\-01\\|issn \\= 0004\\-8038\\|pages \\= 16–24\\|volume \\= 132\\|issue \\= 1\\|doi \\= 10\\.1642/AUK\\-13\\-008\\.1\\|first1 \\= Alejandro G.\\|last1 \\= Di Giacomo\\|first2 \\= Juan C.\\|last2 \\= Reboreda\\|hdl \\= 11336/19670\\|s2cid \\= 3953329\\|hdl\\-access \\= free}} The three host species that can successfully raise screaming cowbirds are all [cooperative breeders](/wiki/Cooperative_breeders \"Cooperative breeders\"). \"Helpers\" at the nest provide assistance with chick feeding and with predator defense.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Brood parasitism disproportionately increases nest provisioning and helper recruitment in a cooperatively breeding bird\\|journal \\= Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology\\|date \\= 2011\\-08\\-18\\|issn \\= 0340\\-5443\\|pages \\= 2279–2286\\|volume \\= 65\\|issue \\= 12\\|doi \\= 10\\.1007/s00265\\-011\\-1238\\-7\\|first1 \\= Cynthia A.\\|last1 \\= Ursino\\|first2 \\= María C. De\\|last2 \\= Mársico\\|first3 \\= Mariela\\|last3 \\= Sued\\|first4 \\= Andrés\\|last4 \\= Farall\\|first5 \\= Juan C.\\|last5 \\= Reboreda\\|s2cid \\= 20460496\\|hdl \\= 11336/68405\\|hdl\\-access \\= free}}",
"### Parasite behaviour",
"Screaming cowbirds are [monogamous](/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals \"Monogamy in animals\") and form stable pairs for the duration of the breeding season.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Mason \\| first1 \\= P \\| year \\= 1987 \\| title \\= Pair formation in cowbirds; evidence found for Screaming but not Shiny Cowbirds \\| journal \\= Condor \\| volume \\= 89 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 349–356 \\| doi \\= 10\\.2307/1368487 \\| jstor \\= 1368487 }} As obligate brood parasites, they do not build their own nests, and instead, parasitize the nests of other species, predominantly baywings.",
"Most baywing nests are parasitized by the screaming cowbird with parasitism rates of 74\\-100% recorded.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Biological and Oological Studies of the Molothrine Cowbirds (Icteridae) of Argentina\\|jstor \\= 4082768\\|journal \\= The Auk\\|date \\= 1964\\-04\\-01\\|pages \\= 186–203\\|volume \\= 81\\|issue \\= 2\\|doi \\= 10\\.2307/4082768\\|first1 \\= Gunnar\\|last1 \\= Hoy\\|first2 \\= Johann\\|last2 \\= Ottow}}\nParasitism rates of 5\\-20% have been recorded for the brown and yellow marsh bird and 46% for the Chopi blackbird.",
"Screaming cowbird eggs are spotted like those of their main host, the baywing, but do vary in shape, background colour and markings. Although this may be obvious when they appear in the host nest during pre\\-laying, they can be difficult to detect in a nest full of eggs.",
"Screaming cowbirds can lay 6\\-20 eggs in a baywing nest but usually one pair will lay only 2 eggs in the host nest. Up to 12 female screaming cowbirds can parasitize the same baywing nest.",
"Screaming cowbird adults frequently pierce the eggs of their hosts as well as previously laid parasite eggs.Davies, N. B. (2000\\). Cuckoos, Cowbirds and Other Cheats. Academic Press, London. One study found 22\\.5% of baywing eggs were punctured by the screaming cowbird. Screaming cowbirds can distinguish between their eggs and those of other species and laboratory trials have shown that screaming cowbirds will puncture shining cowbird (*Molothrus bonariensis*) eggs more frequently than their own.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Egg Discrimination and Sex\\-Specific Pecking Behaviour in Parasitic Cowbirds\\|journal \\= Ethology\\|date \\= 2006\\-11\\-01\\|issn \\= 1439\\-0310\\|pages \\= 1128–1135\\|volume \\= 112\\|issue \\= 11\\|doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1439\\-0310\\.2006\\.01272\\.x\\|first1 \\= Paulo E.\\|last1 \\= Llambías\\|first2 \\= Valentina\\|last2 \\= Ferretti\\|first3 \\= Juan C.\\|last3 \\= Reboreda}} The purposes of egg puncture behavior are not clearly understood but may provide the parasite with information on the [embryonic development](/wiki/Embryonic_development \"Embryonic development\") of the host eggs and therefore whether or not to parasitize. Egg puncturing may also be practiced to reduce nestling competition and to enhance survival of parasitic offspring.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Costs of brood parasitism and the lack of defenses on the yellow\\-winged blackbird \\- shiny cowbird system\\|journal \\= Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology\\|date \\= 1998\\-04\\-01\\|issn \\= 0340\\-5443\\|pages \\= 273–280\\|volume \\= 42\\|issue \\= 4\\|doi \\= 10\\.1007/s002650050439\\|first1 \\= Viviana\\|last1 \\= Massoni\\|first2 \\= Juan Carlos\\|last2 \\= Reboreda\\|s2cid \\= 24499964}} Heavy [predation](/wiki/Predation \"Predation\") in the form of egg punctures, which result in total nest failure and nest abandonment, may also create new opportunities for screaming cowbirds in the form of new nests to parasitize.",
"Screaming cowbirds deceive their main host, the baywing, with superb visual chick [mimicry](/wiki/Mimicry \"Mimicry\").{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Host–parasite coevolution beyond the nestling stage? Mimicry of host fledglings by the specialist screaming cowbird\\|journal \\= Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences\\|date \\= 2012\\-09\\-07\\|issn \\= 0962\\-8452\\|pmc \\= 3396896\\|pmid \\= 22648157\\|pages \\= 3401–3408\\|volume \\= 279\\|issue \\= 1742\\|doi \\= 10\\.1098/rspb.2012\\.0612\\|first1 \\= María C. De\\|last1 \\= Mársico\\|first2 \\= Mariela G.\\|last2 \\= Gantchoff\\|first3 \\= Juan C.\\|last3 \\= Reboreda}} In fact, screaming cowbirds are the only avian brood parasite to exhibit this trait.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Kruger \\| first1 \\= O \\| year \\= 2007 \\| title \\= Cuckoos, cowbirds and hosts: Adaptations, trade\\-offs and constraints \\| journal \\= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B \\| volume \\= 362 \\| issue \\= 1486\\| pages \\= 1873–1886 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1098/rstb.2006\\.1849 \\| pmid \\= 17827098 \\| pmc \\= 2442387 }} There are slight differences in skin and bill colour of nestlings but this is only present for the first 4–5 days. They then remain almost identical in size and appearance until they become nutritionally independent.",
"Screaming cowbird chicks also mimic the begging calls of their baywing nest mates and, in addition, beg for longer and at a higher intensity.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Selfish begging by screaming cowbirds, a mimetic brood parasite of the bay\\-winged cowbird\\|journal \\= Animal Behaviour\\|date \\= 2001\\-06\\-01\\|pages \\= 1151–1158\\|volume \\= 61\\|issue \\= 6\\|doi \\= 10\\.1006/anbe.2000\\.1688\\|first \\= Gabriela\\|last \\= Lichtenstein\\|s2cid \\= 53162808}} This more intense begging does not reflect greater hunger demands; instead, reflects a hard\\-wired behavior to ensure adequate nourishment and survival. Although the rearing environment can influence begging call parameters, Screaming Cowbird nestlings develop the acoustic cues required for offspring recognition by the baywings independently of social experience.{{cite journal \\|author1\\= Rojas Ripari, J.M. \\|author2\\= Ursino, C.A. \\| author3\\= Reboreda, J.C. \\| author4\\= De Mársico, M.C. \\| year\\=2019\\| title\\= Innate development of acoustic signals for host parent–offspring recognition in the brood‐parasitic Screaming Cowbird ''Molothrus rufoaxillaris''\n \\| journal\\=Ibis\\| volume\\=161\\| pages\\= 717–729 \\| doi\\= 10\\.1111/ibi.12672 \\| issue\\=4\\|s2cid\\= 92159389 }} Due to the mimicry of nestlings and fledglings, it has been suggested that screaming cowbirds and baywings are closely related; however, molecular research has shown the species are not each other's closest relatives.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Interspecific Brood Parasitism in Blackbirds (Icterinae): A Phylogenetic Perspective\\|jstor \\= 2876063\\|journal \\= Science\\|date \\= 1992\\-01\\-03\\|pages \\= 77–79\\|volume \\= 255\\|series \\= New Series\\|issue \\= 5040\\|first \\= Scott M.\\|last \\= Lanyon\\|bibcode \\= 1992Sci...255\\...77L\\|doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.1553533\\|pmid \\= 1553533}}",
"### Host response",
"The screaming cowbird frequently parasitizes its main host, the baywing, during the pre\\-laying period. Screaming cowbirds lay 31% of their eggs before the first baywing egg but most of the eggs laid are ejected, and often within 24 hours.De Marsico, M. C., and Reboreda, J. C. (2008\\). Differential reproductive success favours strong host preference in a highly specialized brood parasite. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 275:24499\\-2506 By ejecting parasitic eggs with their feet, baywings can reduce the parasitic egg load by 75%.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= A novel method of rejection of brood parasitic eggs reduces parasitism intensity in a cowbird host\\|journal \\= Biology Letters\\|date \\= 2013\\-06\\-23\\|issn \\= 1744\\-9561\\|pmc \\= 3645041\\|pmid \\= 23485877\\|page \\= 20130076\\|volume \\= 9\\|issue \\= 3\\|doi \\= 10\\.1098/rsbl.2013\\.0076\\|first1 \\= María C. De\\|last1 \\= Mársico\\|first2 \\= Ros\\|last2 \\= Gloag\\|first3 \\= Cynthia A.\\|last3 \\= Ursino\\|first4 \\= Juan C.\\|last4 \\= Reboreda}} Host species can eject an entire clutch and commence egg laying again in the same nest or abandon the nest and start afresh. Chopi blackbirds and brown and yellow marsh birds have not been observed to eject screaming cowbird eggs.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Antiparasitic defenses in hosts of South American cowbirds\\|journal \\= Chinese Birds\\|date \\= 2013\\-01\\-01\\|volume \\= 4\\|issue \\= 1\\|page \\= 57\\|doi \\= 10\\.5122/cbirds.2013\\.0003\\|first1 \\= Juan C.\\|last1 \\= REBOREDA\\|first2 \\= Vanina D.\\|last2 \\= FIORINI\\|first3 \\= María C. De\\|last3 \\= MARSICO\\|doi\\-access \\= free\\|hdl \\= 11336/15664\\|hdl\\-access \\= free}}",
"The pre\\-laying period (the time between nest making and egg laying) of the baywing exhibits great variability in length (1–19 days). It is suggested that this behavior may act as an antiparasitic/defense mechanism to reduce the chances of successful parasitism. Such behaviours are a fascinating element to the co\\-evolutionary arms race that exists between avian brood parasites and their hosts.",
"Once hatched, baywings treat parasitic chicks as their own, not only by providing food and protection but also by removing ecto\\-parasites such as [botfly](/wiki/Botfly \"Botfly\") larvae.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Bay\\-Winged Cowbirds (Molothrus badius) Remove Ectoparasites From Their Brood Parasites, the Screaming Cowbirds (M. rufoaxillaris)\\|jstor \\= 2388055\\|journal \\= Biotropica\\|date \\= September 1984\\|pages \\= 223–226\\|volume \\= 16\\|issue \\= 3\\|doi \\= 10\\.2307/2388055\\|first \\= Rosendo M.\\|last \\= Fraga}}",
"### Reproductive success",
"The main host, the baywing, can successfully fledge 1 screaming cowbird for 3 of its own. Reproductive success, as the number of fledgling per egg laid, has been recorded to be 0\\.14 for the screaming cowbird when hosted by the baywing. When hosted by the chopi blackbird, a reproductive success rate of 0\\.17 was found In addition, the brown\\-and\\-yellow marshbird is also able to successfully rear screaming cowbird chicks.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Mermoz \\| first1 \\= M. E. \\| last2 \\= Fernandez \\| first2 \\= G. J. \\| year \\= 2003 \\| title \\= Breeding success of a specialist brood parasite, the Screaming Cowbird, parasitizing and alternative host \\| journal \\= The Condor \\| volume \\= 105 \\| pages \\= 63–72 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/condor/105\\.1\\.63 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}",
"The main host species, the baywing, clearly suffers losses through intense parasitism by the screaming cowbird; however, they are able to successfully raise their young with little overall impact in terms of hatching success, survival of nestlings and fledgling body mass.",
""
] |
### Parasite behaviour
Screaming cowbirds are [monogamous](/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals "Monogamy in animals") and form stable pairs for the duration of the breeding season.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Mason \| first1 \= P \| year \= 1987 \| title \= Pair formation in cowbirds; evidence found for Screaming but not Shiny Cowbirds \| journal \= Condor \| volume \= 89 \| issue \= 2\| pages \= 349–356 \| doi \= 10\.2307/1368487 \| jstor \= 1368487 }} As obligate brood parasites, they do not build their own nests, and instead, parasitize the nests of other species, predominantly baywings.
Most baywing nests are parasitized by the screaming cowbird with parasitism rates of 74\-100% recorded.{{Cite journal\|title \= Biological and Oological Studies of the Molothrine Cowbirds (Icteridae) of Argentina\|jstor \= 4082768\|journal \= The Auk\|date \= 1964\-04\-01\|pages \= 186–203\|volume \= 81\|issue \= 2\|doi \= 10\.2307/4082768\|first1 \= Gunnar\|last1 \= Hoy\|first2 \= Johann\|last2 \= Ottow}}
Parasitism rates of 5\-20% have been recorded for the brown and yellow marsh bird and 46% for the Chopi blackbird.
Screaming cowbird eggs are spotted like those of their main host, the baywing, but do vary in shape, background colour and markings. Although this may be obvious when they appear in the host nest during pre\-laying, they can be difficult to detect in a nest full of eggs.
Screaming cowbirds can lay 6\-20 eggs in a baywing nest but usually one pair will lay only 2 eggs in the host nest. Up to 12 female screaming cowbirds can parasitize the same baywing nest.
Screaming cowbird adults frequently pierce the eggs of their hosts as well as previously laid parasite eggs.Davies, N. B. (2000\). Cuckoos, Cowbirds and Other Cheats. Academic Press, London. One study found 22\.5% of baywing eggs were punctured by the screaming cowbird. Screaming cowbirds can distinguish between their eggs and those of other species and laboratory trials have shown that screaming cowbirds will puncture shining cowbird (*Molothrus bonariensis*) eggs more frequently than their own.{{Cite journal\|title \= Egg Discrimination and Sex\-Specific Pecking Behaviour in Parasitic Cowbirds\|journal \= Ethology\|date \= 2006\-11\-01\|issn \= 1439\-0310\|pages \= 1128–1135\|volume \= 112\|issue \= 11\|doi \= 10\.1111/j.1439\-0310\.2006\.01272\.x\|first1 \= Paulo E.\|last1 \= Llambías\|first2 \= Valentina\|last2 \= Ferretti\|first3 \= Juan C.\|last3 \= Reboreda}} The purposes of egg puncture behavior are not clearly understood but may provide the parasite with information on the [embryonic development](/wiki/Embryonic_development "Embryonic development") of the host eggs and therefore whether or not to parasitize. Egg puncturing may also be practiced to reduce nestling competition and to enhance survival of parasitic offspring.{{Cite journal\|title \= Costs of brood parasitism and the lack of defenses on the yellow\-winged blackbird \- shiny cowbird system\|journal \= Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology\|date \= 1998\-04\-01\|issn \= 0340\-5443\|pages \= 273–280\|volume \= 42\|issue \= 4\|doi \= 10\.1007/s002650050439\|first1 \= Viviana\|last1 \= Massoni\|first2 \= Juan Carlos\|last2 \= Reboreda\|s2cid \= 24499964}} Heavy [predation](/wiki/Predation "Predation") in the form of egg punctures, which result in total nest failure and nest abandonment, may also create new opportunities for screaming cowbirds in the form of new nests to parasitize.
Screaming cowbirds deceive their main host, the baywing, with superb visual chick [mimicry](/wiki/Mimicry "Mimicry").{{Cite journal\|title \= Host–parasite coevolution beyond the nestling stage? Mimicry of host fledglings by the specialist screaming cowbird\|journal \= Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences\|date \= 2012\-09\-07\|issn \= 0962\-8452\|pmc \= 3396896\|pmid \= 22648157\|pages \= 3401–3408\|volume \= 279\|issue \= 1742\|doi \= 10\.1098/rspb.2012\.0612\|first1 \= María C. De\|last1 \= Mársico\|first2 \= Mariela G.\|last2 \= Gantchoff\|first3 \= Juan C.\|last3 \= Reboreda}} In fact, screaming cowbirds are the only avian brood parasite to exhibit this trait.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Kruger \| first1 \= O \| year \= 2007 \| title \= Cuckoos, cowbirds and hosts: Adaptations, trade\-offs and constraints \| journal \= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B \| volume \= 362 \| issue \= 1486\| pages \= 1873–1886 \| doi \= 10\.1098/rstb.2006\.1849 \| pmid \= 17827098 \| pmc \= 2442387 }} There are slight differences in skin and bill colour of nestlings but this is only present for the first 4–5 days. They then remain almost identical in size and appearance until they become nutritionally independent.
Screaming cowbird chicks also mimic the begging calls of their baywing nest mates and, in addition, beg for longer and at a higher intensity.{{Cite journal\|title \= Selfish begging by screaming cowbirds, a mimetic brood parasite of the bay\-winged cowbird\|journal \= Animal Behaviour\|date \= 2001\-06\-01\|pages \= 1151–1158\|volume \= 61\|issue \= 6\|doi \= 10\.1006/anbe.2000\.1688\|first \= Gabriela\|last \= Lichtenstein\|s2cid \= 53162808}} This more intense begging does not reflect greater hunger demands; instead, reflects a hard\-wired behavior to ensure adequate nourishment and survival. Although the rearing environment can influence begging call parameters, Screaming Cowbird nestlings develop the acoustic cues required for offspring recognition by the baywings independently of social experience.{{cite journal \|author1\= Rojas Ripari, J.M. \|author2\= Ursino, C.A. \| author3\= Reboreda, J.C. \| author4\= De Mársico, M.C. \| year\=2019\| title\= Innate development of acoustic signals for host parent–offspring recognition in the brood‐parasitic Screaming Cowbird ''Molothrus rufoaxillaris''
\| journal\=Ibis\| volume\=161\| pages\= 717–729 \| doi\= 10\.1111/ibi.12672 \| issue\=4\|s2cid\= 92159389 }} Due to the mimicry of nestlings and fledglings, it has been suggested that screaming cowbirds and baywings are closely related; however, molecular research has shown the species are not each other's closest relatives.{{Cite journal\|title \= Interspecific Brood Parasitism in Blackbirds (Icterinae): A Phylogenetic Perspective\|jstor \= 2876063\|journal \= Science\|date \= 1992\-01\-03\|pages \= 77–79\|volume \= 255\|series \= New Series\|issue \= 5040\|first \= Scott M.\|last \= Lanyon\|bibcode \= 1992Sci...255\...77L\|doi \= 10\.1126/science.1553533\|pmid \= 1553533}}
|
[
"### Parasite behaviour",
"Screaming cowbirds are [monogamous](/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals \"Monogamy in animals\") and form stable pairs for the duration of the breeding season.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Mason \\| first1 \\= P \\| year \\= 1987 \\| title \\= Pair formation in cowbirds; evidence found for Screaming but not Shiny Cowbirds \\| journal \\= Condor \\| volume \\= 89 \\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 349–356 \\| doi \\= 10\\.2307/1368487 \\| jstor \\= 1368487 }} As obligate brood parasites, they do not build their own nests, and instead, parasitize the nests of other species, predominantly baywings.",
"Most baywing nests are parasitized by the screaming cowbird with parasitism rates of 74\\-100% recorded.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Biological and Oological Studies of the Molothrine Cowbirds (Icteridae) of Argentina\\|jstor \\= 4082768\\|journal \\= The Auk\\|date \\= 1964\\-04\\-01\\|pages \\= 186–203\\|volume \\= 81\\|issue \\= 2\\|doi \\= 10\\.2307/4082768\\|first1 \\= Gunnar\\|last1 \\= Hoy\\|first2 \\= Johann\\|last2 \\= Ottow}}\nParasitism rates of 5\\-20% have been recorded for the brown and yellow marsh bird and 46% for the Chopi blackbird.",
"Screaming cowbird eggs are spotted like those of their main host, the baywing, but do vary in shape, background colour and markings. Although this may be obvious when they appear in the host nest during pre\\-laying, they can be difficult to detect in a nest full of eggs.",
"Screaming cowbirds can lay 6\\-20 eggs in a baywing nest but usually one pair will lay only 2 eggs in the host nest. Up to 12 female screaming cowbirds can parasitize the same baywing nest.",
"Screaming cowbird adults frequently pierce the eggs of their hosts as well as previously laid parasite eggs.Davies, N. B. (2000\\). Cuckoos, Cowbirds and Other Cheats. Academic Press, London. One study found 22\\.5% of baywing eggs were punctured by the screaming cowbird. Screaming cowbirds can distinguish between their eggs and those of other species and laboratory trials have shown that screaming cowbirds will puncture shining cowbird (*Molothrus bonariensis*) eggs more frequently than their own.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Egg Discrimination and Sex\\-Specific Pecking Behaviour in Parasitic Cowbirds\\|journal \\= Ethology\\|date \\= 2006\\-11\\-01\\|issn \\= 1439\\-0310\\|pages \\= 1128–1135\\|volume \\= 112\\|issue \\= 11\\|doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1439\\-0310\\.2006\\.01272\\.x\\|first1 \\= Paulo E.\\|last1 \\= Llambías\\|first2 \\= Valentina\\|last2 \\= Ferretti\\|first3 \\= Juan C.\\|last3 \\= Reboreda}} The purposes of egg puncture behavior are not clearly understood but may provide the parasite with information on the [embryonic development](/wiki/Embryonic_development \"Embryonic development\") of the host eggs and therefore whether or not to parasitize. Egg puncturing may also be practiced to reduce nestling competition and to enhance survival of parasitic offspring.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Costs of brood parasitism and the lack of defenses on the yellow\\-winged blackbird \\- shiny cowbird system\\|journal \\= Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology\\|date \\= 1998\\-04\\-01\\|issn \\= 0340\\-5443\\|pages \\= 273–280\\|volume \\= 42\\|issue \\= 4\\|doi \\= 10\\.1007/s002650050439\\|first1 \\= Viviana\\|last1 \\= Massoni\\|first2 \\= Juan Carlos\\|last2 \\= Reboreda\\|s2cid \\= 24499964}} Heavy [predation](/wiki/Predation \"Predation\") in the form of egg punctures, which result in total nest failure and nest abandonment, may also create new opportunities for screaming cowbirds in the form of new nests to parasitize.",
"Screaming cowbirds deceive their main host, the baywing, with superb visual chick [mimicry](/wiki/Mimicry \"Mimicry\").{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Host–parasite coevolution beyond the nestling stage? Mimicry of host fledglings by the specialist screaming cowbird\\|journal \\= Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences\\|date \\= 2012\\-09\\-07\\|issn \\= 0962\\-8452\\|pmc \\= 3396896\\|pmid \\= 22648157\\|pages \\= 3401–3408\\|volume \\= 279\\|issue \\= 1742\\|doi \\= 10\\.1098/rspb.2012\\.0612\\|first1 \\= María C. De\\|last1 \\= Mársico\\|first2 \\= Mariela G.\\|last2 \\= Gantchoff\\|first3 \\= Juan C.\\|last3 \\= Reboreda}} In fact, screaming cowbirds are the only avian brood parasite to exhibit this trait.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Kruger \\| first1 \\= O \\| year \\= 2007 \\| title \\= Cuckoos, cowbirds and hosts: Adaptations, trade\\-offs and constraints \\| journal \\= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B \\| volume \\= 362 \\| issue \\= 1486\\| pages \\= 1873–1886 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1098/rstb.2006\\.1849 \\| pmid \\= 17827098 \\| pmc \\= 2442387 }} There are slight differences in skin and bill colour of nestlings but this is only present for the first 4–5 days. They then remain almost identical in size and appearance until they become nutritionally independent.",
"Screaming cowbird chicks also mimic the begging calls of their baywing nest mates and, in addition, beg for longer and at a higher intensity.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Selfish begging by screaming cowbirds, a mimetic brood parasite of the bay\\-winged cowbird\\|journal \\= Animal Behaviour\\|date \\= 2001\\-06\\-01\\|pages \\= 1151–1158\\|volume \\= 61\\|issue \\= 6\\|doi \\= 10\\.1006/anbe.2000\\.1688\\|first \\= Gabriela\\|last \\= Lichtenstein\\|s2cid \\= 53162808}} This more intense begging does not reflect greater hunger demands; instead, reflects a hard\\-wired behavior to ensure adequate nourishment and survival. Although the rearing environment can influence begging call parameters, Screaming Cowbird nestlings develop the acoustic cues required for offspring recognition by the baywings independently of social experience.{{cite journal \\|author1\\= Rojas Ripari, J.M. \\|author2\\= Ursino, C.A. \\| author3\\= Reboreda, J.C. \\| author4\\= De Mársico, M.C. \\| year\\=2019\\| title\\= Innate development of acoustic signals for host parent–offspring recognition in the brood‐parasitic Screaming Cowbird ''Molothrus rufoaxillaris''\n \\| journal\\=Ibis\\| volume\\=161\\| pages\\= 717–729 \\| doi\\= 10\\.1111/ibi.12672 \\| issue\\=4\\|s2cid\\= 92159389 }} Due to the mimicry of nestlings and fledglings, it has been suggested that screaming cowbirds and baywings are closely related; however, molecular research has shown the species are not each other's closest relatives.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Interspecific Brood Parasitism in Blackbirds (Icterinae): A Phylogenetic Perspective\\|jstor \\= 2876063\\|journal \\= Science\\|date \\= 1992\\-01\\-03\\|pages \\= 77–79\\|volume \\= 255\\|series \\= New Series\\|issue \\= 5040\\|first \\= Scott M.\\|last \\= Lanyon\\|bibcode \\= 1992Sci...255\\...77L\\|doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.1553533\\|pmid \\= 1553533}}",
""
] |
Definition
----------
Wavenumber, as used in [spectroscopy](/wiki/Spectroscopy "Spectroscopy") and most chemistry fields, is defined as the number of [wavelengths](/wiki/Wavelength "Wavelength") per unit distance, typically centimeters (cm−1):
\\tilde{\\nu} \\;\=\\; \\frac{1}{\\lambda},
where *λ* is the wavelength. It is sometimes called the "spectroscopic wavenumber". It equals the [spatial frequency](/wiki/Spatial_frequency "Spatial frequency").
For example, a wavenumber in inverse centimeters can be converted to a frequency expressed in the unit gigahertz by multiplying by {{val\|29\.9792458\|u\=cm/ns}} (the [speed of light](/wiki/Speed_of_light "Speed of light"), in centimeters per nanosecond);{{cite web\|url\=https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/wavenum/html/tables.html\|title\=NIST: Wavenumber Calibration Tables \- Description\|website\=physics.nist.gov\|access\-date\=19 March 2018}} conversely, an electromagnetic wave at 29\.9792458 GHz has a wavelength of 1 cm in free space.
In theoretical physics, a wave number, defined as the number of radians per unit distance, sometimes called "angular wavenumber", is more often used:{{cite web\|url\=http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Wavenumber.html\|title\=Wavenumber \-\- from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics\|first\=Weisstein, Eric\|last\=W.\|website\=scienceworld.wolfram.com\|access\-date\=19 March 2018}}
k \\;\=\\; \\frac{2\\pi}{\\lambda}
When wavenumber is represented by the symbol {{math\|\[\[Nu (letter)\|ν]]}}, a [frequency](/wiki/Frequency "Frequency") is still being represented, albeit indirectly. As described in the spectroscopy section, this is done through the relationship
\\frac{\\nu\_\\text{s}}{c} \\;\=\\; \\frac{1}{\\lambda} \\;\\equiv\\; \\tilde{\\nu} ,
where {{math\|ν}}s is a frequency expressed in the unit [hertz](/wiki/Hertz "Hertz"). This is done for convenience as frequencies tend to be very large.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/637882/wave\-number
\|title\= Wave number\|author\= \|website\= \[\[Encyclopædia Britannica]]\|access\-date\= 19 April 2015}}
Wavenumber has [dimensions](/wiki/Dimensional_analysis "Dimensional analysis") of [reciprocal length](/wiki/Reciprocal_length "Reciprocal length"), so its [SI unit](/wiki/International_System_of_Units "International System of Units") is the reciprocal of meters (m−1). In [spectroscopy](/wiki/Spectroscopy "Spectroscopy") it is usual to give wavenumbers in [cgs unit](/wiki/Cgs_unit "Cgs unit") (i.e., reciprocal centimeters; cm−1); in this context, the wavenumber was formerly called the *kayser*, after [Heinrich Kayser](/wiki/Heinrich_Kayser "Heinrich Kayser") (some older scientific papers used this unit, abbreviated as *K*, where 1{{nbsp}}K \= 1{{nbsp}}cm−1).{{cite journal\| last1\= Murthy\| first1 \= V. L. R.\| last2 \= Lakshman\| first2\= S. V. J. \| date \= 1981\| title\=Electronic absorption spectrum of cobalt antipyrine complex\| journal \= Solid State Communications\| volume \= 38\| issue \= 7\| pages \= 651–652\| bibcode \=1981SSCom..38\..651M \| doi \=10\.1016/0038\-1098(81\)90960\-1}} The angular wavenumber may be expressed in the unit [radian](/wiki/Radian "Radian") per meter (rad⋅m−1), or as above, since the [radian](/wiki/Radian "Radian") is [dimensionless](/wiki/Dimensionless "Dimensionless").
For [electromagnetic radiation](/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation "Electromagnetic radiation") in vacuum, wavenumber is directly proportional to frequency and to [photon](/wiki/Photon "Photon") energy. Because of this, wavenumbers are used as a convenient [unit of energy](/wiki/Unit_of_energy "Unit of energy") in spectroscopy.
### Complex
A complex\-valued wavenumber can be defined for a medium with complex\-valued relative [permittivity](/wiki/Permittivity "Permittivity") \\varepsilon\_r, relative [permeability](/wiki/Permeability_%28electromagnetism%29 "Permeability (electromagnetism)") \\mu\_r and [refraction index](/wiki/Refraction_index "Refraction index") *n* as:[http://www.ece.rutgers.edu/\~orfanidi/ewa/ch02\.pdf](http://www.ece.rutgers.edu/~orfanidi/ewa/ch02.pdf), eq.(2\.13\.3\)
k \= k\_0 \\sqrt{\\varepsilon\_r\\mu\_r} \= k\_0 n
where *k*0 is the free\-space wavenumber, as above. The imaginary part of the wavenumber expresses attenuation per unit distance and is useful in the study of exponentially decaying [evanescent fields](/wiki/Evanescent_field "Evanescent field").
### Plane waves in linear media
The propagation factor of a sinusoidal plane wave propagating in the positive x direction in a linear material is given by{{Citation \|last\=Harrington \|first\= Roger F. \|year\= 1961 \|title\= Time\-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields \|edition\= 1st \|publisher\= McGraw\-Hill \|isbn\=0\-07\-026745\-6 }}{{rp\|51}}
P \= e^{\-jkx}
where
* k \= k' \- jk'' \= \\sqrt{\-\\left(\\omega \\mu '' \+ j \\omega \\mu' \\right) \\left(\\sigma \+ \\omega \\varepsilon '' \+ j \\omega \\varepsilon ' \\right) }\\;
* k' \= [phase constant](/wiki/Phase_constant "Phase constant") in the units of [radians](/wiki/Radian "Radian")/meter
* k'' \= [attenuation constant](/wiki/Attenuation_constant "Attenuation constant") in the units of [nepers](/wiki/Neper "Neper")/meter
* \\omega \= angular frequency
* x \= distance traveled in the *x* direction
* \\sigma \= [conductivity](/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity "Electrical resistivity and conductivity") in [Siemens](/wiki/Siemens_%28unit%29 "Siemens (unit)")/meter
* \\varepsilon \= \\varepsilon' \- j\\varepsilon'' \= [complex permittivity](/wiki/Permittivity%23Complex_permittivity "Permittivity#Complex permittivity")
* \\mu \= \\mu' \- j\\mu'' \= [complex permeability](/wiki/Permeability_%28electromagnetism%29%23Complex_permeability "Permeability (electromagnetism)#Complex permeability")
* j\=\\sqrt{\-1}
The sign convention is chosen for consistency with propagation in lossy media. If the attenuation constant is positive, then the wave amplitude decreases as the wave propagates in the x\-direction.
[Wavelength](/wiki/Wavelength "Wavelength"), [phase velocity](/wiki/Phase_velocity "Phase velocity"), and [skin depth](/wiki/Skin_effect "Skin effect") have simple relationships to the components of the wavenumber:
\\lambda \= \\frac {2 \\pi} {k'} \\qquad v\_p \= \\frac {\\omega} {k'} \\qquad \\delta \= \\frac 1 {k''}
|
[
"Definition\n----------",
"Wavenumber, as used in [spectroscopy](/wiki/Spectroscopy \"Spectroscopy\") and most chemistry fields, is defined as the number of [wavelengths](/wiki/Wavelength \"Wavelength\") per unit distance, typically centimeters (cm−1): \n \\\\tilde{\\\\nu} \\\\;\\=\\\\; \\\\frac{1}{\\\\lambda},\nwhere *λ* is the wavelength. It is sometimes called the \"spectroscopic wavenumber\". It equals the [spatial frequency](/wiki/Spatial_frequency \"Spatial frequency\").",
"For example, a wavenumber in inverse centimeters can be converted to a frequency expressed in the unit gigahertz by multiplying by {{val\\|29\\.9792458\\|u\\=cm/ns}} (the [speed of light](/wiki/Speed_of_light \"Speed of light\"), in centimeters per nanosecond);{{cite web\\|url\\=https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/wavenum/html/tables.html\\|title\\=NIST: Wavenumber Calibration Tables \\- Description\\|website\\=physics.nist.gov\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2018}} conversely, an electromagnetic wave at 29\\.9792458 GHz has a wavelength of 1 cm in free space.",
"In theoretical physics, a wave number, defined as the number of radians per unit distance, sometimes called \"angular wavenumber\", is more often used:{{cite web\\|url\\=http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Wavenumber.html\\|title\\=Wavenumber \\-\\- from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics\\|first\\=Weisstein, Eric\\|last\\=W.\\|website\\=scienceworld.wolfram.com\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2018}}\n k \\\\;\\=\\\\; \\\\frac{2\\\\pi}{\\\\lambda}",
"When wavenumber is represented by the symbol {{math\\|\\[\\[Nu (letter)\\|ν]]}}, a [frequency](/wiki/Frequency \"Frequency\") is still being represented, albeit indirectly. As described in the spectroscopy section, this is done through the relationship\n\\\\frac{\\\\nu\\_\\\\text{s}}{c} \\\\;\\=\\\\; \\\\frac{1}{\\\\lambda} \\\\;\\\\equiv\\\\; \\\\tilde{\\\\nu} ,\nwhere {{math\\|ν}}s is a frequency expressed in the unit [hertz](/wiki/Hertz \"Hertz\"). This is done for convenience as frequencies tend to be very large.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/637882/wave\\-number\n\\|title\\= Wave number\\|author\\= \\|website\\= \\[\\[Encyclopædia Britannica]]\\|access\\-date\\= 19 April 2015}}",
"Wavenumber has [dimensions](/wiki/Dimensional_analysis \"Dimensional analysis\") of [reciprocal length](/wiki/Reciprocal_length \"Reciprocal length\"), so its [SI unit](/wiki/International_System_of_Units \"International System of Units\") is the reciprocal of meters (m−1). In [spectroscopy](/wiki/Spectroscopy \"Spectroscopy\") it is usual to give wavenumbers in [cgs unit](/wiki/Cgs_unit \"Cgs unit\") (i.e., reciprocal centimeters; cm−1); in this context, the wavenumber was formerly called the *kayser*, after [Heinrich Kayser](/wiki/Heinrich_Kayser \"Heinrich Kayser\") (some older scientific papers used this unit, abbreviated as *K*, where 1{{nbsp}}K \\= 1{{nbsp}}cm−1).{{cite journal\\| last1\\= Murthy\\| first1 \\= V. L. R.\\| last2 \\= Lakshman\\| first2\\= S. V. J. \\| date \\= 1981\\| title\\=Electronic absorption spectrum of cobalt antipyrine complex\\| journal \\= Solid State Communications\\| volume \\= 38\\| issue \\= 7\\| pages \\= 651–652\\| bibcode \\=1981SSCom..38\\..651M \\| doi \\=10\\.1016/0038\\-1098(81\\)90960\\-1}} The angular wavenumber may be expressed in the unit [radian](/wiki/Radian \"Radian\") per meter (rad⋅m−1), or as above, since the [radian](/wiki/Radian \"Radian\") is [dimensionless](/wiki/Dimensionless \"Dimensionless\").",
"For [electromagnetic radiation](/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation \"Electromagnetic radiation\") in vacuum, wavenumber is directly proportional to frequency and to [photon](/wiki/Photon \"Photon\") energy. Because of this, wavenumbers are used as a convenient [unit of energy](/wiki/Unit_of_energy \"Unit of energy\") in spectroscopy.",
"### Complex",
"A complex\\-valued wavenumber can be defined for a medium with complex\\-valued relative [permittivity](/wiki/Permittivity \"Permittivity\") \\\\varepsilon\\_r, relative [permeability](/wiki/Permeability_%28electromagnetism%29 \"Permeability (electromagnetism)\") \\\\mu\\_r and [refraction index](/wiki/Refraction_index \"Refraction index\") *n* as:[http://www.ece.rutgers.edu/\\~orfanidi/ewa/ch02\\.pdf](http://www.ece.rutgers.edu/~orfanidi/ewa/ch02.pdf), eq.(2\\.13\\.3\\)\n k \\= k\\_0 \\\\sqrt{\\\\varepsilon\\_r\\\\mu\\_r} \\= k\\_0 n\nwhere *k*0 is the free\\-space wavenumber, as above. The imaginary part of the wavenumber expresses attenuation per unit distance and is useful in the study of exponentially decaying [evanescent fields](/wiki/Evanescent_field \"Evanescent field\").",
"### Plane waves in linear media",
"The propagation factor of a sinusoidal plane wave propagating in the positive x direction in a linear material is given by{{Citation \\|last\\=Harrington \\|first\\= Roger F. \\|year\\= 1961 \\|title\\= Time\\-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields \\|edition\\= 1st \\|publisher\\= McGraw\\-Hill \\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-026745\\-6 }}{{rp\\|51}}\n P \\= e^{\\-jkx} \nwhere\n* k \\= k' \\- jk'' \\= \\\\sqrt{\\-\\\\left(\\\\omega \\\\mu '' \\+ j \\\\omega \\\\mu' \\\\right) \\\\left(\\\\sigma \\+ \\\\omega \\\\varepsilon '' \\+ j \\\\omega \\\\varepsilon ' \\\\right) }\\\\;\n* k' \\= [phase constant](/wiki/Phase_constant \"Phase constant\") in the units of [radians](/wiki/Radian \"Radian\")/meter\n* k'' \\= [attenuation constant](/wiki/Attenuation_constant \"Attenuation constant\") in the units of [nepers](/wiki/Neper \"Neper\")/meter\n* \\\\omega \\= angular frequency\n* x \\= distance traveled in the *x* direction\n* \\\\sigma \\= [conductivity](/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity \"Electrical resistivity and conductivity\") in [Siemens](/wiki/Siemens_%28unit%29 \"Siemens (unit)\")/meter\n* \\\\varepsilon \\= \\\\varepsilon' \\- j\\\\varepsilon'' \\= [complex permittivity](/wiki/Permittivity%23Complex_permittivity \"Permittivity#Complex permittivity\")\n* \\\\mu \\= \\\\mu' \\- j\\\\mu'' \\= [complex permeability](/wiki/Permeability_%28electromagnetism%29%23Complex_permeability \"Permeability (electromagnetism)#Complex permeability\")\n* j\\=\\\\sqrt{\\-1}",
"The sign convention is chosen for consistency with propagation in lossy media. If the attenuation constant is positive, then the wave amplitude decreases as the wave propagates in the x\\-direction.",
"[Wavelength](/wiki/Wavelength \"Wavelength\"), [phase velocity](/wiki/Phase_velocity \"Phase velocity\"), and [skin depth](/wiki/Skin_effect \"Skin effect\") have simple relationships to the components of the wavenumber:\n \\\\lambda \\= \\\\frac {2 \\\\pi} {k'} \\\\qquad v\\_p \\= \\\\frac {\\\\omega} {k'} \\\\qquad \\\\delta \\= \\\\frac 1 {k''}",
""
] |
History
-------
The islands were already well known by the [indigenous people](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas "Indigenous peoples of the Americas") as a good fishing and hunting location, and they used them to counter repeated attacks by the French.
The first Frenchman settling on the largest island was reputedly Pierre Dupas (1637\-1677\), officier in the [Carignan Regiment](/wiki/Carignan-Sali%C3%A8res_Regiment "Carignan-Salières Regiment") who arrived in Canada in 1665\. Together with two servants, he settled in 1669 on the island which came to bear his name, and he became the first Lord of the l'Île\-Dupas\-et\-du\-Chicot Seignory in 1672\. In 1677, his widow sold the seignory to Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye.
On November 10, 1690, Louis Dandonneau, Sieur Du Sablé,[Dictionary of Canadian Biography: DANDONNEAU, dit Lajeunesse, PIERRE](http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/dandonneau_pierre_2E.htm) and his brother\-in\-law, Jacques Brisset de Courchesne, both from [Champlain, Quebec](/wiki/Champlain%2C_Quebec "Champlain, Quebec"), purchased the seigneurie of l'Île\-du\-Pas\-et\-du\-Chicot from Aubert at the cost of 1,500 livres.[La Mémoire du Québec: La Visitation\-de\-l'Île\-Dupas (municipalité)](https://memoireduquebec.com/wiki/index.php?title=La_Visitation-de-l%27%C3%8Ele-Dupas_%28municipalit%C3%A9%29)) The following decade saw permanent settlement begin on the island. From 1712 to 1727, explorer [Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye](/wiki/Pierre_Gaultier_de_Varennes%2C_sieur_de_La_V%C3%A9rendrye "Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye"), lived on the island and his five children were born there.
In 1834, the Parish of L'Isle\-du\-Pads was founded, followed by the civil parish in 1842\. In 1845, the Municipality of L'Isle\-du\-Pads was established, but abolished in 1847, when it became part of the Berthier County Municipality. In 1855, it was reestablished as a parish municipality called La Visitation\-de\-la\-Sainte\-Vierge\-de\-l'Isle\-du\-Pads, one of the longest place names in Quebec history.
In 1865, the area experienced a flood which killed 15 people and washed away 27 houses. By the end of the 19th century, more than 1,000 people lived on the island, and in the early 20th century, almost the entire island was used for growing hay, which was exported to the United States in large quantities.
In 1897, the municipality lost about half of its territory when the new Parish Municipality of [Saint\-Ignace\-de\-Loyola](/wiki/Saint-Ignace-de-Loyola%2C_Quebec "Saint-Ignace-de-Loyola, Quebec") was formed.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/toposweb/fiche.aspx?no\_seq\=56761 \|title\= Saint\-Ignace\-de\-Loyola (Municipalité de paroisse) \|accessdate\=2009\-11\-03 \|publisher\=Commission de toponymie du Québec \|language\=French}} In 1981, the parish municipality abbreviated its name and changed its status to become the Municipality of La Visitation\-de\-l'Île\-Dupas.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The islands were already well known by the [indigenous people](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas \"Indigenous peoples of the Americas\") as a good fishing and hunting location, and they used them to counter repeated attacks by the French.",
"The first Frenchman settling on the largest island was reputedly Pierre Dupas (1637\\-1677\\), officier in the [Carignan Regiment](/wiki/Carignan-Sali%C3%A8res_Regiment \"Carignan-Salières Regiment\") who arrived in Canada in 1665\\. Together with two servants, he settled in 1669 on the island which came to bear his name, and he became the first Lord of the l'Île\\-Dupas\\-et\\-du\\-Chicot Seignory in 1672\\. In 1677, his widow sold the seignory to Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye.",
"On November 10, 1690, Louis Dandonneau, Sieur Du Sablé,[Dictionary of Canadian Biography: DANDONNEAU, dit Lajeunesse, PIERRE](http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/dandonneau_pierre_2E.htm) and his brother\\-in\\-law, Jacques Brisset de Courchesne, both from [Champlain, Quebec](/wiki/Champlain%2C_Quebec \"Champlain, Quebec\"), purchased the seigneurie of l'Île\\-du\\-Pas\\-et\\-du\\-Chicot from Aubert at the cost of 1,500 livres.[La Mémoire du Québec: La Visitation\\-de\\-l'Île\\-Dupas (municipalité)](https://memoireduquebec.com/wiki/index.php?title=La_Visitation-de-l%27%C3%8Ele-Dupas_%28municipalit%C3%A9%29)) The following decade saw permanent settlement begin on the island. From 1712 to 1727, explorer [Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye](/wiki/Pierre_Gaultier_de_Varennes%2C_sieur_de_La_V%C3%A9rendrye \"Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye\"), lived on the island and his five children were born there.",
"In 1834, the Parish of L'Isle\\-du\\-Pads was founded, followed by the civil parish in 1842\\. In 1845, the Municipality of L'Isle\\-du\\-Pads was established, but abolished in 1847, when it became part of the Berthier County Municipality. In 1855, it was reestablished as a parish municipality called La Visitation\\-de\\-la\\-Sainte\\-Vierge\\-de\\-l'Isle\\-du\\-Pads, one of the longest place names in Quebec history.",
"In 1865, the area experienced a flood which killed 15 people and washed away 27 houses. By the end of the 19th century, more than 1,000 people lived on the island, and in the early 20th century, almost the entire island was used for growing hay, which was exported to the United States in large quantities.",
"In 1897, the municipality lost about half of its territory when the new Parish Municipality of [Saint\\-Ignace\\-de\\-Loyola](/wiki/Saint-Ignace-de-Loyola%2C_Quebec \"Saint-Ignace-de-Loyola, Quebec\") was formed.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/toposweb/fiche.aspx?no\\_seq\\=56761 \\|title\\= Saint\\-Ignace\\-de\\-Loyola (Municipalité de paroisse) \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-11\\-03 \\|publisher\\=Commission de toponymie du Québec \\|language\\=French}} In 1981, the parish municipality abbreviated its name and changed its status to become the Municipality of La Visitation\\-de\\-l'Île\\-Dupas.",
""
] |
Features
--------
### Passenger building
#### Overview
The passenger building is shaped like an arch lying on its side. The western end faces the road and the west pier of the port; the building then extends as a curved structure over the station yard above the platforms.
The south side of the building is attached and merged with Messina Centrale's passenger building.
The building's two levels are connected by escalators and pedestrian stairways; on the ground floor, there are a ticket office, bars, newsagents and services.
#### Architecture
The passenger building is a typically impressive [fascist](/wiki/Italian_fascism "Italian fascism") design, not lacking in pomposity. Conceived by Mazzoni, its style, incorporating large spaces in a straightforward structure that emphasises the vertical, became the norm for public buildings of the era. Its design makes extensive use of travertine tiling and floor\-to\-ceiling windows.
#### Salon of Mosaics
[thumb\|left\|The Salon of Mosaics.](/wiki/File:Salone_dei_Mosaici_-_Stazione_di_Messina_Marittima_-_Italy_-_August_2009.jpg "Salone dei Mosaici - Stazione di Messina Marittima - Italy - August 2009.jpg")
The north side of the passenger building extends parallel to the waterfront, as a long panoramic enclosed bridge crossing the group of tracks leading to the ferry berths.
The hall, or salon, from which the ferries' docking and boarding operations can be seen, is decorated with a magnificent mosaic in vitrified tiles depicting historical, social and environmental themes borrowed from the Sicilian tradition.
From openings in the salon at intervals corresponding to the individual berths, long covered gangways extend downwards to give access to passenger ferries.
The final design of the great mosaic was the work of notable Italian artist [Michele Cascella](/wiki/Michele_Cascella "Michele Cascella"). Its subject was inspired by a Mussolini speech to Palermo that "raised" Sicily to "the burden of being the Centre of the Empire".
Execution of the work, based on the painted study, was commissioned by the [Opificio delle pietre dure](/wiki/Opificio_delle_pietre_dure "Opificio delle pietre dure") from the Scuola del Mosaico of the Reverenda Fabbrica di San Pietro.
{{Clear\|left}}
### Station yard
The station yard consists of six tracks used by both passenger and freight services. From the waterfront, these tracks run past two sets of sidings, one on each side, and then fan out into ten tracks extending to the adjoining Messina Centrale station.
|
[
"Features\n--------",
"### Passenger building",
"#### Overview",
"The passenger building is shaped like an arch lying on its side. The western end faces the road and the west pier of the port; the building then extends as a curved structure over the station yard above the platforms.",
"The south side of the building is attached and merged with Messina Centrale's passenger building.",
"The building's two levels are connected by escalators and pedestrian stairways; on the ground floor, there are a ticket office, bars, newsagents and services.",
"#### Architecture",
"The passenger building is a typically impressive [fascist](/wiki/Italian_fascism \"Italian fascism\") design, not lacking in pomposity. Conceived by Mazzoni, its style, incorporating large spaces in a straightforward structure that emphasises the vertical, became the norm for public buildings of the era. Its design makes extensive use of travertine tiling and floor\\-to\\-ceiling windows.",
"#### Salon of Mosaics",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The Salon of Mosaics.](/wiki/File:Salone_dei_Mosaici_-_Stazione_di_Messina_Marittima_-_Italy_-_August_2009.jpg \"Salone dei Mosaici - Stazione di Messina Marittima - Italy - August 2009.jpg\")\nThe north side of the passenger building extends parallel to the waterfront, as a long panoramic enclosed bridge crossing the group of tracks leading to the ferry berths.",
"The hall, or salon, from which the ferries' docking and boarding operations can be seen, is decorated with a magnificent mosaic in vitrified tiles depicting historical, social and environmental themes borrowed from the Sicilian tradition.",
"From openings in the salon at intervals corresponding to the individual berths, long covered gangways extend downwards to give access to passenger ferries.",
"The final design of the great mosaic was the work of notable Italian artist [Michele Cascella](/wiki/Michele_Cascella \"Michele Cascella\"). Its subject was inspired by a Mussolini speech to Palermo that \"raised\" Sicily to \"the burden of being the Centre of the Empire\".",
"Execution of the work, based on the painted study, was commissioned by the [Opificio delle pietre dure](/wiki/Opificio_delle_pietre_dure \"Opificio delle pietre dure\") from the Scuola del Mosaico of the Reverenda Fabbrica di San Pietro.\n{{Clear\\|left}}",
"### Station yard",
"The station yard consists of six tracks used by both passenger and freight services. From the waterfront, these tracks run past two sets of sidings, one on each side, and then fan out into ten tracks extending to the adjoining Messina Centrale station.",
""
] |
### Passenger building
#### Overview
The passenger building is shaped like an arch lying on its side. The western end faces the road and the west pier of the port; the building then extends as a curved structure over the station yard above the platforms.
The south side of the building is attached and merged with Messina Centrale's passenger building.
The building's two levels are connected by escalators and pedestrian stairways; on the ground floor, there are a ticket office, bars, newsagents and services.
#### Architecture
The passenger building is a typically impressive [fascist](/wiki/Italian_fascism "Italian fascism") design, not lacking in pomposity. Conceived by Mazzoni, its style, incorporating large spaces in a straightforward structure that emphasises the vertical, became the norm for public buildings of the era. Its design makes extensive use of travertine tiling and floor\-to\-ceiling windows.
#### Salon of Mosaics
[thumb\|left\|The Salon of Mosaics.](/wiki/File:Salone_dei_Mosaici_-_Stazione_di_Messina_Marittima_-_Italy_-_August_2009.jpg "Salone dei Mosaici - Stazione di Messina Marittima - Italy - August 2009.jpg")
The north side of the passenger building extends parallel to the waterfront, as a long panoramic enclosed bridge crossing the group of tracks leading to the ferry berths.
The hall, or salon, from which the ferries' docking and boarding operations can be seen, is decorated with a magnificent mosaic in vitrified tiles depicting historical, social and environmental themes borrowed from the Sicilian tradition.
From openings in the salon at intervals corresponding to the individual berths, long covered gangways extend downwards to give access to passenger ferries.
The final design of the great mosaic was the work of notable Italian artist [Michele Cascella](/wiki/Michele_Cascella "Michele Cascella"). Its subject was inspired by a Mussolini speech to Palermo that "raised" Sicily to "the burden of being the Centre of the Empire".
Execution of the work, based on the painted study, was commissioned by the [Opificio delle pietre dure](/wiki/Opificio_delle_pietre_dure "Opificio delle pietre dure") from the Scuola del Mosaico of the Reverenda Fabbrica di San Pietro.
{{Clear\|left}}
|
[
"### Passenger building",
"#### Overview",
"The passenger building is shaped like an arch lying on its side. The western end faces the road and the west pier of the port; the building then extends as a curved structure over the station yard above the platforms.",
"The south side of the building is attached and merged with Messina Centrale's passenger building.",
"The building's two levels are connected by escalators and pedestrian stairways; on the ground floor, there are a ticket office, bars, newsagents and services.",
"#### Architecture",
"The passenger building is a typically impressive [fascist](/wiki/Italian_fascism \"Italian fascism\") design, not lacking in pomposity. Conceived by Mazzoni, its style, incorporating large spaces in a straightforward structure that emphasises the vertical, became the norm for public buildings of the era. Its design makes extensive use of travertine tiling and floor\\-to\\-ceiling windows.",
"#### Salon of Mosaics",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The Salon of Mosaics.](/wiki/File:Salone_dei_Mosaici_-_Stazione_di_Messina_Marittima_-_Italy_-_August_2009.jpg \"Salone dei Mosaici - Stazione di Messina Marittima - Italy - August 2009.jpg\")\nThe north side of the passenger building extends parallel to the waterfront, as a long panoramic enclosed bridge crossing the group of tracks leading to the ferry berths.",
"The hall, or salon, from which the ferries' docking and boarding operations can be seen, is decorated with a magnificent mosaic in vitrified tiles depicting historical, social and environmental themes borrowed from the Sicilian tradition.",
"From openings in the salon at intervals corresponding to the individual berths, long covered gangways extend downwards to give access to passenger ferries.",
"The final design of the great mosaic was the work of notable Italian artist [Michele Cascella](/wiki/Michele_Cascella \"Michele Cascella\"). Its subject was inspired by a Mussolini speech to Palermo that \"raised\" Sicily to \"the burden of being the Centre of the Empire\".",
"Execution of the work, based on the painted study, was commissioned by the [Opificio delle pietre dure](/wiki/Opificio_delle_pietre_dure \"Opificio delle pietre dure\") from the Scuola del Mosaico of the Reverenda Fabbrica di San Pietro.\n{{Clear\\|left}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
Introverted 14\-year\-old Duncan from [Albany, New York](/wiki/Albany%2C_New_York "Albany, New York"), reluctantly goes on summer vacation to a beach house in [Wareham, Massachusetts](/wiki/Wareham%2C_Massachusetts "Wareham, Massachusetts"), with his mother Pam, her wealthy boyfriend Trent, and Trent's arrogant, spoiled daughter Steph. Trent and Steph are frequently condescending towards Duncan.
On the way to the beach house, Trent asks Duncan to rate himself on a scale of one to ten. Duncan says six, but Trent refutes that and states that he's a three. At the house they are greeted by their neighbors: gregarious, heavy\-drinking Betty, her children Susanna and Peter, and married couple Kip and Joan. Later that evening, Duncan and Susanna have an awkward conversation from their adjacent porches.
Duncan discovers a small [girl's bicycle](/wiki/Step-through_frame "Step-through frame") in the garage, which he uses to explore the town. At a pizzeria he meets Owen, a worker at the local [water park](/wiki/Water_park "Water park"), [Water Wizz](/wiki/Water_Wizz "Water Wizz"). Owen takes Duncan under his wing and introduces him to the park's employees: Caitlin, Lewis, and Roddy. Several youths at the water park speak reverently of a legendary pass in the tube slide, wondering how it could have been done. Owen hires Duncan for odd jobs at the park.
Duncan is continually neglected by Pam, who indulges in drinking, staying out late, and smoking [marijuana](/wiki/Cannabis_%28drug%29 "Cannabis (drug)") with other adult vacationers. At a [Fourth of July](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28United_States%29 "Independence Day (United States)") cookout, Susanna invites him to go hunting for [ghost crabs](/wiki/Ghost_crab "Ghost crab") with her and Peter, where they both open up about their absent fathers. Later that night, Duncan witnesses Trent and Joan kissing, but does not tell anyone.
Pam begins to suspect Trent is having an affair, but he dissuades her of this notion. Later, Duncan confronts Pam in front of the others and tells her to leave Trent. When Trent interjects, Duncan insults and shoves him; Trent indignantly tells Duncan his father does not want him.
Duncan flees, and Susanna follows him to offer comfort. When he tries to kiss her, she rejects him, upsetting him even more. Accompanied by Peter, Duncan sneaks away to Water Wizz, where Owen is throwing a going\-away party for Lewis.
Duncan spends the night with his friends at Water Wizz, refusing to leave in the morning. He opens up to Owen about his home situation, and how Water Wizz is the only place where he feels accepted. A sympathetic Owen recalls his own upbringing where he was forced to abide by strict rules and advises Duncan to disregard Trent's criticisms and be himself.
When Duncan returns to the beach house, Pam tells him they are all leaving. Betty and her kids arrive to say their goodbyes, and Susanna kisses Duncan. They leave in a station wagon, with Duncan in the rear area ("The Way Way Back"). When Trent stops for gas on their way out of town, Duncan jumps out using the tailgate of the station wagon and runs to Water Wizz, followed by his mother, Trent, and Steph.
Duncan tells Owen and the other employees that he has to leave, and goes with Owen to the Devil's Peak slide. Duncan becomes the first person to ever pass someone in the water slide while the rest of the park staff and attendees watch.
After finally introducing Owen to his mother, Duncan bids everyone at the park goodbye. Owen speaks fondly of Duncan to Pam, and introduces himself to Trent as "a good friend of the 'three'". Trent attempts to bypass Owen in order to bring Duncan back to the car, but Owen blocks him and Trent retreats. Duncan hugs Owen and thanks him for his kindness. Trent, Steph, Pam, and Duncan regroup in the station wagon, where Pam finally stands up for herself as they head out of town. Pam climbs to the back area of the station wagon (the ["way back"](https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/way_back)) where Duncan is sitting, despite Trent's protests, and they share a smile.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Introverted 14\\-year\\-old Duncan from [Albany, New York](/wiki/Albany%2C_New_York \"Albany, New York\"), reluctantly goes on summer vacation to a beach house in [Wareham, Massachusetts](/wiki/Wareham%2C_Massachusetts \"Wareham, Massachusetts\"), with his mother Pam, her wealthy boyfriend Trent, and Trent's arrogant, spoiled daughter Steph. Trent and Steph are frequently condescending towards Duncan.",
"On the way to the beach house, Trent asks Duncan to rate himself on a scale of one to ten. Duncan says six, but Trent refutes that and states that he's a three. At the house they are greeted by their neighbors: gregarious, heavy\\-drinking Betty, her children Susanna and Peter, and married couple Kip and Joan. Later that evening, Duncan and Susanna have an awkward conversation from their adjacent porches.",
"Duncan discovers a small [girl's bicycle](/wiki/Step-through_frame \"Step-through frame\") in the garage, which he uses to explore the town. At a pizzeria he meets Owen, a worker at the local [water park](/wiki/Water_park \"Water park\"), [Water Wizz](/wiki/Water_Wizz \"Water Wizz\"). Owen takes Duncan under his wing and introduces him to the park's employees: Caitlin, Lewis, and Roddy. Several youths at the water park speak reverently of a legendary pass in the tube slide, wondering how it could have been done. Owen hires Duncan for odd jobs at the park.",
"Duncan is continually neglected by Pam, who indulges in drinking, staying out late, and smoking [marijuana](/wiki/Cannabis_%28drug%29 \"Cannabis (drug)\") with other adult vacationers. At a [Fourth of July](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28United_States%29 \"Independence Day (United States)\") cookout, Susanna invites him to go hunting for [ghost crabs](/wiki/Ghost_crab \"Ghost crab\") with her and Peter, where they both open up about their absent fathers. Later that night, Duncan witnesses Trent and Joan kissing, but does not tell anyone.",
"Pam begins to suspect Trent is having an affair, but he dissuades her of this notion. Later, Duncan confronts Pam in front of the others and tells her to leave Trent. When Trent interjects, Duncan insults and shoves him; Trent indignantly tells Duncan his father does not want him.",
"Duncan flees, and Susanna follows him to offer comfort. When he tries to kiss her, she rejects him, upsetting him even more. Accompanied by Peter, Duncan sneaks away to Water Wizz, where Owen is throwing a going\\-away party for Lewis.",
"Duncan spends the night with his friends at Water Wizz, refusing to leave in the morning. He opens up to Owen about his home situation, and how Water Wizz is the only place where he feels accepted. A sympathetic Owen recalls his own upbringing where he was forced to abide by strict rules and advises Duncan to disregard Trent's criticisms and be himself.",
"When Duncan returns to the beach house, Pam tells him they are all leaving. Betty and her kids arrive to say their goodbyes, and Susanna kisses Duncan. They leave in a station wagon, with Duncan in the rear area (\"The Way Way Back\"). When Trent stops for gas on their way out of town, Duncan jumps out using the tailgate of the station wagon and runs to Water Wizz, followed by his mother, Trent, and Steph.",
"Duncan tells Owen and the other employees that he has to leave, and goes with Owen to the Devil's Peak slide. Duncan becomes the first person to ever pass someone in the water slide while the rest of the park staff and attendees watch.",
"After finally introducing Owen to his mother, Duncan bids everyone at the park goodbye. Owen speaks fondly of Duncan to Pam, and introduces himself to Trent as \"a good friend of the 'three'\". Trent attempts to bypass Owen in order to bring Duncan back to the car, but Owen blocks him and Trent retreats. Duncan hugs Owen and thanks him for his kindness. Trent, Steph, Pam, and Duncan regroup in the station wagon, where Pam finally stands up for herself as they head out of town. Pam climbs to the back area of the station wagon (the [\"way back\"](https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/way_back)) where Duncan is sitting, despite Trent's protests, and they share a smile.",
""
] |
Western Front
-------------
### Arras
[thumb\|300px\|right\|Crew positioning a 6\-inch 26 cwt howitzer.](/wiki/File:LAC_BL_6-inch_26_cwt_Howitzer.jpg "LAC BL 6-inch 26 cwt Howitzer.jpg")
The battery went out to the Western Front on 25 December 1916, equipped with four [6\-inch 26 cwt howitzers](/wiki/BL_6-inch_26_cwt_howitzer "BL 6-inch 26 cwt howitzer"). The advance party joined 72nd Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) at [Bertrancourt](/wiki/Bertrancourt "Bertrancourt") in the [Somme](/wiki/River_Somme "River Somme") sector on 26 December and was sent to [Sailly\-au\-Bois](/wiki/Sailly-au-Bois "Sailly-au-Bois") next day. The main body of the battery joined on 8 January 1917 and moved to the battery positions the advance party had prepared. 72nd HAG was serving under [Fifth Army](/wiki/Fifth_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Fifth Army (United Kingdom)"), which was renewing [operations on the Ancre](/wiki/Operations_on_the_Ancre%2C_January%E2%80%93March_1917 "Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917") after the previous year's [Somme Offensive](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme "Battle of the Somme").[RGA at Long, Long Trail.](http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-royal-artillery-in-the-first-world-war/the-siege-batteries-of-the-royal-garrison-artillery/)['Allocation of Siege Batteries RGA', The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 95/5494/4\.](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4558646)['Headquarters Heavy Artillery Groups', TNA, file WO 95/5494/1\.](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4558646)[72nd HAG War Diary November 1916–February 1919, TNA file WO 95/323/6\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/5434bc3fdc224a36b41c774b08b64ba8)
72nd HAG was engaged in [counter\-battery](/wiki/Counter-battery_fire "Counter-battery fire") (CB) fire and in shelling the German front lines and villages, including [Serre\-lès\-Puisieux](/wiki/Serre-l%C3%A8s-Puisieux "Serre-lès-Puisieux"), for the small\-scale attacks being attempted. On 22 January the Germans retaliated, bombarding Sailly and smashing the carriage of one of 220 Siege Bty's howitzers. 72nd HAG bombarded the trench known as Ten Tree Alley, which was captured on the night of 10/11 February. On 24 February the front line troops noticed that the Germans were retiring from in front of Serre – part of their planned withdrawal to the [Hindenburg Line](/wiki/Hindenburg_Line "Hindenburg Line") ([Operation Alberich](/wiki/Operation_Alberich "Operation Alberich")). The British followed up against German rearguards, and pushed their artillery forward across the zone of devastation left by the enemy: 220th Siege Bty reached [Beauval](/wiki/Beauval%2C_Somme "Beauval, Somme") on 21 March.Falls, *1917*, Vol I, pp. 65–9, 72–3, 95–6\.
### Arras
On 22 March 72nd HAG moved north to join [Third Army](/wiki/Third_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Third Army (United Kingdom)") in the [Arras](/wiki/Arras "Arras") sector. There 220th Siege Bty transferred to the command of 81st HAG. At first it was firing on trench systems, but from 1 April it joined with the other batteries of 81st HAG in CB fire and registering individual strongpoints as targets for the forthcoming [Arras Offensive](/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_%281917%29 "Battle of Arras (1917)"). The four\-day preliminary bombardment (V, W, X and Y days) began on 4 April and was extended by an extra day (Q, inserted between X and Y). Z Day was 9 April, and as the infantry of [VI Corps](/wiki/VI_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "VI Corps (United Kingdom)") went 'over the top' at 05\.30 the 6\-inch howitzers began firing a standing [barrage](/wiki/Barrage_%28artillery%29 "Barrage (artillery)") on the German support trench. When the field guns' [creeping barrage](/wiki/Creeping_barrage "Creeping barrage") reached this line ahead of the infantry, the howitzers lifted onto the second objective. The group's forward observation officer (FOO) moved up with the infantry and set up his observation post (OP) on Observation Hill. The infantry were delayed in capturing the Blue Line (the fourth line of enemy trenches) and there was not time to push on to the Brown line that night. They renewed their attack behind a new barrage at dawn on 10 April and completed the task.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 89–98\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 169–74\.[81st HAG War Diary December 1916–December 1917, TNA file WO 95/230/1\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/5511e64495d4479aa9587096a628df14)Falls, *1917*, Vol I, pp. 182–6, 198–200, 214–25, 248–51\.Farndale, *Western Front*, pp. 165–6, 170–1\.
Next morning, 220th Siege Bty moved up to a forward position where it came under 32nd HAG. It continued firing CB tasks and against strongpoints such as [Guémappe](/wiki/Gu%C3%A9mappe "Guémappe") and on towns further back like [Biache](/wiki/Biache-Saint-Vaast "Biache-Saint-Vaast") as the offensive continued. On 21 April 32nd HAG began the bombardment to support VI Corps' next operation (the [Second Battle of the Scarpe](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Scarpe "Second Battle of the Scarpe")) beginning on 23 April. Firing went on for 10 hours at a time and included hurricane bombardments of villages along the German lines, but the CB fire was less effective and the German artillery was not mastered. VI Corps did manage to take Guémappe. The next major operation (the [Third Battle of the Scarpe](/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Scarpe "Third Battle of the Scarpe") on 3 May) was even less successful, despite 32nd HAG's efforts to disrupt German communications.[32nd HAG War Diary April 1916–July 1919, TNA file WO 95/389/2\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/829a82d0a56a4b8a81ad6fa54cbebfe7)Falls, *1917*, Vol I, pp. 381–2, 389–94, 438–40\.Farndale, *Western Front*, pp. 177–8\.
As the Arras offensive wound down, 220th Siege Bty was transferred to 47th HAG on 16 May. The group was engaged in CB fire by day and harassing fire (HF) by night. It also supported [29th Division](/wiki/29th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "29th Division (United Kingdom)")'s failed attempt to capture Hook Trench on 30 May, and [3rd Division](/wiki/3rd_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "3rd Division (United Kingdom)")'s more successful attack on Long Trench on 14 June, where the heavy artillery halted German counter\-attacks.[47th HAG War Diary March 1916–July 1919, TNA file WO 95/473/1\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/3e1c15587a374d348681b2fb7889ed20)Falls, *1917*, Vol I, p. 517\. The battery's command was changed on 19 June when it came under 48th HAG, continuing CB work on the Arras front,[48th HAG War Diary August 1915–June 1917, TNA file WO 95/225/1\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/216e15e23e914654b0f1e9b47a448bd2)[48th HAG War Diary July 1917–January 1919, TNA file WO 95/225/2\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/2165d4a00d2a4451ae7ac0b4c2287d63) and changed again when 48th HAG was ordered north on 1 July. Next day 220th Siege Bty transferred to 39th HAG, which was supporting [XVII Corps](/wiki/XVII_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "XVII Corps (United Kingdom)") of Third Army.[39th HAG War Diary April 1916–December 1917, TNA file WO 95/391/1\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/41fc1a72a3c246cdb5fb81ed28098092) The battery continued firing CB tasks and supporting minor operations on XVII Corps' front until 9 August 1917 when it was handed over to 55th HAG with VI Corps.[55th HAG War Diary July 1916–December 1917, TNA file WO 95/545/1\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/453e849fda54487793707fe77697acc4)
### Ypres
[thumb\|300px\|left\|6\-inch howitzer being moved through mud on the Western Front.](/wiki/File:6inchHowitzerPozieresSeptember1916.jpg "6inchHowitzerPozieresSeptember1916.jpg")
After six months with Third Army in what had become a quiet sector, the personnel of Right Section of 220th Siege Bty (Left Section remaining to man the guns) were sent north on 31 August to relieve exhausted gunners of Fifth Army which was engaged in the [Third Ypres Offensive](/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele "Battle of Passchendaele"). The section joined 56th HAG on 2 September and relieved a section of 173rd Siege Bty. The rest of 220th Siege Bty arrived on 14 September. Many of 56th HAG's targets at this time were concrete [pillboxes](/wiki/Pillbox_%28military%29 "Pillbox (military)"); 220th Siege Bty took on the strongpoint of Gloster Farm. The Ypres offensive was now restarting: 19 September was Y day for the bombardment preceding the [Battle of the Menin Road Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Menin_Road_Ridge "Battle of the Menin Road Ridge"). The batteries carried out intense bombardments of the registered strongpoints, interspersed with practice attack barrages. The battle was successful, though more so on [Second Army](/wiki/Second_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Second Army (United Kingdom)")'s front than Fifth Army's. The Battles of the Menin Road and [Polygon Wood](/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood "Battle of Polygon Wood") (26 September) were successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions and then on their counter\-attacks. The [Battle of Broodseinde](/wiki/Battle_of_Broodseinde "Battle of Broodseinde") on 4 October was tougher. But as the offensive continued the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the [Passchendaele Ridge](/wiki/Passchendaele_Ridge "Passchendaele Ridge") and were subjected to CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire. The [Battle of Poelcappelle](/wiki/Battle_of_Poelcappelle "Battle of Poelcappelle") (9 October) was a disappointment and the [First Battle of Passchendaele](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Passchendaele "First Battle of Passchendaele") on 12 October resulted in very heavy casualties for Fifth Army. 220th Siege Bty provided barrage fire in all these major attacks, and for the fighting in [Houthulst](/wiki/Houthulst "Houthulst") Forest on 22 October. 56th HAG fired a large bombardment programme on 26 October for the opening of the [Second Battle of Passchendaele](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Passchendaele "Second Battle of Passchendaele"), but the group's firing tailed off thereafter until a last attempt was made on Passchendaele on 10 November. After the ruins of the village had been captured, 56th HAG's batteries fired many rounds in its defence.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 111–20\.[56th Bde War Diary, August 1916–March 1918, TNA file WO 95/392/2\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/58fd7f9bc84b42388553c8eafb4fcdab)Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, pp. 247–8, 263–71, 309–14, 334–7, 343–4, 348, 351–2, 358–9\.Farndale, pp. 211–13\.Wolff, pp. 223–35, 249–51\.
### Winter 1917–18
[thumb\|300px\|right\|FWD Model B lorry towing a 6\-inch 26 cwt howitzer.](/wiki/File:FWD_Model_B%2C_IWM_Q_10421.jpg "FWD Model B, IWM Q 10421.jpg")
[Trench raids](/wiki/Trench_raiding "Trench raiding"), CB and HF tasks continued through the winter, with [No 7 Squadron](/wiki/No._7_Squadron_RAF "No. 7 Squadron RAF"), [Royal Flying Corps](/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps "Royal Flying Corps") spotting for the guns when weather permitted. Some of the 6\-inch howitzers were dragged forward with great difficulty along muddy roads by [FWD Model B](/wiki/FWD_Model_B "FWD Model B") lorries to bring more distant targets into range. Ammunition expenditure was high despite the difficulty of resupply, made worse on 11 November when a German shell hit an ammunition dump by the light railway, causing a huge crater and leaving 220th Siege Bty unable fire for some time.
By now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and they were converted into permanent RGA brigades during the winter. 56th HAG became 56th Brigade on 20 December. Apart from temporary detachments, 220th Siege Bty remained with this brigade until 1919\.Farndale, *Western Front*, Annex E.Farndale, *Western Front*, Annex M. Major H.M.A. Ward, commanding 220th Siege Bty was awarded the [Distinguished Service Order](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order "Distinguished Service Order") at the new year.
On 7 January 1918 56th Bde was ordered to pull out all its guns ready for a move. Despite snowstorms and freezing conditions, 220th Siege Bty got three of its guns out onto the road before the thaw set in. Finally, all the battery's guns were withdrawn to the Siege Park on 10 January. After a week's rest the brigade entrained for the south, travelling by a circuitous route to [Longueau](/wiki/Longueau "Longueau"), near [Amiens](/wiki/Amiens "Amiens") afterwards moving by road to join [III Corps](/wiki/III_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "III Corps (United Kingdom)") Heavy Artillery (HA) at [Frières\-Faillouël](/wiki/Fri%C3%A8res-Faillou%C3%ABl "Frières-Faillouël"), close to the Hindenburg Line, with 220th Siege Bty [billeted](/wiki/Billet "Billet") in reserve by the end of the month. The order to 'Prepare for battle' came on 28 February and 220th Siege Bty pulled its four guns into position at [Clastres](/wiki/Clastres "Clastres"), under the tactical direction of 66th Bde, RGA. These guns were ready for action on 1 March,
### Spring Offensive
Throughout March preparations continued to meet the anticipated German attack, with 220th Siege Bty digging new positions at Clastres. The [German Spring Offensive](/wiki/German_Spring_Offensive "German Spring Offensive") was launched on 21 March with a massive bombardment. Clastres came under shellfire, communications with 66th Bde broke down, and the battery posted [Lewis guns](/wiki/Lewis_gun "Lewis gun") for local defence in case of a German breakthrough. During the day the battery fired over 1000 rounds on targets given by the infantry division HQ in Clastres. Two officers and 14 other ranks of 325th Siege Bty who arrived for training were immediately in action with 220th; the battery also gathered stragglers from both the RGA and [Royal Field Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Field_Artillery "Royal Field Artillery") who had lost their guns. At 14\.30 III Corps HA HQ sent orders for 220th Siege Bty to pull out and to find a new position at the sugar factory at [Flavy\-le\-Martel](/wiki/Flavy-le-Martel "Flavy-le-Martel") across the [Crozat Canal](/wiki/St_Quentin_Canal "St Quentin Canal") where III Corps was going to make a stand; two FWD lorries went up to move the battery one section at a time. The first despatch rider taking the orders to the battery was blown off his motorcycle by a shell, but a second got through with the orders at 17\.10 while 56th Bde's signal officer went round the billets to gather all the men of the battery and get them to the sugar factory. Four more FWDs and the battery's own lorries arrived and the move began, with a small guard left on the ammunition until they were ordered back. Other men of the battery on duty at an ammunition dump at La Motte became prisoners of war.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 145–51\.[220th Siege Bty report, 21–31 March 1918, in 56th Bde War Diary.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/58fd7f9bc84b42388553c8eafb4fcdab)Edmonds, *1918*, Vol I, pp. 167, 208–11\.
However, the sugar factory was in III Corps' new front line on the canal and next morning Corps HA ordered the battery to pull out. It did so under a German machine gun barrage and got back to a position near Petit\-Detroit. [Bombardier](/wiki/Bombardier_%28rank%29 "Bombardier (rank)") Jagger and 20 volunteers then went back with the FWDs and four lorries to recover ammunition from Flavy. Fire orders finally arrived at 15\.00 and the battery targeted the canal bank and the railway bridge at [Montescourt\-Lizerolles](/wiki/Montescourt-Lizerolles "Montescourt-Lizerolles") that the engineers had been unable to blow up. There was confusion as the Germans crossed the canal and continued advancing: by 23 March 220th Siege Bty had lost communications with 66th Bde again. III Corps HA ordered it back to [Guivry](/wiki/Guivry "Guivry"), then forward again to fire on Flavy: two of the guns were used to destroy the abandoned ammunition dump. On 24 March they got back to [Beaugies\-sous\-Bois](/wiki/Beaugies-sous-Bois "Beaugies-sous-Bois") where 220th Siege Bty found some ammunition lorries and took them over. German cavalry could be seen in the distance and some of 56th Bde's other batteries had been cut off and captured. 220th Siege Bty retreated through [Quesmy](/wiki/Quesmy "Quesmy") to the [Noyon](/wiki/Noyon "Noyon")–[Guiscard](/wiki/Guiscard "Guiscard") road, where it was ordered to fire off all its ammunition at [Ugny\-le\-Gay](/wiki/Ugny-le-Gay "Ugny-le-Gay").Edmonds, *1918*, Vol I, pp. 211, 267–9\.
[thumb\|300px\|left\|6\-inch howitzers and crews in 1918\.](/wiki/File:The_German_Spring_Offensive%2C_March-july_1918_Q8606.jpg "The German Spring Offensive, March-july 1918 Q8606.jpg")
That day [V French Corps](/wiki/5th_Army_Corps_%28France%29 "5th Army Corps (France)") took over the front from III Corps and on 25 March 56th Bde HQ was ordered to fight 220th and another 6\-inch battery as a subgroup at [Cuy](/wiki/Cuy%2C_Oise "Cuy, Oise") under French command. Next morning the battery was in action at [Lassigny](/wiki/Lassigny "Lassigny"), but during the day was pulled back to west of [Thiescourt](/wiki/Thiescourt "Thiescourt") where it fired on Scaucourt and [Candor](/wiki/Candor%2C_Oise "Candor, Oise"). The retreat continued next day, the battery firing from St Cloud Farm before pulling back that night to south of [Élincourt\-Sainte\-Marguerite](/wiki/%C3%89lincourt-Sainte-Marguerite "Élincourt-Sainte-Marguerite"), staying in touch with the French. The retreat continued, and by the end of the month 56th Bde and 220th Siege Bty had reached [Chevrières](/wiki/Chevri%C3%A8res%2C_Oise "Chevrières, Oise"). The German advance had been halted in this sector, but the battery then had a long march to [Fresnoy\-au\-Val](/wiki/Fresnoy-au-Val "Fresnoy-au-Val") near Amiens, where on 5 April 56th Bde was rejoined by its other batteries.[56th Bde War Diary, April 1918–My 1919, TNA file WO 95/392/3\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/58fd7f9bc84b42388553c8eafb4fcdab)Edmonds, *1918*, Vol I, pp. 402–4\.Farndale, *Western Front*, p. 273\.
From Fresnoy the brigade was sent to the [Abbeville](/wiki/Abbeville "Abbeville") area to rest and refit. On 22 April it returned to the front, joining [IV Corps](/wiki/IV_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "IV Corps (United Kingdom)") in Third Army in the Somme sector; 220th Siege Bty was billeted at [Bayencourt](/wiki/Bayencourt "Bayencourt"). The 6\-inch batteries improved their gun positions and began registering their guns, firing HF tasks at night. On 4 May they took part in a small operation to straighten [42nd (East Lancashire) Division](/wiki/42nd_%28East_Lancashire%29_Division "42nd (East Lancashire) Division")'s front. On 15 May the 6\-inch batteries were ordered forward into new positions where they would remain silent, 220th moving into theirs on the night of 19 May. However, when the neighbouring brigade went into reserve, 220th Siege By took over the positions of 59th Siege Bty and became active once more, carrying out CB shoots with aircraft observation. This continued into the summer. Major Dunston took over command of 220th Siege Bty from Maj Ward on 15 June.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 153–60,
### Hundred Days Offensive
The [Allied](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I "Allies of World War I") [Hundred Days Offensive](/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive "Hundred Days Offensive") began with the [Battle of Amiens](/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_%281918%29 "Battle of Amiens (1918)") on 8 August. 56th Brigade's batteries had been pulled out of the line by sections on the nights of 4/5 and 5/6 August to go into GHQ Reserve under orders to move at 24 hours' notice. However, they returned to their old positions on 16/17 August and resumed bombardment of hostile batteries and strongpoints, with night HF shoots. Third Army joined in the offensive with a surprise attack by IV Corps on 21 August (the [Battle of Albert](/wiki/Battle_of_Albert_%281918%29 "Battle of Albert (1918)")). Zero hour was 04\.55, and at 08\.00 220th Siege Bty moved up to positions near [Rossignol Wood](/wiki/Rossignol_Wood_Cemetery "Rossignol Wood Cemetery") as IV Corps achieved a 3 mile advance and the Germans retired hastily towards [Bapaume](/wiki/Bapaume "Bapaume"). Third Army resumed its advance on 23 August, with 56th Bde shelling [Achiet\-le\-Petit](/wiki/Achiet-le-Petit "Achiet-le-Petit") in support of IV Corps' attack. Next day the mobility of the siege batteries was tested as the whole brigade advanced across country, 220th reaching the line [Pusieux](/wiki/Puisieux%2C_Pas-de-Calais "Puisieux, Pas-de-Calais")–Achiet\-le\-Petit. On 25 August the 6\-inch batteries supported [63rd (Royal Naval) Division](/wiki/63rd_%28Royal_Naval%29_Division "63rd (Royal Naval) Division") towards Bapaume.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol IV, pp. 180, 182, 188–92, 228, 230–1, 272\.
A lull followed on IV Corps' front, but the artillery remained active, 56th Bde firing 1–2000 rounds per day until Third Army launched the [Second Battle of Bapaume](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bapaume "Second Battle of Bapaume") on 31 August. The [New Zealand Division](/wiki/New_Zealand_Division "New Zealand Division") of IV Corps took Bapaume while 56th Bde fired on [Villers\-au\-Flos](/wiki/Villers-au-Flos "Villers-au-Flos") beyond. On 2 September 56th Bde supported [127th (Manchester) Brigade](/wiki/127th_%28Manchester%29_Brigade "127th (Manchester) Brigade")'s tricky attack on Villers\-au\-Flos. 220th Siege Bty was rested from 6 to 9 September, then returned to action shelling Dead Man's Corner for the New Zealanders. IV Corps attacked at the [Battle of Havrincourt](/wiki/Battle_of_Havrincourt "Battle of Havrincourt") on 12 September as Third Army closed up to the Hindenburg Line. After another lull, all of 56th Bde's batteries opened up on trenches and strongpoints for the [Battle of Épehy](/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%89pehy "Battle of Épehy") on 18 September. Although IV Corps only had a minor role in the attack, it was strongly counter\-attacked that night and the howitzers helped to repulse this.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol IV, pp. 370, 380, 410, 469\-70, 493\.
There were only minor operations until 27 September, when the 6\-inch howitzers fired a barrage and concentrations on selected strongpoints to support [5th Division](/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)")'s attack on the Hindenburg Line defences (part of the [Battle of the Canal du Nord](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Canal_du_Nord "Battle of the Canal du Nord")). The howitzers then fired [gas shells](/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I "Chemical weapons in World War I") as well as [high explosive](/wiki/High_explosive_shell "High explosive shell") on the trenches round [Gouzeaucourt](/wiki/Gouzeaucourt "Gouzeaucourt") as the Germans abandoned their defences. There were several days of bombardment before the [Second Battle of Cambrai](/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_%281918%29 "Battle of Cambrai (1918)") opened on 8 October, with 56th Bde's 6\-inch batteries moving up to the Escaut Canal. On 10 October 220th Siege Bty moved forward again to [Caudry](/wiki/Caudry "Caudry") to operate directly under [37th Division](/wiki/37th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "37th Division (United Kingdom)") as it pursued the Germans across the [River Selle](/wiki/River_Selle "River Selle"). IV Corps' guns then had a quiet period until 20 October, when the corps joined in the [Battle of the Selle](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Selle "Battle of the Selle"), taking the high ground beyond the river. The 6\-inch howitzers executed a fire programme, then spent the night harassing roads behind the German lines.Edmonds \& Maxwell\-Hyslop, *1918*, Vol V, pp. 43–5, 157, 203, 239–41, 329, 334–5, 338\-9, 343, 364–5\.Farndale, *Western Front*, pp. 302–4\.
By now artillery ammunition was restricted because of the difficulties of bringing it up over damaged roads and temporary bridges, and the heavy guns became less useful in a fast\-moving pursuit. On 25 October 220th Siege Bty was pulled out of the line and its guns parked. However, guns and ammunition were massed for the full\-scale assault of the [Battle of the Sambre](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sambre_%281918%29 "Battle of the Sambre (1918)"). 220th Siege Bty began CB fire on 30 October, and after the assault went in on 4 November it remained in position at readiness to move at 30 minutes' notice. However, the state of the roads was such that only limited numbers of 6\-inch howitzers could go forward. When hostilities were ended by the [Armistice with Germany](/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany "Armistice with Germany") on 11 November, IV Corps HA had been left behind at [Ghissignies](/wiki/Ghissignies "Ghissignies").Edmonds \& Maxwell\-Hyslop, *1918*, Vol V, pp. 477–8, 480–1, 496–7\.Farndale, *Western Front*, p. 304\.
|
[
"Western Front\n-------------",
"### Arras",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Crew positioning a 6\\-inch 26 cwt howitzer.](/wiki/File:LAC_BL_6-inch_26_cwt_Howitzer.jpg \"LAC BL 6-inch 26 cwt Howitzer.jpg\")\nThe battery went out to the Western Front on 25 December 1916, equipped with four [6\\-inch 26 cwt howitzers](/wiki/BL_6-inch_26_cwt_howitzer \"BL 6-inch 26 cwt howitzer\"). The advance party joined 72nd Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) at [Bertrancourt](/wiki/Bertrancourt \"Bertrancourt\") in the [Somme](/wiki/River_Somme \"River Somme\") sector on 26 December and was sent to [Sailly\\-au\\-Bois](/wiki/Sailly-au-Bois \"Sailly-au-Bois\") next day. The main body of the battery joined on 8 January 1917 and moved to the battery positions the advance party had prepared. 72nd HAG was serving under [Fifth Army](/wiki/Fifth_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Fifth Army (United Kingdom)\"), which was renewing [operations on the Ancre](/wiki/Operations_on_the_Ancre%2C_January%E2%80%93March_1917 \"Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917\") after the previous year's [Somme Offensive](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme \"Battle of the Somme\").[RGA at Long, Long Trail.](http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-royal-artillery-in-the-first-world-war/the-siege-batteries-of-the-royal-garrison-artillery/)['Allocation of Siege Batteries RGA', The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 95/5494/4\\.](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4558646)['Headquarters Heavy Artillery Groups', TNA, file WO 95/5494/1\\.](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4558646)[72nd HAG War Diary November 1916–February 1919, TNA file WO 95/323/6\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/5434bc3fdc224a36b41c774b08b64ba8)",
"72nd HAG was engaged in [counter\\-battery](/wiki/Counter-battery_fire \"Counter-battery fire\") (CB) fire and in shelling the German front lines and villages, including [Serre\\-lès\\-Puisieux](/wiki/Serre-l%C3%A8s-Puisieux \"Serre-lès-Puisieux\"), for the small\\-scale attacks being attempted. On 22 January the Germans retaliated, bombarding Sailly and smashing the carriage of one of 220 Siege Bty's howitzers. 72nd HAG bombarded the trench known as Ten Tree Alley, which was captured on the night of 10/11 February. On 24 February the front line troops noticed that the Germans were retiring from in front of Serre – part of their planned withdrawal to the [Hindenburg Line](/wiki/Hindenburg_Line \"Hindenburg Line\") ([Operation Alberich](/wiki/Operation_Alberich \"Operation Alberich\")). The British followed up against German rearguards, and pushed their artillery forward across the zone of devastation left by the enemy: 220th Siege Bty reached [Beauval](/wiki/Beauval%2C_Somme \"Beauval, Somme\") on 21 March.Falls, *1917*, Vol I, pp. 65–9, 72–3, 95–6\\.",
"### Arras",
"On 22 March 72nd HAG moved north to join [Third Army](/wiki/Third_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Third Army (United Kingdom)\") in the [Arras](/wiki/Arras \"Arras\") sector. There 220th Siege Bty transferred to the command of 81st HAG. At first it was firing on trench systems, but from 1 April it joined with the other batteries of 81st HAG in CB fire and registering individual strongpoints as targets for the forthcoming [Arras Offensive](/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_%281917%29 \"Battle of Arras (1917)\"). The four\\-day preliminary bombardment (V, W, X and Y days) began on 4 April and was extended by an extra day (Q, inserted between X and Y). Z Day was 9 April, and as the infantry of [VI Corps](/wiki/VI_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"VI Corps (United Kingdom)\") went 'over the top' at 05\\.30 the 6\\-inch howitzers began firing a standing [barrage](/wiki/Barrage_%28artillery%29 \"Barrage (artillery)\") on the German support trench. When the field guns' [creeping barrage](/wiki/Creeping_barrage \"Creeping barrage\") reached this line ahead of the infantry, the howitzers lifted onto the second objective. The group's forward observation officer (FOO) moved up with the infantry and set up his observation post (OP) on Observation Hill. The infantry were delayed in capturing the Blue Line (the fourth line of enemy trenches) and there was not time to push on to the Brown line that night. They renewed their attack behind a new barrage at dawn on 10 April and completed the task.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 89–98\\.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 169–74\\.[81st HAG War Diary December 1916–December 1917, TNA file WO 95/230/1\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/5511e64495d4479aa9587096a628df14)Falls, *1917*, Vol I, pp. 182–6, 198–200, 214–25, 248–51\\.Farndale, *Western Front*, pp. 165–6, 170–1\\.",
"Next morning, 220th Siege Bty moved up to a forward position where it came under 32nd HAG. It continued firing CB tasks and against strongpoints such as [Guémappe](/wiki/Gu%C3%A9mappe \"Guémappe\") and on towns further back like [Biache](/wiki/Biache-Saint-Vaast \"Biache-Saint-Vaast\") as the offensive continued. On 21 April 32nd HAG began the bombardment to support VI Corps' next operation (the [Second Battle of the Scarpe](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Scarpe \"Second Battle of the Scarpe\")) beginning on 23 April. Firing went on for 10 hours at a time and included hurricane bombardments of villages along the German lines, but the CB fire was less effective and the German artillery was not mastered. VI Corps did manage to take Guémappe. The next major operation (the [Third Battle of the Scarpe](/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Scarpe \"Third Battle of the Scarpe\") on 3 May) was even less successful, despite 32nd HAG's efforts to disrupt German communications.[32nd HAG War Diary April 1916–July 1919, TNA file WO 95/389/2\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/829a82d0a56a4b8a81ad6fa54cbebfe7)Falls, *1917*, Vol I, pp. 381–2, 389–94, 438–40\\.Farndale, *Western Front*, pp. 177–8\\.",
"As the Arras offensive wound down, 220th Siege Bty was transferred to 47th HAG on 16 May. The group was engaged in CB fire by day and harassing fire (HF) by night. It also supported [29th Division](/wiki/29th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"29th Division (United Kingdom)\")'s failed attempt to capture Hook Trench on 30 May, and [3rd Division](/wiki/3rd_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"3rd Division (United Kingdom)\")'s more successful attack on Long Trench on 14 June, where the heavy artillery halted German counter\\-attacks.[47th HAG War Diary March 1916–July 1919, TNA file WO 95/473/1\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/3e1c15587a374d348681b2fb7889ed20)Falls, *1917*, Vol I, p. 517\\. The battery's command was changed on 19 June when it came under 48th HAG, continuing CB work on the Arras front,[48th HAG War Diary August 1915–June 1917, TNA file WO 95/225/1\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/216e15e23e914654b0f1e9b47a448bd2)[48th HAG War Diary July 1917–January 1919, TNA file WO 95/225/2\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/2165d4a00d2a4451ae7ac0b4c2287d63) and changed again when 48th HAG was ordered north on 1 July. Next day 220th Siege Bty transferred to 39th HAG, which was supporting [XVII Corps](/wiki/XVII_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"XVII Corps (United Kingdom)\") of Third Army.[39th HAG War Diary April 1916–December 1917, TNA file WO 95/391/1\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/41fc1a72a3c246cdb5fb81ed28098092) The battery continued firing CB tasks and supporting minor operations on XVII Corps' front until 9 August 1917 when it was handed over to 55th HAG with VI Corps.[55th HAG War Diary July 1916–December 1917, TNA file WO 95/545/1\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/453e849fda54487793707fe77697acc4)",
"### Ypres",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|left\\|6\\-inch howitzer being moved through mud on the Western Front.](/wiki/File:6inchHowitzerPozieresSeptember1916.jpg \"6inchHowitzerPozieresSeptember1916.jpg\")\nAfter six months with Third Army in what had become a quiet sector, the personnel of Right Section of 220th Siege Bty (Left Section remaining to man the guns) were sent north on 31 August to relieve exhausted gunners of Fifth Army which was engaged in the [Third Ypres Offensive](/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele \"Battle of Passchendaele\"). The section joined 56th HAG on 2 September and relieved a section of 173rd Siege Bty. The rest of 220th Siege Bty arrived on 14 September. Many of 56th HAG's targets at this time were concrete [pillboxes](/wiki/Pillbox_%28military%29 \"Pillbox (military)\"); 220th Siege Bty took on the strongpoint of Gloster Farm. The Ypres offensive was now restarting: 19 September was Y day for the bombardment preceding the [Battle of the Menin Road Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Menin_Road_Ridge \"Battle of the Menin Road Ridge\"). The batteries carried out intense bombardments of the registered strongpoints, interspersed with practice attack barrages. The battle was successful, though more so on [Second Army](/wiki/Second_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Second Army (United Kingdom)\")'s front than Fifth Army's. The Battles of the Menin Road and [Polygon Wood](/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood \"Battle of Polygon Wood\") (26 September) were successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions and then on their counter\\-attacks. The [Battle of Broodseinde](/wiki/Battle_of_Broodseinde \"Battle of Broodseinde\") on 4 October was tougher. But as the offensive continued the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the [Passchendaele Ridge](/wiki/Passchendaele_Ridge \"Passchendaele Ridge\") and were subjected to CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire. The [Battle of Poelcappelle](/wiki/Battle_of_Poelcappelle \"Battle of Poelcappelle\") (9 October) was a disappointment and the [First Battle of Passchendaele](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Passchendaele \"First Battle of Passchendaele\") on 12 October resulted in very heavy casualties for Fifth Army. 220th Siege Bty provided barrage fire in all these major attacks, and for the fighting in [Houthulst](/wiki/Houthulst \"Houthulst\") Forest on 22 October. 56th HAG fired a large bombardment programme on 26 October for the opening of the [Second Battle of Passchendaele](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Passchendaele \"Second Battle of Passchendaele\"), but the group's firing tailed off thereafter until a last attempt was made on Passchendaele on 10 November. After the ruins of the village had been captured, 56th HAG's batteries fired many rounds in its defence.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 111–20\\.[56th Bde War Diary, August 1916–March 1918, TNA file WO 95/392/2\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/58fd7f9bc84b42388553c8eafb4fcdab)Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, pp. 247–8, 263–71, 309–14, 334–7, 343–4, 348, 351–2, 358–9\\.Farndale, pp. 211–13\\.Wolff, pp. 223–35, 249–51\\.",
"### Winter 1917–18",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|FWD Model B lorry towing a 6\\-inch 26 cwt howitzer.](/wiki/File:FWD_Model_B%2C_IWM_Q_10421.jpg \"FWD Model B, IWM Q 10421.jpg\")\n[Trench raids](/wiki/Trench_raiding \"Trench raiding\"), CB and HF tasks continued through the winter, with [No 7 Squadron](/wiki/No._7_Squadron_RAF \"No. 7 Squadron RAF\"), [Royal Flying Corps](/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps \"Royal Flying Corps\") spotting for the guns when weather permitted. Some of the 6\\-inch howitzers were dragged forward with great difficulty along muddy roads by [FWD Model B](/wiki/FWD_Model_B \"FWD Model B\") lorries to bring more distant targets into range. Ammunition expenditure was high despite the difficulty of resupply, made worse on 11 November when a German shell hit an ammunition dump by the light railway, causing a huge crater and leaving 220th Siege Bty unable fire for some time.",
"By now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and they were converted into permanent RGA brigades during the winter. 56th HAG became 56th Brigade on 20 December. Apart from temporary detachments, 220th Siege Bty remained with this brigade until 1919\\.Farndale, *Western Front*, Annex E.Farndale, *Western Front*, Annex M. Major H.M.A. Ward, commanding 220th Siege Bty was awarded the [Distinguished Service Order](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order \"Distinguished Service Order\") at the new year.",
"On 7 January 1918 56th Bde was ordered to pull out all its guns ready for a move. Despite snowstorms and freezing conditions, 220th Siege Bty got three of its guns out onto the road before the thaw set in. Finally, all the battery's guns were withdrawn to the Siege Park on 10 January. After a week's rest the brigade entrained for the south, travelling by a circuitous route to [Longueau](/wiki/Longueau \"Longueau\"), near [Amiens](/wiki/Amiens \"Amiens\") afterwards moving by road to join [III Corps](/wiki/III_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"III Corps (United Kingdom)\") Heavy Artillery (HA) at [Frières\\-Faillouël](/wiki/Fri%C3%A8res-Faillou%C3%ABl \"Frières-Faillouël\"), close to the Hindenburg Line, with 220th Siege Bty [billeted](/wiki/Billet \"Billet\") in reserve by the end of the month. The order to 'Prepare for battle' came on 28 February and 220th Siege Bty pulled its four guns into position at [Clastres](/wiki/Clastres \"Clastres\"), under the tactical direction of 66th Bde, RGA. These guns were ready for action on 1 March,",
"### Spring Offensive",
"Throughout March preparations continued to meet the anticipated German attack, with 220th Siege Bty digging new positions at Clastres. The [German Spring Offensive](/wiki/German_Spring_Offensive \"German Spring Offensive\") was launched on 21 March with a massive bombardment. Clastres came under shellfire, communications with 66th Bde broke down, and the battery posted [Lewis guns](/wiki/Lewis_gun \"Lewis gun\") for local defence in case of a German breakthrough. During the day the battery fired over 1000 rounds on targets given by the infantry division HQ in Clastres. Two officers and 14 other ranks of 325th Siege Bty who arrived for training were immediately in action with 220th; the battery also gathered stragglers from both the RGA and [Royal Field Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Field_Artillery \"Royal Field Artillery\") who had lost their guns. At 14\\.30 III Corps HA HQ sent orders for 220th Siege Bty to pull out and to find a new position at the sugar factory at [Flavy\\-le\\-Martel](/wiki/Flavy-le-Martel \"Flavy-le-Martel\") across the [Crozat Canal](/wiki/St_Quentin_Canal \"St Quentin Canal\") where III Corps was going to make a stand; two FWD lorries went up to move the battery one section at a time. The first despatch rider taking the orders to the battery was blown off his motorcycle by a shell, but a second got through with the orders at 17\\.10 while 56th Bde's signal officer went round the billets to gather all the men of the battery and get them to the sugar factory. Four more FWDs and the battery's own lorries arrived and the move began, with a small guard left on the ammunition until they were ordered back. Other men of the battery on duty at an ammunition dump at La Motte became prisoners of war.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 145–51\\.[220th Siege Bty report, 21–31 March 1918, in 56th Bde War Diary.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/58fd7f9bc84b42388553c8eafb4fcdab)Edmonds, *1918*, Vol I, pp. 167, 208–11\\.",
"However, the sugar factory was in III Corps' new front line on the canal and next morning Corps HA ordered the battery to pull out. It did so under a German machine gun barrage and got back to a position near Petit\\-Detroit. [Bombardier](/wiki/Bombardier_%28rank%29 \"Bombardier (rank)\") Jagger and 20 volunteers then went back with the FWDs and four lorries to recover ammunition from Flavy. Fire orders finally arrived at 15\\.00 and the battery targeted the canal bank and the railway bridge at [Montescourt\\-Lizerolles](/wiki/Montescourt-Lizerolles \"Montescourt-Lizerolles\") that the engineers had been unable to blow up. There was confusion as the Germans crossed the canal and continued advancing: by 23 March 220th Siege Bty had lost communications with 66th Bde again. III Corps HA ordered it back to [Guivry](/wiki/Guivry \"Guivry\"), then forward again to fire on Flavy: two of the guns were used to destroy the abandoned ammunition dump. On 24 March they got back to [Beaugies\\-sous\\-Bois](/wiki/Beaugies-sous-Bois \"Beaugies-sous-Bois\") where 220th Siege Bty found some ammunition lorries and took them over. German cavalry could be seen in the distance and some of 56th Bde's other batteries had been cut off and captured. 220th Siege Bty retreated through [Quesmy](/wiki/Quesmy \"Quesmy\") to the [Noyon](/wiki/Noyon \"Noyon\")–[Guiscard](/wiki/Guiscard \"Guiscard\") road, where it was ordered to fire off all its ammunition at [Ugny\\-le\\-Gay](/wiki/Ugny-le-Gay \"Ugny-le-Gay\").Edmonds, *1918*, Vol I, pp. 211, 267–9\\.\n[thumb\\|300px\\|left\\|6\\-inch howitzers and crews in 1918\\.](/wiki/File:The_German_Spring_Offensive%2C_March-july_1918_Q8606.jpg \"The German Spring Offensive, March-july 1918 Q8606.jpg\")\nThat day [V French Corps](/wiki/5th_Army_Corps_%28France%29 \"5th Army Corps (France)\") took over the front from III Corps and on 25 March 56th Bde HQ was ordered to fight 220th and another 6\\-inch battery as a subgroup at [Cuy](/wiki/Cuy%2C_Oise \"Cuy, Oise\") under French command. Next morning the battery was in action at [Lassigny](/wiki/Lassigny \"Lassigny\"), but during the day was pulled back to west of [Thiescourt](/wiki/Thiescourt \"Thiescourt\") where it fired on Scaucourt and [Candor](/wiki/Candor%2C_Oise \"Candor, Oise\"). The retreat continued next day, the battery firing from St Cloud Farm before pulling back that night to south of [Élincourt\\-Sainte\\-Marguerite](/wiki/%C3%89lincourt-Sainte-Marguerite \"Élincourt-Sainte-Marguerite\"), staying in touch with the French. The retreat continued, and by the end of the month 56th Bde and 220th Siege Bty had reached [Chevrières](/wiki/Chevri%C3%A8res%2C_Oise \"Chevrières, Oise\"). The German advance had been halted in this sector, but the battery then had a long march to [Fresnoy\\-au\\-Val](/wiki/Fresnoy-au-Val \"Fresnoy-au-Val\") near Amiens, where on 5 April 56th Bde was rejoined by its other batteries.[56th Bde War Diary, April 1918–My 1919, TNA file WO 95/392/3\\.](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/58fd7f9bc84b42388553c8eafb4fcdab)Edmonds, *1918*, Vol I, pp. 402–4\\.Farndale, *Western Front*, p. 273\\.",
"From Fresnoy the brigade was sent to the [Abbeville](/wiki/Abbeville \"Abbeville\") area to rest and refit. On 22 April it returned to the front, joining [IV Corps](/wiki/IV_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"IV Corps (United Kingdom)\") in Third Army in the Somme sector; 220th Siege Bty was billeted at [Bayencourt](/wiki/Bayencourt \"Bayencourt\"). The 6\\-inch batteries improved their gun positions and began registering their guns, firing HF tasks at night. On 4 May they took part in a small operation to straighten [42nd (East Lancashire) Division](/wiki/42nd_%28East_Lancashire%29_Division \"42nd (East Lancashire) Division\")'s front. On 15 May the 6\\-inch batteries were ordered forward into new positions where they would remain silent, 220th moving into theirs on the night of 19 May. However, when the neighbouring brigade went into reserve, 220th Siege By took over the positions of 59th Siege Bty and became active once more, carrying out CB shoots with aircraft observation. This continued into the summer. Major Dunston took over command of 220th Siege Bty from Maj Ward on 15 June.Becke, Pt 4, pp. 153–60,\n### Hundred Days Offensive",
"The [Allied](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I \"Allies of World War I\") [Hundred Days Offensive](/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive \"Hundred Days Offensive\") began with the [Battle of Amiens](/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_%281918%29 \"Battle of Amiens (1918)\") on 8 August. 56th Brigade's batteries had been pulled out of the line by sections on the nights of 4/5 and 5/6 August to go into GHQ Reserve under orders to move at 24 hours' notice. However, they returned to their old positions on 16/17 August and resumed bombardment of hostile batteries and strongpoints, with night HF shoots. Third Army joined in the offensive with a surprise attack by IV Corps on 21 August (the [Battle of Albert](/wiki/Battle_of_Albert_%281918%29 \"Battle of Albert (1918)\")). Zero hour was 04\\.55, and at 08\\.00 220th Siege Bty moved up to positions near [Rossignol Wood](/wiki/Rossignol_Wood_Cemetery \"Rossignol Wood Cemetery\") as IV Corps achieved a 3 mile advance and the Germans retired hastily towards [Bapaume](/wiki/Bapaume \"Bapaume\"). Third Army resumed its advance on 23 August, with 56th Bde shelling [Achiet\\-le\\-Petit](/wiki/Achiet-le-Petit \"Achiet-le-Petit\") in support of IV Corps' attack. Next day the mobility of the siege batteries was tested as the whole brigade advanced across country, 220th reaching the line [Pusieux](/wiki/Puisieux%2C_Pas-de-Calais \"Puisieux, Pas-de-Calais\")–Achiet\\-le\\-Petit. On 25 August the 6\\-inch batteries supported [63rd (Royal Naval) Division](/wiki/63rd_%28Royal_Naval%29_Division \"63rd (Royal Naval) Division\") towards Bapaume.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol IV, pp. 180, 182, 188–92, 228, 230–1, 272\\.",
"A lull followed on IV Corps' front, but the artillery remained active, 56th Bde firing 1–2000 rounds per day until Third Army launched the [Second Battle of Bapaume](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bapaume \"Second Battle of Bapaume\") on 31 August. The [New Zealand Division](/wiki/New_Zealand_Division \"New Zealand Division\") of IV Corps took Bapaume while 56th Bde fired on [Villers\\-au\\-Flos](/wiki/Villers-au-Flos \"Villers-au-Flos\") beyond. On 2 September 56th Bde supported [127th (Manchester) Brigade](/wiki/127th_%28Manchester%29_Brigade \"127th (Manchester) Brigade\")'s tricky attack on Villers\\-au\\-Flos. 220th Siege Bty was rested from 6 to 9 September, then returned to action shelling Dead Man's Corner for the New Zealanders. IV Corps attacked at the [Battle of Havrincourt](/wiki/Battle_of_Havrincourt \"Battle of Havrincourt\") on 12 September as Third Army closed up to the Hindenburg Line. After another lull, all of 56th Bde's batteries opened up on trenches and strongpoints for the [Battle of Épehy](/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%89pehy \"Battle of Épehy\") on 18 September. Although IV Corps only had a minor role in the attack, it was strongly counter\\-attacked that night and the howitzers helped to repulse this.Edmonds, *1918*, Vol IV, pp. 370, 380, 410, 469\\-70, 493\\.",
"There were only minor operations until 27 September, when the 6\\-inch howitzers fired a barrage and concentrations on selected strongpoints to support [5th Division](/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)\")'s attack on the Hindenburg Line defences (part of the [Battle of the Canal du Nord](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Canal_du_Nord \"Battle of the Canal du Nord\")). The howitzers then fired [gas shells](/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I \"Chemical weapons in World War I\") as well as [high explosive](/wiki/High_explosive_shell \"High explosive shell\") on the trenches round [Gouzeaucourt](/wiki/Gouzeaucourt \"Gouzeaucourt\") as the Germans abandoned their defences. There were several days of bombardment before the [Second Battle of Cambrai](/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_%281918%29 \"Battle of Cambrai (1918)\") opened on 8 October, with 56th Bde's 6\\-inch batteries moving up to the Escaut Canal. On 10 October 220th Siege Bty moved forward again to [Caudry](/wiki/Caudry \"Caudry\") to operate directly under [37th Division](/wiki/37th_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"37th Division (United Kingdom)\") as it pursued the Germans across the [River Selle](/wiki/River_Selle \"River Selle\"). IV Corps' guns then had a quiet period until 20 October, when the corps joined in the [Battle of the Selle](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Selle \"Battle of the Selle\"), taking the high ground beyond the river. The 6\\-inch howitzers executed a fire programme, then spent the night harassing roads behind the German lines.Edmonds \\& Maxwell\\-Hyslop, *1918*, Vol V, pp. 43–5, 157, 203, 239–41, 329, 334–5, 338\\-9, 343, 364–5\\.Farndale, *Western Front*, pp. 302–4\\.",
"By now artillery ammunition was restricted because of the difficulties of bringing it up over damaged roads and temporary bridges, and the heavy guns became less useful in a fast\\-moving pursuit. On 25 October 220th Siege Bty was pulled out of the line and its guns parked. However, guns and ammunition were massed for the full\\-scale assault of the [Battle of the Sambre](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sambre_%281918%29 \"Battle of the Sambre (1918)\"). 220th Siege Bty began CB fire on 30 October, and after the assault went in on 4 November it remained in position at readiness to move at 30 minutes' notice. However, the state of the roads was such that only limited numbers of 6\\-inch howitzers could go forward. When hostilities were ended by the [Armistice with Germany](/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany \"Armistice with Germany\") on 11 November, IV Corps HA had been left behind at [Ghissignies](/wiki/Ghissignies \"Ghissignies\").Edmonds \\& Maxwell\\-Hyslop, *1918*, Vol V, pp. 477–8, 480–1, 496–7\\.Farndale, *Western Front*, p. 304\\.",
""
] |
Politics
--------
Because of its location on the Mediterranean coast and its history as a trading hub, similar to metropolitan coastal cities such as [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut "Beirut"), El\-Mina is characterized by its diversity and rich political culture.
The Municipality of El\-Mina is independent from Tripoli and it was established by the colonizers the Ottomans in 1882 with the Mayor being appointed by the Ottoman district governor and was held chronologically by:
* Ibrahim Alamedine (1882\- by appointment)
* Mouheiddine Kabbara (by appointment)
* Rami Basha ( 1984 \- by appointment)
* Mouheiddine Yafi (by appointment)
After the First World War, and during the French presence in Lebanon, mayoral position remained by appointment by the French district governor.
* Nour Alamedine (1920–1928\)
* Moustafa Ghazi (1928–1933\)
The French mandate introduced the municipal committee that would later become the city council.
* Abdel Satar Alamedine (1933–1935\)
* [Kheireddine Abdul Wahab](/wiki/Kheireddine_Abdul_Wahab "Kheireddine Abdul Wahab") (1933–1944\)
The posts remained vacant between 1944\-1947 after the independence of Lebanon, and the first elections were held in 1947\.
* Mounir Alamoun (1947–1951\)
* Saadi Ghazi (1951–1955\)
* Habib Abdul Wahab (1955–1959\)
* Saiid Bayakly (1960–1964\)
* Ahmed Ghazi (1964–1968\)
* Ahmed Moumtaz Kabara (1968–1972\)
* Abdel Kader Alamedine (1972\-1998\)
With the eruption of the [Lebanon Civil War](/wiki/Lebanon_Civil_War "Lebanon Civil War") in 1975, mayoral elections were no longer held till 1998, and Alamedine remained in office till then.
After the war, and the municipality became of 21 members (14 Muslims and 7 Christians by an oral agreement, the Mayor is a Sunni and his deputy is a Christian. In the first election in 1998, Alamedine was re\-elected into office,
* Abdelkader Alamedine (1998–2001, resigned)
* Mouhamad Helou (2001–2004\)
* Abdelkader Alamedine (2004–2010\)
* Mohammad Issa (2010–2012\)
* Vacant (2012–2016\)
* AbdelKader Alamedine (2016–Present)
In 2012, seven members of the city municipality council, that makes third of the council, resigned and thus made the whole council out of office and the municipality of Mina is under the Governor of Tripoli and the North responsibility until the elections of May 2016\.
El Mina does not officially have a representative in the Lebanese Parliament, its people elect with the whole Tripoli district.
Knowing that traditionally each parliamentary bloc of former Prime Minister [Rachid Karami](/wiki/Rachid_Karami "Rachid Karami") who was assassinated in 1986, representing North Lebanon, would have one member from El Mina.
|
[
"Politics\n--------",
"Because of its location on the Mediterranean coast and its history as a trading hub, similar to metropolitan coastal cities such as [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut \"Beirut\"), El\\-Mina is characterized by its diversity and rich political culture.",
"The Municipality of El\\-Mina is independent from Tripoli and it was established by the colonizers the Ottomans in 1882 with the Mayor being appointed by the Ottoman district governor and was held chronologically by:",
"* Ibrahim Alamedine (1882\\- by appointment)\n* Mouheiddine Kabbara (by appointment)\n* Rami Basha ( 1984 \\- by appointment)\n* Mouheiddine Yafi (by appointment)",
"After the First World War, and during the French presence in Lebanon, mayoral position remained by appointment by the French district governor.\n* Nour Alamedine (1920–1928\\)\n* Moustafa Ghazi (1928–1933\\)",
"The French mandate introduced the municipal committee that would later become the city council.",
"* Abdel Satar Alamedine (1933–1935\\)\n* [Kheireddine Abdul Wahab](/wiki/Kheireddine_Abdul_Wahab \"Kheireddine Abdul Wahab\") (1933–1944\\)",
"The posts remained vacant between 1944\\-1947 after the independence of Lebanon, and the first elections were held in 1947\\.",
"* Mounir Alamoun (1947–1951\\)\n* Saadi Ghazi (1951–1955\\)\n* Habib Abdul Wahab (1955–1959\\)\n* Saiid Bayakly (1960–1964\\)\n* Ahmed Ghazi (1964–1968\\)\n* Ahmed Moumtaz Kabara (1968–1972\\)\n* Abdel Kader Alamedine (1972\\-1998\\)",
"With the eruption of the [Lebanon Civil War](/wiki/Lebanon_Civil_War \"Lebanon Civil War\") in 1975, mayoral elections were no longer held till 1998, and Alamedine remained in office till then.",
"After the war, and the municipality became of 21 members (14 Muslims and 7 Christians by an oral agreement, the Mayor is a Sunni and his deputy is a Christian. In the first election in 1998, Alamedine was re\\-elected into office,",
"* Abdelkader Alamedine (1998–2001, resigned)\n* Mouhamad Helou (2001–2004\\)\n* Abdelkader Alamedine (2004–2010\\)\n* Mohammad Issa (2010–2012\\)\n* Vacant (2012–2016\\)\n* AbdelKader Alamedine (2016–Present)",
"In 2012, seven members of the city municipality council, that makes third of the council, resigned and thus made the whole council out of office and the municipality of Mina is under the Governor of Tripoli and the North responsibility until the elections of May 2016\\.",
"El Mina does not officially have a representative in the Lebanese Parliament, its people elect with the whole Tripoli district.\nKnowing that traditionally each parliamentary bloc of former Prime Minister [Rachid Karami](/wiki/Rachid_Karami \"Rachid Karami\") who was assassinated in 1986, representing North Lebanon, would have one member from El Mina.",
""
] |
Route description
-----------------
### Beaver Valley Expressway and Airport Parkway
[thumb\|left\|Eastward along the toll section of I\-376 (then PA 60\) in [North Beaver Township, Lawrence County](/wiki/North_Beaver_Township%2C_Pennsylvania "North Beaver Township, Pennsylvania")](/wiki/File:Pennsylvania_Route_60_Tollway.jpg "Pennsylvania Route 60 Tollway.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|I\-376 westbound past the Brighton Road interchange in Brighton Township](/wiki/File:2022-05-15_07_36_00_View_west_along_Interstate_376_%28Beaver_Valley_Expressway%29_just_west_of_Exit_36_in_Brighton_Township%2C_Beaver_County%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg "2022-05-15 07 36 00 View west along Interstate 376 (Beaver Valley Expressway) just west of Exit 36 in Brighton Township, Beaver County, Pennsylvania.jpg")
I\-376 begins at a [cloverleaf interchange](/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange "Cloverleaf interchange") with [I\-80](/wiki/Interstate_80_in_Pennsylvania "Interstate 80 in Pennsylvania") and [PA 760](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_760 "Pennsylvania Route 760") located {{Convert\|4\|mi\|km\|spell\=in}} east of [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio") within the [Glaciated Allegheny Plateau](/wiki/Glaciated_Allegheny_Plateau "Glaciated Allegheny Plateau"). From there, it travels in a southerly direction on the Beaver Valley Expressway, a four\-lane freeway with a wide grass median. Paralleling [PA 18](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_18 "Pennsylvania Route 18"), I\-376 has its first interchange with that state highway in [West Middlesex](/wiki/West_Middlesex%2C_Pennsylvania "West Middlesex, Pennsylvania").
I\-376 soon meets [US 422](/wiki/U.S._Route_422_in_Pennsylvania "U.S. Route 422 in Pennsylvania") and forms an overlap with that highway along the west side of [New Castle](/wiki/New_Castle%2C_Pennsylvania "New Castle, Pennsylvania"). After an interchange with [US 224](/wiki/U.S._Route_224_in_Pennsylvania "U.S. Route 224 in Pennsylvania") in [Union Township](/wiki/Union_Township%2C_Lawrence_County%2C_Pennsylvania "Union Township, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania"), I\-376 eastbound splits from US 422 at a [trumpet interchange](/wiki/Trumpet_interchange "Trumpet interchange") southwest of the city in [Taylor Township](/wiki/Taylor_Township%2C_Lawrence_County%2C_Pennsylvania "Taylor Township, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania"). At this point, I\-376 becomes a [toll road](/wiki/Toll_road "Toll road") officially named the James E. Ross Highway.
I\-376 continues southward, still paralleled by PA 18 and the [Beaver River](/wiki/Beaver_River_%28Pennsylvania%29 "Beaver River (Pennsylvania)") to the east. Shortly after entering [Beaver County](/wiki/Beaver_County%2C_Pennsylvania "Beaver County, Pennsylvania") near [Koppel](/wiki/Koppel%2C_Pennsylvania "Koppel, Pennsylvania"), the route connects to its parent route [I\-76](/wiki/Interstate_76_in_Pennsylvania "Interstate 76 in Pennsylvania") ([Pennsylvania Turnpike](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike "Pennsylvania Turnpike")) for the first time at an interchange which also provides access to [PA 351](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_351 "Pennsylvania Route 351"). Around this area, I\-376 crosses into the [Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau](/wiki/Unglaciated_Allegheny_Plateau "Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau"), where it remains for the remainder of its length.
I\-376 then passes to the east of [West Mayfield](/wiki/West_Mayfield%2C_Pennsylvania "West Mayfield, Pennsylvania") and becomes a non\-tolled highway again at its first interchange with [PA 51](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_51 "Pennsylvania Route 51") in [Chippewa Township](/wiki/Chippewa_Township%2C_Beaver_County%2C_Pennsylvania "Chippewa Township, Beaver County, Pennsylvania"), just west of [Beaver Falls](/wiki/Beaver_Falls%2C_Pennsylvania "Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania"). The freeway then weaves through mountainous terrain, interchanging with [PA 68](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_68 "Pennsylvania Route 68") in [Vanport](/wiki/Vanport_Township%2C_Beaver_County%2C_Pennsylvania "Vanport Township, Beaver County, Pennsylvania") just before crossing the [Vanport Bridge](/wiki/Vanport_Bridge "Vanport Bridge") over the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River "Ohio River"). It then has its second interchange with PA 18 near [Kobuta](/wiki/Kobuta%2C_Pennsylvania "Kobuta, Pennsylvania") and continues south from there. I\-376 passes to the west of [Aliquippa](/wiki/Aliquippa%2C_Pennsylvania "Aliquippa, Pennsylvania") before leaving Beaver County and entering [Allegheny County](/wiki/Allegheny_County%2C_Pennsylvania "Allegheny County, Pennsylvania").
Approaching [PIT](/wiki/Pittsburgh_International_Airport "Pittsburgh International Airport"), I\-376 bends south\-southwest and becomes the Southern Expressway, while the Beaver Valley Expressway diverges to the southeast along [I\-376 Business](/wiki/Interstate_376_Business "Interstate 376 Business") (I\-376 Bus). I\-376 circles around the southern edge of the airport, intersecting the western terminus of the Southern Beltway ([PA Turnpike 576](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_576 "Pennsylvania Route 576")) at the main entrance to PIT before recombining with I\-376 Bus and becoming the Airport Parkway, still four lanes and with a narrow median.
### Parkway West
[left\|thumb\|220px\|I\-376 westbound at the PA 121 exit in Green Tree](/wiki/File:Interstate_376_-_Pennsylvania_%288461449162%29.jpg "Interstate 376 - Pennsylvania (8461449162).jpg")
Now traveling southeast, the route comes to a [partial cloverleaf interchange](/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange "Partial cloverleaf interchange") with the Penn\-Lincoln Parkway ([US 22](/wiki/U.S._Route_22_in_Pennsylvania "U.S. Route 22 in Pennsylvania") and [US 30](/wiki/U.S._Route_30_in_Pennsylvania "U.S. Route 30 in Pennsylvania")) and Steubenville Pike ([PA 60](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_60 "Pennsylvania Route 60")) in [Robinson Township](/wiki/Robinson_Township%2C_Allegheny_County%2C_Pennsylvania "Robinson Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania"). The two US Routes join I\-376 here in a partially\-unsigned concurrency (indicated only on [reassurance markers](/wiki/Reassurance_marker "Reassurance marker")), continuing east\-southeastward bearing the Penn\-Lincoln Parkway name, and soon reach an interchange with [I\-79](/wiki/Interstate_79_in_Pennsylvania "Interstate 79 in Pennsylvania"). From that point eastward, along what was known for many years as I\-279, I\-376 runs east\-southeast through [Rosslyn Farms](/wiki/Rosslyn_Farms%2C_Pennsylvania "Rosslyn Farms, Pennsylvania") and [Carnegie](/wiki/Carnegie%2C_Pennsylvania "Carnegie, Pennsylvania") before turning northeast and passing through [Green Tree](/wiki/Green_Tree%2C_Pennsylvania "Green Tree, Pennsylvania").
Entering the city of [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh "Pittsburgh"), I\-376 winds its way northeast to its second interchange with PA 51 at Saw Mill Run Boulevard, which is also part of a spread\-out series of ramps linking Banksville Road ([US 19](/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Pennsylvania "U.S. Route 19 in Pennsylvania")) and [US 19 Truck](/wiki/U.S._Route_19_Truck_%28Pittsburgh%29 "U.S. Route 19 Truck (Pittsburgh)"). This junction, located just before the freeway passes under [Mount Washington](/wiki/Mount_Washington_%28Pittsburgh%29 "Mount Washington (Pittsburgh)") in the [Fort Pitt Tunnel](/wiki/Fort_Pitt_Tunnel "Fort Pitt Tunnel"), features the infamous [wrong\-way concurrency](/wiki/Wrong-way_concurrency "Wrong-way concurrency") of the northbound and southbound directions of US 19 Truck.
[right\|thumb\|220px\|I\-376 westbound between the Fort Pitt Bridge and Fort Pitt Tunnel](/wiki/File:Interstate_376_-_Pennsylvania_%288461447378%29.jpg "Interstate 376 - Pennsylvania (8461447378).jpg")
After passing through the Fort Pitt Tunnel, I\-376 emerges onto the four\-lane double\-deck [Fort Pitt Bridge](/wiki/Fort_Pitt_Bridge "Fort Pitt Bridge"), crossing over the [Monongahela River](/wiki/Monongahela_River "Monongahela River"). There are single\-lane westbound exit and eastbound entrance ramps connecting Carson Street to the freeway between the tunnel's portal and the bridge. Once across the river, the route touches down in [Downtown Pittsburgh](/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh "Downtown Pittsburgh") at [Point State Park](/wiki/Point_State_Park "Point State Park"). An interchange at the Point connects I\-376 to I\-279 (Parkway North), which leads to the [Fort Duquesne Bridge](/wiki/Fort_Duquesne_Bridge "Fort Duquesne Bridge"), as well as Liberty Avenue.
### Parkway East
I\-376 continues east from the Point, still carrying the partially\-unsigned US 22 and US 30, following the north shore of the [Monongahela River](/wiki/Monongahela_River "Monongahela River") through the south side of the downtown area (the westbound area by Downtown from Grant Street to the Fort Pitt Bridge is locally known as the "Bathtub" because of a tendency of the underpass to flood in heavy rains). The road then continues to the adjacent neighborhoods of [Uptown](/wiki/Uptown_Pittsburgh "Uptown Pittsburgh") and [Oakland](/wiki/Oakland_%28Pittsburgh%29 "Oakland (Pittsburgh)"). The Parkway East eventually turns away from the river near the southwestern corner of [Schenley Park](/wiki/Schenley_Park "Schenley Park") and runs along that park's southern border before passing through the [Squirrel Hill Tunnel](/wiki/Squirrel_Hill_Tunnel "Squirrel Hill Tunnel") under [Squirrel Hill](/wiki/Squirrel_Hill_%28Pittsburgh%29 "Squirrel Hill (Pittsburgh)").
[thumb\|220px\|left\|I\-376 westbound approaching Downtown Pittsburgh](/wiki/File:Interstate_376_-_Pennsylvania_%288461457652%29.jpg "Interstate 376 - Pennsylvania (8461457652).jpg")
Parkway East exits the city of Pittsburgh near the southeastern corner of [Frick Park](/wiki/Frick_Park "Frick Park"), and US 30 leaves the freeway shortly thereafter at [PA 8](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_8 "Pennsylvania Route 8") in the suburb of [Wilkinsburg](/wiki/Wilkinsburg%2C_Pennsylvania "Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania"). I\-376 and US 22 (now fully signed) continue in a generally easterly direction through [Churchill](/wiki/Churchill%2C_Pennsylvania "Churchill, Pennsylvania"), [Wilkins Township](/wiki/Wilkins_Township%2C_Pennsylvania "Wilkins Township, Pennsylvania"), [Penn Hills](/wiki/Penn_Hills%2C_Pennsylvania "Penn Hills, Pennsylvania"), and finally [Monroeville](/wiki/Monroeville%2C_Pennsylvania "Monroeville, Pennsylvania"), where I\-376 ends at an interchange with the Pennsylvania Turnpike and [US 22 Bus](/wiki/U.S._Route_22_Business_%28Monroeville%2C_Pennsylvania%29 "U.S. Route 22 Business (Monroeville, Pennsylvania)"). US 22 continues east from this interchange on the [William Penn Highway](/wiki/William_Penn_Highway "William Penn Highway") toward [Murrysville](/wiki/Murrysville%2C_Pennsylvania "Murrysville, Pennsylvania").
[right\|thumb\|220px\|I\-376 westbound at the Squirrel Hill Tunnel](/wiki/File:Squirrel_Hill_Tunnel_IMG_3134.JPG "Squirrel Hill Tunnel IMG 3134.JPG")
|
[
"Route description\n-----------------",
"### Beaver Valley Expressway and Airport Parkway",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Eastward along the toll section of I\\-376 (then PA 60\\) in [North Beaver Township, Lawrence County](/wiki/North_Beaver_Township%2C_Pennsylvania \"North Beaver Township, Pennsylvania\")](/wiki/File:Pennsylvania_Route_60_Tollway.jpg \"Pennsylvania Route 60 Tollway.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|I\\-376 westbound past the Brighton Road interchange in Brighton Township](/wiki/File:2022-05-15_07_36_00_View_west_along_Interstate_376_%28Beaver_Valley_Expressway%29_just_west_of_Exit_36_in_Brighton_Township%2C_Beaver_County%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg \"2022-05-15 07 36 00 View west along Interstate 376 (Beaver Valley Expressway) just west of Exit 36 in Brighton Township, Beaver County, Pennsylvania.jpg\")\nI\\-376 begins at a [cloverleaf interchange](/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange \"Cloverleaf interchange\") with [I\\-80](/wiki/Interstate_80_in_Pennsylvania \"Interstate 80 in Pennsylvania\") and [PA 760](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_760 \"Pennsylvania Route 760\") located {{Convert\\|4\\|mi\\|km\\|spell\\=in}} east of [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\") within the [Glaciated Allegheny Plateau](/wiki/Glaciated_Allegheny_Plateau \"Glaciated Allegheny Plateau\"). From there, it travels in a southerly direction on the Beaver Valley Expressway, a four\\-lane freeway with a wide grass median. Paralleling [PA 18](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_18 \"Pennsylvania Route 18\"), I\\-376 has its first interchange with that state highway in [West Middlesex](/wiki/West_Middlesex%2C_Pennsylvania \"West Middlesex, Pennsylvania\").",
"I\\-376 soon meets [US 422](/wiki/U.S._Route_422_in_Pennsylvania \"U.S. Route 422 in Pennsylvania\") and forms an overlap with that highway along the west side of [New Castle](/wiki/New_Castle%2C_Pennsylvania \"New Castle, Pennsylvania\"). After an interchange with [US 224](/wiki/U.S._Route_224_in_Pennsylvania \"U.S. Route 224 in Pennsylvania\") in [Union Township](/wiki/Union_Township%2C_Lawrence_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Union Township, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania\"), I\\-376 eastbound splits from US 422 at a [trumpet interchange](/wiki/Trumpet_interchange \"Trumpet interchange\") southwest of the city in [Taylor Township](/wiki/Taylor_Township%2C_Lawrence_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Taylor Township, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania\"). At this point, I\\-376 becomes a [toll road](/wiki/Toll_road \"Toll road\") officially named the James E. Ross Highway.",
"I\\-376 continues southward, still paralleled by PA 18 and the [Beaver River](/wiki/Beaver_River_%28Pennsylvania%29 \"Beaver River (Pennsylvania)\") to the east. Shortly after entering [Beaver County](/wiki/Beaver_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Beaver County, Pennsylvania\") near [Koppel](/wiki/Koppel%2C_Pennsylvania \"Koppel, Pennsylvania\"), the route connects to its parent route [I\\-76](/wiki/Interstate_76_in_Pennsylvania \"Interstate 76 in Pennsylvania\") ([Pennsylvania Turnpike](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike \"Pennsylvania Turnpike\")) for the first time at an interchange which also provides access to [PA 351](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_351 \"Pennsylvania Route 351\"). Around this area, I\\-376 crosses into the [Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau](/wiki/Unglaciated_Allegheny_Plateau \"Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau\"), where it remains for the remainder of its length.",
"I\\-376 then passes to the east of [West Mayfield](/wiki/West_Mayfield%2C_Pennsylvania \"West Mayfield, Pennsylvania\") and becomes a non\\-tolled highway again at its first interchange with [PA 51](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_51 \"Pennsylvania Route 51\") in [Chippewa Township](/wiki/Chippewa_Township%2C_Beaver_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Chippewa Township, Beaver County, Pennsylvania\"), just west of [Beaver Falls](/wiki/Beaver_Falls%2C_Pennsylvania \"Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania\"). The freeway then weaves through mountainous terrain, interchanging with [PA 68](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_68 \"Pennsylvania Route 68\") in [Vanport](/wiki/Vanport_Township%2C_Beaver_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Vanport Township, Beaver County, Pennsylvania\") just before crossing the [Vanport Bridge](/wiki/Vanport_Bridge \"Vanport Bridge\") over the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River \"Ohio River\"). It then has its second interchange with PA 18 near [Kobuta](/wiki/Kobuta%2C_Pennsylvania \"Kobuta, Pennsylvania\") and continues south from there. I\\-376 passes to the west of [Aliquippa](/wiki/Aliquippa%2C_Pennsylvania \"Aliquippa, Pennsylvania\") before leaving Beaver County and entering [Allegheny County](/wiki/Allegheny_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Allegheny County, Pennsylvania\").",
"Approaching [PIT](/wiki/Pittsburgh_International_Airport \"Pittsburgh International Airport\"), I\\-376 bends south\\-southwest and becomes the Southern Expressway, while the Beaver Valley Expressway diverges to the southeast along [I\\-376 Business](/wiki/Interstate_376_Business \"Interstate 376 Business\") (I\\-376 Bus). I\\-376 circles around the southern edge of the airport, intersecting the western terminus of the Southern Beltway ([PA Turnpike 576](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_576 \"Pennsylvania Route 576\")) at the main entrance to PIT before recombining with I\\-376 Bus and becoming the Airport Parkway, still four lanes and with a narrow median.",
"### Parkway West",
"[left\\|thumb\\|220px\\|I\\-376 westbound at the PA 121 exit in Green Tree](/wiki/File:Interstate_376_-_Pennsylvania_%288461449162%29.jpg \"Interstate 376 - Pennsylvania (8461449162).jpg\")\nNow traveling southeast, the route comes to a [partial cloverleaf interchange](/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange \"Partial cloverleaf interchange\") with the Penn\\-Lincoln Parkway ([US 22](/wiki/U.S._Route_22_in_Pennsylvania \"U.S. Route 22 in Pennsylvania\") and [US 30](/wiki/U.S._Route_30_in_Pennsylvania \"U.S. Route 30 in Pennsylvania\")) and Steubenville Pike ([PA 60](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_60 \"Pennsylvania Route 60\")) in [Robinson Township](/wiki/Robinson_Township%2C_Allegheny_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Robinson Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania\"). The two US Routes join I\\-376 here in a partially\\-unsigned concurrency (indicated only on [reassurance markers](/wiki/Reassurance_marker \"Reassurance marker\")), continuing east\\-southeastward bearing the Penn\\-Lincoln Parkway name, and soon reach an interchange with [I\\-79](/wiki/Interstate_79_in_Pennsylvania \"Interstate 79 in Pennsylvania\"). From that point eastward, along what was known for many years as I\\-279, I\\-376 runs east\\-southeast through [Rosslyn Farms](/wiki/Rosslyn_Farms%2C_Pennsylvania \"Rosslyn Farms, Pennsylvania\") and [Carnegie](/wiki/Carnegie%2C_Pennsylvania \"Carnegie, Pennsylvania\") before turning northeast and passing through [Green Tree](/wiki/Green_Tree%2C_Pennsylvania \"Green Tree, Pennsylvania\").",
"Entering the city of [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh \"Pittsburgh\"), I\\-376 winds its way northeast to its second interchange with PA 51 at Saw Mill Run Boulevard, which is also part of a spread\\-out series of ramps linking Banksville Road ([US 19](/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Pennsylvania \"U.S. Route 19 in Pennsylvania\")) and [US 19 Truck](/wiki/U.S._Route_19_Truck_%28Pittsburgh%29 \"U.S. Route 19 Truck (Pittsburgh)\"). This junction, located just before the freeway passes under [Mount Washington](/wiki/Mount_Washington_%28Pittsburgh%29 \"Mount Washington (Pittsburgh)\") in the [Fort Pitt Tunnel](/wiki/Fort_Pitt_Tunnel \"Fort Pitt Tunnel\"), features the infamous [wrong\\-way concurrency](/wiki/Wrong-way_concurrency \"Wrong-way concurrency\") of the northbound and southbound directions of US 19 Truck.",
"[right\\|thumb\\|220px\\|I\\-376 westbound between the Fort Pitt Bridge and Fort Pitt Tunnel](/wiki/File:Interstate_376_-_Pennsylvania_%288461447378%29.jpg \"Interstate 376 - Pennsylvania (8461447378).jpg\")\nAfter passing through the Fort Pitt Tunnel, I\\-376 emerges onto the four\\-lane double\\-deck [Fort Pitt Bridge](/wiki/Fort_Pitt_Bridge \"Fort Pitt Bridge\"), crossing over the [Monongahela River](/wiki/Monongahela_River \"Monongahela River\"). There are single\\-lane westbound exit and eastbound entrance ramps connecting Carson Street to the freeway between the tunnel's portal and the bridge. Once across the river, the route touches down in [Downtown Pittsburgh](/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh \"Downtown Pittsburgh\") at [Point State Park](/wiki/Point_State_Park \"Point State Park\"). An interchange at the Point connects I\\-376 to I\\-279 (Parkway North), which leads to the [Fort Duquesne Bridge](/wiki/Fort_Duquesne_Bridge \"Fort Duquesne Bridge\"), as well as Liberty Avenue.",
"### Parkway East",
"I\\-376 continues east from the Point, still carrying the partially\\-unsigned US 22 and US 30, following the north shore of the [Monongahela River](/wiki/Monongahela_River \"Monongahela River\") through the south side of the downtown area (the westbound area by Downtown from Grant Street to the Fort Pitt Bridge is locally known as the \"Bathtub\" because of a tendency of the underpass to flood in heavy rains). The road then continues to the adjacent neighborhoods of [Uptown](/wiki/Uptown_Pittsburgh \"Uptown Pittsburgh\") and [Oakland](/wiki/Oakland_%28Pittsburgh%29 \"Oakland (Pittsburgh)\"). The Parkway East eventually turns away from the river near the southwestern corner of [Schenley Park](/wiki/Schenley_Park \"Schenley Park\") and runs along that park's southern border before passing through the [Squirrel Hill Tunnel](/wiki/Squirrel_Hill_Tunnel \"Squirrel Hill Tunnel\") under [Squirrel Hill](/wiki/Squirrel_Hill_%28Pittsburgh%29 \"Squirrel Hill (Pittsburgh)\").",
"[thumb\\|220px\\|left\\|I\\-376 westbound approaching Downtown Pittsburgh](/wiki/File:Interstate_376_-_Pennsylvania_%288461457652%29.jpg \"Interstate 376 - Pennsylvania (8461457652).jpg\")\nParkway East exits the city of Pittsburgh near the southeastern corner of [Frick Park](/wiki/Frick_Park \"Frick Park\"), and US 30 leaves the freeway shortly thereafter at [PA 8](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_8 \"Pennsylvania Route 8\") in the suburb of [Wilkinsburg](/wiki/Wilkinsburg%2C_Pennsylvania \"Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania\"). I\\-376 and US 22 (now fully signed) continue in a generally easterly direction through [Churchill](/wiki/Churchill%2C_Pennsylvania \"Churchill, Pennsylvania\"), [Wilkins Township](/wiki/Wilkins_Township%2C_Pennsylvania \"Wilkins Township, Pennsylvania\"), [Penn Hills](/wiki/Penn_Hills%2C_Pennsylvania \"Penn Hills, Pennsylvania\"), and finally [Monroeville](/wiki/Monroeville%2C_Pennsylvania \"Monroeville, Pennsylvania\"), where I\\-376 ends at an interchange with the Pennsylvania Turnpike and [US 22 Bus](/wiki/U.S._Route_22_Business_%28Monroeville%2C_Pennsylvania%29 \"U.S. Route 22 Business (Monroeville, Pennsylvania)\"). US 22 continues east from this interchange on the [William Penn Highway](/wiki/William_Penn_Highway \"William Penn Highway\") toward [Murrysville](/wiki/Murrysville%2C_Pennsylvania \"Murrysville, Pennsylvania\").\n[right\\|thumb\\|220px\\|I\\-376 westbound at the Squirrel Hill Tunnel](/wiki/File:Squirrel_Hill_Tunnel_IMG_3134.JPG \"Squirrel Hill Tunnel IMG 3134.JPG\")",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Caddel was born in [Bedford](/wiki/Bedford "Bedford") and grew up in [Gillingham](/wiki/Gillingham%2C_Medway "Gillingham, Medway"), [Kent](/wiki/Kent "Kent"). He studied music at the [University of Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle_University "Newcastle University"), but changed to English after meeting poets [Basil Bunting](/wiki/Basil_Bunting "Basil Bunting") and [Tom Pickard](/wiki/Tom_Pickard "Tom Pickard"). He helped Tom and Connie Pickard organise the seminal [Morden Tower](/wiki/Morden_Tower "Morden Tower") poetry readings.
Caddel's work was influenced by Bunting, by the Americans [Lorine Niedecker](/wiki/Lorine_Niedecker "Lorine Niedecker"), [Louis Zukofsky](/wiki/Louis_Zukofsky "Louis Zukofsky"), [Robert Creeley](/wiki/Robert_Creeley "Robert Creeley") and [William Carlos Williams](/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams "William Carlos Williams"), and by the English landscape tradition as represented by [John Clare](/wiki/John_Clare "John Clare").
He published a number of small pamphlets, most of which were collected in three books: *Sweet Cicely* (1983\), *Uncertain Time* (1990\) and *Larksong Signal* (1997\). A volume of selected poems, *Magpie Words*, appeared in 2002\. His final book, *Writing In The Dark*, was published in late 2003\.
With his wife Ann Caddel, he ran Pig Press, through which he published a number of [British](/wiki/British_literature "British literature"), [Irish](/wiki/Irish_poetry "Irish poetry") and [American](/wiki/American_poetry "American poetry") poets of the latter half of the 20th century.
Caddel edited Bunting's *Uncollected Poems* in 1991 and his *Complete Poems* in 1994\. With [Peter Quartermain](/wiki/Peter_Quartermain "Peter Quartermain"), he edited the anthology *Other: British And Irish Poetry Since 1970* (1998\). He served as Director of the [Basil Bunting Poetry Centre](/wiki/Basil_Bunting_Poetry_Centre "Basil Bunting Poetry Centre") at [Durham University](/wiki/Durham_University "Durham University") for a number of years up to his death.
A lifelong [asthmatic](/wiki/Asthma "Asthma"), Caddel died of [leukaemia](/wiki/Leukaemia "Leukaemia") on 1 April 2003\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Caddel was born in [Bedford](/wiki/Bedford \"Bedford\") and grew up in [Gillingham](/wiki/Gillingham%2C_Medway \"Gillingham, Medway\"), [Kent](/wiki/Kent \"Kent\"). He studied music at the [University of Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle_University \"Newcastle University\"), but changed to English after meeting poets [Basil Bunting](/wiki/Basil_Bunting \"Basil Bunting\") and [Tom Pickard](/wiki/Tom_Pickard \"Tom Pickard\"). He helped Tom and Connie Pickard organise the seminal [Morden Tower](/wiki/Morden_Tower \"Morden Tower\") poetry readings.",
"Caddel's work was influenced by Bunting, by the Americans [Lorine Niedecker](/wiki/Lorine_Niedecker \"Lorine Niedecker\"), [Louis Zukofsky](/wiki/Louis_Zukofsky \"Louis Zukofsky\"), [Robert Creeley](/wiki/Robert_Creeley \"Robert Creeley\") and [William Carlos Williams](/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams \"William Carlos Williams\"), and by the English landscape tradition as represented by [John Clare](/wiki/John_Clare \"John Clare\").",
"He published a number of small pamphlets, most of which were collected in three books: *Sweet Cicely* (1983\\), *Uncertain Time* (1990\\) and *Larksong Signal* (1997\\). A volume of selected poems, *Magpie Words*, appeared in 2002\\. His final book, *Writing In The Dark*, was published in late 2003\\.",
"With his wife Ann Caddel, he ran Pig Press, through which he published a number of [British](/wiki/British_literature \"British literature\"), [Irish](/wiki/Irish_poetry \"Irish poetry\") and [American](/wiki/American_poetry \"American poetry\") poets of the latter half of the 20th century.",
"Caddel edited Bunting's *Uncollected Poems* in 1991 and his *Complete Poems* in 1994\\. With [Peter Quartermain](/wiki/Peter_Quartermain \"Peter Quartermain\"), he edited the anthology *Other: British And Irish Poetry Since 1970* (1998\\). He served as Director of the [Basil Bunting Poetry Centre](/wiki/Basil_Bunting_Poetry_Centre \"Basil Bunting Poetry Centre\") at [Durham University](/wiki/Durham_University \"Durham University\") for a number of years up to his death.",
"A lifelong [asthmatic](/wiki/Asthma \"Asthma\"), Caddel died of [leukaemia](/wiki/Leukaemia \"Leukaemia\") on 1 April 2003\\.",
""
] |
Artifact recovery
-----------------
### Features
The features of the recovered artefacts have provided insights into the lifestyle tendencies and practices of the Middle Woodland people. They were thought to be semi\-sedentary, implying they had lived nomadic lives for part of the year and remained sedentary for the other part. Fifty\-three features from the site were grouped into 7 divisions based on the characteristics and the components they shared.
#### Groups 1–7
The first group consists of stone or rock\-based features that were associated with heating, including hearths, ovens, and fire basins. In addition to sharing function, these features also shared [morphological](/wiki/Morphology_%28architecture_and_engineering%29 "Morphology (architecture and engineering)") characteristics such as being round or bowl\-shaped. Rock clusters among the features in group 1 are thought to be a result of hearth cleaning.
The second group contained [post moulds](/wiki/Wiktionary:Post_mold "Post mold"), which suggests some type of hole creation that could have been a result of natural or man\-made sources. This specific group of post moulds, however, does not have any indicators of being formed by nature. The shapes of the moulds and attributes of the stains were too deliberate to be natural.
The features in the third group were categorized based on their function as pits. They were all relatively similar in shape, although one was bell\-shaped. They are thought to have been storage containers for small foods until they were no longer useful and were repurposed as rubbish pits. Some of the smaller pits could have shared a similar function as the features in group 1, like hearths or fire pits because they were deeper and involved more midden waste indicating heat\-related functions.
Group 4 consisted of more a miscellaneous array of artifacts, including 'pot busts', which are spots containing 'busted' or scrapped vessels. As a result, this group does not share many characteristics since the artefacts lack any identifiable attributes.
Group 5 mainly contained artefacts from middens, where deposits differing in some physical characteristics were collected.
Groups 6 and 7 included features that had effects from natural sources like wild animal [disturbance](/wiki/Disturbance_%28archaeology%29 "Disturbance (archaeology)").
|
[
"Artifact recovery\n-----------------",
"### Features",
"The features of the recovered artefacts have provided insights into the lifestyle tendencies and practices of the Middle Woodland people. They were thought to be semi\\-sedentary, implying they had lived nomadic lives for part of the year and remained sedentary for the other part. Fifty\\-three features from the site were grouped into 7 divisions based on the characteristics and the components they shared.",
"#### Groups 1–7",
"The first group consists of stone or rock\\-based features that were associated with heating, including hearths, ovens, and fire basins. In addition to sharing function, these features also shared [morphological](/wiki/Morphology_%28architecture_and_engineering%29 \"Morphology (architecture and engineering)\") characteristics such as being round or bowl\\-shaped. Rock clusters among the features in group 1 are thought to be a result of hearth cleaning.",
"The second group contained [post moulds](/wiki/Wiktionary:Post_mold \"Post mold\"), which suggests some type of hole creation that could have been a result of natural or man\\-made sources. This specific group of post moulds, however, does not have any indicators of being formed by nature. The shapes of the moulds and attributes of the stains were too deliberate to be natural.",
"The features in the third group were categorized based on their function as pits. They were all relatively similar in shape, although one was bell\\-shaped. They are thought to have been storage containers for small foods until they were no longer useful and were repurposed as rubbish pits. Some of the smaller pits could have shared a similar function as the features in group 1, like hearths or fire pits because they were deeper and involved more midden waste indicating heat\\-related functions.",
"Group 4 consisted of more a miscellaneous array of artifacts, including 'pot busts', which are spots containing 'busted' or scrapped vessels. As a result, this group does not share many characteristics since the artefacts lack any identifiable attributes.",
"Group 5 mainly contained artefacts from middens, where deposits differing in some physical characteristics were collected.",
"Groups 6 and 7 included features that had effects from natural sources like wild animal [disturbance](/wiki/Disturbance_%28archaeology%29 \"Disturbance (archaeology)\").",
""
] |
### Features
The features of the recovered artefacts have provided insights into the lifestyle tendencies and practices of the Middle Woodland people. They were thought to be semi\-sedentary, implying they had lived nomadic lives for part of the year and remained sedentary for the other part. Fifty\-three features from the site were grouped into 7 divisions based on the characteristics and the components they shared.
#### Groups 1–7
The first group consists of stone or rock\-based features that were associated with heating, including hearths, ovens, and fire basins. In addition to sharing function, these features also shared [morphological](/wiki/Morphology_%28architecture_and_engineering%29 "Morphology (architecture and engineering)") characteristics such as being round or bowl\-shaped. Rock clusters among the features in group 1 are thought to be a result of hearth cleaning.
The second group contained [post moulds](/wiki/Wiktionary:Post_mold "Post mold"), which suggests some type of hole creation that could have been a result of natural or man\-made sources. This specific group of post moulds, however, does not have any indicators of being formed by nature. The shapes of the moulds and attributes of the stains were too deliberate to be natural.
The features in the third group were categorized based on their function as pits. They were all relatively similar in shape, although one was bell\-shaped. They are thought to have been storage containers for small foods until they were no longer useful and were repurposed as rubbish pits. Some of the smaller pits could have shared a similar function as the features in group 1, like hearths or fire pits because they were deeper and involved more midden waste indicating heat\-related functions.
Group 4 consisted of more a miscellaneous array of artifacts, including 'pot busts', which are spots containing 'busted' or scrapped vessels. As a result, this group does not share many characteristics since the artefacts lack any identifiable attributes.
Group 5 mainly contained artefacts from middens, where deposits differing in some physical characteristics were collected.
Groups 6 and 7 included features that had effects from natural sources like wild animal [disturbance](/wiki/Disturbance_%28archaeology%29 "Disturbance (archaeology)").
|
[
"### Features",
"The features of the recovered artefacts have provided insights into the lifestyle tendencies and practices of the Middle Woodland people. They were thought to be semi\\-sedentary, implying they had lived nomadic lives for part of the year and remained sedentary for the other part. Fifty\\-three features from the site were grouped into 7 divisions based on the characteristics and the components they shared.",
"#### Groups 1–7",
"The first group consists of stone or rock\\-based features that were associated with heating, including hearths, ovens, and fire basins. In addition to sharing function, these features also shared [morphological](/wiki/Morphology_%28architecture_and_engineering%29 \"Morphology (architecture and engineering)\") characteristics such as being round or bowl\\-shaped. Rock clusters among the features in group 1 are thought to be a result of hearth cleaning.",
"The second group contained [post moulds](/wiki/Wiktionary:Post_mold \"Post mold\"), which suggests some type of hole creation that could have been a result of natural or man\\-made sources. This specific group of post moulds, however, does not have any indicators of being formed by nature. The shapes of the moulds and attributes of the stains were too deliberate to be natural.",
"The features in the third group were categorized based on their function as pits. They were all relatively similar in shape, although one was bell\\-shaped. They are thought to have been storage containers for small foods until they were no longer useful and were repurposed as rubbish pits. Some of the smaller pits could have shared a similar function as the features in group 1, like hearths or fire pits because they were deeper and involved more midden waste indicating heat\\-related functions.",
"Group 4 consisted of more a miscellaneous array of artifacts, including 'pot busts', which are spots containing 'busted' or scrapped vessels. As a result, this group does not share many characteristics since the artefacts lack any identifiable attributes.",
"Group 5 mainly contained artefacts from middens, where deposits differing in some physical characteristics were collected.",
"Groups 6 and 7 included features that had effects from natural sources like wild animal [disturbance](/wiki/Disturbance_%28archaeology%29 \"Disturbance (archaeology)\").",
""
] |
#### Groups 1–7
The first group consists of stone or rock\-based features that were associated with heating, including hearths, ovens, and fire basins. In addition to sharing function, these features also shared [morphological](/wiki/Morphology_%28architecture_and_engineering%29 "Morphology (architecture and engineering)") characteristics such as being round or bowl\-shaped. Rock clusters among the features in group 1 are thought to be a result of hearth cleaning.
The second group contained [post moulds](/wiki/Wiktionary:Post_mold "Post mold"), which suggests some type of hole creation that could have been a result of natural or man\-made sources. This specific group of post moulds, however, does not have any indicators of being formed by nature. The shapes of the moulds and attributes of the stains were too deliberate to be natural.
The features in the third group were categorized based on their function as pits. They were all relatively similar in shape, although one was bell\-shaped. They are thought to have been storage containers for small foods until they were no longer useful and were repurposed as rubbish pits. Some of the smaller pits could have shared a similar function as the features in group 1, like hearths or fire pits because they were deeper and involved more midden waste indicating heat\-related functions.
Group 4 consisted of more a miscellaneous array of artifacts, including 'pot busts', which are spots containing 'busted' or scrapped vessels. As a result, this group does not share many characteristics since the artefacts lack any identifiable attributes.
Group 5 mainly contained artefacts from middens, where deposits differing in some physical characteristics were collected.
Groups 6 and 7 included features that had effects from natural sources like wild animal [disturbance](/wiki/Disturbance_%28archaeology%29 "Disturbance (archaeology)").
|
[
"#### Groups 1–7",
"The first group consists of stone or rock\\-based features that were associated with heating, including hearths, ovens, and fire basins. In addition to sharing function, these features also shared [morphological](/wiki/Morphology_%28architecture_and_engineering%29 \"Morphology (architecture and engineering)\") characteristics such as being round or bowl\\-shaped. Rock clusters among the features in group 1 are thought to be a result of hearth cleaning.",
"The second group contained [post moulds](/wiki/Wiktionary:Post_mold \"Post mold\"), which suggests some type of hole creation that could have been a result of natural or man\\-made sources. This specific group of post moulds, however, does not have any indicators of being formed by nature. The shapes of the moulds and attributes of the stains were too deliberate to be natural.",
"The features in the third group were categorized based on their function as pits. They were all relatively similar in shape, although one was bell\\-shaped. They are thought to have been storage containers for small foods until they were no longer useful and were repurposed as rubbish pits. Some of the smaller pits could have shared a similar function as the features in group 1, like hearths or fire pits because they were deeper and involved more midden waste indicating heat\\-related functions.",
"Group 4 consisted of more a miscellaneous array of artifacts, including 'pot busts', which are spots containing 'busted' or scrapped vessels. As a result, this group does not share many characteristics since the artefacts lack any identifiable attributes.",
"Group 5 mainly contained artefacts from middens, where deposits differing in some physical characteristics were collected.",
"Groups 6 and 7 included features that had effects from natural sources like wild animal [disturbance](/wiki/Disturbance_%28archaeology%29 \"Disturbance (archaeology)\").",
""
] |
KTLA version
------------
A version aired for four weeks on Monday evenings at 10:30 pm on Los Angeles' KTLA from September 12–October 3, 1960, with [Tom Kennedy](/wiki/Tom_Kennedy_%28television_presenter%29 "Tom Kennedy (television presenter)") as host.{{cite news \|last1\=Smith \|first1\=Cecil \|title\=Return of the Quiz Show\-or the 'Fix' is Out \|url\=https://mail.google.com/mail/u/1/\#search/tom\+kennedy/FMfcgxckZzHlhkKRnlCdDzbtQlGDSWJB?projector\=1\&messagePartId\=0\.1 \|accessdate\=26 November 2018 \|agency\=The Los Angeles Times \|date\=October 16, 1960}} The rules were somewhat different compared to the later run.
* If only one person won a prize, that contestant also won $500\. If *all three* won a prize, then first place won $300; second received $200, while third place got $100\.
* One prize in each round was designated the "bonus prize" and added bonus points to the contestant's score.
### Round 5
The contestants lined up in order of score and were presented with five prizes plus one price. Matching the price with the prize won it plus $500, after which the next person in line played for a less expensive prize. If the first contestant missed, the second\-place finisher played with the same prizes and price. After this, the winner played the bonus round.
### Bonus round
The bonus round was played with three boxes containing money. Two boxes held $500, while the third held a jackpot which started at $1,000 and increased by $500 each day until won. The contestant picked a box, after which Kennedy offered to "buy back" the box for $750\.
If the offer was refused, Kennedy would open one of the two $500 boxes, then allow the contestant to switch their choice for the other unopened box. If a contestant won the jackpot they automatically retired, but played one last game for a car.
Two boxes were shown. One contained a car, while the other had nothing. The contestant was offered $2,500 to quit, or picked a box. If a contestant did not win the jackpot, but won five games, they played an altered "two\-box" game with no bribes – one box contained the jackpot (guaranteed to be at least $3,000\), while the other contained the car.
The three\-box bonus round format resembles the [Monty Hall problem](/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem "Monty Hall problem"), which was made famous on *[Let's Make a Deal](/wiki/Let%27s_Make_a_Deal "Let's Make a Deal")*.
|
[
"KTLA version\n------------",
"A version aired for four weeks on Monday evenings at 10:30 pm on Los Angeles' KTLA from September 12–October 3, 1960, with [Tom Kennedy](/wiki/Tom_Kennedy_%28television_presenter%29 \"Tom Kennedy (television presenter)\") as host.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Smith \\|first1\\=Cecil \\|title\\=Return of the Quiz Show\\-or the 'Fix' is Out \\|url\\=https://mail.google.com/mail/u/1/\\#search/tom\\+kennedy/FMfcgxckZzHlhkKRnlCdDzbtQlGDSWJB?projector\\=1\\&messagePartId\\=0\\.1 \\|accessdate\\=26 November 2018 \\|agency\\=The Los Angeles Times \\|date\\=October 16, 1960}} The rules were somewhat different compared to the later run.",
"* If only one person won a prize, that contestant also won $500\\. If *all three* won a prize, then first place won $300; second received $200, while third place got $100\\.\n* One prize in each round was designated the \"bonus prize\" and added bonus points to the contestant's score.",
"### Round 5",
"The contestants lined up in order of score and were presented with five prizes plus one price. Matching the price with the prize won it plus $500, after which the next person in line played for a less expensive prize. If the first contestant missed, the second\\-place finisher played with the same prizes and price. After this, the winner played the bonus round.",
"### Bonus round",
"The bonus round was played with three boxes containing money. Two boxes held $500, while the third held a jackpot which started at $1,000 and increased by $500 each day until won. The contestant picked a box, after which Kennedy offered to \"buy back\" the box for $750\\.",
"If the offer was refused, Kennedy would open one of the two $500 boxes, then allow the contestant to switch their choice for the other unopened box. If a contestant won the jackpot they automatically retired, but played one last game for a car.",
"Two boxes were shown. One contained a car, while the other had nothing. The contestant was offered $2,500 to quit, or picked a box. If a contestant did not win the jackpot, but won five games, they played an altered \"two\\-box\" game with no bribes – one box contained the jackpot (guaranteed to be at least $3,000\\), while the other contained the car.",
"The three\\-box bonus round format resembles the [Monty Hall problem](/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem \"Monty Hall problem\"), which was made famous on *[Let's Make a Deal](/wiki/Let%27s_Make_a_Deal \"Let's Make a Deal\")*.",
""
] |
Life
----
Nothing is known of Molina's childhood and youth. In his manuscript he states being born in Baeza, Spain, sometime before 1530, but reveals nothing more about his life prior to his arrival in Cusco where he settled in 1556 at the age of about 27\. He was nicknamed "el Cusqueño" (the man from Cusco), to distinguish him from another chronicler, Cristóbal de Molina "el Chileno", generally referred to as "el Almagrista" (follower of [Diego de Almagro](/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro "Diego de Almagro")).
Thanks to the years of living with the natives, he learned the Quechua language to the point of handling it with great skill. He was so fluent that the first modern researchers suggested that Molina might have been of mixed European and Andean descent. Subsequent documents showed that this was not the case.
{{cite web
\|url\= http://www.librosperuanos.com/autores/articulos/u/2699/Urbano\-Henrique
\|title\=Reivindicando a Molina, el cronista. Entrevista con Henrique Urbano
\|last\= Ramírez Aguilar
\|first\= Roberto
\|date\=15 September 2008
\|website\= Libros Peruanos
\|language\= ES
\|access\-date\=22 March 2017
}}
In 1565 Molina was appointed as the priest in the {{lang\|ES\| Hospital de Naturales}} (Hospital for the Natives) of {{lang\|ES\|Nuestra Señora de los Remedios}} (Our Lady of Succor) in Cusco. Later he became preacher general of the Cusco parishes and visitor general in parts of the Cusco bishopric.
Interested in the ritual practices of the natives, Molina used to congregate elders and former Inca priests in his parish or in the villages he visited to learn about pre\-Hispanic stories and beliefs.
{{cite web
\|url\= https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/33901/cristobal\-de\-molina
\|title\= Cristóbal de Molina
\|last\= González Ochoa
\|first\= José María
\|date\=
\|website\= Real Academia de la Historia
\|publisher\= Real Academia de la Historia
\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-24
\|quote\=}}
Between 1568 and 1571 Cristóbal de Albornoz, general ecclesiastical visitor in Arequipa, was sent to Huamanga (today [Ayacucho](/wiki/Ayacucho "Ayacucho")) in the Peruvian highlands to identify and destroy *idolatry* (the shrines of the Natives) and to punish the persons and communities who worshipped them.
Because of his knowledge of ritual practices and of the native cultural and religious world, Molina and another Spanish clergy, Olivera, were required to collaborate with Albornoz in his fight against idolatry and against the [Taki Unquy](/wiki/Taki_Unquy "Taki Unquy") messianic movement, which broke out in the central Andes around 1564\.
The king of Spain in the 1560s was worried about the fact that the killing of the last Inca by Pizarro could be interpreted as a violation the European tradition of the divine right of kings, and that this might in turn endanger the legitimate right for the king to rule on the [Tawantinsuyu](/wiki/Inca_Empire "Inca Empire"). For this reason he had appointed [Francisco de Toledo](/wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo "Francisco de Toledo") as viceroy in 1569 and charged him (among other tasks) with producing the proof that the Incas were tyrants, conquered their territories by subjugation of the local people and were not legitimate rulers.
When in Cusco between 1571 and 1572, Toledo ordered [Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa](/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa "Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa") and, through the bishop, Cristóbal de Molina, to provide such proof.The History of the Incas by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa \[1572] translated and edited by Brian S. Bauer and Vania Smith introduction by Brian S. Bauer and Jean\-Jacques Decoster \- University of Texas Press Austin \- 2007 Molina, thanks to his good knowledge of the local language, carried out interviews among the Natives and wrote his work {{lang\|ES\|Historia de los incas}} (History of the Incas) which he finished in March 1572\. This manuscript was never retrieved.
On 24 September 1572 the last [Sapan Inca](/wiki/Sapa_Inca "Sapa Inca"), [Túpac Amaru](/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru "Túpac Amaru"), was executed in Cusco, and Molina was one of the priests who accompanied him to the [central square](/wiki/Plaza_de_Armas_%28Cusco%29 "Plaza de Armas (Cusco)") where a black\-draped scaffold had been erected. There the Inca mounted the scaffold accompanied by the bishop of Cusco, Agustín de la Coruña, to be beheaded.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.jqjacobs.net/andes/tupac\_amaru.html\|title\=Tupac Amaru: The Life, Times, and Execution of the Last Inca \|last\=Jacobs\|first\=James Q.\|website\=jqjacobs.net\|access\-date\=11 September 2017}}
When in 1573 [Sebastián de Lartaun](/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Larta%C3%BAn "Sebastián Lartaún") was named bishop of Cusco, Molina provided him with a manuscript titled {{lang\|ES\|Relación de guacas y adoratorios del Cuzco}} (Account of the [huacas](/wiki/Huaca "Huaca") and shrines of Cusco) about the sacred Inca symbols that were existing in and around the city of Cusco. This work is also lost.
In the following years, probably between 1573 and 1575, Molina was ordered by the bishop to provide an account about the idolatries of the Natives. This work will become the main and only known manuscript by Molina with the title of {{lang\|ES\|Relación de las fábulas y ritos de los incas}} (Account of the Fables and Rites of the Incas).
It is knownVigil Dávila, Angélica (1941\). La religión de los Incas a través de Cristóbal de Molina y Bernaée Cobo \- Trabajo de Investigación en el curso de Fuentes Históricas \- Universidad mayor de San Marcos \- Lima that while in Areqipa, the viceroy Toledo ordered a salary increase for Molina. In his decree he notes that Molina had collected information on the rites and ceremonies of the Incas.
The name of Molina appears again in January 1577 when he testified in Cusco at inquiries about the campaigns against idolatry by Cristóbal de Albornoz. He was simply introduced as a {{lang\|ES\|clérigo presbítero}} (cleric priest), and witnessed that he had known Albornoz for more than ten years and that the latter had successfully completed his *service* against idolatry in Huamanga (today Ayacucho).
The new archbishop of Lima, soon after being named in 1581, convened a Council of the ecclesiastical province of Lima. Known as the Third Lima Council, it opened on August 15, 1582\. All the bishops from Spanish South America were summoned in it, along with notable theologians such as [José de Acosta](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Acosta "José de Acosta"). The task was to settle issues of the church hierarchy and to provide support for the evangelistic activities in all the viceroyalty. The council lasted until 1583\. This council was critical for the bishop of Cusco, Lartaun, since several charges had been filed against him from different officials, although he died in Lima on 9 October 1583, before the council ended, so that many of the charges were not resolved.
Molina also attended the council. He brought with him a letter signed by the {{lang\|ES\|caciques principales}} (main local chiefs) of Cusco, who were requesting the Viceroy to exempt them from taxes. Most probably some of the {{lang\|ES\|caciques}}, mentioned also by [Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa](/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa "Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa") in his *History of the Incas*, may have served as informants for both Molina and Sarmiento.
Molina's knowledge of Quechua was welcomed by the Council since one of its central tasks was the production of trilingual (Spanish, Quechua, and [Aymara](/wiki/Aymaran_languages "Aymaran languages")) religious works for the teaching of the Christian doctrine. While in Lima, Molina became sick and left before the council ended, and so it is not known how much he helped in the preparation of the documents. In 1584, however, he was summoned again by the council as a witness. This time he is introduced as «the illustrious Cristóbal de Molina, cleric priest, preacher general of the natives of this city, who was also inspector general of this bishopric».Millones, Luis, editor(1990\). El retorno de las huacas: Estudios y documentos sobre el Taki Onqoy, sigloXVI \- Instituto de Estudios Peruanos: Sociedad Peruana de Psicoanálisis \- Lima
On 29 May 1585 Molina died in Cusco, at a supposed age of fifty\-six.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Nothing is known of Molina's childhood and youth. In his manuscript he states being born in Baeza, Spain, sometime before 1530, but reveals nothing more about his life prior to his arrival in Cusco where he settled in 1556 at the age of about 27\\. He was nicknamed \"el Cusqueño\" (the man from Cusco), to distinguish him from another chronicler, Cristóbal de Molina \"el Chileno\", generally referred to as \"el Almagrista\" (follower of [Diego de Almagro](/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro \"Diego de Almagro\")).",
"Thanks to the years of living with the natives, he learned the Quechua language to the point of handling it with great skill. He was so fluent that the first modern researchers suggested that Molina might have been of mixed European and Andean descent. Subsequent documents showed that this was not the case.\n{{cite web\n \\|url\\= http://www.librosperuanos.com/autores/articulos/u/2699/Urbano\\-Henrique\n \\|title\\=Reivindicando a Molina, el cronista. Entrevista con Henrique Urbano\n \\|last\\= Ramírez Aguilar\n \\|first\\= Roberto\n \\|date\\=15 September 2008\n \\|website\\= Libros Peruanos\n \\|language\\= ES\n \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2017\n}}",
"",
"In 1565 Molina was appointed as the priest in the {{lang\\|ES\\| Hospital de Naturales}} (Hospital for the Natives) of {{lang\\|ES\\|Nuestra Señora de los Remedios}} (Our Lady of Succor) in Cusco. Later he became preacher general of the Cusco parishes and visitor general in parts of the Cusco bishopric.\nInterested in the ritual practices of the natives, Molina used to congregate elders and former Inca priests in his parish or in the villages he visited to learn about pre\\-Hispanic stories and beliefs.\n{{cite web\n \\|url\\= https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/33901/cristobal\\-de\\-molina\n \\|title\\= Cristóbal de Molina\n \\|last\\= González Ochoa\n \\|first\\= José María\n \\|date\\=\n \\|website\\= Real Academia de la Historia\n \\|publisher\\= Real Academia de la Historia\n \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-24\n \\|quote\\=}}",
"",
"Between 1568 and 1571 Cristóbal de Albornoz, general ecclesiastical visitor in Arequipa, was sent to Huamanga (today [Ayacucho](/wiki/Ayacucho \"Ayacucho\")) in the Peruvian highlands to identify and destroy *idolatry* (the shrines of the Natives) and to punish the persons and communities who worshipped them.\nBecause of his knowledge of ritual practices and of the native cultural and religious world, Molina and another Spanish clergy, Olivera, were required to collaborate with Albornoz in his fight against idolatry and against the [Taki Unquy](/wiki/Taki_Unquy \"Taki Unquy\") messianic movement, which broke out in the central Andes around 1564\\.",
"The king of Spain in the 1560s was worried about the fact that the killing of the last Inca by Pizarro could be interpreted as a violation the European tradition of the divine right of kings, and that this might in turn endanger the legitimate right for the king to rule on the [Tawantinsuyu](/wiki/Inca_Empire \"Inca Empire\"). For this reason he had appointed [Francisco de Toledo](/wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo \"Francisco de Toledo\") as viceroy in 1569 and charged him (among other tasks) with producing the proof that the Incas were tyrants, conquered their territories by subjugation of the local people and were not legitimate rulers. \nWhen in Cusco between 1571 and 1572, Toledo ordered [Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa](/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa \"Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa\") and, through the bishop, Cristóbal de Molina, to provide such proof.The History of the Incas by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa \\[1572] translated and edited by Brian S. Bauer and Vania Smith introduction by Brian S. Bauer and Jean\\-Jacques Decoster \\- University of Texas Press Austin \\- 2007 Molina, thanks to his good knowledge of the local language, carried out interviews among the Natives and wrote his work {{lang\\|ES\\|Historia de los incas}} (History of the Incas) which he finished in March 1572\\. This manuscript was never retrieved.",
"On 24 September 1572 the last [Sapan Inca](/wiki/Sapa_Inca \"Sapa Inca\"), [Túpac Amaru](/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru \"Túpac Amaru\"), was executed in Cusco, and Molina was one of the priests who accompanied him to the [central square](/wiki/Plaza_de_Armas_%28Cusco%29 \"Plaza de Armas (Cusco)\") where a black\\-draped scaffold had been erected. There the Inca mounted the scaffold accompanied by the bishop of Cusco, Agustín de la Coruña, to be beheaded.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jqjacobs.net/andes/tupac\\_amaru.html\\|title\\=Tupac Amaru: The Life, Times, and Execution of the Last Inca \\|last\\=Jacobs\\|first\\=James Q.\\|website\\=jqjacobs.net\\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2017}}",
"When in 1573 [Sebastián de Lartaun](/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Larta%C3%BAn \"Sebastián Lartaún\") was named bishop of Cusco, Molina provided him with a manuscript titled {{lang\\|ES\\|Relación de guacas y adoratorios del Cuzco}} (Account of the [huacas](/wiki/Huaca \"Huaca\") and shrines of Cusco) about the sacred Inca symbols that were existing in and around the city of Cusco. This work is also lost.",
"In the following years, probably between 1573 and 1575, Molina was ordered by the bishop to provide an account about the idolatries of the Natives. This work will become the main and only known manuscript by Molina with the title of {{lang\\|ES\\|Relación de las fábulas y ritos de los incas}} (Account of the Fables and Rites of the Incas).\nIt is knownVigil Dávila, Angélica (1941\\). La religión de los Incas a través de Cristóbal de Molina y Bernaée Cobo \\- Trabajo de Investigación en el curso de Fuentes Históricas \\- Universidad mayor de San Marcos \\- Lima that while in Areqipa, the viceroy Toledo ordered a salary increase for Molina. In his decree he notes that Molina had collected information on the rites and ceremonies of the Incas.",
"The name of Molina appears again in January 1577 when he testified in Cusco at inquiries about the campaigns against idolatry by Cristóbal de Albornoz. He was simply introduced as a {{lang\\|ES\\|clérigo presbítero}} (cleric priest), and witnessed that he had known Albornoz for more than ten years and that the latter had successfully completed his *service* against idolatry in Huamanga (today Ayacucho).",
"The new archbishop of Lima, soon after being named in 1581, convened a Council of the ecclesiastical province of Lima. Known as the Third Lima Council, it opened on August 15, 1582\\. All the bishops from Spanish South America were summoned in it, along with notable theologians such as [José de Acosta](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Acosta \"José de Acosta\"). The task was to settle issues of the church hierarchy and to provide support for the evangelistic activities in all the viceroyalty. The council lasted until 1583\\. This council was critical for the bishop of Cusco, Lartaun, since several charges had been filed against him from different officials, although he died in Lima on 9 October 1583, before the council ended, so that many of the charges were not resolved.\nMolina also attended the council. He brought with him a letter signed by the {{lang\\|ES\\|caciques principales}} (main local chiefs) of Cusco, who were requesting the Viceroy to exempt them from taxes. Most probably some of the {{lang\\|ES\\|caciques}}, mentioned also by [Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa](/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa \"Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa\") in his *History of the Incas*, may have served as informants for both Molina and Sarmiento. \nMolina's knowledge of Quechua was welcomed by the Council since one of its central tasks was the production of trilingual (Spanish, Quechua, and [Aymara](/wiki/Aymaran_languages \"Aymaran languages\")) religious works for the teaching of the Christian doctrine. While in Lima, Molina became sick and left before the council ended, and so it is not known how much he helped in the preparation of the documents. In 1584, however, he was summoned again by the council as a witness. This time he is introduced as «the illustrious Cristóbal de Molina, cleric priest, preacher general of the natives of this city, who was also inspector general of this bishopric».Millones, Luis, editor(1990\\). El retorno de las huacas: Estudios y documentos sobre el Taki Onqoy, sigloXVI \\- Instituto de Estudios Peruanos: Sociedad Peruana de Psicoanálisis \\- Lima",
"On 29 May 1585 Molina died in Cusco, at a supposed age of fifty\\-six.",
""
] |
Works
-----
His main work, and the only one preserved, is {{lang\|ES\|Relación de las fábulas y ritos de los Incas}} (Account of the Fables and Rites of the Incas), possibly written between 1575 and 1576, and dedicated to Bishop Sebastián de Lartaun. A copy of the original manuscript was found in [Francisco de Ávila](/wiki/Francisco_de_%C3%81vila "Francisco de Ávila")'s library after his death in 1647\. It is now preserved in the [Biblioteca Nacional de España](/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a "Biblioteca Nacional de España") (Spain National Library) in Madrid.
It was published for the first time in its English translation by the British scholar [Clements R. Markham](/wiki/Clements_R._Markham "Clements R. Markham") in 1873\. The first edition in Spanish appeared in Chile in 1913 edited by the Chilean historian and paleographer Tomás Thayer Ojeda.
In his clear and direct style Molina cannot hide a certain distance or paternalism towards the Natives. In his work there is also a desire to fuse the classic oral stories of the Andean tradition with biblical writings, trying to blend them with a clearly catechetical purpose.
Molina states at the very beginning of his work, referring to the bishop, that the Account was prepared with the aim to «…understand the origins of their idolatries, because it is true that these \[Incas] did not use writing \[but] , they had in a House of the Sun … next to Cusco, \[where] the life of each of the Incas, the lands that \[each of them] conquered, and their origin \[are] painted with figures on boards …» and, referring to the Bishop Lartaun, in order «that Your Most Reverend Lordship \[can] learn about the ceremonies, rituals, and idolatries that these Indians had. To this end, I ordered to assemble a number of very elderly men who witnessed and performed those ceremonies and rituals during \[the] time of [Huayna Capac](/wiki/Huayna_Capac "Huayna Capac"), [Huáscar Inca](/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar "Huáscar") and [Manco Inca](/wiki/Manco_Inca_Yupanqui "Manco Inca Yupanqui") and some leaders and priests who were of those times.»
The {{lang\|ES\|Relación}} includes two main blocks: the first is related to the Inca mythology and legends, such as the creation of man by the Creator\-god [Viracocha](/wiki/Viracocha "Viracocha") and the flood at the origin of the Incas, while the second deals with the rites of the Inca religion. The latter is the most extensive part of information: it contains data on the periodic festivals of the Natives, particularly the [Inti Raymi](/wiki/Inti_Raymi "Inti Raymi") and [Situa](/wiki/Situa "Situa") and includes also a valuable collections of prayers and songs in Quechua with their translation into Spanish. The description of the Inca festivals are perhaps the greatest of Molina's contributions, because he provides details that are not recounted by other chroniclers.
The {{lang\|ES\|Relación}} also includes a report about the magical methods that the Incas used in their healing.
The Peruvian historian and critic [Raúl Porras Barrenechea](/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Porras_Barrenechea "Raúl Porras Barrenechea") defined Molina the great canonist of the Native American liturgy.
Molina wrote also two other works: {{lang\|ES\|Historia de los incas}} (History of the Incas) and {{lang\|ES\|Relación de guacas y adoratorios del Cuzco}} (Account of the [huacas](/wiki/Huaca "Huaca") and shrines of Cusco) about the sacred Inca symbols. Neither of the two was ever retrieved.
### Use of Molina's works
Both [Miguel Cabello de Balboa](/wiki/Miguel_Cabello_de_Balboa "Miguel Cabello de Balboa") and Vasco de Contreras y Valverde, the former in his {{lang\|ES\|Miscelánea antártica}} (Antarctic miscellaneous) and the latter in his Account of the City of Cusco, admit that they used Molina's History of the Incas in writing their works. Moreover, even the {{lang\|ES\|Historia Índica}} (History of the Indies) by [Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa](/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa "Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa") is an account almost identical to the one by Cabello de Balboa so that it could be another version of Molina's History.Molina, Cristóbal de (circa 1573 \[2010]). Relación de las fábulas y ritos de los incas. Critical edition by Paloma Jimenez del Campo\- Paleographic transcription by Paloma Cuenca Munoz. editor Esperanza Lopez Parada\- Vervuert \- Iberoamericana, 2010 \- {{ISBN\|978\-84\-8489\-552\-7}}
[Bernabé Cobo](/wiki/Bernab%C3%A9_Cobo "Bernabé Cobo") who finished his {{lang\|ES\| Historia general de las Indias}} (General history of the Indies) in 1653 states that he used Molina's {{lang\|ES\|Relación}} as a basis for his writings.
### Editions of {{lang\|ES\|Relación de las fábulas y ritos de los Incas}}
* 1873 *An account of the fables and rites of the Yncas''' In Narratives of the Rites and Laws of the Yncas. Translated from the original Spanish manuscripts and edited with notes and an introduction by Clements R. Markham. First series, no. 48: 1–64 \- London \- Hakluyt Society \- Reprinted 1963, 1964, 1969, and 2001\.
1913*
* Relacion de las fabulas y ritos de los incas *Edited by Tomas Thayer Ojeda \- Revista chilena de historia y geografía (Santiago) 3(5\): 117–190\. The work was, by mistake, attributed by Thayer Ojeda to Cristóbal de Molina el Almagrista
1916*
* Relación de las fábulas y ritos de los incas*. Annotations and concordances by Horacio H. Urteaga, biographical and bibliographical information by Carlos A. Romero \- Coleccion de Libros y Documentos Referentes a la Historia del Peru, fi rst series, 1: 1–103 \- Sanmarti \- Lima
1943*
* Fábulas y ritos de los incas*. In "Las crónicas de los Molinas". Bio92 bibliographical prologue by Carlos A. Romero, bibliographical epilogue by Rau l Porras Barrenechea, annotations and short commentaries by Francisco A. Loayza. Los Pequenos Grandes Libros de Historia Americana 1(4\): 5–84 \- Libreria e Imprenta D. Miranda \- Lima
1947*
* Ritos y fábulas de los incas*. Prologue by Ernesto Morales \- Coleccion Eurindia, no. 2 \- Editorial Futura \- Buenos Aires
1989*
* Relación de las fábulas i ritos de los ingas*. In Fábulas y mitos de los incas, edited by Henrique Urbano and Pierre Duviols. Cronicas de America 48: 47–134 \- Historia 16 \- Madrid
2008*
* Relación de las fábulas y ritos de los incas*. Edited, with commentary and notes by Julio Calvo Perez and Henrique Urbano \- Universidad de San Martin de Porres Press \-Lima.
2010*
* Cristóbal de Molina Relación de las fábulas y ritos de los incas*. Critical edition by Paloma Jimenez del Campo \- Paleographic transcription by Paloma Cuenca Munoz. editor Esperanza Lopez Parada\- Vervuert \- Iberoamericana, 2010 \- {{ISBN\|978\-84\-8489\-552\-7}}
2011*
* Account of the Fables and Rites of the Incas by Cristóbal de Molina ''. Edited by Brian S. Bauer; Vania Smith\-Oka; Gabriel E. Cantarutti. With an introduction by Brian S. Bauer \- University of Texas Press \- {{ISBN\|978\-0\-292\-72999\-5}}
|
[
"Works\n-----",
"His main work, and the only one preserved, is {{lang\\|ES\\|Relación de las fábulas y ritos de los Incas}} (Account of the Fables and Rites of the Incas), possibly written between 1575 and 1576, and dedicated to Bishop Sebastián de Lartaun. A copy of the original manuscript was found in [Francisco de Ávila](/wiki/Francisco_de_%C3%81vila \"Francisco de Ávila\")'s library after his death in 1647\\. It is now preserved in the [Biblioteca Nacional de España](/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a \"Biblioteca Nacional de España\") (Spain National Library) in Madrid.",
"It was published for the first time in its English translation by the British scholar [Clements R. Markham](/wiki/Clements_R._Markham \"Clements R. Markham\") in 1873\\. The first edition in Spanish appeared in Chile in 1913 edited by the Chilean historian and paleographer Tomás Thayer Ojeda.",
"In his clear and direct style Molina cannot hide a certain distance or paternalism towards the Natives. In his work there is also a desire to fuse the classic oral stories of the Andean tradition with biblical writings, trying to blend them with a clearly catechetical purpose.",
"Molina states at the very beginning of his work, referring to the bishop, that the Account was prepared with the aim to «…understand the origins of their idolatries, because it is true that these \\[Incas] did not use writing \\[but] , they had in a House of the Sun … next to Cusco, \\[where] the life of each of the Incas, the lands that \\[each of them] conquered, and their origin \\[are] painted with figures on boards …» and, referring to the Bishop Lartaun, in order «that Your Most Reverend Lordship \\[can] learn about the ceremonies, rituals, and idolatries that these Indians had. To this end, I ordered to assemble a number of very elderly men who witnessed and performed those ceremonies and rituals during \\[the] time of [Huayna Capac](/wiki/Huayna_Capac \"Huayna Capac\"), [Huáscar Inca](/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar \"Huáscar\") and [Manco Inca](/wiki/Manco_Inca_Yupanqui \"Manco Inca Yupanqui\") and some leaders and priests who were of those times.»",
"The {{lang\\|ES\\|Relación}} includes two main blocks: the first is related to the Inca mythology and legends, such as the creation of man by the Creator\\-god [Viracocha](/wiki/Viracocha \"Viracocha\") and the flood at the origin of the Incas, while the second deals with the rites of the Inca religion. The latter is the most extensive part of information: it contains data on the periodic festivals of the Natives, particularly the [Inti Raymi](/wiki/Inti_Raymi \"Inti Raymi\") and [Situa](/wiki/Situa \"Situa\") and includes also a valuable collections of prayers and songs in Quechua with their translation into Spanish. The description of the Inca festivals are perhaps the greatest of Molina's contributions, because he provides details that are not recounted by other chroniclers.\nThe {{lang\\|ES\\|Relación}} also includes a report about the magical methods that the Incas used in their healing.",
"The Peruvian historian and critic [Raúl Porras Barrenechea](/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Porras_Barrenechea \"Raúl Porras Barrenechea\") defined Molina the great canonist of the Native American liturgy.",
"Molina wrote also two other works: {{lang\\|ES\\|Historia de los incas}} (History of the Incas) and {{lang\\|ES\\|Relación de guacas y adoratorios del Cuzco}} (Account of the [huacas](/wiki/Huaca \"Huaca\") and shrines of Cusco) about the sacred Inca symbols. Neither of the two was ever retrieved.",
"### Use of Molina's works",
"Both [Miguel Cabello de Balboa](/wiki/Miguel_Cabello_de_Balboa \"Miguel Cabello de Balboa\") and Vasco de Contreras y Valverde, the former in his {{lang\\|ES\\|Miscelánea antártica}} (Antarctic miscellaneous) and the latter in his Account of the City of Cusco, admit that they used Molina's History of the Incas in writing their works. Moreover, even the {{lang\\|ES\\|Historia Índica}} (History of the Indies) by [Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa](/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa \"Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa\") is an account almost identical to the one by Cabello de Balboa so that it could be another version of Molina's History.Molina, Cristóbal de (circa 1573 \\[2010]). Relación de las fábulas y ritos de los incas. Critical edition by Paloma Jimenez del Campo\\- Paleographic transcription by Paloma Cuenca Munoz. editor Esperanza Lopez Parada\\- Vervuert \\- Iberoamericana, 2010 \\- {{ISBN\\|978\\-84\\-8489\\-552\\-7}}\n[Bernabé Cobo](/wiki/Bernab%C3%A9_Cobo \"Bernabé Cobo\") who finished his {{lang\\|ES\\| Historia general de las Indias}} (General history of the Indies) in 1653 states that he used Molina's {{lang\\|ES\\|Relación}} as a basis for his writings.",
"### Editions of {{lang\\|ES\\|Relación de las fábulas y ritos de los Incas}}",
"* 1873 *An account of the fables and rites of the Yncas''' In Narratives of the Rites and Laws of the Yncas. Translated from the original Spanish manuscripts and edited with notes and an introduction by Clements R. Markham. First series, no. 48: 1–64 \\- London \\- Hakluyt Society \\- Reprinted 1963, 1964, 1969, and 2001\\.\n 1913*\n* Relacion de las fabulas y ritos de los incas *Edited by Tomas Thayer Ojeda \\- Revista chilena de historia y geografía (Santiago) 3(5\\): 117–190\\. The work was, by mistake, attributed by Thayer Ojeda to Cristóbal de Molina el Almagrista\n 1916*\n* Relación de las fábulas y ritos de los incas*. Annotations and concordances by Horacio H. Urteaga, biographical and bibliographical information by Carlos A. Romero \\- Coleccion de Libros y Documentos Referentes a la Historia del Peru, fi rst series, 1: 1–103 \\- Sanmarti \\- Lima\n 1943*\n* Fábulas y ritos de los incas*. In \"Las crónicas de los Molinas\". Bio92 bibliographical prologue by Carlos A. Romero, bibliographical epilogue by Rau l Porras Barrenechea, annotations and short commentaries by Francisco A. Loayza. Los Pequenos Grandes Libros de Historia Americana 1(4\\): 5–84 \\- Libreria e Imprenta D. Miranda \\- Lima\n 1947*\n* Ritos y fábulas de los incas*. Prologue by Ernesto Morales \\- Coleccion Eurindia, no. 2 \\- Editorial Futura \\- Buenos Aires\n 1989*\n* Relación de las fábulas i ritos de los ingas*. In Fábulas y mitos de los incas, edited by Henrique Urbano and Pierre Duviols. Cronicas de America 48: 47–134 \\- Historia 16 \\- Madrid\n 2008*\n* Relación de las fábulas y ritos de los incas*. Edited, with commentary and notes by Julio Calvo Perez and Henrique Urbano \\- Universidad de San Martin de Porres Press \\-Lima.\n 2010*\n* Cristóbal de Molina Relación de las fábulas y ritos de los incas*. Critical edition by Paloma Jimenez del Campo \\- Paleographic transcription by Paloma Cuenca Munoz. editor Esperanza Lopez Parada\\- Vervuert \\- Iberoamericana, 2010 \\- {{ISBN\\|978\\-84\\-8489\\-552\\-7}}\n 2011*\n* Account of the Fables and Rites of the Incas by Cristóbal de Molina ''. Edited by Brian S. Bauer; Vania Smith\\-Oka; Gabriel E. Cantarutti. With an introduction by Brian S. Bauer \\- University of Texas Press \\- {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-292\\-72999\\-5}}"
] |
History
-------
The Maryhill Museum building was designed as a private residence for Sam Hill by [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), architects [Hornblower \& Marshall](/wiki/Hornblower_%26_Marshall "Hornblower & Marshall"). It was designed in a [Beaux\-Arts](/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture "Beaux-Arts architecture") style and built of steel\-reinforced concrete beginning in 1914\. Hill imagined the structure as a ranch building amidst a 5,300\-acre agricultural community that he was developing at the eastern end of the Columbia River Gorge. During a 1917 visit by his friend [Loïe Fuller](/wiki/Loie_Fuller "Loie Fuller"), he decided to turn his unfinished home into “a museum for the public good, and for the betterment of French art in the far Northwest of America.” Hill's contribution to the new museum included almost 90 American Indian baskets, more than 70 Rodin sculptures and watercolors, and many personal items.
Fuller, herself, provided the museum with plaster casts of the hands of more than a dozen period celebrities. She gave the museum numerous small, carved ivory [crucifix](/wiki/Crucifix "Crucifix") figures that were originally given to her by [Désiré\-Joseph Mercier](/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier "Désiré-Joseph Mercier"), Cardinal Archbishop of [Mechelen](/wiki/Mechelen "Mechelen"). She also convinced some of her many friends to make their own donations to the fledgling museum.
[thumb\|left\|Palace furnishings of Queen Marie and other related items.](/wiki/File:Maryhill_Museum_interior_pano_01.jpg "Maryhill Museum interior pano 01.jpg")
During her 1926 visit for the museum's dedication, [Queen Marie](/wiki/Marie_of_Romania "Marie of Romania") of [Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania") gave Maryhill more than 100 objects. These included personal items, Romanian folk objects, Russian icons and diverse textiles. That same year, Queen Marie's oldest daughter [Elisabetha](/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Romania "Elisabeth of Romania"), the former Queen Consort of Greece, gave the museum a collection of small [Tanagra figurines](/wiki/Tanagra_figurine "Tanagra figurine") and a number of ancient [Cypriot](/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Cyprus "Ancient history of Cyprus") [amphorae](/wiki/Amphora "Amphora"). A year earlier, the museum had received its very first donation—three silver filigree objects—from Queen Marie's second daughter, [Marie, Queen Consort of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes](/wiki/Maria_of_Yugoslavia "Maria of Yugoslavia").
Maryhill Museum owes a profound debt to its fourth great patron, [Alma de Bretteville Spreckels](/wiki/Alma_de_Bretteville_Spreckels "Alma de Bretteville Spreckels"). Following the deaths of Hill (1931\), Fuller (1928\) and Queen Marie (1938\), she worked tirelessly to turn Sam Hill's unfinished mansion into an art museum. Over the years, Spreckels had acquired many objects from Queen Marie that were intended for a "Romanian Room" in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco")'s [California Palace of the Legion of Honor](/wiki/Legion_of_Honor_%28museum%29 "Legion of Honor (museum)"). She instead donated this material to Maryhill Museum in 1938\. It included Queen Marie's gold throne and other unique pieces of Byzantine\-inspired furniture, a replica of her coronation crown, and other objects. Spreckels also gave Maryhill a collection of art glass by artists such as [Émile Gallé](/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gall%C3%A9 "Émile Gallé") and [René Lalique](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lalique "René Lalique"), some [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_Deco "Art Deco") ceramics by [Serafim Sudbinin](/wiki/Serafim_Sudbinin "Serafim Sudbinin"), European paintings, and ecclesiastical textiles from the [Armenian Apostolic Church](/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church "Armenian Apostolic Church").
[thumb\|Detail of Rodin's *Minotaur*, one of many Rodin sculptures at Maryhill.](/wiki/File:Maryhill_Museum_-_Rodin_-_Minotaur_c._1886_%28plaster%29_-_detail_04.jpg "Maryhill Museum - Rodin - Minotaur c. 1886 (plaster) - detail 04.jpg")
Spreckels’ efforts also helped bring the [Théâtre de la Mode](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Mode "Théâtre de la Mode") to Maryhill. After being displayed in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") in 1945–1946, the mannequins toured Europe and the United States. Their final American venue was the [M. H. de Young Memorial Museum](/wiki/De_Young_%28museum%29 "De Young (museum)") in San Francisco. Organizers then attempted to return them to Paris, but the Théâtre de la Mode originator, the Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne, was unwilling to pay custom charges. The mannequins were stored in San Francisco's [City of Paris](/wiki/City_of_Paris_Dry_Goods_Co. "City of Paris Dry Goods Co.") department store while a decision was made about their future. Spreckels suggested that the mannequins be sent to Maryhill, and they arrived at the museum in time for the 1952 season.
Others also contributed to the early growth of Maryhill's art collection. Clifford Dolph, who served as the museum's first director (1938–1972\), had a passion for chess. With the encouragement of the museum's Board of Trustees, he began collecting chess sets in 1957\. Dolph was also an astute admirer of realist painting and many of the museum's most important works of art were acquired during his tenure. He exhibited, purchased and promoted the work of American artists associated with [Classical Realism](/wiki/Classical_Realism "Classical Realism"). In 2000, the R. H. Ives Gammell Studios Trust gave the museum a 23\-panel series titled *A Pictorial Sequence Painted by [R. H. Ives Gammell](/wiki/R._H._Ives_Gammell "R. H. Ives Gammell") Based on [The Hound of Heaven](/wiki/The_Hound_of_Heaven "The Hound of Heaven")*. The paintings had premiered at Maryhill in 1957 and the museum's relationship with Gammell and the artists in his circle can be directly linked to the decision to permanently place the works at the museum.
[American Indian](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") art has always been an important part of Maryhill Museum's mission. Beginning with Sam Hill's own collection, the Indian basketry holdings now total more than 900 items. A particularly important Indian art donation was made in 1940 by Mary Underwood Lane. She was the granddaughter of [Cascade](/wiki/Watlala "Watlala") chief Welawa, also known as Chief Chenoweth. Lane's gift included [fur trade](/wiki/Fur_trade "Fur trade")\-era objects and many carved, woven and beaded items from the Middle [Columbia River](/wiki/Columbia_River "Columbia River") region. A large collection of Arctic material was given to the museum in 1979 by the heirs of Harvey T. Harding, who had operated a store in [Nome, Alaska](/wiki/Nome%2C_Alaska "Nome, Alaska"), from 1899 to 1907\. Harding kept a journal of his Arctic experiences and a careful record of the objects that he collected—many of which are identified by place and date of collection.
The museum collection also includes numerous historic photographs, archival materials and reference texts.
[Maryhill Stonehenge](/wiki/Maryhill_Stonehenge "Maryhill Stonehenge"), a concrete replica [Stonehenge](/wiki/Stonehenge "Stonehenge"), is located at the eastern end of Maryhill Museum's property. It was commissioned by Sam Hill and dedicated in 1918 as a memorial to local [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") dead. It was completed in 1929\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Maryhill Museum building was designed as a private residence for Sam Hill by [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), architects [Hornblower \\& Marshall](/wiki/Hornblower_%26_Marshall \"Hornblower & Marshall\"). It was designed in a [Beaux\\-Arts](/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture \"Beaux-Arts architecture\") style and built of steel\\-reinforced concrete beginning in 1914\\. Hill imagined the structure as a ranch building amidst a 5,300\\-acre agricultural community that he was developing at the eastern end of the Columbia River Gorge. During a 1917 visit by his friend [Loïe Fuller](/wiki/Loie_Fuller \"Loie Fuller\"), he decided to turn his unfinished home into “a museum for the public good, and for the betterment of French art in the far Northwest of America.” Hill's contribution to the new museum included almost 90 American Indian baskets, more than 70 Rodin sculptures and watercolors, and many personal items.",
"Fuller, herself, provided the museum with plaster casts of the hands of more than a dozen period celebrities. She gave the museum numerous small, carved ivory [crucifix](/wiki/Crucifix \"Crucifix\") figures that were originally given to her by [Désiré\\-Joseph Mercier](/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier \"Désiré-Joseph Mercier\"), Cardinal Archbishop of [Mechelen](/wiki/Mechelen \"Mechelen\"). She also convinced some of her many friends to make their own donations to the fledgling museum.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Palace furnishings of Queen Marie and other related items.](/wiki/File:Maryhill_Museum_interior_pano_01.jpg \"Maryhill Museum interior pano 01.jpg\")\nDuring her 1926 visit for the museum's dedication, [Queen Marie](/wiki/Marie_of_Romania \"Marie of Romania\") of [Romania](/wiki/Romania \"Romania\") gave Maryhill more than 100 objects. These included personal items, Romanian folk objects, Russian icons and diverse textiles. That same year, Queen Marie's oldest daughter [Elisabetha](/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Romania \"Elisabeth of Romania\"), the former Queen Consort of Greece, gave the museum a collection of small [Tanagra figurines](/wiki/Tanagra_figurine \"Tanagra figurine\") and a number of ancient [Cypriot](/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Cyprus \"Ancient history of Cyprus\") [amphorae](/wiki/Amphora \"Amphora\"). A year earlier, the museum had received its very first donation—three silver filigree objects—from Queen Marie's second daughter, [Marie, Queen Consort of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes](/wiki/Maria_of_Yugoslavia \"Maria of Yugoslavia\").",
"Maryhill Museum owes a profound debt to its fourth great patron, [Alma de Bretteville Spreckels](/wiki/Alma_de_Bretteville_Spreckels \"Alma de Bretteville Spreckels\"). Following the deaths of Hill (1931\\), Fuller (1928\\) and Queen Marie (1938\\), she worked tirelessly to turn Sam Hill's unfinished mansion into an art museum. Over the years, Spreckels had acquired many objects from Queen Marie that were intended for a \"Romanian Room\" in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\")'s [California Palace of the Legion of Honor](/wiki/Legion_of_Honor_%28museum%29 \"Legion of Honor (museum)\"). She instead donated this material to Maryhill Museum in 1938\\. It included Queen Marie's gold throne and other unique pieces of Byzantine\\-inspired furniture, a replica of her coronation crown, and other objects. Spreckels also gave Maryhill a collection of art glass by artists such as [Émile Gallé](/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gall%C3%A9 \"Émile Gallé\") and [René Lalique](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lalique \"René Lalique\"), some [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_Deco \"Art Deco\") ceramics by [Serafim Sudbinin](/wiki/Serafim_Sudbinin \"Serafim Sudbinin\"), European paintings, and ecclesiastical textiles from the [Armenian Apostolic Church](/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church \"Armenian Apostolic Church\").",
"[thumb\\|Detail of Rodin's *Minotaur*, one of many Rodin sculptures at Maryhill.](/wiki/File:Maryhill_Museum_-_Rodin_-_Minotaur_c._1886_%28plaster%29_-_detail_04.jpg \"Maryhill Museum - Rodin - Minotaur c. 1886 (plaster) - detail 04.jpg\")\nSpreckels’ efforts also helped bring the [Théâtre de la Mode](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Mode \"Théâtre de la Mode\") to Maryhill. After being displayed in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") in 1945–1946, the mannequins toured Europe and the United States. Their final American venue was the [M. H. de Young Memorial Museum](/wiki/De_Young_%28museum%29 \"De Young (museum)\") in San Francisco. Organizers then attempted to return them to Paris, but the Théâtre de la Mode originator, the Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne, was unwilling to pay custom charges. The mannequins were stored in San Francisco's [City of Paris](/wiki/City_of_Paris_Dry_Goods_Co. \"City of Paris Dry Goods Co.\") department store while a decision was made about their future. Spreckels suggested that the mannequins be sent to Maryhill, and they arrived at the museum in time for the 1952 season.",
"Others also contributed to the early growth of Maryhill's art collection. Clifford Dolph, who served as the museum's first director (1938–1972\\), had a passion for chess. With the encouragement of the museum's Board of Trustees, he began collecting chess sets in 1957\\. Dolph was also an astute admirer of realist painting and many of the museum's most important works of art were acquired during his tenure. He exhibited, purchased and promoted the work of American artists associated with [Classical Realism](/wiki/Classical_Realism \"Classical Realism\"). In 2000, the R. H. Ives Gammell Studios Trust gave the museum a 23\\-panel series titled *A Pictorial Sequence Painted by [R. H. Ives Gammell](/wiki/R._H._Ives_Gammell \"R. H. Ives Gammell\") Based on [The Hound of Heaven](/wiki/The_Hound_of_Heaven \"The Hound of Heaven\")*. The paintings had premiered at Maryhill in 1957 and the museum's relationship with Gammell and the artists in his circle can be directly linked to the decision to permanently place the works at the museum.",
"[American Indian](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") art has always been an important part of Maryhill Museum's mission. Beginning with Sam Hill's own collection, the Indian basketry holdings now total more than 900 items. A particularly important Indian art donation was made in 1940 by Mary Underwood Lane. She was the granddaughter of [Cascade](/wiki/Watlala \"Watlala\") chief Welawa, also known as Chief Chenoweth. Lane's gift included [fur trade](/wiki/Fur_trade \"Fur trade\")\\-era objects and many carved, woven and beaded items from the Middle [Columbia River](/wiki/Columbia_River \"Columbia River\") region. A large collection of Arctic material was given to the museum in 1979 by the heirs of Harvey T. Harding, who had operated a store in [Nome, Alaska](/wiki/Nome%2C_Alaska \"Nome, Alaska\"), from 1899 to 1907\\. Harding kept a journal of his Arctic experiences and a careful record of the objects that he collected—many of which are identified by place and date of collection.",
"The museum collection also includes numerous historic photographs, archival materials and reference texts.",
"[Maryhill Stonehenge](/wiki/Maryhill_Stonehenge \"Maryhill Stonehenge\"), a concrete replica [Stonehenge](/wiki/Stonehenge \"Stonehenge\"), is located at the eastern end of Maryhill Museum's property. It was commissioned by Sam Hill and dedicated in 1918 as a memorial to local [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") dead. It was completed in 1929\\.",
""
] |
Baseball career
---------------
Kendall batted and threw right\-handed, and was listed as {{convert\|6\|ft\|1\|in}} tall and {{convert\|185\|lb}}. He entered pro baseball after being selected in the fourth round of the [1967 Major League Baseball Draft](/wiki/1967_Major_League_Baseball_Draft "1967 Major League Baseball Draft") out of [Torrance High School](/wiki/Torrance_High_School "Torrance High School") by the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds "Cincinnati Reds"). After two strong seasons in Cincinnati's [farm system](/wiki/Farm_system "Farm system"), the brand\-new Padres made Kendall their 14th selection in the [1968 Major League Baseball expansion draft](/wiki/1968_Major_League_Baseball_expansion_draft "1968 Major League Baseball expansion draft"). He split his first three seasons with San Diego between the parent team and clubs in the [high minors](/wiki/Minor_league_baseball "Minor league baseball") before making the majors for good in {{mlby\|1972}}.
In {{mlby\|1973}}, he was voted the most\-valuable Padre after setting career high marks in [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 "Batting average (baseball)") (.282\) and [home runs](/wiki/Home_run "Home run") (10\).{{Cite book\|last\=Naiman\|first\=Joe\|author2\=Porter, David \|title\=The San Diego Padres Encyclopedia\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=rcilc7h\_2oMC\&pg\=PA275\|access\-date\=August 29, 2010\|year\=2003\|publisher\=Sports Publishing LLC\|location\=\[\[United States]]\|isbn\=978\-1\-58261\-058\-0\|page\=275}} He was the regular catcher for the 1973–1976 Padres and 1977 Indians, leading the [National League](/wiki/National_League_%28baseball%29 "National League (baseball)") in games caught in {{mlby\|1976}}.
In 877 games spanning 12 MLB seasons, Kendall collected 603 [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 "Hit (baseball)"), with 86 [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 "Double (baseball)"), 11 [triples](/wiki/Triple_%28baseball%29 "Triple (baseball)"), 31 homers and 244 [runs batted in](/wiki/Runs_batted_in "Runs batted in"). He hit .234 lifetime with an [OPS](/wiki/OPS_%28baseball%29 "OPS (baseball)") of .598\.
Kendall managed in the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox "Chicago White Sox")' organization between 1992 and 1995, and served as major\-league coach for eight seasons between {{mlby\|1996}} and {{mlby\|2007}} for the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers "Detroit Tigers"), [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies "Colorado Rockies") and [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals "Kansas City Royals").
His son [Jason](/wiki/Jason_Kendall "Jason Kendall"), also a catcher, had a 15\-year career in the majors ({{Baseball year\|1996}} to {{Baseball year\|2010}}) and was a three\-time National League [All\-Star](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game "Major League Baseball All-Star Game").
|
[
"Baseball career\n---------------",
"Kendall batted and threw right\\-handed, and was listed as {{convert\\|6\\|ft\\|1\\|in}} tall and {{convert\\|185\\|lb}}. He entered pro baseball after being selected in the fourth round of the [1967 Major League Baseball Draft](/wiki/1967_Major_League_Baseball_Draft \"1967 Major League Baseball Draft\") out of [Torrance High School](/wiki/Torrance_High_School \"Torrance High School\") by the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds \"Cincinnati Reds\"). After two strong seasons in Cincinnati's [farm system](/wiki/Farm_system \"Farm system\"), the brand\\-new Padres made Kendall their 14th selection in the [1968 Major League Baseball expansion draft](/wiki/1968_Major_League_Baseball_expansion_draft \"1968 Major League Baseball expansion draft\"). He split his first three seasons with San Diego between the parent team and clubs in the [high minors](/wiki/Minor_league_baseball \"Minor league baseball\") before making the majors for good in {{mlby\\|1972}}.",
"In {{mlby\\|1973}}, he was voted the most\\-valuable Padre after setting career high marks in [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 \"Batting average (baseball)\") (.282\\) and [home runs](/wiki/Home_run \"Home run\") (10\\).{{Cite book\\|last\\=Naiman\\|first\\=Joe\\|author2\\=Porter, David \\|title\\=The San Diego Padres Encyclopedia\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rcilc7h\\_2oMC\\&pg\\=PA275\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2010\\|year\\=2003\\|publisher\\=Sports Publishing LLC\\|location\\=\\[\\[United States]]\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-58261\\-058\\-0\\|page\\=275}} He was the regular catcher for the 1973–1976 Padres and 1977 Indians, leading the [National League](/wiki/National_League_%28baseball%29 \"National League (baseball)\") in games caught in {{mlby\\|1976}}.",
"In 877 games spanning 12 MLB seasons, Kendall collected 603 [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 \"Hit (baseball)\"), with 86 [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 \"Double (baseball)\"), 11 [triples](/wiki/Triple_%28baseball%29 \"Triple (baseball)\"), 31 homers and 244 [runs batted in](/wiki/Runs_batted_in \"Runs batted in\"). He hit .234 lifetime with an [OPS](/wiki/OPS_%28baseball%29 \"OPS (baseball)\") of .598\\.",
"Kendall managed in the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox \"Chicago White Sox\")' organization between 1992 and 1995, and served as major\\-league coach for eight seasons between {{mlby\\|1996}} and {{mlby\\|2007}} for the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers \"Detroit Tigers\"), [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies \"Colorado Rockies\") and [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals \"Kansas City Royals\").",
"His son [Jason](/wiki/Jason_Kendall \"Jason Kendall\"), also a catcher, had a 15\\-year career in the majors ({{Baseball year\\|1996}} to {{Baseball year\\|2010}}) and was a three\\-time National League [All\\-Star](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game \"Major League Baseball All-Star Game\").",
""
] |
Medical uses
------------
Ciprofloxacin is used to treat a wide variety of infections, including [infections of bones and joints](/wiki/Osteomylitis "Osteomylitis"), [endocarditis](/wiki/Endocarditis "Endocarditis"), bacterial [gastroenteritis](/wiki/Gastroenteritis "Gastroenteritis"), [malignant otitis externa](/wiki/Malignant_otitis_externa "Malignant otitis externa"), [bubonic plague](/wiki/Bubonic_plague "Bubonic plague"), [respiratory tract infections](/wiki/Respiratory_tract_infections "Respiratory tract infections"), [cellulitis](/wiki/Cellulitis "Cellulitis"), [urinary tract infections](/wiki/Urinary_tract_infections "Urinary tract infections"), [prostatitis](/wiki/Prostatitis "Prostatitis"), [anthrax](/wiki/Anthrax "Anthrax"), and [chancroid](/wiki/Chancroid "Chancroid").
Ciprofloxacin only treats bacterial infections; it does not treat viral infections such as the [common cold](/wiki/Common_cold "Common cold"). For certain uses including acute sinusitis, lower respiratory tract infections and uncomplicated [gonorrhea](/wiki/Gonorrhea "Gonorrhea"), ciprofloxacin is not considered a first\-line agent.
Ciprofloxacin occupies an important role in treatment guidelines issued by major medical societies for the treatment of serious infections, especially those likely to be caused by Gram\-negative bacteria, including *[Pseudomonas aeruginosa](/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa "Pseudomonas aeruginosa")*. For example, ciprofloxacin in combination with [metronidazole](/wiki/Metronidazole "Metronidazole") is one of several first\-line antibiotic regimens recommended by the [Infectious Diseases Society of America](/wiki/Infectious_Diseases_Society_of_America "Infectious Diseases Society of America") for the treatment of community\-acquired abdominal infections in adults.{{cite journal \|vauthors \= Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, Rodvold KA, Goldstein EJ, Baron EJ, O'Neill PJ, Chow AW, Dellinger EP, Eachempati SR, Gorbach S, Hilfiker M, May AK, Nathens AB, Sawyer RG, Bartlett JG \|title \= Diagnosis and management of complicated intra\-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America \|journal \= Clinical Infectious Diseases \|volume \= 50 \|issue \= 2 \|pages \= 133–64 \|date \= January 2010 \|pmid \= 20034345 \|doi \= 10\.1086/649554 \|author\-link11 \= Sherwood Gorbach \|doi\-access \= free \| title\-link \= doi }} It also features prominently in treatment guidelines for acute pyelonephritis, complicated or hospital\-acquired urinary tract infection, acute or chronic prostatitis,{{cite web \|vauthors \= Grabe M, Bjerklund\-Johansen TE, Botto H, Çek M, Naber KG, Pickard RS, Tenke P, Wagenlehner F, Wullt B \|title \= Guidelines on Urological Infections \|publisher \= European Association of Urology \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000606/http://www.uroweb.org/gls/pdf/18\_Urological%20infections\_LR.pdf \|archive\-date\=31 December 2013 \|date\=2013 \|url\=http://www.uroweb.org/gls/pdf/18\_Urological%20infections\_LR.pdf \|url\-status\=dead}} certain types of endocarditis,{{cite journal \|vauthors \= Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, Fowler VG, Bolger AF, Levison ME, Ferrieri P, Gerber MA, Tani LY, Gewitz MH, Tong DC, Steckelberg JM, Baltimore RS, Shulman ST, Burns JC, Falace DA, Newburger JW, Pallasch TJ, Takahashi M, Taubert KA \|title \= Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America \|journal \= Circulation \|volume \= 111 \|issue \= 23 \|pages \= e394–434 \|date \= June 2005 \|pmid \= 15956145 \|doi \= 10\.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105\.165564 \|author23 \= Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia \|author22 \= Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young \|author21 \= Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease \|author25 \= Infectious Diseases Society of America \|author24 \= American Heart Association \|doi\-access \= free \| title\-link \= doi }} certain skin infections,{{cite journal \|vauthors \= Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Everett ED, Dellinger P, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL, Hirschmann JV, Kaplan EL, Montoya JG, Wade JC \|title \= Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft\-tissue infections \|journal \= Clinical Infectious Diseases \|volume \= 41 \|issue \= 10 \|pages \= 1373–406 \|date \= November 2005 \|pmid \= 16231249 \|doi \= 10\.1086/497143 \|doi\-access \= free \| title\-link \= doi }} and prosthetic joint infections.{{cite journal \|vauthors \= Osmon DR, Berbari EF, Berendt AR, Lew D, Zimmerli W, Steckelberg JM, Rao N, Hanssen A, Wilson WR \|title \= Diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America \|journal \= Clinical Infectious Diseases \|volume \= 56 \|issue \= 1 \|pages \= e1–e25 \|date \= January 2013 \|pmid \= 23223583 \|doi \= 10\.1093/cid/cis803 \|author10 \= Infectious Diseases Society of America. \|doi\-access \= free \| title\-link \= doi }}
In other cases, treatment guidelines are more restrictive, recommending in most cases that older, narrower\-spectrum drugs be used as first\-line therapy for less severe infections to minimize fluoroquinolone\-resistance development. For example, the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommends the use of ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones in urinary tract infections be reserved to cases of proven or expected resistance to narrower\-spectrum drugs such as [nitrofurantoin](/wiki/Nitrofurantoin "Nitrofurantoin") or [trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole](/wiki/Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole "Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole").{{cite journal \|vauthors \= Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, Wullt B, Colgan R, Miller LG, Moran GJ, Nicolle LE, Raz R, Schaeffer AJ, Soper DE \|title \= International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases \|journal \= Clinical Infectious Diseases \|volume \= 52 \|issue \= 5 \|pages \= e103–20 \|date \= March 2011 \|pmid \= 21292654 \|doi \= 10\.1093/cid/ciq257 \|doi\-access \= free \| title\-link \= doi }} The [European Association of Urology](/wiki/European_Association_of_Urology "European Association of Urology") recommends ciprofloxacin as an alternative regimen for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections, but cautions that the potential for "adverse events have to be considered".
Although approved by regulatory authorities for the treatment of respiratory infections, ciprofloxacin is not recommended for respiratory infections by most treatment guidelines due in part to its modest activity against the common respiratory pathogen *[Streptococcus pneumoniae](/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae "Streptococcus pneumoniae")*.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Hoogkamp\-Korstanje JA, Klein SJ \|title\=Ciprofloxacin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis \|journal\=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy \|volume\=18 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=407–413 \|date\=September 1986 \|pmid\=3490468 \|doi\=10\.1093/jac/18\.3\.407}}{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Vardakas KZ, Siempos II, Grammatikos A, Athanassa Z, Korbila IP, Falagas ME \|title\=Respiratory fluoroquinolones for the treatment of community\-acquired pneumonia: a meta\-analysis of randomized controlled trials \|journal\=\[\[Canadian Medical Association Journal]] \|volume\=179 \|issue\=12 \|pages\=1269–1277 \|date\=December 2008 \|pmid\= 19047608 \|pmc\=2585120 \|doi\=10\.1503/cmaj.080358}}{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Donaldson PM, Pallett AP, Carroll MP \|title\=Ciprofloxacin in general practice \|journal\=BMJ \|volume\=308 \|issue\=6941 \|page\=1437 \|date\=May 1994 \|pmid\=8019264 \|pmc\=2540361 \|doi\=10\.1136/bmj.308\.6941\.1437}} "Respiratory quinolones" such as [levofloxacin](/wiki/Levofloxacin "Levofloxacin"), having greater activity against this pathogen, are recommended as first line agents for the treatment of community\-acquired pneumonia in patients with important co\-morbidities and in patients requiring hospitalization (Infectious Diseases Society of America 2007\). Similarly, ciprofloxacin is not recommended as a first\-line treatment for [acute sinusitis](/wiki/Acute_sinusitis "Acute sinusitis").{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Karageorgopoulos DE, Giannopoulou KP, Grammatikos AP, Dimopoulos G, Falagas ME \|title\=Fluoroquinolones compared with beta\-lactam antibiotics for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis: a meta\-analysis of randomized controlled trials \|journal\=Canadian Medical Association Journal \|volume\=178 \|issue\=7 \|pages\=845–854 \|date\=March 2008 \|pmid\=18362380 \|pmc\=2267830 \|doi\=10\.1503/cmaj.071157}}{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Chow AW, Benninger MS, Brook I, Brozek JL, Goldstein EJ, Hicks LA, Pankey GA, Seleznick M, Volturo G, Wald ER, File TM \|title\=IDSA clinical practice guideline for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children and adults \|journal\=Clinical Infectious Diseases \|volume\=54 \|issue\=8 \|pages\=e72–e112 \|date\=April 2012 \|s2cid\=1946193 \|pmid\=22438350 \|doi\=10\.1093/cid/cir1043\|doi\-access \= free \| title\-link \= doi }}
Ciprofloxacin is approved for the treatment of gonorrhea in many countries, but this recommendation is widely regarded as obsolete due to resistance development.{{cite web \|title\=Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) Annual Report – 2003 \|url\=https://www.cdc.gov/STD/gisp2003/GISP2003\.pdf \|publisher\=U.S. \[\[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) \|date\=November 2004 \|access\-date\=31 August 2009 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424062831/http://www.cdc.gov/std/GISP2003/GISP2003\.pdf \|archive\-date\=24 April 2009}}{{cite journal \|vauthors \= Young H, Palmer J, Winter A \|date\=22 July 2003 \|title\=Ciprofloxacin resistant gonorrhoea: the situation in Scotland and implications for therapy \|journal\=SCIEH Weekly Report \|volume\=37 \|issn\=1357\-4493 \|url\=http://www.documents.hps.scot.nhs.uk/ewr/pdf2003/0329\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110722204213/http://www.documents.hps.scot.nhs.uk/ewr/pdf2003/0329\.pdf \|archive\-date\=22 July 2011\|access\-date\=30 August 2009}}{{cite journal \|title \= Update to CDC's sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006: fluoroquinolones no longer recommended for treatment of gonococcal infections \|journal \= MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report \|volume \= 56 \|issue \= 14 \|pages \= 332–336 \|date \= April 2007 \|pmid \= 17431378 \|url \= https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5614\.pdf \|author1 \= Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) }}
### Pregnancy
An expert review of published data on experiences with ciprofloxacin use during pregnancy concluded therapeutic doses during pregnancy are unlikely to pose a substantial teratogenic risk (quantity and quality of data\=fair), but the data are insufficient to state no risk exists.{{cite journal \|vauthors \= Barolin GS \|title \= \[Illness, anxiety and the physician. An example from neurology and neurorehabilitation] \|journal \= Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift \|volume \= 141 \|issue \= 22 \|pages \= 512–25 \|date \= May 1995 \|pmid \= 1801454 \|pmc \= 1801454 }} Exposure to quinolones, including levofloxacin, during the first\-trimester is not associated with an increased risk of stillbirths, premature births, birth defects, or low birth weight.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Ziv A, Masarwa R, Perlman A, Ziv D, Matok I \|title\=Pregnancy Outcomes Following Exposure to Quinolone Antibiotics – a Systematic\-Review and Meta\-Analysis \|journal\=Pharm. Res. \|volume\=35 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=109 \|date\=March 2018 \|pmid\=29582196 \|doi\=10\.1007/s11095\-018\-2383\-8 \|s2cid\=4724821 }}
Two small post\-marketing epidemiology studies of mostly short\-term, first\-trimester exposure found that fluoroquinolones did not increase risk of major malformations, spontaneous abortions, premature birth, or low birth weight.{{cite journal \|vauthors \= Loebstein R, Addis A, Ho E, Andreou R, Sage S, Donnenfeld AE, Schick B, Bonati M, Moretti M, Lalkin A, Pastuszak A, Koren G \|title \= Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to fluoroquinolones: a multicenter prospective controlled study \|journal \= Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy \|volume \= 42 \|issue \= 6 \|pages \= 1336–9 \|date \= June 1998 \|pmid \= 9624471 \|pmc \= 105599 \|doi \= 10\.1128/AAC.42\.6\.1336 }}{{cite journal \|vauthors \= Schaefer C, Amoura\-Elefant E, Vial T, Ornoy A, Garbis H, Robert E, Rodriguez\-Pinilla E, Pexieder T, Prapas N, Merlob P \|title \= Pregnancy outcome after prenatal quinolone exposure. Evaluation of a case registry of the European Network of Teratology Information Services (ENTIS) \|journal \= European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology \|volume \= 69 \|issue \= 2 \|pages \= 83–9 \|date \= November 1996 \|pmid \= 8902438 \|doi \= 10\.1016/0301\-2115(95\)02524\-3}}
### Breastfeeding
Fluoroquinolones have been reported as present in a mother's milk and thus passed on to the nursing child.{{cite journal \|vauthors \= Shin HC, Kim JC, Chung MK, Jung YH, Kim JS, Lee MK, Amidon GL \|title \= Fetal and maternal tissue distribution of the new fluoroquinolone DW\-116 in pregnant rats \|journal \= Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology \& Pharmacology \|volume \= 136 \|issue \= 1 \|pages \= 95–102 \|date \= September 2003 \|pmid \= 14522602 \|doi \= 10\.1016/j.cca.2003\.08\.004 }}{{cite journal \|vauthors \= Dan M, Weidekamm E, Sagiv R, Portmann R, Zakut H \|title \= Penetration of fleroxacin into breast milk and pharmacokinetics in lactating women \|journal \= Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy \|volume \= 37 \|issue \= 2 \|pages \= 293–6 \|date \= February 1993 \|pmid \= 8452360 \|pmc \= 187655 \|doi \= 10\.1128/AAC.37\.2\.293 \|doi\-access\=free }}
### Children
Oral and intravenous ciprofloxacin are approved by the FDA for use in children for only two indications due to the risk of permanent injury to the musculoskeletal system:
1. Inhalational [anthrax](/wiki/Anthrax "Anthrax") (postexposure){{cite web \|url\=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda\_docs/appletter/2000/20780S08ltr.pdf \|title\=Cipro Labeling Revision Letter 08/30/2000 Supplement 008 New or Modified Indication \|vauthors \= Murphy D \|publisher\=U.S. \[\[Food and Drug Administration]] \|date\=30 August 2000 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018202604/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda\_docs/appletter/2000/20780S08ltr.pdf \|archive\-date\=18 October 2012}}
2. Complicated urinary tract infections and [pyelonephritis](/wiki/Pyelonephritis "Pyelonephritis") due to *Escherichia coli*,{{cite web \|vauthors \= Albrecht R \|title\=Cipro Labeling Revision Letter 03/25/2004 Supplement 049 Patient Population Altered \|url\=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda\_docs/appletter/2004/19537s049,19857s031,19847s027,20780s013ltr.pdf \|publisher\=U.S. \[\[Food and Drug Administration]] \|date\=25 March 2004 \|access\-date\=7 September 2009 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018202556/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda\_docs/appletter/2004/19537s049,19857s031,19847s027,20780s013ltr.pdf \|archive\-date\=18 October 2012}} but never as first\-line agents.
### Spectrum of activity
Its spectrum of activity includes most strains of bacterial pathogens responsible for [community\-acquired pneumonias](/wiki/Community-acquired_pneumonia "Community-acquired pneumonia"), [bronchitis](/wiki/Bronchitis "Bronchitis"), [urinary tract infections](/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection "Urinary tract infection"), and gastroenteritis.{{cite book \|title\=Pharmcards review cards for medical students \|vauthors \= Johannsen EC, Sabatine MS \|date\=2010 \|publisher\=Wolters Kluwer{{!}}Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins \|isbn\=978\-0\-7817\-8741\-3 \|edition\=4th \|location\= Philadelphia \|oclc\=893525059 }}{{page needed\|date\=July 2018}} Ciprofloxacin is particularly effective against [Gram\-negative bacteria](/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria "Gram-negative bacteria") (such as *[Escherichia coli](/wiki/Escherichia_coli "Escherichia coli")*, *[Haemophilus influenzae](/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae "Haemophilus influenzae")*, *[Klebsiella pneumoniae](/wiki/Klebsiella_pneumoniae "Klebsiella pneumoniae")*, *[Legionella pneumophila](/wiki/Legionella_pneumophila "Legionella pneumophila")*, *[Moraxella catarrhalis](/wiki/Moraxella_catarrhalis "Moraxella catarrhalis")*, *[Proteus mirabilis](/wiki/Proteus_mirabilis "Proteus mirabilis")*, and *[Pseudomonas aeruginosa](/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa "Pseudomonas aeruginosa")*), but is less effective against [Gram\-positive bacteria](/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria "Gram-positive bacteria") (such as methicillin\-sensitive *[Staphylococcus aureus](/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus "Staphylococcus aureus")*, *[Streptococcus pneumoniae](/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae "Streptococcus pneumoniae")*, and *[Enterococcus faecalis](/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalis "Enterococcus faecalis")*) than newer fluoroquinolones.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fluoroquinolones \|title\=Fluoroquinolones \|vauthors \= Hooper D \|date\=12 February 2018 \|website\=UpToDate \|access\-date\=26 February 2018}}
### Bacterial resistance
{{see also\|Antibiotic abuse\|Antibiotic resistance}}
As a result of its widespread use to treat minor infections readily treatable with older, narrower\-spectrum antibiotics, many bacteria have developed resistance to this drug, leaving it significantly less effective than it would have been otherwise.{{cite journal \|vauthors \= Vatopoulos AC, Kalapothaki V, Legakis NJ \|title \= Bacterial resistance to ciprofloxacin in Greece: results from the National Electronic Surveillance System. Greek Network for the Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance \|journal \= Emerging Infectious Diseases \|volume \= 5 \|issue \= 3 \|pages \= 471–6 \|date \= 1999 \|pmid \= 10341191 \|pmc \= 2640758 \|doi \= 10\.3201/eid0503\.990325 }}{{cite web \|url \= http://www.health.state.mn.us/news/pressrel/2009/bacterial022609\.html \|title\=Bacterial resistance prompts concern among health officials \|publisher\= Minnesota Department of Health \|date\=26 February 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305232555/http://www.health.state.mn.us/news/pressrel/2009/bacterial022609\.html \|archive\-date\=5 March 2009 }}
[Resistance](/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance "Antibiotic resistance") to ciprofloxacin and other [fluoroquinolones](/wiki/Fluoroquinolone "Fluoroquinolone") may evolve rapidly, even during a course of treatment. Numerous [pathogens](/wiki/Pathogen "Pathogen"), including [enterococci](/wiki/Enterococci "Enterococci"), *[Streptococcus pyogenes](/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes "Streptococcus pyogenes")* , and *[Klebsiella pneumoniae](/wiki/Klebsiella_pneumoniae "Klebsiella pneumoniae")* (quinolone\-resistant) now exhibit resistance.M Jacobs, Worldwide Overview of Antimicrobial Resistance. International Symposium on Antimicrobial Agents and Resistance 2005\. Widespread veterinary usage of fluoroquinolones, particularly in Europe, has been implicated.{{cite press release \|title\=Update on Extra\-Label Use of Fluoroquinolones \|url\=https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/CVMUpdates/ucm127657\.htm \|publisher\=\[\[Center for Veterinary Medicine]] (CVM) \|date\=16 July 1996 \|access\-date\=12 August 2009 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309003153/https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/CVMUpdates/ucm127657\.htm \|archive\-date\=9 March 2010}} Meanwhile, some *[Burkholderia cepacia](/wiki/Burkholderia_cepacia "Burkholderia cepacia")*, *[Clostridium innocuum](/wiki/Clostridium_innocuum "Clostridium innocuum")*, and *[Enterococcus faecium](/wiki/Enterococcus_faecium "Enterococcus faecium")* strains have developed resistance to ciprofloxacin to varying degrees.{{cite web \|title\=Ciprofloxacin Data Sheet \|url\=http://www.toku\-e.com/Upload/Products/PDS/20120618005735\.pdf \|date\=1 December 2010 \|publisher\=Toku\-E \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009014110/http://www.toku\-e.com/Upload/Products/PDS/20120618005735\.pdf \|archive\-date\=9 October 2013 \|access\-date\=20 June 2012}}
Fluoroquinolones had become the class of antibiotics most commonly prescribed to adults in 2002\.{{cite journal \|vauthors \= Linder JA, Huang ES, Steinman MA, Gonzales R, Stafford RS \|title \= Fluoroquinolone prescribing in the United States: 1995 to 2002 \|journal \= The American Journal of Medicine \|volume \= 118 \|issue \= 3 \|pages \= 259–68 \|date \= March 2005 \|pmid \= 15745724 \|doi \= 10\.1016/j.amjmed.2004\.09\.015 }} Nearly half (42%) of those prescriptions in the US were for conditions not approved by the FDA, such as acute bronchitis, otitis media, and acute upper respiratory tract infection.
|
[
"Medical uses\n------------",
"Ciprofloxacin is used to treat a wide variety of infections, including [infections of bones and joints](/wiki/Osteomylitis \"Osteomylitis\"), [endocarditis](/wiki/Endocarditis \"Endocarditis\"), bacterial [gastroenteritis](/wiki/Gastroenteritis \"Gastroenteritis\"), [malignant otitis externa](/wiki/Malignant_otitis_externa \"Malignant otitis externa\"), [bubonic plague](/wiki/Bubonic_plague \"Bubonic plague\"), [respiratory tract infections](/wiki/Respiratory_tract_infections \"Respiratory tract infections\"), [cellulitis](/wiki/Cellulitis \"Cellulitis\"), [urinary tract infections](/wiki/Urinary_tract_infections \"Urinary tract infections\"), [prostatitis](/wiki/Prostatitis \"Prostatitis\"), [anthrax](/wiki/Anthrax \"Anthrax\"), and [chancroid](/wiki/Chancroid \"Chancroid\").",
"Ciprofloxacin only treats bacterial infections; it does not treat viral infections such as the [common cold](/wiki/Common_cold \"Common cold\"). For certain uses including acute sinusitis, lower respiratory tract infections and uncomplicated [gonorrhea](/wiki/Gonorrhea \"Gonorrhea\"), ciprofloxacin is not considered a first\\-line agent.",
"Ciprofloxacin occupies an important role in treatment guidelines issued by major medical societies for the treatment of serious infections, especially those likely to be caused by Gram\\-negative bacteria, including *[Pseudomonas aeruginosa](/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa \"Pseudomonas aeruginosa\")*. For example, ciprofloxacin in combination with [metronidazole](/wiki/Metronidazole \"Metronidazole\") is one of several first\\-line antibiotic regimens recommended by the [Infectious Diseases Society of America](/wiki/Infectious_Diseases_Society_of_America \"Infectious Diseases Society of America\") for the treatment of community\\-acquired abdominal infections in adults.{{cite journal \\|vauthors \\= Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, Rodvold KA, Goldstein EJ, Baron EJ, O'Neill PJ, Chow AW, Dellinger EP, Eachempati SR, Gorbach S, Hilfiker M, May AK, Nathens AB, Sawyer RG, Bartlett JG \\|title \\= Diagnosis and management of complicated intra\\-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America \\|journal \\= Clinical Infectious Diseases \\|volume \\= 50 \\|issue \\= 2 \\|pages \\= 133–64 \\|date \\= January 2010 \\|pmid \\= 20034345 \\|doi \\= 10\\.1086/649554 \\|author\\-link11 \\= Sherwood Gorbach \\|doi\\-access \\= free \\| title\\-link \\= doi }} It also features prominently in treatment guidelines for acute pyelonephritis, complicated or hospital\\-acquired urinary tract infection, acute or chronic prostatitis,{{cite web \\|vauthors \\= Grabe M, Bjerklund\\-Johansen TE, Botto H, Çek M, Naber KG, Pickard RS, Tenke P, Wagenlehner F, Wullt B \\|title \\= Guidelines on Urological Infections \\|publisher \\= European Association of Urology \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000606/http://www.uroweb.org/gls/pdf/18\\_Urological%20infections\\_LR.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=31 December 2013 \\|date\\=2013 \\|url\\=http://www.uroweb.org/gls/pdf/18\\_Urological%20infections\\_LR.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} certain types of endocarditis,{{cite journal \\|vauthors \\= Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, Fowler VG, Bolger AF, Levison ME, Ferrieri P, Gerber MA, Tani LY, Gewitz MH, Tong DC, Steckelberg JM, Baltimore RS, Shulman ST, Burns JC, Falace DA, Newburger JW, Pallasch TJ, Takahashi M, Taubert KA \\|title \\= Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America \\|journal \\= Circulation \\|volume \\= 111 \\|issue \\= 23 \\|pages \\= e394–434 \\|date \\= June 2005 \\|pmid \\= 15956145 \\|doi \\= 10\\.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105\\.165564 \\|author23 \\= Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia \\|author22 \\= Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young \\|author21 \\= Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease \\|author25 \\= Infectious Diseases Society of America \\|author24 \\= American Heart Association \\|doi\\-access \\= free \\| title\\-link \\= doi }} certain skin infections,{{cite journal \\|vauthors \\= Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Everett ED, Dellinger P, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL, Hirschmann JV, Kaplan EL, Montoya JG, Wade JC \\|title \\= Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft\\-tissue infections \\|journal \\= Clinical Infectious Diseases \\|volume \\= 41 \\|issue \\= 10 \\|pages \\= 1373–406 \\|date \\= November 2005 \\|pmid \\= 16231249 \\|doi \\= 10\\.1086/497143 \\|doi\\-access \\= free \\| title\\-link \\= doi }} and prosthetic joint infections.{{cite journal \\|vauthors \\= Osmon DR, Berbari EF, Berendt AR, Lew D, Zimmerli W, Steckelberg JM, Rao N, Hanssen A, Wilson WR \\|title \\= Diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America \\|journal \\= Clinical Infectious Diseases \\|volume \\= 56 \\|issue \\= 1 \\|pages \\= e1–e25 \\|date \\= January 2013 \\|pmid \\= 23223583 \\|doi \\= 10\\.1093/cid/cis803 \\|author10 \\= Infectious Diseases Society of America. \\|doi\\-access \\= free \\| title\\-link \\= doi }}",
"In other cases, treatment guidelines are more restrictive, recommending in most cases that older, narrower\\-spectrum drugs be used as first\\-line therapy for less severe infections to minimize fluoroquinolone\\-resistance development. For example, the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommends the use of ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones in urinary tract infections be reserved to cases of proven or expected resistance to narrower\\-spectrum drugs such as [nitrofurantoin](/wiki/Nitrofurantoin \"Nitrofurantoin\") or [trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole](/wiki/Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole \"Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole\").{{cite journal \\|vauthors \\= Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, Wullt B, Colgan R, Miller LG, Moran GJ, Nicolle LE, Raz R, Schaeffer AJ, Soper DE \\|title \\= International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases \\|journal \\= Clinical Infectious Diseases \\|volume \\= 52 \\|issue \\= 5 \\|pages \\= e103–20 \\|date \\= March 2011 \\|pmid \\= 21292654 \\|doi \\= 10\\.1093/cid/ciq257 \\|doi\\-access \\= free \\| title\\-link \\= doi }} The [European Association of Urology](/wiki/European_Association_of_Urology \"European Association of Urology\") recommends ciprofloxacin as an alternative regimen for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections, but cautions that the potential for \"adverse events have to be considered\".",
"Although approved by regulatory authorities for the treatment of respiratory infections, ciprofloxacin is not recommended for respiratory infections by most treatment guidelines due in part to its modest activity against the common respiratory pathogen *[Streptococcus pneumoniae](/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae \"Streptococcus pneumoniae\")*.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Hoogkamp\\-Korstanje JA, Klein SJ \\|title\\=Ciprofloxacin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis \\|journal\\=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy \\|volume\\=18 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=407–413 \\|date\\=September 1986 \\|pmid\\=3490468 \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/jac/18\\.3\\.407}}{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Vardakas KZ, Siempos II, Grammatikos A, Athanassa Z, Korbila IP, Falagas ME \\|title\\=Respiratory fluoroquinolones for the treatment of community\\-acquired pneumonia: a meta\\-analysis of randomized controlled trials \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Canadian Medical Association Journal]] \\|volume\\=179 \\|issue\\=12 \\|pages\\=1269–1277 \\|date\\=December 2008 \\|pmid\\= 19047608 \\|pmc\\=2585120 \\|doi\\=10\\.1503/cmaj.080358}}{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Donaldson PM, Pallett AP, Carroll MP \\|title\\=Ciprofloxacin in general practice \\|journal\\=BMJ \\|volume\\=308 \\|issue\\=6941 \\|page\\=1437 \\|date\\=May 1994 \\|pmid\\=8019264 \\|pmc\\=2540361 \\|doi\\=10\\.1136/bmj.308\\.6941\\.1437}} \"Respiratory quinolones\" such as [levofloxacin](/wiki/Levofloxacin \"Levofloxacin\"), having greater activity against this pathogen, are recommended as first line agents for the treatment of community\\-acquired pneumonia in patients with important co\\-morbidities and in patients requiring hospitalization (Infectious Diseases Society of America 2007\\). Similarly, ciprofloxacin is not recommended as a first\\-line treatment for [acute sinusitis](/wiki/Acute_sinusitis \"Acute sinusitis\").{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Karageorgopoulos DE, Giannopoulou KP, Grammatikos AP, Dimopoulos G, Falagas ME \\|title\\=Fluoroquinolones compared with beta\\-lactam antibiotics for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis: a meta\\-analysis of randomized controlled trials \\|journal\\=Canadian Medical Association Journal \\|volume\\=178 \\|issue\\=7 \\|pages\\=845–854 \\|date\\=March 2008 \\|pmid\\=18362380 \\|pmc\\=2267830 \\|doi\\=10\\.1503/cmaj.071157}}{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Chow AW, Benninger MS, Brook I, Brozek JL, Goldstein EJ, Hicks LA, Pankey GA, Seleznick M, Volturo G, Wald ER, File TM \\|title\\=IDSA clinical practice guideline for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children and adults \\|journal\\=Clinical Infectious Diseases \\|volume\\=54 \\|issue\\=8 \\|pages\\=e72–e112 \\|date\\=April 2012 \\|s2cid\\=1946193 \\|pmid\\=22438350 \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/cid/cir1043\\|doi\\-access \\= free \\| title\\-link \\= doi }}",
"Ciprofloxacin is approved for the treatment of gonorrhea in many countries, but this recommendation is widely regarded as obsolete due to resistance development.{{cite web \\|title\\=Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) Annual Report – 2003 \\|url\\=https://www.cdc.gov/STD/gisp2003/GISP2003\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=U.S. \\[\\[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) \\|date\\=November 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=31 August 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424062831/http://www.cdc.gov/std/GISP2003/GISP2003\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=24 April 2009}}{{cite journal \\|vauthors \\= Young H, Palmer J, Winter A \\|date\\=22 July 2003 \\|title\\=Ciprofloxacin resistant gonorrhoea: the situation in Scotland and implications for therapy \\|journal\\=SCIEH Weekly Report \\|volume\\=37 \\|issn\\=1357\\-4493 \\|url\\=http://www.documents.hps.scot.nhs.uk/ewr/pdf2003/0329\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110722204213/http://www.documents.hps.scot.nhs.uk/ewr/pdf2003/0329\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=22 July 2011\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2009}}{{cite journal \\|title \\= Update to CDC's sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006: fluoroquinolones no longer recommended for treatment of gonococcal infections \\|journal \\= MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report \\|volume \\= 56 \\|issue \\= 14 \\|pages \\= 332–336 \\|date \\= April 2007 \\|pmid \\= 17431378 \\|url \\= https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5614\\.pdf \\|author1 \\= Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) }}",
"### Pregnancy",
"An expert review of published data on experiences with ciprofloxacin use during pregnancy concluded therapeutic doses during pregnancy are unlikely to pose a substantial teratogenic risk (quantity and quality of data\\=fair), but the data are insufficient to state no risk exists.{{cite journal \\|vauthors \\= Barolin GS \\|title \\= \\[Illness, anxiety and the physician. An example from neurology and neurorehabilitation] \\|journal \\= Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift \\|volume \\= 141 \\|issue \\= 22 \\|pages \\= 512–25 \\|date \\= May 1995 \\|pmid \\= 1801454 \\|pmc \\= 1801454 }} Exposure to quinolones, including levofloxacin, during the first\\-trimester is not associated with an increased risk of stillbirths, premature births, birth defects, or low birth weight.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Ziv A, Masarwa R, Perlman A, Ziv D, Matok I \\|title\\=Pregnancy Outcomes Following Exposure to Quinolone Antibiotics – a Systematic\\-Review and Meta\\-Analysis \\|journal\\=Pharm. Res. \\|volume\\=35 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=109 \\|date\\=March 2018 \\|pmid\\=29582196 \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s11095\\-018\\-2383\\-8 \\|s2cid\\=4724821 }}",
"Two small post\\-marketing epidemiology studies of mostly short\\-term, first\\-trimester exposure found that fluoroquinolones did not increase risk of major malformations, spontaneous abortions, premature birth, or low birth weight.{{cite journal \\|vauthors \\= Loebstein R, Addis A, Ho E, Andreou R, Sage S, Donnenfeld AE, Schick B, Bonati M, Moretti M, Lalkin A, Pastuszak A, Koren G \\|title \\= Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to fluoroquinolones: a multicenter prospective controlled study \\|journal \\= Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy \\|volume \\= 42 \\|issue \\= 6 \\|pages \\= 1336–9 \\|date \\= June 1998 \\|pmid \\= 9624471 \\|pmc \\= 105599 \\|doi \\= 10\\.1128/AAC.42\\.6\\.1336 }}{{cite journal \\|vauthors \\= Schaefer C, Amoura\\-Elefant E, Vial T, Ornoy A, Garbis H, Robert E, Rodriguez\\-Pinilla E, Pexieder T, Prapas N, Merlob P \\|title \\= Pregnancy outcome after prenatal quinolone exposure. Evaluation of a case registry of the European Network of Teratology Information Services (ENTIS) \\|journal \\= European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology \\|volume \\= 69 \\|issue \\= 2 \\|pages \\= 83–9 \\|date \\= November 1996 \\|pmid \\= 8902438 \\|doi \\= 10\\.1016/0301\\-2115(95\\)02524\\-3}}",
"### Breastfeeding",
"Fluoroquinolones have been reported as present in a mother's milk and thus passed on to the nursing child.{{cite journal \\|vauthors \\= Shin HC, Kim JC, Chung MK, Jung YH, Kim JS, Lee MK, Amidon GL \\|title \\= Fetal and maternal tissue distribution of the new fluoroquinolone DW\\-116 in pregnant rats \\|journal \\= Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology \\& Pharmacology \\|volume \\= 136 \\|issue \\= 1 \\|pages \\= 95–102 \\|date \\= September 2003 \\|pmid \\= 14522602 \\|doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.cca.2003\\.08\\.004 }}{{cite journal \\|vauthors \\= Dan M, Weidekamm E, Sagiv R, Portmann R, Zakut H \\|title \\= Penetration of fleroxacin into breast milk and pharmacokinetics in lactating women \\|journal \\= Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy \\|volume \\= 37 \\|issue \\= 2 \\|pages \\= 293–6 \\|date \\= February 1993 \\|pmid \\= 8452360 \\|pmc \\= 187655 \\|doi \\= 10\\.1128/AAC.37\\.2\\.293 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"### Children",
"Oral and intravenous ciprofloxacin are approved by the FDA for use in children for only two indications due to the risk of permanent injury to the musculoskeletal system:\n1. Inhalational [anthrax](/wiki/Anthrax \"Anthrax\") (postexposure){{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda\\_docs/appletter/2000/20780S08ltr.pdf \\|title\\=Cipro Labeling Revision Letter 08/30/2000 Supplement 008 New or Modified Indication \\|vauthors \\= Murphy D \\|publisher\\=U.S. \\[\\[Food and Drug Administration]] \\|date\\=30 August 2000 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018202604/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda\\_docs/appletter/2000/20780S08ltr.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=18 October 2012}}\n2. Complicated urinary tract infections and [pyelonephritis](/wiki/Pyelonephritis \"Pyelonephritis\") due to *Escherichia coli*,{{cite web \\|vauthors \\= Albrecht R \\|title\\=Cipro Labeling Revision Letter 03/25/2004 Supplement 049 Patient Population Altered \\|url\\=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda\\_docs/appletter/2004/19537s049,19857s031,19847s027,20780s013ltr.pdf \\|publisher\\=U.S. \\[\\[Food and Drug Administration]] \\|date\\=25 March 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018202556/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda\\_docs/appletter/2004/19537s049,19857s031,19847s027,20780s013ltr.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=18 October 2012}} but never as first\\-line agents.",
"### Spectrum of activity",
"Its spectrum of activity includes most strains of bacterial pathogens responsible for [community\\-acquired pneumonias](/wiki/Community-acquired_pneumonia \"Community-acquired pneumonia\"), [bronchitis](/wiki/Bronchitis \"Bronchitis\"), [urinary tract infections](/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection \"Urinary tract infection\"), and gastroenteritis.{{cite book \\|title\\=Pharmcards review cards for medical students \\|vauthors \\= Johannsen EC, Sabatine MS \\|date\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=Wolters Kluwer{{!}}Lippincott Williams \\& Wilkins \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7817\\-8741\\-3 \\|edition\\=4th \\|location\\= Philadelphia \\|oclc\\=893525059 }}{{page needed\\|date\\=July 2018}} Ciprofloxacin is particularly effective against [Gram\\-negative bacteria](/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria \"Gram-negative bacteria\") (such as *[Escherichia coli](/wiki/Escherichia_coli \"Escherichia coli\")*, *[Haemophilus influenzae](/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae \"Haemophilus influenzae\")*, *[Klebsiella pneumoniae](/wiki/Klebsiella_pneumoniae \"Klebsiella pneumoniae\")*, *[Legionella pneumophila](/wiki/Legionella_pneumophila \"Legionella pneumophila\")*, *[Moraxella catarrhalis](/wiki/Moraxella_catarrhalis \"Moraxella catarrhalis\")*, *[Proteus mirabilis](/wiki/Proteus_mirabilis \"Proteus mirabilis\")*, and *[Pseudomonas aeruginosa](/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa \"Pseudomonas aeruginosa\")*), but is less effective against [Gram\\-positive bacteria](/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria \"Gram-positive bacteria\") (such as methicillin\\-sensitive *[Staphylococcus aureus](/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus \"Staphylococcus aureus\")*, *[Streptococcus pneumoniae](/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae \"Streptococcus pneumoniae\")*, and *[Enterococcus faecalis](/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalis \"Enterococcus faecalis\")*) than newer fluoroquinolones.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fluoroquinolones \\|title\\=Fluoroquinolones \\|vauthors \\= Hooper D \\|date\\=12 February 2018 \\|website\\=UpToDate \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2018}}",
"### Bacterial resistance",
"{{see also\\|Antibiotic abuse\\|Antibiotic resistance}}",
"As a result of its widespread use to treat minor infections readily treatable with older, narrower\\-spectrum antibiotics, many bacteria have developed resistance to this drug, leaving it significantly less effective than it would have been otherwise.{{cite journal \\|vauthors \\= Vatopoulos AC, Kalapothaki V, Legakis NJ \\|title \\= Bacterial resistance to ciprofloxacin in Greece: results from the National Electronic Surveillance System. Greek Network for the Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance \\|journal \\= Emerging Infectious Diseases \\|volume \\= 5 \\|issue \\= 3 \\|pages \\= 471–6 \\|date \\= 1999 \\|pmid \\= 10341191 \\|pmc \\= 2640758 \\|doi \\= 10\\.3201/eid0503\\.990325 }}{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.health.state.mn.us/news/pressrel/2009/bacterial022609\\.html \\|title\\=Bacterial resistance prompts concern among health officials \\|publisher\\= Minnesota Department of Health \\|date\\=26 February 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305232555/http://www.health.state.mn.us/news/pressrel/2009/bacterial022609\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2009 }}",
"[Resistance](/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance \"Antibiotic resistance\") to ciprofloxacin and other [fluoroquinolones](/wiki/Fluoroquinolone \"Fluoroquinolone\") may evolve rapidly, even during a course of treatment. Numerous [pathogens](/wiki/Pathogen \"Pathogen\"), including [enterococci](/wiki/Enterococci \"Enterococci\"), *[Streptococcus pyogenes](/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes \"Streptococcus pyogenes\")* , and *[Klebsiella pneumoniae](/wiki/Klebsiella_pneumoniae \"Klebsiella pneumoniae\")* (quinolone\\-resistant) now exhibit resistance.M Jacobs, Worldwide Overview of Antimicrobial Resistance. International Symposium on Antimicrobial Agents and Resistance 2005\\. Widespread veterinary usage of fluoroquinolones, particularly in Europe, has been implicated.{{cite press release \\|title\\=Update on Extra\\-Label Use of Fluoroquinolones \\|url\\=https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/CVMUpdates/ucm127657\\.htm \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Center for Veterinary Medicine]] (CVM) \\|date\\=16 July 1996 \\|access\\-date\\=12 August 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309003153/https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/CVMUpdates/ucm127657\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=9 March 2010}} Meanwhile, some *[Burkholderia cepacia](/wiki/Burkholderia_cepacia \"Burkholderia cepacia\")*, *[Clostridium innocuum](/wiki/Clostridium_innocuum \"Clostridium innocuum\")*, and *[Enterococcus faecium](/wiki/Enterococcus_faecium \"Enterococcus faecium\")* strains have developed resistance to ciprofloxacin to varying degrees.{{cite web \\|title\\=Ciprofloxacin Data Sheet \\|url\\=http://www.toku\\-e.com/Upload/Products/PDS/20120618005735\\.pdf \\|date\\=1 December 2010 \\|publisher\\=Toku\\-E \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009014110/http://www.toku\\-e.com/Upload/Products/PDS/20120618005735\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2012}}",
"Fluoroquinolones had become the class of antibiotics most commonly prescribed to adults in 2002\\.{{cite journal \\|vauthors \\= Linder JA, Huang ES, Steinman MA, Gonzales R, Stafford RS \\|title \\= Fluoroquinolone prescribing in the United States: 1995 to 2002 \\|journal \\= The American Journal of Medicine \\|volume \\= 118 \\|issue \\= 3 \\|pages \\= 259–68 \\|date \\= March 2005 \\|pmid \\= 15745724 \\|doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.amjmed.2004\\.09\\.015 }} Nearly half (42%) of those prescriptions in the US were for conditions not approved by the FDA, such as acute bronchitis, otitis media, and acute upper respiratory tract infection.",
""
] |
U.S. Army
---------
Frazier Boutelle's military career began June 4, 1861, when he enlisted as one of the first volunteers of the 5th New York Cavalry, Company A. Entering as a [quartermaster](/wiki/Quartermaster "Quartermaster") sergeant, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant November 4, 1862\. Following an injury, and promoted to first lieutenant April 2, 1864\. During the latter half of 1863, following an injury he was assigned as an ambulance officer to 3rd Cavalry. He was mustered out on disability August 31, 1864, but returned to duty as a captain in the 5th New York on January 10, 1865\. Boutelle served at [Antietam](/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam "Battle of Antietam"), [Spotsylvania](/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House "Battle of Spotsylvania Court House"), [Cold Harbor](/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor "Battle of Cold Harbor"), [Wilderness](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness "Battle of the Wilderness"), [Gettysburg](/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg "Battle of Gettysburg"), and the [Second Battle of Bull Run](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run "Second Battle of Bull Run"). He served on the staff of General [James H. Wilson](/wiki/James_H._Wilson "James H. Wilson"), under General [Philip Sheridan](/wiki/Philip_Sheridan "Philip Sheridan"), and was mustered out on July 19, 1865\.
On February 12, 1866, he reenlisted as a [private](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29 "Private (rank)") in the regular Army, and was sent, via [Panama](/wiki/Panama "Panama"), to the [West](/wiki/Western_United_States "Western United States") to join the First Cavalry's Company F. By November 1866 Boutelle was at [Fort Boise](/wiki/Fort_Boise "Fort Boise"), [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho "Idaho"), at the beginning of Crook's Winter Campaign. By 1867 he was a sergeant major. He was commissioned as brevet second lieutenant January 2, 1869, and confirmed May 8, and rose to first lieutenant July 31, 1873\. Boutelle served in the [Indian Wars](/wiki/American_Indian_Wars "American Indian Wars") against the [Apache](/wiki/Apache "Apache"), [Piute](/wiki/Northern_Paiute "Northern Paiute"), [Snake](/wiki/Shoshone_people "Shoshone people"), [Modoc](/wiki/Modoc_people "Modoc people"), and [Nez Perce](/wiki/Nez_Perce_tribe "Nez Perce tribe"). Most of 1872 was spent in the [Klamath](/wiki/Klamath_River "Klamath River") region where he was active in the [Modoc War](/wiki/Modoc_War "Modoc War") and, in a scuffle with [Scarface Charley](/wiki/Scarface_Charley "Scarface Charley"), precipitated a [Battle of Lost River](/wiki/Battle_of_Lost_River "Battle of Lost River") that subsequently gained him a brevet promotion and a citation for distinguished service. He was also given a medal during the [Nez Perce conflict](/wiki/Nez_Perce_War "Nez Perce War"). Boutelle was promoted to captain on April 24, 1886, and retired August 27, 1895\.
### Fort Yellowstone
In June 1889, Captain Frazier Boutelle was appointed as the second acting superintendent of [Yellowstone National Park](/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park "Yellowstone National Park") and given command of the U.S. Army contingent (Company M, [1st Cavalry Regiment](/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States)")) in the park. Established as a park in 1872, Yellowstone was initially administered by civilian superintendents appointed by the Secretary of Interior. The Department of Interior was unable to establish sufficient control of the park to protect wildlife, geothermal other park resources. In 1886, the War Department was given authority over the park and the U.S. Army began administering the park in August 1886\. The Army established Camp Sheridan ([Fort Yellowstone](/wiki/Fort_Yellowstone "Fort Yellowstone")) at [Mammoth Hot Springs](/wiki/Mammoth_Hot_Springs "Mammoth Hot Springs") as park headquarters and developed systems for conservation and resource management between 1886 and 1916 that served as foundations for the [National Park Service](/wiki/National_Park_Service "National Park Service"), created in 1916\. Boutelle supported the conservation of [bison](/wiki/Bison "Bison"), advocated [stocking](/wiki/Fish_stocking "Fish stocking") streams to maintain fish populations, insisted that travelers use established [campgrounds](/wiki/Campground "Campground"), and developed a system for rapid and effective response to [fires](/wiki/Wildfire "Wildfire"), which at that point were primarily caused by park visitors. Of the many decisions made by Captain Boutelle in managing the park, his approach to fisheries had significant and lasting impact. Boutelle was an avid [angler](/wiki/Angling "Angling") and recognized the angling potential in Yellowstone waters. In 1889 he suggested the [U.S. Fish Commission](/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Fisheries "U.S. Bureau of Fisheries") consider stocking many of the fish\-less lakes and streams in Yellowstone.
{{blockquote\|Besides the beautiful \[\[Shoshone Lake\|Shoshone]] and other smaller lakes, there are hundreds of miles of as fine streams as any in existence without a fish of any kind. I have written Col. Marshall McDonald, U.S. Fish Commission, upon the subject, and have received letters from him manifesting a great interest. I hope through him to see all of these waters so stocked that the pleasure\-seeker in the Park can enjoy fine fishing within a few rods of any hotel or camp.\|Acting Superintendent's Report, 1889, Captain Frazier Augustus Boutelle {{cite journal\|last\=Franke\|first\=Mary Ann\|title\=A Grand Experiment—100 Years of Fisheries Management in Yellowstone: Part I\|journal\=Yellowstone Science\|date\=Fall 1996\|volume\=4\|issue\=4\|url\=http://www.greateryellowstonescience.org/files/pdf/1\-FRANKE.pdf\|accessdate\=2013\-01\-26\|page\=5\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216061818/http://www.greateryellowstonescience.org/files/pdf/1\-FRANKE.pdf\|archive\-date\=2014\-12\-16\|url\-status\=dead}}}}
This suggestion was acted upon and in 1889 the first non\-native fish were stocked into Yellowstone waters, a practice that continued until 1955 and helped create the [angling experience](/wiki/Angling_in_Yellowstone_National_Park "Angling in Yellowstone National Park") Yellowstone National Park is renowned for.{{cite book\|last\=Varley\|first\=John D.\|title\=Yellowstone Fishes\-Ecology, History, and Angling in the Park\|year\=1998\|publisher\=Stackpole Books\|location\=Mechanicsburg, PA\|isbn\=0\-8117\-2777\-7\|pages\=90–101\|author2\=Paul Schullery\|chapter\=Wilderness Defined\-The Evolution of an Ideal}}
He gained recognition in conservation circles for his advocacy of protection for wildlife, landscape, and natural features. 1889 was a particularly bad year for fires in the region, and Boutelle's demands for more resources for firefighting, supported by conservationist [George Bird Grinnell](/wiki/George_Bird_Grinnell "George Bird Grinnell"), caused Secretary of the Interior [John Willock Noble](/wiki/John_Willock_Noble "John Willock Noble") to dismiss him from the superintendent's post on February 14, 1891\. He returned to service with the 1st Cavalry's Company K.
### Washington National Guard
Boutelle retired from the Army a second time on August 27, 1895, but immediately took up work with the [Washington National Guard](/wiki/Washington_Army_National_Guard "Washington Army National Guard"). In 1896 Gov. John H. McGraw appointed Boutelle to head the Guard as Adjutant\-General, with the rank of brigadier general. Boutelle developed a streamlined reporting system, among other efficiencies, and coped with a Sand Island incursion of armed Oregon fishermen. (Six [cyanotypes](/wiki/Cyanotype "Cyanotype") related to the Sand Island incident are tipped into Boutelle's copy of the Sixth Biennial Report of the Adjutant\-General of the State of Washington for the years 1895 and 1896\.) Adjutant\-General had previously been an elected post, and political turmoil ended Boutelle's term in January 1897\.
Frazier Boutelle returned to duty in 1905 as a recruiting officer. He was active at the [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle "Seattle") office during World War I, the oldest serving officer of his time, and when the office closed in 1919, he retired from military service for the third and final time. Frazier Boutelle died at his home in Seattle on February 12, 1924\.
|
[
"U.S. Army\n---------",
"Frazier Boutelle's military career began June 4, 1861, when he enlisted as one of the first volunteers of the 5th New York Cavalry, Company A. Entering as a [quartermaster](/wiki/Quartermaster \"Quartermaster\") sergeant, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant November 4, 1862\\. Following an injury, and promoted to first lieutenant April 2, 1864\\. During the latter half of 1863, following an injury he was assigned as an ambulance officer to 3rd Cavalry. He was mustered out on disability August 31, 1864, but returned to duty as a captain in the 5th New York on January 10, 1865\\. Boutelle served at [Antietam](/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam \"Battle of Antietam\"), [Spotsylvania](/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House \"Battle of Spotsylvania Court House\"), [Cold Harbor](/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor \"Battle of Cold Harbor\"), [Wilderness](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness \"Battle of the Wilderness\"), [Gettysburg](/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg \"Battle of Gettysburg\"), and the [Second Battle of Bull Run](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run \"Second Battle of Bull Run\"). He served on the staff of General [James H. Wilson](/wiki/James_H._Wilson \"James H. Wilson\"), under General [Philip Sheridan](/wiki/Philip_Sheridan \"Philip Sheridan\"), and was mustered out on July 19, 1865\\.",
"On February 12, 1866, he reenlisted as a [private](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29 \"Private (rank)\") in the regular Army, and was sent, via [Panama](/wiki/Panama \"Panama\"), to the [West](/wiki/Western_United_States \"Western United States\") to join the First Cavalry's Company F. By November 1866 Boutelle was at [Fort Boise](/wiki/Fort_Boise \"Fort Boise\"), [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho \"Idaho\"), at the beginning of Crook's Winter Campaign. By 1867 he was a sergeant major. He was commissioned as brevet second lieutenant January 2, 1869, and confirmed May 8, and rose to first lieutenant July 31, 1873\\. Boutelle served in the [Indian Wars](/wiki/American_Indian_Wars \"American Indian Wars\") against the [Apache](/wiki/Apache \"Apache\"), [Piute](/wiki/Northern_Paiute \"Northern Paiute\"), [Snake](/wiki/Shoshone_people \"Shoshone people\"), [Modoc](/wiki/Modoc_people \"Modoc people\"), and [Nez Perce](/wiki/Nez_Perce_tribe \"Nez Perce tribe\"). Most of 1872 was spent in the [Klamath](/wiki/Klamath_River \"Klamath River\") region where he was active in the [Modoc War](/wiki/Modoc_War \"Modoc War\") and, in a scuffle with [Scarface Charley](/wiki/Scarface_Charley \"Scarface Charley\"), precipitated a [Battle of Lost River](/wiki/Battle_of_Lost_River \"Battle of Lost River\") that subsequently gained him a brevet promotion and a citation for distinguished service. He was also given a medal during the [Nez Perce conflict](/wiki/Nez_Perce_War \"Nez Perce War\"). Boutelle was promoted to captain on April 24, 1886, and retired August 27, 1895\\.",
"### Fort Yellowstone",
"In June 1889, Captain Frazier Boutelle was appointed as the second acting superintendent of [Yellowstone National Park](/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park \"Yellowstone National Park\") and given command of the U.S. Army contingent (Company M, [1st Cavalry Regiment](/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"1st Cavalry Regiment (United States)\")) in the park. Established as a park in 1872, Yellowstone was initially administered by civilian superintendents appointed by the Secretary of Interior. The Department of Interior was unable to establish sufficient control of the park to protect wildlife, geothermal other park resources. In 1886, the War Department was given authority over the park and the U.S. Army began administering the park in August 1886\\. The Army established Camp Sheridan ([Fort Yellowstone](/wiki/Fort_Yellowstone \"Fort Yellowstone\")) at [Mammoth Hot Springs](/wiki/Mammoth_Hot_Springs \"Mammoth Hot Springs\") as park headquarters and developed systems for conservation and resource management between 1886 and 1916 that served as foundations for the [National Park Service](/wiki/National_Park_Service \"National Park Service\"), created in 1916\\. Boutelle supported the conservation of [bison](/wiki/Bison \"Bison\"), advocated [stocking](/wiki/Fish_stocking \"Fish stocking\") streams to maintain fish populations, insisted that travelers use established [campgrounds](/wiki/Campground \"Campground\"), and developed a system for rapid and effective response to [fires](/wiki/Wildfire \"Wildfire\"), which at that point were primarily caused by park visitors. Of the many decisions made by Captain Boutelle in managing the park, his approach to fisheries had significant and lasting impact. Boutelle was an avid [angler](/wiki/Angling \"Angling\") and recognized the angling potential in Yellowstone waters. In 1889 he suggested the [U.S. Fish Commission](/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Fisheries \"U.S. Bureau of Fisheries\") consider stocking many of the fish\\-less lakes and streams in Yellowstone.\n{{blockquote\\|Besides the beautiful \\[\\[Shoshone Lake\\|Shoshone]] and other smaller lakes, there are hundreds of miles of as fine streams as any in existence without a fish of any kind. I have written Col. Marshall McDonald, U.S. Fish Commission, upon the subject, and have received letters from him manifesting a great interest. I hope through him to see all of these waters so stocked that the pleasure\\-seeker in the Park can enjoy fine fishing within a few rods of any hotel or camp.\\|Acting Superintendent's Report, 1889, Captain Frazier Augustus Boutelle {{cite journal\\|last\\=Franke\\|first\\=Mary Ann\\|title\\=A Grand Experiment—100 Years of Fisheries Management in Yellowstone: Part I\\|journal\\=Yellowstone Science\\|date\\=Fall 1996\\|volume\\=4\\|issue\\=4\\|url\\=http://www.greateryellowstonescience.org/files/pdf/1\\-FRANKE.pdf\\|accessdate\\=2013\\-01\\-26\\|page\\=5\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216061818/http://www.greateryellowstonescience.org/files/pdf/1\\-FRANKE.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-12\\-16\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}}}",
"This suggestion was acted upon and in 1889 the first non\\-native fish were stocked into Yellowstone waters, a practice that continued until 1955 and helped create the [angling experience](/wiki/Angling_in_Yellowstone_National_Park \"Angling in Yellowstone National Park\") Yellowstone National Park is renowned for.{{cite book\\|last\\=Varley\\|first\\=John D.\\|title\\=Yellowstone Fishes\\-Ecology, History, and Angling in the Park\\|year\\=1998\\|publisher\\=Stackpole Books\\|location\\=Mechanicsburg, PA\\|isbn\\=0\\-8117\\-2777\\-7\\|pages\\=90–101\\|author2\\=Paul Schullery\\|chapter\\=Wilderness Defined\\-The Evolution of an Ideal}}",
"He gained recognition in conservation circles for his advocacy of protection for wildlife, landscape, and natural features. 1889 was a particularly bad year for fires in the region, and Boutelle's demands for more resources for firefighting, supported by conservationist [George Bird Grinnell](/wiki/George_Bird_Grinnell \"George Bird Grinnell\"), caused Secretary of the Interior [John Willock Noble](/wiki/John_Willock_Noble \"John Willock Noble\") to dismiss him from the superintendent's post on February 14, 1891\\. He returned to service with the 1st Cavalry's Company K.",
"### Washington National Guard",
"Boutelle retired from the Army a second time on August 27, 1895, but immediately took up work with the [Washington National Guard](/wiki/Washington_Army_National_Guard \"Washington Army National Guard\"). In 1896 Gov. John H. McGraw appointed Boutelle to head the Guard as Adjutant\\-General, with the rank of brigadier general. Boutelle developed a streamlined reporting system, among other efficiencies, and coped with a Sand Island incursion of armed Oregon fishermen. (Six [cyanotypes](/wiki/Cyanotype \"Cyanotype\") related to the Sand Island incident are tipped into Boutelle's copy of the Sixth Biennial Report of the Adjutant\\-General of the State of Washington for the years 1895 and 1896\\.) Adjutant\\-General had previously been an elected post, and political turmoil ended Boutelle's term in January 1897\\.",
"Frazier Boutelle returned to duty in 1905 as a recruiting officer. He was active at the [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\") office during World War I, the oldest serving officer of his time, and when the office closed in 1919, he retired from military service for the third and final time. Frazier Boutelle died at his home in Seattle on February 12, 1924\\.",
""
] |
Fictional team biography
------------------------
### *Infinity, Inc.* (vol. 1, 1984–1988\)
#### Formation
Hector Hall, Lyta Trevor, Norda Cantrell, and Albert Rothstein decide to adopt identities of their own and apply for membership in the [Justice Society of America](/wiki/Justice_Society_of_America "Justice Society of America") (JSA).{{cite web \|last1\=Markstein \|first1\=Don \|website\=Don Markstein's Toonopedia \|access\-date\=2 April 2020 \|url\=http://www.toonopedia.com/infinity.htm \|title\=Infinity, Inc.}} They adopt the codenames [Silver Scarab](/wiki/Hector_Hall "Hector Hall"), [Fury](/wiki/Fury_%28DC_Comics%29 "Fury (DC Comics)"), [Northwind](/wiki/Northwind_%28comics%29 "Northwind (comics)"), and [Nuklon](/wiki/Atom_Smasher_%28DC_Comics%29 "Atom Smasher (DC Comics)") respectively. They are turned down, but apply again with [Jennie\-Lynn Hayden](/wiki/Jade_%28DC_Comics%29 "Jade (DC Comics)") and [Todd Rice](/wiki/Obsidian_%28comics%29 "Obsidian (comics)"), both of whom suspect they are [Alan Scott](/wiki/Alan_Scott "Alan Scott")'s children (revealed to be true in *Infinity Inc.* Annual \#1\). [Star\-Spangled Kid](/wiki/Sylvester_Pemberton "Sylvester Pemberton") decides to leave the JSA to create a new group and they are joined by [Power Girl](/wiki/Power_Girl "Power Girl"), [Huntress](/wiki/Huntress_%28Helena_Wayne%29 "Huntress (Helena Wayne)"), and [Brainwave Jr.](/wiki/Brainwave_%28character%29 "Brainwave (character)") They call themselves Infinity, Inc.*Infinity Inc.* \#1 (March 1984\). DC Comics.
Infinity, Inc. first faces the JSA, turned evil by the [Ultra\-Humanite](/wiki/Ultra-Humanite "Ultra-Humanite")'s Stream of Ruthlessness. They defeat the JSA and the Ultra\-Humanite.*Infinity Inc.* \#2–11 (May 1984 – February 1985\). DC Comics. In a press conference to garner media attention for the new team, the members publicly divulge their secret identities, and Hector announces his engagement to Lyta. Star\-Spangled Kid forms a partnership with the city of [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") to commission his team as for\-hire protectors and purchases Stellar Studios to revitalize its production of movies.*Infinity Inc.* \#12 (March 1985\). DC Comics.
#### Clashes with Helix
Fury is kidnapped in an extortion attempt by the villain group known as [Helix](/wiki/Helix_%28DC_Comics%29 "Helix (DC Comics)"): the original members are Arak the Wind\-Walker, Baby Boom, [Kritter](/wiki/Kritter_%28comics%29 "Kritter (comics)"), [Mister Bones](/wiki/Mister_Bones "Mister Bones"), [Penny Dreadful](/wiki/Penny_Dreadful_%28comics%29 "Penny Dreadful (comics)"), and [Tao Jones](/wiki/Tao_Jones "Tao Jones"). They are defeated by the Infinitors, but manage to escape.*Infinity Inc.* \#16–18 (July – September 1985\). DC Comics.
Later, the second [Wildcat](/wiki/Wildcat_%28DC_Comics%29 "Wildcat (DC Comics)"), [Yolanda Montez](/wiki/Wildcat_%28Yolanda_Montez%29 "Wildcat (Yolanda Montez)"), learns that she is a cousin of new Helix member Carcharo and that they are products of the same genetic experiments of Doctor Love as Helix. The two teams battle to a stalemate. Mister Bones is arrested, but the others escape.*Infinity Inc.* \#25–29 (April – August 1986\). DC Comics.
#### Crisis on Infinite Earths
{{Main\|Crisis on Infinite Earths}}
Infinity, Inc. is involved in the *[Crisis on Infinite Earths](/wiki/Crisis_on_Infinite_Earths "Crisis on Infinite Earths")* event, which results in three new superheroes—Yolanda Montez as Wildcat, [Rick Tyler](/wiki/Hourman_%28Rick_Tyler%29 "Hourman (Rick Tyler)") as Hourman, and [Beth Chapel](/wiki/Beth_Chapel "Beth Chapel") as [Doctor Mid\-Nite](/wiki/Doctor_Mid-Nite "Doctor Mid-Nite")—joining the team.*Infinity Inc.* \#31 (October 1986\). DC Comics.
#### The Silver Scarab saga
Even with all of his friends at Infinity, Inc., Hector leaves the group after a fall out with Lyta. Shortly afterward the team learns that the JSA has disappeared. The other members notify people associated with JSA members of the society's disappearance.*Infinity Inc.* \#30 (September 1986\). DC Comics. Professor James Rock contacts Hector, though he is presumed to be long dead. Northwind travels to Hall Mansion to confront Hector, only to find him already under Hath\-Set's manipulations, who used Rock's alias.*Infinity Inc.* \#37 (April 1987\). DC Comics.
Hector kidnaps Fury, and he and Hath\-Set uncover the Eye of Ra, a powerful and ancient weapon. Northwind returns and leads Infinity, Inc. into a final confrontation with the Silver Scarab at Hall Mansion, which, when burned down, reveals a topless pyramid inside. While Northwind confronts the Silver Scarab in a duel, Nuklon saves Fury.
The Eye of Ra denies the Silver Scarab control and flies away. The Silver Scarab is not pure enough in the eyes of Seketh, the Egyptian god of Death, for the pureness of Hector's heart lives on in his unborn child with Lyta. Therefore, he is not fully cleansed of his goodness and the Silver Scarab is thrown away by the Eye's power. Northwind is able to close the Eye of Ra while Hath\-Set escapes. Infinity, Inc. mourn the loss of Hector, and Northwind and Fury leave the team after his funeral.*Infinity Inc.* \#42–44 (September – November 1987\). DC Comics.
A pregnant Lyta goes home to spend time with her parents. When Nuklon goes to visit her to profess his love, she tells him she is not over Hector yet and that she only has friendly feelings for him. Disappointed, he discovers that there is a prowler sneaking around the property. Nuklon captures him and discovers him to be Hector Hall, the new Sandman. Hector reveals that his spirit wound up in the dream dimension after the scarab ejected it from his body. The former Sandman, Garrett Sanford, died after years of service and his assistants Brute and Glob conscripted Hector to replace him. They put Hector into Garrett's body and gave him a new life. He can only come out of the dream stream for one hour a day, but it is enough for him and Lyta to rekindle their relationship.
#### Death in the Family
During Hector and Lyta Trevor\-Hall's wedding, [Harlequin](/wiki/Harlequin_%28comics%29 "Harlequin (comics)") (Marcie Cooper) uses trickery to make Bones and Skyman meet at [Solomon Grundy](/wiki/Solomon_Grundy_%28character%29 "Solomon Grundy (character)")'s room. She then deceives Grundy into grabbing Bones' arm and using him to kill Skyman with his [cyanide](/wiki/Cyanide "Cyanide") touch. Upset, Bones leaves and Infinity, Inc. finds him with Helix. Doctor Love has gained control of Helix and orders them to kill Bones, but the group turns on Love and kills him instead. Helix leaves in disgust, telling Bones he is no longer one of them, but the Infinitors grant him full membership in the team. The Infinitors decide to continue on in Skyman's memory, but apparently decide to disband some time after.*Infinity Inc.* \#51–53 (June – August 1988\). DC Comics.
### Infinite Crisis
A post\-*[Infinite Crisis](/wiki/Infinite_Crisis "Infinite Crisis")* version of the original Infinity, Inc. appears in *Justice Society of America* (vol. 3\) Annual \#1 in 2008, and is known as the *Justice Society Infinity* after it merges with its world's Justice Society of America. The Earth\-2 versions of Silver Scarab, Fury, Jade, and Northwind are members, but their Superman is missing, their Flash is retired, and their [Green Lantern](/wiki/Green_Lantern "Green Lantern") (Alan Scott) is dead.{{comicbookdb\|type\=issue\|id\=137685\|title\=''Justice Society of America'' (vol. 3\) Annual \#1}}
### JSA: Black Reign
The closest that Infinity, Inc. has come to reforming is when Brainwave (under [Mister Mind](/wiki/Mister_Mind "Mister Mind")'s thrall), Atom Smasher, Northwind, [Nemesis](/wiki/Nemesis_%28DC_Comics%29 "Nemesis (DC Comics)"), and [Eclipso](/wiki/Eclipso "Eclipso") (who at the time was being controlled by the second Wildcat's cousin Alex Montez), were [Black Adam](/wiki/Black_Adam "Black Adam")'s army in Khandaq. Black Adam mentions in an internal monologue that he had also thought of recruiting Power Girl for the group to further strengthen the Infinity, Inc. ties.*JSA* \#56–58 (March – April 2004\). DC Comics.*Hawkman* (vol. 4\) \#23–25 (March – April 2004\). DC Comics.
### 52
{{See also\|52 (comics)}}
[Cover art for *[52](/wiki/52_%28comics%29 "52 (comics)")* \#21, featuring Luthor's Infinity, Inc. Art by J.G. Jones.\|200px\|thumb](/wiki/File:%2252%22_%28no._21%2C_front_cover%29.jpg)
In the aftermath of *[Infinite Crisis](/wiki/Infinite_Crisis "Infinite Crisis")*, [Lex Luthor](/wiki/Lex_Luthor "Lex Luthor") clears his name and resurfaces as a legitimate businessman. He offers a [metagene](/wiki/Metahuman "Metahuman")\-based therapy, called the "Everyman Project", to regular people to allow them to develop superpowers. The therapy spawns six perfect specimens, to whom Luthor gives the identities purchased from the Pemberton Estate. He calls the new team Infinity Inc., and creates Starlight ([Natasha Irons](/wiki/Natasha_Irons%23Starlight "Natasha Irons#Starlight"), the team's leader), a new [Nuklon](/wiki/Nuklon "Nuklon"), a male Fury, a new [Skyman](/wiki/Skyman_%28DC_Comics%29 "Skyman (DC Comics)"), [Everyman](/wiki/Everyman_%28DC_Comics%29 "Everyman (DC Comics)"), and [Trajectory](/wiki/Trajectory_%28comics%29 "Trajectory (comics)").*52* Week 21 (September 27, 2006\). DC Comics.
Unbeknownst to the team, Luthor is able to "shut off" any of the team's powers at any time, as he does to Trajectory during a battle, causing her death at the hands of [Blockbuster](/wiki/Blockbuster_%28DC_Comics%29 "Blockbuster (DC Comics)") III. Trajectory is replaced by [Matrix](/wiki/Supergirl_%28Matrix%29%23The_new_Matrix "Supergirl (Matrix)#The new Matrix"), a pin\-up model who displays superhuman strength and invisibility, similar to the original Matrix.*52* Week 25 (October 25, 2006\). DC Comics.
A new version of [Jade](/wiki/Jade_%28DC_Comics%29%23Nicki_Jones "Jade (DC Comics)#Nicki Jones") with plant\-based powers debuts with the team on [Thanksgiving Day](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 "Thanksgiving (United States)"), which leads to the team being attacked by an angry [Obsidian](/wiki/Obsidian_%28comics%29 "Obsidian (comics)"), the brother of the original Jade, who died. Scott intervenes and breaks up the fight. Infinity, Inc. then claims that the older heroes will soon be replaced.*52* Week 29 (November 22, 2006\). DC Comics.
This version of Infinity, Inc. makes frequent appearances in the local media, acting both as a commercial stunt for the Everyman Project,{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.dccomics.com/sites/52/?action\=headlines\&i\=6762 \| title\=Lola's Lair: Starlight has 'Star Quality' \| work\=Daily Planet 52 Week Special \| publisher\=DC Comics.com \| first\=Lola \| last\=Barnett \| date\=November 2, 2006}} and as a control system against rogue metahumans spawned from the Project itself.{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.dccomics.com/sites/52/?action\=headlines\&i\=6890 \| title\='Everyman' Subject Turns to Crime \| first\=Josef \| last\=Schuman \| work\=Daily Planet 52 Week Special \| publisher\=DC Comics.com \| date\=November 9, 2006}}
Natasha begins to collect evidence against Luthor and the Everyman Project for [Steel](/wiki/Steel_%28John_Henry_Irons%29 "Steel (John Henry Irons)") and enlists Skyman to help her. Skyman is later killed by Everyman, who then assumes his identity, and reveals Natasha's duplicity to Luthor.*52* Week 39 (January 31, 2007\). DC Comics. Luthor captures Natasha as bait to lure Steel and reveals that he has used the exo\-gene therapy on himself and now possesses the same powers as [Superman](/wiki/Superman "Superman"). Recruiting the [Teen Titans](/wiki/Teen_Titans "Teen Titans"), John Henry storms LexCorp to rescue Natasha.
The Titans take on Nuklon and the others while Irons faces Everyman and Luthor. Luthor severely injures Irons and impales him with his own hammer before Natasha is able to destroy Lex's exo\-gene with an electromagnetic pulse from Steel's hammer, allowing him to be knocked out easily. The remaining members of Infinity, Inc. are taken into custody while Natasha and John Henry reunite.*52* Week 40 (February 7, 2007\). DC Comics.
In *52* Week 50, day six, Nuklon, Jade, Matrix, and Fury are seen among the heroes during [World War III](/wiki/World_War_III_%28DC_Comics%29 "World War III (DC Comics)"). Scott asks them to help in the final push against [Black Adam](/wiki/Black_Adam "Black Adam"). They refuse and flee the battlefield.
### *Infinity Inc.* (vol. 2, 2007 – 2008\)
{{Infobox comic book title\|
\| title\=Infinity Inc. (vol. 2\)
\| image\=Infinity Inc v2 1\.jpg
\| caption\=Cover of ''Infinity Inc.'' (vol. 2\) \#1 (November \[\[2007 in comics\|2007]]). Art by \[\[Max Fiumara]].
\| schedule\=Monthly
\| format\=\[\[Ongoing series]]
\| publisher\=\[\[DC Comics]]
\| date\=November \[\[2007 in comics\|2007]] – October \[\[2008 in comics\|2008]]
\| issues\=12
\| main\_char\_team\=\[\[John Henry Irons\|Steel]]
\[\[Natasha Irons\|Vaporlock]]
\[\[Nuklon\|Double Trouble]]
\[\[Fury (DC Comics)\#Erik Storn\|Amazing Woman]]
\[\[Mercy Graves\|Vanilla]]
Empathy
\| writers\=\[\[Peter Milligan]]
\| artists\=Max Fiumara (\#1–2\)
Matt Camp (\#6–7\)
\[\[Pete Woods]] (\#8–10\)
\| pencillers\=Max Fiumara (\#3–5\)
\[\[Travel Foreman]] (\#3\)
Javier Aranda (\#11–12\)
\| inkers\=\[\[Matthew Southworth]] (\#3–5\)
\[\[Dom Regan]] (\#6–7\)
Javier Enebral (\#11–12\)
\| colorists\=
\| creative\_team\_month\=
\| creative\_team\_year \=
\| creators \=
}}
[The new *Infinity Inc.* team, from the promotional cover art for *Infinity Inc.* (vol. 2\) \#5\. Art by Max Fiumara.\|thumb\|left](/wiki/File:Infinityinc5.jpg "Infinityinc5.jpg")
Dan DiDio revealed at a DC Nation panel in Los Angeles that a new Infinity, Inc. ongoing series would debut in September [2007](/wiki/2007_in_comics "2007 in comics") with John Henry Irons as the main character. The book was written by [Peter Milligan](/wiki/Peter_Milligan "Peter Milligan") with art by Max Fiumara.{{cite web
\|title\=DC NATION PANEL FROM WW:LA
\|publisher\=\[\[Newsarama]]
\|url\=http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t\=105423
\|date\=2007\-03\-16
\|access\-date\=2007\-03\-18
\|url\-status\=dead
\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320015505/http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t\=105423
\|archive\-date\=2007\-03\-20}}
The first issues focuses on Natasha Irons (formerly Starlight), Erik Strom (formerly Fury), and Gerome McKenna (formerly Nuklon), a year after the end of the Everyman Project. Natasha is living with her uncle John Henry Irons and is in [psychotherapy](/wiki/Psychotherapy "Psychotherapy") along with Erik, who refers to it as "our national religion" and Gerome. Another longtime patient, teenager Dale Smith, attacks his therapist and realizes his powers as a [psychic vampire](/wiki/Energy_vampire "Energy vampire"). He takes the name "Kid Empty". It is revealed that a side effect of the exogene therapy is that once the exogene itself is suppressed, the energies unleashed by the therapy remains, re\-enabling the metagene in a different fashion. As a result, Natasha finds herself turning into a mist\-like substance, McKenna gains the ability to duplicate himself, and Strom gains a strong, overconfident, female alter\-ego. The group recruit [Mercy Graves](/wiki/Mercy_Graves "Mercy Graves") and Lucia, an Everyman subject who can psychically inflict pain on others. In \#8, the team gains official costumes and codenames, and go on their first mission.
In issue \#10, Mercy admits she is not ready to be on a team, and leaves. Issue \#11 begins a two issue arc that ties into the [Dark Side Club](/wiki/Dark_Side_Club "Dark Side Club").
[Desaad](/wiki/Desaad "Desaad"), under the false identity of "Doctor Bud Fogel", secretly manipulates McKenna (now using the codename of "Double Trouble") by nurturing a third personality created from McKenna's base and repressed instincts, and promising it the opportunity to take full control.
When the splintered McKenna personality is able to wrest control over the main body (as shown when McKenna's main personality is transported in Desaad's labs, while his duplicate attempts to force himself on Lucia), the Infinitors try to stop him. However, the plan is revealed to be a trap. The duplicate fatally wounds McKenna to possess his body, but disappears when McKenna's weakens. The other subjects are trapped in a machine that is designed to take away the powers of the remaining Everymen without activating their metagene. Desaad admits he was forced to this course of action because the Everymen, even after turning into metahumans, are undetectable from Darkseid's minions, and they could be a wild card during the planned *[Final Crisis](/wiki/Final_Crisis "Final Crisis")*.
As a side effect of the machine, the Infinitors vanish. Steel, who arrives too late, swears he will resume his search for Natasha.
Infinity, Inc. reappeared briefly in the third issue of the *Terror Titans* mini\-series, imprisoned by Desaad. Towards the end of the miniseries, an undercover [Miss Martian](/wiki/Miss_Martian "Miss Martian") tips Irons off about their imprisonment in the Terror Titans' headquarters, leading to their release.
|
[
"Fictional team biography\n------------------------",
"### *Infinity, Inc.* (vol. 1, 1984–1988\\)",
"#### Formation",
"Hector Hall, Lyta Trevor, Norda Cantrell, and Albert Rothstein decide to adopt identities of their own and apply for membership in the [Justice Society of America](/wiki/Justice_Society_of_America \"Justice Society of America\") (JSA).{{cite web \\|last1\\=Markstein \\|first1\\=Don \\|website\\=Don Markstein's Toonopedia \\|access\\-date\\=2 April 2020 \\|url\\=http://www.toonopedia.com/infinity.htm \\|title\\=Infinity, Inc.}} They adopt the codenames [Silver Scarab](/wiki/Hector_Hall \"Hector Hall\"), [Fury](/wiki/Fury_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Fury (DC Comics)\"), [Northwind](/wiki/Northwind_%28comics%29 \"Northwind (comics)\"), and [Nuklon](/wiki/Atom_Smasher_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Atom Smasher (DC Comics)\") respectively. They are turned down, but apply again with [Jennie\\-Lynn Hayden](/wiki/Jade_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Jade (DC Comics)\") and [Todd Rice](/wiki/Obsidian_%28comics%29 \"Obsidian (comics)\"), both of whom suspect they are [Alan Scott](/wiki/Alan_Scott \"Alan Scott\")'s children (revealed to be true in *Infinity Inc.* Annual \\#1\\). [Star\\-Spangled Kid](/wiki/Sylvester_Pemberton \"Sylvester Pemberton\") decides to leave the JSA to create a new group and they are joined by [Power Girl](/wiki/Power_Girl \"Power Girl\"), [Huntress](/wiki/Huntress_%28Helena_Wayne%29 \"Huntress (Helena Wayne)\"), and [Brainwave Jr.](/wiki/Brainwave_%28character%29 \"Brainwave (character)\") They call themselves Infinity, Inc.*Infinity Inc.* \\#1 (March 1984\\). DC Comics.",
"Infinity, Inc. first faces the JSA, turned evil by the [Ultra\\-Humanite](/wiki/Ultra-Humanite \"Ultra-Humanite\")'s Stream of Ruthlessness. They defeat the JSA and the Ultra\\-Humanite.*Infinity Inc.* \\#2–11 (May 1984 – February 1985\\). DC Comics. In a press conference to garner media attention for the new team, the members publicly divulge their secret identities, and Hector announces his engagement to Lyta. Star\\-Spangled Kid forms a partnership with the city of [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") to commission his team as for\\-hire protectors and purchases Stellar Studios to revitalize its production of movies.*Infinity Inc.* \\#12 (March 1985\\). DC Comics.",
"#### Clashes with Helix",
"Fury is kidnapped in an extortion attempt by the villain group known as [Helix](/wiki/Helix_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Helix (DC Comics)\"): the original members are Arak the Wind\\-Walker, Baby Boom, [Kritter](/wiki/Kritter_%28comics%29 \"Kritter (comics)\"), [Mister Bones](/wiki/Mister_Bones \"Mister Bones\"), [Penny Dreadful](/wiki/Penny_Dreadful_%28comics%29 \"Penny Dreadful (comics)\"), and [Tao Jones](/wiki/Tao_Jones \"Tao Jones\"). They are defeated by the Infinitors, but manage to escape.*Infinity Inc.* \\#16–18 (July – September 1985\\). DC Comics.",
"Later, the second [Wildcat](/wiki/Wildcat_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Wildcat (DC Comics)\"), [Yolanda Montez](/wiki/Wildcat_%28Yolanda_Montez%29 \"Wildcat (Yolanda Montez)\"), learns that she is a cousin of new Helix member Carcharo and that they are products of the same genetic experiments of Doctor Love as Helix. The two teams battle to a stalemate. Mister Bones is arrested, but the others escape.*Infinity Inc.* \\#25–29 (April – August 1986\\). DC Comics.",
"#### Crisis on Infinite Earths",
"{{Main\\|Crisis on Infinite Earths}}\nInfinity, Inc. is involved in the *[Crisis on Infinite Earths](/wiki/Crisis_on_Infinite_Earths \"Crisis on Infinite Earths\")* event, which results in three new superheroes—Yolanda Montez as Wildcat, [Rick Tyler](/wiki/Hourman_%28Rick_Tyler%29 \"Hourman (Rick Tyler)\") as Hourman, and [Beth Chapel](/wiki/Beth_Chapel \"Beth Chapel\") as [Doctor Mid\\-Nite](/wiki/Doctor_Mid-Nite \"Doctor Mid-Nite\")—joining the team.*Infinity Inc.* \\#31 (October 1986\\). DC Comics.",
"#### The Silver Scarab saga",
"Even with all of his friends at Infinity, Inc., Hector leaves the group after a fall out with Lyta. Shortly afterward the team learns that the JSA has disappeared. The other members notify people associated with JSA members of the society's disappearance.*Infinity Inc.* \\#30 (September 1986\\). DC Comics. Professor James Rock contacts Hector, though he is presumed to be long dead. Northwind travels to Hall Mansion to confront Hector, only to find him already under Hath\\-Set's manipulations, who used Rock's alias.*Infinity Inc.* \\#37 (April 1987\\). DC Comics.",
"Hector kidnaps Fury, and he and Hath\\-Set uncover the Eye of Ra, a powerful and ancient weapon. Northwind returns and leads Infinity, Inc. into a final confrontation with the Silver Scarab at Hall Mansion, which, when burned down, reveals a topless pyramid inside. While Northwind confronts the Silver Scarab in a duel, Nuklon saves Fury.",
"The Eye of Ra denies the Silver Scarab control and flies away. The Silver Scarab is not pure enough in the eyes of Seketh, the Egyptian god of Death, for the pureness of Hector's heart lives on in his unborn child with Lyta. Therefore, he is not fully cleansed of his goodness and the Silver Scarab is thrown away by the Eye's power. Northwind is able to close the Eye of Ra while Hath\\-Set escapes. Infinity, Inc. mourn the loss of Hector, and Northwind and Fury leave the team after his funeral.*Infinity Inc.* \\#42–44 (September – November 1987\\). DC Comics.",
"A pregnant Lyta goes home to spend time with her parents. When Nuklon goes to visit her to profess his love, she tells him she is not over Hector yet and that she only has friendly feelings for him. Disappointed, he discovers that there is a prowler sneaking around the property. Nuklon captures him and discovers him to be Hector Hall, the new Sandman. Hector reveals that his spirit wound up in the dream dimension after the scarab ejected it from his body. The former Sandman, Garrett Sanford, died after years of service and his assistants Brute and Glob conscripted Hector to replace him. They put Hector into Garrett's body and gave him a new life. He can only come out of the dream stream for one hour a day, but it is enough for him and Lyta to rekindle their relationship.",
"#### Death in the Family",
"During Hector and Lyta Trevor\\-Hall's wedding, [Harlequin](/wiki/Harlequin_%28comics%29 \"Harlequin (comics)\") (Marcie Cooper) uses trickery to make Bones and Skyman meet at [Solomon Grundy](/wiki/Solomon_Grundy_%28character%29 \"Solomon Grundy (character)\")'s room. She then deceives Grundy into grabbing Bones' arm and using him to kill Skyman with his [cyanide](/wiki/Cyanide \"Cyanide\") touch. Upset, Bones leaves and Infinity, Inc. finds him with Helix. Doctor Love has gained control of Helix and orders them to kill Bones, but the group turns on Love and kills him instead. Helix leaves in disgust, telling Bones he is no longer one of them, but the Infinitors grant him full membership in the team. The Infinitors decide to continue on in Skyman's memory, but apparently decide to disband some time after.*Infinity Inc.* \\#51–53 (June – August 1988\\). DC Comics.",
"### Infinite Crisis",
"A post\\-*[Infinite Crisis](/wiki/Infinite_Crisis \"Infinite Crisis\")* version of the original Infinity, Inc. appears in *Justice Society of America* (vol. 3\\) Annual \\#1 in 2008, and is known as the *Justice Society Infinity* after it merges with its world's Justice Society of America. The Earth\\-2 versions of Silver Scarab, Fury, Jade, and Northwind are members, but their Superman is missing, their Flash is retired, and their [Green Lantern](/wiki/Green_Lantern \"Green Lantern\") (Alan Scott) is dead.{{comicbookdb\\|type\\=issue\\|id\\=137685\\|title\\=''Justice Society of America'' (vol. 3\\) Annual \\#1}}",
"### JSA: Black Reign",
"The closest that Infinity, Inc. has come to reforming is when Brainwave (under [Mister Mind](/wiki/Mister_Mind \"Mister Mind\")'s thrall), Atom Smasher, Northwind, [Nemesis](/wiki/Nemesis_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Nemesis (DC Comics)\"), and [Eclipso](/wiki/Eclipso \"Eclipso\") (who at the time was being controlled by the second Wildcat's cousin Alex Montez), were [Black Adam](/wiki/Black_Adam \"Black Adam\")'s army in Khandaq. Black Adam mentions in an internal monologue that he had also thought of recruiting Power Girl for the group to further strengthen the Infinity, Inc. ties.*JSA* \\#56–58 (March – April 2004\\). DC Comics.*Hawkman* (vol. 4\\) \\#23–25 (March – April 2004\\). DC Comics.",
"### 52",
"{{See also\\|52 (comics)}}\n[Cover art for *[52](/wiki/52_%28comics%29 \"52 (comics)\")* \\#21, featuring Luthor's Infinity, Inc. Art by J.G. Jones.\\|200px\\|thumb](/wiki/File:%2252%22_%28no._21%2C_front_cover%29.jpg)",
"In the aftermath of *[Infinite Crisis](/wiki/Infinite_Crisis \"Infinite Crisis\")*, [Lex Luthor](/wiki/Lex_Luthor \"Lex Luthor\") clears his name and resurfaces as a legitimate businessman. He offers a [metagene](/wiki/Metahuman \"Metahuman\")\\-based therapy, called the \"Everyman Project\", to regular people to allow them to develop superpowers. The therapy spawns six perfect specimens, to whom Luthor gives the identities purchased from the Pemberton Estate. He calls the new team Infinity Inc., and creates Starlight ([Natasha Irons](/wiki/Natasha_Irons%23Starlight \"Natasha Irons#Starlight\"), the team's leader), a new [Nuklon](/wiki/Nuklon \"Nuklon\"), a male Fury, a new [Skyman](/wiki/Skyman_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Skyman (DC Comics)\"), [Everyman](/wiki/Everyman_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Everyman (DC Comics)\"), and [Trajectory](/wiki/Trajectory_%28comics%29 \"Trajectory (comics)\").*52* Week 21 (September 27, 2006\\). DC Comics.",
"Unbeknownst to the team, Luthor is able to \"shut off\" any of the team's powers at any time, as he does to Trajectory during a battle, causing her death at the hands of [Blockbuster](/wiki/Blockbuster_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Blockbuster (DC Comics)\") III. Trajectory is replaced by [Matrix](/wiki/Supergirl_%28Matrix%29%23The_new_Matrix \"Supergirl (Matrix)#The new Matrix\"), a pin\\-up model who displays superhuman strength and invisibility, similar to the original Matrix.*52* Week 25 (October 25, 2006\\). DC Comics.",
"A new version of [Jade](/wiki/Jade_%28DC_Comics%29%23Nicki_Jones \"Jade (DC Comics)#Nicki Jones\") with plant\\-based powers debuts with the team on [Thanksgiving Day](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 \"Thanksgiving (United States)\"), which leads to the team being attacked by an angry [Obsidian](/wiki/Obsidian_%28comics%29 \"Obsidian (comics)\"), the brother of the original Jade, who died. Scott intervenes and breaks up the fight. Infinity, Inc. then claims that the older heroes will soon be replaced.*52* Week 29 (November 22, 2006\\). DC Comics.",
"This version of Infinity, Inc. makes frequent appearances in the local media, acting both as a commercial stunt for the Everyman Project,{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.dccomics.com/sites/52/?action\\=headlines\\&i\\=6762 \\| title\\=Lola's Lair: Starlight has 'Star Quality' \\| work\\=Daily Planet 52 Week Special \\| publisher\\=DC Comics.com \\| first\\=Lola \\| last\\=Barnett \\| date\\=November 2, 2006}} and as a control system against rogue metahumans spawned from the Project itself.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.dccomics.com/sites/52/?action\\=headlines\\&i\\=6890 \\| title\\='Everyman' Subject Turns to Crime \\| first\\=Josef \\| last\\=Schuman \\| work\\=Daily Planet 52 Week Special \\| publisher\\=DC Comics.com \\| date\\=November 9, 2006}}",
"Natasha begins to collect evidence against Luthor and the Everyman Project for [Steel](/wiki/Steel_%28John_Henry_Irons%29 \"Steel (John Henry Irons)\") and enlists Skyman to help her. Skyman is later killed by Everyman, who then assumes his identity, and reveals Natasha's duplicity to Luthor.*52* Week 39 (January 31, 2007\\). DC Comics. Luthor captures Natasha as bait to lure Steel and reveals that he has used the exo\\-gene therapy on himself and now possesses the same powers as [Superman](/wiki/Superman \"Superman\"). Recruiting the [Teen Titans](/wiki/Teen_Titans \"Teen Titans\"), John Henry storms LexCorp to rescue Natasha.",
"The Titans take on Nuklon and the others while Irons faces Everyman and Luthor. Luthor severely injures Irons and impales him with his own hammer before Natasha is able to destroy Lex's exo\\-gene with an electromagnetic pulse from Steel's hammer, allowing him to be knocked out easily. The remaining members of Infinity, Inc. are taken into custody while Natasha and John Henry reunite.*52* Week 40 (February 7, 2007\\). DC Comics.",
"In *52* Week 50, day six, Nuklon, Jade, Matrix, and Fury are seen among the heroes during [World War III](/wiki/World_War_III_%28DC_Comics%29 \"World War III (DC Comics)\"). Scott asks them to help in the final push against [Black Adam](/wiki/Black_Adam \"Black Adam\"). They refuse and flee the battlefield.",
"### *Infinity Inc.* (vol. 2, 2007 – 2008\\)",
"{{Infobox comic book title\\|\n\\| title\\=Infinity Inc. (vol. 2\\)\n\\| image\\=Infinity Inc v2 1\\.jpg\n\\| caption\\=Cover of ''Infinity Inc.'' (vol. 2\\) \\#1 (November \\[\\[2007 in comics\\|2007]]). Art by \\[\\[Max Fiumara]].\n\\| schedule\\=Monthly\n\\| format\\=\\[\\[Ongoing series]]\n\\| publisher\\=\\[\\[DC Comics]]\n\\| date\\=November \\[\\[2007 in comics\\|2007]] – October \\[\\[2008 in comics\\|2008]]\n\\| issues\\=12\n\\| main\\_char\\_team\\=\\[\\[John Henry Irons\\|Steel]] \n\\[\\[Natasha Irons\\|Vaporlock]] \n\\[\\[Nuklon\\|Double Trouble]] \n\\[\\[Fury (DC Comics)\\#Erik Storn\\|Amazing Woman]] \n\\[\\[Mercy Graves\\|Vanilla]] \nEmpathy\n\\| writers\\=\\[\\[Peter Milligan]]\n\\| artists\\=Max Fiumara (\\#1–2\\) \nMatt Camp (\\#6–7\\) \n\\[\\[Pete Woods]] (\\#8–10\\)\n\\| pencillers\\=Max Fiumara (\\#3–5\\) \n\\[\\[Travel Foreman]] (\\#3\\) \nJavier Aranda (\\#11–12\\)\n\\| inkers\\=\\[\\[Matthew Southworth]] (\\#3–5\\) \n\\[\\[Dom Regan]] (\\#6–7\\) \nJavier Enebral (\\#11–12\\)\n\\| colorists\\=\n\\| creative\\_team\\_month\\=\n\\| creative\\_team\\_year \\= \n\\| creators \\=\n}}\n[The new *Infinity Inc.* team, from the promotional cover art for *Infinity Inc.* (vol. 2\\) \\#5\\. Art by Max Fiumara.\\|thumb\\|left](/wiki/File:Infinityinc5.jpg \"Infinityinc5.jpg\")",
"Dan DiDio revealed at a DC Nation panel in Los Angeles that a new Infinity, Inc. ongoing series would debut in September [2007](/wiki/2007_in_comics \"2007 in comics\") with John Henry Irons as the main character. The book was written by [Peter Milligan](/wiki/Peter_Milligan \"Peter Milligan\") with art by Max Fiumara.{{cite web\n \\|title\\=DC NATION PANEL FROM WW:LA\n \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Newsarama]]\n\\|url\\=http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t\\=105423\n \\|date\\=2007\\-03\\-16\n \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-03\\-18\n \\|url\\-status\\=dead\n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320015505/http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t\\=105423\n \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-03\\-20}}",
"The first issues focuses on Natasha Irons (formerly Starlight), Erik Strom (formerly Fury), and Gerome McKenna (formerly Nuklon), a year after the end of the Everyman Project. Natasha is living with her uncle John Henry Irons and is in [psychotherapy](/wiki/Psychotherapy \"Psychotherapy\") along with Erik, who refers to it as \"our national religion\" and Gerome. Another longtime patient, teenager Dale Smith, attacks his therapist and realizes his powers as a [psychic vampire](/wiki/Energy_vampire \"Energy vampire\"). He takes the name \"Kid Empty\". It is revealed that a side effect of the exogene therapy is that once the exogene itself is suppressed, the energies unleashed by the therapy remains, re\\-enabling the metagene in a different fashion. As a result, Natasha finds herself turning into a mist\\-like substance, McKenna gains the ability to duplicate himself, and Strom gains a strong, overconfident, female alter\\-ego. The group recruit [Mercy Graves](/wiki/Mercy_Graves \"Mercy Graves\") and Lucia, an Everyman subject who can psychically inflict pain on others. In \\#8, the team gains official costumes and codenames, and go on their first mission.",
"In issue \\#10, Mercy admits she is not ready to be on a team, and leaves. Issue \\#11 begins a two issue arc that ties into the [Dark Side Club](/wiki/Dark_Side_Club \"Dark Side Club\").",
"[Desaad](/wiki/Desaad \"Desaad\"), under the false identity of \"Doctor Bud Fogel\", secretly manipulates McKenna (now using the codename of \"Double Trouble\") by nurturing a third personality created from McKenna's base and repressed instincts, and promising it the opportunity to take full control.",
"When the splintered McKenna personality is able to wrest control over the main body (as shown when McKenna's main personality is transported in Desaad's labs, while his duplicate attempts to force himself on Lucia), the Infinitors try to stop him. However, the plan is revealed to be a trap. The duplicate fatally wounds McKenna to possess his body, but disappears when McKenna's weakens. The other subjects are trapped in a machine that is designed to take away the powers of the remaining Everymen without activating their metagene. Desaad admits he was forced to this course of action because the Everymen, even after turning into metahumans, are undetectable from Darkseid's minions, and they could be a wild card during the planned *[Final Crisis](/wiki/Final_Crisis \"Final Crisis\")*.",
"As a side effect of the machine, the Infinitors vanish. Steel, who arrives too late, swears he will resume his search for Natasha.",
"Infinity, Inc. reappeared briefly in the third issue of the *Terror Titans* mini\\-series, imprisoned by Desaad. Towards the end of the miniseries, an undercover [Miss Martian](/wiki/Miss_Martian \"Miss Martian\") tips Irons off about their imprisonment in the Terror Titans' headquarters, leading to their release.",
""
] |
### *Infinity, Inc.* (vol. 1, 1984–1988\)
#### Formation
Hector Hall, Lyta Trevor, Norda Cantrell, and Albert Rothstein decide to adopt identities of their own and apply for membership in the [Justice Society of America](/wiki/Justice_Society_of_America "Justice Society of America") (JSA).{{cite web \|last1\=Markstein \|first1\=Don \|website\=Don Markstein's Toonopedia \|access\-date\=2 April 2020 \|url\=http://www.toonopedia.com/infinity.htm \|title\=Infinity, Inc.}} They adopt the codenames [Silver Scarab](/wiki/Hector_Hall "Hector Hall"), [Fury](/wiki/Fury_%28DC_Comics%29 "Fury (DC Comics)"), [Northwind](/wiki/Northwind_%28comics%29 "Northwind (comics)"), and [Nuklon](/wiki/Atom_Smasher_%28DC_Comics%29 "Atom Smasher (DC Comics)") respectively. They are turned down, but apply again with [Jennie\-Lynn Hayden](/wiki/Jade_%28DC_Comics%29 "Jade (DC Comics)") and [Todd Rice](/wiki/Obsidian_%28comics%29 "Obsidian (comics)"), both of whom suspect they are [Alan Scott](/wiki/Alan_Scott "Alan Scott")'s children (revealed to be true in *Infinity Inc.* Annual \#1\). [Star\-Spangled Kid](/wiki/Sylvester_Pemberton "Sylvester Pemberton") decides to leave the JSA to create a new group and they are joined by [Power Girl](/wiki/Power_Girl "Power Girl"), [Huntress](/wiki/Huntress_%28Helena_Wayne%29 "Huntress (Helena Wayne)"), and [Brainwave Jr.](/wiki/Brainwave_%28character%29 "Brainwave (character)") They call themselves Infinity, Inc.*Infinity Inc.* \#1 (March 1984\). DC Comics.
Infinity, Inc. first faces the JSA, turned evil by the [Ultra\-Humanite](/wiki/Ultra-Humanite "Ultra-Humanite")'s Stream of Ruthlessness. They defeat the JSA and the Ultra\-Humanite.*Infinity Inc.* \#2–11 (May 1984 – February 1985\). DC Comics. In a press conference to garner media attention for the new team, the members publicly divulge their secret identities, and Hector announces his engagement to Lyta. Star\-Spangled Kid forms a partnership with the city of [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") to commission his team as for\-hire protectors and purchases Stellar Studios to revitalize its production of movies.*Infinity Inc.* \#12 (March 1985\). DC Comics.
#### Clashes with Helix
Fury is kidnapped in an extortion attempt by the villain group known as [Helix](/wiki/Helix_%28DC_Comics%29 "Helix (DC Comics)"): the original members are Arak the Wind\-Walker, Baby Boom, [Kritter](/wiki/Kritter_%28comics%29 "Kritter (comics)"), [Mister Bones](/wiki/Mister_Bones "Mister Bones"), [Penny Dreadful](/wiki/Penny_Dreadful_%28comics%29 "Penny Dreadful (comics)"), and [Tao Jones](/wiki/Tao_Jones "Tao Jones"). They are defeated by the Infinitors, but manage to escape.*Infinity Inc.* \#16–18 (July – September 1985\). DC Comics.
Later, the second [Wildcat](/wiki/Wildcat_%28DC_Comics%29 "Wildcat (DC Comics)"), [Yolanda Montez](/wiki/Wildcat_%28Yolanda_Montez%29 "Wildcat (Yolanda Montez)"), learns that she is a cousin of new Helix member Carcharo and that they are products of the same genetic experiments of Doctor Love as Helix. The two teams battle to a stalemate. Mister Bones is arrested, but the others escape.*Infinity Inc.* \#25–29 (April – August 1986\). DC Comics.
#### Crisis on Infinite Earths
{{Main\|Crisis on Infinite Earths}}
Infinity, Inc. is involved in the *[Crisis on Infinite Earths](/wiki/Crisis_on_Infinite_Earths "Crisis on Infinite Earths")* event, which results in three new superheroes—Yolanda Montez as Wildcat, [Rick Tyler](/wiki/Hourman_%28Rick_Tyler%29 "Hourman (Rick Tyler)") as Hourman, and [Beth Chapel](/wiki/Beth_Chapel "Beth Chapel") as [Doctor Mid\-Nite](/wiki/Doctor_Mid-Nite "Doctor Mid-Nite")—joining the team.*Infinity Inc.* \#31 (October 1986\). DC Comics.
#### The Silver Scarab saga
Even with all of his friends at Infinity, Inc., Hector leaves the group after a fall out with Lyta. Shortly afterward the team learns that the JSA has disappeared. The other members notify people associated with JSA members of the society's disappearance.*Infinity Inc.* \#30 (September 1986\). DC Comics. Professor James Rock contacts Hector, though he is presumed to be long dead. Northwind travels to Hall Mansion to confront Hector, only to find him already under Hath\-Set's manipulations, who used Rock's alias.*Infinity Inc.* \#37 (April 1987\). DC Comics.
Hector kidnaps Fury, and he and Hath\-Set uncover the Eye of Ra, a powerful and ancient weapon. Northwind returns and leads Infinity, Inc. into a final confrontation with the Silver Scarab at Hall Mansion, which, when burned down, reveals a topless pyramid inside. While Northwind confronts the Silver Scarab in a duel, Nuklon saves Fury.
The Eye of Ra denies the Silver Scarab control and flies away. The Silver Scarab is not pure enough in the eyes of Seketh, the Egyptian god of Death, for the pureness of Hector's heart lives on in his unborn child with Lyta. Therefore, he is not fully cleansed of his goodness and the Silver Scarab is thrown away by the Eye's power. Northwind is able to close the Eye of Ra while Hath\-Set escapes. Infinity, Inc. mourn the loss of Hector, and Northwind and Fury leave the team after his funeral.*Infinity Inc.* \#42–44 (September – November 1987\). DC Comics.
A pregnant Lyta goes home to spend time with her parents. When Nuklon goes to visit her to profess his love, she tells him she is not over Hector yet and that she only has friendly feelings for him. Disappointed, he discovers that there is a prowler sneaking around the property. Nuklon captures him and discovers him to be Hector Hall, the new Sandman. Hector reveals that his spirit wound up in the dream dimension after the scarab ejected it from his body. The former Sandman, Garrett Sanford, died after years of service and his assistants Brute and Glob conscripted Hector to replace him. They put Hector into Garrett's body and gave him a new life. He can only come out of the dream stream for one hour a day, but it is enough for him and Lyta to rekindle their relationship.
#### Death in the Family
During Hector and Lyta Trevor\-Hall's wedding, [Harlequin](/wiki/Harlequin_%28comics%29 "Harlequin (comics)") (Marcie Cooper) uses trickery to make Bones and Skyman meet at [Solomon Grundy](/wiki/Solomon_Grundy_%28character%29 "Solomon Grundy (character)")'s room. She then deceives Grundy into grabbing Bones' arm and using him to kill Skyman with his [cyanide](/wiki/Cyanide "Cyanide") touch. Upset, Bones leaves and Infinity, Inc. finds him with Helix. Doctor Love has gained control of Helix and orders them to kill Bones, but the group turns on Love and kills him instead. Helix leaves in disgust, telling Bones he is no longer one of them, but the Infinitors grant him full membership in the team. The Infinitors decide to continue on in Skyman's memory, but apparently decide to disband some time after.*Infinity Inc.* \#51–53 (June – August 1988\). DC Comics.
|
[
"### *Infinity, Inc.* (vol. 1, 1984–1988\\)",
"#### Formation",
"Hector Hall, Lyta Trevor, Norda Cantrell, and Albert Rothstein decide to adopt identities of their own and apply for membership in the [Justice Society of America](/wiki/Justice_Society_of_America \"Justice Society of America\") (JSA).{{cite web \\|last1\\=Markstein \\|first1\\=Don \\|website\\=Don Markstein's Toonopedia \\|access\\-date\\=2 April 2020 \\|url\\=http://www.toonopedia.com/infinity.htm \\|title\\=Infinity, Inc.}} They adopt the codenames [Silver Scarab](/wiki/Hector_Hall \"Hector Hall\"), [Fury](/wiki/Fury_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Fury (DC Comics)\"), [Northwind](/wiki/Northwind_%28comics%29 \"Northwind (comics)\"), and [Nuklon](/wiki/Atom_Smasher_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Atom Smasher (DC Comics)\") respectively. They are turned down, but apply again with [Jennie\\-Lynn Hayden](/wiki/Jade_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Jade (DC Comics)\") and [Todd Rice](/wiki/Obsidian_%28comics%29 \"Obsidian (comics)\"), both of whom suspect they are [Alan Scott](/wiki/Alan_Scott \"Alan Scott\")'s children (revealed to be true in *Infinity Inc.* Annual \\#1\\). [Star\\-Spangled Kid](/wiki/Sylvester_Pemberton \"Sylvester Pemberton\") decides to leave the JSA to create a new group and they are joined by [Power Girl](/wiki/Power_Girl \"Power Girl\"), [Huntress](/wiki/Huntress_%28Helena_Wayne%29 \"Huntress (Helena Wayne)\"), and [Brainwave Jr.](/wiki/Brainwave_%28character%29 \"Brainwave (character)\") They call themselves Infinity, Inc.*Infinity Inc.* \\#1 (March 1984\\). DC Comics.",
"Infinity, Inc. first faces the JSA, turned evil by the [Ultra\\-Humanite](/wiki/Ultra-Humanite \"Ultra-Humanite\")'s Stream of Ruthlessness. They defeat the JSA and the Ultra\\-Humanite.*Infinity Inc.* \\#2–11 (May 1984 – February 1985\\). DC Comics. In a press conference to garner media attention for the new team, the members publicly divulge their secret identities, and Hector announces his engagement to Lyta. Star\\-Spangled Kid forms a partnership with the city of [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") to commission his team as for\\-hire protectors and purchases Stellar Studios to revitalize its production of movies.*Infinity Inc.* \\#12 (March 1985\\). DC Comics.",
"#### Clashes with Helix",
"Fury is kidnapped in an extortion attempt by the villain group known as [Helix](/wiki/Helix_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Helix (DC Comics)\"): the original members are Arak the Wind\\-Walker, Baby Boom, [Kritter](/wiki/Kritter_%28comics%29 \"Kritter (comics)\"), [Mister Bones](/wiki/Mister_Bones \"Mister Bones\"), [Penny Dreadful](/wiki/Penny_Dreadful_%28comics%29 \"Penny Dreadful (comics)\"), and [Tao Jones](/wiki/Tao_Jones \"Tao Jones\"). They are defeated by the Infinitors, but manage to escape.*Infinity Inc.* \\#16–18 (July – September 1985\\). DC Comics.",
"Later, the second [Wildcat](/wiki/Wildcat_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Wildcat (DC Comics)\"), [Yolanda Montez](/wiki/Wildcat_%28Yolanda_Montez%29 \"Wildcat (Yolanda Montez)\"), learns that she is a cousin of new Helix member Carcharo and that they are products of the same genetic experiments of Doctor Love as Helix. The two teams battle to a stalemate. Mister Bones is arrested, but the others escape.*Infinity Inc.* \\#25–29 (April – August 1986\\). DC Comics.",
"#### Crisis on Infinite Earths",
"{{Main\\|Crisis on Infinite Earths}}\nInfinity, Inc. is involved in the *[Crisis on Infinite Earths](/wiki/Crisis_on_Infinite_Earths \"Crisis on Infinite Earths\")* event, which results in three new superheroes—Yolanda Montez as Wildcat, [Rick Tyler](/wiki/Hourman_%28Rick_Tyler%29 \"Hourman (Rick Tyler)\") as Hourman, and [Beth Chapel](/wiki/Beth_Chapel \"Beth Chapel\") as [Doctor Mid\\-Nite](/wiki/Doctor_Mid-Nite \"Doctor Mid-Nite\")—joining the team.*Infinity Inc.* \\#31 (October 1986\\). DC Comics.",
"#### The Silver Scarab saga",
"Even with all of his friends at Infinity, Inc., Hector leaves the group after a fall out with Lyta. Shortly afterward the team learns that the JSA has disappeared. The other members notify people associated with JSA members of the society's disappearance.*Infinity Inc.* \\#30 (September 1986\\). DC Comics. Professor James Rock contacts Hector, though he is presumed to be long dead. Northwind travels to Hall Mansion to confront Hector, only to find him already under Hath\\-Set's manipulations, who used Rock's alias.*Infinity Inc.* \\#37 (April 1987\\). DC Comics.",
"Hector kidnaps Fury, and he and Hath\\-Set uncover the Eye of Ra, a powerful and ancient weapon. Northwind returns and leads Infinity, Inc. into a final confrontation with the Silver Scarab at Hall Mansion, which, when burned down, reveals a topless pyramid inside. While Northwind confronts the Silver Scarab in a duel, Nuklon saves Fury.",
"The Eye of Ra denies the Silver Scarab control and flies away. The Silver Scarab is not pure enough in the eyes of Seketh, the Egyptian god of Death, for the pureness of Hector's heart lives on in his unborn child with Lyta. Therefore, he is not fully cleansed of his goodness and the Silver Scarab is thrown away by the Eye's power. Northwind is able to close the Eye of Ra while Hath\\-Set escapes. Infinity, Inc. mourn the loss of Hector, and Northwind and Fury leave the team after his funeral.*Infinity Inc.* \\#42–44 (September – November 1987\\). DC Comics.",
"A pregnant Lyta goes home to spend time with her parents. When Nuklon goes to visit her to profess his love, she tells him she is not over Hector yet and that she only has friendly feelings for him. Disappointed, he discovers that there is a prowler sneaking around the property. Nuklon captures him and discovers him to be Hector Hall, the new Sandman. Hector reveals that his spirit wound up in the dream dimension after the scarab ejected it from his body. The former Sandman, Garrett Sanford, died after years of service and his assistants Brute and Glob conscripted Hector to replace him. They put Hector into Garrett's body and gave him a new life. He can only come out of the dream stream for one hour a day, but it is enough for him and Lyta to rekindle their relationship.",
"#### Death in the Family",
"During Hector and Lyta Trevor\\-Hall's wedding, [Harlequin](/wiki/Harlequin_%28comics%29 \"Harlequin (comics)\") (Marcie Cooper) uses trickery to make Bones and Skyman meet at [Solomon Grundy](/wiki/Solomon_Grundy_%28character%29 \"Solomon Grundy (character)\")'s room. She then deceives Grundy into grabbing Bones' arm and using him to kill Skyman with his [cyanide](/wiki/Cyanide \"Cyanide\") touch. Upset, Bones leaves and Infinity, Inc. finds him with Helix. Doctor Love has gained control of Helix and orders them to kill Bones, but the group turns on Love and kills him instead. Helix leaves in disgust, telling Bones he is no longer one of them, but the Infinitors grant him full membership in the team. The Infinitors decide to continue on in Skyman's memory, but apparently decide to disband some time after.*Infinity Inc.* \\#51–53 (June – August 1988\\). DC Comics.",
""
] |
### 52
{{See also\|52 (comics)}}
[Cover art for *[52](/wiki/52_%28comics%29 "52 (comics)")* \#21, featuring Luthor's Infinity, Inc. Art by J.G. Jones.\|200px\|thumb](/wiki/File:%2252%22_%28no._21%2C_front_cover%29.jpg)
In the aftermath of *[Infinite Crisis](/wiki/Infinite_Crisis "Infinite Crisis")*, [Lex Luthor](/wiki/Lex_Luthor "Lex Luthor") clears his name and resurfaces as a legitimate businessman. He offers a [metagene](/wiki/Metahuman "Metahuman")\-based therapy, called the "Everyman Project", to regular people to allow them to develop superpowers. The therapy spawns six perfect specimens, to whom Luthor gives the identities purchased from the Pemberton Estate. He calls the new team Infinity Inc., and creates Starlight ([Natasha Irons](/wiki/Natasha_Irons%23Starlight "Natasha Irons#Starlight"), the team's leader), a new [Nuklon](/wiki/Nuklon "Nuklon"), a male Fury, a new [Skyman](/wiki/Skyman_%28DC_Comics%29 "Skyman (DC Comics)"), [Everyman](/wiki/Everyman_%28DC_Comics%29 "Everyman (DC Comics)"), and [Trajectory](/wiki/Trajectory_%28comics%29 "Trajectory (comics)").*52* Week 21 (September 27, 2006\). DC Comics.
Unbeknownst to the team, Luthor is able to "shut off" any of the team's powers at any time, as he does to Trajectory during a battle, causing her death at the hands of [Blockbuster](/wiki/Blockbuster_%28DC_Comics%29 "Blockbuster (DC Comics)") III. Trajectory is replaced by [Matrix](/wiki/Supergirl_%28Matrix%29%23The_new_Matrix "Supergirl (Matrix)#The new Matrix"), a pin\-up model who displays superhuman strength and invisibility, similar to the original Matrix.*52* Week 25 (October 25, 2006\). DC Comics.
A new version of [Jade](/wiki/Jade_%28DC_Comics%29%23Nicki_Jones "Jade (DC Comics)#Nicki Jones") with plant\-based powers debuts with the team on [Thanksgiving Day](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 "Thanksgiving (United States)"), which leads to the team being attacked by an angry [Obsidian](/wiki/Obsidian_%28comics%29 "Obsidian (comics)"), the brother of the original Jade, who died. Scott intervenes and breaks up the fight. Infinity, Inc. then claims that the older heroes will soon be replaced.*52* Week 29 (November 22, 2006\). DC Comics.
This version of Infinity, Inc. makes frequent appearances in the local media, acting both as a commercial stunt for the Everyman Project,{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.dccomics.com/sites/52/?action\=headlines\&i\=6762 \| title\=Lola's Lair: Starlight has 'Star Quality' \| work\=Daily Planet 52 Week Special \| publisher\=DC Comics.com \| first\=Lola \| last\=Barnett \| date\=November 2, 2006}} and as a control system against rogue metahumans spawned from the Project itself.{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.dccomics.com/sites/52/?action\=headlines\&i\=6890 \| title\='Everyman' Subject Turns to Crime \| first\=Josef \| last\=Schuman \| work\=Daily Planet 52 Week Special \| publisher\=DC Comics.com \| date\=November 9, 2006}}
Natasha begins to collect evidence against Luthor and the Everyman Project for [Steel](/wiki/Steel_%28John_Henry_Irons%29 "Steel (John Henry Irons)") and enlists Skyman to help her. Skyman is later killed by Everyman, who then assumes his identity, and reveals Natasha's duplicity to Luthor.*52* Week 39 (January 31, 2007\). DC Comics. Luthor captures Natasha as bait to lure Steel and reveals that he has used the exo\-gene therapy on himself and now possesses the same powers as [Superman](/wiki/Superman "Superman"). Recruiting the [Teen Titans](/wiki/Teen_Titans "Teen Titans"), John Henry storms LexCorp to rescue Natasha.
The Titans take on Nuklon and the others while Irons faces Everyman and Luthor. Luthor severely injures Irons and impales him with his own hammer before Natasha is able to destroy Lex's exo\-gene with an electromagnetic pulse from Steel's hammer, allowing him to be knocked out easily. The remaining members of Infinity, Inc. are taken into custody while Natasha and John Henry reunite.*52* Week 40 (February 7, 2007\). DC Comics.
In *52* Week 50, day six, Nuklon, Jade, Matrix, and Fury are seen among the heroes during [World War III](/wiki/World_War_III_%28DC_Comics%29 "World War III (DC Comics)"). Scott asks them to help in the final push against [Black Adam](/wiki/Black_Adam "Black Adam"). They refuse and flee the battlefield.
|
[
"### 52",
"{{See also\\|52 (comics)}}\n[Cover art for *[52](/wiki/52_%28comics%29 \"52 (comics)\")* \\#21, featuring Luthor's Infinity, Inc. Art by J.G. Jones.\\|200px\\|thumb](/wiki/File:%2252%22_%28no._21%2C_front_cover%29.jpg)",
"In the aftermath of *[Infinite Crisis](/wiki/Infinite_Crisis \"Infinite Crisis\")*, [Lex Luthor](/wiki/Lex_Luthor \"Lex Luthor\") clears his name and resurfaces as a legitimate businessman. He offers a [metagene](/wiki/Metahuman \"Metahuman\")\\-based therapy, called the \"Everyman Project\", to regular people to allow them to develop superpowers. The therapy spawns six perfect specimens, to whom Luthor gives the identities purchased from the Pemberton Estate. He calls the new team Infinity Inc., and creates Starlight ([Natasha Irons](/wiki/Natasha_Irons%23Starlight \"Natasha Irons#Starlight\"), the team's leader), a new [Nuklon](/wiki/Nuklon \"Nuklon\"), a male Fury, a new [Skyman](/wiki/Skyman_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Skyman (DC Comics)\"), [Everyman](/wiki/Everyman_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Everyman (DC Comics)\"), and [Trajectory](/wiki/Trajectory_%28comics%29 \"Trajectory (comics)\").*52* Week 21 (September 27, 2006\\). DC Comics.",
"Unbeknownst to the team, Luthor is able to \"shut off\" any of the team's powers at any time, as he does to Trajectory during a battle, causing her death at the hands of [Blockbuster](/wiki/Blockbuster_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Blockbuster (DC Comics)\") III. Trajectory is replaced by [Matrix](/wiki/Supergirl_%28Matrix%29%23The_new_Matrix \"Supergirl (Matrix)#The new Matrix\"), a pin\\-up model who displays superhuman strength and invisibility, similar to the original Matrix.*52* Week 25 (October 25, 2006\\). DC Comics.",
"A new version of [Jade](/wiki/Jade_%28DC_Comics%29%23Nicki_Jones \"Jade (DC Comics)#Nicki Jones\") with plant\\-based powers debuts with the team on [Thanksgiving Day](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 \"Thanksgiving (United States)\"), which leads to the team being attacked by an angry [Obsidian](/wiki/Obsidian_%28comics%29 \"Obsidian (comics)\"), the brother of the original Jade, who died. Scott intervenes and breaks up the fight. Infinity, Inc. then claims that the older heroes will soon be replaced.*52* Week 29 (November 22, 2006\\). DC Comics.",
"This version of Infinity, Inc. makes frequent appearances in the local media, acting both as a commercial stunt for the Everyman Project,{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.dccomics.com/sites/52/?action\\=headlines\\&i\\=6762 \\| title\\=Lola's Lair: Starlight has 'Star Quality' \\| work\\=Daily Planet 52 Week Special \\| publisher\\=DC Comics.com \\| first\\=Lola \\| last\\=Barnett \\| date\\=November 2, 2006}} and as a control system against rogue metahumans spawned from the Project itself.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.dccomics.com/sites/52/?action\\=headlines\\&i\\=6890 \\| title\\='Everyman' Subject Turns to Crime \\| first\\=Josef \\| last\\=Schuman \\| work\\=Daily Planet 52 Week Special \\| publisher\\=DC Comics.com \\| date\\=November 9, 2006}}",
"Natasha begins to collect evidence against Luthor and the Everyman Project for [Steel](/wiki/Steel_%28John_Henry_Irons%29 \"Steel (John Henry Irons)\") and enlists Skyman to help her. Skyman is later killed by Everyman, who then assumes his identity, and reveals Natasha's duplicity to Luthor.*52* Week 39 (January 31, 2007\\). DC Comics. Luthor captures Natasha as bait to lure Steel and reveals that he has used the exo\\-gene therapy on himself and now possesses the same powers as [Superman](/wiki/Superman \"Superman\"). Recruiting the [Teen Titans](/wiki/Teen_Titans \"Teen Titans\"), John Henry storms LexCorp to rescue Natasha.",
"The Titans take on Nuklon and the others while Irons faces Everyman and Luthor. Luthor severely injures Irons and impales him with his own hammer before Natasha is able to destroy Lex's exo\\-gene with an electromagnetic pulse from Steel's hammer, allowing him to be knocked out easily. The remaining members of Infinity, Inc. are taken into custody while Natasha and John Henry reunite.*52* Week 40 (February 7, 2007\\). DC Comics.",
"In *52* Week 50, day six, Nuklon, Jade, Matrix, and Fury are seen among the heroes during [World War III](/wiki/World_War_III_%28DC_Comics%29 \"World War III (DC Comics)\"). Scott asks them to help in the final push against [Black Adam](/wiki/Black_Adam \"Black Adam\"). They refuse and flee the battlefield.",
""
] |
### *Infinity Inc.* (vol. 2, 2007 – 2008\)
{{Infobox comic book title\|
\| title\=Infinity Inc. (vol. 2\)
\| image\=Infinity Inc v2 1\.jpg
\| caption\=Cover of ''Infinity Inc.'' (vol. 2\) \#1 (November \[\[2007 in comics\|2007]]). Art by \[\[Max Fiumara]].
\| schedule\=Monthly
\| format\=\[\[Ongoing series]]
\| publisher\=\[\[DC Comics]]
\| date\=November \[\[2007 in comics\|2007]] – October \[\[2008 in comics\|2008]]
\| issues\=12
\| main\_char\_team\=\[\[John Henry Irons\|Steel]]
\[\[Natasha Irons\|Vaporlock]]
\[\[Nuklon\|Double Trouble]]
\[\[Fury (DC Comics)\#Erik Storn\|Amazing Woman]]
\[\[Mercy Graves\|Vanilla]]
Empathy
\| writers\=\[\[Peter Milligan]]
\| artists\=Max Fiumara (\#1–2\)
Matt Camp (\#6–7\)
\[\[Pete Woods]] (\#8–10\)
\| pencillers\=Max Fiumara (\#3–5\)
\[\[Travel Foreman]] (\#3\)
Javier Aranda (\#11–12\)
\| inkers\=\[\[Matthew Southworth]] (\#3–5\)
\[\[Dom Regan]] (\#6–7\)
Javier Enebral (\#11–12\)
\| colorists\=
\| creative\_team\_month\=
\| creative\_team\_year \=
\| creators \=
}}
[The new *Infinity Inc.* team, from the promotional cover art for *Infinity Inc.* (vol. 2\) \#5\. Art by Max Fiumara.\|thumb\|left](/wiki/File:Infinityinc5.jpg "Infinityinc5.jpg")
Dan DiDio revealed at a DC Nation panel in Los Angeles that a new Infinity, Inc. ongoing series would debut in September [2007](/wiki/2007_in_comics "2007 in comics") with John Henry Irons as the main character. The book was written by [Peter Milligan](/wiki/Peter_Milligan "Peter Milligan") with art by Max Fiumara.{{cite web
\|title\=DC NATION PANEL FROM WW:LA
\|publisher\=\[\[Newsarama]]
\|url\=http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t\=105423
\|date\=2007\-03\-16
\|access\-date\=2007\-03\-18
\|url\-status\=dead
\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320015505/http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t\=105423
\|archive\-date\=2007\-03\-20}}
The first issues focuses on Natasha Irons (formerly Starlight), Erik Strom (formerly Fury), and Gerome McKenna (formerly Nuklon), a year after the end of the Everyman Project. Natasha is living with her uncle John Henry Irons and is in [psychotherapy](/wiki/Psychotherapy "Psychotherapy") along with Erik, who refers to it as "our national religion" and Gerome. Another longtime patient, teenager Dale Smith, attacks his therapist and realizes his powers as a [psychic vampire](/wiki/Energy_vampire "Energy vampire"). He takes the name "Kid Empty". It is revealed that a side effect of the exogene therapy is that once the exogene itself is suppressed, the energies unleashed by the therapy remains, re\-enabling the metagene in a different fashion. As a result, Natasha finds herself turning into a mist\-like substance, McKenna gains the ability to duplicate himself, and Strom gains a strong, overconfident, female alter\-ego. The group recruit [Mercy Graves](/wiki/Mercy_Graves "Mercy Graves") and Lucia, an Everyman subject who can psychically inflict pain on others. In \#8, the team gains official costumes and codenames, and go on their first mission.
In issue \#10, Mercy admits she is not ready to be on a team, and leaves. Issue \#11 begins a two issue arc that ties into the [Dark Side Club](/wiki/Dark_Side_Club "Dark Side Club").
[Desaad](/wiki/Desaad "Desaad"), under the false identity of "Doctor Bud Fogel", secretly manipulates McKenna (now using the codename of "Double Trouble") by nurturing a third personality created from McKenna's base and repressed instincts, and promising it the opportunity to take full control.
When the splintered McKenna personality is able to wrest control over the main body (as shown when McKenna's main personality is transported in Desaad's labs, while his duplicate attempts to force himself on Lucia), the Infinitors try to stop him. However, the plan is revealed to be a trap. The duplicate fatally wounds McKenna to possess his body, but disappears when McKenna's weakens. The other subjects are trapped in a machine that is designed to take away the powers of the remaining Everymen without activating their metagene. Desaad admits he was forced to this course of action because the Everymen, even after turning into metahumans, are undetectable from Darkseid's minions, and they could be a wild card during the planned *[Final Crisis](/wiki/Final_Crisis "Final Crisis")*.
As a side effect of the machine, the Infinitors vanish. Steel, who arrives too late, swears he will resume his search for Natasha.
Infinity, Inc. reappeared briefly in the third issue of the *Terror Titans* mini\-series, imprisoned by Desaad. Towards the end of the miniseries, an undercover [Miss Martian](/wiki/Miss_Martian "Miss Martian") tips Irons off about their imprisonment in the Terror Titans' headquarters, leading to their release.
|
[
"### *Infinity Inc.* (vol. 2, 2007 – 2008\\)",
"{{Infobox comic book title\\|\n\\| title\\=Infinity Inc. (vol. 2\\)\n\\| image\\=Infinity Inc v2 1\\.jpg\n\\| caption\\=Cover of ''Infinity Inc.'' (vol. 2\\) \\#1 (November \\[\\[2007 in comics\\|2007]]). Art by \\[\\[Max Fiumara]].\n\\| schedule\\=Monthly\n\\| format\\=\\[\\[Ongoing series]]\n\\| publisher\\=\\[\\[DC Comics]]\n\\| date\\=November \\[\\[2007 in comics\\|2007]] – October \\[\\[2008 in comics\\|2008]]\n\\| issues\\=12\n\\| main\\_char\\_team\\=\\[\\[John Henry Irons\\|Steel]] \n\\[\\[Natasha Irons\\|Vaporlock]] \n\\[\\[Nuklon\\|Double Trouble]] \n\\[\\[Fury (DC Comics)\\#Erik Storn\\|Amazing Woman]] \n\\[\\[Mercy Graves\\|Vanilla]] \nEmpathy\n\\| writers\\=\\[\\[Peter Milligan]]\n\\| artists\\=Max Fiumara (\\#1–2\\) \nMatt Camp (\\#6–7\\) \n\\[\\[Pete Woods]] (\\#8–10\\)\n\\| pencillers\\=Max Fiumara (\\#3–5\\) \n\\[\\[Travel Foreman]] (\\#3\\) \nJavier Aranda (\\#11–12\\)\n\\| inkers\\=\\[\\[Matthew Southworth]] (\\#3–5\\) \n\\[\\[Dom Regan]] (\\#6–7\\) \nJavier Enebral (\\#11–12\\)\n\\| colorists\\=\n\\| creative\\_team\\_month\\=\n\\| creative\\_team\\_year \\= \n\\| creators \\=\n}}\n[The new *Infinity Inc.* team, from the promotional cover art for *Infinity Inc.* (vol. 2\\) \\#5\\. Art by Max Fiumara.\\|thumb\\|left](/wiki/File:Infinityinc5.jpg \"Infinityinc5.jpg\")",
"Dan DiDio revealed at a DC Nation panel in Los Angeles that a new Infinity, Inc. ongoing series would debut in September [2007](/wiki/2007_in_comics \"2007 in comics\") with John Henry Irons as the main character. The book was written by [Peter Milligan](/wiki/Peter_Milligan \"Peter Milligan\") with art by Max Fiumara.{{cite web\n \\|title\\=DC NATION PANEL FROM WW:LA\n \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Newsarama]]\n\\|url\\=http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t\\=105423\n \\|date\\=2007\\-03\\-16\n \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-03\\-18\n \\|url\\-status\\=dead\n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320015505/http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t\\=105423\n \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-03\\-20}}",
"The first issues focuses on Natasha Irons (formerly Starlight), Erik Strom (formerly Fury), and Gerome McKenna (formerly Nuklon), a year after the end of the Everyman Project. Natasha is living with her uncle John Henry Irons and is in [psychotherapy](/wiki/Psychotherapy \"Psychotherapy\") along with Erik, who refers to it as \"our national religion\" and Gerome. Another longtime patient, teenager Dale Smith, attacks his therapist and realizes his powers as a [psychic vampire](/wiki/Energy_vampire \"Energy vampire\"). He takes the name \"Kid Empty\". It is revealed that a side effect of the exogene therapy is that once the exogene itself is suppressed, the energies unleashed by the therapy remains, re\\-enabling the metagene in a different fashion. As a result, Natasha finds herself turning into a mist\\-like substance, McKenna gains the ability to duplicate himself, and Strom gains a strong, overconfident, female alter\\-ego. The group recruit [Mercy Graves](/wiki/Mercy_Graves \"Mercy Graves\") and Lucia, an Everyman subject who can psychically inflict pain on others. In \\#8, the team gains official costumes and codenames, and go on their first mission.",
"In issue \\#10, Mercy admits she is not ready to be on a team, and leaves. Issue \\#11 begins a two issue arc that ties into the [Dark Side Club](/wiki/Dark_Side_Club \"Dark Side Club\").",
"[Desaad](/wiki/Desaad \"Desaad\"), under the false identity of \"Doctor Bud Fogel\", secretly manipulates McKenna (now using the codename of \"Double Trouble\") by nurturing a third personality created from McKenna's base and repressed instincts, and promising it the opportunity to take full control.",
"When the splintered McKenna personality is able to wrest control over the main body (as shown when McKenna's main personality is transported in Desaad's labs, while his duplicate attempts to force himself on Lucia), the Infinitors try to stop him. However, the plan is revealed to be a trap. The duplicate fatally wounds McKenna to possess his body, but disappears when McKenna's weakens. The other subjects are trapped in a machine that is designed to take away the powers of the remaining Everymen without activating their metagene. Desaad admits he was forced to this course of action because the Everymen, even after turning into metahumans, are undetectable from Darkseid's minions, and they could be a wild card during the planned *[Final Crisis](/wiki/Final_Crisis \"Final Crisis\")*.",
"As a side effect of the machine, the Infinitors vanish. Steel, who arrives too late, swears he will resume his search for Natasha.",
"Infinity, Inc. reappeared briefly in the third issue of the *Terror Titans* mini\\-series, imprisoned by Desaad. Towards the end of the miniseries, an undercover [Miss Martian](/wiki/Miss_Martian \"Miss Martian\") tips Irons off about their imprisonment in the Terror Titans' headquarters, leading to their release.",
""
] |
History
-------
The origin of the church dates back to 1480, when the first [Bernardine](/wiki/Bernardines_%28Franciscans%29 "Bernardines (Franciscans)") monks arrived in Bydgoszcz, coming from [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w "Kraków"). The decision to invite [Bernardines](/wiki/Bernardines_%28Franciscans%29 "Bernardines (Franciscans)") was made by king [Casimir IV Jagiellon](/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon "Casimir IV Jagiellon"), while staying in Bydgoszcz castle during the [Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466\)](/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_%281454%E2%80%931466%29 "Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)") against the [Teutonic Knights](/wiki/Teutonic_Order "Teutonic Order").{{cite book \|last\=Iłowski \|first\=Zdzisław\|date\=2001 \|title\=Geniusz loci bernardynów bydgoskich. Kalendarz Bydgoski \|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=Towarzystwo Miłośników Miasta Bydgoszczy \|pages\=131–135 \|language\=pl}}
On December 5, 1480, [Wloclawek's bishop](/wiki/Diocese_of_Kruszwica "Diocese of Kruszwica") [Zbigniew Oleśnicki](/wiki/Zbigniew_Ole%C5%9Bnicki_%28primate_of_Poland%29 "Zbigniew Oleśnicki (primate of Poland)") granted the erection of a Bernardine monastery in the city, only the third one in Poland after Kraków's and [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw")'s. Its main official founders were king Casimir IV Jagiellon, Hińcza of [Rogów](/wiki/Rog%C3%B3w%2C_Kazimierza_County "Rogów, Kazimierza County"), Jarand of Pomian and Bydgoszcz's [Starost](/wiki/Starostwo "Starostwo") Jan Kościelecki. The latter donated land from his castle for this purpose.
This is how the Polish chronicler [Jan Długosz](/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz "Jan Długosz") depicted the event:{{cite book \|last\=Zajączkowska \|first\=Tamara \|author\-link\= \|date\=2001 \|title\=Tajemnice krypty klasztornej czyli o interesujących odkryciach archeologicznych w kościele garnizonowym pod wezwaniem Najświętszej Marii Panny Królowej Pokoju w Bydgoszczy. Materiały do dziejow kultury i sztuki bydgoszczy i regionu Z.6 \|url\= \|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=Pracownia dokumentacji i popularyzacji zabytków wojewódzkiego ośrodka kultury w Bydgoszczy \|pages\=13–20 \|isbn\=}}
{{Blockquote
\|text\=On the other side of the Brda River, to Kujawy settled down our brothers. A place was given to them with the consent of His Majesty the Polish King Casimir IV Jagiello, His Most Reverend Zbigniew Oleśnicki, bishop of Wloclawek. His episcopal Majesty arrived together with his brother Michał Bal and his brother Stanislaw from Kłobuck, yore a famous of preacher, and two other brothers, designated by order of His Majesty to choose the place according to their taste. Attending also were its highness Jan Kościelecki, governor of Bydgoszcz, (...) There, the brothers chose a place convenient to the monastery as they saw it.
}}
### First building
The construction of *St. Jerome and St. Francis church* has been completed in 1485 and the monastery library in 1488\.{{cite book \|last\=Łbik\|first\=Lech \|date\=1999 \|title\=Narodziny bydgoskiej parafii, średniowieczne świątynie, parafialny laikat, dekanat. Kronika Bydgoska – tom specjalny wydany z okazji wizyty papieża Jana Pawła II w Bydgoszczy \|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=Towarzystwo Miłosnikow Miasta Bydgoszczy \- Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe \|pages\=17–49 \|language\=pl}}
The original temple was made of brick, as depicted by notes from preserved Bernardine chronicles:{{cite book \|last\=Kantak \|first\=Kamil \|date\=1907 \|title\=Kronika bernardynów bydgoskich. Roczniki Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk Poznańskiego T XXXIII \|location\=Poznań \|publisher\=Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk Poznańskiego \|page\= \|isbn\=}}
{{Blockquote
\|text\=Brothers of the Order after receiving permission for the construction of the convent, performed bricks, prepared lime, (...) cleared the bushes.
}}
Like in other areas, the Bernardine monastery created an outstanding environment for intellectual culture development in the town. From 1518 to 1524, the [abbey](/wiki/Abbey "Abbey") was led by Bartholomew of Bydgoszcz, a scholar, author of the first Latin\-Polish dictionary (1532, 1544\). During the 17th century, the abbot, Paweł of [Łęczyca](/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca "Łęczyca"), was an active supporter of urban decorations, founder of the extensive gardens of the monastery, which were ancestors of today's Bydgoszcz parks. The Bernardines created the largest library in the city (1919 volumes, partially preserved until today at the municipal library) and established a rhetoric school (1529–1774\), an observatory (1677\), and a brewery. On August 10, 1545, lightning struck the abbey, causing a fire that burned down the church and a large part of the monastic buildings: the only buildings left were the library, the [vestry](/wiki/Vestry "Vestry") and the infirmary.
### Second building
On September 23, 1552, king [Sigismund II Augustus](/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus "Sigismund II Augustus") granted permission for the reconstruction of the burned Bernardine church, as long as it was not taller than the neighboring castle, for military\-defensive purposes. The current architecture dates back to this period, displaying [Gothic](/wiki/Gothic_architecture_in_modern_Poland "Gothic architecture in modern Poland") and [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance_architecture "Renaissance architecture") characteristics. Built between 1552 and 1557 with the financial help of the [Kościelecki](/wiki/Andrzej_Ko%C5%9Bcielecki "Andrzej Kościelecki") family, its name was later changed to *Holy Trinity Church*.{{cite book \|last\=Kantak \|first\=Kamil \|date\=1933 \|title\=Z przeszłości bernardynów bydgoskich. Przegląd Bydgoski Rocznik 1933 R.1 z.2 \|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=Komitet Wydawniczy \|pages\=3–13 \|isbn\=}}
[thumb\|Square tower from the end of the 17th century](/wiki/File:Bdg_kscBernardynow_7_07-2013.jpg "Bdg kscBernardynow 7 07-2013.jpg")
On September 10, 1559, Sebastian of Żydowo, a [suffragan bishop](/wiki/Suffragan_bishop "Suffragan bishop") of Gniezno, consecrated the Holy Cross altar in the church. In 1563, Herman Benincke, a [bell founder](/wiki/Bellfounding "Bellfounding") from [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk "Gdańsk"), cast the great bell of the monastery. The [vault](/wiki/Vault_%28architecture%29 "Vault (architecture)") of the church was designed by Father Marcin of Bieganowo. The reconstruction lasted till 1602, when Stanisław Małżewski, a [burgher](/wiki/Burgher_%28social_class%29 "Burgher (social class)") and nobleman, founded the altar of the Holy Cross in the newly built in the newly erected chapel of [Saint Anne](/wiki/Saint_Anne "Saint Anne") on the southern side of the church, which still stands today.
In 1595, Dorothy of Spławski, the wife of Jan Kościelecki, the Starost of Bydgoszcz, had the chapel of the convent decorated with [polychrome](/wiki/Polychrome "Polychrome") and three green rugs. The Saint Anne Brotherhood altar was erected that same year.
After the [Swedish invasions](/wiki/Deluge_%28history%29 "Deluge (history)"), the ruined church was rebuilt and renovated in the second half of the 17th century:
* a [gable](/wiki/Gable "Gable") was placed on the western side;
* in 1677, a square [tower](/wiki/Tower "Tower") was erected, preserved to this day;
* between 1682 and 1685, a chapel was built in the courtyard in front of the church, modeled after the [sanctuary in Loreto](/wiki/Basilica_della_Santa_Casa "Basilica della Santa Casa"), to commemorate the [Battle of Vienna](/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna "Battle of Vienna") (1983\).
Under [Prussian rule](/wiki/Prussian_Partition "Prussian Partition"), seven altars were listed as part of the church, with a rich decor and a collection of liturgical objects. According to a site survey carried out in 1745, the church was covered with tiles, the floor [chancel](/wiki/Chancel "Chancel") was made of [ceramic](/wiki/Ceramic "Ceramic") and the aisles' of wood.
The main altar, consecrated in 1559 and 1606 was covered with gold in 1760\-1770: it is dedicated to the [Holy Trinity](/wiki/Trinity "Trinity"), [Mary of Nazareth](/wiki/Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus "Mary, mother of Jesus") and to several saints ([Francis of Assisi](/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi "Francis of Assisi"), [Bernardino of Siena](/wiki/Bernardino_of_Siena "Bernardino of Siena"), [Louis](/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France "Louis IX of France") and [Bonaventure](/wiki/Bonaventure "Bonaventure")).
The other altars are dedicated to:
* [St. Roch](/wiki/St._Roch "St. Roch") (in 1608\);
* Mary of Nazareth (in 1645\);
* Saint Anne (in 1645\);
* Saint [Anthony of Padua](/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua "Anthony of Padua") (in 1663\),
* Saint Bonaventure (in 1663\);
* Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception.
In 1605, was set in the [choir](/wiki/Choir_%28architecture%29 "Choir (architecture)") a [pipe organ](/wiki/Pipe_organ "Pipe organ"), founded by two town citizens, Andrzej Grudziński and Daniel Jastrzębski. It was enlarged in 1618 and completely renovated in 1715\. It survived until the [secularization of the Catholic church](/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Germany "Catholic Church in Germany") decided by Prussian authorities.
Church bells were all purchased in the workshop of Herman Bennicek in [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk "Gdańsk"), in 1563, 1605 and 1618\.
### Tombs
[thumb\|Commemorative plaques](/wiki/File:Bdg_kscBernardynow_21_07-2013.jpg "Bdg kscBernardynow 21 07-2013.jpg")
Until the end of the 18th century, the [crypt](/wiki/Crypt "Crypt") was used to bury religious members of the Bernardine Monastery, along with regular people who deserved to be honored by the [convent](/wiki/Convent "Convent") and the church. Most important figures are buried under the floor of the church, including, among others:{{cite book \|last\= Borodij Eugeniusz, Chamot Marek, Kabaciński Ryszard \|first\=Kutta Janusz, Pastuszewski Stefan \|date\=1997 \|title\=Kościół katolicki w Bydgoszczy, kalendarium \|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=\|pages\=\|isbn\=}}
* Paweł Koszucki (1609\), secretary of the king and [Wojski](/wiki/Wojski "Wojski") of [Poznań](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84 "Poznań"), lord of Bartodzieje near Bydgoszcz;
* Mikołaj Jastrzębski (1610\), disciple of Bernardine observance;
* Kazimierz Dornowski (1695\), nobleman;
* Katarzyna Raczyńska (1695\), wife of a judge from [Nakło nad Notecią](/wiki/Nak%C5%82o_nad_Noteci%C4%85 "Nakło nad Notecią");
* Katarzyna Orzelska (1703\), noblewoman;
* Stanisław Piniński (1715\), [burgrave](/wiki/Burgrave "Burgrave") of Bydgoszcz;
* Michał Komierowski (1766\), nobleman;
* Teresa Grabowska (1769\), royal favorite.
### [Prussian period](/wiki/Prussian_Partition "Prussian Partition") (1772\-1918\)
[thumb\|Neo\-gothic main elevation](/wiki/File:Bdg_kscBernardynow_33_07-2013.jpg "Bdg kscBernardynow 33 07-2013.jpg")
The church suffered significant damage in 1812, during the Russian occupation of the city. In 1817, the Prussian authorities carried out the dissolution of the monastery, but the expropriation *per se* of the church only took place after the death of the last monk, Father Nagabczyński in 1829\.
The following year, the Prussian authorities handed over the church to the [Evangelical](/wiki/Lutheranism "Lutheranism") community and the monastery to the Evangelical teachers seminary. Afterwards, the [arcaded](/wiki/Arcade_%28architecture%29 "Arcade (architecture)") courtyard and the [cloister](/wiki/Cloister "Cloister") were destroyed. In 1838, the decision was made to rename the church *Garrison Church*, for the use of soldiers from both faiths, Catholic and Evangelical (German: *[Simultankirche](/wiki/Simultaneum "Simultaneum")).*
From 1840 to 1860, the ensemble was turned into a warehouse storing furniture and straw; it even housed a cartridge factory. The same fate befell the [Poor Clares' Church](/wiki/Poor_Clares%27_Church%2C_Bydgoszcz "Poor Clares' Church, Bydgoszcz") on [Gdańska Street](/wiki/Gda%C5%84ska_Street_in_Bydgoszcz "Gdańska Street in Bydgoszcz"). During this period, the authorities also demolished the Loreto chapel *(1838\) and had the interiors of the church thoroughly redesigned.*
Between 1864 and 1866, the church was restored with Prussian funds under the supervision of Ferdinand von Quast (1807\-1877\), first Prussian royal [monuments conservator](/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property "Conservation and restoration of cultural property"). The main effort was focused on the western gable, which received [neo\-gothic](/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture "Gothic Revival architecture") features. The circular tower, its [porch](/wiki/Porch "Porch") and the Gothic revival main elevation date back to this era.
### [Garrison](/wiki/Garrison "Garrison") church
After 1920 and the [re\-birth of the Polish Republic](/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic "Second Polish Republic"), the authorities confirmed the use of the church for garrison purposes, as it is still used today. The church was then re\-consecrated in 1923, by military bishop Stanisław Gall (1868\-1942\). In 1926, it was renamed Saint George military parish church *({{lang\-pl\|wojskowy kościół parafialny pw. św. Jerzego}}).*
During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), the temple was administered by German army chaplains.
The last Polish chaplain of the garrison church, Father Wiktor Szyłkiewicz, was arrested and shot by the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazism "Nazism") in September 1939; his grave is now in the [Cemetery of Bydgoszcz Heroes](/wiki/Park_on_Wolno%C5%9Bci_Hill%2C_Bydgoszcz%23Cemetery_of_Bydgoszcz_Heroes "Park on Wolności Hill, Bydgoszcz#Cemetery of Bydgoszcz Heroes").
In 1945, the church resumed its function as a garrison church for the Polish army. In 1952, it was given the rank of [Rector's](/wiki/Rector_%28ecclesiastical%29 "Rector (ecclesiastical)") church.
[thumb\|Detail of the square tower](/wiki/File:Bdg_kscBernardynow_37_07-2013.jpg "Bdg kscBernardynow 37 07-2013.jpg")
On January 4, 1971, [Cardinal](/wiki/Cardinal_%28Catholic_Church%29 "Cardinal (Catholic Church)") [Stefan Wyszyński](/wiki/Stefan_Wyszy%C5%84ski "Stefan Wyszyński") endorsed the change of dedication as Church of Our Lady Queen of Peace*. The ceremony of consecration took place on May 31, 1971\.
[thumb\|Stellar vaulted nave](/wiki/File:Bdg_kscBernardynow_29_07-2013.jpg "Bdg kscBernardynow 29 07-2013.jpg")*
Architecture
------------
### Exteriors
The church was built according to late gothic style. The [oriented](/wiki/Orientation_of_churches "Orientation of churches") building without transept houses a three\-span [nave](/wiki/Nave "Nave").
Brick was used as a building material, creating friezes under the [eaves](/wiki/Eaves "Eaves"). One can notice blind [plastered](/wiki/Plaster "Plaster") openings and [friezes](/wiki/Frieze "Frieze").
The western facade is topped with a [stepped gable](/wiki/Stepped_gable "Stepped gable") crowned with neo\-Gothic [pinnacles](/wiki/Pinnacle "Pinnacle"), dating from Prussian restoration works in 1864\-1866\. To the north of the chancel stands the 17th century [bell tower](/wiki/Bell_tower "Bell tower") in the form of a square\-based tower, topped with [ogee](/wiki/Ogee "Ogee") gables.
The cylindrical church tower is in the south\-western corner; it comprises a partially\-embedded staircase and two octagonal upper storeys topped by a neo\-gothic brick [flèche](/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_%28architecture%29 "Flèche (architecture)"). The nave and chancel ogival openings are incorporating neo\-Gothic [traceries](/wiki/Tracery "Tracery"). Adjacent to the church stand the remaining buildings of the former Bernardine Monastery and the chapel of Saint Anne, built at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries.
In 1967, archaeological excavations in the south of the church revealed the foundations of the Loreto chapel*, the remnants of the cloister galleries and a former municipal water oak pipe from the 16th century.*
### Interiors
The interiors include the [stellar vaulted](/wiki/Lierne_%28vault%29 "Lierne (vault)") nave and a presbytery, separated by a wall pierced by an arched opening. The walls are covered with 17th century [tombstones](/wiki/Headstone "Headstone").
In 1999, during the replacement of the old floor, underground crypt burials were also discovered.
The church possesses the oldest known [fresco](/wiki/Fresco "Fresco") of the city: an eagle from the first half of the 17th century.
The oldest artefact is a [rococo](/wiki/Rococo "Rococo") [pulpit](/wiki/Pulpit "Pulpit") from the second half of the 18th century.
Former paintings of the Garrison church have moved in the first half of the 19th century to the southern aisle of [cathedral](/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Cathedral "Bydgoszcz Cathedral") :
Saint Roch (from 1696\), placed to the right of the side entrance;
Saint Anthony of Padua (beginning of the 18th century), placed to the left of the side entrance.
Half of the collection of the old library that has survived to this day dates back to the 16th century, it includes 98 [incunables](/wiki/Incunable "Incunable") published by the end of 1500\. They are preserved at the * + Provincial and Municipal Public Library'' located on the [Old Market square](/wiki/Old_Market_square%2C_Bydgoszcz "Old Market square, Bydgoszcz").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The origin of the church dates back to 1480, when the first [Bernardine](/wiki/Bernardines_%28Franciscans%29 \"Bernardines (Franciscans)\") monks arrived in Bydgoszcz, coming from [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w \"Kraków\"). The decision to invite [Bernardines](/wiki/Bernardines_%28Franciscans%29 \"Bernardines (Franciscans)\") was made by king [Casimir IV Jagiellon](/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon \"Casimir IV Jagiellon\"), while staying in Bydgoszcz castle during the [Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466\\)](/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_%281454%E2%80%931466%29 \"Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)\") against the [Teutonic Knights](/wiki/Teutonic_Order \"Teutonic Order\").{{cite book \\|last\\=Iłowski \\|first\\=Zdzisław\\|date\\=2001 \\|title\\=Geniusz loci bernardynów bydgoskich. Kalendarz Bydgoski \\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=Towarzystwo Miłośników Miasta Bydgoszczy \\|pages\\=131–135 \\|language\\=pl}}\nOn December 5, 1480, [Wloclawek's bishop](/wiki/Diocese_of_Kruszwica \"Diocese of Kruszwica\") [Zbigniew Oleśnicki](/wiki/Zbigniew_Ole%C5%9Bnicki_%28primate_of_Poland%29 \"Zbigniew Oleśnicki (primate of Poland)\") granted the erection of a Bernardine monastery in the city, only the third one in Poland after Kraków's and [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\")'s. Its main official founders were king Casimir IV Jagiellon, Hińcza of [Rogów](/wiki/Rog%C3%B3w%2C_Kazimierza_County \"Rogów, Kazimierza County\"), Jarand of Pomian and Bydgoszcz's [Starost](/wiki/Starostwo \"Starostwo\") Jan Kościelecki. The latter donated land from his castle for this purpose.",
"This is how the Polish chronicler [Jan Długosz](/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz \"Jan Długosz\") depicted the event:{{cite book \\|last\\=Zajączkowska \\|first\\=Tamara \\|author\\-link\\= \\|date\\=2001 \\|title\\=Tajemnice krypty klasztornej czyli o interesujących odkryciach archeologicznych w kościele garnizonowym pod wezwaniem Najświętszej Marii Panny Królowej Pokoju w Bydgoszczy. Materiały do dziejow kultury i sztuki bydgoszczy i regionu Z.6 \\|url\\= \\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=Pracownia dokumentacji i popularyzacji zabytków wojewódzkiego ośrodka kultury w Bydgoszczy \\|pages\\=13–20 \\|isbn\\=}}\n{{Blockquote\n\\|text\\=On the other side of the Brda River, to Kujawy settled down our brothers. A place was given to them with the consent of His Majesty the Polish King Casimir IV Jagiello, His Most Reverend Zbigniew Oleśnicki, bishop of Wloclawek. His episcopal Majesty arrived together with his brother Michał Bal and his brother Stanislaw from Kłobuck, yore a famous of preacher, and two other brothers, designated by order of His Majesty to choose the place according to their taste. Attending also were its highness Jan Kościelecki, governor of Bydgoszcz, (...) There, the brothers chose a place convenient to the monastery as they saw it.\n}}",
"### First building",
"The construction of *St. Jerome and St. Francis church* has been completed in 1485 and the monastery library in 1488\\.{{cite book \\|last\\=Łbik\\|first\\=Lech \\|date\\=1999 \\|title\\=Narodziny bydgoskiej parafii, średniowieczne świątynie, parafialny laikat, dekanat. Kronika Bydgoska – tom specjalny wydany z okazji wizyty papieża Jana Pawła II w Bydgoszczy \\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=Towarzystwo Miłosnikow Miasta Bydgoszczy \\- Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe \\|pages\\=17–49 \\|language\\=pl}}\nThe original temple was made of brick, as depicted by notes from preserved Bernardine chronicles:{{cite book \\|last\\=Kantak \\|first\\=Kamil \\|date\\=1907 \\|title\\=Kronika bernardynów bydgoskich. Roczniki Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk Poznańskiego T XXXIII \\|location\\=Poznań \\|publisher\\=Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk Poznańskiego \\|page\\= \\|isbn\\=}}\n{{Blockquote\n\\|text\\=Brothers of the Order after receiving permission for the construction of the convent, performed bricks, prepared lime, (...) cleared the bushes.\n}}",
"Like in other areas, the Bernardine monastery created an outstanding environment for intellectual culture development in the town. From 1518 to 1524, the [abbey](/wiki/Abbey \"Abbey\") was led by Bartholomew of Bydgoszcz, a scholar, author of the first Latin\\-Polish dictionary (1532, 1544\\). During the 17th century, the abbot, Paweł of [Łęczyca](/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca \"Łęczyca\"), was an active supporter of urban decorations, founder of the extensive gardens of the monastery, which were ancestors of today's Bydgoszcz parks. The Bernardines created the largest library in the city (1919 volumes, partially preserved until today at the municipal library) and established a rhetoric school (1529–1774\\), an observatory (1677\\), and a brewery. On August 10, 1545, lightning struck the abbey, causing a fire that burned down the church and a large part of the monastic buildings: the only buildings left were the library, the [vestry](/wiki/Vestry \"Vestry\") and the infirmary.",
"### Second building",
"On September 23, 1552, king [Sigismund II Augustus](/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus \"Sigismund II Augustus\") granted permission for the reconstruction of the burned Bernardine church, as long as it was not taller than the neighboring castle, for military\\-defensive purposes. The current architecture dates back to this period, displaying [Gothic](/wiki/Gothic_architecture_in_modern_Poland \"Gothic architecture in modern Poland\") and [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance_architecture \"Renaissance architecture\") characteristics. Built between 1552 and 1557 with the financial help of the [Kościelecki](/wiki/Andrzej_Ko%C5%9Bcielecki \"Andrzej Kościelecki\") family, its name was later changed to *Holy Trinity Church*.{{cite book \\|last\\=Kantak \\|first\\=Kamil \\|date\\=1933 \\|title\\=Z przeszłości bernardynów bydgoskich. Przegląd Bydgoski Rocznik 1933 R.1 z.2 \\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=Komitet Wydawniczy \\|pages\\=3–13 \\|isbn\\=}}\n[thumb\\|Square tower from the end of the 17th century](/wiki/File:Bdg_kscBernardynow_7_07-2013.jpg \"Bdg kscBernardynow 7 07-2013.jpg\")\nOn September 10, 1559, Sebastian of Żydowo, a [suffragan bishop](/wiki/Suffragan_bishop \"Suffragan bishop\") of Gniezno, consecrated the Holy Cross altar in the church. In 1563, Herman Benincke, a [bell founder](/wiki/Bellfounding \"Bellfounding\") from [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk \"Gdańsk\"), cast the great bell of the monastery. The [vault](/wiki/Vault_%28architecture%29 \"Vault (architecture)\") of the church was designed by Father Marcin of Bieganowo. The reconstruction lasted till 1602, when Stanisław Małżewski, a [burgher](/wiki/Burgher_%28social_class%29 \"Burgher (social class)\") and nobleman, founded the altar of the Holy Cross in the newly built in the newly erected chapel of [Saint Anne](/wiki/Saint_Anne \"Saint Anne\") on the southern side of the church, which still stands today.\nIn 1595, Dorothy of Spławski, the wife of Jan Kościelecki, the Starost of Bydgoszcz, had the chapel of the convent decorated with [polychrome](/wiki/Polychrome \"Polychrome\") and three green rugs. The Saint Anne Brotherhood altar was erected that same year.",
"After the [Swedish invasions](/wiki/Deluge_%28history%29 \"Deluge (history)\"), the ruined church was rebuilt and renovated in the second half of the 17th century:\n* a [gable](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") was placed on the western side;\n* in 1677, a square [tower](/wiki/Tower \"Tower\") was erected, preserved to this day;\n* between 1682 and 1685, a chapel was built in the courtyard in front of the church, modeled after the [sanctuary in Loreto](/wiki/Basilica_della_Santa_Casa \"Basilica della Santa Casa\"), to commemorate the [Battle of Vienna](/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna \"Battle of Vienna\") (1983\\).",
"Under [Prussian rule](/wiki/Prussian_Partition \"Prussian Partition\"), seven altars were listed as part of the church, with a rich decor and a collection of liturgical objects. According to a site survey carried out in 1745, the church was covered with tiles, the floor [chancel](/wiki/Chancel \"Chancel\") was made of [ceramic](/wiki/Ceramic \"Ceramic\") and the aisles' of wood.",
"The main altar, consecrated in 1559 and 1606 was covered with gold in 1760\\-1770: it is dedicated to the [Holy Trinity](/wiki/Trinity \"Trinity\"), [Mary of Nazareth](/wiki/Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus \"Mary, mother of Jesus\") and to several saints ([Francis of Assisi](/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi \"Francis of Assisi\"), [Bernardino of Siena](/wiki/Bernardino_of_Siena \"Bernardino of Siena\"), [Louis](/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France \"Louis IX of France\") and [Bonaventure](/wiki/Bonaventure \"Bonaventure\")).",
"The other altars are dedicated to:\n* [St. Roch](/wiki/St._Roch \"St. Roch\") (in 1608\\);\n* Mary of Nazareth (in 1645\\);\n* Saint Anne (in 1645\\);\n* Saint [Anthony of Padua](/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua \"Anthony of Padua\") (in 1663\\),\n* Saint Bonaventure (in 1663\\);\n* Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception.",
"In 1605, was set in the [choir](/wiki/Choir_%28architecture%29 \"Choir (architecture)\") a [pipe organ](/wiki/Pipe_organ \"Pipe organ\"), founded by two town citizens, Andrzej Grudziński and Daniel Jastrzębski. It was enlarged in 1618 and completely renovated in 1715\\. It survived until the [secularization of the Catholic church](/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Germany \"Catholic Church in Germany\") decided by Prussian authorities.",
"Church bells were all purchased in the workshop of Herman Bennicek in [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk \"Gdańsk\"), in 1563, 1605 and 1618\\.",
"### Tombs",
"[thumb\\|Commemorative plaques](/wiki/File:Bdg_kscBernardynow_21_07-2013.jpg \"Bdg kscBernardynow 21 07-2013.jpg\")\nUntil the end of the 18th century, the [crypt](/wiki/Crypt \"Crypt\") was used to bury religious members of the Bernardine Monastery, along with regular people who deserved to be honored by the [convent](/wiki/Convent \"Convent\") and the church. Most important figures are buried under the floor of the church, including, among others:{{cite book \\|last\\= Borodij Eugeniusz, Chamot Marek, Kabaciński Ryszard \\|first\\=Kutta Janusz, Pastuszewski Stefan \\|date\\=1997 \\|title\\=Kościół katolicki w Bydgoszczy, kalendarium \\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=\\|pages\\=\\|isbn\\=}}\n* Paweł Koszucki (1609\\), secretary of the king and [Wojski](/wiki/Wojski \"Wojski\") of [Poznań](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84 \"Poznań\"), lord of Bartodzieje near Bydgoszcz;\n* Mikołaj Jastrzębski (1610\\), disciple of Bernardine observance;\n* Kazimierz Dornowski (1695\\), nobleman;\n* Katarzyna Raczyńska (1695\\), wife of a judge from [Nakło nad Notecią](/wiki/Nak%C5%82o_nad_Noteci%C4%85 \"Nakło nad Notecią\");\n* Katarzyna Orzelska (1703\\), noblewoman;\n* Stanisław Piniński (1715\\), [burgrave](/wiki/Burgrave \"Burgrave\") of Bydgoszcz;\n* Michał Komierowski (1766\\), nobleman;\n* Teresa Grabowska (1769\\), royal favorite.",
"### [Prussian period](/wiki/Prussian_Partition \"Prussian Partition\") (1772\\-1918\\)",
"[thumb\\|Neo\\-gothic main elevation](/wiki/File:Bdg_kscBernardynow_33_07-2013.jpg \"Bdg kscBernardynow 33 07-2013.jpg\")\nThe church suffered significant damage in 1812, during the Russian occupation of the city. In 1817, the Prussian authorities carried out the dissolution of the monastery, but the expropriation *per se* of the church only took place after the death of the last monk, Father Nagabczyński in 1829\\.",
"The following year, the Prussian authorities handed over the church to the [Evangelical](/wiki/Lutheranism \"Lutheranism\") community and the monastery to the Evangelical teachers seminary. Afterwards, the [arcaded](/wiki/Arcade_%28architecture%29 \"Arcade (architecture)\") courtyard and the [cloister](/wiki/Cloister \"Cloister\") were destroyed. In 1838, the decision was made to rename the church *Garrison Church*, for the use of soldiers from both faiths, Catholic and Evangelical (German: *[Simultankirche](/wiki/Simultaneum \"Simultaneum\")).*",
"From 1840 to 1860, the ensemble was turned into a warehouse storing furniture and straw; it even housed a cartridge factory. The same fate befell the [Poor Clares' Church](/wiki/Poor_Clares%27_Church%2C_Bydgoszcz \"Poor Clares' Church, Bydgoszcz\") on [Gdańska Street](/wiki/Gda%C5%84ska_Street_in_Bydgoszcz \"Gdańska Street in Bydgoszcz\"). During this period, the authorities also demolished the Loreto chapel *(1838\\) and had the interiors of the church thoroughly redesigned.*",
"Between 1864 and 1866, the church was restored with Prussian funds under the supervision of Ferdinand von Quast (1807\\-1877\\), first Prussian royal [monuments conservator](/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property \"Conservation and restoration of cultural property\"). The main effort was focused on the western gable, which received [neo\\-gothic](/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture \"Gothic Revival architecture\") features. The circular tower, its [porch](/wiki/Porch \"Porch\") and the Gothic revival main elevation date back to this era.\n### [Garrison](/wiki/Garrison \"Garrison\") church",
"After 1920 and the [re\\-birth of the Polish Republic](/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic \"Second Polish Republic\"), the authorities confirmed the use of the church for garrison purposes, as it is still used today. The church was then re\\-consecrated in 1923, by military bishop Stanisław Gall (1868\\-1942\\). In 1926, it was renamed Saint George military parish church *({{lang\\-pl\\|wojskowy kościół parafialny pw. św. Jerzego}}).*",
"During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the temple was administered by German army chaplains.\nThe last Polish chaplain of the garrison church, Father Wiktor Szyłkiewicz, was arrested and shot by the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazism \"Nazism\") in September 1939; his grave is now in the [Cemetery of Bydgoszcz Heroes](/wiki/Park_on_Wolno%C5%9Bci_Hill%2C_Bydgoszcz%23Cemetery_of_Bydgoszcz_Heroes \"Park on Wolności Hill, Bydgoszcz#Cemetery of Bydgoszcz Heroes\").\nIn 1945, the church resumed its function as a garrison church for the Polish army. In 1952, it was given the rank of [Rector's](/wiki/Rector_%28ecclesiastical%29 \"Rector (ecclesiastical)\") church.\n[thumb\\|Detail of the square tower](/wiki/File:Bdg_kscBernardynow_37_07-2013.jpg \"Bdg kscBernardynow 37 07-2013.jpg\")\nOn January 4, 1971, [Cardinal](/wiki/Cardinal_%28Catholic_Church%29 \"Cardinal (Catholic Church)\") [Stefan Wyszyński](/wiki/Stefan_Wyszy%C5%84ski \"Stefan Wyszyński\") endorsed the change of dedication as Church of Our Lady Queen of Peace*. The ceremony of consecration took place on May 31, 1971\\.\n[thumb\\|Stellar vaulted nave](/wiki/File:Bdg_kscBernardynow_29_07-2013.jpg \"Bdg kscBernardynow 29 07-2013.jpg\")*",
"Architecture\n------------",
"### Exteriors",
"The church was built according to late gothic style. The [oriented](/wiki/Orientation_of_churches \"Orientation of churches\") building without transept houses a three\\-span [nave](/wiki/Nave \"Nave\").\nBrick was used as a building material, creating friezes under the [eaves](/wiki/Eaves \"Eaves\"). One can notice blind [plastered](/wiki/Plaster \"Plaster\") openings and [friezes](/wiki/Frieze \"Frieze\").\nThe western facade is topped with a [stepped gable](/wiki/Stepped_gable \"Stepped gable\") crowned with neo\\-Gothic [pinnacles](/wiki/Pinnacle \"Pinnacle\"), dating from Prussian restoration works in 1864\\-1866\\. To the north of the chancel stands the 17th century [bell tower](/wiki/Bell_tower \"Bell tower\") in the form of a square\\-based tower, topped with [ogee](/wiki/Ogee \"Ogee\") gables.\nThe cylindrical church tower is in the south\\-western corner; it comprises a partially\\-embedded staircase and two octagonal upper storeys topped by a neo\\-gothic brick [flèche](/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_%28architecture%29 \"Flèche (architecture)\"). The nave and chancel ogival openings are incorporating neo\\-Gothic [traceries](/wiki/Tracery \"Tracery\"). Adjacent to the church stand the remaining buildings of the former Bernardine Monastery and the chapel of Saint Anne, built at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries.\nIn 1967, archaeological excavations in the south of the church revealed the foundations of the Loreto chapel*, the remnants of the cloister galleries and a former municipal water oak pipe from the 16th century.*",
"### Interiors",
"The interiors include the [stellar vaulted](/wiki/Lierne_%28vault%29 \"Lierne (vault)\") nave and a presbytery, separated by a wall pierced by an arched opening. The walls are covered with 17th century [tombstones](/wiki/Headstone \"Headstone\").\nIn 1999, during the replacement of the old floor, underground crypt burials were also discovered. \nThe church possesses the oldest known [fresco](/wiki/Fresco \"Fresco\") of the city: an eagle from the first half of the 17th century.\nThe oldest artefact is a [rococo](/wiki/Rococo \"Rococo\") [pulpit](/wiki/Pulpit \"Pulpit\") from the second half of the 18th century.\nFormer paintings of the Garrison church have moved in the first half of the 19th century to the southern aisle of [cathedral](/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Cathedral \"Bydgoszcz Cathedral\") :\n Saint Roch (from 1696\\), placed to the right of the side entrance;\n Saint Anthony of Padua (beginning of the 18th century), placed to the left of the side entrance.\nHalf of the collection of the old library that has survived to this day dates back to the 16th century, it includes 98 [incunables](/wiki/Incunable \"Incunable\") published by the end of 1500\\. They are preserved at the * + Provincial and Municipal Public Library'' located on the [Old Market square](/wiki/Old_Market_square%2C_Bydgoszcz \"Old Market square, Bydgoszcz\")."
] |
### Second building
On September 23, 1552, king [Sigismund II Augustus](/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus "Sigismund II Augustus") granted permission for the reconstruction of the burned Bernardine church, as long as it was not taller than the neighboring castle, for military\-defensive purposes. The current architecture dates back to this period, displaying [Gothic](/wiki/Gothic_architecture_in_modern_Poland "Gothic architecture in modern Poland") and [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance_architecture "Renaissance architecture") characteristics. Built between 1552 and 1557 with the financial help of the [Kościelecki](/wiki/Andrzej_Ko%C5%9Bcielecki "Andrzej Kościelecki") family, its name was later changed to *Holy Trinity Church*.{{cite book \|last\=Kantak \|first\=Kamil \|date\=1933 \|title\=Z przeszłości bernardynów bydgoskich. Przegląd Bydgoski Rocznik 1933 R.1 z.2 \|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=Komitet Wydawniczy \|pages\=3–13 \|isbn\=}}
[thumb\|Square tower from the end of the 17th century](/wiki/File:Bdg_kscBernardynow_7_07-2013.jpg "Bdg kscBernardynow 7 07-2013.jpg")
On September 10, 1559, Sebastian of Żydowo, a [suffragan bishop](/wiki/Suffragan_bishop "Suffragan bishop") of Gniezno, consecrated the Holy Cross altar in the church. In 1563, Herman Benincke, a [bell founder](/wiki/Bellfounding "Bellfounding") from [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk "Gdańsk"), cast the great bell of the monastery. The [vault](/wiki/Vault_%28architecture%29 "Vault (architecture)") of the church was designed by Father Marcin of Bieganowo. The reconstruction lasted till 1602, when Stanisław Małżewski, a [burgher](/wiki/Burgher_%28social_class%29 "Burgher (social class)") and nobleman, founded the altar of the Holy Cross in the newly built in the newly erected chapel of [Saint Anne](/wiki/Saint_Anne "Saint Anne") on the southern side of the church, which still stands today.
In 1595, Dorothy of Spławski, the wife of Jan Kościelecki, the Starost of Bydgoszcz, had the chapel of the convent decorated with [polychrome](/wiki/Polychrome "Polychrome") and three green rugs. The Saint Anne Brotherhood altar was erected that same year.
After the [Swedish invasions](/wiki/Deluge_%28history%29 "Deluge (history)"), the ruined church was rebuilt and renovated in the second half of the 17th century:
* a [gable](/wiki/Gable "Gable") was placed on the western side;
* in 1677, a square [tower](/wiki/Tower "Tower") was erected, preserved to this day;
* between 1682 and 1685, a chapel was built in the courtyard in front of the church, modeled after the [sanctuary in Loreto](/wiki/Basilica_della_Santa_Casa "Basilica della Santa Casa"), to commemorate the [Battle of Vienna](/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna "Battle of Vienna") (1983\).
Under [Prussian rule](/wiki/Prussian_Partition "Prussian Partition"), seven altars were listed as part of the church, with a rich decor and a collection of liturgical objects. According to a site survey carried out in 1745, the church was covered with tiles, the floor [chancel](/wiki/Chancel "Chancel") was made of [ceramic](/wiki/Ceramic "Ceramic") and the aisles' of wood.
The main altar, consecrated in 1559 and 1606 was covered with gold in 1760\-1770: it is dedicated to the [Holy Trinity](/wiki/Trinity "Trinity"), [Mary of Nazareth](/wiki/Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus "Mary, mother of Jesus") and to several saints ([Francis of Assisi](/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi "Francis of Assisi"), [Bernardino of Siena](/wiki/Bernardino_of_Siena "Bernardino of Siena"), [Louis](/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France "Louis IX of France") and [Bonaventure](/wiki/Bonaventure "Bonaventure")).
The other altars are dedicated to:
* [St. Roch](/wiki/St._Roch "St. Roch") (in 1608\);
* Mary of Nazareth (in 1645\);
* Saint Anne (in 1645\);
* Saint [Anthony of Padua](/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua "Anthony of Padua") (in 1663\),
* Saint Bonaventure (in 1663\);
* Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception.
In 1605, was set in the [choir](/wiki/Choir_%28architecture%29 "Choir (architecture)") a [pipe organ](/wiki/Pipe_organ "Pipe organ"), founded by two town citizens, Andrzej Grudziński and Daniel Jastrzębski. It was enlarged in 1618 and completely renovated in 1715\. It survived until the [secularization of the Catholic church](/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Germany "Catholic Church in Germany") decided by Prussian authorities.
Church bells were all purchased in the workshop of Herman Bennicek in [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk "Gdańsk"), in 1563, 1605 and 1618\.
|
[
"### Second building",
"On September 23, 1552, king [Sigismund II Augustus](/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus \"Sigismund II Augustus\") granted permission for the reconstruction of the burned Bernardine church, as long as it was not taller than the neighboring castle, for military\\-defensive purposes. The current architecture dates back to this period, displaying [Gothic](/wiki/Gothic_architecture_in_modern_Poland \"Gothic architecture in modern Poland\") and [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance_architecture \"Renaissance architecture\") characteristics. Built between 1552 and 1557 with the financial help of the [Kościelecki](/wiki/Andrzej_Ko%C5%9Bcielecki \"Andrzej Kościelecki\") family, its name was later changed to *Holy Trinity Church*.{{cite book \\|last\\=Kantak \\|first\\=Kamil \\|date\\=1933 \\|title\\=Z przeszłości bernardynów bydgoskich. Przegląd Bydgoski Rocznik 1933 R.1 z.2 \\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=Komitet Wydawniczy \\|pages\\=3–13 \\|isbn\\=}}\n[thumb\\|Square tower from the end of the 17th century](/wiki/File:Bdg_kscBernardynow_7_07-2013.jpg \"Bdg kscBernardynow 7 07-2013.jpg\")\nOn September 10, 1559, Sebastian of Żydowo, a [suffragan bishop](/wiki/Suffragan_bishop \"Suffragan bishop\") of Gniezno, consecrated the Holy Cross altar in the church. In 1563, Herman Benincke, a [bell founder](/wiki/Bellfounding \"Bellfounding\") from [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk \"Gdańsk\"), cast the great bell of the monastery. The [vault](/wiki/Vault_%28architecture%29 \"Vault (architecture)\") of the church was designed by Father Marcin of Bieganowo. The reconstruction lasted till 1602, when Stanisław Małżewski, a [burgher](/wiki/Burgher_%28social_class%29 \"Burgher (social class)\") and nobleman, founded the altar of the Holy Cross in the newly built in the newly erected chapel of [Saint Anne](/wiki/Saint_Anne \"Saint Anne\") on the southern side of the church, which still stands today.\nIn 1595, Dorothy of Spławski, the wife of Jan Kościelecki, the Starost of Bydgoszcz, had the chapel of the convent decorated with [polychrome](/wiki/Polychrome \"Polychrome\") and three green rugs. The Saint Anne Brotherhood altar was erected that same year.",
"After the [Swedish invasions](/wiki/Deluge_%28history%29 \"Deluge (history)\"), the ruined church was rebuilt and renovated in the second half of the 17th century:\n* a [gable](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") was placed on the western side;\n* in 1677, a square [tower](/wiki/Tower \"Tower\") was erected, preserved to this day;\n* between 1682 and 1685, a chapel was built in the courtyard in front of the church, modeled after the [sanctuary in Loreto](/wiki/Basilica_della_Santa_Casa \"Basilica della Santa Casa\"), to commemorate the [Battle of Vienna](/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna \"Battle of Vienna\") (1983\\).",
"Under [Prussian rule](/wiki/Prussian_Partition \"Prussian Partition\"), seven altars were listed as part of the church, with a rich decor and a collection of liturgical objects. According to a site survey carried out in 1745, the church was covered with tiles, the floor [chancel](/wiki/Chancel \"Chancel\") was made of [ceramic](/wiki/Ceramic \"Ceramic\") and the aisles' of wood.",
"The main altar, consecrated in 1559 and 1606 was covered with gold in 1760\\-1770: it is dedicated to the [Holy Trinity](/wiki/Trinity \"Trinity\"), [Mary of Nazareth](/wiki/Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus \"Mary, mother of Jesus\") and to several saints ([Francis of Assisi](/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi \"Francis of Assisi\"), [Bernardino of Siena](/wiki/Bernardino_of_Siena \"Bernardino of Siena\"), [Louis](/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France \"Louis IX of France\") and [Bonaventure](/wiki/Bonaventure \"Bonaventure\")).",
"The other altars are dedicated to:\n* [St. Roch](/wiki/St._Roch \"St. Roch\") (in 1608\\);\n* Mary of Nazareth (in 1645\\);\n* Saint Anne (in 1645\\);\n* Saint [Anthony of Padua](/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua \"Anthony of Padua\") (in 1663\\),\n* Saint Bonaventure (in 1663\\);\n* Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception.",
"In 1605, was set in the [choir](/wiki/Choir_%28architecture%29 \"Choir (architecture)\") a [pipe organ](/wiki/Pipe_organ \"Pipe organ\"), founded by two town citizens, Andrzej Grudziński and Daniel Jastrzębski. It was enlarged in 1618 and completely renovated in 1715\\. It survived until the [secularization of the Catholic church](/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Germany \"Catholic Church in Germany\") decided by Prussian authorities.",
"Church bells were all purchased in the workshop of Herman Bennicek in [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk \"Gdańsk\"), in 1563, 1605 and 1618\\.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Modelling experiences
Tchoumitcheva began modelling at the age of 12\. She entered the [Miss Switzerland](/wiki/Miss_Switzerland "Miss Switzerland") pageant in 2006, where she was named 1st runner\-up and Miss Photogenic.{{cite web\|last\=Tennery\|first\=Amy\|title\=Shocker: Supermodel Turns Down Full\-Time Gig at JPMorgan\|url\=http://www.thejanedough.com/jpmorgan\-model\-intern/\|publisher\=The Jane Dough\|access\-date\=9 January 2014\|date\=12 September 2013}} For the first time, the Miss Switzerland organization offered Tchoumitcheva an appearance contract similar to that of the winner. After the contest she was described as the "most eligible single woman in Switzerland". In May 2009 she was voted as the Best Bikini Body, in a survey by the magazine *Schweizer Illustrierte*. In 2012 she was profiled in the Spanish GQ magazine.
In December 2012, the Swiss edition of *Maxim* magazine put her on the cover, awarding her the title of "Most Beautiful Woman of the Year".
Tchoumitcheva has worked with several modelling agencies including Option Model Agency ([Zürich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich "Zürich")), Oxygen Models, Tess Management, and [Elite Model Management](/wiki/Elite_Model_Management "Elite Model Management") ([Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona") and [Miami](/wiki/Miami "Miami")).{{cite web\|title\=Fashion Model Directory\|url\=http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Xenia\_Tchoumitcheva/\|publisher\=Fashion Model Directory\|access\-date\=9 January 2014}}{{cite web\|last\=Tennery\|first\=Amy\|title\=Shocker: Supermodel Turns Down Full\-Time Gig at JPMorgan\|url\=http://www.thejanedough.com/jpmorgan\-model\-intern/\|publisher\=The Jane Dough\|access\-date\=9 January 2014\|date\=12 September 2013}}
She was named as one of the 99 most influential women in the world for 2016, according to the AskMen annual list for the category [influencers](/wiki/Influencer_marketing "Influencer marketing").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ticinonews.ch/curiosita/271405/xenia\-tra\-le\-99\-donne\-piu\-influenti\-del\-mondo\|date\=18 March 2016\|title\=Xenia tra le 99 donne piu influenti del mondo\|language\=it\|access\-date\=19 March 2016}}{{cite news\|url\=http://uk.askmen.com/specials/2016\_top\_99/crush\-list\-voting\-2016\.html\|date\=16 March 2016\|title\=Crush List 2016\|language\=en\|access\-date\=19 March 2016}}
As a digital influencer, she collaborates with [Ferragamo](/wiki/Ferragamo "Ferragamo"), [Dior](/wiki/Dior "Dior") and [Vogue](/wiki/Vogue_%28magazine%29 "Vogue (magazine)").{{cite web\|title\=SNC Media\|url\=http://www.sncmedia.ru/fashion/trudno\-li\-byt\-vsem\-i\-srazu\-uchimsya\-u\-ksenii\-chumichevoy/\|access\-date\=21 July 2016}} In autumn 2016 she shot fashion editorials with magazines including *[ELLE](/wiki/ELLE "ELLE")*, *[Vanity Fair](/wiki/Vanity_Fair_%28magazine%29 "Vanity Fair (magazine)")* and *[L'Officiel](/wiki/L%27Officiel "L'Officiel")*.{{cite web\|title\=star bloggerin\|date\=29 September 2016\|url\=http://www.blick.ch/people\-tv/schweiz/von\-der\-vize\-miss\-zur\-star\-bloggerin\-so\-glamouroes\-ist\-xenias\-arbeitstag\-id5544121\.html\|publisher\=blickaccessdate\=13 October 2016}}{{cite web\|title\=star bloggerin\|date\=29 September 2016\|url\=http://www.ticinonews.ch/gossip/317305/la\-giornata\-tipo\-di\-xenia\-tchoumi\|publisher\=ticino news\|access\-date\=13 October 2016}} She has worked with brands including [Chopard](/wiki/Chopard "Chopard"), [L'Oréal](/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al "L'Oréal"), [Moët \& Chandon](/wiki/Mo%C3%ABt_%26_Chandon "Moët & Chandon"), [Bulgari](/wiki/Bulgari "Bulgari"), [American Express](/wiki/American_Express "American Express"), [Tom Ford](/wiki/Tom_Ford_%28brand%29 "Tom Ford (brand)") and [Samsung](/wiki/Samsung_Electronics "Samsung Electronics").
In September 2019, Tchoumi signed a representation deal with the CAA talent agency covering television, endorsements, personal appearances and publishing.{{cite web\|title\=tchoumi signs with CAA\|url\=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/xenia\-tchoumi\-caa\-1203321846/ \|work\=Variety \|date\=3 September 2019 \|access\-date\=3 September 2019}} In September 2023 she made her catwalk debut at [New York Fashion Week](/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week "New York Fashion Week") for [Jovani](/wiki/Jovani "Jovani")'s runway show.{{Cite web \|last\=FWO \|date\=2023\-08\-25 \|title\=Jovani \|url\=https://fashionweekonline.com/event/jovani \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-12 \|website\=Fashion Week Online® \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|title\=Step into Glamour: Jovani's Spectacular Debut at NYFW 2023! \|url\=https://www.jovani.com/jovani\-fashion\-show,%20jovani\-fashion\-show \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-12 \|website\=www.jovani.com \|language\=en\-US}}
### Public speaker
Tchoumitcheva speaks regularly at universities and conferences about female leadership, as well as her online business, brand creation, and other topics. She spoke at the [Swiss Web Program Festival](/wiki/Swiss_Web_Program_Festival "Swiss Web Program Festival"), at the [Cantonal Bank of Geneva](/wiki/Cantonal_Bank_of_Geneva "Cantonal Bank of Geneva"), and at the [University of St.Gallen](/wiki/University_of_St.Gallen "University of St.Gallen") Alumni Conference, where she also interviewed the ex\-Deutsche Bank CEO [Josef Ackermann](/wiki/Josef_Ackermann "Josef Ackermann"). In September 2015 she gave a [TEDx](/wiki/TED_%28conference%29 "TED (conference)") talk about female leadership and internet against prejudice.
In 2017, she gave a talk at the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") HQ about the power of digital women, and was officially nominated an [ITC](/wiki/International_Trade_Centre "International Trade Centre") SheTrades ambassador.{{cite news\|title\=Xenia Tchoumi conferenciere d'honneur a l ONU \|newspaper\=Le Matin\|date\=8 March 2017\|url\=http://www.lematin.ch/people/xenia\-tchoumi\-conferenciere\-honneur\-lonu/story/26603618\|publisher\=lematin.ch\|access\-date\=11 March 2017}}{{cite web\|title\=xenia Tchoumi invitata d'onore all ONU \|url\=http://www.ticinonews.ch/gossip/361077/xenia\-tchoumi\-invitata\-d\-onore\-all\-onu\|publisher\=ticinonews.ch\|access\-date\=11 March 2017}}{{cite web\|title\=xenia Tchoumi female empowerment\|date\=9 March 2017\|url\=http://www.elleuk.com/life\-and\-culture/culture/longform/a34418/xenia\-tchoumi\-female\-empowerment/\|publisher\=elleuk.com\|access\-date\=11 March 2017}}
### Actress
Tchoumitcheva began to work in commercials and music videos in 2007 (e.g. "Candino\-Festina"). She starred in the short movie *Les Enfants de la Honte* of the French film maker Alain Margot, which appeared on the NIFF film festival. She was in the music video with Italian\-Swiss singer [Paolo Meneguzzi](/wiki/Paolo_Meneguzzi "Paolo Meneguzzi") in May 2010\. In June 2011 she was supporting role in the short film *Lines*.
After graduating from the university in 2010, she travelled to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") and took acting classes at the [New York Film Academy](/wiki/New_York_Film_Academy "New York Film Academy").
In January 2011, Tchoumitcheva finished shooting a role as a rockstar in the French cinema production *Bob et Les Sex Pistaches* starring the French actor [Jules Sitruk](/wiki/Jules_Sitruk "Jules Sitruk"). She also appeared in the film *[Without Men](/wiki/Without_Men "Without Men")* with [Eva Longoria](/wiki/Eva_Longoria "Eva Longoria") and [Christian Slater](/wiki/Christian_Slater "Christian Slater") in 2011\.
### TV host
Among several hosting engagements, she presented the Miss Switzerland 2011 pageant live on the three national channels on 24 September 2011\.
In March 2012 Tchoumicheva started to host her own TV show about successful Italian businesses called "L'Italia che funziona", on Italian channels [Rete 4](/wiki/Rete_4 "Rete 4") and [Italia1](/wiki/Italia1 "Italia1"). She also hosted Miss Ukraine 2012 in Russian, alongside the Russian comedians "[Prozhektorperiskhilton](/wiki/Prozhektorperiskhilton "Prozhektorperiskhilton")" (ПрожекторПерисхилтон).
In April 2013, Tchoumitcheva was the official host and catwalk model of the annual Energy Fashion Night with [Irina Shayk](/wiki/Irina_Shayk "Irina Shayk").
Since 2013, Tchoumitcheva works as a journalist for the Swiss economic magazine *Bilan* and has her own online show called *La Recette de Mon Succès*.{{cite web\|last\=Benoit\-Godet\|first\=Stephane\|title\=La Recette de Mon Succes\|url\=http://www.bilan.ch/recherche?search\_api\_views\_fulltext\=xenia\+tchoumitcheva\|publisher\=bilan.ch\|access\-date\=12 January 2014\|date\=24 May 2013}}
### Spokesmodel
Tchoumitcheva has modelled for different brands including [Visilab Sunglasses](/wiki/Visilab_Sunglasses "Visilab Sunglasses"), [Audi](/wiki/Audi "Audi"), [Burger King](/wiki/Burger_King "Burger King") and [Casino Lugano](/wiki/Casino_Lugano "Casino Lugano"). In 2012, she was the official face of the Spanish airline [Air Europa](/wiki/Air_Europa "Air Europa"), [Revlon](/wiki/Revlon "Revlon") cosmetics and [Nikon](/wiki/Nikon "Nikon") cameras. In 2015, Xenia becomes the official brand ambassadress for [Swiss Smile](/wiki/Swiss_Smile "Swiss Smile") luxury products.
She also collaborated for her blog as the official [fashion influencer](/wiki/Fashion_influencer "Fashion influencer") with the [Pirelli Calendar](/wiki/Pirelli_Calendar "Pirelli Calendar") 2015, together with Scott Schumman from the blog [The Sartorialist](/wiki/The_Sartorialist "The Sartorialist") In 2016, Xenia's yearly partnership with the luxury watch brand [IWC](/wiki/International_Watch_Company "International Watch Company") was announced.{{cite web\|title\=ich bin doch keine reality show\|date\=28 June 2016\|url\=http://www.20min.ch/people/schweiz/story/21224156\|publisher\=20min\|access\-date\=21 July 2016}}{{cite web\|title\=xenia hat einen neuen prestige werbe partner\|url\=http://www.tick\-talk.ch/xenia\-hat\-einen\-neuen\-prestigetraechtigen\-werbe\-partner/\|publisher\=tick\-talk.ch\|access\-date\=21 July 2016}}
### Writer
As of 2012, Tchoumitcheva co\-writes a monthly column for the cultural magazine *Schweizer Monat* and the luxury US magazine *[Haute Living](/wiki/Haute_Living "Haute Living")*. She also launched her own online business and luxury blog called "Chic Overdose" in the spring of 2013\.
In December 2020, Tchoumitcheva published a book "Empower Yourself",{{Cite web\|title\="Als ich im Spital lag, bekam alles eine andere Wichtigkeit"\|url\=https://www.annabelle.ch/leben/kultur/%C2%ABals\-ich\-im\-spital\-lag\-bekam\-alles\-eine\-andere\-wichtigkeit%C2%BB\-50847\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08 \|website\=annabelle.ch\|date\=12 November 2020\|language\=de}} discussing motivation, independent thinking and gender equality.{{Cite web\|title\=Die Powertricks der Xenia Tchoumi\|url\=https://www.msn.com/de\-ch/nachrichten/other/die\-powertricks\-der\-xenia\-tchoumi/ar\-BB1bEIqq?li\=BBqfZdU\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-08\|website\=msn.com}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Modelling experiences",
"Tchoumitcheva began modelling at the age of 12\\. She entered the [Miss Switzerland](/wiki/Miss_Switzerland \"Miss Switzerland\") pageant in 2006, where she was named 1st runner\\-up and Miss Photogenic.{{cite web\\|last\\=Tennery\\|first\\=Amy\\|title\\=Shocker: Supermodel Turns Down Full\\-Time Gig at JPMorgan\\|url\\=http://www.thejanedough.com/jpmorgan\\-model\\-intern/\\|publisher\\=The Jane Dough\\|access\\-date\\=9 January 2014\\|date\\=12 September 2013}} For the first time, the Miss Switzerland organization offered Tchoumitcheva an appearance contract similar to that of the winner. After the contest she was described as the \"most eligible single woman in Switzerland\". In May 2009 she was voted as the Best Bikini Body, in a survey by the magazine *Schweizer Illustrierte*. In 2012 she was profiled in the Spanish GQ magazine.",
"In December 2012, the Swiss edition of *Maxim* magazine put her on the cover, awarding her the title of \"Most Beautiful Woman of the Year\".",
"Tchoumitcheva has worked with several modelling agencies including Option Model Agency ([Zürich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich \"Zürich\")), Oxygen Models, Tess Management, and [Elite Model Management](/wiki/Elite_Model_Management \"Elite Model Management\") ([Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\") and [Miami](/wiki/Miami \"Miami\")).{{cite web\\|title\\=Fashion Model Directory\\|url\\=http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Xenia\\_Tchoumitcheva/\\|publisher\\=Fashion Model Directory\\|access\\-date\\=9 January 2014}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Tennery\\|first\\=Amy\\|title\\=Shocker: Supermodel Turns Down Full\\-Time Gig at JPMorgan\\|url\\=http://www.thejanedough.com/jpmorgan\\-model\\-intern/\\|publisher\\=The Jane Dough\\|access\\-date\\=9 January 2014\\|date\\=12 September 2013}}",
"She was named as one of the 99 most influential women in the world for 2016, according to the AskMen annual list for the category [influencers](/wiki/Influencer_marketing \"Influencer marketing\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ticinonews.ch/curiosita/271405/xenia\\-tra\\-le\\-99\\-donne\\-piu\\-influenti\\-del\\-mondo\\|date\\=18 March 2016\\|title\\=Xenia tra le 99 donne piu influenti del mondo\\|language\\=it\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2016}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://uk.askmen.com/specials/2016\\_top\\_99/crush\\-list\\-voting\\-2016\\.html\\|date\\=16 March 2016\\|title\\=Crush List 2016\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2016}}",
"As a digital influencer, she collaborates with [Ferragamo](/wiki/Ferragamo \"Ferragamo\"), [Dior](/wiki/Dior \"Dior\") and [Vogue](/wiki/Vogue_%28magazine%29 \"Vogue (magazine)\").{{cite web\\|title\\=SNC Media\\|url\\=http://www.sncmedia.ru/fashion/trudno\\-li\\-byt\\-vsem\\-i\\-srazu\\-uchimsya\\-u\\-ksenii\\-chumichevoy/\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2016}} In autumn 2016 she shot fashion editorials with magazines including *[ELLE](/wiki/ELLE \"ELLE\")*, *[Vanity Fair](/wiki/Vanity_Fair_%28magazine%29 \"Vanity Fair (magazine)\")* and *[L'Officiel](/wiki/L%27Officiel \"L'Officiel\")*.{{cite web\\|title\\=star bloggerin\\|date\\=29 September 2016\\|url\\=http://www.blick.ch/people\\-tv/schweiz/von\\-der\\-vize\\-miss\\-zur\\-star\\-bloggerin\\-so\\-glamouroes\\-ist\\-xenias\\-arbeitstag\\-id5544121\\.html\\|publisher\\=blickaccessdate\\=13 October 2016}}{{cite web\\|title\\=star bloggerin\\|date\\=29 September 2016\\|url\\=http://www.ticinonews.ch/gossip/317305/la\\-giornata\\-tipo\\-di\\-xenia\\-tchoumi\\|publisher\\=ticino news\\|access\\-date\\=13 October 2016}} She has worked with brands including [Chopard](/wiki/Chopard \"Chopard\"), [L'Oréal](/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al \"L'Oréal\"), [Moët \\& Chandon](/wiki/Mo%C3%ABt_%26_Chandon \"Moët & Chandon\"), [Bulgari](/wiki/Bulgari \"Bulgari\"), [American Express](/wiki/American_Express \"American Express\"), [Tom Ford](/wiki/Tom_Ford_%28brand%29 \"Tom Ford (brand)\") and [Samsung](/wiki/Samsung_Electronics \"Samsung Electronics\").",
"In September 2019, Tchoumi signed a representation deal with the CAA talent agency covering television, endorsements, personal appearances and publishing.{{cite web\\|title\\=tchoumi signs with CAA\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/xenia\\-tchoumi\\-caa\\-1203321846/ \\|work\\=Variety \\|date\\=3 September 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=3 September 2019}} In September 2023 she made her catwalk debut at [New York Fashion Week](/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week \"New York Fashion Week\") for [Jovani](/wiki/Jovani \"Jovani\")'s runway show.{{Cite web \\|last\\=FWO \\|date\\=2023\\-08\\-25 \\|title\\=Jovani \\|url\\=https://fashionweekonline.com/event/jovani \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-12 \\|website\\=Fashion Week Online® \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Step into Glamour: Jovani's Spectacular Debut at NYFW 2023! \\|url\\=https://www.jovani.com/jovani\\-fashion\\-show,%20jovani\\-fashion\\-show \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-12 \\|website\\=www.jovani.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"### Public speaker",
"Tchoumitcheva speaks regularly at universities and conferences about female leadership, as well as her online business, brand creation, and other topics. She spoke at the [Swiss Web Program Festival](/wiki/Swiss_Web_Program_Festival \"Swiss Web Program Festival\"), at the [Cantonal Bank of Geneva](/wiki/Cantonal_Bank_of_Geneva \"Cantonal Bank of Geneva\"), and at the [University of St.Gallen](/wiki/University_of_St.Gallen \"University of St.Gallen\") Alumni Conference, where she also interviewed the ex\\-Deutsche Bank CEO [Josef Ackermann](/wiki/Josef_Ackermann \"Josef Ackermann\"). In September 2015 she gave a [TEDx](/wiki/TED_%28conference%29 \"TED (conference)\") talk about female leadership and internet against prejudice.",
"In 2017, she gave a talk at the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") HQ about the power of digital women, and was officially nominated an [ITC](/wiki/International_Trade_Centre \"International Trade Centre\") SheTrades ambassador.{{cite news\\|title\\=Xenia Tchoumi conferenciere d'honneur a l ONU \\|newspaper\\=Le Matin\\|date\\=8 March 2017\\|url\\=http://www.lematin.ch/people/xenia\\-tchoumi\\-conferenciere\\-honneur\\-lonu/story/26603618\\|publisher\\=lematin.ch\\|access\\-date\\=11 March 2017}}{{cite web\\|title\\=xenia Tchoumi invitata d'onore all ONU \\|url\\=http://www.ticinonews.ch/gossip/361077/xenia\\-tchoumi\\-invitata\\-d\\-onore\\-all\\-onu\\|publisher\\=ticinonews.ch\\|access\\-date\\=11 March 2017}}{{cite web\\|title\\=xenia Tchoumi female empowerment\\|date\\=9 March 2017\\|url\\=http://www.elleuk.com/life\\-and\\-culture/culture/longform/a34418/xenia\\-tchoumi\\-female\\-empowerment/\\|publisher\\=elleuk.com\\|access\\-date\\=11 March 2017}}",
"### Actress",
"Tchoumitcheva began to work in commercials and music videos in 2007 (e.g. \"Candino\\-Festina\"). She starred in the short movie *Les Enfants de la Honte* of the French film maker Alain Margot, which appeared on the NIFF film festival. She was in the music video with Italian\\-Swiss singer [Paolo Meneguzzi](/wiki/Paolo_Meneguzzi \"Paolo Meneguzzi\") in May 2010\\. In June 2011 she was supporting role in the short film *Lines*.",
"After graduating from the university in 2010, she travelled to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") and took acting classes at the [New York Film Academy](/wiki/New_York_Film_Academy \"New York Film Academy\").",
"In January 2011, Tchoumitcheva finished shooting a role as a rockstar in the French cinema production *Bob et Les Sex Pistaches* starring the French actor [Jules Sitruk](/wiki/Jules_Sitruk \"Jules Sitruk\"). She also appeared in the film *[Without Men](/wiki/Without_Men \"Without Men\")* with [Eva Longoria](/wiki/Eva_Longoria \"Eva Longoria\") and [Christian Slater](/wiki/Christian_Slater \"Christian Slater\") in 2011\\.",
"### TV host",
"Among several hosting engagements, she presented the Miss Switzerland 2011 pageant live on the three national channels on 24 September 2011\\.",
"In March 2012 Tchoumicheva started to host her own TV show about successful Italian businesses called \"L'Italia che funziona\", on Italian channels [Rete 4](/wiki/Rete_4 \"Rete 4\") and [Italia1](/wiki/Italia1 \"Italia1\"). She also hosted Miss Ukraine 2012 in Russian, alongside the Russian comedians \"[Prozhektorperiskhilton](/wiki/Prozhektorperiskhilton \"Prozhektorperiskhilton\")\" (ПрожекторПерисхилтон).",
"In April 2013, Tchoumitcheva was the official host and catwalk model of the annual Energy Fashion Night with [Irina Shayk](/wiki/Irina_Shayk \"Irina Shayk\").",
"Since 2013, Tchoumitcheva works as a journalist for the Swiss economic magazine *Bilan* and has her own online show called *La Recette de Mon Succès*.{{cite web\\|last\\=Benoit\\-Godet\\|first\\=Stephane\\|title\\=La Recette de Mon Succes\\|url\\=http://www.bilan.ch/recherche?search\\_api\\_views\\_fulltext\\=xenia\\+tchoumitcheva\\|publisher\\=bilan.ch\\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2014\\|date\\=24 May 2013}}",
"### Spokesmodel",
"Tchoumitcheva has modelled for different brands including [Visilab Sunglasses](/wiki/Visilab_Sunglasses \"Visilab Sunglasses\"), [Audi](/wiki/Audi \"Audi\"), [Burger King](/wiki/Burger_King \"Burger King\") and [Casino Lugano](/wiki/Casino_Lugano \"Casino Lugano\"). In 2012, she was the official face of the Spanish airline [Air Europa](/wiki/Air_Europa \"Air Europa\"), [Revlon](/wiki/Revlon \"Revlon\") cosmetics and [Nikon](/wiki/Nikon \"Nikon\") cameras. In 2015, Xenia becomes the official brand ambassadress for [Swiss Smile](/wiki/Swiss_Smile \"Swiss Smile\") luxury products.\nShe also collaborated for her blog as the official [fashion influencer](/wiki/Fashion_influencer \"Fashion influencer\") with the [Pirelli Calendar](/wiki/Pirelli_Calendar \"Pirelli Calendar\") 2015, together with Scott Schumman from the blog [The Sartorialist](/wiki/The_Sartorialist \"The Sartorialist\") In 2016, Xenia's yearly partnership with the luxury watch brand [IWC](/wiki/International_Watch_Company \"International Watch Company\") was announced.{{cite web\\|title\\=ich bin doch keine reality show\\|date\\=28 June 2016\\|url\\=http://www.20min.ch/people/schweiz/story/21224156\\|publisher\\=20min\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2016}}{{cite web\\|title\\=xenia hat einen neuen prestige werbe partner\\|url\\=http://www.tick\\-talk.ch/xenia\\-hat\\-einen\\-neuen\\-prestigetraechtigen\\-werbe\\-partner/\\|publisher\\=tick\\-talk.ch\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2016}}",
"### Writer",
"As of 2012, Tchoumitcheva co\\-writes a monthly column for the cultural magazine *Schweizer Monat* and the luxury US magazine *[Haute Living](/wiki/Haute_Living \"Haute Living\")*. She also launched her own online business and luxury blog called \"Chic Overdose\" in the spring of 2013\\.",
"In December 2020, Tchoumitcheva published a book \"Empower Yourself\",{{Cite web\\|title\\=\"Als ich im Spital lag, bekam alles eine andere Wichtigkeit\"\\|url\\=https://www.annabelle.ch/leben/kultur/%C2%ABals\\-ich\\-im\\-spital\\-lag\\-bekam\\-alles\\-eine\\-andere\\-wichtigkeit%C2%BB\\-50847\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08 \\|website\\=annabelle.ch\\|date\\=12 November 2020\\|language\\=de}} discussing motivation, independent thinking and gender equality.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Die Powertricks der Xenia Tchoumi\\|url\\=https://www.msn.com/de\\-ch/nachrichten/other/die\\-powertricks\\-der\\-xenia\\-tchoumi/ar\\-BB1bEIqq?li\\=BBqfZdU\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-08\\|website\\=msn.com}}",
"",
"",
""
] |
History
-------
The institution started as *Government Women's College* in 1964 in a small building of the Labour Department of Govt. of Orissa and was affiliated to [Utkal University](/wiki/Utkal_University "Utkal University") at that time.{{cite web \|url\=http://rtiodisha.gov.in/dept\_home.php?id\=12\&oid\=4600\&sid\=2\&d\=dept \|title\=Rama Devi Women's Autonomous College, Bhubaneswar:About the Organization \|access\-date\=2012\-06\-05 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901070943/http://rtiodisha.gov.in/dept\_home.php?id\=12\&oid\=4600\&sid\=2\&d\=dept \|archive\-date\=2013\-09\-01 }} {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901070943/http://rtiodisha.gov.in/dept\_home.php?id\=12\&oid\=4600\&sid\=2\&d\=dept \|date\=1 September 2013 }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.iamin.in/en/bhubaneswar/news/rama\-devi\-women%E2%80%99s\-college\-become\-women%E2%80%99s\-university\-49649 \|title\=Rama Devi Women's college to become women's university \|website\=www.iamin.in \|access\-date\=17 January 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713105947/http://www.iamin.in/en/bhubaneswar/news/rama\-devi\-women%E2%80%99s\-college\-become\-women%E2%80%99s\-university\-49649 \|archive\-date\=13 July 2015 \|url\-status\=dead }} {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713105947/http://www.iamin.in/en/bhubaneswar/news/rama\-devi\-women%E2%80%99s\-college\-become\-women%E2%80%99s\-university\-49649 \|date\=13 July 2015 }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150102/jsp/odisha/story\_6340\.jsp\#.VKd4fCy6\-34 \|title\=Rama Devi \& Khallikote colleges to get varsity status \|website\=www.telegraphindia.com \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614003432/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150102/jsp/odisha/story\_6340\.jsp \|archive\-date\=2015\-06\-14}}
The college was later shifted to the Old School Building of Unit\-1, Bhubaneswar in 1966 and ultimately to the present campus near Rupali Square of Bhubaneswar (present University campus) on 1 January 1969\.
The name of the college was changed to *Rama Devi Women's College* in 1969 and was given Autonomous status on 19 June 1999\.
Higher Secondary wing of Rama Devi Women's Autonomous College was separated from the Autonomous College from 2001\.
The college was accredited by NAAC with grade 'A' on 16 September 2004\. It was reaccredited with an 'A' grade again in February 2015\. In 2010, it was given CPE (College with Potential for Excellence) Status by UGC.
On its Golden Jubilee celebration, former President of India [Pranab Mukherjee](/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee "Pranab Mukherjee") attended as the Chief Guest in its Inaugural function on 30th Nov 2014\.
Under the RUSA scheme the college was upgraded to the Status of a Women's University on 30 May 2015\. As an affiliating University, 46 Women's Colleges under Utkal University came under the jurisdiction of the new university. The Chief Minister of Odisha [Naveen Patnaik](/wiki/Naveen_Patnaik "Naveen Patnaik") officially inaugurated the university in a ceremony held on 3 December 2015 coinciding with the birth day of Maa [Ramadevi Choudhury](/wiki/Ramadevi_Choudhury "Ramadevi Choudhury").
On July 1, 2021, the university was accorded with 12(B) status by UGC.{{Cite news\|date\=July 15, 2021\|title\=UGC grants 12\-B status to RD Women's varsity\|work\=\[\[The Pioneer (India)]]\|url\=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state\-editions/ugc\-grants\-12\-b\-status\-to\-rd\-women\-\-\-s\-varsity.html\|access\-date\=July 15, 2021}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The institution started as *Government Women's College* in 1964 in a small building of the Labour Department of Govt. of Orissa and was affiliated to [Utkal University](/wiki/Utkal_University \"Utkal University\") at that time.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://rtiodisha.gov.in/dept\\_home.php?id\\=12\\&oid\\=4600\\&sid\\=2\\&d\\=dept \\|title\\=Rama Devi Women's Autonomous College, Bhubaneswar:About the Organization \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901070943/http://rtiodisha.gov.in/dept\\_home.php?id\\=12\\&oid\\=4600\\&sid\\=2\\&d\\=dept \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-01 }} {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901070943/http://rtiodisha.gov.in/dept\\_home.php?id\\=12\\&oid\\=4600\\&sid\\=2\\&d\\=dept \\|date\\=1 September 2013 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.iamin.in/en/bhubaneswar/news/rama\\-devi\\-women%E2%80%99s\\-college\\-become\\-women%E2%80%99s\\-university\\-49649 \\|title\\=Rama Devi Women's college to become women's university \\|website\\=www.iamin.in \\|access\\-date\\=17 January 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713105947/http://www.iamin.in/en/bhubaneswar/news/rama\\-devi\\-women%E2%80%99s\\-college\\-become\\-women%E2%80%99s\\-university\\-49649 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 July 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713105947/http://www.iamin.in/en/bhubaneswar/news/rama\\-devi\\-women%E2%80%99s\\-college\\-become\\-women%E2%80%99s\\-university\\-49649 \\|date\\=13 July 2015 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150102/jsp/odisha/story\\_6340\\.jsp\\#.VKd4fCy6\\-34 \\|title\\=Rama Devi \\& Khallikote colleges to get varsity status \\|website\\=www.telegraphindia.com \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614003432/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150102/jsp/odisha/story\\_6340\\.jsp \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-06\\-14}}",
"The college was later shifted to the Old School Building of Unit\\-1, Bhubaneswar in 1966 and ultimately to the present campus near Rupali Square of Bhubaneswar (present University campus) on 1 January 1969\\.",
"The name of the college was changed to *Rama Devi Women's College* in 1969 and was given Autonomous status on 19 June 1999\\.",
"Higher Secondary wing of Rama Devi Women's Autonomous College was separated from the Autonomous College from 2001\\.",
"The college was accredited by NAAC with grade 'A' on 16 September 2004\\. It was reaccredited with an 'A' grade again in February 2015\\. In 2010, it was given CPE (College with Potential for Excellence) Status by UGC.",
"On its Golden Jubilee celebration, former President of India [Pranab Mukherjee](/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee \"Pranab Mukherjee\") attended as the Chief Guest in its Inaugural function on 30th Nov 2014\\.",
"Under the RUSA scheme the college was upgraded to the Status of a Women's University on 30 May 2015\\. As an affiliating University, 46 Women's Colleges under Utkal University came under the jurisdiction of the new university. The Chief Minister of Odisha [Naveen Patnaik](/wiki/Naveen_Patnaik \"Naveen Patnaik\") officially inaugurated the university in a ceremony held on 3 December 2015 coinciding with the birth day of Maa [Ramadevi Choudhury](/wiki/Ramadevi_Choudhury \"Ramadevi Choudhury\").",
"On July 1, 2021, the university was accorded with 12(B) status by UGC.{{Cite news\\|date\\=July 15, 2021\\|title\\=UGC grants 12\\-B status to RD Women's varsity\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Pioneer (India)]]\\|url\\=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state\\-editions/ugc\\-grants\\-12\\-b\\-status\\-to\\-rd\\-women\\-\\-\\-s\\-varsity.html\\|access\\-date\\=July 15, 2021}}",
""
] |
Research
--------
[thumb\|Jon Folkman found the [semi\-symmetric graph](/wiki/Semi-symmetric_graph "Semi-symmetric graph") with the fewest possible vertices, the [Folkman graph](/wiki/Folkman_graph "Folkman graph").](/wiki/File:Folkman_graph_alt.svg "Folkman graph alt.svg")
Jon Folkman contributed important theorems in many areas of [combinatorics](/wiki/Combinatorics "Combinatorics").
In [geometric combinatorics](/wiki/Geometric_combinatorics "Geometric combinatorics"), Folkman is known for his pioneering and posthumously\-published studies of [oriented matroids](/wiki/Oriented_matroid "Oriented matroid"); in particular, the [Folkman–Lawrence topological representation theorem](/wiki/Folkman%E2%80%93Lawrence_topological_representation_theorem "Folkman–Lawrence topological representation theorem"){{citation
\| last1 \= Folkman \| first1 \= J.
\| last2 \= Lawrence \| first2 \= J.
\| doi \= 10\.1016/0095\-8956(78\)90039\-4
\| issue \= 2
\| journal \= \[\[Journal of Combinatorial Theory]] \| series\=Series B
\| pages \= 199–236
\| title \= Oriented matroids
\| volume \= 25
\| year \= 1978\| doi\-access \= free}}. is "one of the cornerstones of the theory of oriented matroids".Page 17: {{cite book\|last1\=Björner\|first1\=Anders\|last2\=Las Vergnas\|first2\=Michel \| author2\-link\=Michel Las Vergnas \| last3\=Sturmfels\|first3\=Bernd\|authorlink3\=bernd Sturmfels\|last4\=White\|first4\=Neil\|last5\=Ziegler\|first5\=Günter\|authorlink5\=Günter M. Ziegler\|title\=Oriented Matroids\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\|year\=1999\|isbn\=978\-0\-521\-77750\-6}}
The Folkman\-Lawrence representation theorem is called the "Lawrence representation theorem" by [Günter M. Ziegler](/wiki/G%C3%BCnter%C2%A0M._Ziegler "Günter M. Ziegler") in remark 7\.23 on page 211: {{cite book\|authorlink\=Günter M. Ziegler\|last\=Ziegler\|first\=Günter M.\|title\=Lectures on Polytopes\|series\=Graduate texts in mathematics\|volume\=152\|publisher\=Springer\-Verlag\|year\=1995\|location\=New York\|isbn\=0\-387\-94365\-X \|id\=(paper) }}
In [lattice](/wiki/Lattice_%28order%29 "Lattice (order)") theory, Folkman solved an [open problem](/wiki/Open_problem "Open problem") on the foundations of [combinatorics](/wiki/Enumerative_combinatorics "Enumerative combinatorics") by proving a [conjecture](/wiki/Conjecture "Conjecture") of [Gian–Carlo Rota](/wiki/Gian-Carlo_Rota "Gian-Carlo Rota"); in proving Rota's conjecture, Folkman characterized the structure of the [homology groups](/wiki/Homology_%28mathematics%29 "Homology (mathematics)") of ["geometric lattices"](/wiki/Matroid "Matroid") in terms of the [free](/wiki/Free_group "Free group") [Abelian groups](/wiki/Abelian_group "Abelian group") of [finite rank](/wiki/Rank_of_a_group "Rank of a group").
{{cite book\|editor\-last\=Kung\|editor\-first\=Joseph P. S.\|chapter\=III Enumeration in geometric lattices, 2\. Homology\|title\=A Source book in matroid theory\|publisher\=Birkhäuser Boston, Inc.\|location\=Boston, MA\|year\=1986\|isbn\=0\-8176\-3173\-9\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinmatr0000kung/page/201 201–202]\|mr\=890330\|chapter\-url\=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinmatr0000kung/page/201}}
{{cite news\|last\=Folkman\|first\=Jon \|title\=The homology groups of a lattice\|journal\=Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics\|volume\=15\|year\=1966\|pages\=631–636\|mr\=188116}}
{{cite book\|editor1\-last\=Folkman\|editor1\-first\=Jon\|chapter\=The homology groups of a lattice\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinmatr0000kung/page/243 243–248]\|editor2\-last\=Kung\|editor2\-first\=Joseph P. S.\|title\=A Source book in matroid theory\|publisher\=Birkhäuser Boston, Inc.\|location\=Boston, MA\|year\=1986\|isbn\=0\-8176\-3173\-9\|mr\=188116\|chapter\-url\=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinmatr0000kung/page/243}}
{{cite journal\|last\=Rota\|first\=Gian\-Carlo\|authorlink\=Gian\-Carlo Rota\|title\=On the foundations of combinatorial theory, I: Theory of Möbius functions\|journal\=Zeitschrift für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verwandte Gebiete \|volume\=2\|year\=1964\|issue\=4 \|pages\=340–368\|doi\=10\.1007/BF00531932\|mr\=174487 \|s2cid\=121334025 \|doi\-access\=free}}
{{cite book\|editor1\-last\=Rota\|editor1\-first\=Gian\-Carlo\|authorlink1\=Gian\-Carlo Rota\|chapter\=On the foundations of combinatorial theory, I: Theory of Möbius functions\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinmatr0000kung/page/213 213–242]\|doi\=10\.1007/BF00531932\|editor2\-last\=Kung\|editor2\-first\=Joseph P. S.\|title\=A Source book in matroid theory\|publisher\=Birkhäuser Boston, Inc.\|location\=Boston, MA\|year\=1986\|isbn\=0\-8176\-3173\-9\|mr\=174487\|s2cid\=121334025 \|chapter\-url\=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinmatr0000kung/page/213}}
* + - * + - * + - In [graph theory](/wiki/Graph_theory "Graph theory"), he was the first to study [semi\-symmetric graphs](/wiki/Semi-symmetric_graph "Semi-symmetric graph"), and he discovered the semi\-symmetric graph with the fewest possible vertices, now known as the [Folkman graph](/wiki/Folkman_graph "Folkman graph").{{citation
\| first \= J. \| last \= Folkman
\| title \= Regular line\-symmetric graphs
\| journal \= \[\[Journal of Combinatorial Theory]]
\| volume \=3 \| issue \= 3
\| year \= 1967 \| pages \= 215–232
\| doi \= 10\.1016/S0021\-9800(67\)80069\-3\| doi\-access \= free
}}. He proved the existence, for every positive *h*, of a finite *K**h* \+ 1\-free graph which has a monocolored *Kh* in every 2\-coloring of the edges, settling a problem previously posed by [Paul Erdős](/wiki/Paul_Erd%C5%91s "Paul Erdős") and [András Hajnal](/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Hajnal "András Hajnal").{{citation\|first\=J.\|last\=Folkman\|title\= Graphs with monochromatic complete subgraphs in every edge coloring\|journal\=SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics\|volume\=18\|year\=1970\|pages\=19–24\|mr\=0268080\|doi\=10\.1137/0118004}}. He further proved that if *G* is a finite graph such that every set *S* of vertices contains an independent set of size (\|*S*\| − *k*)/2 then the chromatic number of *G* is at most *k* \+ 2\.J.
Folkman: An upper bound on the chromatic number of a graph, in: Combinatorial theory and its application, II (Proc. Colloq., Balatonfüred, 1969\), North\-Holland, Amsterdam, 1970, 437–457\.
In [convex geometry](/wiki/Convex_geometry "Convex geometry"), Folkman worked with his [RAND](/wiki/RAND_Corporation "RAND Corporation") colleague [Lloyd Shapley](/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley "Lloyd Shapley") to prove the [Shapley–Folkman lemma and theorem](/wiki/Shapley%E2%80%93Folkman_lemma "Shapley–Folkman lemma"): Their results suggest that [sums of sets](/wiki/Minkowski_addition "Minkowski addition") are approximately convex; in [mathematical economics](/wiki/Mathematical_economics "Mathematical economics") their results are used to explain why [economies with many agents](/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory "General equilibrium theory") have approximate [equilibria](/wiki/Economic_equilibrium "Economic equilibrium"), despite individual nonconvexities.{{citation
\| last \= Starr \| first \= Ross M. \| authorlink \= Ross Starr
\| issue \= 1
\| journal \= Econometrica
\| pages \= 25–38
\| title \= Quasi\-equilibria in markets with non\-convex preferences (Appendix 2: The Shapley–Folkman theorem, pp. 35–37\)
\| volume \= 37
\| year \= 1969
\| jstor\=1909201
\| doi\=10\.2307/1909201\| citeseerx \= 10\.1\.1\.297\.8498}}.
In [additive combinatorics](/wiki/Additive_combinatorics "Additive combinatorics"), [Folkman's theorem](/wiki/Folkman%27s_theorem "Folkman's theorem") states that for each assignment of finitely many colors to the positive integers, there exist arbitrarily large sets of integers all of whose nonempty sums have the same color; the name was chosen as a memorial to Folkman by his friends.Page 81 in {{Citation \|authorlink\=Ronald Graham \|first1\=R. \|last1\=Graham \|first2\=B. \|last2\=Rothschild \|authorlink3\=Joel Spencer \|first3\=J. H. \|last3\=Spencer \|title\=Ramsey Theory \|publisher\=John Wiley and Sons \|location\=New York \|year\=1990 \|isbn\=0\-471\-50046\-1 \|edition\=2nd \|url\-access\=registration \|url\=https://archive.org/details/ramseytheory0000grah }}. In [Ramsey theory](/wiki/Ramsey_theory "Ramsey theory"), the Rado–Folkman–Sanders theorem describes "[partition regular](/wiki/Partition_regular "Partition regular")" sets.
### The Folkman Number F(p, q; r)
For r \> max{p, q}, let F(p, q; r) denote the minimum number of
vertices in a graph G that has the following properties:
1. G contains no complete subgraph on r vertices,
2. in any green\-red coloring of the edges of G there is either a green Kp or a red Kq subgraph.
Some results are
* F(3, 3; 5\) \< 18 (Martin Erickson){{cite journal \| last\=Erickson \| first\=Martin \| title\=An upper bound for the Folkman number F(3, 3; 5\) \| journal\=\[\[Journal of Graph Theory]] \| publisher\=Wiley \| volume\=17 \| issue\=6 \| year\=1993 \| issn\=0364\-9024 \| doi\=10\.1002/jgt.3190170604 \| pages\=679–681}}
* F(2, 3; 4\) \< 1000 ([Vojtěch Rödl](/wiki/Vojt%C4%9Bch_R%C3%B6dl "Vojtěch Rödl"), Andrzej Dudek){{cite journal \| last\=Dudek \| first\=Andrzej \| last2\=Rödl \| first2\=Vojtěch \| title\=On the Folkman Number f(2, 3, 4\) \| journal\=Experimental Mathematics \| publisher\=Informa UK Limited \| volume\=17 \| issue\=1 \| year\=2008 \| issn\=1058\-6458 \| doi\=10\.1080/10586458\.2008\.10129023 \| pages\=63–67}}
|
[
"Research\n--------",
"[thumb\\|Jon Folkman found the [semi\\-symmetric graph](/wiki/Semi-symmetric_graph \"Semi-symmetric graph\") with the fewest possible vertices, the [Folkman graph](/wiki/Folkman_graph \"Folkman graph\").](/wiki/File:Folkman_graph_alt.svg \"Folkman graph alt.svg\")",
"Jon Folkman contributed important theorems in many areas of [combinatorics](/wiki/Combinatorics \"Combinatorics\").",
"In [geometric combinatorics](/wiki/Geometric_combinatorics \"Geometric combinatorics\"), Folkman is known for his pioneering and posthumously\\-published studies of [oriented matroids](/wiki/Oriented_matroid \"Oriented matroid\"); in particular, the [Folkman–Lawrence topological representation theorem](/wiki/Folkman%E2%80%93Lawrence_topological_representation_theorem \"Folkman–Lawrence topological representation theorem\"){{citation\n \\| last1 \\= Folkman \\| first1 \\= J.\n \\| last2 \\= Lawrence \\| first2 \\= J.\n \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/0095\\-8956(78\\)90039\\-4\n \\| issue \\= 2\n \\| journal \\= \\[\\[Journal of Combinatorial Theory]] \\| series\\=Series B\n \\| pages \\= 199–236\n \\| title \\= Oriented matroids\n \\| volume \\= 25\n \\| year \\= 1978\\| doi\\-access \\= free}}. is \"one of the cornerstones of the theory of oriented matroids\".Page 17: {{cite book\\|last1\\=Björner\\|first1\\=Anders\\|last2\\=Las Vergnas\\|first2\\=Michel \\| author2\\-link\\=Michel Las Vergnas \\| last3\\=Sturmfels\\|first3\\=Bernd\\|authorlink3\\=bernd Sturmfels\\|last4\\=White\\|first4\\=Neil\\|last5\\=Ziegler\\|first5\\=Günter\\|authorlink5\\=Günter M. Ziegler\\|title\\=Oriented Matroids\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\|year\\=1999\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-521\\-77750\\-6}}\nThe Folkman\\-Lawrence representation theorem is called the \"Lawrence representation theorem\" by [Günter M. Ziegler](/wiki/G%C3%BCnter%C2%A0M._Ziegler \"Günter M. Ziegler\") in remark 7\\.23 on page 211: {{cite book\\|authorlink\\=Günter M. Ziegler\\|last\\=Ziegler\\|first\\=Günter M.\\|title\\=Lectures on Polytopes\\|series\\=Graduate texts in mathematics\\|volume\\=152\\|publisher\\=Springer\\-Verlag\\|year\\=1995\\|location\\=New York\\|isbn\\=0\\-387\\-94365\\-X \\|id\\=(paper) }}\n In [lattice](/wiki/Lattice_%28order%29 \"Lattice (order)\") theory, Folkman solved an [open problem](/wiki/Open_problem \"Open problem\") on the foundations of [combinatorics](/wiki/Enumerative_combinatorics \"Enumerative combinatorics\") by proving a [conjecture](/wiki/Conjecture \"Conjecture\") of [Gian–Carlo Rota](/wiki/Gian-Carlo_Rota \"Gian-Carlo Rota\"); in proving Rota's conjecture, Folkman characterized the structure of the [homology groups](/wiki/Homology_%28mathematics%29 \"Homology (mathematics)\") of [\"geometric lattices\"](/wiki/Matroid \"Matroid\") in terms of the [free](/wiki/Free_group \"Free group\") [Abelian groups](/wiki/Abelian_group \"Abelian group\") of [finite rank](/wiki/Rank_of_a_group \"Rank of a group\").\n {{cite book\\|editor\\-last\\=Kung\\|editor\\-first\\=Joseph P. S.\\|chapter\\=III Enumeration in geometric lattices, 2\\. Homology\\|title\\=A Source book in matroid theory\\|publisher\\=Birkhäuser Boston, Inc.\\|location\\=Boston, MA\\|year\\=1986\\|isbn\\=0\\-8176\\-3173\\-9\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinmatr0000kung/page/201 201–202]\\|mr\\=890330\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinmatr0000kung/page/201}}\n {{cite news\\|last\\=Folkman\\|first\\=Jon \\|title\\=The homology groups of a lattice\\|journal\\=Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics\\|volume\\=15\\|year\\=1966\\|pages\\=631–636\\|mr\\=188116}}\n {{cite book\\|editor1\\-last\\=Folkman\\|editor1\\-first\\=Jon\\|chapter\\=The homology groups of a lattice\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinmatr0000kung/page/243 243–248]\\|editor2\\-last\\=Kung\\|editor2\\-first\\=Joseph P. S.\\|title\\=A Source book in matroid theory\\|publisher\\=Birkhäuser Boston, Inc.\\|location\\=Boston, MA\\|year\\=1986\\|isbn\\=0\\-8176\\-3173\\-9\\|mr\\=188116\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinmatr0000kung/page/243}}\n{{cite journal\\|last\\=Rota\\|first\\=Gian\\-Carlo\\|authorlink\\=Gian\\-Carlo Rota\\|title\\=On the foundations of combinatorial theory, I: Theory of Möbius functions\\|journal\\=Zeitschrift für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verwandte Gebiete \\|volume\\=2\\|year\\=1964\\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=340–368\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/BF00531932\\|mr\\=174487 \\|s2cid\\=121334025 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}\n{{cite book\\|editor1\\-last\\=Rota\\|editor1\\-first\\=Gian\\-Carlo\\|authorlink1\\=Gian\\-Carlo Rota\\|chapter\\=On the foundations of combinatorial theory, I: Theory of Möbius functions\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinmatr0000kung/page/213 213–242]\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/BF00531932\\|editor2\\-last\\=Kung\\|editor2\\-first\\=Joseph P. S.\\|title\\=A Source book in matroid theory\\|publisher\\=Birkhäuser Boston, Inc.\\|location\\=Boston, MA\\|year\\=1986\\|isbn\\=0\\-8176\\-3173\\-9\\|mr\\=174487\\|s2cid\\=121334025 \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinmatr0000kung/page/213}}\n* + - * + - * + - In [graph theory](/wiki/Graph_theory \"Graph theory\"), he was the first to study [semi\\-symmetric graphs](/wiki/Semi-symmetric_graph \"Semi-symmetric graph\"), and he discovered the semi\\-symmetric graph with the fewest possible vertices, now known as the [Folkman graph](/wiki/Folkman_graph \"Folkman graph\").{{citation\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\| first \\= J. \\| last \\= Folkman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\| title \\= Regular line\\-symmetric graphs\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\| journal \\= \\[\\[Journal of Combinatorial Theory]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\| volume \\=3 \\| issue \\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\| year \\= 1967 \\| pages \\= 215–232\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/S0021\\-9800(67\\)80069\\-3\\| doi\\-access \\= free\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t }}. He proved the existence, for every positive *h*, of a finite *K**h* \\+ 1\\-free graph which has a monocolored *Kh* in every 2\\-coloring of the edges, settling a problem previously posed by [Paul Erdős](/wiki/Paul_Erd%C5%91s \"Paul Erdős\") and [András Hajnal](/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Hajnal \"András Hajnal\").{{citation\\|first\\=J.\\|last\\=Folkman\\|title\\= Graphs with monochromatic complete subgraphs in every edge coloring\\|journal\\=SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics\\|volume\\=18\\|year\\=1970\\|pages\\=19–24\\|mr\\=0268080\\|doi\\=10\\.1137/0118004}}. He further proved that if *G* is a finite graph such that every set *S* of vertices contains an independent set of size (\\|*S*\\| − *k*)/2 then the chromatic number of *G* is at most *k* \\+ 2\\.J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFolkman: An upper bound on the chromatic number of a graph, in: Combinatorial theory and its application, II (Proc. Colloq., Balatonfüred, 1969\\), North\\-Holland, Amsterdam, 1970, 437–457\\.",
"In [convex geometry](/wiki/Convex_geometry \"Convex geometry\"), Folkman worked with his [RAND](/wiki/RAND_Corporation \"RAND Corporation\") colleague [Lloyd Shapley](/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley \"Lloyd Shapley\") to prove the [Shapley–Folkman lemma and theorem](/wiki/Shapley%E2%80%93Folkman_lemma \"Shapley–Folkman lemma\"): Their results suggest that [sums of sets](/wiki/Minkowski_addition \"Minkowski addition\") are approximately convex; in [mathematical economics](/wiki/Mathematical_economics \"Mathematical economics\") their results are used to explain why [economies with many agents](/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory \"General equilibrium theory\") have approximate [equilibria](/wiki/Economic_equilibrium \"Economic equilibrium\"), despite individual nonconvexities.{{citation\n \\| last \\= Starr \\| first \\= Ross M. \\| authorlink \\= Ross Starr\n \\| issue \\= 1\n \\| journal \\= Econometrica\n \\| pages \\= 25–38\n \\| title \\= Quasi\\-equilibria in markets with non\\-convex preferences (Appendix 2: The Shapley–Folkman theorem, pp. 35–37\\)\n \\| volume \\= 37\n \\| year \\= 1969\n \\| jstor\\=1909201\n \\| doi\\=10\\.2307/1909201\\| citeseerx \\= 10\\.1\\.1\\.297\\.8498}}.",
"In [additive combinatorics](/wiki/Additive_combinatorics \"Additive combinatorics\"), [Folkman's theorem](/wiki/Folkman%27s_theorem \"Folkman's theorem\") states that for each assignment of finitely many colors to the positive integers, there exist arbitrarily large sets of integers all of whose nonempty sums have the same color; the name was chosen as a memorial to Folkman by his friends.Page 81 in {{Citation \\|authorlink\\=Ronald Graham \\|first1\\=R. \\|last1\\=Graham \\|first2\\=B. \\|last2\\=Rothschild \\|authorlink3\\=Joel Spencer \\|first3\\=J. H. \\|last3\\=Spencer \\|title\\=Ramsey Theory \\|publisher\\=John Wiley and Sons \\|location\\=New York \\|year\\=1990 \\|isbn\\=0\\-471\\-50046\\-1 \\|edition\\=2nd \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/ramseytheory0000grah }}. In [Ramsey theory](/wiki/Ramsey_theory \"Ramsey theory\"), the Rado–Folkman–Sanders theorem describes \"[partition regular](/wiki/Partition_regular \"Partition regular\")\" sets.",
"### The Folkman Number F(p, q; r)",
"For r \\> max{p, q}, let F(p, q; r) denote the minimum number of\nvertices in a graph G that has the following properties:\n1. G contains no complete subgraph on r vertices,\n2. in any green\\-red coloring of the edges of G there is either a green Kp or a red Kq subgraph.",
"Some results are\n* F(3, 3; 5\\) \\< 18 (Martin Erickson){{cite journal \\| last\\=Erickson \\| first\\=Martin \\| title\\=An upper bound for the Folkman number F(3, 3; 5\\) \\| journal\\=\\[\\[Journal of Graph Theory]] \\| publisher\\=Wiley \\| volume\\=17 \\| issue\\=6 \\| year\\=1993 \\| issn\\=0364\\-9024 \\| doi\\=10\\.1002/jgt.3190170604 \\| pages\\=679–681}}\n* F(2, 3; 4\\) \\< 1000 ([Vojtěch Rödl](/wiki/Vojt%C4%9Bch_R%C3%B6dl \"Vojtěch Rödl\"), Andrzej Dudek){{cite journal \\| last\\=Dudek \\| first\\=Andrzej \\| last2\\=Rödl \\| first2\\=Vojtěch \\| title\\=On the Folkman Number f(2, 3, 4\\) \\| journal\\=Experimental Mathematics \\| publisher\\=Informa UK Limited \\| volume\\=17 \\| issue\\=1 \\| year\\=2008 \\| issn\\=1058\\-6458 \\| doi\\=10\\.1080/10586458\\.2008\\.10129023 \\| pages\\=63–67}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
### *Skull: Message for W*
While fighting the male *Pteranodon* [Yummy](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Yummy "List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Yummy"), [Kamen Rider W](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Kamen_Rider_W "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Kamen Rider W") receives help from [Ryu Terui](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Ryu_Terui "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Ryu Terui"), who is forced to fight without his Rider equipment due to his bride\-to\-be [Akiko Narumi](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Akiko_Narumi "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Akiko Narumi"), who wants them to focus on her wedding. After the Yummy escapes, Akiko threatens to call off the wedding, upset that her deceased father, [Sokichi Narumi](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Sokichi_Narumi "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Sokichi Narumi"), is unable to attend. Demanding to know why he became a Kamen Rider, the *Pteranodon* Yummy returns and uses the Memory Gaia Memory on her.
Akiko witnesses a memory from Sokichi's past, where he worked on a case involving opera singer Melissa and an inhuman stalker. While watching Melissa's latest performance, Sokichi met her manager Kozo Yaguchi before Melissa's stalker, the Spider [Dopant](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Dopants "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Dopants"), attacked. Sokichi fought the criminal before it disappeared with a Gaia Memory dealer named Eren Komori. Despite his partner [Seiichiro "Matsu" Matsui](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Seiichiro_Matsui "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Seiichiro Matsui")'s objections, Sokichi continued to investigate Melissa. He later met with his benefactor, [Shroud](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Shroud "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Shroud"), who told him the [Museum](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Sonozaki_Family "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Sonozaki Family") is moving forward with their master plan. While meeting with Matsu, Sokichi learned that Yaguchi's previous female clients have gone missing.
Sokichi broke into the Yaguchi Talent Agency, where he found the missing women were being used as test subjects for Gaia Memory research and was confronted by Komori, who transforms into the Bat Dopant. She and the Spider Dopant overwhelm Sokichi, but Shroud gave him the means to transform into Kamen Rider Skull. After receiving a call from a young Akiko and promising to attend her future wedding, Sokichi pursued Komori and the Spider Dopant. He found Yaguchi, who reveals he was only the Museum's Gaia Memory supplier before he was killed by a Spider Bomb concealed in his wife.
The next day, Sokichi deduced that Matsu is the Spider Dopant and confronted him. Exposed, Matsu tried to defend himself until Melissa revealed that Matsu took the Spider Gaia Memory to protect her from Yaguchi and that it warped his mind. Matsu had also previously implanted her with a Spider Bomb that will explode if she touches the person she loves. When he failed to activate it, Matsu went mad and kidnapped Melissa. After killing Komori for impeding him, Sokichi pursued and killed Matsu. As Akiko emerges from the memory, the *Pteranodon* Yummy escapes.
### *OOO: Nobunaga's Desire*
The [Kougami Foundation](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Kougami_Foundation "List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Kougami Foundation") finds [Oda Nobunaga](/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga "Oda Nobunaga")'s mummified remains and use it to create a Cell Medal\-based [homunculus](/wiki/Homunculus "Homunculus"), which escapes and transforms into a monster. It attacks a man, but [Eiji Hino](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Eiji_Hino "List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Eiji Hino") transforms into Kamen Rider OOO to fight it off. While pursuing the monster, he finds an injured man and takes him to the Cous Coussier restaurant, where the man introduces himself as Nobunaga, but fails to remember anything else. Hino takes Nobunaga under his wing and helps him get a job at a software company.
The next day, Nobunaga meets a ballerina named [Yoshino Akechi](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Yoshino_Akechi "List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Yoshino Akechi") and falls in love with her. When the male *Pteranodon* Yummy attacks them, Nobunaga receives the Birth Driver from the Kougami Foundation's head, [Kousei Kougami](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Kousei_Kougami "List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Kousei Kougami"), and transforms into [Kamen Rider Birth](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Kamen_Rider_Birth "List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Kamen Rider Birth") to fight the monster. However, Nobunaga then transforms into the monster Hino fought previously and causes Akechi to sprain her leg while attempting to kill her.
As Hino fights Nobunaga, a [Greeed](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Greeed "List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Greeed") named [Giru](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Giru "List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Giru") uses Akechi to create a female *Pteranodon* Yummy, who attacks Hino and Nobunaga. The former destroys it while the latter suffers from Cell Medal breakdown. Visiting a hospitalized Akechi, Nobunaga uses the last of his power to heal her before the scientist [Kiyoto Maki](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Kiyoto_Maki "List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Kiyoto Maki") gives him three black Core Medals, which enhances Nobunaga's monstrous form. Upon confronting Nobunaga once more, Hino kills him to end his suffering. The black Core Medals fly off, with Hino in pursuit.
### *Movie War Core*
Having obtained the most intense memories of Kamen Rider battles, the male *Pteranodon* Yummy is caught off\-guard when the black Core Medals appear, combine with the Memory, and form the giant [Kamen Rider Core](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Kamen_Rider_Core "List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Kamen Rider Core"). It attacks Akiko, but she is saved by Hino, who assures her Sokichi had his reasons for being a Kamen Rider before joining forces with W to fight Core. After taking the fight underground, W and Hino find a crystal that is powering Core and destroy both of them, shattering the components that created it and blasting Hino to [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"). Meanwhile, Terui persuades Akiko to give him his equipment back so he can protect her from the male *Pteranodon* Yummy, who he destroys with [Shintaro Goto](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Shintaro_Goto "List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Shintaro Goto")'s help. With her faith in Kamen Riders restored, everyone hurries back to Akiko's wedding, where Melissa arrives to take Sokichi's place and reveals he was also implanted with a Spider Bomb, which did not die with the Dopant.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"### *Skull: Message for W*",
"While fighting the male *Pteranodon* [Yummy](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Yummy \"List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Yummy\"), [Kamen Rider W](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Kamen_Rider_W \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Kamen Rider W\") receives help from [Ryu Terui](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Ryu_Terui \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Ryu Terui\"), who is forced to fight without his Rider equipment due to his bride\\-to\\-be [Akiko Narumi](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Akiko_Narumi \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Akiko Narumi\"), who wants them to focus on her wedding. After the Yummy escapes, Akiko threatens to call off the wedding, upset that her deceased father, [Sokichi Narumi](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Sokichi_Narumi \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Sokichi Narumi\"), is unable to attend. Demanding to know why he became a Kamen Rider, the *Pteranodon* Yummy returns and uses the Memory Gaia Memory on her.",
"Akiko witnesses a memory from Sokichi's past, where he worked on a case involving opera singer Melissa and an inhuman stalker. While watching Melissa's latest performance, Sokichi met her manager Kozo Yaguchi before Melissa's stalker, the Spider [Dopant](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Dopants \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Dopants\"), attacked. Sokichi fought the criminal before it disappeared with a Gaia Memory dealer named Eren Komori. Despite his partner [Seiichiro \"Matsu\" Matsui](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Seiichiro_Matsui \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Seiichiro Matsui\")'s objections, Sokichi continued to investigate Melissa. He later met with his benefactor, [Shroud](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Shroud \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Shroud\"), who told him the [Museum](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Sonozaki_Family \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Sonozaki Family\") is moving forward with their master plan. While meeting with Matsu, Sokichi learned that Yaguchi's previous female clients have gone missing.",
"Sokichi broke into the Yaguchi Talent Agency, where he found the missing women were being used as test subjects for Gaia Memory research and was confronted by Komori, who transforms into the Bat Dopant. She and the Spider Dopant overwhelm Sokichi, but Shroud gave him the means to transform into Kamen Rider Skull. After receiving a call from a young Akiko and promising to attend her future wedding, Sokichi pursued Komori and the Spider Dopant. He found Yaguchi, who reveals he was only the Museum's Gaia Memory supplier before he was killed by a Spider Bomb concealed in his wife.",
"The next day, Sokichi deduced that Matsu is the Spider Dopant and confronted him. Exposed, Matsu tried to defend himself until Melissa revealed that Matsu took the Spider Gaia Memory to protect her from Yaguchi and that it warped his mind. Matsu had also previously implanted her with a Spider Bomb that will explode if she touches the person she loves. When he failed to activate it, Matsu went mad and kidnapped Melissa. After killing Komori for impeding him, Sokichi pursued and killed Matsu. As Akiko emerges from the memory, the *Pteranodon* Yummy escapes.",
"### *OOO: Nobunaga's Desire*",
"The [Kougami Foundation](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Kougami_Foundation \"List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Kougami Foundation\") finds [Oda Nobunaga](/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga \"Oda Nobunaga\")'s mummified remains and use it to create a Cell Medal\\-based [homunculus](/wiki/Homunculus \"Homunculus\"), which escapes and transforms into a monster. It attacks a man, but [Eiji Hino](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Eiji_Hino \"List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Eiji Hino\") transforms into Kamen Rider OOO to fight it off. While pursuing the monster, he finds an injured man and takes him to the Cous Coussier restaurant, where the man introduces himself as Nobunaga, but fails to remember anything else. Hino takes Nobunaga under his wing and helps him get a job at a software company.",
"The next day, Nobunaga meets a ballerina named [Yoshino Akechi](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Yoshino_Akechi \"List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Yoshino Akechi\") and falls in love with her. When the male *Pteranodon* Yummy attacks them, Nobunaga receives the Birth Driver from the Kougami Foundation's head, [Kousei Kougami](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Kousei_Kougami \"List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Kousei Kougami\"), and transforms into [Kamen Rider Birth](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Kamen_Rider_Birth \"List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Kamen Rider Birth\") to fight the monster. However, Nobunaga then transforms into the monster Hino fought previously and causes Akechi to sprain her leg while attempting to kill her.",
"As Hino fights Nobunaga, a [Greeed](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Greeed \"List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Greeed\") named [Giru](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Giru \"List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Giru\") uses Akechi to create a female *Pteranodon* Yummy, who attacks Hino and Nobunaga. The former destroys it while the latter suffers from Cell Medal breakdown. Visiting a hospitalized Akechi, Nobunaga uses the last of his power to heal her before the scientist [Kiyoto Maki](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Kiyoto_Maki \"List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Kiyoto Maki\") gives him three black Core Medals, which enhances Nobunaga's monstrous form. Upon confronting Nobunaga once more, Hino kills him to end his suffering. The black Core Medals fly off, with Hino in pursuit.",
"### *Movie War Core*",
"Having obtained the most intense memories of Kamen Rider battles, the male *Pteranodon* Yummy is caught off\\-guard when the black Core Medals appear, combine with the Memory, and form the giant [Kamen Rider Core](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Kamen_Rider_Core \"List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Kamen Rider Core\"). It attacks Akiko, but she is saved by Hino, who assures her Sokichi had his reasons for being a Kamen Rider before joining forces with W to fight Core. After taking the fight underground, W and Hino find a crystal that is powering Core and destroy both of them, shattering the components that created it and blasting Hino to [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\"). Meanwhile, Terui persuades Akiko to give him his equipment back so he can protect her from the male *Pteranodon* Yummy, who he destroys with [Shintaro Goto](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Shintaro_Goto \"List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Shintaro Goto\")'s help. With her faith in Kamen Riders restored, everyone hurries back to Akiko's wedding, where Melissa arrives to take Sokichi's place and reveals he was also implanted with a Spider Bomb, which did not die with the Dopant.",
""
] |
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